DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/kentucky01perr \ •m% *r i r -ill r ¥X •At .V • « \ M A' A^l- ., ' ^ 5 . -s:^ ^-i I .. V. % a- I ^ I KENTUCKY STATE HOUSES. KENTUCKY. A History of the State, EMBRACING A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE VIRGINIA COLONY; ITS EXPANSION ‘WESTWARD, AND THE SETTLEMENT OF THE FRONTIER BEYOND THE ALLEGHANIES ; THE ERECTION OF KENTUCKY AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE, AND ITS SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT. — BY — W. H. PERRIN. J. H, BATTLE, G. C. KNIFFiN Eia-nTia; 4 ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS- BOUISVIBLE, KY., CHICAGO, ILL. : P. A. BATTEY AND COMPANY 1888. 1 Entered according to Act ot Congress in the year 1885, by F. A, Battey and W. H, Perrin, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, to include page 788. PREFACE. T he purpose and design of this volume have been the presentation of the history of Kentucky in narrative form, its adaptation to the tastes and demands of the gen- eral reader, and, as far as consistent, to incorporate statistical facts for the benefit of those who would seek in its pages reference matter. In the preparation of the work, the desire of the publishers has been to give to their patrons a history conscientiously prepared, and a volume faithfully executed in all its aspects. Much of the subject matter incorporated was submitted, before its publica- tion, to those who were deemed critics upon the topics treated, in order to detect if possible any errors of statement that might inadvertently creep in. That perfection has been attained in all of our efforts we do not claim, but we do hold that a fair measm-e of accuracy and completeness has been reached, consistent with a work of this mag- nitude. Those who are interested in the very exciting events which transpired in Kentucky diu'ing the period of the civil war, and in which her troops took part elsewhere, will find a fund of information between the covers of this book which has not heretofore been accessible to the general public, and much that has never before been published in any form. The difficulties to be overcome in collecting this material were almost insur- mountable, owing to the fragmentary and chaotic condition of the documentary som'ces at command. Especially was this the case with that which had reference to the Con- federates and their service. Appendix B, which is almost wholly made up of statistical matter pertaining to army service, is taken largely from the State Adjutant-General’s reports, and though possibly containing some inaccuracies in names and dates, has been corrected in some particulars, and is presented in as nearly a perfect form as possible. THE PUBLISHERS CONTENTS CHAPTER I.— 1430-1624. page. Origin and Iievelopjient op the First Colony in Vir- ginia — The Fifteenth Century — Early Voyages of Dis ' covery — Objects of E-Nploration — The First Colonial Charter — First Settlement Made — The Lost Colony of Roanoke— Colonial Interests Under James I — First Col- ony Planted in Virginia — Early Dissensions — \Voes of Capt, John Smith — Reorganization of the London Com- pany— .Accessions to the Jamestown Plantation — Smith’s Administration and Retirement — Tue Starving Time- Wreck of the ‘'Sea Venture” — .Arrival of the “Patience” and “Deliverance” — Lord De la Warre — The High Mar- shal of A’irginia — Needs of Virginia Colony — Despotism of .Argali — Importation of Maids — Condition of Virginia —Relations with the Indians — Massacre of 1622 — Impor- tant Changes in Colonial Charter — The Two Regimes Considered — Property Rights Granted to Colonists — First Legislative Body in 'America — Early Legislation — The London Company’s “Ordinance”— Influence of Ed- win Sandys — King’s Hostility to Liberal Measures — Company’s Charter Sequestered — .A A’iew of the Colony — Condition of Trade — Character of Colonial Govern- ment, etc 17 CH.APTER II.— 1625-1802. Virginia as a Dependency op the Croiyn. — Stages of Colonial Development — .Administration of Harvey — Contest with the Governor— Hostility to the Maryland Colony — .Arrival of Sir William Berkeley — Loyalty of Virginia — Surrender to the Commonwealth — Effect on Virginia .Affairs -Political Reaction Under Charles II — Royal Favoritism — The Bacon Uprising — .Attempts at Reconciliation — The “ Test or Recognition ” — End of the Rebellion — .Accession of James II — Assembly Restored to Power— English .Administration of Colonial .Affairs — .Attempts to Form a Union— Situation at the Accession of George III — Commercial Tyranny of England — Do- mestic Industries — Fixed Revenue Refused — Virginia’s Individuality — Development of the Aristocracy — Influ- ence of the Cavalier Element — Character and Extent of Immigration — Internal Growth — Social Institutions and Characteristics — Fashionable Dissipations— Results of Democracy— Character of the EstablishedChurch — Grow- ing Power of Dissenters— Bond-labor — History of Sla- very — Survival of the Institution — Its General Influence, etc 38 CHAPTER III.— 1670-1782. Beyond the Alleghanies — Virginia’s Conquests in THE AVest. — Early Bounds of A’irginia — Tramontane Explorations— Hostility of the Indians — The French in America — Ch.aracter of French Colonization — Their Colonial Policy in the AVest — Conflict with the Iroquois — In Contact with the English — The AVar of Civdizations — Opposing F'orces in the Ohio A’alley — English At- tempts at Colonization — Claims of the English— Descent of the French — Braddock’s Campaign — Conquest of the Valley by the English — Extension of English Settle- ments — Land Company Enterprises — Forest Diplo- macy — Preparations for the New Struggle — The Situation in Kentucky — Clark’s Arrival on the Border — Recog- nition of the Kentuckians — Organization of the AVestern Expedition — Rendezvous- on Corn Island— Olficial In- structions to Clark — The Illinois Country — Capture of Kaskaskia — Descent of the British from Detroit — The March to A'incennes— Capture of the Post by Clark — Organization of Illinois County, etc 67 CH.APTER IV. 1818. The Dark and Bloody Ground— Its Prehistoric An- nals. — Origin of Name — .Archaeological Speculations — Theory of Prof. Rafinesque — Peopling of the New AVorld — Changes in Chronological Systems — The Elder Man — Superficial Evidence of His Presence — Important Dis- coveries of Fossils— Remains of the Mound-Builders — Typical Structures— Unclassified Remains — .Antiquity of These Relics — Ethnical Peculiarity of the Race — Fate of this Prehistoric People — A'ast Indian Migra- tion — Traditionary Lore of the Tribes — .Aboriginal In- habitants Found in Possession — Indian Titles Extin- guished, etc 91 CHAPTER V.— 1754-1775. Explorations and First Settlement op Kentucky. — Fluctuation of Frontier Line — Obscurity of the Coun- try Purchased — Sailing’s Adventure — Exploration of Walker — Visits of Gist and James Smith — .Arrival of John Finley — Efforts to Establish an Inland Colony — Daniel Boone and Companions — Murder of Stewart— Adventures of the Boones — The Long Hunters— Early Land Surveys — Bullitt and the Shawanese — Adventure of the McAfees — Simon Kenton’s Advent on the Fron- tier — .Activity of Surveyors in 1774— The First Settle- ment Planted — .Attacked by the Indians — Dr. Connolly at Fort Pitt — Clark’s Defense of Cresap — The Dunmore AVar — .Action of Kentucky Pioneers — Revival of Pioneer Interest — Return of Prospectors and Surveyors— The First Colony Established — Indian .Attack at Little Fort — Henderson’s Journal — Benjamin Logan .Arrives in Kentucky — Important Emigrant Parties — Naming of Lexington — Exodus of 1775 — Domestic Circle First Com- pleted, etc 106 CHAPTER AH.— 1775-1777. Colonization op Kentucky- — The Border Struggle. — The Transylvania Colony — Its Political Organization — Important Meeting of Proprietors — A Petition to Con- gress — Regulation of Land Sales— Opposition to the Project — Conciliatory Measures by Company’s Agent — The Harrodsburg Petition— Character of the Company— Mr. Hogg’s Mission to Philadelphia — His Report to the Copartners — Erection of Kentucky County — Proprie- tors Dispossessed and Compensated — Indian Depreda- tions on New Settlements— Increase of Settlements Noted— Girls Captured at Boonesborough — Patterson’s Company .Attacked by Savages — The Virginia Powder Secured— Diary of George Rogei-s Clark — AA'oodchoppers .Attacked — .An Indian Stratagem — Boonesborough Se- riously .Assailed — The Long Siege of St. .Asaph’s— Heroic Conduct of Logan — Character of Indian Sieges — Repri- sals by the Whites, etc 133 CHAPTER AHI.— 1778-1780. Kentucky’s Part in the War for Independence. — Character of the Frontier Struggle — Ominous Opening of 1778— Capture of the Salt-makers— Boone's Escape from His Captors— Scouting to Paint Creek Town— Du- Quesne’s Attack on Boonesborough — Predatory Incur- sions of the Savages — Kenton’s Unsuccessful Horse- Stealing — Terrible Experience as a Captive — Escape from Detroit— Inerease of Kentucky Stations— Lexing- ton, Ruddle’s, Martin’s, etc.. Founded — Large Immigra- tion in 1779— Rogers’ Terrible Defeat — Experience of Capt. Benham — Bowman’s Expedition Across the Ohio — Unfortunate Termination and Retreat— Responsibility for the Failure — The Hard AVinter, 1779-80 — "iV^onderful Immigration via the Ohio River— Fort Jefferson Built- Ruddle’s and Martin’s Stations Captured— Clark's Ex- pedition Against Miami Towns— Inconclusive Results, etc 15^ CH.APTER VIII.— 1781-1783. The Price op Liberty. — Desperate Fortune of Last A'ears of the AVar— New Attack on Detroit Planned— Activity of Indian Bands— The AVhole Border Alarmed— Laugh- rey’s Defeat and Capture— Fort Jefferson Attacked and Abandoned— Fort Nelson and the .Armed Galley— Inte- rior Stations Attacked — Estill’s Memorable Combats The Disastrous Termination — Aggressive Boldness of 185434 VI CONTENTS. the Savages— Hoy’s and Bryant’s Stations Attacked— An I ustance of Female Heroism— Attempt to Re-enforce the Station— Savages Retire and are Pursued— Battle of Blue Lick— The Suspected Ambush— Complete Over- throw ofthe Whites — The Fallen Leaders— Attack on Beargrass Station — Ettect of the Raid on the Pioneers — Invasion ofthe Indian Country —Death of Col. Floyd —Peace Proclaimed and Clark Retired, etc 174 CHAPTER IX.— 1775-1783. The Pioneer and Pioneer Days.— C haracter of the Pio- neers— Imlay’s Survey of Kentucky— Lexington Region — “Theltapids” and Contiguous Country — Kentucky Barrens— Character of the Came — Spontaneous Devel- opment of Society- Order of Social Evolution— Joe Logston and his Class— Simon Kenton— Daniel Boone — Character and Dress of “ First Settlers ’’—James Harrod — Ell'ect of Early Conditions on Population— Female Heroism— Precocious Adventurers- Reality of Pioneer Life — The Immigration of 1780 — Kentucky Boats — Planting a Frontier Home — Agricultural Beginnings — The Pioneer’s Wealth — Woman’s Worth and Work — In- side the Cabin— Duties ofthe Housewife — The Dress of the People — Constitution of Society — Social Forms and Habits — Courtsliip and Marriage — The use of Intoxi- cants — Religious Inliuences — Sunday on the Frontier — The Camp Sleeting — State of Intellectual Develop- ment-Pioneer Industries — The Public Lands — Land Laws of 1779 — Virginia’s Ill-advised Legislation — Ken- tucky Land Titles, etc 192 CHAPTER X.— 1784-1795. The Era or Sociai. Evolution. — A Remarkable Period of Development— Ell'ect of Great Immigration — Internal Improvement and Trade — Money and the Merchants — Salt Manufacture — Improvements in Agriculture — Wagon and River Traffic — Incidents of River Life — Col. Plug, the Wrecker — Character of the Boatmen — Mike Fink— Home Comforts of the People — .Society’s New Airs — Public Amusements— The Other Side of the Pic- ture-Peace Efforts of the Government — Hostilities Re- newed — Reprisals in 178G — The Wabash Campaign- Horse Stealing by the .Savages — Depredations in 1788 — Hostilities in 1789— Forts and Troops North of the Ohio — Kentucky E.xpeditions — Measures ofthe Government —Preparations for a Federal Campaign — Story of the March — Harmar’s Defeat — The New Plans Adopted — Scott's Successful Expedition— Wilkinson’s Campaign — St. Clair’s Attack of the Indians — His Terrible Defeat — Causes and Effects of the Disaster — Kenton on the Bor- der— Pe.ace Efforts Renewed — The Army on the Miami —A Final Peace Conference — Gen. Wayne’s Prepara- tions — Advance of His Army — Battle of Fallen Timbers — Victory of the Americans — The Treaty of Green- ville, etc 225 CHAPTER XI.— 1784-1792. Early Political Development.- Gradual Extension of Frontier Lines — First Institution of Government — The District and its Court — Condition in 1784 — First Conven- tion to Consider Separation — Address to the Peo pie — A New Convention Assembled — James Wilkinson and His Influence — Political Agitation of 1785 — Act of Separa- tion— Character of the Second Act — The ' avigation of the Mississippi — Unauthorized Action of Clark — Wil- kinson’s Commercial Venture — Tiie Federal Constitu- tion— Kentucky Thwarted by Congress — Vexation of the People — Spirited Contest of 1788— The Formation of Parties— Proceedings of the Seventh Convention — The Spanish “ Conspiracy” — English Intrigue by Con- nolly — Final Act of .Separation— Organization of the .State — Its Territorial Limits — Population and Growth of Towns — Limestone, Washington, Paris — Lexington and its Manufactories— The Route to Tennessee — Hen- derson, Frankfort, etc. — Louisville, Its Early Features — Shippingsport, etc 2G3 CHAPTER XII.— 1792-1812. The New State and its Procle.ms.— A Constitution Adopted— Some of its Provisions — George Nicholas — Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court — The Kentucky Resolutions — Gen. Shelby, the First Governor — The Spanish Conspiracy Aeain — Judges Sebastian, Innes and others Implicated in the Intrigue — Final Treaty with Spain— Opening of the Mississippi River to Free Navig.ation — Peace and Prosperity of the Common- wealth — Another Attempt of Spain to Draw Kentucky from her Allegiance to the Federd Government — Its Failure — Gen. James Garrard Elected Governor — Char- acter of the Kentucky Resolutions — The .Second Consti- tution of the State — Wherein it Differed from its Pre- decessor-Gov. Greenup— Jefferson Re-elected to the Presidency — The Federalist and Democratic Parties— Treason of Aaron Burr— His Designs on Kentucky — Trial and Acquittal at Frankfort — Excitement of the Time— Indian Depredations — Battle of Tippecanoe— The War of 1812— Some of the Causes which Led to It — Hull’s Surrender— Fort Meigs and the Thames — Bat- tle of New Orleans — Peace, etc 296 CHAPTER XIII.— 1812— 1860. Political Annals op the St.vte. — Organization of Par- ties — Gov. Madison — Relief and Anti-Relief— Banks Chartered— Party Strife— Gen. Adair— Bank of the Commonwe.'ilth — Decision of Judge Clark — Impeached by the Legislature — Champions of the Old and New Court Parties — Political Peace and Tranquility— R.ob- ertson and Wicklill'e — Triumph of the Old Court— Na- tional Politics — Campaign of 1824 — Defeat of Jackson — Henry Clay — His Political Career — Metcalfe Elected Governor — National and Democratic Republicans — Election of 1832 — United States Bank — Whig and Demo- cratic Parties — Gov. Clark — General Bankruptcy — The " Hard Cider” Campaign of 1840 — Judge Owsley Elect- ed Governor — Election of 1844 — Clay and the Slavery Question — The Coming Storm — Death of Clay — John J. Crittenden — Constitution of 1849 — First Election under the New Regime — A Democratic Governor — The Know-Nothing Party — Its Platform of Principles — Bloody Riot in Louisville — Election of 18.56 — Demo- cratic Triumph — Gov. Magoffin — Presidential Election of 1860, etc 311 CHAPTER XIV.— 1833-1848. Annexation of Te.yas and War with Me.xico — Char- acter of the Early Texans — State of Coahuila and Texas —Stephen Austin — The Texas Revolution — Siege of the Alamo— Battle of San Jacinto — Capture ot Santa Anna — Independence of Texas — Overtures to the United States — Guerrilla Warfare — President Tyler — Corre- spondence of the Mexican Minister with the Upited States Government — Annexation of Texas— Gen. Tay- lor Ordered to the Rio Grande— War Declared Against Mexico — Opposition in the United States — Commence- ment of Hostilities— Call for Volunteers— Patriotism oi Kentucky — The Louisville Legion— Second Infantry and First Cavalry — Capt. Williams’ Company — Second Call for Troops — Gens. Taylor and Butler — Field Officers — Opening Battles of the War — Fall of Matamoras — Monterey— Kentuckians Captured— Gen. Scott at Vera Cruz — Troops Withdrawn from Gen. Taylor — March to Saltillo — Personnel of the Contending Armies — Battle of Buena A’ista — Fatality Among Kentucky Troops— Fall of the City of Mexico — Close of the War — Return ot the Soldiers — Monument to Kentucky Dead, etc 331 CHAPTER XV.— 1860-1862. First Phases of the Civil War in Kentucky.— Slavery, the Primal Evil— Prominent Kentuckians — The State Military — Vote of I860 — The First Call for Troops — Gov. ]\Iagoffin’s Dispatch to thePresident — Kentucky’s Neu- trality — Troops for the Confederacy — Border State Con- vention — The Peace Party — “Southern Rights” People — Military District of Kentucky and Tennessee — Gen. Anderson— Camp Dick Robinson — Lieut. William Nel- son — First Kentucky Regiments — Courage ofthe Moun- taineers — The Militia Reserve— State Guards and Home Guards — Gen. S. B. Buckner — State of Affairs in Ken- tucky — Gen. L. H. Rousseau — Correspondence Between Buckner and McClellan — Federal Troops Enter Ken- tucky — Protest of the Governor — Letters from Presi- dents Lincoln and Davis— Loyalty of East Tennessee — Lieut. Carter — Cumberland Gap — Camp Jo Holt— Occu- pation of Paducah and Smithland — Confederates at Bowling Green — Federal Troops Occupy Muldraugh’s Hill— Gen. Sherman Succeeds to the Command in Ken- tucky — Affairs in Southwestern Kentucky — Arms for the Kentucky Troops — Gen. Thomas Takes Command at Camp Dick Robinson — A Skilltul Piece of Financier- ing — Position of the Knoxville Whig — Gen. Zollicoffer’s Movements — Great Need of Transportation — Maneuver- ing of Thomas and Zollicoffer — Joshua F. Speed — An Incident of his Intimacy with President Lincoln, etc.... 349 CHAPTER XVI.— 1861-1863. Military Operations in Kentucky and Tennessee.— Visit of Secretary Cameron and Adjt.-3en. Thomas to Louisville — Interview with Gen. Sherman — Demand for More Men — Sherman Charged with Insanity — Relieved from Command at Louisville— Gen. Johnston’s Army — Discouraging Outlook to the Confederate Commander — Gen. Buell Takes Command of the Department of the Ohio, etc. — Operations in West Virginia — Gen. Grant — Confederate Troops Sent to Tompkinsville— For- rest and his Famous Cavalry — Skirmish at Sac- ramento — .Southeastern Kentucky — Battle of Mill Springs — The Troops Engaged — Death of Gen. Zollicoff- er — Skirmishing Between Marshall and Garfield — Fall of Forts Henry and Donelson — Surrender of Confeder- ates under Gen. Buekner — Battle of Shiloh — Result of the First Day’s Fighting — Gen. Buell’s Timely Arrival — Kentucky Union Troops Engaged — Eastern Kentucky CONTENTS. vii Again — The Federal General Morgan— Gen. Kirby Smith— Battle of Richmond— Recruits for the Confeder- ate Army — Battle of Perryville— Gen. Rosecrans’ Ad- Tances — Kentucky Troops at Stone River — Losses Sus- tained in the Battle— Operations Around Vicksburg — Constant Fighting — Part Taken by Kentuckians — Fall of the Confederate Stronghold, etc 383 CHAPTER XVII.— 1862-1865. Kentucky Troops in Tennessee and Georgia Campaigns. — Middle Tennessee Wrested from the Confederates — The Battle of Chickamauga — Kentucky’s Killed and Wounded— Loss in Van Cleve’s Divisions — Croxton's Brigade— Fatality Among Kentucky Officers — The Fed- eral Army Retires to Chattanooga — Capture of Moccasin Point— Gallantry of Hazen’s Brigade — Longstreet Sent Against Burnside at Knoxville— Battle of Lookout Mountain— The Confederates Take Position on Mission- ary Ridge- Kentucky 'Iruops that Participated in the Battle — Gen. Thomas — Siege of Knoxville — Repulse of Longstreet — Joe Johnston Succeeds Bragg and Crosses Swords with Sherman — Battle of Resaca — Alatoona Pass — Keuesaw Mountain — The Fighting Around At- lanta — Heavy Losses — Sherman’s March to the Sea — Kentucky Troops Accompanying Him — Gen. Thomas’ Army— Its Perilous Position— Engagements at Spring Hill and Franklin — Fall of Confederate Officers — Scho- field’s Blunder — Battle of Nashville — Retreat of Hood’s Army — Tribute to Confederate Officers and Soldiers.etc. 421 CHAPTER XVIII.— 1861-1865. Morgan’s Cavalry and the Kentucky Confederate Brigade. — Lexington Rifles, the Nucleus of Morgan’s Command— Departure for the Southern Army — 1 he Company Mounted — At Shiloh — Morgan as a Scout — His Company Becomes a Regiment — Designated the Second Kentucky Cavalry — First Raid into Kentucky— Recruits Added and a Brigade Formed — Political Divis- ions in Prominent Families — Morgan Captures Cynthi- ana — Bewilderment of the Federal Forces — Retreat of Morgan from the State — Receives Orders from Bragg to Destroy the Railroad — The Twenty-eighth Kentucky Infantry Captured — Again Invades Kentucky — Joins Kirby Smith at Lexington — Duke Captures Augusta — Retreat of the Confederate Army — Morgan Promoted and His Force Inci eased to a Division — Capture of Harts- ville — Again Raids Kentucky — Catches a Tartar at Green River — Crosses the Ohio into Indiana — Captured at Buffington Island — Escapes from Prison and Reorgan- • izes His Force— Death of Morgan — The First Kentucky Brigade — Gen. Breckinridge in Command — Expedition to Baton Rouge — At Stone River — Charge of the Brigade at Chickamauga — Hetivy Loss— Its Gallantry at Mission- ary Ridge — Depleted Ranks, etc 450 CHAPTER XIX.— 1865-1884. CHAPTER XX.— 1785-1885. Intellectual Development op the State. — Influences that Led to Mental Improvement — The Press — Revolu- tion in Newspapers Caused by the Civil War— Aere- tuke Gazetlf, the First Paper in the West — Why it was Established — John Bradford— The Kentucky Herald — First Louisville Paper— The Paris Citizen and Lexington Observer — Louisville Advertiser^ the First Daily in Ken- tuck y—Shadrach Penn- The Foeua- Albert G. Hodges — The Louisville Journal and. George D. Prentice— Influ- ence of the Two upon the Country — Prentice’s Career as a Journalist — The Courier — W. N. Haldeman — Suppres- sion of the Courier in .1861 — Its Re-establishment in Louisville — The Democrat —John H. Harney — Consolida- tion of the Journal and Couriei — A Nine Days’ Wonder —Other Louisville Newsp.apers — The True American — Its Suppression — The Country Press — Literary People — Educational— High Grade Institutions of Learning — Transylvania University— Kentucky Academy — Centre College — Modern Institutes— The State Agricultural and Mechanical College, etc 487 CHAPTER XXI.— 1880-1886. Recent Growth and Promises for the Future- Roads, and Early Legislation Concerning Them — Turnpikes and Toll Gates — Macadamized Roads — River Navigation — Improvement of Inland Streams— Canal from the Ohio to the Atlantic — The Canal Around the Falls — Steamboat “New Orleans” — Consternation Caused by Its Appearance on the Ohio River — Other Steamboats — Railroads — Their Origin — Lexington & Ohio Road — Its Eventful History — The Charleston & Cincinnati — Louis- ville & Nashville — An Extensive Corporation — Guthrie, Helm and Newcomb- Chesapeake & Ohio, and Other Kentucky Roads— Bridges — The State’s Charitable In- stitutions — Insane Asylums — The Deaf and Dumb, Blind, Feeble-Minded and Other Institutes — American Printing House for the Blind — Mammoth Cave — Mate- ria! Resources of Kentucky, etc 510 CHAPTER XXII. Kentucky’s One Hundrf.d and Eighteen Counties.... 547 APPENDIX A. 1 — Shell Heaps. 2 — Genealogy of the Boone Family. 3 — Adventures of Early Surveyors. 4— Decker’s Settle ment. 5 — Big Bone Lick. 6 — First Plat of Louisville. 7— Names of First Settlers. 8 — Indian Grants to the Whites. 9— Boonesborough Fort. 10 — The Girty Fam- ily. 11 — Rogers’ Defeat, etc. 12— White Oak Station. 13— Estill’s Defeat. 11 — Attack on Bryant’s Station. 1.5 — Battle of Blue Lick. 16 — The Barrens or Me.adows of Kentucky. 17 — Grape Culture. IS— Simon Kentoa. 19 — Daniel Boone. 20 — James Harrod. 21— Kentucky Boats. 22 — Population. 23— Pioneer Sports and Pas- times. 24 — Land Titles. 25 — Panax Quinguefolium (Ginseng). 26 — Division of the State into Counties. 27 — Gen. James Wilkinson. 28— Daniel Clark’s Memoir. 29— Act Admitting Kentucky into the Union. 30 — The Resolutions of 1798. 31— Present Constitution of the State. 32 — Historical Sketch of Mammoth Cave, etc 661' Peace Problems and Reconstruction.- Guerrilla Depre- dations — Punishment of the Robber-Bands — Election of 1865— Petty Indignities and Military Interference— The Freedman’s Bureau— Negro Testimony in the Courts — The “Peculiar Institution” — Future of the Negro — The Ku-Klux-Klan— Its Mysterious Workings— Ken- tucky’s Loss of Property During the War — Reorganiza- tion of Political Parties — Repeal of the Acts Disfranchis- ing Confederate Soldiers — Vote of 1867 — John L. Helm Elected Governor — Presidential Contest of 1868 — State Elections — The“ Fraud ” of 1876 — Campaigns of 1880 and 1884 — Public Education — The Common School System- Education vs. Lawlessness— General Interest in the Pub- lic Schools — Improvement of the Colored People Intel- lectually — Their Advance in Education — Berea College —Its Organization and Buildings — A Liberal Educa- tional Institution — Immigration — The Kentucky Swiss Colonies, etc APPENDIX B. United States army During the Civil War. 1— Al- phabetical List of General and Stall Officers from Ken- tucky, Appointed and Commissioned by the President. 2 — Battle List of Kentucky Troops. 3— Deaths in Ken- tucky Union Troops During the Civil War. 4 — Roll ot Honor; List of Officers of Kentucky Regiments Who were Killed in Action or Died of Wounds. 5 — Deaths in Kentucky Union Troops, 1861-1865. 6 — Deaths in the Armies of the United States, 1861-1865 692 Confederate States Army. 1— General Officers fr»m Kentucky, Appointed and Commissioned by the Con- federate Government. 2 — General and Staff Officers Ap- pointed from Kentucky. 3 — Kentucky Troops’ Organ- ization. 4 — Killed, Wounded, etc. 5 — Battle of Per- ryville 733 Note.— Chapters I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and the greater part of Appendix A were written by Mr Battle ; Chapters XII, XIII, XIV, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, and the remainder of Appaadix A, were written by Mr. Perrin , Chapters AV, XYl, XVII, XVIII and Appendix B were written by Mr. Kniffin. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST COLONY OF VIRGINIA. A t the dawn of the fifteenth century, the j world groped in intellectual darkness; | the despotic policy of the church and State riveted its cruel fetters upon the conscience and sought to smother that spark of immor- tality granted to mortals — the mind, by the se- clusion from the masses, the priceless archives of human knowledge. In 1450 Gutenberg invented typography and the printing press, and the human intellect, set free, emancipated the conscience and rocked the fabric of the church to its foundations. But this did not complete its mission; the enfranchised soul sought larger fields and grander achieve- ments, and, taking up the cry that came echo- ing down the centuries, made it the watch- word of progress: “Give me where I may stand, and I will move the world!” — and God, moving “in a mysterious way His wonders to perform,” granted a new world in answer to the universal prayer. Columbus’ discovery of Saint Salvador, in 1492, was the confirmation of theories en- tertained for a period dating back three cen- turies before the Christian era, and no sooner was the demonstration thus made clear than adventurous sails in search of new lands were multiplied upon the sea. In June, 1497, nearly fourteen months before Columbus, on his third voyage, sighted the mainland, John Cabot, a native of Venice but a resident of Bristol, England, discovered North America, probably in latitude 56°, “among the dismal cliffs of Labrador.” In the year following, Cabot’s second son, Sebastian, set forth from England. Columbus from Spain, and A^asco da Gama from Portugal, each in quest of “that hidden secret of nature,” the short route to India. In May, Vasco da Gama reached Hindostan by way of the cape of Good Hope; in August, Columbus discovered the mainland of South America, and in the same summer Cabot explored the Atlantic coast of North America from a northern lati- tude as far south as the entrance to the Chesa- peake Bay. Of these pioneers of the sea, Cabot alone failed to receive the recognition which his discoveries deserved. Vasco da Gama became the hero of Portugal’s national epic; Columbus found secure fame in Tasso’s lines; while Cabot’s name, emerging from the half century of obscurity that early en- veloped it, is now scarcely known save to the scholar. Of the three, Cabot alone failed of the im- mediate object of his voyage; for, whatever the language in which the object of his search may have been expressed, Columbus sought something more than a new commercial route. Early educated for a mariner, and entering upon a nautical life when only fourteen years of age, he came to mature years learned in the geographical investigations which marked the age, and possessed with an invincible idea that the shortest route to Asia lay across the Atlantic. To demonstrate the validity of this idea, to satisfy the longings of a lofty ambi- tion which he believed inspired and led of God, were the great motives that supported him in his career and approved his achieve- IS HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. merits. And so, while he failed in the demand of spirits “not finely touched,” he won the plaudits ofi the learned. The uumistakable demand of the age, however, was for the dis- covery of a way to reach India without pay- ing commercial tribute to the Ottoman em- pire. This Gama achieved by a southeast passage, and received the lavish praise of his countrymen. Cabot, seeking a northwest passage, was turned back by Arctic obstruc- tions, and fell upon a coast that, to the nar- row conceptions of the age, offered no com- pensatory advantage for the object he sought, and which was so much desired. Yet this coast, barren of gold mines and rich com- merce, was destined to exceed the wealth of the Indies in valuable returns. But years were to elapse and nations were to be taught in the school of experience, before the full importance of his discoveries could be com- prehended. In the meantime, the shoals of cod, which he first brought to notice, and to which he gave the name that still exists in the Spanish tongue, attracted the attention of the world, and sustained the flagging in- terest in these shores which offered no glitter- ing attraction to the commercial spirit of the period. The discoveries of Cabot and Columbus, though not in the direction of the prevailing thought of the time, served nevertheless to attract the curiosity of all Europe; and Spain, Portugal, France, England and Holland gave ofificial countenance and aid to the nu- merous adventurers that came forward to seek new fortunes and fame in the new world. These early voyages produced little returns for the considerable expenditure in- volved, save interesting specimens of no pecuniary value, and the activity of European complications served to prevent a calm con- sideration of the real advantages to be secured from their results. Gradually the object of these explorations underwent a change: the futility of the search for a north we.st passage, and the discovery and conquest of Peru and Mexico, with their fabulous stores of gold, gave new zest and direction to the efforts of later maritime adventurers. Greed for gold, to be secured by acts scarcely to be distin- guished from acts of piracy, enlisted the cu- pidity of the old world, and hundreds of the most depraved as well as bravest of the ad- venturers that swarmed throughout Europe, descended upon the North American conti- nent. But the dreams of Central and South Americas found no realization on these northern shores; beset by obstacles which no human device could surmount, a disheartened and destitute remnant only survived to tell the story of their failure. Led by the roman- tic superstitions of the age, other few sought in the new world the spring of eternal youth and another Eden, only to learn by an expe- rience, fraught with misery and death, that to wealth and happiness there is no royal road. Yet years of effort and hundreds of lives were expended in these fruitless adven- tures before the grand project of planting new states in this land dawned upon the in- telligence of the world. Early in the sixteenth century, England, freed from the entangling alliance with Spain, began to turn her attention to the commercial advantages to be found in Amer- ica, and in 1541, by an act of parliament, began to foster the fisheries of Newfoundland. These continued to attract the attention of the sober-minded of Europe for years, and after 1574, England alone sent from thirty to fifty ships to this fishing ground. The hope that some hidden treasure might still be found here was never entirely absent from the minds of the explorers; but while Eliza- beth and the majority of English adventurers were still dazzled with the hopes of gold. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, “with sounder judg- ment and better knowledge, watched the prog- ress of the fisheries, and formed healthy plans for colonization.” To him, in June, 1578, the queen granted a charter, “to be of perpetual efficacy, if a plantation should be established within six years.” Associating with himself his step-brother. Sir Walter Raleigh, he set out at the head of a goodly band of followers to seek a site for his plan- tation. It was not until the following year that the expedition, fated to fail, sailed from England. One vessel was lost and the re- HISTORY OF IvEYTUCKY. 19 mainder were forced to return with the object of the voyage unattained. In 1583, another fleet set forth under the happy auspices of the queen, bearing practical men of science. But fate again proved unpropitious. But one vessel made the voyage and returned, the others deserting at the outset or going down at sea, carrying with them the men of sci- ence and the brave admiral. Undaunted by repeated failure, Raleigh obtained a patent similar to the one granted to Gilbert, and in 1584 projected a third expedition, which sailed by a circuitous route, touching at the Canaries and West Indies; thence the course lay northward along the coast of the Oaroli- nas, the July air greeting the voyagers with “so sweet and strong a smell, as if they had been in the midst of some delicate garden.” The islands inclosing Pamlico Sound were touched and explored, and a colony planted upon Roanoke. The story of this attempt to colonize Amer- ica is short and inconclusive. Grenville, Lane, Hariot and Cavendish, names noted in the annals of state, of art, of history and of science, took part and notably contributed to the information respecting this newly dis- covered land. Grenville commanded the ex- pedition; Lane was appointed governor of the colony; and Hariot and Cavendish accom- panied to picture the natives and note the country. Explorations, not unmarked by brutality and superstition, were made into the surrounding region before the retmm of the fleet. For a time, the novelty of the situa- tion and the necessary activity involved in preparing accommodations for the colony kept discontent in abeyance, but injudicious cruelties practiced upon the natives soon raised up a breed of threatening phantoms to vex the weak-hearted, while the realization of their isolated position gave rise to general despondence. At this juncture, the fleet of Sir Francis Drake unexpectedly made its appearance, its commander desiring to make a friendly visit to the plantation of his friend. There was at first no disposition on the part of the col- onists to forsake their trust; on the contrary, a fair sized vessel, with experienced naval officers, and all needed supplies for a retreat to England in case of necessity, was cheer- fully provided by Drake and joyfully accepted by the colonists. In the midst of these nego- tiations a violent storm arose which forced the fleet to stand out to sea for safety. When it had subsided, the vessel set apart for the use of the colony was not to be found, and nothing would satisfy the importunities of the colonists, save the embarking of the whole number and transporting them to En- gland. This was accordingly done, only to miss, by a few days, a ship, laden with every needed supply, dispatched to the set- tlement. This had been sent out by the prov- ident care of Raleigh, and two weeks later was followed by three well-furnished ships, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, who commanded the original expedition. In addition to a liberal and intelligent provis- ion of supplies, Grenville brought a rein- forcement of numbers, and after an unavail- ing search for the colony, and placing fifteen men upon the island as a garrison, the fleet returned to England. Notwithstanding this “ lame and impotent conclusion,” this first attempt at colonization was not without good results to the general cause. The description of the country and its inhabitants by the returned colonists was of the most favorable kind. The salubrity of the climate, the abundance and variety of edible productions, the hospitality and tract- ability of the natives, as well as their tim- idity and small efficacy as enemies, were each enlarged upon to a credulous public, which now eagerly pressed forward to supply the re- cruits for a new expedition, which Raleigh immediately prepared to send out. Some eighty-nine men and seventeen women formed the colony, which sailed in 1587, under John White as governor. On reaching Roanoke, no trace of the fifteen men landed by Gren- ville could be found, save certain bones which lay scattered in the abandoned fields. All the colonial buildings were found in a ruined condition, with evidence of having been long deserted, and no further traces of these men were ever discovered. In his instructions to this later expedition, Raleigh had indicated 20 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the shores of the Chesapeake Bay as the site for the settlement, but the naval officer, eager to engage in the West Indies trade, refused to go further than Roanoke Island, and the new colony began its career amid the ruins of its predecessor. Unhappily it fell heir also to the animosity of the natives which the acts of the first colonists had engendered, and some unfortunate complications with the Indians occurred even before the departure of the ship which brought these later immi- grants. In the departing vessel the governor took passage for England, for the assigned pur- pose of seeking further assistance for the colony. His leaving his daughter and newly born granddaughter on the island was the pledge of his good faith in leaving the little band he was selected to guide and guard. He found the kingdom absorbed in its contest with Spain, and it was not until after the defeat of the “ Invincible Armada” that the cause of the less important com- munity gained the ear of the public. Not so with . Raleigh; engaging heartily in the defense of his country, he did not on that account lose sight of the demands of hu- manity, and made ‘ ‘ five several attempts ” to relieve them. Each time his efforts were thwarted, and the colony, including the first white child born on the soil of the United States, Virginia Dare, miserably perished, leaving no story of their fate, save “that such things had been and had perished.” In 1589, after expending £40,000 in pro- moting these various schemes of coloniza- tion, Raleigh found his fortunes so far broken as to prevent further efforts of his own, and granted to Sir Thomas Smythe and others certain concessions under his charter. No immediate advantage to American coloni- zation grew out of this arrangement, but a number of influential and wealthy men were brought into intimate acquaintance with the plans for the new world, and their interest in the sirbject gave it a new impetus. For years, the Newfoundland fisheries alone kept alive the English interest in America, and kept the way open for the oc- cupation of Virginia, as the whole coast had been named by the virgin queen. Nearly every expedition to the shores of Newfound- land did something incidentally toward ex- tending the exploration of the American shore, and it was due to these amateur dis- coveries that the first successful outcome of these colonization efforts gained the interest and support of some of its most eminent sustainers. It was through them that Bar- tholomew Gosnold, an experienced naval officer, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges enlisted in this kind of enterprise; through them Sir John Popham, lord chief- justice of En- gland; Edward Maria Wingfield, amerchaut; Robert Hunt, a clergyman; John Smith, a soldier of the Continental wars; George Popham, a relative of the chief-justice, and Raleigh Gilbert, whose name suggests his relation to the “shepherd of the sea” and the brave and pious admiral became identi- fied with the American colonization plans which eventually crystallized into the twin charters for the planting of the first and second colonies of Virginia. In 1606, the queen dead, Raleigh im- prisoned in the Tower, and his patent for- feited by his attainder of treason, these persons and “certain knights, gentlemen, merchants, and other adventurers of the city of London and elsewhere,” applied to James I for “ his license to deduce a colony into Virginia.” Catching something of the spirit that actuated other sovereigns of Europe, the king granted a liberal charter under date of March 9, 1607. At the request of the company, on May 23, 1609, the king by letters-patent superseded his former grant, and incorporated the company under the name of “the treasurer and company of adventurers and planters of the city of London for the first colony in Virginia.” The members of the original company in the west of England had withdrawn and formed an independent organization, to which was assigned the privilege of founding the “sec- ond colony in Virginia.” The king selected from the North American continent a territory extending along the Atlantic coast from the thirty-fourth to the forty-fifth parallel of latitude, which, for HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 21 the purpose of colonization, he divided i equally between the two companies. By the j first charter, the. colony was to be planted anywhere south of the forty-fii'st parallel of latitude in thedistricfassigned, and its juris- diction was to extend, on either side of the site selected, to the north fifty miles; and to ! the south, the same distance; into the land j 100 miles, and to include islands at the | same distance in the sea. By the second \ charter the territory assigned the London | Company included ‘‘ all the lands in Virginia | from Point Comfort,” a name assigned by John Smith to a point at the mouth of the James River, “along the sea coast to the northward 200 miles, and from the same point along the sea coast to the southward 200 miles, and all the space from this pre- cinct on the sea coast up into the land, west and northwest, from sea to sea, and the j islands within 100 miles of it, with , all the commodities, jurisdictions, royalties, privileges, franchises and pre-eminences within the same, and thereto and thereabouts, by sea and land, appertaining in as ample manner as had before been granted to any adventurer; to be held of the king and his successor, in common socage, yielding one- fifth part of the gold and silver to be therein found, for all manner of service,” etc. The colony of the London company was planted in the early part of 1607, under the first charter, which was not materially affected by the changes wrought in the terms of the | second. ■ The company appears to have profited i little from the experience of earlier attempts i at colonization. The site of Raleigh’s un- fortunate colony was again selected for the experiment, but a happier fate drove the | fleet northward in a storm, to escape which ' it took refuge in the “ Mother of Waters ” (Chesapeake), where the safety of the harbor and the beauty of the country induced the j colonists to remain. Of the character of \ colonists demanded for the success of such ! an enterprise, the managers of the company . had quite as little comprehension as of the proper site to be selected. An expectation that gold, or other valuables, was to be se- ! cured by conquest appears to have been en- tertained by the company, and England’s poet probably voiced the prevailing sentiment when he bade the departing colony God speed, “to get the pearls and gold.” The company, therefore, which set out in the “Dis- covery,” the “Good Speed,” and the “Susan Constant,” under the command of Christopher Newport, consisted of 105 men, forty- eight of whom were classed as “gentlemen,” twelve as “laborers,” and four’ as “carpen- ters,” while a few other mechanics, with “soldiers and servants,” completed the num- ber. Scarcely had the ships which brought them departed, when this ill-assorted company be- gan to experience the misery which their faulty organization entailed. Dissension had begun on the outward voyage; the other leaders had insanely conceived the idea that Smith designed to murder them and make himself “ King of Virginia.” He was ac- cordingly arrested and remained under arrest until a jury of colonists acquitted him and mulcted his accusers sometime after their landing. With this inauspicious beginning, harmony was not to be expected. The particular site* for the plantation was chosen against the earnest protest of Gosnold; the council was distracted by factions; and the wide diversity of social character and position of the colo- nists forbade anything like union of sympa- thies or purpose. The sealed instructions sent out with the colony, to be opened on arrival at their destination, revealed the names of the local council. To this distinc- tion the king had named Bart. Gosnold, a brave old sea captain; John Smith, the bold, fearless and faithful soldier; Edward Wing- field, a faint-hearted merchant; Christopher Newport, “ an empty, idle man; ” John Rat- cliffe, “ not worth remembering but to his dishonor;” John Martin, incompetent and distrusted, and George Kendall, traitorous and malicious. Through the jealousies of the council, the weak-hearted Wingfield, the least capable of the number to sustain the onerous duties of the position, was elected *Xamed Jamestown in honor of the king. 23 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. president, and under his administration the career of the colony was that of a ship with- out a helmsman. SiuTOunded by abundant material for com- fortable shelter, the men lived in tents until they I'otted to pieces over their heads. Sur- rounded by hostile Indians, the colonists, unprotected by palisades and unused to the new exposure, were compelled to maintain a constant guard; while incessant broils in the council and company heightened the general confusion and distrust. Added to these grievances were the dangers arising from the unfortunate location. Here the poisonous exhalations of the marshes, the impurity of the water, and the supplies deteriorated by the sea-voyage, combined to breed a terrible mortality that rapidly thinned the number which, at the outset, was at the minimum point to insure the success of the venture. Gosnold was among the first to fall a victim to the evils he foresaw from the first, and by fall, fifty men had perished, while despair filled the hearts of the survivors. Smith alone rose equal to the emergency, and, though sick with the prevailing disorder him- self, cared for the sick and dying, minister- ing to the diseased minds and bodies when there were scarcely “ ten men could neither go nor stand. ” In September, the inefficient Wingfield was deposed by general consent, and replaced by Ratcliffe. The council does not seem to have supplied the vacancies in its member- ship, as they were empowered to do, and their number was now reduced to three men: Gosnold had perished; Newport had sailed with the fleet; AVingfield had been deposed; and Kendall had been tried and shot. The new president and Martin, unpopular with the colonists and deficient in executive ability, left affairs to be directed by the redoubtable John Smith alone. He had been relieved from arrest, and under his guidance the de- spaii'ing colony took a new lease of life. Setting a rigorous example, he infused ac- tivity and resolution into the infant settle- ment; something of discipline was main- tained; buildings were constructed; and, push- ing outside the newly erected palisades, Smith opened communication with the sav- ages, supplying the fort with an abundance of corn, and gaining the respect of the In- dians. Having thus quieted the discontent of the colonists, and laid in an ample store of provisions for the winter, he set about obey- ing the royal instructions to explore the sur- rounding country. In one of his expeditions at this period he was captured by the natives. Undaunted by his peril, he wrested victory from defeat; spent his captivity in learning the features of the country, and in the end secured a valuable alliance, which subse- quently led to the marriage of the chieftain’s daughter, Pocahontas, to one of the colonists. In the meanwhile, the fleet had proceeded to England, but had no sooner reached there than the company, with commendable zeal, sent out two vessels with fresh supplies and reinforcements for the colony. Newport, still in command, reached Jamestown early in 1008, to the great joy of the colonists; j their number was reduced to thirty-eight; “the silly president” had not only done much to counteract the good results of Smith’s ener- getic direction, but in his absence had planned with Wingfield to seize the pinnace left with the colony, and escape to England. Smith returned on the day planned for their depai’ture, and “with the hazard of his life, with sabre, falchion and musket-shot,” foiled this third attempt at desertion. New efforts, under the thin disguise of legal forms, were made to destroy Smith, but seizing Bat- cliffe and Wingfield and their new accom- plices, he placed them under guard in the pinnace. Matters were in this state of “com- bustion,” when Newport reached Jamestown after an uninterrupted voyage. The uninstructed policy of the company made Newport’s arrival contribute hardly more of comfort than misery to the colony. Some 120 emigrants were sent, consisting of “vagabond gentlemen, unaccustomed to labor and disdainful of it, with three or four bankrupt jewelers, goldsmiths and refiners i sent out to seek for mines.” Such an impor I tation at this time, was of the nature of a i disaster to the solid prosperity of the colony. I Newport remained fourteen weeks, and by HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 33 his concJuct justified the epithet of “empty man ” applied to him by the early chroni- clers. The orderly methods of practi- cal industry were set aside; “there was now,” says Smith, “no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold,” and Newport finally returned to England with a cargo of worthless dirt and the disgraced Wingfield. The “Phoenix, ” which sailed from England in company with Newport, had been delayed by storms and arrived after- ward. Her commander, “an honest man and expert mariner,” Francis Nelson, was not lured by the “fantastical gold,” and at Smith’s suggestion took on a cargo of cedar, and the first written history of the colony: Smith’s “True Relation of Virginia.” Ratcliffe had been restored to office; the old soldier, embarking with a crew of fourteen upon the pinnace, followed the“PhoeDix” on its homeward voyage as far as the capes, and then turned to explore the rivers that find an outlet in the Chesapeake Bay. Returning to Jamestown in July, he again set out to com- plete his undertaking, sailing in both voyages some 3,000 miles. He returned again in September, 1608, and compiled the results of his labors in the first intelligent map ever produced, which, in its main fea- tures, remains unimpeached to this day. In Smith’s absence, the president had “riotously consumed the stores,” and the col- onists were about to take vengeance upon him, when the exploring party returned. Smith at once interfered to save his old op- ponent, but the dissatisfaction was not allayed until Ratcliffe was deposed and Smith elected in his stead. Order was once more installed in direction, when Newport again appeared, bringing supplies and colonists. The latter numbered seventy, of whom two were women, but with this exception were no more suited to the demands of the settlement than the previous shiploads. A few natives of Ger- many and Poland were included in the com- pany, who were intended to engage in the manufacture of pitch, tar, soap- ashes and glass for exportation. Had the colony been in condition to provide their own support, such industries were more likely to prove remunerative to the company than any at- tempt to develop mines of the precious met- als; but to a colony just emerging from a period of starvation, the depleted numbers of which were for the most part only rein- forced by “poor gentlemen, indolent, disso- lute and insubordinate, or else broken trade.s- men, fitter to breed riot than to found a colony,” this greediness for returns was ex- asperating. In relation to this feature of the company’s policy, Smith wrote: “When you send again, I entreat you, rather send but thirty carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons and diggers- up-of-tree-roots, well provided, than a thou- sand such as we have.” But the company were explicit in their requirements. With Newport it sent out a demand that a return cargo, equal in value to the cost of the present expedition, should be sent, on pain of being left in Virginia as banished men. The reply of Smith was much better tempered than the state of the case would warrant. “ We have not received,” he wrote, “ the value of £100. From toiling to satisfy the desire of the present profit, we can scarce ever recover ourselves from one supply to another. These causes stand in the way of laying in Virginia a proper foundation; as yet you must not look for any profitable returning.” This was considered a “rude answer” by the titled gentlemen who con- trolled the destiny of the colony in England. The demand of the company was accompa- nied by the additional stipulation for one of the lost colony of Roanoke, a lump of gold, or the discovery of the south sea beyond the i mountains. When this was made known by Newport, Smith was beside himself withi’age and declared the demand preposterous, and did move wisely than attempt such impossi- bilities. He secured a cargo of tar, pitch, lumber and ashes and sent it back. With the vessel he sent Ratcliffe, writing the home council, “I have sent you him home lest the company should cut his throat.” The situation of the company somewhat mitigates the harshness of their demand. The colony had cost it a very considerable sum, and thus far had made very slight 24 HISTORY OP KENTUCKY. return. This was far from satisfactory to a corporation, the primary object of which was to enrich itself with no great delay. Only one or two of the members had ever visited the American coast, and none had a clear idea how returns of a satisfactory nature were to be secured. The company was also without any reliable report of colonial affairs. Newport, it was said, “hath £100 a year for carrying news,” but, jealous and incom- petent, he did nothing but bear the malicious tattle of those who rebelled against proper discipline, which the “poor counterfeit im- postor,’^ Ratcliffe, abundantly confirmed. These, with the deposed Wingfield, gained the ear of the council by their polished manners and plausible tales, and prepared it to resent the truth in the rougher guise and less palatable facts of Smith’s answer. Could the company have been guided by his judgment, and their affairs in the colony have been directed, unhindered, by his hand, the plantation would undoubtedly have reached a greater prosperity at an early age. As it was, the colony owed its preservation and chance of final success to John Smith, who, amid misrepresentations and malice which did not hesitate to instigate his as- sassination, rose superior to every obstacle and saved those who were unwilling to save themselves. At this juncture the company took a mid- dle course: it did not make good its threat of abandoning the colony, nor clid it accept Smith’s advice; it reorganized, increasing its membership, “ so that the nobility and gentry, the army and the bar, the industry and commerce of England, were repre- sented.” Among the new members were Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury; the earls of Southampton, Lincoln and Dorset; Sirs Oli- ver Cromwell, uncle of the future “ Pro- tector,” Thomas Gates and George Somers, Lord Delaware and others. Whatever value the company placed on Smith’s “rude an- swer,” the reorganization was undoubtedly induced by the conviction that “nothing was to be expected from Virginia but by labor.” To wait for returns by this slow process de- manded ampler resources of influence and money than the old company could command, and it was probably with a tacit understand- ing of this sort, that the new company was formed. At all events, the reorganized company at once took the advanced position indicated by Smith, and prepared to strengthen the colony. The large accession of wealth and nobility to the membership of the company gave it great prestige, which, with the fuller reports, obtained of the country, led to a wide- spread desire to join the fortunes of the Virginia colony. The company, therefore, had no difficulty in dispatching a fleet of nine vessels, bearing more than 500 emi- grants. On the outward voyage the fleet was “caught in the tail of a hurricane;” one vessel sank; the “ Sea Venture,” bearing Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers and Christopher Newport (who were appointed commissioners to direct the colony until Lord Delaware, the newly appointed gov- ernor, should arrive by a later vessel), was wrecked on the Bermuda Islands; seven ves- sels arrived at their destination in safety, bringing, among others, the former “silly president,” Ratcliffe. While matters were thus going forward in England, Smith was laboring in Jamestown to bring order out of the chaos induced by the last addition to the colony. Three ad- ditional members for the local council had been brought by Newport, but the people would trust only Smith, and he continued president. The arrival of the seven ships found the little colony enjoying a system of order and good rule to which it had hitherto been a stranger. The cultivation of Indian corn, under the instruction of two of the na- tives, had been introduced, and some forty or fifty acres planted. The Scriptural rule, “ that if any would not work, neither should he eat,” was rigorously applied; the soft- handed gentry had learned to dexterously wield the ax; and six hours’ daily labor was the undeviating law for all able-bodied mem- bers of the colony. This halcyon period was seriously inter- rupted by the arrival of the fleet. Ratcliffe lost no time in lauding and proclaiming the HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 25 reorganization of the company and the ap- proaching retirement of Smith; with him came his old associate, Martin, and a new ac- complice, Archer. Batcliffe at once assumed the old straggle, claiming authority under the new company. Smith was not a man to be irregularly superseded, and the contest of authority immediately became a question of relative strength. There was no doubt as to the sympathies of the old colonists, who were about to cut Ratcliffe’s throat when Smith sent him to England. Of the some- thing more than 300 new-comers, there was more doubt. Some of them were “gentle- men of good means and great parentage,” but the larger number were “ unruly gallants packed thither by their friends to escape ill destinies at home.” The latter class sided with Batcliffe, and mob rule seized upon the town. The ‘ ‘ unruly gallants would dispose and determine of the government sometimes to one, sometimes to another: to-day the old commission must rule, to-morrow the new, the next day neither; in hue, they would rule all or ruin all.” This was more than Smith could patiently endure; he suddenly arrested Batcliffe and other leaders, and placed them in confinement to await trial. To relieve the crowded state of Jamestown, and profitably employ the largely increased numbers, West, a relative of the new gov- ernor, was dispatched with 120 men to estab- lish a plantation at the falls of the river; a similar company, under Martin, was sent to plant a colony at Nansemond, near the sea. The incompetency of these leaders led to the miserable failure of both projects; the lower colony, deserted by Martin and left without a leader, was destroyed by the In- dians almost to a man; the other fared scarcely better. On a trip to relieve the up- per settlement. Smith received the wound which obliged him to leave Virginia before the arrival of his successor. His powder- bag, exploding near him while asleep, terribly lacerated his side and thigh, making it nec- essary for him to repair to England for suc- cessful treatment. His great anxiety at this juncture was the care of the colony. He steadily refused to confer authority upon Batcliffe, and at the last moments, when aboard ship, he persuaded George Percy to defer his own departure and accept the reins of colonial government until relieved by the arrival of the new official. The retirement of Smith was in no sense a retreat. Notwithstanding: the antagfonistic elements with which he had to deal, the in- competency of his supporters and the malice of his opponents, he left “all things prepared for peace or war.” Jamestown contained two or thi’ee score of hoiises, some of two stories, besides a church and store-house. The whole was surrounded by a stout palisade of logs, fifteen feet high; at the neck of the pen- insula, the only point left unguarded by the river, was a fort, with cannon regularly mounted. The armament consisted of twen- ty cannon, and 300 stand of small arms — muskets, swords and pikes — with a full supply of ammunition. In the river were three vessels and seven boats, with a complete assortment of fishing nets. In the store-house was an abundant supply of provisions, besides 500 or 600 hogs, horses, sheep and goats. Within the inclo- sure were nearly 500 men, women and children, of whom 200 men had been trained to Indian warfare under his own eye. With such an equipment failure could come only through misgovernment; under Percy, this followed. The lawless el- ement again seized the government, and made short work of ruining all that the tient foresight of Smith had accomplished. The ample stores laid by were squandered, the friendly relations with the Indians were interrupted, and the colony was once more threatened with destruction from within and without. The horrors of the famine suc- ceeded; one after another of their resources were exhausted; “hogs, hens, goats, sheep, or w'hat lived — all was devoured;” the savages responded to entreaties for succor with “mor- tal wounds, with clubs and arrows;” and when all else had failed, they fed on human flesh. An Indian, killed and buried, was ex- humed and eaten, “and so did divers one an- other, boiled and stewed with roots and herbs.” Thirty escaped in one of the vessels 26 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY to begin a career of piracy; but with this ex- ception the whole number, save sixty persons, perished of misrule. In May, 1610, the occupants of the Sea Venture reached Jamestown. They had suc- ceeded in reaching shore after being wrecked, had found abundant supplies in the natural products of an island, and in nine months had constructed two vessels from the cedars of the island and the bolts and rio-miiCT of the Oo O wrecked ship. In these, the “Patience” and “Deliverance,” the whole company, consisting of more than 100 persons, came with Gates and Somers to the colony, bringing a store of such supplies as were saved from the wreck and the island afforded. At Jamestown they found a shocking scene of misery and death; only a feeble, emaciated remnant of the once prospei’ous colony survived, and these de- clared “this in ten days more would have supplanted us with death.” Somers volun- teered to return for further supplies to Ber- muda, where he died, and the crew, unmind- ful of Virginia, sailed direct for England. With reviving strength the Virginians clam- ored to be removed from a place where “none had enjoyed one day of happiness,” and so strongly did the whole situation plead in their behalf, that the entire company em- barked to return to England. Every feature of the place was hateful to the sufferers, and the remaining structures were about to be given to the flames, but “God, who did not intend that this excellent country should be abandoned, put it into the heart of Sir T. Gates to save it.” By the charter under which the company was reorganised, the machinery of colonial government was slightly changed. A govern- or and council were appointed, besides a gubernatorial staff, selected probably by the governor. The reorganized company selected Lord Delaware governor for life and captain- general of the colony. He immediately as- sumed the state of a viceroy, with Sir Thomas Gates as lieutenant-governor. Sir George Somers as admiral, Christopher Newport as vice-admiral, and Sir Ferdinando Wyman as master-of-horse. The lieutenant-governor, admiral and vice-admiral were dispatched with the fleet as noted above. Subsequently the governor set out with three ships, stored with a year’s provisions for the colony, be- sides a number of emigrants. On reaching the settlement near the mouth of the James River, Delaware learned of the state of affairs as well as of the contemplated re- moval, and promptly sent forward one of his ships to stop the movement and announce his approach with relief. Hardly had the deserting squadron reached the lower quarter of the river when it met the governor’s mes- senger, and, turning back, by night they were once more in their old quarters, with happier prospects in view. This happy deliverance seemed little less than marvelous to the sorely beset colonists, and new and old set- tlers united to ascribe the event to the inter- position of a kind Providence. There is, perhaps, no better indication of the improvement wrought by the reorganiza- tion of the company than in the improved social condition of those who constituted the new colonial government. Smith possessed all the requisites of a successful governor, save that social prestige which plays so im- portant a part in a community constituted as was that of Jamestown. Lacking this, he was obliged to extort, by the forcible show of power, that recognition of his authority which his position alone ought to have in- sured. This prestige the new governor pos- sessed in an eminent degi'ee, as well as “ ap- proved courage, temper and experience.” The “pomp and circumstance” of the new administration, therefore, served a more val- uable purpose than to tickle the vanity of the gallants. While the silk and lace of the new government made some of the older col- onists complain that the plantation “was not grown to that maturity to maintain such state and pleasures,” they imposed upon the other class a sense of power which they were prepared to respect. The new governor, with great wisdom, ad- dressed himself to repair the disaster that had befallen the colony. Every mark of that “ starving time” was I’emoved; build- ings were repaired, the stockade renewed; and the church building, refitted and decked HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 27 with flowers, was made the center of instruc- tion and administration. Under the mild but Arm rule of Delaware, matters once more assumed the air of tranquillity and prosper- ity. Methodical industry was once more es- tablished; comfort and order were every- where manifested; and the incongruous elements seemed to blend in one harmonious community. But this happy state of aff’airs was doomed to an early interruption. The cares of the colony and the insidious poisons of the malarial atmosphere proved too much for his feeble constitution, and Lord Dela- ware was forced to return to England. The administration, in the absence of Gates and Somers, was placed again in the hands of Percy. The colonists at once took coun- sel of despair, and all the horrors of his former term of office seemed to loom up to overwhelm them. That experience, however, had probably taught a valuable lesson to the survivors which might have served to prevent the full repetition of the period of anarchy and death, but fortunately the colony was not called to long test its dearly bought wis- dom. Before the departure of Delaware was known in England, Sir Thomas Dale was despatched as “high marshal of Virginia,” with supplies. Delaware left in March, 1611, and Dale arrived in the following May. The colonists had begun to relapse into idleness, the necessary work of the plantation was for- saken, and Dale found them playing bowls in the grass grown streets of Jamestown. The lawless element immediately tested the mettle of the “high marshal” by an attempt at mu- tiny, but the old soldier, armed with a “code of martial law,” restored order with a “cruel, unusual and barbarous” hand. His early report to the company sets forth the weakness of the colony and the great discontent of its members, but on the other hand it gives great encouragement that the ultimate success of the enterprise is certain if only the company persevere, adding his estimate of the prize | to be won as follows; “Take four of the best kingdoms in Christendom, and put them all together, they may no way compare with this country, either for commodities or goodness of soil.” This report received the confirmation of Delaware and Gates, who were competent judges of the facts, and the lieutenant- governor was immediately dispatched to the colony with a fleet of six ships, bearing 300 emigrants and abundant sup- plies, among which were 100 kine. The arrival of Gates was hailed with a military salute; and being the superior officer, he assumed the control of affairs. Dale sub- sequently, with the permission of the lieu- tenant-governor, chose 350 men from the increased number at Jamestown and planted a settlement on a high plateau, within what is now known as Dutch Gap, a fertile and picturesque spot nearly surrounded by the James River. Here he founded a town, which he named Henrico, in honor of Prince Henry. Soon afterward he established an- other plantation a little further down the river, near the mouth of the Appomattox, called Bermuda. Under ihe severe discipline established by Dale, and the wisdom with which it was directed by Gates, the colony was placed up- on a secure and permanent basis. It was not only rapidly approaching the point of self- support, but was showing a vigorous vitality in projecting military movements in support of English pretentions to New England shores. The prosperous condition of the colony was marked also in its material im- provement. The buildings and palisades wantonly destroyed tvere replaced, and plan- tations began to dot the banks of the James at intervals almost to the sea. With all this improvement the colony was yet unable to make any gainful return for the vast outlay of the company; the burden began to be seriously felt, and, in 1614, a petition was presented to parliament pray- ing for the aid of the government. The petition was received with marked tokens of interest and favor, but home affairs of a pressing nature intervened and no action was taken on the address of the company. The great need of the colony, Lord Delaware declared in advocating the petition in par- liament, was only “a few honest laborers, burdened with children.” The colony had 28 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. been projected and maintained, thus far, more as a military occupation of the land, than as the germ of an independent state, and colonists, selected by the criterion of the garrison, with few exceptions, had been entirely men. The disintegrating influence of a society thus abnormally constituted, and unrestrained by the close organization of the military code, wrought its legitimate results; and at this time *not one in twenty of the considerable number of emigrants brought to Virginia remained alive. The natural result of this policy was that the colony, though planted with care and cultivated at great expense, refused to take root. The adventurous character of the colonists could be restrained by a firm government, but it could not supply home ties nor the responsi- bilities of a family to anchor the immigrant. Deprived of these moorings, the whole colony was in a chronic state of discontent, rebellious under a firm government, and riotous under a weak one; in Jamestown the settler found no “continuing city,” and the hope universally cherished was to return with a competency to England. This state of affairs could not fail to reach the knowledge of the company and challenge their thoughtful attention. It is probable that the return of Gates to England in 1614, followed by the petition to parliament, marks the awakening of the company to the im- portance of a change of policy. The move- ment of reform was not allowed to cease with the inconclusive petition. Sir Thomas Smythe, who, as treasurer of the company, had di- rected the destinies of the colony with some- thing of autoci'atic power, was succeeded by Sir Edwin Sandys, but not until the old policy had furnished another example of misrule and consequent distress to “point the moral. ” Sir Thomas Gates remained in command in the colony until 1614, w'hen he received per- mission to visit England. In his absence the government devolved upon Dale. The “ high marshal ” was “ a man of great knowl- edge in divinity, and of a good conscience in all things,” according to his chaplain, Whittaker, and while stern in executing the penalties of martial law against offenders, he maintained a stable government, with peace abroad and order at home. In 1616, Dale turned over the government to George Yeard- ley, and returned to England. Since his ar- rival in Virginia, the plantations had in- creased from one to eight. These were lo- cated along the James River: Hemlco, Ber- muda, West and Shirley Hundreds, James- town, Kiquotan, and Dale’s Gift — the last on the sea-coast, near Cape Charles. Henrico, under Dale, had become the residence of the governor, and a college for the education of the natives for the missionary work had been established here. At Jamestown was a settle- ment of fifty men under the control of Fran- cis West. Certain radical reforms, instituted at the suggestion of Dale, rendered the colony quiet and industrious, and Yeardley seems to have been able to devote his whole attention to in- creasing the prosperity of the people. To- bacco was found cultivated by the Indians, and some experiments in its culture had been made by certain of the colonists. On his accession to the government, Yeardley took prompt measures to introduce the general cultivation of the plant, and with such suc- cess, that, three years later, Virginia shipped 20,000 pounds to England, where it was rap- idly becoming an article of general use. His official term was short, however. Throus:h the intrigue of tlie beneficiary, Yeardley was succeeded by Samuel Argali, in whose hand martial law became the scourge of a demon. The new appointee arrived at Jamestown in 1617, with the authority of “ deputy governor, and admiral of Virginia.” He had been the commercial agent of Sir Thomas Smythe, and in 1613 had commanded an ex- pedition from the colony which destroyed a peaceful French settlement upon Mount Des- ert Island, off the coast of Maine. These seem to have been his only qualifications for the dis- charge of the important duties of colonial ruler. The colonists had become peaceful farmers under the wise administrations of Dale and Yeardley, and the new official had nothing to distract his attention from the sole purpose of his stay — the securing of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 39 plunder. He found martial law a dead letter; this he immediately revived, and used the vast power of his position to oppress the colonists for the enrichment of himself and accomplices. Circumstances combined to retain him in power even after his mal- feasance was known in England, and with the gross perversion of arbitrary power con- tinued for two years “ importing more haz- ard to the plantation than ever did any oth er thing that befell that action from the begin- ning. ' ’ “The condition of Virginia,” says Ban- croft, “became intolerable; the labor of the settlers continued to be perverted to the benefit of the governor; servitude for a lim- ited period was the common penalty annexed to trifling offences; and in a colony where martial law still continued in force, life was insecure against his capricious passions.” Notwithstanding the clearness of his guilt. Argali found strong support in the company, and it was' only “after a strenuous contest” that he was displaced, and the “ temperate and just” rule of Yeardley reinstated. This experience precipitated the “ irre- pressible conflict ” between the two factions that had grown up in the London Company. The people of England were, at that time, engaged in that struggle which arrayed the constitution against the prerogative and re- sulted in the beheading of Charles I in the succeeding reign. The same principles were involved in the division of the company, and the struggle here was but an eddy Of tlie mighty stream That rolls to its appointed end. In this case the people succeeded earlier and without violence, and from the election of Sir Edwin Sandy s, as treasurer of the company, dates the change in the colonial policy of the organization. One of the earlier acts of the new regime was the importation of “maids” toVii’ginia. Home ties were the pressing need of the colony, and at the instigation of the new treasurer ninety young women, “ pure and incorrupt,” were induced to embark for the new country. Their transportation was ef- fected at the cost of the company, which was reimbursed by colonists who took them in marriage. This venture, undertaken some- what as a commercial speculation, proved so successful that a second company of sixty were sent out. The company desired ‘ ‘ that the marriage should be free, according to nature,” and that the maids should not be “ deceived and married to servants, but only such freemen or tenants as have means to maintain them, * ^ * j^ot enforcinsf them to marry against their wills.” It was further provided that “in case they cannot be presently married, ” that they should “ be put with several householders that have wives until they can be supplied with husbands.” “ These new companions were received with such fondness,” however, as made such pro- vision of temporary homes unnecessary. They were all “ presently married, ” the price of a wife rising from 100 to 150 pounds of tobacco. This was a debt of honor and was first paid, the company giving preference, in the matter of employment, to maiTied men. The good effect of the company’s fos- tering of domestic ties soon became strik- ingly apparent; “ the people fell to building houses and planting corn;” the restless, discontented settlers became “provident fathers of families, solicitous about the pros- perity of a country which they now consid- ered their own.” On the accession of the new direction in the home council, the company, after twelve years of labor and the expenditure of £80,000, could only exhibit, as a result, a colony of 600 inhabitants, including men, women and children. “ In James citty were only those houses that Sir Thomas Gates built in the tyme of his government with one wherein the governor allwayes dwelt, and a chiu’ch built wholly at the charge of the inhabitants of the citye, of timber, being fifty foote in length and twenty in breadth.” In the town of Henrico were only “three old houses, a poor ruinated church,” “ with some few poore buildings in the islande. ” “ For ministers to instruct the people, only three were authorized; two others had never received their orders,” and the affairs of the 30 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. colony were declared to be “ in a poore estate. ” The new administration immediately ad- dressed itself with energetic good sense to reform old abuses, to enlarge the privileges and increase the numbers of the colonists. In one year as many as 1,260 persons were conveyed to Virginia, and 1,100 were sent out annually. In 1619, there were eleven plantations; three years later eighty planta- tions extended 140 miles on both sides of the James River, and toward the Potomac, wherever rich farming lands attracted the settler. The culture of silk, grapes and cotton was invited, and seed and persons skilled in their cultivation sent to the new land. Nor was the higher culture overlooked; good progress was made toward the endow- ment of the Indian University, which, with the several churches, received a liberal grant of the public lands. So prosperous was A’’irginia in these years, that the friends of the enterprise declared the new State had at length been placed upon a secure foundation, and that the “hopeful country of Virginia” would furnish “ full employment for all needy people; provide estates for all younger brothers, gentlemen of this kingdom; and supply this nation with commodities we are fain to fetch from foreign nations, from doubtful friends, nay, from heathen princes.” A new danger, however, threatened to cloud this bright picture. The new governor found “ the natives upon doubtful terms,” a condi- tion of affairs that subsequently resulted in open hostilities. The conduct of the early explorers toward the Indians, while in perfect keeping with the spirit of the age, was such as to perma- nently alienate the savages from the whites had they been of a less jaeaceable disposition. The bigotry of the church, the dominant power of the time, claimed the population of the newly discovered lands as subjects, if Christians; if heathen, as slaves; and there was scarcely an accessible harbor of North America that did not contribute to the slave- marts of Europe. The English were least addicted to this form of villainy, and on the other hand they were the least energetic in converting them into subjects. The feeling that the savages had no rights which a civil- ized subject was bound to respect was univer- sal, and actuated all the early dealings of the English in North America. The hrst colo- nists under Raleigh’s patent were hospitably entertained by the natives, and yet in an eight days’ trip to the interior, for trifling or fancied injuries, an Indian village with all the standing corn was destroyed. Even then the savages offered no retaliation, moved to this course, probably, by fear; but the sug- gestion that the lost colony of Roanoke had been adopted and protected by the Hatteras tribes, was not considered inconsistent with the character of the natives. The Jamestown colony was planted in a re- gion occupied by upward of forty different tribes. The colonists came without diplomat- ic introduction; yet, in seventeen days, they explored the river, smoked the calumet with one tribe, selected the site of their colony, and seized upon the whole country with no greater resistance than a single flight of ar- rows from the startled natives. The more powerful of the tribes in the vicinity of Jamestown were the Chickahominies, who, through the wise management of Smith, early became the steady friends of the whites. The folly of the colonists gave rise to occa- sional hostilities, in which the two races in- flicted mutual injuries as acts of war; but the conversion and marriage of Pocahontas to Rolfe restored amity, and cemented the I’aces in so close a union that the powerful tribes ruled by Powhatan “demanded to be called Englishmen.’’ The rights of the Indians, however, were little respected by the whites, who did not scruple at times to appropriate the soil, cabins and grain of the natives, without the fact or form of treaty or com- pensation. The policy of too many of the colonial authorities seemed only directed “to overmaster the subtile Powhatan,” and such success followed their schemes that it was believed he must become a vassal of the col- ony, or “leave his country to their posses- sion.” So long as Smith remained in Virginia, the Indians proved of the utmost advantage HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 31 to the colony, repeatedly succoring the starv- ing colonists by timely gifts of corn and game; and even after the strong ties which commanded their friendship were severed by the removal of Smith and the death of the Indian princess, Powhatan still remained at j)eace with the whites. In 1618 this chief- tain died, and the influence of Argali, care- less of, or unlearned in the early traditions of the colony, prepared the way for a serious disturbance of the existing amicable relations. Later colonists had learned to despise the power of the savages, and the wise law which forbade the instruction of an Indian in the use of fire-arms was ignored. Savages were freely employed as hunters, Yeardley afford- ing a conspicuous example of this folly. The death of Powhatan gave place to less peaceful influences among the natives, who began to realize that some check must be put upon the rapid encroachments of the whites, or the Indian would be forced “to seek a stranger countrie.” These influences had been secretly at work for two or three years, when, on May 22, 1022, the savages fell upon the unsuspecting whites and with relent- less fury slaughtered men, women and chil- dren to the number of from 300 to 500. The attack was planned to reach all the planta- tions at once, and fell upon the remoter ones without warning. At Berkeley an intimation of danger was disregarded, but the James- town settlement, notified through a colonist whom a friendly Indian desired to save from the general destruction, was put in a state of defense. Where the natives found the colo- nists prepared to resist, they abandoned the attack; at other points the settlers, though surprised, made a vigorous resistance and saved a remnant of their numbers; but in the main, plans of the savages were crowned with cruel success, and many of the plantations were utterly destroyed. An exaggerated fear took the place of the former over- confidence, and the settlers, far and near, forsaking their homes, crowded into the limited quar- ters at Jamestown, eager to sacrifice the results of their labor in the new world for the security offered in the old. Some returned to England; others, contracting disease in the poorly provided quarters in which they were obliged to remain, died; and of eighty prosperous plantations at the time of the attack, only eighteen remained tenanted. The report of these affairs united all classes of England in sympathy with the colonists, and aroused a pious indignation against the heathen. The new administra- tion of the company, strikingly in advance of public sentiment in most things, was, in respect to the Indians, quite as vindictive. In addressing the colonists, it “redoubled their courages,” urged them not to forsake their plantations, but “to embellish the Spar- ta upon which they had lighted.” It coun- seled the most rigorous reprisal, declaring “the innocent blood of so many Christians doth in justice cry out for revenge.” “We must advise you,” continued the instructions, “to root out a people so cursed, at the least to the removal of them far from you. Where- fore, as they have merited, let them have perpetual war without peace or truce, and without mercy, too. Put in execution all ways and means for their destruction, not omitting to reward their neighboring enemies upon the bringing in of their heads.” The whole public busied itself in providing more sub- stantial aid than advice. The king, with a parsimonious attempt at liberality, contrib- uted some cast-off arms from the Tower; corporations and private citizens of London contributed money and supplies; and the company, aided by pi’ivate enterprises, under- took to send out large reinforcements of emigrants. The colonists did not await instructions from England to return the attack of the Indians. Four expeditions carried destruc- tion into the Indian country; the savages lost their villages, and in the fall of 1623, victimized by their own system of warfare, suffered a cruel massacre through a piece of treachery on the part of the revengeful whites. It is doubtful whether at the end of this year the losses of the whites were coun- terbalanced by the sufferings of the natives, but the resources of the latter being less, the damage was more irreparable. The colonial statutes bear evidence to the fact that the 32 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. policy of the company in regard to the Indi- ans was fully adopted by the Virginians. For nearly two years, it “lost the name of action” only through the intervention of more pressing objects than revenge. The whites learned, also, that they were “not sud- denly to be destroyed with the sword, by reason of their swiftness of foot, and advan- tages of the wood, to which upon all assaults they retired.” Peace proved far more destructive to the Indian dominion than war, and receding before the gradual extensions of the plantations, never again disputed the sovereignty of the tidewater valley of Vir- ginia. From this period, the stability of the colony never stood in doubt; the steady, healthful immigration became independent of the company’s transportation and solici- tude, and attention became centered in the political development of the colony. The charter under which the settlement of Jamestown was planted placed the govern- ment in the hands of a council of the company in England, with a resident council to ad- minister colonial affairs. The appointment of the latter was retained by the king, who also reserved the right to overrule and direct the home council in the most trivial affairs. The rights of coining money and making war were granted to the colony; and to the immi- grant were granted the rights of English cit- izenship, which were to descend to their chil- dren. The second charter, granted two years later, transferred to the organized company the powers formerly reserved to the king. The council of the company was to be consti- tuted and controlled by the voice of a major- ity of its members; this body was to have the power to appoint and displace the governor and council for the colony; to establish laws and forms of proceedure, which should be op- erative not only in the colony, but also upon the sea in passing to and from the colony. The company was authorized to carry thither any persons who should consent to go, secur- ing to such persons all the rights of natural born subjects, and in all doubtful parts the charter provided that it should be construed in such manner as should be most for the ben- efit of the grantees. The governor was clothed with the most dictatorial powers; in office, his authority was unquestionable in the colony; guided by the tenor of the company’s instructions, he was made the sole judge of their intent, and in the absence of specific provisions, was granted unlimited discretion, even in capital and criminal cases. In cases of mutiny or rebellion the governor was authorized to em- ploy martial law, of the necessity of which he was made the sole judge, and the sole ex- ecutor of its mandates. The civilization of the age and the novelty of the experiment must afford the only extenuation for such an example of despotic legislation, and it is creditable to the early governors that the character of the early colonists did not pro- voke a fuller exercise of these powers. Until the coming of Dale this despotic authority lay dormant; but the “high marshal of Vir- ginia” brought with him the military code as practiced in France and the Lowlands, which Sir Thomas Smythe had printed and provided upon his own authority. Dale was an old soldier of the army in Flanders, and exercised his powers with all the brutality then in use in the armies of Europe. In one instance a bodkin was thrust through an of- fender’s tongue, who was then “chained to a tree till he perished;” and others were pun- ished ‘‘by hanging, shooting, breaking on the wheel, and the like.” The Church of England had been planted with the first col- onists, and the sway of the sword was ex- tended to its administration. Stripes were provided for negligences, and death for infi- delity, to be administered at the direction of a court martial. Saving the barbarous form of punishment. Dale seems to have adminis- tered the code with justice, but the organiza- tion of the settlement was unfitted for the op- eration of a law, provided in the charter only for occasions of mutiny or rebellion, and the people were greatly distressed. The severity of this administration was greatly relieved by the reforms instituted. The early custom of “bringing all things to the common store” encouraged idleness; the larger number “presuming that, however the harvest prospered, the general store must HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 33 maintain them,” refused to work, and the la- j bor of a few only could be brought to the maintenance of the colony. The gross injus- [ tice of this arrangement, with the lack of en- terprise to identify the colonists with the country, operated against the prosperity of the community. Most of the first colonists who came to Virginia were maintained at the cost of the company, and were its servants. To each of these, Dale granted three acres of land for their own use, with an allowance of two bushels and a half of corn from the pub- lic stores ; one month of the year was al lowed each one for the cultivation of this tract, the other eleven being required by the company. To immigrants coming at their own cost, or to persons bearing their expense, a bounty of 100 acres was offered, which was subse- quently reduced to fifty acres, when the suc- cess of the colony became assured. A grant for meritorious services, not to exceed 2,000 acres to any one individual, was provided for, and any one by the payment of £12 lOs. to the company could secure 100 acres, with the privilege of another 100 acres when the first was occupied and improved. Of the later colonists many were tenants, who paid two and a half barrels of corn to the public granary, and one month’s labor, which was not to be required in seed time or harvest. In 1615, through the influence of Dale, the company granted 50 acres in fee-simple to each colonist who would settle and clear them, and pay a nominal rent. Such was the small beginning- of private property in this colony; but meager as was this concession, it did much to rescue the reputation of Dale from the general odium which his severity had brought upon it. The administration of Argali, which fol- lowed the short uueventful rule of Yeardley, clearly indicated the fatal weakness in the colonial government, and the election of Sandys to the excutive office of the company was the signal for the preparation of “ in- structions for the better establishment of a commonwealth” in Virginia. Yeardley, who now bore the title of sir knight, as well as governor-general, was made the bearer of the good news. On his arrival in Virginia, j he forthwith proclaimed the new policy — ■ I “that those cruell lawes, by which the ancient [ planters had soe longe been governed were now abrogated, and that they were to be governed by those free lawes which his majesties sub- jects lived under in England;” and, “that the planters might have a hande in the governing of themselves, yt was graunted that a gener- all assemblie shoulde be helde yearly once, whereat were to be present the governor and couDsell with two biu'gesses from each plan- tation, freely to be elected by the inhabitants thereof, this assemblie to have power to make and ordain whatsoever lawes and orders should by them be thought good and profitable for their subsistence.” The summons for the election of burgesses was issued by the governor in June, and on the 30th of July, 1619, the first legislative body of America convened at Jamestown. The session was held in the colonial church, the members of the body occupying the choir. The assemblj' exercised fully the right of judging the proper election of its members; and they would not suffer any j)atent, conceding manorial juris- ' diction, to bar the obligation of obedience to their decisions. They wished every grant of land to be made with equal favor, that all complaint of par- tiality might be avoided, and the uuiformitj' of laws and orders never be impeached. The commission of privileges sent by Sir George Yeardley was their “gi’eat charter,” or organic act, which the}- claimed no right “ to correct or control; ” yet thej'kept the way ojaen for seeking redress, “in case thej' should find aught not perfectly squaring with the state of the colony. ” Leave to pro^jose laws was given to any burgess, or by way of petition to any member of the colony; but, for expedition’s sake, the main business of the session was distributed between two commit- tees ; while a third bod}q composed of the governor and such burgesses as were not on those committees, examined which of former instructions “ might con- veniently put on the habit of laws. ” The legislature acted also as a criminal court. The Church of England was confirmed as the church of Virginia; it was intended that the first four min- isters should each receive £300 a year; all persons whatsoever, upon the Sabbath days, were to fre- quent divine service and sermons both forenoon and afternoon; and all such as bore arms, to bring their pieces or swords. Grants of land were asked not for planters only, but for their wives, “because in a new plantation it was not known whether the man or woman be the most neccessary. ” Measures were adopted “ toward the erecting of a university and 34 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. college. ” It was enacted, that, of the children of the Indians, “ the most towardly boys in wit and graces of nature should be brought up in the first elements of literature, and sent from the college to the work of conversion ” of the natives to the Chris- tian religion. Penalties were appointed for idleness, gaming with dice or cards and drunkenness. E.xcess in apparel was restrained by a tax. The business of planting corn, mulberry-trees, hemp, and vines was encouraged. The price of tobacco was fixed at 3 shillings a pound for the best, and half as much “for the second sort. ” When the ciuestion was taken on accepting the “ great charter,” “it had the general assent and the applause of the whole as- sembly,” with thanks for it to Almighty God, and of those of the whole colony wdiom they represent- ed: the more so, as they were promised the power to allow or disallow the order of the court of the London company.* Thus the Virginians sprang at one bound from a state of vassalage to the freedom of a republic; and right here was planted the germ of the next century and a half’s contest in the form of a petition to the company that the assembly might be authorized “ to allow or disallow of their orders of , court, as his majesty hath given them power to allow or disallow oar laws.” This the governor had promised, and on July 24, 1621, the company added its confirmation by an “ ordinance and constitution.” The intent of this notable instrument was “ by the divine assistance to settle such a form of government as may be to the greatest benefit and comfort of the people.” The “ constitution ” provided for the appointment of a governor as before; for two councils — the one, called the council of state, to assist and advise the governor, and its members to be placed and displaced by the company; the other, to be called the gen- eral assembly, to be convened yearly by the governor, and to consist of the council of state, the governor, and two burgesses out of every town, hundred, or plantation, to be chosen by the respective inhabitants. In the general assembly, which was authorized to treat, consult, and conclude all “ emergent occasions concerning the public weal,” the greater number of votes were to decide its action, upon which the governor had a nega- tive voice. No such law, however, was to be valid until ratified by the company; and on * Bancroft’s History of the United States, Voi. I, p. 112, Edi- tion 1884. the other hand, it was provided that when a government was “ well framed and settled ” under this instrument, “ no orders of court afterward shall bind the said colony, unless they be ratified in like manner in the general assemblies.” In this radical measure was seen the result of Sir Edwin Sandys’ influence, to whom King James preferred the devil as treasurer of the company. He and his supporters in the company were not political allies of the king, who viewed their accession to power with a disfavor which he took no pains to conceal. By the charter of 1609, he had given the company “full powers and author- ity” to confer upon the colony all privileges not in violation of “the laws and statutes of this our realm of England;” and by a third charter, in 1612, he had conferred the juris- diction of the Bermuda islands upon the company, together with the privilege of sit- ting in council as often as it chose, and to hold four “general courts” in the year for official deliberation. Under the administra- tion of his friends, the j ns clivinum was not likely to suffer any infringement, but by the election of Sandys the situation was radically changed. “The Virginia courts” became the “seminary to a seditious parliament,” and called for the royal suppression — but how ? The defeated minority, of which Argali, knighted by the king, was a prominent figure, gave the dissatisfied James an ill-considered pretext for interference. At the quarter ses- sion of the company, held in May, 1620, his majesty nominated four persons, one of whom he expressed the desire to have elected treas- urer in the place of Sandys. The company, consisting of about 1,000 members, was rep- resented at this meeting by upward of half of its membership, including twenty great peers, nearly a hundred knights, and many others of renown, who were nearly unani- mous in their support of the object of the king’s opposition. The company denied the king’s right to such nomination, and ad- journed to the court in course. In the mean- time a committee of eminent individuals con- ferred with the king and made the illegality HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 35 of his action appeal’ so plainly that his ma- jesty covered his mistake by retiring behind a very clumsy explanation of his interfer- ence. To avert serious contest with the crown, however, Sandys withdrew, and the earl of Southampton was elected in his place. This was no more satisfactory to the king, for the new treasurer made it the condition of his accepting the trust that Sandys and Nicholas Ferrar, a celebrated lawyer, should be associated with him in the direction of the company’s affairs. “Under their harmonious direction” the new policy of the company was consistently carried forward, but not without the inspired opposition of the minority. The king had determined to nullify the progressive ten- dency of the company, and it is probable that the “ordinance and constitution” sent to Vir- ginia in the following year was hastened by their forecast of the probable result of the king’s hostility. A petition of the minority for the redress of their grievances, together with a libelous description of Virginia by a court sycophant, gave the king the desired opportunity to seize upon the company’s records, arrest the deputy treasurer, Ferrar, and investigate the administration of the colony for the purpose of making up a case. A committee of royal tools were sent to Virginia, in the fall of 1623, to collect evi- dence to warrant the contemplated action of the king against the company. Upon the general assembly the commissioners used every artifice to obtain an expression in favor of the revocation of the company’s charter, but this body was wise enough to observe that their political privileges, of no long stand- ing, derived their present validity from that instrument and the acts of the company under it, and prudently declined to be intimidated or cajoled into conformity with the commis- sioners’ designs. The assembly refused to afford any aid or comfort to the king’s pur- pose, but expressed the utmost solicitude lest the governors should be restored to absolute power, and entreated their sovereign that “they might still retain the liberty of popular assemblies, than which nothing could more conduce to the public satisfaction and public utility.” To prevent disorders arising “ upon rumor of supposed change and alteration,” the as- sembly warned the colonists not to “ presume to be disobedient to the present government.” There was little danger of such an occur- rence, when the only alternative appeared to be a return to the former military despotism. Either side had its partisans 5 but the majority of the people were not strongly excited in the matter; there being three parties inter- ested in colonial affairs, it mattered little what passed between the first and second, provided it did not affect the third. If the prerogative of the company passed into the hands of the king, the colonists held that no just cause of quarrel existed so long as their rights were not infringed; but in the destruction of the company their present bulwark of defense would be swept away, and the far-sighted planter might have had good cause to indulge the fear that the very citadel of their liberties might in the same way be successfully assailed. After various attempts to evade the re- sponsibility of arbitrarily revoking the char- ter, the king, under the disguise of the law, robbed the company, and nullified its appeal to parliament by the announcement to that body that he had resolved to “take care of the government of the country.” The cats- paw minority of the company had little cause to plume themselves upon the success of their royal accomplice. Sir Francis Wyat, who had been the company’s appointee to bear the ordinance to the colony, was con- firmed in office; and he and his council were authorized “ as fully and ainplye as any gov- ernor and council resident there, at any time within the space of five years now last past.” This period was that in which a representa- tive government had existed in Virginia, and the principle, already tenaciously held by the people, received a valuable sanction in this limitation. What ultimate changes the king contemplated, or what the hidden meaning in his statement to parliament that “ they should all see he would make it one of his masterpieces, as it well deserved to 3G HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. be,” cannot be accurately determined; death prevented the fulfillment of his engagement. The population of the colony, at this time, was about 2,500 souls. Since the original settlement in 1607, accessions had been yearly received, but the various exhausting experiences had tended seriously to reduce the numbers, so that of some 5,000 settlers brought to Virginia less than half remained. A large proportion of these were actual settlers located iipon lands of their own, and engaged in agriculture. Plantations were situated widely apart, and cabins, by law re- (piired to be surrounded by stockades, indi- cated the site of planters’ residences. These were constructed of logs, covered with boards and “ matted on the side after the fashion of the Indian wigwams. ” The interior was ample and furnished with a curious blending of the crude materials of the new country and the higher civilization of the old. Sub- stantial furniture, a table service approach- ing elegance, and ponderous, stoutly bound •volumes bore the marks of English workmen; the high ruff, the small, high, wooden heel, ! and short, satin skirt of the hostess were of English exportation; the gold laces and brilliant buckles, which marked the dis- tinguished position of the planter, were of the same origin. The fare set before the guest was of the virgin soil, — beef, bacon, a brown loaf, Indian corn cakes, with ale and stronger drinks from across the sea. The “unobtrusive third” followed the meal; the cob or wooden pipe, filled with the native weed from a “lily pot.” and lighted with a splinter of juniper wood, or with more elegance by a coal of fire held in a pair of silver tongs made for the purpose, was pre- sented and the guest requested to drink it. A boat, manned by a crew of indented serv- ants, carried the planter or guest on the river to his destination; or else on horseback, guided by a trusted servant and accompanied some miles by his hospitable host, the traveler picked his way along scarcely distinguishable bridle trails. Stock was not abundant, though sufficient for the necessities of cultivation; game, hogs and wild fruits, with the vegetables that grew luxuriantly in the fertile soil, abounded. Corn and tobacco were the great staples produced, the first for food for man and beast alike; the latter the principal source of income from exportation. The privilege of coining money remained unim- proved from the fact that there was nothing to coin. Tobacco became the circulating medium of exchange, and was made a legal tender by the general assembly, the rate of exchange being fixed by a special enactment. No internal trade existed; and the only vil- lage was the straggling hamlet of James- town, with its rude wooden government buildings and score of cabins. One or two sites of possible villages rejoiced “in that strange spell, a name,” but were unmarked or only )-endered the more obscure by a cabin or two. The control of trade legislation was re- served to the royal government from the first. By the first charter it was provided that a “duty of five per cent to be levied within their precincts,” on the traffic of strangers not owing obeisance to the British crown, was, for one and twenty years, to be wholly employed for the benefit of the several plan- tations; at the end of that time was to be taken for the king. By the second charter, the colonists were forever freed from all taxes and impositions on any goods or mer- chandise imported into or exported out of the colony, except the five per cent due for customs on all goods imported into the British dominions. The payment of this tariff gave the privilege, within thirteen months, to re-export the same goods into foreign countries, without further exactions for dues of any kind whatever. The colo- nists, at this period, depended for all articles of necessity upon the crude household manu- factures of hemp, wool and cotton. For arti- cles of luxury, the only sujDply was to. be found in the mother country, from whence the well to-do imported their own stock, pay- ing the bill by a return cargo of tobacco. Before the planting of this colony. King James’ hostility to the use of the weed had moved him to write not only a “Counter-blast to Tobacco,” but also to lay, by royal edict, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 37 an excessive tax upon its use in his kingdom. Subsequently, when this product became Virginia’s sole stock in trade, its sale in Eng- land was forbidden unless this tax was paid. This unjust burden placed upon the feeble resources of the colony was somewhat re- lieved in 1624, when, through the exertion of Sir Edwin Sandys, the Virginian product was amply protected against the competition of foreign tobaccos in the English market. The local government was made up of a strong mixture of civil and military rule, the outgrowth of the “military code” and the “new ordinance.” The people were grouped by boroughs, plantations and hundreds, each ruled by a commander, whose rank was set forth by the bravery of gold lace forbidden to others. His duties were to “see that all such orders as heretofore have been or here- after shall be given by the government and council be duly executed and obeyed.” He was also “commissioner,” the prototype of the justice of the peace, with jurisdiction of all controversies under the value of 100 pounds of tobacco; in war he was captain of the contingent required from his hundred, and in peace the executive and judge. The whipping-post and pillory menaced the evil- doer, to which was sometimes added the ex- cision of a part or all of one or both ears. In the transactions of the general assembly there was no trace of the neophyte or republi- can; in the face of King James’ commission- ers it was declared that “the governor shall not lay any taxes or ympositions upon the colony, their lands or commodities, other way than by the authority of the general assembly, to be levied and ymposed as the said assembly shall appoynt. ” To encourage home industry, a matter which had vainly exhausted the devices of the early governors, it was enacted “for the encouragement of men to plant a store of corn, the price shall not be stinted, but it shall be free for every man to sell it as deare as he can.” Swearing, drunkenness, and “scandalous speech against the governor and council ” were threatened with the pillory, and the planter was forbid- den to “dispose of any of his tobacco before the minister be satisfied.” Such was the colony planted by the Lon- don Company: seventeen years of labor and more than half a million dollars had been expended in the effort, and just as complete success seemed about to be attained, arbitrary power wrested the fruit of patient persever- ance from its hand. The promised success, however, was of a character calculated to satisfy the heart rather than the pocket. The receipts of the company from Virginia had not equaled the disbursements on its account, and were not likely to restore the balance for some years to come; and the se- questration of the charter therefore brought a relief from responsibilities which greatly mitigated the royal outrage. At the same time, there must have been present a keen regret that the growing state, whose liberty was only half established, should sch early fall into the hands of unfriendly power.. But the liberal-minded majority had builded wiser than they knew; the ordinance of 1624 constituted the magna charta of the newly planted England ; under its benign influence, the plantation became “a nursery of freemen,” whose power to-day shapes the destiny of continent and molds the charac- ter of the wide earth. > 38 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. CHAPTER II. VIRGINIA AS A DEPENDENCY OF THE CROWN. A S a dependency of the crown, the his- tory of Virginia is marked by three periods: from the accession of Charles I to the revolution of 1688; from the revolution to the accession of George I; and under the house of Hanover to the American Revolution. During the first period, legislative independ ence in Virginia fluctuated between hope and fear — never quite secure from the invasion of the royal prerogative, and never entirely sub- jugated to its will. During the second period, the colonists, more firmly settled in the ad- ministration of home affairs, began to resist foreign encroachments upon their territory and to develop those powers of self-reliance which were destined to be used with such marked effect some half century later. The third period covers the era of resistance to the parliamentary prerogative, which culmi- nated in armed resistance and revolution. Charles I came to the throne in March, 1625. He found the royal exchequer impov- erished and a rebellious faction preparing to resist the arbitrary rule of the crown; and these immediate objects so engrossed his attention that the Virginia colony, recently made the special charge of the king’s care, was largely ignored. In the beginning of his reign the new sovereign did announce that he would adopt the policy of his father, but more pressing cares intervened, or pecun- iary reasons, _ arising out of his desire to monopolize the sale of tobacco, induced him to forego the prosecution of his expressed purpose. Whatever the reason, it happened that while the king asserted the rights of the royal prerogative to the utmost limit in England, Virginia enjoyed legislative inde- pendence unquestioned, if unrecognized; and recognition came later. Through the agency of the general assembly the colonists “ levied and appropriated taxes, secured the free industry of their citizens, guarded the forts with their own soldiery at their own charge, and gave publicity to their statutes.” A revised code, sanctioned by the royal lepre sentative, confirmed their early privileges, and Virginia thus early gained as large liberty as was secured to the English by the triumph of the commonwealth. The period was one of immense prosperity; immigration increased to wonderful proportions; home markets were invigorated, and the large increase of exports found unabated demand in England. Wyat was continued as governor until the early part of 1626, when he was succeeded by Yeardley, an appointment that was ac- cepted by the colonists as a guarantee that “ the former interests of Virginia were to be kept inviolate,” the king adding his confir- mation of this impression by limiting the powers of his appointee to the use of ‘ ‘ the same means that were formerly thought fit for the maintenance of the colony.” A lit- tle less than two years later, Yeardley died, eulogised by the general assembly and re- gretted by the people. Francis West, a brother of Lord Delaware, was chosen by the council as his successor, adding another precedent in favor of home government, though acting in accordance with the king’s commission. In the following year. West was succeeded by a Dr. Potts, who was re- placed, as soon as the king learned of Wefet’s departure, by the appointment of Sir John Harvey. The administration of Harvey, from 1629 to 1639, is a memorable one in colonial his- tory. The Virginians remembered him as one of the over-zealous commissioners sent to the colony by James I to gather material HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 39 for the discomfiture of the London Company; and his appointment suggested that it was made by the king in requital of former serv- ices to his father. Such a governor could hardly be looked upon as the harbinger of good rule, or a desirable successor to Wyat and Yeardley. Two features of his commis- sion confirmed the unfavorable impression; by this instrument he was empowered to fill vacancies occurring in the council, and was granted the fines assessed by his court as official emolument. Beverly describes him as “extortionate, unjust and arbitrary, ” and, armed with such dangerous power and privi- lege, he had sufficient incentive to lead an avaricious disposition into the most oppres- sive course of exactions. Puffed up with the pride of power, “he was so haughty and furious to the council and the best gentlemen of the country that his tyranny grew at last insupportable.” The particular grievances recorded against him, by a historian of the time, are that he “issued proclamations in derogation of the legislative powers of the assembly; disbursed the colonial revenues without check or responsibility, and multi- plied penalties and exactments and appro- priated fines to his own use.” It may be questioned if these alone would have raised up the determined opposition which followed; to these he added a supreme disregard for the rights of property, and not only granted large tracts of land to all comers for a j^rivate consideration, but also included in these grants the estates of certain planters. His favorable disposition toward the schemes for the dismemberment of the colony intensified the general feeling, and gave rise to a determination to resist his encroachments upon the rights of the colonists. A public meeting was held and partici- pated in by the chief men of the colony, at which was read a petition, numerously signed, denouncing the governor for the injustice of his administration. For this, the governor promptly arrested the important members of the indignation meeting, and convened the council to suppress such mutinous gatherings. Indignant beyond measure at this summary attempt to put them down, the people, led by several counci Imen and a body of troops, made a descent upon the governor’s residence, released the prisoners, and arrested Harvey on a charge of treason. All attempts on the part of the accused governor to effect a com- promise proved vain, and the brief record of the council relates only: “ On the 28th of April, 1635, Sir John Harvey thrust out of his government, and Capt. John West acts as governor till the king’s pleasure be known.” The governor repaired to England, and com- missioners were selected to present the case of the colony against him; but the two par- ties do not appear to have confronted each other there. The representatives of the colony were delayed, Harvey appeared before the privy council, cleared himself of the grave charges of treason and smuggling, and was returned by the indignant king, to whom the sending of the governor hither appeared “an assumption of regal power,” which should be rebuked by the reinstatement of the ob- noxious governor, “though to stay but a day.” Harvey, accordingly, came back in 1637, shorn, however, of his power to fill vacancies in the council, and remained nearly two years without provoking further antagonism. The Virginians regarded any infringement of their original territory with no less jeal- ous eye than the infringement of political rights, and the founding of the colony of Maryland, in this administration, aroused an opposition which for over thirty years refused to acquiesce in the inevitable. The territory granted the first colony in Virginia extended from the Florida line to the Hudson River. In 1613, the Hollanders took possession of this river, and “built forts there, called Prince Maurice and New Netherlands,” establishing a fiourishing fur trade with the natives. Thus,” it was claimed, “ are the English I nosed and out-traded by the Dutch.” Later, a colony of Swedes occupied Delaware; and in 1630, Sir Robert Heath was granted all that portion of Virginia south of the 36th parallel. All these were considered invasions of the territory of Virginia, and when, in 1632, Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, was granted the territory of Maryland, the Virginians began to fear that the recklessness 40 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. of the king and the greed of his favorites woitld not stop short of appropriating the lands already occupied by themselves. The reckless avarice of Harvey gave color to these suspicions, and the general assembly earnest- ly protested against the grant as an infringe- ment of the rigfhts of Virginia and a dis- O O couragement to the planters who had labored to build uj) the colony. The founder of the new colony was a “popish recusant of high character;” under a royal charter he had established a colony upon the southern point of Newfoundland, but the climatic discouragement of that lati- tude had induced him to look about for a more favorable location. To this end he visited Virginia in 1630, where, the character of his mission being known, he was received with scant hospitality. He found the colonists possessed of a spirit of bigoted intolerance, and no sooner was his presence bruited abroad than a general commotion ensued. The distinguished visitor was given the lie publicly and threatened with violence, and the council, while punishing the offender against the peace and good manners, ten- dered Lord Baltimore the oath of supremacy and allegiance, which, as a good Catholic, he declined to take. This was equal to a dis- missal from the colony, and he accordingly left for England, stopping long enough on his way, however, to explox’e the countxy on the opposite side of the Chesapeake Bay. On his x’eturn he represented to the king that the countxy north of the Potomac was in- habited only by savages; that yeax's must elapse befox’e the Virginians could occupy it; that other nations were preparing to plant settlements there, and that the surest way to fx’ixstrate them was to foxxnd an English col- ony in the territory. To such potent ai’guments the Virginians could reply only by protest. By the can- celing of the company’s chartex’, the right of the soil was vested in the cx’own; and, aided by the influence of home statesmen as well as that of Harvey, Lord Baltimore suc- ceeded in his quest, though his death in the meanwhile transferred the xxndertaking to his son. Circumstances devolved the respon- sibility of further opposition, also, upon other shoulders. The king’s “trusty and well-beloved William Clayborne,” with a considerable following, occupied Kent Island, and founded so vigorous a settlement that in 1632 it sent a member to the general assembly of Virginia. This contestant engaged in tx’ade with the Indians, for which he px'ovided a well-equipped vessel, and announced that, as he occupied the soil of Vii’ginia under patent of the king, he would resist any attempt to rob him of his x-ights. In 1634 the second Lord Baltimore sent his brother, Leonard Calvert, with “twenty gentlemen” and several hxxndred laborex's to take possession of the king’s grant to him. Clayborne’s trading vessel was seized, and the colony on Kent Island sux’prised by night and driven out. The resolute defender of Vii’ginian rights sent an ai’med pinnace to- rescue the captured boat, but in the skirmish which followed the rescuers were defeated with the loss of thx’ee men. Beaten for the time, Clayborne waited until the absence of the govex’nor of Virginia gave him an oppor- tunity to renew the struggle. Accordingly, in 1645, he seized the Maryland government vi et armis, and forced the representative of Lord Baltimore to retreat to England. The return of Berkeley, then governor, tuxned the tables, and the defender of the ancient limits, deprived of home support, was violently ex- pelled by the proprietary forces. .In all the px’otracted struggle, Clayboxme was supported by the patriotism of the Vix’ginians, who claimed the tex’ritory as a part of the colony’s possession, and by that religious bigotry which united Pxxritan and Episcopalian in opposition to the Catholic. Other marks of individxxality appeared in the administx’ation of Harvey; the colonists, not only assxxmed “regal power” and de- veloped a patriotism that countenanced the x'ebellious attempt to nullify the king’s patent, bixt the colony began also to pxxt off’ the forms of its tixteiage, and to assume the garb of maturity. Early in the administration (1628-29) commissions wex'e issued to the different plantations and huudx’eds to hold monthly courts, and in 1634 eight shires, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 41 their form of government copied from the shires of England, were erected. Over each of these was placed a “lieutenant, the same as in England, to take care of the war against Indians;” the sheriff, sergeant and bailiffs were also constituted and elected “the same I as in England.” Harvey was I’ecalled in 1639, and Sir Francis Wyat conducted the government until Sir William Berkeley ar- rived, in 1642. The new governor was a “courtier,” a mem- ber of an old English family, deeply imbued with a profound belief in theyits divinum of kings, and schooled in the graces, amenities and prejudices of the well-bred cavalier. At his country estate of 1,000 acres, near Jamestown, he surrounded himself with great social state, and did much to foster the growing aristocratic tendency, which gradu- ally prevailed in the customs of the wealthier classes of the old Virginians. The people were not averse to this display. During the administration of Harvey, the colonists had gained a broader comprehension of Virgin- ia’s future possibilities as an integral part of the British kingdom, and readily associated this display with the growing importance of the colony. The exercise of governmental functions had been a powerful means of edu- cating the people in self-confidence, and pub- lic spirit, though less marked, had kept pace with the social tendency of the colony. Un- touched by the influences which moved Eng- land to rebellion, “Virginia was whole for the monarchy,” though it only needed simi- lar grievances, thirty-four years later, to break out in armed resistance. But, for the time, the man and the hour had met in happy conjunction. The people, wearied and out- raged by the coarse brutality of the retiring governor, were captivated by the urbanity of Berkeley; ruffled by their inconclusive bout with Harvey, and excited over the dismember- ment of their territory, the Virginians were surprised into good nature by Charles’ ad- dress to “our trusty and well-beloved, our governor, council and burgesses of the grand assembly of Virginia” (his first recognition of the colonial legislature, July 5, 1642), and j accepted the liberally devised instructions to Berkeley as the amende honorable. It was under such happy auspices that the long (1642-1677) and eventful career of the new governor opened in Virginia. His in- structions associated the council with the governor in supplying the vacancies in that assembly with unabated privilege, the gov- ernor to have a negative voice; for the erec- tion of courts inferior to the quarter sessions; for the administration of justice according to the English usage; and for the probate of wills. To carry out these instructions the governor and assembly united in harmonious I action, and for seven years the golden age of colonial existence went on without interrup- tion. In 1643, the shires took the name of counties, and as immigration found its way into new regions, the number increased; stock of all kinds multiplied; the cattle were esti- mated at 20,000 head, with horses and other kinds in proportion; the fertile soil yielded rich returns of wheat, tobacco and corn, the latter “five hundred fold;” the cultivation and manufacture of silk was encouraged, and the infant industry was destined to supply the coronation robe for the restored Stuart, if the tradition be true; and trade, “the calm health of nations,” attracted ten vessels from London, two from Bristol, twelve from Hol- land, and seven from New England. In the meantime, affairs in England were rapidly approaching the revolutionary climax; the news found its way to Virginia, but awakened no response in the hearts of the colonists. The Virginians were prosperous and happy, and good churchmen enough to believe that “godliness with contentment is great gain.” In 1643, the parliament's I board of commissioners could offer no advan- tage which the colony did not already possess; and when the company, which fostered its infancy, sought to revive its charter, the colo- ny promptly protested that “there is more likelihood that such as are aquainted with the clime and its accidents may upon better ground I prescribe our advantages, than such as shall sit at the helm in England.” The period of 42 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. colonial minority had passed and the colony j was now able to judge for itself; the legisla- ture had exercised its coveted privileges un- f hindered, and secured such sanction to the ^ principles of home government as removed all doubt of their stability; the king’s jrolicy j in Virginia had been quite satisfactory, and the colonists had no disposition to join the cause of the Puritans in the attainment of objects in which they had no interest. The execution of Charles I, therefore, awoke in Virginia a sympathy for the victim of the English people’s rage, and the royalist ref- ugees, who tied to Virginia in great numbers, found every home a “hostelry,” and had “choice of hosts without money or its value.” The king was beheaded in January, 1649; the general assembly, which met in the fol- lowing October, took early opportunity to denounce “the late traitorous proceedings” against “the late most excellent and now un- doubtedly sainted king;” and provided that all persons who should “by word or speeches, endeavour to insinuate any doubt, scruple or question of, or concerning, the undoubted and inherent right of his majesty, that now is, to the colony of Virginia, and all other his majesty’s dominions,” should suffer pun- ishment. In 1650, the exiled monarch recog- nized the loyalty of Virginia and sent his commission to Sir "William Berkeley from Breda, and the colony prepared to be “the last country, belonging to England, that sub- mitted to obedience of the commonwealth.” This rebellious attitude toward the new state of things could not long pass unnoticed. In the latter part of this year parliament adopt- ed measures to reduce “Barbadoes, Antigua, Bermudas and Virginia” to obedience. One after another made submission to the new authorities with slight resistance at the Ber- mudas only, and in 1652 a frigate brought the menace of war to the shores of Virginia. The brave old governor made prompt preparations for resistance; the defenses of Jamestown were equipped and manned ; the Dutch ships in the harbor were unloaded of goods and mounted with cannon, and nothing was need- ed to precipitate the devastation and misery of war but the folly of the commonwealth’s commissioners. Fortunately this had been guarded against, both in the selection of the officials and in the terms of their instructions; the demand of the commonwealth was for parley, not surrender. The burgesses of the several plantations were called to assist and advise in the matter, and “upon long and serious debate, and in sad contemplation of the great miseries and certain destruction,” surrender was agreed upon. This result would seem to be a foregone con- clusion; the Virginians differed with the com- mons of England only in personal sentiment; both claimed England as their fatherland, and its settled ruler as the common sovereign of both; Virginia did not aim at independ- ence, and the commonwealth sought only to prevent the dismemberment of the kingdom; there was, therefore, no cause for war. When clearly formulated, the demands of each party were found entirely compatible with the highest interest of both, and instead of a recourse to arms, this real union of sentiment was set forth in articles of agreement “ for the surrendering and settling of that planta- tion under the obedience and government of the commonwealth of England.” By these articles it was provided “ that the plantation of Virginia, and all the inhabit- ants thereof * * ^ shall have and enjoy such freedoms and privileges as belong to the free-born people of England; * * * 41y, That Virginia shall have and enjoy the antient bounds and lymitts granted by the charters of former kings; * * * Sly, That Virginia shall be free from all taxes, customs and impositions whatsoever, and none to be imposed on them without consent of the grand assembly, and so that neither fortes nor castles bee erected or garrisons maintained without their con- sent; ” and this agreement was therein ac- knowledged “ a voluntary act, not forced nor constrained by a conquest upon the couutrey. ” This convention, consisting of sixteen articles, with a supplementary paper granting im- munity for acts done under the commission of the exiled king, was confirmed by the “ long parliament,” save the important stipulations in regard to the “ antient bounds and HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 43 lymitts, ” and those contained in article “ Sly, ” quoted in full, These were referred to a committee and were not acted upon be- fore the parliament was dissolved; but what- ever this grave omission might have imported, subsequent events secured to the colony the substantial results sought, with the exception of the original boundaries. Clayborne, who was one of the common- wealth commissioners, the Virginia business being settled, renewed his struggle for the possession of “ that sweete, that rich, that large country”of Maryland. Under the general authorization of parliament to reduce “ all the plantations within the bay of Chesa- peake, ” he seized the governor of that colony and revolutionized the government, but not without a stubborn tight, in which the pro- prietary forces were defeated. In 1658 the end appeared; the power of the Puritans began to fail; the Catholics took courage, organized, and surrendered the colony to Lord Baltimore; the death of Cromwell fol- lowed in the same year, and the restoration, in 1660, settled this vexed question for- ever. The revolution was effected in Virginia without the slightest commotion; the articles for the “settling of that plantation” had made no provision for its future government, but the assembly, as “the representatives of the people,” declared “the right of electing all officers of this colony should appertain to the burgesses,” and, “after long and serious debate,” “ unanimously voted and concluded that Mr. Richard Bennett, Esq., be governor for this ensuing year ” (1652). Bennett w'as one of the commonwealth’s commissioner's, and Clayborne, another, was made secretary of state, the council being composed of sympa- thizers with the exiled king and “round - heads.” The old cavalier-governor disposed of his “house in James Cittie, the western- most of three brick houses I built there,” and retired to his country estate to vent his petulant humor in criticisms of the existing government. The new administration, with no friends to favor nor foes to punish, “kept the noiseless tenor of its way.” The “mer- cenarie attorneys” were the common enemy of all, and were harassed as they were under Berkeley. There was a “looseness and unsettledness” in the character of the government under the commonwealth recognized by all, and while the protector had “come to some resolutions for supplying that defect” death intervened to prevent his carrying them into execution. The assembly in the meanwhile directed affairs; in 1655, Edward Digges succeeded Bennett as governor, and in 1656, Samuel Matthews was elected. The latter was graced with the title of captain, and was “an old planter of nearly forty years’ standing, a most deserving commonwealth’s man, who kept a good house, lived bravely, and was a true lover of Virginia.” In 1658, the assem- bly excluded the governor and council from its session; the “old planter governor” re- sisted the innovation and dissolved the assem- bly, but the “ representatives of the people ” were not thus to be coerced. Members were forbidden to leave Jamestown, and conveninof in secret session the colonial legislature de- clined to submit the whole question to Crom- well, declaring the assembly was “not dis- solved by any power yet extant in Virginia but our own. ” The burgesses were not with- out their remedy; they declared themselves in possession of full power to elect and aj^- point all officers in the colony until orders to the contrary should be received from the supreme power in England; “that all former elections of governor and council be void and null; that the power of the governor for the future shall be conferred on Coll. Samuel Mat- thews, Esq., who by us shall be invested with all the just rights and privileges belonging to the governor and captain-general of Vir- ginia.” This occurred on the hrst day of April, and on the third, the old planter cap- tain accepted the promotion to colonel, and took the oath in accordance with the deter- mination of the burgesses. On the death of Cromwell, his son and successor was recognized; the restoration was in view, and the resignation of Richard Crom- well being followed by the death of Mat- thews, the old cavalier was called from his retirement and placed at the head of the 44 PIISTORY OF KENTUCKY. government once more. The burgesses took care, however, to reafBrm “that the supreme power of the government of this country shall be resident in the assembly,” and to enact that “all writts shall issue” in its name, “until such a command or commission come out of England as shall be by the assembly adjudged to be lawful.” In the absence of a settled government in England, this guarded declaration of supremacy was not inconsist- ent with the old governor’s political faith, and acquiescing in the innovations accom- plished by the burgesses, he declared himself “the servant of the assembly.” The restoration of Charles II was hailed with joy in Virginia. During the rule of the commonwealth the people had lost none of their love for the cause of the deposed mon- arch, and the unsettled state of the govern- ment kept alive the expectation of a return to the only settled form known to the people — a monarchy. The large accession of roy- alists, “men of the first rate, who wanted not money nor credit,” whose singularly wise conduct had provoked no antagonisms, rein- forced the natural sentiment. Berkeley was re-elected in March, 1660; in the following May, the restored king forwarded to him a royal commission, and in 1661 a new assem- bly was convened. The old one, it is said, “ was full cavalier,’’ but the constitution of the new one exhibited the change silently wrought in Virginia by the restoration. In the first general assembly convened in the reign of Charles II, “ lai’ge land holders and cavaliers” appeared almost exclusively; of the members of ' the preceding assembly, only eight were re-elected, and only five retained their seats; of those prominent in the exten- sion of colonial j^rivileges, but two appeared in this body. England was restored; Vir- ginia was revolutionized. The colony was on the high road to rebel- lion, but its progress was only incidentally marked through the course of the sixteen years wEich followed. The restoration found colonial power in the hands of “the people of Virginia;” the governor placed and displaced [ by the general assembly, and his salary voted ; from one session to another ; the council de- | pendent upon the same power ; the courts conformed to English law ; taxes levied on the poll and only by the burgesses ; the assembly directly responsible to the people, elected once in two years and each member paid by his constituents. These privileges had survived both monarchy and common- wealth, and the people, who sought an ex- plicit grant of security from the successor of Cromwell, deemed a charter from the restored Stuart unnecessary; and so Virginia relied upon the integrity of her king and assembly, while the less loyal colonists in the North were securing liberal charters as the price of their unwearied importunities. The mistake of this overweening confidence was fatal ta the peace of the Virginia colony. In 1662, the new assembly, by a perma- nent imposition on tobacco, provided an un- questionable emolument for the appointees of the crown, and having freed the governor from his financial restraint, the same assem- bly prolonged its own existence by declaring the law requiring the election of burgesses once in two years “utterly abrogated and repealed. ” Other innovations followed, all tending in the same direction — the exclu- sion of the people from the government. New laws freed the burgess from the finan- cial restraint of his constituents by provid- ing for his payment out of a general levy ; and in 1670, the franchise was restricted to “free-holders and housekeepers.” Such was the progress in ten years ; the movement had not gone unnoticed by the people, who were disposed to make “choyce of persons not fitly qualified for so great a trust,” in the opinion of the royalist assembly, and hence the re- striction. This last innovation was a serious one, and challenged the immediate attention of the people. From the first years until 1655, all settlers had been heard in the general direction ; until 1619, in the matters of the plantations and hundreds, and subse- quently in the election of burgesses. In 1655 the franchise was restricted to house- keepers, but in the following year the privi- lege was restored, because it was “something hard and unagreeable to reason that any per- son shall pay equal taxes, and yet have no HISTORY or KENTUCKY. 45 vote in elections.” Fourteen years had not antiquated the logic of this reasoning, but the royalists found a class of “persons, who, having served their time, are freemen of this country.” Many of these were their old enemies who had been brought to Virginia in the restored times, as indented servants, and now, restored to freedom, made “tumults at this election it was safer, therefore, to “grant a voyce in such election only to such as by their estates, real or personal, have in- terest enough to tye them to the endeavor of the public good.” This centralization of power reached the courts also. The governor and council formed the superior and chancery courts, from which, for a time, there was an appeal to the assembly; the minor courts consisted of eight unpaid justices of the peace, who held monthly sessions in each county for the disposition of minor causes and county busi- ness. These magistrates were appointed by the governor during his pleasure, the one oldest in commission succeeding to the posi- tion of sheriff, and others in regular rotation. This court, without responsibility to the peo- ple, levied the taxes for county purposes, and disbursed them too often for the enrich- ment of peculating officials. To this was added the exacting machinery of an estab - lished church. The later laws, which had lost much of the severity of bigotry, were re- pealed, and the old ones restored ; the vestry was constituted a close corporation with per- petual charter, and endowed with powers to assess taxes without regard to the will of the parishioner’s. It is impossible to conjecture how far this irresponsible tyranny woirld have gone, had not the similar policy of the king supplied a partial corrective. The oppressive trade measures of the crown brought home to the privileged class the folly of alienating the great body of freemen entirely, and subse- quent events were to convince them that where plunder was involved even the touch of aristocracy did not make kin. In 1673 the king wantonly granted all the “ dominion of land and water commonly called Virginia” to Lords Arlington and Culpep])er for thirty- | I one years. Such a grant was portentous of I the greatest evils; these court favoi’ites, for [ the annual rent of 40 shillings, were en- I dowed with all the privileges and powers of j the Crown over 40,000 people for a genera - j tion. The outcry against the villainy was spontaneous and prolonged, and joined in by freeman, housekeeper and burgess. The cavalier assembly protested to the king in language very similar to that of freemen; “ they humbly requested not to be subjected to our fellow-subjects, but for the future to be secure from our fears of being enslaved.” A commission was sent to England to secure a charter by which the encroachments of the new proprietors might be restrained, but the people, excited by new grievances, took the remedy into their own hands, and the news of “ Bacon’s rebellion” stopped the charter in the government offices. In 1674 the general exasperation found some expression, but calm advice and counsel checked the outbreak. Some minor reforms were granted, but the great burden of oppres- sion remained; the determination of the people was taking form, however, and want of opportunity alone denied it expression. This want was supplied at last; the Indians were showing a disposition to renew hostili- ties; a rumor of their approach was followed by the slaughter of settlers on the frontier plantations. The natives extended their ravages, and planters gathered to follow the foe to his retreat and inflict summary punish- ment, but they had no leader, and the governor was charged with caring more for his beaver trade than for the lives of the people. Bacon visited the assembled planters, and the general voice proclaimed him leader; but the expedition was not to be undertaken without the sanction and commission of the governor, and the young leader, assuming the responsibility thrust upon him, applied for the necessary warrant to proceed. The governor replied in “ polite and complimen- tary terms” and did not send the commission; but Bacon, “ of a precipitate disposition.” thanked the governor for the promised com- mission, and set forth at the head of a force of “ most good housekeepers ” to achieve the 46 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. signal discomfiture of the savages a few days later. Bacon was a young man, not yet thirty, “ of quality and merit, brave and eloquent, * * * master and owner of those inducements which constitute a compleat man (as to intrinsecalls), wisdom to appre- hend and discretion to chuse.” The governor had now reached the age of about seventy years, with the political principles of his youth no less firmly held, but with temper and judgment somewhat impaired. The temper of the times in England had not escaped his attention, and something more than a regard to the Indian trade prompted his diplomatic reply to Bacon’s request. He “ doubted Bacon’s temper, as he was popularly inclined,” and “ the peoples’ dis- positions.” His letter to Bacon had been unequivocal on the essential point of the commission;, he had not sent it nor promised it, and the “ popularly inclined ” young cavalier’s affected misunderstanding of its terms alarmed the old royalist. This was a repetition of Cromwell’s rebellion in dis- guise, and taking a “ bond of fate, ” the hasty viceroy fulminated a proclamation de- claring Bacon and his followers rebels, and commanding them to disperse. A messenger, bearing this ominous summons, overtook the war party before it had passed the frontier; a large number of the “ most good house- keepers ” faltered at this summons and turned back, but the leader, with a few steadfast planters, went forward, achieved the victory, and slowly returned. In issuing his proclamation. Gov. Berke- ley assumed the whole responsibility, and forthwith raised a force of horsemen to put down the recalcitrant few. But the people had not been uninterested observers of these proceedings, and no sooner was the governor set out than his ears were assailed by the mutterings of a political storm in his rear. The lower counties had risen in re- bellion, and complained not only of the defenseless state of the country against the Indians, but demanded also that the general Assembly, which had maintained its existence for fifteen years, should be dissolved, and that the forts should be dismantled. To this higher demand the governor was forced to submit. Turning about, he re- turned to Jamestown, dissolved the obnox- ious assembly, issued writs for a new elec- tion, and ordered the forts dismantled. Bacon, though under ban as a rebel, pre- sented himself as a candidate for burgess from Henrico, and was elected. Throughout the colony the freemen ignored the law dis- franchising them, and elected representatives of the people, among whom were some of their own class. The burgesses met in June, 1676, and Bacon, accompanied by thirty of his supporters, went to take his seat in the new assembly. This was an act of contu- macy to which the governor was not pre- pared to submit, and the whole party was ar- rested; some were put in irons, and others, with Bacon, released upon parole. Certain politic people interfered; Bacon, who was a member of the council, was persuaded to ac- knowledge his error in proceeding against the Indians without a commission, was restored to his place in the council, and promised a commission as “ general of the Indian wars.” The governor’s persuasion partook too much of the nature of duress, against which the old cavalier secretly rebelled; Bacon, while ostensibly reconciled to Berkeley, had good grounds to fear that the end was not yet reached. The commission was delayed from day to day; Bacon assigned a fictitious reason for his desire to return to his plan- tation, and permission to retire from his duties as councillor was given by the governor, who meditated his re-arrest when thrown off his guard. Matters coirld not rest here; as one of his followers expressed the situation, “ he was in overshoes, and must be over boots,” and three or four days later Bacon returned to Jamestown at the head of some 600 armed men to demand the commission. Berkeley vainly attempted to organize a force for re- sistance, but the whole country rang with the name of Bacon, and the governor was forced to submit. It was force alone, how- ever, that wrought his submission. The HISTORY OF KENTUCIvY. 47 brave old man denounced the young leader and his followers as rebels to their faces; challenged Bacon to a single combat, and opening his clothing, invited him to deliver the fatal shot. To this indignant bravado, the “ rebel ” replied in language that does credit to his cause: “ Sir, I came not, nor in- tend, to hurt a hair of your head, and, for your sword, your honor may please to put it up; it shall rust in the scabbard before I shall ever desire you to draw it. I come for a commission against the heathen, who daily inhumanly murder us, and spill our breth- ren’s blood, and no care is taken to prevent it.” This forced conciliation was carried to the extent of drafting a letter to the king, cor- dially endorsing the “ rebels ” and their gen- eral, which the governor and council were obliged to sign. .Berkeley was not to be so easily over-reached; he wrote the king that he was “encompassed with rebellion,” and besought him to send troops to support the government; he then posted his proclamation, declaring Bacon, who was then canying dev- astation among the Indians in accordance with his commission, a traitor. Following the precedent of Charles I, the governor re- paired to Gloucester County, and planted his banner to rally the loyal colonists in defense I of the colonial interests which his excited | imagination declared in peril. But the same j fate followed his efforts here; Bacon was all i the cry, and the disheartened old man lied to Accomack as the last resort. Here he gath- 1 ered a motley crew of a few influential per- | sons, planters, seafarers and long-shoremen, and descended upon Jamestown, which he occupied. Bacon, astounded by the new folly of the governor, turned his back upon the enemy of the frontier, vexed to the heart “ to think that while he was hunting wolves, tygers and foxes, which daily destroyed our harmless sheep and lambs, that he and those with him should be pursued with a full cry, as a more savage or a no less ravenous beast.” For him the situation had indeed grown critical; he “ was fallen like corn between the stones,” as the old historian puts it, “ so that if he did not look the better about him, he might chance be ground to powder.” Happily he had “ wisdom to apprehend and discretion to chuse;” he marched his forces to the middle plantation, and issued his proclamation con- vening all who had “ any regard for them- selves, or love to their country, their wives, children and other relations,” to consider “Sir William’s doting and irregular actings.” On August 3, 1676, “ most of the prime gentle- men of those parts” appeared; they were for the most part in sympathy with Bacon, but hesitated to go the length to which necessity compelled the general. To him it was death or rebellion, and yet he asked only for pro- tection in the performance of duties for which he was duly commissioned, and which the state of the country made necessary. A “ test or recognition ” to be subscribed by all was agreed upon. This at first proposed that none of the subscribers should aid Berkeley in disturbing the general and his army. But Bacon demanded something more than neu- trality; they must agree “to rise in arms against him, if he with armed forces should offer to resist the general; and not only so — if any forces should be sent out of England at the request of Sir William or otherways, to his aid, that they were likewise to be op- posed ” until the whole affair should be ad- judicated by his majesty, the king. This was a startling step to the planters, not placed in such straitened circumstances as the general, but they believed in the justice of his cause, and his impassioned eloquence did the rest. The whole obligation was assumed, but with the express understanding that it was not to impair their allegiance to the crown. His rear thus protected, the general pro- ceeded to the frontier, and attacked and rout- ed a tribe of savages, and then came to the “verge of the English plantations,” where his troops, save a small detachment, were sent to their homes for rest. Here the news of Berkeley’s coming to Jamestown, with seventeen ships and 1,000 men, startled the successful general from his dreams of peace. This meant war, and peace hencefor- ward could be purchased only by the submis- sion of Bacon or Berkeley. The governor 48 IIISTOIIY OF KENTUCKY. had already shown the fate in store for “the general and his army” by the hang- ing of one of his supporters on the sea-shore, and Bacon needed no urging to prompt ac- tion. He immediately set out with his body- guard for Jamestown, while couriers rode in all directions to summon his forces. The capital was at once besieged, and the governor, recofirnizincT that the solid men of the country were arrayed against him, and find- ing the great mass of the adventurers in his ranks rapidly deserting, again fled disconso- late to Accomack. And now the last blow was about to be struck; Accomack was to be invaded; the gov- ernor seized, and the whole matter to be re- , ferred to the king. But revolution was to be deferred for a century. Bacon, sick from exposure and the over- exertion of the year, died in October, not without a well-grounded suspicion of poisoning at the hands of his enemies. His body was buried by his friends with great secrecy that it might not be dis- honored by his foes, a cautionary proceeding which foreboded the end. Deprived of the wisdom and discretion of its general, the army rapidly melted away before the prestige of the governor. One after another of the prominent supporters of the uprising were seized by Berkeley and destroyed; age had not cooled his blood, and the rebellion had made him a fury; it was believed he “would have hanged half the country if they had let him alone.” The king in the meanwhile had heard of the uproar, and in January, 1677, a fleet with a regiment of English soldiers brought a commission to settle the trouble. Even the king turned against the bloodthirsty Berke- ley, and his prejudgment of the case had consigned Bacon and other prominent “reb- els” to the gallows, and the governor to trial. Berkeley was recalled, summary pun- ishment was inflicted upon prominent sup- porters of the general, and peace once more reiofned in Yiro-inia. All this had passed in the space of a year; the new assembly held only a short session, but still accomplished much. The newly elected burgesses knew what was expected of them, and impartially censuring both parties to the disturbance, they proceeded to estab- lish practical reforms; they broke up the mo- nopoly in the Indian trade; arbitrary vestries were reorganized; official fees were regula- ted; the elective franchise was restored to freemen; and election returns were guarded with new restrictions. The net result of the rebellion, however, was disastrous. The form of government was seriously limited by new instructions from the king; assemblies were .allowed to meet but once in two years, and then to sit but fourteen days unless for special business, and care was to be taken that the members “be elected only by free- holders. ” Under the new regime the reforms instituted by the Bacon assembly were nulli- fied and nearly every abuse restored. Sir Herbert Jeffries succeeded Berkeley; in 1678 Sir Henry Chicheley followed; in 1679 Lord Culpepper; in 1684 Lord Howard. During this period the “ancient dominion” suffered the “malignant humors of a propri- etary government. ” The burdens of the col- onists were doubled to pay the perquisites demanded, and every department of colonial activity was so oppressed by arbitrary exac- tions that despair nearly gave rise to another outbreak. The summary punishment of a few malcontents quieted the disturbance, and the powers of the assembly were still further restricted. In 1684, the proprietors having exhausted the plunder to be readily gotten out of the colony, Virginia became once more a royal province, destined, however, to still contribute to the ill-gotten gains of the court favorites. Howard was the first of these, and the most exorbitant fees were exacted of the colonists to supply his demands. The acces- sion of James II in 1685 made no change in the monotonous course of despotism. How- ard was continued in office and the sway of the royal prerogative reached its climax in Virginia in his administration. “The exec- utive, the council, the judges, the sheriffs, the county commissioners and local magis- trates were all appointed directly or indirect- ly by the crown. Virginia had no town meetings, no village democracies, no free municipal institutions. The custom of a co- KENTUCKY INSTITUTION FOR UEAF MUTES, DANVILLE.— SEE PAGE 535 HISTOUY OF KENTUCKY. 49 lonial assembly remained, but it was chosen under a restricted franchise; its clerk was ap- pointed by the governor, and its power im- paired by the permanent grant of revenue which it could not recall.” (Bancroft.) Such was the condition of the colonial gov- ernment when the revolution of 1688, over- turning the tyranny of the royal prerogative, established the supremacy of law. On the accession of William and Mary, the assembly hastened to dispatch an agent to England to “supplicate their majesties to confirm unto the country the authority” of government “as near as may be to the model of the parliament of England.” The specific stipulations of the assembly sought gen- erally the recovery of privileges enjoyed at the date of the restoration. These “ their majesties” did not hesitate to grant, and without defining the ultimate scope of the colonial assembly’s authority, the royal in- structions recognized it as an integral part of the Virginian government, and interfered little with its particular functions. Under this fostering toleration the colonists found themselves once more able to achieve their own destiny through a free assembly. The independent spirit of the people began to revive, and it was observed that “pernicious notions, fatal to the royal prerogative, were improving daily.” Little by little affairs gravitated toward the golden age of the colony under the commonwealth, and in 1710, Gov. Spotswood noted for the informa- tion of the queen’s ministers that “the inclinations of the country are rendered mysterious by a new and unaccountable humor (the Governor was born in the year of Bacon’s rebellion), which hath obtained in several counties, of excluding gentlemen from being burgesses, and choosing only persons of mean figure and character.” In the meantime the elements of growth came in to restore the assembly to its early vigor. The single colony had increased to twelve, each independent of the other, but all united in the demand for the co-ordinate authority of the colonial assembly. Thus a spirit of emulation stimulated each colony to persevere by independent measures in seek- ing the desired end, the achievement of one proving indirectly the gain of every other. The population of Virginia had now reached about 50,000 persons, and the permanent revenue granted by the cavalier assembly, and increased imder Culpepper, was no longer the menace to colonial liberties that it once was. The large increase of expenditures demanded additional supplies, which the as- sembly now took care to grant for limited periods, and for specifically defined purposes, the- disbursements being made by their own treasurer, who acted independent of the offi- cers of the crown. Another fact contributed to the same end; the office of governor had now become a sinecure, which was enjoyed by the appointee in England, and his lieu- tenant was restrained by the beneficiary, who cared for nothing so much as the perquisites of his office. Thus, under the last days of the Stuarts, the general assembly regained much of its lost power, never to lose it again. "With the accession of the house of Hano- ver, began a period of the grossest political corruption. The supremacy of parliament gave new prominence to the ministry, and the cabinet became gradually invested with much of the privileges which formerly accrued to the crown. Colonial appointees came to be very generally selected from the relations or dependents of persons in power, or from a class of political pirates who en- gaged to surrender the larger part of the legal emoluments of office for the opportunity of enriching themselves by iiTegular methods. The grossest abuse of official trusts followed; but plunder being the sole pursuit, these crown representatives proved less determined in their opposition to the aggressive policy of the assembly. Legislative independence gained an ad- vantage also at this time by the change in the official management of colonial affairs in England. In 1696 the general supervision of the colonies had been placed in the hands of the “ board for trade and the plantations,” consisting of certain of the ministry with eight appointed commissioners. Subse- quently, the functions of this board were re- stricted simply to legislative and clerical 3 50 IIISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. duties pertaining to the administration of the colonies; in the cabinet, the American colonies were represented by the secretary of State for the southern department; and to the privy council was reserved the framing of measures to enforce the instructions of the boai'd of trade. It thus happened that on one side W'as the legislative power and on the other the executive power; between them stood the secretary, necessary to connect the cause and the effect of the administration of colonial affairs, but subject to neither, and often busy with projects which led him to icrnore the colonies altogether. Amid all this official circumlocution the crown could not maintain effective control of the growing in- subordination of the colonies, and unsatis- factory “instructions” were easily evaded or compliance refused outright. America was now rife with the bickerings between governor and assembly; governors came armed with instructions to the assem- blies to provide “a permanent revenue, solid, definite and without limitation.” This de- mand was refused, with more or less circum- locution, in every case. Limited grants, only in return for the sanction of legislation which gradually sapped the foundation of arbitrary power, were made, but even these were so completely guarded as to give little satisfaction to the representatives of the crown. The result was a series of com- plaints from the governors, and protests from the assemblies. “To preserve the dependency of America,” declared the badgered and defeated officials, “the constitution must be new modelled.” To this the assemblies calmly replied, basing their arguments upon the rights of all Englishmen gained through Magna Charta, and upon the co ordinate authority of the assembly with parliament. These premises were not allowed by English statesmen, but there was that in the unde- monstrative attitude of the colonies that forbade rash procedure, and the question of a fixed revenue continued to vex the souls of crown officers. The struggle with France for the posses- sion of the Ohio valley added its influence to bring matters to a crisis. The “great woods” was the indeterminate title which stood for the vast expanse of field and forest west of the line of the Alleghanies, from the lakes to the gulf. Traders brought the intelligence of the French quietly pushing eastward from the Illinois country, and southward from the lakes at Detroit and Niagara into the valley of the Ohio. This progress of the French people was viewed with jealousy both in England and America, but the lack of harmony between the mother country and the colonies prevented union of action. The French were keen oDservers of all this, and placed their dependence more upon the division of their opponents than in their own strength; “the English,” said they, “can raise two men to our one; but they are too dilatory to prevent any enterprise of ours.” It was the opinion of the leading men on both sides of the ocean, that the colonies should unite to resist the French, but even a liberal plan of union for this purpose, conceived by Benjamin Franklin, failed to satisfy the jealous demands of the colonies, though its independence startled the statesmen of England. In 1754, the board of trade proposed a complicated scheme for the same purpose, the chief feature of which was “a certain and permanent revenue,” No determined effort was made to materialize this proposi- tion, and resort was finally had to the pre- rogative. Gen. Braddock was commissioned to take command of the American forces to be employed against the French, and the colonial governors were notified that it was the king’s pleasure “that a fund be estab- lished for the benefit of all the colonies col- lectively in North America.” The opposition which had defeated a plan devised to meet the difficulties of the situa- tion by one who sympathised with the colo- nial prejudices, was not likely to be dispelled by the king’s peremptory demand. “The assembly of this dominion,” said Gov. Din- widdle, “will not be directed what supplies to grant, and will always bo guided by their own free determinations; they would think any restraint or direction an insult on their privileges, that they are so fond of. ” When HI^-TORY OF KENTUCKY". 51 Braddock reached Araerica in 1755, he called a convention of the governors, and expressed his indignation “that no such fund was already established.” The governors could only protest their inability to accomplish it, and the convention, in which Virginia was represented, united in a paper to the king; “such a fund,” said the governors, “can never be established in the colonies without the aid of parliament. Having found it impracticable to obtain in their respective governments the proportion expected by his majesty toward defraying of his services in North America, they are unanimously of the opinion that it should be proposed to his majesty’s ministers to find out some method of compelling them to do it, and of assessing the several govern- ments in proportion of their respective abil- ities. ” This was fatal advice; and the initia- tory act of the inevitable conflict thus clearly deflned was reserved for the reckless ministry of that royal bigot who, Like the base Indian threw a pearl away, Richer than all his tribe. In the end, while the colonies declined the proposition of the ministry, they consented to loan the English government sufficient to carry on that straggle which left no barrier to the English sway between the Gulf of Mexico and the North Pole. Thus matters stood when George III came to the throne of England in October, 1760; a sovereign who soirght to revive theo- ries of government that had practically been laid aside for three-quarters of a century; and who thrust the royal dictum in the face of a defiant nation, whose power was but vaguely guessed. At this time Virginia was the most docile of the English colonies; the governor and council were appointees of the crown; they constituted the court of last appeal in the colony, and the lower courts were held by judges appointed by the governor and held office during his pleasure. Admirality courts, a later invention of the trade laws, were con- stituted by the lords of admirality in Eng- land, while the comptroller and collectors of customs, found in every considerable harbor, were appointed by the commission- ers of customs; officers of the militia and magistrates were appointed by the governor. The elective franchise was still confined to freeholders, and the assem- bly consisted of two houses sitting sepa- rately, the burgesses and the council of state. There was less of bickering between governor and assembly than in other colonies, but no more subservience to the royal prerogative. The governor holding his office as a sinecure, exercised a wholesome restraint upon his lieutenant, and the permanent grants to the crown removed the oft recui’ring collision which agitated the less loyal colonies. The cavaliers were still here, and the old sentiment of loyalty to the mother country was still the prevailing one, but the royal policy was rapidly blending the classes that had been widely separated in 1676, and immigra- tion was gradually reinforcing the yeo- manry. The sturdy emigrants whom royal oppression was driving out of Scotland, Ire- land and Germany were finding homes in the valley, and settling on the frontier, far from the restraints and influences of the older centers of civilization; were draw- ing in the inspiration of freedom from the very atmosphere of woodland homes. The “man of the people” had arisen, and initial opposition to royal tyranny was to be transferred from the representatives to the constituency. In 1763 Patrick Henry declared, in the famous “parson’s cause,” that the burgesses were “the only authority which could give force to the laws for the government of this colony,” and denounced the king as a tyrant amid the cries of treason from the opposing counsel. In 1765 he offered five resolutions in the assembly opposed to the stamp act of parliament, the purport of which was summed up in the conclusion that “ the general assembly of this colony has the sole right and power to lay taxes and impositions on the inhabitants of this colony.” The assembly still counseled delay, but the passionate elo- quence of Henry, with which he declared amid cries of treason, “Caesar had his Bratus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third may profit by their example,” pre- 62 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. cipitated action. Gov. Fauquier dis- solved the independent assembly which had caught the sentiment of the people, but free- dom had gained a voice, never to be stifled. Jefferson, the “apostle of Democracy,” rein- forced Henry, and the people under these leaders swept away opposition. But this was not a converting power; the cavalier element had resisted the eloquence of Bacon, and democracy had no charm for the gentle- men in powdered wigs and ruffles of lace who still exerted the dominant influence in colo- nial affairs. The ruthless policy of the king supplied the deficiency; the indiscriminating ■oppression of trade laws afforded the bond of union which made the colonies practically .unanimous for independence. On the accession of Charles I, Virginia, whose population was less than 3,000, had no trade of importance save to itself. Tobacco was the only staple source of income, and this product was shut out of the whole world save England. In the closing years of the preceding reign, the colony with the Somer Islands — Bermuda — enjoyed the monopoly of this market, which was confirmed by Charles. The increasing growth of the col- ony, together with the stimulated production, soon glutted the restricted market; the price of tobacco gradually declined, and the utmost distress afflicted the colonists. Tobacco was then the circulating medium of exchange, the money of the country, and continued the standard of business exchanges, with slight exceptions, until 1656. The evil grew under the administration of Harvey, and under his successor a “stint” was resorted to for relief. The whole product of the colony was limited to 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco; the rotten, unmerchantable and half the good crop was legally burned. The two years following, the whole product was limited to 1,300,000 pounds, and “all creditors were to take forty pounds for a hundred.” During the rule of the commonwealth rig- orous navigation laws were enacted, but under the toleration which Cromwell accorded to all colonial affairs, these were evaded, and Virginia enjoyed “as free trade as the people ■cf England.” Trade with the Indians, which had been trammeled with license, was made free, and the traffic with the Dutch was con- j ducted under a slight cover of evasion. Under the reign of Charles II, however, a : radical change was effected. The “naviga- I tion acts” restored the commercial restrictions I of the commonwealth, and, under the closer scrutiny of a royal regime, became a mighty ! engine of grinding oppression. By these acts it was provided that “no mer- j chandise shall be imported into the plantation but in English vessels, navigated by English- men, under penalty of forfeiture,” The greed of the English merchant was not yet satisfied; the carrying of trade was monopolized, and the trade in supplies to the colonies prac- tically secured, but now the privilege of fix- ing the price of colonial products was de- manded, and so such American products as did not compete with English industries were j restricted to the market of England under penalty of forfeiture. These products were specifically named, others being added as de- veloped, and included all the staples of the country. Again, in 1663, lines were more strictly drawn; there was danger that the I trade in supplies might be partially diverted, j notwithstanding the English had command I of the carrying trade, and supplies were re- quired to be bought in England alone. This left the colonies still the privilege of supply- ing each other so far as their limited resourc- es would allow, but in 1763 this last vestige of privilege was cut off; traffic between the colonies was made subject to a duty equal to that placed upon the same commodities in England, Against these oppressions Virginia could make no formidable resistance; against them and the system of government which made them possible. Bacon entered his protest by force of arms, and the near success of the rebellion showed how far these measures had united the sentiments of royalists and peo- ple. Its failure prevented the “consumma- tion devoutly to be wished;” the cavaliers returned to the support of royal tyranny, and the people to the galling yoke of oppres- sion. The royal favorite conceived that the I growth of the colony would be accelerated HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 53 by the establishment of towns, and certain town sites were appointed from which all tobacco should be shipped. The penalties affixed to disobedience of these laws were so severe as to drive traders out of the country, j and small planters, unable to market their crop, saw the fruit of their labor rot on their premises or wrested from them by the min- ions of the law. Complaints remained unre- dressed, and despair drove the poor and ignorant to destroy the growing plant wher- ever found when the season was too far advanced to replant. Then followed the attacks upon the privileges of the assembly, which united all classes again in opposition to the despotic measures of the king, only to again fall apart under the seductive smiles of ] the royal representative. But each time the division between the classes grew less. The revolution of 1688 brought relief to the strained situation, and free trade once more sprang into existence. This forestalled rebellion, but did not bring freedom from oppression. The wasted energies of the peo- ple and country were restored, and something of prosperity began to dawn, when, in 1696, commercial tyranny was again brought back to power. New inventions added rigor to its enforcement. It was provided that even after | the payment of export duties products should j not be taken to a foreign market, and customs officials were authorized to enter warehouse and wharf to enforce these stipulations. Still the fear of evasion haunted the commercial oligarchs, and courts of admiralty were established “ that offences against these acts of navigation might no longer be decided by judge and jurors who were themselves often the greatest offenders.” But in spite of these inventions, or rather in direct result of this tyranny, the colonists began to turn their resources to domestic account. “ The people” it was said, “more of necessity than of inclination, attempted to clothe themselves with their own manufac- tures.” In 1699, therefore, a blow was aimed at domestic manufactures, lest the flocks and fireside industries should “inevi- tably sink the value of the lands” in Eng- land. Hence it was enacted that “after the first day of December, 1699, no wool, or man- ufactures made or mixed with wool, being the product or manufactm’e of any of the English plantations in America, shall be loaden in any ship or vessel, upon any pretext whatso- ever — nor loaden upon any horse, cart or other carriage — to be carried out of the En- glish plantations to any other of the said j plantations, or to any other place whatsoever.” I Still, in 1719, it was reported of the colonies that “ the inhabitants worked up their wool j and flax, and made a coarse cloth for their j own use; that they manufactured great part i of their leather; that they were hatters in the maritime towns; and that six furnaces and nineteen forges were setup for making iron.” This called forth renewed restrictions, and every manufacture was forbidden, save those of bolts and nails, a concession reluctantly granted to the long and determined opposi- tion of the northern colonies. And thus the monotonous course of commercial oppression was pursued until even hops were allowed to be shipped only to England. The grievous burdens entailed by this policy were rendered the more intolerable because they resulted in no revenue to the English government. The colonists were bred to support vampires; the ti’ade enriched the English merchant, while the system gave origin to and supported “a crew of villains,” who did not hesitate “to betray his (the king’s) interests and break the acts of trade,” provided they could make greater gains from bribes than from the exorbitant fees they were authorized to exact and retain. This state of affairs was not unknown to the home government, but the system, it was thought, served a purpose other than to provide revenue, equally desirable; it was declared in a reso- lution of parliament that “ the erecting of manufactories in the colonies tended to les- sen their dependence.” There could be no greater mistake either in political economy or in theory of govern ment. As was declared by a colonial agent, “London” indeed “arose out of the plan- tations, and not out of England,” but as a means of continuing the dependence of the colonies the policy was a conspicuous fail- 54 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ure. The “most pernicious doctrines” in- creased daily under this oppression; Massa- chusetts was declared to be “a kind of com- monwealth, where the king is hardly a stad- holder,” and royal governors repeated the same story elsewhere. The ministry was repeatedly warned that “ the American as- semblies aimed at nothing less than being independent of Great Britain as fast as they could.” The colonies were in this attitude, when England, burdened with the cost of conti- nental war’s, sought relief from the expense of colonial maintenance. The stupendous ti’ade folly brought in no revenue; the col- onists refused a fixed and permanent fund ; and now a direct tax was proposed. Independ- ence, which had disturbed the imagination of royal governors from one end of the country to the other, and which Franklin declared could not be achieved ‘ ‘ unless they (the colonies) could first strengtheir them- selves by a confederation of all the parts,” was about to be accomplished through the agency of its opponents. The stamp act was passed to raise a revenue; it was resisted and repealed. Then followed the duty laid on paper, glass and tea, for the same purpose; this was resisted, and again England con- ceded all but the principle — the cause of resistance. The duty on tea alone was re- tained, and the English premier declared, “a total repeal cannot be thought of till America is prostrate at our feet.” The issue was now made up; freeman and cavalier, Puritan and churchman, proprietary and royal colony, nox’th and south — all united in resistance. The war was inevitable. “Virginia gave the signal to the continent” in 1765, and ten years later declared, “the cause of Boston is the cause of all.” Virginia did not live entirely on the sur- face of political agitation, however. The old-time adventurers amid many vicissitudes had taken a deep root in its soil, and during the nearly two centuries which had elapsed at this time, had developed the thrifty State which now defied its king. In the preceding pages have been traced the causes which transformed the English colonist into an American patriot; similar causes in other colonies wrought a similar result. The Vir- ginian exhibited no striking marks of indi- viduality in this development; the people of the thirteen colonies were of common stock, and were actuated by common motives to seek the same end, but here the cognate development ended, and individuality began. In the home influences, in the limitations of nature, and in social traditions, Virginia had a marked individuality which prevailed through all these years, and which made itself felt as a molding influence upon the nation that grew out of that oppression which “effaced the boundaries of the several colo- nies. ” In 1628, Virginia was a colony of 3,000 inhabitants; it had just passed from the dominion of a proprietary company to that of the king; its people were composed of in- dented servants, freemen, tenants, planters, and a few lai’ge landholders. A large ma- jority of the people came to the New World with no capital but their own industry, and with no prestige save their own achievements. The class of indented servants, at times rein- forced by new importations, was gradually changing, the laws tending to facilitate their early enfranchisement, when they became eligible for any elective office. Planters were generally settled upon lands held under a not burdensome quit-rent, but were grad- ually acquiring freeholds. The liberal land laws allowed settlers to locate lands at their own pleasure; and settling widely apart, without the natural rendezvous of towns, the forms and restraints of society had scarcely become established, and the colonists early imbibed a carelessness of government to which the adventurous character of a large part of the population naturally inclined them. The people were not without govern- mental traditions, however; they were Eng- lishmen by birth, and rendered willing allegiance; they had come to the New World under the combined patronage of all the ruling classes of England, and brought with them a matured prejudice for English insti- tutions. They looked to the mother country as the model after which the institutions of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 55 the new State should be fashioned; a mo- narchical form of government, an established church, and a privileged aristocracy were sought as advantages. During the reign of Charles I, “possessed of security and quiet, abundance of land, a free market for their staples, and having England for their guardian against foreign oppression, rather than their ruler, the col- onists enjoyed all the prosperity which a Tirgin soil, equal laws and general uniform- ity of condition and industry could bestow.” (Bancroft). During this halcyon period the population rapidly increased, until, in 1650, it was estimated at 20,000 souls. This re- sulted largely from immigration, but the colonial statute book notes also that “among other blessings God Almighty hath vouchsafed increase of children to this colony.” The following decade proved equally pro- pitious to the happy development of the colony, the population increasing fifty per cent. The widespread story of its prosperity challenged the attention of all classes; it was accounted “the best poor man’s country in the world;” loyalists of rank, education and wealth found it a congenial asylum; and travelers from England, charmed with the milder climate, the profusion of game, and the beauty of new birds and flowers, united to confirm the opinion that “if a happy peace be settled in poor England, then they in Virginia shall be as happy a people as any under Heaven.” Once settled in the coun- try, the immigrant thought no more of return - ing. Land was cheap and abundant; water - fowl thronged the sedgy streams; fish swarmed in the rivers; thousands of quail and turkeys supplied a new delicacy; and oysters “heaped together in inexhaustible beds” cost only the gathering. Such abundance gave rise to a lavish hospitality which became proverbial, and leisure, following the possession of wealth, found no difficulty in transferring the sports of the old countiy to the new. The prolific forests furnished unstinted shooting, while the chase and race track followed the increase of horses, the improvement of which Was early fostered by legislation. The restoration found the early planted germ of aristocracy well developed. Estates of 1,000 acres were not infrequent; the colonial governor maintained a brick house at the capital, and a manor-house on his large estate, provided with plate, servants, carriages, and orchards, in which he count- ed 1, 500 apple trees, besides aprico ts, peach- es, pears, etc. Silk and lace, fashionable attire, official trappings, English furni- ture, wine and books were the rule among the dominant class. The success of the com- monwealth had contributed large numbers of cavaliers to colonial society, as many as 330 coming in one ship. These persons were “among the nobility, clergy, and gentry,” and brought with them the prejudices and habits of this class in the mother country. The loyalty of the colony and the readiness with which the conditions of the New World lent themselves to the disposition of the cavaliers made them a permanent acquisi- tion to the colony, and social forms as well as material prosperity soon showed the re- sult of their molding influence. The “gen- eral uniformity of social condition” un- derwent a , striking change. The simplic- ity of frontier life gave way to the courtly bearing of the aristocracy and the subservi- ent politeness of peasantry; the democratic log home of the wealthy was replaced by the manor-house or frame dwelling of the well- to-do planter; and imported elegancies vied with the native luxuries in their grand en- tertainments. With the accession of the large cavalier immigration Virginia possessed two classes of people, which had been distinct in Eng- land, and which must, in the natural order of things, be distinct in the colony. The great mass of the colonists were drawn from the middle and lower walks of English life, a considerable number was originally in- dented servants, and had become freemen, while some had been transported on criminal charges, though principally of political offens- es. The more successful of these original colonists formed the middle class in Virginia, and insisted no less upon their privileges than the cavalier class. This system of gradation was further emphasized by “the 56 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. almost general want of schools.” “Every man instructs his children according to his ability,” wrote the governor; a system calcu- lated to perpetuate ignorance in a community where few had any education save that gained by daily experience. The wealthy fared better; their children were sent to England or provided with tutors, supplied from the clergy, who gave instruction at their homes. In such a community only the nicest ad- justment of the balance of power could prevent the intelligent and privileged classes from assuming the supreme and undivided control of affairs. The lower classes, however, had gained something by the change of con- tinents which could not be sequestered by the advent of an aristocracy, and the sterling character, practical good sense and independ- ent spirit of the common people were not readily overawed by the large domain, supe- rior intelligence, and gentle breeding of the favored class. And so, during the rule of the commonwealth, the equipoise was maintained; the commoners sat in the assembly and re- sisted the encroachinents of the governors in right democratic fashion, while the aristoc- racy molded the social institutions, in- structed themselves in the prestige of Old World traditions, and awaited the expected return of a royal administration. The restoration of Charles II was the signal for their advancement to full power; the commoners naturally retired with the commonwealth, and the royalists came in with the return of royalty. The first assembly elected under the restored king’s reign was composed almost solely of the cavalier ele- ment; but this portentous change did not then occasion serious consideration — it was of the eternal, fitness of things, and the colony had not yet learned the folly of trust- ing in princes. The legislation which fol- lowed was not the suggestion of revenge, nor a greedy grasp at unwarrantable power. The cavalier believed in the cUvinum of kings not more absolutely than in the jus divinum of king’s men; and in freeing the governor from incidental restraint, in securing to the burgess independence of his obligations to constituents, in the restriction of the elective franchise, and in augmenting the arbitrary power of the church, the royalist only carried out the precepts of a form of government which all the people saw restored with satis- faction. It was the only jJi’oper thing in the view of the restored refugees, and the cavalier governor for the same reason found in the absence of means for popular education a cause for congratulation. “I thank God,” said Berkeley, “there are no free schools or printing; and I hope we shall not have these hundred years; for learning has brought dis- obedience and heresy and sects into the world and pi’inting has divulged them, and libel against the best government. God keep us from both.” The people, however, did not accept these logical deductions of the restoration; the free air of the New World had educated them to a point which made them refuse to accept the position accorded to them by the institu- tions of the Old World. They complained, and when fortune gave them a capable leader, they rebelled. It is true that the disaffec- tion caused by the wanton policy of the king reinforced the people by a goodly contingent of the cavalier element, but had the charter they sought been granted, had they, “for the future” been secured “from our fears of being enslaved,” it is safe to say fewer cavaliers would have given Bacon moral support, as in fact very few were under arms. At the death of “the generall” the rebellion failed, not for lack of victory nor of capable leaders among the cavaliers who had given the cause moral support, but for the lack of such a leader to assert the rights of the commons. On their return to power the cavaliers systemat- ically undid the whole work of the Bacon assembly, and sat quietly by until the out- raged representative of royalty disgraced his manhood as well as his office in his quasi legal butcheries; until, as the king said: “That old fool has hanged more men in that naked country then I have done for the murder of my father.” If indeed the cavalier element did sympathise with the people in their rebellion, they were the most miserable poltroons recorded in history. The prepon- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 57 derating evidence is to the contrary; in a fit of pique they maintained neutrality; the rebellion failing, they returned to their natural vocation of ruling the people in their own way. In 1670 the governor reported the condi- tion of the colony to the lords commissioners of foreign plantations. There are 40,000 people in Virginia, of whom 6,000 are white, and 2,000 are black servants; the freemen muster monthly in every county, and number more than “8,000 horse;” five forts — two on the James River and one each on the York, Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers, are armed with thirty cannon; of shipping there are some eighty vessels from England and Ireland yearly, and a few “ketches” from New England; of home shipping there is none, as neither “small nor great vessels are built here, for we are most obedient to all laws, whilst the New England men bi’eak through and trade to any place that their in- terest leads them to.” This is the outline. Bancroft writes in the details under date of 1674, as follows: “the paths were bridle-ways rather than roads; and highway surveyors aimed at nothing more than to keep them clear of logs and fallen trees. There was not an engineer in the country. I doubt if there existed what we should call a bridge in the whole dominion. Visits were made in boats or on horseback; and the Virginian, traveling with his pouch of tobacco for currency, swam the rivers when there was neither ford nor ferry. Almost every planter was his own mechanic. The houses, for the most part of one story and made of wood, often of logs, the windows closed by shutters for want of glass, were sprinkled at great distance on both sides of the Chesapeake. There was hardly such a sight as a cluster of three dwellings. James- town was but a place of a State House, one church and eighteen houses, occupied by about a dozen families. Till very recently the legislature had assembled in the hall of an ale house. Virginia had neither towns nor lawyers. A few of the wealthier planters lived in braver state at their large plantations surrounded by indented servants and slaves.” In the period succeeding the English revo- lution the “ people ” gradually came back to power; “pernicious notions” increased so rapidly that, in 1710, certain counties dis- carded “gentlemen” in their choice of burgesses and sent “persons of mean charac- ter and figure” to represent them. Immi- gration, which almost ceased during the troubled times of Bacon’s rebellion, set in again with increased numbers. The dis- franchisement of dissenters in England stimulated emigration by which the colony gained considerable accessions of a kind which strengthened the opposition to arbi- trary or privileged power. The divine right of king’s-men was no longer supported by the instructions of the crown, and the grinding oppression of the “navigation acts” was gradually effacing the political lines of colonial classes. Settlements were pushing into the interior; a colony of Huguenots had settled, in 1699, on the upper James River; a colony of “Germans of Palatines, ” sent over by Queen Anne to aid in the manufacture of wine and iron, were settled on the Rapidan; and yet, with about 100,000 population, the colony, “as to outward appearance, looks all like a wild desert.” In 1680 the assembly sought to correct the evil to commerce by this dispersion of settlements and selected a site in each of the twenty counties for a village, and brought all the power of legislation to encourage their growth, but not more than three or four of these sites contained villages at the time of the Revolution. Under the house of Hanover the progress of colonization received a powerful influence from the disturbed state of Europe; Germans came in large numbers; in 1728 Ireland was in a ferment; “people every day engaging one another to go the next year to the West Indies,” i. e. the British colonies; and colonial authorities were “very much surprised at the vast crowd of people pouring in upon us from the north of Ireland.” An important part of this immigration came by way of Pennsylvania, and attracted by the fertility of the Shenandoah valley, began to make settlements in the lower part of it, extending above the present site of Winchester. This 58 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. tide came in about 1732, and consisted chiefly of Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. Fol- lowing closely in their wake came the Germans, settling, still further up the valley, the village of Strasburg recalling in its name the nationality of its founders. These new settlors were generally divided among three relicrious sects: Lutheran, Mennonists and Calvinists; and so completely did they occupy the countx’y, that the native language and customs long maintained their purity against the innovating influences of the new country. Winchester was the dividing line between the two nationalities, and St. Patrick’s day and the festival of “St. Michael, the patron of the Dutch,” regularly occasioned collisions of ojxposing partisans. In 1736, the valley was entered by Virginians, who followed up the James River to the fertile land beyond the Blue Ridge. These were almost entirely of Scotch-Irish Presbyterians driven from Ulster by English oppression. Thus the wooded slopes of the mountain ridge and the fertile valley beyond were settled by a class of sturdy dissenters, dissenting not only to an established church, but also to a political system founded only on the divine right of kings and kings’ -men. Thus the American Revolution found Vir- ginia a thrifty agricultural State in spite of the burdens it had borne; its population a vigorous people but less homogeneous than in New England, and its social institutions a type of England in new environments. The counties, in 1652 thirteen in number, and in 1680, twenty, had gradually increased to seventy-four: thirty-flve on the tide-waters or in that parallel; twenty-three between the tide-water counties and the Blue Ridge Mountains; eight between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains; and eight west of the latter range. There were no townships, and village growth was still great- ly retarded by the character of the country. The lowlands, intersected by numerous navigable streams, allowed trade to find its way to the vexy doors of the people, and limited the necessity for merchants and dis- tx’ibuting points. IVilliamsburg, the seat of govex’nment for over eighty yeax’s, never con- tained over 1,800 inhabitants; and Norfolk, the most populous town the colony ever had, numbered but 6,000 people. Besides these leading towns thex-e were some twenty-four more or less vigorous villages; on the James River and its tribxxtaries were Portsmouth, Hampton, Sixffolk, Smithfleld, Petex’sburg, Richmond, Manchestei', Charlottesville and New London; on the York River and tribxx- tax’ies, were Yox’k, New Castle, Hanover; on the Rappahannock, Urbana, Port Royal, Fredericksbux’g, Falmouth; on the Potomac and tributaries, Dumfries, Colchester, Alex- andria, Winchester, Staunton; and on the Ohio, Louisville (1780). Thex’e were other places “ whex’e the laws have said there shall be towns; but nature has said there shall not.” Tobacco was still the great staple production of the coxintry; but the later im- migration had not taken kindly to its culture, and wheat and stock-raising occupied the attention of the lax’ger part of the valley farmers. Of intexmal development, the keenly critical Jefferson writes (Notes on Virginia, 1781): “ Private buildings are very x’ax’ely con- structed of stone or brick, much the greatest portion of scantling and boards, plastered with lime. It is impossible to devise things more ugly, uncomfox’table and, happily, mox'e perishable. There are two or three plans, on one of which, according to its size, most of the houses in the State are built. The poorest people build huts of logs laid hori- zontally in pens, stopping the intex’stices with mud. The wealthy are attentive to the rais- ing of vegetables, bxxt very little so to fruits. The poorer people attend to neither, living principally on milk and animal diet. The only public buildings wox’thy of mention are the capital, the palace, and the hospital for lunatics. % ^ * There are no other public buildings but churches and coui’t hoxxses, in which no attempts are made at elegance. Indeed, it would not be easy to execute such an attempt, as workmen could scarcely be found hex’e capable of dx’awing an ordex’. The genius of architecture seems to have shed its maledictions over this land. Buildings ax’e often erected by individuals. HISTORY or KENTUCKY. 59 of considerable expense. To give these symmetry and taste would not increase their cost, * * would often cost less than the burthen of barbarous ornament Avith which these buildings are sometimes charged.” The old social regime was in its prime; the lar'ge immigration in the second quarter of the eighteenth century had given rise to two societies, in popular terms : the “ Oohees ” of the mountains and valley, and the “ Tuck- ahoes ” of the lowlands. The former were the hardy frontiersmen who lived the ad- venturous life of the pioneer, pressing west- ward over the Alleghanies into the “ great woods ” in daily combat with wild men and beasts; the latter made up of ’longshoremen of Accomack and the seaboard, the small I landholdei’ — the yeomen of Virginia — the merchant or factor of the towns and the planters on the James and V^ork. Social forms had been settled at the beginning of the century, but since then its grooves had been fixed, and customs were planted upon a foundation that promised perpetuity. A spirit of mutual toleration had grown and flourished under the varying experiences of the century, and in political sentiment there was general unanimity; social classifications had originated in the natural “ love of ease and rule in Virginia character. ” “ Nabobs, ” a term of ridicule applied to the wealthy planters by their opponents, were numerous in the lowlands, and lived in a luxurious and ostentatious style. Many possessed im- mense estates held under the rigorous laws of entail, while others acquired them through their own talents and enterprise. A sumptuous six-oared barge or a coach and four were the familiar means of travel; two- horse carriages were rare. At the capitol a ceremonious hospitality was dispensed with lavish hand; liveried servants did the bidding of the host; plate and china decked the table; the rarest wines of England cheered the guest; and an imported chef directed the cuisine, which the luxuriance of the country amply supplied with every delicacy. On his own estate the planter “ was a feudal patriarch mildly rul- ing everybody; drank wholesome wine, sherry or canary of his own importation; entertained every one; held great festivities at Christmas, with huge log-fires in the great fii'e-places, around which the family clan gathered; and everybody, high and low, seemed to be happy.” All luxuries were imported from England in exchange for tobacco, which was loaded from warehouses on the river bank into the ship’s hold. Nothing was manu- factured in the colony. The passion for country life was universal. Gov. Spotswood is pictured by the historian of the period (Hon. William Byrd of Westover) as resid- ing at “Temple Farm;” the rooms of his manor house are “ elegantly set off with pier glasses,” and adorned with bric-a-brac; two tame deer enjoy the freedom of the house, and “ one of the handsomest and easiest chariots made in London ” provides a means of conveyance for himself, family and friends. During the session of the assembly it was very much the habit of planters to come to the capital with their families to enjoy the gaiety of the season. The original capital was fixed at Jamestown; the “city” was twice destroyed by fire, and in 1698, when the capitol and prison were again burned, Lieut. - Gov. Nicholson removed the seat of govern- ment to the middle plantation, where he laid out the town of Williamsburg. The original plan of the town was a monogram composed of the initial letters of the reigning sovereigns — William and Mary. The plan was not fully carried out, but the village became the centre of political and social in- fluences. It “consisted of Gloucester Street, the main thoroughfare, with the old capitol at one end and William and Maiw College at the other. Palace Street debouching upon it, and a few others, as in undeveloped towns’,’ (Cooke). The capitol was a two storied building, “a light airy structure” according to Jefferson, “with a portico in front, of two orders;” it was architecturally inaccui'ate in its construction, yet on the whole it was the pleasantest piece of architecture in the colony. In this building the use of fire, can- dles and tobacco were forbidden, lest it I should share the fate of its predecessors. 60 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. The college, established in 1693, and later provided with a home at the capital, and the lunatic asylum built here, were “rude, mis- shapen piles, which, but that they have roofs would be taken for brick kilns. ” Near Glou- cester Street was the palace, which the bur- gesses, in 1710, grateful for the concession of the writ of habeas corpus, granted Spots- wood £2,000 to build. The structure was not handsome without, but spacious and commodious within; was “prettily situated” in grounds embracing some 300 acres, set with lindens and other trees. Among other notable buildings of the old capital, were the “old magazine” built by the same governor in 1710, a stone octagon in which were stored muskets and powder, and the “Raleigh Tav- ern on Gloucester Street, a building of wood erected in 1700, with entrances on both fronts, and a leaden bust of Sir W alter Raleigh over the main doorway.” A large apartment, called the “Apollo Room, ” is a historic feature of this structure; this was the favorite place for dancing; here were given inaugural balls, and assembly receptions; and here the bur- gesses, dissolved by the irate governor, delib- erated on revolutionary topics. In the fashionable season, “Gloucester Street was an animated spectacle of coaches and four, containing the ‘Nabobs’ and their dames, of maidens in silk and lace with high heeled shoes and clocked stockings; of youths passing on spirited horses — and all these people are engaged in attending the assem- blies at the palace, in dancing in the Apollo, in snatching the pleasm’e of the moment, and enjoying life under a regime which seemed made for enjoyment. The love of official in- tercourse had been a marked trait of the Vir- ginians in all generations, and at the middle of the century the instinct had culminated. The violins seemed to be ever playing for the divertisement of the youths and maidens; the good horses were running for the purse or cup; cocks were lighting; the college stu- dents were mingling with the throng in their ‘academic dress;’ and his serene Excellency, in his fine coach, drawn by six milk white horses, goes to open the house of burgesses. after which he will sternly dissolve them.”* Of this royalist “Nabob” class, but few were actual Tories during the Revolutionary struggle. Some quite naturally were dis- posed to favor conciliatory measures to the last moment ; while others, among whom were Washington, Mason, the Lees, Pendleton, Peyton, Edmund Randolph, Cary, Madison and Monroe, were foremost in their opposition to the royal prerogative. But the asserted equality of mankind, as applied to the issue between assembly and parliament, was, to many of this class, only an assertion of the equality of the jus divinum of kings and kiug’s-men. Democracy became an inevitable though unwelcome consequence of the revo- lutionary spirit which they had helped to evoke, and which Jefferson guided with inex- orable logic. The application of the princi- ples of the Revolution to social institutions, therefore, aroused the most spirited opposi- tion. On the fourth day of the first legisla- ture under revolutionary auspices, Jefferson introduced a bill for establishing a free judi- ciary, and three days later a bill to convert estates in tail into fee simple. This measure was opposed by a strong minority, and forced to run the gauntlet of various amendments calculated to preserve the principle; it finally passed by a bare majority. The nature of the contest is explained in Mr. Jefferson’s reason for the bill; that “ instead of an aris- tocracy of wealth, (of more harm and danger than benefit to society), to make an opening for the aristocracy of virtue and talent * * was deemed essential to a well ordered re- public.” This law of entail had been more strongly guarded in England than in Virginia, and had been a powerful instrument in build- ing up the aristocratic class. The passage of the bill abolishing this law, and another measure introduced by Jefferson abolishing primogeni tui’e and the Salic principle in the laws of inheritence, did more to loosen the hold of the aristocracy upon Virginia society than all the liberal constitutional changes effected. The original constitution made only slight *“ Virginia: a History ofthe People,” byjohn Esten Cooke, a work to which the preceding pages are largely indebted for the description of Virginia society. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 61 changes in the form of government; it did not extend the elective franchise, and men- tioned the church only to exclude “ all minis- ters of the gospel ” from membership in the assembly. The established church, however, was a matter which was not to be allowed to pass in silence. In the last article of the bill of rights. Mason gave expression to the un- doubted sentiments of the “ people; ” the people believed “ all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion,” and the first legislature received numerous petitions for relief from the assessments in support of the established church. In this session Jefferson introduced a bill for the relief of dissenters, and brought on a contest which lasted from the 11th of October, 1776, to the 5th of De- cember following. No other innovation of the Revolutionary period provoked a contest so obstinate, or aroused so bitter feelings — for the time. It'was in fact, the initial act in a new movement, which, after a contest of 134 years, sustained by the established church with unvarying success, was about to give victory to the large and growing class of dis- senters. The Church of England came with the first colonists as a part of their equipment provided by the company, and was accepted as a feature which no well furnished com- munity should be without. The first minis- ter in the colony was Robert Hunt, “ an honest, religious and courageous divine ” in the opinion of the rough old soldier writers of the time. He was succeeded by Mr. Bucke, Mr. Wickham, Mr. Whitaker and others. They were men of irreproachable character, and actuated by the true mission- ary spirit. The latter was especially unself- ish in his devotion to the colony, and is known as “ the apostle of Virginia.” Under the ministry of these men, the churches at Jamestown, Henrico, Smithfield, Bruton, and the Blanford Churches at Williamsburg and Petersburg were founded. For years the subject of dissent did not agitate the colonial government. Delaware set an ostentatious example of church going, attending services accompanied by his staff and “fifty halberd- bearers in red cloaks.” In 1611, Dale came armed with “ stripes for negligence and death for infidelity,” but dissent had not yet sprung up. The church became a subject of legislation as early as 1624, when it was decreed that the whole colony should conform; “both in canons and constitution, to the Church of England;” parishes were laid off, to each of which was assigned a minister with a fixed salary of tobacco. Up to 1630, the presence of dis- senters had not attracted hostile attention; on the contrary, the Puritans were invited to leave their sterile country and settle in the more favored land of Virginia. The first of this sect came to the colony as early as 1619, and a considerable company of these people was prevented from coming at the same time only through the interposition of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury. At the coming of Berkeley in 1642, their numbers were sensi- bly felt by the jealous churchman, and were considered almost as objectionable as papists. Against the latter the commander of the fort at Point Comfort was directed, in 1632, to administer the oath of allegiance and suprem- acy to all jrassengers of ships arriving there from abroad, and to commit any refusing the oath to prison. Berkeley was “very malignant toward the way of the churches” and exercised his ample powers freely to keep the established church pure and undefiled by dissent. In 1643, the assembly pronounced the sentence of banish- ment against the “Independents,” as they called themselves; they were forbidden tc teach or preach publicly or privately unless comformable to the “orders and constitution of the Church of England,” and directed to “be compelled to depart out of the colony with all convenience,” when notified. The governor lost no time in giving the notifica- tion by proclamation, and large numbers were “compelled” to leave Virginia finding an asylum in catholic Maryland and elsewhere. Notwithstanding these rigorous measures against the “Independents,” dissent still con- tinued to be a subject of complaint by zealous churchmen, but there were grave difficulties in the way of persistent persecution. As time passed on other matters engaged the at- 62 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. tention of the governor; the- zealous complain- ants foixnd themselves in a hopeless minority; and, for ministers, the governor reported, in 1G70, “the worst are sent us,” who would do well to “pray oftener and jxreach less.” The criticism in regard to the character of the ministers was one of long standing. In 1632, the assembly thought it neccessary to warn them not to “give themselves to excess in drinking or riot, playing at dice, cards, or any unlawful game,” and the governor found few to boast of “since Cromwell’s tyranny drove divers men hither.” It seems, there- fore, that the successors of the early eminent divines were illy calculated to build up the church; but there was also another difficulty in the great extent of the parish. Some of these extended over more than one of the large early counties, a distance in a single direction of more than fifty miles. Such a field was not inviting to those who were qualified to fill the better places in England, and so Vir- ginia was principally dependent upon such as could do no better. Under such circumstances dissent flourished, and was ignored, and “neither surplice nor subscription spoken of.” The government, at times, aroused itself from this course of tolerant inaction and leveled its stern decrees against the obnoxious sects, but only eventually to stimulate their growth, as the established church possessed scarcely vigor enough to keep dissent out of its own pulpits. In 1650, the loyal colony, alarmed at the progress of dissent in England, and fearing the, effect of the development of the puritan element in Virginia, again banished the nonconformists. The church was too weak, however, to lend any valuable assis- tance to these efforts; meeting-houses were to be found only in the heart of the colony, although there were some forty-eight parishes; and ministers., though “well paid,” were so few that a bounty was offered by the assembly to secure the immigration of more. After the restoration, the most rigorous legislation was resorted to in aid of the church; the whole liturgy was required “to be thoroughly read,” and the ministry provided for by granting the vestry extraordinary power. In the last measure the zealous churchmen overreached themselves; the burdens imposed by these exacting vestries was an important cause which contributed to the armed dissent of Bacon. And so the church fared for half a century; the colony in 1684 driven to the verge of treason in their alarm at the papist tendencies of James II, and in 1710 in “gen- tlemanly conformity to the Church of Eng- land.” The great tide of immigration which flowed into Virginia in 1732, brought in a powerful element of dissent, the old “Tus- corora Meeting House” and the “Opequon Church” remaining for years the enduring evidence that their religious faith was not left behind nor inactive in the wilderness. This population was composed chiefly of Scotch and Irish Presbyterians and German Luther- ans, Mennonists and Calvinists. All this class of dissenters, while conscientious, law- abiding people, were in sentiments and tastes as much opposed as possible to the easy- going gaiety-loving Episcopalians of the low- lands. While “dancing and other amuse- ments,” according to the historian of the valley (Kercheval), “were common, and were sometimes kept up for weeks together,” they were deeply in earnest, and the solicitous churchmen declared that “paganism, atheism, and sectaries” threatened the solidity of the church, and created “faction in the civil government.” Various remedies were sug- gested; prominent among these was the appointment of a resident prelate, and at one time “all the hopes of Jonathan Swift termi- nated in the bishopric of Virginia.” Secta- rians, however, continued to increase; the Episcopal clergy, secure for life in their glebes and salaries, devoted the Sabbath only to the care of their parishes, and gave the balance of the week to the cultivation of their estates or other remunerative employment; their character, also, was still the subject of grave and not unfounded suspicion. In di- rect contrast with the churchmen, the zeal of sectarian missionaries made their untiring efforts to be felt in all parts of the upland country, where it was largely an open and undisputed field. The general deadness of the Church of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 63 England gave rise to the IMethodists, who sought rather to infuse life into it than to overturn it. In 1740, the “new light stir” reached Virginia, and under the powerful preaching of Whitfield, disrupted dissenting sects as well as the established church, and drew thousands to its ranks. The Presbyte- rians were active in the colony as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century, but a presbytery was not established until 1755; the Baptists were quite as early in Virginia, but the first church was not established until 1760. The latter were especially aggressive in the propagation of their faith; this, with the peculiar freedom of their church consti- tution, I’endered them especially obnoxious to the government, and the laws against them were rigorously enforced, the wealthy mem- bers being obliged to pay the fines of the poor. Persecution incited the Baptists to renewed zeal, and united other dissenting- sects in opposition to a power that tolerated none. In 1 768, imprisonment followed fines; three Baptist ministers were arrested, and marched through the streets of Fredericks- bui’g, singing, to prison. The feeling be- tween the dissenting sects, save the Meth- odists, and the established church was in tensified into factional hostilitjq destined to be waged with bitterness on both sides, and only to cease with the complete overthrow of one of the two religious systems. The Revo- lutionary period gave the dissenters the ad- ditional support of political sympathy, and without this aid the established church hope- lessly failed in the contest. The inevitable result hastened to its con- clusion; the bill for relief of dissenters brought victory in sight, and incited the sects in opposition to exact the utmost priv- ileges of religious freedom. The act of 1776 left the question of “a general assess- ment for the support of religion,” to be acted upon by general vote. In 1779, this was rejected; in 1785, the “act for religious freedom ” consolidated all the previous leg- islation in this matter, and effectually divorced the church and State. In 1802, the sale of Episcopal glebes was provided for; this ended the struggle against the estab- lished church; donations, church edifices, inclosures and furniture were preserved by this law to the church, but fate even de- spoiled her of these, and the once dominant church sank almost out of existence, to rise only after years of effort to a secondary place of power and infiuence. One relic of the old aristocratic regime, however, survived the Revolutionary spirit of the period in the “peculiar institution.” Conditional servitude under indentures ex- isted in Virginia from the first settlement. These servants were bound to their masters to discharge by their labor the cost of trans- pox’tation; under the reign of James I, 100 convicts were sent to the colony at the ex- press command of the king, and sold to the planters; subsequently the city of London sent a similar number of homeless children, who were disposed of in the same way. White servants gradually became a common article of commerce; were sold in England to be shipped to the colony, where they were pur- chased on board ships of the masters of the vessels. In August, 1619, Dutch ships landed and sold twenty negroes as slaves, and from this period until the revolution of 1688, white and black servants were found in the colony. The two classes differed in their treatment only in the term of their service. The facil- ity with which the white servant made his escape enforced humane treatment, which alone, however, was not found sufficient to retain them in servitude. The law provided severe punishment for runaways; in 1642, such offenders were liable, for a second offense, to be branded upon the cheek, a pen- alty which was subsequently so far mitigated as to place the brand upon the shoulder. Twenty years later the offense of running away was punished by increasing the term of servitude at the discretion of a magistrate, while the master was permitted to inflict ‘ ‘ moderate corporal punishment.” Subse- quent importations of white servants were generally of those convicted of political offenses. ‘ ‘ Scots taken in the battle of Dunbar; Royalists, prisoners taken at the bat- tle of Worcester; and leaders of the insurrec- tion of Penruddoc.” G4 HISTORY or KENTUCKY. The Oliverian plot in 1663, when certain recently imported “roundhead” servants insti- gated a nearly successful insurrection, awoke the colonists to the danger of such additions to the population, and the assembly prohibit- ed the further importation of “jail-birds.” Such legislation did not receive the sanction of the crown, and in 1685 the suppression of the Monmouth rebellion afforded a new sup- ply of this objectionable class of servants. In the meanwhile, kidnaping had become common, in Bristol, at least; not only felons, but innocent persons were hurried across the Atlantic to enrich those engaged in the nefa- rious business. Even the mayor and aider- men were found guilty of terrifying culprits charged with venial crimes until they begged to be transported and were sold into servi- tude. The revolution of 1688 brought about a general amnesty for political offenses, and thereafter the trade in servants was chiefly confined to blacks, who were sold into perpet- ual bondage. For more than fifty years after the intro- duction of slavery into Virginia, the system languished; the people enslaved as well as slavery was repugnant to the people. In 1671, among a population of 40,000, the number of white servants I’eached only 6,000, and that of slaves only 2,000; of the latter. Gov. Berkeley reported that only two or three cargoes had arrived in seven years, while some 1,500 of white servants — “most were English, few Scotch and fewer Irish” — were imported annually. By a system of sophis- try drawn from the bigotry of the early church, the scruples of conscience and of a manly faith in the freedom of mankind were evaded. In 1670, it was enacted that “all servants not being Christians, imported into this country by shipping, shall be slaves;” in the natural order of evil progression, it was declared by statute in 1682 — what had been practically affirmed as early as 1667 — that “conversion to the Christian faith doth not make free.” Self-interest came to the support of this sophistry; the system of indentured service prepared the way for bond labor, and made it almost a social necessity; and even before indentured service ceased, the condition of perpetual bondage found a willing convert in the Virginia planter’s love of unrestrained power. In the purchase price the two classes of servants showed little difference; in 1672, the white servant, with five years of labor due, was worth about £10; the negro, with the expectation of thirty years of full labor, brought from £20 to £25. In cost of maintenance the balance was largely in favor of the negro, and there was a natural disinclination to hold in bondage persons who differed from their superiors only in their misfortune, and whom a few years might convert into equals with ability to avenge any grudges born of bondage. White servants, too, unstamped by nature with the ineffaceable marks of race, found escape not difficult; and laws which gave them the right to complain to a magistrate of undue punishment, or neglect of care in the matter of food, clothing or shelter, constituted an irksome restraint upon the master. The blacks, on the contrary, placed no such conditions upon the master; they were easily traced in attempting to escape; they had no champion in the law, and enforced ignorance made them powerless to resist legal power. Slavery thus became engrafted upon the social system, and the general sentiment gradually emphasized the contrast between the two classes of servants; the early enfranchise- ment of the whites was favored, while every trace of black blood carried with it the stigma of bondage; and by degrees, all trace of the humanity of the slave was lost in the laws. In 1692, a statute made it lawful for “per- sons pursuing fugitive colored slaves to wound or even kill them;” and in 1699, the “death of a slave from extremity of correction was not accoimted a felony, since it cannot be presumed that prepense malice, which alone makes murder felony, should induce a man to destroy his estate. ” Thus the slave became the absolute property of his master, with no other protection from his passions than that accorded to the brute. The large profit accruing from bond labor employed in the production of tobacco, which HISTORY or KENTUCKY. 65 then brought a price ten times that realized to-day, was sufficient to give a marked impe- tus to the growth of slavery, but it is doubt- ful if the actual number of slaves subse- quently imported would have reached the hnal proportions without the artificial encour- agement of the English government. Meas- ures “for the better supply of the plantation” were considered by parliament in the reiga of William and Mary; an English statute of 1695 declared “the trade is highly beneficial and advantageous to the kingdom and colonies;” in 1708, a house of commons committee re- ported the slave-trade, “ important and ought to be free;” and three years later a similar committee thought “the plantations ought to be supplied with negroes at reasonable rates. ” During these years the traffic in slaves was encouraged by the English government in behalf of the interests of its merchants; but slave- tx’ading soon became a royal monop- oly, and legislative suggestions became laws, which were enforced by all the power and influence in the kingdom. At the close of the war of the Spanish succession, England demanded and secured the monopoly of this horrible traffic. In the treaty of Utrecht (1713) “Her Brittanic Majesty did offer and undertake, by persons whom she shall appoint, to bring into the West Indies of America belonging to bis Catholic Majesty, in the space of thirty years, 144,000 negroes, at the rate of 4,800 in each of the said thirty years.” In this royal monopoly, Philip V took a fourth share, and a similar proportion of the common stock was reserved to the queen herself; the balance being distributed among her subjects. The queen’s individual share was subsequently assigned to the South Sea Company, at the earnest solicita- tions of her minister. From this time for- ward the traffic in humanity received the earnest support of the English government, and attained large and increasing proportions, great numbers of slaves finding their way to the colonies by way of the West-Indies, and direct from the shores of Africa; the single exception to the iron rule of colonial com- merce being made in 1750, in favor of free trade in slaves. Colonial governors were instructed to give particular encoui’agement to the Royal African Company of England, and to maintain “ a constant and sufficient supply of merchantable negroes.” These instructions illustrate the royal policy in Virginia, and in 1754 slave marts were maintained at every court house “as far at least as the southwest mountain. ” Freedom was not without its champions even in this mercenary age. In England, Baxter, Addison, Steele, Ravage, Hutcheon and others, united the authority of religion, the power of logic, the pathos of poetry and romance, and the sanction of philosophy in behalf of the brotherhood of man; in America a variety of considerations led a strong senti- ment in the same direction. As early as 1701, the Boston colony sought “to encourage the bringing of white servants and to put a period to negroes being slaves;” under the influence of Keith in Pennsylvania, the Quakers in considerable numbers were led to emancipate their blacks on religious grounds, Penn taking early and prominent part in the movement. In the southern colonies opposition to the trade was based upon the “ excessive production and the consequent low price of their staple;” the heavy debt incurred by the pm’chase of slaves on credit; “ and the dangerous increase of the colored population,” The subject of their increase seems to have claimed a good deal of consideration; it had been gradual, but in later colonial times had proportionately greatly exceeded the white population. In 1619, the first 20 came; in 1649 there were, in Virginia, 300; in 1670, 2,000; in 1714, 23,000; in 1756, 120,000; in 1790, 293,427. The increase of slaves in Virginia from 1670 to 1790, was in the pro- portion of 1 to 146; while the whites in the same period, increased only as 1 to 12. In 1725 the Virginia assembly, alarmed at this rapid increase, attempted to repress slave im- portation by tax; this was resorted to in 1732; in 1740 it was increased to ten per I cent, and in 1761 a prohibitory duty was ! established. In each case the royal govern- ment nullified colonial restrictions, whether 4 66 IIISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. in form of taxor duty; and the incontestable charge of a Virginia statesman stands unim- peached, that “the British government con- stantly checked the attempts of Virginia to put a stoj) to this infernal traffic.” Both English and colonial authorities shared the opinion that the large body of slaves in Virginia constituted a menace to the inde- pendent action of the colony. The military forces needed on the frontier were in early days robbed of considerable numbers by the apparent necessity of maintaining a sufficient force of planters in the lowlands to overawe the large body of blacks, and a potent argu- ment with the English ministry in behalf of unrestricted trade in slaves was that they would not “leave their employers the entire security that might prepare revolt.” Such reasoning proceeded upon very narrow grounds. Negroes were gathered from widely separated districts in Africa, and taken from widely differing conditions in life; they were grossly ignorant and stupid, with neither dialect nor traditions in common, and were as completely dependent upon their owners as brutes. There were occasional Hashes of manhood among them, where the harshness of the master or the exceptional spirit of some captive warrior led one to acts of des- peration, but there never was any good cause for apprehension of serious insurrec- tion save in the imagination of the slave- holders. Public sentiment was very generally divid- ed on the institution of slavery until after the Revolution. By many it was held: “Ex- cept the immediate interest he has in the property of his slaves, it would be for every man’s interest that there were no slaves, because the free labor of a free man * * * is in the end cheaper than the eye service of the slave.” (Boucher, 1763.) Others based their opposition on moral grounds, and ques- tioned whether “the liberties of a nation be secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the peo- ple that these liberties are of the gift of God.” (Jefferson, 1781.) On the other hand an honest few believed slavery one of the means employed by a benevolent Provi- dence to reach the heathen outcasts of Africa; but the main prop of the institu- tion was “the immediate interest in the property of slaves.” But, divided as the people were in regard to the institution in Virginia, there was practical unanimity in opposition to the further importation of blacks, and in 1761, Virginia found in this her chief cause of complaint to the English government. In this opposition Richard Henry Lee was one of the foremost actors, declaring the further importation dangerous to the political as well as the moral interests of the colony; this was the general senti- ment of the people, and when the first gen- eral legislative assembly of the united colo- nies prohibited the traffic, the act received the general assent of every loyal citizen. In this achievement the vigorous opposi- tion to slavery in the State ended; the hope expressed by Jefferson, that the way was prejaaring “under the auspices of Heaven, for a total emancipation,” was disappointed; slavery became a permanent institution, the influence of which gave an imperishable character to every phase of society. The abhorrence of the foreign slave traffic was transferred to the internal trade and the slave-trader became an object of contempt, though tolerated as a necessary evil. Agri- culture was confirmed as the prevailing in- dustry, and tobacco as the only profitable staple; the miserable bondage of credit was continued, the factors of Baltimore and Charleston gradually taking place of the English and Scotch merchant; and the same improvident expenditure, the same open- handed hospitality, with more of republican simplicity, remained. Such was the first colony in Virginia; and such were the molding influences of the State that was rapidly extending its ter- ritorial limits westward, destined to make the Mississippi its western boundary, and leave the birth-mark of its institutions upon four great States. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 07 CHAPTER III. BEYOND THE ALLEGHANIES— VIEGINIA’S CONQUESTS IN THE WEST. V IRGINIA, in the time of Elizabeth, included all that indefinite region of the New World not occupied by Spain or France. As described by an old writer, “the bounds thereof on the east are the ocean, on the south lieth Florida, on the north Nova Francia; as for the west thereof, the limita- tions are unknown.” In 1600, James I divided this territory between the “first” and “second colony to Virginia,” and the subse- quent failure of the “second colony,” gradu- ally led to the restriction of the original name of the territory assigned to the colony settled at Jamestown. This tendency was emphasized by the explorations of John Smith (1614); the name of New England applied by him to the north Atlantic coast supplanted the older one of Virginia, and the two parts became generally known under these respective names. Notwithstanding their charter granted them the territory “up into the land from sea to sea,” the Virginians seem to have laid but little stress upon this inland extension. They were very jealous of their rights along the sea-coast, and continued to protest in season and out of season against the infringe- ment of their ancient bounds and limits in- volved in the royal grants to colonies north and south of them. But when these protests proved unavailing, they found little incentive and no necessity for pushing their explora- tions westward. Practically, therefore, Vir- ginia for 125 years was restricted to the narrow scope of country between the Potomac and Nottoway, from Chesapeake Bay to the Blue Ridge. The first authenticated attempt to explore the tramontane country was made by order of Gov. Berkeley. In 1670, Capt. Henry Batte commanded a force which penetrated into the New River country; the Blue Ridge was found high, rocky and well covered with timber; and just beyond, the party found their progress obstructed by a rapid, rock- strewn river, which they estimated to be 450 yards wide. The banks were high and precipitous, in places estimated at a height of 1,000 yards; beyond they saw other hills, bare of timber and broken by white cliffs, but with these meager results the party I’eturned. In the fall of the following year the valley of the Kanawha was further explored, but with no recorded results. In- terest in this unknown region found no other public expression for nearly half a century. In 1716, Gov. Spotswood undertook a trip to the mountains, more as a novel entertain- ment than as a serious attempt to increase the general knowledge. A gay company of cavaliers was gathered at Williamsburg, in August of this year; “rangers, pioneers and Indians” were provided to bear the toil of the expedition, while pack-horses and serv- ants supplied the comforts and luxuries demanded by the sumptuous character of the explorers. The journey was made with leisure; halts were made where the abundant game attracted the sportsman, and the nightly bivouac under the summer sky lent zest to the revels which closed the day’s sport. The Blue Ridge at length was reached; on its summit the king’s health was drank, and two neighboring peaks were named “Mt. George” and “Mt. Alexander,” after the king and governor. Descending into the valley, the river, Shenandoah, was named “Euphrates;” an empty bottle was made the depository of a document proclaim- ing the valley the territory of the king, and buried, when the merry party returned to the colonial capital to found the order of the HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. m “Knights of the Grolden Horseshoe” in com- memoration of the festive occasion. No active emigration follovred; the beauty and fertility of the valley were extolled, but the lowland planters were not of pioneer stock; the rocky barrier of the Blue Ridge forbade the life of luxury and ease to which they had grown accustomed, and another half century would probably have elapsed in inaction, had not the agitation of Europe supplied a hardier race. In 1732 a vast throng “of those whom bigots chase from foreign lands” found their way to America. The glowing tales of the middle valley fell upon attentive ears, and following up the course of the James one current of this tide of immigration flowed into the upper valley, barely preceded by another which found its way through Pennsylvania and across the Potomac into the lower valley. These pioneers were early followed by large num- bers seeking a refuge remote from European intolerance, and the settlements were rapidly extended to the western confines of the valley. Beyond the Alleghanies lay “the great woods,” in the hidden recesses of which was to be determined not only the limit of Virginia, but the destiny of the continent also. East of the Blue Ridge the extension of English settlements was not seriously hin- dered. The Indian race, apparently isolated by the natural features of the country, and divided into unfriendly tribes, fell an easy prey to the diplomacy and force of the whites. The colonists made little pretense of purchase in the acquisition of territory. The Indian massacre, of 1022, according to the ethical system of the time, placed the savages beyond the pale of diplomacy, and the whites pro- ceeded to demand the forfeit of their lands as rapidly as the increasing population re- quired more room. It was not to be expected that the untutored mind of the savage would grasp this theological subtlety; and in 1644 the aged successor of Powhatan, who had always cherished a determined hostility to the whites, signalized his closing career by a repetition of the earlier attack. Some 300 of the colonists perished, but the prompt and vigorous rally of the whites inflicted a crush- ing blow upon the savages; their aged chief was captured and subsequently assassinated by his guard; and the tribe was forced to sue for peace, which was granted only on terms that made their presence south of the York River, without the badge of a messenger, the signal for their destruction by the vigilant whites. In 1656 the presence of a mountain tribe near the falls of the James River was construed into a menace to the settlements, and a colo- nial force, aided by friendly Indians, was sent against them. In this engagement the whites were repelled, but the foreign tribe did not wait for further demonstrations, and retired to the Blue Ridge. Again, in 1676, the Indians, provoked by the steady encroach- ment of the whites, and the unv/arrantable slaughter of certain chiefs, united to attack the settlements. This last blow of the sav- ages was delivered with less effect than earlier ones, while the punishment returned by the whites was by far the most effective. Under the command of Bacon, the “well-armed housekeepers” of Virginia inflicted frightful slaughter upon a party of savages that made a stand near the site of Richmond, and in succeeding expeditions forever broke their power in the lowlands. This campaign transferred the irrepressible conflict to the region beyond the mountains. Here the two contestants were less unevenly matched; set- tlements less compactly made afforded less facility for organization, while the Indians, united in a common hostility, proved more formidable in numbers, and having their villages more remote, retreated from their forays with greater security. A new and formidable element added to this tramontane struggle was the influence of the French. Preceding the English in these western waters, and even contesting with Spain the honors of original discovery, France claimed the whole continent from the Gulf to tl|e polar sea, and from Newfoundland west- ward to the unknown limits of the New World. The discovery and exploration of America found the Gallic nation eager to improve the ! advantages offered by a virgin territory; the ) heresy of Calvin had made great inroads upon HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 69 the strongholds of the Roman Church; and the Huguenot party, a political as well as religious organization, was for the time not unequally matched against the Catholic court. But the tenure of its power depended upon the most delicate adjustment of social equi- poise, to the uncertainty of which none was more keenly alive than the “calm, stern man who represented and led the Protestantism of France.” The New World, therefore, was hailed by one party, at least, as an asylum for the persecuted sect, and half a century be- fore the origin of the “First Colony of Vir- ginia,” Coligny cautiously projected a city of refuge in America, The unsuccessful colony on the Brazilian coast, in 1555, and the un- fortunate settlement on the St.John River in Florida, in 1564, mai’ked the rise and fall of this project. In the meanwhile French adventurers were pushing their explorations in the far North, scanning the Atlantic seaboard from the Car- olinas to Newfoundland. In 1518 the first of a number of abortive attempts at coloniza- tion was made on the coast of Nova Scotia, but it was not until 1604 that the foundation of the colony of Acadia was laid. This col - ony, constantly harassed by the jealous oppo sition of Jesuits and illicit fur traders during its early career, was brought to the verge of French, remained a constant menace to the outlying settlements of New England until the peace of Utrecht (1713) gave it to Eng- land. The seat of French power in America, however, was on the St. Lawrence. Here Champlain founded Quebec, in 1608, and power in the New World. This adventure was projected and supported by a private en- terprise of slender means, and with little recognition from the king. In 1615, recog- nizing the precarious foundation on which he was building, Champlain used his efforts to secure such recognition for his colony as would protect it against the jealousy which future success would be sure to awaken. A viceroy was appointed, who turned his sine- cm'e to account by granting a monopoly of the fur- trade to such as would pay the most for the privilege. Under this regime no attempt was made to encom’age immigration; Quebec was half mission and half trading station; none tilled the soil, and, save the priests, the less than one hundred whites in Canada were all in the employ of the merchants who controlled the fur-trade. In 1627, Richelieu, who had recently (1624) come into power as minister of finance, sup- pressed this monopoly and organized the company of one-hundred associates. The resources of France were exhausted, and the gi’eat minister sought to build up New France from the resources of her own forests and rivers. To the new company was granted a monopoly of the fur-trade for fifteen years, and for this concession it was required to send two or three hundred mechanics of all trades to Canada at once, and to transfer thither, within the period of its monopoly, 4,000 colonists. This experiment, however wisely conceived, was fated to miserably I fail; the “ associates ” made vast outlays and received but meager returns, and in face of the multiplied hindrances to carry out their obligations would have ruined the company. The policy of the home government alone proved an insurmountable obstacle to suc- cess; the only emigrating class in France was the Huguenots, thousands of whom hailed the New World as an asylum where the reform religion could find a secure retreat from per- secution; but Jesuit bigotry cut off this resource, and permitted none but Catholics to people New France. Of the latter class there were no voluntary emigrants save monks and nuns, who added discord but no increase of population to the feeble settle- ments. The resources of the company were still further crippled in another direction; the implacable hostility of the Iroquois de- stroyed its remaining hope of success by practically suppressing the fur-trade. Pos- sessed by a Satanic malice which braved death in a thousand forms, the implacable savages canned their war of extermination to 70 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the farthest bounds of human habitation, and eventually made the populous region north of the St. Lawrence a tenantless wilderness. In 1G40, therefore, there were not more than 300 whites in Canada, of whom scarcely ten were self-supporting. Five years later the company surrendered its monopoly of the fur trade, with its debts and obligations, to the people of the settle- ment, retaining all its seigniorial rights, and, in 1663, it surrendered these rights, with its charter, to the hing. In accepting this sur- render, Louis XIV expressed the hope that “through the re-establishment of commerce,” he should secure “abundance of people” in New France; but led by Colbeid, his prime minister, in the following year the king granted a monopoly of the fur- trade to the “great company of the West.” The new grant aroused a spirited remon- strance, which demonstrated the fact that this grant, if maintained, would be the death of the settlement; the company was therefore forced to surrender a part of its monopoly, and eventually failed, as its predecessors had done. At the same time the king seemed to awake to the importance of the St. Lawrence settlement, and henceforth the French pos- sessions in the New World became, notwith- standing the monopoly granted, the especial care of the crown. This new dispensation was signalized, in 1665, by the appointment of a governor and intendant for Canada, and a lieutenant-general for New France, which included both Acadia and Canada. With these officials came a regiment of regular troops, which was employed in the next two or three years against the Mohawks with such effect as to secure a peace unbroken for twenty years. With this departure a new era opened in Canada: Sieur Talon, the intendant, was instructed to “cause justice to reign, estab- lish a good police, protect the inhabitants, discipline them against their enemies, and procure for them peace, repose and plenty; * * encourage them to trade and industry, * * and put them in the way of making some proht.” The intendant entered with vigor upon the discharge of his duties; aided by the resources of the royal treasury, he developed the manufacture of the common necessities of the colonists; sent engineers to explore the copper mines of Lake Superior, attempted to establish trade with the West Indies, and laid the foundations for those explorations which established the French in possession of the great West from the mouth of the Mississippi to Hudson’s Bay. The new king, scarcely out of his minority, heartily seconded his able representative; as early as 1659 the king had exerted his power to supply Canada with colonists, and each succeeding year shiploads of immigrants were landed at Quebec at the royal charge. Most of these additions to the colonial popu- lation were single men and women. At first, men alone constituted the bulk of the expor- tations from France, but in 1667 the institu- tion of families received attention, and “ eighty-four girls from Dieppe, and twenty five from Rochelle ” were sent, among whom were “fifteen or twenty of pretty good birth.” This plan was continued for years; troops were sent to the colony, and at the expiration of their term of service were disbanded, and every inducement made both officers and men to remain as colonists. Women suitable as wives to officers were sent over’, and bounties were offered for marriage, the common people when married being presented with “ an ox, a cow, a pair of fowls, two barrels of salted meat, and 11 crowns in money.” The royal dowry was varied to reach all classes, and in some cases reached the extent of a gift of a house, with provisions for eight months. Nor did the royal solicitude stop here. Bounties were offered on children: parents having ten living children born in wedlock were granted a pension of 300 livres a year; while to those having twelve children, the pension was increased by 100 livres. At the same time the royal power found exercise in stimulating this artificially grown colony to take root in the new soil; a modified form of feudalism was devised, and along both sides of the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Rivers were planted seigniories, for which the bene- ficiaries gave only “ faith and homage. ” HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 71 Under such fostering care the colony gradu- ally attained considerable expansion, if not solidity, but everywhere was felt the limit- ing hand of French absolutism, “ The new settler was found by the king, sent over by the king, and supplied by the king with a wife, a farm, and sometimes with a house;” it was the forcing and pruning process of the garden, not the vigorous luxuriance of nature. In 1672 the king was diverted by more press- ing cares in Europe, and the artificial sym- metry of the Canadian colony took on some of the rugged vigor of nature. The colonial policy of France, inaugurated by Champlain, made the Indian the chief corner-stone of New France; while other civilizations crushed or ignored the savages, the French embraced and cherished them. Of this policy the zeal of propagandism and the fur- trade were the vital forces, and “pol- icy and commerce built their hopes on the priest.” In 1625, the order of Jesuits was planted in Quebec. Undaunted by the rigors of the climate or the malignity of their savage foes, they bore the cross, the symbol of French religion and of French sovei’eign- ity, to the remotest recesses of fur-beariag America. Robbed of their occupation by the destruction of the Hurons, the Jesuits turned to the interior, and vied with hardy couriers de bois in pioneering the way of France in the great West. Hei'e their ex- plorations opened up a vast territory which the plan of their colonial development en- abled the French to readily seize and hold. This plan had its origin in the geograph- ical situation of the parent colony and the character of the homo government. Vitally dependent upon the fur-trade, the trapper and trader constituted an important element of colonial life, and all recognized the ne- cessity for a wide and free range for the pur- suit of their vocation ; and the people, held under arbitrary rule, gave a military charac- ter to the order of colonial development. Strategic points were seized upon, where stations, half mission and half trading-post, were established; diplomacy with the Indians was conducted under the guise of the black hat and robe of the priest; and the fealty of native allies was confirmed and maintained by conversion to the religion of the domi- nant race. Thus Quebec, Montreal, Fort Frontenac, Michillimackinac and Fort St. Louis were points d'appui from which French influences dominated the whole in- terior. Later development multiplied these points, and Presque Isle, Detroit, Vinconnes, Kaskaskia and New Orleans completed the chain which connected the St. Lawrence with the Gulf, and constituted a claim to the valley of the Mississippi, which would have been well nigh irresistible, had it been prop- erly and early supported by the French na- tion. In the Indian confederation of New York, the colonial policy of Canada sustained the earliest and most serious check. Champlain found the northern tribes everywhere terror- ized by the incessant attacks of the Iroquois; he therefore counseled a confederation of these tribes under the protectorate of France, and gave it an initial impulse by joining them in reprisals upon the universal enemy. Previous to 1616 he, won three signal victo- ries over these all- conquering savages, through the fatal power of the arquebuse, and for thirty years the progress of Iroquois conquest was stayed. In the meanwhile, the thrifty Dutch traders of New Netherland supplied the Mohawks with the enginery of civilized warfare and, thus equipped, their supersti- tious fear of the whiteman’s weapon gone, they renewed their unrelenting hostility. Nation after nation of the savage allies of the French were swept out of existence, and the whites, whose vaunted prowess had so imposed upon the simplicity of their allies, were reduced to the pitiable necessity of be- holding these vital blows struck without raising a hand to prevent it. Emboldened by such victories the Iroquois conceived a contempt for the French, and carried their successful forays against the Canadian set- tlements until they were brought to the verge of extinction. At this juncture, France awoke to the im- portance of her trans- Atlantic possessions: the signal pucishment of the Mokawks followed; 73 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. but even this obtained peace for the whites only; the savage butchery of the faithful allies went forward, unchallenged by the feeble colony, until the whole region was de- populated of natives. Short-lived cessation of hostilities between the French and Iroquois occui’red, but these intractable savages were never really at peace with the power that gradually circumscribed their warlike enterprise. Located between the eastern and western colonies, they held the balance of power, and acknowledged fealty to neither; but notwithstanding a subtlety that almost attained the dignity of diplomacy, they became the cat’s-paw of the Dutch and English. The eastern colo- nies, with nothing to demand, pandered to the savage instincts and easily won them; guns, powder and lead were freely given them in liberal exchange for furs, and secret aid was granted them in their warfare upon the French and their allies. On the other hand the French had little to grant and everything to demand; the war policy of the Iroquois was dictated by the demands of revenge and trade alike; their territory afforded few furs with which to carry on the profitable barter with the colonists at Albany, and they carried their forays to the west and north to levy an in- demnity in furs, the staple of aboriginal trade. This the policy of the French hindered; and this alone under the influence of the seaboard colonists afforded a sufficient casus belli. At the same time, the French gave sufficient evidence of their power to convince the Iroquois of their inability to cope single-handed with this formidable people, and the savages were accordingly driven into closer relations with their En- glish allies. New Netherland was the key to the situa- tion, and even after it passed into the hands of the English (1604), Sieur Talon persistently urged upon the prime minister, Colbert, the importance of buying or seizing this territory and thus bringing the Iroquois to submission. His successor continued to urge this action, but, through the short-sighted policy of Louis XIV, the golden opportunity was al- lowed to pass unimproved. Accordingl} the issue between the two colonial powers was joined. The Iroquois, pursuing their policy of independence, had carried their forays into the borders of Maryland and Virginia as well as into the Illinois country. Barre, the Canadian governor, determined to chas- tise them, and desirous of disabusing the j English of the erroneous opinion that these attacks had been instigated by the Jesuits, announced his intention to the governor of New York, and suggested that he co-operate, at least so far as to suppress the traffic in arms for the time. With less frankness but more diplomacy, the governor of New York declined to accede to Barre’s request, claimed the Iroquois as British subjects, and at the same time informed the Indians of the French governor’s intentions. An angry correspondence ensued, and while the French gained some minor advantages, the practical result of this diplomatic collision was largely in favor of the English. Alarmed by the prospect of punishment by the French, the L’oquois entered into a treaty for protection (1684) with Lord Howard, the governor of Virginia, and though denying any fealty to the English, the Iroquois thenceforward were not often in doubtful relations to the two powers. The antagonism of the two nations did not rest alone upon colonial rivalry; it found a deeper origin in their repugnant civiliza- j tions. England stood, on the one hand, for the supremacy of the people through law; I France, on the other, stood for the absolutism j of the jus divimim, and between these prin- j ciples there could be no lasting peace. The I rising of the English people, in 1687, precipi- tated the struggle which was destined to end only with the humiliation of absolutism, j At the end of ten years, France gained ter- ritory and England gained the recognition ^ of the people’s king. In 1702, the struggle was renewed; the issue was unchanged but ' the results were less evenly balanced; at the close of the war of the Spanish succession, France was forced, in the peace of Utrecht ! ( 1 7 1 3) , to concede both pri nciple and territory. In America, England gained by this war HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 73 Hudson’s Bay and its borders, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the recognition of the Iroquois as British subjects. Incomparably the greatest of these gains was the recognition of the English dominion over the New York confederation. With this concession was granted the English claim to the territory occupied by the Six Nations, a grant which not only seriously curtailed French pretensions, but also cut off all hope of a direct line of communication with the Mississippi Valley, and left their line by way of the lakes and Niagara River open to attack. This concession also made the English heirs to Iroquois claims of con- quest in the West, an advantage of the high- est importance, and which they ultimately improved. As yet, however, the English seemed utterly indifferent to the possession of the interior. The charters of the sea- board colonies granted the territory from “sea to sea;” but, separate in organization, and jealous of each other as well as of the king, rheir policy was narrowed and their power divided. Living by agriculture and trade, their expansion, while deep-rooted and per- manent, was necessarily slow. A powerful incentive for the rapid acquisition of terri- tory was thus wanting during the early period of English colonial history, and for more than a century their western horizon was bounded by the mountains. In 1739, the warring civilizations were again arrayed in arms. The treaty of Utrecht had effected only a truce, in which the com- batants gained the opportunity for needed recuperation; it defined many things but settled nothing, and the “war with Spain” was an inevitable result of this Machiavellian compact. In 1744, France became involved in the struggle which convulsed all Europe, but with the exception of the fruitless con- quest in Acadia, the peace of the American colonies was undisturbed, and the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) referred to the new world only to leave the possessions of the respective powers “the same as before the war.” This was but the evasion of an issue which sooner or later must demand adjudi- cation, and left a peaceable adjustment of conflicting colonial claims, raised by the former treaty, out of the question. It is difficult to define the geographical scope of the early claim of the French in America. Generally stated it included the entire valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi Rivers; but of this broad claim the detaiL were as illy defined in the minds of the claimants as in the minds of the English. Southeast of the Ohio, the Alleghany range afforded a natural boundary, which was seized upon by the French as the western limit of their rival; but the projection of this line northward necessitated the conquest or purchase of New York. The rectification of this line was, therefore, persistently urged by the Canadian officials, but neglected by the king, until the war of the Spanish suc- cession set the matter at rest by the extin- guishment of all French claims to the north- east and to central and eastern New York. The terms of the treaty, however, left the dividing line between the colonies of the two nations as obscure as before. This was not an oversight but the direct dictate of diplomacy; might was the only real basis of territorial right in the new world, and each nation was eager to anticipate the other in establishing its power within the coveted limits before trying conclusions; accordingly the inevitable collision was transferred to the valley of the Ohio. At the date of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) the English settlement had not yet crossed the mountains, but this coming event had long since cast its shadow athwart the pathway of the French. As early as 1715, Father Mermet, at Kaskaskia, wrote the governor of Canada that “the encroaching English were building forts near the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers,” and there are certain traditions of English explorations in the valleys of these rivers as early as the decade ending with 1664. In 1678, it is said* “a considerable number of persons went from New England upon discovery, and proceeded so far as New Mexico, 150 leagues beyond the river Meschasebe;” twenty years later an expedition up the Mississippi River from the *Annals of the West, p. 44. 74 HlfclTORY OF KENTUCKY. Gulf is related, and again, in 1742, the voyage of one John Howard down the same river by way of the Ohio, ending in his capture by the French. Whatever the truth may be in regard to these traditions, the French found plenty of evidence to confirm their api^rehension that the English were about to dispute their possession of the interior, and in 1749 Gallisoniere, the governor of Can- ada, sent a party to plant lead plates, bear- ing the declaration of French claims to the territory, along the Ohio Eiver. But the adventurous English traders had preceded this party; on the Big Miami they built a trading house this very year, and on the Maumee they came in contact with the French, who arrested them for their intru- sion. The French did not rest with these precautions; in 1750 a fort was built at Vin- cennes; and Fort Chartres, originally, built of wood in 1718, was rebuilt of cut stone and garrisoned by a regiment of grenadiers. Nearer the scene of action the greatest activity prevailed; the loyalty of friendly Indians was confirmed by a judicious com- bination of threats and subsidies; Presque Isle (Erie) was fortified; a wagon road was built from thence to the Alleghany River; a second fort was built at Venango, fifteen miles southward of Erie, and a force sent to keep the Ohio clear. In the early part of 1752 these troops came upon the trading house on the Miami, and resistance being offered, attacked the place, capturing the traders, and inflicted considerable loss upon the tribe of Twigtwees who supported the Englishmen. Thus was struck the first blow of the “old French war.” In the meanwhile the English had not been inactive. The adventm'ous spirit of the col- onists on the Atlantic coast early led to the exploration of the surrounding wilds; but, as has been noted, the character of the English settlements was such as to prevent a rapid or widespread occupation of the land, and not- withstanding the explorations set on foot by Virginia, and the somewhat mythical voyages referred to, it was the middle of the eight- eenth century before the English began seriously to think of possessing the country ] beyond the “great mountains. ” Though possessed of a very inadequate knowledge of the interior, Gov. Keith, of Pennsylvania, as early as 1719 urged upon the home gov- ernment the necessity of securing the great West, but the importance of this acquisition did not impress the ministry until some thirty years later, when Lord Halifax wrote to his colleagues in the ministry that “the country west of the great mountains is the centre of the British dominions.” In the meanwhile, the settlement of the Shenandoah Valley had developed the trader, whose adventurous instincts led him to cross the Alleghanies and penetrate the pathless forests to the Miami and Maumee in search of trade. Here was carried on a profitable system of barter, the I’eports of which stimu- lated the commercial enterprise of the Vir- ginians; and in 1748, Conrad Weiser was sent to the Indians of the Ohio Valley with a double mission; to subsidize the natives in behalf of the Pennsylvania government, and to sound them on the subject of allowing a series of trading posts to be erected in their country. The result of this mission was favorable to the projected trading enterprise, and in the same year, Thomas Lee, president of the Virginia council, Lawrence and Au- gustus Washington and ten other Virginians, j with a Mr. Hanbury of London, joined in a j jjetition for a grant beyond the mountains. In the following year the governor of Virginia was instructed to grant to John Hanbury and his associates, 500,000 acres between the Monongahela and the Kanawha Rivers, or on the northern margin of the Ohio. This or- ganization, known as the “Ohio Company,” was to pay no quit rent for ten years, to select two- fifths of their territory at once, and at their own cost to construct and garrison a fort. Other companies of a similar character came rapidly into existence; in 1749, in addition to the concession of the Ohio Company, a grant of 800,000 acres, north and west of the line of Canada, was made to the “Loyal Com- pany,” and in 1757, one of 100,000 acres to the “Greenbrier Company,” which was pro- jected, however, about the time of the others. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 75 Of these trading corporations the Ohio Company alone showed early activity. Proiit- ing by information gained from Indian hunters and traders, this company imported goods from England and had them trans- ported to Will’s Creek (Cumberland, Md.), fi’om whence they were distributed to traders who carried them to the interior. At the same time (1750) the company summoned the “adventurous Gist from his frontier home on the Yadkin” to explore the country- west of the “great mountains.” He was instructed to push his explorations as far as the falls of the Ohio, to search for a large tract of good level land, to note the general features of the country, and mark the strength and number of the tribes. “On the last day of October, 1750, the bold envoy of civilization parted from the Potomac. He passed through snows over ‘ the stony and broken land ’ of the Alle- ghanies; he halted among the twenty Dela- ware families that composed Shanoppin’s town on the southeast of the Ohio; swimming across the river, he descended through the rich but narrow valley of Logstown.” From thence he proceeded to Great Beaver Creek, and on to the Muskingum, where he met George Crogan, the trader-envoy of Pennsyl- vania. Parting from this point in January, 1751, he proceeded to the mouth of the Scioto, and thence across the Little Miami to the larger stream of the same name. From thence he retraced his steps, and de- scending to the Ohio by way of the Little Miami, proceeded within fifteen miles of the falls of the Ohio, when he checked his course and ascended the valley of the Ken- tucky; found a pass to the Bluestone and returned to his principals by way of the Koanoke. In April, 1751, Crogan again visited the Indians at Piqua, and through him Pennsyl- vania was invited to build a fort at the forks of the Monongahela. This, from motives of economy, the Pennsylvania Assembly declined to do. In fact, each one of the provinces sought to evade the burden of securing the valley of the Ohio. The proprietaries and Assembly of Pennsylvania tossed the subject from one to the other in fruitless dispute as to their responsibility in the matter; New York would only remonstrate with the gov- ernor of Canada, and Virginia, limited in resources, was equally reluctant to assume the expense involved in such an undertaking. The key to the Ohio Valley was the forks of the Monongahela; the nearness of this point to Virginia, and her charter claims to this i territory, at length devolved the initiative upon her. The claims of the English were based upon the discoveries referred to in the preceding pages, and upon a title secured by purchase. The discoveries were of too mythical a char- acter to be strongly advanced against the superior claim of the French, and were made little account of; but the pm’chase of this territory from the Iroquois was more plausi- ble, if not more valid. In 1744, with Conrad Weiser as interpreter, the commissioners of Pennsylvania, Mary- land and Virginia met these Indians at “the filthy town” of Lancaster. Twelve days were consumed in ceremonies that partook more of the character of an orgie than a diplomatic conference. Punch, wine and “bumbo” were freely distributed, and the Indians kept stupidly drunk most of the twelve days. The history of the whole pro- ceeding as given in the quaint, unvarnished language of the secretary of the Maryland commissioners, stamps the whole proceeding as a barefaced fraud, in which either party over-reached the other; the whites gaining concessions from the incapacitated natives, and the Indians selling that to which they had no more right than to Quebec. At each conference the whites “put about the glass pretty briskly,” the Indians “fed lustily, drank heartily,” and after such preparations enormous concessions were hurriedly made for trilling considerations. It was the negotiations of the Virginians, however, upon which the English claims to the Ohio Valley were founded. To them the Indians gave “a deed releasing their claim to a large quantity of land lying in that colony,” and recognized “the king’s right to all lands that are, or by his majesty’s ap- 76 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. pointment shall be, within the colony of Virmnia.” For this elastic concession the O natives received £200 in gold, and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settle- ments increased, more should be paid. It was under this treaty that Virginia subse- quently claimed all the lands westward to the Mississippi. The settlements did increase, and the In- dians, those who had as well as those who had not been represented at Lancaster, began to murmur. In 1752, Virginia sent commis- sioners to Logstown, a little village on the north side of the Ohio, seventeen and a half miles below Pittsburg, to meet the chiefs of these tribes. They declined to recognize the Lancaster treaty, but consented to have the English build a fort at the forks of the Monongahela. The Virginians were not sat- isfied with this concession, and through the white interpreter finally secured a question- able confirmation of the former treaty, and consent for a settlement southeast of the Ohio. The activity of the French in foment- ing the dissatisfaction of the Indians kept the English busy in allaying their aroused suspicions and confirming them in their treaty relations with the colonies. In 1753, there- fore, Fairfax met the chiefs at Winchester, but such were the feelings toward the Lan- caster treaty that he dared not refer to it. At Carlisle, a month later, the commissioners of Pennsylvania, in a conference with the rep- resentatives of all the tribes, had more suc- cess. Here a treaty was concluded with them against the French, but which, in the end, proved quite as empty of good results as the others. In the meantime, the two powers in Europe professed a state of “profound peace, ” and commissioners were in Paris seeking to out- wit each other in regard to the disputed lands in the Ohio Valley. At the same time, England did not hesitate to instruct her colo- nial governors that France was invading her dominions, and to direct them at their own cost to build forts, and with their own mili- tia to repress the savages and repel the French. Under these instructions, Gov. Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent “ a person of distinction ” to the commander of the French forces to ascertain the purpose of the war- like preparations on French Creek. The en- voy, a young surveyor named George Wash- ington, found the Indians terrorized by the threats of the French; observed the enemy strongly fortified at Presque Isle and Ve- nango; learned of a projected descent upon the forks of the Monongahela in the spring, and ascertained that the courteous St. Pierre proposed to carry out the orders of his supe- riors, regardless of consequences. Washington reached Will’s Creek on his. return, early in January, 1754. In his ab- sence, the Ohio Company had taken steps to fortify the location it had chosen, and the returning envoy met “seventeen horses loaded with materials and stores for a fort at the forks of the Ohio.” The report of Washington was followed by immediate activity. Expresses were sent to the governors of Pennsylvania and New York, conveying the startling intelligence, and calling for assistance. Two companies of volunteers were authorized by Virginia, the one to be raised west of the mountains by the frontiersman Trent, and the other to- be raised in the older part of the colony by Washington. The former consisted of sev- enty men, and was at once employed in com- pleting the fort begun by the Ohio Company, while Washington’s command, consisting of 150 men, was to proceed to the fort, garrison it, and “to make prisoner, kill or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements.” Men and munitions were gathering along the Potomac, as far west as Will’s Creek, but be- fore they could reach the new fort spring had come and with it the French. On the 17th of April, 1754, the ensign in command of the thirty-three men at the in- complete fort, suddenly found himself beset by sixty batteaux and 300 canoes, laden with men, cannon and stores. Successful resist- ance to such a force was impossible, and the English capitulated and withdrew. This success on the part of the French was fol- lowed by the most active measures in secur- ing its fruits; the fort was completed, armed and named DuQuesne, for the governor of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 77 Canada. Troops from the Illinois country were hurried up the Ohio to reinforce its garrison; spies were sent throughout the Monongahela Valley to win the savages and watch the force at Will’s Creek; and armed reconnoitering parties hovered about the English front to give warning of the first military advance. Washington was at Will’s Creek pushing forward the preparations to reinforce the frontier fort, when the news of its capture was brought in; scouts continued to bring information of the enemy’s activities, but the tedious preparations for an advance were not allowed to cease. The line of march lay over a broken mountainous country to the mouth of the Red Stone Creek (Brownsville, Penn. ), where the Ohio Company had already built a trading post, and thence down the valley to the fort; roads had to be prepared for the artillery and trains, and progress was made at the slow rate of from two to four miles a day. On the 27th of May, the English had reached a point known as Great Meadows; here a body of French trooiJS was reported to be in the vicinity, and Washing- ton, fearing a surprise, started out on the following morning to develop the strength of this enemy. A collision occurred in which the French lost their commander, M. de Jumonville, and nine men, the Ameri- cans losing but one. This was the first act of open hostilities between the regular forces of the opposing nations in the Ohio Valley, and was held by the French as the com- mencement of war. The march of the American forces was continued without further incident until the latter part of June, when the report coming in that the enemy was approaching in force, a council of war determined on a retreat to a more defensible point. Great Meadows was again reached on the 1st of July, and at this point the exhausted state of the provincials determined Washington to make a stand. Here, as Washington reported, “with nature’s assistance, he made a good intrenchmeat and prepared a charming field for an encounter,” to which the circumstances of the troops gave the name of “Fort Necessity,” and hereon the 3d of July, the Americans were assailed by some 900 French. For nine hours an ineffectual resistance was made against over- whelming odds, when a capitulation was agreed upon, the Americans being allowed to retire with everything save the artillery. This action was one of the causes subse- quently assigned by George II for a declara- tion of war. Thus matters stood at the beginning of 1755; both nations professed the most peace- ful intentions, while vigorously pushing preparations to continue the war on a larger scale. Negotiations in Europe continued; France proposed to restore American lines as they were before the war of the Spanish succession, and refer all matters in dispute to the commissioners in Paris; England re- fused to go back of the treaty of Utrecht. France rejected this basis of discussion, and offei’ed another compromise — that both nations should retire from the country lying between the Alleghanies and the Ohio; to this England agreed, stipulating, however, that the French should destroy all their forts on the Ohio and its branches, but this the French court refused to accept. This decision was not reached until the latter part of March, but in February, Brad- dock had landed in Virginia, and French stores and troops were embarked on a fleet which was crowding all sail across the Atlan- tic. War was not yet declared, and Brad- dock planning a three-fold campaign against the French posts in Nova Scotia, at Crown Point and by way of Fort Du Quesne against Niagara, did not meditate the conquest of Canada; he was instructed only to resist en- croachment on English territoiy. The first onset was disastrous to the English; Brad- dock’s terrible defeat near Fort Du Quesne was scarcely mitigated by the trifling suc- cesses at Lake George and at Louisburg. Early in 1756 France formed an alliance with Austria, Russia and Sweden, and Eng- land with Frederick the Great. In May England declared war, and forthwith began a strug'gle, the influence of which w-as felt throughout the civilized world. At the end of seven years, England gained Canada, and 78 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. all the territory claimed by the French east of the Mississippi River, save Louisiana. By a secret convention in 1762, the latter had been ceded to Spain, and in the treaty of Paris (1763), France surrendered the last of her possessions in the New World. With these vast accessions came grave doubts as to the value of the conquest; statesmen of both nations declared that with the menace of a foreign power removed from their western border, the colonies would grow more inde- pendent, and cause of rupture with the home government would not be wanting; and so the event proved. “The seven years war, which doubled the debt of England, increas- ing it to $700,000,000, was begun by her for the acquisition of the Ohio Yalley. She achieved that conquest, but not for herself. ” (Bancroft.) While the fate of nationality was thus being decided amid the din of arms, and the dire conflict of armies on the skirmish lines of opposing civilizations, the solid English phalanxes were pushing their way westward beyond the mountains, subject to many and terrible vicissitudes. Immigration once di- rected to the Shenandoah Yalley, the people “spread more and more widely over the mild, productive, and enchanting interior,” and at the opening of the French and Indian war were ready to surmount the rocky barrier of the Alleghanies. At the same time the atten- tion of statesmen was drawn to this scarcely known region, and the necessity of planting a colony here, to more effectually resist the claims of the French, began to be considered in diplomatic circles. One of the professed aims of the Ohio Company was to plant a col- ony beyond the mountains in order to secure Ohio for the English, and while the more immediate object was the building up of a profitable trade with the Indians, a rapid set- tlement would certainly have followed its suc- cess. The first steps in the prosecution of the company's plan have been noted. Re- turning from his extended tour of exploration. Gist made the necessary surveys which pre- ceded the erection of the posts on the sites of Brownsville and Pittsburgh, and, in 1752, the Indians in the treaty of Logstown, hav- ing agreed not to molest settlements on the .lands granted the company, he began laying- out a town, two miles below the fort at the forks; founded a colony of eleven families beside himself near Laurel Hill; and project- ed roads to connect the whole together, and with Will’s Creek, the base of supplies. Two years later, 1754, in response to action by the burgesses of Yirginia, the king instructed the governor of that province to grant lands west of the Alleghanies to any person desiring to settle thereon, not to exceed 1,000 acres to one person, and upward of 3,000,000 of acres are said to have been thus granted. At this point the war intervened, and less pacific measures became necessary to resist foi-eign encroachments. The French, with their Indian allies, descended upon the forks . of the Ohio, and the scattering settlements west of the mountains were rapidly destroyed. Then followed Braddock’s disastrous defeat, and the Indians, emboldened by the first show of success, carried the tomahawk and fire brand east of the mountains with such terrible effect that in April, 1756, Washington wrote from Winchester; “The Blue Ridge is now our frontier, no men being left in this county (Frederick) except a few who keep close with a number of women and children in forts. ” In the fall of this year a powerful blow was struck at these savage marauders by the de- struction of their principal rendezvous at Kittanning, about forty miles above Fort Du Quesne. This gave partial relief to the bor- der, and, in the summer of 1758, the English sent a trusty messenger to the Indians, who were beginning to waver in their friendsnip for the French. An informal treaty was thus effected, and a few months later the fall of Fort Du Quesne transferred the seat of war to the north. A treaty with all the tribes at Easton, Penn., followed this event, and the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Yirginia, thus relieved from the menace of these savage foes, were rapidly repeopled; traders began once more to bear their burdens of trinkets to the interior in quest of Indian barter; settlers began to slowly push into the “great woods,” and the Ohio Company prepared to push their enter- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 79 prise. Again the Indians began to murmur, and, in 1762, the English commandant at Fort Du Quesne, now called Fort Pitt, issued his proclamation declaring that the treaty at Easton (1758) secured all the lands west of the mountains to the Indians as hunting grounds, and forbidding all settlements or intrusion of traders within this region. This was followed (October, 1763) by general in- structions from the king forbidding any grants of “lands beyond the bounds of their respect- ive governments, as described in their com- missions,” by any colonial governors. These precautions came too late, however. In the northwest was heard the voice of Pontiac crying: “Why, says the Great Spirit, do you suffer these dogs in red clothing to enter your country and take the lands I have given you? Drive them from it! Drive them! When you ai’e in disti’sss I will help you;” and the wide-spread disaffection among the tribes made them willing listeners to this preacher of the new crusade. At length the blow fell without warning upon the unsus- pecting whites; traders were everywhere des- poiled of their goods, and many of them murdered; the frontier forts from Mackinac to Fort Pitt were everywhere simultaneously assailed, and nine fell in one day. Along the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers the streams ran red with blood, and more than 20,000 settlers were driven from their homes in western Virginia. But the forts at De- troit, Niagara and Pittsburgh did not yield, and the expeditions of Bradstreet and Bouquet (1764) once more brought the Indians to sue for peace. The treaty made at Niagara in the fall, settled only the status of the frontier forts, and provided for a complete surrender of prisoners. Accordingly in the following year, a conference was held with the various Indian nations at German Flats. At this meeting the whites submitted two proposi- tions; the one, to hx a satisfactory line as a westward boundary to the white settlements; the other, that the Indians should grant the smwiving traders, who had suffered by the conspiracy, a tract of land as a compensation for their losses.* To the latter proposition the Indians readily agreed, and offered, in response to the first, the line of the “Ohio or the Alleghany and Susquehan- nah. ” The agent of the English not being empowered to act upon this boun- dary question, the whole matter was left un- settled until definite instructions could be received from England. Through thecrimi- nal carelessness of the ministry, this impor- tant business did not receive attention until late in 1767; and in the meanwhile settle- ments were rapidly extending into the dis- puted territory in open defiance of treaty stipulations, proclamations and the express orders of Gen. Gage, the commander of the English forces. The Indians began to grow restive under this state of things, but in apparent indiffer- ence to the critical character of the situation, the attention of the English ministry was absorbed in adjusting the conflicting claims to lands not yet secured from the threatening savages. The Ohio Company was pressing for an adjustment of its affairs, which the war had greatly deranged; two new com- panies were asking consideration of projects involving large grants of lands in this region; and in conflict with all these, the Virginia troops, who had served in the French war, and who had been promised a bounty in western lands, were x’ejrresented by an agent who was urging their claims. Before any adjustment of these matters was reached, however, the attitude of the savages gave rise to a wide-spread apprehension of another border war, and urgent appeals were sent to the ministry to have the boundary line fixed at once. Instructions were accordingly re- ceived; and in October, 1768, a meeting of the Iroquois and certain of the Delawares and Shawanese, was held at Fort Stanwix. At this conference the boundary was settled to begin on the Ohio at the mouth of the Ten- nessee; thence up the Ohio and Alleghany to Kittanning; thence northward to the Sus- quehanna, etc., thus granting to the English a title to Pennsylvania, western Virginia and Kentucky, so far as the Indian represen- tatives could do so. *Appendix A, Note 8. 80 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. The settlement of this question, though giving only a defective title to the region granted, gave rise to the greatest activity in land speculation. A new organization was formed in Virginia, called the “Mississippi Company,” which presented a petition for a grant of 2,500,000 acres. This project was referred to the Board of Trade with the other matters mentioned, and no more heard of it. In the case of the others, a final issue was not reached until 1772; in the meanwhile, the Ohio Company being merged in one of the new ones, and the soldiers’ claims being recognized by the united companies and the government, all the claims were adjusted by the royal sanction of the “Walpole Com- pany.” The royal instructions of 1763 were generally considered as a temporary expedient to quiet the natives, and during the tedious negotiations of tbe land companies, private speculators were busy in exploring the country south of the Ohio. It is said, though denied by the governor, that Lord Dunmore sent surveyors into this region, and was pushing an extensive speculation in the pub- lic lands on his own account. W^hatever the truth may be in this matter, it is well known that Washington, to whom the Virginia bounty gave 10,000 acres, and others were investigating and selecting lands through their agents, when the war of the Revolution put a stop to both corporate and individual speculation. At the same time adventurous settlers were rapidly over -running the hunt- ing grounds of the savage, building their cabins and planting their fields where the situation appeared the most inviting; and surveyors, the most convincing evidence to the Indians of the intended permanent oc- cupation by the whites, were found on the Ohio as far down as the falls, and on the Kentucky as far up its course as the site of Frankfort. The futility of the purchase made at Fort Stanwix daily grew more apparent; the Iroquois, who sacrificed no substantial interest in this transaction, and who alone of the savages signed the treaty, were the only satisfied ones to the bargain. The Delawares and Shawanees, who were only feebly represented at the conference, and who at best only partially sanctioned the treaty, when removed from the presence of their conquerors, or after sober second thought, began to view the “ settlements with an uneasy and jealous eye,” and de- clared “ that they must be compensated for their right, if the people settled thereon, notwithstanding the cession of the Six Na- tions.” Occasional fatal collisions between the two races intensified the hopeless hatred of the Indian toward the whites, and it only needed some new grievance, of importance sufficient to overcome the prudence of influen- tial chiefs, to precipitate another bloody struggle upon the border. This came at last, and the result is recorded in history as “ Dunmore’s war. ” This in- conclusive contest had its origin in the assas- sination of the family of Logan, the Cayuga chieftain, and was determined by a single stubborn passage- at- arms near Point Pleasant. The promptness of the whites in anticipating the action of the Indians prevented the usual forays on the border, but the fear of the ordinary bloody consequences drove most of the settlers from Kentucky. The close of the war settled nothing but the armed con- test, and gave rise to the suspicion that the governor meditated treachery to one of his subordinate officers, and that he was even then preparing for the Revolutionary struggle which was already foreshadowed in the minds of many. In the war of the Revolution, which so closely followed these events that the battle of Point Pleasant is frequently called the first engagement of that memorable struggle, the Indians bore a prominent part. During the protracted contest between the French and English, they had been such important factors that many believed that a general war could not be carried on free of Indian alliances, and in this view Washington coin- cided, though congress for a time labored to keep the natives neutral. The action of the British rendered such efforts fruitless, and civilization once more joined hands with the savage to deface the product of its own labor. AVKSTERN LUNATIC ASYLUAI, IIOPKINSA'ILLK.— SEE PAGE 535 . ’■in I* ( -:m '■->4 '■'i 'Is j r» . i'-’ S { t> -•*' 'V\v V \ J-' •■ ' (■* HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 81 In the diplomacy of the forest, the British possessed great advantages over the Ameri- cans. They were represented by the same persons who had for thirty years exerted a great personal as well as official influence over the savages, and the natives, whose friendships were not fickle and whose hatred was implacable, had great difficulty in under- standing the reasons or policy which set one part of the English against the other. There was scarcely a tribe in the Mississippi Val- ley, however, that was not embittered by the memory of a great wrong perpetrated by the colonists, and since the removal of the French, they had sullenly maintained a fit- ful peace, induced thereto only by a prudent regard for the power that had inflicted severe punishment on various fields; but they still cherished the vain hope of keeping their re- maining lands free from the aggressive advance of the settlements, and were not slow to believe that this division in the ranks of the common enemy would bring them aid against those who were the source of their annoyance. The British agents, therefore, found their policy outlined for them, and promptly confirmed the Indians in their logical deductions. It is a fact highly creditable to the Indian character that there were individuals and tribes among the natives who were favorable to the American side in the beginning of the war; and it was upon these that the Ameri- cans mainly depended to reach those less amicably disposed. Through this agency, the “ pack-proverb ” illustrating the issue between the colonists and the home govern- ment was industriously circulated in the west, and the natives counseled to observe neutrality in the impending struggle. The main dependence of the English, at the onset, was Sir William Johnson, who had resided in the Mohawk Valley since 1738, and who, since 1746, had held in charge the important Iroquois confederation. In 1774, Johnson suddenly died, leaving his sou. Col. Guy Johnson, to succeed him as Indian super- intendent, and another son, John, to succeed to his estate and honors. Both sons shared their father’s influence with the natives, and with them joined, at this juncture of Ameri can affairs, the noted half-breed and Mohawk chieftain, Joseph Brant — all of whom were in sympathy with the royal cause. The colo- nists, from the first, entertained well grounded fears that the influence of this trio would be exerted against the Americans, and caused them to be watched with so close a scrutiny that, notwithstanding the moral and material support of the wealthy tories of the Mohawk Valley, they deemed it advisable to remove the center of their operations further west- ward. They first went to Fort Stanwix, and thence to Oswego, from whence they directed their murderous assaults, which sub- sequently fell with such cruel force upon the frontiei’s of the central colonies. Opposed to the machinations of the Johnsons, the colonists had a faithful and judicious friend in the Rev. Samuel Kirkland, a missionary to the Oneidas, and through him, his charge and the Tuscaroras were persuaded to stand neutral. Both parties to the war were early in ap- proaching the Indians. The Massachusetts congress appealed to the Iroquois to aid them or stand neutral, as early as April, 1775; in the following June, the Virginia house of burgesses sent an agent to the west- ern tribes; in August a congress was held at Albany to confer with the New York tribes; and in October another meeting was held at Pittsburgh to treat with the Delawares, Sen- ecas, and certain of the Shawanese; but in each case the Americans found the English had preceded them, and gained the hearts of the tribes. Accordingly, less pacific measures having failed, congress authorized (June 17, 1776) Washington to employ the natives where and when he could, and to offer them rewards for prisoners. The British were not less practical than prompt in securing Indian alliances. Through I the Johnsons, the savages were employed in piu’suance of carefully prepared military plans in conjunction with the movements of [ the regular troops, and each of the western forts were made stations from which the i Indians were furnished for, and directed, in their nefarious work. To Detroit, which 5 82 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. early attained a bad eminence in this respect, and the forts in the Illinois country, was assigned the conduct of the war in Kentucky and on the Virginia frontier, and the Indians, stimulated by a reward for scalps, so tilled the Kentucky forests with their straggling- parties that none of the settlers felt safe when outside of the protecting palisades of their frontier forts. It should be observed, however, that in all this “troublous time,” when the imminent danger of an Indian war, with all its terrible barbarities was well un- derstood, the flow of immigration into Ken- tucky was scarcely checked. And later, when hostilities had actually begun; when each day brought its tale of murder and destruction; when the incoming pioneer found the less stout-hearted crowding the homeward trails to the safer retreat of the older colonies — even then the decimated ranks of the Kentucky settlers were grad- ually reinforced by those whom all the ter- rors of an Indian invasion could not daunt. The situation cannot be more graphically portrayed than is done in a letter of John Floyd to Col. William Preston: Boonesboro, .July 21, 1776. My Bear Sfr;— The situation of our country is much altered since I wrote you last. The Indians seem determined to break up our settlement; and I really doubt, unless it is possible to give us some assistance, thatthegreaterpartof the people may fall a prey to them. They have, I am satisfied, killed several whom, at this time, I know not how to men- tion. Many are missing, who some time ago went out about their business, of whom we can hear nothing. Fresh sign of Indians is seen almost every day. I think I mentioned to you before, some damage they had done in Lees’ town. On the seventh of this month they killed one Cooper, on Licking Creek, and on the fourteenth, a man whose name I know not, at your salt spring on the same creek On the same day they took out of a canoe within sight of this place. Miss Betsey Callaway, her sis- ter Frances and a daughter of Daniel Boone, the two last about thirteen or fourteen years old. and the other grown. The affair happened late in the afternoon. They left the canoe on the opposite side of the river from us, which prevented our getting over for some time to pursue them. We could not that night follow more than five miles. Next morn- ing by daylight we were on their track; but they had entirely prevented our following them by walk- ing some distance apart through the thickest cane they could find. We observed their course, and on which side they had left their sign, and traveled upwards of thirty miles. We then supposed they would be less cautious in travelling, and making a turn in order to cross their traces, we had gone but a few miles when we foundthelr tracks in a buffalo path— pursued and overtook them in going about ten miles, just as they were kindling a fire to cook. Our study had been how to get the prisoners with- out giving the Indians time to murder them after they discovered us. We saw each other nearly at the same time. Four of us fired and all rushed on them, by which they were prevented from carrying anything away except one shot-gun without any am- munition. Mr. Boone and myself had each a pretty fair shot as they began to move off. I am well con- vinced that I shot one through the body. The one he shot dropped his gun; mine had none. The place was covered with thick cane, and being so much elated on recovering the three poor little heart- broken girls, we were prevented from making any further search. We sent the Indians off almost naked, some without their moccasins, and none of them without so much as a knife or tomahawk. After the girls came to themselves sufficiently to speak they told us there were only five Indians — four Shawauese and one Cherokee. They could speak good English and said they should go to the Shaw- anese towns. The war-club we got was like some I have seen of that nation. Several words of their language which the girls retained, were known to be Shawanese. They also told them that the Cherokees had killed or driven all the people from Watauga and thereabout, and that fourteen Chero- kees were then in Kentucky waiting to do mis- chief. If the war becomes general, of which there is the greatest appearance, our situation is truly alarming. We are about finishing a large fort, and intend to keep possession of this place as long as possible. They are, I understand, doing the same thing at Harrodsburg, and also on Elkhorn, at the Royal Spring. The settlement at Licking Creek, known by the name of Hinkston’s, has been broken up; nineteen of the settlers are now here on their way in — Hinkston among the rest. They all seem deaf to anything we can say to dissuade them. Ten, at least, of our own people are going to join them, which will leave us with less than thirty men at this fort. I think more than three hundred men have left the country since I came out, and not one has arrived, except a few cabiners down the Ohio. I want to return as much as any person can do; but if I leave the country now, there is scarcely one single man who will not follow the example. When I think of the deplorable condition a few helpless families are likely to be in, I conclude to sell my life as dearly as I can in their defense, I rather than make an ignominious escape. I am j afraid it is in vain to sue for any relief from Vir- i ginia; yet the convention encouraged the settle- ment of this country, and why should not the ex- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 83 treme parts of Fincastle be as justly entitled to protection as any other part of the country. If an expedition were carried on against those nations who are at open war with the people in general, we might he in great measure relieved, by drawing them off to defend their towns. If anything under Heaven can be done for us, I know of no person who would more willingly engage in forwarding us assistance than yourself. I do, at the request and in behalf of all the distressed women and children and other inhabitants of this place, implore the aid of every leading man who may have it in his power to give us relief. I cannot write. You can better guess at my ideas from what I have said than I can express them. I am, dear sir. Yours most affectionately. To my last moments, J. FLOYD. To Col. Preston. Happily, strength is not only in numbers, and assistance was nearer at hand than the author of the above letter dreamed. The year 1776 brought several valuable accessions to the sorely beset settlement in Kentucky, and moat important of all was the arrival of George Rogers Clark, as a permanent settler. He was a native of Albemarle County, Va., where he was born in November, 1752;* his early life was spent as a surveyor, a service which, at that day, demanded the highest qualifications of heart and brain. He took part in Dunmore’s war, in which he served as commander of a company, and in the following year made a visit to Kentucky. Pleased with the prospect, he determined to adopt the newly opened country as his home, and accordingly, in 1776, he made his appear- ance on the frontier. “ He fixed on no par- ticular residence— was much in the wood; incidentally visiting the forts and ostensible camps, cultivated the acquaintance of the people, and acquired an extensive knowl- edge of the. various objects presented to his curiosity or to his inspection.” (Marshall. ) His mind took a bolder flight than those of his contemporaries on the border, and look- ing beyond the present defense of isolated forts his plans contemplated the organization and protection of the whole region purchased at Fort Stanwix. The immediate demand, which outw'eighed * Collius’ Historical Sketches of Kentucky; the date given by Marshall is September, 1743. all other considerations at this period, was the political organization of this border land. Fincastle County, of Virginia, was supposed to include the frontier posts of Kentucky, though of this, the pioneers had no tangible evidence, as the scattered condition of the settlements and their remoteness from the seat of government gave them neither a voice in the constitution of the administration, nor the benefit of its provisions. At the same time, a great uncertainty prevailed, whether the country south of the Ohio River actually fell within the charter lines of North Caro- lina or Virginia; the Henderson Purchase still further complicated the situation, and the pioneers, affected both in their property and lives by these disintegrating influences, determined to settle their political relations by an appeal to Virginia. In this movement Clark was a prominent factor, and in June, 1776, the convention at Harrodstown elected him and Gabriel John Jones as members of the Virginia legislature. The election obviously had no legal force, and was not what Clark contemplated; but he had been absent from the convention, and it was evidently too late to remedy its action when he was notified of his election. He accordingly accepted the result as constitut- ing him an agent for the border community, and repaired at once to Virginia. Here he found the legislature adjourned, and the governor, Patrick Henry, lying sick at his residence in Hanover. Visiting the governor at once, Clark laid before him the necessities of the frontier and his plan for its relief. In this the governor heartily joined and gave him a letter to the council. Thus equipped, the envoy of the frontier settlements appeared before that body, presented his case and asked for 500 pounds of powder for the use of the various stations on the border. The legal status of the petitioners was not clear, however, and the council, rendered un- certain as to the political relations of these frontier settlements, felt constrained to act with great caution. Mith every desire to aid the distressed settlers, the council still felt impelled to refuse the gunpowder as a gift to fellow-citizens, but offered to lend it to them 84 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. as friends. But Clark wanted something more than gunpowder; he wanted recogni- tion, and with a boldness that characterizes his whole career, he returned the order for a loan of gunpowder, with a letter setting forth his reasons for not accepting it on such terms, intimating that the Kentuckians would look elsewhere for assistance, and added “ that a country which was not worth defending, was not worth claiming.” This spirited course had its intended effect; the council re- assembled, and without reservation placed the required powder at Pittsburgh, subject to Clark’s orders for the use of “ Kentucki.” This important matter happily adjusted, Clark wrote to his constituents of the first results of his mission and prepared to pre- sent their interests before the legislature when it should meet in the fall. It is suffi- cient to say in this place that in this part of his mission he was equally successful, and the County of Kentucky was formed. He now prepared to return to the frontier, but fortunately at the moment of departure he learned that the powder had not yet been removed from Pittsburgh, and he determined to take this route in his return, to insure the safe and prompt delivery of the needed am- munition. This undertaking was attended with difficulties of no little importance, but with his usual happy fortune, Clark succeed- ed in getting the needed supply to its des- tination. * The following year (1777) was character- ized by a more determined effort on the part of the Indians and English; the number of straggling parties of hostile savages was greatly augmented; determined attacks were made upon the strongest posts; and all but, the three principal stations were broken up and abandoned. But notwithstanding these forbidding experiences, the Kentucky settle- ment received frequent accessions, and the course of life ran on not unmixed with mer- riment in the midst of vicissitudes which made violent death a daily visitor. The good result of Clark’s mission was soon seen by the arrival of meager but acceptable rein- forcements; but that hero had not settled down into inactivity. His mind was busy with larger plans, and observing the advan- tage the British derived from the possession of the Illinois forts he conceived the plan of striking a powerful blow in defense of Ken- tucky by the capture of these posts. The necessity for some such action had already been brought to the attention of congress, and commissioners had been appointed to confer with Gen. Hand, commanding at Fort Pitt, in regard to the subject, but the achieve- ment of this object was reserved for Clark. In the summer of this year (1777), he had sent spies to reconnoiter the forts. On their return they brought intelligence of increased activity in this quarter, and such account of the whole situation as to convince Clark of the practicability of the meditated enterprise. Accordingly in August, he set out for Will- iamsburg to submit his project, but with no definite intention of asking the command of the expedition. Under date of November 19, 1779, Clark wrote a letter from “ Louisville, Falls of Ohio,” to Hon. George Mason, in which he gives a short sketch of his enterprise and proceeding in the Illinois, and from this are taken the following extracts descriptive of the organization of the expedition: I had just Reasons known to few but myself that occationed me to resolve not to have any farther Command whatever, without I should find a very great call for Troops and my Country in danger, in such case I was determined to lose my Life rather (than) we should submit. * * * But finding that we were in (an) alarming situation, the Indians desperate on one side, the Britains on the others, I immediately resolved to encourage an Expedition to the Illinois. But to make itpublick was a certain loss of it. I proposed the plan of it to a few Gen- tlemen, they communicated it to the Governor, it was immediately determined on, to put inExecution as soon as a Bill could be i^assed to enable the Gov- ernour to order it; it accordingly pass’d, though hut a few in the House knew the real intent of it. After giving the Council all the intelligence I pos- sibly could, I resolv’d to pursue my other Plans. But being desirea by the Governor to stay some- time in town, I wated with impatience he, I sup- pose, believing that I wanted the Command, and was determined to give it to me; But it was far from my inclination at that time. I was summoned to attend the Council Board, the instructions and necessary papers were ready for puting in the name of the Person to Command; I believed they expected HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 85 me to selicit for it, but I resolved, not to do so, for reasons I hinted you before. However I excepted it after being told the Command of this little Army was designed for me. I then got every request granted, and (was) fully empowered to raise as many Men as I could, not exceeding a certain num- ber; after being engaged I was then as Determined to prosecute it with Vigour, as I was before indif- ferent about the Command; I had since the begin- ning of the War taken pains to make myself ac- quainted with the situation of the British posts on the Fronteers, and since find that I was not mis- taken in my judgement. I was ordered to attact the Illinois, in case of Success to carry my Arms to any queirter I pleased. I was certain that with 500 Men I could take the Illinois, and by my treating the Inhabitants as fellow Citizens, and show them that I meant to protect them rather than treat them as a Conquered People. Engaging the Indians to our Interests, etc.. It might probably have so gi-eat an effect on their Countrymen at Detroyet (they al- ready disliked their Master) that it would be an easy prey for me. I should have mentioned my design to his Excellency, but was convinced or afraid that it might lessen his esteem for me, as it was a general opinion that it would take several thousand to approach that Place. I was happj^ with the thoughts of a fair prospect of undeceiving the Publick respecting their formidable Enemies on our Fronteers. I left Williamsburg January the 18th, made as quick dispatch as possible to the fronteers, and by the end of the month had Recruit- ing Parties disposed from Pitsburgh to Carolina, had my little Army Recruited in half the time I expected. Elivatcd with the Thoughts of the great service we should do our Country in some measure puting an end to the Indian War on our fronteers, it may appear to you to be raear presumption in me, but I was always too jealous of myself to be far wrong in the plans that I had so long studied, and since find that I could have executed it with the greatest ease if it had not been (the) following Conduct of many leading Men in the fronteers, that had hke to have put an end to the enterprise, not knowing my Destination, and through a spirit of obstinacy they combined and did everything that lay in their power to stop the Men that had Enlisted, and set the whole Fronteers in an uproar, even condescended to har- bor and protect those that Deserted; I found my case desperate, and the longer I remained the wmrse it was— I plainly saw that my Principal Design was baffled— I was resolved to push to Kentucky with what Men I could gather in West Augusta; being Joined by Capts. Bowman and Helms who had each raised a Company for the Expedition, but two- thirds of them was stopped by the undersigned Enemies to the Country that I before mentioned. In the whole I had about one hundred and fifty men col- lected and set sail for the Falls. I had previous to I this received Letters from Capt. Smith on Holdston Enforming me that he intended to meet me at that place with near two hundred Men, which encouraged me much as I was enabled by that reinforcement at least to attack the Illinois with a probability of Success, &c. I set out from Redstone the 12th day of May, leaving the Country in great confusion, much dis- tressed by the Indians. General Hand, pleased with my intentions, furnished me with every necessary I wanted and the — of May I arrived at Canoweay (Kanawha) to the Joy of the Garrison as they were very weak, & had the day before been attacted by a large Body of Indians. Being Joined by Captain Oharrard’s compy. on his way to the Osark; after spending a day or two. We set out and had a very pleasant Voyage to the falls of the Ohio, having sent Expresses to the Stations on Kentucky from the mouth of the River, for Capt. Smith to join me immediately as I made no doubt but that he was wateing for me; But you may easily guess at my mortification on being informed that he had not arrived, that all his Men had been stopped by the incessant labours of the populace, except part of a compy. , that had arrived under the Command of one captain Dellands, some on their march being threatened to be put in Prison if they did not return: this information made me Desperate as I was before Determined. Reflecting on the information that I had of some of my greatest opponents censuring the Governour for his conduct, as they thought ordering me for the protection of Kentuck}' onlj^; that and other secret impulses Occationed me in spite of all Counsel to risque the Expedition, to convince them of their error until that moment, secret to the Principal officers I had. I was sensible of the impression it Avould have on man 3 % to be taken near a thousand (miles) from the Body of their Country, to attack a People five times their number, aud merciless Tribes of Indians their Allies, and determined Enemies to us. I knew that my case was desperate, but the more I reflected on my weakness the more I was pleased with the Enterprise. .Joined b_y a few Kentuckians under Colonel Montgomery to stop desertion I knew would ensue on the Troops knowing their Destina- tion, I had encamped on a small Island in the mid- dle of the Falls, kept strict Guard on the Boats, but Lieutenant Hutchings of Dillard’s Comp 3 ^ contrived to make his escape with his party after being re- i fused leave to return, luckeh^ a few of his Men was I taken the next da}' b}’ a party sent after them: on I this Island I first began to discipline mj' little Army I knowing that to be the most essential point toward success, most of them determined to follow me, the rest seeing no probability of making escape I soon got that subordination as I could wish for; about twenty families that had followed me much against my Inclination I found now to be of service to me guarding a Block-house that I had erected on the Island to secure my Provisions. 86 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Ou the second of January, 1778, two sets of instructions were issued to “Lieut.-Ccl.” Clark; the one for the public, authorized hiru “to enlist seven companies of men, officered in the usual manner, to act as militia;* * * * to proceed to Kentucky, and there to obey such orders and directions as you shall give them for three months after their arrival at that place,'’ etc.; the other, for the guidance of the expedition, was secret, and designated the number of men for each company as fifty; directed him “with this force attack the British post at Kaskasky;” and stated that it was “in contemplation to establish a post near the mouth of the Ohio,” for which the cannon captured atKaskaskia might be avail- able, etc. The point against which the expedition was thus projected was the center of a consider- able French settlement, and the oldest per- manent European settlement in the valley of the Mississippi. In 1700, the French and Indians at old Kaskaskia had removed to a point on Kaskaskia River, near the Mississippi, 100 miles or more above the mouth of the Ohio. In 1702, Juchereau had gone across to the Wabash and founded Vincennes, and each of these points had been centers of active trade with the Indians. In 1718, Fort Char- tres was erected ou the Mississippi, sixteen miles above the village; about it sprang up the village of New Chartres; five miles away the village of Prairie du Rocher was founded; and some sixty miles above Kaskaskia was the village of Cahokia. Dui’ing the ascend- ency of the French power, the fort was an important point d'appui; it was from this point that a strong contingent went up the Ohio to the capture of George Washington and his forces at Fort Necessity; from here the detachment went out which destroyed Fort Granville, within sixty miles of Phila- delphia; another body of its troops aided in the defeat of Maj. Grant at Fort Du Quesne; and another assisted in the vain attempt to raise the British siege of Niagara. Though transferred by treaty to the En- glish in 1763, the fort was the last place in North America to lower the white ensign of the Bourbon king, and it was not until the lat- ter part of 1765 that the British formally ac- cepted the sui’render of this most remote cita- del. Pontiac, the unwavering friend of the French, took upon himself, unaided by his for- mer allies, to hold back the victorious English. Maj. Lof tus, Capts. Pitman and Morris, Lieut. Frazer, and George Crogan, some with force, some in disguise, and others with diplomacy, sought to reach the fort to accept its capitu- lation, but each one was foiled and turned back with his mission unaccomplished, glad to escape the fate of that Englishman, for whom Pontiac assured them he kept a “kettle boiling over a large fire.” The subsequent defeat of the Indians final- ly gave this forest fortress into the hands of the English, thus projecting another nation- ality into this “neck of the woods.” The secret treaty of 1762 had brought the Span- ish to the west bank of the river, and it is suggestive of the different races and varying sovereignties of this locality “that a French soldier from the Spanish city of St. Louis should be married to an Englishwoman by a French priest in the British colony of Illinois.” The English garrison occupied the old French fort until one day in 1772, when the river, having overflowed its banks, swept away a bastion and the river wall; at this, the occu- pants fled with precipitate haste to the high ground near Kaskaskia, where they erected a palisade fort. Clark’s original plan contemplated the capture of these outlying posts only as a step towards the capture of Detroit, but the diffi- culties under which he labored, as well as the fact that his “principal plan was baffled,” have been noted in his letter. On reaching the falls of the Ohio, his plans were forced to undergo another change, which he thus describes in his journal: “As Post Vincennes at this time was a town of considerable force, consisting of nearly 400 militia, with an In- dian town adjoining, and great numbers con- tinually in the neighborhood, and in the scale of Indian affairs of moi’e importance than any other, I had thought of attacking it first; but now found that I could by no means venture near it. I resolved to begin my career in the Illinois, where there were more inhabitants, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 87 but scattered in difterent villages and less danger of being immediately overpowered by the Indians; in case of necessity we could probably make our retreat to the Sj)anish side of the Mississippi; but if successful we might pave our way to the possession of Post Vin-. cennes. ” Accordingly on the 26th* of June, the ex- pedition set out from Corn Island with 153 men, and proceeded day and night until the mouth of the Tennessee was reached. Here the troops were disembarked to prepare “for a march by land;” a few hours later a compa- ny of hunters, “but eight days from Kaskas- kias,” were taken, who on being questioned were found to be colonists favorable to the American cause. The intelligence they gave was not favorable to the expedition, but they asked permission to join its fortunes and showed their loyalty by giving out to the men only such reports as they had been instructed by Clark to do. The company was re-em- barked, and on the evening of the same day ran their boats into a small creek about a mile “above the old Fort Massac. ” After resting one night, the invaders struck out for the northwest “and had a very fatiguing journey for about hfty miles,” until the plains were struck. Nothing extraordinary happened through the march except the guide’s losing his way, which for a time put the “troops in the great- est confusion,” and the commander in a great ‘ ‘ flow of rage. ” The guide recovered his bearings, however, and on the evening of July 4, the little army reached a point within three miles of Kaskaskia. Marching after night to a farm-house on the same side of the river, about a mile above the town, boats were found to take them to the side on which the fort stood; and, at the same time, it was learned from the captured family that some suspicion had been entertained of an attack a few days before, when some preparations for defense were made, but the people, “mak- ing no discoveries, had got off their guard.” The force was subsequently divided into two divisions; the one to cross the river again, *Clark’s letter to Preston. Butler places it on June 24, p. 50, note. and surround the town, the other to follow the commander in the attack on the fort. Acting upon the information that the French had been taught to hold the Americans in deadly fear, Clark provided that if the attack on the fort should succeed, persons who could speak French were to be sent through the streets of the village to proclaim “that every man of the enemy who should appear in them would be shot down.” The attack on the fort was successful, the Americans entering it by “ a postern gate left open on the river side of the f ortihcation, ” which was revealed by a hunting soldier, taken prisoner the evening before.* The programme in ref- erence to the town was successfully carried out, and in about two hours the inhabitants were disarmed; the whole having been ac- complished without one drop of bloodshed. On the 6th, Cahokia fell in like manner with- out a blow. “Post St. Vincent, a town about the size of Williamsburg,” writes Clark, “ was the next object in my view,” but at this juncture of affairs new difficulties arose to vex the sorely beset commander. The term for which the troops had enlisted had expired, and the greater part of them were determined to re- turn to their homes. The situation was most disheartening; by a happy stroke of diplo- macy the horror and detestation of the French citizens had been turned to tlie most enthusiastic loyalty, but the peasantry were an unwarlike people, and still held the power of the British in great respect. Nothing, therefore, but a show of power could confirm them in their new attitude, and secure their hearty co-operation in the plans contemplated for the capture of Vincennes and the detach- ment of the Indians from the British inter- ests. The retirement of the troops meant the tame surrender of all the valuable results of the ably planned and executed campaign — an issue which the bold leader did not con- cede possible for a moment. Acting upon implied powers bestowed by his instructions, Clark secured the re-enlistment of about 100 men for eight months, though not without ' the use of “great preasents and promises.” I I * Butler’s Uistorv of Kentucky, p. 53. 88 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. “To color my staying with so few troops,” writes Clark, “ I made a feint of returning to the falls, as though I had sufficient confi- dence in the people, hoping that the inhabi- tants would remonstrate against my leaving them, which they did in the warmest terms, proving the necessitj^ of the troops at that place, in that they were afraid, if I returned, the English would again possess the country. Then, seemingly by their request, I agreed to stay with two companies of troops, and that I hardly thought, as they alleged, that so many was necessary; but if more was wanted I could get them at any time from the falls, where they were made to believe was a considerable garrison.” In the mean- while the French had shown their faith by their works; some had accompanied the troops to Cahokia to assure its citizens of the hearty co-operation of Kaskaskia; some days later, the priest, with others, proposed to carry a proclamation to Vincennes, and by their representations to secure the voluntary alle- giance of that post; and now that troops were needed, sufficient of the citizens volunteered to complete the two companies which re- mained with Clark. These services were promptly accepted, and on August 1st, the dep- utation to Vincennes returned with the cheer- ing intelligence that the people of that place had publicly taken the oath of allegiance, and raised the flag of the colonists. “Domestic affairs being partly well settled, the Indian department came next the object” of Col. Clark’s attention, and of the first im- portance, as his appearance in the country had put them in the greatest consternation. “They were generally at war against us,” writes Clark, “ but the French and Spaniards, appearing so fond of us, confused them; they counseled with the French traders, to know what was the best to be done, and of course was advised to come and solicit for peace.” Capt. Helm was sent to Vincennes as com- mandant of that post and superintendent of the Indians thereabouts, and by him were “sent letters and speeches to the Kickapoos and Piankeshaws.” In September negotia- tions were opened with the Illinois tribes at Cahokia, where Capt. Bowman commanded. Here the remarkable diplomatic talent of Col. Clark shone with new luster; spending five weeks at this point, he negotiated treaties with ten or twelve nations; sent agents to all quarters and made his influence felt among the savages “even to the borders of the lakes.” At Vincennes the wisdom of Clark’s selection was abundantly confirmed by the tact and prudence displayed by Capt. Helm; the savages were speedily won, and joined, with a small detachment of troops from Kas- kaskia in attempting the capture of a British agent located near the site of Lafayette, Ind. Such success on the part of the Americans was not likely to pass unnoticed on the part of the enemy at Detroit, and no precaution was omitted to guard against surprise. The result of the abortive campaign by McIntosh against the lake posts was learned by the capture of an English spy at Cahokia, and at the same time uncertain information was gained of Hamilton’s intended descent upon the Illinois country. Supposing that Kas- kaskia as the most important post would be first attacked, the scouts were increased and every approach guarded with increased vigil- ance. Some of these spies were captured by the enemy, but the force at Kaskaskia learned nothing certain of the movements of the British, until news was brought in the latter part of January, 1779, that Vincennes had, been taken. The garrison at this place, con- sisting of Capt. Helm and one man, was surprised on the 17th of December, by the appearance of Hamilton at the head of 800 French, Indians and regulars, and forced to surrender, but not until the usual honors of war had been accorded by the over- anxious commander of the besiesfinoj forces. The British plan contemplated the reduc- tion of Kaskaskia also, to be followed by a vigorous attack upon the whole of Kentucky border, but the gallant behavior of Capt. Helm on this occasion gave the English gen- eral an impressive example of the character of the enemy he must expect to meet, and the rest of the fall’s campaign was deferred, the season being so far advanced as to prevent any protracted movement. There was some alarm at Kaskaskia, caused by the approach HISTORY or KENTUCKY. 89 of a party of Indians to waylay and capture Col. Clark; this attempt was soon discovered and foiled, but the general situation was none the less critical, Hamilton, deciding on no further operations that season, dis- persed his Indian allies to attack various points on the borders, but with orders to re- join him in the spring, and sent messengers to the southern tribes, 500 of whom he expected to join him in time for the spring campaign. Clark at once perceived the importance of checking these designs, and that the only probability of holding the country was to take advantage of the enemy’s present weak- ness. He accordingly proceeded to concen- trate his forces, which, all counted, numbered “only a little upwards of 200 men,” and having prepared a large boat “ mounting two four-pounders” and “four large swivels,” he set out for Vincennes with an “ inward assurance of success. ” “ But I had some secret check,” wi'ites Clark;* “we had now a route before us of 240 miles in length, through, I suppose, one of the most beautiful countries in the world, but at this time in many parts flowing with water and exceeding bad marching; -* * * the first obstruction of any consequence that I met with was on the 13th (February), arriving at the two little Wabachees; although three miles asunder, they now make but one, the flowed water be- tween them being at least three feet deep, and in many places four. * * ^ “This would have been enough to have stopped any set of men that was not in the same temper as we were. But in three days we continued to cross, by building a large canoe, ferried across the two channels — the rest of the way we waded — building scaffolds at each to lodge our baggage until the horses crossed to take it; it rained nearly a third of our march, but we never halted for it; on the evening of the 17th we got to the lowlands of the river Umbara (Embarrass), which we found deep in water, it being nine miles to St. Vincent’s, which stood on the east side of the Wabache, and every foot of the way covered with deep water; we marched down the little river in order to gain the banks of the main, which we did in about three leagues, made a small canoe and sent an express to meet the boat and hurry it up; from the spot we now lay on (it) was about ten miles to town, and every foot of the way put together, that was not three feet and up- ward under water, would not have made the length of two miles and a half, and not a mouthful of provision. * * ^ to our inexpressible joy, on the evening of the 23d we got safe on terra firma within half a league of the fort, covered by a small grove of trees where we had a full view of the wished-for spot. * * * We had already taken some prisoners that was coming from the town. Laying in this grove some time to dry our clothes by the sun, we took another prisoner known to be a friend, by which we got all the intelligence we wished for.” At this point Clark determined to act with his accustomed boldness. Writing a letter to the inhabitants that he was before the town, and of his designs, he expressed the wish that those who intended to support the English would repair to the fort, while others should keep close to their houses, “other ways there should be no mercy shown them.” He also sent the “compliments of several officers that was known to be expected to reinforce me”; and with this he dispatched the prisoner to the beleagured village. As it was an open plain from his point of cover to the fort, Clark timed his approach so as to bring his lines in sight of the place just before dark, and taking advantage of the undula- tions of the land, “dispose ! the lines in such a manner that nothing but the pavilions* could be seen, having as many of them as would be sufficient for a thousand men.” The houses so obstructed the view from the fort that the garrison was not apprised of the presence of the foe until the Americans had full posses- sion of the town, and a soldier was wounded while looking out of a port-hole to learn the cause of the disturbance, supposing it to be occasioned by drunken Indians. With this the battle began; the artillery of the fort “played briskly but did no execu- *Letter to Col. Preston. *Flags. 90 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. tion;” the Americans, “shielded by houses, palings and ditches,” got up within eighty or a hundred yards of the fort, and maintained a continuous tire all night; but “never was a heavier fire kept up for eighteen hours with so little damage done.” The boldness of Col. Clark had not been without its effect, how- ever, and notwithstanding the “little damage done,” the English commandant seemed to delay his surrender only for a fitting oppor- tunity. About 9 o’clock on the following morning (February 24), Clark sent a flag to the garrison, demanding its immediate sur- render, warning the officer in command against the destruction of any papers in his possession, and adding: “For if I am obliged to storm, you may depend on such treatment as is justly due to a murderer.” To this Hamilton returned a dignified re- fusal, whereupon the besiegers began a hot fire upon the fort, killing or wounding several of the garrison through the port-holes. The English commander’s apprehensions rapidly getting the better of his dignity he soon pro posed a truce for three days; this Clark per- emptorily declined, and reiterated his de- mand for an immediate and unconditional surrender. After a conference in which the fears of the Enarlish lieutenant-ffovernor were raised to the highest point, articles of surrender were agreed upon. About 10 o’clock on the 25th, the American flag rose over the fort, and the American troops took possession. With this surrender ended all English pretensions to this region. On the official announcement of Clark’s first success in the Illinois country, the Vir- ginia legislature took prompt action to secure the dominion thus acquired, and in October, 1778, passed “an act for the establishing of the County of Illinois,and for the more effec- tual protection and defense thereof.” This act, after reciting the facts of the expedition, projected and carried to success by Virginia militia, provided that all citizens of Virginia settled west of Ohio should be included in the new and distinct county, and authorized the governor to appoint the usual officers for the administration of civil affairs. For the important post of county- lieutenant, Gov. Henry selected John Todd, and on the 12th of December indited upon the opening pages of a record- book, his letter of instructions to the newly appointed officer. This also con- stituted his commission and reached him at Vincennes, shortly after its surrender, in February, 1779, whither Col. Todd had ac- companied the expedition which had effected its capture. The adjustment of private af- fairs engaged his attention for the time, and it was not until the following May that he arrived at Kaskaskia, and assumed the duties of his new office, in the discharge of which he continued until his death at the battle of Blue Lick, in 1782. No successor to him seems to have been appointed, the cession of •the Northwest having been made by the Vir- ginia assembly in December of the following year. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 91 CHAPTER lY. K AN-TUCK-KEE, pronounced, according to Marshall, with “ a strong emphasis,” is a word of Indian origin, applied by the savages to a “long deep-channeled, andclifty river,” emptying into the Ohio from the South about midway between Louisville and Cincinnati, and was very early used by this people to designate a considerable scope of country lying adjacent to its banks. It is said to signify “river of blood,” and to re fer to that prehistoric age of which there are few scientific data save those found in certain mounds found here and there in the country — “casual relics of antiquity, thus left upon this distant shore of time, telling no tale but that such things had been and had perished ” Of these mementoes of a forgotten past, Kentucky divides with Ohio and Illinois the distinction of possessing the larger share of those found in North America. It was not to be expected that these ancient monuments should long escape the exploring eye of science, and their discovery, with the presence of the Indian, early gave rise to numerous hypotheses to account for the peo- pling of the “New World.” In the early his- tory of scientific investigation, however, these relics formed but a minor part of the evidence relied upon to support the various theories entertained in regard to the origin of the Americans. Philological and ethno- logical peculiarities of the various peoples on the earth, with more or less mythical tradi- tions current in every nation, supplied a more tangible and accommodating material with which to eke out preconceived theories, and from such materials arose hypotheses that, while they did not answer all the condi- tions of the problem, yet possessed so many half truths as to make them for years not untenable in the dawn of scientific progress. Even now, in the brighter light of recent investigations, however much later develop- I ments may disallow the authority of their I data, or the justness of their conclusion, ' these early fancies still possess a fascination for the speculative student that will not let them utterly die. Greologists have long believed that there was a time when the “ lands now called Italy and Spain were joined to Africa, and in place of the Mediterranean Sea were only a j few land-locked basins; when the British I Islands as far north as the Shetlands were a part of the continent; when the present bot- tom of the North Sea was a low, wide plain i covered probably by magnificent forests, I through which the Khine, with the Elbe and ; the Thames as its tributaries, wound its way to discharge its waters at length into the ocean north of Scandinavia; and when the western boundary of Europe was far out in the Atlantic beyond the present coasts of Ire- land and France, extending in an unbroken line from the Arctic Ocean to Africa.”* Bolder theorists, accepting the suggestions of Hum- boldt that the summits of the Madeira and Canary Islands may once have been a part of the chain of the Atlas Mountains, have ex- tended this hypothetical range to the West Indies, and constructed a continent which once joined Africa with Central America. It would be impossible to note within ordinary limits the philological and ethno- logical comparisons which afford the data from which are di’awn the plausible argu- ments arrayed in support of these early theories, or the legends which form so im- portant a featui-e in the chain of evidence relied upon. Prominent among the latter, however, is the story of the lost Atlantis, THE DARK AND BLOODY GROUND— ITS PREHISTORIC ANNALS. *Prehistorie man ; Bryant’s History U. S. ; vide Rafinesque, el al. 92 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. which Plato records as related to Solon by an Egyptian priest; some 9,000 years before his time, the priest said, a great insular con- tinent, including the Azores, Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde Islands, and reaching far out into the ocean, was destroyed by an earth- quake and submerged, with all its powerful and warlike race of inhabitants. Of these early archaeological speculations, one which possesses the additional interest afforded by a local coloring is found in the introductory pages of Marshall’s “History of Kentucky,” published in 18‘24. In this article the learned Prof. Ratinesque* has briefly noted the regular succession of the principal events which preceded the advent of the modern nations upon this continent. He adopts a theory which harmonizes the various suggestions as to a derivative origin of the Americans, and makes the “Atalan’’ and “Cutan” nations, which found their way thither from the east, the pioneers of human existence in America; subsequently the “Iztacan” and “Oghuzians” coming from the west invaded the first settlements, and eventually became masters of the situa- tion. The periods which cover the evolution of this prehistoric society are, (1st) from the dispersion of mankind to the first discov- ery of America, including several centuries; (2nd) from the discovery of America to the founding of the western empires, including some centuries; (3d) from the foundation of these empires to the Pelegian revolution of nature, including several centuries; (4th)from the Pelegian revolution to the invasion of the Iztacan nations, including about twelve centuries; (5th) from the Iztacan invasion to the decline and fall of the Atalan and Cutan nations in North America, including about thirty centuries to the present time. It will be observed that these periods are ^Prof. C. S. Eafinesque was a gentleman of great and very versatile talent. Pie was one of the pioneers in scientific research, and much of his work has been superseded by more recent investigations. His “Annals of Kentucky,’’ of which ex- tended notice is made in these pages is entitled to considera- tion only as a curious speculation which ihe vague ideas enter- tained at his time alone could warrant. He was born at Galata, Turkey, in 1784; came to America in 1802; in 1819 was made Professor of Natural Sciences in the Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky., a position he held for seven years. He died in Philadelphia, in 1840. He published several works on scientific subjects, none of which survive save his writings on '‘Recent and Fossil Conchology,” edited by W. G. Binney and G. W. Tryon, Jr. entirely arbitrary, good for this theory and theorist only, and begin with the cessation of the Biblical flood. To the first period is as- signed the primary activities of the second era of human existence; the repeopling of the earth; the dispersion of mankind; the expansion of patriarchal families into the first colonies of primitive nations; and the growth of these nations into independent historical factors. Then followed those social convulsions that find expression in revolution, conquest and predatory wars, eventually resulting in the consolidation of many of the national fragments into one powerful empire by the prowess of the war- like “Atlantes” of Africa. The sway of this empire which “lasted many ages” extended from North Africa to the British Islands; and to the splendor of its power was added the glory of discovery. Of the islands which now lie off the northwestern coast of Africa, Prof. Rafin- esque constructs “one or more” prehistoric islands called “Atlantic Islands, which have given the name to the Atlantic Ocean.” From these certain bold navigators ar’e sup- posed to have found their way to the West Indies, driven by trade winds; and from thence to have discovered the mainland. This discovery found the people of the whole empire ready to seek new fortunes and adventure in the new land, and a great throng of immigrants soon spread over the American continent, the “marshy plains” bordering the large rivers, and the active volcanoes of South America, no less than the fertile spots of North America, determin- ing the site of the new settlements. The “Atlantes” of America became known as “Atalans,” from “Atala,” a name givento the newly discovered land, while the emigrants of many subject nations contributing to the population of the New World were generic - ally designated as “Cutans.” The Atlantic shore, it is said, was then an arid waste but recently emerged from the sea, and the “Great White Land (Mahaswe-ta-Bhumi of Hind)” beyond the Alleghanies “became the seat of a great empire.” This wonderful ex- j pansion does not seem to have endangered HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 93 the existence of the great aggregation of empires, the limits of which now touch the Ganges on the south and the Mississippi and Lake Ontario on the north. While the em- pire of the western continent had its own rulers, and a long succession of them, the African emperors were “acknowledged gen- erally as lords paramount.” Such was the situation of affairs when oc- curred that wonderful cataclysm in which the traditional island of Atlantis was lost, and the whole face of the world materially changed. This fearful convulsion of nature severed all connection between the hemi- spheres, each survivor among the nations be- lieving the other destroyed. Thus isolated, and the cohesive power of the government destroyed by the abolition of the object of common allegiance, the empire became di- vided into numerous nations, of which the “ Talegans,” occupying Kentucky and con- tiguous States, and the “ Apalans, south of them, were two of the most powerful empires of that period. ” Then followed (5th period ) the attack of the “Iztacans,” named from their ancestor “ Iztac.” These people corres- pond to those of the “ Mongolian immigra- tion,” to which many theorists assign the first peopling of America. Accoi’ding to Prof. Rafinesque, they may have crossed the Behring Strait before the “ Pelegian ” cata- clysm, but it was some centuries before they came in contact with the older occupants of the Mississippi Valley. Of this race, the “ Olmecas or Hulmecs ” first came in contact with the “Talegans,” but, unable to subdue them, passed into Tennessee, and finally went to Anahuac. Other Iztacan nations fol- lowed; came in collision with the “ Talegans” with no better success, and followed in the footsteps of their predecessors, with whom they formed alliances, and constituted the great “Natchez” confederation or empire. This empire was found, more or less firmly t established, northward from Anahuac to Ala- ' bama, Tennessee and Missouri, and waged frequent wars with the “ Talegans.” About five centuries later occurred the “Oghuzian” invasion. The Natchez empire had gained some success in its wars with the “ Atalans,” and at this time held the country from “ the Ohio to Florida, and from the Alleghanies to the Mississippi. * * * The nations forming this empire or league, were civilized and cultivators; they became polished by their intercourse with the Ata- lans, and borrowed many customs from them. They worshiped the sun and fire, but did not build circular temples, erecting instead pyramids and high altars, generally of a square or angular form. * * * * * At the Oghuzian invasion, the Taencas, a Natchez. tribe, occupied West Kentucky, the Huasiotos were in East Kentucky, and some Talegans still held the banks of the Ohio, etc. “ The Cherokees or Zulocans, an Atalan nation dwelling west of the Mississippi, be- ing driven by the Oghuziaus, came to Ken- tucky and Tennessee, and settled at last after many wars in the mountains of Carolina, where they became a nation of hunting mountaineers, and gradually destroyed the Huasioto nation of the Cumberland Moun- tains. The Shawanees, an Oghuzian tribe, came then in contact with the Natchez and expelled them from Kentucky, which the vic- tors occupied for a long time. The Talegans north of the Ohio were partly destroyed or driven south through Kentucky to join the Apalachians, or down the Mississippi toward Louisiana and Mexico.” And with these peoples, the Natchez (Iztacans) and Oghuz- ians, divided by various influences into nu- merous petty tribes, were waging their inter- necine wars when the Europeans came upon the scene. Such confusions of fact and fable are cer- tainly not history; but while the result of the latest and most exhaustive examination* of these theories, that “ no man at the pres- sent day can tell the origin of the American,” may be accepted as the truth of the matter, yet it is considered not impossible by a well informed essayist (Bryant’s Hist. F. S.), that “ in them may yet be found some aid in put- ting together the Ttn written story of the early human race on this continent.” But the true relation between these speculations and the teachings of true science does not yet ap- =^'Native Races of the Pacific States. H. H. Bancroft. 94 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. pear. The developments of science during the past half-century have not been few nor unimportant, but they have supplied little of detail, and have rather widened than re- stricted the field for speculation. Thus far, scientific deductions have been largely nega- tive in their conclusions, destroying confi- dence in old systems of chronology, and in the value of the various historical traditions formerly relied upon, without supplying any- thing definitive in their place. Here and there disconnected discoveries establish the fact that man existed in a period so remote, that, in its contemplation, a thousand years are “ as a watch in the night, ” and in the archaeological calendar, his career is marked by the chipped flint (Palaeolithic) and the polished stone periods (Neolithic) of the stone age, the bronze and iron ages; but of the centuries involved in each or any age the scientist knows scarcely more of the number than the school -boy. If, however, the later developments of science have only vaguely outlined the great problem of man’s antiquity, they have been none the less radical in their influence upon the earlier deductions, Little more than twenty-five years ago, the Biblical chronology constructed by Bishop IJsher had the sup- posed sanction of divine revelation as well as of science, and followers of this system had placed “the various migrations of men, the confusion of tongues, the peopling of con- tinents, the development of types, the whole evolution of human society, within the nar- row compass of little more than 4,000 years,’’ and yet, upon this settled state of security the revelation of the caves in Eng- land, Germany and France, and the lakes of Sv/itzerland, came like an ominous lightning: flash from a clear sky. Incredulous and pious people saw, in the new assumption of science, the covert attack of infidelity upon the validity of the Bible, while the scientist welcomed the new light, and sought in geol- ogy the only safe basis of antiquarian re- search. The receding echoes alone are left of this short-lived contest between dogma and discovery; attempts at constructing prehis- toric chronologies are at least suspended; and without surrendering anything of biblical confidence, mankind is slowly acquiring a faint conception of the stupendous work of creation. Whether the “elder man” was a resident of this continent is still an open question with scientists, but which the general belief expects to be decided in the affirmative. To this solution America’s greatest geologist has paved the way in assigning to the Western Hemisphere an antiquity which was formerly believed not possible. “First-born among the continents, though so much later in cul- ture and civilization than some of more recent birth, America, so far as her physical history is concerned, has been falsely denom- inated the New World. Hers was the first dry land lifted out of the waters; hers the first shore washed by the ocean that enveloped all the earth beside; and while Europe was repre- sented only by islands here and there above the sea, America already stretched an un- broken line of land from Nova Scotia to the far West.” (Agassiz.) If this high antiquity of the Western Hemisphere be true, it is obvious that communication between the two hemispheres may have been effected some ages earlier than the period heretofore assigned; arid if the suggestion of early geol- ogists that the continents once approached nearer to each other than now, or that the two worlds were once connected by a conti- nental causeway, be accepted, speculation and science may unite to provide the primitive American a derivative origin in the Palseo- lithic age. It is to geological research that science now turns for a solution of this question, and the principal obstacle in achieving unquestioned results is not so much the lack of evidence as the difficulty of its verification. In the absence of the cave and lake testimony, which has so authoritatively established the former existence of the primitive man on the Eastern Hemisphere, dependence is here placed upon the testimony of superficial deposits and nat- ural or artificial exhumation of fossil remains. Of the superficial deposits, the more common are the stone relics found strewn broad-cast over the land. These are seriously invali- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 95 dated as evidence, however, by the fact that the Indians were discovered here in the stone age of development, and so similar are the implements of this age in all countries and times, that in a confused collection of these remains no scientist professes ability to dis- tinguish with certainty the modern product from the ancient, save as their original sit- uation and surroundings mark the probable period of their origin. Other evidence of this character is supplied by the shell-heaps which are found along the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to Florida. These have been classed by Sir Charles Lyell as identical with the garbage heaps (Kjokken-Moddings) of Denmark, which have given such satisfac- tory evidence of the presence of the primitive man. The American shell-heaps are much less positive in their testimony; they are evidently the refuse of shell -fish eaten by some race of men, and their number and frequent large size clearly indicate the pres- ence of a large population. These relics have scarcely received merited attention from scientific explorers, though such examinations as have been made seem to justify the emi- nent English geologist’s classification. The late Prof. Jeffries Wyman examined the structure and contents of some of these heaps and found no evidence of their having origi- nated with the Indians, while trees g-rowing upon them “showed, by their annular growth, an age antedating from one to three centuries the landing of Columbus. ”* In addition to this evidence, several re- markable discoveries of human remains are recorded which, if only well authenticated, would seem to settle any doubt that may ex- ist as to the presence of the ‘ ‘elder man” on this continent. Of these the earliest was made by Dr. Koch, of St. Louis (1839), who dug up from the bottom-land of the Bour- beuse River, in Missouri, the bones of a mas- todon, about which were found weapons of the stone age “in such juxtaposition as to show that man and beast had met there in deadly hostility.” There is no serious in- =^These shell-heaps, it should he added, are not confined to the Atlantic border. They are also found at various points along the more important rivers of the country. P. 14, Bryant’s History of the United States. See Note 1, Appendix A. congruity in the claims of this discovery, which would scarcely be questioned if the presence of the “first inhabitant” had been settled before this exploration. But science is very jealous for the truth and will accept nothing upon which a shadow of doubt can rest. It is considered remarkable “that sub- sequent deposits of earth should have so completely covered these.frail remains, with- out disturbing them, that they could be ex- humed in their original condition so long afterward.” The discoverer proved to be an unscientific enthusiast, and notwithstanding his integrity is vouched for by respectable witnesses, the “find” is robbed of much of its scientific value by the doubt in which Dr. Koch’s scientific ability is held. Other dis- coveries by the same explorer, equally re- markable and valuable if authenticated, share the fate of the former. Some five years after Dr. Koch’s first dis- covery, the fragment of a human bone was found at Natchez, Miss., in association with the bones of the extinct megalonyx and other extinct animals. These relics were found in a fissure in the earth caused by the memorable earthquake of 1811-12, and were examined by Lyell in 1816. There is no ques- tion as to the genuineness of these remains, but with an excess of caution the celebrated geologist suggests that these bones may have been brought into their discovered rela- tion by the human bone falling from the siu’- face. This opinion is now generally adopted, though Lyell subsequently held that “had the pelvic bone belonged to any recent mamifer other than man, such a theory would never have been resorted to. ” In 1852, a human skeleton was exhumed from a depth of sixteen feet, in New Orleans, while work- men were making an excavation for the foun- dation of gas works. Above the remains were found evidences of “four successive buried forests of cypress,” and competent judges suggest that these bones may have rested there 50,000 years. On the Petit Ause Island evidences of man’s activities have been discovered in close association with bones of the mastodon and elephant, but the erratic cnaracter of the river makes this 96 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. association of relics less conclusive, as it is suggested that the wash of the hills may have mingled the remains of various periods.* Similar testimony is to be derived from discoveries made in Illinois, South Carolina, and especially in the gold drift of California. Of the contributions of the latter, the most notable is the “Pliocene skull,” the popular conception of which is derived more widely, perhaps, from a characteristic poem by Bret Harte, than from scientific publications. A reputed discovery of a fragment of a human cranium “180 feet below the surface of Table Mountain, in association with fos- sil bones of extinct animals,” was made in 1857. Some ten years later, “the Plio- cene skull” was discovered, which the state geologist. Prof. Whitney, as well as other scientists, believes to be an authen- tic discovery. “The shaft in which the bone was buried is 150 feet deep, and was sunk through five beds of lava and volcanic tufa, and four beds of gold-bearing quartz. In this superincumbent mass no crack or crevice was apparent through which the bone cotild have fallen to so great a depth, and the in- ference, therefore, is that it was deposited in the place where it lay when that was on the surface of the earth’s crust, and that over it in subsequent ages were piled up the suc- cessive beds of gravel and volcanic cinders. If this be true of these skulls, then the man they represented lived before the human race appeared in Europe, so far as yet ascer- tained.” (Hist. U. S., Bryant.) Such evi- dences raise a strong presumption that the primitive man was once a resident of this continent, but the fact can be demonstrated only by such a recurrence of “finds” as will *The recent discovery of pipes fashioned in the unmistaka- ble form of the elephant seems to afford reasonable ground to be- lieve that the people to whom they originally belonged had been co-e‘iistent with the elephant on this continent, and affords strong confirmation of the judgment of scientists, who assign this animal as the object which is symbolized in the Wisconsin mound. The first of these pipes was accidentally discovered about 1S7.3, by a German farmer, in Louisa County, Iowa. He knew nothing of the importance of his discovery, and used it in his smoking, subsequently presenting it to a relative, who .also used it. It was not until about 1880 that it came to the at- tention of scientists. The owner was then loth to part with what he esteemed a curious trinket, but it subsequently being broken he sold it for or $3, to be placed in the State museum. This pipe stimulated the prosecution of explor.ationsin mounds in the county in hope of discovering others, and Mr. Blumer was so fortunate as to find anotherequally good specimen of this rare relic. A full description of the pipes, with an account of their discovery, may be found in the American Naturalist for April, 1882, Vol. XVI, No. 4. remove professional doubt from the scientific mind. Coming down to a later time — one proba- bly falling within the historic period, ac- cording to Prof. Foster — are found the more tangible traces of an early race of men. Of this people, named from the char- acter of their remains, the Mound-Builders, the evidences are found vastly multiplied, and of such a character as to affora means of a reasonable conjecture as to their mode of life, their advancement in civilization, and final destiny. These evidences, though first accepted with great distrust, have been so amplified and confirmed by more recent re- searches, as to leave no room for intelligent dissent to the former existence of this race. The remains upon which this conclusion is based “consists,” says Mr. Foster,* “of tumuli symmetrically raised and often in- closed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon and circle, with long lines of circumvallation; of pits in the solid rock, and rubbish heaps formed in the prosecu- tion of their mining operations, and of a variety of utensils, wrought in stone, copper or molded in clay. ” In the theory of Prof. Eafinesque, the origin of these works are assigned to two different periods and peoples; those of “ circular, elliptical and conical shapes ” are referred to the “ Atalans ” and kindred na- tions, while those of pyramidal form and “ high altars, generally of square or angular form, ” are referred to the succeeding “ Izta- cans,” who may have been allied by origin to the Pyramid-Builders of other parts of the world. Though the professor claims that the earlier structures “ may be easily dis- tinguished from the subsequent Iztacan monuments by a greater antiquity,” and the difference in form, later investigators have not accepted such a theory as supported by the evidence. All these remains are asigned to a single race, the different forms of the structure being held to indicate only the different uses for which they were designed. The traces of the Mound- Builders’ occupa- tion are found throughout the broad expanse *“ Prehistoric Races of the United States,’" Chicago, 1873. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 97 of the Mississippi Valley, reaching as far north as the lakes, indicating the former existence of a great empire, the center of which, as marked by the more important works, being located on the Ohio Eiver and on the Mississippi near the same latitude. There is a wide diversity of form and character in these re- mains, but a careful examination of all the evidences justifies the belief that a fixed principle underlies their construction, and that a different form indicates a different ob- ject to be attained in its erection. Typical mounds, therefore, have been classed by Squier and Davis* with reference to their supposed use as follows: Inclosures — 1, for defense; 2, sacred; 3, miscellaneous. Mounds — 1, of sacrifice; 2, for temple sites; 3, sepulture; 4, observation. Both enclosures and mounds belong to the same system, but instances are not wanting where each is found without the other. Inclosures which are generally referred to the military operations of the Mound-Build- ers consist of simple earth-works throwm up to the height of from five to twenty-five feet, and upward of twenty-five feet thick at the base, inclosing an area of from five to about 150 acres. At the foot of these lines of cir- cumvallation is a moat or ditch of a width varying from twenty -five to fifty and eighty feet, the relative location of which is an im- portant feature with many in determining the character of the structure. By some writers the ditch on the outside is considered essential to characterize the inclosure as a fortification; but to this demand Prof. Foster has pointed out the fact that the at- tack of savages and the natural defense are both quite different from the military opera- tions of civilized people; and that in the fortifications of the Mandans, the ditch is constructed on the inside, an arrangement that would facilitate the mode of defense which certain circumstances suggest, i. e., of rolling stones from the summit of the em- bankment upon the attacking party. Writers in general, however, disregard this distinc- tion, and works with ditches on either side *“ Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge,” Washington D. C., 1848, Vol. I, p. : are classed as defensive, the location beinar the decisive feature in the investigation. In this connection an author remarks: “ But when in addition to this (exterior ditch), we find a line of simple or bastioned works occu- pying a peninsular terrace or a precipitious height ‘covering’ an important region of country, commanding every position, guard- ing every approach, served by protected lines of communication, and convenient to points of supply, there would seem to be no further room to doubt.”* Other inclosures do not readily fall into any strict classification. Those classed as sacred differ from the defensive structures principally in being located on level plateaux, and including within their walls mounds of sacrifice, temple sites and sepulture, as all of these uses were undoubtedly sacred to the IMound-Builders. In the miscellaneous class are placed a large number of inclosures, the purpose of which there are no data to ex- plain; the areas thus defined are irregular in form and vary greatly in size; and sugges- tions as to their use have assigned them a varying importance, from the demesne of a primitive lord to the site of a walled town. •‘There can be little doubt,” suggests Prof. Foster, “ that the Mound-Builders had their national games which were celebrated within these inclosures. They had, too, their relig- ious observances, their funeral services, and their grand councils; but no clear line, I think, can be drawn in reference to the dif- ferent purposes of these structui’es. ” Mounds of sacrifice, or altars, as they are variously termed, are generally characterized by the fact “that they occur only within the vicinity of the inclosures or sacred places; that they are stratified, and that they contain symmetrical altars of burned clay or stone, on which were deposited various remains, *Thom:is E. Pickett, M. D., in Collins’ Historical Sketches of Kentuckj-. A remarkable stone fort situated on an elevated narrow ridge at the mouth of Fourteen-mile Creek, in Clarke County, Ind., is referred to this class of structures. The highest part of the ridge is 280 feet above the level of tlie Ohio, and its summit is guarded partly by an abrupt natural escarpment of rock and partly by an artifical stone wall. The latter is con- structed of loose stones regularly laid up but without mortar, and in one place is about 150 feet long. -‘It is built along the slope of the hill and had an elevation of about seventy-five feet above its base, the upper ten feet being vertical. The inside of the wall is protected by a ditch.’’ Another much longer inter- val unprotected by the natural escarpment was defended by a similar artificial stone wall, ‘'but not more than ten feet Itigh.” See Report of Geological Survev of Indiana for 1873, p. 126. 6 98 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. which in all cases have been more or less subjected to the action of fire.” (Squier and Davis.) These characteristics are not all uniformly present, however. In the “American Bottom,” where the mound sys- tem reached its highest development, the mounds of this class are not inclosed; and others are found with unmistakable evidences of being used for sacred purposes, but with no symmetrical structure answering to the typical altar. The remains found in these mounds consist of the manufactures of the people, beads of shell, pipes, tubes of copper, etc., etc. What the ceremonies were that were performed before these altars, archaeol- ogists are at a loss to conjecture. From cer- tain evidences it is believed that human sac- rifice found a place in their worship, but the data relied upon may only prove that the Mound-Builders practiced cremation. Fire was undoubtedly used in their worship, as ‘ ‘ the altars or basins found are almost in- variably of burned clay, although a few of stone have been discovered.” These altars are elevated basins seldom exceeding a height of twenty inches, and are generally found resting on the surface level beneath a mound regularly heaped over it in layers of different materials, though in a few excejffions they are found on a thin layer of sand. They are symmetrical in their construction, but not uniform in size nor shape, varying in these respects from a circle of a two- foot diameter to a parallelogram of 50x15 feet. Temple-Mounds are described by Squier and Davis as “ distinguished by their great regularity of form and general large dimen- sions. They consist chiefly of pyramidal structures truncated, and generally having graded avenues to their tops. In some in- stances they are terraced, or have successive stages. But whatever their form, whether round, oval, octangular, square or oblong, they have invariably flat or level tops,” upon which the temples are supposed to have been erected, but being constructed of perishable material they have decayed and left no sign of their former existence. Mounds of this class are found much less numerous toward the north, traces of them at Aztalan, Wis., being the northernmost limits of those dis- covered; they are not found in the lake re- gion, nor on that line which seems to mark the farthest advance of these people. The principal of these structures are found at Oahokia, 111.; near Florence and Clai- borne, Tenn, ; at Selzartown, Miss.; at Mari- etta, Newark and Chillicothe, the only places where the temple-mound is found in south- ern Ohio, and at St. Louis, Mo. Some very remarkable mounds of this class occur in Kentucky, on the “Long Bottom” of Cum- berland River, in Adair County, also near Cadiz, Trigg County, near Mount Sterling, and in Hickman and McCracken Counties. In Whitley County is one 360 feet long, 150 feet wide, and 12 feet high, with graded as- cents, and at Hopkinsville, Christian County, is one of great size, upon which the court house is built. (See Squier and Davis, p. 175.) The mound at Cahokia, “the monarch of all similar structures in the United States,’^ may well serve as a type. When unimpaired by decay, this mound formed a huge parallel- ogram. with sides at the base respectively 500 and 700 feet in length, and reaching to the height of 90 feet. On the southwest there was a terrace, 160x300 feet, which was reached by a graded way; the summit was truncated, affording a level area of 200x400 feet in extent. This great mound covered an area of six acres, and, it is conjectured, bore up a great temple, perhaps the principal one of the Mound-Builders’ empire. In close proximity to this mound were four other ele- vated platforms, varying from 250 to 300 feet in diameter. The great mounds at St. Louis and Marietta reach a height of thirty- five feet, and the one at Claiborne, Tenn. , reaches nearly fifty feet in height. The pyramidal form of this class of struct- ure has given rise to a speculation which at- tempts to connect the Mound-Builders with the ancient Egyptians, but such an attempt seems to proceed upon hasty generalizations to conclusions which are generally rejected by archaeologists. The relation of this form of the temple mound to the Teocallis of Cen- tral America appears to be well defined, and constitutes, according to Prof. Foster, “one of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 99 the strongest links in the chain which con- nects the ancient inhabitants of the Missis- sippi Valley with those of Mexico and Cen- tral America.” “Sephnlchral mounds,” says Mr. Foster, “consist often of a simple knoll, or group of knolls, of no considerable height, without any definite arrangement Examples of this character may be seen at Dubuque, Merom, Chicago and Laporte, which, on exploration, j have yielded skulls differing widely from the Indian type. * * * The corpse was almost invariably placed near the original surface of the soil, enveloped in bark or coarse matting, and, in a few instances, frag- ments of cloth have been observed in this connection. Sometimes a vault of timber was built over it, and in others it was in- closed in long, and broad flags of stone. Sometimes it was plac'ed in a sitting posi- tion, again it was extended, and still again compressed within contracted limits. Trink- ets were often strung about the neck, and water jugs, drinking cups, and vases, which probably contained food, were placed near the head. Over the corpse, thus arrayed, a circular mound was often raised, but some- times nothing more than a hillock.” There seems to have been a wide diversity in the burial customs of this people; a large number of mounds are found to be the depos- itory of a single body; others seem to indi- cate that some distinguished person had been accompanied in death by his personal attend- ants, who were placed about him in the tomb; and still others indicate a miscella- neous burial of large numbers without partic- ular arrangement. The use of fire in the disposition of the dead is apparent, though not in every case; nor is it clear that when used it was for the purpose of cremation. A thin coating of moist clay was applied to the body, nude or wrapped in a coarse fabric, and upon this a fire was maintained for a time, more or less prolonged, but in most cases the heat was not sufficient to destroy the cloth, which has sometimes been found in a good state of preservation. This, evidently, was not the result of inattention, as “all the cir- cumstances seem to indicate that burial was a solemn and deliberate rite, regulated by fixed customs;” cremation and urn burial were also practiced. “Mounds of observation,” is rather a fan- ciful classification intended to mark isolated mounds found on elevated sites, the character of which generally discourages the idea that they could have been considered desirable places of residence. This theory of special purpose, however, has not been accepted as supported by any particular evidence; the Mound- Builders undoubtedly had need of such signals as the Indians still use, a flame by night and a smoke by day, and certain mounds have been found in positions where such a signal could be seen for a score of miles about. There are also a large number of mounds found that do not fall into any of these classes. Of these, the widest divergence from the typical mound is found in Wisconsin. Here, instead of the circular or pyramidal structure, are found forms, for the moat part consisting of rude, gigantic imitations of various animals of the region, such as the buffalo, bear, fox, wolf, .^tc. ; of the eagle, and night-hawk, the lizard and turtle, and in some instances the unmistakable form of man. These, though not raised high above the surface, and even in some cases repre- sented in intaglio, attain the largest dimen- sions; one representing a serpent extending 700 feet, and another representing a turtle, had a body fifty-six, and a tail 250 feet long. The significance of these peculiar forms has not been determined, but unmistakable evi- dences have been discovered, which mark them as the work of the same race whose structures are found elsewhere, so numerous throughout the Mississippi Valley. The “Garden Beds of the Northwest” are found in lower Wisconsin, northern Indiana, and Michigan — all in the region bordering on Lake Michigan. Their resemblance to the beds of a garden suggests the name ap- plied to them,, though their lines are not uniformly regular. Some of the plats form a parallelogram, others are variously curved, while others are in the form of parallel ridges “as if corn had been planted in 100 HISTORY or KENTUCKY. drills.” The beds in Wisconsin suggest an age more recent than the mounds, “ as they sometimes extend across them in the same manner as over the adjoining grounds.” There is, in addition to these mounds, a large number which — following Mr. F. W. Putnam — whom Mr. Foster quotes at length, may be called “habitation mounds.” A large number of these are described as located at Merom, Ind., and a group of tifty- uine mounds at Hutsonville, 111. , a few miles above the former place and across the Wabash River. These mounds were care- fully examined, to ascertain if they were places of burial, without discovering a single bone or implement of any kind, but, on the contrary, the excavation showed that the mounds had been made of the various mate- rials at hand, and in one case ashes were found, which had probably been scraped up with other material and thrown upon a heap. In the ancient fort at Merom, in depressions observed within the earth works, were found striking evidences of food having been cooked and eaten there, and the conclusion drawn by Mr. Putnam is that these pits were the houses of the inhabitants or defenders of the fort, who were probably further protected from the elements and the missiles of assail- ants by a roof of logs and bark, or boughs. Another writer,* in a paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at their Boston meeting, August, 1880, says: “There is in this region a peculiar class of mounds, that was for a long time a puzzle to me. They are usually found in groups of from two or three to twenty or thirty, and even more, and are gen- erally on some knoll or rising ground in the vicinity of a spring or water course, espe- cially in the vicinity of our prairies or level areas of land. These mounds are from one to three, and, in a few instances, even four feet in height, and from twenty to fifty feet in diameter. One mound of the group is always larger than the rest, and always occupies a commanding position. Sometimes the group is arranged in a circle; other groups have no apparent design in arrange- ment. Numbers of these mounds can be seen in the cultivated fields. Although I have made excavations in them, and dug trenches entirely through them, I have found nothing but ashes, charcoal, decayed portions of bones of fishes and animals partially burned, shells from the adjacent streams, flint chippings, and in one or two instances a flint implement of a rude character. “After examining many of these structures I am induced to believe that they are possi- bly the remains of ancient dwellings, made by placing in an upright position the trunks of young trees in a circle, or in parallel rows, the tops of the poles inclining inward and fastened together, the whole being covered with earth and sod to form a roof, or in the same manner as many Indian tribes make their mud lodges; as, for instance, the ]\Iandans and the Omahas. Such a structure, after being repaired from time to time by the addition of more earth on top, would, finally, by the decay of the poles, fall inward, and the ruins would form a slight mound. Conant and Putnam describe such mounds in Missouri and Tennessee, some of the largest of these ancient towns being pro- vided with highways and streets. They are also found in southern Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. Putnam has described an en- closed town in Tennessee, in which were many low mounds, or rather, as he calls them, earth circles, that he has pretty con- clusively shown to be sites of the lodges or houses of the people.” The traces of the Mound-Builders are very numerous in Kentucky, and Prof. Rafinesque estimated that, of more than 1,000 of their towns on the waters of the Ohio, about 200 were found in this State, with “ half a mil- lion of inhabitants at least.” Temple sites of terraced mounds, are said to be more nu- merous here than in the States north of the Ohio, and notable examples of this class have been discovered and described* as located in the counties of Adair, Trigg, Montgomery, Hickman, McCracken, Whitley, Christian, Woodford, Greenup and Mason. Of these, * Collins ’ Historical Sketches, 1882. Also Dr. Pickett’s article in same work; “Memoir of the Kentucky Geological Sur- vey, ’’ Frankfort, 1883; Vol. II, by L. Carr, etc. *Hon. William McAdams, Jr., Otterville. 111. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 101 the structures found near Lovedale, in Wood- ford County, and in Montgomery and Green- up Counties, have excited unusual interest. The latter Dr. Pickett describes as a ‘•part of a connected series of works com- municating by means of parallel embankments and embracing the chief structural elements peculiar to this class of works. On a com- manding river terrace stands one of the groups of this series — an exact rectangle, 800 feet square, with gateway, bastion, ditch and hollow-way, with out- works consisting of parallel walls leading to the northeast, and to the southwest, from opposite sides of the rectangular inclosure. The work has many of the salient features of an extensive fortifi- cation, and appears to have been designed for purpose of military defense; and yet there is nothing to forbid the supposition, that its sloping areas were also devoted to the impos- ing rites of a ceremonial worship. There is a corresponding group on the opposite bank of the Ohio River, which is obviously sacred or superstitious in its origin and design. “The third group of this series consists of four concentric circles, intersected at right angles by four broad avenues, conforming very nearly to the cardinal points of the com- pass. In the center is a large mound, trun- cated and terraced, with' a graded way lead- ing to the summit. This group rests upon a lofty terrace at the base of the hills, which border the beautiful river valley. About a mile to the west of this is a small circular work with a central mound, which is ap- proached from the exterior by a narrow gate- way, through the parapet, and a causeway over the ditch. There seems to have existed a connection originally by parallels, between the several groups of this unique and enig- matical series of works. The total length of the embankments now (1871) traceable is about eight miles.” Structru’es which are clearly assignable to the military operations of this people are also found in great numbers in the State. These are invariably situated along the large water- CO m’ses, and are especially marked in Allen, Bourbon, Boone, Fayette and Pendle- ton Counties, and suggest a confirmation of Indian traditions, that on the borders of the Ohio was waged the decisive battle for na- tional existence. These monuments of the Mound Builders bear undoubted evidence of a great but in- determinate antiquity, and in attempting to form any conception of the period in which they had their origin, the student is met with obstacles that leave anvlhing: save vague results impossible. Inferences drawn from the physical character of the mounds and their surroundings, are especially unsatisfac- tory as to particulars. It is evident that these structui’es were built long after the country resumed its present topographical features, but the absence from the last formed terrace of those works which were undoubtedly designed to occupy the margin of the streams, suggests that the present river limits have been assumed since the construction of such works, if not since their abandonment. Trees found gi’owing upon these mounds are another source of indefinite suggestion. An examination of the concentric layers dis- played in the trunk of these trees, indicates an age of four or five centuries, but this proves only that the works were not occupied at the time these trees took root. There must have been a long period after the abandon- ment of these works before the forest growth sprang up in the deserted haunts of man, and it is by no means certain that the trees now discovered standing were the first to occupy these ancient sites. It is estimated on good authority* that it takes from 54 to 130 years for trees to increase their diameter by one foot, and that few individuals of the present standing timber were in existence at the time of Co- lumbus’ discovery of America. There seems to be a natural limit to the life of a tree, even when it is spared the ravages of destructive tempests and fire; the forests everywhere exhibit evidence of natural waste and repair. But once prostrated, the trunk rapidly dis- integrates and leaves no trace of its former existence save in the humus, which forms so prominent a part of the forest soil. So far j * Dr. I. A. Lapham : calculation is made for Wisconsin, \ and would vary somewhat in more southern latitudes. Quoted by Foster. 102 IlISTOliY OF KENTUCKY. as this evidence goes, therefore, the trees found growing upon these abandoned works may be the second, third, or an indefinite ordinal in the succession of ai’borescent occu- pants, and the period thus indicated is one of complete indefiniteness, though undoubtedly very remote. Inquiries into the ethnical peculiarities of the Mound-Builders confirm this high antiquity. Only a few authentic crania have been discovered in such a state of preserva- tion as to offer data for scientific deductions, but so far as these establish a typical charac- ter, they link these people with the Autoch- thones of the Western Hemisphere, and assign them a kinship with the Toltecs, of Mexico, who, according to the uncertain estimate of Clavigero, arrived at Anahuac in 648 A. D. "Whatever date may be assigned to this immi- gration, the civilization indicated by the ruins in Central America was undoubtedly the result of the slow increment of many centuries, “and yet these ruins,” says Prof. Foster, “I am disposed to believe are more recent than the mounds of the Mississippi Valley.” If it be accepted as science, and traditions seem to agree in pointing out that the Mound- Builders and the Toltecs were of the same race, an almost incredible vista of antiquity is opened up to conjecture, when the civilization of the primitive portion of the race is considered. “Their monuments indicate that they had entered upon a career of civilization; they lived in stationary communities, cultivating the soil and relying on its generous yield as a means of support; they clothed themselves, in part at least, in garments regularly spun and woven; they modeled clay and carved stone, even of the most obdurate character, into images repre- senting animate objects, including even the human face and form, with a close adherence to nature; they mined and cast copper into a variety of useful forms; they quai’ried mica, steatite, chert and the novaculite | slates; which they wrought into articles adapted to personal ornament, to domestic use, or to the chase; unlike the Indians, who were ignorant of the curative properties ! of salt, they collected the brine of the salines into earthen vessels molded into baskets, which they evaporated into a form which 1 admitted of transportation; they erected an elaborate line of defense, stretching for many hundred miles, to guard against the sudden irruption of enemies; they had a national religion, in which the elements were the objects of supreme adoration; temples were erected upon the platform mounds, and watch-fires lighted upon the highest summits; and in the celebration of the mysteries of their faith, human sacrifices were probably offered up. The magnitude of their struc- tures, involving an infinitude of labor, such only as could be expended except in a com- munity where cheap food prevailed, and the great extent of their commercial relations reaching to widely separated portions of the continent, imply the existence of a stable and efficient government, based on the sub- ordination of the masses.” (Foster.) To reach such a pitch of power from an autoeh- thonic barbarism implies a lapse of time for which science and experience afford no chronometric guide. The question still remains in regard to the origin and fate of this people, and to it neither science nor tradition gives a satisfactory answer. As to their origin, speculation is divided between an autochthonic and deriva- tive beginning, though the latter obtains the more general endorsement. Upon this theory are based two general hypotheses: the one supposes that the Mound-Builders reached the South American continent or Central America from the “Atlantic Islands,” that, moved by natural causes, they immigrated northward to the Mississippi Valley, from whence they were subsequently driven by an irresistible foe, or a powerful political erup- tion among themselves, and that they found refuge in the “more congenial climate of Central America where they developed those germs of civilization, originally planted in their northern homes, into a j3erfection which has elicited the admu’ation of every modern explorer.” The other supposition suggests that the Indian is a degenerate descendant of these HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 103 ancient people, and that the far-famed Montezuma, whose “halls” have furnished so rich a store of romantic illusion, was nothing but a dirty Indian, in a mud hut. This theory rests largely upon a comparison of the physical character of the remains found in the Mississippi Valley, Colorado and New Mexico; but notwithstanding the force of the argument thus derived, it is safe to say that by the great mass of evidence the Indian still stands an independent race. As suggested elsewhere, the conformation of such skulls as appear to be the well authenti- cated remains of the Mound-Builders closely allies this people with the Toltecs, while the distinctive character of their structures, as well as the mass of traditions presented, strongly confirms this relation. At the same time these evidences, as well as the char- acter of their civil institutions, create a “well marked line of division from the Indian.” The two races_ are, nevertheless, histori- cally closely connected, the ti’aditions of both peoples raising a strong presumption that the Indian was the foe that dispossessed the Mound-Builders of their ancient sites in the Mississippi Valley. Writers generally agree that the physical character of their remains indicates that the empire of the extinct race expanded from the South, and that the line of defenses, “ extending from the soiu’ces of the Alleghany and Susquehanna in New York diagonally across the country, through central and northern Ohio to the Wabash,” marks the farthest limit of their domain. This line seems also to accurately indicate the region from whence the attacks were looked for and probably made. The traditions of the Mexican tribes are less definite than those of the northern Indians and relate only that their ancestors were overwhelmed in their northern home by the Chichimecs (barbarians) after a struggle pro- tracted through some years; and that to escape annihilation the whole nation took 1 flight southward, led by their chiefs. While I these traditions are vague and little trusted by scientists, there are so many independent j partial confirmations of their truth, that this theory in the absence of a better one, seems to be gaining ground. Of the Indian traditions, the one most widely quoted is that current in the Delaware nation. According to this, many hundi’ed years ago, when this nation boasted in the title of Lenni-Lenape — original or unmixed men — they occupied a country in the far W est. From thence the whole nation set forth toward the rising sun, sweeping through the land in a great flood of migration, until their progess was stayed on the bank of a river by a race of giants, whom they called Allegewy, for whom the river was subsequently named Alleghany, Whether the river referred to be the one now bearing the name, or the Missis- sippi, writers do not agree. According to Davidson,* the starting point in the wander- ings of the Algonkin tribes on the continent as determined by tradition and the cultivation of maize, their favorite cereal, was in the Southwest. Passing up the western side of the Mississippi Valley, they turned eastward across that river, the southern margin of their broad tract reaching about to the 35th parallel, while the center probably covered the present territory of Illinois. Wherever the point may be that marked the meeting of these races, the contact gave rise to immediate hostilities, Delaware tradi- tions assigning the perfldious conduct of the Mound-Builders as the casus belli. The Lenni-Lenape sought and gained permission to continue their journey eastward, but be- ing assailed by the treacherous Allegewy, when in the act of crossing the river, the former were severely handled, though not destroyed. The Iroquois nation was engaged in a similar migration eastward at the same time, but along a higher line of latitude, and to them the defeated Delawares appealed for assistance against the Allegewy. Thenceforth the two migrating nations made persistent war upon the race of giants, until, after a struggle continued through many years, the giants were utterly defeated and driven from their homes. The Delawares are not alone in the posses- sion of traditions pertaining to this event in * History of Illinois ; Davidson and Stueve, 1S77. 104 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the prehistoric annals of their race. The most story is found in the tales of other tribes, some of which Dr. Pickett has compiled in an article of which mention has been made in the preceding pages. It is said that an old Indian told Col. James Moore, of Kentucky, that the original inhabitants of this State were destroyed by the Indians; that the decisive battle was fought near the falls of the Ohio, where the Indians succeed- ed in driving their foes on to a small island in the river and in slaughtering them to the last man. This the Indian declared was a tradition of undoubted authenticity in his tribe, and that the occurrence to which he referred was accepted as an unquestioned fact. But farther than this, the Indian sage declared that the island afforded ocular proof of the truth of the tradition, which a low stage of water would reveal. Sub- sequently Mr. Moore took occasion to examine Sandy Island and discovered a multitude of human bones. The celebrated Indian chief, Tobacco, gave a similar confirmation of this tradition in a conversation with Gen. Clark, and it is said that Cornstalk told substantially the same story to Col. McKee. The latter chief said that the country on both sides of the Ohio was originally possessed by a white race, who were familiar with the arts of which the Indians were entirely ignorant ; that this people had been entirely destroyed by the Indians, and that the earth -works found in the State were the remains of this “very long ago” people. This Indian lore receives incidental cor- roboration from the character of the Mound- Builders’ remains found along the Ohio bor- der. The vast system of defensive works found on this line, admirably disposed to cover points most exposed to a general at- tack, as well as the evidences found in the counties of Bracken, Pendleton and Bourbon indicating siege operations, and a deter- mined struggle, suggest that the Ohio River may have marked the site of the last obsti- nate stand of the doomed race. These clos- ing contests were evidently attended with immense loss of life on the part of the van- quished people, and doubtless, as has been suggested, the familiar appellation of the “dark and bloody ground” originated in the gloom and hon-or with which the Indian imagination natm’ally invested the traditional scenes and events of that strange and troubled period. Another suggestion in reference to the ominous name the State bears, is that the Kentucky River formed the natural route taken by the northern and southern tribes to reach their enemies on either side of this neutral land. But whatever authority may be assigned to the one or the other of these suggestions, the fact remains, that a wide scope of country ‘ ‘ where every prospect pleases” was originally shunned as a place of residence by the Indian nations. The larger portion of the State was certainly a land of ill-repute to the savages ; to their superstitious imagination, the land was filled with the ghosts of its slaughtered in- habitants, and they repeatedly expressed their surprise that the whites could make it their home. This ineligibility does not seemed to have extended to the western confines of the State, as the lower valley of the Cumberland River is marked by the earliest French authorities as the home of the Shawanese or Shawanee nation. How long they had occupied this region is unknown, but they were finally overtaken by the all -conquering rage of the Iroquois about 1672, and being defeated by these redoubtable warriors, the Shawanese fled up the valley, the principal bands find- ing new homes in South Carolina, on the head-waters of the Santee River. In the precipitation of their flight, the nation was broken into fragments, and a portion number- ing some 450 souls wandered for years in the wilderness west of the Cherokees, who occupied the Tennessee Valley as far west as Muscle Shoals. This band subsequently found its way to the head of the Alabama River. In 1698, having obtained consent of the Pennsylvania authorities, part of the nation settled on the banks of the Susque- hanna, where they attracted other bands un- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 105 til, in 1732, their braves numbered fully one half of the fighting Indians of that section of the country. In 1751 this rest- less nation turned again westward, and lo- cated just below the mouth of the Scioto River. It was some years before the nation again united within the limits of the State of Ohio, the great unoccupied scope of country through which this people wan- dered from the Cumberland to the Alabama, and from the Santee to the Susquehanna, affording the vai’ious detachments a tempo- rary home. A discontented portion of the nation, it is said, breaking off from the frag- ment sojourning in Virginia, came again in 1730 to Kentucky, and made a town in Clark County, near Winchester, which they called Lulbegrud. This party left about twenty years later, and joined their kinsmen in Ohio. After the expulsion of the Shawanese the greater part of Kentucky remained the hunt- ing ground of the Cherokees, though the Indian claims to this region were various and conflicting. The reputed conquest of the Shawanese, Delawares, Twigtwees and Illinois nations by the Iroquois, was made the basis of comprehensive claims by the victorious confederation. There is little question that this powerful nation carried their successful forays as far as the Tennes- see River about 1672, but that this gave them any substantial claim to this region thus run over is opposed to the subsequent actual status as well as to all theories of conquest entertained by civilized nations. The Iroquois did not occupy this country and did not defend it, but it was occupied with- out the payment of tribute or homage, and tenaciously defended by other tribes, during upward of a century after the foray which is made the basis of Iroquois claims. That such a claim ever received serious recogni- tion, is sufficiently explained by the obvious advantage which such a construction would yield the English in their diplomatic dealings with the French. In 1684 the Iroquois voluntarily placed themselves under the protection of the En- glish; in 1701 this relation was reaffirmed or renewed; in the treaty of Utrecht (1713) this action was emphasized and recognized by the French, and in 1726 a formal deed of all the Iroquois lands conveyed them in trust to the English, “ to be protected and defended by his majesty, to and for the use of the grant- ors and their heirs.” In the contest for the Ohio Valley it was obviously to the interest of the English to cover as much as possible of the coveted territory by this deed of trust, and hence they placed the most liberal con- struction upon the Iroquois claims. That such a construction would have stood the test of judicial examination may well be doubted, but the question between the rival powers was finally arbitrated not by law, but by might. In 1768, when the English sought to ac- quire lands in western Virginia and Ken- tucky. they were met by the exaggerated pretensions which they had themselves fos- tered and urged against the French. In quieting these claims by purchase, the au- thorities undoubtedly acted with wisdom, but it was something worse than folly to press a title thus acquired against the occupying claimants of this region. It was well under- stood that the “ Shawanese, Delawares, Min- goes of Ohio, and other dependent tribes,” rejected these pretensions of the eastern con- federacy; and notwithstanding the presence of a single representative of the Shawauese, and two of the Delawares, at the Fort Stan- wix conference — a fact upon which much stress is laid —it will be observed that the negotiations were had solely with the Iro- quois; the treaty was signed alone of the Indians by their chieftains, and the whole price of the purchase placed in their hands. That the “dependent tribes” ever received any part of the consideration paid for the ceded territory was subsequently denied by these tribes, and this was accepted by the whites as the truth of the matter. Under such circumstances, to insist that the purchase of Fort Stanwix covered all just claims to this territory was simply to invite the murder of such settlers as should occupy the land, relying upon the validity of this treaty. As a matter of fact something of such a result did follow, culminating in the “ Dunmore 106 HISTORT OF KENTUCKY. war. ” This outbreak was summarily cheeked, and a short-lived peace consummated in a treaty negotiated by Lord Dunmore in 1774; in this it is said, though not supported by the circumstances attending the event, that the Stanwix Purchase was confirmed by the Ohio tribes. Beside the [claims thus recognized and presumably extinguished, the southern In- dians made pretensions to this region. The justice of their claim was of course strenu- ously denied by the Iroquois, but in 1770, by a treaty with the Cherokees, at Lochaber, S. O., the whites recognized it, and the terri- tory east of a line drawn from a point six miles above Big Island, in the Holston River, to the Kanawha, was purchased. In running this line, however, it is said that on reaching the head of the Kentucky, Little Carpenter, a Cherokee chief, observed that his people preferred to have their lands marked by natural boundaries, and proposed instead of the treaty line that the course of this river should be followed, including a much larger scope of country to be ceded. This was agreed upon, and the royal sanction obtained ; the Virginia assembly voted the sum of £‘2,500, and paid it to the Cherokees for the additional territory thus granted. In 1775 the portion of Kentucky lying between the Cumberland and Kentucky Rivers was pur- chased of the Cherokees by Richard Hender- son and others, for the sum of £10,000. This t)-ansaction was subsequently invali- dated by the Virginia assembly as I’espected. the grantees, but not as respected the grant- ors. The Indian title to Kentucky was therefore extinguished by the treaty of 1768, which included all of its territory east of the Ten- nessee River; the treaty of 1770, which in- cluded the claims of the Cherokees to the region east of the Kentucky River; the treaty of 1774, by Lord Dunmore with the Ohio tribes, which, it is said, sanctioned the treaty of 1768; the treaty of 1775, between Hen- derson and the Cherokees, which included their claims to territory between the Cumber- land and Kentucky Rivers; and the treaty of 1818 with the Chickasaws for that portion of the State west of the Tennessee River, and known since as the “Jackson Purchase.” OHAPTEE T. EXPLORATION AND FIRST SETTLEMENTS OF KENTUCKY. T he year 1763 saw the close of the French and English war, the issue of which, in America, had settled the right of possession to the country lying east of the Mississippi in the English. The Virginia frontier, however, was restricted by treaty with the Indians to the line of the Alle- ghanies. During the terrible vicissitudes of the preceding years, this line had practically fluctuated between the Blue Ridge and the more western ranges, but as the brunt of hostilities was removed to the Canadian bor- der, settlers, emboldened by the comparative peace which prevailed, pushed westward to the line of Fort Pitt, and a few hardier ad- venturers extended their explorations into the unknown country beyond the Big Sandy. Though contrary to the express stipulations of unquestioned treaties, and against the earnest protest of the natives, the Virginia authorities did not hesitate to encourage this intrusion, granting some 3,000,000 of acres west of the mountains as early as 1754, the Virginia assembly, in 1758, going so far as to enact a law to stimulate the growth of these settlements. The natural consequences followed this unwise action. The Indians, finding their grievances unredressed, refused to lay aside their weapons on the defeat of their French allies, and rekindled the flame of war which swept over the western country with resist- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 107 less fury, destroying all but the three prin- cipal ones of the newly-gained outposts, and visiting the border with frightful carnage. The campaigns of Bouquet and Bradstreet succeeded, and were followed by the treaty at Niagara and the subsequent conference at German Flats. While neither of these con- ferences effected any change in the frontier of Virginia, the latter was designed to pre- pare the way for such a change, and the too eager settlers, taking for granted what had only been proposed, rapidly regained the ground lost by the onslaught incident to Pon- tiac’s conspiracy, and were once more en- dangering the general peace by their un- warrantable intrusion upon the Indian terri- tory. Accordingly, on the 1st of May, 1768, the president of the Virginia council, acting as governor, was found addressing the sessions in a speech, from which the following state- ment of the situation is taken: “ By letters from his excellency, Gen. Gage, commander- in-chief of his majesty’s forces, and from Sir William Johnson, superintendent of Indian affairs (which I shall cause to be laid before you), it will appear that a set of men, regard- less of the laws of natural justice, unmindful of the duties they owe to society, and in con- tempt of royal proclamation, have dared to settle themselves upon the land near Redstone Creek and Cheat River, which are the prop- erty of the Indians; and notwithstanding the repeated warnings of the danger of such law- less proceedings and strict and spirited in- junctions to them to desist, and quit their unjust possessions, they still remain unmoved, and seem to defy the orders and even powers of government.” The gravity of the situa- tion was fortunately not unknown in Eng- land, and instructions were therefox’e received which led to the purchase that made the Ten- nessee River the western boundary line. The territory thus secured was practically, at this time, an undiscovered country. The Indian traders, who were the first explorers, and who long before had become familiar with every trail in the region between the Ohio and the Lakes, knew nothing of it. But this obscurity, strange as it appears, is simply accounted for by the fact that long before the approach of the whites, the last wigwam-blaze within its limits had been ex- tinguished: and these adventurous merchants, attracted by the prosj^ect of barter, had nat- urally been led northward to the valleys of Scioto and Miami in quest of the villages of the savages. The country west of the Big Sandy was not entirely unknown, however. As early as 1730, a white captive among the Indians had visited the southwestern por- tion of this newly acquired territory. This was John Sailing, “a bold weaver,” of Will- iamsburg, whom John Marlin induced to join him in an exploring expedition to the then undeveloped middle valley of Virginia. Mar- lin was a pack-peddler, who drove a thriving trade in small articles with the settlers on the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge and over the mountains in the vicinity of Win- chester, but, attracted by the half- disclosed beauties of the unsettled country beyond, he planned this expedition. The two prosecuted their enterprise with safety until they reached the waters of the Roanoke, where they were met by a roving party of Cherokees. Marlin was so fortunate as to escape, but Sailing was made captive and carried to the Indian towns upon the upper Tennessee. He remained with his captors, it is said, some three years, when he proceeded with a party for the salt licks of Kentucky in quest of buffalo. Here his party, falling in with a band of savages from Illinois, was attacked and beaten. Sailing being made prisoner by the victors. Returning with his new captors to Kaskaskia, he was adopted by an old squaw as her son, a relation he sustained for some two years. In the meantime he be- came quite identified with his adopted tribe, and accompanied its parties on various expe- ditions, at one time reaching the Gulf coast in his wanderings. Sailing was subsequently purchased from the squaw by an exploring party of Spaniards, who soon tired of their bargain and returned him to his Indian mas- ters. Shortly afterward, accompanying a pai’ty of his tribe to Canada, Sailing was gen- erously redeemed by the French governor and sent to New York, from whence he found his 108 HISTORY or • KENTUCKY. way back to Williamsburg. Here the story of his adventures was listened to with the keenest interest, and his description of the valley gave a new and vigorous impulse to the settlement of that portion of Virginia. But Kentucky profited little by this early visit; the region was too remote to excite permanent interest, even if Sailing’s oppor- tunities for observation and description had been much better, and it was destined to rest in the obscurity of the “great woods” until another quarter century should bring it near- er, and develop grander interests in this un- explored wilderness. The first exploration, and perhaps the next visit of the whites to this country, was that conducted by Dr. Thomas W alker, of Virginia, a gentleman prominently identified with early Indian affairs. This excursion was made in the year 1750, by a small party of Virginians from Orange and Culpeper Coun- ties, of which, next to the leader, Ambrose Powell was the most prominent member. Their coui’se led southward between the Alle- ghanies and Laurel Ridge to the valley which lies on the eastern side of the latter range, where, on a beech tree, Powell carved his name, which is still borne by the river and valley. Turning to the west, they crossed the rocky ridge which forms the dividing line between Kentucky and Virginia, by a gap, to which alker* gave the name of Cumberland for the English duke, who was a favorite character with the Doctor — a name which still adheres to the range and a river as well. Crossing into the confines of Kentucky, the party found its way to the “hazel patch in Laurel County,” where it divided. From this point. Walker, with such of the company as followed him, struck northward for the Ohio River. “Under the impression that the Ohio was to be found east of north” says Marshall, “he took an erroneous course which kept him in a rough and mountainous country until, having passed the Kentucky River — which he named Louisa — he came upon Big Sandy.” Thence the party took its homeward course *J udge Haywood, in his history of Tennessee, credits the ori- gin of these names to a party of hunters, who followed in 1761; the text follows the authority of Marshall and Butler. by way of the New River Valley, not pleasant- ly impressed with the country examined. The result of this exploration did little to bring this region into public favor. The course traversed passed principally through a broken country, forbidding in every practical view, and exacting a prodigious expenditure of resolution and endurance to accomplish the journey. Such an experience was not calculated to give rise to a report that would excite public interest sufficient to lead any to brave the privations and dangers of the wil- derness, and more than a decade passed before another attempt was made to penetrate the obscurity of this western country. If the tour of Gist, which has been noted elsewhere, be excepted, no further visits to Kentucky were probably made by the whites until the expedition in 1761, recorded by Judge Haywood, in his “History of Tennes- see.” In this year a party of nineteen men from the northern part of Virginia, and the adjacent portions of Pennsylvania, set out for the southwest on a hunting excursion. Establishing a station on a branch of Pow- ell’s River, in Lee County, Va., the company remained in this vicinity hunting for eigh- teen months. Subsequently they passed through Cumberland Gap into the country beyond, but no record of their exploration has been preserved. It is to this party that Judge Haywood assigns the distinction of being the nomenclators of this region, though probably this claim should properly be restricted to the name of Clinch River and sundry “ ridges ” named for members of the company. In 1768, the same persons, save two or three who remained at home, again visited Powell Valley, crossed the mountains at Cumberland Gap, and spent the hunting season on Cumberland River. In the follow- ing year they carried their hunting opera- tions to the vicinity of the present site of Crab Orchard, Ky., where they found such profitable sport as induced them to repeat their visit in several successive years. In 1765,occured the conference at German Flats; and the following year, stimulated by the rumor that Sir William Johnson had purchased the lands west of the Alleghanies, HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 109 lying between tbe Ohio and the Tennessee, for the king, a party of four whites, accompanied by a young mulatto slave and led by James Smith — variously titled as colonel or captain — set out from North Carolina to examine the new purchase. Passing through Cumberland Gap they first explored the country south of the Kentucky line as far as the present site of Nashville; thence following the course of the Cumberland River, they explored the country adjacent to the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers to the Ohio. Here the company divided — Smith determining to return home, while his companions proposed to extend their tour to the Illinois country. On separ- ating, Smith sent his horse with his com- panions, “as it was difficult to take a horse through the mountain,” and they, providing him with a generous supply of ammunition, left him to pursue his homeward journey on foot, accompanied by the slave boy whom his owner had loaned for the purpose. Smith has left a record of this adventure, in which he relates its various incidents with laborious minuteness. He regained his native State after an absence of eleven months, in a most destitute condition; ‘ ‘ my clothes,” he writes, “were almost worn out, and the boy had nothing on him that ever was spun. He had buckskin leggins, moccasins, and breech- clout, a bear skin, dressed with the hair on, which he belted about him, and a raccoon-skin cap. I had not traveled far after I came in before I was strictly examined by the inhabitants. I told them the truth, and where I came from, etc. ; but my story appeared so strange to them that they did not believe me. They said that they had never heard of any one coming through the mountains from the mouth of the Tennessee, and if any one would under- take such a journey, surely no one would lend him his slave. They said that they thought all I had told them were lies, and on suspicion they took me into custody, and set a guard over me. In 1767, a party from South Carolina — Isaac Lindsey and four others — explored the valley of the Cumberland, following its *L)rake’s Captivities; 1839. course nearly to the site of Nashville, where they met James Harrod and Michael Stoner (men promi nent in the early history of Ken- tucky), on a hunting expedition from Illinois, having made their way thither from Fort Pitt down the Ohio. A more important arrival in Kentucky, the same year, was that of the ubiquitious Indian trader in the person of John Finley, who canre hither with several companions for the double purpose of hunting and trading with such wandering bands as he might meet. Finley came from the settlements on the Yad- kin, and made his way across the Holston and Clinch to the head-waters of the Cum- berland; thence following the warrior’s path, “ leading from the Cumberland ford along the broken country lying on the eastern branch of the Kentucky River, and so across the Licking to the mouth of the Scioto,” he reached the Red River, an affluent of the Kentucky, in Montgomery County. Here he met a band of roving Indians with whom he traded ; but, save that he was subsequently the pilot of Boone, nothing more is known of this hrst pioneer of Kentucky. “ Were it permitted to indulge the imagination in drawing a portrait for this man,” remarks the historian, Marshall, “strength of body and vigor of intellect, the necessary basis of bold conceptions and successful enterprise, would form the prominent features of its foreground. But to the historian destitute of facts, silence supex’sedes commentaiy.” Notwithstanding the extended explorations and visits noted, “the great body of the people in the colony knew nothing about the real situation of the countiy now called Ken- tucky. And they heard it spoken of as though its existence were doubtful, or as a tale told in romance to amuse the fancy, rather than to inform the judgment, or stim- ulate the mind to entei’prise. ” (Marshall.) But while the net result of these explorations had done so little to increase popular inform- ation, they had not been lost upon the leading minds in the colonies, and the project of foi’ming an independent colony south of the Ohio, long urged as a defense against the encroachments of the French, and since no HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. the war supported by cupidity and ambition, seemed now likely to succeed. The history of the original colonies had not passed unnoted, and the various compan- ies formed about this time undoubtedly originated in an ambition to repeat the early experience of the London Company, Lord Baltimore and others, under more favorable circumstances. Nor was this ambition con- fined to the existing corporations; certain of the I’oyal officials, apparently moved by per- sonal considerations, were not less interested in this movement, though less open in their efforts, and among these, circumstances have pointed to Lord Dunmore, governor of Vir- ginia and Sir William Johnson, Indian agent for the Northern District, as most prominent. W’^ith the latter this inland colony was a dearly cherished object, and to his ambition may be assigned the responsi- bility for much of the bloodshed which characterized the early settlement of Ken- tucky. How early he conceived such a design is uncertain, but as early as 1766 he secured the endorsement of Gov. Franklin, of New Jersey — son of Benjamin Franklin — for his scheme. The plan contemplated was the purchase of the desired territory from the Iroquois, for which a grant was then to be procured from the king, and a colony, of which Johnson was to be governor, planted thereon. Through Gov. Franklin the proj- ect was brought to the favorable attention of his father, then colonial agent at the court, and through Johnson to the notice of the ministry. Nothing could have been more ill-advised at this time, as the Indians were already in a vacillating temper, prepared to attack the border at the first fresh grievance. The attitude of the savages hastened mat- ters somewhat out of the proposed order; the treaty of Fort Stanwix followed, and in fixing upon the boundary line, Sir William was influenced more by the necessities of his project than by the equities of the case. “ Had it stopped at the mouth of the Kana- wha, the Indian frontier would have been marked all the way from northern New York to Florida. But instead of following his instructions, Sir William Johnson, assuming groundlessly aright of the Six Nations to the largest part of Kentucky, continued the line down the Ohio to the Tennessee River, which was thus constituted the boundary of Vir- ginia.” (Bancroft.) “The fact that such a country was ceded voluntarily, not after a war, not by hard persuasion, but at once and willingly,”* affords striking evidence that the cession was previously arranged for by Johnson in view of another contingency, and that the Iroquois were alone consulted and won by such blandishments as the experienced Indian agent knew well how to employ. However, the territory was thiis secured; but the royal government gi’avely suspected the wisdom of adding to the number of the colonies, the growing insubordination of which was already giving it no little cause for uneasiness, and there were enough prior demands for grants before the cabinet to de- lay any examination of this new one, until the opening difficulties of the revolutionary rupture forced every other consideration out of mind, and rendered all such planning vain. But the wind had been sown in John- son’s unauthorized action, and the frontiers- men of Kentucky were to reap the whirlwind. In the meantime, while royal officials schemed, and the royal ministry wearily sift- ed the numerous and conflicting propositions to colonize this newly purchased region, si- lent forces were preparing to solve the ques- tion of its settlement without the sanction of charter or the tinsel of government. The return of Finley to the North Carolina set- tlements was fraught with the most impor- tant influences for good or ill to the new country he left behind him, and it is difficult to conjectui’e when its settlement would have been effected had not this visit happily end- ed in enlisting the interest of the hardy set- tlers on the Yadkin. The story of his adven- tures and the tidings of the land fell with various effects upon his different auditors; curiosity struggled with doubt and a prudent regard for the difficulties of the enterprise, and for two years none appeared disposed to undertake the arduous journey. In the mean- while, the description of Kentucky, with its *“ Annals of the West,” by J. H. Perkins, 1846. DANIEL BOONE. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. Ill noble stretch of untouched forest, its beauti- ful rivers swarming with their finny tribes, its picturesque landscapes, its fertile valleys, and more than all the exhaustless throng of “beasts of every American kind” came to the appreciative notice of Daniel Boone, a resi- dent of one of the valleys of South Yadkin. But little is known of the previous history of this remarkable man. He was now about thirty-eight years of age; “his manners were simple and unobtrusive — exempt from the rudeness characteristic of the backwoods- man, In his person there was nothing re- markably striking. He was five feet, ten inches in height, and of robust and powerful proportions. His countenance was mild and contemplative, indicating a frame of mind altogether different from the restlessness and activity that distinguished him. Possessed of an inordinate passion for hunting and adventure, the story of this dis- tant country acted on him like carnage upon the charger, that “smelleth the battle afar off;” and on Finley’s proposing to revisit it, he promptly determined to accompany him. Accordingly, on the 1st of May, 176.9, a party consisting of Boone, John Stewart, Joseph Holden, James Mooney and William Cook, under the guidance of I'inley, set out fi’om the “peaceful settlements” on the Yad- kin for Kentucky. The season proved ex- ceedingly wet, a circumstance that caused the travelers extreme discomfort, and added to the tedious character of the laborious journey. Their route lay across the broad Appalachian Bange, which defines the tributary valley of the Atlantic on the west, across the valleys of the Holston, Clinch and Powell Elvers to the head-waters of the Cumberland, and thence toward the north by the warrior’s path. On the 7th of June they reached the Red River, where Finley had met the natives in his former visit, and here, at the end of a fatiguing journey of thirty-eight days, pur- sued through a perfect wilderness — “a land of precipices, of ragged hill-sides, of deep, narrow valleys, of tangled wood and impen- *Gov. James T. Jlorehead’s address, 1S40. See Appendix A, Note 2. etrable thickets” — they ceased their inarch and prepared a pei’manent camp to shelter them fi’om the storms. Hunting and the examination of the coun- try next occupied their time, which was thus passed, without recorded incident, until the latter part of December. In making this visit Finley doubtless intended to renew his trading relations with the savages, and the others joined him for the sport and profit of hunting. None were yet adepts in Indian warfare, and it is certain that they had no reason to expect hostilities. The natives had treated Finley with kindness on the occasion of his first visit; the present company had made their entrance to this region and their more than six months’ stay, without thought of disguise or concealment, unmolested; and whatever danger was to be apprehended from the discontent of the Indians previous to the Fort Stanwix treaty, that compact, they were certainly authorized to suppose, had removed all such fear. Whether any of the party had any conference with the Indians or early knowledge of their presence is unknown, but it is manifestly improbable that six hunt- ers could unreservedly ply their vocation for so long a period in the favorite Indian hunt- ing-ground of the continent, and escape the lynx-eyed observation of the savages. This the event proved; but how long the party had been a subject of suiweillance, or what the cause of the attack to be recorded was, can only be conjectm'ed. The author of “Annals of the West” suo- gests the probable explanation: “the Indians were always extremely jealous of any white man that showed the faintest intention of residence on or near their hunting-grounds; if, therefore, the observation of several months satisfied them that the new-comers meant to lay equal claims with themselves to the game of their choicest forests, instead of being mere transient traders, we need not be surprised that they seized the first oppor- tunity of making any of them prisoners.” Whatever the reason, on the 22d of Decem- ber, as Boone and Stewart were returnincr from a hunting expedition near the Kentucky River, they were seized by a party of In- 112 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. dians, who had concealed themselves in a cane-break. In this emergency the captives displayed j the ready tact that seems instinctive in the ; frontiersman. The savages offered them no [ violence, and affecting to accept the situation as hnal, they soon had the satisfaction of ob- serving that they had disarmed the watchful- ness of their captors. Encamping by a tire one night, at the end of a week’s captivity, Boone discovered that the Indians had all fallen asleep, and carefully arousing his com- panion they made their escape unobserved. Repairing at once to their camp on Red River, they found it deserted and dismantled, their companions having I’eturned to the set- tlements in alarm. But Boone and Stewart were not so easily disheartened; changing their camp, it is said, to a cave, now in Mer- cer County, they determined to brave the in- creased dangers and continue their hunting. A few days later they were unexpectedly joined by Squire Boone, a younger brother of Daniel, who, with a single companion, had followed the same route from Carolina, and fortunately chanced upon the site of their camp. But this auspicious reinforcement was closely followed by disaster; a little later, in another excursion, the elder Boone and Stewart were again attacked by Indians, the latter being shot and scalped. This oc- currence so alarmed the companion of Squire Boone that he started forthwith and alone for the Carolina settlements. The two brothers were now alone in a wil- derness where danger lurked in every shadow. Surrounded by a vigilant and savage foe, of whose prowess they had had fresh and terri- ble evidence, separated by hundreds of miles of difficult travel from the nearest settlement, they found themselves destitute of every re- source but their rifles and woodcraft. Un- daunted by the terrors of the situation, these men determined to stay, but soon the small supply of ammunition warned them that the country must be abandoned or measures tak- en to increase the supply. The first alter- native was not to be seriously thought of, and it was decided that the younger brother should return to the settlement and bring back the necessary supplies, while Daniel re- mained and extended his explorations. To be thus absolutely alone in such a wil- derness, might well shake the resolution of the stoutest heart, and Boone records that the departure of his brother left him for a time dejected and lonesome, but the situation afforded him too many distractions for this state of mind long to continue. He soon re- gained his usual buoyant confidence and roved far and near, hunting without concern and with great success. During the interval of his brother’s absence, Boone seems to have abandoned his former camp, and to have j rested no two successive nights in the same I locality. Wandering wherever his fancy led him he explored the whole central portion o'f the territory which now forms the State of Kentucky, reaching the hills which overlook the “beautiful river” Ohio. His experi- ence in Kentucky appears to have been his first intimate relation with hostile Indians, but, ‘ ‘ uniting in an eminent degree the qualities of shrewdness, caution and cour- age, with great muscular strength,” he suc- ceeded in escaping the vigilance of his sav- age foes, though he must have been in con- stant proximity with one or another of the numerous Indian parties that frequented this region. That he should have been preserved untouched for three months, beset by such dangers, is little short of a miraculous inter- position of Providence, and goes far to con- firm the old pioneer’s belief in his divine ap- pointment “ as an instrument ordained to settle the wilderness.” It is pointed out by the author of “Annals of the West,” however, that “the woods of Kentucky were at that period filled with a species of nettle, of such a character that be- ing once bent down it did not recover itself, but remained prostrate, thus retaining the impression of a foot, almost like snow; even a turkey might be tracked in it with perfect ease. This weed Boone would carefully avoid, but the natives, numerous and fear- j less, would commonly pay no regard to it, so ' that the white hunter was sure to have palpa- ble signs of the presence of his enemies, and the direction thev had taken.” But to avail HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 113 himself of such an advantage required a con- summate woodcraft, which was the outgrowth of natural gifts, rather than instruction, and one is at a loss whether most to admire the courage and capacity of Boone amid the per- ils of the wilderness, or that of his brother in his scarcely less hazardous exploit of ob- taining supplies. But the time approached when the return of Squire Boone was to be expected; he had been gone since the 1st of May, and as July came on, Daniel directed his way toward the old rendezvous, where he was joined on the 27th of the same month by his brother, who brought horses and a full line of neces- sary articles. The brothers thenceforward remained together, hunting and exploring without remarkable incident until the follow- ing March (1771), when they returned to the settlements on the Yadkin, the elder with the intention of removing his family to the country, with the natural attractions of which he had become enamored. It was September, 1773, before the com- pletion of his arrangements permitted him to set out, but on the 25th of this month “he and his household left his Eastern home for- ever,’’ and, accompanied by five other families, took the route to Kentucky. On reaching Powell Valley the party was happily rein- foi'ced by forty well-armed men who were seeking the same destination. Pressing for- ward without anticipation of trouble they had just reached the threshold of the State when they were surprised by a sudden attack on their rear by the savages. The whites soon recovered from their surprise, and responded with a spirited resistance, quickly beating off" the enemy, but not without the loss of six men killed and wounded, the eld- est son of Boone being numbered with the dead. This ominous introduction to the “dark and bloody ground” checked the buoy- ant spirits of the company; the women, not yet inured to the bloody scenes of border warfare, were panic-stricken; and the men, seriously impressed with the unexpected strength and determination of the Indian opposition, did not feel prepared to face such perils with their families. It was without much dissent, therefore, that the party re- traced its steps, the emigrants taking up their residence in the valley of the Clinch, where they remained until 1775, separated from their future home by a double moun- tain range. But the Boones were not alone in their knowledge of and desire to enjoy this region. As early as June, 1769,* a party of hunters, variously estimated from twenty to forty in number, and organized in Rockbridge County aod New River Valley, Va., and Holston Valley, in North Carolina, set out by way of Powell Valley and Cumberland Gap, for the hunting grounds along the line of the Cum- berland River. The company was thoroughly equipped for a long stay, each man taking, besides “rifles, traps, dogs, blankets,” etc., one or more horses. Reaching the meadows near the site of Monticello, Wayne County, they made a camp and depot in v/hich to store the peltry and game. From this point they ranged “to the west and southwest through a country covered with high grass,” until the following summer, when the sport was aban- doned. Here the company divided; ten of the hunters, constructing means of conveying tbeir booty and themselves by water, went down the Cumberland and Mississippi Rivers to the French fort at Natchez, and thence home; the remaining members of the party returned by the outward route. In the preceding fall (1769) several hunt- ers, under the lead of Col. James Knox, sepa- rated from the main party, then hunting on the Laurel River, and following up the course of one of its western branches, Skegg’s Creek, the little party met a band of Chero- kees, under the lead of a chief known as “Captain Dick.” A mutual recognition fol- lowed between some of the hunters and the chief, and the latter, learning the whites were in search of meat, directed them to follow the direction of the creek across the dividing ridge, when “they could come on his river,f where they would find meat plenty; to kill and go home.” It is not recorded whether they obeyed the latter part of the chief’s in- *Marshall and Butler say 1770; Haywood and Collins, 1769. i jHence, since called Dick’s River. 7 114 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. junction; it is probable that they did not, and that in 1771 they were joined by some of the earlier party and a few recruits, raising the number to a total of twenty-two persons. The hunting in this season (1771) was excel- lent, and, extending their excursions to the barrens of Green River, they found them- selves embarrassed by their success. Secur- ing more skins than they could carry away, they constructed a “skin house” on Caney Creek, in Green County, where they stored their surplus booty. The Indians subse- quently capturing two of the party, the re- maining members temporarily abandoned the locality; on their return after a two months’ absence, they found their dogs, which had “stayed by the stuff,” gone wild, and their dejiot despoiled, a loss that one of the party expressed in a laconic inscription on a tree near by, “2,300 deer skins lost; ruination, by God.” A station, subsequently made by this party on a creek, which takes its name from the occurrence (Station- Camp Creek), was also rifled by a band of Cherokees, the hunt- ers losing all their pots and kettles, surplus clothing, and 500 deer skins. ■ At length the Thought of returning began to suggest itself. The Indians were becom- ing serious obstacles in the wav of securing the results of their hunting, and some of the party had been absent from home for upward of three years. Accordingly, late in 1772, they set their faces toward the settlements, where they arrived in safety, to the joy of their families who were prepared to give them up as lost, and where the story of their adventure gained for them the sobriquet of “The Long Hunters,” and gave the new land a more widespread celebrity than it had hitherto enjoyed. Another force now added its jjowerful in- fluence to develop the “distant land beyond the mountains.” The purchase of 1768, fol- lowed by that of 1770, had prepared the way for the sale of lands, and notwithstanding the inhibitory proclamation of 1763 had not been revoked, the keenest activity in land speculation ensued, surveyors pushing their lines to the mouth of the Kanawha as early as 1770,* The soldiers of Virginia in the French war, to whom a land bounty had been promised by Gov. Dunmore, and whose title had been recognized by the crown and land companies, were also clamorous for the sat- isfaction of their claims. It was provided j that the bounty lands should be located on the waters of the Ohio, and in 1772 the settle- ments having reached the New River Valley, considerable surveys of these lands were made on this affluent of the Ohio. But the fame of Kentucky becoming rapidly noised abroad and the selection of bounty lands being confided to the beneficiaries, the de- mand for locations in Kentucky became gen- eral. In 1773, therefore, a number of surveyors were appointed to make selections in Ken tucky for such claimants. Of these ap- pointees, Thomas Bullitt, whose gallantry saved the remnant of Maj. Grant’s troops from that officer’s unauthorized and disas- trous attack on Fort Du Quesne in 1758, was the more prominent. Accompanied by James Harrod and others, f he set out from Fort Pitt for the falls of the Ohio. On reaching the mouth of tlie Kanawha, he was joined by the McAfee company intent upon a similar mis- sion for themselves. The McAfees had left Sinking Creek, in Botetourt County, on May 10, and striking across the country had reached ihe Kanawha about four miles above the mouth of Elk River. Here they had sent their horses back, and constructing two canoes had descended the river, by previous arrange- ment meeting Hancock Taylor, a surveyor, and his company, on their way down. Reach- ing the Ohio, they met Bullitt’s party, and the three parties thus united elected Bullitt captain. Deeming it prudent, in consideration of the *The first authorized survey made in Kentucky is placed at a somewhat earlier date than the above would indicate. Collins (Vol. II, p. 460) speaking of “one of the oldest patents probably now in Kentucky,” says; •* It was issued by the crown of Great Britain in 1772, to John Fry, for 2,084 acres of land, embracing the town of Louisa in Lawrence County. Nearly one-third of the land lies on the Virginia side of Big Sandy River. The survey upon which the patent issued was made by Gen. Washington between 1767 and 1770, inclusive, and upon the beginning cor- ner he cut the initials of his name. Another survey was made by him for John Fry, on Little Sandy River, eleven miles from its mouth, and in the present county of Greenup.” The fact that none of his papers so far as published mention these sur- veys, has given rise to a doubt whether Washington did the work in person. t Appendix A, Note 3. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 115 hostility manifested by the Indians, to nego- tiate with the most troublesome of the Ohio tribes, Bullitt left the company here and set out alone to visit the Shawanese town of “Old Chillicothe.” He reached his destina- tion undiscovered by the Indians, whose lirst intimation of his presence was the sight of his white hag waving in token of peace. They were at once eager to learn the cause of his presence; was he from the Long Knife?* and if on a peaceful errand, why had he not sent a runner? Bullitt, undaunted by the situation, replied that he had no bad news, that he was from the Long Knife, that he had no one swifter than himself, and being in haste could not wait the return of a run- ner. “Would you” said he, “if you were very hungry and had killed a deer, send your squaw to town to tell the news and wait her return before you ate ? ” Such adroitness soon put the savages in good humor, and with the deliberate custom of the Indians, deferred further conference until the follow- ing day. The surveyor then told the Shaw- anese that he wished to settle on the other side of the Ohio; made the strongest assur- ances of friendship on the part of the whites, and acknowledged that neither they nor the Delawares got “ any ok the money or blankets given for the land which I and my xjeople are going to settle. But it is agreed by the great men, who own the land, that they will make a present to both the Delawares and Shawanese the next year, and the year following, that shall be as good.” A delay of another day was made before they would reply, when they made answer to the effect that “he seemed kind and friendly, and that it pleased them well;” that as to “settling the country on the other side of the Ohio with your people, we are particu- larly pleased that they are not to disturb us in our hunting. For we must hunt to kill meat for our women and children and to get something to buy our powder and lead with, and to get us blankets and clothing.” Parting thus, Bullitt rejoined his com- panions, who had in the meantime reached the mouth of Limestone Creek, where Mays- ville now stands. Putting out from here in one boat and four canoes, the company pro- ceeded to the mouth of the Kentucky River, where the McAfee party turned aside to ascend this stream; the rest went forward to the falls, where they arrived on the 8th of July. On their way down the river the united party stopped occasionally and made surveys here and there; several small plats were made in Lewis County, and on July 5, “a tract of very good land on Big Bone Creek”* was marked out. Arriving at their destination and pitching camp above the old mouth of Beargrass Creek, the party under Bullitt began their appointed work and con- tinued for about six weeks exploring and sur- veying lands in what is now Jeffei’son and Bullitt Counties. In August, Bullitt made the first plat of Louisville, f probably on lands surveyed for John Connolly, but no record was made of this allotment, and it was subsequently supplanted by legislative action. On parting from Bullitt, the McAfee com- pany ascended the Kentucky River as far as Drennon’s Creek; here they found one of their party — his name is perpetuated in that of the creek — who, crossing the country from Bone Lick, had preceded them one day. At this point the party abandoned their canoes, and following a buffalo trail along the west bank to a point opposite the site of Lee.stown, they forded the river and on the I6th of July made their first survey in the bottom-lands where Frankfort has since been built. “They then went up the ridge along the present Lexington Road, until 10 or 11 o’clock of the 17th, when 'they again crossed the Kentucky River seven miles above Frankfort, passed a little east of the present Lawrence- burg, and camped near the remarkable spring which is situated under a rock, on the road between Frankfort and Harrodsburg — then called the Cave spring, and now known as Lillard’s. After surveying some land, the party hunted westwardly, until they dis- covered Salt River, but which they called Crooked Creek; they then went down this *Appendix A, Note 5. tibid; Note 6. *Appendix A, Note 4. 116 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. creuk to the moath of Hammond’s Creek, sur- veying from this point to the mouth of the branch, on which Harrodsburg now stands. ” (Butler.) This party now broke up, Taylor and his two assistants going to the falls to join Bul- litt, and the McAfees proceeding across the country for their homes. They started on the 31st of July; rains were frequent and game unusually scarce; and reaching the broken country at the forks of the Kentucky about the 5th of August, they found their stock of provisions exhausted, and not a livinsr animal in sight save themselves. Bruised by the stony paths, torn by the briers and underbrush that thickly beset their way, and famished for the want of water Avhich could nowhere be found, they pushed on until the 12th, when, as some of them laid themselves down to die, a more resolute member of the party fortunately succeeded in killing an elk. This timely supply of food, happily supplemented by the discovery of water, revived their drooping spirits, and the party, once more refreshed, pushed on until they reached the warrior’s path, and following this regained their home byway of Powell Valley. Taylor reached Bullitt about the 3d of August, and soon after, James Douglas, deputy surveyor for Fincastle County, joined them from Virginia. There were several surveying parties in the northeastern part of Kentucky this year. Of these, a party of ten under Capt. John Hedges, with Capt. Thomas Voung and Lawrence Darnall as chain -carriers, was earliest. They came from Virginia by way of Fort Pitt and the Ohio River, landing on the site of Maysville; they gave the name of Limestone to the stream which empties into the Ohio at this point, and linked the name of Darnall with the first large creek below, calling it Lawrence. This party made several surveys in what is now Bracken County; built an improver’s cabin and cleared a small piece of land on the Ohio River, about five miles below Augusta. Gen. Will- iam Thompson, of Pennsylvania, at the head of another party, landed at the mouth of Cabin Creek in July, and made extensive surveys on Licking River and its tributaries, remaining as late as the 20th of November. The year 1773 was further signalized by the advent of Simon Kenton in Kentucky. He was a native of Fauquier County, Va. ; born April 3. 1755, of mixed Irish and Scotch parentage. He grew to the age of six- teen entirely without the education of books or teachers, living a careless, uneventful life until an unfortunate love affair turned him into the wilderness, a heart broken outlaw. He loved a maiden who did not reciprocate his passion, but bestowed her affection upon his friend and companion. Attending their wedding uninvited, in his utter despair and recklessness, Kenton thrust himself between the happy pair whom he found sitting together, whereupon their friends set upon him and gave him a good drubbing. Soon after, meeting his successful rival alone in a retired spot, he attacked him and was so far carried away in his rage as to beat him unmer- cifully. Kenton was finally brought to his senses by observing the apparent fatal result of his attack, and leaving his antagonist for dead, he fled beyond the frontier, his only refuge from personal and legal vengeance. Traveling by night and lying concealed by day, he reached the Cheat River settle- ment some time in April, 1771, and assumed the name of Simon Butler. Remaining here long enough to earn a good rifle by his labor, he joined a party destined for Fort Pitt. Here he was engaged to hunt for the garrison, and while thus employed formed a friendship with Simon Girty, who as a renegade subsequently ran such an infamous career. While at Fort Pitt he also met George Yeager, who, when a boy and prisoner among the Indians, had visited Kentucky. Kenton’s enthusiasm being kindled and fed by Yeager’s description of the scenery, fertility and game of this “cane-land,” he determined to explore it for himself, and in the autumn, 1771, accompanied by Yeager and John Strader, he went down the Ohio, exploring the southern bank as far as the mouth of the Kentucky for cane. Disappointed in not finding this growth as described by Yeager, the party HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 117 retraced their journey to the Kanawha, where they continued their search without success. They remained in this region, however,, engaging in hunting and trapping during this winter and the one following, until the spi’ing of 1773. Hitherto they seem to have escaped the observation of the Indians, at least of such as were inclined to hostilities, but one night in March, while sleeping in their rude camp unguarded and unsuspecting of danger, they were rudely awakened by a party of savages who had crept near enough to tire upon them with considerable accuracy. Yeager was killed, but Kenton and Strader escaped to the woods unhurt, but without clothing, save the shirts they had on. The survivors made good their escape from the Indians, but in their pitiable plight, without food or the means of procuring it, their unpro- tected bodies lacerated by the briers and underbrush that filled the forests, death only seemed deferred. Their camp was on one of the upper western branches of the Kanawha, and for six days they toiled on their painful journey with a scarcely defined destination, and living one can hardly conjecture how. On the last day, the two unfortunate trappers could only travel six miles, and this progress was made between the vacillations of hope and despair, the exhausted men repeatedly ly- ing down to die. Their determined exertions, however, were happily rewarded; at the close of the sixth day they reached a hunter’s camp on the Ohio, where they were considerately fed and clothed. With this party they ascended the river to the mouth of the Kanawha, where Kenton engaged with one of the settlers until he had earned enough to procure another rifle and outfit. In the summer, he joined a party going down the Ohio in search of Bullitt’s party, and on their way, some time in July, Keaton “with Michael Tyger and others” made some surveys and “tomahawk improvements” along and near the river in what are now Boyd and Greenup Counties. Not finding Bullitt, and alarmed by the attitude of the Indians, the party abandoned their canoes and under the guidance of Kenton returned to Virginia through the country. On reaching the mouth of the Big Sandy, Kenton’s services as guide being no longer necessary, he decided to make this his huntingj- ground for the season, and, in company with William Grills, Jacob Greathouse, Samuel Cartwright and Joseph Lock, remained here during the winter of 1773-74 trapping and hunting. In the spring, selling their peltries to a Frenchman and general Indian hostilities appearing inevitable, Kenton and his comrades returned to Port Pitt, and eventually took part in the campaign of Lord Dunmore against the Shawanese. In 1774, Col. William Preston, the sur- veyor of Fincastle County — in which was included all this new addition to Virginia — sent out three deputies, with their assistants, to continue the locating of military lands. Col. John Floyd was the first to arrive in the field, and on May 2, made his first survey in what is now Lewis County, opposite the mouth of the Scioto, for Patrick Henry — ■ 200 acres, binding one and one-eighth miles on the Ohio. On the same day he m:ide another survey four miles below the first, and continued until July, so far as ascertained,* as follows: May 7, in Mason County, below where Dover now is; May 11, in Kenton County, about nine miles below Covington; May 12, in Boone County, including Big Bone Lick and vicinity; May 16, in Carroll County, three miles above the mouth of the Kentucky River; May 24, in Trimble County, about eleven miles below the mouth of the Kentucky; May 27, in Jefferson County, nineteen miles above the falls of the Ohio; June 2, in same county, five miles below the falls; June 6, in same county, at the mouth of Beargrass Creek; and going thence to the Elkhorn River, he made surveys in the coun- ties of Scott, Fayette and Woodford. Floyd’s colleagues, James Douglass and Hancock Taylor, were not much later in reaching Kentucky. Douglass probably began his work on the waters of the Licking; on June 14, he is recorded as making a sur vey of 1,000 acres for James McDowell on a “south fork of Licking Creek,” probably in *See Collins, Vol. II, p. 23S. 118 HISTORY or KENTUCKY. Montgomery County; subsequently he pro- ceeded westward to what is now Jessamine County, where he executed numerous surveys on Jessamine and Hickman Creeks; and then turning northward met Taylor on the head waters of the south fork of Elkhorn, where the latter had made extensive surveys. Obtaining notes of the distances and courses O he had run, Douglass surveyed here 3,000 acres for Edward Ward; a similar tract, July 8, “for Henry Collins, Esq., as a lieutenant in his majesty’s navy in the late war;” and, July 11, 2,000 acres for Alexander McKee. Following the course of this stream into Scott County, he located several thousand acres in the vicinity of where Floyd was operating. Taylor seems to have wandered over less country than his colleagues; he began his surveys, probably, in Fayette County, where he located thousands of acres and remained until July. He then proceeded to the lower part of the Kentucky River, to survey a tract of land for Col. William Christian not far from the mouth of the river, and while thus employed was attacked and seriously wounded by the Indians. Two of his assist- ants attempted to extract the bullet with a pen-knife, but wez’e unsuccessful; the wound proved fatal on the way to the settlement, and Taylor was buried in Madison County on a fork of Silver Creek, which bears his name. In the meantime, a notable event was occur- ring near the vicinity of these surveys. In Maj^ James Harrod, who had been in one of the surveying parti es of the preceding year, led a company of thirty-one* men into what is now Mercer County, and laid the foundation of the first settlement and village in Ken- tucky. The party came from the Monon- gahela Valley, by way of the Ohio, to the mouth of the Kentucky, and ascend- ed the sti'eam “ to the mouth of a creek called (from that fact) Landing Run (now Oregon), in the lower end of the- present county of Mercer, and east of the village of Salvisa; thence across the Salt River, and up to Fountain Blue, and to the place where Harrodsburg now stands. In two or three weeks this was followed by Isaac Hite’s company of adventurers of eleven men. Capt. Harrod and his company encamped at the Big Spring, on the east of the place where it was agreed to lay off a town. Thence the men scattered in small companies to select locations, improve lands and build cabins, which they divided among themselves by lot — and as, ‘the lottery cabins’ they were known as long as they lasted. John Crow’s lottery cabin was near the town spring of Danville. James Brown’s, on Clark’s Run three-foui’ths of a mile south- east of said spring, and James Blair’s, a mile and a quarter southwest; William Field’s a mile and a third west of Dan- ville; John Crawford’s, four miles south of Danville; and James Wiley’s, three miles east of Harrodsburg. There is good reason to believe that cabins wei’e not built for all of the company, and therefore those built were apportioned by lot. The men of Hite’s company ‘improved,’ but generally without building cabins. James Harrod found what he called the Boiling Spring, which subse- quently became the site of ‘Boiling Spring settlement,’ six miles south of Harrodstown; here he cut down brush and made his improve- ment.” (Collins.) On the 16th of June, the company united to lay off a town, in which was assigned to each man a half- acre lot, and a ten -acre out- lot. While this work was in progress, Boone having been sent to Kentucky on a special mission, reached this place and assisted in laying out the lots, one of which was as- signed him. This lot adjoined one laid off for one Hinton, upon which a double log- house was built, which was known indiscrim- inately so long as it existed as Boone’s or Hinton’s cabin. Several other cabins were built here, which afforded quarters for the party until July 10th, when a band of In- dians attacked five of the settlers, who were attending a piece of corn, planted about three miles from Harrodsbui’g. One of the number, Jared Cowan, was engaged in dry- ing some papers in the sun, and was instant- ly killed. This sudden and fatal attack dis- *Appendix A, Note 7. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 119 persed the squad; Jacob Sandusky, with two others, supposing the main party destroyed, struck out for the Cumberland River, which they reached in safety, and thence by canoe to New Orleans. The other survivor hastened to Harrodsburg, from whence a strong party was sent out, and the murdered man’s papers recovered. This confirmation of the report of general Indian hostilities, which Boone had brought, quickly determined their action; the scattered men were recalled at once, and the whole company speedily conducted by way of Cumberland Gap to Virginia. Until the middle of 1774, the dissatisfac- tion of the Ohio Indians with the Fort Stan- wix treaty found expression in open hostil- ities only within the precincts of the dis- puted territory. The existence of this dis- satisfaction, and the reasons therefor, were well known, and as early as 1770, the fact found record in Washington’s journal. In 1773, Bullitt probably expressed the calm judgment of the leading rninds, when he rec- ognized the justice of these Indian com- plaints, and promised that their claims should be satisfied; but it did not require a revelation to teach these untutored savages that “ fine words butter no parsnips.” The blankets and presents were not forthcoming, but it did not escape their attention, mean- while, that thousands of deer and buffalo were falling a prey to the white hunter’s rifle, and that over thousands of the choicest acres in their hunting-grounds could be seen the surveyor’s fatal trail. Accordingly, irre- sponsible bands of the Ohio tribes gave deadly expression to the general feeling, and "there were few who ventured into this for- bidden ground but experienced the weight of Indian resentment. This feeling was un- doubtedly encouraged by the French traders, who were still welcome among the natives, and who had not yet recovered from the smart occasioned by the discomfiture of their nation; for some little time longer, however, a prudent regard for the power of the English delayed a general war, but with the opening of the year 1774 events occurred which pre- cipitated the Shawanese, “ the very head and front of the offending,” into open war. The earlier settlements west of the Alle- ghanies were planted along the Cheat River in 1754, and along the Monongahela two years later. Here their extension was checked for a time by the hostile activity of the In- dians, but directly this was ended the pro- gress of the settlements led toward the Ohio. The Zanes settled on the site of Wheeling, in 1770, considerably in advance of others, but in 1772 settlements began to be marked in the country between the Monongahela and the Laurel Ridge, and in the succeeding year the main line had reached the Ohio. The rallying point for all this region was at Fort Pitt, at the forks of the Ohio, whei’e a vig- orous settlement had sprung up under the name of Pittsburgh. During the French war there was consider- able doubt as to the jurisdiction within which the forks of the Ohio came, neither Pennsyl- vania or Virginia caring to incur the respon- sibility and expense of defending it against the French. Circumstances, however, de- volved the task principally upon Virginia, though both provinces contributed to its final capture and defense. When the geography of this country became better known, it was found that Pennsylvania had profited most by the exertions of their joint efforts — a re- sult by no means pleasing to the Virginians. As early as 1763, therefore, a growing feel- ing existed in Virginia that the possession of this point rightfully belonged to that prov- ince, and in the course of the succeeding ten years, this feeling matured into a demand. Accordingly, early in 1774, Lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia, sent his nephew. Dr. John Connolly, to Pittsburgh to assert the claims of the province. Connolly’s first act, under this authority, was to issue a procla- mation to the settlers in this region to as- semble on the 25th of January, to be enrolled and mustered as Virginia militia. The pro- prietors of Pennsylvania were I'epresented in the West by Arthur St. Clair, and he promptly caused the Virginian representative to be ar- rested before the date of the meeting. Not- withstanding this marked challenge of Vir- ginia’s authority, the people assembled ac- cording to the call, only to be peaceably dis- 120 HISTORY or KENTUCKY. persed by the dominant authority. Soon after this, upon his own authority and the promise of Connolly to return to his bond, the sheriff released his prisoner, who straightway collected a band of followers, and in March returned to Pittsburgh to re- assert the claim of Virginia. Too strong to be re-arrested, the usurper repaired the fort which had been dismantled, named it Fort Dunmore, and garrisoned it, remaining for the time master of the situation. His proceedings thus far had been carried forward upon the sanction of the governor, but it became a serious question with Con- nolly whether the assembly would grant the means of paying the large expense involved, and it is gravely charged that he sought secretly to provoke a rupture with the In- dians to give the color of necessity to his profuse expenditure. However this may be, in the latter part of April, Connolly dis- patched a letter to the settlers along the Ohio warning them that the Shawanese were not to be trusted, and that the whites should be prepared to revenge any outrages perpetrated by the savages. On June 17, 1798, Gen. Clark wrote a letter to the Louisville Literary News Letter, discussing the responsibility for what followed the events mentioned above, and from it is taken the following account of the situation; “This country* was explored in 1773. A resolution was formed to make a settlement the spring following, and the mouth of the Little Kanawha appointed as the place of general rendezvous, in order to descend the river from thence in a body Early in the spring the Indians had done some mischief. Reports from their towns were alarming, which deterred many. About eighty or ninety men arrived at the ap- ]5ointed rendezvous, where we lay some days. “ A small party of hunters, that lay about ten miles below, were tired upon by the Indians, whom the hunters beat back, and returned to camp. This and many other circumstances led us to believe that the Indians were determined on war. The whole party was enrolled and determined to execute their project for forming a settle- ment in Kentucky, as we had every necessary store that could be thought of. An Indian town called the Horsehead Bottom, on the Scioto and near its mouth, lay nearly in our way. The determination was to cross the country and surprise it. Who was to com- mand? was the question. There were but few among us that had experience in Indian warfare, and they were such that we did not choose to be commanded by. We knew of Capt. Cresap being on the river about fifteen miles above us, with some hands, settling a plantation; and that he had con- cluded to follow us to Kentucky as soon as he had fixed there his people. We also knew that he had been experienced in a former war. He was proposed; and it was unani- mously agreed to send for him to command, the party. Messengers were dispatched and in half an hour returned with Cresap. He had heard of our resolution from some of his hunters, that had fallen in with ours, and had set out to come to us. “We now thought our army, as we called it, complete, and the destruction of the In- dians sure. A council was called, and to our astonishment our intended commander- in-cnief was the person that dissuaded us from the enterprise. He said that appear- ances were very suspicious, but there was no certainty of a war; that if we made the at- tempt proposed,he had no doubt of our success; but a war would, at any rate, be the result, and that we should be blamed for it, and per- haps justly; but if we were determined to proceed, he would lay aside all considera- tions, send to his camp for his i^eople, and share our fortunes. ‘ ‘He was then asked what he would advise. His answer was, that we should return to Wheeling, as a convenient port, 'to hear what was going forwai’d. That a few weeks would determine. As it was early in the spring, if we found the Indiana were not disposed for war, we should have fulltime to return and make our establishment in Ken- tucky. This was adopted, and two hours later the whole were under way. As we as- cended the river we met Kill-buck, an Indian "^Kentucky. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 121 chief, with a small party. AVe had a long conference with him bnt received little satis- faction as to the disposition of the Indians. * * * * * On our arrival at Wheeling (the country being pretty well settled thereabouts), the whole of the in- habitants appeared to be alarmed. They flocked to our camp from every direction; and all that we could say could not keep them from under our wings. We oflered to cover their neighborhood with scouts, until further information, if they would return to their plantations; but nothing would prevail. By this time we had got to be a formidable party. All the hunters, men without families, etc., in that quarter, had joined our party. “ Our arrival at Wheeling was soon known at Pittsburgh. The whole of that country at that time being under the jurisdiction of Virginia, Dr. Connolly had been appointed by Dunmore captain-commandant of the district, which was called West Augusta.* He learningf of us, sent a message addressed to the party, letting us know that a war was to be apprehended, and requesting that we should keep our position for a few days, as messages had been sent to the Indians, and a few days would determine the doubt. The answer he got was that he had no inclination to quit our quarters for some time; that dur- ing our stay we should be careful that the enemy did not harass the neighborhood that we lay in. But before this answer could reach Pittsburgh, he sent a second express, addressed to Capt. Cresap, as the most influ- ential man amongst us, informing him that the messengers had returned from the Indi- ans; that war was inevitable, and begging him to use his influence with the party to get them to cover the country by scouts until the inhabitants could fortify themselves. The reception of this letter was the epoch of open hostilities with the Indians. A new postf was planted, a council was called, and the letter read by Cresap, all the Indian traders being summoned on so important an occasion. Ac- tion was had, and war declared in the most sol- ♦West Augusta, t.e., western part of Augusta County. fFort Henry. emn manner; and the same evening two scalps were brought into camp.* “ The next day some canoes of Indiaus were discovered on the river, keeping the advan- tage of an island to cover themselves from our view. They were chased fifteen miles down the river, and di'iven ashore. f A battle en- sued; a few were wounded on both sides; j one Indian only taken prisoner. On examin- ing their canoes, we found a considerable j quantity of ammunition and other warlike stores. On our return to camp, a resolution was adopted to march the next day and at- tack Logan’s camp on the Ohio, about thirty miles above us. We did march about five miles, and then halted to take some refresh- ment. Here the impropriety of executing the projected enterprise was argued. The conversation was brought forward by Cresap himself. It was generally agreed that those Indians had no hostile intentions, as they were hunting, and their party was composed of men, women and children, with all their stuff with them. This we knew, as I myself and others present had been in their camp about four weeks past, on our descending the river from Pittsburgh. In short, every jjer- son seemed to detest the resolution we had set out with. We returned in the evening, decamped, and took the road to Redstone.’’^ Connolly’s ill-advised letter was destined to bear still further bitter fruit. The settlers everywhere in this region seemed to have been put on the alert by this warning, and with a “zeal not according to knowledge,’’ were betrayed into acts which warranted the bloodiest reprisal. Two days later than the events narrated by Gen. Clark, a company of thirty- two men under the command of Daniel Greathouse, hastily assuming that the action of Cresap would inevitably precipitate a war, *The Indians, whose murder is thus noted, proved to be friendly natives in the employ of a Pittsburgh trader, and sent on a special mission. Notwithstanding the favorable character Clark assigns to Cresap, the great mass of evidence shows him to have been an “ Indian hater,” and the special evidence relating to this murder, makes it clear that he attacked the unsuspecting Indians against the earnest protest of the Zanes, who clearly showed him that his premeditated attack was unjustifiable, and j ominous of wide-spread evils. +At Captina Creek. JBrownsville, Penn. Clark was the apologist of Connolly and Cresap; the latter was, through a natural misapprehension, charged with the additional dastardly murder at Yellow Creek, but fortunately his reputation is saved this additional reproach by abundant sworn testimony. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. U'2 proceeded up the Ohio to a point forty miles above Wheeling. The avowed object of this movement was the protection of a family (Baker’s) whose cabin stood opposite the mouth of Big Yellow Creek, where Logan’s hunting party was then encamped. Arriving at their destination, “ the party was concealed in ambuscade, while their commander went over the river, under the mask of friendship, to the Indian camp, to ascertain their number; while there an In- dian woman advised him to return home speedily, saying that the Indians were drink- ing and angry on account of the murder of their people down the river, and might do him some mischief. On his return to his party, he reported that the Indians were too strong for an open attack. He returned to Baker’s and requested him to give any In- dians who might come over, in the course of the day, as much rum as they might call for, and get as many of them drunk as he possi- bly could. The plan succeeded. Several Indian men, with two women, came over the river to Baker’s, who had previously been in the habit of selling rum to Indians. The men drank freely and became intoxicated. In this State they were all killed by Great- house and a few of his party, for it is but justice to state, that not more than live or six of the whole number had any participation in the slaughter at the house. The rest pro- tested against it, as an atrocious murder. From their numbers being by far the major- ity, they might have prevented the deed; but alas! they did not. A little Indian girl alone was saved from the slaughter, by the humanity of some one of the party, whose name is not now known. “ The Indians in the camp, hearing the tiring at the house, sent a canoe with two men in it to enquire what had happened. These two Indians Avere both shot down as soon as they landed on the beach. A second and larger canoe was then manned by a number of Indians in arms; but, in attempt- ing to reach the shore some distance below the , house, were I’eceived by a well-directed tire from the party, which killed the greater number of them, and compelled the survivors to return. A great number of shots were exchanged across the river, but without damage to the white party, not one of whom was even wounded. The Indian men who were murdered were all scalped. The woman who gave the friendly advice to the commander of the party, when in the Indian camp, was amongst the slain at Baker’s house. ”* Comment upon these atrocious crimes is unnecessary; and they have been thus specif- ically pointed oirt because the massacres at Captina and Yellow Creeks were the un- doubted cause of the outbreak which ensued. None on the frontier doubted that war would follow. The settlers were hastily notified and gathered at places best suited for defense, and an express was sent to Williams- burg with tidings of affairs on the border. Lord Dun more quickly took measures to meet the emergency; the organization of an armed force to rendezvous at Wheeling was expedi- tiously undertaken, and Boone was summoned from his retirement to proceed to Kentucky and warn the several surveying parties en- gaged there. In company with Michael Stoner he set out in June, and it was on this trip that he visited Harrodsburg and assist- ed in laying out the lots. He found the sur- veyors already alarmed, and conducted them in with complete success and safety, making the tour of 800 miles in sixty-eight days. The Indians, however, had not generally determined upon war. The friends of the murdered savages took vengeance on the whites within their reach, and several traders were sacrificed to their fury in a terrible manner, but the tribes were still reluctant to take up the bloody gauntlet thrown down by the whites. In this unsettled state of affairs the force rendezvoused at Wheeling, deter- mined to march against the Indian town, Wappatomica, on the Muskingum. The In- dians frustrated in their attempt to surprise this invading army, sued for peace, and gave five of their chiefs as hostages. Two of these were subsequently released to collect the head tribesmen to ratify a peace, but the *Notes on early settlement of western Virginia. Rev- Joseph Doddridge, 1824. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 123 whites, after waiting until it seemed evident that the only object of the savages was to gain time for organization, laid waste the town and crops, and retired with their pris- oners. The Delawares, still anxious for peace, and the Shawanese, influenced by their sagacious leader, Cornstalk, went so far in their efforts to avert the threatened conflict as to secure some wandering traders from the wrath of the Mingoes whose friends had been murdered. And Logan, who had taken ready vengeance upon the scattered settlers, while the rest of his race hesitated, now that he had secured a scalp for each of his thirteen relatives murdered, expressed himself satisfied, and ready to treat with the Long Knives. But Connolly, who had been the prime instrument in embroiling the races, was possessed of a spirit scarcely less than fiendish, and seemed determined that war should follow. He accordingly attempt- ed to seize the Shawanese whose errand of friendship had brought them within his reach, and when foiled in this attempt, sent his base emissaries to waylay them. Under such cii'cumstances it would have scarcely been in accord with civilized human nature, and certainly not with Indian nature, if no border attacks had succeeded; and so from June to September the frontier was harried by numerous independent incursions, which were especially directed against the Virginians. These devastations called out the renewed efforts of Gov. Dunmore, and a larfje force was raised, consistingf of two wings, one under Dunmore from the north- ern and eastern counties of Virginia, and the other from the southern and western counties under Gen. Lewis. These were to unite at Point Pleasant, and together proceed to the Indian country in Ohio. Lewis reached the appointed place on the 6th of October, and while waiting for the other wing was attacked by about an equal number of Indian warriors, drawn from the Shawa- nese, Delaware, Mingo, Wyandotte and Cayuga tribes. The battle began about sun- rise on the 10th, and continued until near sunset with unabated fury and determination. The savages were under the leadership of the famous Cornstalk, who inclosed the troops in the angle formed by the Kanawha and the Ohio, resolved to annihilate them if fortune favored his efforts. “Never,” says Withers, “did men exhibit more conclusive evidence of bravery in making a charge, and fortitude in withstanding an onset, than did these undisciplined soldiers of the forest in the field at Point Pleasant. ” The V irginians were not less valiant; here Greek met Greek, but the “ anointed children of education were too powerful for the tribes of the ignorant.” Taking advantage of the sheltering banks of Crooked Creek, which flows in a course par- allel with the Ohio into the Kanawha, a detachment of the troops gained the rear of the savages, who disconcerted by this unexpected attack gave way and retreated to their homes. The whites remained victors, but at a fearful cost. About one-fifth* of their number lay dead or bleeding upon the ground, among whom were ten of the leading officers. As early as practical the command pro- ceeded across the Ohio to secure the fruit of this hard -won victory, but before much prog- ress had been made, a message from Dunmore brought the intelligence that the governor had proceeded direct from Pittsburgh, that he was then engaged in negotiating a treaty, and that the advancing troops were ordered to return to Point Pleasant. Gen. Lewis, entertaining grave suspicions of Dunmore’s fidelity, declined to obey the orders thus received, and only stayed his march when ordered by the governor in person, in presence of an Indian town. The treaty agreed upon by Lord Dunmore has never been published, and it rests only upon that officer’s word that the Shawanese agreed to forego their hunting in Kentucky; it is certain that the treaty effected no lasting settlement of the vexed question of the time, aud gave assurance to existing suspicions that that officer desired to placate the savages in the interests of the part that the British were to play in the con- flict which he dimly saw impending. “The Dunmore war,” though conducted outside of Kentucky limits, was none the less a marked event in its history, and was ear- * Seveuty-five killed aud 14u wounded. 124 HISTORY or KENTUCKY. nestly engaged in by most of those who have been noted as its earlier pioneers. Harrod, with thirty of his company, served under Gen. Lewis; Kenton acted as spy in both wings of the army; and Boone, after his return from the mission to Kentucky, com- manded three frontier posts under appoint- ment from the governor. The retreat of the explorers and surveyors from Kentucky, in 1774, and the warlike activities which followed, served to spread the report of the new country’s attractions in ever widening circles, and at the close of the brief struggle, public attention immediately reverted with increased interest to the dis- puted territory. The succeeding year, there- fore, witnessed not only the return of former explorers to their improvements, but also the advent of many new adventurers. Of the previous year’s explorers, Kenton was probably the first to return. Discharged from the army in the fall, he repaired with a single comi’ade, Thomas Williams, to his old hunting-ground on the Big Sandy; here they spent the winter, and in the spring, having disposed of their peltries, Kenton led the way in quest of the “cane-laud” which had been the object of his former fruitless search. They accordingly set out down the river, but night overtaking them they were obliged to put in to the shore. They landed at the mouth of Cabin Creek, about six miles above Maysville, and next moiming, while hunting some miles back in the country, Kenton dis- covered the object of his persistent pursuit. From a little eminence his gaze took in a wide stretch of country, containing a large cane-brake and presenting a landscape that enraptured the young hunter Rejoining his companion, he related the glad tidings, and, sinking their canoe, the two started inland on a tour of discovery. In the month of May, 177.5, within a mile of the present town of Washington, in Mason County, having built their camp and finished a small clear- ing, they planted about an acre of land with the re- mains of the corn bought for food. The spot chosen by them for their agricultural attempt, was one of the most beautiful and fertile in the State of Kentucky. Here, in due season, they ate the first roasting ears that ever grew, by the care of a white man. on the north side of the Kentucky River. Before this they had discovered the upper and lower Blue Lick and the immense herds of buffalo, elk, etc., that frequented these places, covering the hills and valleys of the Licking. The land was a hunter’s paradise, and our adventurers were com- pletely happy in their new, undisputed home. They soon had cause, however, to apprehend that others would contend with them for the mastership of the soil. Happening one day at the lower Blue Lick, they discovered two white men. Approaching them with due caution, they found them friendly, and learned that they had wandered without guns or food far into the country, their canoe having upset in a squall on the Ohio. Fitzpatrick and Hendricks (so these strangers were named) were invited by Kenton to join his station near Washington. Hen- dricks acceded to the proposal, but Fitzpatrick in- sisted on returning to Virginia. Accordingly, Ken- ton and Williams (having left Hendricks at the Lick) accompanied Fitzpatrick to the Ohio, gave him a gun and took leave of him on the other side from where Maysville now stands. Returning quickly as possible, they were surprised and not a little alarmed to find the camp where they had left Hendricks abandoned and in disorder. Looking around they observed a smoke in a low ravine, and at once comprehended the whole affair. They were satisfied that a party of Indians had captured their friend, and they at once fled to the woods. Next morning, cautiously approaching the still smoking fire, they discovered that the savages had departed, and with feelings that may be easily imagined, they found what they did not doubt were the skull and bones of the unfortunate Hendricks. He had been burned to death while they were so cowardly flying. Filled with shame and remorse that they had so basely abandoned him to his fate without an effort to rescue him, they went back to their camp near Washington. They had the good fortune themselves to escape the notice of the In- dians who prowled through the country. In the fall Kenton, leaving Williams at the camp, took a ramble through his rich domain. Everywhere he saw abundance of game, and the richest and most beautiful land. At the lower Blue Lick he met with Michael Stoner, who had come to Kentucky with Boone the year before. He now learned that himself and Williams were not the only whites in- habiting the cane-land. Taking Stoner to his camp and gathering up his property, he and Williams accompanied him to the settlements already formed in the interior. Kenton passed the winter of 1775- 76 at Ilinkston’s Station, in the present county of Bourborn, about forty miles from his corn patch.*" There was less activity in the location and survey of military lands in this year, but Floyd and Douglass were both early in re- turning to Kentucky. The latter came back *Sketeh of Simon Kenton, in Collins, Vol. II, p. 442. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 125 to the scene of his former labors, with a “party of about ten or twelve,” and spent the summer in this work. Under date of July 12, 1775, Henderson writes from Boones- boro, to his colleagues in the Transyl- vania Colony scheme, that this party, “ em- ployed in searching through that country, and laying off officers’ lands, have been for more than three weeks within ten miles of us, and will be for several weeks longer, ranging up and down the country. ” Floyd came to Kentucky in April, with thirty- one men from Virginia, and pitched his camp on Dick’s River, engaging in survey- ing, dui’ing most of the year, all through central Kentucky. In May, he visited Boonosboro on behalf of his company to learn on what terms they might settle colonial lands; upon which Henderson re- marks in his journal: “Was much at a loss on account of this gentleman’s arrival and message, as he was surveyor of Fincastle County under Col. Preston. ” Later in the month, Floyd was a delegate to the Boones- boro Legislature from St. Asaph, and subseqiiently so far identified himself with the colonial enterprises as to become Hender- son’s principal surveyor. In this year, Beniamin Ashley also made some surveys in Nicholas County for the Ohio Company — a part its first 200,000 acres; and in May, ten young men came from Vir- ginia to what is Mason County, who, after exploring, surveyed upward of 20,000 acres. They also made improvements for each one, but their visit is chiefly remarkable for a bout of fisticuffs in which two of them en- gaged with such bitterness as for some time to give the name of “ Battle Creek ” to a stream now known as Well’s Creek. There was in this year, however, a marked activity among settlers, new explorers vying with older ones in their preparations to reach Kentucky early in the spring. March or April was as soon as it was practicable for the members of the older settlements to reach this destination, but in May, 1775, a close estimate places the number of pros- pective citizens then in Kentucky at 300, who already had 230 acres under cultivation. Save Kenton, the McAfees were probably the first settlers to reach Kentucky in the spring, preceding Harrod by four, and Boone by twenty days. The Indian hostilities, which followed their return to Virginia in the previous year, prevented them from carry- ing out their intention of returning to make a settlement that year, but early in the suc- ceeding spring they were once more in the cane-brake. They reached their claim on Salt River on March 11th, cleared two acres of ground, planted peach stones and apple seeds for an orchard, and in April started back to Virginia, leaving two of their num- ber with Harrod to protect their improve- ment from the intrusion of other settlers. On their homeward journey they met Hender- son and his company, when, persuaded by the leader of the party contrary to the ad- vice of their elder brother James, Robert, Samuel and William McAfee turned back and united their fortunes with the colony. The family pai’ty accordingly divided, the three brothers returning to Boonesboro, where they entered land with Henderson, and put it in cultivation. That fall, when the colonial scheme proved abortive, the family party was I'eunited, and under the protection of the newly erected Harrod Sta- tion, cleared and cultivated some fifteen acres near’ the mouth of Armstrong Branch, in Mercer County. On March 15th, James Harrod returned to the village which had been laid out on Salt Creek under his auspices in the previous year, and which was now called Harrods- town. He brought with him about fifty men, most of them young and without families, whom he had enlisted in the enterprise in the Monongahela Valley. The company at once occupied the cabins previously erected, and. set about “improving” various sites for future settlements, sixteen fields of corn being planted in the neighborhood. In April, however, the alarm created by the Indian depredations in the preceding month robbed this settlement of more than half of its numbers, who set off for the protection of the older settlements. Harrod remained and pushed his improvements at Boiling 12G HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Spring, while a sufficient number remained in the village to give it a busy air; in fact it was never subsequently entirely deserted, and in September gained an accession of several families to its population. In the succeeding winter a fort was begun here, though not completed until the next year, and was one of the noted outposts during the unsettled period, from the beginning of the Revolutionary war to the general pacifi- cation at Greenville. The next and by far the most important accession to the frontier forces, in this year, was Boone and his company. The close of the “ Dunmore war ” had no sooner placed him at his own disposal, than he was solic- ited to lend his experience and efforts in be- half of an enterprise which sought to plant a colony in Kentucky. Little is known of the early growth of this project, but Richard Henderson seems to have been the leading spirit. He was a man of marked ability, and had occupied the position of associate sui^reme judge of North Carolina. Led by ambition and a spirit of speculation to emu- late the early colonial enterprises, he pri- vately sought the Cherokees under the pre- tense of viewing some back lands, and hav- ing ascertained their readiness to 'negotiate for the sale of a large portion of Kentucky, returned to his home to organize a company to effect the purchase.* Accordingly, Thomas Hart, Nathaniel Hart, David Hart, John Luttrell, William Johnston and James Hogg, of Orange County, and John Williams, Leonard Hendly Bullock and Judge Richard Henderson, of Granville County, N. C. , associated themselves for that purpose, and in a conference on the Watauga branch of the Holston River, between certain of the newly formed company, assisted by Boone, and the principal chiefs of the Chero- kees, the natives, on March 17, 1775, sold to the company the fairest portion of Kentucky, as well as a large tract in North Carolina, for £10,000 sterling. The boundaries of the tract in Kentucky were as follows: “Beginning on the Ohio * Gov. Morehead is authority for the assertion that Col. Nathaniel Hart took these preliminary steps. River at the mouth of the Cantuckey Chenoee, or what, by the English, is called Louisa River: from thence running up the said river, and the most northwardly fork of the same, to the head spring thereof; thence a south- east course to the top of the ridge of Powell’s Mountain; thence westwardly, along the ridge of the said mountain, unto a point from which a northwest course will hit or strike the head spring of the most south- wardly branch of Cumberland River; thence down the said river, including all its waters, to the Ohio River, and up the said river as it meanders to the begin n ins:.” Boone had been engaged to cut a road to the territory thus purchased, and prepare for the colony to be transferred thither; and be- fore the consummation of the treaty, which was delayed by tedious Indian ceremonials for twenty days, he was on his way marking the route which has since been known as Boone’s Trace. Boone had a party of twenty- one men, which included Squire Boone, Rich- ard Calloway, John Kennedy, and others, and at Long Island, in the Holston, he was joined by Capt, Twetty with seven men. They be- gan at this point to mark the trace, blazing their way with hatchets until they reached Rockcastle River. Thence their course lay for twenty miles through a country covered with dead brush; the next thirty miles lay “through thick cane and reed; and as the the cane ceased, they began to discover the pleasing and rapturous appearance of the plains of Kentucky. A new sky and strange earth seemed to be presented to their view; so rich a soil they had never seen before — covered with a clover in full bloom; the woods abounding with wild game — turkeys so numerous that it might be said they appeared but one flock, universally scattered in the woods. It appeared that nature, in the pro- fusion of her bounty, had spread a feast for all that lived, both for the animal and rational world.”* This bold approach to the favorite hunt- ing grounds of the savages was not to be made with impunity. No evidence of the presence of Indians had been observed, how- * Narrative of Hon. Felix Walker in Collins, Vol. II, p. 497. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 127 ever, during their progress; the company had reached a point in Madison County v?ithin fifteen miles of the Kentucky Kiver, and they went into camp on March 24th, therefore, without any of those precautions which would otherwise have been considered necessary. The pioneers had not been unobserved, as they thought; about daybreak the next morning the sleeping whites were aroused by a sudden volley of rifles, but fortunately the attacking band of savages was too weak to follow up the advantage afforded by the surprise, and retreated. This assault, brief as it was, en- tailed serious consequences upon the pioneers. Capt. Twetty received wounds in both knees, from which he died three days later; his black servant was killed outright, and Felix Walker was dangerously wounded. Some of the party refusing: to brave further danger in advancing, followed the newly made trace homeward, while the rest of the company, erecting a slight fort* on a little eminence, about 100 yards from the road, remained here until April 1st. In the meantime the same Indians discovered a party of six whites encamped near the Kentucky River, and only a few miles from Boone’s company, though un- known to them. These the savages attacked, killing and scalping two of their number; the rest escaped, a son of Samuel Tate being discovered by some of Boone’s hunters. Having buried Twetty’s remains in the fort, and leaving a small party with Walker, who was too seriously wounded to be moved at once, the main party proceeded to the mouth of Otter Creek, where Boone had sent a messenger to invite the members of the lower settlements to meet him. Arriving at their destination, selection was made of “a plain on the south side, wherein was a lick with two sulphui’ springs strongly impregnated,” and here the company built a couple of cabins, “ having some of the advantages of a stockade fort,” which was subsequently named Fort Boone. Before leaving “ Little Fort.” Boone had dispatched a letter to Col. Henderson, in- *This structure, formed of logs six or seven feet high, and probably not roofed, was known in the early annals of Ken- tucky as Little or Twetty’s Fort, and was the firs>. ever con- structed in the State. forming him of their progress and experi- ence, and added: “My advice to you, sir, is to come or send as soon as possible. Your company is desired greatly, for the people are very uneasy, but are willing to stay and venture their lives with you, and mow is the time to frustrate the intentions of the In- dians, and keep the country, whilst we are in it. If we give way to them now, it will ever be the case.” This letter found Henderson already on the road for Louisa, as the Ken- tucky River and Valley were sometimes called. He had taken prompt and practical measures to plant the proposed colony, the details of which will appear in the following extract taken from his “Journal of an Expedition to Cantuckey in 1775.” Monday, March '20th, — Having finished my treaty with the Indians atlYataiiga, set out for Louisa. Thursday, 30iA, — Arrived at Capt. Martin’s in Powell Valley. Friday, 31.sf. — Employed in mak- ing a house to secure our wagons, as we could not possibly clear the way au 3 " farther. Saturday, April 1st, — Employed in making ready for packing \i. e., loading horses with the baggage]. Sunday, 2d, — Mr. Hart came up [this was Capt. Nathaniel Hart, one of the proprietors of Transyl- vania, who had made the treaty at Watauga. In 1779, he brought his famil}" to Boonesborough. In August, 1782, while carelessly riding out in the vicinity of the fort, he was killed and scalped bj^ a small party of Indians]. Wednesday, April oth, — Started with our pack horses. Friday. 1th , — About break of day, it began to snow. About 11 o’clock received a letter from Mr. John Luttrell's camp, that there were five persons killed by the Indians on the road to Cantuckey. Same daj^ re- ceived a letter from Daniel Boone, that his company was fired upon by Indians, who killed two of his men, though he kept the grouud and saved the bag- gage, etc. Saturday, Sth, — Started about 10 o’clock, crossed Cumberland Gap. About four miles from it, met about forty persons returning from the Can- tuckey on account of the late murders by the In- dians. Could prevail on only one to return. Sev- eral Virginians who were with us turned back from here. Monday, 10th, — Dispatched Capt. William Cocke to the Cantuckey, to inform Capt. Boone that we were on the road. Sunday, 10th, — About 12 o’clock, met James McAfee with eighteen other persons returning from Cantuckey. Thursday, April '20th. 177.5, — Arrived at Fort Boone, on the mouth of Otter Creek, Cantuckey River, where we were saluted by a running fire of about twenty-five guns, all that were at the fort. The meu appeared in high spirits and much rejoiced at our arrival. Friday, April 21st, — On viewing the fort, finding 128 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the plan not sufficient to admit of buildings for the reception of our company, and a scarcity of ground suitable for clearing at that advanced season, was at a loss to proceed. Capt. Boone’s company having laid out most of the adjacent good land into lots of two acres each, and taking as it fell to each indi- vidual by lot, was in actual possession and occupy- ing them. After some perplexity, resolved to erect a fort on the opposite side of a large lick, near the river bank, which would place us at the distance of | 300 yards from the other fort— the only place where we could be of any service to Capt. Boone’s men, or vice versa. SiUurdai/, 22(-Z,— Finished running off all the lots we could conveniently get, fifty-four in number. Gave notice of our intention of having them drawn for in the evening, but Mr. Robert McAfee, his brother Samuel, and some more, were not well satisfied whether they would draw or not. They wanted to go down the River Cantuckey, about fifty miles, near Capt. Harrod’s settlement, where they had begun improvements and left them on the late alarm. I informed them myself, in the hearing of all attending, that such settlements should not entitle them to land from us. They ap- pearing much concerned, and at a loss what to do, the lottery was put off till next morning, at sun- rise, thereby giving them time to come to a reso- lution. Sunday, April 23d, 1775, — Drew lots and spent the day without public worship. The inter- val was employed in building a magazine, sowing seeds, etc. Sunday, May 1th, — Went into the woods after a stray horse, stayed all night, and on our return found Capt. Harrod and Col. Thomas Slaughter, from IIarrod.stown, on Dick’s River. It is in fact on the head of Salt River and not on Dick's River. Col. Slaughter and Capt. Harrod seemed very jocose and in gTeat good humor. Monday, May — Was very much embarrassed by a dispute between the above. * -X- After much dispute about the respective claims of Slaughter and Harrod, for land to be ap- portioned to their respective companies, in order to divert the debate on this irritating subject, a plan of government by popular representation was pro- posed. The reception this plan met with from these gentlemen, as well as Capt. John Floyd, a leading man on Dick’s River, gave us great pleas- ure, and therefore we immediately set out about the business. iVppointed Tuesday, May 23d inst., at Boonesborougb, for the meeting of delegates, and accordingly made out writings for the different towns to sign. For want of a little obligatory law, or some restraining authority, our game — nay, as soon as we got here, if not before— was driven off very much. As short a distance as good hunters thought of getting meat was fifteen, nay, some- times they were obliged to go thirty miles; though by chance, once or twice a v/eek, buffalo were killed within five or six miles of the camp. The wanton destruction of game gives great uneasiness. Saturday. May 13th.— l^o scouring of floors, sweep- ing of yards, or scalding bedsteads here. About fifty ' yards from the river, behind my camp, and a fine I spring a little to the west, stands one of the finest elms I that perhaps nature has overproduced. The tree is ' produced on a beautiful plain, surrounded by a turf of fine white clover, forming a green to the very stock. The trunk is about four feet through to the first branches, which are about nine feet from the ground. ! Prom thence it regularly extends its large branches on every side, at such equal distances as to form the most beautiful tree the imagination can suggest. The diameter of the branches from the extreme end is 100 feet, and every fair day it describes a semi- circle on the heavenly green around it of upward of 400 feet in circuit. At any time between the hours of ten and two 100 persons may commodiously seat themselves under the branches. This divine tree, or i-ather one of the many proofs of the existence from all eternity of its divine author, is to be our church, council-chamber, etc. Having many things on our hands, we have not had time to erect a pul- pit, seats, etc., but hope bj^ Sunday seven-night to perform divine service in a public manner, and that to a set of scoundrels, who scarcely believe in God or fear a devil, if we may judge from most of their looks, words or actions. Tuesday, May 23d, 1775, — Delegates met from every town, pleased with their stations, and in great good humor. Wednesday. May 2Uh, — Convention met (under di- vine elm) for the colonj^ of Transylvania; sent a message acquainting me that they had chosen Cbl. Thomas Slaughter as chairman, and Matthew Jou- ett, clerk, of which I approved, and went and opened business by a short speech, etc. Thursday, May 2Hth, — Three of the members waited on the proprietors with a very sensible address, which they asked leave to read; read it, and delivered an an- swer in return. Business went on. This day four bills were fabricated : (1) for establishing tribu- nals of justice and for recovery of debts; (2) for establishing a militia; (3) for preventing the de- struction of game, etc.; (4) a law concerning fees. The delegates are very good men, and much di.sposed to serve their country. Saturday, May 21th. — Finished the convention in good order; every- body pleased. Sunday, May 23th. — Divine service, for the first time in Kentucky, was performed by Rev. John Lythe, of the Church of England. Most of the delegates returned home. Monday, June 5th, — Made out commissions for Harrodsburg, Boiling Springs settlement, and St. Asaph’s, both military and civil. Friday, June l%th, — Continued eating meat without bread. Sunday, June 13th, — Michael Stoner, our hunter, not returned; was expected yesterday ; no meat. Wednesday, July 12, — Horses being almost worn out, went up the river (Kentucky) in a canoe to get meat, if possible. Our salt quite out, except about a quart w'hich I brought from Harrodsburg. Times a little melancholy, provisions very scarce; no salt to enable us to save meat at any distance from us. No accounts or arrivals from within ; weather very dry; the springs being scarce, water was rarely to be HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 129 gotten. We were not able to raise above fourteen or fifteen fighting men at one time, unless they | were all summoned, which could not easily be done without long notice, they being much dispersed hunting,* etc. In the meanwhile the cane-brakes, else- where in Kentucky, were rife with the busy activity of settlers. Benjamin Logan had heard of the rich lands to be secured in Ken- tucky, and starting out from his farm on the Holston, unaccompanied, save by three of his bondsmen, he made his way as far as the Powell Yalley, intent upon exploring the newly opened country for himself. Here he fell in with Henderson’s company, with which he proceeded to his destination. In journey- ing thither, he learned of Henderson’s plans, which ill suited his independent spirit, and gaining the interior, he parted company with his fellow- travelers, and struck out for himself. He selected a site about a mile west of the present town of Stanford, in Lincoln County, and there, with one Michael Galaspy, raised a crop of corn and built a small defensive clus- ter of cabins. He did not remain long alone; his many excellent qualities of head and heart attracted others, and the settlement thus formed single-handed was of such import- ance, in May, as to be represented in the co- lonial assembly on an equal footing with the more pretentious one at Harrodstown. At the same time, some seventy- hve miles northeast of Logan, the Hinkston company of fifteen explorers were making improve- ments on the Licking. Coming down the Ohio in March and April, they ascended the Lick- ing to the mouth of Willow Creek, four miles above Falmouth, and landed; here they remained two nights and a day on account of high water and continued rains, and then proceeded to a spot near the lower Blue Lick. At this place they fell in with the Miller company of fourteen persons, which had followed the same course, but had passed them unobserved in the journey. Each party sent explorers to spy out the land, who brought in their reports to the united com- pany. The two parties traveled together *These extracts have been taken from the portion quoted by Mr. Collins in his excellent sketches. Reference is made to another “ stitched book,” bnt this, that indefatigable compiler, after a long and pains-taking search, was unable to find. until the buffalo trace leading toward the site of Lexington was reached, when they separated. Hinkston and his company took [ this trace to the region lying between Cyn- thiana and Paris, where they made several j small clearings and built a cabin for each member of the company. From members of this company, Hinkston and Townsend’s Creeks, and Cooper’s Run take their names, and on the last two, corn was raised in this year. The Miller party encamped on a creek bearing the same name, and selected sites for improvement for each one of the company, one of the members planting a patch of pota- toes. In June, however, the whole company returned home. Contemporaneous with these were the par- ties of McConnell and Lindsay, which arrived on the Elkhorn from the Monongahela Val- ley in April. The first named party, under the lead of William McConnell, who had been in Kentucky the year before, remained here until June, making various “improve- ments ” in what is now Fayette County. Some of these persons returned by water, the others going by land to the mouth of Law- rence Creek on the Ohio, six miles below Maysville, where the company was reunited. Reaching their destination before the arrival of the canoes, the laud party busied them- selves in making “improvements” and build- ing cabins on that stream. In the succeed- ing November, John McClellan, with his family and six young men, returned, bring- ing their movable goods in canoes and driv- ing their stock, nine horses and fourteen head cattle, overland. The site of Leestown was the appointed place of rendezvous, where the land party arrived first; on the arrival of the canoes, the party proceeded to the Royal Spring, where Georgetown has since been founded, and erected a cabin, where the com- pany resided until April of the next year. This done, the young men went within two miles of the site of Lexington, and built a cabin. “In April, 1775, Joseph Lindsay, William Lindsay, Patrick Jordan, Garrett Jordan, John Vance and others, met at Drennon’s Lick and came up together to Elkhorn, 130 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. wliei’e John Lee and Hugh Shannon joined them, thence up Elkhorn to the forks; from the forks to the place now called Georgetown, and thence to, or near, the place where Lex- ington now stands — their business, to explore the country and make improvements. The morning after they encamped here, the com- pany remained in camp on account of the rainy weather. Patrick Jordan went alone down the fork on which they were encamped, and discovered a large spring of water on the north side of and a short distance from the fork. When he returned to camp and told of the spring, Joseph Lindsay, the only one of the company who had not made choice of an improvement said he would have it, and jjromptly offered Jordan two guineas to go with him and show it. They went together, taking axes, and made an ‘ improvement,’ cut poles and built a cabin, three or four logs high and about ten feet square, girdled some trees, and made a brush heap or two, and cut the initials J. L. on a tree at the head of the spring. After that, several of the company went over to Harrodsburg, and the others down to the forks of the Elkhorn after their provis- ions, working tools, etc., which had been left there with the canoes. In a few days, the brothers Jordan returned with Joseph Lind- say to his spring, assisted him to plant be- tween a quarter and a half acre of land in corn, and then left him, Lindsay declaring he meant to live there. In September, 1775, Patrick Jordan went by and found Lindsay living there, in a camp he had built; besides the plow- irons, wedges, hoes, axes, etc, which he had gotten from Elkhorn, Lindsay had roasting ears of corn and snap beans, the first Jordan had seen in the country. In July, 1770, he called there again, and saw two acres of corn, and some fruit trees growing, and about a quarter of an acre of land inclosed with a fence. Lindsay was not there; ‘it was grow- ing troublesome times on account of the In- dians, the people were scary, and had gener- ally left their improvements and gone into the stations for security.’ Lindsay had gone to Harrodsburg.” (Collins.) In his historical address, Governor More- head states that “in the year 1775, intelli- gence was received by a party of hunters, while accidentally encamped on one of the branches of the Elkhorn, that the first battle of the Revolution had been fought in the vi- cinity of Boston, between the British and pro- vincial forces; and in commemoration of the event they called the spot of their encamp- ment Lexington.” There are some consider- ations which lead one to believe this sugges- tion as to the origin of the town’s name a romance, but the evidences are strongly in favor of its probability; and it appears quite as evident that one of these parties — McCon- nell’s or Lindsay’s — was its author, though the town was not founded until four years later. Such were the notable explorations made and settlements effected prior to 1776; others of a less important character, and many, of which there is no record, contributed to the pioneer activities of this period, but of all the eager throng that hastened to pre-empt the choicest glades and meadows in this fertile land, few cared to brave the dangers of the “dark and bloody ground” in their defense. On June 12, when, as his journal informs us, the supplies were nearly exhausted, Hender- son writes from Boonesborough, as the settle- ment was called, to his colleagues: * * * No doubt but you have felt great anxiety since the receipt of my letter from Powell’s Valley.* Ai that time things wore a gloomy aspect ; indeed it was a serious matter, and became a little more so, after the date of the letter than before. That after- noon I wrote the letter in Powell’s Valley, in our march this way we met about forty people return- ing, and in about four days the number was little short of a hundred. Arguments and persuasions were needless ; they seemed resolved on returning, and traveled with a precipitation that truly bespoke their fears. Eight or ten were all that we could prevail on to proceed with us, or follow after ; and thus, what wm before had, counting every boy and lad, amounted to about forty, with wdiich number we pursued our journey %vith the utmost diligence, for my own part, never under more real anxiety. -» * * Every group of travelers we saw, or strange bells which were heard in front, was a fresh alarm ; afraid to look or inquire, lest Capt. Boone or his companions were amongst them, or some disastrous account of their defeat. The slow progress we made with our packs, made it absolutely necessary for some person to go and give assurance of our coming, especially as they had no certainty of our April 8. See Journal, ante. HISTORY OF IvENTUCKY. 131 being on the road at all ; or bad even beard wbetber the Indians bad sold to us or not. It was owing to Boone’s confidence in us, and tbe people’s in bim, that a stand was ever attempted in order to wait for our coming. * « * * * ^^ * Tbe general panic that bad siezed tbe men we were continually meeting, was contagious ; it ran like wild-fire ; and, notbwitbstanding every effort against its progress, it was presently discovered in our own camp ; some hesitated and stole back, privately ; others saw tbe necessity of returning to convince their friends that they were still alive, in too strong a light to be resisted ; whilst many, in truth, who have nothing to thank but the fear of shame, for the credit of intrepidity, came on, though their hearts for some hours made part of the deserting company. In this situation of affairs, some few, of genuine courage and undaunted resolution, served to inspire the rest ; by help of whose example, as- sisted by a little pride and some ostentation, we made a shift to march on with the appearance of gallantry, and, cavalier-like, treated every insinuation of danger with the utmost contempt. It soon became habitual ; and those who started in the morning with pale faces and apparent trepidation, could lie down and sleep at night in great quiet, not even possessed of fear enougii to get the better of indo- lence. * * * To give you a small specimen of the disposition of the people it may be sufficient to assure you that when we arrived at this place, we found Capt. Boone’s men as inattentive on the score of fear (to all appearances), as if they had been in Hillsborough. A small fort, which onl}" wanted two or three days’ work to make it tolerably safe, was totally neglected on Mr. Cocke’s arrival;* and unto this day remains unfinished, nothwith- standing the repeated applications of Capt. Boone, and every representation of danger from ourselves. * * * Our plantations extend nearly two miles in length, on the river, and up the creek. Here people work in their different lots ; some without their guns, and others without care or caution. It is in vain for us to say anything more about the matter ; it cannot be done by words. * * * Our company has dwindled from about eighty in num- ber to about fifty odd, and I believe in a few days will be considerably less. Among these I have not heard one person dissatisfied with the country or terms ; but go, as they say, merely because their business will not admit of longer delay. The fact is that many of them are single, worthless fellows, and vrant to get on the other side of the mountains, for the sake of saying they have been out and re- turned safe, together with the probability of getting a mouthful of bread in exchange for their news. * * * We are seated at the mouth of Otter Creek, on the Kentucky, about 150 miles from the Ohio. To the west, about fifty miles from us, are two set- tlements, within six or seven miles one of the other. See journal entry, Monday, April 10. The messenger dis- patched. There were, some time ago, about 100 at the two places ; though now, perhaps not more than sixty or seventy, as many of them are gone up the Ohio for their families, and some returned, by the way we came, to Virginia and elsewhere. * * » Col. Harrod, who governs the first two mentioned settle- ments (and is a verj' good man for our pm-pose). Col. Floyd (the surveyor) and myself, are under solemn engagements to communicate with the ut- most dispatch every piece of intelligence respecting danger or sign of Indians, to each other. In case of invasion of Indians, both the other parties are instantly to march and relieve the distressed if pos- sible. ******** The plea of going back to the older settle- ments for their families was in most cases without foundation in fact. None returned; and prior to September there were no white women in Kentucky. Some time before this date, Boone had returned to the Holston.River settlements to bring on his family; he found the families which had made the unsuccess- ful attempt to reach this . region, in 1773, ready to try again, and accordingly, having secm’ed a number of recruits for the frontier post, he set out with them and his family in the latter part of the summer. On reaching Powell Valley, he was joined by Hugh McGary, Richard Hogan and Thomas Den- ton, with their families, who had been wait- ing three months for his return. United, the company mustered “twenty- seven guns,” which, with their stock and luggage, made a somewhat imposing cavalcade. They reached the head of Dick’s River without special inci- dent, and here the other families, having some months before sent Jacob Harman for- ward to prepare for their coming, separated from Boone, and made their way, as best they could by Boone’s directions, to Harrods- burg. Opposite Gilbert’s Creek these families, becoming bewildered, left their stock with the young men of the party, James Ray, John Denton and John Hays, and went forward unencumbered to seek their destination. McGary succeeded in reaching the village by a happy accident, and sent back a guide to bring tbe rest of the com- pany, where they arrived on September 8. The boys on being left behind were promised relief in three days, but these days were i extended to weeks before they were found 132 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. and conducted in. Boone, with his family and twenty-one men, proceeded to Boones- borough, where they arrived on September 8, also, Mrs. Boone and her daughter, being “the first white women who ever stood upon the banks of the Kentucky River.” Thus in the latter part of the year 1775, the domestic circle was completed for the_first time in the State, at Harrodsburg, Boones- borough, and on the site of Georgetown.* Another arrival, which proved of the first importance in the early history of Kentucky, was that of George Rogers Clark. The com- pany formed in 1774, to plant a settlement in the new country, of which Clark was a member, seems to have been permanently diverted from its purpose by the events which culminated in the war against the *John McClellan and his family in November; ante. Ohio Indians, and Clark, not to be prevented from at least visiting this country, came alone in the spring of this year, finding his way to Harrodsburg. His presence became known throughout the frontier; he had served in the late war as captain, and in recognition of his military ability he was placed in com- mand of the irregular forces of the settle- ments, though probably not commissioned. Fortunately circumstances gave him no opportunity to display the high qualities of military leadership which he possessed, and which the future was to amply develop. After the hostilities of the spring, the In- dians seemed to have abandoned the field; and the settlements, after the early part of April, rested in a general feeling of security. This, however, was only the ominous lull before the tempest. CHIMNEY ROCK, ON KENTUCKY RIVER. HISTORT OF KENTUCKY. 133 CHAPTER YI. COLONIZATION OF KENTUCKY -THE BORDER STRUGGLE. A MOST important feature of the settle- ment of Kentucky, in 1775, was the planting of the Transylvania colony, the ini- tial steps of which have been noted in the preceding chapter. The project certainly was without precedent, and yet novel only in its order of procedure. Hitherto such enter- prises had first sought the sanction of the king in a charter, but the innovation involved in the action of Henderson and his associates was such as would not probably have aroused serious opposition at any other juncture of affairs. But at this time, the disputes of the colonies with the crown had made the royal governors particularly suspicious and watch- ful, and this unusual course was construed as another evidence of the people’s growing disloyalty to the king. Accordingly, the treaty with the Cherokees had scarcely been consummated before the governors of Vir- ginia and North Carolina, incited by a jeal- ous regard for the royal prerogative and the charter limits of their respective colonies, fulminated their proclamations against the new colony, characterizing it as a design to form “an asylum for debtors and other per- sons of desperate circumstances.” Such factious hostility gave this enterprise a wide-spread notoriety, and raised up for it an unexpected support. The subject of planting this colony incidentally came up in the Virginia revolutionary convention, where it was vigorously defended by the champions of the people, Henry and Jefferson. Learn- ing of this, the proprietors united in a letter of thanks to these gentlemen, in which they took occasion to say: * * * The copartners in the purchase of lands, in Louisa, from the Indians, neither intending by their distant and hazardous enterprise to revolt from their j allegiance to their sovereign nor yet to desert the grand and common cause of their American breth- ren and fellow subjects m their manly and glorious struggle for the full enjoyment of the natural rights of mankind, and the inestimable liberties and priv- ileges of our happy constitution, were anxious to know the result of the wise and mature delibera- tions of the convention, and particularly in the in- quiries concerning the several matters which be- came the subject of .consideration in that august assembly. It was not long before we learned the particulars from some of the members, and that the minute circumstances of our contract with the Cherokee Indians had occasionally been moved and debated. The true point of view in which you, with several other gentlemen, conceived the nature of our contract, and the eloquence and good sense with which you defended, and the liberal principles on which }'Ou supported our claims to the benefit of our engagement with the Indians, in addition to the universal applause of the whole continent for your noble and patriotick exertions, give you an especial claim to our particular acknowledgements, of which we take this earliest opportunity of begging your acceptance. ******* Convinced that our purchase is neither against the laws of our country, nor the principles of nat- ural justice and equity, and conscious to ourselves of the uprightness of our intentions, we totally dis- regard the reproaches thrown out against us by illy- informed or envious and interested persons; and now, encouraged by the approbation of the respect- able Provincial Congress of Virginia, we shall here- after pursue with eagerness what we at first adopted with caution.* Such were the auspices under which the Transylvania colony began its career. It is not probable that the details of this colonial ' scheme were previously elaborated beyond 1 such as were necessary for the purchase and occupation of the land, and Henderson’s I journal suggests (see entry May 8, ante) that the plan for a representative government originated in the unforeseen difficulties which arose after the planting of the settlement at Boonesborough. Harrodsburg, Boiling ’^The entire letter ruav be found in the “Romance of West- ern History,” by James Hall; 1857. 134 IIISTOKY OF XFYTUCKY. Spring and St. Asaph’s had been independ- ently established, and involved interests which, while not entirely harmonious among themselves, the proprietors could not afford to antagonize. It would be unjust to the lib- eral and far-sighted policy entertained by Judo-e Henderson, however, to describe the form of government as extorted by inexorable circumstances. His whole career shows him to have been a man of great intelligence and advanced political principles, and while the situation undoubtedly suggested the easiest way to secure general harmony, representa- tive government was thereby placed only a little earlier in the order of colonial develop- ment as forecasted in the mind of the leading proprietor. But whatever its origin, the suggestion met with the approval of the lead- ing men then in Kentucky, and prompt steps .were taken to realize upon it at as early a date as possible. Accordingly, on May 23, 1775, the dele- gates apportioned to the various settlements met at Boonesborough. The brief journal of this first legislature in Kentucky, ]Dublished in full by Mr. Collins,, notes the presence of Squire Boone, Daniel Boone, Samuel Hen- derson, William Moore, Richard Callaway, Thomas Slaughter, John Lythe, Valentine Harmon, James Douglass, James Harrod, Nathan Hammond, Isaac Hite, Azariah Davis, John Todd, Alexander SpottswoodDandridge, John Floyd and Samuel Wood as members. The session was opened, on the part of the proprietors, by Judge Henderson, who, in a dignified address, emphasized the importance of the work to be done, and pointed out the legislation necessary to protect the reputa- tion of the colony from reproach, and to se- ciu’e the welfare of the colonists. He said, in part: You are called and assembled at this time for a noble and honorable purpose — a purpose, however ridiculous or idle it may appear at first view to superficial minds, yet it is of the most solid conse- quence. ******** You are perhaps fi.xing the palladium, or placing the first corner-stone of an edifice, the height and magnificence of whose superstructure is now in the womb of futurity, and can only become great and glorious in proportion to the excellence of its foun- dation. These considerations, gentlemen, will no doubt animate and inspire you with sentiments worthy of the grandeur of the subject. Our peculiar circumstances in this remote coun- try, surrounded on all sides with difficulties, and equally subject to one common danger, which threatens our common overthrow, must, I think, in their effect secure to us a union of interests, and consequently, that harmony in opinion so essential to the forming of good, wise and wholesome laws. If any doubt remain among you with respect to the force or efficacy of whatever laws you now, or here- after make, be pleased to consider that all power is originally in the people; therefore, make it their interest by impartial and beneficial laws, and you may be sure of their inclination to see them en- forced. To this address, the spirit of which is fairly illustrated by the brief extracts quoted, the convention made a suitable reply in a single notable paragraph, of which they affirm “that we have an absolute right, as a political body, without giving umbrage to Great Britain, or any of the colonies, to frame rules for the government of our little society, cannot be doubted by any sensible, unbiased mind,” etc. The first two days were occupied with the ordinary organization and the exchange of these official courtesies, but on the twenty-fifth the convention settled down to its appointed work, framed four ordinances, and on the twenty- seventh con- cluded its sitting. The closing entries in its journal summarizes the work of the session as follows: The following bills passed and signed this day by the proprietors, on behalf of themselves and partners, and the chairman of the convention, on behalf of himself and the other delegates. 1st. — An act for establishing courts of judication, and regulating the practice therein. 2d.— An act for regulating a militia. 3d. — An act for the punishment of criminals. 4th. — An act to prevent profane swearing and Sabbath breaking. 5th. — An act for writs of attachment. 6th.— An act for ascertaining clerks’ and sheriffs’ fees. 7th. — An act to preserve the range. 8th. — An act for improving the breed of horses. 9th. — An act for preserving game. All the above mentioned acts were signed by the chairman and proprietors, except the act of ascer- taining the clerks’ and sheriffs’ fees, which was omitted by the clerk not giving it in with the rest. Ordered, that at the next meeting of delegates, if any member be absent, and doth not attend, that the people choose one to serve in room of such ab- HTSTOKY OF KEXTUCKY. 135 sent member. Ordered, that the convention be ad- journed until the first Thursday in September next, then to meet at Boonesborough. Matthew Jouett, Clerk. The result of the convention was generally acceptable to the settlers then on the frontier. In addition to the salutary laws ordained, a compact had been entered into by the dele- gates of the people and the proprietors, the provisions of which guarded every interest, and granted every privilege for which the older colonies were then contending. No sooner, therefore, was the colonial land office opened than purchasers hastened to avail themselves of the company’s terms, and by the 1st of December, 1775, 560,000 acres were entered. Thus far the colonial venture seemed to be on the high road to success, but its political status was still unsettled, and to this feature of the problem the proprietors were giving earnest consideration. Silas Deane, of Connecticut, had been applied to for such suggestions in regard to internal affairs as the experience of that colony might afford, and accompanying a copy of its laws, Mr. Deane wrote to James Hogg, in November, commenting upon them and the general topic. In regard to the practice of Con- necticut, he said: “They were never fond of making many laws; nor is it good policy in any State, but worst of all in a new one.” In this the Transylvania convention had been singularly happy, and in most respects had anticipated the admirable suggestions of the writer.* In pursuance of a call for a general meet- ing of the company, the proprietors con- vened at Oxford, N. C., on September 25, 1775, Henderson, Luttrell and Thomas Hart returning from Kenfucky for the purpose. Nathaniel and David Hart were not present; having become disaffected toward their col- leagues, they chose to remain on the frontier. At this meeting the proprietors “took into their consideration the present state of said colony,” and recorded their action in a series I of resolutions, the more important of which are here given in full. The first six appoint Col. John Williams resident agent for the company “until the 12th of April next;” fix his salary for this time at “£150 proclama- tion money of North Carolina;” provide for his successor “ in case of death or removal of Mr. Williams;” for the reservation of lands known to admin salt springs or mineral de- posits, and one- half of all mineral products in any other lands; and for the recording of deeds granted. Then follows: Baolved, That all survey's shall be made by the four cardinal points, except where rivers or moun- tains so intervene as to render it too inconvenient; and that in all cases where one survey comes within the distance of eighty poles from another, their lines shall join without exception; and that every survey on navigable rivers shall extend two poles out for one pole along the river; and that each survey not on navigable rivers shall not be above one-third longer than Us width. Resolved, A present of 2,000 acres of land be made to Col. Daniel Boone, with the thanks of the propri- etors for the signal service he has rendered to the company. Resolved, That the thanks of this company be pre- sented to Col. Richard Callaway, for his spirited and manly behaviour in behalf of said colony; and that a present of 640 acres be made to his youngest son. Resolved, That James Hogg, Esq., be appointed delegate to represent the said colony in the Conti- nental Congress now sitting at Philadelphia; and that the following memorial be presented by him to that august body: To the Honorable the Continental Congress now sitting at Philadelphia — The memorial of Richard Henderson, Thomas Hart, John Williams, Nathan- iel Hart, John Luttrell, William Johnston. .James Hogg, David Hart and Leonard Henly Bullock, proprietors of Transjdvauia, Sheweth, That on the seventh day of March last, for a large and valuable consideration, 3 "Our memorialists ob- tained from the Cherokee Indians, assembled at W atauga, a grant of a considerable territorjc now called Transylvania, lying on the south side of the river Ohio. They will not trouble the honorable Congress with a detail of the risks and dangers to which they have been exposed, arising from the nature of the enterprise itself, as well as from the wicked at- tempts of certain governors and their emissaries; thej^ beg leave only to acquaint them, that through difficulties and dangers, at a great expense, and with the blood of several of their followers, the}' have laid the foundation of a colony, which, how- ever mean in its origin, will, if one may guess from the present appearances, be one day considerable in ' America. The memorialists having made this purchase from the aborigines and immemorial possessors, the sole and uncoutested owners of the country, in fair : and open treaty, and without the violation of any *Hall quotes the letter in full; p. 373. 136 HISTORY OF KENTUCKYR British or American law whatever, are determined to give it up only with their lives. And though their country be far removed from the reach of ministerial usurpation, yet they cannot look with indifference on the late arbitrary proceedings of the British Parliament. If the united colonies are re- duced, or will tamely submit to be slaves, Transyl- vania will have reason to fear. The memorialists by no means forget their allegi- ance to their sovereign, whose constitutional rights and pre-eminences they will support at the risk of their lives. They flatter themselves that the addition of a new colony, in so fair and equitable a way, and without any expense to the crown, will be acceptable to his most gracious majesty, and that Transylvania will soon be worthy of his royal regard and protection. At the same time, having their hearts warmed with the same noble spirit that animates the united colonies, and moved with indignation at the late ministerial and parliamentary usurpations, it is the earnest wish of the proprietors of Transylvania to be considered by the colonies as brethren, engaged in the same great cause of liberty and of mankind. And as by reason of several circumstances, needless to be here mentioned, it was impossible for the pro- prietors to call a convention of the settlers in such time as to have their concurrence laid before this congress, they here pledge themselves for them, that they will concur in the measures now adopted b}’ the proprietors. From the generous plan of liberty adopted by the congress and that noble love of mankind which ap- pears in all their proceedings, the memorialistsplea.se themselves that tlie united colonies will take the in- fant colony of Transylvania into their protection; and they, in return, will do everything in their power, and give such assistance in tlie general cause of America as the congress shall judge to be suitable to their abilities. Therefore, the memorialists hope and earnestly request, that Transylvania may be added to the number of the united colonies, and that James Hogg, Esq., be received as their delegate, and ad- mitted to a seat in the honorable the Continental Congress. By order of the proprietors, [Signed], Richabd IIexderson, President. The remaining action of the proprietors was unimportant, save that in relation to the disposition of public lands, as follows: Resolved, That from this time to the first day of June, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six, the lands in the said colony shall be sold on the following terms: No survey of land shall contain more than six hundred and forty acres (except in particular cases) and the purchaser shall pay for entry and w'arrant of survey two dollars; for sur- veying the same and a plot thereof, four dollars; and for the deed and plot annexed, two dollars. And also shall pay to the said proprietors, their agent, or receiver for the time being, at the time of receiving a deed, two pounds, ten shillings sterling for each hundred acres contained in such deed; also, an annual quit-rent of two shillings, like money, for every hundred acres, commencing in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty. And that any person that settles on the said lands before the first day of June, oue thousand seven hundred and seventy-six, shall have the privileges, on the afore- said conditions, of taking up for himself any quantity not above six hundred and forty acres; and for each taxable person he may take with him, and settle there, three hundred and twenty acres and no more. Resolved, That Col. Richard Henderson survey and lay off within the said colony, in such places and in such quantities as he shall think proper, not less than two thousand acres, hereafter to be equally divided amongst the copartners, and that each co- partner be permitted, by himself or his deputy, to make choice of, and survey in one or more places, any quantity of vacant land in the aforesaid colony, for his or their particular use; but not above two thousand acres, and that agreeable to the aforesaid rateable proportions, unless on the same terms, and under the same regulations and restrictions, as laid down for other purchasers. Resolved, That not more than five thousand acres shall be sold to any one person who does not im- mediately settle on the said lands; and that at three pounds, ten shillings sterling per hundred, and not more than one hundred thousand acres in the whole on these terms. The action of the proprietors thus recorded was fraught with the most serious conse- quences to the venture in which they were embarked; and while their decisions were in a large measure actuated by wisdom and worthy motives, the change in the terms of the sale of land proved the bar on which the commercial bark grounded and rendered its total wreck more easy. Col. Williams did not reach the frontier until the early part of December, but he at once set about carrying out the company’s instructions, and on Jan- uary 3, 1776, wrote his principals from Boonesborough, “some account of what I have been after since my arrival at this place.” This letter is so much to the point, and pre- sents the situation so much more clearly than any abstract could, that its essential features are here given in the language of the writer. As the primitive intention of sending me to Transylvania was to establish aland office, appoint the necessary officers to the said office, surveyor, etc., upon the best footing in my power, and to HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 137 make sale of the lands within the said colony, upon such terms as might be most advantageous to the proprietors and satisfactory to the inhabitants thereof; my first step was to fall upon some method of appointing a person to the oflice of surveyor, who should give general satisfaction to the people. I thought none more likely to do so than calling a convention and taking their recommendation for the person whom I would appoint. From the dis- •persed situation of the people, and the extreme badness of the weather, we failed in convening a majority; however, I took the sense of those who appeared, and who unanimously recommended Col. John Floyd, a gentleman generally esteemed, and I am persuaded truly worthy, and him I have com- missioned surveyor of the colony at present, though perhaps it may be advisable, at a future day, to divide the colony into two districts and to appoint another surveyor to one of the districts. The entering office I have disposed to Mr. Na- thaniel Henderson, and the secretary’s to Mr. Rich- ard Harrison; though, upon consideration, I have thought that the numerous incidental expenses were so great that some way ought to be fallen upon to defray them without breaking in upon the monies arising from the sale of the lands, and that the ?3 for entering, etc., and the other two for filling up the deeds, counterparts, annexing seals and plots, etc,, was more money than the services of these officers absolutely required; I, therefore, have re- served out of each office, §1, to answer the purpose of defraying those extraordinary expenses, and the office is left well worth the acceptance of persons capable of filling them with credit. The number of entries on our book is now upward of 900, a great part of which was made before I came to this place, when people could make entries without money, and without price; the country abounded with landmongers; since there is .§3.00 exacted on the entry made, people are not so keen, though I make no doubt but all who can comply with the terms will endeavor to save their lands, and a« many people who have got entry on the book are now out of the country, and cannot possibly pay up the entry money immediatel 3 ^ I have thought proper to advertise, that every jaerson who had made entry on the book, and paid no money, that they come in and pay up the entrance money by the first of April, and take out their warrants of survey, or their several entries will, after that time, be con- sidered as vacated, and liable to be entered by any person whatever. The surveyors have now begun to survey, and some few people have been desirous of getting out their deeds immediately; but they generally com- plain of a great scarcity of money; and doubt their being able to take their deeds before next June, or even before next fall; though, in a general way, people seem to be well reconciled to the terms, and desirous to take upon them, except some few, whom I have been obliged to tamper with, and a small party about Ilarrodsburg, who it seems have been entering into a confederacy not to hold lands on any other terms than those of the first year. As this party is composed of people in general of small consequence, and I have taken some steps to remove some of their principal objections, I make no doubt but to do all that way; and for that pur- pose have formed a design fur removing myself, with the office, to Harrodsburg, some time in Feb- ruary next, unless I should find from a trip I pro- pose immediately taking there, that I cannot do it with safety. The principal man, I am told, at the head of this confederact’ is one Hite, and him I make no doubt but to convince he is in an error. Among other things one of the great complaints was, that the proprietors and a few gentlemen had engrossed all the land at or near the Falls of the Ohio, which circumstance I found roused the at- tention of a number of people of note; I therefore found mj^self under the necessity of putting a stop to all clamors of that kind, by declaring that I would grant no large bodies of land to any person whatever, which lay contiguous to the Falls; which I have done in a solemn manner. This, I am far from thinking will be injurious to the proprietors, but quite the reverse; and circumstances which will render more general satisfaction, and be of as much utility to the Colony, as any step heretofore taken. You will observe that I am going on to justify the measure, before I inform you what it is. But to be brief, it is this; the Falls, it is certain, is a place, which from its situation, must be the most considerable mart in this part of the world; the lands around are generally rich and fertile, and most agreeably situated; which had occasioned many people to fix their affections on that place. Many applications have been made for large grants, at and about that place, and refused. Since which 30.000 acres, and upwards, have been entered there for the company; 40,000 or 50,000 more in large tracts by a few other gentlemen; a partiality was complained of; a general murmuring ensued. Upon considering the matter I thought it unjust; I thought it a disadvantage to the partners in gen- eral; and that some step ought to be taken to pacify the minds of the people. I therefore entered into a resolution that I would grant to no one man living, within a certain distance of the Falls, more than 1.000 acres of land, and that it be settled and improved in a certain space of time, under the pen- alty of forfeiture; that every person who had entered more than 1,000 acres might retain his 1,000 out of which spot he pleased; that the several officers, who have claims there may each, on application and complying with our terms, be entitled to 1,000 within his survey. That a town be immediate- ly laid out and a lot reserved to each proprietor and then the first settlers to take the lots the}' may choose, enter and improve; which improvement must be done in a certain limited time, or the lot forfeited, and again to he sold, etc. These proposals 138 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. seem to have given general satisfaction, and every- one who had entered large quantities, within these limits, gives it up with the greatest alacrity; and I am in hopes it will meet the general approbation of the company; if so, I shall be happy; if not, I shall be very sorry, though the necessity must justify the measure. The Falls of the Ohio is a place of all others within the colony which will admit of a town, which, from its particular situation, will immediately be- come populous and flourishing; the land contiguous thereto rich and fertile, and where a great number of gentlemen will most certainly settle, and be the support and protection of a town at that place; a place which should meet with every encourage- ment, to settle and strengthen, inasmuch as it will most certainly be the terror of our savage enemies, the Kickepoos Indians, who border more nearly on that place than any other part of the colony; and as I tliink it absolutely necessary that the aforesaid proposed town, at the falls, to be laid off the ensu- ing spring, if I find it practicable to raise a party about the 1st of March and go down and lay out a town and stake it off; though this will, in a great measure, depend upon the future tranquillity of our situation, between tliis anct then, for I assure you the little attack made upon us by the Indians the 23d of last month, has made many people who are ashamed to confess themselves afraid, find outtliat the-ir affairs on your side of the mountains will not dispense wfith their staying here anj^ longer at present; and I am well convinced once tliey get there, that every alarm, instead of precipitating, will procrastinate their return. The sanguine expectations of Col. Will- iams in regard to the dissatisfaction of the settlers were not entirely realized. The “small party at Harrodsburg” was not to be so easily placated; the “Confederacy” seems to have been based upon something more than a determination “not to hold lands on any other than those of the first year,” though this was the burden of the complaint. There was evidently an element of envy in the movement which manifested itself in an ill-tempered insinuation in regard not only to the character of the proprietors, but also to the character of the eminent men who [ composed the Boonesborough convention. A petition to the Vii’ginia convention originated j among these malcontents, though inasmuch as the date is not found in the document, the period* of its origin can only be determined by internal and collateral evidence. In this paper the petitioners represent that ^Butler and Hall state that it originated in the Harrods- burg convention, June (5, 177G. they were attracted to Kentucky “by the advantageous reports of their friends who first explored it;” that they have beengi’eatly alarmed by the conduct of the proprietors, “in advancing the price of the purchase money from 20s. to 50s. sterling, per 100 acres, and at the same time have increased the fees of entry and surveying to a most exorbitant rate, and, by the short period prefixed for taking up the lands even on those extravagant terms, they plainly evince their intention of rising in their demands as the settlers increase, or their insatiable avarice shall dictate;” that they “have been more justly alarmed at such unaccountable and arbitrary proceedings, as they have lately learned” of the general purchase at Fort Stanwix, and have “the greatest reason to presume that his majesty * * * will vindicate his title;” that they would have cheerfully paid the consideration at first stipulated by the company, whenever this grant had been properly authenticated; and therefore “humbly expect and implore to be taken under the pi’otection of the honorable convention of the colony of Virginia, of which we cannot help thinking ourselves still a part, and request your kind interposi - tion in our behalf, that we may not suffer under the rigorous demands and impositions of the gentlemen stiling themselves pro- prietors, who, the better to effect their oppressive designs, have given them the color of a law, enacted by a score of men, artfully picked from the few adventurers who went to see the country last summer, overawed by the presence of Mr. Henderson.” It may seriously be doubted whether this petition originated in Kentucky, but be that as it may, it is certain that of the eighty- four names appended as signers, but one representative name — that of James Harrod. a member of the Boonesborough convention— appears, and that is greatly invalidated by the self-stultification involved in the last sentence quoted. Not one of the signers, with the exception noted, ever became other- wise conspicuous in Virginia or Kentucky, while of those against whom the envious shaft was aimed, scarcely one has failed to HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 139 secure an honored place on some of the brightest pages of the history of that time. The attempt to found the colony of Tran- sylvania gave rise to a sharp conflict of interests; the increased cost of land, which, though it only raised the price to about 14 cents per acre, including all charges, was, in the scale of values at that time, an oppres- sive price, and. the change was without doubt unwisely made, but the history of the whole enterprise reveals no avaricious tendency on the part of the company. The proprietors had made a large outlay in the original pur- chase; the expense of locating and maijitain- ing the first settlement was considerable, and the first sales of lands did little more than cover the expense of doing the business. And yet, the company exhibited no parsi- mony in dealing with settlers. They hired between 200 and 300 men in founding the settlement, and it is said, upon the authority of the deposition of Benjamin Logan, that Henderson offered a gratuity of 640 acres to such as would raise a crop of corn the first year. “In justice to this great company,” says Butler, “it must be observed that it fuimished, although for sale, all the supplies of gun- powder and lead with which the inhabitants defended themselves and their families. In- deed the books of Henderson & Company exhibit accounts for these articles with all the inhabitants of the country, in the years 1775-76; while they are credited with various items, as cutting the road to Cantuckey, hunting and ranging. * * * These ac- counts remained unclosed upon the books in every instance, shewing a condition of no little indebtedness for the colonists of Tran- sylvania to the great proprietors.” Yet when the ruling wage per day was about 33 cents. Col. 7Yilliams states in a letter to the company that materials for the manu- facture of powder stored in Powell Valley could not be brought forward, because col- onists demanded $1 a day for their services. Had the colony received the political recog- nition the proprietors sought, the mutual interests of proprietors and colonists would have led to an equitable arrangement of land difiiculties, as the influences for a liberal government were numerous and influential; but this was not to be. The projected colony had fallen upon Bevolutionary times; old things were passing away and newer modes were being ushered in. The mission of James Hogg was produc- tive of no positive results. Soon after the meeting at Oxford, he set out for Philadel- phia and reached his destination on the 22d of October. On the 2d of December he returned, and some time in January, 1776, wrote a letter’, probably to Henderson,* giving “an account of my embassy, which you will please to communicate to the other gentle- men, our copartners, when you have oppor- tunity.” This account is so attractive in its original form that it is here given entire — with the exception of certain non-essential paragraphs — as the fullest and most accurate information to be secured upon the subject. The journey was partly made in company with “Messrs. Hooper and Hewes,” who were valued and influential friends of the Transylvania Colony, and who rendered important services in aid of its representa- tive as indicated in the letter. It was October 22 when we arrived at Phila- i delphia. In a few days thej’ introduced me to several of the congress gentlemen, among the first of whom were, accidental!}', the famous Samuel and John Adams; and as I found their opinion friendly to our new colony, I .shewed them our map, ex- plained to them the advantage of our situation, etc. They entered seriously into the matter, and seemed to think favorably of the whole, but the difficulty that occurred to us soon appeared to them. “TTe have petitioned and addressed the king,” said they, “ and have entreated him to point out some mode of accommodation. There seems to be an impropriety in embarrassing our reconciliation with anything new, and the taking under our protection a body of people who have acted in defiance of the king's proclamation will be looked on as a confirmation of that independent spirit with which we are daily re- proached.” I then showed them our memorial, to convince them that we did not intend to throw off our allegiance to the king, but intended to acknowl- edge his sovereignty whenever he should think us worthy of his regard. They were pleased with our memorial, and thought it very proper, but another sThe address of this letter, its exact date, and the name ofthe place where it was written are not recorded, and areproba- blr lost. The bod}' of the communication is preserved entire, winch, with the other papers quoted in this review of the Transylvania Colony, are to he found complete in the appendix to Mr. Hall's woik, edition of 1S.57. 140 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. difficulty occurred; by looking on the map they ob- served that we were within the Virginia charter. I then told them of the fixing their boundaries, what had passed at Richmond in March last, and that I had reason to believe the Virginians would not oppose us; however, they advised me to sound the Virginians, as they would not choose to do any- thing in it without their consent. All the delegates were, at that time, so much en- gaged in the congress, from morning to night, that it was some days before I got introduced to the Virginians, and before then I was informed that some of them had said, whatever was their own opinion of the matter, they would not consent that Transylvania should be admitted as a colony, and represented in congress, until it originated in their conventions, and should be approved by their con- stituents. Some days after this I was told that Messrs. .Tefferson, Wythe and Richard Henry Lee were desirous of meeting with me, which was ac- cordingly brought about, but unfortunately Mr. Lee was, by some business, prevented from being with us, though I had some conversation with him after- ward. I told them that the Transylvania Company, suspecting that they might be misrepresented, had sent me to make known to the gentlemen of the congress our friendl}'^ intentions toward the cause of liberty, etc., but said nothing of our memorial, or of my pretensions to a seat in congress. They said nothing in return to me, but seriously examined our map, and asked many questions. They observed that our purchase was within their charter, and gently hinted that, by virtue of it, they might claim the whole. This led me to take notice that a few years ago,* as I had been informed, their assembly had petitioned the crown for leave to purchase from the Cherokees, and to fix their boundaries with them, which was accordingly done by a line running from six miles east of the long island in Ilolston to the mouth of the Great Khanaway, for which they had actually paid £3, .500 to the Cherokees, by which purchase both the crown and the assembly had ac- knowledged the property of those lands to be in the Cherokees. Besides, said I, our settlement of Transylvania will be a great service to the Virgin- ians. They seemed to waive the argument concerning the right of property; but Mr. Jefferson acknowl- edged that, in his opinion, our colony could be no loss to the Virginians, if properly united to them, and said, that if his advice was followed, all the use they should make of their charter would be to pre- vent any arbitrary or oppressive government to be established within the boundaries of it, and that it was his wish to see a free government established at the back of theirs, properly united with them, and that it should extend westward to the Mississippi, and on each side of the Ohio to their charter line. But he would not consent that we should be ac- knowledged by the congress until it had the appro- bation of their constituents in convention, which he thought might be obtained, and that for that pur- pose we should send one of our company to tlie next convention. Against this proposal several objec- tions occurred to me, but I made none. This was the substance of our conference, with which I acquainted our good friends, Messrs. Hooper & Hewes,who joined me in the opinion that I should not push the matter further. * * * I was fre- quently with parties of the delegates, who in gen- eral think favorably of our enterprise. All the wise ones of them, with whom I conversed on the subject, are clear in opinion that the property of the lands are vested in us by the Indian grant; but some of them think that by the common law of England and by common usage in America, the sovereignty is in the king, agreeably to a famous law opinion, of which I was so fortunate as to pro- cure a copy. The suffering traders and others, at the end of last year, obtained a large tract of laud from the Six Nations and other Indians.* They formed themselves into a company and petitioned the king for a patent, and deserved to be erected into a government. His majesty laid their petition before Lord Chancellor Camden, and Mr. Charles York, then attorney-general, and afterward chancel- lor. Their opinion follows: “In respect to such places as have been or shall be required by treaty or grant from any of the Indian princes or govern- ments, your majesty’s letters-patent are not neces- sary. The property of the soil resting in the grantee by the Indian grants, subject only to your majesty’s right of sovereignty over the settlements, as English settlements, and over the inhabitants as English subjects, who carry with them your majesty's laws wherever they form colonies, and receive your majesty’s protection by virtue of your royal char- ters.” After an opinion so favorable for them it is amazing that this company never attempted to form a settlement, unless they could have procured a charter, with the hopes of which, it seems, they were flattered, from time to time. However, our example has aroused them, I am told, and they are now setting up for our rivals. ***->:■** I was several times with Mr. Deane, of Connect- icut, the gentleman of whom Mr. Hooper told you when here. He says he will send some people to see our country; and if their report be favorable, he thinks many Connecticut people will join us. This gentleman is a scholar, and a man of sense and enterprise, and rich; and I am apt to believe has some thoughts of leading a party of Connecti- cut adventurers, providing things can be made agreeable to him. He is reckoned a good man and much esteemed in congress; but he is an enthusiast in liberty, and will have nothing to do with us unless he is pleased with our form of government. * * * You would be amazed to see how much in earnest these speculative gentlemen are about the plan to be adopted liy the Trans 3 'lvanians. They *1770 ; treaty at Lochaber, S. C. '^Aniey page 79, and Appendix A, Note 8. HTSTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 141 entreat, they pray that we make it a free govern- ment, and beg that no mercenary or ambitious views in the proprietors may prevent it. Quit-rents, they say, are a mark of vassalage, and hope they shall not be established in Transylvania. They even threaten us with their opposition if we do not act on liberal principles, when we have it so much in our power to render ourselves immortal. Many of them advise a law against negroes. Inclosed, I send you a copy of a sketch by J. Adams, which I had from Richard Henry Lee. The situation was undoubtedly promising for the tinal political and material success of the colony, but public affairs were so compli- cated by the disturbed relations of the older colonies with the mother country, that it was manifestly impolitic, if not impossible, to urge matters further, and recognition was thereforenecessarily held in abeyance. Such a necessity, however, proved fatal to the ambitions of the proprietors; the frontier settlements could not suspend existence until the political heavens cleared; the uncertain- ties and ravages of a desperate war were not calculated to encourage the enterprise of “speculative gentlemen;” and the “small party about Harrodsburg” were not slow to perceive the advantage which these circum- stances placed in their lands. The return of George Rogers Clark to Kentucky in 1776, after a short visit to Virginia, has been noted;* he had no special interest to serve, save to “lend a helping hand,” and was not long in discovering the necessities of the situation. The disaffection at Harrodsburg had in- creased the meanwhile; the Virginia conven- tion in the early part of 1776, while not prej- udicing the question of recognizing the new colony, had encouraged the settlement *Anie, page 83 . In reference to Clark’s second visit to Kentucky, Butler notes the following incident, narrated by Gen. Ray: “ I had come down,” said the General, “to where I now' live” (about four miles north of Harrodsburg), “to turn some horses out to range; 1 had killed a small blue-wing duck, that was feeding in my spring, and had roasted it nicely, on the brow of the hill, about twenty steps east of my house. After takingit offtocool, Iwasmuch surprisedon being sudden- ly accosted by a fine, soldierly lookingman, who exclaimed, ‘How- do you do, my little fellow? What is your name? A'nt you afraid of being in the woods by yourself?’ On satisfying his inquiries, I invited the traveler to partake of my duck, which he did without leaving me a bone to pick, his appetite wasso keen; though he should have been welcome to all the game I could have killed when I afterwards became acquainted with his noble and gallant soul.” In return Ray inquired of the stranger his name and business in that remote region; to which he replied, “My name is Clark, and I have come out to see what you brave fellows are doing in Kentucky, and to lend a helping hand if necessary.” Ray, then ahoy of sixteen, conducted Clark to Harrodsburg, where hesoon identified himself with theinter- ests of the frontier settlements. of Kentucky; and the portentous shadows of the coming tempest of war were already darkening the frontier. The measures to be adopted in such a case were apparent to him; and it was largely due to his influence and direction that a convention was held at Har- rodsburg June 6, to seek the protection and aid of Virginia. Though not present at its deliberations, he and Gabriel John Jones were chosen members of the Virginia assembly, and forthwith proceeded on their mission. The energetic action of Clark resulted in the recognition of the settlers as citizens of Virginia, and in the fall the county of Kentucky was erected. This action on the part of Virginia, while not conclusive, was an important indication of the growing opinion which prevailed in that colony. Whatever the rights of the proprietors of Transylvania were under the royal regime, they underwent a serious change when Virginia set up her pretensions to independence. The erection of Kentucky County was opposed by Henderson and his friends with every available argument, but when effected the proprietors gave up the unequal contest. They still urged their claim to the property purchased, but this also was denied, and final action was taken by the house of delegates on November 4, 1778, as follows: Resolved, That all purchases of land, made or to be made, of the Indians within the chartered bounds of this commonwealth as described by the constitution or form of government, by any private persons not authorized by public authority, are void. Resolved, That the purchase heretofore made by Richard Henderson & Co., of the tract of land called Transylvania, within this commonwealtli, of the Cherokee Indians, is void. But as the said Richard Henderson & Co. have been at verj" great expense in making the said purchase, and in set- tling the said lands, by which this commonwealth is likely to receive great advantage, by increasing its inhabitants and establishing a barrier against the Indians, it is just and reasonable to allow said Richard Henderson & Co. a compensation for their trouble and expense. In this action the senate concurred on the 17th. Some fruitless effort was ex- pended by the proprietors to secure a revers- al of this act so far as it declared their pur- chase void, but reluctantly becoming con- 142 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. vmced of t.lie futility of their efforts, they acquiesced in the decision of the assembly, and applned for the compensation to which the act adjudged them reasonably entitled. The assembly accordingly granted some 200,- 000 acres, lying on the Ohio, and extending twelve miles and a half up both sides of the Green River, “in full compensation to the said Richard Henderson & Co. and their heirs,” etc. Thus ended the Transylvania colony. But this contest, which decided the fate of a State, scarcely made a ripple on the surface of frontier life, and save the dissatisfaction which culminated in the convention at Har- rodsburg, no note of it is found in the annals of the border. Its result, however, may be traced in the history of the Kentucky settle- ments. An unrecognized rivalry existed be- tween the two leading towns from the first, and probably had much to do with the an- tagonism to the proprietors’ project devel- oped at Harrodsburg. It was evident that if the Transylvania colony was recognized, Boonesborough would become the chief place on the frontier; immigration would naturally be directed to it, and the value of the property in its vicinity be enhanced. Such, for a time, was the result. But the success of the Harrodsburg petitioners wrought a marked change; the latter town became the center of frontier influence, and some of the families earliest to settle in Boonesborough removed, in the fall of 1776, to Harrodsburg, which be came the seat of justice for the county of Kentucky. Yet, notwithstanding this loss of prestige and numbers, Boonesborough con- tinued, throughout the unsettled period of Indian hostilities, of the first importance in the history of the border. The opening days of 1776 found the ad- vance line of civilization in the Ohio Valley, held by the settlements of Hinkston, near Lars Station in Harrison County, of McClel- lan at Georgetown, of Logan in Lincoln, at Boiling Springs and Harrodsburg in Mercer, and Boonesborough in Madison County. Dur- ing the preceding summer and fall the set- tlements had not been seriously disturbed by Indian depredations. Indeed, such was the security felt by the people, that Henderson wrote to the company under the date of June 12th, 1775: “It will no doubt be a surprise to you, but it is nevertheless true, that we are in no posture of defense or security at this time; and for my own part, do not much expect it will ever be effected, unless the Indians should do us the favor of annoying us, and regularly scalping a man every week until it is performed.” It does not appear that the Indians were so accommodating as to make any attack at all until the 23d of December, when, it would seem by the fol- lowing letter of Col. Williams, its salutary influence was entirely explained away. “The blockhouse” — “Fort Boone” — was destined to remain, for some months longer, their only dependence. On Saturday, about noon, being the 23d, Col. Campbell, with a couple of lads (Sanders and M’Quinney) went across the river. On the oppo- site bank they parted. Campbell went up the river about 200 yards, and took up a bottom. The two lads, without a gun, went straightway up the hill. About ten minutes after they parted, a gun and cry of distress was heard, and the alarm given that the Indians had shot Col. Campbell. We made to his assistance. He came running to the landing with one shoe off, and said he was fired on by a couple of Indians. A party of men was immediately dis- patched, under the command of Col. Boone, who went out, but could make no other discovery than two moccasin tracks, whether Indians or not could not be determined. We had at that time, over the river hunting, etc., ten or a dozen men, in different parties, part or all of whom we expected to be killed, if what Col. Campbell said was true, but that by many was doubted. Night came on, several of the hunters had returned, but had neither seen nor heard of Indians, nor yet of the two lads. We continued in this state of suspense till Wednesday, when a party of men sent out to search for them found M’Quinney, killed and scalped, in a cornfield, at about three miles distant from the town, on the north side of the river. Sanders could* not be found, nor has he yet been heard of. On Thursday a ranging party of fifteen men, under the command of Jesse Benton, was dispatched to scour the "woods twenty or thirty miles round, and see if any further discovery could be made. To these men we gave 2 shillings per day, and £5 for every scalp they should produce. After they went out our hunters returned, one at a time, till they all came in safe, Sanders excepted, who no doubt has shared M’Quinney’s fate. On Sunday, the 31st day of the month, our rang- ers returned, without doing any more than con HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 143 vincing themselves that the Indians had immediate- ly. on doing the mm-der, ran oil northward, as they discovered their tracks thirty or forty miles toward the Ohio, making that way. On the above massacre being committed we be- g.an to doubt that there was a body of Indians about, who intended committing outrage on our inhabitants. However, we are perfectly satisfied since that their number was only six or seven men, who set off from the Shawnee town before the treaty at Fort Pitt,* with an intent, as they termed it, to take a look at the white people on Kentucky, and King Cornstalk, at the treaty, informed the com- missioners of this, and said, for the conduct of these men, before they returned, he could not be respon- sible, for that he did not know but that they might do some mischief, and that if any of them should get killed by the whites he should take no notice at all of it. For this we have undoubted authority, and don’t at present think onrselves in any greater danger here than if the above massacre had not been committed. Another circumstance is that our ammunition grows scant. I don’t think there is enough to supply this place till the last of March, supposing we should have no occasion of any to repulse an enemy; if we should, God only knows how long it will last. If any powder can possibly be procured, it would certainly be advisable to do it, if not, some person who can manufacture the materials we have bn the way for the purpose of making powder. Most part of those are at the block-house, or at least within two or three miles of that, the rest in Powell’s Valley. One would reasonably suppose that the pioneers would find in the occurrence above related, a sufficient incentive to begin this work, but it was not until the latter part of July, 1776, that a commodious inclosure for defense was built on the plan drawn by Mr. Henderson in the preceding April. y Har- rodsburg was similarly provided about the same time, but Logan’s, McClellan’s, and Hinkston’s settlements were not so defended; the first two were subsequently fortified,, and the other for a time was abandoned to be repossessed later, and fortified as Huddle’s Station. ^October, 1775 ; with congressional commissioners. fSee diary: entry of April 21. The larger fort at Boones- borough was a typical frontier defense; and as the plan of it has been preserved with a very good description of its surroundings, theengraving in the text maybe considered fairly accurate. The plan, foundin Henderson’s writing, is copied from the en- graving in Hall’s work (p. 164) and may be seen in Appendix; note 9. The date commonly assigned for the completion ot this fort, June 14, 1775, is erroneous. This date, derived from Filson’s History, refers to the completion of the “small fort,” mentioned by Henderson as “only wanting two or three days’ work to make it tolerable safe,” but which, on June 12, “re- mains unfinished.” In his letter of July 21, 1776, Col. Floyd writes; “We are about finishing a large fort, and intend to keep possession of this place as long as jiossible.” The continued quiet which prevailed on the frontier reassured those who had fled from Kentucky on account of the Indian depredations committed in the spring of 1775, and early in the next spring these timid adventurers returned, bringing with them large numbers of others, who were eager to share in the bounty offered by the Virginia assembly. They naturally sought the scenes of their former explorations, and the valley of the Kentucky was once more alive with the busy activity of improvers. Many did not go further than the region iirst entered, and the territory now within the limits of Ma- son County was fairly thronged with these ad- venturers, the names of some sixty different persons being preserved. In the country now comprised in the counties of Scott, Harrison, Bourbon, Mercer, Madison and about Logan’s fort in Lincoln, the number was scarcely less in proportion. In all, the number of new arrivals reached upward of 200, but the permanent increase of the set- tlements was very small. About April, Capt. John Haggin brought his family — the first to find a home north of Georgetown — and settled on Paddy’s Hun in Hari’ison County. In this season, also, Logan moved the members of his family to St. Asaph’s, but realizing the insecurity of his station, he subsequently placed them in Harrodsburg. A few families settled at the mouth of the Kentucky, and others on Di’ennon’s Creek, and these, with possible additions at Boonesborough and Harrodsburg, were the chief part of the per- manent accessions to society on the frontier. With the exception of the murder near Boonesborough in December, the Indians committed no depredations upon the Ken- tucky settlements from April 4, 1775, until April of the succeeding year. The savages had not abandoned their favorite hunting- grounds, however; their attention had only been temporarily diverted. At the close of the abortive congress with the commissioners at Pittsburgh, the warlike party of the Shaw- anese had withdrawn from the peaceably disposed portion of the tribe, and retiring toward what is now the northwestern part of the State of Ohio, sent their chief men 144 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. to concert measures with the British agents at Oswego. The war for independence had not yet begun, but it was felt in the older portions of the country to be inevitable, though such apprehensions had not yet be- come generally accepted in Kentucky, a de- lusion that was strengthened by the peace which ruled on the border. The English agents were not so short sighted; they ex- pected war to ensue, and while no campaign was decided upon with the Indians, they were instructed to hold themselves in readiness to join the British in their contemplated attacks upon the American settlements in the spring of 1776, and in April, the long truce was broken by the murder of Willis Lee at his station, called Lee’s Town, the name of which has been perpetuated. From that period to the end of the year the settlements were kept in a constant state of alarm by the numerous bands of Indians, who “came to take a look at the people on the Kentucky.” A letter of Colonel Floyd, which is elsewhere* quoted in full, gives a graphic picture of the ex- periences in Kentucky at that time: “The Indians seem determined to break up our set- tlement. * * * * They have, I am satisfied, killed several whom, at this time, I know not how to mention. Many are missing, who some time ago went out about their business, of whom we hear noth- ing. Fresh sign of Indians is seen every day. * * * Qjj the seventh of this month (July) they killed one Cooper on Licking Creek, and on the fourteenth, a man whose name I know not, at your salt spring on the same creek. * * * We are about finishing a large fort, and in- tend to keep possession of this place as long as possible. They are, I understand, doing the same thing at Harrodsburg. and also on Elkhorn, at the Royal Spring.’’ This renewal of savage hostilities had the usual effect of clearing the country of the timid, and most of those who had no perma- nent interest planted here. The bolder peo- ple at once busied themselves in building defenses. Hinkston’s settlement, exposed by its location so far northward and its want of a stockade, was abandoned in July, and its leader, with eighteen followers, retired to ; Boonesborough, where, deaf to all persua- sion, they excited a number of others with their fears, and the whole company departed I for the older settlements, leaving less than ! thirty persons to defend the “ large fort ” : just completed. A few less timid members of the Hinkston settlement, with several families from the mouth of the Kentucky and Drennon’s Creek, united with the set- tlers at the Royal Spring (site of George- town) in building a stout stockade, which became known as McClellan’s Fort — the first* of its kind north of the Kentucky River The general state of insecurity was further emphasized on July 14 by an act which showed the ubiquity and cruel adroitness of the savage foe. This was the capture of Elizabeth and Fanny Callaway and Jemima Boone from a canoe in sight of the fort at j Boonesborough. The girls, the first aged sixteen years and the others fourteen, made such defense as they could, screamed and struggled, the eldest striking one of the assailants upon the head, gashing it to the bone, with a paddle — but in vain. They were carried off, but not without giving the alarm. Cols. Boone and Callaway were absent at the time, but soon returned and organized a rescuing party, which forthwith set out. Callaway, at the head of several on horseback, proceeded rapidly forward to cut off the retreat of the savages across the Ohio, whilst Boone, accompanied by Samuel Hen- j derson, Capt. John Holder, Flanders Calla- way and four others, followed the trail on foot. The girls took every possible precau- tion to leave evidences of their course for the guidance of the party which they were as- sured would follow for their rescue. The girls were captured late on Sunday afternoon, and early on Tuesday morning they were rescued, the pursuers making a sudden attack upon the Indian camp while the savages were preparing their breakfast. There were five of the savages, only one of whom got *This pre-emiuenee maybe disputed in favor of McGee's Station, built three miles north of Boonesboro, about the same time. It is not possible to determine between these rival ! claims there is less than a month’s interval between the dates ! of their construction. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 145 back to tell the story, the others dying from wounds or famine.* Other depredations followed to keep alive the general alarm, and in all this danger the settlers found themselves principally depend- ent, for ammunition and many other things, upon the older settlements, from which they were separated by hundreds of miles of j almost impassable forests, in the shadows of which lurked a numerous and desperate foe. In June, Clark and Jones had gone to Vir- ginia on the double mission of procuring powder and securing recognition of the set- tlements as part of that colony; but early in October, before Clark’s supjrly came to hand, the ammunition getting low at McClellan’s Fort, Robert Patterson — subsequently one of the founders of Lexington, Ky., and Cincin- nati and Dayton, Ohio — with six other men from the fort, started to Pittsburgh to pro- cure the required powder and other necessa- ries. On their way the party spent several days at the Blue Lick, curing buffalo meat and making other preparations for their journey. Proceeding thence to the present vicinity of Maysville, they secured a canoe and went up the Ohio River. Until they reached the mouth of the Kanawha, they observed no particular caution in their movements, but from this point forward, realizing they were in a dangerous region, they traveled from day-break till dark, and at night, cautiously landing, slept without a fire. Late in the evening of the 12th of October they landed a few miles below the mouth of Hockhocking, in the present State of Ohio, and contrary to their usual practice made a fire, having become less cautious in conse- quence of their near approach to the settle- ments. They laid upon their arms around i the fire, and in the night were attacked by a j party of eleven Indians, who gave them a 1 *This account is supplementary to that given in Floyd’s letter referred to above. A touch of romance is given to the painful atfair by the fact that those named of Bonne’s party ■were the recognized lovers of the girls, in the order named. Two of the number — Samuel Henderson, youngest brother of Col. Henderson, and Elizabeth Callaway — were the principals in the first marriage celebrated in Kentucky. The ceremony •was performed by Squire Boone, at Boonesboro. August 7, 1776. Their first child, Fanny, born May 29, 1777, was the first ■white child of parents married in Kentucky, and the fifth white child born in the State The others were subsequently mar- ried. See Collins, Vol. II, p. 521. volley, and then fell upon them with their tomahawks. Col. Patterson received two balls in his right arm, by which it was broken, and a tomahawk was struck into his side, between two of his ribs, penetrating into the cavity of the body. He sprang out into the darkness, and got clear, supposing all of his companions were killed. He made for the river in hopes of getting into the canoe and floating down to Point Pleasant, but as he approached it he discovered that there was an Indian in it. In a short time the whole party of Indians went on board, and floated down the river. Col. Patterson then made an attempt to get to the fire, in which he succeeded. He found a companion, named Templeton, wounded in a manner very similar to his own case; another, named "Wernock, wounded dangerously, and another, named Perry, slightly. Of the other three one was killed, one was missing, and the other, named Mitchell, was unhurt. They had saved one gun and some ammunition. They remained on the ground until morning, when they attempted to proceed up the river on foot, but Wernock was unable to move, and they were forced to leave him. They found themselves unable to proceed farther than a quarter of a mile from the camp, and it was then agreed that Perry should en- I deavor to reach Grave Creek, and bring them aid, while Mitchell was to remain and take care of the others. Wernock, who was left be- hind, died in the evening, and Mitchell, who had gone back to assist him, lost his way j in returning to Patterson and Templeton, ! and did not find them until the next morning, j They then moved a couple of hundred yards from the river, and the next day got under a cliff, which sheltered them from the rain, where they remained until Peri’y returned from Grave Creek with assistance. They were removed to that place after lying eight days in their suffering condition. Patterson laid twelve months under the surgeon’s care.* This incident is but one of the many that serve to illustrate the watchful scrutiny of the savages, and the terrible exactions which the settlement of Kentucky made upon the *Americau Pioneer, Vol. II, pp. 344-5. 9 146 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. hai’dy pioneers who braved the dangers of the border in this heroic period. The char- acter of Indian operations was well calcu- lated to inflict the greatest distress upon the scattered stations. These forest fortresses were cut off from the support of the older communities by long and greatly exposed routes of travel; their defenders were harassed in their attempts to raise the crops necessary for their existence, and all attempts to secure powder, or other supplies, were closely watched, and, so far as possible, cruelly defeated. Such a plan, if success- fully carried out, must have inevitably forced the little garrisons to retreat from their bold positions, or fall an easy prey to the over- whelming force which might be brought against them when thus brought to the last extremity. Kentucky was thus practically in a state of siege, though at long range, and without the regularity of details which a well-conducted investment would have af- forded. It was under such circumstances that Clark and Jones reached Pittsburgh in December, 1776, to secure the transportation of the 500 pounds of powder, granted by Virginia, “for the use of the inhabitants of Kentucke,” to its destination. The watchfulness of the Indians, and their hostile intentions were well known, and their spies were to be seen lurking about the very settlement. But the case was urgent, and Clark was not one to calculate dangers if success seemed possible. Accordingly the precious consignment was embarked, and the delegates, with seven boatmen, launched out upon the river, pur- suing their course in safety to the Three Islands (within the present county of Lewis). Here they seci’eted the powder, and after setting their boat adrift that it might not attract the attention of the Indians, the whole party began their march for Harrods- burg, by way of McClellan’s Fort. On reach- ing the latter place they learned that Col. John Todd was in the vicinity, and would soon come in. Clark determined, therefore, to leave his colleague with flve of the boat- men to await Todd’s arrival, while he pushed on to Harrodsburg to report the result of his mission. A few days later Todd came, and on December 25, at the head of nine mounted men, piloted by Jones, set out in quest of the powder. On reaching a point near the Lower Blue Lick, the party was fiercely as- sailed by a band of forty or fifty savages, who were following the recent trail of the powder escort. Jones and another of the whites were instantly killed, two others were captured, and the rest put in rapid flight for the fort. Four days later the Indians, who were under the command of a noted Mingo chief called Pluggy, boldly assailed Mc- Clellan’s Station, in which there were only twenty defenders. The attack was fiercely maintained for several hours, when the death of the chief put a sudden end to the fight, and caused his followers to retreat to their towns. Of the settlers two were mortally wounded, and two others less seriously hurt. The alarm inspired by this event effected the purpose of the savages much better than the direct assault; the fort was at once abandoned, its occupants retiring to Harrodsburg. Thus, at the beginning of 1777, but two fortified posts remained, and in these were gathered all the settlers in Kentucky. Logan still continued to cultivate his improvement at St. Asaph’s only assisted by his slaves, his family finding shelter in Harrodsburg. Early in this year, having been joined by several others, he determined to fortify his station, and soon afterward was joined by his own and other families. Thenceforward Logan’s was one of the prominent strong- holds on this frontier. Early in January, a force from Harrodsburg had safely brought the powder from Three Islands ; a mili- tia organization had been effected,* in which Clark probably held commission as major, and thus equipped the pioneers prepared to rely upon their own resources and fight it out. These crude defenses seem but a slight barrier to withstand the shock of war which dashed its angry waves against their frail strength, but they were held by determined men and women, who bravely kept the mur- derous hordes of savages at bay. *A battalion had been formed of the inhabitants north ef the Kentucky River in 1775. On the 5th of March, 1776, are- organization was ettected, which included ali the settlers. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 147 Although the fell bargain between tyranny j and barbarism had not yet been consum- mated, the Indians this year appeared in Kentucky in greater numbers, and displayed greater activity than ever before. An extract ! from the diary of George Rogers Clark briefly tells the story: March %th , — Thomas Shores and William Ray killed at the Shawanese Spring. March Wi, — The Indians attempted to cut off from the fort (Har- rodsburg) a small party of our men; a skirmish en- sued. We had four men wounded and some cattle killed. We killed and scalped one Indian and wounded several. March %th, — Brought in corn from the different cribs until the 18th day. March \ ^th, — Express sent to the settlement. Ebeuezer j Corn and company arrived from Capt. Linn on the Mississippi. March \%th, — A small party of Indians killed and scalped Hugh WUson about a half mile from the fort, near night and escaped. March IQth, — Archibald McNeal died of his wounds received on the 7th inst. March 28• not in service, 4; women, 24; children over ten years, 12; do. under ten years, 58; slaves above ten years, 12; do. under ten years, 7, total, 198. This number was probably greater than the other two combined, but of the permanent lighting force that remained through the winter, Marshall estimates the number at 102 men; at Boonesboro, 22; at Harrodsburg, 65; and at St. Asaph’s, 15. Truly, “the battle is not to the strong.” [Note. — In reference to the number of re- maining whites, it should be said, that it is by no means clear whether this estimate should be referred to the period when the active hostilities of 1777 began or to the close of the campaign, after the balance had been struck between the casualties and the permanent accessions. In the latter case, it will be observed that Logan’s Station just “held its own.”— See Marshall, Vol. I, p. 55; Butler, p. 95.] 154 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. CHAPTER YII. KENTUCKY’S PART IN THE W HILE Kentucky was thus engaged in an unequal contest with her savage foes, affairs on the sea-board were making momentous progress. The second colonial con- gress had met, with authority to declare war; echoes from the fields of Lexington and Bun- ker Hill had summoned patriots everywhere to arms; the United Colonies had declared their independence amid the wild acclaim of the people; the disastrous battle of Long Island bad been succeeded by the masterly retreat across the Delaware; the victory on the Still- water had been followed by the defeat on the Brandywine; and the dreary winter at Valley Forge was, even now, adding new luster to the patriots’ devotion; the colonial bark was irrevocably launched upon the flood-tide of revolution. This changed relation of the older colonies to the crown had not yet affected the charac- ter of the conflict in Kentucky. It was still a contest between the adventurous pioneer and the im^^lacable savage, waged on either side for the possession of the fair lands be-* yond the Big Sandy. Though neither an- tagonist could claim a victory, the whites had gained a foot hold that was destined to be more firmly planted, and the red men were beginning to read their fate in the quiet de- termination of the heroic band that defied their fiercest assaults. To an unscrupulous foe, no field could be more inviting, and this ‘ ‘ remote country ” was not destined longer to escape the ruthless ravages of an enemy, who, deaf to every demand of civilization, incited the savages to bloodier deeds, and armed them with the more effective enginery of war. A startling evidence of the industry and far-reaching plans of the new foe had already WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. made its way through the forests to the fron- tier. On the person of one of Bowman’s militia men, killed in the first approach to St. Asaph’s, was found a proclamation issued by the British commander- in-chief, Lord Howe, offering protection to such as would abjure the colonies and denouncing such as refused. The paper came directly to Logan’s possession through the faithful fellow who discovered it, and this insidious attack, so prolific of evil in the old communities, was here turned harmlessly aside. But a more substantial attack was prepar- ing. Rumors of an impending blow, aimed by the allied British and Indians at the fron- tier forts, had long been rife in the region beyond the Ohio, but it had been deferred,- and by an unfortunate fatality did not fall until the passions of the frontiersmen, not less barbarous than the Indians, and far more culpable, violently removed the last feeble barrier to its consummation. The British agents at Oswego were busy concerting a general attack, when, in the early summer of 1777, Cornstalk, the great chief of the Shawanese, went to the frontier fort at Point Pleasant to talk over the situa- tion with his friend, Capt. Arbuckle, the commandant. The chief was earnest in his desire for peace, but found himself surround- ed by those of his race, of his own tribe and others, bitter in their hatred of the frontiers- men, and eager to join the British. He de- clared his inability to stem the tide that was setting toward the English, unless the Long Knives would help him. With a fool’s caution and the basest treachery, the whites determined to prevent war by removing its only barrier. They de- tained Cornstalk and Red Hawk, who had HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 155 accompanied the chief, and thus these savages found themselves entrapped by trusting to a white man’s honor. On the succeeding day, the chief’s son, alarmed at his father’s delay, approached the farther shore and gave a halloo. The whites met him with friendly smiles, and inveigled him into their snare. On the third day, a hunter for the fort was killed by two unknown Indians. When this fact became known, the murdered hun- ter’s friends demanded vengeance upon the innocent prisoners. Arbuckle showed an expiring spark of manhood in attempting to save the victims of his treachery, but threat- ened with the rifles of his men, if he further interfered, he stepped aside and the ruffians did their bloody work. Cornstalk met his fate calmly, and fell dead where he had risen to meet his foes, pierced by seven bullets. The others died less easily, and with less composure, but without resistance. This was an atrocious deed, and while it did not precipitate the meditated attack upon the frontier, it confirmed the whole Shawanese nation in their hostility to the Americans, and gave a certain sanction to the reprisals that followed. Early in the autumn the blow fell; 400 savages, led by Simon Girty,* descended upon Fort Henry at Wheeling, on the 26th of September, f Though garrisoned by only twelve men and boys, besides the women, the fort made a stout resistance, each member of both sexes vying with the other in deeds of heroism. After several days of vigorous but unavailing attack, in which they lost about 100 of their number, the allies suddenly withdi’ew, burning the fences, and slaughter- ing the cattle of the settlers as they departed. Enraged, but not discouraged, by this unsuc- cessful termination of the first campaign of the combined forces, the enemy organized a new expedition, destined for Kentucky, but in the interval the new year dawned. It was under such auspices that the event- ful year of 1778 was ushered in. South of the Ohio, the quiet which succeeded the close *Appendix A, note 10 . tThe date usually assigned is September 1. See American Pioneer, Vol. il, pp. 302, 314, 339. of the fall’s campaign was yet unbroken, and the settlers improved the opportunity, thus af- forded, in effecting such repair of the damages they had received, as was possible. In the winter, the stock of salt in the com- munity was found greatly reduced, and on New Year’s day, a company of thirty men, recruited from the several stations, set out under the direction of Boone to manufacture a new supply. While the rest labored at the lick, the leader acted as scout and hunter. For more than a month the work progressed without interruption or incident, and three men had been sent back with the product of their labors, when the enterprise was sud- denly brought to an unfortunate conclusion. On the 7th of February, while engaged in his duties as scout and hunter, Boone fell in with a detachment of Indians, led by two Canadians. The discovery was mutual ; Boone sought to escape by instant flight, but the enemy, anxious to secure a prisoner from whom they could learn the condition of the forts, reserved their fire and dispatched sev- eral of their swiftest runners in pursuit of the fugitive. The hunter was soon captured, but, for some reason, the savages delayed further movements for eight days. Then they proceeded to the Blue Lick, where they captured the remaining twenty-seven salt- makers. Unable to give his comrades warn- ing of their danger, Boone had arranged favorable terms of capitulation, and as the Indians came upon them, signified to his friends that they should surrender without resistance. This was accordingly done, and the savages, too much elated to prosecute their enterprise further, turned back with their prisoners to Chillicothe, on the Little Miami. The first obvious result of the introduction of the English into Kentucky campaigns was a great amelioration of the conditions of war. The salt-makers surrendered on conditions of life and good treatment, which were scru- pulously observed by the enemy. On their return journey of three days, the party en- countered very severe weather, but the cap- tors seem to have generously snared every privilege of fire and food with their prisoners. On the 10th of March, Boone, with ten of his 156 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. companions, was conducted by a band of forty Indians to Detroit, where the prisoners were turned over to Gov. Hamilton, for the offered reward. Boone, however, was re- served by his captors, for whom they had con- ceived so high a regard, that they refused an offer of £100, made by the governor for the great hunter’s ransom. The disappointment of Boone was extreme and excited the sym- pathy of several English gentlemen, who were cognizant of the affair. They gener- ously offered to supply him with such things as he could use for his comfort, all of which he steadily declined, as he was unwilling to accept courtesies which he saw no immediate prospect of his being able to repay. Accordingly, on the 10th of April he parted from his comrades, and returned with his ob- trusive admirers to Chillicothe. Here Boone was adopted as a son by “one of the principal families,” a relation to which, however little it may have flattered his vanity, he adapted himself with the ready tact of one who was scarcely less a child of nature than his adopted relatives. Recognizing him as fa- cile princeps of the whites on the border, the Indians let slip no opportunity of contesting with him in marksmanship and athletic ex- ploits. In all these contests the captive, with a shrewd insight of the savage charac- ter, fell just far enough short of the first place to command their respect without awakening their jealousy. He became an act- ive member of the tribe for the time, and by his skill won the plaudits of the braves, while his well-conceived courtesies to the chief men gained their respectful regard. Thus time wore on, and could Boone have divested himself of his love for kindi’ed and country, he could not have found more con- genial employment, nor more admiring friends. The hunter’s stoical acceptance of the situation not only won the admiration of the natives, but served to lull to sleejD any lingering apprehension of his desire to es- cape, which they may have entertained. He was therefore largely freed from restraint, and in June accompanied a party to the Scioto salt lick to procure a quantity of that necessary condiment. On learning of the capture of Boone and his companions, their friends found it useless to attempt to effect their rescue, but, with eminently practical sense, they sent out a party to bury the kettles until it should be safe to bring them in, which was subsequently done. The portentous character of this event was well understood. The loss of so many experienced men greatly weakened the slen- der garrison, and the calamity could only be mitigated by an increase of caution. But so inured to the strange vicissitudes of their eventful life were these hardy people, that, no Indian demonstrations following, and none of the captured comrades returning, the inci- dent was allowed to recede in the background of present duties, and the flow of life soon returned to its wonted channels. Boone and his companions were given up as dead; tho stricken wife of the leader, accompanied by her unmarried children, returned to the sol- ace of her father’s home and the security of the North Carolina settlements; and the gar- rison, no longer apprehensive of immediate attack, grew careless in their false assump- tion of security, remitted their caution, and allowed their defenses to fall into decay. Another event at this time contributed to this result. In the frontier station at Har- rodsburg, Clark had fathomed the strategy of the British in the west, and had discerned their points of vantage. He quietly drew his own conclusions, and early in 1777 had sent two scouts to explore the Illinois country, who had been absent from April until June. With information thus derived he set out for Virginia in the fall, reaching Williamsburg on the 5th of November. On the 2d of Jan- uary, 1778, he received his instructions and commission as lieutenant-colonel; on the 4th of February he proceeded to Pittsburgh to raise troops for his enterprise, while his subordinates were active in the same service in the settlements on the Holston and in western Virginia. In this expedition the pioneers of Ken- tucky took a lively interest, although igno- rant of its destination. Clark’s hopes of large re-enforcements from North Carolina were grievously disappointed, and he there- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 157 fore called on Col. Bowman to repair to Corn Island with as many of the Kentucky militia as could be safely spared from the exposed stations. It is not recorded how many men these stations furnished, but more were offered than it was deemed prudent to accept, and only William Harrod’s company, and a part of another from Kentucky, accom- panied the expedition. Besides these, Cols. John Todd and William Linn and Simon Kenton joined the enterprise as volunteers. Thus constituted, in the latter part of June the little army set forth from the rendezvous, leaving a number of families, who had accom- panied Clark against his wish, as garrison of a block-house, which he had caused to be erected for the protection of the army stores left behind, and Clark having caused a spot to be cleared for the purpose, the impromptu garrison planted and succeeded in raising a crop of corn, which gave name to an insig- nificant spot which has long since been washed bare of soil by the current of the river. W’hile the thoughts of the frontiersmen of Kentucky were thus drawn out to foreign conquest, events beyond the Ohio were con- spiring to bring war’s alarms to their very doors. Even before Clark left his depot at Corn Island, Boone had returned to Boones- borough, as one from the dead, bringing the most disturbing intelligence. He had been eogaged with his Indian companions at the salt lick but eight or ten days, when a return- ing war-party passed near the spring. This party consisted of 450 Indians, who had made an unsuccessful raid on a fort in Greenbrier County, Va. , and were now on their way to the general rendezvous to concert a new foray. The salt-makers immediately joined the returning warriors, and with them pro- ceeded toward the towns on the Maumee. Boone was not long in ascertaining that an attack on Boonesborough was meditated, and, stimulated by this alarming discovery, soon found means to evade the renewed watchful- ness of the savages. When near the present site of Washington, in Fayette County, Ohio, the anxious captive set out one morning be- fore sunrise as if to hunt; once clear of his comrades, h e shaped his course for the threat- ened station, and did not cease his rapid jour- ney* until he I’eached his destination on the 20th of June. Under the inspiration of Boone’s presence and the news he brought, the garrison hastily set about repairing the fort, “to repair its planks, strengthen its gates and posterns, and to form double bastions; all of which was completed in ten days. ” In the latter part of July one of Boone’s fellow- prisoner's escaped from the Indians, and brought the informa- tion “that the Indians had, on account of Boone’s elopement, postponed their march for three weeks.” In the meantime the enemy guarded the secret of their movements by a strong force of runners, who kept a close watch upon the station. These scouts were observed lurking in the forest near the fort, and Boone, under- standing their mission, determined to unmask the enemy’s designs by an expedition across the Ohio. Accordingly, on the 18th of August, he left Boonesborough with a party of nineteen men, proceeding rapidly to a point within four miles of Paint Creek Town, near the Scioto. Kenton had returned from Illinois in time to join the expedition, and was at this time somewhat in advance of the main party, act- ing as scout. While cautiously making his way through the thick underbrush, he was startlM by a loud laugh in his immediate vicinity, and had scarcely time to gain the shelter of a tree, when its origin was ex- plained by the approach of two Indians rid- ing on the same horse. Permitting them to ride within short range, Kenton sent a sure shot through the bi’east of the foremost rider. Both fell instantly to the ground, one dead and the other severely wounded, while the startled pony, wheeling suddenly to the rear, carried the alarm to a body of thirty savages who were approaching. The scout now found himself assailed by an enemy of superior numbers, who ap- *The distance, estimated at one 160 miles, was accomplished on foot in four days, during which Boone had but one meal. For this he had provided by secreting a small supply of food in his blanket. This meal, according to certain depositions made seventeen and nineteen years later, washadon the 19th of June, 1778, when he “roasted some meat and got some drink at the forks of three branches of Flat fork of Johnston’s f’rk of Lick- ing River,” a spot now included within the limits of Robertson or "Fleming County. (See Collins, Yol. II, p. 656.) 158 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. proached with such skill as to baffle all his | attempts to get a shot. In this perilous posi- ! tion he was soon joined by his comrades, who had hurried forward at the report of his rifle, and a smart skirmish ensued. The Indians were Anally forced to give way with one killed and two wounded, the whites escaping any casualty. Kenton and Montgomery were at once sent forward to reconnoitre the village, which they found entirely deserted. Correctly di- vining that its inhabitants bad left to join the war-party forming at Chillicothe, Boone made haste to retrace his steps in order to gain the fort in advance of the enemy, who, he was assured, was about to carry out their meditated attack. Marching night and day, the little party of whites soon struck the ene- my’s trail, which they cautiously followed until the 6th of August; making a wide de- tour, they then passed the savages, and on the next day reached their destination in safety. The garrison now looked forward to the' advance of the enemy with anxiety; nor had it long to await the denouement. On the 8th, the Indians appeared, flaunting the flags of France and England above them. The whole body drew up in plain sight of the fort. Their numbers were imposing, even to the pioneers who were accustomed to give large odds to the enemy, and the commander, Du Quesne, evidently counted much upon the effect which this display was calculated to have upon the garrison. Four hundred and thirty-two “ frightfully painted” savages constituted the body of the besieging force, while the presence of the commander, and eleven other Canadians, bespoke discipline and trained resources, which were to be feared more than the great disparity of num- bers. The border struggle had indeed assumed a portentous shape; a new enemy, possess- ing the powerful accessories of civilized war- fare, was now in the field, and even Boone felt that it was a “ critical time. ” That the issue must be fought out was a foregone conclusion with the pioneers, but when the garrison was summoned to surrender in the name of his British majesty, the king of England, Boone took advantage of this touch of civilization introduced in the enemy’s procedure, and requested two days for con- sideration, which were readily granted. The frontier militia was a very democratic organization, and though there was little doubt of the result of a conference the leader summoned the garrison and placed the whole case before them, clearly pointing out the alternatives involved. The decision was prompt and unanimous to fight, but desirous of gaining all the advantage possible out of the parleying mood of the enemy, Boone withheld this determination for a time, and dispatched some of the men to bring in the stock while the truce lasted. At the expira- tion of the two days, from one of the bastions of the fort, Boone gave his reply to the summons of Du Quesne, to the effect that they were detei’mined to defend their fort while a man was living. The Canadian found it impossible to con- ceal the disappointment which this reply occasioned, and to the astonishment of the garrison, declared that “ it was the orders of Gov. Hamilton (the British officer at Detroit) to take them captive, and not to destroy them ; ” and that if nine of their number would come out and treat with him, he would immediately withdraw his forces, and return home peaceably. The meditated treachery in this proposal is very thinly veiled, and that Boone should have entertained the invitation for a moment has occasioned an often expressed surprise. The experienced pioneer, as it will appear, was not deceived by so unusual a proposition, but, as he narrates, it “ sounded grateful in our ears, and we agreed to treat. ” The fidelity with which the savage had observed the conditions of capitulation in the case of the salt- makers, certainly afforded some reason to trust this strange proposition, at least within discreet limits; the favorable impression he had gained of Hamilton’s humanity rendered the character of the offer far more plausible than would appear at first glance; and the formidable array of enemies, in plain view, seemed to make it expedient to avoid a conflict, if it could be HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 159 done at no great sacrifice. The issue has somewhat modified the bearing of these con- siderations, but it does not appear, even now, that Boone was actuated by a short- sighted policy. That the attack failed, was simply due to the lack of determination in the leaders, and hardiness in the savages; and the confirmed treachery of white Indian leaders had not then been so clearly demon- strated as at a later period. At all events, Boone was careful to guard against treachery; the conference was held within fifty yards of the palisade and the keenest marksmen were placed so as to best cover the retreat of the whites in case of necessity. A brief treaty was accordingly concluded, when the Indian negotiators came forward, saying that it was customary with them, on such occasions, for two Indians to shake hands with every white man in the treaty, as an evidence of entire friendship. “ They immediately grappled us,” says Boone, “ but, although surrounded by hun- dreds of savages, we extricated oui’selves from them, and escaped all safe into the gar- rison, except one that was wounded.” On the first appearance of hostility, the garrison opened fire, doing considerable execution; the Indians were equally ready, and the re- treating whites were exceedingly fortunate to escape from the shower of bullets that followed them, with only a single wound. With this, the battle opened; the Indians, seeking shelter, began a brisk attack on every side, and, as Boone relates, “ a constant fire ensued between us day and night, for the space of nine days.” Every artifice familiar to the savage was employed in vain. At one time the garrison discovered, by the muddy character of the river, that the enemy was digging a mine, entering through the face of the high river bank. A countermine was immediately sunk within the fort, and the dirt thrown over the palisades as an intima- tion to the hostle miners that their work was discovered. The Indians were not disposed to prosecute a laborious enterprise in the face of probable failure, and this intimation proved sufficient to put an end to all further subterranean operations in this siege. The whole attack was marked more by vehemence than by valor; a rapid discharge of rifles was maintained throughout the siege, but at a pretty safe distance, and many of the bullets fell short of the fort and sank harmlessly upon the ground.* The garrison, on the other hand, fired with deliberation, and generally only when a sure mark presented itself. The consequent dis- proportion of cause and effect on the part of the garrison, as compared with their own efforts, deeply impressed the Indians, and may account for the absence of any attempt to storm the stockade. The garrison num- bered nearly fifty men, and an assault could scarcely have been made without the sacrifice of an equal number of the assailants. At sirch a cost even victory would have been purchased too dear, in the estimation of the Indian, and so the attack was continued at long range. To such an attack, the fort was impregna- ble, and the improvident savages, finding their provisions running short, abruptly terminated the siege on August 20. In all this protracted engagement, the most formid- able thus far in the history of Kentucky, the whites “ had but two men killed, and four wounded; besides a number of cattle” de- stroyed. Tbe Indians suffered more, having thirty-seven killed and a great number wounded. On retiring from Boonesborough,the savages did not stay their retreat until they had reached their towns beyond the Ohio, where they found a nearer foe to engage their attention. This ended the regular campaign, but straggling bands of Indians continued to infest the forests of Kentucky, and the fall was not suffered to pass without such incidents as served to challenge the settlers’ right of possession. Harrodsl)urg was at- tacked by one of these bands, but a sudden sally of the garrison easily beat off the assailants. In this skirmish one of the whites received a flesh wound in the face, which knocked him down. His antagonist, supposing him dead, r.^n up to secure his *It is said that 125 pounds of lead were picked up about the fort, besides the bullets imbedded in the palisade. (See “Boone’s Narrative.”! 160 HISTORY OF KENTUCI^". scalp, when the prostrate pioneer, having regained his senses in time, shot the savage dead and escaped to the fort. I Indians were found frequenting the vicin- ity of St. Asaph’s, and on one occasion, while ranging for “signs,” Logan discovered a party at the Big I'lat Lick, about two miles from his station. He immediately returned, raised a squad of men, and proceeding to the spring routed the savages with heavy loss. Not long after this event, Logan was again out in search of game and Indians, when, as he approached this lick he received a volley from a band secreted near by. This tire broke his arm, and slightly wounded him in the breast. The Indians immediately rushed upon him to take him captive, but, being mounted, he had the good fortune to escape, after one of his assailants got near enough to grasp his horse’s tail. But such incidents were too common to excite serious aiarm, and while settlers found in them sufficient cause to use caution in their movements, the gen- eral course of frontier life went on without marked interruption. The Indian invasion repelled, Boone sought his family in North Carolina, and did not return until 1780, and Kenton, less domestic in his tastes, sought adventure beyond the Ohio. Kenton had joined Col. Clark in his Illi- nois expedition, and after the fall of Kas- kaskia, returned to Harrodsburg with dis- patches. Notwithstanding the importance of his mission, Kenton's love of adventure led him to indulge in exploits, the success of which alone saved him from rebuke. A little way from his starting point, Kenton and his companions fell in with a camp of Indians with a number of horses. The sav- ages were attacked and dispersed, and the horses sent back to Kaskaskia. Pursuing their journey by way of Vincennes, the party stealthily traversed the village, secured two horses for each man, and pushed on. Reach- ing tue White River, a raft was constructed on which to transport the guns and luggage, while the horses were driven into the water to swim across. On the opposite shore a party of Indians lay encamped, who seized the horses as they emerged, but failed to dis- cover the Kentuckians. Hastily concealing themselves, the whites permitted the raft to float down the stream, and at niatht con- structed a second one, and crossed at another point. Completing his journey without fur- ther incident, Kenton reached his destination just in time to take part in Boone’s expedi- tion to Paint Creek. On the determination of the leader to re- turn to Boonesborough, Kenton and Mont- gomery resolved to remain to “ get a shot ” and steal some horses. After waiting two days and a night in vain for a “ shot,” they solaced themselves with a fine horse apiece, on which they safely rode into the fort on the day after the Indians had raised the siege. In the ‘ ‘ piping times of peace ” which followed, these adventurous spirits, joined by one named Clark, projected an expedition into the Indian country to procure more horses, and accordingly set out for Chilli- cothe in September. Reaching their desti- nation in the night, they found a lot of ani- mals in a corral, and succeeded in securing seven of them, but not without raising an alarm. Clinging to their booty, they rapidly made their way to the river, hotly pursued by the pillaged savages. On reaching the Ohio, they found it fretted up by the wind into a tumultuous state, and so boisterous that all their efforts failed to make the horses enter the water. With a foolhardy contempt for their danger, they resolved to wait one day, in the hope that the river would become smooth en- ough to afford a passage. In this they were not disappointed; but they now found an obstacle in the disposition of the horses, which had not yet recovered from their fright of the preceding day. Recognizing that further delay would bring the savages upon their heels, they turned loose the led horses, in- tending to escape with the ones they rode, but in an unfortunate moment of indecision, they reconsidered this wise conclusion, and determined to gain or lose all. Turning about to recapture the horses just set free, the party had ridden but a short distance, when their ears were assailed by the loud whoop of an Indian. Utterly be- reft of prudence, Kenton dismounted and HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 161 cautiously went forward to reconnoiter. On reaching a commmanding ridge, he discovered two of the enemy mounted and in such close proximity that retreat was vain. He instant- ly presented his weapon, and pulled the trigger, but the gun hashed. The Indians were down upon the audacious horse-thief in an instant, but by rapid hight he gained some fallen timber in safety, and had eluded his pursuers, when, on emerging into an opening, he was espied by another member of the general party and taken captive. The savages, transported with rage at the daring attempt to steal their horses, gathered ai'ound him, upbraiding and beating him with theii ramrods, when Montgomery, who had thus far escaped detection, chivalrously, but fool- ishly approached, fired an ineffectual shot and fied, only to yield his life and scalp to the savages that instantly pursued him. Clark, with the best judgment, hastily re- treated at the first alarm, and reached the fort in safety. Kenton was now to pay a severe penalty for his temerity. His captors spent the night near the river, and taxed their ingenu- ity to devise means to secure their prisoner from any chance of escape. Laying him flat upon his back, his legs were spi-ead apart, and each foot stoutly fastened to a stake driven firmly in the ground; a pole was then laid across his breast, to which his extended arms were securely lashed, the thongs pass- ing under his body from end to end of the pole, to prevent the possibility of his “work ing” loose; and a lariat, noosed about his neck, was drawn taut and attached to a sap- ling. It is needless to add that the savages found their victim safe in their toils in the morning. Rapid preparations were then made to con- vey their prize to Chillicothe, during which the Indians seemed to find their native language inadequate to express their emo- tion, and assailed him with cuffs and epi- thets couched in broken English, the latter ranging from “ateef,” “a hoss-steal,” “a I’ascal,” to a “d — d white man.” Among the animals, for which Kenton dared so much, was an untamed colt, which the fiendish malice of the savages suggested as the proper means to carry him to their destination. The prisoner was accordingly placed upon the colt’s back, his hands tied behind him, and his feet fastened by thongs passing under the animal’s belly. This done, the horse was turned loose with blows and shouts, car- rying his helpless rider through brush and briers to the great danger and suffering of Kenton, and the intense satisfaction of his foes. But fate, more kind than his savage tormentors, interposed, and after a few exhi- bitions of alarm and astonishment, the beast quietly submitted to its strange burden, and sedately joined the caravan. On the third day the party reached Chilli- cothe, where Kenton was stripjaed of his clothing and tied to a stake. Here he was surrounded by a hooting mob of men, women and chilch’en, who scarified his back with re- peated blows, and assailed his ears with every opprobrious epithet that their malig- nity could invent until midnight, when he was released and placed under guard until morning. Contrary to his expectations, in- stead of being I’emanded to the stake, he was ordered to run the gauntlet; in this trial his agile strength enabled him to disappoint the vengeance of his enemies by reaching the goal with but few serious blows. A council was then held, and Kenton learned from a brutal renegade white that his final fate had been deferred — that he was to be conducted to Wappatomica, and there burned. Such intelligence was calculated to stimu- late every sense of the captive to devise some way of escape, but it was not until the report of guns, and the shrill scalp halloo of his escort signaled their near approach to a town, that Kenton was emboldened to make such an attempt. With a startling cry he shook off his guards, and bounded into the thick under-brush. The character of the country favored his flight, and he soon left his astonished foes far in the rear, but forgetting his close proximity to the village, he rushed headlong into a group of the new enemy, called out by the signals, and was speedily returned to captivity. The village was Pickaway, and after spend 10 1G3 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ing the night tied to a stake and attended by despair, he was led on the following day to his destination. Here he was again forced to run the gauntlet, and was severely hurt. Soon after, he was taken to the council which had been convened to decide his fate, and where he met Simon Girty, to whom he made himself known. The situation of his friend deeply touched the renegade’s heart, and thus prompted he exerted his influence with the Indians with such effect as to secure Ken- ton’s release. Taking him to his own wig- wam, Girty supplied his old comrade with a complete suit of Indian clothing, and for three weeks was his constant companion. Though free, Kenton was not unobserved by the savages, and escape was impossible. In the meantime a steady reaction set in, and he was one day suddenly summoned with Girty to attend a council; here, notwithstand- ing the renegade used his best endeavors, Kenton was bound and delivered to be burned at Sandusky. He was securely pinioned and led by a halter between mounted guards, and while thus marching through an Indian vil- lage, he was suddenly assaulted by a savage, who nearly severed his arm from the shoulder with an ax. The demoniacal savage would have inevitably ended Keuton’s sufferings with another blow, had not his guards quickly interposed to save him for the torture of the stake. At another town he met the cele- brated Mingo chief, Logan, whose noble spirit moved him to intercede for the young captive. After unusual exertions he failed to alter the determination of the warriors, but effected his object through an English Indian agent stationed at Sandusky. Thus Kenton approached his fate; running the gauntlet thirteen times, narrowly escap- inar death on several occasions, his bodv emaciated and gaping with terrible wounds, he reached his destination with the assurance that on the morrow he should be burned. Here, the agent, Drewyer, begged possession of the captive that he might gain information of him concerning the frontier, and to this end wished to take him to Deh’oit. Permis- sion was at last reluctantly granted, on condi- tion that the prisoner should then be returned to his captors, and on this pretense Kenton was allowed to accompany the agent to the En- glish headquarters. Once within the protec- tion of the garrison, all fear of the stake was removed. Here Kenton rapidly recovered from the effects of the ill-usage, and being placed under little restraint, began to con- sider plans for a return to Kentucky. He was at this time only twenty-four years of age; “was line looking, with a dignified and manly deportment and a soft, pleasing voice, and was, wherever he went, a favorite with the ladies.” These attractions he turned to a good account in providing for his escape. There was no difficulty in leaving the post, but the 200 miles of wilderness, which must be traversed, was tenanted with hostile savages, and the fate he had so nar- rowly escaped was too vivid in his mind to be lightly incurred again. However, his enforced stay gradually became more irksome, and having found two fellow-prisoners will- ing to accompany him, he set about procuring arms and supplies for the journey. A trader’s wife had become greatly interested in his history, and through her assistance, he pro- cured whatever was needed. On June 3, 1779, Kenton, Bullitt and Gofer set out on their perilous journey, which they ventured only to pursue at night, and thus after thirty-thi’ee days of alternate hiding and traveling, they reached the falls of the Ohio in safety. The success of the Illinois campaign and the enactment of the celebrated land-law, passed in May, 1779, gave a remarkable im- pulse to the settlement of Kentucky. A gen- eral spirit of confidence was infused through- out the Territory of Virginia, and not only were large numbers encouraged to emigrate from the eastern settlements, but many of the settlers on the frontier, tired of the re- straint imposed by the ci’owded character of the older stations, ventured out to form new ones. These, obedient to the same necessi- ties, followed the form and character of the older ones, and consisted of a cluster of cab- ins, which, connected by a wall of palisades, enclosed a space that served the various pur- poses of park, parade-ground and corral. “Their original population, consisting of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 163 small numbers in general, was various, and depended on the party that could be col- lected — often upon the popularity of the leader. They were sometimes colonies from older stations, sometimes composed of recent immigrants. They were always receptacles for new-comers, and many of them by the acces- sion of numbers, and additional cabins, swelled into villages in the course of a year or two, and were as suddenly depopulated when no longer influenced by surrounding danger. ” (Marshall. ) Among the earliest movements which mark this development, was that which resulted in the settlement formed near the falls of the Ohio. The families,* left by Clark on the island, waited only to learn the successful issue of the expedition before planting them- selves on the main land. This was probably done in the fall of 1778, when, re-enforced by certain of the returning militia, under Col. Linn, they erected a stockade, “on the eastern side of the large ravine, which for- merly entered the river at the present (1838) termination of Twelfth Street.” In the suc- ceeding spring this station felt the quicken- ing influence of the time, and sent out sev- eral colonies. Prominently among these was one which established Linn’s Station on Beargrass Creek, in Jefferson County, about ten miles from the falls; another planted Brashear’s Station, at the mouth of Floyd’s Fork, in Bullitt County; a third founded Sullivan’s Station, on the Bardstown road, about five miles southeast of the falls, in Jef- ferson County; a fourth established itself in the near vicinity of the old stockade, and these became known as the Middle and Spring Stations. A similar activity manifested itself in the interior. Early in the spring, Robert Pat- terson organized a company at Harrodsburg, and on April 1st, founded Lexington. It is * Marshall (Vol. I,p. 67) gives the number of these families as thirteen; Clark, in his letter to the Hon. George Mason, re- ferred to in a preceding part of this work, gives the number at “about twenty families.” McMurtrie in his “Sketches of Louis- ville” 1S191, places the number of families at sis, but names only five, the record of the other having been lost. Casseday (History of Louisville, 18.52), following the latter author, men ■ lions these pioneers in the following strain; “Let this frail record, at least, lend its quota toward 1 he honorable preservation of the names of Capt. James Patton, who piloted the first boat over the falls; Richard Chenoweth, .John Tuel, William Faith and John McManus, the only names that history or tradition has given of those earliest settlers of our native city ” probable that a single cabin alone marked the site of the proposed station until the 14th in- stant, when fourteen persons left Harrodsburg to make the new settlement their permanent home. This outpost gained considerable ac- cessions during the year, and subsequently became one of the foremost stations on the frontier. About the same time, Isaac Ruddle, of St. Asaph, accompanied by John Burger, pene- trated still further north and erected a sta- tion, including Hi nkston’s old cabin on the south fork of the Licking, where he was soon afterward joined by his brother, James, and other families. Somewhat later, probably in the fall, Bryan’s Station was established on the south bank of the north fork of the Elk- horn, about five miles northeast of Lexing- ton. This colony consisted principally of immigrants from North Carolina, of whom the Bryans were the most conspicuous. There were four brothers of this family: Morgan, James, William and Joseph, all men in easy circumstances, with large fami- lies of children approaching maturity. Will- iam, though not the eldest, was the natural leader of the party. His wife was the sister of Boone, as was also the wife of William Grant, another member of this settlement. The station early fell a victim to the hostil- ity of the savages. In the following May, while out hunting with a considerable party near the mouth of Cane Run, William Bryan and Grant were both seriously wounded by the Indians. Being mounted on the same horse and able to retain their seat, they escaped to the fort, where Bryan’s wound proved fatal. The rest of the family, sad- dened and discouraged by this event, aban- doned the station, and returned to North Carolina. The garrison, thus weakened, must have been obliged to resort to some other settlement, had not a considerable accession of Virginians, at this juncture, repaired this serious loss. The station continued to bear its founders’ name, and became prominent in the subsequent “troublous time.” Less prominent settlements planted in this region, in 1779, were known as Martin’s, Grant’s and Todd’s Stations. The first was 1G4 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. located where John Martin had built a cabin in 1775 — about five miles south of Ruddle’s Station and three miles below the site of Paris. Grant’s was planted by a colony, of which Col. John Grant, of North Carolina, and Capt. William Ellis, of Virginia, were leaders, and was situated between Biyan’s and the present site of Paris, about live miles northeast of the first-named place. It was greatly harrassed by the Indians, and in 1780 was abandoned by its founders, who returned to the East. Todd’s was planted on the Hickman, near the site of Keene, in Jessa- mine County, by John and Levi Todd. They soon afterward abandoned it, and retired to Lexington. Save the exceptions noted, these stations northwest of the KentuckyRiver were off-shoots of Harrodsbui’g; but while the frontier capi- tal was thus contributing to the settlement of that exposed region, other of its people Avere planting settlements within the shadow ■of its protection in Mercer County. Of these, the strongest was known as Bowman’s Sta- tion, located six miles east of Harrodsburg, which was settled in 1779 by thirty fami- lies under the lead of Col. Abram Bowman. Of another, Gordon’s Station, only its name has been preserved; while a third was estab- lished by the McAfees. The early adven- tures of this family in Kentucky have been elsewhere noted, and the rise of their station on the Salt River, six or seven miles below Harrodsburg, marks their return after an absence of some four years. They made a clearing and some other im- provements at this point in 1775, but in the fall they had returned to Virginia, leaving their crops and forty head of cattle in the care of the settlers, who had joined them and pro- posed to remain. In May of the following year they provided an ample stock of neces- sary supplies and attempted to bring them forward in canoes, by way of the Gauley and Kanawha Rivers, but finding this imprac- ticable, they stored them in a cache and returned for pack-horses. The disturbing events which preceded the Revolutionary war frustrated their plans, and September had arrived befere they could return to their depot. This they found broken open, and the supplies wantonly wasted, or from long exposure to the elements rendered entirely worthless. This necessitated a second return to Virginia, where they found the war actu- ally begun, and giving up their plans for emigration, they joined the American army. Two years elapsed before they were free to renew their plans, when they were found once more on the frontier, established in a quadrangular inclosure of cabins and stock- ades. Similar signs of development were to be found about Logan’s Station. William Whitley, who came from Virginia in 1775 and joined Logan in 1779, established a settlement not far from St. Asaph, within the present limits of Lincoln County. Here he was joined by the family of Samuel Daviess and others in the same year. About the same time, William Worthington, one of the “Long Hunters,” erected a station near the present northern line of Lincoln County; others went farther north to the vicinity of Danville, where “ Field’s lottery cabin ” was erected in 1774; and in the fall, Pittman erected a station on the Green River, near the mouth of Pittman’s Creek, about five miles west of Greensburg. From Boonesborough, Col. John Floyd went out in the early spring, and planted a station at the mouth of Beargrass. This he soon afterward abandoned, and settled on the middle fork of this creek, about six miles from the falls. In the succeeding summer or fall, he was followed by Squire Boone, who fixed his settlement at “Painted Stone,” on Clear Creek, near the site of Shelbyville. This station greAV rapidly in size and num- bers, and for upward of two years was the only fort between the posts on the Beargrass and Harrodsburg. Strode made a station two miles from Winchester in Clarke County, in this year, and aoout a mile above Boones- borough. Nathaniel Hart, in company with a party from Pennsylvania, established another station on the bottom lands of the Kentucky. Of the large accessions received from the east, some emigrated in parties of consider able numbers, under the direction of com- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 165 petent leaders, and effected a settlement in safety. Others came singly, or in companies ^ of two or three, simply to “spy out the land, ” while many came hampered by their families, and encumbered with household effects, pre- pared to settle on “bare creation.” These adventurers, inexperienced in the dangers of a land beset by lurking bands of savage foes, fell easy victims to the ambush by day and the assault by night. Murders followed in rapid succession; and the savages, commit- ting their depredations with comparative impunity, threatened to entirely stop the in- flowing tide of settlers. Not only humanity, therefore, but the very permanence of the settlements also, demanded that this life- giving current be protected. But with this necessity clearly apparent, it is quite proba- ble that the bold remedy of an invasion of the Indian country would have been indefinitely deferred, had not a terrible victory of the savages incited the frontiers- men to immediate action.* In 1778, Col. David Rogers had been dis- patched to New Orleans by the governor of Virginia, to procure munitions for the mili- tary operations in the West. Spain had not yet declared war, and the Spanish authorities were obliged to observe caution in granting such contraband supplies to the Americans. Concealing his large boats and most of his command in the Ozark River, Rogers pro- j ceeded to his destination, accompanied by Capt. Benham and a boat’s crew. On ar- riving at New Orleans, he found an English j sloop-of-war in port, the captain of which observed the arrival of the Americans with suspicion, and maintained so close a scrutiny upon their movements that their mission seemed likely to end in failure. It was at this time that Capt. Benham was sent overland to Clark, at Kaskaskia, proba- bly with dispatches. The captain accom- plished his task and safely reached the falls of the Ohio, in the spring of 1779. Soon after his arrival, the two keel- boats of Col. Rogers, who had succeeded in evading the watchfulness of the British officers, came up and took Benham on board. The boats then *Appenclix A, Note 11. proceeded up the river for Pittsburgh, the captain in command of one of them. On reaching the sand-bar above the pres- ent site of Cincinnati, it was discovered to be bare half the way across the river, and at the same time a number of savages on rafts and in canoes were observed coming down the Little Miami, its flood-tide carrying the Indian flotilla across to the Kentucky side. Confident in the superior strength of his force, Rogers ordered the boats to di-aw up to the Kentucky shore, and the troops to land for the purpose of surprising these warriors. Impressed with the idea that he had only a small party to deal with, the commander pro- ceeded with too little caution, and just as his movements promised the fullest success of the maneuver, he found himself completely environed by an overwhelming number of the enemy. The first intimation of his perilous situation was followed by a murderous volley from every side, which was instantly succeeded by an irresistible assault with the tomahawk. The whites could make no successful resist- ance, and of the forty or fifty engaged, not more than ten ever returned to their families. One boat, left in charge of five men, escaped capture by putting ofi" into the river and floating down to the falls; others of the crew escaped by a determined effort to break through the enemy’s lines, though most were killed in this attempt. Two of those who joined in this desperate charge, were Capt. Robert Benham and John Watson, the story of whose sufi’erings and rescue is one of the most thrilling of the authentic tales of the border. In escaping the toils of the enemy, Benham was dis- abled by a wound through both his hips. He instantly fell to the ground, but for- tunately near a prostrate tree, which af- forded him a convenient place of conceal- ment. Here he lay undiscovered through the next day, while the Indians near by were scalping and plundering his slain comrades. On the evening of the second day, having re- tained his rifle and ammunition, and the savages having abandoned the field, he shot a raccoon, which he discovered descending a tree near him. Scarcely had the report of 160 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. big gun been heard, when he was startled by a human cry in the near vicinity. Hastily reloading his gun in the expectation of dis- covering an enemy, he awaited further de- velopments in silence. The cry was soon re- peated, butBeuham, maintaining his silence, cocked his gun, and prepared to tire at the first sight of an approaching foe. The cry came a third time from a nearer point, and the wounded officer could distinguish the words: “Whoever you are, for God’s sake, answer me.” The cry proved to come from Watson, who had been disabled by wounds in both arms, and had escaped death by hiding. The two wounded men were soon together, and each supplying the other's defect, they supported themselves in their crippled condition for several weeks. In this division of labor, Benham killed and cooked the game, and dressed the wounds of both, tearing off their shirts for bandages; AVatson in the mean- while made his legs useful in kicking the slaughtered game within the reach of his companion, and in raking and rolling brush and small wood where he could use it for fuel. The greatest difficulty was experienced in getting water, but Benham finally con- trived to put the brim of his hat between his companion’s teeth, who then waded into the water until it reached his neck, when he could manage to fill the hat and return with it to the captain. In a few days the small game within the reach of Benham’s rifle was all destroyed or driven off; when AVatson, going out and mak- ing a wide detour, would drive the game within the reach of his companion. AVild turkeys were fortunately abundant, and they had no difficulty in securing all the food they needed. In this way they sustained them- selves until their wounds so far healed as to permit Benham to travel, and AA^atson to afford slight assistance with one hand. They then changed their location, erected a small shed at the mouth of the Licking, where they kept watch for some passing boat to effect their escape. After maintaining this crippled existence for some six weeks, they discovered a flat- 1 boat floating down the sti’eam. Benham made signals to the crew, but fearing an am- : bush into which they suspected these efforts j were intended to decoy them, the occupants of the boat gave no heed, and the poor wretches, with feelings of despair, saw their first chance of rescue slipping from their grasp. After passing them half a mile, how- ever, a crew put off from the boat and i cautiously approached the point where they were. Nearly naked, and their countenances rendered repulsive by their unkempt hair and beard, the unfortunate men were objects more j calculated to give rise to suspicion than pity; but their true plight was soon revealed, and they were taken to the falls, where they fully recovered. Early in 1779, AVashington projected a movement against the Indians all along the border. Gen. Sullivan was directed against the Six Nations in New York, and with him. Col. Brodhead was ordered to co-operate by an attack on the tribes on the Pennsylvania frontier, from Fort Pitt. On April 21, these plans were so far modified as to change the direction of Brodhead’s attack from the tribes on that border to the western Indians, and to make the capture of Detroit his ulti- mate object. It is probable that it was arranged, through the governor of Virginia, that the frontier militia of Kentucky, should co-operate with Brodhead in his western movements, and Bowman accordingly issued instructions, in April, that the settlers should plant their corn as early as possible, and pre- pare for an expedition in Alay. For some unrecorded reason, the western campaign was abandoned; Brodhead proceeded up the Alle- ghany, inflicted severe chastisement upon the tribes in this region, and the Kentucky expedition did not move. Public affairs were in this posture when the few of Rogers’ command who escaped found their way to Harrodsburg, and brought the fearful tidings of that massacre. Samuel Frazee, a member of Mr. Harrod’s company at the falls, also came from the mouth of the Licking, bringing the alarm to the frontier capital. The abandoned expedition was hastily revived, and so much of the fighting HISTOliY OF KENTUCKY. 167 strength of the interior settlements as could prudently be spared, was ordered to rendez- vous at Lexington, from whence the whole should proceed to the mouth of the Licking, where the contingent from the falls was directed to join them with batteaux, on which to cross the river. The force thus brought together con- sisted of five companies. Of those from the interior, one, under Benjamin Logan, was drawn from Logan’s, Whitley’s and Clark’s stations: another from Boonesborough was ' commanded by John Holder; a third recruited from Bryan’s and Lexington Stations, with | additions from Harrodsburg, was led by Levi Todd; and the fourth, under the command of Josiah Harlan, was made up of recruits from Wilson’s and McAffee’s Stations, besides a contingent from Harrodsburg, and a body of men, under the command of Lieut. John Haggin, from Ruddle’s and Martin’s Stations. The men were all volunteers and “ found themselves.” Each man carried his muni- tions and subsistence, the latter being re- stricted to a “ peck of parched corn,” though “some public beef” was issued at the ren- dezvous. The expedition set forth in July. The line of march led from Lexington down the west bank of the Licking; reaching the head- waters of the Bank Lick Creek, the little army encamped for the night, and on the next day reached the Ohio. Meeting the company of William Harrod here, the organization of the expedition was completed by the appoint- ment of Maj. George Michael Bedinger, as adjutant. On crossing the river, the order of March divided the force into three divisions, commanded respectively by Bowman, Logan and Frazee. * The trail of the red men was struck near the present site of Cincinnati ; and followed to old Chillicothe, with such success *The narrative of Samuel Frazee, which assigns himself the command of one of the divisions, differs materially from other generally accepted accounts of the expedition, but the fact of his participation in the movement, and the fortuitous publica- tion of his story, give it a certain sanction, which may render it worth considering. However, while the evidence at hand does not authoritatively controvert his statements, a reasonable ques- tion may arise, whether the prominent part he assumed in his narrative would have entirely escaped the notice even of a somewhat inaccurate record of that event. The order of March as represented in the narrative is confirmed by an independent deposition quoted by Mr. Collins (Vol. II, p. 425), though the leaders are not named. The number of men in the expedition is estimated from 135 to 300. as to come upon the town without betraying their presence. Scouts were sent forward, who reported, on their return, a large number of savages present, but that they were entirely unconscious of the near approach of an enemy. The whites had reached a point about a i mile distant from the Indian town, when the spies Avere sent forward. It was in the early part of the night, and when their report was received, some hours later, it was arranged that Logan should lead his force to the left, while Bowman should turn to the right, and together they should encircle the town, the attack to begin when their forces joined in the rear of the village. Logan quickly ac- complished his part of the maneuver, and impatiently awaited the arrival of the other wing to begin the attack. The hours slowly passed and daylight began to dawn, but still Bowman’s party did not make its appearance. Anxious to avoid jeopardizing j the success of the expedition by premature action, Logan ordered his men to secrete themselves in the tall grass and wait for the ; expected signal to attack. In gaining cover, : however, some of the men attracted the ! attention of one of the dogs in the town, which instantly set up a furious barking. Soon a single warrior was observed to emerge from a cabin and peer carefully about to dis- cover the cause of the dog’s disturbance, cautiously advancing at the same time toward where the whites lay concealed. Logan im- posed the utmost silence upon his men, hop- ing to capture the savage without alarming the rest of the inhabitants, but just as this design seemed in a fair way to be realized, a gun was discharged from the other side of the town by one of Bowman’s men. The town Avas instantly alive; the inhabi- tants shouting and hurrying to a strong central cabin, intent upon making a stubborn defense. Recognizing the uselessness of further disguise Logan led his men close upon the retreating savages, taking advan- tage of the deserted cabins to get close to the Indian stronghold. Here he found himself in a critical position; the savages, having re- covered from tlieir panic, were maintaining 168 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. a rapid and well-directed lire upon their as- sailants. The enemy greatly nut-numbered the whites in Logan’s party, which Avas in such a position that neither an advance nor a retreat could be made without great expos- ure. It was at this juncture that the intrepid leader looked in vain for some evidence of sup2:>ort from the other division. Observing that the Indians had become aware of their superiority in numbers, and were showing an intention of turning his flanks, he began to prepare a movable breast-work of doors and puncheons taken from the deserted cabins, under cover of which he proposed to storm the enemy’s position. Before the necessary preparations were completed, a messenger from Bowman reached Logan with orders to retreat. Beside him- self with astonishment and indignation, Logan had no recourse save to obey, but such a movement to the undisciplined militia was a difficult one to perform with success, “ Each man selected the time, manner and route of his retreat for himself. Here, a solitary Kentuckian would start up from be- hind a stump and scud away through the grass, dodging and turning to avoid the balls which whistled around him. There, a dozen men would run from a cabin and scatter in every direction, each anxious to save himself and none having leisure to attend to his neighbors.” In this way, Logan’s men soon rejoined the party under Bowman, which for some unaccountable reason had remained where they had halted the night before.* Here confusion became Avorse confounded. “ Some cursed their colonel, some reproached other officers, one shouted one thing, one bellowed another, but all seemed to agree that they ought to make the best of their way home Avithout the loss of a moment’s time.” In the midst of all this disorder the com- *“Sketches of AVestern Adventure,” by Rev. John A. Mc- Clung, 1832, p. 113, et. seq. Frazee, in the narrative quoted by -Mr. Collins (A^ol. II, p. 426), says: ” About midnight we at- tempted to move on three sides of the Indian camp and were to remain stationary, within good gun-shot of the Indians, until dayliglit, when we were to make .a simultaneous attack upon the camp. .lust as we had gotten up within a short range, .an Indian dog gave the alarm. A tall Indian raised up from the center of their camp and I shot him down, and immediately gave word to my men to fire. The Indians shot from the cracks of their huts, and after we had fired three rounds I gave word to retreat. I saw that we were fighting to a great disadvan- tage.” mander of the expedition seemed paralyzed, and Logan, ably seconded by other officers, restored something like discipline among their followers. The sharp crack of the In- dians’ rifles aided these efforts in no small degree, for nothing cleared the mental vision of the pioneers more readily than a sense of danger. The Indians, astonished to see their foes rout themselves in this unceremonious manner, hesitated for a few moments to make a close pursuit, but recognizing the sincerity of the retreat, they were soon down upon the disordered whites. The Kentuck- ians quickly formed a square, and taking shelter behind trees, readily repelled the at- tack. The retreat was then begun in an orderly manner, but the column had pro- ceeded no great distance,* when the sav- ages renewed their attack, this time on all sides. Matters now assumed a serious aspect; the men began to grow unsteady, th e colonel con- . tinned incompetent, and the savages seemed likely to succeed in their design of retarding the retreat until re-enforcements could be hurried forward to aid in the attack. At this critical juncture, Capts. Logan and Har- rod, Maj. Bedinger and 'others, leading some of the best mounted of their followers, charged the savages, forcing them to leave their cov- erts, and cutting many of them down, while the main body made good use of their rifles upon such of the enemy as were forced to expose themselves. This spirited action dis- persed the enemy, and the discouraged and weary troops Avere allowed to continue their march without disturbance. The retreat followed the line of the outward march, cross- ing to Kentucky; the plunder was disposed of by auction, and the men discharged to take such paths as Avould the most easily bring them to their several homes. Of the result of this expedition, the most conflicting opinions were entertained. The whites, at a cost of eight or nine killed, had captured 163 horses, had burned the greater part of the village, and inflicted a loss of fifteen or twenty slain (the noted chief, *McClung says : “But scarcely bad they advanced half a mile.” Bradford (notes on Kentucky in the Kentucky Gazette) says : “ had not marched more than eight or ten miles.” HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 169 Blacklish, was among them) upon the savages, yet the expedition had evidently miscarried. While, under the circumstances, the result was far less than a disaster, still it could not be disguised that the object of the campaign, in which the whole strength of Kentucky had been enlisted, had proved sadly inconclusive, and that, too, without any satisfactory rea- son. Gen. Kay and others, competent to judge intelligently of the matter, did not dis- credit the commander of the expedition, but the general disappointment made Col. Bowman the object of its resentment. Pub- lic sentiment, therefore, gradually retired Bowman and preferred Logan, whose serv- ices had certainly been marked by gallantry and efficiency. Unsatisfactory as the result of this expedi- tion proved, it served, with the more efficient one conducted from Pittsburgh by Col. Brod- head, to temporarily relieve the border of the presence of any formidable array of savages. Predatory attacks were still made, but with less frequency and success, and the tide of immigration continued unabated. Even the rigor of winter failed to oppose a sufficient barrier to the ardor of the immigrants, and many families, traveling to Kentucky, were forced to camp on the way, where they suf- fered great privations. The winter of 1779-80 was unusually severe, and is noted in the annals of the State as ‘The hard winter.” The water in the rivers was frozen to an extraordinary depth, while that in the shallow streams was con- verted into ice to the very bottom. The frequent fall of snow, which the regularity of the temperature preserved Rom wasting, early covered the ground to a great depth, and remained so long as to threaten the ex- termination of brute life. Thousands of large and small animals of the forest per- ished, while the domestic animals of the set- tlers, despite their care, fell victims to ex- posure and starvation by hundreds. Families on the road, their progress impeded by the snow, soon exhausted their slender stock of provisions, and in many cases were obliged to feed on the wasted carcasses of their per- ished animals. The spring brought its share of evils, but it was none the less hailed with lively satisfaction. Much of the stock which had survived cold and hunger was swept away by hoods, and travel was greatly impeded, but these were temporary ills. Privations did not end with the vernal sea- son, however. The game, invigorated with the fresh verdure, supplied the people with wholesome meat, but the supply of corn proved inadequate to the demand occasioned by the large accession to the population on the fi’ontier. Before the end of winter the people were forced to practice the closest econ- omy in the use of bread, and long before a new crop became available there was no corn to be had. During this period the nominal price of the cereal at the falls varied from $50 per bushel in December, 1779, to §165 in January, 1780, and $30 in May, These prices were based on the value of de- preciated continental currency, but they rep- resent a wonderful exaggeration of value, even when expressed in coin. These facts, unknown or unheeded in the older settlements, did not deter others from seeking new homes in the "West, and the spring of 1780 witnessed an unprecedented immigration. Beside those who followed the early routes by tedious overland journeys, large numbers came down the Ohio to the falls, and thence proceeded inland by wagon. I In the preceding fall and in this spring, j Floyd notes, in his correspondence with Col. j Preston, the arrival of 300 large family boats at 'the falls, and that as many as ten or fifteen wagons could be seen daily setting off for the interior. New stations continued to spring- up in all directions, generally in the vicinity of those already established, though a few more adventm’ous souls settled in the isolated regions now embraced in the counties of Nel- son, Hardin, Green and Logan. Many of the new-comers, however, remained in the vicinity of the falls, and the cluster of six stations, planted here, soon numbered as many hundred inhabitants. The settlement at this point was rapidly growing in importance. Clark, on turning over the civil government of the Illinois country to Col. Todd, had fixed his head- 170 HISTORT OF KENTUCKY. quarters at the falls, and here in the spring of 1780, he was joined by Col. Greorge Slaughter with 150 State troops from Vir- ginia. This promise of security, with the natural advantages which the river naviga- tion gave it, confirmed the general opinion that “the Falls of the Ohio is a place, of all others within the colony, will admit of a town.” Accordingly in May (1780), the Virginia legislature passed “an act for estab- lishing the town of Louisville.” This act, made John Todd, Jr., Stephen Trigg, George Slaughter, John Floyd, William Pope, Geox’ge Merriweather, Andrew Hines, James Sullivan and Marshall Brashiers, trustees, provided for the platting of certain lands, and for fhe sale of lots “at the court houses of adjacent counties,” and required the purchasers “to hold their said lots subject to the condition of building on each a dwelling-house sixteen feet by twenty at least, with a brick or stone chimney, to be finished within two years from date of sale.” This period was subse- quently extended, on account of Indian dis- turbances, but thenceforth the town of Louis- ville, wliich received its name in grateful recognition of the French monarch’s assist- ance in the Revolutionary war, had a perma- nent place in the annals of Kentucky. On the 10th of May a land office was opened at Harrodsburg for the reception of warrants issued by the treasurer of Virginia, and the holders of these claims, or their agents, thronged the office. The object was to secure the location of lands, to which these warrants entitled the owners, and a majority of the men present in Kentucky were inter- ested in this business. In the presence of this overshadowing interest, the danger to be apprehended from the enemy was forgotten. The report of “ fresh signs,” that some one was fired on, or even that a settler had been killed or captured, created but a mo- mentary bustle; a scouting party might be induced by the circumstance to go out, but its duties were quickly dispatched, and its members were soon engaged in the pursuit of the hour — the acquisition of land. There were others, however, who were so situated as to give more attention to public affairs, and Clark about this time was en- gaged in an enterprise, which, though of the first importance and conceived in wise states- manship, foreboded no good to Kentucky. The design of erecting a fort near the mouth of the Ohio was intimated in Gov. Patrick Henry’s instructions to Col. Clark in 1778, and in the succeeding June, Henry’s succes- sor gave express orders to carry it out. The object, though not yet accomplished, had not been forgotten, and Gov. Thomas Jefferson in January and April, 1780, reiterated his orders for the fulfillment of this design. The question of the western boundary of the unit- ed colonies had already been broached at the Spanish court — a question, which Jefferson had foreseen must arise with England, in case of a victorious issue of the colonial struggle. In such an event, Jefferson was determined to be in actual possession of the Northwest, by means of a chain of fortified posts, of which the one on the Mississippi, and those in the Illinois country, indicated a direction which must make Detroit the northern ter- minus. This was indeed the plan which received the sanction of Jefferson’s State policy as well as of Clark’s ambition, and accordingly, in the spring of 1780, Clark set out from Louisville with 200 troops to accomplish the first part of the grand design. Going down the river to a point on the Mississippi, five miles below the mouth of the Ohio, he erected a stout stockade, which he called Fort Jeffer- son, in honor of the governor. Beside a small garrison left in the fort, a number of families, persuaded by the unusual induce- ments offered, located near by and took f orci ■ ble possession of a region where the Chick- asaws had long held undisputed sway. This nation had been on friendly terms with the whites, and it was a grave oversight that their permission was not sought, before the fort was erected. As it was, however, this unprovoked invasion of their territory aroused their resentful patriotism, and these hitherto peaceful tribes harried the western and southern boundaries of Kentucky, until the evacuation of the fort in the next year re- moved the cause of their hostilities. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 171 Clark’s designs were not greatly misinter- j preted by the successor of Hamilton at De- troit, and the new base of operations estab- I lished on the Ohio incited him to fresh ac- tivity in the attempt to cripple the settlements of Kentucky, which thus menaced the British power in the Northwest. Fort Pitt was less feared, not simply because more remote, but also because its expeditions westward had generally proved abortive, and the contest was therefore accepted as lying between Clark, with his fearless frontiersmen, and the British at Detroit, aided by the hostile tribes north of the Ohio. On recovering from the effect of Clark’s audacious campaign in the Illinois country, the English commandant at Detroit, descending upon Vincennes, had gained a cheap victory, and planned for the next year an expedition which was to set out from the captured post and fall upon the sta- tions in Kentucky, while another should at the same time strike from the region farther east. The subsequent recapture of Vin- cennes, and with it the commandant, seriously interrupted this programme, and it was not until 1780 that his successor could prepare a counter-stroke to Clark’s gallant victory ; but this, he determined, should be overwhelm- ing. The expedition consisted of about 1,000 Canadians and Indians, with six pieces of artillery, under the command of Col. Byrd. These forces were rendezvoused on the 1st of -Tune, and immediately set out for Kentucky. Such formidable preparations could scarcely be hidden even in the recesses of the Ohio forests. Rumors of the organization of an expedition with artillery, destined to attack Louisville, were noted by Floyd in his corre- spondence as early as May, and yet such was the overweening confidence or general dis- traction of the people in securing their lands, that no reasonable precaution was taken to ascertain the truth of the rumor or to guard against surprise. Byrd was accordingly al- lowed to approach at his convenience with- out opposition or observation. In the absence of any wheel -ways, the ar- tillery was brought down the Big Miami; thence to the Licking, which was ascended as far as the present town of Falmouth, Here the ordnance was landed, and the line of march slowly pursued up one branch of the river to Ruddle’s Station. The invading force had been twelve days in making the distance from the Ohio River, having chopped out a wagon road most of the way, and yet, on the 22d of June, the first inti- mation that the garrison of Ruddle’s Station had of the approach of the overwhelming army was the discharge of a piece of artil- lery, in their immediate vicinity. This por- tentous sound was quickly followed by the appearance of the hostile host and a sum- mons to surrender to the forces of his Brit- tanic majesty’s representative. Resistance was out of the question, and Capt. Ruddle stipulated only that the garrison should be- come prisoners solely of the English. This was agreed upon, but no sooner were the gates unbarred, than the savages rushed in and seized on the whites, each claiming the victim in his clutches as his individual prop- erty. The most heart-rending scenes were enacted. Several reluctant prisoners were instantly dispatched with the tomahawk. Little chil- dren, convulsed with grief and fright, were torn from the arms of their mothers; wives were separated from their husbands, and scarcely two of any family were destined to be near each other in captivity. In vain did Ruddle remonstrate with Col. Byrd. While anxious to fulfill his j^art of the engagement, the commander found himself helpless in the hands of the insatiable savages. The pris- oners were stripped of their property, and divided among their Indian captors, who, having thoroughly rifled the station, now de- manded to be led against Martin’s Station, only five miles away. This, the British offi- cer refused to do until he had exacted a sol- emn promise of the chiefs that their follow- ers should be satisfied with the plunder alone. Martin’s Station was found carelessly rest- ing in the same foolish security with the rest of the border, utterly unconscious of the [ tragedy, which had just been enacted a few miles distant. The demand for the surrender of the station was quickly acceded to by the 173 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. garrison, who, profiting by the fate of Rud- dle’s party, were recognized as the prisoners of the English. After plundering this sta- tion, the Indians clamored to be led against Lexington, but this Byrd refused to do, as- signing the difficulty of moving his artillery, the probability of failure in the attack, and the necessity of taking advantage of the present high water to effect a retreat, as his reasons. While these suggestions had suffi- cient plausibility to satisfy the savages and still occasion some doubt as to his real senti- ments, the reader will not greatly err if he credit the commanding officer with the pos- session of such humanity as led him to refuse to become accessory to further horrors, such as he had witnessed at the captured stations. The retreat decided upon, the whole force returned to the point of debarkation, where, the ordnance and stores being reloaded, the Canadians retraced their outward route, while the Indians, separating from their allies, took a shorter road for their towns, carrying the prisoners taken at Ruddle's Station with them. Among the captives was John Hink- ston, who had returned to his “ improvement” when the advent of Ruddle’s party had ren- dered it reasonably safe. He was a brave and experienced woodsman, and managed to make his escape on the first night of the re- treat. Taking advantage of the guard’s at- tempting to start a fire, he leaped into the darkness, where the friendly undergrowth enabled him to elude the swift pursuit of the savages. After many narrow escapes from recapture, he succeeded in reaching the fort at Lexington on the next day, where his story was the first information the garrison had of the disaster which had befallen the more ad- vanced stations. On the heel of these events, Clark returned from Fort Jefferson to find a letter from the governor, urging an expedition against the Indians on the upper waters of the Miami, and especially with a view to destroy the trading post known as Loramie’s Store, w'hich served the English as a depot of sup- plies for the neighboring tribes. The events just narrated added a more powerful incen- tive, and Clark immediately proceeded to Harrodsburg to enlist the borderers in the new crusade. Here he found the settlers ob- livious of every other interest, eagerly press- ing their claims, and deaf to any appeal which was calculated to lead them away from the absorbing pursuit. With the cordial co- operation of the surveyors, Clark issued an order temporarily closing the land office, and sent his proclamation through the settlements, setting forth the urgent reason for his action, and calling for volunteers to aid him in chas- tising the savages. Thus brought to their senses, the people quickly rallied to his standard. Clark had a body of State troops at Louisville, which was dignified with the title of “regiment,” though scarcely number- ing more than 300 men. With these, and the volunteers from the various stations, the force assembled at the mouth of Licking in July, numbered about 1,000* men, besides some artillery conveyed up the river from Louisville. The expedition was conducted with skill and good fortune, and the invaders succeeded in reaching Piqua unannounced. A stub- born skirmish ensued when each of the bel- ligerent forces lost seventeen killed. The Indians finally gave way, and after destroy- ing the town and growing crops, Logan was dispatched with his regiment to destroy the trading post at Pickaway. By this time the savages had learned of the presence of a hos- tile force in their midst, and Logan found only a deserted town and store. These he burned, and cutting the corn, returned to the main body, when, the whole expedition retir- insr to the Licking, the volunteers were dis- charged. This campaign, though scarcely more con- clusive in its results than the one it was de- signed to retaliate, had the good result of relieving Kentucky of further formidable in- roads during the remaining part of the year. The usual predatory bands of savages contin- ued to infest the border, however, and way- laying the unwary hunter at the various licks, or on the frequented trails, infiicted considerable damage. It was in an adven- *The papers of Capt. James Patton, of Louisville, placed the number at 998, divided into two regiments under the im- mediate commands of Cols. Linn and Logan. See Butler, p. 117. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 173 tui’e with one of these bands that Daniel Boone signalized his rekirn to the fi'ontier. He had brought his family from North Car- olina to Boonesborough in the summer, and had been closely engaged on his “improve- ment” until October, when, with his brother Edward, he went to the lower Blue Lick to secure a supply of salt. On their homeward journey they were tired on by a party of In- dians; Edward was killed and scalped, and Daniel compelled to seek safety in instant flight. His start and superior skill soon en- abled him to place a safe distance between himself and his pursuers, but, with the aid of a dog, the savages found no ditficulty in fol- lowing his trail, and pressed him so closely that concealment was impossible. The situ- ation was becoming critical, but observing that his only chance of escape was in de- stroying the dog, Boone halted until the bay- ing animal came within range of his gun, when he shot the troublesome brute, and es- caped in safety to the fort. Such attacks were not submitted to by the settlers without some attempt at reprisal, but these efforts on the part of the whites were attended with very meager results. In- deed it was the opinion of leading men in the colonies that the western border could only be rendered reasonably secure by the capture of Detroit. After the failure of Mc- Intosh in 1778, Washington renewed the pro- ject, but after vainly making repeated efforts to put the movement on foot he felt obliged to forego this undertaking, as it involved too great an expense for the limited continental resources. Jefferson could not so readily yield this object. The constant demand upon Virgin- ia for several hundi’ed men and their neces- sary supplies, all seriously needed on the Atlantic border, urged the Virginia execu tive to devise some means to rid the com- monwealth of this menacing post in the West, and by one grand expenditure of men and money to stop the continual drain upon the resources of the State. The esti- mated cost of the movement was placed at £2,000,000, a sum which even made this res- olute patriot hesitate. In September, 1780, however, Jefferson wrote the American com- mander-in-chief that the commonwealth had determined to undertake the enterprise, pro- vided he would grant the State such milita- ry supplies as were necessary, Virginia fur- nishing the men and subsistence and con- ducting the expedition. This was agreed upon, and the New Year opened with the prospect that this troublesome post of the enemy would soon be in the hands of the Americans. 174 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. OHAPTEE VIII. THE PRICE OF LIBERTY. T he early years of Kentucky’s struggle with the united forces of the English and Indians, while marked by cruel reverses and discouraging casualties, were neverthe- less relieved by such evidences of general success as to encourage the settlers to expect victory in the end. The later years, on the contrary, proved more exacting upon the fortitude of those who still dared to brave the perils of the frontier. The long-con- tinued strain, which the war imposed upon the older communities, greatly reduced their resources for their own defense, and left none to be lightly expended in the defense of the frontier, which the prevailing sentiment be- gan to regard as maintained largely in a spirit of fool-hardiness. The enemy was not similarly affected. Hitherto the allies seemed to have carried on their attacks with more determination, and, though rather by good fortune than by good strategy, secured their most effective victories in these trying years. Happily the end of the war brought relief, just when the frontier forts were about to fail, and the darkest hour of the struggle was thus made to give way to the dawn of peace. But the opening days of 1781 revealed noth- ing of this. A deceptive lull in hostilities reassured the settlers, while the leaders, planning a new expedition against Detroit, hoped the event was preparing that should bring speedy relief to the border. Clark had gone to Richmond to aid in concerting these measures, and under date of December 28, 1780, Washington inclosed to Jefferson an order on Brodhead, the officer in command at Fort Pitt, to Rirnish the rep- resentative of Virginia with a company of artillery, ammunition, intrenching tools, and a force of men sufficient for a captain’s or major’s command. It was provided that be- side such regular troops as Clark had at Louisville, and those to be secured at F(n’t Pitt, the 2,000 troops to form the attacking force should be drawn from the militia of the western counties of Virginia proper, and from Kentucky. Accordingly, on the 22d of January, 1781, Clark was commissioned “brigadier-general of the forces to be em- bodied in an expedition westward of the Ohio,” which was to rendezvous at Louisville by the 15th of March. In the meantime an obstacle had arisen to delay the enterprise. Benedict Arnold, eager to prove the sincerity of his treason, had secured a commission to lead a raid into Virginia, and Clark took temporary command under Baron Steuben, who covered Petersburg from the attack of the enemy. Relieved from this duty, the general energetically set about recruiting the force destined for the western expedition. In the preceding fall, Kentucky had been divided into three coun- ties, with Floyd, Logan and Todd as county - lieutenants, and the respective regiments of militia placed under their command as colo- nels, with William Pope, Stephen Trigg and Daniel Boone as lieutenant-colonels. With such names it was not difficult to conjure up a formidable body of militia, especially for an expedition led by Clark, but to raise an available force of 2,000 men was a large undertaking under the most favorable cir- cumstances. It was designed to make the attack after the Wabash had become clear of ice, and before the lakes opened, but the most vexatious delay was experienced, and it was not until the middle of summer that Clark reached Louisville. By this time the golden opportunity had passed, and the ac- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 175 tivity of the enemy on the border finally put an end to the general’s long cherished plan of reducing: the Enarlish stronghold at Detroit. O O O It is not probable that the enemy fathomed the plans of the Kentucky general, but the operations of the savages were well calculated to afford the greatest obstacle to their suc- cessful execution. With the opening of spring, marauding bands spread through the region south of the Ohio, attacking the less protected settlements, waylaying the unwary by the principal trails and springs, and creat- ing so great a concern for the safety of the stations that it is probable only a compara- tively small number of the militia could have prudently been spared for the expedition, had it prospered so far as to set forth. In March the several stations on the Beargrass were attacked, and Col. Linn and Capts. Tipton and Chapman killed. Pursuing one of these bands, Capt. Aquilla Whittaker, with fifteen men, followed the trail of the retreat- ing enemy to the foot of the rapids where, supposing the Indians had crossed the river, the whites took canoes to continue the pur- suit. They were scarcely embarked when they were assailed from the shore by a volley which killed or wounded nine of their num- ber. The rest, undaunted by this disaster, returned to the shore and boldly faced the foe, but the Indians did not remain to contest the field. About the same time another tragedy was being enacted about seventy-five miles to the southeast. Here, on the head- waters of the Green River, the father and brother of Mrs. Benjamin Logan had built four cabins, mark- ing a large, irregular, square area, but un- pi’otected by palisades. These families had been residents of Logan’s Fort until this spring, when, thinking that little danger from the Indians was to be apprehended in a locality so remote from the Ohio, they took possession of their new homes. They did not long remain undiscovered. One night in March a small party of Indians concealed themselves near enough to command the doors of the cabins, and in the morning, as William Montgomery, Sr., stepped out of his cabin in the gray of the early dawn, he was imme- diately shot dead, as was a slave boy who closely followed him. Montgomery’s daugh- ter, Jane, then a young woman, promptly closed and barred the door, calling for a rifle. Betsey, her twelve-year-old sister, clambered ixp the chimney, and gaining the ground from its top, set out at the top of her speed for Pettit’s Station, about two and a half miles away. Her escape was observed, and an Indian pursued her some distance, but she out-ran the savage and safely reached the station, from whence a messenger was at once dispatched to St. Asaph’s for succor. The bold bearing of the older girl prevented the Indians from trying to force the cabin, though she and a little brother were the only occupants. William Montgomery, Jr., with his wife and one child and a bound boy, occupied an- other cabin. The first crack of the rifle alarmed him, and directing the servant to guard the door with a heavy sap-trough, he discharged his rifle through a crevice in rapid succession, killing one and seriously wound- ing another of the savages before they with- drew out of his range. John Montgomery, but lately married, occupied a third cabin; he was shot while in the act of rising from his bed, his cabin door forced open and his wife made captive. Joseph Russell, who with his wife and three children occupied the fourth cabin, succeeded in making his escape, leaving his family and a mulatto slave girl to fall into the hands of the savages. The escape of Betsey Montgomery probably in- duced the Indians to beat a hurried retreat, and the pursuer of the little girl found his companions gone on his return. Mounting a log in front of the cabin of William Mont- gomery, Jr., he began signaling his com- rades by a loud halloo, when Montgomery, who had not yet ventured to open his door, sent a fatal shot through the unsuspecting savage. The arrival of the messenger from Pettit’s Station was scarcely announced at St. Asaph’s, when a blast of Logan’s horn spread the alarm — a magical note, which almost instamly conjured up a company of twelve or fifteen fully armed frontiersmen. The 17G HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. ten or twelve miles’ distance to the scene of the attack was quickly traversed, and taking the trail, which was rendered plain by Mrs. Russell’s shrewdness in breaking twigs and dropping shreds of her handkerchief as she Aveut, the Indians were soon overtaken. The whites at once made a tierce onset, the In- dians leaving their prisoners and a wounded comrade in their hasty flight. All the pris- oners were I’ecovered save a little daughter of Mrs. Russell; on hearing the voice of Lo- gan she cried, ‘‘There’s Uncle Ben,” Avhere- upon the cruel savage that had her in charge struck her dead with his tomahawk. On the march the rescuers found the yellow girl tomahawked, scalped, and left for dead, but on hearing friendly voices, she sprang to her feet and eventirally recovered. In Apr.il,* the depredations and continued presence of the Indians created a good deal of alarm among the occupants of Squire Boone’s Station on Clear Ci’eek. After de- liberation it was decided that prudence demanded the removal of the occupants of that station to the protection of the stronger forts on the Beargrass. Such a movement, in the presence of an enemy, was a hazard- ous undertaking, and the event proved that the lighting force, encumbered with the care of the women and children, beside house- hold effects and cattle, could not offer the most effective resistance to the savages. The action of the pioneers did not escape the observation of the Indians, who allowed the emigrants to reach Long Run, when they attacked the retreating whites with an over- whelming force, dispersing the company Avith great loss of life and damage of proper- ty, Boone being among the severely Avounded. Col. Floyd, gaining intelligence of this ^ See Marshall, Yol. I. p. 115. Butler, p. 115, places this oc- currence in Sejitemher, and refers to “Col. Floyd’s letters,” which were in manuscript. In ihe absence of these or other decid- ing data, the text follows Marshall for the reasons that the first historianof Kentucky, on the whole, may be deemed the more reliable in the matter of dates, and that the earlier date is better supported by the natural presumption in the case. The presence of Clark at Louisville, with considerable re-enforce- ments, and the means adopted by him to guard the passage of the river, as well as the absence of numerous depred'a tioiis or any other spirited attack in the fail of ITSHsee Mar- shall, Vol. I,, pp- 118-121) discourage the belief that so large a body of savages was in Kentucky in the latter part of the year, while the events which occurred in the spring, not only warrant the belief in the presence of such a body of the enemy, but in- dependently suggest it The savages were especially bold in their attacks m t he region of the fulls at this time, and the frequency of their cruel exploits would naturally give rise to the appre- hensions which caused the removal of Boone. disaster, hastily summoned a company of twenty-flve men for the purpose of rescuing the party and chastising the enemy, but he seems to have greatly under-estimated the character of the foe. Although approach- ing Avith the greatest caution, his party fell into an ambush, and though, after suffering fearful losses, he made a stubborn stand, he Avas utterly routed by the savages, whose overwhelming numbers emboldened them to charge Avith their tomahawks. Sixteen of the whites fell dead or mortally Avounded, and Col. Floyd himself, dismounted and worn out with exertion, only escaped from a vigorous pursuit through the magnanimous gallantry of Capt. Samuel Wells, with whom Floyd was not then on friendly tei’ms. Henceforth, “ they lived and died friends.” The number of the Indians was estimated at 200, and this band was probably the cen- ter from which the numberless depredations of this period were directed. After the en- gagement with Floyd, the band seems to have drifted inland, and in the following month Avith a part of its numbers assailed McAfee’s Station. The first notice that the garrison had of their presence was on the morning of the 9th instant. Samuel McAfee and a single companion set out from the station to go to a held lying in the vicinity, and had gone about a fourth of a mile,- when they were fired on by a concealed enemy. His compan- ion was instantly killed, but McAfee, unin- jured, turned quickly about and ran for the fort. A single Indian had managed to get betAveeu him and the stockade, and now barred his progress ; both instinctively raised their guns, and both pulled the trigger, but the Indian’s weapon “flashed” scarcely an ~\ instant before McAfee’s bullet reached his j brain, and, springing over his prostrate foe, | the frontiersman gained the fort. j On hearing the report of the guns, McAfee’s i brothers hurried out to the rescue, but met | Samuel just as he had cleared his foe. Robert determined to take a look at the dead Indian, though warned of his danger and urgently pressed not to do it. On satisfying his curiosity, he turned toward the station, only to find himself beset by five or six of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 177 the enemy, who had gained his rear. Rapid- ly dodging from one tree to another, he sought to flank his enemies and gain the station, and did succeed by his maneuvers in shaking off all but one of his pursuers. Finding himself closely px’essed by this one, he hastily threw himself over a fence and turned at bay. The Indian took shelter behind a tree, but presently exposed himself enough for McAfee to lodge a bullet in his brain. This delay had given time for others of the enemy to approach, and, turning to continue his flight, he found himself con- fronted by several of the Indians. Taking to a tree, he prepared to try conclusions with the new foe, when bullets from another quarter made the bark fly in dangerous prox- imity to his person. He therefore dashed out from his cover, and made his way to the the stockade gate, followed by a dozen bullets, none of which touched him. The savages now regularly invested the station and for two hours kept up a rapid fire without doing any damage. The garri- son replied in a spirited manner, the women molding the bullets which the men dis- charged. After killing all the cattle in their reach the Indians suddenly retired, probably warned of the approach of re- enforcements from Harrodsburg, which the tiring had called out, and a little later, Maj. McCrary, with a strong party, came up at a rapid gal- lop. All united in pursuit of the enemy, who was swiftly overtaken and a brisk skir- mish had, in which the savages were routed with considerable loss. The whites lost in the whole series of encounters two killed and one mortally wounded. Such was the state of affairs which chal- lenged Clark’s attention on his retm-n to Louisville. A formidable foe had entered Kentucky, and for months had committed numberless depredations with comparative impunity. Settlements had been depopulated, a large amount of property had been de- stroyed, and more than a hundred persons killed or captured, but the crowning stroke of the campaign was yet to be added. In providing for his western expedition, Clark used every effort to recruit as large a part of his force in the east as possible, and among others enlisted the influence of Col. Archibald Laughrey, the county-lieutenant of Westmoreland County, in Pennsylvania. It was arranged that the western division should rendezvous at Wheeling, and from thence descend to Louisville. Clark reached this point with a portion of his force in July, but, alarmed by the wholesale desertion which began to deplete his ranks in spite of his watchfulness, he found it necessary to pro- ceed down the river without further delay. The Pennsylvania contingent, consisting of something more than 100 men, set out for Wheeling under the command of Laughrey on the 25th of July. On reaching the ap- pointed place of rendezvous, it was learned that the main body had only recently gone forward, and Capt. Shannon, with four men, was hastened after the army with a letter to the general, conveying the information that the belated detachment was on the way and seriously in need of supplies. This mes- senger failed to overtake Clark, fell into an ambuscade, and was captured with his men. From the letter Shannon carried, and desert- ers, the captors learned of Laughrey’ s com- ing and of the weakness of his command, and determined to overwhelm it. The five pris- oners were conspicuously placed on island No. 54, since known as Laughrey’s Island, and promised their lives if they would hail their comrades on their approach and induce them to surrender. Fortunately this supreme test of their heroism was spared them. Be- fore reaching the island, the boats bearing the detachment were landed on the Kentucky shore, and arrangements made to prepare a meal for the men, while the horses were landed to graze sufficient to sustain them until Louisville could be reached. The point chosen for this purpose was an unhappy selection. A little below, a small creek (Laughrey’s) entered the Ohio from the right side, and nearly opposite the creek a large sand-bar, which the low stage of the water left bare, stretched itself from the Kentucky shore nearly across the river. At the landing the boats were commanded by overhanging banks, which clothed with tim- 178 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ber and heavy under-brush afforded the great est advantage to the enemy. The Indians had been warned by their scouts of the ap- proach and landing of the whites, and in the midst of their preparations the volunteers were assailed by a sudden storm of bullets. Surprised, but not demoralized, the militia made a stout resistance, until their supply of ammunition was exhausted, when they re- treated to their boats. Here they found them- selves completely entrapped; the sluggish cur- rent moved them but slowly, and a large body of savages, rushing out upon the bar, poured a murderous fire into their crowded and unpro- tected ranks. Caught thus between the fire from bank and bar, escape was out of the question, and the survivors were compelled to surrender. The savage victors, mad with success, fell upon their defenseless prisoners and bid fair to exterminate the whites, when a more sagacious chief put a stop to the mas- sacre. Forty- two of the whites were killed and sixty- four were taken prisoners, the greater number of whom were ransomed by the British and exchanged two years later. On the heels of this disaster came an urgent appeal for help from Fort Jefferson. The Chickasaws, dissatisfied with the result of their predatory attacks, determined by one overwhelming assault to abate this menacing fortress. A force of 1,200 warriors was as- sembled under the command of a Scotchman, named Colbert, whose half-breed descendants succeeded to the chieftaincy of the nation. Small bands anticipated the approach of the main body, and ravaged the region about the post with fire-brand and tomahawk, until nothing was left upon which the occupants of the fort could draw for their support. The garrison was in a perilous condition ; sickness and absences had reduced the number of de- fenders to about thirty men, of whom two- thirds were ill with the ague. Ammunition was scarce, and all supplies outside of the fort being destroyed, the people were re- duced to the verge of starvation. In this predicament, messengers were dispatched to Louisville for help, and preparations were made to hold out until assistance should come. In their raids about the fort, the Indians had captured one of the settlers, upon whose fears they had wrought so well as to draw from him a true account of the garrison’s sit- uation. The main body thereupon advanced upon the post and demanded its immediate surrender. A parley ensued in which Col- bert declared that the weakness of the garri- son was well known, that the hope of succor was vain, as a large force had been sent to intercept its approach; that the whites could not hope to withstand the overwhelming force ready to be brought against them, and that he would protect the lives of the prisoners, save certain ones whom the savages had de- termined to butcher. Without discussing his statements, the whites only agreed that if the Indians would retire, they would soon abandon the fort and leave the country. This proposition Colbert agreed to submit to the chiefs, but when in the act of retiring from the conference he was fired on and wounded by an occupant of the fort, whose entire fami- ly had recently been murdered by the savage marauders. This put an end to treaty making, and a fierce attack was begun. For three days and nights, the assailants exhausted every device to gain possession of the stockade. Fortun- ately it was well armed with cannon, which, loaded with bullets, and discharged at close range, made terrible havoc among the sav- ages. Several attempts to surprise or fire the fort nearly succeeded, and several bold as- saults were with dilBulty repelled with the aid of the cannon. There was no food and even the water in the wells began to fail, when the welcome succor arrived. The band sent to waylay it had struck the river too high up, and thus the despairing garrison was permitted once more to hope. The whites, thus relieved and re-enforced, easily repulsed their assailants, who were finally forced to retire with great loss. The garrison only suffered a few wounds, but the isolated loca- tion of the fort made it difficult to support, and it was speedily abandoned, most of its occupants going to Kaskaskia, and forming some of the earliest American settlements in Illinois. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 179 This series of untoward events constituted a sum of discouragement which might well have checked the ambition of a far more de- termined man than Clark. A foreign expedi- tion was obviously out of the question, and the newly commissioned general found him- self compelled to act upon the defensive. That he performed this duty with his usual success reflects no less credit upon his genius than the prosecution of the far-reaching plans which prompted his preparations in the early part of the year would have done. The lat- ter achievement would have doubtless yielded him greater renown, but the result of his efforts in the more restricted field demon- strated that his success depended less upon happy strokes of fortune than upon the solid resources of his own ability. Under his direction a stronger stockade was built at Louisville, spies and scouting par- ties, who reported directly to him, were scat- tered all along the border, and a galley, well armed with cannon, patrolled the river from the falls to the mouth of the Licking. The latter device proved a most effective means of protection, and Clark had the satisfaction of the general belief that it was instrumental in averting, at least, one formidable raid. Other precautions were maintained so long as Clark remained in command, but the great aversion of the militia to performing the labor of row- ing this galley, and the gradual decrease of the Z’egular troops, obliged him to give up this river defense before the end of the year. However, so effective had been his measui’es that after the siege of Fort Jefferson, “the Indians were but seldom heard of,” and the settlers, blessed with abundant crops and freedom from warlike pursuits, began to com- plain because the absence of the surveyors of two of the counties prevented their locating lands. The savages having glutted their ven- geance for the time, and finding their adver- sary on the alert and prepared to inflict swift punishment upon such as should venture across the river, gave up further hostilities for this year’, but neither party counted the victory won. Encouraged by their successes, the Shawanese sent their runners far and near to invoke the aid of the other tribes in a contest which involved the fate of all. Clark, in the meantime, was not less active; he did not rest on the precautions already taken, and it is probable that, even in the face of discouragements he had hitherto met, he still cherished the hope that the way would be opened to the achievement of his darling enterprise. The first step toward such a consummation was evidently to place his base of operations beyond the danger of successful attack, and to this end he planned, and had erected at Louisville, the most for- midable fortification in Kentucky. This structure, named Fort Nelson, in honor of the third governor of Virginia, was probably begun in the fall of 1781, and in- closed about an acre of ground. It was con- structed on the “second bank” of the river, between the lines now marked by Sixth and Eighth Streets. The work consisted of con- tinuous log pens, filled with earth thrown out of an exterior ditch, and upon this foun- dation palisades, ten feet high, were erected. At the foot of this barrier, a ditch, eight feet wide and ten feet deep, with a row of blunt pickets along its middle line, was constructed on three sides, the pickets, with the slope of the bank, being considered sufficient protec- tion on the side of the river. The gate was placed opposite Clark’s headquarters, about on the line where Seventh Street approaches the river. The armament consisted of several small cannon placed in the bastions, and “a double fortified six pounder,” which had been captured at Vincennes, and which con- stituted the field artillery employed by the general on several of his expeditions. Thus prepared, he awaited the opening of the new campaign. The winter passed with such absence of hostilities as to encourage the more sanguine of the settlers to hope that the Indians had yielded the struggle, but such hopes were destined to be rudely dispelled. The usual predatory bands of savages were again seen or heard of among the settlements early in the spring. Frequent reports of cattle killed, hunters waylaid, travelers attacked, and horses stolen, came from all directions. 180 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Early in March a band fired on Strode’s Sta- tion, killing two men, and immediately re- tired; soon after this attack, the Indians fell upon the occupants of a new station* west of the Kentucky River, and about the same time killed and scalped a young woman in sight of Estill’s Fortf a little farther west. At the last named station the savages cap tured a negro, whose plausible but exagger- ated story of the strength of the garrison caused the marauders to beat a hasty retreat. Warning of this raid was conveyed to the garrison at Boonesborough on March 19, 1782, when an abandoned Indian raft was observed floating down the river. This was a pretty sure indication that the enemy had crossed the Kentucky farther up the stream and that they might be expected to commit depredations in the rear of the settlements. This intelligence was immediately sent to Estill’s "^Station, and to Col. Logan, who bore command in this region. The latter took prompt measures to avert the threatened danger. Sending fifteen mentoCapt. Estill, he directed that officer to increase the force to forty men, and with this company to dis- cover and drive out the enemy. It was when this duty had stripped the station of every 2 nan, except one who was sick, that the In- dians made their attack, and were induced to retreat by the loyal sagacity of the cap- tured negro. On the departure of the sav- ages, the women sent two boys to bear the information to the scouting party, which was found by the messengers on the morning of the 21st instant, in what is now the north- east corner of the limits of Madison County. The intelligence brought by the boys de- termined the party to proceed in immediate pursuit, though five of the number, who had families in the station, becoming alarmed for their safety in their defenseless condition, turned back. Crossing the river, the rest soon struck the trail of the retreating savages, and on the 22d, after leaving be- hind ten of their number, whose jaded animals prevented their making a rapid *Appendix A, Note 12. fTliis station was founded by Capt. .Tames Estill, probably about 17S0. It was situated nearly four miles southwest from the present site of Eichmond, in Madison County. march, the pursuers came upon the enemy two miles below Little Mountain, the jrresent site of Mount Sterling. The whites by suc- cessive detachments had been reduced in numbers to twenty-five men, but each one was a thorough woodsman and skillful marksman. Marching in four lines they at length discovered six Indians at a little dis- tance, “preparing rations from the body of a buffalo,” at whom Capt. Estill discharged his rifle with such effect as to put them to flight. Another of the pursuing party, pressing forward some distance in advance, fired at a warrior, who halted for a moment, and just as he discharged his weapon, an- other Indian, passing between him and the object of his aim, received the bullet, which, passing through him, proved fatal to them both. This effective shot, witnessed by the whole company, was accepted as a happy omen of success, and raised the spirits of the whites to a point of enthusiasm. “The battle began at a buffalo crossing on Small Mountain Creek, a branch of Hink- ston, in a bend of the creek, where a small branch put in on the east side, and was fought principally between that and the branoh next below.” The Indians had just crossed the creek, and were ascending the farther slope as the whites descended the other. The locality was well adapted to the usual form of Indian warfare, the stream having formed a pleasant glade, flanked on both sides by a heavy growth of timber, free from the ordinary dense under- brush. But the savages were still disposed to retreat, when their leader, disabled by a chance shot, called on his followers to dis- pute the passage of the creek. The casual- ties suffered by the Indians had reduced their effective number to twenty-five, and now, “every man to his man, and each to his tree,” the terrible contest began, with the combatants not over sixty yards apart. “Never was a battle moj-e like single com- bat, since the use of firearms; each man sought his man, and fired only when he saw his mark; wounds and death were inflicted on either side, neither advancing nor retreat- ing. The firing was deliberate; with caution HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 181 they looked, but look they would for the foe, although life itself was often the forfeit. And thus both sides firmly stood, or bravely fell, for more than one hour; upward of one- fourth of the combatants had fallen, never more to rise, and several others were wounded. Never, probably, was the native bravery or collected fortitude of men put to a test more severe. In the clangor of an ardent battle, when death is forgotten, it is nothiner for the brave to die — when even cowards die like brave men — but in the cool and lingering expectation of death, none but the man of true courage can stand. Such were those engaged in this conflict.” (Marshall.) Thus far the results of the combat had left the situation practically unchanged. Neither party could advance or retreat with- out fatal peril, but in this form of combat the advantage was likely to turn in favor of the Indians, for, though less expert as marks- men, they were more skillful than the whites in sheltering their persons behind a tree. This was a theory generally accepted by the frontiersman, and success in a pitched battle with the savages was gained by the whites generally by a successful turning of their adversaries’ flank. Comprehending, there- fore, that a long continuance of the contest must insure his defeat or at best give him a victory too dearly purchased, Estill sought an opportunity to effect the usual maneuver. A little valley, flanking and extending to the rear of the Indians’ position, suggested the feasibility of such a movement, though only at great hazard, as by weakening the force in front the enemy might gain the advantage which the whites sought. However, the commander determined upon the attempt. Detaching Lieut. William Miller with six men, he directed him to gain the rear of the savages, while their absence from the line was disguised by an extension of the dimin- ished force which remained. This movement was the beginning of the end. Miller, no longer supported by the calm confidence of his superior officer, be- came panic-stricken and deserted the field. The savages were not Jong deceived by the show of strength in their front and soon com- pelled a portion of the opposing line to re- treat to a more advantageous position. In effecting this retrograde movement, the whites unfortunately exposed themselves, and several fell victims to the unerring rifles of their foes. At this juncture one of Estill’s warm personal friends received a wound in the head, which, instead of prostrating him, crazed his brain, and, unconscious of his danger, he began to stagger in the space which still separated the two lines. A power- ful savage, whose gun had just been dis- charged, sprang forward with his tomahawk to dispatch the unfortunate man, when Estill, observing the danger of his friend, and his gun also being unloaded, rushed forward knife in hand to defend or avenge him. The able-bodied combatants immediately grappled, and were so evenly matched that neither for a time could use his weapon. Their rapid movements in the meanwhile protected both from the ready rifles on either side, until Es- till’s arm, which had been shattered by a wound four months before, suddenly gave way, and the savage sealed his victory with a fatal plunge of his knife into his antagonist’s breast. Scarcely had his yell of triumph told the result of the struggle, when a bullet from one of the whites stretched him dead upon the body of his victim. The death of one more of the whites closed the battle. Both leaders were now dead. The voice of the Indian chief which had an- imated his followers was no longer heard, and the whites, weakened by wounds and de- sertion, withdrew from the contest, leavinar the savages too severely punished to pursue. Seven whites were left dead upon the field, and three were carried off severely wounded. The contest, in fact, was a drawn battle, Imt the fact that the whites left their dead in the hands of the enemy has given it the name of “Estill’s defeat,” * and such was the charac- ter of the depressing effect which it produced upon the frontiersmen. In this contest the savage displayed a determined courage and fortitude which were new to the borderers, and the even balance in which the battle * Appendix A, Note I3 182 IILSTOKY OF KENTUCKY. hung so long as the forces remained equal threatened to dispel forever the bold assump- tion of superiority of the white man. If the settlers could no longer successfully contend against th<^ numerical superiority of the In- dians, then the final extinction of the fron- tier settlements was a foregone conclusion. The frontiersmen, however, were not of a character to yield to such an abstract conclu- sion unaided by the logic of events, but it is unquestionably true that the uncertain future was faced with silent forebodings that greatly modified the audacious courage of the pioneers. Events which closely followed the “ defeat” only confirmed the general impression. The savages seemed inspired with a new boldness; creeping into the very shadows of the sta- tions, they would suddenly assault the unsus- pecting pioneer, kill and scalp him before the surprised gaze of his companions, and, escaping with the bloody trophy, would in- stantly be lost in the mazes of the surround- ing wood. The next attack would fall upon some distant point, and often, while commis- erating the misfortunes of some remote sta- tion, the startled jtioneer would be confronted with death at bis own door. Occasionally the savage paid the penalty of his temerity with his own life, but this was too infrequent to relieve the fear of the settlers or discour- age the Indians. At the beginning of the summer, these depredations suddenly ceased and the months of June and July were passed in such quietude that the people be- gan to hope the worst was passed. But this was only the final precursor of the storm of war that was about to fall upon the border. The Shawanese had been unusually active in preparing for the new campaign. Their runners had visited all the western tribes be- tween the Ohio and the Mississippi, and Cher- okees, Wyandottes, Tawas and Pottawatomies, besides a detachment of Canadians and the Shawanese, were z’epresented in the grand as- semblage of warriors which had been con- vened at old Chillicothe to take part in the gi’and expedition that was designed to break the power of the whites in Kentucky. To this gathering, even the outlying scouts were i called, and thus the stations experienced the lull of battle which precedes the furious I charge. The assembled savages, already j eager for the fray, were excited to the pitch I of madness by the artful harangue of the no- torious Girty, when the chiefs led out their followers to the number of about 500 men, with the renegade as commander-in-chief. Of all this preparation the settlers seemed profoundly ignorant, and it was not until the hostile horde- was at their doors that the Kentuckians became aware of the terrible danger that threatened. The first renewal of hostilities occurred on the 10th of August, when an advance party committed depredations at Hoy’s Station,* and retired, taking with them two boys as prisoners. The alarm was given out, and Capt. John Holder, from his station on the Kentucky, two miles below Boonesboro, set forth in pursuit of the marauders, recruiting his party, as he passed McGee’s and Strode’ s Stations, to the number of seventeen. The Indians were overtaken near the Upper Blue Lick, and though greatly superior in num- bers, the whites boldly attacked them. There was little hope of success, and after a short engagement, finding the enemy was about to ! overpower his little company. Holder gave orders for a retreat, which was successfully accomplished after losing four men killed or wounded. After the destruction of Ruddle’s and Martin’s Stations in 1780, Bryan’s occupied the advance line on the frontier, and it was asrainst this station that the Indian host was led. Intelligence of Holder’s discomfiture was brought hither late on the 16th instant, and the rest of the day, with the greater part of the night, was spent by the garrison in fitting out the fighting force to go to the relief of the endangered settlement. Amid the bustle of this preparation,! the savages si- lently surrounded the fort with the intention of assaulting it when the inhabitants were asleep, but disconcerted by the unwonted ac- tivity of the settlers, which was manifest at *This statiou was erected in Madison County, about 400 yards southwest of Foxtown, in the spring of 1781, by William Hoy. fAppendix A, Note 14. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 183 a distance, the enemy changed his plans and decided to make a regular attack in the morn- ing. Their preparations completed, the whites took advantage of the few remaining hours to gain some refreshment in sleep, but at early dawn the whole force was under arms, and the gates thrown open to permit their egress. The Indians, utterly misapprehend- ing the movement, greeted the first advance of the troops with a storm of bullets and war- cries, which revealed to the astonished whites that the enemy they sought was before their wails. The gates were quickly closed, and, rushing to the port-holes, the garrison ob- served about 100 of the savages plainly ex- posed to view, firing and yelling, and ex- pressing their defiance in violent gestures. The fort consisted of some forty cabins dis- posed in parallel lines and joined at the ends by palisades. It was situated on a gently rising bank on the south side of the Elkhorn, a few yards to the right of the Maysville and Lexington road. The station was ill-prepared to withstand a siege; the palisades had been allowed to get out of repair, and the small supply of water within threatened a greater danger than the foe without. The walls were readily patched, but the lack of water, which was obtained from a spring situated some dis- tance from the fort, was more difficult to rem- edy. The more experienced of the garrison were not deceived by the antics of the savages. They correctly divined that the object of the Indians was to draw the main body of the whites in pursuit of those who were feigning an attack, when the principal force of the assailants, concealed on the other side, would master the walls thus left undefended. The gan’ison was not at a loss how to deal with this attack, but the first duty was to place the fort, so far as possible, in condition to success- fully sustain a siege, and to that end secure a supply of water before active hostilities made it impossible. The spring was near a large thicket, in which it was certain the main body of the enemy was concealed. Nevertheless, it was believed that if the women were to go with their pails and bring the water as was their custom, they would be allowed to do so un- molested, as the Indians would believe from this bold adherence to the ordinary procedure that their ambush was undiscovered, and therefore would not hazard the complete suc- cess of their plans by reveal i ng their presence in a premature attack. This was sound rea- soning, but it required a bold resolution and most determined courage on the part of the women to effect the movement with success. The women of the station were summoned and the proposition stated. There was some natural demur in acceding to a plan which necessitated such reckless exposure of non- combatants to the mercy of an enemy who regarded neither age nor sex in his warfare, but the matrons of the settlement, confirming the judgment of their husbands, the whole body determined to dare much in a cause which involved the fate of all. The fancy can scarcely picture a more heroic scene in the whole range of border experience than this utterly defenseless company of women, led by those whose lives on the frontier had taught them rightly to appreciate the barbarities of savage warfare, marching out of the stockade gates; and one is at a loss which to pity most in this trying ordeal, the brave women with a show of equanimity facing the lurking hor- rors of an uncertain fate, or the equally brave men, as from the port holes they watched the progress of those whose every forward step strained the cracking heart-strings to an anguish that, however intense, must make no sign. The whole journey to and from the spring was made with the most decorous de- liberation, the young and timid gaining con- fidence from the steadiness of their elders. Fortunately the event justified the judgment which planned the undertaking, and the sup- ply of water thus secured, the men at once turned to their part of the work.* Thirteen young men were then sent out to attack the savages, who had kept Tip their noisy demonstrations in the meantime. The sallying party was directed to fire rapidly in order to convey to the ambushed enemy an *It may rob this incident of some of its heroism to allo^ that the danger of the exploit has been exaggerated in the gen- erally accepted accounts, but the author of ‘•Annals of the West,” in a f^oot note, says: “We have it on the best authority, however, that Simon Kenton said this was all romance; by his account there was a covered way to the spring.” Annals of the West, p. 250. 184 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. exaggerated impression of the number of the whites engaged, but to discontinue the pur- suit as soon as the main body of the Indians attacked the fort. On hearing the heavy fir- ing of the gandson’s detachment recede in the distance, confident that their ruse had suc- ceeded, some 300 or 400 savages, with fero- cious yells, rushed from their cover to assault what appeared the abandoned walls. Some reached the cabins and fired them with their lighted torches, others reached the pickets with the intention of hewing their way into the inclosure, but the great mass of the as- sailants fell back in utter astonishment before the deadly volley that did frightful execution on the crowd of unprotected warriors. In two minutes, not an Indian was to be seen. The wind being favorable to the whites, the flames did but little damage, and were soon extinguished, and the young men returning in safety to the fort, both as- sailants and assailed settled to the duties in- volved in a regular attack. Thus matters progressed until about 2 o’clock in the after- noon, when re- enforcements arrived. On the first intimation of danger, two of the garrison, well mounted, had broken through the Indian line and hastened to Lexington to secure assistance. Arriving at this station aboiit sunrise, they found it oc- cupied only by women and children, the rest having gone to the aid of Hoy’s Station, which was supposed to be in danger. The messengers pushed on and overtook this party, which had been joined by some volun- teers from Boonesborough. The situation of Bryan’s Station was soon told, when the whole force, consisting of sixteen horsemen and about twice as many footmen, turned back and marched to the relief of the beleag- ured fort. The messengers had left before the full strength of the enemy was known, and the firing having temporarily ceased the re-enforcing party boldly approached the sta- tion. The horsemen, taking the usual route, rode rapidly along a narrow lane, on both sides of which the Indians had disposed themselves to receive them. The horsemen were within a few feet of the enemy, until then undiscovered, when they received a ter- rific fire from both sides. Fortunately the motion of the riders as well as the clouds of dust raised by the horses so protected man and beast that neither received a wound. The footmen did not fare so well; they were approaching the fort through a corn- field some distance from the position of the savages when the firing began. Anxious to aid their comrades, and heedless of the indica- tions which pointed out the greatly superior numbers of the enemy, the footmen rushed to the attack only to find themselves sud- denly cut off from the fort, and in the midst of an overwhelming force. The savages had not had opportunity to reload their guns, and turned upon the footmen with the tomahawk. The whites were still in the corn, which with their loaded rifles alone saved them from an- nihilation. Reserving their fire the foot- men retreated toward Lexington as oppor- tunity offered, while the savages, careful not to precipitate themselves upon the threaten- ing rifles of their enemy, were greatly ham- pered in their pursuit by the tall corn. Al- though this outside skirmish continued for an houi’ or more before the Indians gave up the chase, the whites lost only six men killed or wounded. The attack upon the fort was renewed, but the events of the day had not been such as to assure the assailants of final success. The chiefs were manifesting a disposition to abandon the enterprise, and about sunset, the fire slackening on both sides, Grirty de- termined to try the effect of negotiation. Approaching the station in the shelter of a stump, he hailed the garrison and demanded the surrender of the place under the pretense of a desire to prevent the further effusion of blood. He declared resistance was useless; that he expected soon to be in possession of cannon, when the destruction of the defenses and the massacre of the defenders would inevitably follow. While the settlers knew Girty and the general unreliability of all he said, the fate of Ruddle’s and Martin’s Sta- tions was fresh in their minds, and the effect of Girty’s address was such as to make many falter. Before there was any opportunity to make any expression of faint-hearted senti- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 185 merits, if any wish to do so existed, Aaron Reynolds returned a taunting defiance, which so exasperated the renegade that he summar- ily closed the parley. It was apparent to the savages that there was no hope of success. The fort could not be taken by assault, and the whole country was rising. To linger much longer was to invite destruction, and, killing such stock as they did not take away, the Indian host quietly withdrew just before daylight. In the meantime the interior settlements had not been inactive. From Lexington, Col. Todd had sent the alarm to Boones- borough and Harrodsburg, leaving Lieut. Col. Trigg of the latter place to notify his superior. Col. Logan, of the situation. There was neither time nor disposition to indulge in “red tape” formalities, and Trigg hurried to the appointed rendezvous with his hastily raised force, not less promptly than Lieut.-Col. Boone. By noon, therefore, on the 18th instant. Col. Todd, at the head of 182* men, reached the imperiled station. The Indians were found gone with evidences of precipitation in their movements, though these were probably intended to deceive the whites, whom the enemy evidently wished to draw into rapid pursuit. The question of following the enemy was discussed, and con- flicting suggestions urged with some persist- ence. On the one hand it was represented that Logan was undoubtedly raising a con- siderable force, which would arrive within twenty-four hours, and that the large force of Indians suggested the necessity of observing every precaution to guard against disaster. On the other hand it was urged that the pur- suit of the savages, if not undertaken promptly, would find them across the Ohio and disbanded, when it would be impossible to inflict any salutary punishment. As to the authors of these opposing arguments, writers are not agreed, but the latter opinion prevailed, and late in the afternoon the *Marshall (Vol. I, p. 141) gives the number at 166; Butler (p. 125), on the authority of Gen. Clark, gives the number at 182. This is confirmed by Bradford. The two may perhaps be rec- onciled by taking the latter estimate as the number which set out from Bryan's Station, where the party must have received some accessions, as there were some sixty men in the fort after accounting for the losses and re-enforcements. If the latter number be correct, the whites must have engaged in the battle of Blue Lick with upward of 200 men. whites moved forward in pursuit of the re- treating enemy. The trail of the savages was plain, and the whites had not proceeded many miles when Boone’s observant eyes discovered evidence which clearly indicated the wish of the savages to be followed. The trees along their course were marked, and instead of concealing their route everything indicated their intention to leave a broad trail, but at the same time pains had been taken to con- ceal their numbers. For this purpose, they had marched in single file, each one stepping in the footsteps of his leader, and at their camps the limited number of fires and other indications showed a studied care to dis- guise their strength. The irresistible in- ference to be drawn was that an ambush was to be expected, and Boone’s thorough knowl- edge of the country and hunter’s instinct at once suggested the Lower Blue Lick as the probable site where a surprise would be attempted. This lick is situated about thirty-five miles from Bryan’s Station. “ The Licking River at this place is about 300 feet wide at common water, and forms a semi- ellipsis, which embraces on its northeast side, toward Limestone, a great ridge of rocks which had been made bare by the stamping of buffaloes and other game, drawn together from time immemorial to drink the water and lick the clay. Two deep ravines, heading in this ridge near each other, and extending in opposite directions, formed the longest diameter of this ellipsis. This ridge had very little timber on it, and what it had was very indifferent and exhibited a very dreary appearance; but the ravines were furnished, not only plentifully with timber, but with a thick brushwood also.”* The whites encamped that night within about five miles of this point, and on the following morning cautiously proceeded for- ward. On reaching the southern bank of the Licking, they, for the first time in their march, saw a number of Indians leisurely ascending the rocky ridge on the other side. Here the pursuers came to a halt. Col. Todd was the senior officer and in command; *Notes on Kentucky by John Bradford. 18G HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. Trigg was next in point of seniority, and Boone third. Other officers were Majs. Harlan, McBride, McGary and Levi Todd, and Capts. Bulger and Gordon, most of whom were volunteers without command. These, with other officers, to the number of a dozen or twenty, met in front of the ranks and joined in consultation. That the situation was undoubtedly critical was apparent to the least observant of the company. The action of the retreating savages afforded a strong presumption that an ambuscade was formed just where Boone had suggested it would be. At this juncture the officers all turned to the veteran woodsman, and, in response to Col. Todd’s request, he said that it would be proper to do one of two things: “ Either to await the arrival of Logan,* who was un- doubtedly on his march to join them, or, if it was determined to attack without delay, that one-half of their number should march up the river, which there bends in an ellip- tical form, cross at the rapids and fall upon the rear of the enemy, while the other divisions attacked in front. At any rate, he strongly iirged the necessity of reconnoitering the ground carefully before the main body crossed the river.” (McClung.) Scarcely bad Boone submitted his opinions when Maj. McGary “raised the war-whoop,” and, spur- ring his horse into the river, called vehemently on all who were not cowards to follow him and he would show them the enemy. Presently the army was in motion. The greater part suffered them- selves to be led by McGary: the remainder, perhaps a third of the whole number, lingered awhile with Todd and Boone in council. All at length passed over, and, at Boone’s suggestion, the commanding officer ordered another halt. The pioneer then pro- posed, for a second time, that the army should re- main where it was until an opportunity was afforded to reconnoiter the suspected region. So reasonable a proposal was acceded to, and two bold but expe- rienced men were selected to proceed from the lick along the buffalo trace to a point half a mile beyond the ravines, where the road branched off in differ- ent directions. They were instructed to examine the country with the utmost care on each side of the road, especially the spot where it passed between the ravines, and upon the first appearance of the enemy to repair in haste to the army. The spies *A statement, m: ANIJ CX^STOM house, LOUISVILLE, IN COUKSE OF CONSTRUCTION, ( 1887 .) HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 195 than between four and five feet in the dis- tance of a mile, so that boats of any burthen may pass with safety when there is a flood, but boats coming up the river must unload. “The situation of the Rapids is truly de- lightful. The river is full a mile wide, and the fall of water, which is an eternal cascade, appears as if nature had designed it to show how inimitable and stupendous are her works. * * * The view up the river is terminat- ed at the distance of four leagues, by an island in its center, which is contrasted by the plain on the opposite shore that extends a long way into the country, but the eye re- ceding, finds new beauties and ample sub- jects for admiration in the rising hills of Sil- ver Creek, which, stretching obliquely to the northwest, proudly rise higher and higher as they extend, until their summits are lost in air. * * * There lies a small island in the river, about 200 yards from the eastern shore, between which and the main there is a quarry of excellent stone for build- ing, and which in great part is dry the latter part of summer. The banks of the river are never overflowed here, they being fifty feet higher than the bed of the river. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ “In leaving the Rapids in a southwesterly direction the country is flat, it bordering upon the country I have described in the fork of the Ohio and Salt Rivers. After passing the main branch of the Salt River near Bul- litt’s Lick, ten miles distant, in the fork of the north and the south branches, the coun- try becomes broken and hilly, but between which and the Cumberland Road, that leads from the upper parts of Kentucky, there is a considerable extent of fine land; but traveling a few leagues farther southward you arrive at extensive plains, which extend upwards of 150 miles in a southwest course, and end only when they join the mountainous coun- try. Some few clumps of trees, and a grove here and there, are the only obstructions to a boundless horizon. It is pleasant to behold the deer bounding over the scraggy shrubs which cover the earth. While the setting sun gilds those extensive plains, the mild breezes of a summer’s eve playing upon the em’aptured senses, soften the heart to love and friendship. Unperceived upon some eminence you may enjoy the sports of wild animals, which here rove unconcerned lords of the field. Heavens! What charms there are in liberty! “We now have arrived on the waters of Green River. * * * The plains extend upon the head- waters of this river quite into the limits of North Carolina, but at the mouth, and for forty miles above, there is a large proportion of good land, particularly upon Panther Creek. From the mouth of Green River up the Ohio to Salt River, the land upon the banks of the Ohio is generally fertile and rich; but leaving its banks you soon fall into the plain country, which is considered as little better than bari-en land,* * * * yet it is of superior quality to great part of the soil in the lower parts of Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. It abounds with hazel, which, it is well-known, never grows kindly in a poor soil. “ The native strawberry is found in these plains in the greatest abundance, as are like- wise plums of different sorts; and if we can form any idea of the native grape that grows spontaneously here, what the same soil is capable of producing where they are culti- vated, it would appear that no climate or soil in the world is more congenial to the vine, for I have never tasted more delicious grapes; and it is the opinion of some judicious foreigners, who have visited these Arcadian regions, that as good wine as can be made in any part of the globe might be produced from the native grape properly cultivated. There is nothing more common than to meet with a pleasant wine made here by the set- tlers, who know nothing of the use of vats, or the degree of fermentation necessary to the perfection of the art of wine-making. But I flatter myself some progress will be made in this business, as several foreigners have long had it in agitation to undertake it.f The country between Green and Cum- berland Rivers is, in general, rich and finely watered. There is in it a most valuable lead ^Appendix A, Note 16. fAppendix A, Note 17. 196 IIISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. mine, and several salt springs, and two of bitumen, which, when analyzed, is found to be amber. But so much do we stand in need of chemists and mineralists, that we remain ignorant of the properties and value of many fossils which have been discovered. * * “ Cumberland River rises among the moun- tains, considerably to the northeast, and after its several branches have joined it, runs a long way south, and enters the limits of North Carolina. After a course of half a degree within those limits it turns to the northwest, and empties into the Ohio, at some distance above its junction with the Missis- sippi. The Tenasee runs into the Ohio, not a long way below the mouth of Cumber- land. The Tenasee is the most important of the southern branches of the Ohio. * * “After you leave the plains which extend into the Cumberland country, in your course to the Tenasee, the country is somewhat broken, but mostly rich. Gi’eat part of the land lying between these rivers was in mili- tary grants, made by Virginia to their officers and soldiers, and is esteemed a valuable situation for its proximity to the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi. Their grants ex- tend as low on the Mississippi as the parti- tion line between Virginia and North Caro- lina, all of which is a beautiful country, and the banks of the river, which are very high, prevent it from overflowing, which is not the case lower down.”* This early survey of Kentucky has the rare merit of being generally confirmed by ex- perience. But while this is true, and un- doubtedly expressed the collated judgment of the early settlers, there were details unnoted which were of the first importance in decid- ing the pioneer’s choice of a new home. A fertile soil was an important consideration, but not so important as others which have long since become obsolete. The demands of the pioneer grew out of the undeveloped condition of the whole country, and made him a hunter rather than a farmer. His resources, as well * ‘A Description of the Western Territory of North Ameri- ca,” by G. Imlay; Dublin, 1793; pp.39-.52. This work consists of a scriesof letters by the author to a friend in England. The original edition was published at London , 1792. Several editions were subsequently published, that of 1797 being in two volumes, the second of which contained the work of Filson. A good copy of this edition is rare. as inducement for the cultivation of the land, were of the most limited kind, and obliged him to depend upon nature far more than upon art for his subsistence. His education and experience prepared him to prefer this kind of existence, and while he sought a lo- cality which was likely to invite immigration, and thus lead to the appreciation of his pre- emption, his only hope of an ultimate com- petence, his experience led him to seek a land where the meager demands for the support of his family could be most readily supplied. This implied an abundance of game, a good range for his few head of stock, convenient materials for the construc- tion of his rude dwelling and limited fencing, and plenty of good water. These conditions were all happily blended in the new land. Springs bubbled up in all parts of the very garden spot of Kentucky, tall forests crowned the uplands, while in the glades and on the river- bottoms flourished the luxuriant cane, rye-grass and clover. But what more excited the admiration of immi- grants was the profusion of game, which every- where abounded and included “ beasts of every American kind.” Elks were found in the broken country; deer moving in small companies, or herding together to the num- ber of a hundred head, thronged the uplands and valleys, where bears and buffaloes in large numbers were also found, adding piquancy to the mingled duty and pleasure of the hunt. The latter, it is said, came in vast herds of a thousand head, making broad paths to the licks, which they frequented, and shaking the earth in their ponderous flight. The buffalo was a new game to the pion- neers. The oldest hunters often found themselves at fault in its pursuit, and Butler relates that, in 1781, a body of forty emi- grants were discovered by Clark and two companions, “ actually starving, from inex- perience of the hunters in killing the buf- falo.” Clark’s company soon killed fourteen of these animals for the famished party, as much to their astonishment as to their grati- fication. “ It seems that skillful hunters can arrange themselves so as to run parallel HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 197 with a herd of buffalo, killing and loading as far as they can run. This conduct of our hunters struck the group of strangers with such astonishment, when they contrasted the success of the new hunters with the failure of their own men, themselves expert woods- men with all other game, that they were ready to look upon Clark and his two coad- jutors as something more than mortals in disguise. A party thus strangely rescued from starvation, in the midst of wild game, might well be disordered in their judgments at first.” The secret of the successful pursuit of this animal was soon learned by all, and it became the general object of the hunter’s prowess, hundreds eventually being slaugh- tered simply for their tongues, which were considered a great delicacy. Such improvi- dence in the use of nature’s bounties soon drove the buffalo beyond the Mississippi, and in 1784 only a few were to be found in Kentucky. Deer, turkeys, wolves, foxes and those woodland friends of man, the squirrel and raccoon, remained much later, the last two still being the sport of the younger hunters. The departure of the deer and turkey was in some part supplied by the quail and summer-duck, which early followed in the wake of the grain-fields, and still re- main. Into this earthly elysium, the older fron- tiers sent forth an eager throng ready to riot in its charms, and had not the Indian inter- posed his claim, nature’s magic would have raised up in the Kentucky forests a state which could have been scarcely less turbulent than that which a quarter of a century later arose on the Pacific slope. Desperate as was the contest that ensued, society gained no slight recompense in the clarifying in- fluences of danger. The sordid and vicious were largely deterred from coming, or were frightened into a hurried retreat to safer neighborhoods, where they remained until the frontier community became so far estab- lished as to hold disintegrating elements in control. 1 But with the limitations of an Indian war and an early attempt to plant an orderly col- , ony, the growth of the early society in Ken- tucky was spontaneous, and exhibited in its evolution a show of regularity which is dis- coverable in the normal development of the average pioneer community. The first set- tlers, though not unacquainted with the for- malities of government, lightly esteemed its functions, and were prepared to reject its sanctions in their new home. The early attempt to establish a formal government by the Transylvania colonists, though liberally devised, was rejected, primarily, as an inno- vation upon the inherent freedom of the fron- tier. The pioneer claimed, by virtue of the risk of his bold adventure, a certain absolu- tion from legal responsibility which the necessities of the case obliged society at large to grant, and it was only when a differ- ent class of interests became prominent that the unwritten law of the community assumed something of regularity. With the increase of numbers democracy delegated its powers, and, by a single step farther, lost itself in the embryonic government of the common- wealth. The order of this development cannot be clearly defined. It was the result of a suc- cession of influences rather than the legisla- tion of classes, and the character of society gradually changed, partly through a change of sentiment in those already on the border, and partly through the accession of others who entertained more advanced notions. The earliest dominant influence was exerted by the hunter or scout, whose presence on the frontier was due to the attractions of the abundant game and the adventures of an unrestrained life ; then succeeded the pio- neer, whose chief aim was to establish a home and provide for the future ; and finally the man of affairs, the prototype of the modern politician, who prepared the way for a more stable order of society. No distinct line of division defined these classes, however. The one often merged into the other, and there were individuals who were successively eminent in each of them, though this was exceeding rare, Benjamin Logan alone affording a conspicuous example. Of the first class of pioneers, Logston and 198 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Kenton may be taken as types of the two extremes. Big Joe Logston, as he was called, was the son of somewhat remarkable l^arents, who lived in the region of the Alleghany Mountains. Old Joe Logston, as his father was known, was of extraordinary size, superior in athletic accomplishments, and possessed of great muscular strength. His wife, while not remarkably tall, was large of bone and coarse of fiber, and pos- sessed the strength of three ordinary women. The son of such parents was predestined to excel in physical power, and in early man- hood he exceeded his father in size, strength and activity. His size became proverbial, and “ great as Big Joe Logston” was the most exalted standard of physical excellence in his neighborhood. He early became noted for his skill with the rifle and in athletic sports, and is said to have boasted, with an accuracy that none felt willing to contest, that he could “ out-run, out-leap, out-jump, throw down, drag out and whip any man in the country.” Logston took to the woods as naturally as a bear’s cub, and spent his early years inquest of such game as the mountain region afford- ed, resorting to the settlements only to ex- change his peltries for powder and lead. As pioneer improvements encroached upon his solitude he grew restive, and when a cabin was erected within two miles of his ac- customed naunts, he accepted the fact as a notice to leave, and in 1790 went to the Barren River, in Kentucky. Here he first met the hostile Indian, whom he considered as only a nobler kind of game. With them he had numerous adventures, which gave him distinction among friends and foes, and their recital afibrded entertainment at many a frontier fireside. One of the most notorious of these exploits was a tight with two Indi- ans, in which he succeeded in mortally wounding one, and in mauling the other to death with his fists. As the settlement in- creased in his neighborhood, and Indian hostilities ceased, he went to Illinois, where he was subsequently killed in a contest with a band of desperadoes. The class of adventurers of which Log- ston is in some respects rather a mild type was not so conspicuous in numbers or prow- ess in Kentucky as elsewhere on the western border, but no part of the frontier was without its representatives. They seldom had families, made no pre-emption, or lightly abandoned it with the crude improvements they made, and preferred to live apart from their fellows. They were too often of a quarrelsome disposition, which developed into ferocity when the natives were concerned, and led them to defy law, the general weal, and every consideration of humanity, to satisfy their abnormal thirst for the blood of the savages. These characteristics, it will be observed, represent the least favorable de- velopment of a class of people generally designated as “first settlers,” “ a kind of men,” to use the language of Michaux, “who are unable to stop on the soil which they have cleared, and, under pretense of finding better land, a more healthy country, or a greater abundance of beasts of chase, keep always moving farther, constantly direct their steps to the points most remote from every part of the American population, and establish themselves in the vicinity of the nations of the savages, whom they brave even in their own country.” Kenton, in contrast with Logston, while indubitably of the same class, was of a supe- rior order. His endowments were intellec- tual rather than physical, and while possessed of great powers of endurance and a taste for hazardous exploits, he was endued with a sa- gacity which alone warrants the higher place accorded him in pioneer annals. The almost tragic event which cast him upon the fron- tier in the guise of an outlaw undoubtedly tiu’ned the course of his life to nobler pur- poses; and where he sought simply an asylum from outraged justice, he found a field of ac- tion in which he could employ his expanding powers and redeem the good name which the passion of undisciplined youth had forfeited. His advent upon the frontier has been noted in the preceding pages. From that time forward he was a prominent actor in Kentucky af- fairs, though occupying the position of scout until the expedition of 1782, in which he HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 199 commanded a company. Thus up to the peace, which was announced the following year, his powers found congenial employment in the warlike activities of the border, or dm’ing the interval when a temporary cessa- tion of hostilities gave him leisure for peace- ful pursuits, in aiding the surveyors as guide and hunter. In the meantime Kenton had been known on the border as Simon Butler, having as- sumed his mother’s family name to further avoid discovery of his identity; but some time in 1782 he met his brother, who re- lieved him of further necessity for disguise by the information that the victim of his as- sault had recovered and long since forgiven the injury. The supposed crime had long weighed on his heart, and his emancipa- tion from the galling bonds of self-accusa- tion opened a new prospect in life, and gave his activity a new direction. He had secured claims to large tracts of land, and was con- sidered one of the wealthiest men in Ken- tucky. On the announcement of peace he repaired to his claim on Salt River, and be- gan cultivating it. A considerable settle- ment gathered about him, and, having pre- pared a home for his parents, he set out in the late fall of 1783 to visit Virginia for the first time since his flight, nearly thirteen years before. His reception by his family, and even by his old-time rival, was of the most cordial character; old differences were forgotten, and the illustrious scout, whose exploits were the theme of every fireside dis- cussion, became the hero of the hour. The hardy pioneer spent little time in such seductive dalliance, and early in the spring, with the whole family, whom he had induced by his glowing description to emigrate, he reached Redstone. Here, while preparations were being made to continue the journey by water, his father died and was buried. The rest of the party subsequently proceeded to their destination. At this time the route fol- lowed by the great tide of immigration was by way of the river to Limestone (Mays- ville), and thence by the old trail to the in- terior. This travel made the site of Kenton’s old camp and claim especially valuable, and in July, 1784, he repaired to this point with a party, intent upon establishing a station upon his land. A blockhouse was built, but the Indians, while not generally renewing active hostilities, were beginning to show their restlessness and dissatisfaction by sundry depredations which discouraged Kenton’s companions from joining in his venturesome project, and the enterprise was for the time abandoned. In the fall, however, Kenton resolved to take advantage of the circum- stances, which were likely to enhance the value of his property, and removed his fara ily to this exposed region. A few of the more venturesome families joined him at once, and in the succeeding spring many new- comers swelled the new station into a strong frontier settlement. Here the distinguished hunter discharged the duties of captain and leader of the settlement with the same suc- cess that had crowned his efforts as scout and guide. About 1799,* after reaching the rank of maj.or, and taking an active part in all the campaigns which followed the re- newal of the Indian war, he went to the newer lauds north of the Ohio, confounded by the subtleties of the land- laws, robbed by unprincipled speculators and beggared by land-suits. Boone, also, in all his instincts, tastes and habits, was closely allied to this class of “first settlers. ” He had, at the same time, a pru- dent regard for the future, which led him to labor for an eventual competence for his family, and amid all the strange vicissitudes of the frontier he never neglected the culti- vation of his plantation near Boonesborough. He was, in fact, one of those connecting links between the hunter and the farmer which blended the social product of the early adven- turers into the more stable form of society which arose out of the influence of the pion- eer husbandman. After the declaration of peace, his name loses significance in the annals of the border, and while at one time he occupied a prominent place in the county government, and once represented the fron- tier in the Virginia assembly, he was soon superseded in those functions, and wandered *Appendis A, Note 18. 200 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. amid the scenes of an expanding civilization, a relic of a by-gone period, unappreciative and unappreciated. In 1779 he accumulated a considerable sum in paper money, amounting to $20,000, it is said, and set out for Richmond, Va., to invest it in land warrants, but on his way he was unfortunately robbed of the whole of it. He subsequently made claims to consider- able land, but eventually lost it all through the intricacies of the law. Rendered dis- contented by misfortunes, which his unfamil- iarity with and distaste for legal niceties made him incapable of repairing or avoiding, he began to long for the untrammeled free- dom of the forest. His family no longer needed his care, and about 1794, with his wife, he left Kentucky never again to find here his abode until the State brought his remains to be interred in the public cemetry at Frankfo’t. * Subsequently the common- wealth. Slowly wise and meanly just, To buried merit raised the tardy bust. MONUMENT TO DANIEL BOONE. These figm’es, whose outlines a happy ^Appendix A, Note 19. chance has fixed upon the historic page, were not dissimilar to the throng which constituted the advance line of civilization on the bor- der. Of the many, only here and there an exaggerated tale perpetuates the memory of their valor or their virtues, and of them it may be written, as it was of the Romans: “History has left a thousand of their more brilliant actions unrecorded, which would have done them great honor, but for want of eloquent historians.” To the curious gaze of the foreigner, these people presented an object of peculiar interest, and a French traveler, who descended the Ohio in 1802, has left the following pen-picture of a common representative of the class: Before we arrived at Marietta, we fell in with one of these settlers, an inhabitant of the neighbor- hood of Wheeling, who, like us, was descending the Ohio, and we kept together for two days. Alone, in a canoe of eighteen or twenty feet long, and twelve or fifteen inches wide, he was going to visit the banks of the Missouri, at 150 miles from its mouth. The excellent quality of the land, which is reported to be more fertile than the banks of the Ohio, and which the Spanish government at that time distributed gratis, the multitude of beavers, elks, and more particularly of bisons, were the motives which induced him to emigrate into these distant countries, from whence, when he had deter- mined on a convenient spot to settle with his family, he had to return and seek them on the banks of the Ohio, which obliged him to make a voyage of 1,400 or 1,500 miles three times. His di-ess, like that of all the American hunters, consisted of a round waist-coat with sleeves, a pair of pantaloons, and a broad woolen girdle of a red and yellow color. A carbine, a tomahawk, a small hatchet used by the Indians to cut wood and to complete the death of their enemies, two beaver traps and a large knife hanging to his girdle, com- posed his hunting equipage. One blanket was all his baggage. Every evening he encamped on the banks of the river, or passed the night by a fire, and when he judged the spot to be favorable to the chase, he penetrated into the woods for several days and, from the produce of his hunting, procured the means of subsistence, and obtained fresh sup- plies with the skins of the animals he had killed. Such were the first inhabitants of Kentucky and Tennessee, of whom very few are now left. It was they who began to clear those fertile countries and wrested them from the savages, who obstinately disputed the possession of them; it was they who finallj' secured the property in them after five or six years of bloody war. But, long habituated to a wandering, unemployed life, they were unable to enjoy the fruits of their toil, or to benefit by the HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 201 extraordinary value to which they had raised these lands in a short time; they have emigrated into more remote countries, where they are forming new establishments.* These western nomads were not the pre- cursors of the permanent population in every settlement. Like birds of passage their flight was “from zone to zone,” and once the migration was begun they did not stay their course ttntil they reached the remote locality to which rumor, or a kind of instinct, led them. It was a common occurrence for the head of a family to be moved by a sudden impulse to go “farther west.” With the facility of the Arabs, the whole household would be on its way in a day or two, some- times in as many hours, and, boldly plung- ing into the unmarked wilderness, travel hun- dreds of miles, Lone, wandering, but not lost. Occasionally, necessitated by the exigency of the way, a stop would be made long enough “to raise a crop,” but, this secured, the journey was resumed and prosecuted to the end. This class of immigrants left slight impress of their personality upon permanent social institutions, but their service to the State was none the less real. Fitted by their tastes and experience to meet the rude shock of border life, they prepared the way for higher forms of society, and then passed off the stage of action almost unheeded. The pioneer husbandman was a more pro- saic figure, and while more permanent than his predecessor, he paved his way to obscurity by the unobtrusive diligence which alone insured his permanence. It will be observed that he was the successor of the “ fii’st set- tler ” in wielding the dominant social in- fluence rather than in the matter of immi- gration. He was among the earliest to reach the frontier, though doubtless in fewer num- bers; and here amid the distractions and dangers of an Indian war he gradually ex- tended the area of his clearings, furnished the sinews of war, and, in case of a general expedition, swelled the ranks of the invading army. Many of this class were men of some wealth, for the time, who ‘ ‘ took up ” large areas of land and on some favorable spot erected a station. Such places of protection were the welcome resort of the less provident class, who, in return for board or the use of certain lands, became the retainers of the founders of the station. It is difficult to draw a typical figure of these pioneers. Like the men of average and general uniform characteristics of to-day, who constitute the “ forgotten millions ” of the world, they can be reckoned only in the mass, and indiscriminately designated as “the people” of that day. Among them, more distinguished than the many, may be mentioned the founder of the first settle- ment in Kentucky, James Harrod. Nothing is known of his early antecedents. He prob- ably came from the Pennsylvania border of Virginia, and justly claimed the distinction of having erected the first cabin in Kentucky. He was tall, erect and commanding in ap- pearance, bold, resolute, and energetic in j action, and possessed qualities of a lofty and generous natui-e. He was unlearned in books, but deeply read in nature and human char- acter. His mild and conciliating manners, his integrity and generous kindness, served to attract and hold in friendly allegiance the rudest characters with whom he came in contact, and made him a power, which neither the advantage of wealth nor prestige could withstand. In the first years of the Kentucky settle- ments, when Indian hostilities made stations the only prudent form of habitation, and when the growth and stability of such sta- I tions depended upon the numbers that could be attracted to them, Harrod found no diffi- culty in establishing the most popular one on the frontier, the influence of which eventually proved the most stubborn obstacle to the success of the Transylvania colony, although supported by the reputation of Daniel Boone. Up to 1783, Harrodsburg, originally known as Harrod’s Town, con- tinued to be the largest settlement beyond the Big Sandy, and the center of frontier influence. But with the division of Ken- tucky into three counties, Han’od, whose public importance had some time before be- gun to wane, became one of the people. *Michaux’s Travels, pp. 136-138. 202 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. From the first, Harrod was diverted from the cultivation of his land only by the esi- gencies of the situation. He was an adept in the use of the rifle, and took keen pleas- ure in the excitement of the hunt, but in this pursuit he was eminently practical; he hunted for the necessary food which his skill enabled him to procure. He was a formidable ad- versary to the hostile Indians, and during the first three or four years was prominent as a partisan leader. In succeeding years, when the number of settlers had somewhat increased, he seemed to have left the per- formance of these duties to others to whom they were more congenial. The attempt of some writers to make him figure as an “In- dian -slayer” appears entirely gratuitous. While incidents are related which show him to have possessed a spirit of great daring, his noted encounters with the savages were unsought, and occurred when alone in quest of game. His widow related an incident which is characteristic of the man: When in the fort, I dreamed one night that the Indians had attacked some of our men outside the fort; and that when my husband ran out to help them, I saw an Indian shoot him, and when he fell, stoop over and stab him. The very next day three men were chopping on a log on the creek alongside the old Harrod fort, close by, when we heard guns fire and saw the three men killed and the Indians scalping them. The Colonel started out with the others, but so forcibly now was my dream im- pressed upon me that I clung to him. He forcibly tore himself from me, and hurried out. I ran up to the highest point and looked out. The Indians were in turn fired upon , and I saw the Colonel shoot one and run him a short distance down the ci’eek, and when the Indian fell, I plainly saw my husband stoop over (just the “contrary” of my dream) and stab him. When he came back, he did not exult, but seemed distressed, and said he wished never to kill another of the poor natives, who were defend- ing their fatherland, and that this feeling was forced upon him by the rebound of his knife, when he plunged it into the heart of the fallen Indian, who looked up so piteously into his face. He shed a tear when telling me.* Abundant testimony to his kindly spirit is found in all the books of border tales. New comers, whether pro.spectors, speculators or surveyors, found a cordial welcome at his station, the reputation of which found its way across the border. Inexperienced set- tlers found him, in many a case of need, a providential friend, who, without solicitation, provided a haunch of venison, restored a missing animal, or recovered a stolen imple- ment, as though that was his sole business in the world. No case of distress appealed to him in vain, and there were few families in the central settlements to whom his disinter- ested kindness had not given special cause for gratitude. “In after times,” says Gov. Morehead, “when peace and quiet ensued, and the range of the buffalo was filled up with a civilized and enterprising population, and he had become the father of an interesting family, the veteran pioneer would turn away from the scenes of domestic and social life, and plunge again into the wilderness to in- dulge himself in the cherished enjoyments of his earlier years. From one of these excur- sions into a distant part of the country he never returned. ”* Of those who directed the larger move- ments of frontier society, the names of Trigg, Floyd, Todd, Clark and Logan were more prominent — -names which have not lost their brightness even in the blaze of what it is common to call the civilization of the nine- teenth century. In no period of the State’s development has its destiny been shaped with greater fidelity or more conspicuous ability than it was by these noble-minded men dur- ing the first two decades of its history, but it is of “the people” that this chapter is designed to treat. The settlement of Kentucky was made un- der conditions somewhat different from those met with elsewhere on the western border. Nowhere else was the Indian opposition urged with equal determination; nowhere else were the settlements so completely isolated and dependent upon their own unaided resources; and nowhere else were such meagre numbers so often called to defend their homes, not only from the assaults of overwhelming sav- age hordes, but of savages led by trained of- ficers, re-enforced by white soldiers, and sup- plied with the most effective war material of the day. How this was accomplished, un- *Dr. Christopher Graham in Collins, Vol. II, p. 615. ^Appendix A, Note 20. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 203 aided, save by an unwavering fortitude and the rude defenses of the station, may be read in the thousand tales of daring exploits, of personal heroism, and of unselfish devotion which have their scenes in Kentucky. At the same time, these tales are not to be relied upon as a complete portraiture of the people. They were not uncouth knights- ei’rant, nor was woodcraft a species of witch- craft. Kentucky immigrants were drawn from the same classes as their contemporaries in other parts of the border, though circum- stances already pointed out had a powerful influence in remolding their character as a whole. The approach to this famous “cane- land” was not made by the ordinary extension of the frontier, and a considerable extent of good land intervened between the old and the new settlements. The story of its attrac- tions had reached far into the interior, and emigrants were drawn hither by its enchant- ments rather than urged by their necessities, and, once in possession, they adopted it as their native land, and defended it with the fervor of patriotism. The spirited opposition with which their advent was met had a salu- tary influence in driving out the faint-hearted, so that of those who remained each was a hero in the strife. Otherwise the Kentucky pion- eer was not unlike his fellows elsewhere. He brought to his new home only the accom- plishments of the woodsman. He was a good marksman, was well versed in the habits of familiar game, possessed a keen faculty of observation, and was teachable, patient, per- severing. The rest he learned from his experi- ence here. Upon the character of men thus endowed, the stirring scenes of Kentucky, from 1775 to 1795, could not fail to leave a deep impress. New dangers and difiSculties developed new powers to meet and overcome them. Men, whose early experience at most had only re- vealed the crude astronomy by which they traced their course in the unmarked wilder- ness, and the natural science which led them to discover the meaning of a mossy bark or the peculiar trail of the various animals, now learned to read a deep significance in a dis- placed leaf, the bending of a twig, a floating log, or the turning of a human foot-print. Instead of studying the habits of the savage beasts, the pioneer’s attention was drawn to a grander quarry, and insensibly acquired many of the habits of the object they so per- sistently studied. In many respects, Camp- bell’s pictm’e of the Indian might well be applied to the pioneer: As monumental bronze unchanged his look; A soul that pity touched, but never shook ; Train’d from his tree-rocked cradle to his bier, The fierce extremes of good and ill to brook; Impassive — fearing but the shame of fear — A stoic of the woods — a man without a tear. A characteristic story is told of one of the prisoners captured by the Indians at the bat- tle of Blue Lick. With two companions he was taken to Detroit, and in the route passed through several towns of the natives, at each of which he was compelled to run the gaunt- let. On one occasion, taking advantage of the arrangement of the Indians, he ran so close to one of the ranks as to come out almost unhurt. Immediately running up to a young warrior, with equal strength and adroitness, he picked up the astonished In- dian and hurled him violently to the ground. In another instant, thrusting his head be- tween another Indian’s legs, he threw him over his head; then, springing into the air, he knocked his feet rapidly together, and crowed like a victorious cock, finishing this remarkable performance by rallying the na- tives as a pack of cowards. Such dauntless behavior elicited the admiration of the sav- ages, and one old warrior promptly adopted him as his son. Such exhibitions were not rare amonar white captives, and are to be referred for their origin rather to the settler’s adoption of the stoicism of the Indian than to a spirit of bravado. There was but little encourage- ment for the development of such a spirit where all were brave. One excelled another in woodcraft or experience, but all were to be relied upon in emergencies, and many a deed of daring, which is now thoughtlessly assigned to the adventurous class, was done by men in whose quiet career it formed the single notable exception, and was attempted 204 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. only after a cool calculation of the alterna- tives. Such a case is the incident related of Alexander McConnell by McClung. McConnell was a resident of Lexington. He had been out on foot, in quest of deer, had killed one, and had returned to the sta- tion for his horse to bring in the game. In his absence, a party of live Indians had chanced upon the carcass, and correctly divining its meaning, they carefully hid near to await the hunter's return. Not suspecting danger, Mc- Connell rode into the ambush; his horse was instantly killed, and while freeing himself from the fallen animal, he was pounced upon by the savages and borne off. His captors, who appear to have been in a peculiarly pleasant mood, permitted him to proceed un- bound and to retain his accoutrements. These ill-assorted companions thus traveled har- moniously together for several days, the cap- tive accepting his fate with the sang froid of the true borderer, and gaining favor with the savages by his dexterity in providing game for the party. On approaching the banks of the Ohio, McConnell felt that his chances of escape would be greatly diminished by crossing the river, and he accordingly determined to make an earnest effort to get away at once. His captors had taken the precaution to bind him each night, though not with their accustomed care, but on this occasion he complained strenuously of the pain it caused him, and had the satisfaction of observing that the thong which bound him to the body of the Indian, was only loosely tied to his wrists. Waiting until his captors were asleep, he cast his eyes about for some suggestion, when he saw a knife blade glittering in the light of the camp-fire. This proved to be within reach of his feet, and grasping it with his toes he succeeded in drawing it near and get- ting it into his hand. In another instant his thongs were severed, and carefully withdraw- ing from the embrace of his sleeping guard, he was free to escajae to the woods. The success of such a course was very doubtful. His flight would soon be discovered, and a vigorous pursuit made. In that event, with so long a distance to travel, his recap- ture seemed certain, when death would un- doubtedly seal his fate. The only alternative was to destroy his foes, which was a scarcely less hazardous undertaking. There was no opportunity of taking them off in detail; they were notoriously light sleepers, and what was done, must be done quietly and quickly. After anxious reflections for a few minutes he formed his plan. The guns of the Indians were stacked near the fire, their knives and tomahawks were in sheaths by their sides. The latter he dared not touch for fear of awakening the owners, hut the former he carefully removed with the exception of two, and hid them in the woods, where he knew the Indians would not readily And them. He then returned to the spot where the Indians were still sleeping, ignorant of the fate preparing for them, and taking a gun in each hand, he rested the muz- zles upon a log within six feet of his victims, and having taken deliberate aim at the head of one and the heart of another, he pulled both triggers at the same moment. Both shots were fatal. At the report of their guns, the others sprang to their feet, and stared wildly around them. McConnell, who had run in- stantly to the spot where the other rifles were hid, hastily seized one of them and fired at two of his enemies who happened to stand in a line with each other. The nearest fell dead, being shot through the center of the body; the second fell also, bel- lowing loudly, but recovering quickly, limped off into the woods as fast as possible. The fifth and only one who remained unhurt darted off like a deer with a yell which announced equal terror and astonishment. McConnell, not wishing to fight any more such battles, selected his own rifle from the stack and made the best of his way to Lexington, where he arrived safely within two days. (McClung. ) A similar development was silently wrought in the female character. Women who, in 1773, terror-stricken by the Indian attack near Cumberland Gap, demanded the retreat of the first emigrants to Kentucky, in later years stood unswerving amid the vicissitudes that made death, wounds, and captivity the almost daily fate of their sex. So accustomed did they become to the violent form of death that, as Judge Hall relates on one occasion, when a young man died the natural way, the woman of the station sat up all night, gazing at the remains as an object of beauty. The matrons of the frontier, in time, seemed to lose all womanish fears and weaknesses, and emulated the dexterity of their fathers, brothers and husbands in the use of the gun HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ‘205 and ax in defense of their homes and chil- j dren. McClung relates an incident which | occurred in the summer of 1787, when the : cabin of John Merrill of Nelson County, Ky., was attacked by Indians and defended with singular address and good fortune. Merrill was alarmed by the barking of a dog about midnight, and, upon opening the door in order to ascertain the cause of the disturbance, he received the fire of six or seven Indians, by which his arm and thigh were both broken. He instantly sank upon the floor and called upon his wife to close the door. This had scarcely been done when it was violently assailed by the tomahawks of the enemy, and a large breach soon efi^ect- ed. Mrs. Merrill, however, being a perfect Amazon, both , in strength and courage, guarded it with an ax, and successively killed or badly wounded four of the enemy as they attempted to force their way into the cabin. The Indians then ascended the roof and attempted to enter by way of the chim- ney; but here again they were met by the same determined enemy. Mrs. Merrill seized the only feather bed the cabin afforded, and hastily ripping it open, poured its contents upon the fire. A furious blaze and stifling smoke instantly ascended the chimney and brought down two of the enemy, who lay for a few moments at the mercy of the woman. Seizing the ax she quickly dispatched them, and was instantly afterward summoned to the door, where the only remaining savage now appeared, endeavoring to effect an entrance while Mrs. Merrill was engaged at the chimney. He soon received a gash in the cheek, which compelled him, with a loud yell, to relinquish his purpose, and return hastily to Chillicothe, where, from the report of a prisoner, he gave an exaggerated account of the fierceness, strength and courage of the “ long-knife ” squaw. All were not Amazons in strength, nor was it chiefly by their strength that the women achieved such prodigies of valor which every- where adorn the pages of frontier history. In presence of mind they were not excelled by the acutest scout, and often outwitted the cunning savage by a bold face or a quickly conceived stratagem. One night, when a set- tler was forced to be away from his home on business, his wife learned by the snorting of a horse, feeding near by, that the Indians were prowling about. Putting on a bold front, she immediately built up a large blaze in the fire-place, which, sending its light farthi’ough the chinks, indicated to the savages the pres- ence of a large company, whereupon they de- camped without offering any molestation. Similar address, iinder more trying cir- cumstances, was exhibited by the wife of Samuel Daviess, in 1782. On going out of his cabin early one morning, Mr. Daviess was startled, on stepping a few paces from the door, to find an Indian with an upraised tomahawk, barring his return. Entirely una:’med it instantly occurred to him that by running around the cabin he could gain an entrance before his pursuers could over- take him. To think was to act, but on mak- ing the circuit he found the cabin occupied by four Indians, whom he had heretofore failed to observe. His pursuer was close upon him; there was no room for hesitation, and he at once plunged into a field of standing corn near by, where, with difficulty, he eluded his pursuer and finally set off for help to the nearest station, five miles away. The unsuccessful savage, after carefully staining his hands and tomahawk with poke- berries, retui’ned to the cabin and exhibited them to Ml’S. Daviess to convince her that there was no hope of rescue. She readily detected the fraud ^^ithout giving any sign of her discovery, and in response to signs indicated on her fingers that the nearest cabin was eight miles away. Thus lulling the immediate fears of the savages, she slowly arose from the bed and dressed her- self and children, at their command. This done, she attracted the Indians by displaying various articles of clothing one after another, and in this way delayed their departure for several hours. Finally, when every resource for effecting delay was exhausted, she was forced to accompany her captors with her children, some of whom were too young to keep pace with the party. Observing this, and knowing the Indians would not hestitate 206 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. to murder them to save annoyance, she placed them on the backs of the older boys, and car- rying an infant at her breast thus preserved their lives. By her shrewd devices, the rescuing party was enabled to overtake the Indians about 9 o’clock in "^he morning. Noticing by the agitation of :i;e savages that the pursuers were close at hand, she saved herself and infant by jumping into a sink hole just as the whites attacked the band, and rescued the whole family. The elder boy, about eleven years of age, was struck down and scalped, but not killed, and his first utter- ance on rising was: “Curse that Indian, he has got my scalp.” Children of such parents and brought up in such surroundings could not fail to catch something of the heroic spirit of the times. Quieted in their infancy by suggesting the proximity of the Shawanese, supplied with tomahawk and bows and arrows for their earliest toys, they early displayed a precocity in those accomplishments upon which their safety often depended. It is sometimes said that infants of pioneers were less addicted to crying than those of a later period; but whether this be true or not, numerous well- attested incidents are related where nursing children have passed through the terrors of a midnight attack, and afterward lain quiet- ly in hiding, when a single sound would have sealed the doom of mother and child. Children, at an age when parents are now loth to allow them out of their sight, were then found successfully eluding the savages, uninstructed, and carrying appeals for aid through miles of forest beset by Indians. Boys were early instructed in the use of firearms, and a rifle or shotgun was usually their first piece of property. As a garrison for the station when the men were drawn off for some expedition, or as messengers and hunters, they performed conspicuous service, and greatly augmented the military strength of the frontier. During the winter of 1776- 77, the settlements suffered much from the scarcity of food. The small stock of corn was soon exhausted, and, while the forest teemed with game, the Indians were so nu- merous and watchful that hunters were almost daily killed or wounded. In this predicament a lad only about seventeen years of age became Harrodsburg’s sole dependence. This was James Ray, who was accustomed to mount an old but strong horse, the last of forty head belonging to his step-father, Maj. McGary, and starting off before day-break rode up the beds of streams to hide his trail. After gaining a safe distance from the fort, he spent the day in hunting, and returned by the same route after dark, bringing his game with him. Thus day after day and week after week he successfully eluded the enemy and supplied the fort. Older hunters tried his plan but were discovered, and finally resigned the perilous duty to the lad whose boldness and sagacity preserved him through all the peril which beset him. A more striking incident is related of some lads from eleven to fourteen years of age. At Col. Pope’s settlement, near Lou- isville, several lads were instructed by a tutor w’hom the Colonel had engaged for the education of his own sons. One Saturday, five of these boys — two sons of Col. Linn, Brashier, Wells, and a lad whose name is not remembered — taking advantage of a holiday, set off for a hunt. They encamped near the bank of the Ohio, some six miles southwest of Louisville, where a wide bot tom and a large pond afforded abundance of game. It was February, and in the night a light snow had fallen, which made their trail perfectly plain. The lurking savages soon discovered it, and just as all had laid down their guns and were busy fastening a bear cub, which they had killed, on the back of the elder Linn, the Indians pounced down upon them. Escape was impossible, and the lads were hurried over to the White River towns, where they showed such spirit in thrashing the Indian boys who molested them, that they were adopted into the tribes of their delighted captors. Wells was taken to a distant nation, with whom he grew to man- hood, married a sister of Little Turtle, and subsequently became a noted and trusty HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 207 scout for Gen Wayne. The rest adapted : themselves to their new surroundings, but bided their time for an opportunity to i escape. This came at last; several months after their capture, the four boys found themselves at some distance from the village, fishing in the company of an old man and woman. After some natural hesitation they deter- mined to kill their guardians and escape. Their plans were put in execution, and, having dispatched the Indians at night, they took the nearest course for their homes, traveling by night and lying concealed by day. Their flight was soon discovered by the tribe and a vigorous pm’suit made, but they fortunately escaped detection until they reached the Ohio opposite Louisville. Here they found themselves in the greatest danger. E'iring their guns to attract their friends made no impression upon the whites, as they supposed it was done by the Indians, but their pursuers were thus guided to their vicinity. In this dilemma the boys marched up the river and, constructing a raft, put such as could not swim upon it, while the elder Linn swam and propelled it across the river. They had scarcely got beyond rifle range of the northern shore when the Indians ap- peared on the bank, but too late to intercept their flight. In all this there is much material for ro- mance, and it is in this form that pioneer life is too often presented. But it should not be forgotten that the actual experience was far from what such narratives make it. The dangers were real; the heroes, once dead, did not revive to bow before an enthusiastic audience; the “star” was also the “supe;” and the “acting” was done, without tinsel or false color, in the broad glare of every- day life. It was a play only as “All the world’s a stage. And aU the men and women merely players.” The pioneers had their exits and their entrances, and each one played many parts, but necessity and not applause was the motive power. Each year wrought its changes in the scene; increased numbers multiplied the isolated stations; added power changed the military character of the community for the garb of peace; and the unrestrained life of the forest gave place to the less romantic but more enduring forms of civilization. The remarkable immigration of 1780 marks the turning point. Thenceforward the tide of population flowed across the border with persistent power; cabins sprang up singly or in settlements of two or three throughout the central region, and in 1783, “ the settle- ment of Kentucky was considered as formed.” It was no longer viewed as a hunter’s para- dise, but a place where a home could be readily planted and a competence easily achieved. It is related of Col. William Whitley that, soon after marrying and set- ting up an independent establishment, he said to his wife that he heard good reports of Kentucky, and believed that they could make a better living there with less hard work. “ Then, Billy, if I was you, I would go and see,” was her quick response, and acting upon this advice, they were both soon settled on the frontier. Such was the readi- ness with which so important a change was made, and such the inducement which sub- sequently led thousands of families to seek the new land. The route followed by the greater number of these immigrants, and, indeed, from 1780 to the beginning of the present century by all travelers seeking any part of the West, was by the Ohio River. The principal point of embarkation was Redstone Old Fort — Brownsville, Penn. — a place equally acces- sible from Maryland, Virginia, and in a direct line from Philadelphia and the East. The emigrant from Virginia directed his course to Cumberland, and thence by Brad- dock’s Road to his destination, some sixty miles northwest. Previous to 1783, and for several years later, the roads were imprac- ticable for wheeled vehicles, and overland transportation was effected by means of pack- horses. Even to this mode of transportation the paths across the mountains were difficult and often dangerous. In some places they were barely passable; at other points they ran along the brink of a precipice, where a single misstep involved great danger if not 208 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. destruction, or were overflown bj'^ streams, which it was necessary to ford. Most of the early settlers had little to bring with them. Farming implements, a few cooking utensils, a small stock of sup- plies, and the women and children were all that the emigrant found it necessary to pro- vide for. These were placed on the backs of horses, which with one or more cows and an occasional sheep or hog made up the caval- cade, which was led by the men and boys on foot. Horses which canned the younger children were furnished with a pack-saddle, to either side of which was hung a creel, fashioned from hickory withes in the form of a crate. In these were stowed the clothing and bedding, in the center of which a child or two was securely placed and guarded against accidents by strong lacings, which prevented their falling out. Occasionally a creel would break loose and roll with its precious freight along the ground, throwing the whole company into confusion and alarm. Not unfrequently, accidents and difficulties of the way would separate mothers from their children throughout the day, and the whole family assembled only at the evening meal, when the rear of the train reached the chosen stopping place long after the van. No friendly inn then opened its doors to the weary emigrant, nor could they have afforded to pay for its accommodations, had it ex- isted. The meal was prepared in the open air, and the night was well advanced before the tired parents could seek repose in the protection of a blanket in a retired nook by the road- side. Arrived at Redstone, the first care of the emigrant was to provide a Kentucky boat,* in which to transport his effects to Lime- stone, which now became the general landing place of emigrants bound for Kentucky. The building of these boats became, at a later date, quite an important business at this place, but the earlier voyagers, either from necessity or motives of economy, con- structed their own vessels, which caused considerable delay. The journey was usually so timed that the party arrived early enough *Appendix A, Note 21. j to accomplish this preparation before the end of the spring flood, which began about ! the middle of February and continued about j three months. Considerable numbers were I often thus brought together at this general I rendezvous, and proved of mutual advantage, I several families often occupying the same I boat, and several boats frequently making the voyage in company. A familiar scene of that period is thus described by Michaux: I was alone on the banks of the Monongaliela, when, for the first time, I observed five or six of these boats floating down the river. I could not conceive what these large square boxes were, which, abandoned to the current, presented by turns their ends, their sides and their corners. As they ap- proached, I heard a confused noise, but the height of their sides prevented me from distinguishing anything. By getting on the bank of the river, I at length discovered several families in these boats, which also conveyed their horses, their cows, their poultry, their dismounted carriages, their plows, their harness, their beds, their agricultural tools, in fact everything which is required for furnishing a farm house, and cultivating the land. These peo- ple aband(med themselves in this manner forseveral hundred miles to the current of the river, probably without knowing the place where they might stop, and enjoy in tranquility the fruits of their industry, under one of the best governments existing in the world. (Travels Westward, etc., 1802.) The mouth of Cabin Creek, about five and a half miles above Limestone, had long been the accustomed landing place of Indian war parties from north of the Ohio, and from this point two trails led to the Upper Blue Lick, the one known as the Upper War Road, and the other, sometimes called the Lower War Road, but generally the Buffalo Trace. The Upper Road was the one generally traveled by the whites and best known. War roads were distinctly characterized by their leading by the shortest practical route from one point to another, and by having their course blazed by toma- hawk-chips in the trees. Buffalo trails were made by the travel of these animals; were much broader than the others, but were other- wise unmarked and wound along ridges and creeks. From the landing place a trail led to Washington, a settlement three or four miles in the interior, which was for years the only place in this part of the country for HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 209 the accommodation of travelers. Although formally laid out in 1786, under an act of the Virginia assembly, it continued for some years completely hidden in the tall cane which grew upon its site. Here the new- comers gained information as to the lauds open to settlers or of improvements for sale, and could procure a guide for the explora- tion of the country if they wished. This region was permanently occupied in 1784 by Kenton. A vigorous settlement was planted, but its growth was retarded by the ^ dangers incident to its exposed location until I 1790, when it took a new start and increased rapidly. The early immigration, therefore, pushed its way to the interior, where good lands were secured and homes established at a cost scarcely exceeding the labor involved in building a cabin or clearing the ground. Before the generaUpacitication of the Indians, in 1795, few single cabins were reared in localities remote from others. The new- comer would usually select land in the immediate vicinity of some settlement which afforded his family shelter, while he, “camp- ing out” in the meantime, would prepare the new home. When sites at considerable distance from settlements were chosen, it was the custom for several families to join in the enterprise, and locate their lands in such a way as to allow the several cabins to be erected within “supporting” distance of each other. * The earlier settlers generally brought their families to some strong station, and then, equipped with an ax, rifle, frying-pan and a small stock of salt and meal, the fathers would set out on a prospecting torn’, to be gone, frequently, for several months. Before his retmm he often made the first necessary clearing, and erected a temporary hut to re- ceive his family. Later, as cabins were more frequently found in the country, the immigrant manifested no hesitation in break- ing up his home in a distant State, and with his family and household goods, on pack- animals or wagons, start out for a new home, influenced and guided solely by rumors and picked- up information on the road. Decid- *Appendix A, Note 22. ing upon a locality for his future residence, he found no difficulty in securing temporary shelter for his family in some cabin, already well filled by its owners, but which the sim- plicity of early manners and an unstinted hospitality rendered elastic enough to com- fortably entertain the welcome addition to the community. A new arrival of this nature was heralded with a cordial welcome for miles about, and a neighborhood, which scarcely knew limits, hastened to lend its friendly offices in rearing a cabin. A day was appointed, and no invi- tation was needed to draw together a com- pany of willing, capable hands. To assist in raising a cabin for a new family was a duty, which the unwritten law of the com- munity imperatively laid upon every able- bodied man, and to know of the occasion was a sufficient invitation. On gathering, one party was told off as choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut the logs of proper dimensions; a man and team brought these logs to the site of the proposed build- ing; others assorted, “saddled,” and other- wise prepared the logs to fonn the structure, which was finished on one day and occupied the next. It was not un frequently the case that the necessity of preparing the ground for the fii’st crop obliged the settler to forego the floor, and even a permanent roof, until the planted crop granted the opportunity. In its best estate* it was a rude though not uncom- fortable structure: a puncheon floor below, and a clap board roof above, a small, square window without glass, and a chimney carried up with “cats and clay” — short pieces of small poles firmly imbedded in mud or mor- tar — to the height of the ridge-pole. *There were a few cabins which were quite pretentious, and one of these had the first shingle roof in the county. It be- longed to Adams, who sold out to Kennedy in 1809, and is thus described by the latter; “Adams was a thrifty, industrious man, and said to my father, ‘ I gad, I thought I would build the best and finest house In all the country.’ It was constructed of large, hewed white oak logs, twenty-four feet long by eighteen feet wide, covered with black walnut shingles rounded at the butt end, and every one put on with walnut pegs, bored through shingles and lath with a brace and bit. It was a good roof, and lasted about thirty years. Then the lower and upper floors were laid with poplar plank, sawed by hand with a whip-saw, nicely dressed, tongued and grooved, and put down with pegs. Three windows two feet square, with nice shutters, but not a pane of glass, nor a nail in all the house, save in the three doors. For these a few nails were made by a blacksmith, his brother, Andy Adams. The chimneys were of stone, the first in the country, and contained at least l.IO loads of rock. The fire-places were six feet wide, with wooden mantel-pieces.” — History of Todd County, Ky., published by F. A. Battey Publishing Co.. Chicago, 1884. 13 210 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. There was little underwood in any part of the country, and in the more open lands it was only necessary to cut the cane and girdle the larger trees to prepare the ground for cultivation. In the more heavily timbered country the mattock, as well as the ax, was required to prepare the way for the plow and hoe, which were of the simplest construction, and were calculated more for strength and durability than to economize labor. For- tunately the fertility of the soil obviated the necessity of thorough tillage, as the roots, which ramified the soil, successfully defied the strongest plow. The first cultivation of the soil, therefore, was but a tickling of the sur- face, to which the prolific soil responded with a harvest of from fifty to eighty bushels of corn to the acre. Maize was invariably the first crop, and until the beginning of the present century the only general crop cultivated in Kentucky. A small space was usually devoted to garden vegetables ; a small patch of turnips was sown, the product of which in winter even- ings afforded those who had enjoyed apples elsewhere a not mipleasant substitute ; and occasionally a secluded spot in the center of the corn-field was devoted to water and musk-melons. It was several years before wheat could be grown on new lands, the weevil and its rank growth jjreventing its successful cultivation earlier. But even then its culture languished. Emigrants from Virginia and the Southern States brought with them a relish for corn, which is still a marked feature of the culinary predilections of the average Kentuckian; and wheat, save in the case of the emigrant from the East- ern States, or for “ company ” purposes, was for many years only raised for exportation. Other obstacles to its cultivation were un- doubtedly the lack of the superior machinery which was required to prepare it for use, in the rather more exacting nature of its cult- ure, and in the restricted uses to which it could be applied. The ground was prepared with a shovel -plow, and when sown was covered with a wooden-tooth harrow or the bushy limb of a tree. It was cut with a sickle and threshed with a flail, and there was little to relieve the tedium of these duties. The whisky-jug did add a touch of luxury to the work, but the result was rather to intoxicate the laborer than to mitigate the severity of the mid-summer sun, or to dispel the stifling dust. Nothing could equal the Indian corn for the necessities of settlers in a new and iso- lated country. It furnished food for man and beast, it often supplied a roof as well as bed, and the harvest could be partially an- ticipated by several weeks, an availability which was not the least of its recommenda- tions to public favor. Its earliest foes, the squirrel and crow, gave the boys a pleasur- able occupation in defending the fields, which often afforded them the first opportunity of using a rifle or shot-gun. After the ear was formed and the grain half-grown, this contest, which had ceased for a time for want of a pretext, was renewed, for the squirrel seemed to recognize the era of “ roasting ears ” as quickly as the farmer. The tender corn shaved off and eaten in milk was a dish that is still highly praised, and, grated fine, in times of scarcity supplied a very palatable substitute for meal. As the ears ripened, the blades were pulled off and tied in bundles ; the tops above the ear were cut off and shocked to cover the “ fodder barn ; ” and finally the ear was pulled and stored to furnish the crowning occasion of the fall, the husking- bee. Another and important source of wealth, or rather of comfort, which was the form in which frontier affluence expressed itself, was the stock, which immigrants took care to bring with them in unusual variety. Among these the cow obtained a prominence which the plainness of frontier fare exalted to the dis- tinction of a public benefactor. As Dr. Drake expresses the fact — “ old Brindle was then a veritable member of the family, and took her slop at the cabin door, while the children feasted on her warm milk within. The calf grew up in their companionship, and disputed with them for its portion of the delicious beverage which she distilled from the cane and luxuriant herbage in which she waded through the day.” HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 211 Next to the cow, and scarcely second in the estimation of the early Kentuckians, was the horse, which acquired an importance unknown elsewhere on the western border. From the first these animals were used, to the almost entire exclusion of oxen, in all the labors of the frontier. This doubtless arose from the predilections of the people, who came largely from Virginia, where the passion for the horse had been fostered from an early date. The habit and necessity of traveling on horse- back emphasized this tendency, and the de- mand for speed and endurance in the con- flict with the Indians added an incentive to the cultivation of this animal, which produced a race-track before the Indians had yielded peaceable possession of the land. The fii’st “track” was probably a straight- quarter - course in the neighborhood of Foxtown, Mad- ison County, where, it is said, an enthusiastic horse-trainer was shot by an Indian from the cane brake just as he was pulling up his steed at the end of the track. Swine came quite as much a matter of course as of necessity. They had long occu- pied an important place in the domestic econ- omy of the section which peopled this coun- try, and later years have so far confirmed this early taste that their favorite meat and cereal, “hog and hominy,” have almost be- come of sectional significance. Sheep were also brought to the new country, but in small numbers. Most families had one or two, which, in some cases, increased to flocks of twenty to forty head, but in more instances the few first brought fell early victims to the wolves. They were brought principally in obedience to the necessity for material from which to manufacture clothing, and suf- ficient survived for this purpose. They were little cared for as food, and save during the presence of harvest hands, or a large com- pany on other special occasions, mutton sel- dom graced the farmer’s board. Stock found in this new land a free sup- port, unrestrained in range or bounty. The first settlers found little necessity for giving their stock other care, the year round, than lo provide a little salt at stated occasions. Bells were used on all but the hogs, which were marked by sundry slits and crops in the ear and allowed to run at large until wanted for food, when they were found in good con- dition, to which the abundant fall of nuts amply contributed. Horses were in regular use, and, as the farmer’s crop increased, were fed more or less corn. Milch cows were fed the provender preserved from the corn crop, and pumpkins, which were raised for the pur- pose. In these the sheep sometimes shared, but it was not until the settlements consider- ably increased that even this was thought necessary. In a later day, when the store of provender ran short, and a peculiarly severe winter made it necessary to provide natural food, which the snow prevented the stock from procuring for themselves, recourse was had to “browsing.” For this purpose the farmer drove his stock to the woodland, and, cutting down a red or white elm, or a white hickory, would leave it to the hungry ani- mals, which needed no urging to attack the smaller and tender twigs, and even the bark stripped from the larger parts of the slippery elm. In the meantime the farmer and his boys prepared fuel for the evening tire, or, if not too pressed with care, woirld be drawn off by sundry tracks in pursuit of “coons” and rabbits. Sheep were usually folded each night to guard them against the attacks of wolves. This protection consisted of a rude log pen near the cabin, and not unfrequently, when the configuration of the ground permitted, a space under the cabin was devoted to the pur- pose. As settlements extended, fences suf- ficient to guard the growing crops from the incursions of hogs and cattle were found nec- essary, and gradually restricted the home range. The stock was then frequently di’iven to some distance, where a good scope of un- occupied country and plenty of water afford- ed the desired range. Here a handful of salt laid on the ground established a rendezvous, which the stock never abandoned. Hunting the cows or horses was not then a trivial undertaking, and the “hunter” would often prosecute his search to such a distance from accustomed landmarks as to be obliged to de- pend upon the instinct of the animal to lead 212 HISTORY or KENTUCKY". him back. Failing to find the animal he was utterly lost, and not unfi’equently within two or three miles of home. This service fell principally to the share of the younger mem- bers of the family, who early developed so acute and quick observation as to enable them to distinguish the peculiar tone of their own bells from that of their neighbors.* * * § But outdoor activities were only of second- ary importance in solving the problem of pioneer life. These produced the crude ma- terials, but their adaptation to the necessities of life, the development of new possibilities from meager resources, f and the ingenious ameliorations of an experience full of obdur- ate exactions, pertain to the mysteries of the cabin, the presiding genius of which was the wife and mother. Woman was something more than man’s helpmate on the frontier, and after a lapse of nearly two centuries the opinion of the first deliberative assembly on this continent (1619) — that, “in a new plan- tation, it is not known whether the man or woman be the most necessary” — remained unchallenged. The interior of the cabin was in harmony with the rude simplicity of its outward con- struction. Housekeeping conveniences were not yet contrived, and the “inside finish” con- sisted solely of some pegs driven into the wall for the accommodation of the few arti- cles of spare clothing, and two larger ones, or a pair of buck horns over the fire place, for the rifle. “Moving in” was a trivial affair. The limited possessions of the pioneers and the more restricted mode of early transporta- tion compelled the immigrant to bring only *The faculty of distinguishing the delicate differences in ordinary sounds was one of the prime essentials in successful woodcraft, and was possessed by all pioneers in a wonderful de- gree. An incident related by Judge Robertson in a public ad- dress, in 1843, illustrates this feature of the frontier education. Among the captured whites at the battle of Blue Lick was an excellent husband and father. He fortunately escaped the fate of many of his comrades in captivity, but for a year his wile and friends knew only that he was reported certainly dead— killed on the field of battle. She, however, hoped against reason, and when wooed by another, postponed the nuptials, declaring her belief that her husband would return. “Her expostulating friends finally succeeding in their efforts to stifle her affectionate instinct, she reluctantly yielded, and the nuptial day was fixed. But just before it dawned, the crack of a rifle was heard near her lonely cabin. At the familiar sound she leaped out like a liberated fawn, ejaculating as she sprang, ‘ That’s John’s gun.’ It was .John’s gun, sure enough; and in an instant she was once more in her lost husband’s arms.” (See Collins, Vol. II, p. 289 ) fThe wife of William Poague, who came to Ilarrodsliurg in 1776, brought the first spinning wheel to Kentucky, and, her hus- band having contrived a rude loom by sinking the posts in the § round and piecing the beams and sieys to them, she made the rst linen manufactured in the State from the lint of nettles, and the first linsey-woolsey from this lint and butl'alo wool. such necessary things as the frontier did not furnish material for making. The furniture consisted of a few articles roughly made on the spot. A split slab, smoothed with an ax and supported by four legs, did duty as a table; three-legged stools or long benches of the same material supplied the place of chairs; a log-trough cradled the baby, while the bed, if raised from the floor, rested upon a one- legged fixture in the corner of the cabin. The bed was often only a few bear and buffalo skins thrown upon the floor, but provident housewives generally took care to bring a bed-tick, which was filled with leaves until the first corn-crop supplied husks for the purpose; and this, covered with bear or buf- falo skins, lent a touch of luxury to this nec- essary feature of cabin furniture. A similar ingenuity provided kitchen and table utensils, which consisted principally of articles turned or “ coopered ” out of wood. These included noggins, trays, trenchers, bowls, spoons and ladles, besides the larger vessels, such as buckets, milk-pails, churns, tubs, etc., etc. A kettle and frying-pan or “Dutch-oven” were almost the only metal ar- ticles used in the cabin. A tin cup was an article of delicate luxury, almost as rare as an iron fork, and few knives were to be found save those which each man carried as a part of his equipment; at best, two or three suf- ficed for the use of the family. Another ar- ticle, which was an important factor in the domestic economy of the cabin, was the grater. A piece of tin, eight or nine inches long, its surface closely set with the jagged results of rude perforations, was bent in semi- circular form and fastened to a piece of wood. On this the unripe corn, too soft to pound or grind, was reduced to a sort of pulp, which could then be made into bread or oth- erwise prepared for food. It was often called the “ blood-mill,” from the frequent lacera- tions which befel the fingers of those who operated it. When the grain became harder, the “hominy-block,” to be found about every cabin, was brought into requisition. This was a rude wooden mortar, the concavity of which was made by burning and scraping. The pestle was an iron wedge let into a wood- HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 213 en handle, which was often attached to a spring-pole to aid the operation. In this day of diversified industry, when one labor-saving invention crowds another off the stage in endless and rapid succession, one can scarcely comprehend the patient, perse- vering effort required of the pioneer house- wife, even for the successful discharge of the ordinary duties of the cabin. The lack of costly furniture, unwholesome carpets, of fragile bric-a-brac and expensive hangings, did not lessen her care. She was both mis- tress and servant, matron and nursery-maid, housekeeper and charwoman, dairy-maid and cook. Neatness was not less demanded of her than of the modern housewife, and her split- broom and scrub-brush found ample serv- [ ice in keeping floor and furniture clean and white. Food was abundant and wholesome, but, like everything else that the pioneer pos- sessed, it was to be derived only from the crude natural product. The richest milk, the choicest butter, and the finest meats, with wild fruit, nuts and honey, were to be had for the trouble of taking them from Nature’s bountiful hand. Bread was most difficult to obtain, and its scarcity was of ten a great pri- vation. At such times the corn-pone was es- teemed a great luxury, but this would at length pall on the taste, and the settler would yearn for the “ neat and abounding wheat- bread trays ” of his earlier home.* The labor involved in this was not une- qually divided between the sexes. “ The men hunted and brought in the meat; they plant- ed, plowed and gathered the corn; grinding it into meal at a hand-mill, or pounding it into hominy in the mortar, was occasionally the work of either, or the joint labor of both.” But with these offices women’s labor was scarcely begun. Custom and necessity united to lay upon her the duty of providing for every household need that the rude agricult- ure of the period did not supply, and in all the multifarious activities which engaged her *Dr. Drake relates that when a little child he cried and begged for bread, which could not be had, until his parents were obliged to leave the table to hide their distress, Casseday (Hist, of Louisville, p. 31,) records “that when the first patch of wheat was raised about this place, after being ground in a rude and laborious hand-mill. It was sifted through a gauze neckerchief, as the best bolting cloth to he had. It wasthen shortened with raccoon fat, and the whole station inv ted to partake of a sump.- luous feast upon flour cake.” skill and energy, she labored unaided by la- bor-saving machinery. And so she milked the cows in all weather, while sturdy men and boys watched an operation too effem- inate to enlist their service; churned the but- ter and pressed the cheese; carried the tubs to the spring or caught rain water for the weekly “washing” from the eaves in troughs and barrels; made her own soft-soap; washed, picked, carded and dyed the wool; pulled, broke, hatcheled and bleached the hemp; spun the thread, and wove the cloth; contrived and made the garments; reared her children, nursed the sick, sympathized with the dis- tressed and encouraged the disheartened la- borer at her side. In all this, and above it all, woman was the tutelar saint of the fron- tier. The dress of the women consisted of linen and linsey-woolsey — linen and wool combined. An over shadowing sun-bonnet of linen, neat- ly washed and ironed, and a check apron made of the heavier material, with home- made stockings and a pair of heavy cowhide shoes, constituted the lady’s outfit for the most imjiortant occasion. Beer skins were much used in men’s wear, and both men and women so much resembled the savages in their general attire, that in the excitement of an attack they were often mistaken for In- dians.* The hunting-shirt was universally worn. This was a kind of loose frock, reaching half way down the thighs, with large sleeves, open before, and so wide as to lap over a foot or more when belted. The cape was large and sometimes handsomely fringed with a raveled piece of cloth of a different color from that of the hunting-shirt itself. The bosom of this dress served as a wallet to hold a chunk of bread, cakes, jerk, tow for wiping the barrel of the rifle, or any other necessary for the hunter or warrior. The belt, which was always tied behind, answered several purposes beside that of holding the dress together. In cold weather the mittens, and sometimes the bullet-bag, occupied tlie ^Numerous incidents illustrative of this fact are to be found throughout the tales of the border. In the rescue of the Calla- way sisters and Jemima Boone, Elizabeth Callaway was found silting ag linst a tree with a red bandanna handkerchief on her head, fine of the rescuers was about lo bring the raised butt of his gun down upon her head with, fatal force, when one who happened to recognize her warded otf the blow. Coomes, who figured in an adventure near Harrodsburg, was subsequently out with a party getting corn at a distant crib, when the Indi- ans made an attack, killing eight of the whites at the first fire. The blood of a comrade was spattered in Coomes’ face, and so changed his appearance that a comrade leveled his rifle at him which the former observed barely in time to declare his iden- tity. These incidents might be added to almost indefinitely. 214 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. front part of it. To the right side was suspended the tomahawk, and to the left tlie scalping knife in its leathern sheath.* The hunting-shirt was generally made of linsey, sometimes of coarse linen, and a few of dressed deer skins. These last were very cold and uncom- fortable in wet weather. The shirt and jacket were of tlie common fashion. A pair of drawers or breeches and leggins were the dress of thighs and legs, and a pair of moccasins answered for the feet much better than shoes. These were made of dressed deer-skins. They were mostly made of a single piece, with a gathering seam along the top of the foot, and another from the bottom of the heel, without gathers, as high as the ankle joint or a lit- tle higher. Flaps were left on each side to reach some distance up the legs. These were nicely adapted to the ankles and lower part of the legs by thongs of deer skins, so that no dust, gravel or snow could get within the moccasin. The moccasins in ordinary use cost but a few hours’ labor to make them. This was done by an instrument denominated a moccasin-awl, which was made of the back spring of an old clasp knife. This awl, with its buck-horn handle, was an ap- pendage of every shot-pouch strap, together with a roll of buck-skin for mending the moccasin. This was the labor of almost every evening. They w’ere sewed together and patched with deer-skin thongs, or tchangs, as they were commonly called. In cold weather the moccasins were well stuffed with deer’s hair or dry leaves, so as to keep the feet comforta- bly warm; but in wet weather it was usually said that wearing them was a “decent way of going barefooted;” and such was the fact, owing to the spongy texture of the leather of which they were made. Owing to this defective covering of the feet, more than to any other circumstance, the greater number of our hunters and warriors were afflicted with rheumatism in their limbs. Of this disease the}" were all apprehensive in wet and cold weather, and therefore always slept with their feet to the fire to prevent or cure it as well as they could. This practice unquestionably had a very salutary effect, and prevented many of them from becoming confirmed cripples in early life.f *An .'ilmostiusep.arable compamon of the early Kentuckian was the rifle, a small horeJ, long, heavy barreled gun, with Hint lock. It required only a small charge, and up to 150 yards, the ordinary limit of forest range, it was exceedingly accurate. Such was the prejudice in favor of the long barrel that no other gun was thought fit for a woodsman. It is related that when the first attempt to run the boundary line between Kentucky and Tennessee was made, one of the guard, which attended the surveying party, had a short rilled gun, which was an object of derision to the whole party, (tn one occasion Dr Walker called up the owner of the despised weapon, and said; "We don't think much of your short gun, but here’s a chance to test it — a target for you; hit it if you can.” The object was a turkey’s head, about 100 yards distant, upon a dead limb of a standing tree. Jiloi-e in a spirit of desperation than of confidence, the challenged marksman drew sight on the object, fired, and brought down the bird. His success was greeted with approv- ing shouts of the company, and Walker said, if his father had risen from the dead, and told him he could kill that turkey with that thing, he would not have believed it. (See Appendix A, Note 23.) fDoddridge’s Notes, p. 114. Early emigrants came principally from the “back settlements” of the Atlantic colonies. With few exceptions they came from the poorer farming classes, and possessed little of the refinement to be found in the older communities in the region from which they came. But where refinement did exist, a few mouths of isolation and an experience of the dependence of each family upon the friendly offices of every other served to do away with any fastidiousness which may have been cherished at first, and gradually molded the whole community into a homo geneous society. The average early settle- ment consisted of a cluster of clearings — from two to ten acres in extent and inclosed by a brush fence — sejiarated by intervening for- ests, through which foot -trails, bridle-paths, and, finally, narrow wagon -ways wound their devious course amid stumps, pitfalls and other obstacles to travel. Thus, a dozen or more clearings were often situated within sound of a rifle or falling tree, but complete- ly hidden in the forest, and only marked as the site of human habitation by a one-story round- log cabin, about which four or five ragged childi-en pursued their noisy play. Neighborhoods were not limited to such nar- row bounds, however, but several such settle- ments, situated miles apart, were closely linked together by social ties. Social gatherings were frequent and were closely allied to useful occupations. Meet- ings to raise log-cabins, barns, etc., to roll up logs in a new clearing, or later for the opening of new roads, were occasions when the men, after a hard day’s work, would spend the evening in the rough sports of the period. “Profanity, vulgarity and drinking” are described by Dr. Drake as the “most em- inent characteristics” of these gatherings. “All drank, though not to excess, but all, of course, did not participate in other vices; yet I am bound to say that coarse jocularities were scarcely frowned upon by any. Some sort of physical amusements, including fights, in which biting and gouging were es- sential elements, with the beastly intoxication of several, would generally wind up these HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 215 meetings.”* Other gatherings in which the women took the leading part were qnilting and spinning-bees “Toward evening the younger men would assemble and amuse them- selves by athletic exercises without, and talking to and ‘ plaguing the gals ’ within the cabin. The quilt being removed, the supper table took its place, and after the ladies had risen from the cream of the feast, the gentlemen, who had whetted their appe- tites by drinking whisky and looking on, proceeded to glut themselves on the reliquice. Then came on plays of various kinds, inter- larded with jokes and bursts of laughter till bed- time, when the dispersion took place.” Corn huskings engaged both sexes, and were popular sources of rude but absorbing amusement. When the crop was gathered in, the ears were heaped into a long pile or rick, a night fixed on, and the neighborhood notified rather than invited, for it was an affair of mutual assistance . As they as- sembled at nightfall, the green- glass-quart- whisky- bottle, stopped with a cob, was handed to every one, man and boy, as they arrived, to take a drink. A sufficient number to constitute a sort of quorum having arrived, two men, or more commonly two boys, constituted themselves, or were by acclama- tion declared captains. They paced the rick and | estimated its contractions and expansions with the eye, till they were able to fix on the spot on which the end of the dividing rail should be. The choice depended on the tossing of a chip, one side of w'hich had been spit upon; the first choice of men was decided in the same manner, and in a few minutes the rick was charged upon by the rival forces. As others arrived, as soon as the owner had given each the bottle, he fell in accord- ing to the end that he belonged to. The captains planted themselves on each side of the rail, sus- tained by their most active operatives. There at the beginning was the great contest, for it was law- *Drake’s “Pioneer Life in Kentucky,” p. 184: A meeting for road-making in 1797 is described in the autobiography of Rev. Jacob Young. The company consisted of about 100 men, each provided with an ax, three days’ provisions and a knapsack for baggage, under the direction of a captain. The day was spent in hard work, and as it was in November, and the night promised to be cold, large fires were built. This done and supper eaten, hunting stories and “some pretty fine singing under the circum- stances,” were the order. “Thus far well, but a change began to take place. They became very rude and raised the war- whuop Their .shrill shrieks made me tremble. They chose two captains, divided the men into two companies, and com- menced fighting with fire-brands — the log heaps being burned down. The only law for their government was that no man should throw a brand without fire on it, so that they might know how to dodge. They fought tor two or three hours in perfect good nature till brands became scarce, and they began to violate the law. Some were severely wounded, blood began to flow freely, and they were in fair way of commencing afightin earnest. At this moment the loud voice of the captain rang out above the din, ordering every man to retire to rest. They dropped their weapons of warfare, rekindled the fires and laid down to sleep.” (See Collins, Vol. II, p 734.) ) ful to cause the rail to slide or fall toward your own j end, shortening it and lengthening the other. Corn I might be thrown over unhusked, the rail might be pulled toward you by the hand dexterously applied underneath, your feet might push corn to the other side of the rail, your husked corn might be thrown so short a distance as to bury up the projecting base of the pile on the other side; if charged with any of these tricks, you of course denied it, and there the matter sometimes rested; at other times the charge was reaffirmed, then rebutted with “you’re a liar,” and then a fight, at the moment or at the end, settled the question of veracity. The heap cut in two, the parties turned their backsuponeach other, and making their hands keep time with a peculiar sort of tune, the chorus of voices on a still night might be heard a mile. The oft-re- plenished whisky bottle meanwhile circulated freely, and at the close the victorious captain, mounted on the shoulders of some of the stoutest men, with the bottle in one hand and his hat in the other, was canned in triumph around the vanquished party amidst shouls of victorjq which rent the air. Then came the supper, on which the women had been busily employed, and which always included a “pot pie.” Either before or after eating the fighting took place, and by midnight, the sober were found assisting the drunken home. (Pioneer Life in Ken- tucky; pp. 54-56.) Courtship and marriage were marked by the same rude zest. There was a little romance and less formality in frontier life, and marriage was viewed with far more prac- tical concern then than now. There was little philandering; the character of pioneer recreations brought the young of both sexes frequently together, and marriages were made up with little previous formality. It was 1 quite the thing, if the young man possessed the means, to escort one’s lady-love to church on horse-back; the less fortunate swain met his sweetheart at the church and walked home with her. On such occasions it was no uncommon occurrence, after getting out of sight of the church, for the young lady to remove her morocco slippers and stockings — when stores finally brought such luxuries in reach — and walk home with her escort bare- footed. If an old pioneer* may be trusted, “the general custom was to see your sweetheart at night, take your seat by her and embrace her in your arms, with many kisses some- times reciprocated; take her in your lap, with your arms wound around each other in *Hon. Urban E Kennedy, for seventy years a resident of Todd County, Ky. (See History of Todd County; pp. 56 and 273.) 216 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. all innocence and virtue.” In describing an instance, where with a friend he put this theory into practice, the same gentleman gives the following illustration of early courtship: Well, Henry took hi.s girl to one corner and I the other one in the remote opposite corner. We sat down as close as we could, and Henry laid off his fine beaver (which cost $12) carefully in the corner near the wall, and happened to set it very plumb in the skillet, in which they had fried meat for supper. It was quite dark in the house; the little fire had gone out, so we enjoyed ourselves until the small hours of the night. I proposed that we leave, and Henry, seizing his hat by the brim, raised with it the skillet and aM. The gravy, a half inch deep, had cooled enough to stick tight. He soon discov- ered the situation, and the poor girls were greatly mortified. They got a little stump of a tallow dip, and with a case-knife we scraped off all we could. We were not in the habit of swearing, but Henry said that he could not do the subject justice with- out some profanity. The early settlers generally married young, boys of eighteen and girls of six- teen entering into the marriage relation. There were no arbitrary social distinctions, a family establishment cost little more than labor to provide, and there were no pruden- tial reasons to prevent the first impression of love being speedily followed by marriage. This was the usual order, and was a matter which enlisted the eager interest of the whole community. The wedding was a pub- lic occasion, and the only one in the social regime of the frontier that was not associated with a season of vigorous exertion. It was anticipated, therefore, with the liveliest satisfaction, and was attended by a revel in which the wildest spirit of frolic ruled the hour. The wedding commonly occurred in the daytime. In the morning of the appointed day the groom with his friends of both sexes set forth on horseback from the house of his father in time to reach their destination about noon. On reaching a point about a mile from the bride’s residence, two young men of the party would elect to “run for the bottle,” and starting at a given signal would rush their horses by the most direct practicable route to the cabin. The more difficult the way, the better the sport, and logs, brush, swail, hills and hollows were passed unheeded in their eager emulation for the victory. The one first at the door received from the bride’s father a bottle of whisky, with which the victor returned to the approaching cavalcade, and, first presenting the trophy to the groom, it rapidly made its way to the mouth of man and maid through- out the company, when it was returned to the victor. The ceremony followed the arrival of the company; the dinner, made up of a great variety of substantial food and whisky, succeeded, after which dancing or games were begun and generally kept up un- til next morning. About 9 or 10 o’clock, a deputation of the young ladies stole off with the bride and put her to bed in the loft; and this done, a delegation of young men took the groom and snugly placed him beside her. The merri- ment then went on, and if seats were scarce, as was generally the case in the frontier cab- ins, the young men, when not engaged upon the floor, were obliged to offer their laps as seats for the girls, an offer that was never re- jected. In the zest of the wedding hilarity, the bride and groom were not forgotten. Late in the night some one would suggest that the new couple must be in need of refreshments, and “black Betty” — the whisky bottle — with a generous allowance of the fragments of the substantial dinner, would be sent up by a deputation, and bride and groom obliged to partake of a liberal portion of the fare provided. On the following day the “infare” would be held at the cabin of the groom’s father, and thither the pictur- esque cavalcade, “headed by the bride and groom,” would early wend its way. Here the scenes of the wedding occasion would be re-en- acted “with such new accompaniments as new members of the company could suggest, or the inventions of a night of excited genius had brought forth.” Dancing was not a universal custom. Many of the early settlers were piously opposed to this form of amusement, but there were few settlements from which the exercise was entirely excluded. As described by Doddridge, “the figures of the dance were CENTRE COLLEGE, JtAIX BCILDING, DANVILLE.— .SEE [’AGE 504 . HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 217 three or four-handed reels, and square sets and jigs. The commencement was always a square four, which was followed by what was called jigging it off; that is, two of the four would single out for a jig, and were followed by the remaining couple. The jigs were often accompanied with what was called cutting out; that is, when either of the parties became tired of the dance, on inti- mation the place was supplied by some one of the company without any interruption of the dance. In this way the dance was often continued till the musician was heartily tired of his situation. Toward the latter part of the night, if any of the company, through weariness, attempted to conceal themselves for the purpose of sleeping, they were hunted up, paraded on the floorj and the fiddler ordered to play “Hang on till to-morrow morning.” The use of intoxicants was nearly univer- sal. \ For a short time the first settlers were abstainers from the force of circumstances. The nearest point where whisky could be ob- tained was hundreds of miles away, and its importation as well as manufacture was rendered difficult, if not impossible, by the hostile activity of the savages. But it was hardly to be expected that a class of people who had been educated to use it as a regular beverage would be forced to settle do^vn to the practice of total abstinence by a danger which they braved without hesitation for objects of a much less pressing nature. "When its manufacture was first introduced into Kentucky has not been ascertained, but its sale in hotels was regulated as early as 1781, and it was certainly manufactm-ed here as early as 1783, if not before. As has been indicated in the foregoing pages, it rapidly came into general use, and formed a part of not only every public entertaiment, but of every cabin’s hospitality. For a friend to call and find the bottle empty occasioned the host a feeling of chagrin, and gave rise to a suspicion of stinginess in the mind of the caller. There were some, however, who were exceptions to the general rule. These were usually Methodists, whose discipline required abstinence, but it was a cause of reproach among members of other sects, and of no sect, who did not hesitate to suggest that they probably “drank behind the door.” Dissenting religionists were an important element of the early society of Kentucky. So long as the people remained cooped up in stations, religious activity was held some- what in abeyance, but this restraint removed, the zeal fostered by the conflict in Virginia sprang into new life on the frontier. Prob- ably the first preacher on the border was the Rev. John Lythe, “of the Church of Eng land,” who conducted divine service under the magnificent elm at Boonesborough, in 1775. But the old antagonisms were transferred from Virginia to Kentucky, and the Episco- pal Church found no encouragement in the new settlements. It was known only as the Church of England, and was generally re- garded as “an organized body of Arminians enlisted in the service of despotism.” All dissenting sects found the freedom of the newly settled region congenial to the propagation of their faith, and each was rep- resented in the creeds of some of the first settlers. Of these, the Baptists were the first to plant their organization here. As early as 1776, William Hickman, Sr., began travel- ing among the stations confirming the Bap- tist membership in the faith. In 1780, Lewis Craig, one of the valiant champions of the dissenting cause who was carried singing to prison in Fredericksburg, led the most of his chm’ch from Spottsylvania County, Va., to Gilbert’s Creek, in Garrard County. Here a church was organized in the following year. In 1782 others were planted in the re- gion of Nelson and Hardin Counties, and in 1783 a fourth was established on South Elk- horn, five miles south of Lexington. In the latter year (1783) the Rev. David Rice, a minister of the Presbyterian faith, came to Kentucky and gatbered the scattered membership of this church into three con- gregations, at Danville, Cane Run and at the forks of Dick’s River. Other ministers fob lowed, established other churches, and in due course of time the Transylvania Presbytery was formed, which, in 1786, represented twelve congregations in more or less perfect state of organization. 218 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. In this year (1786), also, the name of Ken- tucky first appears in the general minutes of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The whole area of the present State was then constituted a cix'cuit, and James Haw and Benjamin Og- den appointed the first itinerants. A class had been established as early as 1783 in the region of Mercer County, but the first church was not organized until three years later. In 1788 the original circuit was divided under the names of Lexington and Danville, and in 1790 the first Methodist Church edi- fice, a log-cabin at Masterson’s Station, five miles northwest of Lexington, was erected. The first Catholic emigrants were William Cooraes and Dr. Hart, who came to Harrods- burg in 1775. Ten years later, a colony of Catholics emigrated from Maryland and set- tled principally on Pottinger’s Creek, in the region of Bardstown. In the next year a second colony followed, and settled in the same vicinity; and in 1787 another comjaany came, settling on Rolling Fork, in the pres- ent county of Marion. The number of Cath- olic families in Kentucky was now esti- mated at fifty, and at their solicitation a priest was sent to minister to them. Other of the clergy followed, who proved indefati- gable missionaries, but it was not until after 1793 that the denomination gained strength enough to organize the first church. From such beginniners the various church organizations developed, until there was scarcely a settlement without its meeting- house, and at least one rudimentary church. Where more than one sect was represented, as was generally the case, the same building served the purposes of all by turns, the whole church going community attending whenever there were services. When the attendance of ministers became somewhat regular, Sun- day became an occasion of special interest. As Dr. Drake describes it: It was a day for dressing up; and none but those who labor through the week, in coarse dirty clothes, can estimate the cheering influence of a clean face and feet, a clean shirt and “boughten” clotbes on a Sabbath morning. All preparation had to be finished at an early hour, for to reach the meeting-house was a work of time. At length we take our departure, mother in a calico dress, with her black silk bonnet covering a newly ironed cap, with the tabs tied be- neath her chin with a piece of narrow ribbon; father with his shoes just greased, and blackened with fat and soot mixed together; in his shirt sleeves if the weather was hot, or in his Sunday coat if cool; a worn dress hat over his short smooth black hair; a bandanna handkerchief in his pocket for that day, ' and his walking-stick in his hand or the baby in his arms; myself in fustian jacket, with my hat brushed and set up, my feet clean, and a new rag on some luckless “stubbed” and festering toe; the younger children in their best Sunday clothes, and the whole of us slowly, yet cheerfully, playfully, moving onward through the cool and quiet woods to the house of God. The scene around this village temple can never fade from my memory and heart. Horses hitched along the fence, and men and women on foot or horseback arriving from all quarters; within the inclosure, neighbors shaking hands and inquiring after each other’s families; a little group leaning against the fence in conversation; another seated on a bench “talking it over; ” another little party strolling among the graves; and squads of children sitting or lying on the grass to rest themselves. The hour for worship arrived, the congregation were seated in and around the cabin-church on benches without backs, and there stood Deacon Morris, beneath the pulpit, giving out the hymns, while Old Hundred, by twice as many voices, was mingled with the notes of birds in the surrounding trees. It was the custom of those who came from a distance to bring with them some kind of food, and in the hour of intermission they might be seen in scattered groups engaged in lunching. The early preachers were generally illiter- ate men, lacking in dignity and solemnity, but possessing considerable natural talents, and inspired by an indefatigable zeal. They were men who had grown up under the in- fluences of the religious agitation which pre- ceded and accompanied the Revolution, and, repelled by the apathy which followed the success of the dissenters, in their contest with the established church, sought fresher fields on the frontier. These circumstances brought to Kentucky a set of men who were well calculated to “ turn the world upside down.” Their lax system of morals, crude logic, and vigorous declamation met with great acceptation in a society where spirited action was much better understood than moral philosophy; and where religion meant the “belonging” to some church, the earnest opposition to the peculiar tenets of other sects, and the abstaining from certain capital HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 219 violations of the law-and-order sentiment of the community. The camp meeting was the mighty agency of pioneer propagandism. The lack of ministers as well as of commodious build- ings led to frequent out-door meetings. To these a preacher who touched the popular fancy would draw large numbers, who gathered at the appointed time from miles around. The Methodists were the earliest to convert these sei’vices into a series of meetings held on successive days and nights, but the practice became general, and each denomination commonly held a series of camp meetings each year. In such cases the people came prepared with provisions to remain several days, and even weeks on some occasions. In the meanwhile, ' when not in attendance upon the exercises, they found shelter in their wagons or in rudely con- structed booths in the woods. The earliest of these religious gatherings occurred in Logan County, at the time of the great revival which originated under the preaching of the Rev. James McGready, taking form in 1799 and continuing for several years. Various denominations took part in the initial meet- ing, and, as the interest extended, camp- meetings multiplied, at some of which it was estimated that from 20,000 to 25,000 persons were in attendance. A remarkable characteristic of these early camp- meetings was the bodily agitations which attended the excitement incident to the services. The manifestations, often bordering on the ridiculous, seem to baffle philosophical investigation. Men of rugged mind and physique and women and children alike succumbed to the “ jerks,” or rather the “exercises,” as they were popularly termed. The “ jerks’’ were the most common form of this strange malady, and generally pre- ceded the other forms of activity. An eye- witness thus describes these scenes: Many times I have seen them unexpectedly jerked flat on their backs, and the next instant jerked full length on their faces. Ladies, while sitting intently observant of the exercises, were jerked so violently that their bonnets, capes, hand- kerchiefs and loose apparel would be thrown clear away, and their long, beautiful hair, unrestrained by combs, fillets, etc., flowing down to their waists, would crack like an ox-whip with the violent vibra- tions of their heads and shoulders. Others would jump and run, like an antelope, perhaps for fifty or one hundred yards, and then fall prone upon the ground and lie apparently lifeless, sometimes for hours. Some wmuld say it was the chastening work of an Almighty God, others, that it was the work of the devil. You might see the skeptical high-flyers stand on the outskirts of the assembly, winking and making sport of these manifestations, and often, in five minutes, they would be screaming and howling like madmen. Once two old church-members of great formality and incredulity visited a meeting of this kind to observe with their own eyes what they had heard and disbelieved of these manifestations. After critically scrutinizing the whole matter they pronounced it heterodox, and left the ground. However, before reaching home, they took the “jerks,” and were thrown to the ground, giving utterance to piercing yells. After a time the ridicul- ing and unbelieving portion of the community be- came afraid to attend these meetings, lest they should feel this supernatural power, and stayed at home. But many, even here, in the midst of ridi- cule and philosophical speculation on the subject, would be taken with the jerks, and send for the minister and elders for instruction and relief. Most of those who were thus affected became members of some church, though quite a number, while they abated their skepticism in regard to the reality of the jerks, did not yield to its converting influence.'*^ (History of Todd County, p. 87.) A large part of the explanation of these manifestations may probably be found in the superstitious and credulous character of the early settlers. Respect for signs and omens constituted a conspicuous feature of their mental characteristics, and made them easily moved by shrewd interpretations of natural phenomena. A peculiar storm-cloud, with vivid flashes of ligchtnincf, made the threaten- ings of the sacred word more tangible, and, under certain circumstances, even raised a fear that the end of all things was at hand. The preachers of the time were not always proof against the temptation to use the power thus put in their hands, and numerous anecdotes are related which indicate that much of their remarkable power was due to a somewhat unscrupulous play upon the credu- lity of unsophisticated minds. *It is said that the first camp-meeting held in Christendom was in 1800, at the txasper River meeting-house, in Logan County. (See Collins, Vol. I, p. 404.1 In the "Biography of El- der Warren Stone” (by Elder John Rogers, Cincinnati, 1847), p 30, is found another and more complete description of these tiodily agitations. In the same work, pp, 348-404, is a somewhat elaborate review of the history and character of these manifesta- tions. 220 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. The ignorance of the people was not con- fined to supernatural things, however, and it is difficult, at this day, to conceive that such a degree of simplicity could anywhere exist among: the adults of an enlig:htened nation. Di’. Drake mentions instances of families cooking bohea tea with a ham of bacon as greens, and cooking a considerable quantity in a Dutch oven, from which the whole family made their breakfast, each dipping it up with a tin cup. In this matter the early society was not without its gradations, the Eastern emigrant being counted the most intelligent, the Virginian next, and the Marylanders third in the intellectual scale. Books were rare, and included sundry vol- umes of hymns, the Bible, Pilgrim’s Progress, and one or more almanacs. Even this lim- ited supply was not found everywhere, and in the most favored families the variety was seldom enlarged by a volume of poems, and never by a romance. Until the publication of a Kentucky almanac by Bradford, in 1788, these sybilline leaves were imported from Philadelphia, and were filled with anecdotes and bon-mots, “often profane, and oftener licentious in their character.” “Poor Richard’s Almanac” was a rare exception, and was used by the more refined. But it was the record of the moon’s phases, which were held of most practical account. With the waxing and waning of this -mysterious planet the whole tide of so- cial affairs ebbed and flowed. Babies were weaned, grains and vegetables were planted, and hog:s were killed with strict reg:ard for the inconstant moon. This credulity was universal, and made the almanac as indis- pensable to the cabin as the newspaper in modern homes. It is a creditable feature of this early society that with such training, and sur- rounded by the discouragements of poverty, lack of books and lack of school facilities and teachers, the people should have made such early efforts to secure the benefits of schools. The school teacher was early abroad in Ken- tucky. The first of these knights of the birchen rod was William Coomes. He was among the first settlers at Harrodsburg, and from 1775 until he moved to the Catholic settlements in Marion County, he plied his vocation at that station. But schools were not generally established until some time after the large immigration of 1788, and were thenceforward, for years, only the crudest attempts to organize for educational objects. The schoolhouse was the familiar log structure, with greased paper covered windows, puncheon benches and desks, and a. mammoth fire-place. Dill worth’s Speller and the New Testament were the sole text books; geography and arithmetic were taught orally, the propositions of these perplexing sciences often being further complicated by being expressed in a doggerel verse. Writing was more akin to manual than mental exercise, and required the teacher to be expert in making pens as well as marks. There was little of the orderly progression of latter-day systems, and few pretended to go beyond “capitals” and “large joining hand.” The teachers were generally of Scotch or Irish extraction, with now and then a Yankee. Unhampered by text books each teacher gave full scope to his peculiar theories, which gen- erally expressed his mental limitations and peculiarities of temperament and habits, and seldom failed to include a liberal use of the rod. The first quarter of the present century was marked by a I'apid progress in the scho- lastic attainments of the teacher, and in cen- tral Kentucky were found not only such math- ematical and classical instructors as Filson and his contemporaries, but the beginnings of that higher instruction which has since devel- oped into such grand proportions. The ear- HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 231 ly common schools were of course supported by subscription, each patron bearing such a proportion of the general cost as his children bore to the whole number instructed. But the teacher, being a man of necessities simi- lar to his patrons, made no difficulty in ac- cepting his salary in pork, corn or whisky, and thus these grosser articles were trans- muted into those faculties which charmed a senate or held the world in awe. “Business” had little recognition in fron- tier society. The great occupation of the new settlers was clearing away the forest and cultivating the soil. They had access to no markets; produce had no commercial value at home; and accustomed to find all their neces- sities supplied through their own skill and industry from nature, they did not encourage a division of labor. Each man was his own blacksmith, carpenter, tanner, shoe and har- ness-maker, while the women supplied the place of weaver and tailor. The work of the turner and cooper was less readily accom- plished, and when William Poague began the manufacture of tubs, churns, pails, noggins, etc., at Harrodsburg, the neighboring sta- tions found it a great convenience to exchange their produce for these indispensable articles of cabin furniture. Closely following this pioneer industiy came the primitive inn. It was scarcely to be distinguished from the simple home of the private citizen, and differed from the ordinary cabin principally in that its hospitality was dispensed at a fixed price. Its patronage was derived from prospectors who thronged to the new land, the temporary character of whose stay rendered such an establishment a necessity. The earliest of this class of pub- lic purveyors was situated near “the Falls,” and the regulation of its charges by the county court, in 1781, suggests the condition of things at that time. Whisky was provid- ed at $15 per half pint; corn at $10 a gallon; “stablage” or pasturage one night at $4; “a diet” at $12, and “lodging in a feather bed” at $6. These prices represent the depreciation of the continental currency rather than the scarcity of food, but the cost of all provisions which involved the use of machinery in their manufacture was necessarily high for many years. The first step toward the reduction of food prices was taken when the water-mill was introduced. The hominy-block and grater had, in many cases, been superseded by the hand mill, a small buhr propelled by hand, but this, while it improved the quality of the product, did not appreciably lessen the labor. The water-mill did both, but, dependent upon the inconstant streams, it proved only a par- tial substitute for the more laborious methods. Sawing facilities were soon added, and the pioneer began to rejoice in many conven- iences which the ax had failed to supply. These, with an occasional tan- yard, comprised the public industries of pioneer days — enter- prises which contributed much to the comfort of the early settlements, but failed alone to afford a support for those who employed their capital in them. There was, therefore, little inducement to “ go into business,” and those who did so still made farming their chief dependence for support and a future compe- tency. Accordingly, the chief pursuit of the early settlers for more than a quarter of a century was the acquisition of land. The public lands in Kentucky were acquired on easy terms. Before the “ old French war,” the commercial value of lands beyond the Alleghanies was very small, and the crown, anxious to build up a barrier of English set- tlements in the way of French pretensions, made liberal grants to corporations and indi- viduals who would undertake to introduce immigration. Hostilities intervened, and these grants served rather to lay the founda- tion of land claims than of settlements. The five years which followed this war, before the purchase at Fort Stanwix, were characterized by great activity in multiplying these claims. It was provided that the land bounties of the Virginian troops should be located on the waters of the Ohio, but these with the earlier grants were suspended for a time, while their conflicting interests were examined by the English ministry. But in the meantime, regardless of royal proclamation or Indian threatenings, the individual prospector was pushing his explorations and marking his 222 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY claims farther and farther toward the west. The extinction of the Indian title and the adjudication of bounty claims removed the last barrier to the possession of the coveted region. Adventurous land hunters, under the provision of Virginia enactments, vied with the military claimants in securing “ set- tlement rights.” A few chips cut by a tom- ahawk from a tree, or a rude log pen without roof, door, or window, were sufficient with some show of cultivation to constitute a claim to certain adjacent lands, and “ tomahawk ” and “ improver’s ” rights were well recog- nized property in that period. The latter class of claims became very numerous, the owners of which, who were in the habit of coming down the Ohio in the spring, doing a little work toward raising a crop of corn, and then returning to the older settlements, were generally known as “ cabiners.” Thus up to 1779, land was acquired with- out money and practically without price, but at this time the public lands of Virginia assumed a new importance. The burdens of the war for independence were beginning to be seriously felt, and the eager demand for the western lands suggested their availability as a means of relief. Accordingly, the as- sembly enacted the famous land law. which, after providing for the various claims previ- ously authorized, arranged for the sale of the remaining portion of the public lands for the benefit of the State treasury. The recog- nized claims may be classified as follows; First, those of the Ohio, Walpole and other companies, which had a title more or less perfect from the British government, though none of them were patented. Second, those founded on the military bounty warrants of 1763, some of which had been secured by patent. Third, Henderson’s claim by pur- chase from the Indians at Watauga. Fourth, those based simply upon selection and occu- pancy. Fifth, those resting upon selection and survey without occupancy. Sixth, those of persons who had imported settlers, to whom an old law of Virginia allowed fifty acres for each settler thus imported. Seventh, those of persons who had paid money into the old colonial treasury for land. Eighth, those of the officers and soldiers of (he Revo- lution, to whom Virginia was indebted. The adjudication of these claims was com- mitted to a special court consisting of Will- iam Fleming, Edmund Lyne, James Bar- bour and Stephen Trigg, which, after hear- ing the evidence in support of claims, was authorized to render final judgment, though it was provided that such judgments should be held open for revision until December 1, 1780. The whole matter was an intricate and perplexing subject, and to facilitate the work of the commission the assembly laid down the following principles for its guid- ance; First — When no patent existed, all surveys made before January 1, 1778, by any county surveyor commissioned by William and Mary College, and founded (a) upon charter; (h) upon importation rights duly proved; (c) upon treasury rights, i. e., money paid into the colonial treasury; (d) upon entries not exceeding 400 acres, made before October 26, 1763; (e) upon acts of the Virginia Assembly resulting from orders in council, etc. ; (/) upon any warrants from a colonial governor for military services, etc., were to be good; all other surveys were null and void. Second — Where no survey had been made, claims made (a) under importation rights; {b) under treasury rights; (c) under warrants for military services, were to be admitted to survey and entry. Third — Those who had actually settled or caused, at their cost, others to settle on un- appropriated lands, before January 1, 1778, were to have 400 acres or less, as they pleased, for every family so settled, paying $2.25 for each hundred acres. Fourth — Those who had settled in villages before January 1, 1778, were to receive for each family 400 acres adjacent to the village, at $2.25 per 100 acres, and the village prop- erty was to remain unsurveyed until the gen- eral assembly could examine the title to it, and do full justice. Fifth — To all having settlement rights as above described was given also a right of pre-emption to 1,000 acres adjoining the set- tlement, at 40 cents an acre. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 223 Sixth — To those who had settled since January 1, 1778, was given a pre-emption right to 400 acres, adjoining and including the settlement made by them. Seventh — All the region between the Green River, the Cumberland Mountains, Tenn., the river Tennessee, and the Ohio was re- served for military claims. Eighth — The 200,000 acres granted Hen- derson & Co. was to remain thus appropria- ted.* The commission began its work on the 13th of October, 1779, at St, Asaph’s, and for the convenience of claimants held its sessions at various points in Kentucky until the 26th of April, 1780, when, having accomplished its mission, it adjourned without day. In this period about 3,000 claims were passed upon, the first of which, it is said, was a claim of Isaac Shelby to a settlement and pre-emption for having raised a crop of corn in 1776. The greater part of the claims thus adjusted required the survey and entry of the lands before a perfect title could be had, but such was the inadequate provision of Virginia, in these important matters, that few claims could be indisputably established. The rad- ical and incurable defect of the law was the neglect of Virginia to provide for the^general survey of the whole country at public ex- pense. The plan of division by ranges and me- ridian lines had not then been suggested, but the Transylvania Company had conceived the idea of surveying ‘‘‘by the four cardinal points, except where rivers and mountains make it too inconvenient,” and so far as this work proceeded it was superior to what followed. By the Virginia law each possessor of a war- rant was allowed to locate the same where he pleased, and was required to survey it at his own cost; but his entry was required to bo so exact that each subsequent locator might recognize the land already taken up. To make a good entry, therefore, required a pre- cision and accuracy of description which was almost impossible. In the unskilled hands of the pioneers, entries, surveys and patents were filed upon each other, crossing each other’s lines in inextricable confusion, the *See Annals of the West, pp. 218-220. Laws of Kentucky, J. Bradford, Lexington, 1799, pp. 210-354. full fruition of which was not reached until the country became more thickly settled. All vague entries became null and void, but a good entry did not give an undisputed title. All entries were accepted for record, and when any of them were found to conflict the claimants were referred to the courts; thus countless unhappy, vexatious lawsuits fol- lowed, in which scant justice was secured to any one.* The conclusion of the special commission’s work was followed by an unfortunate scram- ble among the claimants to secure the survey and entry of their lands. George May opened his office in Harrodsburg in 1780, but was soon obliged to temporarily close it on account of Indian hostilities, and the offices at Lexington and Coxe’s Station were not opened until the latter part of 1782. This delay occasioned a gi’eat clamor which was re-enforced by the speculators and immi- grant purchasers, whom the ill-advised legis- lation of Virginia had brought to Kentucky in large numbers. After satisfying existing claims the assembly provided that the re- maining public lands should be offered to the general public in unrestricted quantities at 40 cents an acre. The purchase money was paid into the treasiu’y, from whence a warrant was issued to the purchaser for the specified quantity of land. This authorized the county sui'veyor to locate and enter the land where the purchaser was pleased to select it. It was also provided that land to the extent of 400 acres in any single case might be sold on credit, the surveyor’s author- ization in such case . consisting of an order from the county court. Such terms had the effect to greatly multiply the demand for surveyors, and so keen was the anxiety to select lands that even the fear of the Indians failed to deter the adventurous land- hunters from pushing their explorations. In the closing month of 1781, land specu- lation received an additional impulse from the questionable funding plan of Virginia. The paper issues of the State had shared the fate of the continental scrip, so that a hat was valued at £100, a coat and waistcoat *Appeiulix A, Note 24. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 22 i at £250, and a bushel of salt at £240. The dejjreciation of the State currency had been legally recognized, and a silver dollar rated at $1.50 in paper, but trade had long since- established a higher rate of exchange, and at this time the assembly sought to stem the current by additional legislation. It was ac- cordingly provided that the early issue should be taken up by new certificates at the rate of $1,000 in paper for one in silver. This new issue was made a legal tender for taxes and in the purchase of public lands, and the price of land was fixed at a specie valuation, but such was the deprecia- tion of the new currency that 100 acres brought less than the value of 50 cents in silver. The inevitable and immediate result was to flood the treasury with the discredited cuiTency in exchange for Kentucky lands, and to involve all land titles in a ruinous state of insecurity. The discovery of Haws in these titles eventually became the object of regular pursuit by unscrupulous men, who immediately took advantage of any legal defect to enter such lands and eject the settler whose industry had reclaimed it from the original wild condition. The almost universal distress and discontent which fol- lowed, seriously reacted upon the general prosperity, and such remedial legislation as was possible was early applied. The ejector was compelled to pay for the improvements made, which under the circumstances were not lightly valued. It followed, therefore, that the ejector found the investment rather unprofitable, for after such outlay the danger of being ejected in his turn still remained. The statute of limitations eventually ended these vexatious litigations, and land-titles in Kentucky are now as generally secure as elsewhere, though business prudence leads large investors to take the necessary steps to secure the court’s confirmation of their titles. PUNCHEON SEAT OF PIONEER SCHOOLHOUSE. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 225 CHAPTER X. THE ERA OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION. up^HE period of the Revolutionary war was an era of the most rapid and marvelous development in America. It abounded in new forms of virtue and greatness. “ Fidelity to principle pervaded the masses ; an unorgan- ized people, of their own free will, suspended commerce by universal assent ; poverty re- jected bribes. Heroism, greater than that of chivalry, burst into action from lowly men ; citizens with their families tied from their homes and wealth in towns, rather than yield to oppression. Battalions sprang up in a night from spontaneous patriotism ; where eminent statesmen hesitated, the in- stinctive action of the multitude revealed the counsels of maganimity ; youth and genius gave up life freely for the liberties of man- kind. A nation without union, without mag- azines and without a treasury, without credit, without goveroment, fought success- fully against the whole strength and wealth of Great Britain; an army of veteran sol- diers capitulated to insurgent husbandmen.” (Bancroft.) Into this struggle the people had thrown themselves with a patriotic aban- don which reserved no interest beyond the present, and when the victory was achieved and peace crowned the long and arduous contest, many found their occupation gone, the charm of old associations broken, and thousands, whose course of life was thus in- terrupted, discovered inclination not less than necessity suggesting the expediency of be- ginning life anew. To people thus circumstanced, the availa- bility of the western country was suggested in a hundred ways. The story of its beauty and fertility was well and widely known, and was further emphasized by the general dis- cussion which preceded the cession of State public lands to the general government. Bounties granted to State and continental troops took the form of warrants for certain of these lands, and the liberal terms on which Virginia offered her Kentucky posses- sions, all served to attract thousands of the Revolutionary soldiery to the western settle- ments. But this interest was not confined to the rank and file of the army. Large num- bers of bounty warrants found their way, through the improvidence or ignorance of the original grantees, into the hands of cap- italists, while the suicidal policy of Virginia, in making her depreciated currency a legal tender for lands, increased the speculative mania and added thousands to the throng of emigrants who crowded into the Ohio Valley. The New England “ Ohio Company, ” origi- nally projected in 1785 and taking form two years later, added its influence to the gen- eral movement, and the great immigration which began immediately after the proclama- tion of peace continued with almost unabated force until after the opening of the present century. In 1783, Kentucky alone received an addi- tion of 8,000 to her population. In the succeeding year 10,000 more came, and each flood -tide of the Ohio bore striking evidence to the increasing rage for westward emigra- tion. In 1786, an observer at the mouth of the Big Miami noted the passage of thirty- four boats in thirty- nine days ; another at Pittsburgh, in 1787, reported the departure of fifty flat-boats from that point between the 1st of March and the middle of April; at Fort Harmar, the adjutant recorded the num- ber of boats passing that post between Octo- ber, 1786, and May, 1787, at 177, carrying 2,700 persons. In 1788, it was estimated I 4 226 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. that not less than 10,000 emigraDts went by Marietta, and in twelve months, comprising portions of the years of 1788 and 1789, the official register kept at Fort Harmar showed that 20,000 souls had descended the Ohio in 850 boats, containing also 600 wagons, 7,000 horses, 3,000 cows and 900 head of sheep.* While the larger part of these emigrants found the end of their journey in Kentucky, another current came into this favored region by way of Cumberland Gap. This was the route followed by a considerable portion of the Virginia and all of the Carolina emigra - tion. A block house had been erected on the Holston, and here immigrants would col- lect until a sufficient number had rendez- voused to make it safe to pass the ‘ ‘ wilder- ness,” an uninhabited interval of 130 miles, which separated the Holston from Crab Orchard, the nearest settled point in Ken- tucky. In the broken country through which this path led, pack animals alone could be used for transportation, and a motley throng of horses, cows and oxen, all bearing packs, was a familiar sight on this route long after wagons were in common use elsewhere in the State. The effect of this wonderful movement of the peojale was to increase the population of Kentucky with marvelous rapidity. In 1783 it was estimated at 12,000; in the spring of 1784 it was placed at 20,000; at the begin- ning of 1785 it was thought to have reached 30,000; and at the first regular censirs, in 1790, it was found to be 73,677. Of this number 61,103 were free whites, the remain- der being chiefly slaves and free persons of color. About one-half of the white popu- lation and two-thirds of the slaves were drawn from Virginia; the balance came prin- cipally from Pennsylvania, Maryland and North Carolina, though there was a consid- erable representation of foreigners and of emigrants from Philadelphia, New Jersey, New York and the New England States. But this vast in-flowing tide of humanity ■was not less remarkable in the character of its elements than in its great numbers. Ken- McMaster’s “ History of American People,” Vol. I, p. 149, and Monette’s “ History of A^alley of the Mississippi,” Vol. II, p. 177. I tucky was no longer regarded as simply a haven for the repair of desperate fortunes, but rather a land, the future prospects of ! which invited the investment of wealth by the promise of profit, and the employment of professional genius by the hope of prefer- ment. This mighty immigration was there- fore something more than a curious incident; it was “the chaos of a mighty world round- ing into form,” The raw material of a State, Its [muscle and its mind]. Shelby and Brown had already come, and in the throng which followed into the frontier settlements of Kentucky could be discovered such leading characters as Innes, Bul- litt, Marshall, Christian, Wilkinson, Muter, Nicholas, Daviess and the future “great commoner,” Henry Clay.* All forms of social life felt the invigor- ating impulse. Isolated clearings expanded into fruitful and contiguous plantations. Stations grew into villages; and towns de- veloped into cities with a sustained rapidity scarcely equaled by the present progress of the Northwest. Agriculture began to flourish, new arts and manufactures sprang up ; stores were opened and trade with distant points established; schools and churches multiplied, and society, re-enforced by wealth and culture, began to assume new airs of gentility. Hitherto the adventurous population set- tled south of the Ohio had only been able to secure a precarious foothold in this contested region, and even this slight tenure was barely maintained by the greatest exertion. A few stations, principally confined to the upper valleys of the Kentucky, Salt and Green Rivers, and at the Falls of the Ohio constituted an isolated settlement on the verge of extinction. Five hundred miles away, through the “ great woods ” and over three mountain ranges, on the Atlantic slope, lay the seat of government at Richmond. Of the intervening country, the greater part was unmarked by human habitation. On the Kanawha, Greenbrier, Elk and Cheat Rivers, scattered at wide intervals, were feeble settlements which proved an induce- Came in 1797. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 227 ment rather than a barrier to the incursions of the savages, while on the Ohio, Pittsburgh, with its hundred dwellings. Wheeling with half as many board and log-cabins, Point Pleasant, marked simply by a stockade, and later. Marietta, planted near the mouth of the Muskingum, served to mark the slender tie which bound Kentucky to the older cen- ters of colonial life. Since Braddock’s time, a well-marked road- way had connected the upper Potomac with Pittsburgh, and a bridle path, leading from the Shenandoah Valley by way of the Hol- ston and Cumberland Gap to Crab Orchard, was nearly as old and well traveled, but it was not until 1782 that a route was thus marked out eastward from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, the great national center of commercial and political life. In Kentucky at this time there was not a single wheel - way. The trail from Limestone to Lexing- ton had been widened at intervals along its upper extent, and in 1783, a resolute pioneer by the name of Smith had managed to take his wagon from one terminus to the other; but so remarkable was this feat, that it gave this pioneer wagoner a certain claim to dis- tinction, which was popularly recognized in the name of “Smith’s wagon-road,” a name that for years was applied to this route. Impelled by the increased demand for more convenient modes of transportation, this line of travel was gradually improved by private enterprise, until about 1788 it began to be a scene of busy traffic, with lines of loaded wagons passing regularly between the ter- mini. The earliest attempt to improve the public roads by special legislation was in 1795, when the Kentucky legislature pro- vided for the widening, leveling and other- wise improving the trail from Cumberland Gap to Crab Orchard. This was originally blazed out in 1775 by Daniel Boone, but for which, he w'rote Gov. Shelby, he received no compensation. He wished to contract for the work proposed, but it was eventually let to others. Under the Virginia law county roads were laid out thirty feet wide, and from this date (1795) forward, considerable atten- tion was paid to the construction of wheel- ways, but as late as 1840, bridle paths and obscure wagon-trails greatly outnumbered the roads regularly laid out. Under the changed circumstances, business instincts were quickened. The great in- crease of population created a brisk demand for every surplus product; money became fairly abundant, and the addition of a con- siderable number of wealthy settlers created new wants, to which those skilled in the vari- ous trades were not slow to cater. The tailor, weaver, hatter, cabinet-maker, workers in leather, the blacksmith and even the car- penter soon found well-paid employment. A few fields of wheat south of the Kentucky marked the improvement of agricultural pur- suits, and several small distilleries gave promise of a home market for increased quantities of corn. Nor were trade activi- ties long limited to domestic exchanges. Enterprising merchants, who had kept pace with the advancing line of settlements, had some time before opened their wares at Brownsville, and now felt the general im- pulse to move with the flowing tide. In 1783, therefore, Daniel Brodhead left the Monon- gahela and- established a store at Louisville. In the succeeding year James Wilkinson, who had represented a New England trading company at the former place, also came to Kentucky and opened a store at Lexington. From this beginning an important com- merce sprang up between the thrifty settle- ments in Kentucky and Philadelphia and Nashville. This was soon very generally controlled by the merchants of Lexington, who brought their merchandise by wagon from Philadelphia or Baltimore to Pittsbui’gh, and thence by boat to Limestone, which early became the great entrepot for all the region south of the Ohio. Thirty-five or forty days were consumed in thus transport- ing goods to Lexington, including the two days and a hal f required to bring them from the landing place, the cost of carriage amounting to about $7 or $8 per hun- dred. The merchandise consisted of coarse and fine iron goods, cutlery, nails and tin- ware, dry goods, drugs, queensware and such groceries as tea, coffee and sugar, and were 228 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. in demand in about this order. From Lex- ington these commodities were distributed to the interior, the operations of the merchants extending to the growing settlements of Ten- iiessee, to which goods were transported by land. The scarcity of money which soon pre- vailed largely reduced business exchanges to a system of barter, which enabled the mer- chants to reap large profits. The local mer- chant was granted a year’s credit by the importing houses of the East, and made a considerable part of his payment in such products of the country as would bear the expense of transportation. He was careful, nevertheless, to secure what money there was in circulation. In receiving produce in pay- ment for goods, a difference of fifteen or twenty per cent in favor of the merchant was exacted. Certain goods were sold only for cash or exchanged for domestic, linen and hemp, articles which commanded a ready sale, and in this way the country was gradually drained of its circulating medium of exchange. Coin was the only form of money in gen- eral use. United States bank notes, when issued, commanded a premium, but while these were accepted by the merchants with- out difficulty, the common people feared the skill of the counterfeiter, and generally re- fused to use them. The piaster, or Spanish dollar, was the current money of Virginia, and consequently of Kentucky and Tennes- see, and was valued at six shillings sterling; but even rvhen this coin was fairly abundant there was a great scarcity of fractional cur- rency, which led to the evil practice of cut- ting the whole coin into quarters, eighths and sixteenths. This division was made by any one and every one, a custom which was promptly taken advantage of by unscrupulous persons to convert a portion of the metal to their own profit. “ Sharp-shins, ” or cut coius, were, therefore, soon taken by the merchants only by weight, and even then at a discount on the whole coin. Still, under the rule of trade, the coin came in large quantities into the hands of the merchants, who packed it on horses and sent it to Phil- adelphia, as many as fifteen or twenty ani- mals laden with this precious stuff at times setting oirt in company. There was scarcely anything produced in Kentucky which woirld bear the high cost of transportation by way of Pittsburgh to the East. East-bound freight was carried cheaper than the goods coming west, from the fact, that otherwise the great number of wagons employed in this trafiic would return empty; but even with this abatement merchants found little save the more valuable furs and ginseng* to export to their markets. When first discovered on this continent the latter was worth its weight in gold. It was sub- sequently found abounding in Pennsylvania and Kentucky, where it was secured by such of the inhabitants whose usual occupations allowed sufficient leisure to collect it. Hunt- ers gathered a large proportion of the amount early exported from Kentucky, who, in addi- tion to their usual accoutrements, carried a bag and a small pickaxe for the purpose. This found ready sale with the merchants at about a shilling a pound, and was sold in the seaports at 100 per cent advance. The expanding settlements of Tennessee and the Spanish possessions soon afforded a market for the more bulky products of Ken- tucky, and, among these, salt became the earliest article of trade. The region south of the Ohio was richly furnished with salt springs, and the pioneers found many places where this necessary condiment could be manufactured for their own supply, but many of them subsequently proved unprofitable for the purposes of commerce. There were at least twelve important salt springs between the Big Sandy and the Cumberland, of which the leading ones were May’s Lick and the Blue Licks, on the Licking, Big-Bone Lick, Drennon’s Lick and Bullitt’s Lick. The latter was situated on Salt River, about twenty miles from Louisville, and was the first that was extensively worked. It eventu- ally became the property of the United States and was leased to various contractors, under whose management the business expanded to such proportions as to engage fifty fur- naces and 500 men in the manufacture. *Appendix A, Note 25. HISTOEY or KENTUCKY. 229 The first atteropts to produce salt were characterized by the rudest simplicity. The ordinary pots and kettles used in the cabins were hung over an open fire, to which was transferred the brine laboriously dipped from the spring. In this way twenty or thirty men were able to manufacture a few bushels of salt in a month. When the development of the country suggested the more methodical prosecution of the enterprise and gave pro- tection to those engaged in the work, im- provements were rapidly introduced. The brine was then collected in pits, some twenty feet deep, and transferred from thence to kettles designed for the purpose. These were of “yellow copper,” had a capacity of “two hundred pints,” and for some years were solely manufactured at “Probes’ Fur- nace” in West Liberty, Penn. Ten or twelve of these kettles were arranged in a row upon a trench four feet in depth, and of a breadth suitable to afford a support for them. The interstices between the kettles were stopped with clay, forming a rude sort of furnace which was universally used in this region for many years. In both ends of this trench a wood fire was maintained night and day, but the cost of cutting and transporting the fuel, and the weakness of the brine, made the cost of the manufactured article reach $4 per hundred- weight at the furnace, which proved § a fatal obstacle to its exportation. These furnaces were subsequently enlarged so as to accommodate sixty kettles, and the supply of brine improved by boring to a con- siderable depth in the ground. From these wells, the brine was pumped by hand or horse-power, and conveyed by means of troughs directly to the kettles. With these improvements, a single furnace produced thirty-five or forty bushels a day. By in- creasing the number of furnaces to ten or fifteen, the annual product was raised to 150,- 000 bushels, and the proportional cost of labor was so reduced, that the manufactured product was sold at $1.40 per hiindred- | weight. At this price, this commodity became the leading article of export, and was shipped in large quantities to Nashville, where it was disposed of for money, furs, cotton, etc. The Kentucky works were not long without sharp competition. Salt springs were early dis- covered on the Kanawha, where the brine was found to be much richer. A large part of the product of these springs found a mar- ket in Pittsburgh, where it came in competi- tion with the Onondaga salt, which, with im- proved shipping facilities, eventually monop- olized the trade of all. Fortunately, long before this event the fer- tile lands of Kentucky had developed new articles of commerce, for which the opening of the Mississippi provided a ready market. The isolated wheat-fields of 1783 rapidly ex- panded into a broad acreage, which, in 1802, furnished not less than 60, 000 barrels of flour for the New Orleans market; tobacco, the cul- tivation of which, in 1802, had only recently been introduced, swelled the list with sevei’al thousand hogsheads, weighing from 1,000 to 1 , 200 poun ds each ; and the hemp-fields, beside supplying the busy hand-looms to be found in every cabin (in 1802) fmmished 42,048 pounds of the raw staple, and 2,402 hundred- weight manufactured into cables and cordage, for export. To these should be added the rapidly expanding crops of corn, rye and oats, which, though not found in the list of exports, swelled the products of the soil to an immense aggregate. Almost the entire yield of rye was disposed of to the distiller- ies, while oats and corn found an equally good demand at home. An increasing quantity of maize was each year consumed by the distilleries and fed to stock. This was especially true in the case of horses, the breeding of which was rapidly assuming a prominent place in the agricul- tural system of the new land. The number of horses was greatly augmented by the new immigration, and of the animals thus brought in, some were of breeds for which Virginia was then so justly celebrated. Many of the new comers were persons of wealth and lux- urious habits, whose influence was such as to give a new impulse to the early predilections of the Kentuckians, and care in breeding this animal became well-nigh universal. Nearly every plantation had a portion devoted to horses. They were never tied up. An “un 230 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. chinked ” log stable afforded some pi’otection from the weather, when they chose to avail themselves of it, and here a manger was kept supplied with corn, which the animals ate at their pleasure. Popular taste inclined only to carriage and saddle-horses, which were characterized by “ a delicate leg, a well pi’O- poi'tioned head, and an elegant slender form.” Such an animal was worth in Kentucky about $130 to $140. Farther south, and especially in the Carolinas, they were worth from 25 to 30 per cent more, and large numbers were annually taken there for sale. Strings of from fifteen to thirty animals were frequently seen Cows, valued at $10 or $12 a head, were found everywhere in large numbers. Milk formed an important part of the food of the common people. . Butter wae made in consid- erable quantities, but not much used, and “barreled butter” formed a not insignificant item in the exports of the time. But of all stock, hogs formed the most important feat- ure in the domestic economy of the region, both in the matter of numbers and income. They were allowed to run loose in the un- fenced forests, where they rapidly multiplied and fattened for market with little attention from the owners. They afforded the staple AN OLD TIME “WAIN” OR WAGON. setting off at the beginning of winter destined for Charleston, a distance of 700 miles, which they accomplished in eighteen or twenty days. Brood-mares found ready sale in Tennessee, and altogether, horses formed no inconsider- able part of the early commerce. The growing prosperity of the planters was not less marked in the increase of other kinds of stock. The number of horned cattle rapidly redoubled, and many engaged in buy- ing the sui’plus animals to drive to Virginia, where they were sold to the graziers on the banks of the Potomac to fatten for the markets of Baltimore and Philadelphia. food of the whole people, and were represent- ed in the exports of the first six months of 1802 by 272,000 weight of smoked, and 24,- 085 barrels of salted pork. Such commercial activity early wrought great changes in the modes of transportation. The long lines of pack-horses gave way to huge covered- wains drawn by four curiously caparisoned horses, the passing of which, during a large part of the year, was indicated by large clouds of dust like that produced by a moving army.* *The Pittsburgh Gazette of November, ISU, contained an account of a gentleman living on “the great road,” four miles from the city, to the effect that the number of these wagons HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 231 These wagoners in time became exceedingly arrogant and often refused to grant the rights of the road to others. They became over- bearing to immigrant travel, and especially to any who showed evidence of wealth in their equipage. Travelers in carriages con- sidered themselves fortunate if they were permitted to stand by the I'oadside with no gi’eater inconvenience than being stifled with the dust of the passing train, and having their ears assailed by the gibes of the drivers. Cases where carriages were maliciously over- turned or broken down were frequent and un- redressed. A similar influence marked the development of the river trafiic. The old Kentucky boat, with its ark-like capacity and heedless navigation, gradually gave place to the keel-boat and its professional crew. Pittsburgh became more and more gener- ally the point of embarkation for merchan- dise. Here, merchants found better storage for their goods while awaiting river transpor- tation, and boats proceeded from this port with less difficulty at low stages of water than from any other. The Kentucky boat, built and navigated by the merchants, was employed by shippers for a time, but these boats were found to be carelessly made, and the dangers and difficulties of navigation so often resulted in serious loss to inexperienced mariners, that river transportation gradually fell into the hands of persons who made river freightage a regular business. Such persons were not slow to observe that the early inodes of navigation were susceptible of easy improvements, and the keel-boat, with its lighter draught and better appli- ances, rapidly superseded the earlier vessel. These boats were commonly manned by from five to ten men, under the command of a “patroon,” and carried from twenty to thirty tons of freight. After the opening of the Mississippi, the increased demands of trade gave rise to the barge, a vessel similar to the keel-boat, but of gi-eater capacity, provided with oars, and carrying a crew sometimes reaching the number of fifty men. Both kinds of vessels were furnished with a mast, laden with merchandise which passed his farm for Pittsburgh, from the 1st of January. 1813, to the 1st of January, 1814, amounted to 4,055. a squai’e sail and coils of cordage known as cordelles. A horn was also a regular part of each boat’s equipage. It was originally intended for making signals, but it became the custom of the boatmen, at intervals, to sound on it a sort of cadence, the mellow notes of which, floating land-ward, announced the passing boat in melodious tones, which have been celebrated in a touching poem by Gen. W. O. Butler. The trip down the river in times of freshet was made without difficulty in thirty-five to fifty days, but to return was a very different undertaking, and the boat which left New Orleans on the 1st of March seldom reached .Louisville before the middle of June or 1st of July, and sometimes not until October. The celebrated ornithologist, Audubon, has left the following graphic picture of the tedious journey up-stream: We will suppose one of these boats under way, and having passed Natchez, entering upon what were called the difficulties of their ascent. Where- ever a point projected so as to render the course or bend below it of some magnitude, there was an eddy, the returning current of which was some- times as strong as that of the middle of the great stream. The bargemen, therefore, rowed up pretty close under the bank, and had merely to keep watch in the bow least the boat should run against a planter or sawyer. But the boat has reached the point, and there the current is to all appearance of double strength and right against it. The men who have rested a few minutes are ordered to take their stations and lay hold of their oars, for the river must be crossed, it being seldom possible to double such a point and proceed along shore. The boat is crossing, its head slanting to the cur- rent, which is, however, too strong for the rowers, and when the other side of the river has been reached, it has drifted perhaps a quarter of mile. The men are by this time exhausted, and, as we will suppose it to be 12 o’clock, fasten the boat to a tree on the shore. A small glass of whisky is given to each, when they cook and eat their dinner, and after resting from their fatigue for an hour, recom- mence their labors. The boat is again seen slowly advancing against the stream. It has reached the lower end of a sand-bar, along the edge of which it is propelled by means of long poles, if the bottom be hard. Two men, called bowsmen, remain at the prow to assist, in concert with the steersman, in managing the boat and keeping its head right against the current. The rest place themselves on the land side of the footway of the vessel, put one end of their poles on the ground and the other against their shoulders, and push with all their 232 HISTORY or KENTUCKY. might. As each of the men reaches the stern, he crosses it to the other side, runs along it and comes again to the landward side of the bow, when he recommences operations. The barge, in the mean- time, is ascending at a rate not exceeding one mile in the hour. The bar is at length passed, and as the shore in sight is straight on both sides and the current uni- formly strong, the poles are laid aside, and the men being equally divided, those on the river side take to their oars, while those on the land side lay hold of the branches of the willows or other trees, and thus slowly propel the boat. Here and there, how- ever, the trunk of a fallen tree, partly lying on the bank and partly projecting beyond it, impedes their progress and requires to be doubled. This is per- formed by striking into it the iron points of the poles and gaff-hooks, and so pulling around it. The sun is now quite low, and the barge is again secured in the best harbor within reach for the night, after having accomplished her distance of perhaps fifteen miles. The next day the wind proves favorable, the sail is set, the boat takes all advantages, and meet- ing with no accidents, has ascended thirty miles, perhaps double that distance. The next day comes with a very different aspect. The wind is right ahead, the shores are without trees of any kind, and the canes on the bank are so thick and stout that not even the cordelles can be used. This occasions a halt. The time is not altogether lost, as most of the men, being provided with rifles,betake themselves to the woods and search for the deer, the bears or the turkeys that are generally abundant there. Three days may pass before the wind changes, and the advantages gained on the previous five days are forgotten. Again the boat proceeds, but in pass- ing over a shallow place runs on a log, swings with the current, but hangs fast with her lee-side almost under water. Now for the poles! All hands are on deck, bustling and pushing. At length toward sunset the boat is once more afloat, and is again taken to the shore, where the wearied crew pass another night. Such were some of the less serious diffi- culties of a river voyage. Until after the general pacification of the Indians, in 1795, the perils of the land were greater than those of the water, though these were not of a trivial character. Wrecks, more or less complete, were frequent, three-fourths of which were probably occasioned by the careless construc- tion of the boats. The “broadhorns,” as the Kentucky boats were popularly called, were especially distinguished in this way. A bad, knotty, or rotten plank in the bottom, a weak gunwale of tender wood, or the want of stoutness in the first or second row of plank- ing above the gunwale, was frequently the causes of a total or partial loss of a valuable cargo. The character of the boatmen was another prolific source of trouble. Few of them had any experience as mariners, or observed anything like nautical discipline, and none, save the “patroon,” seemed to feel any responsibility for the safe issue of the voyage. A boat often grounded or was staved in by obstructions, simply because the “patroon,” being below, failed to give the necessary orders to avert the danger. Barges were sometimes overturned and lost by the ignorant handling of the sail, and sometimes by the willful abandonment of the crew. Of the natural dangers to early naviga- tion, ice was probably the most formidable. Eager to gain the utmost advantage of the flood-tide, shippers often ventured out with their frail craft before the river was fairly cleared, and, caught in a jam, the slender plank structure broke up like tinder- wood. In February, 1811, sixteen boats were thus caught in the ice at the mouth of the Tennes- see, “three of which were sunk and lost; two stove and sunk but got afloat again and were repaired, five had their sides driven in, but were repaired before they sank, and the rest scarcely escaped from the general wreck.” The passage of the falls at Louisville was dangerous, and many boats were lost in at- tempting it. This gave rise to a class of per- sons who ofi^ered their services to guide pass- ing boats; but many of them proving incom- petent, the danger was scarcely lessened, until 1798, when the office of pilot was es- tablished and a regular officer appointed, who was authorized to charge a fee of $2 for each boat. Another source of danger was the “boat- wrecker,” who infested the uninhabited re- gion from old Fort Massac to the junction of the Mississippi River.. These land pirates were accomplished in all the details of their nefarious business, and did not hesitate to boldly attack a boat’s crew, or secretly scut- tle the craft, whichever promised the easiest success. Their usual plan was to draw the crew into a game of cards, of which the boatmen were passionately' fond, and then cheat them out of everything they possessed. Central University Buildings. Richmond. Ky, HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 233 When this plan did not serve, they frequent- ly offered their services as pilots, or by sug- gestions from the shore too often insured fatal injury to the boat. At other times they would creep into the boat when tied up for the night, and bore holes in the bottom, or dig: out the caulking. As soon as the boat showed signs of sinking, these miscreants would swarm out fi-om the shore in their skiffs, to assist in saving the cargo, which they conveyed to secret places along the smaller affluents of the river beyond the chance of discovery. If an owner was hardy enough to push his search so far as to prom- ise discovery of the hidden goods, ho gener- ally met his death in some of the obscure re- cesses of the marshy river margin. A certain Col. Fluger, known on the river as “Col. Plug,” was the leader of a band, which operated near Cache Creek. He was one of the boldest of the “wreckers,” and was believed to possess skeleton keys to all the warehouses between that point and Lou- isville. On one occasion, the crew of a “broadhorn,” which had suffered from his band in the previous year, determined on their next trip to be revenged. Before reach- ing the vicinity of his rendezvous, several of the crew went ashore, and, making their way unobserved by land, secreted themselves near the usual landing of the boat. This with its reduced crew subsequently arrived; the men were hospitably received by the free- booters, and the usual game of cards begun. When well engaged in the game and with considerable money on the table, a sharp whistle suddenly gave the signal for an attack by those of the band who were secreted nearby. The hidden boatmen heard it also, and understanding its import rushed to sup- port their comrades. The struggle was short and sharp. Three of Plug’s men were thrown into the river, when the rest fled, leaving their leader in the hands of the victorious boatmen. The freebooter was quickly stripped, compelled to embrace a good-sized tree, to which he was firmly bound, and then whipped with a “cow- hide” so long as any of the crew had strength to wield it effectively. In this condition. Plug was left to be relieved by the chance return of his comrades. Not long after, this I desperado met his death while digging the I caulking out of a river boat. A sudden tem- pest tore the boat from its moorings, and dashing it into the raging river, wrecker and boat were both lost. The life of the boatman was not calculated to invite the better class of men to enter the river service. A crew was engaged for the do^vn trip only. The return trip was made overland or in the service of such returning boats as needed an increase of force for the upward voyage. The life was full of hazardous adventure, and none but the hardy, unsettled portion of frontier society could be in- duced to undergo the necessary privations and dangers incident to the service; but to this class there was an attraction in the un- restrained, irresponsible life, which kept the demand for hands fully supplied. The asso- I ciation of such characters brought on frequent j collisions among themselves; and fighting, in which the most brutal practices were in- j dulged, was of such common occm-rence as to j pass without particular comment, and gradu- ally came to be looked upon almost as a pastime. Island No. 57, in the Ohio Kiver, gained its name of Battle Island from an encounter which is described, in the barge captain’s journal, as follows: Two of my stoutest men having quarreled during the day while at the oars, and having clinched, had a small round under deck. Hearing the noise, I ran and parted them, and could appease them in no other way than by granting them permission to take it out on land. Accordingly at evening, as soon as we dropped anchor, the parties having chosen their stand-by friends, set out from the barge in the jolly-boat, and landed on Island No. .57, where, after it was agreed that it should be “rough and tumble,” and the signal for parting should be “enough,” the combatants stripped off their jackets —the weather being cold — and taking their distance, flew at each other most ferociously. Two rounds brought them fast clinched in each other’s hug to the ground, when the undermost, flndingthe thumb of his antagonist removing his eye from its socket hollowed out vociferously to the bystanders: “Take him off ! take him off ! he’s gouging me !” This was done immediately, and the boys got on their feet again; and discovering there was not much harm done except a bite from the one and a gouge from the other, they returned good-naturedly to the 234 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. barge again, and as usual worked friendly together during the remainder of the voyage.* Such encounters were not always so satis- factorily ended, nor were they confined to themselves. Bullies along the shore and at the principal ports, when opportunity offered, seldom failed to challenge the noted cham- pions of the river, and the landing of a boat’s crew was generally the signal for a drunken debauch, during which gambling and set fights were freely indulged. These rough champions adopted suggestive ?to??ts de guerre, such as “Half horse, half alligator,” “Snap- ping-turtle,” and the like, and the exagger- ated reports which came to the peaceable portion of the community gave rise to the belief that these names were not inappropri- ately applied. Their unlawful and, too often, outrageous conduct on their return trip by land, made them the terror of such families as lived along their route of travel, and a rule “not to lodge Kentuckians on any account” was at length pretty generally adopted by such persons, to the distress of the innocent as well as guilty. The exaggerated stories, in which the ex- ploits of the boatman have been perpetuated, undoubtedly make him the “hero of fields his valor never won,” but enough has been authenticated to give these tales a foundation in fact. Of these river heroes, none forms a more striking figure in early annals than Mike Fink. His early home was in Pitts- burgh, where he distinguished himself as an Indian spy before he reached his majority; but while thus employed the wild, adventur- ous life of the boatman attracted his youth- ful fancy, and, lured away by the soft en- chantment of the boat- horn, he engaged in the minor ofiices of the river service. Here he proved an apt scholar, and from this modest beginning became one of the most notorious of his class. When the river was low, Mike spent his time with his rifie and soon distanced his competitors in the use of this weapon. His skill was so universally acknowledged that whenever he made one in a shooting- match for beef, such as was then of common occurrence in Kentucky, he was ♦"The Navigator,” p. 306. Pittsburgh, 1814. always allowed the “fifth quarter” — the hide and tallow — without a shot. This was a per- quisite of his skill; one which he always claimed, always obtained, and always sold for whisky with which to treat the assembled company. His capacity as a drinker was enormous; he could drink a gallon in twenty- four hours without its effect being percepti- ble in his language or demeanor. He was also something of a wag, and had an uncom- fortable way of enforcing his jests. He used to say that he told his jokes to be laughed at, and no man should treat them lightly. The consequence was that when one refused to laugh, the offender received a sound drubbing as an admonition for the future, which usually proved effective. His practical jokes, as he and his associates were accustomed to call their predations upon the inhabitants along the line of the river, were bold and ingenious. On a certain oc- casion, while passing down the river, Mike observed a flock of sheep grazing on shore, and hit upon a characteristic expedient to se- cure a supply of mutton without paying for it. As it was about dusk, he landed his boat in an eddy he had discovered, and having made all fast, he took some Scotch snuff, which formed a part of his cargo, and with it besmutted the faces of several of the ani- mals. Returning to his boat, he sent one of his men to the owner to say that he would better come down and see what ailed his sheep. The startled sheep-owner found some of his flock bleating, rubbing themselves, and caper- ing about in the strangest fashion, and sorely puzzled, turned to the plotter of the mischief for his opinion. With the gravest demeanor, Mike assured the man that the “black murrain” had attacked his sheep, and would probably destroy the whole flock if not promptly arrested. After exciting the farmer’s fears to the highest pitch by an artfully con- cocted story, he convinced his victim that only the summary killing of the diseased ani- mals could save him from total loss. Mike was at once deputed to shoot the infected sheep, which were then thrown into the river by the crew. After dark, the carcasses, which had been caught in the eddy, were HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 235 hauled on board, and by daylight the boat, with its fresh supply of mutton, was gliding down stream to its destination. But many of these “jokes” were character- ized by a wanton cruelty which indicated a malevolent disposition on the part of the per- petrator. A negro had come down to the river bank to see the passing boat. Mike’s keen observation caught sight of the negro’s heel, which was peculiar in its excessive length, and quick as thought the boatman raised his rifle and fired, the bullet instantly tearing away a part of the exposed member. For this piece of deviltry he was arraigned by the law officers at St. Louis, but there is no record showing that he was ever compelled to pay any penalty for bis crime. The power of law was regularly defied by these audacious characters, and notwithstanding they were charged with the whole catalogue of infamous crimes, from murder down, the officers found themselves powerless to inflict punishment. Mike was finally outlawed, and a reward offered for his apprehension. For a time the desperado evaded the clutches of the officers; but one day, when his boat was moored at Louisville, an old friend who had attained the dignity of a constable, came to him pleading the necessity of his family, and pointing out the fact that while his captor would secure the much- needed reward the captive would in all probability escape con- viction, he persuaded Mike to permit himself to be taken. This compromise was effected only on one condition, which Casseday thus descri bes : He felt at home nowhere but in his boat and among his men; let them take him and his men in the yawl and they would go. It was the only hope of procuring his appearance at court, and the con- stable consented. Accordingly a long coupled wagon was procured, and, with oxen attached, went down the hill, at Third Street, for Mike’s yawl. The road, for it was not then a street, was very steep and very muddy at this point. Regardless of this, however, the boat was set upon the wagon, and Mike and his men, with their long poles ready, as if for an aquatic excursion, were put aboard, Mike in the stern. By dint of laborious dragging, the wagon had attained half the height of the hill, when out shouted the stentorian voice of Mike, calling to his men; “Set poles!” and the end of every long pole was set firmly in the thick mud. “Back her!” roared Mike, and down the hill again went wagon, yawl, men and oxen. Mike had been re- volving the matter in his mind, and had concluded that it was best not to go; and well knowing that each of his men was equal to a moderately strong ox. he had at once conceived and executed this retrograde movement. Once at the bottom, another parley was held and Mike was again overpowered. This time they had almost reached the top of the hill, when “Set poles!” “Back her!” was again or- dered and again executed. A third attempt was successful, and Mike reached the court house in safety, and, as his friend, the constable, had en- deavored to induce him to believe, he was acquitted for lack of sufficient evidence. Other indictments, however, were found against him, but Mike pre- ferred not to wait to hear them tried, so at a given signal he and his men boarded their craft again, and stood ready to weigh anchor. The dread of the long poles in the hands of Mike’s men prevented the posse from urging any serious remonstrance against their departure. And off they started with poles “tossed.” As they left the court house yard Mike waved his red bandanna, which he fixed on one of the poles, and promising to “call again” was borne back to his element, and launched once more upon the waters.* Mike’s end formed a fitting close to an in- famous career. With the introduction of steam navigation his career as a boatman ended, but, unwilling to abandon his wild life, with two or three companions he turned his attention to trapping on the upper Mis- souri. Here he quarreled with a comrade, whom he cowardly murdered, only to meet a similar fate at the hands of the murdered man’s friend. The latter assassin met his death a few months later, while attempting to swim across the river. Thus perished the last of the boatmen. With all this laborious effort and risk, a barge could bring up the river only a few bags of coffee, and at best 100 hogs- heads of sugar. A regular line of these boats was established at Cincinnati, which plied to and from New Orleans, each carry- ing in its downward trip a crew of nine men, which was re-enfoi’ced to twenty-five or thirty men on the return voyage. A similar line was established at Louisville and Pittsburgh, but as late as 1808, the whole number of barges engaged on the river did not exceed *“ History of Louisville,” p. 7S. Much of the foregoing sketch of Mike Fink is compiled from this work, which is in- debted for its data principally to sketches which appeared in the ^f^estern Souvenir for 1829, and in the Western Review for LS30. 236 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. twenty-five or thirty, the largest of which scarcely reached 100 tons burthen. Then succeeded the sailing vessel. It is said the inhabitants of Marietta first conceived the idea of exporting native products directly to the West Indies, a vessel being constructed at that place and sent to Jamaica. The suc- cess which attended this venture inspired a strong emulation among boat-builders and shippers on the Ohio, and Pittsburgh and Louisville at once engaged in similar enter- prises, the vessels going to the West Indies or to New York and Philadelphia. From 1802 to 1805, there were built at Pittsburgh the ships “Pittsburgh,” “Louisiana,” “Gen. Butler” and “Western Trader;” the brigs “Nanina,” “Dean” and “Black Walnut;” and the schooners “Amity,” “Alleghany” and “Conquest.” The “Monongahela Farmer” and the brig “Ann Jean” were built at Eliz- abethtown, besides others at Marietta and Louisville, of which the record has been lost. The misfortunes which attended many of these later vessels, arising from bad man- agement in their course down the river, served to dampen the ardor of ship- builders, and the business had greatly declined, when the first steamboat, in 1811-12, was con- structed. But commercial circles were not alone in profiting from the invigorating impulse of the great immigration. Evidences of wealth and prosperity were everywhere multiplying among planters. The increasing number of stores brought in new articles of luxury, which the improved market for the products of the plantations enabled the owners to purchase to a considerable extent. This change was principally observable in the increase of home comforts. There was little of ostentation displayed. Log- houses, con- structed, it is true, with greater care, con- tinued the ordinary residence of all classes, though here and there plank and brick formed a more substantial as well as sightly material for this purpose. Orchards were multiplied, the peach forming the favorite fruit of the people, though apples were scarcely second in the public esteem. These were propagated from seed, and such was the favorable character of the climate that the peach tree bore abundantly in three or four years from the planting. So general was this prosperity that, in 1802, Michaux found nowhere in Kentucky “ a single family with- out milk, butter, smoked or salted meat and maize for their food; the poorest man has always one or more horses, and it is very seldom that a planter goes on foot to see his neighbors.” Improved table furniture was gradually introduced; knives and forks of metal in limited numbers took the place of the earlier substitutes; tinware displaced the noggin and bowl; pewter plates, succeeding the wooden-platters, gave a touch of bright ness to the somber interior of the cabin; and the tinker, with his small pony, nearly covered by a huge pair of saddle-bags, filled with the molds and soldering irons with which he turned old pewter dishes into new and by sundry patches prolonged the useful- ness of dilapidated tinware, becomes a reg- ular visitant of the scattered plantations. There were growing signs of a more luxuri- ous living among the wealthy. The habits of the “ old dominion ” society were gradually transplanted into the new land. Slaves rapid- ly increased; silver plate began to adorn their tables; imported wines cheered their guests; and a growing disposition, on the part of a certain class of the Virginians, to arrogate something of superiority to those of their neighbors, who could lay no claims to the mystic virtue expressed in the title of “ F. F. V.,” began to be manifested. With the progress of political development this tendency became confirmed. Public offices were filled for the period of “ good behavior,” and, once supplied, there was no rotation in office to act as a stimulant to the people to qualify themselves for places of honor and trust. It accordingly became very generally accepted that some were born to rule, and that the many were born to be ruled, and both parties came to view this division as natural and desirable. This was the starting point of that harmless form of caste which has dubbed every man of parts with a title. With the increase of prosperity this socie- ty began to show some effort to supersede the HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 237 primitive style of clothing, and calico and [ broadcloth began to be seen more frequently, j Little by little the old colonial magnificence | appeared at official receptions and other im- portant public occasions. At such times the representative part of the community ap- peared in a fine cloth or velvet coat, cut “round-breasted,” with long or swallow tail, large gilt buttons on both sides, set from col- lar to waist; the vest, if for winter, was of swan’s down; if for summer, white marseilles with small gilt buttons; the lower limbs were clothed in “ breeches,” made for winter of cloth or velvet, or corduroy, and of nankeen or linen for summer. These reached down from the waist to the knee, where a cloth band, reaching just below that joint, fitted close to the leg, and was ornamented by a silver buckle on the outside seam. A long stocking of worsted for winter, or of silk or home-knit fleece for summer, and held in place by the knee-band instead of a garter, clothed the calf of the leg, while low shoes with silver buckles on the outer slope of the instep clothed the feet. A white and black stock with silver buckle supplied the place of a cravat. The hat was black, of fur or mixture of lamb’s wool and fm’, with very large brim, and if worn by a person of distinction the brim was cocked with a silver boss. Panta- loons, then called “ overalls,” were sometimes worn. Boots were equally rare, but when worn they extended to the knee and had a scallop in f3 ont, from the center of which a silk tassel some three inches long was sus- pended. These were known as “ fair-tops,” being made of a nice piece of fair leather. Nearly all who could wore a queue. The back hair was suffered to grow long; this was bound round with blue or pink ribbon with a double bow-knot; and if the hair was not long enough, false hair was nicely spliced to the stub, which was thus sometimes extended to the waist. The dress of the ladies in the same social circle was somewhat less elabor- ate. A few silk gowns, or of bombazet or gingham, the latter often homespun, with what was then called a “ spencer,” constituted the indoor dress. Ladies’ hats or bonnets were of straw or silk, moderately trimmed. The gown was worn short, below which a neat pair of morocco shoes with buckles and fine silk or thread stockings were revealed. In Louisville, it was said, “ There is a circle, small ’tis true, but within whose magic round abounds every pleasm’e that wealth regulated by taste can bestow. There the ‘ red-heel ’ of Versailles may imagine himself in the very emporium of fashion, and, whilst lead- ing beauty through the mazes of the dance, forget that he is in the wilds of America.” The influence of this change upon the common people was very marked. Respect- ful deference to elders or those in official station became a notable feature of family and school- training, though generally un- mixed with anything of servility. “Honor” became a prominent word in the early vocabulaiy, and the habit of attaching an exaggerated importance to insult, a strong and universal custom. In close correlation with these featm’es was a marked courtesy in ordinary intercourse that approached the verge of gallantry. Friendships were warm and constant; resentments were bitter and revengeful. Unbounded hospitality, which freely offered entertainment to neighbor or stranger, prevailed. Neighborhoods lived, worked, feasted or suffered together in cordial harmony; families intermarried so that every one was the natural ally of each one, ready to espouse his cause in danger, or to congratulate him in success. The limits of neighborhoods extended over a wide area, and a ride of several miles on horseback to pay a friendly visit was an unnoted and frequent occuiTence. Nor was this social duty devolved solely upon the women, as in the Northwest. The habits and agricultural system of the new land gave the man a large amount of leisiu’e, which was employed principally in masculine gossip. On coming together, men disposed of each other’s busi- ness projects and prospects with short shrift and fell to discussing genealogies and poli- tics. The pipe was invariably an “unobtru- sive third,” the mild influence of which served to keep political talk well within friendly bounds. Short visits were neither desired nor made. The guest for the time 238 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. was put in full possession of the resources of his host, whose domestic habits experienced scarcely a ripple of interruption by the temporary addition to his household. The entertainment was without ostentation, and the table, though rudely spread with sub- stantial food, was large in its bounty. At the same time “smart signs of wicked- ness” began to appear in the popular amusements. A passion for gaming and spirituous liquors seemed to prevail; the taverns became the places of general resort, where drinking bouts commonly ended in the most sanguinary encounters. Horse-racing, dog and cock-fighting, raffling and shooting- matches were the favorite sports whenever the people came together. For many years it was the custom on each Saturday for the justices of the peace in the country around to repair to the nearest village to hold their courts. This brought together a large con- course of litigants, their friends and wit- nesses, besides those who came simply to see the sports. On this day, work was generally suspended in the country, and in the town the afternoon was usually observed as a holiday by the shop-keepers. The cases be- fore the courts attracted little attention from any, save those directly affected by their de- cision, and were quickly disposed of, when all joined the throng and engaged in the real business of the hour. The drinking l^egan early in the day, and by afternoon the fun grew fast and furious. The horse-racing and a cock or dog- fight were followed by various athletic contests. By this time the day was far spent, and the disappointed ambitions of the crowd were sufficiently in- flamed by the constant drinking to bring on a number of disgraceful fights, which were always a part of the day’s excitement. As night fell the crowd dispersed, some danger- ously reeling on their horses, and all shout- ing and yelling like savages. Many were too drunk to get away and might be seen on Sunday seeking their homes after a night’s drunken sleep in some secluded corner of the town. These scenes followed in a weekly round, each Saturday providing a programme | for the succeeding one. The regular muster I of the militia was another occasion on which tlie whole people gave loose rein to their pro- pensities. Not only the enrolled members, but the whole population attended, when pony-racing, foot-x’acing, wrestling, fighting and drunkenness were engaged in far more than military movements. It was the favor- ite resort also of the candidate for political honors, who delighted his half-drunken audi- ence with a speech, of which the most re- markable feature was its ribaldry. But there was another side to the picture thus presented. While the arts of peace were rapidly removing the rude evidences of frontier life, war still hovered on the border. The provisions of the treaties made between England and the colonies did not include the savages, who still pressed their claims to the Ohio Valley with a pertinacity which even defeat could not abate. But the suc- cessful issue of the revolutionary movement none the less powerfully affected the inter- ests of the savages. The re-enforced frontier settlements no longer thought solely of de- fense, but began to meditate revenge, and instead of a few despairing pioneers the Indians found themselves confronted by the strength which had humbled their more powerful allies. On the conclusion of peace with the En- glish, the national government set about measures for the pacification of the natives, and as early as May, 1783, congress instructed the secretary of war to take steps to notify the savages of the results of the recent con- test, and to bring about a genei’al cessation of hostilities. On October 15, following, the secretary reported the result of his efforts, and expressed the belief “that although the hostile tribes of the Indians in the northern and middle departments are seriously dis- posed to a pacification, yet they are not in a temper to relinquish their tei’ritorial claims without a further struggle. ” Congress never- theless determined to hold formal conven- tions with the various tribes in the hope that by establishing territorial boundaries between the two races “all occasion for future ani- mosities, disquiet and contention” might be avoided. While doubtless sincere in the HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 239 avowal of this sentiment, this unwieldy body | found itself greatly hampered in its action by its limited executive power, as well as by ! the almost entire absence of anything like j national spirit among its members. Though generally agreed upon the object to be achieved, there was no end to the difficulties raised in effecting its accomplishment, and it was not until October, 1784, therefore, that the first of these conferences was held. This occurred with the Iroquois at Fort Stan- wix, where, on the 27th instant a treaty was entered into by which the old indefinite claim of this confederacy to the "West was finally extinguished. On January 21, 1785, a treaty was made with the warriors of the Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa nations at Fort McIntosh, by which the southern half of the present state of Ohio was ceded to the whites. In the following November, a treaty of peace and friendship was negotiated with the Cherokees at Hopewell, on the Keowee, in Georgia; with the Choctaws on January 3, 1786; and with the Chickasaws on the 10th of the same month. In the meantime, while congress debated the matter of a convention with the “Pottawatama, Twightwee, Pianke- shaw and other western nations” at Vin- cennes, prompt steps were taken to secui’e the ceded lands on the Ohio, and in the fall of 1785 Maj. Doughty descended the river and erected Fort Harmar at the mouth of the Muskingum. Various circumstances concurred to change the original time and place set for the last- named convention, which eventually was held on January 31, 1786, at the mouth of the Big Miami, where Fort Finney, a temporary defense, was erected. A growing spirit of hostility was manifested by the savages. The Wabash tribes refused to attend, influ- enced by the Shawanese, who subsequently so far reconsidered their own determination as to meet the commissioners. They came in no very amicable spirit, however, and it was probably due to the sagacity of the con- gressional representatives that so favorable an issue of the convention was reached. The Indians came into the apartment exhibiting marks of disrespect for the whites. The commis- sioners, without noticing the disorderly conduct of the other party or appearing to have discovered their meditated treachery, opened the council in due form. They lighted the peace-pipe, and aftei drawing a few whiffs, passed it to the chiefs, who received it. Gen. Clark then rose to explain the purpose for which the treaty was ordered. With an unembar- rassed air, with the tone of one accustomed to com- mand, and an easy assurance of perfect security and self-possession, he stated that the commission- ers had been sent to offer peace to the Shawanese; that the president had no wish to continue the war; he had no resentment to gratify; and if the red men desired peace, they could have it on reasonable terms. “If such be the will of the Shawanese,” he concluded, “letsomeof their wise men speak.” A chief arose, drew his tall person to its full height, and assuming a haughty attitude, threw his eye contemptuously over the commissioners and their small retinue, as if to measure their insignifi- cance, in comparison with his own numerous train, and then stalking to the table, threw upon it two belts of wampum of different colors — the war and the peace belt. “We come here,” he exclaimed, “to offer you two pieces of wampum; they are of dif- ferent colors; you know what the^' mean; you can take which j^ou like,” and, turning upon his heel, he resumed his seat. The chiefs drew themselves up in the conscious ness of having hurled defiance in the teeth of the white men. They had offered an insult to the re- nowned leader of the Long Knives, to which they knew it would be hard to submit, while they did not suppose he dare resent it. The council-pipe was laid aside. Those fierce wild men gazed in- tently at Clark. The Americans saw that the crisis I had arrived; they could no longer doubt that the 1 Indians understood the advantage they possessed, and were disposed to use it, and a common sense of danger caused each eye to be turned on the leading commissioner. He sat undisturbed, and apparently careless, until the chief, who had thrown the belts upon the table, had taken his seat; then with a small cane, which he held in his hand he reached, as if playfully, toward the war-belt, entangled the end of the stick in it, drew it toward him, and then with a switch of the cane threw the belt into the midst of the chiefs. The effect was electric. Every man in the council, of each party, sprang to his feet, the savages with a loud exclamation of aston- ishment, “Hugh!” the Americans in expectation of a hopeless conflict against overwhelming numbers. Every hand grasped a weapon, Clark alone was unawed. The expression of his countenance changed to a ferocious sternness, and his eye flashed, but otherwise he was unmoved. A bitter smile was perceptible upon his compressed lips, as he gazed upon that savage band, whose hundred eyes were bent fiercely and in horrid exultation upon him, as they stood like a pack of w'olves at bay thirsting for blood, and ready to rush upon him whenever one 240 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. bolder than the rest should commence the attack. It was one of those moments of indecision when the slightest weight thrown into either scale will make it preponderate; a moment in which a bold man, conversant with the springs of human action, may seize upon the minds of all around him and sway them at his will. Such a man was the intrepid Virginian. He spoke, and there was no man bold enough to gain- say him — none that cou'ld return the fierce glance of his eye. Raising his arm and waving his hand toward the door, he exclaimed, “Dogs! You may go!” The Indians hesitated for a moment, and then rushed tumultuously out of the council room.* The savages subsequently returned and sued for peace, when the Shawanese, with certain of the Wyandots and Delawares, united in a treaty of peace and friendship. The good results of such treaties were not likely to prove long-lived. None of the par- ties interested, save the general government, seemed to desire peace. “ The British agents, our own traders, and the inhabitants of Kentucky, I am convinced, are al I opposed to a treaty,” wrote Parsons, “and are using every measure to prevent it. Strange as this may seem, I have convincing proofs of its reality.” It happened, therefore, that while the “ plenipotentiaries ” of congress and the various Indian nations on the borders of Kentucky were negotiating treaties of “ peace and friendship,” the region south of the Ohio was the scene of predatory incursions and reiu’isals, scarcely less active, though attended with less serious results than before the close of the revolutionary war. After the close of hostilities in 1783, the savages seem to have observed a kind of armed neutrality. Surveyors in the unin- habited region north of the Licking found “ fresh sign ” of Indians, and realizing the unsettled state of affairs prudently withdrew. In other sections similar indications of the presence of savages were found, and now and then small straggling bands were met. On such occasions, the natives were found some- times rude and predatory in their behavior, at other times only suspicious, but at all Wilderness and War-path” liy Judge Hall, in Wiley and I Putnam’s Library. By some writers, the leading role in this I transaction is assigned to Gen. Richard Butler, who, with R. H. i Parsons, was associated with Clark as commissioner. The in- I tensely dramatic character of the interview is considered by others to be largely tbe product of Mr, Hall’s fertile imagination. I olitical parties, and by their secret and united weight they would generally turn the scale as to them seemed meet. Thus emboldened, the operations of the order were extended, and finally its own distinctive nominations openly announced for either local or other offices. Advancing with clan- destine and rapid strides, it attained political supremacy in several States, and cast a large vote in many others. Still aspiring, in 1856 a presidential ticket was put forth. But it may be said that the Know-nothing order lost power so soon as it openly made separate nominations from its own party, and quit secretly e, spousing the nominations of other parties. While many of the pi’e- tensions of all parties are hollow — advanced to make political capital among the masses-- 1 the cry of ‘ Americans to rule America ’by ^ the ostracism of foreign born citizens and ^ proscription in religion, the two cardinal tenets of the party, was both unrepublican and unconstitutional — unrepublican, because j in conflict with the Declaration of Independ- ence; and unconstitutional, because that instrument says: ‘No religious test shall !- ever be required as a qualification to any ^ office of public trust under the United States.’ Further, the constitution not only * permits, but fosters the freest discussion. With frequent appeals to the people, a tri- bunal than which none is higher, with the duty of the citizen to arraign and investi- gate the conduct of government, and sgrutin- ize the operation of the laws, what can justify political organizations which avoid the open day, meet in darkness and seclusion, which offer no ground to open combat, whose principles are a sealed book, and whose adherents, under sworn obligations, ‘ know nothing?’ It tended to segregate foreign born and Catholic residents into communities distinct in feeling and in political and re- ligious interests, and to excite in their breasts the animosities and hatreds of race by fastening upon them politically the brand of ‘Helots.’” j In no part of the Union was the feeling J against the Catholics or the foreign element | more pronounced than in Kentucky. This is ;i rather a strange phase in the political history ^ i of the State, when it is remembered that the - foreign population was few in numbers, j and the great majority of native Catholics among the most honorable and respectable citizens of the commonwealth. At the Au- gust election, in 1854, which was for county officers only, the Whigs, under the new name ' of Know-nothings, were victorious throughout the State, with few exceptions. In August, 1855, the election was for State officers, members of congress and of the legislature, and partisan feeling was at fever heat. The Know-nothing, or American party, elected six members of congress, and the Democrats elected four; while the general assembly HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 329 stood: senate, thix’teen Americans and seven Democrats;* representatives, sixty-one Amer- icans and thirty-nine Democrats. Charles S. Morehead was elected governor on the Know-nothing or American ticket, by a majority of 4,403, over Beverly L. Clarke, Democrat. He was a man of wide popu- larity, and in every position he tilled gained honorable distinction. He was a native of Kentucky, and was born in 1802 in Nelson County. He graduated from Transylvania University with the highest honors, studied law and was duly admitted to practice. He served in the legislature and in congress sever- al terms, and in all his public acts a sense of duty guided him above selfish and per- sonal considerations. After the expiration of his term as governor he retired from pub- lic service, and declined all further official honors until the war clouds of 1861 began to gather, when he accepted the responsible position of a delegate from Kentucky to the “ Peace Conference” at W ashington. Mr. Morehead died in 1868 in his sixty sixth year. On the day of the election (August 6, 1855) the most disgraceful riot took place ever known in the city of Louisville. The day is still “painfully remembered,” and quoted in the annals of the city as “Bloody Monday.” Twenty-two persons were killed outright, or died of wounds received, many others were injured, while some twenty houses or more were burned, and a great deal of other property destroyed. The riot was precipitated by the rough element of the Know-nothing party, who, laboring under intense political excitement, occasioned by distorted reports that the Catholic people meditated serious disturbances on election day, attacked them in various parts of the city, but more fiercely in the First and Eighth Wards. The most deplorable scenes were en- acted, and violence and bloodshed followed the track of the ruffians. They paraded along the streets with a cannon at their head, and set fire indiscriminately to the houses of for- eigners. Several persons, who were con- '^Eighteen senators held over, one-half being elected every tour years. cealed in the fated buildings, or fled to them for safety from the infuriated mob, were burned to death, while others were shot while attempting to escape from the flames. The riot continued far into the night, and serious fears were entertained of the total destruction of the city. But through the exertions of the mayor, police, and influential citizens, such a catastrophe was prevented. The disgraceful affair brought considerable discredit to the Know-nothing party and contributed in no small degree to its ultimate defeat in KentuckJ^ In the campaign of 1856 the Whig element was not strong enough iu it, or past mistakes had so enfeebled the party, that the Democrats car- ried the State. The result of a spirited con- test was that James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge, Democratic candidates for president and vice-president, received a ma- jority (in the State) of 6,118 over Millard Fill- more and Andrew J. Donelson, the American candidates.* John C. Fremont and William 1 L. Dayton, Republicans, received 314 votes. At the State election, in 1858, the Democrats were victorious by an overwhelming major- ity, electing eight Democrats to two Amer- icans to congress; sixty-one Democrats to thirty-nine Americans to the State legisla- ture, and thirteen Democrats to seven Amer- icans to the State senate. The power of the American party, which, under its first organ- ization, carried everything in Kentucky, was now broken. The Democrats were again successful in 1859, and elected Beriah Ma- goffin governor, over Joshua F. Bell, the American candidate, by 8,904 majority. Linn Boyd, the Democratic candidate for lieuten- ant-governor, was elected over Alfred Allen (American) by 11,713 majority. The delega- tion to congress was divided, five of each party being elected. The dark clouds, that had long been gath- ering on the political horizon, were soon to overshadow the country and plunge it in civil war. North and south of Mason and Dixon’s line the low rumbling of the thunder *Buchanan and Breckinridge were elected president and vice-president by 173 electoral votes, to 114 cast for Fremont and Dayton, and 8 for Fillmore and Donelson, the latter carry- ing only the State of Maryland. 330 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. could be heard. With prophetic knowl- edge, Prentice had beheld the coming storm long before it broke, and strove to avert it. Clay, bowed in body beneath the weight of years, but as erect in soul as “any spire that ever rose from a temple of God toward heaven,” had stepped forward, and by Titanic strength and exertion turned aside, for the time, the fury of the tempest. But with deeper gloom and more portentous threaten- ings the clouds were again closing over, and there seemed to be none to rise up and com- mand — “Peace, be still.” In 1860 the storm came. It is not the purpose of this chapter to enter upon a discussion of the issues that led up to the civil war, nor to paint the hoiTors of its dismal and shifting scenes. These questions are treated at length in their proper places. The presidential election of 1860 from the beginning was contemplated by all men of reflection with the most profound solicitude. The canvass opened with quite a medley of political parties. Four able tickets, any of w'hom were eminently capa- ble of administering the affairs of the nation, were put forward by the respective parties and factions, viz.: John Bell and Edward Everett, were the American candidates; John C. Breckinridge and Joseph Lane, Southern Democrats; Stephen A. Douglas and Herschel V. Johnson. Western Democrats; Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, Republicans. Owing to the split in the Democratic party. Bell and Everett carried Kentucky, the vote in the State being as follows : Bell and Everett, 66,016; Breckinridge and Lane, 52,836; Douglas and Johnson, 25,644; Lincoln and Hamlin, 1,366. Bell’s majority over Breck inridge was 13,180; over Douglas, 40,372. Breckinridge’s majority over Douglas was 27, 102. Lincoln and Hamlin were elected, receiving in the electoral college, 180 of the 303 votes. Bell received the electoral votes of Tennessee, Kentucky and Virginia, amount- ing to 39; Breckinridge received those of Delaware, Maryland, the Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas, 72; Douglas, although receiving the largest popular vote next to Lincoln,* carried but one State, Missouri, in the electoral college; Lincoln received the electoral votes of all the other States — eight- een in number. The Whig party, as we have seen, was the ruling party in Kentucky from its organization to the time of its change of name to the Know- nothing or American party. The “Liberty” or anti-slavery party was organized in 1840, and a presidential ticket placed in the field. The small vote polled by this ticket through- out the country was drawn mainly from the Whigs. The Temperance party, even then quite an element in politics, drew its greater number of adherents also from the Whig party. But, notwithstanding all these drains upon the Whig masses, it continued one of the great ruling parties of the country, as well as the dominant party in this State, until the repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854, which led to the formation of the Republican party. The latter, in its organization, ab- sorbed the Whig and Liberty or Abolition parties. With the election of Abraham Lin- coln to the presidency in 1860, the national government passed into the control of the Republican party, and so remained until 1884, when the Democrats, after having been out of power for a quarter of a century, again triumphed. The Democratic party dates its birth back to that of the Whigs. It originated or assumed a distinctive form during the presi- dency of Gen. Jackson, and is still one of the great ruling parties of the country. Since its triumph over the Know-nothing party, in 1856, it has been the dominant party in Ken- tucky. For fifty years, or more, it has main- tained its organization without change of name, a fact remarkable in the history of political creeds in America. The discord in its ranks, which, in 1860, lost it national control, had well nigh resulted in its total disruption. But after twenty-four years of defeat and disaster it is again restoi’ed to power. *The popular vote of the United States stood: Lincoln,. 1.866,452; Douglas, 1,375,157; Breckinridge, 847,953; Bell, 590,631. JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 331 OHAPTEE XIV. THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS, AND WAR WITH MEXICO. T exas, during the Mexican revolution and the civil wars of that period, as- sumed its independence and set up a govern- ment of its own. Its territory extended from the Sabine to the Rio Grande, and was an empire in itself. Situated in the mildest part of the temperate zone, it presented attractions that allured in vast numbers adventurous pioneers to its rich domain. Most of these early colonists had been citi- zens of the United States, born and bx'ed amid the wild scenes of the western frontier and of the far south mainly, and were dependent on the trusty rifle for their very subsistence. The trapper, the buffalo hunter, the restless, roving backwoodsman, who, like the Indian, moved westward as civilization encroached on his solitudes, and a few master-spirits were there grouped together in one heterogeneous mass. They formed a community that was not perfect in its moral symmetry, but all powerful in its rough strength, as proven in the contest with the veteran soldiers of Santa Anna. There were those of every national prejudice. All the marked characteristics of men met their oppo- sites, and there was no law to restrain or govern either, except that public judgment that was crystallized into a resistless force. This wonderful alembic, where were fused normal and abnormal humanities, thoughts, false educations and prejudices into a molten stream, scorched everything along its way, as the volcanic eruption does the debris over which it flows. It was the untrammeled school of attrition of every variety of mind with mind — the rough diamond that gleams and dazzles with beauty only when rubbed with diamond dust. The adventurers, who flocked to Texas from the States, increased rapidly, until they became more numerous than the Mexi- cans, who previously inhabited the country. The difference of race, religion and laws was soon apparent in diversities of sentiment and objects between the old and new inhabit- ants. “The Texan of the United States brought with him, not only greater energy and industry, but a wild and restless ambi- tion — a more intense and speculative pursuit of future objects. "When differences so deep and original as these exist among different classes of people, they will soon become manifested in external action. The new in- habitants soon seized the direction of all public affairs, and Texas became, in fact, the possession of these adventurers from a foreign land, rather than of those ancient citizens, to whose government it had once professed allegiance. The power thus ob- tained was soon manifested in other acts. It is not in the nature of things, that a country should change its inhabitants and not also change its government. The new possessors will assume the laws and institu- tions to which their habits have been used and their sentiments assimilated.”* So it was with Texas. The American population had increased, in 1831. to about 20,000, and though immigration from the United States had been prohibited by Mexico, it still con- tinued to increase. Steps were taken to separate Texas from Coahuila, which was accomplished in 1833, f and application made to the Mexican government as a distinct State, and for admission as such into the ^Mansfield’s History of the Mexican War. tXexas, from 1727 to 1824, was a separate province, and in no wise connected with any other political division of Mexico. But in 1824 it was, as a province, united with Coahuila, neither being sufficiently populous to form a State of itself. From this time to 1833 the combination was known as the "State of Coa- huila and Texas.’’ — H. Yoakum. 332 HISTORY OR Mexican Union.* But tbeir petition was j unheeded, and their commissioner — Stephen F. Austin — detained at the Mexican capital awaiting the answer of the dilatory govern- ment. Austin, wearied with the delay, wrote home to the people, advising them to organize their State government without waiting further consent of the Mexican authorities.f His letter was intercepted, himself seized and thrown into a dungeon, where he remained incarcerated nearly a year without even knowing the cause of his arrest and imprisonment. Austin was among the early immigrants to Texas, a man of more than average ability, and the ablest leader the Texans then had. His father, Moses Austin, had obtained a large grant of land fi’om Mexico, to which, at his death, Stephen ] succeeded. For the latter’s eminent services, and in recognition of his exertions in plant- ing a colony in Texas, his name has been attached both to a county and to the capital of the State. He was finally released by the Mexican government and permitted to return home. Such in general was the condition of Texas, when it knocked for admission at the door of the American Union. In the meantime, Mexico had been reduced to a military despotism, with Santa Anna at its head. In September, 1835, he sent Glen. Cos into Texas with a large force to coerce the rebellious Texans into submission to his will. A battle was fought on the banks of the Rio Guadalupe, in which a part of the Mexican force was defeated. Soon after the Texans capt- ured Goliad, and with it a large quantity of arms and military stores. Gen. Austin, at the head of the Texan army, in October laid siege to the strong town of Antonio de Bexar. Dur- ing the progress of the siege Cols. Fannin and Bowie, with less than a hundred men, gained a brilliant victory over 400 Mexicans. Gen. Austin’s army was poorly equipped. He was without cannon suitable for the re duction of so strong a place, but he stormed it on the 5th of December, forcing Gen. Cos with his garrison to retire within the fortress *This was several years prior to any advances being made by Texas toward the United States government. f-Yoakum's History of Texas. KENTUCKAb of the Alamo, where he was at length obliged to capitulate.* Santa Anna now determined to proceed against the Texans in person. With an army of 10,000 men and a large train of artillery, he entered their country, early in 1836, and on the 21st of February arrived before the town of Bexar. He surprised the garrison and drove them into the Alamo without pro- visions. They numbered but 150 men, includ- ing a re- enforcement of thirty-two received from Gonzales. The battle which followed is thus described by Frost, in his history of the war between Texas and Mexico; “For ten days the air was darkened by the shot and shells poured into the fort by Santa Anna, yet not a man of the Texans had fallen, while the ground was strewed with hundreds of their enemies, pierced by the ball of the unerring rifie. At length, on the night of the 5th of March, they beheld the enemy advanc- ing to assault the place. With their artil- lery the gallant defenders beat whole battal- ions to the earth, yet the Mexican pushed on his men, confident of ultimate success. The scaling-ladders were planted, and the Mexi- cans poured into the fortress. The men of the garrison, looking more like specti’es than men, still dealt death upon the enemy. They sold their lives dearly, but the immense num- bers of their assailants made their destruction certain. Seven of them, finding their com- panions all dead, asked for quarter, but were refused. They retired to a corner of the fortress, placed their backs to the walls and fell, each upon a pile of his fallen foes. Such was the victory of the Alamo, the Thermopylae of Texas, which cost the victor 1,500 of his bravest men.” Thus the Texan revolution raged. The war continued with varying fortune until the battle of San Jacinto, on the 21st of April, 1836, when the Mexican power was broken, resulting in their authority over the Texans being finally destroyed. This was the most remarkable battle of the war, and the most important in its results. Santa Anna’s army numbered more than 1,500 men, and was com- posed of veterans who had grown gray in the *History of the Texan Revolution, p. 167. HISTORY OF KEHTUCKT. 333 numerous wars of Mexico. Gen. Houston, who commanded the Texans, had 700 infant- ry and sixty-one cavalry. But, nothing daunted, “the gallant Texans charged the enemy’s lines until within a few yards, when they delivered their tire with dreadful effect, shouted their war-cry, ‘Remember the Alamo,’ and rushed upon the foe with the bayonet — and the contest was decided.”* The battle was disastrous to the Mexicans, and the destruction of their army was com- plete. More than 600 were killed in the tight, 280 wounded and 730 captured. Gens. Cos and Almonte were among the prisoners, as well as Santa Anna, who was taken the next day after the battle. A treaty was now effected between the two countries, and Santa Anna as president of Mexico, signed it on the 14th of May, acknowledging “the full, entire and perfect independence of Texas.” By this treaty, the boundaries of the new republic were defined as follows: “Begin- ning at the mouth of the Rio Grande; thence up the principal stream of the said river to its source; thence due north to the forty- second degree of north latitude; thence along the boundary line as defined in the treaty between the United States and Spain (Febru- ary, 1819) to the beginning. ”f It was agreed on the part of the Texans that the lives of their prisoners should be spared, and that Santa Anna should be sent to Vera Cruz, and thence to the United States. He an-ived in the latter country in December, 1836, and visited the president at Washing- ton. He returned to Mexico in 1837, and retired in solitude to his hacienda of Magno de Clava. In violation of every principle of honor, the republic of Mexico disregarded the treaty with Texas, and, as before, continued to treat the Texans as rebels. It was contended that the treaty had been made by Santa Anna while under constraint, and was, therefore, of no effect until ratified by the government of Mexico. Taking advantage of the existing dificulties, Bustamente, who had been ban- ' *Texan Eevolution, p. 169. fXhese boundaries constituted one of the grounds of claim | against Mexico, on the part of the United States, in the subse- quent troubles between those powers. 1 ished from Mexico, now returned and placed himself at the head of affairs. Having seized upon the presidency, he repudiated the Texan treaty and recommenced the war. It was continued in predatory incursions on both sides until Texas became one of the United States, and thus engaged the attention of Mexico at home. Texas, at a very early period of her strug- gle, expressed a desire to be admitted as a State into the American Union. She had applied for admission into the Mexican con- federation in 1833, and on August 4,1837^ made a formal proposition to the United States. Most of the early citizens were from the States, and had imbibed the principles of liberty in their broadest sense; so it is but natural that they should desire to remain politically and socially connected with the land of their birth. They had battled, ap- parently, not so much for absolute independ • ence, as for emancipation from Mexican tyranny, and, in order to secure this object, they had laid less stress on national sover- eignty, than upon a state of dependence, which would insui’e them safety. Of a gov- ernment of rigid laws and stern police regu- lations, they knew nothing, but they were shrewd, active, alert and rich in animal life and energy. Among the denizens of the forest they were irresistible, but to meet in organized convention to form laws for a new nation, were labors utterly above their abili- ties. With some few allowances for manner of life they could accommodate themselves to almost any old government, but to originate a new one, or to execute it after its origination, was the point at which they failed. This disposition in a people whom past adversi- ties or future hopes had impelled to this new region in pursuit of fortune or adventure, seems a little strange. Most nations, how- ever small, glory in their independence of foreign control, especially if that independ- ence has been achieved by their own efforts. But the biu'den of self-government, it was ' thought by the Texans, was too great for a young and irregularly settled country.* The I proposition of Texas to become a member of I =^Frost’s History of the Mexican AVar. 334 HISTORY or KENTUCKY. the American Union was declined by Presi- dent Van Buren, on the ground that it would be “an act of injustice to a sister republic.” He declared that so long as we were bound by a treaty of amity and commerce with Mexico, to annex Texas would necessarily involve the question of war, and that a dis- position to espouse the quarrel with Mexico was at variance with the spirit of the treaty, and with the policy and welfax’e of the United States.* The application was not pressed at that time, and Texas still remained exposed to the guerrilla warfare carried on by Mexico. But negotiations were continued with the United States, and with England and France, for loans and troops, the object of which was to force from Mexico an acknowledgement of Texan independence. This unsettled state of affairs — a partial war at one time, and a series of negotiations at another — continued to exist in Texas until the accession of Mr. Tyler to the presidency revived the plan of annexation. The ques- tion, though very cautiously handled by the politicians of that day, was a growing one, and did not fail to impress its importance upon a number of leading men, among whom was the president himself. Mr. Tyler had begun his administration with the settled intention of making Texas a part of the United States as soon as circumstances would permit. Dur- ing the first two years of his term, however, his time was too much taken up with the tariff question, and other important subjects causing acrimonious discussion, to allow him to force the issues of the Texan question. Circumstances continued unfavorable, and Mr. Webster, the secretary of state, was op- posed to the policy. In 1842, Texas, hav- ing once more applied for admission, the danger became imminent lest, disgusted with her treatment, she might never again pro- pose terms for annexation. From this time it became the leading question in the mind of the president, resulting in the withdrawal of Mr. Webster, in May, 1843, from the cab- inet, though on every other question he agreed with the executive. f The position of * State Papers. •[■Americaii History, Yol. VIII, p. 380. Mr. Tyler, at this time, attracted the notice of both the great political parties, and drew out the opinions of leading men and the criti- cisms of the press. As his official term approached its close, it became more and more evident that annexation would be one of the rallying points on which, during the national election, the opposing masses would test their strength. Mr. Upshur, who had succeeded Mr. Webster as secretary of State, was killed on February 28, 1844, by an ex- plosion on board the steamer “Princeton,” and the president appointed John 0. Calhoun, with whom the annexation of Texas was a favorite project, to succeed him. Together, the president and his secretary labored as- siduously to accomplish annexation. Mexico, in the meantime, had aroused her- self to action. Fearful of losing so larp^e a o o portion of her ancient territory, she awoke to the necessity of protecting her interests and of defending her honor, though it should be at the expense of war. On August 23, 1843, Mr. Bocanegra, the Mexican minister of foreign relations, addressed a note* to Waddy Thompson, our minister to Mexico, from which the following is taken: “If a party in Texas is now endeavoring to effect its incor- poration with the United States, it is from a consciousness of their notorious incapability to form and constitute an independent nation without their having changed their situation, or acquired any right to separate themselves from their mother country. His excellency, the provisional president, resting on this deep conviction, is obliged to prevent an agression, unprecedented in the annals of the world, from being consummated, and if it be indis- pensable for the Mexican nation to seek security for its rights at the expense of the disasters of war, it will call upon God, and rely on its own efforts for the defense of its just cause.” As if to pi’event any misunder- standing of the meaning of Mexico, Gen. Almonte, Mexican minister at Washington, wrote to the secretary of state, under date of November 3d as follows: “But if, contrary to the hopes and wishes entertained by the government of the undersigned for the *State Papers. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 335 preservation of tlie good understanding and harmony which should reign between the two neighboring and friendly republics, the United States should, in defiance of good faith, and the principles of justice which they have constantly proclaimed, commit the unheard-of act of violence of appropriating to themselves an integrant pai’t of the Mexi- can territory, the undersigned, in the name of his nation, and now for them, protests in the most solemn manner against such an aggression; and he moreover declares, by express order of his government, that on sanction being given by the executive of the Union to the incorporation of Texas into the United States, he will consider his mission ended, seeing that, as the secretary of state will have learned, the Mexican government is resolved to declare war as soon as it receives intimation of such act.” Thus it will be seen that the United States did not enter blindly into negotiations with Texas, nor in ignorance of what the result of annexation would be. Long prior to the admission of Texas, she had been officially informed by the Mexican government that war must inevitably follow such act. Un- heeding the solemn protest of Mexico, nego- tiations were continued and even pressed to an experimental test. Gen. xllmonte’s letter of remonstrance had been written to the sec- retary of state in November, 1843. On April 22, 1844, President Tyler submitted to the senate a “treaty of annexation,” accompanied by an elaborate message. It was the signal for a violent explosion against the adminis- tration, and the result was. after a bitter debate, the rejection of the treaty by a vote of thirty-five to sixteen.* The question was thus left open for discussion, and was one of the leading issues, as predicted, before the people in the presidential contest of 1844. “Polk, Dallas and Texas” was the battle-cry of the Democrats, and their candidates, Polk and Dallas, being elected by a large majority, this was taken as a public declaration on the subject. President Tyler now directed all his efforts to effect another treaty before the close of his official term, and so successfully, ^Public Documents of 1844. that, on March 1, 1845, congress passed the joint resolution annexing Texas to the United States. _On the same day the president affixed his official signature to the document, and on the 4th of July following, the treaty was ratified by the Texan government. Thus the signal was given for one of the most un- just and unnecessary wars of modern times — a war that proved but the prelude of another far more dreadful. Had the war with Mex- ico been avoided, as it well might have been, by a refusal to recognize the “Lone Star” republic, and receive it as a State into the American Union, it is possible that the civil war, which followed a decade and a half later, might not have occurred. Thus one event leads to another, and One woe doth tread upon another’s heel. So fast they follow. Time has healed the breach made by this national robbery, and years of peace have softened the angry feelings then aroused. The annexation of Texas precipitated the war betweeu Mexico and the United States, but there were mure important questious in- volved, which the unjust act developed. An eminent American statesman has said that. “ the commencement of the Mexican war was the opening of a new volume of American history.” This is quite true. The contest with Mexico is merely the preface to that volume — the production of the civil war of 1861-65. To protect slavery, and to extend the baleful institution, was the ruling idea with the great majority of those in the United States, and particularly in the South, who favored annexation, and may thus be considered the direct cause of the Mexican war, and which culminated finally in the war between the States. The Whig party in pol- itics opposed annexation on the ground that the acquisition of new territory would but result in the extension of slavery. One of the great exponents of the party thus ex- pressed its general sentiment * on the sub- ject: If further acquisitiou of territory is to be the result either of conquest or treatj% then I scarcely know which should be preferred, eternal war with * Thomas Corwin in a speech in the United .States senate opposing the Mexican war. 330 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Mexico, or the hazards of internal commotion at home, -which last, I fear, may come if another prov- ince is to he added to our territory. There is one topic connected -with this subject which I tremble when I approach, and yet I cannot forbear to men- tion it. It meets you in every step you take. It threatens you which way soever you go in the prosecution of this war. I allude to the question of slavery. Opposition to its further extension, it must be obvious to every one, is a deeply rooted determination with men of all parties in what we call the non-slaveholding States. New York. Penn- sylvania and Ohio, three of the most powerful, have already sent their legislative instructions here — so it will be, I doubt not, in all the rest. It is vain now to speculate about the reason of all this. Gentlemen of the South may call it prejudice, passion, hypoc- risy, fanaticism. I shall not dispute with them now on that point. The great fact that it is so, and not otherwise, is what it concerns us to know. You nor I cannot change this opinion if we w'ould. These people only say, we will not, cannot consent that you shall carry slavery where it does not al- ready exist. They do not seek to disturb you in that institution, as it exists in your States. Enjoy it if you will and as you will. This is their lan- guage, this their determination. How is it in the South? Can it be expected that they will expend in common their blood and their treasure, in the acquisition of immense territory, and then willingly forego the right to carry thither their slaves, and inhabit the conquered country if they please to do so? Nay, I believe they would contend to any ex- tremity for the mere right, had they no wish to exert it. I believe, and I confess I tremble when the conviction presses upon me, that there is equal obstinacy on both sides of this fearful question. If, then, we persist in war, which, if it terminate in anything short of a mere wanton waste of blood as well as money, must end (as this bill proposes) in the acqisition of territory, to which at once this controversy must attach — this bill would seem to be nothing less than a bill to produce internal com- motion. Should we prosecute this war another moment, or expend $1 in the purchase of a single acre of Mexican land, the North and the South are brought into collision on a point where neither will yield. Who can foresee or foretell the result? This was the position, these the senti- ments, of one of Ohio’s greatest statesmen, and like views were entertained by a majority of his people and his party. Henry Clay, the great “commoner,” took the same ground, as did Daniel Webster and most of the lead- ing Whigs of the country. They opposed the extension of slavery as a national evil, and to avert such evil, they opposed the an- nexation of Texas. Had slavery not become aggressive for territorial expansion, it would doubtless have taken a long time for the slow pi’ocess of political policy to have accom- plished its final ejxtinction. Upon the passage of the joint act admit- ting Texas into the sisterhood of States, Mexico immediately broke off all diplomatic intercourse with the American government, called home her minister, and began prepar- ations for war. War soon followed. “The army of occupation, under Gen. Zachary Taylor, was ordered to Corpus Christi, in July, and during the winter following, it was ordered to a point opposite Matamoras, to take possession of the territory in dispute.* * * * The Mexicans occupied the ter- ritory at the time, with a military force stationed at Brazos Santiago, which, on the approach of Gen. Taylor to Point Isabel, withdrew west of the Rio Grande. * * * On the 28th of March, 1846, Taylor, with about 4,000 men, took position on the left bank of the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras, and within cannon shot of that place. April 24th, Gen. Arista arrived in Matamoras and assumed command of the Mexican forces. On the same day Gen. Taylor, having learned that a large body of Mexicans had crossed the river twenty miles above, dispatched Capts. Thornton and Hardee with sixty men to reconnoiter their movements. They fell in with what they supposed was a scouting party, but which proved to be the advance guard of a strong force of the enemy posted in the chaparral. The Americans charged and pursued the guard across the clearing, and in an instant their forces were surround- ed by the main body of Mexicans, who fired upon them, killing sixteen and taking the remainder prisoners.”f Although it had been more than a year since the passage of the act of annexation, this slight skirmish may be regarded as the commencement of hostilities between Mexi- co and the United States. The report of the capture of Thornton and Hardee did not reach Washington until the 9th of May, one *The Texans claimed the -whole country east of the Rio Grande. Mr. Slidell -was appointed an envoy by the United States and sent to the Mexican government to settle all ques- tions of boundary bet-ween the two countries, but his mission was unsuccessful. fStuve’s sketch of the Mexican war in History of Illinois. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 337 day after the opening battle of Palo Alto. As the news spread over the country it creat- ed the most intense excitement. Public meetings were held, and the indignation of the people gave vent to warlike speeches and resolutions. Governors tendered the services of their militia to the president, and issued proclamations to their people to organize and enroll themselves in readiness for emergen- cies. The excitement was at fever heat. The president sent in a special message to congress, and two days later that body passed an act authorizing him to accept the services of 50,000 volunteers, and appropriating $10,- 000,000 to carry on the war. Military organizations began now in earnest. But while these scenes were transpiring in the United States, more thrilling ones were being enacted in Mexico. The battle of Palo Alto, the first actual battle of the war, occurred on the 8th of May, 1846, followed on the next day by the battle of Resaca de la Palma, in both of which the Americans, though con- fronted by largely superior numbers, were victorious. A call for volunteers soon followed, and in the apportionment of troops among the States, the South and West came in for the largest quotas. The patriotism of Kentucky blazed out from one end of the commonwealth to the other. The governor, anticipating the call, issued his proclamation for volunteers, and more than 13,000 responded. Under the first requisition for troops, the State was required to furnish 2,400 men — two regi- ments of infantry and one of cavalry. Not- withstanding the ascendancy of the Whig party in Kentucky, and the general opposition of that party to the war, 10,000 more volun- teers reported for duty than could be accept- ed. The quota was filled, and the surplus companies were disbanded and furnished transportation to their homes at the expense of the State. The Louisville Legion, a military organ- ization now nearly half a century old, were among the first troops to tender their services to the governor. Composed of the flower of Louisville manhood, the Legion, ten compa- nies strong, commanded by Col. Ormsby, was accepted by the State, and became the First Kentucky Infantry. It was mustered into the United States service, and at once em- barked for the seat of war. The history of the Louisville Legion dates back to 1837. In that year a company was organized, called the “ Louisville Guards, ” Thomas Anderson, captain, and Charles Tilden and John Barbee, lieutenants. The “Washington Blues,” under Capt. W. L. Ball; the “ Kentucky Riflemen,” under Capt. Thomas J. Martin, and the “ Louisville Grays,” under Capt. J. Birney Marshall, were organized in 1838 and 1839. These four companies, in 1840, were formed into a battalion under the charter of the “ Louis- ville Legion,” with Thomas Anderson, colonel; Jason Rogers, lieutenant- colonel ; Humphrey Marshall, major, and John Barbee, adj utant. In 1846, after war had been declared against Mexico, the strength of the Louis- ville Legion was increased to nine companies of infantry and one of artillery, thus forming a full regiment. Upon the offer of their services to the governor, they were accepted, and in four days were on the way to Mexico. They were mustered into service on the 17th of May, 1846, with the following regimental officers: Stephen Ormsby, colonel; Jason Rogers, lieutenant-colonel; John B. Shep- herd, major; William Riddel, adjutant, and T. L. Caldwell and J. J. Matthews, surgeons. The company commanders were: First Com- pany — C. H. Harper, captain; Second Com- pany Sanders, captain; Third Company — E. B. Howe, captain; Fourth Company — F. Kern, captain; Fifth Company — Godfrey Pope, captain; Sixth Company — John Fuller, captain; Seventh Company — Com’ad Schroe- der, captain; Eighth Company — F. F. C. Triplett, captain; Ninth Company — W. L. Ball, captain; Tenth Company — C. W. Bullen, captain. After the close of the war, the Legion, as an orgfanization, became somewhat lukewarm, if it did not wholly disband, and at the out- break of the civil war, many of the surviving members entered into the service, some into the Federal and some into the Confederate 21 338 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ai’my. During the labor troubles of 1877, when it became evident to the people, throughout the country, that effective State organization was necessary at times to pre- serve the civil authorities, the Louisville Legion was reorganized and put on an effective footing. The Mexican veterans of the old Legion turned over their charter to the new organization, and since then its history is familiar to the people of the city and the State. The two regiments addition- al to the Legion, embraced in the first call for ti’oops, were officered as follows: Second Infantxy — AVilliam R. McKee, of Lexington, colonel; Henry Clay, Jr., of Louisville, lieutenant-colonel; Cary H. Fry, of Danville, major; First Company — William H. Maxey, of Green County, captain; Second Company —Franklin Chambers, of Franklin County, captain; Third Company — Phil B. Thomp- son, of Mercer County, captain; Fourth Company — Speed Smith Fry, of Boyle County, captain; Fifth Company — George W. Cutter, of Kenton County, captain; Sixth Company — William T. Willis, of Jessamine County, captain ; Seventh Company — Will- iam Dougherty, of Lincoln County, captain; Eighth Company — William M. Joiner, of Kenton County, captain; Ninth Company — AViikerson Turpin, of Montgomery County, captain; Tenth Company — George W. Kava- naugh, of Anderson County, captain. First Cavalry — Humphrey Marshall, of Louisville, colonel; E. H. Field, of Wood- ford County, lieutenant-colonel; John P. Gaines, of Boone County, major; and E. M. Vaughn, of Fayette County, adjutant. First Company — William J. Heady, of Jefferson County, captain; Second Company — A. Pen- nington, of Jefferson County, captain; Third Company — Cassius M. Clay, of Fayette County, captain; Fourth Company — Thomas F. Marshall, of Woodford County, captain; Fifth Company — J. C. Stone, of Madison County, captain; Sixth Company — J. Price, of Garrard County, captain; Seventh Company — G. L. Postlethwaite, of Fayette County, captain; Eighth Company — J. S. Li Hard, of Gallatin County, captain; Ninth Company — John Shawhan, of Harrison County, captain; Tenth Company— B. C. Milam, of Franklin County, captain. A company had been recruited by John S. Williams, in Clark County, but, through some misunderstanding between the goveimor of Kentucky and the United States secretary of war, it had been excluded from regimental organization. Capt. Williams applied at once to the war department to have it mus- tered into service as an independent company. While this application was pending, Capt. Williams marched them to the rendezvous at Louisville, and uniformed them, and where an order was soon received by Gen. Wool to muster it in. It was accordingly mustered into the service of the United States, and ordered to report to the colonel of the Sixth United States Regular Infantry, then en route for Mexico. It served with this resiment until its term (one year) expired, and partic- ipated in the battle of Cerro Gordo, where it received the highest praise for its bravery. Capt. Williams was soon after appointed colonel of the Fourth Kentucky Infantry, a regiment organized under the second call for troops. On the 31st of August, 1847, a second requisition was made on Kentucky for troops, and two regiments asked for. They were organized and ready for service by the 20th of September, and were numbered and officered as follows: Third Infantry — ManliusV.Thomson, of Georgetown, colonel; Thomas L. Crittenden, of Frankfort, lieutenant-colonel; John C. Breckinridge, of Lexington, major; Bradly, adjutant. First Company — A. T. Caldwell, of Laurel County, captain; Second Company — W. P. Childs, of Estill County, captain; Third Company — Thomas Todd, of Shelby County, captain; Fourth Company — William E. Simms, of Bourbon County, cap- tain; Fifth Company — John R. Smith, of Scott County, captain; Sixth Company — James Ewing, of Bath County, captain; Seventh Company- — Leander M. Cox, of Fleming County, captain ;*Eighth Company — Leonidas Metcalfe, of Nicholas County, cap- tain; Ninth Company — J. A. Pritchard, of *It is reported of Capt. Cox’s company, that twenty-five of his men were over .six feet high. HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 339 Boone County, captain; Tenth Company — L. B. Robinson, of Fayette County, captain. Fourth Infantry — John S. Williams, of Winchester, colonel; William Preston, of Louisville, lieutenant- colonel; William T. W’^ard, of Greensburg, major; William E. Woodruff, of Louisville, adjutant. First Company — J. S. Corum, of Caldwell County, captain; Second Company — G. B. Cook, of Livingston County, captain; Third Company — D. McCreery, of Daviess County, captain; Fourth Company — P. H. Gardner, of Hart County, captain; Fifth Company— T. Keat- ing, of Jefferson County, captain; Sixth Com- pany — John C. Squires, of Adair County, captain; Seventh Company— John G. Lair, of Pulaski County, captain; Eighth Company — M. R. Hardin, of Washington County, captain; Ninth Company — B. Rowan Hardin, of Nelson County, captain; Tenth Company — A. W. Bartlett, of Henry County, captain. Twelve other full companies reported, one from each of the following counties: Mason, Montgomery, Fayette, Madison, Bullitt, Campbell, Hardin, Harrison and Franklin, and three from Louisville, besides several fragmentary companies that were never com- pleted, the filling of the quota rendering fm'ther recruiting unnecessary. Prior to the second call being made, four companies for the war were enlisted in Kentucky, and March 1, 1847, mustered into the regular army of the United States. Gen. Zachary Taylor, commander-in-chief of the army in Mexico, at the commencement of the war, is claimed as a Kentuckian, though really born in Virginia. His father removed to Kentucky, in 1785, when Zachary was but nine months old, and settled in the present county of Jefferson. Born at the close of the revolution, young Taylor grew to manhood amid the Indian wars, which raged for years upon the frontiers, and were particularly severe in Kentucky, As he gi’ew up he developed a fondness for arms, and at the age of twenty-three was commissioned a lieutenant in the United States army. From this subordinate position he rose by regular gradation to the rank of major-general, and second in command in the regular army. He was no “carpet knight,” but his pro- motions were all won by hard service in the field. He was one of the foremost soldiers of the age, and his biographer does him but justice when he says: “No man but Gen. Taylor could have won the victory of Buena Vista.” Shortly after Gen. Scott was ordered by the government at Washington to Mexico, to take command of the army, Gen. Taylor resigned and returned to the United States. He was elected president in 1848, by the Whig party, over Gen. Lewis Cass, but died in July, 1850, a little more than a year after his inauguration. He lies buried near Louis- ville, where recently a handsome monument has been placed at his grave, to mark the spot where the old hero sleeps. William O. Butler was commissioned a major-general by President Polk, June 29, 1846, for service in the Mexican war. He was born in Jessamine County, Ky., in 1791, and was educated in Transylvania University. He entered the ai’my before he was twenty- one years old, and served in the war of 1812. He was at the battle of the river Raisin, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. Subsequently he was with Gen. Jackson in the battle of New Orleans, and for his gal- lantry received the commendation of his commanding general. He studied law and i was admitted to the bar in CaiToll County, Ky. In 1844 he was the Democratic candi- j date for governor, but was defeated. He served with distinction in the Mexican war and was severely wounded at the siege of Monterey. When the troubles, arose between Gen. Scott and his officers, after the capture of the city of Mexico, Gen. Butler was pro- moted to the chief command of the army, which position he retained until the conclu- sion of peace. He was a candidate for vice- president of the United States in 1848, on the ticket with Gen. Cass, but they were defeated by Taylor and Fillmore. He was one of the six commissioners from Kentucky, in 1861, to the “Peace Conference” at Wash- ington. He died at his home, in Carroll County, a few years ago. Of the field and staff officers of the Ken- tucky regiments many of them attained to 340 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the highest distinction, civil and military. They were the very flower of Kentucky chiv- alry, and those still sm^viving bore a promi- nent part (most of them) in the late civil war, both in the Federal and Confederate armies. Humphrey Marshall was a member of one of the most noted families of Kentucky. He was a lawyer, statesman and soldier, and in each ju’ofession he was pre-eminently great. He served in the United States congress, and was a major-general in the Confederate army. William R. McKee and Henry Clay, Jr., the latter the favorite son of the “sage of Ashland,” were killed in the battle of Buena Vista. M. V. Thomson was lieuten- ant-governor of the State under Gov. Letcher, from 1840 to 1844. Thomas L. Crittenden is a son of the Hon. John J. Crittenden — Kentucky’s distinguished senator — was a major general in the Federal army, and is now an officer in the United States army. John C. Breckinridge was vice-president of the United States under James Buchanan, was a candidate for the presidency in 1860, was defeated and afterward elected to the United States Senate ; he resigned to enter the Confederate army, became a major- general, and subsequently was chosen secretary of war for the Confederate States. John S. Williams was a major-gen- eral in the Confederate army and has since served with distinction in the United States senate — his services terminating March 4, 1885. William Preston has been a member of congress, was a member of the constitu- tional convention of 1849, minister to Spain under President Buchanan, and was a major- general in the Confederate army. Stephen Ormsby was one of the most prominent and public-spirited men of Jefferson County, but was neither statesman nor politician. He loved the Louisville Legion as his children, and his affection was fully returned by them. William E. Woodruff is a lawyer, still resides in Louisville, was colonel of the Second Kentucky (Federal) Infantry, and was promoted to brigadier -general. He and Gen. Preston, Senator Williams and Gen. Crittenden, are all of the list (the field and staff) known to be now living. It is impossible to follow the Kentucky troops all through their service in Mexico. The record of both officers and men was such as to cast no reflection upon the high standard of excellence attained by the soldiers of the commonwealth in the early Indian wars and the war of 1812. There were but few battles or even skirmishes of any importance, in the early part of the war, in which Kentucky troops did not participate, but by far their largest representation was in the battle of Buena Vista. Their decimated ranks were an eloquent but mournful tribute to the part they bore in that terrible and unequal struggle. The Kentucky volunteers, except the Legion, which had already left for the front, rendez- voused at Louisville, and on the 9th of June, 1846, were mustered into the United States service by Col. George Croghan. On the 4th of July following they embarked for Memphis, and from there proceeded overland to Little Rock, thence through Texas to Camargo, on the Rio Grande, where they crossed into Mexico. They did not reach the scene of active operations until several months after the battle of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Pal- ma, and the fall of Matamoras. The first fighting in which any of the Ken- tucky troops were engaged was at the siege of Monterey,in September (1846), and but few of them, except the Louisville Legion, were en- gaged there. The Legion was posted to guard a battery, and for twenty-four hours maintained its position, holding the enemy in check without being able to return their fire, and exhibiting the courage of tried veter- ans. For the part they took in the protract- ed fighting around this stronghold of the enemy, the Kentucky legislature passed reso- lutions complimentary to them, and voted thanks to Gens. Taylor and Butler, and a sword to each of these officers. Maj. Philip N. Barboui’ of the Third United States Regular Infantry, a gallant Kentuckian, was killed during the siege, thus marring the joy of his victorious comrades in arms. He was a brave officer, and the legislature, on the 23d of February, 1847, ordered his remains brought home, and interred in the State cemetery at Frankfort. HUMPHREY MARSHALL HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 341 Maj. Gaines and Capt. Clay, of the First Kentucky Cavalry, with thirty men, were sur- prised on the 22dof January (1847) by a large force of the enemy at Encarnacion, and cap- tured. Five days later Capt. Heady and Lieut. Churchill, of the same regiment, with seventeen men, were captured. The prisoners were marched off to the City of Mexico, where most of them remained in captivity rintil their comrades had served out their term of enlistment and returned home. About a month after his capture, Maj. Gaines with- drew his parole as a prisoner of war, and suc- ceeded finally in making his escape to the American Army. He gained the lines in time to take a gallant part in the battles of Churubusco, Chapultepec, and in the fighting around the walls of the Mexican capital. After the fall of Monterey, the next im- portant military operations were at Buena Vista. On the 12th of November (1846) Gen. Worth was ordered from Monterey to Saltillo with two regiments of infantry, a company of volunteers, eight companies of artillery and a field battery. About the 17th of December, Gen. Taylor received a dispatch from Worth, stating that Santa Anna threat- ened an attack upon Saltillo. Gens. Butler and Wool were ordered to re-enforce Worth, and Gen. Taylor set out a few days later himself for the same point. Saltillo is the capital of the State of Coahuila and an im- portant place, and, once in possession of the Americans, it was highly necessary to hold it. Gen. Taylor had proceeded but a short distance on his march, when he was met by a messenger from Worth announcing that the rumored attack of Santa Anna was un- founded. Deeming his presence there now unnecessary, Taylor returned to Monterey, but soon after, accompanied by Gen. Twiggs’ division, moved toward Victoria, where he arrived on the 4th of January.* It was about this time that Gen. Taylor re- ceived a demand from Gen. Scott for a part of his troops to aid him in his operations against Vera Cruz. He immediately returned to Monterey to comply with the request of Gen. Scott, though to do so deprived him of ^Frost’s Mexican War, p. 341. nearly all his regulars, and the volunteer di- visions of Worth and Twiggs, and the brig- ades of Quitman and Patterson. In the lat- ter part of January, Taylor received informa- tion from Gen. Wool, encamped in the neigh- borhood of Saltillo, that rumors were again prevalent of an attack on that place by Santa Anna. Leaving 1,500 men at Monterey, Gen. Taylor, on the 31st of January, marched for Saltillo, determined, if practi- cable with his small force, to anticipate the attack of Santa Anna. He reached the strong mountain pass of La Angostura, three miles from Buena Vista, and after a short halt pro- ceeded to the camp of Gen. Wool, now at Saltillo. Upon concentrating the troops, Gen. Taylor found he had an effective force of less than 5,000 — all volunteers, except about 500. This handful of comparatively raw troops was confronted by Santa Anna with an army of 20,000 veterans. Frost thus describes the field of Buena Vista: Buena Vista is a small village or rancho, situated five miles southwest of Saltillo, on the road between that place and San Luis Potosi. The American and supply train were here stationed during the whole battle, and upon the small force left to guard it, a portion of the Mexican cavalry from their right wing charged late on the 23d. On each side of the San Luis Potosi road, precipitous mountains rose to a great height, thus forming a narrow valley very difficult for the movements of a large cavalry force. On the west side of the road, and extending to the foot of the mountains, was a labyrinth of deep and impassable gullies, which rendered all traveling on that part of the valley impossible. Three miles below Buena Vista these gullies approached so near the base of the eastern ridge of the mountains, as to narrow the valley to the width of the road, from which it received the name of the pass La Angos- tura, or the narrows. A small force placed at this spot would be utterly inaccessible from the west, almost equally so from the mountains of the east, and could hold the road against a direct attack from a vastly superior foe. In this strong defile was placed Washington’s battery of three guns, sup- ported by two companies of the First Illinois Vol- unteers. West of this pass the right wing of the American army was drawn up on the sides of the mountains, their eastern extremity stretching to- ward the pass. On a broad plateau or table-land formed by extensions of the eastern mountain chain was the left of the army, their east flank covered by cliffs, and their west by Washington’s battery. On the extreme east, among the high mountains, were situated, on the evening of the 22d, the 342 niSTOEY OF KENTUCKY. American light troops, with whom and the Mexi- can light infantry the skirmish of that day took place. Two months before the battle of Buena Vista, Gen. Wool, on a trip to Saltillo, pointed ! out this defile as the spot of all others for a small army to fight a large one. It was upon his suggestion that Gen. Taylor, on the 21st of February, fell back to the cliffs and gorges of Buena Vista, there to measure strength with the greatest general of Mexico. Gen. Taylor had an able and eflicient second in Gen. Wool In his report of the battle, he thus recognized the ability of Wool as a com- mander and his valor as a soldier: “The high state of discipline and instruction of several of the volunteer regiments was attained under his command, and to his vigilance and arduous services before the action, and his gallantry and activity on the field, a large share of our success may justly be attributed ” He in- trusted the immediate command of the Amer- ican army to W^ool, who planned the action, and stationed the troops in their respective positions, which was somewhat as follows: On a plateau, directly east of Washington’s battery, were six companies of Col. Hard- in’s First Illinois Regiment, flanked on the left by the Second Kentucky Infantry under Col. McKee, and the Second Illinois Infantry, covering Sherman’s battery. East of these troops, on another plateau, was the Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry. North of these, on the broad table-land. Col. Davis’ Mississippi riflemen were drawn up in battle array, with artillery in the center and on each flank. On the afternoon of the 22d, the enemy attacked the American light troops, stationed on the left, with considerable spirit. Gen. Wool immediately sent information to Gen. Taylor, who was at Saltillo, and ordered tbe troops stationed in the village of Buena Visra to be brought forward.* Soon after the arrival of Gen. Taylor upon I the field he received a summons from Santa i Anna to surrender. The following is the ; note of the Mexican commander: “You are surrounded by 20,000 men and cannot, in i any human probability, avoid suffering a rout and being cut to pieces with your troops; but as you deserve consideration and particular esteem, I wish to save you from a catasti’ophe, and for that purpose give you this notice, in order that you may surrender at discretion, under the assurance that you will be treated with the consideration belonging to the Mex- ican character, to which end you will be granted one hour’s time to make up your mind, to commence from the moment when my flag of truce arrives in your camp. W’ith this view, I assure you of my consideration.” To this imperious summons Gen. Taylor responded: “In reply to your note of this date, summoning me to surrender my forces at discretion, I beg leave to say that I decline acceding to your request. ” * The American commander now expected that an attack upon him would immediately begin, and preparations were made to meet it. Changes were ordered in the positions occupied by the Kentucky and Illinois troops, so as to secm’e the plateau east of Washing- ton’s battery, which commanded the road to Saltillo, the key to the position of the Amer- ican army. Contrary to the general expec- tation, however, no attack was made beyond light skirmishing, and about sunset Gen. Taylor, with Col. Davis’ regiment of Mis- sissippi riflemen and a squadron of dragoons, returned to Saltillo, leaving Gen. Wool in command. The heaviest fighting on the 22d occurred on the American left, where were stationed the First Kentucky Cavalry, under Col. Mar- shall, the Arkansas Cavalry, under Col. Yell, and a battalion of Indiana riflemen, all under the immediate command of Col. Marshall. Santa Anna early in the afternoon of the 22d pushed forward a large force of infantry against these troops, while at the same time he made a feint upon the American right. Gen. Wool in his official report thus describes the engagement that ensued: “At 2 o’clock, as the enemy’s light infantry were moving up the side of the mountain, and in the ra- vines, they opened fire on our riflemen from a large howitzer posted on the road, and be- tween 3 and 4 o’clock Col. Marshall engaged ^Mansfield’s History Mexican W'ar. *Gen. Taylor’s Report. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 343 the Mexican infantry on the side of the moun- tain, and the firing continued on both sides at intervals until dark. In this our troops sustained no loss, while that of the enemy is known, by subsequent inspection of the ground, to be considerable.” This skirmish closed the battle of February 22. To the greater part of the Americans it was their first experience in actual war. Although the night was cold, they slept on their arms, ready for a renewal of the fight in the morn- ing. Without fires, they bivouacked on the bleak rocks, around which rose tall cliffs almost shutting out the twinkling of the stars. A highly descriptive writer speaks of their situation in the following terms: “Thick darkness gathered around the little army, the air seemed clothed with vapors, and a silence, that pained the ear more than the jarring of cannon, hung around. Now and then a solitary vulture moved heavily through the gloom, making the stillness more awful by his fore- boding scream. Many a young soldier, whose heart beat high with the longings of ambi- tion, looked up fearfully that night through the frowning shade, and turned away to dream of home and sleep his last sleep.” Few great battles have been won under more unfavorable circumstances than that of Buena Vista. Gen. Taylor’s army had been reduced to a few thousand raw troops, and a few hundred regulars, by the requisition made upon him by Gen. Scott. Deprived of the veterans who had stood by him at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and at Monterey, he pon- dered anxiously the chances against him. Says an eloquent writer* on the subject: “ Santa Anna, whom he was to meet for the first time, had a world wide fame for courage and for strategy; he was supported by Ampudia, who had already proved himself determined and crafty; by Arista, who with his magnetic physique and strong personal influence, ce- mented many conflicting elements in the Mexican army; by Lombardini, his second in command, whom he greatly trusted; by Pacheco and Perez; by Mora y Villamil, whose scornful dispatch to Gen. Taylor some weeks earlier stung the old soldier into an indignant reply; by Ortega, whose division was to be held like a whip with which Santa Anna would scourge the defeated Americans from the soil of Mexico; and Minon, whose cavalry should drive the fugitives back to the lash of Ortega. He had, too, Torrejon, with ' his brilliant lancers, the pride of the Mex- ican forces. It was, indeed, a fine army, offi- cers and men treading their own soil, inspired by sentiments of patriotism and religion, while their confidence in the skill and cour- age of their leader, Santa Anna, gave stabil- ity to their enthusiasm. The little army awaiting them may be viewed at a glance: — j the commander-iu-chief, resolute to obstina- cy, careless of life in the heat of action, both I for himself and for his soldiers, yet tender- I hearted and self-sacrificing; liable to make ' mistakes, yet cool, I’eady and invincible in his ability to escape from their effects. Wool, his second in command, an experienced sol- dier, brave, ambitious and sanguine; Lane, I an untried brigadier-general of volunteers; besides these a few colonels, captains and lieutenants. As events proved, each of these minor officers became in turn a commander, j and few generals of the line could have ex- i celled them in bravery, skill and discretion. Capts. Bragg and Sherman, and Lieut. O’Brien, with their batteries, seemed ubiqui- ; tons during the whole contest, w'hile Wash- j ington, with his few guns, held the left wing I of the Mexican army in check from the be- ginning to the end of the battle. Col. May’s name became a synonym for dashing bravery; Gen. Lane, wounded, but still fighting, led his heroic Indiana men on; Col. Davis dis- played ability that was considered an evi- dence of military genius; McKee and Clay, in one of the Kentucky regiments, were graduates of West Point, and fulfilled the expectations that their training inspired; Cols. Marshall and Yell led their mounted I men with great gallantry. Yell had left his seat in congress for the dangers of the field. Bissell, a former member of congress, was a man of fine attainments and excellent judg- ment; Hardin had stimulated the pride and I interest with which Col. Churchill, inspector general. United States army, had regarded *American History, Vol. Ill, p 714. 344 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the Illinois regiments. His name had been urged at Washington for brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers, but his political antece- dents prevented sixch an appointment. He had seen service in the Black Hawk war, and for several years was general- in-chief of the Illi- nois militia at a time when it was not merely a nominal position.” Such was the personnel of the opposing armies on the eve of the battle of Buena Vista. The battle was continued on the morning of the 23d — where it had closed on the previous evening — in front of Col. Marshall’s posi- tion. Dm’ing the night a re-enforcement of about 1,500 of the enemy had been thrown forward, and at 2 o’clock in the morning, they drove in Marshall’s pickets. At dawn of day the action began in earnest. Hard pressed by the immense masses of the enemy, the intrepid riflemen, animated by their com- mander, received them with coolness, and poured into them the contents of their uner- ring rifles, which heaped the hillside with piles of the slain. At an opportune moment Marshal] was re-enforced by Maj. Trail, of the Second Illinois Volunteers, with a battalion from that regiment, and with this addition to his force he continued to hold the enemy in check. Covering themselves behind rocks and ridges of the mountain the troops were secure from artillery, and met every charge of the enemy with advantage. No part of the fleld was more sternly contested. More than 300 Mexican dead strewed the ground in front of Marshall’s position, thus showing the deadly aim of his riflemen. From day- break until 10 o’clock they fought, in the rugged passes of the mountains, often ten times their own force, never quailing before the superior numbers assailing them. When the Second Indiana Infantry gave way, Col. Marshall was compelled to fall back to pre- vent being cut off from the main army. In the encounter with Torrejon’s lancers at the village of Buena Vista, he fought with the same courage and with less than 400 Ken- tuckians and Arkansians, defeated and routed 1,500 of the enemy. At 9 o’clock Santa Anna formed his army in three columns of attack, to overwhelm Taylor and his little band of Spartans. The first column under Gen. Mora y Villamil, composed of" a number of the finest regiments in the Mexican army, was ordered to move down the road and carry the Angostura Pass. A battery of eighteen guns was placed upon, the eminence above to assist in this move- ment. The second column comprised Lom- bardini’s and Pacheco’s heavy infantry, ordered to advance in two divisions; Lom- bardini’s over the base of the southern hill and around the head of the front ravine to gain the plateau, while Pacheco was to push up through the ravine, and unite with Lom- bardini, when they were to attack in force the left of the American center. The third column, Ampudia’s light infantry, was sent to the support of the force already engaged on the mountain with the Kentucky, Illinois, Arkansas and Indiana troops. The reserves, under Ortega, remained in the rear on the road. * From Frost’s history of the Mexican war, one of the best on the subject extant, is taken the remainder of the sketch of this battle. Commencing with the struggle on the Ameri- can left, it is described as follows: The position of affairs was most critical, for if the Mexicans succeeded in forcing the American position the day was theirs. There being no artil- lery opposed to them but O’Brien’s section and another piece, it was all important for him to main- tain his ground until guns could come round the ravine to join him. He determined, therefore, to hold this position until the enemy reached the muz- zles of his guns. The struggle was a terrible one. Each party put forth its utmost strength, and the feelings of the soldier were wound to a pitch of enthusiasm, that made him reckless of death itself. The enemy sunk down by scores, and a body of lancers charging the Illinois troops were compelled to fall back. Still the main body rushed on, shak- ing the mountain passes with the trampling of their armed thousands, and shouting above the uproar of battle. The wounded and dying were crushed in their furious charge, and soon their horses were within a few yards of O’Brien’s pieces. Here they received the last discharge, and as the driving hail smote their columns, a groan of anguish followed and horse and rider sank down and rolled over the rocky surface in the arms of death. It was a dreadful moment, and as the column swayed to and fro beneath the shock, and then sternly united for *E. H. Walworth’s sketch in American History, Vol. Ill, p. 726. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. U5 the headlong leap, companies that were mere spec- tators grew pale for the result. Although O’Brien was losing men and horses with alarming rapidity, he gave orders to again fire, when suddenly the few recruits who were fit for duty lost their presence of mind, and with all his efforts they could not be kept to the guns. After staying at his post to the last, he retired slowly and sullenly. He lost his pieces, but by his gallant stand he had kept the enemy in check long enough to save the day. About the same time the Second Illinois Infan- try, under Col. Bissell, having become completely out flanked, were compelled to fall back. Col. Marshall’s light troops, on the extreme left, came down from the mountainous position, and joined the American main army. Masses of cavalry and infantry were now pouring through the defiles on the American left, in order to gain the rear north of the large plateau. At this moment Gen. Taylor arrived upon the field from Satillo. As the Mexican infantry turned the American flank, they came in contact with Col. Davis’ Mississippi riflemen, posted on a plateau, north of the principal one. The Sec- ond Kentucky Infantry, under Col. McKee, and a section of artillery, under Capt. Bragg, had pre- viously been ordered to this position from the right, and arrived at a most important crisis. As the masses of the enemy emerged from the defiles, to the table-land above, they opened upon the rifle- men, and the battle became deeply interesting. Tlie lancers, meanwhile, were drawing up for a charge. The artillery on each side was in an incessant blaze, and one sheet of sparkling fire flashed from the small arms of both lines. Then the cavalry came dashingdown ina dense column, their dress and arms glittering in the sun, seemingly in strange contrast with the work of death. All around was clamor and hurry, drowning the shouts of command, and groans of the dying. Davis gave the order to fire; a report from hundreds of rifles rang along his line, and mangled heaps of the enemy sank to the ground. Struck wiih dismay, the lacerated host heaved back, while, in mad confusion, horse trod down horse, crushing wounded and dying beneath their hoofs in the reckless rushing of retreat. The day was once more saved. At the same time Col. McKee’s Kentucky regi- ment, supported by Bragg’s artillery, had driven back the enemy’s infantry, and recovered a portion of the lost ground. The latter otflcer then moved nis pieces to the main plateau, where, in company with Capt. Sherman, he did much execution, partic- ularly upon the masses that were in the rear. Gen. Taylor placed all the regular cavalrj^ and Capt. Pike’s squadron of horse under the orders of Lieut. -Col, May, with directions to hold in check the enemy’s column, still advancing to the rear along the base of the mountain. May posted himself north of the ravine, through which the enemy were moving toward Buena Vista, in order to charge them as they approached that place. The enemy, however, still continued to advance, until almost the whole American ai’tillery were playing upon them. At length, unable to stand the fearful slaughter, their ranks fell into confusion, some of the corps attempting to effect a retreat upon their main line of battle. To prevent this, the general ordered the first dragoons, under Lieut. Rucker, to ascend the deep ravine, which these corps were endeavoring to cross, and disperse them. The squadron, however, were unable to accomplish their object, in consequence of a heavy fire from a battery covering the enemy’s retreat. Meanwhile, a large body of lancers assembled on the extreme left of the Americans, for the pur- pose of charging upon Buena Vista. To support that point, Gen. Taylor ordered forward May, with two pieces of Sherman’s battery. The scattered force at the hacienda were collected by Majs. Mon- roe and Morrison, and uniting with some of the troops of the Indiana regiment they were posted to defend the position. Before May could reach the village, the enemy had begun the attack. They were gallantly opposed by the Kentucky and Ar- kansas cavalry, under Cols. Marshall and YeU. The shock was a heavy one. Col. Yell fell at the head of his column, and the Kentuckians lost Adjt. Vaughn, a young officer of much promise. The enemy’s column was separated into two por- tions, one sweeping by the American depot under a destructive fire from the Indiana troops, until they gained the mountains opposite, the other portion regaining the base of the mountain to the west. Lieut. -Col. May now reached Buena Vista, and ap- proaching the base of the mountain, held in check the enemy’s right flank, upon whose masses, crowded in the narrow gorges, and ravines, the ar- tillery was doing fearful execution. The position of that portion of the Mexican army which had gained the American rear, was now so critical as to induce the belief that it would be forced to surren- der. At the moment, however, when the artillery was thinning its ranks and May, after much maneu- vering, was about charging their flank, a white flag was observed approaching the American head-quar- ters, and Gen. Taylor ordered the firing to cease. The message was simply a demand from Santa Anna, requesting to know what the American gen- eral wanted. Gen. "Wool was sent to have a per- sonal interview with the Mexican general, but on reaching his lines was unable to stop his further advance, and returned to head-quarters. The ob- ject of the Mexicans had, however, been accom- plished— their extreme right moving along the base of the mountains, and joining the main army. The roar of artillery, which had lasted from be- fore sunrise, now partially ceased on the prin- cipal field, the enemy apparently confining his ef- forts to the protection of his artillery. Gen. Taylor had just left the main depot, when he was unexpect- edly recalled by a heavy fire of musketry. On re- gaining his position, a stirring scene was presented. The Illinois troops and the Second Kentucky Infant- ry, had been attacked in a rugged defile by an over- 346 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. whelming force of both cavalry and infantry, and were now struggling alone against fearful odds. Could the enemy succeed in defeating these troops, they might renew the main attack with gi-eat advan- tage, and perhaps gain the day. To prevent the catastrophe, Capt. Bragg, who had just arrived from the left, was immediately ordered into battery. Feeling how important was every moment, that brave officer abandoned some of his heaviest car- riages, and pushed forward with those that could move most rapidly. Gaining a point from which they could be used, he placed them in battery, and loaded with canister. His position was one of imminent peril. The supporting infantry had been routed by the superior numbers hurled against it, the advanced artillery captured, and the enemy, flushed with victory, were tlirowing their masses toward him. lie appealed to the commanding-general for help — none was to be had. Nerving himself for his terrible duties, he returned to the battery, and spoke a few low, hurried words to his men. Silently, but firmly, they gathered around their pieces, and awaited orders. The commanding-general sat on horseback, gazing with thrilling intensity upon that handful of troops. After all the losses and triumphs of the day, victory had eluded their grasp to hang upon the approaching struggle. The cavalry were almost near enough to spring upon his guns, when Bragg gave the order to fire. Suddenly they halted, staggered a few paces, and then closed for the charge. The shouts of their supporting infantry followed the roar of artillery, and they again advanced. The cannoneers had marked the effect with feelings too intense to admit of outward expres- sion, and rapidly reloading,they again poured forth a shower of grape. The effect was fearful; and Gen. Taylor, as he beheld the bleeding columns, felt that the day was his own. A third discharge completed the rout. Discipline gave way among tlie enemy to the confused flight of terrified hosts, as, pouring through the rugged passes, they trod each other down in their hurried course. One wild shout went up from the American army, broken at short inter- vals by the thunder of Bragg’s artillery. This final repulse was not accomplished without a melancholy loss. It fell heaviest on the Kentuc- kians, of whom Cols. McKee and Clay, of the Second Infantry, were both killed. The former fell amid some rocks, pierced with a mortal wound, and was subsequently hacked and mutilated by the enemy’s bayonets. Lieut.-Col. Clay was wounded in the leg, and sat down near a rock. But his sorrowing fol- lowers rushed from their ranks, amid the enemy’s fire, and bore him in their arms. Although the Mexicans pressed closely behind, the soldiers carried him until the road became so rugged, that two could scarcely walk together. He then begged them to leave him and take care of themselves, which they were at length compelled to do; two brave fellows remaining with him and sharing his fate. The Mex- icans surrounded them, and as Clay defended him- self with his sword, was stabbed to death with bay- onets. The brave Col. Hardin, the pride of the Ill- inois troops, was killed in the same charge with Mc- Kee and Clay. In the retreat of the enemy, a portion of the American infantry pursued them through a ravine so far, that they got out of supporting distance. On seeing this, the Mexicans suddenly wheeled round and attacked them. The infantry were in their turn driven back, taking the course of anotner ravine, at the end of which a body of the enemy were waiting to intercept them. Fortunately, while the cavalry were pursuing, they came within range of Washing- ton’s battery, which opening upon them with grape, drove back their column in confusion, and saved the exhausted fugitives. This was the last struggle on the well-fought field of Buena Vista. For ten hours the battle had raged with unmitigated fury, and yet, strange to say, each array occupied the ground that it had early in the morning. As night crept among the rocky gorges, the wearied soldiers sank down on their arms upon the field. Although the air was very cold, the American army slept without fires, expecting a renewal of the attack early on the following morn- ing. The night was one of horror. On every rock and in every defile, piles of dead and wounded lay, the latter writhing in torture, their wounds stiff and clotted with the chill air, while their piercing shrieks for aid, and supplications for water, made the night hideous. The whole medical staff were busy until morning, dressing wounds, amputating limbs, and removing the dead to Saltillo. The wolves and jackals stole from the caverns of the mountains, and howled in startling chorus over the banquet prepared for them by man. The forces engaged in the battle of Buena Vista, according to the official reports, were, to be exact, on the American side, 4,760 men, of whom 344 were officers. The entire regu- lar force was two squadrons of cavalry, and three batteries of light artillery — in all about 450 men. Mexican force, as stated by Santa Anna himself, was 20,000. The Ameri- cans lost 267 killed, 456 wounded, and 23 missing. Santa Anna admitted a loss of 1,500, which doubtless was far below the actual number. More than 500 of his dead were left upon the field unburied. A writer, speaking of the loss sustained in the battle by the Americans, said: “The list of the killed and wounded on the American side, is a mournful proof of the ferocity and vio- lence which characterized this severe conflict, and a sad testimonial of the chivalry and fearlessness of the American soldiery. Sixty- five commissioned officers killed and wounded in so small an armj’ exhibits a proportion HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 347 and result unparalleled in the history of war. ” Considerable space has been devoted to the battle of Buena Vista. This is deemed appropriate, and but a simple act of justice to the large number of Kentucky soldiers who participated in it. No troops bore a more prominent and important part in the stubbornly contested struggle, than the First Kentucky Cavalry, and the Second Kentucky Infantry. The first left its brave young ad- jutant dead on the field, and the latter its first and second officers in command, while the rank and file were piled in slaughtered heaps. The charge in which McKee and Clay fell was the saddest event in results of the battle-fatigued day, and their death was a melancholy blow to their comrades, and a serious loss to their State. Of Col. Mar- shall’s cavalry, Oen. Taylor, in his official report of the battle, said : “ The Kentucky cavalry, under Col. Marshall, rendered good service, dismounted, acting as light troops on our left, and afterward, with a portion of the Arkansas regiment, in meeting and dis- persing the column of Mexicans at Buena Vista village.” Of the same regiment, Gen. Wool in his report said: “Col. Marshall rendered gallant and important service both as commander of the riflemen in the mountain, where he and his men were very effective, and as the commander of his own regiment, in con- nection with those of the Arkansas regiment, under Col. Yell, after the latter’s death under Lieut- Col. Roane, in their operations against the enemy’s lancers.” But Kentucky troops need no argument to prove their valor — it has been tested upon too many bloody fields. In Marshall’s regiment (330 strong) 27 were killed, and 34 wounded; in Me Kee’s regiment (571 strong) 44 were killed, 57 wounded. This sad record tells the story of their part in the battle. While the battle of Buena Vista was raging a portion of the Louisville Legion and a por- tion of Col. Morgan’s Second Ohio Infantry was fighting Gen. Urrea at Mier, twenty-five miles from Monterey. The Mexican general had attempted to cut off and destroy a heavy wagon train belonging to the army at Buena Vista, and the Kentucky and Ohio troops had been ordered to its rescue. The Mexicans succeeded in capturing and burning 300 wagons, but the re-enforcements arrived in time to save the balance of the train. After the battle of Buena Vista, the Ken- tucky troops took no active part in the Mexi- can war, except the company of Capt. Williams, which was attached to the Sixth United States Infantry. It participated in the battle of Cerro Gordo, and for its gallant conduct and that of its commander, won the highest praise. He attained and still bears the sobriquet of “old Cerro Gordo” Williams. The term of service of the first regiments expired some time after the battle of Buena Vista, while those recruited under the last call for troops did not arrive in Mexico until the hard fighting was over. Hence the remainder of the war has but little interest in the history of Kentucky. The city of Mexico fell in September, 1847, but the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was not con- summated until February 2, 1848, and peace reigned once more between the two countries. On their return home the soldiers were re- ceived with every mark of affection, and ten- dered, as they well deserved, the enthusiastic welcome of the people. Public dinners, old- fashioned barbecues, flattering eulogiums and patriotic speeches were profusely show- ered upon them; the press vied with the orators of the period in praises of the heroic deeds of our volunteer soldiery. But the joy of the returned warriors was marred by the absence of many of their comrades who came not back; whose bones they had left to molder into dust on the banks of the Rio Grande, at Monterey, in the gorges of Buena Vista, on the heights of Cerro Gordo, and around the walls of the City of Mexico. Most of the Kentucky dead, however, were afterward brought home for interment, espe- cially those who fell at Buena Vista, under an act of the legislature. In the summer of 1847, they were biu’ied in the State Cemetery at Fankfort, with the honors of war. Included in the proceedings, was the recitation of a poem written especially for the occasion by Theodore O’Hara, and which has since im- 348 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. mortalized his name. The first stanza of this poem (which is entitled “ The Bivouac of the Dead”) is familiar to thousands of people throughout the country, who do not know its origin or author. It is as follows; The muffled drum’s sad roll has beat The soldier’s last tattoo; No more on life’s parade shall meet The brave and daring few. On fame’s eternal camping ground Their silent tents are spread, And glory guards with solemn round The bivouac of the dead. A magnificent monument — ^one of the handsomest soldiers’ monuments in the United Staiies — has been erected to their mem - ory and that of other Kentucky heroes, by the State in the public cemetery. Upon the four sides of the stately column are inscribed the names and battles of the heroic dead, whose graves are grouped around its base. The monument stands upon one of the love- liest spots in the cemetery (a high bluflf) and overlooks the beautiful river which bears the^ name of the State. It is a loving tribute to heroic worth. soldiers’ monument, FRANKFORT. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 349 CHAPTER XY. FIRST PHASES OF THE CIVIL WAR IN KENTUCKY. T he “ cause ” which led to the war of the rebellion has been so elaborately dis- cussed by its friends and opponents as to em- balm it in the minds of the whole people. However fallacious may have been the argu- ments used by the prime movers to bring about the secession of those States which de- clared themselves free and independent prior to the inauguration of President Lincoln, they proved effective in producing that result. Thenceforth the “cause” was the cause of State sovereignty, and those who favored as well as those who opposed secession as a means for redressing grievances, were united in the attempt to form a confederacy in order that they might the more effectually resist coercion. Thus the primal evil, slavery, depending upon the principle of State sovereignty and the right of secession, was followed by the organization of the Confederacy, and when, in resistance to the pi’oclamation of the president of the United States commanding them to re- turn to their allegiance, they defied his author- ity, the “cause” assumed the name and character of a war for independence. It is worse than folly to ridicule the upris- ing of a great people to assert their indepen- dence, and, if need be, to die in the defense of their homes and firesides. Hallowed in the memories of thousands of hearts by the blood of loved ones sacrificed upon its altar, the “lost cause” is to-day, after the lapse of many years, loved as fondly and enshrined as truly as when its brave and devoted adherents bore its tattered banner through four years of carnage, furling it at last amid the desolation of ruined homes and fair fields laid waste, and embalming it in the tears of a proud though prostrate people. It is the purpose of the pages which follow to confine the narrative strictly to the relation of events in the order in which they occurred, relying for their accuracy upon contempora- neous records now on file in the war depart- ment at Washington. The history of these events cannot be written without bringing into prominence the courage and fidelity of Kentuckians, whose graves billow nearly every battle-field from the Mississippi to the sea; but the object will be to allow their glorious record to speak for itself, confident that the highest praise that can be awarded them will be a faithful chronicle of their heroic achievements. While many will doubt- less regret that the lives of the Kentuckians sacrificed in the cause of the Confederacy were ^ not given to the Union, and that the Bi’eckin- ridges, Marshalls, Johnstons, Clays, Williams- es and Buckners, names illustrious in the annals of the State and nation, did not pre- sent themselves, a living wall, against the tide of secession, which beat against but never submerged Kentucky, still, in the picture, as it presents itself, they will recognize the well known features of Nelson, Crittenden, Jack- son, Harlan, Watkins, Rousseau, Whitaker, Price, Croxton, Kelly and a host of others, who stood in solid phalanx, breasting the as- sault until the State took its place in line in favor of the Union; while outlined against the sky, at the head of the nation, struggling to establish its authority over are-united country, is the loved and honored form of that other Kentuckian, Abraham Lincoln. Fondness for military distinction has always been a characteristic of the American people. Service in her armies at all periods having been voluntarily performed, the uniform of the sol- dier had come to be regarded as the insignia of 350 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. heroism, rather than the badge of servitude. The national flag had waved over many a hotly contested fleld, but had always pointed to ultimate victory, and wars had been suffi- ciently frequent to secure to the survivors of one, promotion in the one succeeding, and to preserve the traditions of military prowess fresh in the memory of a brave and grateful populace. The commander in-chief of the United States army was himself the hero of two wars, and many of his comrades in arms were still living, the honored patriarchs of cities and towns that had succeeded the savage wil- derness in which many of their deeds of prow- ess had been performed. The period which followed the war with Mexico had witnessed the organization of militaiy companies in all parts of the country, fostered by the State, and commanded by the veterans of Buena Vista, Cerro Goi’do and Chapultepec which, in point of discipline, drill and martial bearing, were the pride and glory of the people at large. To these organizations the thoughts of the people of both sections now naturally turned, and their confidence was not misplaced, for many a regiment, which gained distinction in either army for efficiency upon the field and good conduct in the camp, owes its success to the faithful drilling it received at the hands of the officers furnished by the militia of the States. Every State was provided with a staff department, appointed by the governor, and an arsenal of military stores. Notwithstanding the fact that John C. Breckinridge was the favorite son of Ken- tucky, a member of one of its prominent and influential families, and a man of most winning address and persuasive eloquence, the official record of the votes polled in his native State, when he was a candidate for the presidency, shows that the people had already begun to distrust the wing of the party of which he was the especial champion. The vote stood : For Bell 65,913 For Douglas 25,442 For Breckinridge 52,936 For Lincoln 1,366 Total 145,657 — a majority of nearly two to one against him. The proclamation of President Lincoln, calling for 75,000 men to suppress the rebell- ion, had the effect to determine the political bias of every thinking mind in the United States, except in Kentucky. Yet the facts were unmistakable that a rebellion had been inaugurated by the secession of six States; that the flag at Fort Sumter had been fired upon; and that the president of the United States had determined to restore the suprem- acy of the national government over all the territory of the United States. In response to the call upon the State for its quota of troops, on the 15th of April, 1861, Gov. Magoffin said: “Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern States.” This action of the governor was endorsed at an immense meeting held on the 20th, at Louisville, where speeches were made by the Hon. James Guthrie, Hon. Archie Dixon, Hon. John Young Brown, Judge Bullock and Judge Nicholas, and a resolution was unani- mously adopted encouraging him to resist the general government. On the 24th, Gov. Magoffin issued a proclamation calling on the State to place herself in a condition of defense, and convening the legislature on the 6th of May following, “to take such action as may be necessary for the general welfare.” A period of intense anxiety intervened between the date of the proclamation of the governor, convening the legislature, and its meeting on the 6th of May. Public meetings were held at Lexington and other places, at which members of the legislature were instructed as to the wishes of their constituents, while the question of union or secession became the all absorbing topic of conversation at every fireside. The position as idle spectators of a conflict in which each had an interest, a position they were com- pelled to occupy by the action of the apostles of peace, was exceedingly distasteful to the youth of the State, whose martial tastes were inherited from a bold, spirited ancestry. They were the descendants of the pioneers whose inflexible courage in wresting Ken- tucky from the grasp of the savages had been IIISTOliY OF KENTUCKY. 351 displayed in deeds of daring, fresh in the memories of men still living. Their sires ' had borne an honorable part in all the strug- gles in which their country had engaged, [ and to be kept at home like women, while their neighbors in other States were winning fame at the cannon’s mouth, was a position | which they regarded as pusillanimous and unworthy of a Kentuckian. Fearing that their native State might suc- ceed in maintaining its neutrality, large num- bers of young men about this time, instigated by the leaders of the secession movement, left the State under command of Thomas Taylor and Blanton Duncao, and offered their services to the Confederate States. They were, for the most part, sons of slave- holders, whose interest in the institution of slavery prompted in their minds a profound distrust of the party at the north, whose chief design they believed to be to subdue the Southern States, hold them as conquered provinces, and liberate the slaves. In wealth, courtesy of manner, and social standing, they were the peers of any in the land, while in intellectual endowments they ranged from the alumni of Yale and Harvard down to the youngster, whose most noteworthy accom- plishments were to read and write and ride a horse. They had many of the attributes of knight-errantry. Brave, even to reckless- ness, faithful to the cause they espoused, and true to their leaders, they followed the for tunes of the Confederacy, from the opening gun at Fort Donelson to the surrender of Johnston’s army, with a steadfastness of pur- pose never excelled. Viewed from the standpoint of uncondi- tional loyalty to the national government, it appears incredible that intelligent men should have held the opinion and openly proclaimed it, that a single State could be able to hold 700 miles of border, lying between two im- mense contending forces, sacred from the tread of hostile feet. Yet facts war- rant the belief that some regarded the position tenable. Encouraged by the at- titude assumed alike by friends of the Union and of the Confederacy, united upon a platform of neutrality in the approaching struggle. Gov. MagofiQn, on the 20Lh of May, issued a proclamation forbidding any movement of troops upon Kentucky soil, or the occupation of any part or place therein for any purpose whatever. The Kentucky senate indorsed the position, taken by the governor on the 24th, by resolving that “the State will not sever her connection with the general government, nor take up arms for either belligerent party, but will arm herself for the protection of peace within her borders, and tender her services as a mediator to effect a just and honorable peace.” But the advo- cates of neutrality at the capital “builded wiser than they knew.” Time was gained by the Union men to place themselves in a posi- tion of defense against any forcible means that might be adopted by the governor and his secession advisers to consummate their designs. The latter, headed by John C. Breckinridge and other prominent men, were untiring in their efforts to induce the legislature to inaugurate the measures which had proved effectual in other States, conhdent that if the question could be brought for decision at the polls, the State militia, under command of Gen. S. B. Buckner, would secure favorable action. Meanwhile the people of eastern Kentucky, unlike the masses in the Gulf States, accustomed to think and act for them- selves, had ignored the neutral position adopted by the politicians, and had taken sides either with the Union or the Confederacy, and an overwhelming majority were uncondi- tionally in favor of the national government. The eyes of these people had turned with grave apprehension to the position of their neighbors in east Tennessee, whose steadfast loyalty no threats had been able to shake, and, profiting by the experience of that State, determined that Kentucky should not be bound hand and foot before she had had an opportunity to assert herself at the polls. On the 27th a border State convention, composed of leading men from Kentucky and Missouri, met at Frankfort, Ky. , and on the 8th of June issued two addresses: one to the people of the United States, and the other to the people of Kentucky. In the address first 352 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. mentioned the convention said: “The obli- gation exists to maintain the constitution of the United States, and to preserve the Union unimpaired,” and suggested that something ought to be done to “quiet apprehension in the slave States that already adhere to the Union.” The address was signed by Hon. J. J. Crittenden, president, and James Guth- rie, R. K. Williams, Archibald Dixon, F. M. Bristow, Joshua F. Bell, C. A. Wickliffe, G. W. Dunlap, J. F. Robinson, John B. Huston, and Robert Richardson, of Ken- tucky; H. R. Gamble, W. A. Hall, J. B. Henderson and W. G. Pomeroy, of Missouri; and John Caldwell, of Tennessee. The Kentucky members then united in an address to the people of their own State. After endorsing the action of the governor and the legislature, and denying that the position of neutrality resulted from timidity, for proof of which they appealed to history, the delegates say: “It is a proud and grand thing for Kentucky to say, as she can truth- fully in the face of the world — ‘we had no hand in this thing, our skirts are clear,’ and asks: ‘Is this not an attitude worthy of a great people, and do not her position and safety require her to maintain it ? ’ ” But the people were fast deciding the question other- wise. Families were divided in sentiment, fathers against sous, brothers against broth- ers, and ties of friendship, which had ex- isted for a life-time, were powerless to restrain the demon of discoi'd that reigned supreme. Self constituted r-ecruiting officers for each side hoisted the banner of their choice, often in the same town, and the strange and un- natural spectacle was presented of brothers enlisting under oj^posing flags. In fact, there is scarcely a family of prominence in the State that did not contribute soldiers to both armies. It has been well said that “the out- posts of an army mark the lines where the sphere of party politics ends.” The time for action had come; the people had chosen sides. The anomalous position of the neutrality party in Kentucky, in 1861, has made it the subject of much unfavorable comment. As a party it never had an existence. The dis- cordant elements that composed it in April and May had produced disintegration in June. Its waxen wings, union and secession, had melted beneath the penetrating sunlight of a heated political contest for control of the legislature, and, while both thereafter used it as a shield, neither had any confi- dence in the ability of the State to maintain her neutrality by force of arms. The Union portion again divided after the election — which resulted in seating a majority of Union men in the legislature— into active and pas- sive Union men. The former were willing to make any sacrifice to support the national government in the struggle for life, while the latter, preferring the Union to the Confed- eracy were still anxious to preserve the State from the horrors of civil war. Chief among the former were Hon. Garrett Davis, Dr. Rob- ert J. Breckinridge, Lieut. William Nel- son, James S. Jackson, S. G. Burbridge, Hon. John W. Finnell, Thomas L. Critten- den, Joshua F. Speed, Hon. Joseph Holt, Judge Goodloe, Hon. C. C. Burton, W. T. Ward, J. T. Boyle, John B. Bruner, John M. Harlan, James Speed, Speed S. Fry, L. H. Rousseau, W. C. Whitaker, and many others. Hon. John J. Crittenden, a life long Whig, the cherished friend of Henry Clay, was the acknowledged leader of the peace party. As a man he was loved and honored, and as a statesman he was held in reverence by the people of his State and nation. During a long public career his voice had never sounded an uncertain note when the honor of his country had been involved. Untainted by the political atmosphere of the capitol at Washington, he had preserved his integrity and led a blameless life in the midst of a conspiracy that impatiently bided its time to accomplish its ends. The siren songs of the secessionists, that had ensnared many weaker men from the border States, had no charms for this incorruptible patriot; the dogma of “State rights,” which precipitated ten States into rebellion against the authority of the national government, formed no part of his political creed. He loved the Union as only a great-hearted statesman can love his country, recognizing no section as paramount in his I JOHN J. CRITTENDEN. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 353 night of rebellion, which now enveloped the South, his influence had been exerted toward conciliating the men whom he still regarded as his misguided brethren. Animated solely by the lofty purpose of reuniting the North and South, Mr. Crittenden and his co- workers hoped and believed that a general war could be avoided. That they continued to believe so long after the fact was patent to every one else that the war had actually begun must be attributed to the inflexibility of purpose that had always been a character- istic of the courageous leader. The war was deemed so causeless, so wicked, and without the shadow of provocation, that the masses that followed Mr. Crittenden believed, with him, that something might be done to avert the horrible calamities that all felt must fol- low a general war; but there was a time when these men hesitated as to the duty of Ken- tucky and her purpose, when the time for action should come, if come it must. The following extract from a recent letter, writ- ten by Gen. John. W. Finnell to the author, conveys an intelligent idea of the estimation in which the followers of Mr. Crittenden are still held: The love for the IFnion. which filled the hearts of the old Whig or Union and Douglas democrats of Kentucky, was unspeakably ardent and earnest, and at no period was it more intense and abiding than at this time. The position of the Union men in Ken- tucky was exceptional, the entire military organiza- tion of the State was under the control of the rebel interest; and with the exception of 5,000 muskets, furnished by the government, they were without arms, and totally without organization. They were strangers to war. While their faith in the good sense and patriotism of the great mass of the people had been realized at the polls, the con- viction that the war was a strugglefor the existence of the nation came upon them but slowly. Besides, it very soon became manifest that, to a vast number of Union men, it meant the sacrifice of nearly every tie of interest and consanguinity. Neutrality, there- fore, was an expedient, and deemed of value, in the hope — in the poetic and fervid imagination of that day — that there, “on the bosom of the first born of the Union, unstained by fratricidal blood, the altar might be built upon which the mad passions of both sections might be burned to ashes;” and it is alto- gether possible that less imaginative patriots re- garded it as an exceedingly proper thing, until they could obtain another supply of “Lincoln guns,” There never was in all history a more heroic spirit of self-sacrifice than that which animated the Union people of Kentucky in that struggle, from the attack upon Fort Sumter to the surrender of Fort Donelson. There never was a wiser states- manship or more masterlj' diplomacy than was dis- played by the Union leaders during the long season of doubt in the summer of 1861. Nothing was clearer, even then, than that, if the war became general, national success meant the sacrifice of an immense property interest; that the position of the State with the national government involved the sacrifice of friends, the separation of families, pos- sibly to the Union people a surrender of their homes, the work of a lifetime of care and labor, and with that, expatriation from the land they dearly loved. Stigmatized as Abolitionists and Submissionists, and with every epithet made hateful by their educa- tion, history and traditions, the Union men worked steadily on, until by their wisdom and courage they were able at last to encircle the commonwealth with- in the arms of her loyal people, and thus save her to the nation. Another formidable class of people, by reason of their wealth and influence, was composed of citizens who, while they had no intention of taking up arms for the secession of the State or for the Southern Confederacy, sympathized with the cause for which the South had rebelled, and were styled South- ern-rights people. This class comprised a large portion of the slaveholders in central Kentucky, and became more numerous toward the southwest, until in that portion of the State bordering upon Tennessee, and lying between the Tennessee and Mississippi Eivers, known as the “Purchase,” almost the entire population were in full sympathy with the rebellion. To this class either govern- ment was acceptable, .provided their right to hold slaves was guaranteed. The establish- ment of a southern confederacy, based upon this right, had at first presented the attract- ive feature of permanent protection to this species of property. The conciliatory meas- ures adopted by State and national legislative assemblies toward the South, followed by the spontaneous uprising of the northern people in response to the call of the presi- dent, without regard to the former political alliances, convinced many that, in the event of a general war, self-interest pointed to a passive resistance to the appeals of either party to the contest. 22 354 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. A proclamation of emancipation at that time would have precipitated Kentucky into secession, with no power in the hands of the Union men to avert it. But thus far, the slavery question had been ignored in the measures adopted by Mr. Lincoln for the suppression of the rebellion, and the belief that the ultimate triumph of the national government would leave slavery untouched, at least in those States that had not taken up arms against the government, prompted many slaveholders to remain neutral, and even to discourage enlistments in the Confed- erate army, while they cordially sympathized wdth the cause for which the Southern States contended. This belief, however, was by no means general. The prophetic soul of Mr. Yancey and other southern orators, who from time to time visited Kentucky, aided by native secessionists, scouted the idea that the Re- publican party of the North, having elected a president by an overwhelming majority, would accept half-way measures in dealing with slavery, if they should in the end hnd themselves in position to dictate terms of peace to a vanquished enemy. The advo- cates of secession, appealing to the chivalric impulses of their hearers, urged upon them their duty to stand by their “ southern breth- ren who were engaged in battling for rights that were as dear to Kentuckians as to them- selves,” and asked if they were indeed degen- erated sons of the brave pioneers who had shouldered their trusty rifles and marched through the pathless wilderness northward to the great lakes to avenge the atrocities of the Indians commited upon the infant settle- ments in Ohio. It will thus be seen that the people in this portion of the State were divided into dis- cordant factions. The masses, distracted by alternate hopes and fears, doubtful as to their duty, were subjected by the constant harangues of some who pleaded with them to stand by the national government at all haz- ards, and of others to join the fortunes of the young Confederacy, in whose cause they had an equal interest. They were urged by the secession wing of the neutrality party to maintain an attitude of armed resistance to national authority, but to remain in the Union wing of the same party, to remain true to the Union and to the government, but to abstain from any act that would invite invasion of the State from either side. It now became the fixed purpose of the general government to protect the loyal citi- zens of Kentucky and Tennessee in their con- stitutional rights, and to this end, on the 27th of June, an order was issued at the war department forming the States of Kentucky and Tennessee into a military district, under command of Brig-Gen. Robert Anderson, who was directed to send an officer to east Tennessee to muster into the service of the United States 10,000 men. Arms and ac- coutrements and an ample supply of ammu- nition were ordered to Cincinnati, for the use of that number of men; and to transport their equipments to their destination, he was authorized to muster into the service of the United States four regiments in southeast Kentucky. The officer designated for this dirty was Lieut. William Nelson, of the United States navy. After conference with prominent national Union men in the adjoining counties. Nelson determined to locate his camp of instruction in Garrard County, on the farm of Mr. Dick Robinson (a firm adherent to the government), at the junction of the Danville turnpike, with the pike leading from Nicholasville to Crab Orchard, in the direction of Cumber- land Gap. A rich and fertile country under a high state of cultivation surrounded the camp. A fair proportion of the inhabitants were friendly to the enterprise, many of whom were ardent supporters of the national government. Nicholasville, eight miles dis- tant, was the southern terminus of the Ken- tucky Central Railroad, connecting it with Cincinnati, while only twelve miles farther north, on the line of the same road, is the city of Lexington, located in the center of that beautiful portion of Kentucky known as “the Blue Grass Region.” From Lexington, two railroads were in operation — the one to Louisville and the other to Cincinnati — while broad turnpike HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 355 roads led by various routes to the Ohio River. With these separate routes for the trans- portation of supplies, communication with the base at Cincinnati was regarded as secure. In case the railroad bridges should be burned by the secessionists, the turnpikes to Mays- ville and other points afforded access to the north. Between the camp and Nicholasville is the Kentucky River, the precipitous banks and deep gorges of which afforded many good positions for successful resistance in case an attack from a superior force, advanc- ing from the southeast, made it necessary j for the recruits to fall back before they were sufficiently well organized to protect them- selves in the open country. Lieut. William Nelson, United States navy, the officer chosen to perform the delicate and difficult task of establishing a camp and or- ganizing a brigade of Union soldiers on Ken- tucky soil in opposition to the judgment of avowed Union men, was a man eminently fit- ted for the undertaking. The times were tur- bulent; murder, unwhipt of justice, stalked through the land. The State guard, 10,000 strong, under the leadership of Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner, was under a high state of dis- cipline, thoroughly equipped and ably com- manded. Many of the companies comprised in the organization would have responded to the call of the commander to disperse the newly organized camp, and this order doubtless would have been issued if troops from the northern States had joined the camp. By virtue of authority vested in him by the war department, Nelson issued commis- sions, bearing date July 15, 1861, to William J. Landrum, of Lancaster, Ky., to raise a cavalry regiment, and to Theophilus T. Gar- rard, Thomas E. Bramlette and Speed S. Fry to raise three regiments of infantry. Messrs. W. A. Hoskins, G. C. Kniffin and George L. Dobbins were subsequently com- missioned as staff officers. Soon after the preliminary meeting at Lancaster, where the above-named gentlemen were empowered to raise regiments for the United States service. Nelson retmmed to Cincinnati to make arrangements for supplies for his camp, and active preparations for re- cruiting were immediately begun by the officers named, and the subordinates selected by them to assist in their work. Not long after the work was commenced, an effort was made, upon the part of several ' prominent politicians in different parts of the State, to postpone the whole movement upon the ground of its inexpediency, in view of the fact that it might be construed as a menace by the States then in rebellion, and precipitate an invasion of Kentucky by the forces then known to be assembled near the State line in Tennessee. Col. Landrum was notified that, at a meeting of those having authority to act in the matter, it was agreed to postpone the organization of the troops, and he was requested to notify the other officers accordingly. Lieut. Nelson was noti- fied promptly of this movement, and in a let- ter dated Cincinnati, Ohio, July 28, 1861, he wrote Col. Landrum as follows: “the expedi- tion is neither postponed nor abandoned. So far from suspending operations, I ear- nestly desire that they may be urged on with the utmost energy. If the idea of postpone- ment or abandonment has been spread among your people, that idea must be cor- rected. I shall assemble the brigade and muster it into service as soon as possible.” Immediately on receipt of this letter. Col. Landrum communicated its contents to the other officers, the work of recruiting was re- sumed, and on the day after the August elec- tion the troops began to arrive at camp Dick Robinson. Bramlette, Fry and Garrard were on hand to take command of their respective regiments; while Landrum, pre- fen-ing the infantry to the cavalry, concluded to tiurn his regiment over to Lieut. -Col. W'olford, and to raise an infantry regiment at Harrodsburg, Ky., in the meantime acting as adjutant-general for Gen. Nelson for several weeks after his arrival. The officers named, with the assistance of recruiting officers throughout the country in which the camp was located, prosecuted the business intrusted to them with such energy and success that by the middle of August the required number to fill each regiment 356 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. were in camp ready for muster into the serv- ice. The difficulty in obtaining clothing and camp and garrison equipage now began. The equipment of the immense armies of the United States, now numbering 500,000 men, had caused such demands upon the manufacturing establishments of the country, that it was impossible to fill the oft-repeated requisitions made by Nelson upon the quar- termaster’s department. In the absence of tents, the recruits were assigned quarters under the wide-spreading branches of a grove of maples, where exposure to the ele- ments rendered it necessary to erect a hos- pital at an early date. The light clothing they had worn to camp in the expectation of ■exchanging it for the blue uniform of the army soon succumbed to the wear and tear of camp life, and flags of truce were displayed by many a doughty warrior, who would have been the last to exhibit it if confronted by the enemy. Recruiting in the country southward and eastward from the camp was comparatively easy. The country is mountainous, and the inhabitants were on equal terms with refer- ence to wealth and social standing. There were few slaveholders, and the people, accus- tomed to independence of thought, word, and deed, had exercised the right to form their own conclusions upon the question of seces- sion. The latent loyalty existing in the breast of every true American, being untrammeled by interest in the institution of slavery, or by the influence of secession orators, who early found themselves confronted by Union men possessing greater power with the people, asserted itself. Ready to engage in an enter- prise that promised relief to their loyal neigh- bors accross the Tennessee border, whose per- secution by the State authorities at this time had awakened a thrill of indignation through- out the country, they em’olled their names under the banner of their country. Owing to this fact, it came about that the regiments of Wolford, Garrard and Bramlette were re- cruited largely from the counties adjacent to the northern line of Tennessee. The traditional courage of the mountain- eers of all countries was exhibited by these splendid regiments in their subsequent career. They participated in nearly all the battles fought by the armies of the Cumberland and the Tennessee, and whether with Rose- crans at Stone River and Chickamauga, with Grant at Black River Bridge and Vicksburg, or with Sherman through 100 days of battle to the capture of Atlanta, they were every- where complimented for courage and en- durance. In Kentucky, the act of the legislature which united the military companies of the State, many of which had been for years under a high state of drill and military dis- cipline, into a homogeneous whole, became a law in March, 1860, by the approval of the governor. The act was drafted by Simon Bolivar Buckner, a graduate of West Point, whose military tastes and education eminently qualified him to become the leader of the or- ganization. By the provisions of the act, the citizens of the State, capable of bearing arms, were divided into three classes, enti- tled, respectively, “The Militia of Reserve,” “The Enrolled Militia,” and “The Active or Volunteer Militia.” The first named em- braced all white male persons under eighteen and over forty-five; the second, all able-bodied white men between those ages; and “The Volunteer Militia or State Guard,” were or- ganized into companies, battalions, brigades, divisions, and army corps, with uniforms and equipments complete. The organization soon embraced all the independent military com- panies of the State, regardless of the political opinions of the members. The time had not yet come for any interference with the choice of the companies as to their commanders, and, in some instances, the opening of hostilities found some of the most efficient companies commanded by strong Union men. In Lex- ington there were three companies, com- manded respectively by Capts. S. W. Price, Sanders Bruce and John H. Morgan. The two former became colonels in the Union army, while the latter became renowned as a commander of a division of southern cavalry. Gen. Buckner, as inspector-general, had power to disband all such companies as failed to conform to his view of military propriety. HISTORY OF IvENTUCKY. 357 thus concentrating in him a power of subor- dinating all officers to his will. Thomas L. Crittenden, a gallant officer in the Mexican war and son of Hon. John J. Crittenden, was elected brigadier- general. Another military organization, though less imposing in its form, was destined to wield a powerful influence in shaping the destiny of Kentucky in the impending struggle. This was “The Home Guard.” Loosely organ- ized military companies sprang into exist- ence in nearly every neighborhood and in many of the large towns. The imminence of revolution induced the city authorities of Louisville to take the initiative in the matter, and an ordinance was passed by the city council, approved by Mayor Delph, based upon a vague provision of the city charter, which authorized the organization of the First Home Guard Battalion, in May, 1861. Lovell H. Rousseau was first appointed brig- adier general, but preferring service in the United States army, he was succeeded by James Speed. The ordinance provided for two regiments, with the necessary compliment of field and staff officers. The regiments soon filled to their maximum strength. The Marion Rifles, a company in the State Guard, joined the Home Guard, and the brigade held the field against all comers. There was an element of weakness in the State Guard that the Home Guard was not called upon to encounter. In the former there was no settled principal of action. Its ranks were filled with men embracing conflict- ing opinions upon union and secession. The Home Guai’d was a unit in favor of the Union, and in its readiness to fight for it. In addition to this, Gen. Buckner had found difficulty in supplying his men with arms. Dr. Blackburn, since governor of the State, purchased a quantity in the south, but they proved to be worthless, and notwithstanding his assertion that, “they were good enough for neutrals,” the men refused to receive therq. Gen. Speed was supplied by Lieut. Nelson, and the array of bayonets on the streets of Louisville, borne by a brigade of men, whose pluck and will- ingness to use them was well known, had an exceedingly quieting effect upon the turbulent spirits. Thus was the position of the Union party in Kentucky strengthened by its adherents to the policy of neutrality, while yet the machinery of the State government was manipulated by men who were inimical to the United States government, and in sympathy with that of the Confederate States. Falla- cious and almost ridiculous as that policy was, and as it was admitted to be, even then, by men who only awaited the result of the August elections to declare their allegiance to one flag or the other, it served its purpose in preventing hostilities within the State, and in securing to the Union men time for organi- zation and preparation to resist secession in case the election should result in seating a majority of “southern-rights” men in the legislature. This view of the situation was plainly stated to Presiden t Lincoln, and received his cordial sanction, and,, while he made no movement to acquiesce in the views of the timid Union men who urged the removal of the troops in course of enlistment and organ- ization at camp Dick Robinson, he left the management of Kentucky affairs entirely in the hands of the Union men of the State. On the 4th of June, Gen. Scott telegraphed McClellan that it was “deemed unwise by the government to send to Kentucky a commander of troops, not native or resident of the State,” and, probably owing to the physical disability of Gen. Anderson, suggested Col. L. H. Rousseau, commander of the Louisville Home Guard, and to take command of the Kentucky department. To this communica- tion McClellan replied as follows: “In view of the necessity of managing affairs in Ken- tucky with great delicacy until the election shall have passed and a Union legislature is in power, I would respectfully suggest that for the present, at least, no sucessor be ap- pointed to Gen. Anderson, and that, as I am in quite close communication with the prin- cipal men, the matter be left for a time in my hands.” Gen. McClellan had, as early as the 8th of May, met Gen. S. B. Buckner, inspector- 358 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. genera] and real commander of the Kentucky State Guards, and entered into an agreement with him to respect the neutrality of Ken- tucky so far as to agree not to occupy any portion of the State except to respond to the call of the governor to assist in expelling the rebels from the State, incase they should attempt to occupy points within its borders. Whatever may have been the motives that actuated Gen. Buckner in making the treaty, it is evident from the following correspond- ence that Gen. McClellan fully intended to abide by it. McClellan to Townsend, June 1 1 : * * * * “Gen. Buckner came to see me on Friday last. We sat up all night talking about matters of common in- terest. Buckner gave me his word that should any Tennessee troops cross the frontier of Kentucky, he would use all the forces at his disposal to drive them out, and, failing in that, would call on me for assistance. He went to Tennessee, after leaving me, to pre- sent that view to Gov. Harris.” * * * * Buckner to Magoffin, June 10: “On the 8th inst. , at Cincinnati, Ohio, I entered into an arrangement with Gen. George B. McClellan, commander of all the United States troops north of the Ohio River, to the following effect: The authorities of the State of Kentucky are to protect the United States property within the limits of the State; to enforce the laws of the United States in ac- cordance with the interpretation of the United States courts, as far as those laws may be ap- plicable to Kentucky, and to enforce, with all the power of the State, our obligations of neutrality as against the southern States, as long as the position we have assumed shall be respected by the United States. Gen. McClellan stipulates that the territory of Kentucky shall be respected on the part of the United States, even if the southern States should occupy it; but. in the latter case, he will call upon the authorities of Kentucky to remove the southern forces. I have stipulated in that case to advise him of the inability of Kentucky to comply with her obligations, and to invite him to dislodge the Southern forces. He stipulates that, if suc- cessful in so doing, he will withdraw his forces from the territory of the State as soon as the southern forces shall be removed. Should the administration hereafter adopt a different policy, he is to give me timely no- tice of the fact.” McClellan to Lieut. Nelson, United States navy, June 26: “My interview with Buckner was personal, not official. It was solicited by him more than once. I made no stipulation on the part of the general government, and regarded his voluntary promise to drive out the Con- federate troops as the only result of the in- terview. His letter gives his own views, not mine. ” An opportunity soon occurred to test the sincerity of each of the high contracting par- ties, as explained in the letters which follow. McClellan to Buckner, June 11: “ I have information, apparently reliable, that at least two Tennessee regiments had orders to move last night from camp Cheat- ham to Union City, thence, on being re-en forced, to occupy, at once, Island No. 1, six miles below Cairo. I notify you of this in accordance with our understanding that you would not permit Tennessee troops to cross your frontier. Please reply at once whether you consider the island on the Kentucky side of the channel within the jurisdiction of Kentucky.” The same day he wrote Gov. Magoffin as follows: “ I have received information that Tennes- see troops are under orders to occupy Island No. 1, six miles below Cairo. In accordance with my understanding with Gen Buckner, I call upon you to prevent this step.” Magoffin to McClellan. June 11; ‘ ‘ Gen. Buckner has gone to Paducah and Columbus; his orders are to carry out his understanding with you. Am investigating the question of jurisdiction over the island to which you allude.” The following letter indicates that McClel- lan had determined to respect the neutral position of Kentucky, even before the inter- view with Buckner. On the 7th of May he wrote Hon. John J. Crittenden as follows: HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 359 “The papers this morning state that Gen. Prentiss, commanding the United States forces at Cairo, 111., has sent troops across the Ohio River into Kentucky. I have no official notice of such a movement, but I at once telegraphed Gen. Prentiss for the facts, and stated to him that if the report were true I disapproved his course, and ordered him to make no more such movements without my sanction previously obtained.” The establishment of a camp of United States soldiers on the soil of Kentucky natur- ally provoked a vigorous protest on the part of the governor of the State. In his anxiety to prevent hostilities within the State, which would inevitably bring upon it an army of troops from the northwest, he determined upon a simultaneous appeal to the Presidents of the United States and the Confederate States to aid him in averting the catastrophe. On the 19th of August, therefore. Gov. Ma- goffin accredited Messrs. W. A. Dudley and F. K. Hunt as commissioners on the part of the State of Kentucky to visit Washington and confer with President Lincoln in regard to the removal of the troops at Camp Dick Rob- inson. They were the bearers of a lengthy communication from Gov. Magoffin, asking that the troops should be removed beyond the limits of the State. To this President Lin- coln replied in the following characteristic letter : Washington, D. C., August 24, 1861. To HIS Excellency B. Magoffin, Gm"ERNOR OF THE State of Kentucky. Sir : — Your letter of the 19lh inst., in which you “urge the removal from the limits of Kentucky of the military force now organized, and in camp within said State,” is received. I may not possess full and precisely accurate knowledge upon this subject, but I believe it is true that there is a military force in camp within Ken- tucky, acting by authority of the United States, which force is not very large, and is not now being augmented. I also believe that some arms have been furnished to this force by the United States. I also believe that this force consists exclusively of Kentuckians, having their camp in the immedi- ate vicinity of their own homes, and not assailing or menacing any of the good people of Kentucky. In all I have done in the premises, I have acted upon the urgent solicitation of many Kentuckians, and in accordance with what I believed, and still believe, to be the wish of a majority of all the Union-loving people of Kentucky. While I have conversed on this subject with man}^ eminent men of Kentucky, including a large majority of her members of congress, I do not re- member that any one of them, or any other person, except your Excellency and the bearers of your Excellency’s letter, has urged me to remove the military force from Kentucky, or to disband it. One other very worthy citizen of Kentucky did solicit me to have the augmenting of the force suspended for a time. Taking all the means within my reach to form a judgment I do not believe it is the popular wish of Kentucky that this force should be removed beyond her limits, and, with this impression, I must re- spectfully decline to so remove it. I most cordiall}’' sympathize with your Excellency in the wish to preserve the peace of m}" own native State, Kentuck\% but it is with regret I search, and cannot find, in your not very short letter any declar- ation or intimation that you entertain any desire for the preservation of the Federal Union. Your obedient servant, A. Lincoln. j\L’. George W. Johnson was at the same time accredited to the government of the Con- federate States at Richmond, bearing a lengthy epistle from Gov. Magoffin, in answer to which Mr. Davis sent the following exceed- ingly diplomatic note: Richxiond, August 28, 1861. To THE Hon. B. Magoffin, Governor of Iaen- TUCKY, ETC. Sir : — I have received your letter informing me that “since the commencement of the unhappy diffi- culties yet pending in the countiy, the people of Kentucky have indicated a steadfast desire and pur- pose to maintain a position of strict neutrality be- tween the belligerent parties.” In the same com- munication 3 ’ou express your desire to elicit “an authoritative assurance that the government of the Confederate States will continue to respect and ob- serve the neutral position of Kentuckj’.” In reply to this request, I lose no time in assur- ing you, that the government of the Confederate States of America neither intends nor desires to dis- turb the neutrality of Kentucky. The assemblage of troops in Tennessee, to which you refer, had no other object than to repel the lawless invasion of that State by the forces of the United States, should their government seek to approach it through Ken- tuckj' without respect for its position of neutrality. That such apprehensions were not groundless has been proved bj' the course of that government in the States of Maiyland and Missouri, and more re- centlj' in Kentuckj' itself, in which, as }'Ou inform me, “a militar}' force has been enlisted and quartered by the L'nited States authorities.” 300 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. The government of the Confederate States has not only respected most scrupulously the neutrality of Kentucky, but has continued to maintain the friendly relations of trade and intercourse which it has suspended with the people of the United States generally. In view of the history of the past, it can scarce- ly be necessary to assure your Excellency that the government of the Confederate States will continue to respect the neutrality of Kentucky so long as her people will maintain it themselves. But neutrality, to be entitled to respect, must be strictly maintained between both parties; or if the door be opened on the one side for aggressions of one of the belligerent parties upon the other, it ought not to be shut to the assailed when they seek to enter it for the purpose of self-defense. I do not, however, for a moment believe that your gallant State will suffer its soil to be used for the purpose of giving an advantage to those who violate its neutrality and disregard its rights, over others who respect them both. In conclusion, I tender to your Excellency the assurance of my high consideration and regard. And am. Sir, very respectfully, yours, etc., Jefferson Davis. During the month of August, recruiting in the States of Ohio and Indiana progressed but slowly in comparison with the needs of the hour. While a force, magnified by rumor into colossal proportions, was gathering on her southern border, the Union men of Ken- tucky beheld with dismay a feeling of apathy taking the place of the early enthusiasm in the people north of the Ohio. This was the condition of affairs when the Union men of Kentucky threw off the mask and avowed their determination to support the United States government in the impending struggle. The formation of the first Union camp on Kentucky soil was, as has been before remarked, for the purpose of organizing a force to guard munitions of war to the loyal peo- ple of east Tennessee, and any account of the operations of the Union forces in Ken- tucky, in 1861, would be incomplete without a reference to the uprising of the Unionists in that region. Early in June, a convention of Union citi- zens met in Greenville, east Tennessee, the home of Andrew Johnson, to devise ways and means to oppose the schemes of the seces- sionists. A committee of safety was ap- pointed and resolutions of unalterable fealty to the national government adopted. Lieut. Samuel P. Carter, United States navy, a na- tive of Elizabethtown, in Carter County, east Tennessee, while serving on board the United States ship; “Seminole,” on the Brazil sta- tion, had, in March preceding, written sev- eral letters to prominent citizens of his native State, urging them to stand by the old flag, and had thus, by his expressions of devoted, loyalty to his country, brought himself into prominence as a Union man, and increased the respect in which he was already held as a United States officer. The committee of safety named Lieut. Carter for appointment by the president as brigadier-general, and asked that he be assigned to command in east Tennessee in case United States troops should be organ- ized. In compliance with this request, pre- sented by Hon. Andrew Johnson, Lieut. Car- ter was immediately, on the arrival of his ship at Philadelphia, in July, ordered by Sec- retary Wells to report to Secretary Cameron for special duty. On the 10th of July, orders were issued from the adjutant-general’s office, to Lieut. Carter, to proceed to east Tennessee, and organize a camp of instruction of United States volunteers. A sum of money sufficient for temporary expenses was placed to his credit in New York, and on the day follow- ing the defeat of the Union army at Bull Bun, he took his departure from Washington, for his new field of service. On his arrival at Cincinnati, he met his old friend, Lieut. William Nelson, United States navy; the officer designated by the war department, to organize a force in Kentucky, to convey the munitions of war designed for use by Cai'ter’s command, through that State to east Tennes- see. In the conference that ensued between these two officers, to whose skill and courage the important enterprise had been intrusted, it was agreed that Lieut. Carter should make his way to east Tennessee, via Cumberland Gap, or through one of the adjacent gaps in the mountains, organize his force, arm them as best he could with rifles and shot guns, take up a strong position in the mountains, and there await the arms and army supplies placed to his order in Cincinnati. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 361 Alike in the requisites of courage and in- trepidity, no two men could have been more unlike in other personal characteristics, than Nelson and Carter. While both were distin- guished for the possession of that polish and ease of manner, that comes from association with the first society at home and abroad, Nelson was boisterous and impetuous, impa- tient of restraint and contradiction, and utterly intolerant of the slighest infraction of discipline. He was in the prime of manly beauty. A massive head, covered with a lux- uriant growth of black, curly hair, was car- ried erect, and his herculean frame was firmly knit. Full of tireless energy, he seemed to re- quire neither sleep nor rest. The sentinel, pac- ing his beat, was often startled long after mid- night, by the colossal foi'm of the commander looming up in the darkness, and approaching the camp from a direction whence he was least expected. Always an early riser, he took his bath, followed by a light breakfast, and was ready for the day’s duties before the camp was astir. Toward those of the officers, who dis- played a disposition to acquire a knowledge of militai’y tactics and zeal in the perform- ance of their duties, he was the most affable of commanders; but woe betide the careless and inefficient. If there was a good deal of the martinet in his dealing with the embryo col- onels and generals who flocked to his stand- ard, it must be confessed that there was ample reason for it. A more patient and forbear- ing man might have been more popular with the officers, but the efficiency of the command would have suffered in proportion. Always ready to sacrifice his own comfort to the de- mands of duty, he required a like zealous per- formance on the part of his subordinates. Many of them were gentleman of high social standing, and unaccustomed to yield their opinions, or sacrifice their ease at the bidding of another, and the full truth, that they were henceforth to have no will of their own that clashed with that of the commanding general, dawned upon them but slowly. Nelson re- garded the drilling and disciplining of the regiments as of paramount importance, and had a sailor’s horror of political discussions. The camp soon filled with visiting states- men from the adjoining counties, each of whom had his own plan for saving the Union without the effusion of blood. Most of them were Union men, and when the time came for action, enlisted unhesitatingly in the Union army. Speech-making was the order of the day, and Kentuckians are natural orators. If it had been possible to talk down the rebell- ion it would have met its death at camp Dick Robinson. As might be expected, all this found little favor at the hands of the commander. He had been assigned to the performance of a specific duty, and the idea of discussing the wisdom or practicability of the order never entered his mind. Political dis- cussions exasperated him, and it was not uncommon to see them broken up by the use of language more forcible than polite, and the participants set about their business in a very summary manner. Thus it came about that he conceived a violent antipathy toward the officers who preferred talking politics to drilling their detachments, while he trusted more fully and became more strongly attached to those who devoted all their time to military duties. Lieut. Carter was, in most regai’ds, the opposite of Nelson. He was a tall, graceful and very affable gentleman of the most win- ning address, coupled with dignity and self- restraint. His appearance at the camp had a soothing effect upon his comrade of the navy, and it was observed that the expletives in which the latter was wont to indulge on the most trivial occasions were more mild in tone and uttered more rarely than formerly. Long service in the navy had imparted to an other- wise pleasing address an expression of stern- ness and gravity. The habit of command sat easily upon him, and the control which he speedily acquired over the turbulent spirits who flocked to his standard increased to ven- eration, as events crowding rapidly upon each other brought into requisition the qualities of patience, courage and discipline with which he was eminently endowed. It was thought at the time he started from Cincinnati that if he could reach the upper counties of east Tennessee he might arm a 362 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. sufficient force of mountaineers with country rifles to enable him to maintain his position until the promised supply of arms and equip- ments could reach them. On arriving at Loudon, Ky. , on the 1st of August, he for- tunately met his brother, James P. T. Carter, who was on his way to W ashington. He had just effected his escape from east Tennessee, where he had gone at the instance of the president and Secretaiy Stanton, for the pur- pose of consulting with the loyal citizens and making arrangements, if he found it practicable, for Unionists who desired to enter the service of the United States to cross into the borders of Kentucky and receive their arms and equipments. By the advice of his brother, who repre- sented that his appearance in east Tennessee would inevitably lead to his capture and im- prisonment by the Confederate authorities, Lieut. Carter established his headquarters at Barboursville, in Knox County, Ky. , thirty miles from Cumberland Gap, and determined there to await events and to receive such refu- gees as might arrive. A comjjany of Col. Garrard’s Kentucky regiment was there in coui’se of organization. By the 3d of August nearly 100 refugees arrived at Boston, Ky., and Barboursville, followed in a few days by a considerable body, who appeared bearing the United States flag at the head of the column. Some were armed with hunting rifles, others with rude knives made by country black- smiths, and many with stout cudgels. All were foot-sore and half famished. Their tat- tered garments and lacerated limbs bore un- mistakable evidence of the hardships they had endured. But hunger and suffering had not dimmed their enthusiasm, and their only demand was to be armed and led against the enemy, that they might deliver their families from the oppression of Confederate rule. Lieut. Carter’s camp was established two miles east of Bai-boursville, and there, under the temporary shelter of brush and rude huts, the men were cared for as well as possible. Cooking utensils and provisions were collected from the surrounding country, but the men were shoeless and nearly all poorly clad and without blankets. The work of organization was pushed forward. Companies were formed and mustered into service for three years or dm-ing the war, by Lieut. Carter, who, hav- ing no assistant, performed the duties of commander as well as those belonging to the field and staff. By the middle of August the First Tennessee Infantry, numbering 800 men, was organized under command of Col. R. K. Byrd; but was, thus far, without arms, clothing, or camp and garrison equipage. As time passed, the necessity for these things became more pressing, and Lieut. Carter vis- ited camp Dick Robinson and obtained the promise from Lieut. Nelson that, if trans- portation was furnished, the arms and am- munition should be sent to camp Andy John- son. Lieut. Carter hastened back to his camp and at once dispatched the necessary number of wagons, guarded by two companies of the First Tennessee. After waiting the necessary length of time for the train to return, Lieut. Carter was surprised by the information that Nelson not only declined to send the arms but had kept the men. The hostility of the State authorities to Nelson’s camp had deep- ened to such an extent that military necessity compelled the commandant to retain the two companies and to request Lieut. Carter to bring the remainder of his force to assist in its defense in case it should be attacked. In the last week of August the regiment, then up- ward of 1,000 strong, broke camp and marched to camp Dick Robinson. What would have been the effect upon the campaign that followed, if Lieut. Carter had been permitted to carry out his design to move upon Cumberland Gap, capture and fortify it and there establish his camp, within easy distance from the homes of the adher- ents to the United States government in east Tennessee, cannot be known. It is pos- sible that the removal of Nelson’s camp to that point might have resulted in holding that important gateway against the Confeder- ate forces then organized in east Tennessee, who were soon after in possession of the place. The removal to camp Dick Robinson was a bitter disappointment to the east-Tennesse- ans, but they were destined to still greater trials before they were permitted to cross the HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 363 mountains to the rescue of their families. Refugees from east Tennessee continued to pour into the camp, and in a short time the Second Tennessee Infantry was organized and mustered into service under command of Col. J. P. T. Carter. Cols. Wolford, Bram- lette, Fry and Garrard completed the organi- zation of their respective regiments, and an artillery company, under command of Capt. Abram Hewitt, was mustered into service. Whilst these events were transpiring in eastern and central Kentucky, affairs had culminated in the establishment of military camps on Green River, and at a point in In- diana, opposite Louisville, Ky. Lovell H. Rousseau, whose bold advocacy of the sover- eignity of the general government, when a member of the legislature, had attracted pub- lic attention, after organizing the Home Guard at Louisville set about the organiza- tion of a brigade of United States troops. Conference with leading Union men in the State led to the establishment of his campon the Indiana shore, opposite Louisville, al- though recruiting was openly carried on in Kentucky. Col. Rousseau named his camp in honor of that patriotic citizen of Kentucky, Hon. Joseph Holt, who, while a member of President Buchanan’s cabinet, stood faithful to the Union after it had been deserted by nearly every one of his colleagues. From the one end of the State to the other the work went bravely on, and soon twenty- eight regiments of infantry, six regiments of cavalry, and three batteries of artillery were organized, and as soon as possible mustered into the service of the United States. The regiments were numbered arbitrarily, with no reference to the time when they were tilled, and, in several cases, none as to the date of their muster, and several of them were en- gaged in important actions before they were fully organized. Skirmishes with predatory bands of Confederate cavalry were of fre- quent occm’rence,and those whose rendezvous was south of Louisville were in constant dan- ger of surprise and capture from detachments of cavalry sent out from the military encamp- ments south of Green River for the express purpose of breaking up Union camps and capturing military stores and equipments. One of the earliest and most practical of all the unconditional Union men in the State was William T. Ward. Early in August he visited the counties of Metcalfe, Green, Tay- lor, Hart and Adair, and sent messages into Cumberland, Clinton and Russell Counties, urging the citizens, many of whom had joined home-guard companies, to disband those or- ganizations, on the ground that it placed them under control of the governor, whom he re- garded as disloyal to the national govern- ment. He succeeded in inducing twenty- eight companies to promise to enlist in the United States service, as soon as the neces- sary authority to organize a brigade could be obtained. Mr. Ward then went to Washing- ton, where he was commissioned a brigadiei’- general on the I8th of September. Returning to Kentucky, he proceeded at once to the organization of his brigade, com- missioning the officers by virtue of authority vested in him by the war department. On the 20th of September he reported for duty to Gen. iknderson, giving him the same in- formation that he had given the war depart- ment at Washington. Gen. Anderson directed him to select a suitable place to organize his brigade, but was compelled to retain at Louis- ville 2,500 out of the 4,000 stands of arms furnished Gen. Ward by the general govern- ment. Col. E. H. Hobson and Mr. John A. Ward, a son of the general, and afterward a lieutenant- colonel of the Twenty- seventh In- fantry, had, during the absence of Gen. Ward, collected the men together at Greensburg and Sulphur Well, in Barren County. These men, about 1,000 in number, unarmed and unorganized, were dispersed by Buckner when he advanced to Green River bridge, but were reunited at Lebanon, where they remained until arms could be procured. The proposal of Gov. Morton to send troops to Kentucky, as expressed in his telegram of September 2d, to the assistant secretary of war, seconded by Messrs. Boyle and Speed, of Kentucky, was endorsed by the Union peo- ple, but they strenuously opposed any ad- IG4 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. vance into Kentucky by their friends from | the north, until after some portion of Ken- ^ tucky soil had been occupied by southern troops. Threats had already been made by the lat- ter to occupy Columbus, Ky. This town, lo- cated on the Mississippi River, about equal distance from Cairo, 111., and the northern boundary of Tennessee, was recognized as a point of great strategic importance by both the United States and Confederate States commanders. The former had been deterred from occupying it with troops from other States by the strenuous appeals of the Union men of Kentucky, who felt that an overt act on the part of the national government, in violation of the promise of Gen. McClellan to respect the neutrality of Kentucky, would be construed by the people into a termination of that agreement. The city was practically in the hands of the Confederate authorities, most of the population of the town and the adjacent country being in full sympathy with the rebellion, and its formal occupation was only deferred until a pretext could be found in the movements of the United States forces at Cairo. This was afforded on the 23d of August, by the capture of a little steamer named “W. B. Terry,” running in the Con- federate service, by the United States gun- boat Lexington, at Paducah, Ky., fifty miles above Cairo, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Tennessee. Accordingly, Columbus and Hickman, Ky., were occupied on the 3d of September by order of Gen. Leonidas Polk, commanding the Confederate military de- partment No. 2; and on the 0th Brig. -Gen. U. S. Grant, commanding the district of Southwestern Missouri, occupied Paducah with United States troops from Cairo, Gen. Grant commanding the expedition in person. The occupation of Paducah and Smith land, at the mouth of the Cumberland, gave the national government control of the two im- portant rivers of the State of Tennessee, and effectually closed water communication with the South. The occupation of Columbus gave rise to a spirited correspondence between Gen. Polk and President Jeff. Davis, Gov. Harris and Gov. Magoffin, in which Polk, writing to Magoffin, claimed that he had re- liable information that the Federal forces in- tended to occupy Columbus, referred to the danger of west Tennessee from such a move- ment, and offered to withdraw from Ken- tucky if the Federal troops were simultane- ously withdrawn. On September 1st he had written that he “regarded it of essential im- portance that he should be ahead of the ‘enemy’ in occupying Columbus.” Gov. Harris, on hearing that Gen. Pillow had oc- cupied Hickman, had written to Polk, re- questing the instant withdrawal of his com- mand, on the ground that he and Mr. Davie were pledged to respect the neutrality of Kentucky. Polk, in reply, regretted the necessity of the movement, but claimed that, under plenary powers delegated to him by the Confederate government, he was author- ized to move from his late position at Madrid to Columbus. On the 4th, Secretary Walker^ Confederate States army, ordered the prompt withdrawal of Pillow from Hickman. In re- ply to this, Polk appealed to President Davis, who responded that “the necessity justified the action.” Mr. George C. Taylor, and a number of other citizens of Columbus, welcomed Polk in a long address, in which, after referring to “the tyranny of the general government” in ignoring the neutrality of Kentucky in levying a tax for the purpose of carrying on a cruel war against the South, to which Ken- tucky would be called upon to contribute, he assured him that the entire community wel- comed his army with “the liveliest delight.” But the Confederate army was not destined to receive the same cordial welcome at the hands of the State government. On the 9th of September, Hon. JohnM. Johnston, chair-, man of the committee, transmitted to Gen Polk resolutions of the senate, introduced by Hon. Walter C. Whitaker, a member of that body, requesting the prompt withdrawal of his troops from Kentucky soil. Replying to Mr. Johnston, Gen. Polk claimed that cause for the seizure of Columbus had been given by the capture of the “W. B. Terry ’ by the vote of members of congress from Kentucky for supplies of men and money to carry on the HISTOEY or KENTUCKY. 365 war, and by the establishment of a United States camp in Garrard County, and con- cluded by an offer to withdi’aw his troops Avhen the United States resumed its former attitude toward Kentucky. On the 13th, the senate concurred in the house resolution re- quiring the governor of Kentucky to issue a proclamation ordering the Confederate troops to withdraw from the State. On September 7th, Brig. -Gen. R. C. Fos- ter and Messrs. Brown, Bailey and Harding, of Nashville, in the absence of Gov. Harris, telegraphed Mi’. Davis that troops from Paducah could reach Bowling Green, Ky., in less than twenty- four hours, and asked what should be done. To which Adjt. -Gen. Cooper intimated that, as the Confederate forces would, in view of the Federal occupa- tion of Paducah, be required for duty at that point, Bowling Green should be occupied by Tennessee troops. On September 10th, Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston superseded Gen. Polk in command of Department No. 2, the latter retaining command at Columbus, besides being charged with the defenses on the Mississippi River below Cairo. Three regiments of Kentucky infantry, which had gone south and were stationed at camp Boone, together with 2,500 men at camp Trousdale and a Tennessee regiment, were organized into a force for the occupa- tion of Bowling Green, under command of Brig. -Gen. Simon B. Buckner. With this force, numbering 5,000 men and a battery of artillery, he was ordered, September 15th, to proceed to Bowling Green and secure and hold that “important line of defense.” The importance of Bowling Green as a strategic position had occurred to the Union men. who were engaged in recruiting in that section of Kentucky. Col. S. G. Burbridge, who was at Russellville raising a regiment under authority from Nelson, at once proceeded to Uouisville to induce Col. Rousseau to move his camp from Jeffersonville to Bowling Green, representing that, with the nucleus thus formed, a brigade of not less than 5,000 men could be organized in a few weeks. Rousseau accepted the invitation at once, and a night was fixed when the telegraph wires were to be cut, and his entire command embarked upon trains on the Louisville & i Nashville Railroad for Bowling Green. Unfor- : tunately for the success of the expedition. Col. Burbridge visited Frankfort to obtain the sanction of Mr. Crittenden, who consid- ered the movement premature. There is no doubt that had the movement been promptly made the region of country south of Green River and east of the Cumberland, which for ! the next five months was given over to the control of the Confederates, would have remained inside of the Federal lines. The two leading papers of Louisville, the Journal and Democrat, both of which had hitherto advocated neutrality from a Union standpoint, now came out strongly in favor of the national government. The occupation of Bowling Green, al- though intended by Gen. Johnston as the northern line of his defense, had the appear- ance to Gen. Anderson of an advance on Louisville. He immediately dispatched a messenger to Gov. Morton, asking if he could I depend upon him for assistance, and on September I8th, Rousseau’s brigade and the Sixth Indiana Infantry, Col. T. T. Critten- den; the Thirty-eighth Indiana, Col. Scrib- ner; the Forty-ninth Ohio, Col. Gibson; with the Home Guard companies — the expedition commanded by Gen. W. T. Sherman — advanced and occupied Muldrow’s Hill, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville Rail- road, in the direction of Elizabethtown, at which place Buckner’s advance was reported to be. On reaching the Rolling Fork of Salt River, a deep stream, Gen. Sherman found the railroad bridge burned, which stopped the progress of the trains, and the I men were disembarked. Col. Rousseau, in ! command of a picket of 400 men, was sent forward, but was soon afterward recalled. On Sunday morning, the 22d, Gen. Sherman regarding the position at Muldi’ow’s Hill of great importance, determined to advance. Col. Rousseau, with his brigade, took the lead, followed by the Thirty-eighth Indiana, the Forty-ninth Ohio, and a detachment of regulars, under Capt. Swain, which had 366 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. joined the expedition. The command moved through Elizabethtown, and out on the Leba- j non Road, whence it proceeded to Mulclrow’s : Hill, where it was soon after I’e-enforced by j the Thirty-ninth Indiana, under Col. Harrison. The Sixth Indiana was stationed at Eliza- bethtown, and Col. Hecker’s Twenty- fourth Illinois at Colesburg, to guard the railroad. Muldrow’s Hill is a range of hills sep- arating the waters of Rolling Fork from Green River, but, in a country abounding in turnpike roads, was not a strong position, and of little importance as a defense to Louisville. Gen. Sherman reported to Gen. Anderson that Buckner’s force was variously estimated from 7,000 to 20,000 men, and did not doubt that he had 15,000, all actuated by a common purpose to destroy him. In concluding his report, he says: I am fully alive to the danger of our position and to all its disadvantages especially that of supplies. Our provisions have been hauled up the rugged val- ley of Cedar Creek by hired wagons and by some which were brought along by the Tliirty-ninlh In- diana. We can barely supply our wants and are liable at any moment to have those wagons seized. The reason I came to Muldrow’s Hill was for effect. Had it fallen into the hands of our enemies, the cause would have been lost, and even with it in our possession a week, nobody has rallied to our support. I expected, as we had reason to, that the people of Kentucky would rally to our support; hut on the contrary, none have joined us, while hun- dreds, we are told, are going to Bowling Green. The railroad from Bowling Green toward us is broken at Nolin, ten miles miles off, and at another trestle beyond, some seven miles. I doubt if this was done by Buckner’s orders, but rather by the small parties of guards left to protect them, and who were scared at our approach. I have from time to time given you telegraphic notice of these events, and must now await the development. We should have here at least 20,000 men; but that has been an impossibility. Truly yours, W. T. Sherman, Brigadier- General. If the general could have captured the following dispatch on its way to Gen. Johnston’s headquarters soon after, it might have allayed his anxiety: Bowling Green, October 4, 1861. W. W. Mackall, a. a. G. ; I have not been able to obtain accurate returns of the strength of the regiments here since my return. My effective strength at all points does not exceed 6,000. The enemy, with their last re-enforce- ments number not less than 13,000 or 14,000. It is stated that they will advance in a few days on Green River. I need re-enforcements at this place very much. When can I receive them? Please reply. S, B. Buckner, Brigadier- General. It may as well be stated here, as elsewhere, that Buckner’s effective strength, at Bowling Green, Hopkinsville, and including all the cavalry that rendered to him a nominal rec- ognition, as commander of ihe Central Kentucky Division, including Hardee’s di- vision, up to the arrival of Floyd’s brigade from West Virginia on Christmas eve, never exceeded 13,000 men. Polk’s forces num- bered, on September 30th, 20,000 present for duty. President Lincoln appears to have placed a high estimate upon the ability of the inspector-general of the Kentucky State Guard, as will be seen by the following ten- der of a commission: Executive Mansion, August 17, 1861. Hon. Secretary of War; My Bear Sir : — Unless there be reason to the contrary not known to me, make out a commission for Simon (B) Buckner, of Kentucky, as a brigadier- general of volunteers. It is to be put into the hands of Gen. Anderson, and delivered to Gen. Buckner or not, at the discretion of Gen. Anderson. Of course it is to remain a secret unless and until the commission is delivered. Yours truly, A. Lincoln. When we reflect upon the sublime audac- ity of this plucky rebel who, for five months, with his force numbering less than one-half of that opposed to him at Nolin, Elizabeth- town and Calhoun, poorly armed and afflicted with measles, not only maintained his line 100 miles in extent, between Polk on his left and Zollicoffer on his right, but ren- dered efficient aid to the latter in his opera- tions in east Tennessee, it cannot but be regretted that the brigadier-general’s com- mission (which, however, was never offered him) had not saved him to the Union cause. On the 8th of October Gen. Anderson, finding that continued ill health unfitted him for active duty, in obedience to orders from Gen. Scott, relinquished the command of the “Department of the Cumberland” to Gen. Sherman, who at once assumed its duties. His first act was to direct Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden, who had recently been com- HISTOEY OF IFENTUCIvY. 3G7 missioned, by the president, to proceed to Owensboro, in the vicinity of which Cols. Jackson, Burbridge, McHeniy, Hawkins, Grider, Shackelford and Hobson were recruit- ing regiments for the United States service. He subsequently established his camp at Calhoun and organized what was afterward known as the Fifth Division. During the time in which the regiments were perfecting their organization, they had several severe skirmishes with the enemy, the first of which took place at Woodbury, in Butler County. Col. S. G. Bui’bridge, who had obtained re- peating rifles for the use of his men, and Col. Jackson, with his cavalry, were fearless and vigilant in guarding the country lying immediately north of Green River against incursions from the opposite shore. Col. J. H. McHenry, whose camp was located at Hartford, hearing that a force of Confederate cavalry at Woodbury, twenty- five miles above, on the south side of Green River, meditated an attack upon his camp, notified Col. Burbridge, who, with his force, was encamped thirty miles distant. Col. Biu’bridge, with 125 of his regiment, 100 of the Third Kentucky Cavalry under Capt. Breathitt, and a section of artillery under Capt. Somebry, proceeded at once to Mc- Henry’s camp, and, on Monday, the 28th of October, encamped near Cromwell, thinking to attack next morning. Col. McHenry, with his force and a part of the cavalry, crossed the river and attacked a small picket of the enemy at Morgantown, wounding several and losing one of his own men. Capt. Netter, of Burbridge’s regiment, fol- lowed McHenry with twenty men, and passed through Morgantown, coming up with the Confederates one mile distant from the town. In the meantime, Col. Burbridge passed up the river twenty miles, and there found the main body of the Confederates occupying an eminence upon the opposite side. The lat- ter immediately formed in line, but were thrown into consternation by a few well directed shots from a six-pound cannon, and a feny flat upon the opposite side being brought over. Col. Burbridge crossed with Lieut. Ashley, Capts. Belt, Shacklett and Porter, with 135 men and one piece of artil- lery. Capt. Belt immediately occupied the position from which the Confederates were driven. Their second position, being their encampment, was first shelled, then chai’ged, whereupon they fell back, leaving their dead upon the field. Knowing that a camp of Confederate cavalry was located a few miles above, Col. Burbridge destroyed the aban- doned camp and joined Col. McHenry at Morgantown. On the 31st, Capt. IVhittinghill, with one company of the Seventeenth Infantry, and Capt. Porter, commanding a company of 30 Home Guards at Cromwell, repulsed an assault of 200 Confederate cavalry, in- flicting heavy loss upon them. Cols. Jack- son and Burbridge went to the relief of McHenry from Owensboro, but no further molestation was offered. On the 26th of September, Gen. Buckner destroyed the locks on Green River at the mouth of Muddy River, and on the 29th occupied Hopkins- ville, after a skirmish with the Union Home Guard, resulting in a loss to him of one killed and one wounded, and to the Home Guard of several wounded and two taken prisoners. Brig.-Gen. Alcorn, with his Mississippi brigade was placed in command at Hopkins- ville. He soon after became disgusted with the lack of respect exhibited toward him by the Union people of the town, aiTested sev- eral, and asked permission of Buckner to make examples of them. He was relieved in the coui’se of a few weeks by Brig.-Gen. Tilghman, and with that event his name dis- appears from these annals. Gen. Tilghman was obliged to spend a greater portion of his time and use a large portion of his force in movincr the sick, the measles having done that which the Union forces never did — attacked his camp. On the 9th of October, Brig.-Gen. Rous- seau, who had in the meantime received his commission, pursuant to orders from depart- ment-headquarters, removed his camp to the vicinity of Nolin Creek and named it camp Kevin, in compliment to an old friend in Louisville. Brig.-Gen. Alexander McDowell 3G8 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. McCook, having reported at department head- quarters, in compliance with a request previ- ously made for him by Gen. Anderson, was assigned by Gen. Sherman to command of all the forces at Nolin Creek. Here he was soon after joined by Brig.- Gens. Thomas J. AVood and R. AT. Johnson. Dividing his command into brigades, he assigned these officers to command, which, with the brigade of Pennsylvanians under command of Brig.- Gen. Negley, which arrived on October 22, increased his force to 13, 195 effectives. While these events were transpiring in southern Kentucky, Lieut. Nelson was using his utmost exertions to organize his brigade at camp Dick Robinson. The men were still without sufficient clothing, and, but for the fer- tility of the country in which the camp was located, would have been equally destitute of subsistence. He even found difficulty in obtaining the arms designated for his use at Cincinnati. The town of Cynthiana, sixty miles from Covington, on the line of the Kentucky Central Railroad, was in posses- sion of a company of Confederate recruits, xvho were preparing to join their companions at camp Boone, and the Confederate States flag floated from the spire of the court house. Hon. Garrett Davis, whose experience in the distribution of arms to the Union men of central Kentucky encouraged him to antici- pate success, undertook to deliver the arms at camp Dick Robinson. Proceeding to Cin- cinnati, he obtained possession of them, packed in boxes, and loaded them upon a train which he accompanied. On the arrival of the train at Cynthiana, the rebel company before mentioned, who had been notifled by telegraph, was seen stationed beyond the depot to stop the train. The engineer, see- ing the danger, immediately reversed his engine and returned to Covington. Col. John M. Harlan, now associate jus- tice of the United States Supreme Coiu’t, and Gen. James Speed, of Louisville, hear- ing of the occurrence, wrote Mr. Davis to send the arms on the mail boat to that city, and they would forward them to that point. Knowing that the boat would arrive at mid- night, they at once called upon Mr. Sam I Gill, superintendent of the Louisville, Frank- fort & Lexington Railroad, a Union man, and made known their plan, which was that they should have an engine and car ready at the depot to which the arms could be trans- ferred immediately upon their arrival at the wharf. Mr. Gill entered heartily into the ar- rangement. The boxes tilled with arms were loaded in wagons, and in the dead of night conveyed to the waiting train, which at once sped with its precious freight into the dark- ness on its way to Lexington, where it ar- rived at 5 o’clock in the morning. The ar- rival of a railroad train at that unusual hour aroused the suspicion of a lounger about the station, who peered into the car and discov- ered the boxes. He ran at once to the fire- engine room, and rang the bell for the as- sembly of Capt. John Morgan’s company of State Guards. On the same day in which Messrs. Harlan and Speed had written Mr. Davis, they had dispatched a messenger to Col. Dudley, who was recruiting his regiment, the Twenty-first Kentucky, at Lexington, and to Lieut. Nelson, at camp Dick Robinson, to inform them that the train containing the arms would reach Lexington early on this morning. Immedi- ately on the reception of this welcome intel- ligence, Gen. Nelson dispatched Col. Bram- lette to Lexington, and oi’dered Lieut. - Col. Letcher, with 300 of AVolford’s cavalry, to follow him. Col. Dudley, hearing the alarm sounded from Morgan’s arsenal, im- mediately called out his men and marched to j the depot, where Morgan’s men had already assembled. No attempt was made on the part of either party to gain possession of the arms, but Morgan, acting under the instruc- tions of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, was de- termined to prevent the transportation of the arms through Lexington to camp Dick Rob- inson, while Dudley was equally determined to defend them. They were both brave men, and their forces, well armed, were about equal in numbers, and eager for the fray. Suddenly the head of Letcher’s battalion ap- I peared upon the hill approaching the city. They were armed with Sharpe’s repeating rifles, and, for effect, had affixed the frightful HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 369 looking sword bayonets, which, as the column descended the hill, glittered in the rays of the rising sun. Col. Bramlette in the meantime had met Mr. Breckinridge, and had vainly endeavored to convince him of the folly of opposing the removal of the arms to camp Dick Robinson. At the moment the cavalry appeared in view. Col. Bramlette remarked: Very well. Mi’. Breckinridge, the responsi- bility of a battle rests with you, and it is my opinion ihat the guns will go to camp Dick Robinson.” From this argument there was no appeal. Morgan and his men disappeared from the scene, and the arms were quietly transported to their destination. On the 15th of September, Brig. -Gen. George H. Thomas reported for duty at Louisville, and was ordered to relieve Lieut. Nelson, in command of the troops at that point. Lieut. Nelson was directed to report at department-headquarters, when he soon re- ceived orders to repair to Maysville, Ky., on the Ohio, fifty miles above Cincinnati, and or- ganize a force to meet the enemy, who were advancing under command of Col. John S. Williams, from Virginia into eastern Ken- tucky. In the order relieving Nelson, the general commanding commended the “zeal and untir- ing energy be had displayed in providing and distributing arms to the Union men of Ken- tucky, and in collecting and organizing troops at camp Dick Robinson.” It was, no doubt, ow- ing to the possession of these qualities, as well as his success in organizing a camp in spite of the opposition of the State authorities, that it was deemed expedient to again employ him in the same capacity. Maysville was the home of his boyhood and the residence of a host of his warmest friends, and no officer could have been selected to whom this duty could have been entrusted with greater chances of success. He expi’essed no word of dissent to an order that separated him from an army whose organization owed its existence to his courage and energy. To a nature as noble as his, jealousy was impossi- ble. Congratulating his men upon the ac- quisition of an experienced army officer who would perfect the work which he had begun. he bade adieu to his trusty followers, and left the scene of his triumphant vindication of^the power of the national government. Gen. Thomas found, on assuming command at camp Dick Robinson, on the 15th of Sep- tember, 1861, very little that enters into the formation of a military camp, except men. A few boxes of clothing had arrived and had been distributed promiscuously where the articles were the most needed. A pair of pants here and a blouse there ; a hat here, and there a pair of shoes; and, to add to the gro- tesque appearance of the command, an occa- sional army overcoat might be seen, whose accommodating skirts, concealed, to some extent, the total absence of pantaloons. Gen. Thomas found ample need of the patience and fortitude with which he was endowed, in forming an army from the crude material at his command. Accustomed to the meth- ods of the regular army, and to the disci- pline of its soldiery, he had never, until now, had command of a brigade composed exclu- sively of volunteer troops. The buff-colored shoulder-straps of a colonel of cavalry had not been replaced by the star of the briga- dier, to which he was entitled when he ar- rived at camp Dick Robinson. He was accompanied by Capt. George E. Flynt, the accomplished and efficient adjutant-general, who remained until the close of the war his trusted confidential adviser and friend. For twenty-five years Gen. Thomas had been accustomed to martial scenes. He had fought the Seminoles in the everglades, and the fierce Comanches on the plains. He had won distinction in the war with Mexico, and at the breaking out of the civil war found himself major of a regiment of cavalry, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was colonel, Robert E. Lee lieutenant-colonel, and W. J. Hardee major. Promoted to a colonelcy on the 3d of May, 1861, he served a few months in the eastern army before being commis- sioned a brigadier-general in the volunteer army, and sent to report to Gen. Anderson at Louisville. In every position in which he had been placed, throughout his military ca reer, he had borne himself as a man, modest, brave, and incorruptible; and now, at the age 23 370 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. of forty-five, the real drama of his life was to begin. The hitherto insurmountable difficulty in equipping this command, for its exj^edition in east Tennessee, had been to obtain the nec- essary supplies. Week after week the im- petuous Nelson had been compelled to wait, until hope and patience were alike ex- hausted. Gen. Thomas lost no time in intro- ducing military system into the camp, and in imparting to it the character of a camp of instruction. Company and battalion drill became apart of the daily duties, and a laud- able desire to excel in the discipline of their regiments animated the officers. The patience, dignity and self-control, which never forsook him in the most trying emergencies, and which afterward gave him the unbounded control of the army, were at no jaeriod of his life more manifest than now. Fully alive to the importance of the ex- pedition into east Tennessee, which con- templated the permanent occupation of Knox- ville and control of the Virginia & East Tennessee Railroad, he was powerless to obtain even the clothing necessary to preserve the lives of his men. He had no wagons and could not obtain them, while hundreds were being shipped to Rosecrans in western Vir- ginia. The orders of Fremont were on file in all the manufactories at Cincinnati and were being filled as rapidly as possible. Finding that no assistance could be rendered by the quartermaster’s department at Louisville or Cincinnati, and that Gen. Thomas, by the very fact of his military education, was committed to regular army methods for obtaining supplies through the regular channels, the writer, then a member of his staff, conceived the idea of procuring them by the same means that had proved successful in the hands of Gen. Fremont. Making out a requisition upon Capt. Dicker- son, assistant- quartermaster at Cincinnati, for a large quantity of clothing, tents and other camp equipage, and having it approved by Gen. Thomas, he proceeded to Cincinnati and presented it to Capt. Dickerson. He was in- formed that the quartermaster’s department was powerless to furnish the articles enumer- ated, and that, being indebted to the clothing I manufacturers over $1,000,000, his credit with them was exhausted. He then applied j to Col. Swords, assistant quartermaster -gen- j eral at Louisville, to know at what time he might expect to receive funds, for the equip- j ment of camp Dick Robinson, to which Col. I Swords responded, designating the middle of October as the probable date. Knowing that j the uncertainty as to the time fixed would debar him from competing in open market for I goods with the agents of Gen. Fremont, who were able to pay cash on delivery, and feeling deeply the necessities of the men whom he had left shivering in their rags in camp, he determined to purchase the goods, if possible, and agree to pay, the 15th of October, on delivery at Nicholasville. He visited several of the largest establish- ments and found large quantities of clothing. Tempting piles of warm flannel shirts, blankets, blouses and overcoats, pantaloons and woolen hosiery greeted his eyes, while accommodating clerks stood ready to sell them — cheap for cash. Exhibiting the requisition as his credentials, he left copies of it at sev- eral places, requesting the proprietors to mark opposite each article the price at which they would sell it for cash on delivery and hand it to him the next day as a sealed pro- posal. The plan worked admirably. The cloth- ing was purchased in accordance with the bids, and the officer returned highly elated with his success. But his triumph was of short duration. The next evening a stranger alighted from the stage at the camp, and, in- quiring for the acting quartermaster, was shown to his quarters. “ I have never visited a camp,” he said, “and I came to see one.” The officer welcomed him and ex- pressed his willingness to render his stay as agreeable as possible. “When our house heard that I wished to visit your camp,” said the stranger, “the proprietors made me super- cargo of a little invoice of clothing that com- prises a part of the goods you purchased yesterday.” The officer glanced at the bill and found that it was from one of the houses with whom he had contracted; he compared HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 371 it item by item with the proposal and found no variation in prices; he added it and found it correct; he examined the checks of the receiving clerk at Nicholasville and found that the packages had all arrived at the depot. There was no reason why he should not pay the bill, except that he had no money. He knew, as well as he knew his name, that a draft had been sent with a small quantity of goods to test his ability to meet his en- gagements. Taking down a check -book on a banking house at Lexington (where he had no account), he deliberately wrote a check for the amount, and, handing it to the stranger, took his receipted bill, excused himself and mounted his horse for a ride to Lexington. It may well be imagined that the emotions of the officer were not of the most pleasurable description during that lonely night ride of twenty miles. For the first time in his life, he had been guilty of a flagrant crime, and one which he feared Gen. Thomas would not condone. Arriving at Lexington, he sought rest at a hotel, but could not sleep. Rising early in the morning, he rang the bell at the residence of the late D. A. Sayre, for it was necessary to ai’range if possible for the pay- ment of the check without being seen by the bearer. The banker came down and the officer at once introduced himself. He stated the condition of the camp, and that the half- clad troops stationed there constituted the only defense of Lexington against the enemy, who was reported to be advancing into Ken- tucky from east Tennessee. He then exhib- ited the telegram from Col. Swords, and asked him if he (the banker) would advance money upon it, provided Col. Swords verified the dispatch. “Yes,” said the old man, “to the extent of my ability.” “I am glad to hear it,” said the overjoyed officer; “for I have already drawn a check upon your bank.” “The check shall be paid,” said the banker. The homeward ride, through the crisp Sep- tember morning air, was a pleasanter trip than the one of the previous night. The troops were soon better clad and in more comfortable quarters, and the loan was promptly paid by Col. Swords. It is, per- haps, a trivial incident, but it will serve to explain the delay in carrying out the design of the national government to occupy east Tennessee. Having ordered the expedition in July, the war department seemed to have forgotten it, and no means were provided to carry it into execution. On the 20th of Sep tember Captain Dickerson telegraphed Gen. Thomas that he had commenced the ship- ment of wagons to him, but before he had fairly gotten under way he had orders from western Virginia for 400, which took prece- dence. In fact every army movement seemed to take precedence of that which Gen. Nelson had inaugurated, which Gen. Thomas was straining every means to carry forward, and which the stout hearts and wilUng hands of 1,500 loyal east Tennesseans were pledged to assist in accomplishing. Yet it is difficult to conceive of a more im- portant movement than that of the early oc- cupation of east Tennessee by a strong force. The effect would have been to cut off all railroad communications between the eastern and western portions of the Confederacy, except by the long and devious routes south of the Appalachian chain of mountains, and to add to the army of the United States fully 10,000 hardy mountaineers inured to toil and hardship, besides performing a solemn duty in protecting a loyal people against persecaition by the enemies of the Union. A tithe of the troops, arms and camp equipage lying idle upon the banks of the Potomac, transferred to Gen. Thomas in September, would have enabled him to puncture the shell which the Confederates managed by a show of strength to maintain, far outside of the real bounds of their territory, for nearly two years longer. East Tennessee is separated from Kentucky by the Cumberland Mountains and from western Virginia by the Iron and Alleghany Mountains. The country is watered by the Holston and Clinch Rivers, which, flowing from the north and east, unite at Kingston and form the Tennessee River. The east Tennessee & Georgia Railroad, 130 miles long, connects Chattanooga at the southern end of the valley with Knoxville on the 372 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. north, from which place the Virginia & Ten- nessee Railroad runs to Lynchburg, Va. The population, similar in character to that in eastern Kentucky and western Virginia, earnestly protested against the secession of the State, casting 30,903 votes against it to 5,507 votes in favor thereof. A subsequent election resulted in a vote of 32,923 votes against, to 14,780 in favor of the measure. Encouraged by the prospect of aid from the general government the Union men were act- ively engaged in organizing themselves into companies and regiments, with which to re- enforce the troops that were expected from Kentucky, and were so largely in the major- ity in most of the counties as to render con- cealment of their designs unnecessary. The Knoxville Whig, published by W. G. Brownlow, breathed out threatening and slaughter against the southern Confederacy, and the lack of arms only prevented an open resistance to its measures. Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer, an ex-member of congress and editor of a Nashville paper, a man of high personal character and an ardent secessionist, was, in accordance with the recommendation of Gen. Polk, selected, July 26th, to com- mand the Confederate forces in east Tennes- see — the Tennessee troops having been trans- ferred to the Confederacy. It is generally conceded that Gen. Zolli- coffer, upon assuming command of the dis- trict of east Tennessee, really desired to overlook the past offenses of the Union men, and to prevent, by a wise administration of the power with which he had been clothed, the atrocities which were being perpetrated upon them. He granted a readj" audience to the persecuted citizens and issued orders against interference with the rights of prop- erty, and thus, but for his taking the field against the expected advance of the forces at camp Dick Robinson, and leaving the work of reconciliation that he had commenced to other hands, the annals of this period would not be stained by tales of rapine and mur- der. The approach to east Tennessee from the north is guarded by a high range of mount- ains, through which there are three prin- cipal gaps or depressions, viz. : Pound Gap, 100 miles northeast from Knoxville; Jimtown Gap, eighty miles northwest, and Cumber- land Gap, sixty-five miles northward, A turn- pike extends from Nicholasville, Ky., south- east to Crab Orchard, sixty-five miles from Cumberland Gap, and from that point through the gap there is a dirt road, practi- cable until late in the fall for heavy wagons, but almost impassable in the winter. Al ong this road, for many years previous to the building of the Virginia & Tennessee, and the Kentucky Central Railroads, merchan- dise to supply the people of east Tennessee had been transported fi’om Maysville, Ky.,on the Ohio River. Fully alive to the impor- tance of defending these gaps against the approach of the Union forces, Gen. Zollicof- fer, early in August, disposed his available force, thirty-three infantry companies, along the base of the mountains at the various gaps and bridle paths, to intercept communication between Kentucky and Tennessee Union men. Using six cavalry companies as scouts be- tween the different posts, he placed a section of light artillery in position at Cumberland Gap, and held a battery in reserve at Knox- ville. Besides the infantry above referred to, he had one regiment and sixteen companies stationed along the line of the East Tennes- see & Georgia Railroad, guarding bridges which had been threatened by the Union men. Notwithstanding the large amount of arms and ammunition which the seceded States had seized in the United States forts and arsenals, and which had been surrendered to them in almost every engagement since the beginning of the war, these important equipments for an army were, even so early as this, deplor- ably lacking and continued to be the “long- felt want” of the Confederacy until the close of the war. The search for arms ordered by Gov. Harris in Tennessee had resulted in bringing together a vast quantity of firearms, consisting of a heterogeneous mass of squirrel rifles, shot-guns and pistols, useless at long range, and these were supplemented with huge knives, intended to be used in carving the backs of the retreating enemy; for the pleasing illusion that “the Yankees would HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 373 aot tight” was not yet dispelled. August 29, Zollicoffer wrote to Adjt.-Gen. Cooper: “Re- liable news just in from Hoskins’ Cross Roads (Nelson’s camp). Four thousand well- armed men there, and coming in 400 or 500 per day. Plenty arms. One thousand men at Barboursville; 700 at Williamsburg, without arms. East Tennesseans going on to Hoskins’ for arms.” The next week he received the unwelcome information from the way depart- ment at Richmond that no arms could be furnished him. Early in September, he took military con- trol of the railroads in east Tennessee to facilitate the transportation of supplies to the army in Virginia, and on the 9th announced a forward movement into Kentucky via Cum- berland Gap. On the 21st he had taken posi- tion at the Gap, and finding himself unable to hold it with the means at his command if he should be attacked, made requisition for more artillery. He complained of the diffi- culty in obtaining accurate information, ow- ing to the hostility of the country, and was unable to push his scouts but a short distance from camp. Receiving orders from Gen. Johnston to await further orders, and time his movements by the advance of Buckner on the south, he tmmed his attention to strengthening his position. He soon found that the subsist- ence of a large force in a mountainous and hostile region was even a greater obstacle to his advance than the lack of artillery. On the 24th, he was out of bread. At this time his command at Cumberland Ford consisted oi the Eleventh, Seventeenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Tennessee, and the Fifteenth Mississippi Infantry regiments, and the First, Second and Third Tennessee Cavalry regi- ments, which, with Rutledge’s battery of light artillery, numbered 3,549 present for duty — aggregate present 4, 578; besides 3,600 other troops, armed and unarmed, left behind in east Tennessee. On the -following day, receiving supplies from his rear, he moved the Eleventh Tennessee Infantry, Col. Raines, and the First Tennessee Cavalry, Col. McNairy, forward, with six days’ ra- tions, to dislodge the Union force at Laurel i Bridge to cover an expedition to the salt j works in Clay County, Ky. This movement j was entirely successful. The Union force, a j picket of Wolford’s cavalry, fell back, and I the salt, about 200 barrels, found at the 1 works, was captured and conveyed to the camp. On the 20th of September, Gen. Thomas directed Col. T. T. Garrard to proceed with his regiment, the Seventh Kentucky Infantry, to Rockcastle Hills, beyond Crab Orchard, on the Cumberland Gap road, and take a strong position, fortifying it so as to enable him to defend himself against any force that might be sent against him. He had orders to build huts for his men, keep out intruders, to obtain all the information possible of the enemy’s movements, and report the same to headquarters every day; to keep up communi- cation with Col. Sidney M. Barnes at Irvine, whose regiment, the Eighth Kentucky Infan- try, had been placed in position to intercept communication with the south via Pound Gap, and to capture any parties trying to escape into the Confederate lines. Col. Bramlette, with his regiment (Third Kentucky Infantry), was stationed at Lexing- ton, and on the 23d, by request of 5Ir. Fisk, of the senate, he took 300 of his men to Frank- fort to guard the capital against an attack which seemed impending, leaving 350 men, under command of Lieut.-Col. Scott, at Lex- ington. The movements of the State Guard companies at this time were exceedingly mys- terious, and gave rise to startling rumors of intended attack upon State or municipal property. The event proved, however, that they were only desirous to get away to the Confederate lines with their arms, which necessitated stealthy movements. On the 26th Brig. -Gen. O. M. Mitchell, who had, on the 19th, as- sumed command of the ‘‘Department of the Ohio,” which embraced Ohio, Indiana, and fifteen miles into Kentucky opposite Cincin- nati, by invitation of Gen. Anderson and the Kentucky legislature took possession of the Kentucky Central Railroad as far south as Lexington. He directed Col.Yandever to station the companies of his regiment (the 374 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. Thirty fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry) at the various bridges along the line of the road, and sent Col. J. B. Steedman, with the Four- teenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, to take his position on the Louisville, Frankfort and Lexington Eailroad. Gen. Thomas, having been informed by his outpost that the Confederates in heavy force had occupied London, felt that he could no longer risk the safety of his command, which, de23leted by the absence of two regiments and Wolford’s cavalry, left only the Fourth Ken- tucky Infantry and the Tennessee regiments at camp Dick Robinson. Col.W. A. Hoskins at Somerset, on the Cumberland River; Col. Barnes at Irvine, and Col. W. J. Landrum at Big Hill, on the I’oad leading from Lon- don into Central Kentucky, via Richmond, were all actively engaged in recruiting and at the same time performing services as out- posts. On the 22d of September, he wrote Gen. Andersou, strongly urging that, to enable him to advance upon the enemy with any show of success, he should be supplied with 4,000 well drilled troops, consisting of four infant- ry regiments and a battery of artillery. He was constantly beset with importunities from citizens on both sides of the border to advance to their relief; but he was far too wise a commander to heed their appeals, no matter how much his heart might have been stirred by the recital of their wrongs. To this requisition, Gen. Anderson replied that Louisville was strongly threatened, and for the pi'esent no troops could be spared for the purpose for which they were required. Gen. Anderson wrote, however, to the president, and to the governors of Ohio and Indiana, stating the immediate necessity for compli- ance with the request of Gen. Thomas. Fail- ing to receive the required re-enforcements from his department commander, Gen. Thomas dispatched the writer to confer with Gen. Mitchell, at Cincinnati, who at once ordered the Thirty-third Indiana, Col. John Coburn; the Thirty-first Ohio, Col. M. B. Walker; the Seventeenth Ohio, Col. Connel; the Thirty-eighth Ohio, Col Bradley; the Twenty-first Ohio, Col. Norton, and two batter- ies of artillery, under Maj. Lawrence, to re- port for duty to Gen. Thomas. Although greatly hampered in field opera- tions by the lack of wagons, Gen. Thomas now determined upon an active campaign against Gen. Zollicoffer. On the 1st of October, he wrote Gen. Mitchell, thanking him for his prompt response to the call for troops, stating, at the same time, the pressing need for means of transportation, and closed as follows: “ If you could send a column of about four regiments up the Big Sandy and move it south through the counties of Floyd, Letcher and Harlan, in co-operation with my advance by Barbours- ville, I believe that we might easily seize the railroad, and cut off all communication be- tween Virginia and the south through Ten- nessee, before the enemy will have time to re- enforce Zollicoffer sufficiently to prevent it.” This was practically the scheme contem- plated in the order directing the organization of troops at camp Dick Robinson in July, and toward the consummation of which both Nelson and Thomas had bent their most strenuous efforts. But the government was yet to learn the ability of Gen. Thomas to conduct great enterprises. His army train- ing rendered him incapable of resorting to the means used by many other commanders to bring himself into prominence. He had no political friend at the national capital to sound his praises in the ear of the president, and he would have regarded it as a breach of discipline to open correspondence with the war department, except through the regular channels. He was almost unknown to the press of the country. With the present knowledge of the weakness of the Confeder- ate lines, and the great administrative abil- ity of Gen. Thomas, there is no doubt, had the departments of the Ohio, and of the Cumberland, been united under his command, that the 15th of October would have found him at the head of a strong force at Knox- ville, while the Confederate lines in Kentucky would have been compelled to resume their old position south of the Cumberland River. Of all the regiments that had been sent to Kentucky, but one, the Thirty-third Indiana, was supplied with wagons, and this regiment HISTORY OF KEXTUCKYY 375 was immediately sent to the front. The for- ward movement was retarded by the lack of transportation for the great quantity of camp equipage necessary for the proper care of men not yet inured to exposure, and for the organization of supply trains to transport subsistence stores from Nicholasville to the front, and to transport arms and army sup- plies to the imorganized regiments awaiting them in east Tennessee. Five hundi’ed wag- ons (he had plenty of mules) would have enabled him to move forward at once, via Richmond and Crab Orchard, to London, where the two roads unite, and thence to Knoxville, with an army twice as large as that with which he afterward defeated Zol- licoffer at Mill Springs, augmented by the organization of at least ten regiments of troops in east Tennessee. But the golden opportunity was allowed to pass. His re- peated requests for means of transportation were unheeded until the winter I'ains had con- verted the clay roads into mud, so stiff and sticky that the strength of six mules was re- quired to pull an empty wagon. The records of the outbreak of the rebell- ion in Kentucky, as presented in the con-e- spondence between the commanding officers of the Union and Confederate forces and their respective governments, exhibits the unprepared state of both sections of the country to enter upon a civil war of such magnitude as that of 1861. Both armies were in need of everything, except provis- ions, which, owing to the fertility of the soil, were plentiful. Each was able to keep up a line of defense against the encroach- ment of the other, but were powerless for offensive operations. In compliance with the urgent requisitions of Gen. Sherman, a large number of regi- ments from the northwest arrived in October and November, and took position along the lino extending from Nelson’s Camp, atMays- ville, around the borders of the Blue Grass region at camp Dick Robinson, Lebanon, and camp Nevin, where McCook was sta- tioned with four brigades. Nearly all these regiments came without camp and garrison equipage or baggage wagons, and the necessity for these increased as the season advanced. The impossibility of making any forward movement in the direction of Cumberland Gap without ade- quate transportation was again and again urged upon the authorities at Washington, but no heed was paid to the repeated requests. The condition of the Unionists in east Tennessee was growing more unbearable, and the m-gent appeals of Johnson, Maynard, Carter and others for an advance, made to the president, induced him to attach blame to the commander of the troops designated from the first for this special movement. The war had not progressed far enough to show the utter helplessness of an army of men when moved from its base with no means of transportation for supplies. This knowledgfe came later and was gained at frightful cost. Gen. Thomas had no sooner completed his plans for a forward movement from camp Dick Robinson in the direction of east Ten- nessee than he found himself superseded by Gen. Mitchell. Even at this early period of the war he was doomed to suffer the penalty that attached to every movement which from any cause was delayed beyond the expecta- tion of the war department — the same pen- alty paid by McClellan, Buell, Grant, Rose- crans, and nearly every commander of promi- nence from the beginning to the end of the war, and which, four’ years later, came near causing him to be relieved on the eve of his last great battle. Andrew Johnson, of east Tennessee, eager for an advance, and knowing nothing of the imperative needs of the army, before a for- ward movement could be undertaken with any prospect of success, growing impatient of delay, secured the following order for Gen. Mitchell to command the expedition in person : CixcixN-XTi, Ohio, Oct. 10, 1861. Brig. -Gen. O. M. Mitchell, Commanding Department of the Ohio, Cincin- nati, Ohio. General : — By the direction of the secretary of war you are hereby assigned to duty in the Depart- ment of the riimberland, and wdll repair to camp Dick Robinson, and there prepare the troops for an 376 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. outward movement, the object being to take pos- session of Cumberland Ford and Cumberland Gap, and ultimately seize the East Tennessee and Vir- ginia Railroad, and attack and drive the rebels from that region of the country. You will report your instructions to Brig. Gen. Sherman, in com- mand of this department, and be governed by such further orders as be may give. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, L. Thomas, Adjutant - General. On the reception of this order, Gen. Mitchell wrote Gen. Thomas as follows: Headquarters Depart.ment op the Ohio, } Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 10, 1861. f Brig. -Gen. Thomas, Camp Dick Robinson. General :—Umlev orders from the secretary of war of this date, I am directed to repair to camp Dick Robinson, and there prepare the troops for an outward movement, the object being to take pos- session of Cumberland Ford and Cumberland Gap, and ultimately seize the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad. In compliance with these orders, I desire you to move the tliree Ohio regiments now in camp Dick Robinson to some convenient point beyond your camp, in the hope that they may thus escape the epidemic now prevailing among your men. You will order the regiments at Nicholasville to remain there until their transportation shall arrive. I beg you. General, to make every preparation in your power for this expedition in which we are about to be united. It is my purpose to leave for the camp as soon as I am assured that supplies, transportation, ammu- nition and other necessaries are certain to be sent forward. In the hope of soon greeting you in camp, I have the honor to be, very truly, your obedient servant, 0. M. Mitchell, Brigadier- General, Commanding . Gen. Thomas replied: Headquarters, Camp Dick Robinson, ) G.^rrard County, Ky., October 11, 1861. S Brig. -Gen. 0. M. Mitchell, Commanding Department of the Ohio, Cincin- nati, Ohio. General: — Your communication of the 10th inst. was received to-day at the hands of Gov. Johnson, of Tennessee. I have been doing all in my power to prepare the troops for a move on Cumberland Ford and to seize the Tennessee & Virginia Railroad, and shall continue to do all I can to assist you until your arrival here; but justice to myself requires that I ask to be relieved from duty with these troops, since the secretary has thought it necessary to supersede me in the command, without, as I con- ceive, any just cause for so doing. I have already sent one regiment forward, and shall send the others as soon as I can get the trans- portation. It was my desire to have advanced two regiments and a battery about six miles beyond London, to secure the road to Barboursville and to protect a large tract of country abounding in for- age, but up to this time have not been able to get the transportation. I have also been very much embarrassed in my operations from the want of funds, not having re- ceived any since my arrival here, nearly a month ago. I hope the government will be more liberal with you. I am, General, respectfully, etc., your obedient servant. Geo. H. Thomas, Brigadier- General U. 8. Vole., Commanding, The order to supersede Gen. Thomas, how- ever, was never carried out, owing to the pro- test of Gen. Sherman, whose confidence in the ability and patriotism of Gen. Thomas was unshaken during this trying period, and re- mained so during the eventful years that were to follow. Gen. Thomas, having writ- ten him with reference to the proposed action of Gen. Mitchell, received the following letter : Louisville, Ky., October 13, 1861. Brig. -Gen. George H. Thomas, Commanding Camp Dick Robinson. Sir: — Your letters of the 11th and 12th of Octo- ber were received last night. I would start for your camp at once, but am notified by the secretary of war that he will be here to meet me. The paymas- ter is here with funds. Col. Swords, quartermaster, has just reported, and I am assured that ample funds will be provided for all necessaries. I myself was compelled to endorse a draft to get money in bank. The fact is, the arrangement for the supply of money promised us before leaving Washington has not been promptly kept, but I am certain that very soon we will be supplied, and your loan of the bank shall be paid, if my order will accomplish it. In like manner I authorize you to go and prepare your command for active service. Gen. Mitchell is subject to my orders, and I will, if possible, give you the opportunity of completing what you have begun. Of course I would do any- thing in my power to carry out your wishes, hut feel that the affairs of Kentucky will call for the united action of all engaged in the cause of pre- serving our government. I am, with great respect, your obedient servant, W. T. Sherman. Brigadier- General, Commanding. On the 21st of October Gen. Zollicoffer appeared before Garrard’s position which wai5 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 377 fortified well toward the front, but it was so located as to be easily tui-ned by a force moving from the valley in its front, out the Winding Blades road, and thence upon its rear. Round Hill, standing between his works and this road, had been occupied by a small squad of Home Guards. The country is rugged and covered with dense under- brush. Col. Garrard’s regiment, the Sev- entn Kentucky Infantry, was 600 strong; Col. John Coburn’s regiment, the Thirty- third Indiana, was posted on Round Hill, with 250 of Wolford’s calvary as a support. Brig. -Gen. Schoepf, who had reported a few days previously to Gen. Thomas, commanded the brigade. In obedience to G-en. Schoepf’s order. Col. Coburn deployed 350 of his men around the hill as skirmishers. Col. Coburn says in his report of the battle: In less than twenty minutes the rebels, who were concealed in the woods, commenced firing, when at almost the first fire Private McFarren, of Company D, was killed. In ten minutes more the enemy appeared in front of our position at the south, at a distance of half a mile, in the valley. They were in large numbers, and were over half an hour in passing by an open space in the woods, when they formed again in line. They soon came near us under cover of a wood, which entirely concealed their approach until we were apprised of their pres- ence by the firing of musketry. At this time we were re-enforced by a portion of the Kentucky cav- alry, dismounted, under Col. Wolford, about 250 strong, who immediately formed and took part in the engagement. The firing at this time was very severe, which caused the cavalry to waver and re- treat. They were soon, however, rallied, and formed again in order, and fought with good spirit. The enemy engaged was composed of a portion of Gen. Zollicoffer’s command, and consisted of two regiments of Tennesseans, under the command of Cols. Newman and Cummings. They charged up the hill upon us, and were met by a galling and deadly fire, which wounded and killed many of them. The front of their column approached within a few rods of us with their bayonets fixed, declaring themselves “Union men” and “all right,” at the next moment leveling their guns at us and firing. After being engaged nearly an hour the enemy retreated, bearing off a portion of their dead and wounded in their arms. Our men have buried their dead left on the field and taken the wounded to the hospitals. Thirty corpses have been found up to this time. A large number of their wounded and dead were carried off in their wagons. It is safe to estimate the loss of the enemy at least 100 killed. While the regiments above mentioned were engaged in the assault upon Round Hill, the remainder of Zollicoffer’s force made a furious attack upon G-arrard’s posi- tion, but were repulsed after a brief en- gagement. In the following report of Gen. Zollicoffer, it will be observed that he set the example, which was closely followed by com- manding officers of both sides during the war, of callmg an unsuccessful attack a “ reconnaissance ; ” C.V3IP AT Flat Lick, Knox Co., ) Ky., via Knoxville, October 26, 1861. \ On the 21st I reached the enemy’s entrenched camp on Rockcastle Hills, a natural fortification almost inaccessible. Having recounoitered it in force under heavy fire for several hours from heights on the right, left and in front, I became satisfied that it could not be carried otherwise than by an immense exposure, if at all. The enemy received large re-enforcements. Our loss was forty-two wounded and eleven killed and missing. We captured twenty-one pris- oners, about one hundred guns and four horses. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded un- known. The country is so poor we have exhausted the forage along the road for fifteen miles back in twen- ty-four hours. Our subsistence nearly exhausted. Under these circumstances I deemed it proper the next day to fall back. Enemy’s camp said to be 7,000 strong, with large reserves near at hand. F. K. Zollicoffer. Adjt. Gen. Cooper. The Union loss in the engagement was four killed and eighteen wounded, but Col. Cobuim claims to have buried thirty of the enemy. The Seventeeth and Fourteenth Ohio now appeared, accompanied by Capt. Standart’s battery. Four companies of the Seventeenth, under Maj. Durbin Ward, advancing rapidly, arrived in time to deliver a parting shot at the retreating foe. Gen. Schoepf was anxious to pursue the Confederates, and asked that depots of sup- plies be established for the use of his com- mand at Crab Orchard and Wild Cat, ex- pressing the opinion that he could scatter Zollicoffer’s force and occupy Cumberland Gap. In compliance with this request, Gen. Thomas immediately forwarded to the front supplies of provisions and ammunition; or- dered the Tennessee regiments to report to 378 HLSTORT OF KENTUCKY. Gen. Schoepf, and directed him to clear the road of obstructions preparatory to a forward movement. He at the same time moved his headquarters to Crab Orchard, leaving the Thirty-first Ohio to guard stores at camp Dick Robinson. Everything now looked favora- ble for a forward movement. The troops, elated by an easy victory, were jubilant at the prospect of another engagement, while the time, which had hung heavily upon the hands of the Tennesseans, separated by only a few days’ march from their homes, seemed to fly on golden wings. Although still embarrassed from he lack of transportation, Gen. Thomas had determined if possible to carry forward the campaign, depending upon hiring wagons from the farmers, when, on the 25th of October, he received the following letter from Gen. Sherman, who had succeeded Gen. Anderson in command of the department: •Headquartebs Dept, op the Cumberland, 1 Louisville, Ky., October 25, 1801. J Gen. George H. Thomas, Camp Dick Robinson. Sir: — Don’t push too far Your line is already long and weak. I cannot now re-enforce you. Nelson has got into ditQculty with the militia, and I have no person to send there. An interruption of the railroad, by an incursion from Prestonburg, would cut , you off from that source of supply. Call to your assistance the regiment from Irvine. The State board is impressed with the necessity of engaging in the organization of the volunteers, but we are still embarrassed for the want of clothing and arms. Promises are a poor substitute for them, but are all we have. I will again urge on the department the pressing necessity for more good officers and large re-en- forcements of men. Yours, etc., W. T. Sherman, Brigadier- General, Commanding. The bugbear of Buckner at Bowling Green, ever present to the vision of the commander of the department, was sufficient to keep twenty- four regiments on duty to prevent him from suddenly pouncing down upon the fair city of Louisville. On the 28th Gen. Thomas, on his return to headquarters from the front, wrote Gen. Sherman that he had moved his advance to the point of junction with the Richmond road, and would make arrangements to supply it from Lexington. He asked for four more regiments as a re- serve in case of disaster, and proposed to take two months’ supply of sugar and coffee, and other small stores, and thought he could get along without serious difficulty. At the same time, he, with the instinctive obedience of a true soldier, expressed a willingness to fall back if his superior thought he had ad- vanced too far. On the 9th of November, Sherman wrote Thomas as follows: I wish I could make your communications per- fectly safe, and the cost would he nothing. There should be at least ten good regiments to your rear, capable of sustaining the head of your column at London, but I am unable to provide; and hereabouts the army should be such as to prevent all idea of attack; but Buckner and Hardee have across Green River a very large force, and may advance at their pleasure. In this state of the case I can only repeat my former orders, for you to hold in check the force of Zollicoffer, and await events. The road by Richmond, depending on the ferry, appears to be less safe to you than the one crossing Kentucky River by the bridge. And again on the 11th: I have daily and constantly increased evidence of a vast force in our front, and that they are assembling wagons preparing for a move ; and it is probable an advance on their part from Cumberland Gap along the line will be concentric and simulta- neous. It was my judgment of the case when Secre- tary Cameron was here, and I begged him to pre- pare for it, but they never have attached the im- portance to Kentucky in this struggle that it merits. My expression of dissatisfaction at the publica- tion of Adjt.-Gen. Thomas’ report, and request to be relieved from this charge, has led to the assignment of Gen. Buell, of whom I have not yet heard. You should have at least 10,000 more men, and could I give them they should be there, but I cannot get them. The new regiments arrive without notice, and perfectly raw. All that I can do now is to say that I will ap. prove of your course, let the result be what it may. If you can hold in check the enemy in that di- rection, it is all that can be attempted; or if you must fall back, your line is toward Lexington; or if outnumbered, you are not bound to sacrifice the lives of your command. Zollicoffer’s withdrawal from Cumberland Ford seemed to have reference to a move- ment along the whole of Johnston’s line. Gen. Sherman’s idea was that Johnston had concentrated a force of 45,000 men at Bow- ling Green for a forward movement; that Zollicoffer was to act in concert with him by HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 879 placing his army between Thomas and Mc- Cook; and, by gaining Thomas’ rear, compel him to fall back from Crab Orchard to pro- tect his base at Nicholasville and Lexington. He believed, with Thomas, that the force of the latter was far too small for offensive op- erations in eastern Tennessee, and had no confidence in his receiving any considerable acquisition to his force from enlistment in that region. On the 22d of November, Col. Hoskins, at Somerset, informed Gen. Thomas that Zollicofifer, with a force estimated at 20,000, was at Monticello, advancing upon him. On the 3d Gen. Schoepf, in command at London, wrote that his forage was nearly exhausted, and that the Rockcastle River, be- tween his camp and the rear, was liable at any moment to rise and cut him off from sup- plies. The limited transportation with which the army was supplied had rendered it im possible to accumulate a surplus. He corrob- orated the report that the enemy had with- drawn from the front. Previous to the reception of this intelligence, Gen. Sherman wrote Thomas, but subsequently determined to withdraw the forces under Thomas back to a point within striking distance of either route, through the mountains, that Zollicoffer might select. This retrograde movement met with indignant protests from the east Ten- nessee regiments, and Andrew Johnson lost no time in informing the authorities at Washington. Mr. Maynard visited Louis- ville and endeavored to get the order coun- termanded, but in vain. Gen. Sherman pos- itively refused to advance into east Tennes- see until he could supply Thomas with trans- portation and a reserve of at least 10,000 men. Gen. Thomas still desired to carry out the object of the expedition, and replied that he would give orders for a retrograde move, but was sure that the enemy was not moving between them; all his information indicated that the forces under Johnston were moving south. Thomas accordingly sent the following order from Crab Orchard to Gen. Schoepf: “Gen. Sherman has just dispatched me that Gen. McCook sends him word that the enemy have disappeared from Green River, and there is a rumor that Buckner is moving in foi’ce toward Lexington, between us, and or- dered me, if not engaged in front, to withdi’aw my force back to the Kentucky River, and act according to the state of facts then. “As soon as you receive this, break up camp at London and join me here or at Nich- olasville with all your troops. Hii-e trans- portation enough to bring your ammunition, and bring your camp equipage and three days’ rations.” The November rains had commenced fall- ing, and the clay roads, kneaded by passing trains of wagons into the consistency suitable for the potter’s use, were knee-deep with mud. The Tennesseans, disappointed and cha- grined at the failure of the enterprise in which they had staked their lives, mutinied, and refused to return. In vain their officers implored them to obey an order that they had been the first to denounce. They threw themselves upon the ground, and in their rage cursed everybody who had any connection with their misfortunes, from the president down to Gen. Schoepf. At last, yielding to the advice of their beloved commander, Lieut. Samuel P. Carter, they sullenly followed. It was a scene never to be forgotten by those who witnessed it. Strong and brave men cried like children, and with good reason. They were in sight of the mountains that separated them from their dear ones, whose very lives were in jeopardy from the lawless bands of freebooters, whose deeds of violence were rehearsed to them upon the arrival of every refugee; they had nursed their wrath while held like hounds in the leash, planning sweet revenge upon their ruthless enemies, and now, after months of weary waiting, the cup of vengeance was dashed from their lips. Could the Union commanders have known the facts, as the records now show them to have been, that the Confederate forces under Buckner and Hardee did not exceed 12,500 men, and that Johnston could not, in the face of Grant’s force operating on the Mississippi, re-enforce Bowling Green beyond 5,000 ad- ditional; that Zollicoffer’s brigade did not exceed 6,000 for offensive purposes, and that Humphrey *lMarsha 11 was so weak as to con- !80 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. stitute no factor in the calculation of the Confederate strength, they would have had less reason to expect Johnston to assume the offensive. Nothing indeed was further from his intention. While Sherman was calling for more troops, ammunition and supplies, every day’s mail carried to Richmond the same importunities from Johnston, Polk, Harris, and Zollicoffer. Through the in- numerable spies that infested the Union camps, Johnston was kept accurately informed of Sherman’s strength, while it is more than probable that the same spies, in the guise of Union men, acting in the Confederate interest vastly over-estimated the force of the enemy to Gen. Sherman, who was not alone in overstating the strength of the enemy. Gen. C. F. Smith, in command at Paducah, writing to Adjt. -Gen. Townsend, on the 6th of No- vember, says; “At Columbus and vicinity Gen. Pillow has 10,000 men; on the opposite shore, 2,000; near Mayfield, 2,500; at Mem- phis, 3,000, and at Bowling Green 40,000. The enemy can concentrate at Columbus at any time 30,000 men.” He had received this information from a “ northern gentleman who had recently left there.” Thus ended the Tennessee expedition. Projected in wisdom, prosecuted against al- most insurmountable obstacles with vigor and courage until success was in view, and then abandoned. Had it succeeded, as it might have done if the hands of Gen. Nelson or Gen. Thomas had been strengthened, the subsequent campaigns of the Army of the Cumberland would have had far different objective points. There would have been no invasion of Kentucky in 1862, with its retreat from Cumberland Gap and more disastrous battle at Perryville, and a mighty wall of partition would have been erected in east Tennessee, separating the Confederate armies and offering protection to the people of a vast territory whose loyalty, by its failure, was subjected to the severest test. Gen. Sherman never regarded the move- ment in any other light than as a humanita- rian idea which had been urged upon Mr. Lincoln, as both just and feasible, by Andrew Johnson, Horace Maynard, and other loyal men from Tennessee. When he feared that Thomas might be superseded unless a forward movement \»'as made, he immediately ordered it, but after the repulse of Zollicoffer at Wild Cat demonstrated that the object of the expedition could be carried out, he threw obstacles in its way. In justice to Sherman it is but right to take into consideration the vast responsibility resting upon him as a commander of all the United States forces between the Confederate lines and the rich cities of Louisville, Cincinnati, Frankfort and Lexington. To allow Thomas to march into east Tennessee beyond his reach, would seem to invite Buckner to advance, by way of Lebanon, into the “Blue Grass Region” and take possession of the capital; and there was good reason to believe that the same force would, if driven out by Mitchell — for Sher- man could not uncover Louisville — take the route pursued by Gen. Thomas, thus cutting him off from his base of supplies. The Confederate forces assembled near Bowling Green, called the “Central Army of Kentucky,” under command of Buckner and Hardee, numbered, on November 15, accord- ing to the statement made by Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston to the war department, at Richmond, 12,500 effective men. The First Division, Western Department, under com- mand of Gen. Polk, as reported in his re- turns for November 16, was as follows: Pres- ent for duty, 10.235 infantry, 579 artillery,. 659 cavalry, total 13,142; aggregate present, 13,866. In addition to these forces. Col. Stanton had a cavalry command consisting of his own regiment and various battalions op- eratingr between Buckner and Zollicoffer,. about Jamestown, estimated at about 2,000, and an equal force under Humphrey Marshall held possession of the counties of western Virginia, with a base of supplies at Wythe- ville, on the Virsrinia & Tennessee Railroad. Against the latter force an expedition was planned by Gen. Anderson in September, and its execution entrusted to Gen. Nelson. Col. Harris, with the Second Ohio Infantry sta- tioned at Olympian Springs, was ordered by Gen. Anderson to report to Nelson for duty. He had been joined at that place by Col. HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 381 Origsby with 300 men of the Twenty-fourth Kentucky Infantry, whose rendezvous, camp Gill, was near’ by. In the absence of arms for the Kentucky regiments, it became neces- sary for Gen. Thomas to detach two more Ohio regiments to re-enforce Nelson, who, on the 18th of October, moved Harris and Grigsby forward, via Hazel Green, to take possession of McCormick’s Gap. He had heard that the enemy, 1,500 strong, were at Hazel Green, and that 500 more were at West Liberty, five miles distant. Col. Sill, with the Thirty-third Ohio, pushed forward by forced marches to reach Harris in time to re-enforce him if necessary. Gen. Nelson marched on the 23d with the Twenty-first Ohio, Col. Norton; the Fifty- ninth Ohio, Col. Fyffe, and Marshall’s bat- talion. The same day Maj. Robinson, with two companies of the Thirty-third Ohio Vol- unteer Infantry, by a rapid march reached Hazel Green at 4 o’clock in the morning of the 23d. The march of Col. Harris on West Liberty was resisted by Capt. May with a few hundred men, who were easily driven off. Awaiting the arrival of his artillery and bag- gage train at Hazel Green, Nelson moved forward to Prestonburg, arriving November 5. The following extract from Gen. Nelson’s report gives an account of the engagement at Ivy Mountain: At 1 P. M. the column had advanced along the narrow defile of the mountain that ends at Ivy Creek. The mountain is highest along the river and very precipitous and thickly covered with tim- ber and undergrowth, and the road, which is but seven feet wide, is cut along the side of it about twenty-five feet above the river, which is close over the road. The ridge descends in a rapid curve, and very sharp, to the creek, or rather gorge, where it makes a complete elbow. Behind this ridge and all along the mountain side, the enemy, 700 strong, lay in ambush, and did not fire until the head of Col. Marshall's battalion, himself leading, was up to the elbow. The skirmish was very sharp. The moun- tain side was blue with puffs of smoke, and not an enemy to be seen. The first discharge killed four and wounded thirteen of Marshall's men. I ordered the Kentuckians to charge. Col. Harris, whose regiment was immediately behind me, led Ins men up the mountain side most gallantly, and deployed them along the face of it. Col. Norton, whose regiment had just reached I the defile, anticipating an order from me, led his j men up the northern ridge of the mountain and deployed them along the face of it and along the crest, and went at them. Two pieces of artillery were got in position in the road and opened upon them. Owing to the steepness of the mountain all this required time. On the opposite side of the river, which here is narrow, deep and swift, there were also rebels who annoyed us. In an hour and twenty minutes the rebels were beaten and fled, leav- ing a number of killed and wounded on the ground, and six prisoners unhurt. As I marched immedi- ately in pursuit, I do not report what their loss was. I am told to-day that thirty-two dead were found. Among the wounded in our hands is H. M. Rust, late State senator from Greenup County, Ky. Our loss is six killed and twenty-four wounded. If I had here any cavalry I would have taken or slain the whole of them; as it was, the enemy retreated, cutting down trees across the narrow road, and burning or cutting all the bridges, which are nu- merous. I bivouacked four miles beyond Ivy Creek. ^ It rained, and the men waded through mud and in a heavy rain all day of the 9th, the march being heavy and slow on account of the trees across the roads, and the necessity of repairing the bridges. Last night we again bivouacked in the November rain, and entered this place this morning at 9 A.M., where I found Col. Sill, who had arrived the night previously, and fired on the enemy as they were re- treating. Meantime Gen. Sherman had exhausted the language in petitioning the war department to equip his army. Gen. Fremont had sig- nalized his advent to the army by the pur- chase, in Europe, of a large quantity of Bel- gian rifles, which, with an ingenuity in fraud that would have caused the maker of the original wooden nutmeg to blush for shame, had been altered from flint-locks to percus- sion by the simple device of driving in a tube. Like Hodges’ razors, they were good enough to sell, but in practice, the tubes not being screwed in, had the unpleasant habit of blowing out into the faces of the men who pulled the triggers. Spurned with contempt from one army to another, 10,000 of these hermaphrodite arms found their way to Sher- man; the authorities probably considering that the guns were as pronounced in charac- ter as the people were in their loyalty. Of all people in the Union there were none more competent to judge of the value of hre- arms than Kentuckians. Accustomed to field sports, their skill in the use of rifles was proverbial, and they no sooner saw the wea- 382 HISTORT OF KENTUCKY. pons designed for their use than they indig- nantly refused to accept them. Gen. Sher- man was totally unsupplied with money, and on one occasion was obliged to indorse a note in bank to obtain a small amount to meet minor expenses. He had neither chief quartermaster nor chief commissary, and in point of quartermaster and subsistence stores he would have been as deficient as in ord- nance stores but for the richness of the coun- try in which his army was located, and the willingness of the inhabitants to accept gov- ernment vouchers in exchange for their prod- uce. In a recent interview with Gen. Sherman, he related to the writer the following incident: “Some time after I had superseded Gen. Anderson in command of the department, I one day confided to Hon. Joshua F. Speed, a true-hearted Union man of Louisville, the embarrassments under which I labored, soundly berating the war department, which had placed me in command, while it with- held the means necessary to make my force effective. ‘What do you want?’ said Mr. Speed. ‘Everything,’ said I; ‘arms, wagons, tents, bread and meat, money and a compe- tent staff.’ ‘Name what you want on paper, and gi ve it to me, ’ said Mr. Speed. I did as requested, and handed it over. Nothing more was seen of Mr. Speed for several days, when he entered my room and handed me copies of orders directing Col. Thomas Swords, assistant quartermaster-general, and Capt. H. C. Symonds, commissary of subsist- ence, to report to me for duty. The order directed Col. Swords to draw for present needs |100,000. . He had also a copy of an order, drawn by President Lincoln himself, upon the ordinance department for 10,000 Springfield rifles of the latest design. ‘How is this,’ I exclaimed, ‘that more attention is paid to the requests of you, a citizen, than of me, a general in the army ? You had better take command here. ’ ‘I can explain it,’ said Mr. Speed. ‘Many years ago I was engaged in business in Springfield, Illinois. I had a little store where I kept a miscella- neous stock of calico, horse-collars, molasses, nails, hair-brushes, quinine, and other arti- cles of daily use in the community. I had a clerk, and had fitted up for our joint occu- pancy, a room over the store, to be used as a bed-room. Having a stove in the back part of the store, the space around it naturally became a snug lounging place for the young men of the village. Among these were two young lawyers, who were eking out a preca- rious livelihood at the bar, and who I remem- ber usually chose their position in proximity to the sugar barrel. The names of these two young men were Abraham Lincoln and Ste- phen A. Douglas. One day Mr. Lincoln, sitting with his feet on the stove, asked me the price of a bedstead, mattress, pillow and bed clothing, saying in reply to my inquiry that he thought of fixing up a bed in his office, thereby economizing in bis expenses. I figured up the cost, but told him that I had a better plan, that my clerk had lost his health, and gone back to Kentucky to regain it, and that I would be glad to have him for a room- mate. He at once went up stairs on a pros- pecting tour, came down, went over to his office, and returning with a pair of saddle- bags he carried them up stairs. Presently he came down and resumed his seat, saying, ‘Well, Speed, I’ve moved.’ He lived with me a long time, long enough for me to love and admire him, and to watch his upward course with certainty that it would not stop short of the White House, and I was not surprised when he reached it. I took your memoranda, and went to Washington. I immediately called upon the president and made known our wants in Kentucky. He complied read- ily with every request I made, and the only mistake you made. General, was in not asking for more.’ ” HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 38& OHAPTEE XYI. MILITARY OPERATIONS IN KENTUCKY, TENNESSEE AND MISSISSIPPI. T he visit of Secretary Cameron and Adjt. -Gen. Thomas to Loirisville, on Oc- tober 16, 1861, resulted in the removal of Gen. Sherman from the command of the Department of the Cumberland. Of this interview, Gen. Sherman says, in his “Memoirs”; “I remember taking a large map of the United States, and, assuming the whole South to be in rebellion, and that our task was to subdue them, showed that Mc- Clellan was on the left, having a frontage of less than 100 miles, and Fremont on the right about the same, whereas I, the center, had, from Big Sandy to Paducah, over 300 miles of frontier; that McClellan had 100,000 men, Fremont 60,000, while to me had been allotted only 18,000. I argued that for purpose of defense we should have 60,000 men at once, and for offense would need 200,000 before we were done. Mr. Cameron, who lay on the bed, threw up his hands and exclaimed : ‘ Great God ! where are they to come from.’ I asserted that there were plenty of men at the north ready and willing to come if he would only accept their services, for it was notorious that regi- ments had been formed in all the north- western States whose services had been refused by the war department, on the ground that they would not be needed. We dis- cussed all these matters fully, in the most friendly spirit, and I thought I had aroused Mr. Cameron to a realization of the great war that was before us, and was, in fact, upon us. I heard him tell Gen. Thomas to make a note of our conversation, that he might attend to my requests on reaching { Washington.” After the war was over Gen. Thomas J. Wood, who was present, prepared a state- ment, addressed to the public, describing ' this remarkable interview, in which he refers as follows to Gen. Sherman’s demand for a sufficient force to enable him to assume the offensive: “Ascending from the considera- tion of the narrow question of the political and military situation in Kentucky, and the extent of force necessary to redeem the State from rebel thralldom, forecasting in his sagacious intellect the grand and daring operations which three years afterward he realized in a campaign, taken in its entirety, without a parallel in modern times, Gen. Sherman expressed the opinion that, to carry the war to the Gulf of Mexico, and destroy all armed opposition to the government in the entire Mississippi Valley, at least 200,000 troops were absolutely required. ” Although, in the light of the records now attainable, it is true that both Gens. Sherman j and Smith overestimated the forces under ! Johnston, it does not follow that the im- mense re-enforcements demanded by Sherman in his interview with Adjt.-Gen. Thomas were required merely for operations against the enemy in his immediate front. The clamor of the people in the north for our ! immediate advance along the entire line could not remain long unheeded. They had contributed their best blood to the army of the Union. They had sent their sons, brothers, fathers and husbands to fight the enemy, and 1 had received them back to their homes, or found them in hospitals, not suffering from wounds received in glorious war, but wasted by disease contracted in camp. Hitherto victory had perched upon the Confederate banners. Gen. Sherman knew that the people were ready with lairrels to deck the brow of the first victorious general. 38i HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. and he also knew that the prize of victory could not be gained over Johnston, for whose military character he had the roost profound respect, without the sacrifice of many lives in a general engagement. To place a force in east Tennessee sufficient for offensive purposes upon his left, to leave an army of ■occupation in Kentucky to guard his lines of transportation back to his base of supplies, and still leave him a sufficient force to fol- low up his victory over Johnston by a bold advance into the heart of the Confederacy, he asked for 200,000 men. This astounding proposition was met only by ridicule. Transmitted by the adjutant- general to the war department, whence it found its way into the newspapers, it was everywhere received with jeers of contempt, until one, more witty than his fellows, sug- gested that a man who could be guilty of such stupendous folly must be insane. In- stantly the cry was taken up by hundreds, and evidence sufficient to convince a jury was published to the world. He had ordered a newspaper reporter to go back to Louisville as fast as his legs could carry him when he made the advance to Muldrow’s Hill in September, and threatened to have him shot; then, suddenly relenting, had invited him to dinner. He had sworn vociferously at the war department for paying no heed to his requisitions, and had displayed unjustifiable temper on many occasions. He had granted leaves of absence to officers, and before the term was half expired had ordered them back to camp. These and a thousand other charges were gravely repeated; and, gathering strength as they went, reached the ears of Gen. Mc- Clellan, who relieved him of his command and ordered him to report to Gen. Halleck, at St. Louis, where he could do no further harm. The forces asked for by Gen. Sherman, when stripped of its sick after three months’ drilling in camp, would probably have diminished one-fourth. Three additional months’ exposm’e to battle, marching and disease would have left him with not more than 100,000 men present for duty. But the people were not yet ready for their Sher- man and Thomas and Grant. They had to learn their needs in the school of experience before they were ready to intrust the same officer whom they had ignorantly rejected with the command of an army of equal strength for the performance of the same service. Gen. Johnston had experienced equal diffi- culty with Gen. Sherman in obtaining means to take the offensive. His array east of the Mississippi', in round numbers 50,000 strong, had been reduced by sickness and death inci- dent to the formation of an army from a citizen populace to 36, 500, occupying a line stretching from western Virginia around the eastern and southern borders of Kentucky to the western borders of Missouri and Arkansas. Relying upon the augmentation of his forces by recruiting from the States in his military department, he had, in compliance with the unwise advice of leading men, issued calls upon the governors for 50,000 men, to serve for only one year. While this force was in process of formation it was arrested by an order from the war department, the author- ities at Richmond wisely declining to arm and equip men whose term of service would probably expire at a time when their service would be most needed. Failing to obtain a sufficient number of three years’ men, or even arms and equipments for those already recruited, he was compelled to withdraw Hardee’s division, 4,000 strong, from Ar- kansas to re-enforce Buckner at Bowling Green. Precisely as the authorities at Washington in 1861 turned a deaf ear to the repeated req- uisitions of Sherman for men and army supplies, using the vast resources of the gov- ernment for the equipment of an army for the defense of the capital, so the Confederate authorities regarded the operations in the west as of secondary importance as compared with the defense of their capital, which, with Quixotic zeal, to recompense Virginia for joining the fortunes of the Confederacy, they had located at Richmond. In the game of war at which each were playing, the “ kings ” were placed at the front, and all the smaller pieces were used to defend them. HISTORY or KENTUCKY. 38.5 The vain-glorious boasting of southern newspapers and orators, which had aided in procuring the secession of the States and the early enlistment of volunteers in the Confed- erate armies, now, coupled with a few Con- federate victories, served the unexpected pur- pose of discouraging enlistments. Ignorant of the requirements of the hour, and lulled by the constant reports of success to their arms, the people of the south allowed the period, that was being utilized by the North in active preparation for war, to pass without lifting a hand to re-enforce the armies in the front. On the 29th of November, Gen. John- ston wrote to the secretary of war, after having called upon the governors for the State mili- tia: “We ai'e making every effort to meet the forces the enemy will soon array against us. Had the exigency for my call of 50,000 men in September been better comprehended and responded to, om’ preparations for this great emergency would now be complete. ” Both Gen. Johnston and Gen. Buckner were disappointed in the number of recruits who joined their standard from Kentucky. A force double that of Buckner had by this time been em’olled in Kentucky under the banner of the Union, and were utilizing every moment in perfecting themselves in drill at the various encampments. Most of the Kentuckians who had accepted service in the southern army, up to this date, were com- prised in one brigade at Bowling Green, commanded by Col. Roger Hanson, a brother of Lieut. -Col. Charles S. Hanson, of the Twentieth Kentucky Infantry United States Volunteers. They were the Second, Third, Fom-th and Fifth Kentucky Infantry, commanded by Cols. Hanson, Thompson, Trabue, Hunt and Lewis, and the regiment of cavalry, commanded by Col. Helm. Brig.- Gen. John C. Breckinridge was on the 14th of November assigned to the command of this brigade. The First Kentucky, under Col. Thomas Taylor, served in Virginia. Brig.-Gen. Don Carlos Buell assumed com- mand of the Department of the Ohio, which was made by consolidation of the Depart- ments of the Ohio, Cumberland and the West, on the 15th of November, 1861. The States comprised in the new department were Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and that portion of Ken- tucky lying east of the Cumberland River and Tennessee. The southwest corner, in which the towns of Paducah, Mayfield, Columbus and Hickman were located, known as the Jackson Purchase, belonged to the De- partment of the Missouri, commanded by Maj.-Gen. Halleck. Gen. Buell graduated at West Point in the class of 1841. Assigned to the Third Infantry, he bore his part in the Mexican war with honor, and, remaining in the army, rose by regular promotion to the rank of major and assistant adjutant- gen- eral in 1861. At the breaking out of the war he was on the staff of Brevet Brig.-Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, commanding the Depart- ment of the Pacific. Appointed brigadier- general of volunteers May 17, 1861, he spent the summer on the heights of Arling- ton in command of a division in the Army of the Potomac. Twenty years’ constant service in the army, much of which had been spent in the adju- tant-general’s department, peculiarly fitted him for the duty of organizing an army. His mind, clear and comprehensive in its grasp of the minute details incident to such a task, as well as of planning great campaigns, en- abled him to quickly arrive at a just concep- tion of the magnitude of the operations be- fore him, and to note the deficiencies that had plagued his predecessor. In the letter of instructions appointing Buell to the com- mand of the department, written by Gen. McClellan, two points were emphasized, viz.: 1st — the people of Kentucky and Tennessee were to be assured that the institution of slavery was as secure in the Union as it could be in the Confederacy; and, 2d — the objective point of Buell’s first campaign was to be Knoxville, in east Tennessee. Operations in W est Virginia having reached a point where a part of the troops could be spared from that department, several well- disciplined regiments were now ordered to report to Gen. Buell for duty. Among these troops were the First and Second Kentucky Infantry. Capt. Simmon’s company had been detached from the First Infantry and con- 24 386 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. verted into an artillery company, soon after the arrival of these regiments in West Vir- ginia in July, and still remained there, as- signed to the division of Gen. W. S. Rose- ci’ans, and stationed at Gauley Bridge. The Kentucky regiments had participated in sev- eral engagements under Gen. Cox, in one of which Col. Woodruff and Lieut. -Col. Neff, of the Second, riding in advance of their regiments, were captured. The two regi- ments, commanded by Cols. Sedgwick and Enyart, were, on their arrival, stationed at Bardstown, Ky. On relinquishing command, Gen. Sherman, on the 16th, telegraphed the fact to Gen. Thomas, and directed him to remain at Crab Orchard. In withdrawing the troops of his command from London, Gen. Thomas had left the Tennessee regiments and Seventh Kentucky Infantry under command of Gen. Carter, at that point, and he now telegraphed Gen. Biiell, asking if the order to fall back contemplated the withdrawal of that brigade, as it would be difficult to subsist. On the I9th Buell directed him to withdraw his en- tire force to a point where they could be sup- plied from Louisville. Carter, therefore, re- moved to Somerset, and Thomas, with the main force, to Lebanon. The consolidation of the Departments of the Ohio and Cumberland gave Gen. Buell an advantage which had never been enjoyed by either Gens. Anderson or Sherman. It gave him the control of the new levies being raised in the States north of the Ohio as well as the vast quantity of military stores in that region. Gen. Buell had formed a plan of campaign that he confided to McClellan, which involved the movement upon east Tennessee, via Somerset, near which place Zollicoffer was encamped, to be made simul- taneously with an advance upon Nashville, via Gallatin, passing Bowling Green on the east, while, at the same time, a demonstration was to be made against Columbus, and a heavy force ascending the Cumberland was to unite with the land force at Nashville. He proposed that while those active move- ments were in progress, to hold Buckner in check by a heavy force in his front. This was substantially the same as that carried out three months later by Halleck, in which Buell was allowed only the subordinate part of contributing troops. His practical eye saw so many deficiencies in the organization of his army, which time alone could remedy; he was so anxious that his movements should bear the stamp of military genius, and that defeat should not mar his fortunes, that he delayed his move- ment until the plan of a campaign, the suc- cess of which would have stamped him as the hero of 1861, was imparted to Gen. Halleck, a rival dei)artment commander, whose only title to military renown rests upon carrying it out by the successful ascent of the Cum- berland and the capture of Nashville. Buell and Halleck were in command of separate departments, and could neither give nor re- ceive orders from each other; they could only act in concert, and to produce concert of ac- tion, orders must be given from the general - in-chief of the United States army, Gen. McClellan, or the war department. Gen. Buell endeavored to procure orders to that effect, and so far succeeded as to divert attention from the east Tennessee campaign, which, although persistently urged, was not positively ordered. On the 5th of December he received the following dispatch from army headquarters: Washington, December 5, 1861. Gen. Buell, Louisville: I have again telegraphed Maj.-Gen. Halleck for information as to his gun-boats and disposable troops. As soon as I receive reply I will arrange details with you. Send me draft of water in Cum- berland River to Nashville, and in Tennessee River. Your letter of the 30th received. George B. McClellan. Gen. Buell now proceeded to dispose his forces with reference to an advance in con- junction with Halleck. One column was placed at Munfordsville, on Green River, in Buckner’s immediate front; one column at Green River on the turnpike leading from Bardstown to Glasgow; one at Columbia and one at Lebanon, and one, guarding the lower Green River, was stationed at Owensboro. He had been promised re- enforcements from Missouri, and everything looked promising HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 387 for an early advance, when operations were suspended by the illness of Gen. McClellan. Gen. Hal leek had in his command two restless spirits, whose ambition to strike a blow which should redound to their ad- vantage, rendered them impatient of restraint. One was Brig.-Gen. U. S. Grant, in command of the district in which the proposed expedi- tion was to be fitted out, and the other Brig.- Gen. W. T. Sherman, but recently in com- mand of the Department of the Cumberland, and, it may be supposed, not over zealous for the honor and glory of his successor. He had a vivid recollection of the contumely with which he had been treated when he tried to collect a force to break the long truce that had existed along his southern line, and now that there was a prospect for an advance he naturally urged his new department com- mander to make the most of his opportunities. Gen. Sherman, however, had no command, and could only urge the Tennessee River as the point of attack, leaving the laurels to be gathered by Gen. Grant, who, having tested the fighting qualities of his men at Belmont, was eager to advance. Buell, on the other hand, knew Johnston well. He had had ample opportunity to judge of his prudence and forethought, and doubtless credited the reports made to him of the strength of Johnston’s army the more readily because of this. Knowing the general with whom he had to contend, he utilized the delay caused by the sudden illness of Gen. McClellan in brigading his troops and placing them under command of the most efficient officers at his disposal. The time thus occupied was by no means wasted, as the future record of his army amply testifies. On the 9th of November Gen. Johnston di- rected Gen. Hardee to send a force of 1,200 men, with a squadron from Terry’s command, to Jamestown, Ky., and Tompkinsville, Ky., to attack and destroy Union camps, and to look out for any demonstration on the part of the enemy toward cutting the railroad in the rear of Bowling Green. Col. Pat Cle- burne was entrusted with the command of this expedition. The command reached Jamestown on the 11th, from which place Cleburne reported that they “found the in- habitants bitterly hostile; nearly every house has some friend in the Lincoln army.” He was informed that there were “ 3,000 troops at Campbellsville, and an equal number at Columbia and Lebanon.” The expedition reached Tompkinsville on the 12th, where an old lady met him with an open Bible in her hand, saying she was prepared and ready to die. Ordering his band to the front, colors open, bayonets fixed, the march at attention was re- sumed, for the purpose of making as fine a display as possible. But his play was to empty benches; even the streets of Coventry were not more deserted when the good lady Godiva rode through them clothed only in her shining hair. The inhabitants had probably entertained these Confederate strangers be- fore. After searching the houses of Col. Frame and other Union men for arms, and hearing that Rousseau with 10,000 or 15,000 men was advancing, he returned by the same route he had advanced. On the 17th Gen. Hindman, in command of 1,100 infantry, 250 cavalry, and four pieces of artillery, was sent to dislodge Col. Willich, with the Thirty-second Indiana In- fantry, from Woodsonville (or Rowlett’s Sta- tion), on the south side of Green River. Advancing through a dense forest Hindman was able to approach unseen to within three- quarters of a mile of the rivex’. Four companies of the regiment, under Lieut. -Col. Van Ti’ebra, wei’e on duty on the south side of the river, and received the first charge of the cavalry, under Col. Tei’ry. They defended themselves gallantly until re- enforced by the remaining companies from the north side. Hindman’s infantry now ad- vanced with loud yells, and were I’eceived with such a deadly volley of musketiy as to cause them to waver and fall back. Terry’s cavalry charged again and again, only to be driven back in confusion. At length Teriy rallied seventy-five men, and fell upon a body of the Thirty-second, deployed as skii’mishers, under command of Capt. Welschbilling. The veteran coolness of the skirmish line enraged him, and, charging tuo far, followed by only six of his men, he was killed. The enemy 388 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. now opened with his artillery, but with little effect, and the sudden appearance on his flank of a company of the Thirty-second, hitherto held in reserve, caused the belief that re-enforcements had arrived for the Union forces, when he hastily retired. Col. Willich arrived upon the field during the progress of the engagement, and took charge of the right wing. His entire force present upon the field numbered only 414 officers and men, of which he lost ten killed, twenty-two wounded and five missing. Hindman ac- knowledged a loss of only four killed and ten wounded, but his estimate of Willich’s loss — “seventy-five killed, and wounded unknown” — entitles his report to be received with con- siderable allowance. Gen. Buell’s official report claims the Confederate loss to have been thirty-three killed and about fifty wounded, which sounds better for the courage of Hindman’s men. Col. N. B. Forrest, a citizen of Memphis, who early in the summer had undertaken to oi’ganize a cavalry regiment, rendezvoused at Fort Donelson, in October, with eight com- panies — 650 men. At his own request he was assigned to Tilghman’s command at Hopkinsville. A remarkable prediction in regard to Forrest appears in a letter from Mr. Sam. Tate to Gen. Johnston, dated Novem- ber 4th; “Give Forrest a chance, and he will distinguish himself. ’’ How well the prophecy of Samuel was verified is prominently set forth in both Union and Confederate his- tories, and four years later received the sanction of one of the greatest of American generals, George H. Thomas. Forrest’s cavalry was actively employed on picket duty during the month of Decem- ber. The debatable ground, lying between the front of Tilghman at Hopkinsville and Crittenden at Calhoon, was the scene of almost daily skirmishes between small bodies of cavalry from adjacent camps. Villages were occupied altermately by Union and Con- federate troopers, and the inhabitants kept constantly on the alert to change their poli- tics in time to welcome the intruders. On the 26th of December, Gen. Johnston ordered a cavalry reconnaissance toward Crittenden’s camp, and Forrest, at the head of 300 men, reached Greenville on the 28th. Col. James S. Jackson had by this time completed the organization of his regiment (the Third Kentucky Cavalry) at Calhoon, and a young major in command of a battal- ion, Eli H. Murray, now governor of Utah, burning with patriotic ardor and fearful that the war would end before he could have an opportunity to dint his bright new sword in conflict with the enemy, hearing of Forrest’s advance, craved permission to meet him with his battalion, numbering 168 men. The engagement took place at Sacramento, near which place Forrest was met by a young lady equally filled with Confederate enthusiasm, and whose beauty, Forrest reported, caused him to burn with knightly zeal, who gal- loped down the road to point out Murray’s position. Forrest charged immediately with 150 men, but was met by Murray with forty- five of his men with so much spirit that he was compelled to retire. Maj. Murray behaved with great gallantry and would have repulsed the second charge made by Forrest with his entire force had not a dastard of his command shouted, “ Retreat to Sacra- mento!” Most of the men fled at once in defiance of the orders of their commander, and Forrest, seeing the retreat, now charged down upon the fugitives, converting the retreat into a rout. Murray’s loss was six killed, among whom was Capt. Albert Bacon, of Frankfort, Ky., whose courage and sol- dierly conduct was noticed by Forrest in his report, and seven privates wounded and cap- tured. Capt. Davis, whose conspicuous courage led him too far within the Confeder- ate lines, was captured by Forrest in person. Forrest’s loss, as stated by himself, was two killed, one of whom was Capt. Meriwether, and three were woiinded. Forrest returned at once to Hopkinsville, where ho remained until February 7, when he covered the retreat of the Confederate brigade to Clarksville. Jackson, on hearing of the skirmish at Sac- ramento, immediately started with 500 of his regiment in pursuit of Forrest, but did not overtake him. The battle of Mill Springs, or Fishing HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 389 oUi-eek, as it is termed by Confederate writers, carried a gleam of sunshine into the war department at Washington, and created cor- responding gloom in the Confederate camp. It was the first movement against the enemy that had succeeded. Intended merely as a diversion, it demolished an army. The Union army, east and west, had hitherto been en- gaged in fruitless skirmishes or in inglorious repulses, such as those of Stone, on the Potomac, or Grant, at Belmont. The presi- dent, sick at heart by reason of the masterly inactivity displayed by his generals all along the line, from the Mississippi to tide water, held firmly to the helm of the ship of state, hoping, sometimes possibly with the facts airainst him, that he would outride the storm. O Gen. Thomas had removed his headquar- ters to Lebanon, Ky., in December, and at once set about the formation of his division, numbering 10,000 men. Gen. Schoepf’s brigade, stationed at Somerset, was joined early in January, 1862, by acting Brig. -Gen. S. P. Carter’s brigade, consisting of the First and Second Tennessee Regiments, the Seventh Kentucky having been left at camp Calvert, near London, to guard that avenue of approach from Cumberland Gap. The effective strength of these regiments was 1,041. Gen. Buell, full of his plan of opera- tions against the main force of the enemy in his front, which involved the active co-oper- ation of Gen. Halleck, by an attack upon the left flank of the enemy at Forts Henry and Donelson, while he should, by a rapid move- ment, flank the force at Bowling Green, was still obliged to give attention to the menace upon his rear offered by Humphrey Marshall, and upon his left by Zollicoffer. Against the first he dispatched Garfield; and Gen. Thomas, on the 29th of December, was di- rected to strike a vigorous and decided blow upon the latter. In his instructions to Thomas, Gen. Buell directed that he should move upon Zollicoffer’s left and endeavor to cut him off from his line of retreat across the river, while Schoepf attacked him in front. The result, he said, ought to be at least a severe blow to the enemy or a hasty flight across the river. Having accomplished this object, Thomas was to be ready to move in any direction; but unless circumstances required him to act without delay, he was to await further orders. The command of Gen. j Thomas constituted an important portion of the flanking column before referred to, and it was to be kept in condition to move promptly when ordered. One condition existing at this season of the year, constituted an insurmountable obstacle to celerity of movement. The clay subsoil of Kentucky — an invaluable factor in the fertility of the agricultural regions — when soaked with rains, which drench the ground during the winter months, is of about the consistency of thick mortar. The roads, when not turnpiked and much traveled, become almost impassable. The depth of mud is measured by the length of the horses legs or the spokes in the wheels of passing vehicles. It was over a road of this charac- ter that the course of Gen. Thomas’ army lay from Columbia to Logan’s Cross-Roads. There was a turnpike from Lebanon to Columbia, to which point a supply of sub- sistence stores was sent a few days previous to the march. The movements of Gen. Thomas are best given in his own language: Headquarters First Dmsiox, Department ) OP THE Ohio. Camp near Webb’s Cross- }- Roads, Kt.. January 13, 1862. ) Brig.-Gen. Schoepf, Commanding at Somerset: I received yours of the 11th to-day, by Capt. Hale. When I last wrote to you I was in the hopes of being near Somerset by this time, but the heavy rains have injured the roads so much that it will be impossible to say now when I can be in your vicin- ity. We have already been three days in making sixteen miles, and our ammunition and provisions are far behind now — probably will not be up b}" to-mor- row night. Should I ever succeed in getting near you, I will send a messenger to let you know. I wrote to Gen. Buell five days since, submitting your proposition of crossing the river, and attacking from the bluffs of Meadow Creek, but have received no reply from him up to this time. As soon as I hear I will write you the result. I have not had time to converse fully with the men you sent me, but if it be possible to approach the enemy by the way of White Oak Creek I should like to have them as guides. Respectfully, your obedient servant, George H. Thomas. Brigadier- General, United States Army, com- manding. 390 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. Gen. Zollicoffer, having fortified the gaps in the Cumberland range, had, as has been stated, moved southvpard, and, by direc- tion of Gen. Johnston, taken position at Mill Springs, on the south bank of the Cum- berland, five miles below the mouth of Fish- ing Creek. This stream, flowing southward in a deep ravine, crosses the roads leading from Somerset to the ferry at Mill Springs. On the 9th of December, Zollicoffer crossed the river and erected fortifications on the north bank at a place called Beech Grove, an eminence protected on its rear and flanks by the river, and with only about 1,200 yards of fighting front to defend. The slope ascend- ing from the valley to the intrenchments he covered with an abatis of fallen trees, and communication was kept up with Mill Springs by means of a small steamboat and two flats. Gen. George B. Crittenden arrived at Mill Springs and assumed command about the 1st of January. Although he did not like Zolli- coffer’s position, “with an enemy in front and a river behind,” he took no measures to recall him to the south bank, and, regardless of the instructions of Gen. Johnston to remain strictly on the defensive, he removed his en- tire force to Beech Grove. Crittenden’s weekly report of the strength of his command, on the 7th of January, shows an aggregate present and absent of 9,417 men; present for duty, 6,444. This force was organized as follows: Four battalions (seven companies) of cavalry, two batteries of artillery, and eight regiments of infantry, amply sufficient to guard the front of the entrenched position, provided the infantry were well armed and well disciplined, and the guns of sufficiently heavy caliber to keep the light artillery of an assaulting force at a distance. But in these requisites for successful de- fense, his array was almost as deficient as that of Humphrey Marshall, while his facilities for escape, if hard pressed, were totally in- adequate. With the knowledge that he pos- sessed of the forces concentrating in his front, | there is no doubt that Crittenden would have | lost no time in removing his command to the south bank of the Cumberland, but for the unwise decision of a council of war, held at his headquarters, that the forces of Gen. Thomas should be attacked and defeated in detail before they could con- centrate for an assault upon his position. The eloquence of Zollicoffer had imbued his men with some degree of his own impetuous bravery, and had created an ardor to meet the Union foi’ces in the open field, where they were led to believe that a bold and rapid charge would carry everything before it. Gen. Crittenden, who was an utter stranger to the men, found himself in a position where, to obey the dictates of his judgment, he must antagonize the warlike spirit that had been instilled into the minds of his troops, who demanded to be led against the enemy, and, fearing to withdraw without offering battle would jeopardize his standing in the com- mand and demoralize his men, he consented to hazard everything upon the issue of a battle. He had the following troops at his disposal: Weekly return of the command of Gen Zollicoffer, Camp Beech Grove, Ky., for the week ending Jan- uary 7, 1862. Present for duty; Troops. Officers. Men. Col W. B. Wood, 16th Alabama 22 356 Col. W. B. Statham, 15th Mississippi 34 820 Col. T. W. Newman, 17th Tennessee 31 307 Col. D. H. Cummings, 19th Tennessee 31 645 Col. J. A. Battle, 20th Tennessee 32 662 Col. S. S. Stanton, 25th Tennessee 30 653 Col. S. Powell, 29th Tennessee 31 462 Col. J. P. Murray, 28th Tennessee 44 704 Lieut. -Col. McNairy, 1st Battalion, Ten- nessee 15 197 Lieut. -Col. Brazelton, two companies of the 3d Battalion, Tennessee 6 133 Lieut. -Col. Branner, 4th Battalion, Tennes- see 22 314 Lieut. -Col. McClellan, five companies of 5th Tennessee 18 297 Capt. T. C. Sanders’ Independent Cavalry Company 4 67 Capt.W. S. Bledsoe’s Independent Cavalry Company 4 80 Capt. H. M. Eutledge’s Artillery Company. 5 135 Capt. H. L. W. McClung’s Artil’ery Com- pany 4 79 j Total 333 6,111 The force with which Gen. Thomas met the attack, and drove the Confederate forces from the field, consisted of the following: HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 391 Second Battalion, 1st Kentucky Cavalry, Col. Wolford 350 First Ohio Artillery, Capt. Kenny 110 First Ohio Artillery, Capt. Standart 122 First Artillery, Capt. Wetmore 104 Twelfth Brigade, Gen. Carter (not seriously engaged): First Tennessee, Col. Byrd 610 Second Tennessee, Col. Carter 442 Twelfth Kentucky, Col. Hoskins 478 Second Brigade, Col. Manson: Tenth Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Kise 710 Fourth Kentucky, Col. S. S. Fry 400 Third Brigade, Col. McCook: Ninth Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Kammering 628 Second Minnesota, Col. Van Cleve 600 Effective strength present for duty 4,454 Battalion of Michigan Engineers and one com- pany Thirty-eighth Ohio, detached to guard the camp 375 Total 4,829 The following report of the battle by Gen. Thomas is so complete in details that we give it entii’e: Hdqrs. First Division, Dept, op the Ohio, ) Somerset, Ky., January 31, 1862. f Captain : — I have the honor to report that in car- rying out the instructions of the general command- ing the department, contained in his communication of the 29th of December, I reached Logan’s Cross- Roads, about ten miles north of the intrenched camp of the enemy on the Cumberland River, on the 17th inst., with a portion of the Second and Third Brigades, Kenny’s battery of artillery, and a battalion of Wolford’s cavalry. The Fourth and Tenth Kentucky, Fourteenth Ohio, and the Eighteenth United States Infantry being still in the rear, detained by the almost impassable condition of the roads, I determined to halt at this point to await their arrival and to communicate with Gen. Schoepf. The Tenth Indiana, W olford’s cavalry, and Ken- ny’s battery took position on the road leading to the enemy’s camp. The Ninth Ohio and Second Min- nesota (part of Col. McCook’s brigade) encamped three-fourths of a mile to the right, on the Robert’s post-road. Strong pickets were thrown out in the direction of the enemy beyond where the Somerset and Mill Springs Road comes into the main road from my camp to Mill Springs, and a picket of cav- alry some distance in advance of the infantry. Gen. Schoepf visited me on the day of my arrival, and, after consultation, I directed him to send to my camp Standart’s battery, the Twentieth Kentucky, and the First and Second Tennessee regiments, to remain until the regiments in the rear should come up. Having received information, on the evening of the 17th, that a large train of wagons with its escort were encamped on the Robert’s post and Danville Road, about six miles from Col. Steedman’s camp, I sent an order to him to send his wagons forward under a strong guard, and to march with his regiment (the Fourteenth Ohio) and the Tenth Kentucky (Col. Harlan), with one day’s rations in their haversacks, to the point where the enemy were said to be encamped, and either capture or disperse them. Nothing of importance occurred from the time of our arrival until the morning of the 19th, except a picket skirmish on the night of the 17th. The Fourth Kentucky, the battalion of Michigan engineers, and Wetmore’s battery joined us on the 18th. About 6.30 o’clock on the morning of the 19th, the pickets from Wolford’s cavalry encoun- tered the enemy advancing on our camp, re- tired slowly, and reported their advance to Col. M. D. Manson, commanding the Second Brigade. He immediately formed his regim 'nt (the Tenth In- diana) and took a position on the road to await the attack, ordering the Fourth Kentucky (Col. S. S. Fry) to support him, and then informed me in person that the enemy were advancing in force and w'hat disposition he had made to resist them. I directed him to rejoin his brigade immediately and hold the enemy in check until I could order up the other troops, which were directed to form immediately and were marching to the field in ten minutes after- ward. The battalion of Michigan engineers and Company A, Thirty-eighth Ohio (Capt. Greenwood), were ordered to remain as a guard to the camp. Upon my arrival on the field soon afterward I found the Tenth Indiana formed in front of their encampment, apparently awaiting orders, and or- dered them forward to the support of the Fourth Kentucky, which was the only entire regiment then engaged. I then rode forward myself to see the enemy’s position, so that I could determine ivhat disposition to make with my troops as they arrived. On reaching the position held by the Fourth Ken- tucky, Tenth Indiana and Wolford’s cavalry, at a point where the roads fork, leading to Somerset, I found the enemy advancing through a corn field and evidently endeavoring to gain the left of the Fourth Keutuck}' regiment, which was maintaining its position in a most determined manner. I di- rected one of my aids to ride back and order up a section of artillery and the Tennessee brigade to advance on the enem}^’s right, and sent orders for Col. McCook to advance vvith his two regiments (the Ninth Ohio and Second Minnesota) to the sup- port of the Fourth Kentucky and Tenth Indiana. K section of Capt. Kenny’s battery took a posi- tion on the edge of the field to the left of the Fourth Kentucky and opened an effective fire on a regiment of Alabamians, wUich were advancing on the Fourth Kentucky. Soon afterward the Second Minnesota (Col. H. P. Van Cleve) arrived, the Col- onel reporting to me for instructions. I directed : him to take the position of the Fourth Kentucky 392 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. and Tenth Indiana, whose regiments were nearly out of ammunition. The Ninth Ohio, under the immediate command of Maj. Kammerling, came into position on the right of the road at the same time. Immediately after these regiments had gained their position the enemy opened a most determined and galling fire, which was returned by our troops in the same spirit; and for nearly half an hour the contest was maintained on both sides in the most obstinate manner. At this time the Twelfth Ken- tucky (Col. W. A. Hoskins) and the Tennessee brigade reached the field to the left of the Minne- sota regiments, and opened fire on the right flank of the enemy, who then began to fall back. The Second Minnesota kept up a most galling fire in the front, and the Ninth Ohio charged the enemy on the right with bayonets fixed, turned their flank, and drove them from the field, the whole line giving way and retreating in the utmost disorder and confusion. As soon as the regiments could be formed and refill their cartridge boxes I ordered the whole force to advance. A few miles in the rear of the battle-field a small force of cavalry was drawn up near the road, hut a few shots from our artillery (a section of Standart’s battery) dispersed them, and none of the enemy were seen again until we arrived in front of their intrenchments. As we approached, the division was deployed in line of battle and steadily advanced to the summit of the hill at Moulden’s. Prom this point I directed their intrenchments to be cannonaded, which was done until dark by Standart’s and Wetmore’s batteries. Kenny’s battery was placed in position on the ex- treme left at Russell’s house, from which point he was directed to lire on their ferry, to deter them from attempting to cross. On the following morning Capt. Wetmore’s battery was ordered to Russell’s house and assisted with his Parrott guns in firing upon the ferry. Col. Manson’s brigade took possession on the left nearKen- ny’s battery, and every preparation was made to as- sault their intrenchments on the following morning. The Fourteenth Ohio (Col. Steedman) and the Tenth Kentucky (Col. Harlan), having joined from detached service soon after the repulse of the enemy, continued with their brigade in the pur- suit, although they could not get up in time to join in the fight. These two regiments were placed in front in my advance on the intrench- ments the next morning and entered first. Gen. Schoepf also joined me the evening of the 19th with the Seventeenth, Thirty-first and Thirty- eighth Ohio. His entire brigade entered with the other troops. On reaching the intrenchments we found the enemy had abandoned everything and retired dur- ing the night. Twelve pieces of artillery, with their caissons packed with ammunition; one battery- wagon and two forges; a large amount of ammu- nition; a large number of small arms, mostly the old flint-lock muskets; 150 or 160 wagons, and upward of 1,000 horses and mules; a large amount ^ of commissary stores, intrenching tools, and camp and garrison equipage, fell int® our hands. A cor- rect list of all the captured property will be for- warded as soon as it can be made up and property secured. The steam and ferry boats having been burned by the enemy in their retreat, it was fsund im- possible to cross the river and pursue them; besides, theii' command was completely demoralized, and retreated with great haste and in all directions, making their capture in any numbers quite doubt- ful, if pursued. There is no doubt but what the moral effect produced by their complete dispersion will have a more decided effect in re-establishing Union sentiments than though they had been cap- tured. It affords me much pleasure to be able to testify to the uniform steadiness and good conduct of both officers and menduringthe battle,andl respectfully refer to the accompanying reports of the different commanders for the names of those officers and men, whose good conduct was particularly noticed by them. The enemy’s loss, as far as known, is as follows: Brig. -Gen. Zollicoffer, Lieut. Bailie Peyton, and 190 officers, non-commissioned officers and privates, killed; Lieut. -Col. M. B. Carter, Twentieth Tennes- see; Lieut. J. W. Allen, Fifteenth Mississippi; Lieut. Allen Morse, Sixteenth Alabama and five of- ficers of the medical staff, and eighty- one non-com- mission officers and privates taken prisoners; Lieut. J. E. Patterson, Twentieth Tennessee; and A. .1. Knapp, Fifteenth Mississippi, and sixty-nine non- commissioned officers atld privates wounded; mak- ing 192 killed, eighty-nine prisoners not wounded, and sixty-eight wounded; a total of killed, wounded and prisoners of 349. Our loss was as follows: KILLED. WOUNDED. Officers. Men. Officers. Men. Tenth Indiana - 10 3 72 First Kentucky (Cav) 1 2 - 19 Fourth Kentucky. . . - 8 4 48 Second Minnesota. . - 12 2 31 Ninth Ohio - 6 4 24 Total 1 38 13 194 A complete list of the names of our killed and wounded and of the prisoners is herewith attached. I am. Sir, very respectfully, your obedient serv- ant, George H. Thomas, Brig.-Qen. United States Volunteers, Commanding. Capt. J. B. Fry, A. A. G., chief of staff, headquar- ters Department Ohio, Louisville, Ky. The following extract from Gen. Critten- den’s official report furnishes, if any were needed, evidence of the disaster to the Con- federate troops: On the evening of the 18th I called in council Brig. -Gens. Zollicoffer and Carroll, and the com- HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 393 manding officers of regiments, and of cavalry and artillery, and there it was determined, without dissent, to march out and attack the enemy under Gen. Thomas on the next morning. Accord- ingly, Gens. Zollicoffer and Carroll were ordered to remove their brigades at midnight in the following order: First — The brigade of Gen. Zollicoffer, in the fol- lowing order: In front, the independent cavalry companies of Capts. Saunders and Bledsoe; then the Fifteenth Mississippi Regiment, commanded by Lieut.-Col. Walthall; then the Nineteenth Tennes- see, commanded by Col. D. H. Cummings; then the Twentieth Tennessee, commanded by Col. Battle; then the Twenty-fifth Tennessee, commanded by Col. S. S. Stanton; then four guns of Rutledge's battery, commanded by Capt. Rutledge. Second— The brigade of Gen. Carroll in this or- der: In front, the Seventeenth Tennessee, com- manded by Lieut.-Col. Miller; then the Twenty- eighth Tennessee, commanded by Col. Murray; then the Twenty-ninth Tennessee, commanded by Col. Powell; then two guns of McClung’s battery, commanded by Capt. McClung. In the rear were the Sixteenth Alabama, as a re- serve, commanded by Col. W. B. Wood and the cavalry battalions of Lieut.-Col. Branner and Lieut.- Col. McClellan. Soon after daylight, on the morning of .Tanuary 19th, the cavalry advance came in contact with the pickets of the enemy, after a march of near nine miles over a deep and muddy road. With a few shots the enemy’s pickets were driven in, retiring about a quarter of a mile to a house on the left of the road. From this house, and woods in the rear of it, quite a brisk firing was opened upon the head of the column. Skirmishers had been thrown forward, Gen. Zollicoffer’s brigade was formed inline of bat- tle, and ordered to advance upon the enemy, who, 1 supposed, would come out from their camp, which we were now approaching, to take position. The road here extended straight in front for near a mile toward the north. A company of skirmishers from the Mississippi regiment, advancing on the left of the road after sharp firing, drove a body of the enemy from the house and the woods next to it, and then, under or- ders, crossing the road, fell in with their regiment. Following this company of skirmishers on the left of the road to the point where it crossed to the right, the regiment of Col. Cummings (Nineteeth Tennes- see) kept straight on. and, crossing a field about 250 yards wide at a double-quick, charged into the woods where the enemy was sheltered, driving back the Tenth IndianaRegiment until it was re-enforced. At this time Gen. Zollicoffer rode up to the Nineteenth Tennessee and ordered Col. Cummings to cease firing, under the impression that the fire was upon another regiment of his own brigade. Then the general advanced, as if to give an order to the lines of the enemy within bayonet reach, and was killed just as he discovered his fatal mistake.* Thereupon a conflict ensued, when the Nineteenth Tennessee broke its lines and gave back. Rather in the rear and near to this regiment was the Twenty-fifth Tennessee, commanded by Col. Stan- ton, which engaged the enemy, when the colonel was wounded at the head of his men; but this regi- ment, impressed with the same idea which had proved fatal to Gen. Zollicoffer — that it was engaged with friends — soon broke its lines and fell into some disorder. At this time, the fall of Gen. Zollicoffer having been announced to me, I went forward in the road to the regiments of Col. Cummings and Stanton, and announced to Col. Cummings the death of Gen. Zollicoffer, and that the command of the brigade devolved upon him. There was a cessation of firing for a few mo- ments, and I ascertained that the regiment of Col. Battle was on the right and the Mississippi regi- ment in the center, neither as yet having been actively engaged, and the enemy in front of the entire line. I had ordered Gen. Carroll to bring up his brigade, and it was now, in supporting distance, displayed in line of battle. I now repeated my orders for a general advance, and soon the battle raged from right to left. When I sent my aid to order the Fifteenth Mississippi to charge, I sent by him an order to Gen. Carroll to advance a regiment to sustain it. He ordered up for that purpose Col. Murray’s (Twenty-eighth Ten- * Col. Fry in a letter to the writer gives the following ac- count of the death of Gen. Zollicoffer: “In order to ascertain more certainly the exact state of affairs, ihe tiring having nearly ceased, 1 rode from the right of my regiment some fifteen or twenty paces down to the fence behind which we had been fighting, and, discovering no enemy in that direction, I turned my horse and rode slowly back to the place I had just left. As I neared the road I saw an officer riding slowly down the road on a wdiite horse and within twenty paces of the right of my regiment. His uniform was concealed, except the extremities of his pantaloons, which I observed w’ere of the color worn by Federal officers, by a long green overcoat. His near approach to my regiment, his calm manner, my close proximity to him, indeed everything I saw led me to believe he was a Federal officer belonging to one of the regiments just arriving. So thoroughly was I convinced that he was one of our men, I did not hesitate to ride up to his side so closely that our knees touched. He was calm, self-possessed and dignified in manner. Hesaidto me “Wemust not shoot our own men,”to which I responded, “Of course not; I would not do so inten- tionally,” then turning his eyes to his left and pointing in the same direction he said,” those are our men.” I could not see the men from my position, but I now suppose they were there. I immediately moved otf to the right of my regiment, perhaps some fifteen or twenty paces from the spot on which I met him. His language oonvinced me more than ever that he was a Fed- eral officer. How it is that he did not discover that I was one I cannot tell, as my uniform was entirely exposed to view, hav- ing on nothing to conceal it. As soon as I reached my regi- ment, I paused, turning my horse a little to the left, and* across the road, looked back to see what was going on, when, to my great surprise, another officer whom I had not seen rode out from behind a large tree near the place of my meeting with the first officer, and, with pistol in hand, leveleil it directly at me, fired, and paused for a moment, doubtless to observe the effect of his shot. Instead of striking the object at which it was aimed, the ball struck ray horse just above the hip bone making a flesh wound. I immediately drew my Colt’s revolverfrom the holster, and was about to fire, when he retreated behind a tree. Not until this time was I aware that I had been in conversation with an officerof the opposingarmy. In an instant the thought hashed across my mind that the officer with whom I had met and conversed had attempted to draw me into the snare of death or secure my capture by a false representation of his position, and, feeling thus, I aimed at him and fired.” Gen. Zollicofter fell pierced by three bullets, for at the same moment several men of the Fourth Kentucky fired upon him. 394 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. nessee) regiment, which engaged the enemy on the left of the Mississippi regiment and on the right of Stanton’s (Tennessee) regiment. I ordered Capt. Rutledge, with two of his guns, forward in the road to an advanced and hazardous position, ordering Col. Stanton to support him, where I hoped he might bring them to play effectively upon the enemy; but the position did not permit this, and he soon retired, under my order. At this point the horse of Capt. Rutledge was killed under him. Very soon the enemy began to gain ground on our left and to use their superior force for flanking in that quarter. I was in person at the right of the line of Stanton’s regiment; the battle was still raging, and I did not observe this so soon as it was observed by Gen. Carroll, who moved the regiment of Col. Cummings, then commanded by Lieut. -Col. Walker, to the left, to meet this movement of the enemy, and formed the Seventeenth Tennessee, commanded by Lieut. -Col. Miller, to support the regiments on the left. The regiments of Murray, Stanton and Cummings were driven back by the enemy, and, while reforming in the rear of the Seventeenth Tennessee, that well-disciplined regi- ment met and held in check for some time the entire right wing of the northern army. These regiments on my left and on the left of the road retired across the field a distance of about 250 yards, and there, for a time, repulsed the advancing enemy. Espe- cially the regiment of Col. Stanton, partially rallied by its gallant field officers, formed behind a fence, and, pouring volleys into the ranks of the enemy coming across the field, repulsed and drove them back for a time with heavy loss. For an hour now the Fifteenth Mississippi under Lieut.-Col. Walthall, and the Twentieth Tennessee, under Col. Joel A. Battle, of my center and right, had been struggling with the superior force of the enemy. I cannot omit to mention the heroic valor of these two regiments, officers and men. When the left retired they were flanked and compelled to leave their position. In their rear, on the right of the road, was the regiment of Col, Powell (Twenty- ninth Tennessee) which had been formed in the rear and ordered forward by me some time before. Gen. Carroll ordered this regiment to face the flanking force of the enemy, which was crossing the road from the left side; this it did, checking it with a raking fire at thirty paces. In this conflict Col. Powell, commanding, was badly wounded. The Sixteenth iVlabama, which was the reserve corps of my division, commanded by Col. Wood, did at this critical juncture most eminent service. Having rushed behind the right and center it came to a close engagement with the pursuing enemy, to protect the flanks and rear of the Fifteenth Missis- sippi and Twentieth Tennessee when they were the last, after long fighting, to leave the front line of the battle, and, well led by its commanding officer, in conjunction with portions of other regiments, it effectually prevented pursuit and protected my return to camp. Owing to the formation and character of the field of battle I was unable to use my artillery and cavalry to advantage in the action. During much of the time the engagement lasted, rain was falling. Many of the men were armed with flint-lock mus- kets and they became soon unserviceable. On the field and during the retreat to camp some of the regiments became confused and broken and great disorder prevailed. This was owing, in some measure, to a want of proper drill and discipline of which the army had been much deprived bj^ reason of the nature of its constant service and of the country in which it had encamped. During the engagement, or just prior to it, the force under Gen. Thomas was increased by the ar- rival, on a forced march, of a brigade from his rear, which I had hoped would not arrive until the en- gagement was over. This made the force of the enemy about 12,000 men. My effective force was 4,000. The engagement lasted three hours. My loss was 125 killed, 309 wounded, and 95 miss- ing, as follows; Killed. Wounded Missing. 15th Mississippi Regiment 44 153 29 20th Tennessee (Battle) 33 59 18 19th Tennessee (Cummings). . . 10 22 2 25th Tennessee (Stanton) 10 28 17 17th Tennessee (Newman) 11 25 2 28th Tennessee (Murray) 3 4 5 29th Tennessee (Powell) 5 12 10 16th Alabama 9 5 12 Capt. Saunder’s cavalry — 1 — Total 125 309 95 The loss of the enemy, from the best information I have and statements made by themselves, may be e.5timated at 700 killed and wounded. It was larger than mine from the fact that my regiments on the left, after first being driven back, fired from the cover of woods and fences upon the large numbers advancing upon them through the open field, in- flicting heavy loss and sustaining but little. Crittenden’s position at Beech Grove was extremely perilous, and as soon as possible he prepared to cross the river with his re- maining troops, now reduced to a disorganized mass of panic-stricken men, whose only desire was to secure personal safety. He got them all across to the south bank under cover of darkness, except some who attempted to swim the river on their horses and were drowned. The condition of these fugitives was indeed pitiful. They had marched nine miles on the night of the 18th through rain and mud; had fought a battle and been beaten, and fallen back in utter rout to their HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 395 position only to leave it, and, without rest or food, take up the line of march to a more secure retreat. Through Monticello and Liv- ingston to Gainesboi’o they plodded their weary way, subsisting upon the scanty supplies of a wasted country, until starvation caused the wholesale desertion of several regiments and the disintegi’ation of almost the entire command. They had fought well; many had displayed the highest personal courage, and deserved better treatment at the hands of their commanders than to be brand- ed as deserters. Their loss upon the field had been gi-eat, but it was not one-tenth of that by desertion on the retreat to Gainesboro. The loss of Gen. Zolli coffer was ’a severe blow to the Confederates. Although, owing to his lack of military experience, his repeated attempts to enter Kenbacky had cost them an army, they cherished his memory with tender- ness for many years after his death. His body was embalmed and sent through the lines under a flag of truce. Crittenden’s lot was even worse than that of his dead com- rade; he was charged with being a traitor, with drunkenness upon the field, and with incapacity to command. Although the first, he was not the only, Kentuckian destined to feel the serpent tooth of ingratitude from a people from whom he had sacrificed home and country to espouse the cause of the southern people. He was a gentleman, sim- ple, true and brave, whose proper place was with his noble father and heroic brother, fighting for the honor of his State and nation. Gen. Thomas dispatched Schoepf with his brigade to pursue Crittenden’s broken column. They followed him through the deep mud as far as Monticello, but finding that his brig- ade, cumbered with knapsacks, guns and blankets, were no match for the fleet-footed Tennesseans, who had thrown away every- thing that would impede their flight, he retmmed to Gainesville. Col. Manson’s brig- ade took charge of the deserted camp and its abandoned property, buried the dead, and nursed the wounded of both armies. Thus the flrst battle fought by the troops of the Army of the Cumberland, like the last one in which that army was engaged in the west, was equally crushing in its effect upon the enemy, and the same calm, wise, cour- ageous commander presided upon both occa- sions. The Fourth and Twelfth Kentucky participated in both engagements. •The region of country known as eastern I Kentucky, bordering upon Virginia and separated from it by the Big Sandy River, is ! rough and sparsely populated. At the out- I break of the rebellion the inhabitants, like their neighbors in western Virginia and east ' Tennessee, clung instinctively to the Union, u Frugal and industrious, brave and indepen- j dent, they possessed many of the characteris-/ tics of the pioneers of Kentucky, whose deeds of valor in the wilderness have for genera- tions formed the traditionary lore about the firesides of their descendants. Taking little interest in national affairs, they were slowtc\ comprehend the cause of difference between the noi’thern and southern States of the Union. When at last the truth was forced upon them by the presence of the armed troops, that the theater of war was at their very doors, the I occasion of hostilities was expounded to them] by two men whose exploits in the field had!^ been more than equaled by their eloquence upon the stump. These were Hon. Humphrey Marshall and John S. Williams, familiarly known as “ Cerro Gordo, ” for his courageous conduct exhibited on the occasion of that battle in Mexico. It i ^not s m'prising that two orators of this character, backed by the persuasive logic of troops of armed men, should have lured a considerable number of the mountaineers away from their allegiance to the national flag. But the number who joined their standard was ridiculously small in proportion to those who joined Union regiments. For many months the ark of safety of these people lay in the Confederate camp, and that so few availed themselves of the security of person and property offered by enlisting in the southern army is the strongest possible evidence of the inherent loyalty of the Ken- tucky mountaineers to the government at Washington. Not one of them had voted for Abraham Lincoln. They still held to the creed of the Whig and Democratic parties as 39G HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. taught by Clay and Jelferson, and represented by John Bell, of Tennessee, on the one side, and Stephen A. Douglas or John 0. Breckin- ridge on the other. They cared little for the institution of slavery, for few of them were slaveholders. By far the greater number were poor and dependent upon their own labor for means with which to support their families; but all were landholders, and, unlike the poor whites in the cotton States, tilled their own soil, and were masters of their own time and opinions. School-houses were scarce, and many could neither read nor write; but if unlearned in the sophistry of politics, they were well grounded in the belief that the United States was the greatest and gi’andest country on the earth, and every at- tempt to destroy it met with their unalterable opposition. Such was the country in which Brig. -Gen. Marshall had established his camp in the winter of 1861-62. Brig-Gen. William Nelson, having driven the Confederate forces out of eastern Ken- tucky in October, 1861, returned to Louis- ville in November, sending the Sixteenth Kentucky back to Maysville and the Twenty- fourth to Lexington, to complete their organ- ization. The Ohio regiments were embarked on transports at Louisa on the Big Sandy Rivet’, and taken to Louisvile, where they were incorporated into the main army of the Ohio. The abandoned territory was speedily occupied by Gen. Humphrey Marshall, whose base was at Wytheville, Va., on the line of the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, within easy supporting distance from Knoxville, or the Army of Northern Virginia. The same troubles that all army commanders both north and south had to encounter assailed Gen. Marshall. He found the troops under Williams half clad and mostly unarmed, and several regiments that had joined him in western Virginia were in the same condition. The undisciplined and destitute condition of his command rendered it better qualified to be sent to a camp of instruction than for active operations against an organized force, but its zealous commander determined to advance into his native State, even if he was only per- mitted to remain long enough to issue a proclamation to the inhabitants. On December 14th, Col. James A. Garfield, commanding the Forty- second Ohio Infantryj- stationed at camp Chase, Ohio, received or- ders from Gen. Buell to proceed with all pos- sible dispatch to Prestonburg, which was re- ported to be occupied by Gen. Marshall. Sending his regiment by steamer from Cin- cinnati to Catlettsburg, at the mouth of Big Sandy River, in obedience to orders, he re- ported at department headquarters for further instructions. Gen. Buell probably desired a personal interview with an inspection of the man whom he was about to intrust with the command of a brigade, as deficiency in the number of brigadier-generals assigned him (in which regard the war department had treated him with marked clemency), rendered it necessary for him to place his brigades un- der command of the ranking colonels. Care had to be used in brigading regiments to see that the colonel whose commission antedated all the others in the brigade was fit to com- mand it. It was owing to this necessity that nearly all the general officers who afterward distinguished themselves in the Army of the Cumberland won their promotion by merito- rious service in the field, and it is no slight evidence of Gen. Buell’s insight into the character and ability of men, that most of them were started in the line of promotion by their appointments as brigade comman- ders at this period. By Special Order, No. 35, issued Decem- ber 17th, the Eighteenth Brigade was organ- ized, consisting of the Forty-second Ohio Infantry, Col. J. A. Garfield; Fortieth Ohio Infantry, Col. J. Cranor; Fourteenth Ken- tucky Infantry, Col. L. T. Moore; Twenty- ' second Kentucky Infantry, Col. D. W. Lind- sey; two companies of Ohio Cavalry, Maj. McLaughlin, and six companies of the First Kentucky Cavalry, Lieut. -Col. Letcher. This brigade was placed under command of Col. J. A. Garfield, who was ordered to proceed at once by steamers to Catlettsburg, thence up the Big Sandy with three regiments, and drive the enemy back, leaving the Fortieth HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 397 Ohio at Lexington and Paris to give moral support to his movements in eastern Ken- tucky. As artillery would be of little use in the rugged country through which his course lay, it was believed it would only embari’ass his operations. As Piketon, on the Big Sandy, was the ob- jective point of his campaign, supplies for his. brigade could be transported by steamer, thus saving the necessity of cumbersome wag- on trains. It will be observed that times had changed vastly for the better, since Thomas had only a few weeks before asked in vain for a reserve of only four regiments to enable him to move forward from London to the oc- cupation of Knoxville. Now a thoroughly organized brigade could be put in motion for a distant expedition at the will of the depart- ment commander. In addition to his brigade, as organized, the Sixteenth Ohio Infantry at Lexington was, in case of necessity, or- dered to co-operate. Col. Garfield ordered the Fortieth Ohio and Letcher’s cavalry to move eastward via Mount Sterling and Mc- Cormick’s Gap to Presto nbm-g. Col. Garfield arrived at Catlettsburg De- cember 21st, and found the Forty-second Ohio, Fourteenth Kentucky and McLaugh- lin’s squadron of Ohio Cavalry awaiting his arrival, with which he moved at once up the river to Louisa. The Twenty- second Ken- tucky, not being fully equipped, was ordered to join the column on the march. Leaving two companies to guard his supplies and hospital at Louisa, he continued up the river, and on the 25th reached George’s Creek, where he remained two days, receiving sup- plies from below, when he continued his iliarch over Tom’s Mountain to the forks of Tom’s Creek. Here he learned that Gen. Humphrey Marshall had fortified himself two miles south of Paint Creek, occupying Paints- ville and a line extending along Paint Creek for two miles from its junction with the Big Sandy, and that his outposts were established two miles in front. From Garfield’s camp there were three routes leading to Paintsville, one leading along the left bank of the Sandy to the mouth of Paint Creek, thence up the creek to Paintsville; another directly southward, thence by a very rugged road over the hills, and the third southward along a branch of Tom’s Creek, and over a heavy ridge, striking Paint Creek at the mouth of Jennie’s Creek, a mile above Paintsville. On the morning of January 5th Col. Garfield sent a small force of infantry and cavalry to advance along the first of these routes to reconnoiter the enemy’s position. Two hours later he sent another force with similar orders along the middle route, and two hours later still an- other with the same directions along the third route. The second and third of these detach- ments were ordered to return and join the main force, with which Garfield moved rapid- ly along the first-named route. As he had calculated, Marshall considered the first and second advances as feints, and withdrawing the forces near the mouth, concentrated them higher up the stream against a force that he supposed to be advancing via Jennie’s Creek. This left the way clear for the Union troops to secure possession of the mouth of Paint Creek, where they were joined by Lieut. -Col. Bolles with 300 of the Second Virginia Cav- alry, which had been sent to Garfield by Gen. Cox in West Virginia. On the afternoon of the 6th of January Paintsville was occupied by the Union forces. Col. Garfield now sent Bolles with his cavalry to attack the enemy’s cavalry at the mouth of Jennie’s Creek, and, throwing a temporary bridge across Paint Creek at Paintsville, Garfield crossed with 1,000 men, and at 9 o’clock at night entered the entrenched camp of Marshall, which he had just deserted. In the meantime Bolles had driven the cavalry from the mouth of Jennie’s Creek and pursued them five miles, killing and wounding a considerable number. Gen. Marshall moved eastward to Preston- bui’g, and Col. Cranor, who, with the Fortieth Ohio and Letcher’s detachment of we First Kentucky Cavalry, was moving on that place, hearing that he was there, turned their course northward and joined Garfield at Paintsville on the 7 th. On the 9th Garfield advanced with 1,500 of his command toward Prestonburg, leaving orders for the remainder to follow immedi- 398 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY ately upon the arrival of supplies from the depot at Louisa. He reached the mouth of Abbott’s Creek, near Prestonburg, at 8 o’clock the same evening, and found Mar- shall encamped on the same creek three miles above him. He immediately ordered all his available force at Paintsville to join him as soon as possible. The rain and sleet poured down on the advancing column strug- gling through the mud in the pitchy dark- ness, while their comrades on the banks of Abbott’s Creek bivouacked upon the soaked earth, awaiting their arrival. At 4 o’clock on the morning of the 10th the command moved forward, crossing Abbott’s Creek a mile from its mouth, and soon after attacked and drove the Confederate rear guard. At 8 o’clock Garfield had crossed the ridge that separated Abbott’s Creek from Middle Creek, when his advance again encountered Mar- shall’s rear. Advancing about two miles up the stream, the tired troops reached the forks about noon, where they found Marshall’s men oc- cupying a strong position on a steep wood- ed hill between the forks of the stream. Meanwhile, Gen. Marshall had intercepted a letter from Garfield to Cranor, and, in hope of cutting off the Fortieth at Prestonburg, had fallen back to Abbott’s Creek. Finding that Cranor had effected a junction with the main force, he then sought and found a se- cure position in which to await the attack. Sending his wagon train ahead, he halted at the summit of the wooded hill before men- tioned. His brigade consisted of the follow- ing organizations: Col. Trigg’s Fifty-fourth Virginia regiment, effectives, 578; Col. Williams’ Kentucky regiment, 594; Col. Moore’s Twenty- ninth Virginia regiment, 317; Col. Simm’s mounted battalion, 360; Capt. Jeffries’ battery of light artillery, 58; Capt. Worsham’s company of cavalry, 50; total, 1,967. Beside the above, Marshall doubtless had a militia force, as he claimed after his defeat by Garfield that the pris- oners taken from his force were “not soldiers, but citizens, who have been running like frightened hares ever since the war began, and if pressed to it would submit to have their ears cropped to show they had a master. ” The regiments of Cols. Williams and Moore and a part of the mounted battalion occupied the spurs and heights upon the right. Trigg’s regiment occupied a height covering his battery, behind which were stationed Witcher’s and Holliday’s companies as support. Capts. Thomas’ and Clay’s companies, dismounted and armed with Bel- gian rifles, were thrown forward to the heights commanding the plain of Middle Creek. A day or two previous Garfield had received from Gen. Buell an intercepted let- ter from Marshall to Gen. Johnston, stating his effective strength as between 4,000 and 5,000 men. Col. Garfield drew up his force of 900 in- fantry on the sloping point of a semi-circular hill, and at 12 o’clock sent forward twenty mounted men to make a dash across the plain. This drew Marshall’s fire, and in part dis- closed his position. Trigg’s Virginia regi- ment was placed behind the further point of the same ridge which Garfield occupied. Capt. Williams, with four companies of Ohio and Kentucky troops, crossed the creek nearly waist deep, and took position on the high, rocky I’idge in front and to the left of the main force. The enemy now opened fire with two guns of six and twelve-pound caliber; a shell from one of them fell among Garfield’s skirmish- ers, but did not explode. Capt. Williams’ detachment engaged Trigg’s regiment, and Maj. Burke, of the Fourteenth Kentucky, with two companies, and Maj. Pardee, of the Forty-second Ohio, with ninety men, were sent to re-enforce him, which caused Marshall to withdraw the Virginians across the creek, and to send strong re enforcements to the hills on the left. About 2 o’clock Col. Cranor, with 150 men from the Fortieth and Forty-second Ohio and Twenty-second Kentucky, was sent to re-enforce Maj. Par- dee. Meanwhile Marshall had occupied the ridge to a point nearly opposite to Garfield’s right, and opened a heavy fire on his reserve. Lieut. -Col. Monroe, at the head of 120 of the Twenty-second and Fourteenth Kentucky, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 399 now crossed the creek, and gallantly drove the Confederates from their position; the latter, resisting stubbornly, lost several of their num- ber killed at this point, whom they left upon the field. Retiring slowly, and contesting every foot of ground, the Confederate troops were driven up the steep ridge, nearest the creek, by the troops under Cranor and Par- dee. At 4 o’clock, Lieut. -Col. Sheldon, with his re-enforcements, arrived upon the field, increasing Garfield’s force to 2,300, en- abling him to send forward the remainder of his reserve under Lieut. -Col. Brown. During the fight, the Confederate gun- ners had worked their pieces industriously, firing over thirty rounds, but they were ut- terly useless. But one of their shells ex- ploded, and none of their shots, not even canister, took effect. Their small arms were equally ineffectual at long range. Brown, with his reserves, passed around to the right, and endeavored to capture the ar- tillery, but Marshall ordered a retreat, and by 5 o’clock had completely evacuated his po- sition, and fallen back to his camp in the rear. Soon afterward a brilliant light streamed upward from the valley. He was burning his stores preparatory to retreat. Twenty five of his dead left upon the field told how bravely his men had contended with shot-guns and squirrel rifles against the inevitable logic of “Lincoln’s muskets.” In the entire action they had killed only one, and wounded twenty of their assailants. Letcher with his cavalry, having been de- tached on special service, did not reach the field in time to participate in the action, but he started next morning in pursuit. They followed the trail six miles and took a few prisoners, but were obliged to return through lack of provisions. The total number of prisoners taken was twenty-five, among whom was one officer. The Union troops bivouacked upon the field, and the next day crossed the river and occupied Prestonburg. Garfield found the place almost deserted and stripped of everything like supplies for an army. He was obliged to send his cavalry at once to Paintsville for forage, to which place he re- turned soon after with his entire force, find- ing that he could not take proper care of his command in the region about Prestonburg. In less than twenty days he had driven Mar- shall with his command from two chosen po- sitions, and returned to his depot of sup- plies with a loss of only three killed and twenty-eight wounded, for which he was rewarded by the government with a briga- dier-general’s commission, and by the legis- lature of Kentucky with a vote of thanks. The wretched condition of the roads com- pelled Garfield to establish his camp at Paintsville, and Marshall’s exhausted sup- plies made it necessary for him to continue his retreat toward Pound Gap, whence mea- sles, mumps and starvation soon drove him to Virginia. The events of the campaign had taught him that his undisciplined, and almost unfed and unarmed troops, however well endowed with the quality of com’age, j were no match for Garfield’s brigade of well- I equipped soldiers, and a further stay in Kentucky could, as he asserted, only result in the disintegration and demoralization of his command. On the 22d of February, Gen. Garfield moved his brigade twenty- five miles further up the Big Sandy to Piketon. Col. Mar- shall’s Sixteenth Kentucky Infantry had been assigned to Garfield’s command on the 20th of January, and Gen. Cox had sent two j of his companies of the Fourth Virginia to I Louisa to protect the stores at that point On the 15th of March, Gen. Garfield left Piketon with 600 infantry and 100 cavalry, for Pound Gap, reaching the foot of the mountains late at night. Sending his caval- ry by the plain road into the gap to attract attention, he led his infantry by an unfre- quented route to the crest of the mountain, whence he surprised the camp, which was occupied by a regiment commanded by MaJ. J. B. Thompson, which, after a few minutes’ resistance, retreated down the Virginia slope with the cavalry in hot pursuit. They lost seven in killed and wounded, and abandoned everything that would impede their flight. After destroying the camp and burning the buildings that had been erected for the stor- age of military supplies, the command 400 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. returned to Piketon without the loss of a man. In the meantime, the Tennessee cam- paign, which Buell had so persistently urged on assuming command of the Department of the Ohio, had been opened. Fort Henry, on the Tennessee Kiver, had been cap- tured by the gun-boats on the 6th of Feb- ruary, 1862, and the week following was devoted to reconnoitering the approaches and moving the land forces to the next point of attack. The army concentrated by Gen. Grant on the ground in front of Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, was permitted, on the morning of the 13th of February, to move into position without hindrance from the Confederates, who, confident of their strength, did not venture from behind the cover of their intrenchments. The garrison allowed its position to be invested by a force but little larger than itself, but on the arrival of re-enforcements from Cumberland City, the innocent- looking log piles became a line of artillery fire. Gen. C. F. Smith made an attempt to carry the works in his front, but was repulsed by Hanson’s Confederate Ken- tucky regiment and the Thirteenth Tennessee with considerable loss. McClernand moved against Heiman’s elevated position, but after two bold attempts to carry it was compelled to fall back, while the batteries upon the crest of the hills blazed away at each other with noisy zeal. Gen. McClernand’s divis- ion took position on the right of the line of investment, and Gen. Smith’s brigades as they came occupied the left, in front of Buckner’s line. The division of Gen. Lew Wallace was assigned to the center of the line only 500 yards in front of the Confed- erate works. The Confederate forces, under command of Maj.-Gen. John B. Floyd, consisted of Gen. Pillow’s division, 1,000 cavalry under Col. Forrest, Buckner’s division, and two water batteries on the hillside, commanding the river. The strength of the contending foi’ces was: Grant’s, 24,400; Floyd’s, 16,970. The Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Kentucky Infantry, commanded by Cols. John H. Mc- Henry and James M. Shackelford, and the Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana formed the first brigade of Wallace’s division, which, under command of Col. Charles Cruft, Thirty-first Indiana, was detached from Crit- tenden’s division of the Army of the Ohio by order of Gen. Buell, and sent by boat to re-enforce Grant in his operations against Fort Donelson. The day following the battle of the Trenches, so called by Gen. Floyd, the gun- boats which had proved effective in the reduc- tion of Fort Henry, appeared in front of Fort Donelson, but their stay was brief. The elevation of the batteries overcame the ad- vantage of the gunboats in weight of guns, and sent their bolts crushing through the fleet with resistless force, carrying destruc- tion in their course. But a few moments suflBced to send the disabled boats drifting down the stream, while inside the works not a gun was disabled nor a man hurt. Thus the first two days of the siege ended in repulses by land and water, while the un- sheltered troops of both armies lay down upon the ground, in the midst of a storm of rain and sleet that raged with unwonted fury, Notwithstanding the success of the Con- federates in maintaining their position, a feeling of insecurity pervaded the minds of both Pillow and Floyd. Gen. Buckner, more practical than either, devised a plan of escape by the Winn’s Ferry road, in the direction of Nashville, which, provided he could have had the execution of it, would doubtless have succeeded. This was to make a vigorous assault upon McClernand, drive him back upon the center, and hold him there while the main portion of the Confed- erates marched out of the trenches and pur^ sued their way toward Nashville. The first part of the programme was carried out, but in the nick of time when everything should have been in readiness to move promptly to the rear, Floyd grew irresolute and concluded to wait. Delays are proverbially dangerous, and in this instance proved fatal to the Con- federates. McClernand was not driven back without a stubborn fight, and withdrew only after hav- BOONESBOKOUGII FORT, KENTl'CKY JITLITARV INSTITUTE, NKAII FKANKFOKT— SEE PAGE 507 . i \ S-.W K, •\ 7 ^ HI8T0KY OF KENTUCKY. 401 ing exhausted his ammunition. Even then pursuit by the Confederates was checked by the prompt action of Gen. Wallace, who threw his division in front of McClernand and took up the battle where it had fallen from his hands. In this emergency Col. Cruft was ordered to the front. The brigade moved at double quick over the rugged road, the Twenty-fifth Kentucky in advance, press- ing onward to engage the Confederates. A staff officer of Gen. McClernand led the head of the column too far to the right, when suddenly, before a line of battle could be formed, the Twenty-fifth found itself con- fronted by a superior force of the Confeder- ates, which formed a flanking column, mov- ing around by a ravine to captm’e Taylor’s battery. Shackelford immediately formed his line under a murderous fire, supported on the left by the Thirty-first Indiana. The Seventeenth Kentucky and Forty-fourth In- diana hurriedly formed a line against which the Confederates again and again hurled heavy masses of troops in a vain attempt to break it. Not a man left the ranks. Know- ing the terrible responsibilities resting upon them, animated by a common impulse to stem the tide of disaster, they poured volley after volley into the ranks of the Confeder- ates. At this juncture one of those blunders which sometimes neutralize the effect of the most heroic courage was committed by an un- known officer, who, approaching the right of Shackelford’s regiment, ordered it to take position further to the right. The order was immediately obeyed under heavy fire. , The first volley from the new position took effect in the ranks of the Eighth and Twenty- ninth Illinois in their front, but concealed from view by the thick underbrush. The latter, supposing themselves attacked from the rear, immediately fell back through Cruft’s ranks, threatening for a moment the integrity of his command. In the meantime Shackelford and Osborne, of the Thirty-first Indiana, at the right of the line, were cut off with a small portion of the Twenty-fifth Kentucky and Thirty-first Indiana, and were compelled to carry on an unequal combat against great odds before they finally suc- ceeded in rejoining the command. The retreat of McClernand’s entire division now left Cruft’s brigade “in the air,” without support on the right or left, with the excep- tion of the Eleventh Illinois, which occupied a position in support of Taylor’s battery vaca- ted by Logan’s regiment. The Forty-fourth Indiana, on the left, could not fire without imperiling this regiment, and was obliged to remain in line and receive the Confederates’ fire without responding. The brigade was in good fighting trim, and by order of its intrepid commander fell back in good order to the top of the next ridge. A heavy fire was poured into it by the advancing foe, who, pushing forward, made a determined attack upon the whole line. This was no sooner repulsed than it was repeated with the same result. Following the second repulse. Cruft ordered his brigade to charge, which it did with such effect as to drive the Confederates back some distance. In this charge the Sev- enteenth Kentucky, led by its gallant officers. Col. McHenry and Lieut. Col. A. M. Stout, greatly distinguished itself. At this juncture a flank movement was detected upon his right, beyond which he had no support. Directing a company of the Thirty-fii’st Indi- ana to be deployed as skirmishers in that direction. Col. Cruft was obliged to give his attention to the movements upon his left, where heavy columns of the Confederates could be seen moving in pursuit of McCler- nand. The Eleventh Illinois, out of ammunition, was slowly falling back, exposing his left flank to a constant fire from the Confederates, advancing in force against him. The posi- tion of the plucky little brigade was now indeed perilous, but being new to the business of war the men were not aware of the full extent of their danger. It was soon attacked by a superior force of cavalry and infantry on its left, menaced by a flank movement against its right, the object of which was evidently to compel its siUTender, but the brigade remained intact, turning its fire upon the nearest enemy, at the same time moving slowly to the right and rear, when 25 402 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. it. soon came upon a commanding ridge front- ing the Confederates, where it planted its colors and prepared for the final assault, which came at once. The advancing troops, Hushed with success, rushed up the hill with the light of victory upon their faces to meet a force of equal courage and determination. Out of reach of support, with none to witness their heroic defense, they prepared to meet their assail- ants. The front of their line speedily became a sheet of flame from which the leaden missiles flew into the ranks of the Confederates, who wavered before the shock, and at length fell back, leaving their dead upon the hillside. The brigade, now greatly reduced by losses in killed and wounded, drew off toward the right of Thayer’s brigade, with which com- munication was soon opened through the medium of a line of skirmishers. After a three hours’ engagement, during much of which time the brigade had been isolated, it had saved McClernand’s division from the effect of a strong Hank movement upon his right wing, then defending itself against a continuous and determined attack, which, but for the courage and discipline of officers and men, would have demolished it. The beleagured garrison had thus, after six hours’ Hghting, driven the investing force away from their left and rolled it back upon the center, uncovering three roads that led southward to liberty. Having thus accom- plished the first move in the plan of escape agreed upon, and in momentary expectation of being called upon to act as rear guard to the retreating army, Buckner was astonished by the reception of an order to march back to his old position in the intrenchments. There should have been nothing in the way of a rapid retreat by every practicable route. But no preparations for this last act in the tragic performance of the day had been made. The troops, to whom had been assigned the brave work of clearing avray the right wing of the Union army, had very properly been left un- fettered in their movements, by burdensome haversacks and knapsacks, and when the door of escape was open they were unable to avail themselves of it through lack of any provision for the march. Eight regiments had been allowed to remain idle spectators of the scene within the intrenchments, where every moment should have been utilized in removing pro- visions to the rear. Night closed upon the scene. The Union lines, pressing forward closely upon the heels of the garrison, with- drawn within the intrenchments, formed their lines across the Winn’s Ferry Road and closed the only avenue by which the Confederates could escape. The two commanding generals, through whose inefficiency the withdrawal from Fort Donelson had been rendered impossible, made their escape, leaving the task of surrender to G-en. Buckner, who, with what grace he could command, accepted the only terms offered — unconditional surrender. This occurred on the 16th of February; on the 4th of March, Gen. Grant was temporarily relieved from duty, and the troops, under the direction of Gen. Halleck, the department commander, were placed under the command of Gen. C. F. Smith, who, proceeding to the Tennes- see, ascended that river to Savannah, where a part of the army was stationed. The rest was advanced to Pittsburg Landing, about nine miles above, and placed on the west side of the river. On the 13th of March, Gen. Grant was restored to his command, and, before any marked changes were made in the position of the army, was attacked by Gens. Johnston and Beam'egard. The battle of Shiloh, fought on April 6th and 7th, 1862, was the apprenticeship of a large majority of the regiments, on both sides, to the art of war. With more courage than discipline, and more zeal than knowl- edge, they were brought into the conflict by commanders as inexperienced as themselves, where they offered a soldier’s last sacrifice in defense of their country. The Union forces under command of Gen. Grant, present upon the field, consisted of five divisions commanded by Gens. McCler- nand, W. H. L. Wallace, Hurlbut, Sherman and Prentiss. The total effective strength of these organizations by the returns of the 4th of April was 37,330. On the morning of the attack by the Confederate army, under HISTORY OP KENTUCKY. 403 Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, numbering 37,589, infantry and artillery, the several divisions were encamped at will, with no ref- erence to a line of battle, upon the hills above the Tennessee Eiver at Pittsburg Landing; not a spadeful of earth was thrown up as a defense, and the divisions were with- out a common commander. Of course defeat was the inevitable result, and that it was not final and crushing in its effect was owing to the arrival of Maj.-Gen. Don Carlos Buell, with the Army of the Ohio. The Army of the Tennessee, however, fought with the same desperate courage that later on led it to victory on many hotly con- tested fields; the fault lay not with the troops, but with the lack of generalship which allowed them to be taken at cruel disadvan- tage. A year later not a subaltern in the army would have permitted his command to rest, even for a day, in the presence of a superior force of the enemy without erecting a barricade of some sort behind which to fight at advantage. Like those youthful surgeons whose knowl- edge of the art was derived from books, and who finally became perfect through the suf- fering of others, the lesson had to be learned by our generals, and it was as well that it should be given by the grim instructors at Shiloh as elsewhere. The value of earth- works was taught the Army of the Tennessee at Shiloh. It was the dying gift of Albert Sidney Johnston, but it remained for Bragg to impart the lesson to the Army of the Ohio, when eight months later McCook’s veterans fled in panic from the battle-field of Stone River. The Kentucky Infantry regiments engaged on the Union side on the second day of the battle were the following: First, Col. D. A. Enyart; Second, Col. T. D. Sedge wick; Fifth, Col. H. M. Buckley; Sixth, Col. W. C. Whit- aker; Ninth, Col. B. C. Grider; Eleventh, Col. P. B. Hawkins; Thirteenth, Col. E. H. Hobson; Twentieth, Lieut. -Col. Charles S. Hanson; Twenty-sixth, Lieut. -Col. Cicero Maxwell: Seventeenth, Col. J. H. McHenry; Twenty-fifth, Lieut. -Col. B. H. Bristow. The last two mentioned were the only Ken- tucky regiments engaged in the battle of the 6th of April. Gen. Lauman, having reported for duty the previous day, was assigned to the com- mand of the brigade, which, under the gal- lant leadership of Col. Charles Cruft, received its seasoning in the heat of battle at Fort Donelson, where its heroic defense in front of Lew Wallace’s division had withstood the onset of Pillow’s corps, while McClernand reformed his shattered brigades in its rear. It consisted of the Seventeenth and Twenty- fifth Kentuckj", reduced by battle and disease to less than 600 men; the Thirty-first and Forty-foui’th Indiana, 1,100 more — making an aggregate strength of 1,717 effectives. This brigade belonged to the Army of the Ohio, and had been dispatched by Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden, at the order of Gen. Buell, to Fort Henry on the the 1st of Feb- ruary. It had joined Grant’s army with over 2,500 men, and was returned to Buell after participating in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, with an effective strength of little over 1,200. Nearly 700 men had been killed and wounded when it rejoined the Army of the Ohio. The first assault fell upon this brigade at about 10:30 o’clock. Prentiss and Stuart having fallen back, all that portion of the battle-field for which they had so stub- bornly contended was in possession of the enemy. The skirmishers wei’e driven in and the gleam of bayonets beyond showed the ad- vance of a long line of Confederate troops. Gen. Lauman says, in his report: “I waited until I could distinctly see them advancing, by the gleam of their bayonets, about 100 yards distant, when I gave the order to fire. The first volley checked their advance. They held their ground for some time, however, when they moved off to the right, where they had planted a battery, and under cover of which they attempted to cross the open field. I immediately ordered the left wing to move up to the fence, and as soon as they came within short range opened fire on them, which soon caused them to fall back. Their loss here and in the front was very heavy; the 404 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ground was literally covered with their dead and wounded. The rebels continuing to move to the left, I received your orders to move the brigade to the left, so as to check their movements in that direction. The movement was executed in line order, and here we held our position until 4 o’clock, lighting against vastly superior numbers, until the batteries to right and left of us had retired.” Col. J. M. Shackelford having resigned in March, Lieut. -Col. Benjamin H. Bristow and Maj. Wall, each successively in command of the Twenty-fifth Kentucky, were wounded, and Col. McHenry, of the Seventeenth, as- sumed command of both regiments, Lieut. - Col, A. M. Stout, in command of the latter. The consolidation was made permanent by the military board of Kentucky, after the close of the battle. Col. McHenry says: Many of my best men fell, killed and wounded, and the gallant Capt. Morton, of Company A, re- ceived at this place a fatal wound, whilst he was in front of his company, setting them a daring exam- ple, which he was ever ready to manifest in the pres- ence of the enemy. We had been constantly en- gaged for five hours. All of the ammunition in the cartridge-boxes of my men was exhausted to the second round, and the enemy made a renewed at- tack upon our whole line, which ^vas met with de- termined resistance on the part of our troops at this place. We were ordered to draw back, and did so, under your eye, slowl}^ and without confusion. My regiment was again ordered into line, in the rear of the heavy and light artilleiy, which opened fire upon the Confederates, severely and unexpectedly, and which wuas kept up unceasingly until night closed the struggle of the day, in which your whole brigade had acted a conspicuous and gallant part. We were moved to the front of the line of artill- ery, above alluded to, and bivouacked during the night in the rain, weary and worn, and without food or protection from the heavy rain that fell upon us. Without sleep, we aro.se with the dawn, and I found that my regiment, in killed, wounded, sick and disabled, had been reduced to less than half of the small number of men who had occupied the ranks on the day and night of the 6th. About 10 o’clock on the 7th, we were led near the extreme right of our forces, and participated in a desperate charge of our column upon the Confed- erates, which resulted in driving them back, and gave the victory, glorious and dearly bought, once more to the beloved flag of our country. Lieut. - Col. Stout, on account of an extremely painful wound in the arm, received in the gallant devotion to his duty on the 6th, at mj’ urgent request, did not go with the regiment on the second day. Maj. Isaac Calhoon was during both of these two eventful days to he found at all times where bis duty called him, fearless and bold in the discharge of it. Both of these ofiicers’ horses, as well as that of my own, were wounded by musket-balls from the Confeder- ates on the 6th. Capt. Robert Vaughan, Company I, after having fought bravely during the whole day was severely wounded on the evening of the 6th. Cajit. Davison, Company B, behaved with his usual coolness and courage, with his excellent Lieut. Byers executing all orders upon the field with zeal and devotion to the cause. Lieut. Keith, in command of Company G; Lieut. Nall, Company F; Sergt. Landrum, Company H; Lieut. Brown, Company K; Capt. Beckham, Com- pany C; Capt. Hudson, Company D; Lieuts. Camp- bell, Bratcher, Ferguson, Little, Heston and Adjt. Starling, were to be found constantly at their posts on the 6th, with their respective commands, cheering, encouraging, and sustaining the gallant soldiers of the Seventeenth Kentucky Regiment, who now mourn the loss in killed and wounded out of their reduced ranks of eighty-eight of their com- rades. The First and Second Infantry Regiments returned to Kentucky from western Virginia in January, 1862, and were assigned to the 4th division. Army of the Ohio, commanded by Brig.-Gen. William Nelson. They had participated in the several minor engage- ments in West Virginia. Col. Bruce refers as follows to the part taken by the First, Sec- ond and Twentieth Kentucky Regiments in the battle of Shiloh on the 7th of April: After the engagement became general, the col- onel commanding the brigade was ordered to assist the Nineteenth Brigade, Col. Hazeu. He ordered the First Kentucky Regiment to change direction to the right and advance to the support of Col. Hazen’s left. This regiment sustained a galling fire of grape and canister while carrying out these orders. The Twentieth Kentucky was ordered up to support the First Kentuck,v in this movement, which it did under a very severe fire. Both these regiments deserve the highest commendations for the manner in which they executed their orders. Between 9 and 10 o’clock, A. M., the Second Ken- tucky Regiment was ordered to charge a battery on our right, which was playing on our left flank. The fight of the regiment in executing this order became almost hand to hand, and was of the most terrific character. Capt. Spellmeyer was instantly killed. Capts. Bodine and Smith, Adjt. Weinedel, Lieuts Miller and Alms, were carried to the rear, all seriousW wounded. Lieut. Miller died on the field. Within a very small compass, where this reg- iment charged, could be counted over 200 of the enemy lying dead upon the field. This regiment HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 405 succeeded in taking one of the enemy’s guns, but was able to hold it for only a few minutes, being overpowered by much greater numbers. During the entire day the Twenty-second Brigade rendered the most effecient service in repelling the desperate assaults on the left flank of our army. In the afternoon, the First, Second and Twen- tieth Kentucky Regiments steadily maintained the positions assigned them, and did their part toward securing the imperishable glory reflected upon the general commanding his division. The Second Kentucky at one time during the afternoon charged a battery, took it, spiked one of the guns, and turned another upon the Confederates, but were unable to hold it, being flercely charged in return by their reg- iments. The Twentieth Kentucky, acting in reserve, placed in position for the purpose of supporting the First Kentucky, was in full range of the Confede- rates’ fire, and at all times maintained' their forma- tion with the steadiness and tenacity becoming vet- erans. Where every officer and soldier displayed such distinguished courage, it seems almost invid- ious to particularize. The colonel commanding the brigade desires to make particular mention of the following gentlemen : Lieutenant-Colonel Leiper,Maj. Cahill (who was wounded), and Adjutant Wright deserve great praise for the manner in which they discharged their duties. Col. Sedgewick, Lieutenant- Colonel Spen- cer and Maj. Hurd displayed the greatest courage, and daring. Col. Sedgewick was stricken down by a spent round shot while discharging the duties of his position. Late in the afternoon, when the Con- federates made their last desperate attempt upon our left flank, the First and Twentieth Kentucky regiments moved up to the support of Terrill’s bat- tery, repulsed the attack and held the position, while the assailants retired from the contest. Lieutenant-Colonel Hanson, commanding the Twentieth, deserves very high commendation for the manner in which he managed his regiment at this crisis. Lieutenant Bachus, of the same regi- ment, while fighting bravely in the lead of his com- pany, received a very severe wound. Lieutenant Cooper, aid-de-camp to the colonel commanding, deserves high praise for the brilliant manner in which he rallied the Forty-first Ohio regiment (Col. Hazen’s brigade) when badly disordered. Through the entire duration of this terrible battle the Twenty- second brigade deported themselves in a manner of which their government and the State may well be proud. The Fifth Kentucky was one of the gallant regiments led by Gen. Eousseau at Shiloh, which drew from Gen. Sherman the high commendation of Kentucky troops found in his official report; The Confederates had one battery close by Shiloh and another near the Hamburg road, both pouring grape and canister upon any column of troops that advanced toward the green point of water-oaks. Willich’s regiment had been repulsed, but a whole brigade of McCook’s division advanced beautifully, deployed, and entered this dreaded woods. I ordered my Second brigade, then commanded by Col. T. Kilby Smith, (Col. Stuart being wounded) to form on its right, and my Fourth brigade. Col. Buckland, on its right, all to advance abreast with this Kentucky brigade before mentioned, which I afterward found to be Rousseau’s brigade of Mc- Cook’s division. I gave personal direction to the 24, pounder guns, whose well-directed fire silenced the enemy’s guns to the left, and afterward at the Shiloh Meefing-House. Rousseau’s brigade moved in splendid order steadib^ to the front, sweeping everything before it, and at 4 P. M. we stood upon the ground of our original line and the enemy were in full retreat. Gen. Rousseau says: I at once decided to move forward the whole brigade to the open ground, except the Sixth Indiana which held a most important position on our left flank, which position the enemy had menaced in strong force for several hours. I ordered Ccl. Buckley, with the Louisville Legion, to move up to the right and front and engage the enemy, who had rallied all their available forces and were moving down upon us. At the same time Majs. King and Carpenter and Col. Smith were ordered to advance in line with Col. Buckley. The advance was admirably made, and with alacrity the brigade steadily, briskly, and in excel- lent order, moved forward. We advanced about 200 yards to the front, when we came in collision with the enemy. They were stronger at this point than in either of the previous encounters. I afterward learned from wounded prisoners that the force at this time opposed to us consisted of the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Kentucky (Confederate) and several others from various States. Tiie fire of musketry was the heaviest I ever heard. My line when fired on halted of itself and went to work. The issue was important, as my brigade was directly in the road of the enemy to the Landing, and they were evidently pressing for that point. I was the more fully impressed with the importance of driving them from this position by your words to me when you ordered a change to the front of your original line of battle, which were, in substance,, that my position was in the center, and must be held at every hazard, and that you would support me with the balance of your division as it arrived on the field. The fight lasted about forty minutes, when the enemy gave way and were at once pursued by the whole line up to the open ground in front, my brig- ade capturing several cannon, retaking a battery of ours captured the previous day, and retaking the headquarters of Gen. McClernand. We also took three flags from the enem}'. At this time the 40 40G HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. rounds of cartridges in the boxes of the men were exhausted and the line was halted. The Sixth Kentucky served in Hazen’s brigade of Nelson’s division, at Shiloh, and bore a conspicuous part in that engagement. Gen. Whitaker in his report refers as follows to the courage of his officers and men; At 10 o’clock Mendenhall’s batteiy, which had rendered efficient service, was assailed by a large fource of the enemy. It was supported by three companies of the Sixth Kentucky, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Cotton. They were severely pressed, and a charge was made by the remainder of the. Sixth regiment at the point of the bayonet, headed by Col. Wlihaker and Adjt. Shackelford. The acting brigader-general. Col. Hazen, most gal- lantly accompanied them in the charge. The enemy were routed from their cover behind logs and trees with terrific slaughter. The pursuit and figlit were continued by Col. Hazen’s brigade until the enemy were driven beyond their batteries, Whilst the entire regiment, with some miserable exceptions, behaved most gallantly, sustaining the reputation of Kentucky, and in conjunction with the Ninth Indiana and Forty-first Ohio boldly maintaining the credit of the Nineteenth brigade and Gen. Nelson’s division, it is only justice to refer especially to the gallant conduct of Adjt. Shackelford, Lieutenants McGraw and Rockingham, Sergeant-Major Dauks, Company A, and Private Floyd, of Company D. The regimental color-bearer, Richard T. Tliorntou, was shot down, and, true to his duty, died with the flag of his country on his breast. It was taken by the colonel, who carried it some distance and gave it to Sergeant Schmidt, of Company C, who bore it through the balance of the fight. Private Irving, of Company A (wounded and since dead), killed five of the enemy. Lieutenant Chilton was taken prisoner by six rebels. Two or three friends rallied to his aid. The enemy were all killed and he rescued, the lieutenant killing one of his captors with his pistol. Brig. -Gen. J. T. Boyle, commanding the Eleventh Brigade of Gen. T. L. Crittenden’s division, in his report to that officer refers as follows to the conduct of the Ninth and Thir- teenth Regiments: The Nineteenth Ohio, Col. Beatty, formed the right of my brigade; the Thirteenth Regiment, Col. Hobson, the center, and the Ninth Kentucky, Col. Grider, on the left, with the Fifty-ninth Ohio, Col. FyEe, in the rear, as a supporting reserve. In pur- suance of orders, we marched steadily forward upon the center, the Fourteenth brigade being still in advance on the left. I halted my command in sight of the open field in front of the right wing of my brigade, and, by order of Gen. Buell, given in person, I threw forward four flanking companies of the Nineteenth Ohio and Thirteenth Kentuckj^ as skirmishers, to advance to the open field, or to where the skirmishers could find and engage the enemy, or await the advance of our line. After capturing a prisoner and sending him in, the skir- mishing companies of the Nineteenth Ohio were fired upon and driven back, and I ordered up Col. Beatty, of the Nineteenth Ohio, to take position along the edge of the open field to repel the ad- vance of the enemy in that direction. At this junc- ture the enemy turned their forces in the direction of the position occupied by you with the Fourteenth brigade, evidently with the view of driving back our forces and capturing our guns. The Fourteenth brigade, encouraged and led on by you in person at their head, made an impetuous attack upon the enemy, driving them back with great loss, saving our guns, and advancing our lines. As the regi- ments of that brigade were withdrawn, I ordered up the Thirteenth Kentucky to their position, and ordered the Ninth Kentucky and Forty-ninth Ohio to my left, where they were placed in position by you. The Thirteenth Kentucky, led on by Col. Hob- son in a gallant charge upon the enemy, drove them back with great slaughter, forcing them to desert their guns, to which they had rallied after having been driven back by the Fourteenth brigade, under your command. In this charge Col. Hobson, Maj. Hob- son, acting lieutenant-colonel, Capt. Towles, acting major, and Acting Adjt. Stewart, of the Thirteenth Kentucky, behaved with great coolness and courage, and, with the exception of a recoil, caused by a portion of the Wisconsin troops breaking through their lines, creating some disorder, they steadily led their brave men forward, driving the enemy before them. Maj. Hobson had his horse shot dead under him in this charge. Lieut. -Col. Ed- munds, of the rebel army, was killed in the attack. **■!{•*** Tlie enemy seemed to be deflecting their forces and making their attack upon the left of the center, in the direction of Capt. Mendenhall’s battery, which had shelled them with fearful destruction, when Gen. Buell, in person, ordered the Ninth Kentucky, Col. Grider, and Fifty-ninth Ohio, Col. Fyffe, to advance rapidly, and engage and drive back the enemy. Col. Grider led his men gallantly in the attack, well supported by most of his officers and men. The youthful Lieut. Underwood, of that regiment, behaved with the gallantry of a veteran soldier, going in advance of his men, and was shot through the sword-arm, and lost his sword. In his attack Col. Grider had three of his commissioned officers killed, and ten wounded. Col. Hobson says: A heavy firing commenced on our left. Gen. Crittenden ordered me to hold my regiment in readiness to charge the enemy’s battery, which I did, in connection with Col. Hawkin’s Eleventh Kentucky, both regiments advancing in order and occasionally meeting the enemy, driving them be- fore us until we arrived at a section of battery in HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 407 our front, ■which had been abandoned by the Con- federates, they falling hack in confusion.^ A sec- tion of battery on our left was captured about the same time by Col. Fyffe's Fifty-ninth Ohio, and Col. B. C. Grider’s Xinth Ken luck}^ they moving on the left, and my regiment and Eleventh Ken- tucky, Col. Hawkins, on the right, supporting Capt. Bartlett’s battery. The Fourteenth brigade entered the tight on therio-ht of Nelson’s division, and became O ^ at once engaged. Col. William S. Smith, Thirteenth Ohio, commanding the brigade, thus alludes to the part taken by the Eleventh and Twenty- sixth Infantry: The Fourteenth Wisconsin Volunteers, tempo- rarily attached to my brigade, was drawn up in line of battle on the right, the Thirteenth Ohio on the left, and the Twenty-sixth Kentucky in the center. The Eleventh Kentucky was held in re- serve, and placed 200 j^ards in the rear of the cen- ter of our line of battle, in a position covered by the crest of a hill, along which our line of battle extended. Two companies of skirmishers, one from the Eleventh and one from the Twenty-sixth Kentucky, were then deployed to the front. The skirmishers on our right soon charged those of the enemy in an open field in front of the right of our line. The enemy’s skirmishers retired, and all was quiet in front of our line for nearly one hour, when our skirmishers again engaged those of the ene- my, and this was soon followed by a furious at- tack upon our whole front. The right recoiled, while the left and center stood firm. The Twenty- sixth Kentucky was then sent forward to support our right, and a heavy cross fire to our front was opened from Bartlett’s battery, which was in posi- tion on our right. The enemy soon yielded, when a running fight commenced, which extended for about one mile to our front, where we captured a battery and shot the horses, and many of the can- noneers. Owing to the obstructed nature of the ground, the enthusiastic courage of the majority of our men, the laggard discharge of their duty bj" many, our line had been transformed into a column of attack, representing the various grades of cour- age, from reckless daring to ignominous fear. At the head of this column stood a few heroic | men, not adequately supported, when the enemy ! returned to the attack with three fresh regiments in good order. We were driven back by these neai ly to the first position occupied by our line, when we again rallied and moved forward toward the battery. I Reaching a ravine to the right, and about 600 paces from the battery, we halted and awaited the assist- ance of ^Mendenhall’s battery, which was brought ^ into action on a knoll within a half mile of the enemy’s battery, which it immediatelj^ silenced. We then advanced and captured it the second time, and succeeded in holding it, despite the efforts of the enemy to repulse us. One of the guns was at I once turned upon the enemy, and Mendenhall’s I battery was advanced to nearly the same position, and opened fire upon the flank of the Confederate column, then retiring before Gen. ilcCook’s divis- ion on our right. This occurred at about half past 3 o’clock, P. 1\I., and up to this time, from 8 o’clock in the morning, mj' brigade had been almost con- stantly engaged. The Thirteenth Ohio and Eleventh and Twenty- sixth Kentucky regiments seemed to vie with each other in determined valor, and while they each have cause to regret and detest the conduct of a few of their officers and men, they may proudl}' exult over the glorious part which they took as reg- iments in the bloody engagements of Shiloh fields. I beg leave to make a special mention of the gallant conduct of the field and staff officers of the Thirteenth Ohio, and Eleventh and Twent 3 ’-sixth Kentucky Regiments, who, without exception, bore themselves as true soldiers and efficient officers through the dangers of the da}', and Lieut. R. E. Hackett, of the Twenty-sixth Kentucky, acting aid-de-camp, whose conduct throughout the day was marked by great coolness and courage. In the subsequent operations of the Army of the Ohio before Corinth these regiments bore a conspicuous part, performing with coolness and courage every duty assigned them. The Confederate army having ad- vanced through eastern and middle Ten- nessee into Kentucky, Gen. Buell moved his army to Louisville and thence to Perryville. Gen. George W. Morgan who was assigned to the command of the Seventh Division of the Army of the Ohio assumed command of the forces in eastern Kentucky early in April, 1862. Collecting the military com- mands at his disposal he formed them into four brigades, under Gens. S. P. Carter, A. Baird, J. G. Spears and Col. DeCoursey, in which the Seventh, Fourteenth, Nineteenth and Twenty-second Kentucky Infantries were incorporated. Maj. Munday’s battalion of the Sixth Kentucky Cavalry and Capt. Pat- terson’s company of Engineers and Mechanics reported directly to headquarters. Gen. Morgan determined at once upon the capture of Cumberland Gap. By bold stra- tegical movements, crossing the mountains by unfrequented roads south of the gap, he moved through Powell’s Yalley and was in- formed that the Confederates had not awaited 408 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Lis arrival, but Lad evacuated tLe strongLold, leaving Morgan to take peaceable possession. Maj.-Gen. E. Kirby Smith was in command of the Confederate department of east Ten- nessee and his small force was kept busy along Lis extensive front from the gap to Chattanooga. Cumberland Gap was held until the ad- vance of the Confederate forces under Bragg and Smith rendered it necessary for the lat- ter to turn it by the same route taken by Morgan in gaining possession, thus proving its uselessness as a strategic position. Find- ing his communications with his base of sup- plies at Lexington, Ky., cut off, and his sup- plies running short, Morgan determined to withdraw. This was successfully accom- plished in the presence of the Confederates. After a weary march of 200 miles through mountain passes, harassed by Confederate cavalry and suffering from lack of provis- ions, the division reached the Ohio Eiver. Previous to leaving the gap Gen. Morgan was obliged to dispense with cavalry and artillery horses for want of forage. Maj. Munday, with his cavalry and 400 of the Seventh Kentucky Infantry mounted upon artillery horses, was sent under command of Col. Garrard to report to Gen. Nelson, where they took part in the battles of Richmond and Perry ville. The first of these battles, fought against orders given by Gen. Nelson to his subordi- nate, Gen. M. D. Manson, resulted in defeat to the Union troops. Gen. William Nelson, to whom the command of all the troops in Kentucky was entrusted by Gen. Buell, had two brigades of the new levy stationed in the vicinity of Richmond and two more near Stanford. Gen. James S. Jackson, in com- mand of two regiments of cavalry thrown well forward on the Crab Orchard Road, reported the advance of a heavy force from the direction of Cumberland Gap. Gen. Nelson at once issued orders for the concen- tration of his command at Stanford, believ- ing that Gen. Smith would not attempt to cross the Kentucky River while so large a force was on his flank. Gen. Smith was, in the meantime, pushing forward toward Lex- ington by the Richmond Road, and on August 30th, came upon Manson’s brigade three miles in advance of Richmond. The Seventh Kentucky Cavalry and a detachment of the Third Tennessee Infantry had been brushed away from Big Hill by Smith’s cavalry several days previously. In the first encounter with Smith’s advance the Union troops were victorious, which embold- ened Manson to advance a mile farther, to Rogersville, where he formed line of battle and bivouacked for the night. Early on the following morning Smith attacked and drove Manson’s line back in confusion. Gen. Cruft, commanding a brigade consisting of the Eighteenth Kentucky, Ninety- fifth Ohio, and the Twelfth and Sixty-sixth Indiana, hearing the roar of battle, moved forwai’d from Richmond and soon met a cornier from Manson with orders to re-enforce him at once. The Eighteenth Kentucky pushed forward, and formed under a heavy fire on the right of the line, the Ninety-fifth Ohio on the left, leaving the two Indiana regiments in reserve. In the second attack the center gave way in confusion, followed by the left, but the Eighteenth Kentucky held its ground. Col. Warner’s horse was shot, but procuring another he continued to cheer on his men, until, struck down by a musket-ball, he was borne from the field. Lieut. -Col. Landrum had no sooner assumed command than he too received a fearful wound in his face, and the command devolved upon Maj. Bracht. Referring to the conduct of his brigade at this time, Gen. Cruft says in his report: The Eighteenth Kentucky made a gallant fight, and hy its brave stand broke the force of the enemy's attack and prevented the retreat at this time frona. becoming a rout. The men and officers of most of the regi- ments, however, fled in confusion through the fields to the rear. This was at 10:30, in the morning. No appeals availed to stop the panic-stricken men until the re- serve was reached, when, a considerable number having been rallied, a new line was formed and the two brigade commanders de- termined to risk another fight. The attack came in due time; Gen. Smith waiting long enough to allow the cavalry which he had GEN. .TAMKS S. JACKSON. niSTOEY OF KENTUCKY'. 409 sent by a detour to the rear of Richmond to get well on its way, before scattering the force in his front. The retreat which followed the third at- tack was soon converted into a rout. Gen. Nelson arrived on the field at this juncture, and by strenuous exertions succeeded in getting some 2,000 men in line, hoping to form of them a rear guard to cover the re- treat of the command. A few moments sufliced to show the utter uselessness of this undertaking. The line broke at the first fire, when, with one impulse of disgraceful cowardice, officers and men, mules and wagons, crowded the road toward Lexington. It was a fair field for a cavalry charge, and the Confederates made the most of it. YIen were killed, wounded or taken prisoners. Gen. Nelson, severely wounded, barely made his escape. Ylaj. Bracht collected about 800 of his regiment, together with stragglers from other commands, and, being well acquainted with the country, left the main road, and by hard marching reached Lexing- ton by way of Boonesboro. The loss of the Eighteenth Kentucky,in this its first engage- ment, was three officers and forty-seven men killed, six officers and sixty-four men wounded, and nine officers and 230 men missing. Gen. Kirby Smith was soon after joined in Ken- tucky by Gen. Bragg, and foraging and re- cruiting commenced on a large scale. The possibility that Gen. Bragg would be able to make good his promise to hold pos- session of the State induced several hundred men to join the Confederate standard. Ylean- while Gen. Buell had reached Louisville, and as soon as his army was reorganized by the incorporation of a large number of new reg- iments into it, he moved at once upon Bragg. While the main army, divided into three grand divisions under Gens. Thomas L. Crit- tenden, Alex. YIcD. McCook and C. C. Gil- bert, moved by parallel routes in the direc- tion of PeiTyville — in the vicinity of which place Bragg’s army was reported to be — two divisions under Gens. Sill and Dumont were sent toward Frankfort. By a singular mis- take Smith was led to believe that the force advancing on the Frankfort road was Buell’s main army, and so impressed Bragg with his view of the matter as to induce him not only to allow Smith to retain all his own forces, but to re enforce him with two divisions of his own. By this means it came about that the main Union army encountered but about one-third of the Confederate army at Perry- ville, while that portion under Sill and Dumont was permitted to march unmolested into the capital of the State, where they interrupted the interesting ceremony of the inauguration of a governor by the Confed- erates. Had the two armies met in a gen- eral engagement, their respective strength being so nearly equal, a decisive battle must have ensued. The Fifteenth Kentucky received its baptism of fire at Perry ville. Lytle’s brig- ade of Rousseau’s division occupied the right of YIcCook’s line of battle, where for several hours it held its position in the face of an attack, which for courage and endui’ance has few parallels in history. Late in the after- noon the Confederates determ'ned upon a last and overwhelming assault. Yloving around where they could easily be concealed by the undulations of the ground, they fell upon the right and rear of Lytle’s brigade and forced it to retire. Col. Lytle was severely wounded, and, refusing to be taken from the field, was captured. Hearing of this, Gen. Rousseau rode rapidly to that part of the field where the right of the brigade, the Fifteenth Kentucky, under command of the gallant Col. Pope, was resting upon a hill immediately in front of Loomis’ battery. Gen. Rousseau says: “While near the Fif- teenth Kentucky, I saw a heavy force of the enemy advancing upon our right, the same that had turned Lytle’s right flank. It was moving steadily up, in full view of where Gen. Gilbert’s army corps had been during the day, the left flank of which was not more than 400 yards from it. On approaching the Fifteenth Kentucky, though broken and shattered, the regiment rose to their feet and cheered, and, as one man, moved to the top of the hill where they could see the enemy; I ordered them to lie down, at the same time ordering Loomis’ battery to open upon the 410 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. advancing enemy.” At this moment re-en- forcements, tardily sent, appeared upon the field from Gilbert’s corps, and the Confed- erates were forced to retire from the field. The loss of the Fifteenth Kentucky in this engagement was sixty-six killed, and 130 wounded, and four taken prisoners. Col. Pope received a mortal wound, from which he died a month later. Lieut. -Col. Jouett and Maj. Campbell were killed, and three other officers were wounded.* The Army of the Ohio, under Gen. Buell, comprised all Kentucky regiments. After the Confederate forces retired from the State, and Buell, returning from their pursuit, turned the head of his columns toward Nashville, he was relieved of command by Maj. -Gen. William S. Rosecrans. The Department of the Cumberland was to be carved out of the southern Confederacy, and that portion of the State of Kentucky lying east of the Cumberland River was embraced in the Department of the Ohio under Maj.- Gen. H. G. Wright. Several regiments which had participated in the campaigns of Buell were retained by Gen. W right. These were the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Twentieth, Twenty- fourth and Twenty-sixth Infan- try. The Seventh, Fourteenth, Sixteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-seventh and Thirty-fourth also remained in the Department of the Ohio, leaving the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Fifteenth, Seven- teenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty- third and Twenty-eighth Infantries in the Army of the Cumberland. The cavalry reg- irqents were also divided between the two departments, the First, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thii’teenth, Fif- teenth and Seventeenth, all but the first newly raised regiments, remained in Ken- tucky, while the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh were assigned to Gen. Rosecrans, and thenceforth shared the fortunes of the Army of the Cumberland. The Seventh, Nineteenth and Twenty- second Infantries and Patterson’s engineers repre- sented the Kentucky troops in the Army of *See Appendix B, Battle of Perryville, page 736. the Tennessee, where, under their old commander’, Gen. George W. Morgan, they participated in the assault upon Chickasaw Bluffs, near Vicksburg, in December, 1862. The movement by Maj. -Gen. William S. Rosecrans with the Army of the Cumberland against the Confederate Army of the Ten- nessee, under Gen. Bragg, commenced on Christmas day, 1862. The following Kentucky organizations were engaged in the battle that ensued December O O 31st, at Stone River. Second Cavalry, Maj. T. F. Nicholas, on detached duty at headquarters; Third Cavalry, Col. Eli H. Murray, First Cavalry Brigade; Battery A, Light Artillery; Third Brigade, First Division, center; First Infantry, Col. D. A. Enyart, First Brigade, Second Division, left wing; Second Infantry, Col. T. G. Sedgewick, First Brigade, Second Division, left wing; Third Infantry, Lieut. -Col. Samuel McKee, First Brigade, First Division, left wing Fifth Infantry, Lieut. -Col. W. W. Berry, Third Brigade, Second Division, right wing; Sixth In- fantry, Col. W. C. Whitaker, Second Brigade, Sec- ond Division, left wing; Eighth Infantry, Lieut.- Col. R. May, Third Brigade, Third Division, left wing; Ninth Infantry, Col. B. C. Grider, First Brigade, Third Division, left wing; Eleventh Infant- ry, Lieut. -Col. E. L. Mottley, First Brigade, Third Di- vision, left wing; Fifteenth Infantry, Col. J. B. Foreman, Second Brigade, First Division, center; Twenty-First Infantry, Lieut. -Col. J. C. Evans, Third Brigade, Third Division, left wing; Twen- ty-Third Infantry, Maj. T. II. Hamrick, Third Brig- ade, Second Division, left wing; Maj. -Gen. George H. Thomas, commanding the center; Maj. -Gen. A. McD. McCook, commanding the right wing; Maj - Gen. Thomas L. Criltenden, commanding the left wing; Brig.-Gen. David S. Stanley, commanding the cavalry. Gen. Palmer’s division occupied the right of Crittenden’s corps and Cruft’s brigade held the right of the line, adjoining Negley’s division of Thomas’ corps. 'ITue attack made at dawn by the Confederates, commencing on the right, swept the right of McCook’s corps from the field, and swelling toward the left was met sturdily by Sheridan and Negley who were at length compelled to fall back, when the force of the assault fell upon Palmer. Gen. Cruft’s brigade was formed in two lines, the Second Kentucky and Thirty -first Indiana under c’narge of Col. Sedgewick in front, and the First Kentucky and Ninetieth Ohio command- ed by Col. Enyart in the rear support. Gen. Cruft says in his report of the battle of HISTORY or IvEHTUCKY. 411 Stone River: “My troops fought withheroism; every officer and soldier acted well and seeroed to me to accomplish more than could be ex- pected of him. For stm’dy endurance, stal- wart bravery and manly courage, it does not seem to me that the conduct of these two regiments here could be surpassed. The enemy was driven back, although superior in numbers. His charge was made in two lines with the appearance of a four rank formation and in most admirable order and discipline. After the first repulse and before my line could be advanced, the enemy made a second charge more furious than before. The Second Kentucky and Thirty-first Indiana nobly held their ground, and after some thirty minutes’ well directed fire drove him back for a short distance.” The rear line consisting of the Second Kentucky and Ninetieth Ohio was now advanced to the front, and became immediately engaged. Gen. Cruft continues: “I attempted with it to assail the enemy and ordered an advance. The First Kentucky, Col. Enyart, on the right of the line, made a gallant charge and drove the enemy before it, rushing forward to the crest of the hill, clear beyond and to the right of the burnt house. The fire was so severe from the enemy’s force at the burnt house on the left that the order to move up the Ninetieth Ohio was counter- manded, not, however, until many of the officers and men of this gallant regiment had pressed forward over the fence in line with the old First Kentucky.” The sad list of killed and wounded, in the First and Second Kentucky, attest the courage with which these regiments held their ground on this eventful day. . At length forced to fall back, the Second Kentucky brought off three pieces of artillery abandoned by Negley’s division just as they were being seized by the Confed- erates. The loss in the First and Second Kentucky Regiments in this engagement was 173 in killed, and wounded and missing. Although on constant duty during the first year of its service, the Third Kentucky Infant ■ ry had no opportunity to test its metal in a general engagement until the 31st of Decem- ber, 1862, when the Army of the Cumberland met the Confederate Army under Gen. Bragg on the field of Stone River. The regiment under Col. Samuel McKee served in Has- call’s brigade of Wood’s division in the left wing, and its opportunity came when the Confederates, under Donelson, attacked Palmer’s division in front of the Cowan House. Col. A. F. Stevenson, of Sheridan’s staff, in his history of Stone River, refers as follows to the splendid conduct of the Third Ken- tucky and its lamented commander: “Sud- denly an aid sent by Gen. Palmer dashed across the open space toward Gen. Hascall, whose command was a short distance in the rear, and informed him that Gen. Palmer’s division needed help immediately. After a moment’s consulation with Gen. Wood, Has- call sent the grand old Third Kentucky, and in double quick time this regiment rirshed to the rescue and took its position on the west side of the Nashville pike. A terrible fight took place. Scarcely had the Third Kentucky been in its position ten minutes when a mini^ bail struck its brave command- er, Lieut. -Col. Samuel McKee, above the eye, and he fell from his horse, while the regiment lost one- fourth its number in killed and wounded. The courageous Maj. Collier, though wounded in the leg and breast, refused to leave the field and stayed with his men to the end. Seeing that the Third Kentucky had suffered so severely, Gen. Hascall ordered the Fifty-eighth Indiana and Twenty-sixth Ohio to their relief as a second line; then placing Estepp’s battery between them a little way to the rear, he kept the One Hundredth Illinois further back in the rear.” The slaughter was frightful, and Gen. Donelson, after losing fifty per cent of .his effective strength, finding himself unable to break the line in his front, ordered his men to move into the cedars west of the Cowan House, and finally retired toward the Wil- kinson pike. The loss of the Third Kentucky in killed, wounded and missing in the en- gagement was 133, out of a total of 313 taken into action. In the disaster which befel the right wing at Stone River the Fifth Kentucky was in- volved, but all that heroic courage on the part of officers and men could do to eompen- 412 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. sate for the blunders of superior officers, was most gallantly done. Col. Berry took into the action 320 men, and of this number lost nineteen killed and eighty woueded, Capt. Ferguson among the former, and Lieut. -Col. Berry, Maj. Forman, Capts. Speed and Lovett, and Lieuts. Dissell, Shej)- pard and Powell among the latter; twenty- six were missing. During the engagement the color- bearer was shot, and down went the flag, but in a moment it gleamed aloft again in the hands of three men struggling who should have it. Sergt. Baker bore it through- out the remainder of the day. The old Nelson division was commanded by Maj. -Gen. John M. Palmer, and Hazen’s brig- ade, formed in two tines with the Sixth Ken- tucky and Forty-first Ohio in front, formed the center of the division. Gen. Hazen, referring to the assault made by the Confed- erates upon Cruft’s brigade, mentioned, says: “ The Sixth Kentucky was not immediately under my observation from the first assault until late in the day, but the portion of time it was with me, and I have reason to believe at all other times, it fought unflinchingly, and is deserving of all praise. It repelled three assaults of a rebel brigade from the Cowan House endeavoring to reach the wood, and only retired when its ammunition was exhausted. The loss of the regiment In the engagement was, in killed, two officers and eleven enlisted men; in wounded, six officers and eighty- eight enlisted men. Among the killed was Lieut. -Col. George T. Cotton, a brave and efiicient officer, and Capt. Charles S. Todd, who fell while pressing his men on to victory. Among the wounded officers were Lieuts. Bates, Dawkins, Ai’mstrong and Frank.” On the march of the army northward in September, Col. Stanley Matthews’ brigade, in which the Eighth and Twenty-first Ken- tucky were serving, moved to Louisville, where, in October, it was assigned to the old Crittenden division, then under command of Gen. Van Cleve. In the battle of Perry- ville the right wing, under Maj. -Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden, had no opportunity to participate, and the first battle of import- ance in which these regiments took part was Stone River. Van Cleve’s division, consist- ing in part of the Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh and Twenty-first Kentucky Infantry, was ordered to move at 7 A. M. on the morning of the 31st of December, to attack Breckin- ridge’s division on the right of the Confed- erate army. Before this movement could be carried out, the Confederate attack came with the force of a cyclone upon the right of the Union line. Van Cleve was at once re- called, and the Third Brigade, commanded by Col. S. W. Price, Twenty-first Kentucky, assigned to the defense of the ford. “ Who commands this brigade ? ” asked Gen. Rose- crans, appearing suddenly upon the scene. “I do,” replied Col. Price. “Will you hold this ford? ” “ I will try,” was the modest re- sponse. “Will you hold this ford?” “I will die here, sir.” “Will you hold this ford?" “Yes, sir.” “ That will do,” said the general, as he plunged the spurs into his horse, and dashed into the thick of the fray- The Eighth and Twenty-first remained at the ford, which was held according to prom- ise, while the Ninth and Eleventh Kentucky, commanded by Cols. Grider and Mottley, ac- companied the First Brigade to the rescue of the right wing. The tide of battle had set in with disaster to the Union arms. The line of battle suddenly improvised by Gen. Rosecrans from the reserve and the left wing lined the turnpike, waiting for the cloud of stragglers from McCook’s command to emerge from the cedars and pass through the line. Rarely had greater responsibility rested upon a single line of battle. Defeat meant the rout of the Union army and the undisputed march of the Confederates through Kentucky, from which they had just been driven. It was a thrilling moment when the order was given to advance. Steadily as if on parade the line moved forward in ir- resistible strength. The Confederates fell back, and the shock of battle came after the Confederate skirmish line, retiring upon the main body, rallied to defend the ground they had won. Col. Beatty formed his brig- ade with the Ninth Kentucky and Nine- teenth Ohio in the first line, and the Eleventh HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 413 and Seventy-ninth Indiana in support. In the engagement which ensued, the Second Brigade was driven back, leaving the First Brigade to bear the brunt of the fight. It was in a dangerous position, and a charge was necessary to save it from terrible loss. This was effected with the skill and precision characteristic of this model brigade, and the battle raged with redoubled fury, resulting in the triumph of the Union arms. During the fight the men of the Ninth and Eleventh Kentucky bore themselves like heroes. Gen. Van Cleve having been wounded while the battle was in progress, Col. Beatty assumed command of the division, and the command of the brigade devolved upon Col. Ben C. Grider, Ninth Kentucky. New Year’s day was occupied by both armies in caring for the wounded and moving into new positions. The division was advanced across Stone River, where its commander was directed to take position on the elevated ground beyond the ford, with the tacit understanding that his post was more one of observation of the Confederates’ movements than that of an army on the defensive. The assault of Breckinridge’s division on the 2d of January is more fully described in the sketch of the Confederate Kentucky brigade. Beatty’s entire division, sadly decimated by the fight of the 31st of Decem- ber, numbered little over 2,000 bayonets. To attempt to hold the position was folly, but receiving no orders to fall back, the sturdy commander held his position as long as pos- sible, when, finding that to remain longer must result in the loss of his command, the order was reluctantly given to retreat. It was delayed too long and a hand-to-hand fight ensued. The Ninth and Eleventh re- tired in as good order as possible, the Eighth and Twenty-first after a desperate battle were forced back and all reformed on the west bank of the river. The success of the Confederates was short lived. Fifty-four pieces of artillery sent a shower of iron among them. Volleys of musketry plowed through their ranks and they were compelled to retire. Gen. Rousseau refers to Col. Forman, who fell at Stone River while bravely leading his men in action, as “ My brave boy -colonel of the Fifteenth Kentucky.” Col. John Beatty commanding the brigade says: “Col. For- man, Fifteenth Kentucky, was killed in the cedar woods on the morning of the 31st. He was a brave man and an excellent oflficer. Capt. Bayne of the same regiment fell at the same time while urging his men forward.” In the desperate struggle between Rous- seau and Cleburne for the possession of the cedars, Beatty’s brigade moved up in line with the regular brigade, Scribner’s brigade following as support. Filled with exultation by their victory over Johnston on the extreme right the Confederates rushed forward upon the solid columns of Rousseau and VanCleve, only to be hurled back torn and bleeding in the conflict. Brigade after brigade was brought up only to share the fate of the first. The Union line was never broken after the first assault, for the heroic men who com- posed it realized the immense responsibility of the situation. The officers killed and mortally wounded at the battle of Stone River, in Kentucky regiments, were : Capt. Miller R. IMcCullock, Second Cavalry; Col. Samuel McKee, Lieut. Daniel Sevei-ance, Lieut. Mathew Cullen, Third Infantry; Capt. Alexander B. Ferguson, Lieut. Frank Dissell, Fifth Infantry; Lieut. -Col. George T. Cotton, Capt. Charles S. Todd, Sixth Infantiy; Capt. Robert B. Hickman, Eighth Iiifantiy, Capt. John B. Benton. Eighth Infantry; Capt. Landon C. Minter, Eighth Infantry; Lieut. Wade B. Cox, Eighth Infantry; Capt. Will- iam T. Bryan, Ninth Infantry; Capt. Demetrius B. Coyle, Ninth Infantry; Lieut. Algernon S. Leggett, Ninth Infantry; Lieut. Frederick F. Carpenter, Ninth Infantry; Col. James B. Forman, Fifteenth Infantry; Capt. Aaron S. Bayne, Fifteenth Infantry; Lieut. L. Frank Todd, Fifteenth Infantry; Lieut. Sebastian Stone, Twenty-first Infantry; Lieut, John 'H. Bevill, Twenty -first Infantry. The stupendous preparations for the cap- ture of Vicksburg drew toward Memphis, in November and the early part of December, 1862, the two divisions commanded by Gens. Morgan and A. J. Smith, largely re-enforced by regiments of the new levy, together with a large number of regiments not brigaded. To this force was added the division of Morgan L. Smith, and Gen. William T, 414 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. Sherman was assigned to command. That portion of Gen. Curtiss’ troops stationed on the east bank of the Mississippi was directed to join him. Admiral Porter’s gun-boat fleet was directed to co-operate, and when the expedition sailed from Memphis, on the 25th of December, its effective strength was estimated at 40,000 men. The flotilla en- tered the mouth of the Yazoo and the troops disembarked on the 27th. Gen. Steele’s division of Curtiss’ army had been taken on at Helena, Ark., and two brigades under Hovey and Thayer were land- ed above the mouth of Chickasaw bayou with orders to feel their way along its eastern bank. Blair’s brigade of this division was assigned to Morgan who, with his three brig- ades commanded by De Coursey, Lindsay and Sheldon, landed below the bayou. Mor- gan L. Smith was on his left — his two brigades under Gens. A. J. Smith and Stuart on the main road from Johnston’s plantation to Vicksburg, with orders to bear to the left and cross the bayou about one mile south of where Morgan struck it. The division of A. J. Smith was delayed one day at Milikin’s Bend awaiting the return of Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge’s brigade, which was detached at that point on an expedition to destroy the Vicksburg & Shreveport Kailroad. On their arrival, the two brigades of this division under Gen. Burbridge and Col. W. J. Landrum, formed the extreme right of the line of battle, and during the night of the 27th the ground in front was strongly reconnoitered. Gen. Martin L. Smith, the commander of the defenses at Vicksburg, whose successful repulse of the gun-boats the previous sum- mer had entitled him to the confidence of the Confederate government, surmising that the next attack would be made from the northern side to gain access to his rear, had applied himself to strengthening his position along the Chickasaw Blufi’s for a distance of thir- teen miles. A line of works extended to Haine’s Bluffs, manned by about 1,200 men, with abundant artillery planted along the sinuosities of the ridge, so as to gain a cross fire upon every available point of attack. Gen. Pemberton, confronted by Grant at Grenada, was unable to spare a man to re-en- force Vicksburg until the opportune arrival of Stevenson’s division from east Tennessee, when Vaughn’s brigade was at once detached and placed by Smith in the trenches on the left. Having aligned his troops Gen. Sher- man announced that the signal for a simul- taneous rush upon the works would be a volley of artillery in Morgan’s front. Strug- gling through the water and mud of the sluggish bayou, Blair’s and De Coursey’s brigades plunged forward. The water was too deep for the main portion of the line to cross and the position was stormed by a por- tion of these two brigades. Reaching the opposite bank the Forty- second Ohio was detained under cover by Col. De Coursey, but the Twenty-second Kentucky, led by the brave Monroe, rushed forward with a cheer to join their comrades in the charge. Their leader fell, but they pressed on through a tangled abatis, over dead and wounded men, under a storm of grape and canister shot raining down upon them from the works above their heads. Of the whole force, but eight regiments reached the second line of works. They had struggled over ground, to enter upon which was to encounter death. Lieut. -Col. Dustin led his Fifty-eighth Ohio to the foot of the last line of works and fell dead upon the parapet. Near him lay the brave major of the Thirty-first Missouri, dying of a mortal wound. For a few minutes the situation was such as to ap- peal to the stoutest heart, but the line stood firm, rapidly melting away under an enfilad- ing fire that swept every square yard of the ground in front of the works. No support was anywhere in sight; of 40,000 men but this handful was sent into the jaws of death. The works above their heads were manned by a disciplined force, thrice their number, whose well -aimed rifles dealt death at every discharge. If there is a limit to human en- durance the men of Blair’s and De Coursey’s brigades showed no signs of having reached it. With courage undaunted they still strove to reach the summit of the works, where as many as succeeded were received HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 415 upon the points o£ bayonets and thrust back. All along the base their bodies lay in ghastly heaps, the life-blood welling from gaping wounds. Each man fought for his life, officers and men intermingled in the strife, and recognized no rank but that which valor gives. The brief carnival of death was closed only by the order to retreat, but to retire was as hazardous as to go forward; to hesitate was to be lost. They finally withdrew, however, leaving behind them a trail of dead and wounded to be cared for by the victorious Confederates. The following regiments were in this assault, which must remain in history as one of the bloodiest on record: The Twenty- ninth and Thirty- first Missouri, Thirteenth Illinois, Fifty-eighth, Sixteenth and Fifty- fourth Ohio, and the Twenty- second Ken- tucky. Landrum and Burbridge on the right of the line performed the duty assigned them, which was to engage the troops in their front, and by a vigorous fusilade they prevented Vaughn from adding his force to that already in front of Blair and De Coursey. The attempt upon Vicksburg having failed, Gen. McClernand, who assumed com- mand of the corps on its arrival at the mouth of the Yazoo, determined upon the capture of Arkansas Post, on the left bank of the Arkansas River, fifty miles above its mouth. It was garrisoned by a division of infantry, 3,000 strong, under command of Gen. Churchill; and the fort, a full bastioned earthwork, was manned by three nine-inch columbiads in the casemates commanding: the river, and smaller guns facing landward. An earthwork extending inland 700 yards to a bayou was defended by infantry and light artillery. Above the fort the river was open to navigation, and into it the “Blue Wing,” a steamer laden with arms and ammunition for Sherman’s army, after its capture by Confederate gun-boats, was taken. On his way down the river to assume command of the corps, Gen. McClernand had heard of this exploit, and on reaching his command, finding that nothing further could be ac- complished in that direction, turned the prows of his boats up stream in search of game more easily bagged. His fii’st duty was to organize the army into two corps. Gen. Morgan was assigned to command of the Thirteenth Corps, consisting of A. J. Smith’s division and his own now under Gen. Osterhaus. Steele’s division and that of Morgan L. Smith, now commanded by Gen. Stuart (Smith, having been wounded), constituted the Fifteenth Corps, under com- mand of Gen. W. T. Sherman. By passing the mouth of the Arkansas and ascending the White River as far as the canal connecting the two rivers, the Con- federates were thrown off their guard, and the fleet appeared within a few miles of the fort before its presence was known to the garrison. Gen. Churchill was informed by his pickets that a powerful fleet had entered the Arkansas from White River on the 9th of January, and rightly surmising that the fort was the objective point, he disposed his troops to meet the attack. Of his three brigades, he sent Deshler’s and Dunning- ton’s into the trenches below the fort, re- taining Garland’s in reserve. The forenoon of the 10th was spent in de- barking from the boats, three miles below, whence Gen. Sherman moved rapidly toward the rear of the fort, with orders to move for- ward until his right rested on the river above it. Morgan followed, taking position on Sherman’s left, completing the line of invest- ment, while Col. Lindsay was sent with his three regiments, the Seventh Kentucky, Forty- ninth Indiana, and One Hundred and Four- teenth Ohio, and a battery of artillery, across the river to take position opposite to and above the fort, to cut off escape in that direction. These movements were as nearly executed as circumstances would permit, when night set in and the shivering troops bivouacked without shelter, and with no food but that found in their haversacks. While the troops were moving to their allotted positions in the line of investment, the gun-boats opened upon the troops within the works below the fort, which caused their withdrawal under cover of the heavy guns, i when Adm. Porter at once advanced to 416 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. test the metal of the guns within the fort. During the night Churchill received a tele- gram from Gen. Holmes, his department commander, directing him to hold out until re- enforcements arrived, or until all were dead, “which order,” says Churchill, “I communicated to my brigade commanders with orders to carry it out in spirit and in letter.” Gen. Steele’s division resting on the bayou in rear of the fort formed the extreme right of the line of battle and Osterhaus the left, De Coursey in reserve and Stuart and A. J. Smith in the center. Eight batteries of artillery were stationed at intervals along the line and a section of twenty-pounder Parrotts was posted on the river bank concealed from the fort by fallen trees to dismount the gun in the lower casemate. The cavalry was dis- posed in the rear with orders to force strag- glers to the front, a vocation peculiarly agreeable to the men on horseback. Lindsay’s battery had an enfilading fire across the river upon the Confederate line which carried away a battle flag and killed several men. “Eager to do still more,” says McClernand, “the Sev- enth Kentucky Infantry embarked on one of the gun-boats, that had passed the fort, to cross the river, but before the regiment could get over the enemy had surrendered.” In the fight that ensued the entire line moved forward gallantly and gained the cover of a belt of woods. The twenty-pounder Parrotts demolished the casemate and silenced a nine-inch columbiad, and by 4 P. M. every gun except a six- pounder Parrott on the land side had yielded to Porter’s artillery. Two boats passed up the river and joined Lindsay in enfilading the Confederate line, which still held out in obedience to Holmes’ iron- clad order. Two attacks made on the right were repulsed and on the left every charge made was driven back with heavy loss. A. J. Smith now deployed nine regiments of Bur- bridge’s and Landrum’s brigades, supported by three regiments in reserve, and moving steadily forward drove the Confederates toward the open ground in front of the right of the rifle pits. Sheldon’s brigade dashed forward upon the fort, but was halted by the deep ravine on the lower side. De Coursey advanced against a galling fire. The Nine- teenth Kentucky and two other regiments were sent to re-enforce Sherman. Burbridge’s brigade went forward, following its gallant leader, who, mounted upon a swift and pow- erful steed, calling upon his escort to follow him, dashed forward and came suddenly upon the fosse surrounding the fort. Behind him were his troops hotly engaged. There was not time to rein up, and, leaping the ditch, the general found himself alone in presence of the enemy. The men took aim at his head, but the ad- dress of the officer saved his life. “Recover arms,” he shouted, and with instinctive obedience the soldiers brought their guns to a perpendicular. Before they had time to recover their senses, the general had dis- mounted and was about to surrender, when he caught sight of a white flag floating from a bastion of the fort. Calling the attention of the guard to it, he passed within the fort; drawing a small United States flag from his pocket he mounted to the top of the fort, and, securing a ramrod for a flag staff, gave it to the breeze. The sight of a white flag floating from the fort brought Churchill in hot haste to the spot. It had not been raised by his order, and the irate commander, en- countering a Federal officer within the fort, hardly knew what to make of the situation. Gen. Burbridge immediately called upon him to surrender, but remarked jocularly “I do not know whether I am your prisoner or you mine.” Outside the fort the storm of battle that had raged unceasingly for four hours had nearly ceased and the entrance of several of Burbridge’s staff, led by the faithful Lieut. John Throckmorton, decided the question. Col. Dunnington now appeared upon the scene from an angle of the fort opposite the entrance. Both officers offered their swords but were referred to Gen. McClernand, who entering at this moment received their sur- render. The loss in the Union troops was 129 killed, 831 wounded and seventeen miss- j ing; total 977. That of the Confederates, sixty killed, eighty wounded and nearly 6,000 prisoners. The spoils consisted of seventeen HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 417 pieces of artillery, 5,000 stand of arms, 130 swords and a large quantity of ammunition. In the Vicksburg campaign, the Seventh Kentucky Inf antry, under command of Lieut. - Col. J. Lucas and Col. R. B. May, served in the First Brigade of Osterhaus, Ninth Divis- ion, Thirteenth Corps. The brigade was com- manded by Brig. Gen. T. T. Garrard, the former colonel of the regiment, until June, when Col. Keigwin was assigned to command. The Nineteenth Kentucky Infantry, under Lieut.-Col. J. Cowan, was in Col. Landrum’s (Second) brigade of A, J. Smith’s (Tenth) di- vision, Thirteenth corps, and the Twenty-sec- ond Kentucky, under Lieut.-Col. Monroe, was in Col. Lindsay’s (Second) brigade of Ostei’- haus’ division. Col. Sheldon relieved Col. Lindsay in command of the brigade in June, when the latter assumed command of the division, retaining it until after the fall of Vicksburg. The First Brigade of the Tenth Division was commanded by Gen. S. G. Bur- bridge, formerly colonel of the Twenty-sixth Kentucky Infantry. Thus four brigades of the Ar my of the Tennessee were commanded by Kentuckians. They took part in all the battles of Gen. Grant’s movement to the rear of Vicksburg, and won the following glowing tribute from the corps commander. Headquarters Thirteenth Army Corps, ) Near Vicksburg, June 5, 1863. ( Governor : — I have the honor to inform you that there are two general officers and three regiments, the Seventh, Nineteenth and Twenty-second Ken- tucky, in the Thirteenth Army Corps, Department of the Tennessee, under my command, who crossed the Mississippi River with me at Bruiusburg, below Grand Gulf, on the 30th day of April, and who took part in the battles of Thompson’s Hill on the 1st of May; Champion Hills on the 16th; Big Black Bridge on the ITth of May; and at Vicksburg, beginning on the 19th of May and continuing up to the present time. I am most happy, sir, to congratulate you, and, through you, your noble State for the victories won by the common effort of her brave sons -with those of sister States, and to bear testimony to the gal- lantry,’ bravery and good conduct of her officers and men in all these bloody struggles. They bore themselves with the unflinching steadiness of vet- erans, both under galling fires of artillery and mus- ketry, and in making charges upon fortifications. They have shown themselves compeers and fit companions in arms with brave men of sister States in a series of battles, in which it has become impossible to make particular mention of those who distinguished themselves, without mentioning, I individually, both officers and men. Your obedient servant, (Signed) John A. McClernand, Major-General, Commanding Thirteenth Army Corps, Department of the Tennessee. His Excellency, James F. Robinson, Governor of Kentucky. The limits of this work will not permit more than the merest outline of Gen. Grant’s operations in rear of A^icksburg. By a series of bold movements his army, under skillful corps, division and brigade commanders, often acting independently, succeeded in sep- arating the army under Gen. Pemberton from that commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, and confininir it to the works at Vicksbursf. Both Gens. Bragg in Tennessee and Pem- berton in Mississippi were nominally under command of Gen. Johnston, but in the exercise of their discretion disobeyed his orders whenever in their judgment occasion demanded. If implicit obedience had been yielded to him the Vicksburg campaign would, beyond doubt, have had a different result. Bragg, resting quietly behind his works at Tullahoma, was repeatedly urged to send strong re-enforcements to Johnston to enable him to attack Grant’s investing line from the rear and compel him to abandon the siege. AVith the railroad communications at his command this movement need not have occupied but a few days, and the increase of Johnston’s army by 30,000 men would have been sufficient to crush Grant between the forces in his front and rear. After an ineffectual attempt to cut a chan- nel for the gun-boats across the peninsula, formed by a bend in the Mississippi River opposite Vicksburg, the problem was solved by Adm. Porter on the night of the 16th of April, when with his fleet and three trans- ports he ran the blockade, followed a week later by six more transports, each towing two barges laden with forage and rations. After live hours’ bombardment of the works at Grand Gulf, it became evident that they could not be carried, when the blockade at i this point was run, and the troops, marching 26 418 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. to Hard Times Landing, were ferried across the river to Bruinsburg. As soon as the Thirteenth Corps was landed and could draw thi’ee days’ rations in haver- sacks, the troops were started on the road to Port Gibson, near which place, on the 1st of May, the advance of the Confederates was met, and after a hard fight defeated and pur- sued toward Port Gibson. Col. S. A. Shel- don, commanding the Second Brigade at the time, says: “The Sixteenth Ohio and the Twenty- second Kentucky obliquing to the left entered the ravine on the front and left of the enemy’s position, and advanced under cover very near the enemy, and maintained their position until near night, doing consid- erable damage to the enemy by a continuous and well directed fire.” He mentions among other officers Maj. Worthington, commanding the Twenty-second Kentucky, as behaving ably and gallantly. The next two weeks were occupied in bring- ing up supplies and advancing into the inte- rior as far as Raymond, which was garrisoned by Osterhaus’ division, but in obedience to orders from Gen. Grant the division moved north, and on the 15th, captured Bolton’s Station with several prisoners. Smith’s division bivouacked north of Raymond; Hovey’s, Carr’s and Blair’s divisions were near at hand, all fronting toward Edward’s Station, whei’e the Confederate army was supposed to be in force. Early on the morn- ing of the 15th, Smith advanced supported by Blair on the southern road. Osterhaus moved on the middle road followed by Carr, while Hovey marched by the northern road. Thus McClernand’s corps moving on parallel roads encountered Pemberton’s advance about 7.30 A. M. and the battle of Champion Hill ensued. Gen. McPherson was in support of Hovey’s division with his entire corps; a line of skirmishers connected with Smith’s and Osterhaus’ divisions; Blair moved a brigade to the support of the right, while Ransom’s brigade performed a like service upon the left. At 10 A. M. Gen. Hovey advanced upon the Confederates, who were posted on a wooded hill some sixty or seventy feet in height, midway between Vicksburg and Jackson, known as Champion Hill. The appearance of Hovey’s division at the base of the hill was the signal for opening a galling fire of artillery and musketry, but the brave fellows pressed forward and by 11 o’clock the engagement was general along the entire line, which continued with increas- ing fury until noon, when the Confederates fell back, leaving 300 prisoners in the hands of the Union troops. Quickly rallying, however, the Confeder- ates, re-enforced by fresh troops, poured down the road and renewed the conflict, directing their attack upon Hovey, who was borne back until the ground taken by desperate fighting was lost. The advance of the Confederates, however, was checked by a heavy enfilading fire of artillery, under which they were driven back to the cover of the woods, followed by Hovey’s and Crocker’s divisions, which push- ing forward reached the crest of the hill, and the day was won. In little over four hours nearly one- third of Hovey’s division were killed or wounded. Meanwhile, Osterhaus’ division had advanced against the right of the Confederate line, Garrard’s brigade on the right and Lindsay’s on the left, and soon both brigades were hotly engaged, and the re- serves were brought up. Lindsay’s brigade charged a battery, shooting down men and horses and capturing two pieces of artil- lery. Garrard, in the meantime, was pushing his lines forward on the right. The Seventh Kentucky, the Forty-ninth Indiana, and one section of Lanphere’s battery, formed the advance, and, driving the Confederate skir- mishers fi’om one ravine to another, they pushed forward toward the main position in a fierce charge that brought them under the fire of the guns upon the hill, where they were obliged to halt. Finding that a further stay at Champion Hill would place the army in jeopardy, Gen. Pemberton now detei’mined to fall back upon Vicksburg, which he did, followed by Oster- haus and Smith. “Thousands of the enemy,” says Osterhaus in his report, “were found scattered everywhere and fell into our hands as prisoners. In one instance Col. Lindsay with the Sixteenth Ohio and Twenty-second HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 419 Kentucky Infantry alone took more prisoners than the whole number of his brigade com- bined.” The pursuit was kept up as far as Edward’s Station, where McClernand’s corps bivouacked for the night. The lines were pushed forward, however, at other points and especially by Gen. Lawler, whose division dashed forward under a severe hre, and with fixed bayonets drove the Confederates from their works, but not until they had succeeded in burning the bridge across Big Black River. During the following night and morning, the bridge was rebuilt by Patterson’s Engi- neers, and the army crossed and took up the line of march for Vicksburg. In the alignment of his troops before Vicksburg Gen. Grant assigned McClernand’s corps to the left. The right of the corps stretched across the raih’oad, and the left, reaching southward, closed the roads leading into city. On the 22d of May, an attempt was made to carry the works by storm, the three corps acting simultaneously. In this movement the divisions of Gens. Osterhaus and Smith bore a prominent part. Gen. Osterhaus formed the column with the Twenty- second Ken- tucky and Forty-second Ohio on the right, the One Hundred and Fourteenth Ohio, Forty-ninth and Sixty-ninth Indiana in the center, and the Seventh Kentucky and One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois on the left, the Sixteenth and One Hundred and Twenti- eth Ohio deployed as skirmishers. Gen. Osterhaus says Precisely at 10 o’clock the column advanced against a terrific fire from the rifle-pits and forts. The Seventh Ken- tucky, leading the left column, advanced to the top of the hill and marched over the naked brow of it through a murderous fii’e from the great redoubt on the left; they suf- fered heroically. All the columns reached the top of the hill, and came within so short a distance from the works that all orders and commands given on the enemy’s side could be distinctly understood by our men.” Here the division remained during the day, unable to advance or retreat until night- fall, when it was withdrawn. They kept up a rattling fire, however, and aided materially in the success of their comrades on the left. McClernand gives a graphic account of the chai’ge made by Landrum’s brigade. Five minutes before 10 o’clock the bugle sounded the charge; at 10 o’clock my columns of attack moved foiward, and within fifteen minutes Lawler’s and Landrum's brigades had carried the ditch, slope and bastion of a fort. Some of the men, emulous of each other, rushed into the fort, finding a piece of artillery, and in time to see the men who had been serving and supporting it escape behind an- other defense commanding the interior of that they were in. All of this daring and heroic party were shot down except one, who recovering from the stunning effect of a shot seized his musket and cap- tured and brought in thirteen rebels who had re- turned and fired their guns. The captor was Sergt. Joseph Griffin, who I am happy to say has since been promoted. Within fifteen minutes after Lawler’s and Landrum’s success, Benton’s and Burbridge’s brigades, fired by their example, rushed forward and carried the ditch and slope of another heavy earth- work and planted their colors upon the latter. There is no doubt but that if McClernand had been promptly supported at this juncture the works could have been carried and the day won. His troops were the only troops who gained a momentary foothold within the intrenchments, and a heavy column pushed forward in support would doubtless have forced its way to the rear of the Confederate lines. It was not done, however, and the many valuable lives lost in the useless slaughter were wasted to no purpose. The loss in McClernand’s corps alone was 1,487 in killed, wounded and missing. In the siege that followed, the Kentucky regiments and Patterson’s Engineers were constantly on duty, winning by their corn-age and constancy the highest encomiums frora their commanding officers. After the sur- render of Pemberton on the 4th of July, they were sent to Louisiana, where they remained on duty during the continuance of the war. The men of these splendid regiments have good reason to be proud of their record, undimmed as it is by a single act of coward- ice or insubordination. The names of officers of Kentucky' regi- ments who were killed in battle or died of wounds, received in the two campaigns against Vicksburg, are as follows: 420 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Seventh Infantry . — Capt. Levi Pennington, in action at Chickasaw Bluffs, December 28, 1862; Capt. Thomas Wilson, in battle of Chaplin Hills; Lieut. Thomas Buchannan, Chaplin Hills, May 16, 1863. Nineteenth Infantry. — Maj. Morgan V. Evans, in action before Vicksburg, May 22, 186.3. Twenty-Second Infantry. — Capt. Daniel Garrard, Capt. William B. Hogan and Lieut. Jabez Truitt, in action at Chickasaw Bluffs, December 29, 1862. COLOEED DEPAETMENT DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM — DANVILLE. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 421 CHAPTER XYIL KENTUCKY TKOOPS IN TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA CAMPAIGNS. T he four days’ struggle in front of Mur- freesboro (December 31, 1862 — January 3, 1863), known as the battle of Stone River, was succeeded by a period of inactivity in middle Tennessee. Rosecrans had immediately taken possession of the town, while Bragg had re- tired to Tullahoma, strongly fortifying his position there, as well as an advanced position at Shelby vi lie. Here the two armies closely watched each other; the Federal general, by his threatening attitude, preventing his antag- onist from sending needed re- enforcements to Johnston, who was vainly striving to raise Grant’s siege of Vicksburg. Early in June, however, the Army of the Cumberland moved from its position, and in August found its way over the mountains to Stevenson and Bridge- port, necessitating the withdrawal of Bragg, first to Chattanooga, and in the early part of September to Lafayette, Georgia. On the 10th instant the national troops entered Chat- tanooga. This brilliant campaign, which resulted in wresting middle Tennessee from the Confed- erates, was obscured by the more bloody, but not more successful, capture of Vicksburg, and battle of Gettysburg, and in comparison with these events attracted less attention than its real importance merited. The movement would have been made much earlier but for the certainty that in case of success, which was never doubted by the brave commander, the defeated army of Gen. Bragg would have joined Gen. Johnston at Jackson, Miss., and enabled him by the augmentation of his strength to imperil the operations before Vicksburg. But the campaign was not to close without a savage struggle. The Confederate general, receiving re-enforcements from the army in Virginia, determined to contest the possession of Chattanooga in a pitched battle in the valley of the Chickamauga, and having at- tempted on the 17th and 18th to fall upon detatched corps of Rosecrans’ army, without securing any advantage, he prepared for a grand attack on the next day. The Fourth, Tenth and Eighteenth Ken- tucky Infantry Regiments, although among the first mustered into the service, missed the opportunity of distinguishing themselves in the battles of Shiloh, Perryville and Stone River. The Fourth, Lieut. -Col. P. B. Hunt, and the Tenth, Col. William H. Hays, formed a portion of the second brigade of Brannan’s division commanded by that superb soldier, Col. John T. Croxton, which had the honor of opening the battle of Chickamauga. A Confederate brigade was reported to have crossed Chickamauga Creek and to be cut off from the main body by the Union cavalry. Croxton’ s brigade was ordered forward to attack it. Advancing about one mile on the Ringgold Road, the brigade halted and formed in line of battle, the Fourth Ken- tucky on the left, Seventy- fourth Indiana on the right, the Tenth Indiana on the center, and the Tenth Kentucky and Four- teenth Ohio in reserve. The skirmish line was at once attacked by Forrest’s cavalry and fell back to their place in line, which opened fire and caused a hasty retreat by the venture- some cavalry. Resuming the march in line of battle the brigade soon came upon the Confederate infantry, which developed into an overwhelming force. Finding that the force in his front far exceeded a brigade and was in fact an army corps, Croxton at once ordered a retreat, which was successfully 422 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. effected. In this fight the brave commander of the Fourth Kentucky was severely wound- ed, and Maj. R. M. Kelly, of the regiment, inspector-general of Brannan’s division, assumed command. Having taken position on a ridge, the brigade held its position until relieved by King’s brigade, when it fell back, replenished its cartridge-boxes and returned to the right of King’s, now severely pressed. The Confederates, three lines deep, were advancing in force, when, a charge being ordered, the two brigades sprang forward drove them back and captured five pieces of artillery which they brought from the field. After a desperate struggle, in which the Fourth and Tenth fought with courage and determination, the Union troops were flanked and driven back. They fell back, however, slowly, and in good order, and seizing the first favorable position held it until relieved by Johnson’s division. On the morning of the 20th, the brigade crossed the Chattanooga Road toward the front and took position near Kelly’s house. Rude fortifications were thrown up, and every preparation made to resist the attack that all loiew to be impend- ing. In the terrible battle that ensued, Col. Croxton was seriously wounded, and was compelled to relinquish the command to Col. C. M. Chapman, Seventy -fourth Indiana. The brigade became separated when the charge of Longstreet fell upon the right center of the main line, but the organizations clung together and rendered good service in repulsing the assault upon the ridge. Gen. Turchin’s brigade of Reynold’s division, to which the Eighteenth Kentucky was attached, took part in the engagement of the I9th, at the point where Cruft’s and Hazen’s brigades being heavily pressed called for assistance, Gen. Cruft refers to the timely aid rendered by the Eighteenth Kentucky, Col. Milward, and the Ninety-second Ohio. Gen. Turchin was in the rear of his column at the time when these two advance regiments of his brigade were ordered by Gen. Reynolds to re-enforce Palmer, and coming up soon after brought up the remain ing portion of his command and took posi- tion between Palmer and Johnson, where, about 4:30, P. M., he met a charge by Law’s brigade of Hood’s division with a counter charge which drove them back. In this he was joined by Cruft’s brigade, after which, as related by both brigade commanders, they withdrew to their original position. In the fight of the 20th, the Eighteenth Kentucky was in reserve most of the day, but joined in the timely charge made by the brigade, when, flushed with success. Long- street’s troops were driving the dissevered fragments of Brannan’s division. It was a forlorn hope, but the intrepid brigade was equal to it. Turchin says: “The command ‘Forward!’ was given, and with a yell the brigade rushed forward and broke to pieces the confronting columns of the rebels. They fled pell-mell, and notwithstanding the fire of artillery on front and flank they pushed forward and took the guns.” Col. Milward, of the Eighteenth Kentucky, being wounded, Maj. Hall took command. The loss in the Kentucky regiments was as follows: Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. Fourth Kentucky .... 25 1.53 12 190 Tenth Kentucky 21 134 10 165 Eighteenth Kentucky. 7 45 33 85 The Third Kentucky, under Col. H. C. Dunlap, was in Harker’s brigade of Wood’s division, Twenty-first Army Corps, and formed a portion of the command of Col. Harker, which made a bold reconnaissance from Chat- tanooga to Gordon’s Mills in the wake of the retreating army of Gen. Bragg on September 11th. On this march the brave Lieut. -Col. Bullitt, with eight companies of the Third Kentucky, formed the skirmish line which drove the straggling cavalry and infantry through the defile in the mountains and across the Chickamauga Creek, where, the Confederates making a stand, Col. Dunlap was ordered to re-enforce them with the I’emainder of the regiment. So promptly was this done, that the regiment was dubbed “Harker’s cavalry.” On the morning of the 12th, Hazen’s brigade, advancing from Pea- vine Valley, formed a junction with Harker The two brigades remained at Gordon’s Mills until the arrival of the corps, the main body of which marched via Ringgold from Chatta- nooga. In the battles of the 19th and 20th, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 4-23 ihe Third Kentucky won the especial com- mendation of the brigade and division com- manders for soldierly conduct and steadiness under the most trying circumstances. Col. Dunlaj? refers as follows to the action of his regiment at the moment of Longstreet’s attack upon the right center of the Union line of battle: “Lieut. -Col. Bullitt and Adjt. Hunt behaved gallantly in gathering from the retreating mass some 400 stragglers, which they rallied upon the hill, that de- veloped itself as part of the important key to the safety of the army.” The loss of the Third Kentucky in the bat- tle was 113 killed, wounded, and missing. The Seventeenth Kentucky replaced the Eleventh in Col. Samuel Beatty’s brigade, after the battle of Stone River, and at Chick- amauga the Kentucky regiments engaged in Van Cleve’s division were the Eighth, Lieut.- Col. James D. Mayhew; the Ninth, Col. George H. Cram, and the Seventeenth, Col. Alex. M. Stout; the first named in Barnes’ and the two latter in Beatty’s brigades. The Twenty-first under its intrepid commander was left at Shell Mound to look after the rear and protect communications with Bridge- port when Crittenden’s corps marched into Chattanooga, and so it came about that one of the best fighting regiments in the army took no part in the battle of Chickamauga, other than as anxious listeners to the can- nonading on the other side of Lookout Mountain. “Left behind and forgotten,” was the angry comment of Col. S. W. Price, as he returned from his perch on a spur of Raccoon Mountain, where he had gone to gain from the roar of the battle some idea of how it fared with his comrades in the fight. While Harker and Hazen were feeling for the Confederates in the direction of Lafayette, Beatty, who had moved with the main por- tion of the Twenty-first Corps to Ringgold, was sent with his brigade on a reconnaissance in the direction of Dalton, the object of Gen. Rosecrans being to ascertain beyond doubt the position of Bragg’s main army. The result was to locate him at Lafayette, a belief which subsequently developed into a certainty. On the 13th, the corps having moved to Gordon’s Mills, Van Cleve’s division advanced on a reconnaissance toward Lafay- ette, Beatty in advance. The Confederates, consisting of three regiments of Wheeler’s cavalry and a section of artillery, were driven some three miles, when, no considerable force appearing, the division returned to camp. At 10 A. M., the 19th instant. Palmer’s division being heavily engaged, Van Cleve was ordered with the First and Second brig- ades to his support. In this movement the Ninth and Seventeenth Kentucky were in the second line of Beatty’s brigade. In the charge that ensued, the brigade captured a battery. The Confederate line overlapping the division to the right and continuing to advance, made it necessary for Van Cleve to fall back to a new position in the rear. On the morning of the 20th, the two brigades moved by order of Gen. Rosecrans, in response to Gen. Thomas’ request for re en forcements, to the left. Barnes’ brigade had been detached on the previous day, and was engaged near the extreme left of the line. The First Brigade, followed by the Second, marched by the left flank, in the rear of Brannan’s division, with the general order to fill any vacant place in the line, but finding none, the men were ordered to lie down to avoid the effects of a fire they could not re- turn. While in this position the attack by Gen. Longstreet came with the force of an avalanche, sweeping through a gap in the line, made by the withdrawal of Wood’s division from its position in line, on the right of Brannau, and left of Sheridan. In response to the repeated calls of Gen. Thomas for re- enforcements to the left, which was greatly imperiled, and which it was agreed must be held at all hazards, Brannan’s division was ordered to move in rear of Reynolds, and re- port to Gen. Thomas. Gen. Wood, next in line, was ordered to move to the left, and connect with Reynolds, while Davis and Sher- idan, of McCook’s corps, were directed to move to the left, and close the gap formed by this movement. When the order was given, there was no appearance of danger in the front of the center and right, but there was 424 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. heavy fighting on the left. When Brannan and Wood received the order the advance of the Confederates from the woods was plainly visible. Brannan, who was near Reynolds, turned to him, and said : “ I have an order to withdi’aw my division; shall I do so in the face of this attack ?” Gen. Reynolds’ reply, as stated to the writer, was : “ Remain where you are, and I will assume the responsibility of countermanding the order.” Gen. Wood obeyed the order, as to moving to the left, but finding Brannan still on his left, moved in rear of his division, and was caught in Hank by the assault. Wood had but two brigades, George P. Buell’s and Harker’s; his second brigade, Wagner’s, being at Chattanooga. The military reader will readily imagine the scene of confusion which followed. Wood’s veteran brigades were scattered like chaff before the wind. The right of Bran- nan’s division, being without support, crum- bled away. The head of Sheridan’s column, moving rapidly to carry out the order to close up on Wood, wa^ caught in the flank, and Gen. Lytle, the brave commander of the leading brigade, fell with a mortal wound. The line was rent in twain, and each side of the gap recoiling before the storm of mus- ketry fell back in disorder. There was no panic, however, such as was witnessed at Stone River, when the right wing melted away as if by magic. Detached companies and regiments clung together, and at the first appearance of a nucleus, rallied around the flag. The Seventeeth Kentucky, under the masterly leadership of Col. A. M. Stout, re- mained nearly intact, and formed on the ridge, which formed one side of the ravine through which Longstreet’s victorious army marched after passing through the line. It was the wish of Gen. Longstreet, as expressed years later, to the writer, to move on without halting upon Chattanooga, and it was so evidently the right thing to do, that Gen. Rosecrans believed he would do it, and made his dispositions to meet the changed condition of affairs. This involved the necessity of looking after his rear; burrjdng the army trains to Chattanooga ahead of Longstreet, placing the reserve artillery, supported by Wagner’s Posts and Spear’s brigades, in po- sition to defend the place, and thus forming a rallying point for the broken columns of his army. It was easy to give the oi’ders for these things to be done, but everything de- pended upon their prompt execution, and turning to Gen. Garfield he rapidly enumer- ated the various movements necessary to in- sure the defense of Chattanooga, until the main army could be brought off the field. Gen. Garfield replied that he could much easier be the bearer of the general’s orders to Gen. Thomas, which was agreed to, and under these circumstances Rosecrans rode rapidly away, to make arrangements for the safety of his army. Meantime, a strong line was formed at right angles with Brannan’ s, facing toward the right, along the crest of the ridge, com- posed of troops of Wood’s, Van Cleve’s and Brannan’s divisions, strengthened by such troops as could be spared from the main line, which defeated the flank movement of Long- street. His intention to move upon Chatta- nooga was frustrated by Bragg, who, antici- pating danger from the detachment of so large a portion of his army, ordered him to move upon the flank. In the defense of the right flank, as now formed, the Third, Sixth, Ninth and Seventeeth Kentucky Regiments took a prominent part. Eighty officers and enlisted men of the Third Kentucky were wounded, within fifteen minutes, in the angle formed by Brannan’s division and the new line. A portion of the reserve corps, under Gens. Granger, Steedman and Whitaker, ap- peared in the nick of time upon the right, and went into action with a fury that nothing could withstand, and the day was saved. At the same time the Eighth Kentucky was act- ively engaged on the right, and, though flanked and compelled to fall back, main- tained its organization, and fought bravely during both days of battle, and was the last to leave the field. The loss in the Kentucky regiments of Van Cleve’s division was as follows; Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. Eighth Kentucky 3 31 2 36 Ninth Kentucky 2 45 13 60 Seventeenth Kentucky. 6 105 15 126 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 425 Baldwin’s brigade of Johnson’s division, Twentieth Army Corps, with the division, moved on the morning of the 19th from the corps, and took position on the extreme left of the general line of battle, three miles east of Crawfish Springs. The Fifth Kentucky, Col. W. W. Beny, was posted on the left of the front line of Baldwin’s brigade. A charge being ordered, the line advanced rapidly against a galling fire of musketry and artil- lery, driving the Confederates over a mile. Half an hour later, being heavily re-enforced, they returned the attack. The Ninty-third Ohio formed on the left of the Fifth Ken- tucky, but, the Confederate lines extending beyond the left of the brigade, the Ninety- third staggered under the blow. Col. Bald- win, with heroic courage, seized the colors and shouting “Rally round the flag, boys,” the regiment sprang forward with such im- petuosity as to repulse the charge and cap- ture two guns. The Fifth Kentucky, stand- ing in line, swept its front with continuous volleys of musketry. Quiet then reigned for an hour and a half when the storm again burst with renewed fury. Baldwin’s brigade withstood the shock, but a regiment on its right broke, and the Confederates rushing into the gap com- menced a furious assault upon Baldwin’s right. Here Col. Baldwin was shot, leaving the brigade without a commander. The Fifth Kentucky and the Ninety-third Ohio were completely cut off, the Confederate line being between them and the reserve. But darkness came to their relief, and silent- ly, on double quick, the two regiments passed the Confederate flank, joined the reserve, faced about and for half an hour the most terrific fighting of the day took place. The two lines were but a few yards apart and a hand to hand fight followed. It was a desperate struggle, but the Confederates Avere drawn back and the line was held. At this moment Col. Berry, as ranking officer, assumed the command of the brigade, and Gen. Baird’s division, coming up, formed on the extreme left of the main line of battle. The divisions Avere now aligned as follows: — counting from left to right — Baird, John- son, Palmer, Reynolds, Brannan, Negley, Sheridan and Davis; Wood and Van Cleve in reserve. During the night Gen. Rose- crans called his corps commanders together, and in the conference which took place it was agreed that the left must be held, as it guarded the main Lafayette and Chatta- nooga Road. To this end, Negley was with- drawn from the line, Wood ordered to take his place, and Van Cleve was ordered to the rear of Brannan in reserve. This formation remained until the withdrawal of Wood caused the disaster of the afternoon. The Fifth Kentucky occupied a position in the second line. The Confederate line, formed in echelon, attacked first on the left and followed with successive strokes along the Union front. This attack was well adapted to produce the result which followed, as the troops on the left of the Confederate line, concealed from view, awaited the weakening of the Union right before advancing. When the attack fell upon Berry, he at once moved up his rear line, but some of Baird’s troops giving away, necessitated a half wheel and charge upon the Confederates. The Fifth Kentucky, now led by Capt. Huston, rapidly cleared the fields in their front, and, as Col. Berry ex- pressed it, “ with an impetuousity never excelled,” struck the Confederates in flank, and drove them pell-mell a mile and a half, capturing many prisoners, among them Gen. Adams. Lieut. Huston, a promising young officer, was killed in this charge. The loss of the Fifth Kentucky in this engagement was 15 killed, and 110 wounded. Total, 125. Gen. Cruft’s brigade went into action on the 19th of September, with an effective strength of seventy-six officers and 1,300 enlisted men, of which 128 were artillery. The Second Division of the Twenty-first Army Corps, commanded by Gen. Palmer, was detatched from the corps and ordered to report to Gen. Thomas. Line of battle was formed to the right of McNamar’s house on the Ross- ville Road, in echelon, Hazen’s brigade on the left. Cruft’s brigade in the center, and Grose’s brigade on the right. The First and* 42(5 HLSTOEY OF KENTUCKY. Second Kentucky, Cols. Enyart and Sedge- wick were in the latter; the Sixth Kentucky, Col. Shackelford, in Hazen’s brigade, and the Twenty-third Kentucky, Lieut. -Col. J. C. Foy. in Grose’s brigade. The battle opened in this part of the field with a successful charge by the Confederates, which drove the division back from its first position, but no rout ensued, and on the ar- rival of re-enforcements under Gen. Turchin, a counter charge was made which resulted in regaining the lost ground. In this charge the Kentucky regiments displayed their usual gallantry. During the night, rapid firing in front of Johnson’s division indicated a night attack, and Cruft’s brigade moved up on the right and Grose followed soon after. The night was far spent when the new line was formed, and the remaining hours were utilized in the erection of rude breastworks along the bank of a stream. The morning of the 20th found the division in good position for with- standing an attack. The men wearied by hard lighting and loss of rest were yet in good spirits, and the steadiness with which they fought and held their line is the best evidence of their courage. The loss in the Kentucky regiments of Palmer’s division was as follows: Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. First Kentucky. . . .5 61 17 83 Second Kentucky.. 2 26 3 31 Sixth Kentucky. . .15 93 11 118 Twenty-third Ken- tucky 11 52 6 69 — — — — Total 33 232 37 301 Gen. John Beatty’s brigade of Negley’s division of the Fourteenth Corps moved early on the morning of the 20th to a position on | the left, and formed his line by direction of Gen. Thomas perpendicularly to the left of Gen Baird’s division. This strong support to the extreme left of the line was impera- tively needed to secure it from a flank attack, but was subsequently changed by an order to Beatty to advance to a ridge in his front. Gen. Beatty represented to the officer bring- insr the order that the movement would leave a wide interval between him and Baird, but after hearing that the order was imperative, and that the interval would be filled by Neg- ley, he advanced against heavy opposition. The Fifteenth Kentucky, Col. Taylor, became immediately engaged, but pushed steadily forward. The gap between the brigade and Baird’s troops on its right gradually widened, and Beatty called upon Baird to send some of his troops to cover it. This movement had been observed by the Confederates, who, pressing forward, filled the interval, and turned with the evident intention of captur- ing the brigade, or at least one regiment, the Forty-second Indiana, then busily engaged in its front. This design was frustrated by Gen. Beatty’s battery, which opened with grape and canister, and the Confederates fell back. The force in front proving too heavy for further advance. Beatty withdrew his brig- ade. The Confederates, following briskly, captured two guns of Beatty’s battery. The Fifteenth Kentucky and the One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, with their accustomed steadiness, succeeded in checking the further advance of the Confederates, but the Eighty- eighth and Foi’ty-second Indiana were com- pelled to make a wide detour to escape cap- ure and did not regain the brigade. Col. Stanley came up soon after with the Second Brigade of Negley’s division, and, re- lieving the two regiments, they took position in rear as support. In the hard fight that followed, the Fifteenth Kentucky was espe- cially distinguished. Being ordered to haul off by hand two pieces of artillery which had been abandoned by the gunners, they enlarged upon their instructions and gathered up five pieces, and attaching them to limbers that they found upon the field, succeeded in sav- I ing them all. The loss in the Fifteenth Kentucky was five killed, forty-three wound- ed and fifteen missing; total, sixty three. Among the surgeons who bravely remained at their post of duty at the field hospital, and were captured by the Confederates, was Surgeon Joseph Fithian of the Eighteenth Kentucky. The officers of Kentucky regiments killed or mortally wounded at the battle of Chicka- I mauga were: HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 427 Lieut. Frank N. Sheets, Fourth Cavalry; Capt. James M. Bodine, Second Infantry; Capt. Henry S. Taylor, Third Infantry; Lieut. Alban D. Bradshaw, Third Infantry; Maj. Charles L. Thomasson, Fifth Infantry; Lieut. John W. Huston, Fifth Infantry; Lieut. John Ryan, Fifth Infantry; Capt. Peter ^klarker, Si.xth Infantry; Capt. John McGraw, Sixth Infantry; Lieut. Richard Rockingham, Lieut. Thomas Eubanks, Sixth Infantry; Lieut. Frederick V. Lockman, Sixth Infantry; Capt. Seth P. Bevill, Tenth Infantry; Lieut. John H. Myers, Tenth In- fantry; Lieut. Joseph L. McClure, Fifteenth Infant- ry; Lieut. John D. Millman, Seventeenth Infantry; Capt. James W. Anthony, Seventeenth Infantry; Lieut. Joseph C. Hoffman, Twenty-third In- fantry. The result of this battle was the retire- ment of the Federal army to the defenses of Chattanooga, where it was closely followed by the victorious foe. Bragg at once seized the natural fortresses of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, and placed the bulk of his forces in an almost impregnable posi- tion overlooking the city. The withdrawal of the Federal forces from, the passes of Lookout Mountain, left the way open for the attack upon Rosecrans’ natural line of com- munication with his base of supplies at Bridgeport, and the enemy’s pickets soon held the river from that point to Chicka- mauga Creek. Railroad communications in his rear were cut off by a successful cavalry raid, and the Army of the Cumberland, cooped up within the fortifications of Chat- tanooga was forced to subsist upon the meager supplies which could be wagoned over Waldron’s Ridge by a circuitous and mule-killing route. This predicament caused the early dispatch of re-enforcements from the Army of the Po- tomac, and the removal of Sherman’s forces from Memphis to this point. But in the meantime, the situation grew more seri- ous, although the evacuation of the city was at no time contemplated. Gen. Grant arrived on the 23d of October, and at once set about recovering the posses- sion of the river. Operations against the main position of the enemy, however, were delayed until the arrival of Sherman in November. In reorganizing the Army of the Cumber- land, after the battle of Chickamauga, the Kentucky regiments were assigned as fol- lows: Brigade. Division. Army Corps. First Infantry, Col. D. A. Enyart 1st 1st 4th Secondinfantry, Col. T. D. Sedgewick 1st 1st 4th Third Infantry, Col. H. C. Dunlap 3d 2d 4th Fourth Infantry,Mai.R. M. Kelly 3d 3d 14th Fifth Infantry, Col. W. W. Berry 2d 3d 4th Sixth Infantry, Maj. R. T. Whitaker 2d 3d 4th Eighth Infantry, Col. S. ^1. Barnes 2d 1st 4th Ninth Infantrj', Col. G. H. Cram 3d 3d 4th Tenth Infantry, Col. W. H. Hays 3d 3d 14th Fifteenth Infantiy, Maj. TT. G. Halpin 1st 1st 14th Seventeenth Infantry, Col. A. M. Stout 3d 3d 4th Eighteenth Infantry, Lieut. -Col. H. K. Mil- ward 3d 3d 14th . Twent}' -first Infantry, Col. S. W. Price 2d 1st 4th Twenty-third Infantiy, Lieut. -Col. J. C. Foy.. 2d 3d 4th By this arrangement the First and Second Regiments were in Cruft’s bx’igade, and the Eighth and Twenty-first in Whitaker’s brig- ade. of Stanley’s division; the Third Ken- tucky in Marker’s brigade, of Sheridan’s di- vision; the Fifth, Sixth and Twenty-third in Hazen’s brigade, and the Ninth and Seven- teenth in Beatty’s brigade, of Wood’s divis- ion, Fourth Army Corps. The Fourth, Tenth and Eighteenth were in Phelps’ brig- ade, of Baird’s division; and the Fifteenth in Moore’s brigade, of Carlin’s division. Fourteenth Army Corps. All the regiments above mentioned participated in the battles about Chattanooga, November 23d to 25th, except the First, Second and Fifteenth. A preliminary movement of considei’able importance was the capture of Moccasin Point by Hazen’s brigade on the night of October 27th. The Tennessee River, in its tortuous course after leaving Chattanooga, runs southward a short distance, then turning abruptly northward forms a tongue of land, called Moccasin Point. After reaching a 428 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. distance of seven oi’ eight miles in this direc- tion, it sweeps gracefully around a curve and resumes its southern course, when bearing westward it flows past Bridgej^ort, the base of supplies for the army. The possession by the Confederates of the tongue of land formed by the latter curve, compelled a wide detour northward via Anderson’s Cross Roads to supply the suffering army. Glen. Rose- crans, with a view to the possession of the direct road to Bridgeport, formed the plan, subsequently carried out by Gen. Thomas, of landing a force under cover of night at Brown’s Ferry and seizing the upper end of Lookout Valley simultaneously with the ad- vance of the troops, then on their way from the Army of the Potomac. The river being commanded by batteries at the base of Look- out Mountain rendered the undertaking both difficult and dangerous. Hazen’s brigade was selected for the enter- prise and the result proved that its execution was confided to competent hands. With a picked force of 1,200 men, divided into squads of twenty-five each, of which the Fifth, Sixth and Twenty-third Kentucky Regiments furnished eleven squads of twen- ty-five men, and one of seventy- five, under competent officers, Gen. Hazen embarked up- on pontoon boats; the squad of seventy- five from the Twenty-third under Lieut. -Col. Foy was in advance, and silently floated down the river under the Confederate batteries. Many a heart stood still as the noiseless procession glided phantom- like under the shadow of Lookout Mountain and out into the light be- yond. Foi full two miles the route lay un ■ der the muzzles of Longstreet’s artillery, which had full sweep of the river. The oars were not used; not a word was spoken; the slightest noise would open the brazen throats of a dozen cannon. Three miles down the river, the flotilla came under the guns of the Confederate pickets, but by keeping well un- der the shadow of the opposite shore the j boats were unobserved until the first boat was i within ten feet of the landing at Brown’s j Ferry, when the men of the Twenty-third i leaped ashore, and, with the brave Lieut.- I Col. Foy at their head, pushed down the ' road, driving the Confederates before them. As the boats came up, the men disembarked, and soon forming a line of battle, were pre- pared for the attack that was anticipated. The assault fell first upon Col. Foy, who re- pulsed it, driving the Confederates to the right where they were met by Col. Wiley, who, re-enforced by Col. Langdon, pursued them across the valley. Entrenchments were rapidly thrown up, the pontoons were formed in a bridge, artillery was brought over, and when morning dawned the astonished Con- federates were dispossessed of the coveted peninsula. Gen. Hooker, advancing in the meantime from the western end of the valley, encamped on the following night near Wau- hatchie, where a battle was fought, resulting in the defeat of the Confederates, and per- manent occupation of the valley. The next exploit of Hazen’s brigade was, in connection with the division, the capture of Orchard Knob, an eminence between the Union and Confederate lines in front of Chattanooga, on the 23d of November’. In this daring movement Col. Berry, of the Fifth Kentucky, was wounded. During' the last half mile after meeting the Confederate pickets, Hazen’s brigade was constantly under fire, from which it suffered severely, but pushing forward the position was captured, and with it the greater part of the Twenty eighth Alabama Infantry. Stanley’s division, stationed at Whiteside, near Bridgeport, was at this time under com- mand of Gen. Cruft, ranking brigade com- mander. With two brigades of his division under Whitaker and Grose, he took part in the capture of Lookout Mountain. The departure of Longstreet’s corps and Buckner’s division from the line of invest- ment at Chattanooga to attack Burnside in the vicinity of Knoxville left Bragg but 32,700 infantry and artillery, divided into two corps, commanded by Hardee and Breck- inridge. The Confederate line extended from the northern extremity of Missionary Ridge around to the western base of Look- out Mountain. Stevenson’s division occupied Lookout Mountain and Chattanooga Valley at its base. On the 24th of November the HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 429 troops on the mountain consisted of three brigades under Gens. Walthall, Moore and Pettus. In the assault made by Geary’s division of Hooker’s corps and Whitaker’s brigade, the latter was in support, but in the advance up the rugged mountain side, owing to irregu- larities in the ground it gradually pushed itself to the front and took part in the tight even before the summit was reached. Drift- ing clouds enveloped the lofty crest of the mountain, and the precipitous sides were involved in an impenetrable mist. In this “ battle above the clouds ” the Eighth Ken- tucky Infantry bore a prominent part. The Twenty-first Kentucky not having joined the brigade at this time was temporarily assigned to Davis’ division of the Fourteenth Corps. At noon, when Walthall’s main line was reached, Whitaker’s brigade had by hard climbing and desperate hand-to-hand fight- ing found its way around to the right, and was exactly in the right place. Hastily deploying their lines, the brigade commanders gave the order to charge, and never was the command, that carries with it death to the brave, obeyed with a heartier will. The men of Gettysburg and Chickamauga stood shoulder to shoulder, and, with a courage that nothing could withstand, rushed forward to the attack. A few minutes of desperate fighting ensued, when half of Walthall’s men threw down their arms and were sent to j the rear as prisoners. Pushing forward, the plucky little army found itself in possession of the plateau beneath the crest of the mountain. Whitaker refers in his graphic style to the assault upon the lines at the Craven House: Steadily and firmly advancing, my brigade reached the base of Lookout’s bold, projecting point. Its profile is delineated from beneath against the sky. In good order my bold command, now become one line, swung round the crest, the right wing being the pivot, with the flags of the Fortieth Ohio on the left and the Eighth Kentuckj' floating free and triumphant on the right. With beating hearts we heard the soul stirring vivas of our country’s friends, and responding boldly we charged upon the rallying columns of the enemy. A por- tion of Gen. Geary’s division meeting overwhelm- ing opposition from the rifle pits in the orchard be- fore reaching the Craven House, and having no cover, were falling back. The Confederates were sending re-enforcements from the summit of the mountain over a depression in the cliff some hun- dreds of yards to our rear, on the west side of the mountain. The Eighth Kentucky, Col. Barnes, was halted on the crest of the ridge with orders to deploy skirmishers to drive the Confederates back and to hold the crest at all hazards. This was well and gallantly done. While Geary and Whitaker were steadily fighting their way to the summit of the mountain, Osterhaus’ division of Sherman’s army and Grose’s brigade were pressing for- ward from below, and at about 3 P. M. the latter joined Whitaker’s brigade on the pla- teau near the Craven House. Osterhaus came up on the left followed by Carlin’s division, the Fifteenth Kentucky in ad- vance. The storming of Lookout Mountain will always rank as one of the boldest achievements of the war. Gen. Geary footed up the assault as follows: “1,940 prisoners, 125 of the Confederates killed and 300 wounded and left on the field, 2,800 stand of arms, 2 cannon, 5 battle flags, 50 officers’ swords and 1,000 intrenching tools captured, at a loss of 150 men killed and wounded, 52 of whom were in Whitaker’s brigade.” Early in the morning of the 25th, Gen. Whitaker called for volunteers from the Eighth Ken- tucky to scale the cliff that overhung the plateau and take possession of Lookout Point. It was not known what force was there. Capt. Wilson of Company C, Sergts. Davis, Wager and Wood and privates Witt and Bradley at once stepped forward. It was a hazardous undertaking, but these brave men were equal to it, regardless of the result. The .regiment soon followed and their flag, the gift of the loyal women of Estill County, was given to the breeze amid the wild cheers of the dauntless men whose valor had driven 4,000 men from the summit of Lookout Mountain, and cheered by the ex- ulting shouts of the main army hundreds of feet below. The smoke of battle was still hovering over the lofty crest of Lookout, from which the flag of the Eighth Kentucky floated in triumph, when Gen. Bragg ordered the con- 430 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. centration of his entire army on Missionary Kidge. On the right was Hardee with four divisions, under Cleburne, Stevenson, Cheat- ham and Gist, numbering over 20,000 men. Breckinridge on the left commanded three divisions under Bate, Hindman and Steward, 15,000 strong. In the battle which ensued Cleburne on the right was charged with the defense of that wing, and so well did he per- form this service that Sherman’s army failed to dislodge him. On the left Breckinridge with Stewart and Hindman’s division con- fronted Hooker, who, with Geary’s division of the Twelfth Corps, Cruft’s division of the Fourth Corps, and Osterhaus’ division of the Fifteenth Corps, advanced across Chattanooga to assault the left of Bragg’s line of battle. The attack was brief and decisive. The Con- federates fell back along the ridge toward the center of their line, followed by Hooker’s infantry on the ridge and his artillery in the valley. The sun shone brightly down upon a scene of surpassing grandeur. Every movement of the troops in the valley was distinctly visible from the headquarters of Gens. Thomas and Grant at Fort Wood and Gen. Bragg on Mis- sionary Ridge, where “the enemy,” says Bate, “like a huge serpent uncoiled his massive folds into shapely lines in our immediate front.” The Army of the Cumberland, now com- manded by Maj.-Gen. Geoi’ge H. Thomas, was aligned in the center as follows: Johnson on the right, then Sheridan, Wood, Baird and Davis, with their divisions in line awaiting the signal of attack. The Eleventh Corps, under Gen. Howard, was in position in rear of Thomas’ left, ready to move to any portion of the field where it might be needed. The same regiments which had fought at Chicka- mauga, diminished in numbers, by re-enforc- ing the right and left now prepared for the magnificent charge which will go down in history as one of the grandest in military annals. Noon had arrived, but, thus far, Sherman’s sledge-hammer strokes had pro- duced no apparent effect. Between his ad- vance and Hardee’s front there was a deep ravine and a steep ascent, a second Chickasaw Bluffs, and beyond it — death. The headquarter flags of the contending arniies floated defiantly in the breeze, and there was not a soldier in the ranks who did not know that a great and decisive battle was to be fought that day. That Missionary Ridge would be carried, when the signal was given for the advance, was confidently be- lieved by every Federal soldier, and to be the first upon the summit was the goal of each one’s ambition. The Third Kentucky in Marker’s brigade, the Fifth, Sixth and Twenty-Third in Hazen’s brigade and the Ninth and Seventeeth in Beatty’s brigade were near together, and contested the honor of first reaching the summit. The Fifteenth in Carlin’s brigade was on the right, and the Fourth, Tenth and Eighteenth in Phelp.s’ brigade of Baird’s division were near the left of the line. While Gen. Sherman, with the pluck and persistence that formed his prominent char- acteristic, was sustaining the shock of battle on the northern extremity of Missionary Ridge, and Hooker’s victorious columns were advancing along the ridge from the south in the wake of the retreating Confederates, the order came for the Army of the Cumberland to advance and carry the rifle pits at the base of the ridge. Only this and nothing more. The assault is tersely described by Gen. Grant as follows: These troops moved forward, drove the enemy from the rifle pits at the base of the ridge like bees from a hive, stopped but a moment until the whole were in line, and commenced the assault of the mountain from right to left almost simultaneously, following closely the retreating enemy without further orders. They encountered a fearful volley of grape and canister from nearly thirty pieces of artillery, and musketry from still well filled rifle pits on the summit of the ridge. Not a waver was seen in all that long line of brave men. Their prog- ress was steadily onward until the summit was in their possession. In the charge the casualties were remarkably few for the fire encountered. I can ac- count for this only on the theory that the enemy’s surprise at the audacity of such a charge caused confusion and purposeless aiming of their pieces. Geu. Thomas says: Our troops advanced steadily in a continuous line. The enemy, seized with panic, abandoned the works at the foot of the hill and retreated precipitately to the crest, pursued closely by our troops, who, ap parently Inspired by the impulse of victory, carried HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the hill simultaneously at si.x different points, and so ■ closely upon the heels of the enemy that many of I them were taken prisoners in the trenches. We captured nearly all their cannon and ammunition before they could be removed or destroyed. Mter halting for a few moments to reorganize the troops, who had become somewhat scattered in the assault of the hill, Gen. Sheridan pushed forward in pursuit and drove those in his front, who escaped capture, across Chickamauga Creek. Gens. Wood and Baird, being obstinately resisted by re-enforcements from the enemy’s extreme right, continued fighting until darkness set in, slowly but steadily driving the ene- my before them. The alacrity displayed by officers^ in executing their orders, and the enthusiasm and spirit displayed by the men who did the work, can- not be too highly appreciated by the nation for the defense of which they have on so many memorable occasions nobly and patiently exposed their lives in battle. An army officer, who witnessed this mag- nificent pageant from Orchard Knob, is accus- tomed to say, when referring to it, “the grandest sights I ever witnessed were, sun- rise on the ocean, Niagara Falls, and the charge of the Army of the Cumberland at Missionary Ridge.” In this engagement the Kentucky regiments maintained their reputation for courage and discipline, and were among the first to plant their colors upon the summit of the ridge. It was evident to every general officer that the troops were disobeying orders in advancing beyond the rifle pits at the base of the ridge. Grant inquired of Thomas by whose orders they were ascending the ridge. “By their own, I think,” said the philosopher. “It is all right, if it turns outright,” was the response. As it turned out right, all were willing to excuse this breach of discipline. A contest ensued between Gens. Hazen and Sheridan as to which first gained the crest, the latter claiming the honor for Harker’s brigade, the former stoutly claiming it for his own, but as these brigades were largely composed of Ken- tucky troops it is probable that but little if any difference in time elapsed between their arrival. The Twenty-first Kentucky took a hand in the fray, simultaneously with Sheridan’s advance at midnight across Chickamauga Creek. The division of Gen. Davis, which had during the day acted as reserve to Gen. -bJl Sherman, moved around the nose of the ridge along the river bank, and, crossing the creek, moved upon Chickamauga Station, near which it bivouacked for the night. At 8 o’clock, on the following morning, the division advanced, preceded by the Twenty- first Kentucky, deployed as skirmishers. Gen. Davis says: “The Twenty -first Ken- tucky moved forward in a beautiful skirmish line, and, when nearing the suburbs of the town, encountered the enemy' in a very sharp skirmish.” The flames which now streamed upward from the burning station indicated the destruction of stores, and the regiment pushed forward and compelled the Confeder- ates to abandon a considerable quantity of supplies undestroyed. The Twenty-first made a gallant fight against a portion of the Confederate Kentucky Brigade, and, re-enforced by the Eighteenth Illinois, got the better of their opponents, compelling them to retreat in the direction of Graysville. While the Army of the Cumberland, under Gen. Eosecrans, was advancing its lines and closing the gateway to east Tennessee and Virginia, by seizing and holding possession of Chattanooga, the Army of the Ohio under Gen. Burnside was pushing eastward from Kentucky to the capture of Knoxville and the valley of the Tennessee. Knoxville was occupied on the 3d of September, and Cum- berland Gap, defended by a garrison of 2,000 men under Gen. Frazier, was captured on the 10th near the date of the occupation of Chattanooga by the Twenty-first Army Corps. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, in command of the Department of East Tennessee, had, in obedience to the crder of Gen. Bragg, evac- uated the valley, and ordered his command of 7,000 men to the Confederate Army of the Tennessee, leaving Burnside an undis- puted march to Knoxville. With few Con- federates in his front, the obvious duty of Gen. Bmmside was to re-enforce Gen. Rosecrans with at least so much of his infantry as would compensate for the increased force added by' Buckner to the army of Gen. Bragg. His army' of 25,000 men was composed of two corps, the Ninth 432 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. and Twenty-third. The latter, consisting of cavalry and infantry, marching over the mountains, reached Kingston in ample time to join Kosecrans, and render much needed assistance at the battle of Chickamauga. The Kentucky regiments participating in the campaign culminating in the siege of Knoxville, were: Eleventh Infantry, mounted, Col. S. P. Love, Pennebaker's Brigade. Twenty-seventh Infantry, mounted, Lieut. -Col. J. H. Ward, Pennebaker’s Brigade. Brigade. Division. Army Corps. Twelfth Infantry, Maj. J. M. Owens 1st 3d 23d Thirteenth Infantry, Col. W. E. Hobson 2d 2d 23d Sixteenth Infantry, Col. J. W. Gault 1st 2d 23d Twenty-fourth Infantiy, Col. J. S. Hurt 2d 3d 23d First Cavalry, Col. S. Adams 1st 4th 23d Eleventh Cavalry, Maj. M. Graham 1st 4th 23d Twelfth Cavalry, Maj. J. B. Harrison 1st 4th 23d The Eleventh and Twenty-seventh, mount- ed infantry, ixnder Col. C. D. Pennebaker, formed an independent brigade during the months of September and October, after which they were assigned to the cavalry corps and formed the Third Brigade of Col. Wolford’s division. Gen. Burnside, having obtained almost undisputed possession of east Tennessee, concluded, about the 1st of November, to place his army in winter quarters. Col. Chapin’s Brigade of AVhite’s Division, of which the Thirteenth Kentucky formed a part, was stationed midway between the uiain army at Lenoirs and Loudon, with pickets on the Holston Kiver. Mott’s brigade of the same division, in which the Sixteenth Ken- tucky served, was stationed at Kingston, on | the extreme right of the line. The Third Division (Hascall’s), in which the Twelfth and Twenty- fourth Kentucky were brigaded, occupied the intrenchments at Knoxville. The Eleventh and Twenty-seventh, mounted infantry, with the cavalry regiments, were stationed at points on the flanks of the army. Gen. 'Wheeler’s cavalry, detached from Bragg’s army to co-operate with Longstreet in his operations against Buimside, arrived at Sweetwater on the 11th of November, 1863, and on the following morning moved forward toward Maryville with orders to capture whatever Federal force could be found there. This force was Col. Wolford’s cavalry brigade, consisting of the First, Eleventh and Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, numbering 1,126 ofBcers and enlisted men. Wheeler’s force was vastly superior, com- prising two divisions. Dibrell’s brigade, pushing forward in advance, came upon the Eleventh Kentucky, which fell back, after a sharp fight, upon the main body, which in turn was compelled to retreat across Little Eiver with a loss of 200 killed, wounded and prisoners. Emboldened by his success, Wheeler pushed forward in pursuit and on the following morning came ujxon Wolford, who, re-enforced by Penne- baker’s brigade, had made arrangements to meet him at Stock Creek. W^olford had partially torn up the bridge, and his forces, 1,500 strong, were posted in a strong and elevated position behind afence inclosing a thick wood. In their front were open fields descending toward the wood upon which Wheeler was advancing; on their right was the Holston River, while their left rested upon the steep side of a high ridge. If was afternoon when the head of Wheeler’s column appeared, and it at once encountered a brisk artillery fire, wounding, among others, Maj. Buford of Wheeler’s staff. Wheeler at once dismounted Martin’s division, and crossing the river under a heavy fire attacked the left of Wolford’s line, di’iving it back. While this was in progress a force had been busily engaged repairing the bridge, and soon Armstrong’s division crossed it and charged on the right, which resulted in driving the entire force back under cover of the guns in the fortifications on the heights south of Knoxville. Information of the movements of Long- street reached Col. Chapin on the night of the 13th, and a reconnaissance to Huff’s Ferry, demonstrated that a large force was there preparing to cross the Holston. Cha- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 433 pin’s brigade was at once withdrawn to Len- oirs. Returning on the following day, re- enforced by Ferrero’s division of the Ninth Corps, Chapin’s brigade encountered Long- street’s pickets about two miles north of the Holston. The Thirteenth Kentucky, under command of Col. William E. Hobson, advanced gallantly, in connection with the One Hundred and Seventh Illinois, and drove the Confederate pickets nearly to the landing. “Up to this time,” says Chapin in his report, “the two regiments had been about equally engaged, but now the enemy seemed to concentrate in front of the Thir- teenth Kentucky. The summit of the hill being wooded made good cover for the rebels, and the side toward the Thirteenth Kentucky being bare, offered no cover for our men who were still in the woods at the foot. ” Gen. White now came upon the ground and ordered the two regiments to charge. “This was done,” says Chapin, “in most gallant style by both regiments, the Thirteenth Ken- tucky charging up the bare hill in the face of a galling fire, driving the Confederates off the hill, and holding it until the next morning. In falling back to Lenoirs, Cha- pin’s brigade acted as rear guard. The escape from Lenoirs with all the bag- gage of a large army required the utmost activity, as the road to Knoxville led by Campbell’s Station, a point on the road from Huff’s Ferry about equidistant from both points. The baggage trains were pushed forward and Hartranft’s division sent to guard them to Campbell’s Station, then to take positions to protect their passage. Here a light ensued in which the indomitable cour- age of the Ninth and Twenty -third Corps saved the train from destruction. The troops did their full duty and under cover of dark- ness fell back upon Knoxville. Chapin closes his report with a glowing tribute to the Thirteenth Kentucky and its gallant commander. The dawn of day found the infantry safely behind the entrenchments at Knoxville, while the cavalry, under its heroic commander, Gen. William P. Sanders, held back the advance of Longstreet’s column during the entire day. Alluding to the death of this splendid soldier, Gen. Burnside says: “The troops woi’ked all day and night and by day- light, on the morning of the 15th, were tol- erably well under cover. Still the work was continued, the enemy being held at bay on the Kingston Road by the cavalry under Gen. Sanders, and on the Clinton Road by Col. Pennebaker’s mounted regiments. The hours in which to work that were secured to us by the gallant conduct of our cavalry were worth to us a thousand men each. It is sad that they were bought at such a price as the life of that most gallant and chivalric soldier and noble gentleman, Brig. -Gen. William Pitt Sanders. I hope I may be pardoned this allusion to the only classmate I had at the siege of Knoxville. Gen. Sand- ers falling in front of the work occupied by Benjamin’s battery, it seemed appropriate that the fort should be named for him.” Thus the principal fort in front of Knox- ville was named in honor of this noble Ken- tuckian. Before it raged for hours one of the fiercest conflicts of the war, but, as if the soldier whose name it bore had imparted a portion of his daring spirit to its defenders, the flag upon its crest was never lowered to the enemy. In assigning the troops to their positions in the works around Knoxville, Chapin’s and Reilly’s brigades were placed on the ridge adjacent to Temperance Hill, which was heav- ily manned with artillery, while Hoskin’s and Casement’s brigades continued the line from Bell’s house to the Holston River. This ar- rangement brought the Kentucky regiments nearly in line on the north side of the town, where an attack was anticipated. The event proved that the assault was determined upon where it could be most readily repulsed, and when it came the garrison of Fort Sanders proved equal to the emergency. On the I8th Gen. Wheeler joined the main army with his cavalry, whence he was sent with three brigades to capture Mott’s brigade at Kingston. Col. Mott gives the following brief account of the repulse of the Confed- erate attack; “The attack was made at day- break on the 24th of November, and after a 27 434 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. brisk engagement of seven liours’ duration the enemy was handsomely whipped and driven back, with a loss of 250 killed, wounded and prisoners; among the killed was Col. Russell of the Third Alabama. Too much cannot be said in praise of the cool and de- termined bravery of the officers and men un- der my command. As an instance, I may mention the case of Capt. Murphy of the Sixteenth Kentucky, who, with a single com- pany, charged a rebel regiment and demanded its sm-render. There were many instances in which officers and men performed prodigies of valor.” After his repulse at Knoxville, Longstreet retired up the valley to Rogersville in time to avoid a battle with Sherman, who, imme- diately after the battle of Missionary Ridge, set out with a well equipped army, consisting of Blair’s, Howard’s and Granger’s corps, to the relief of Gen. Burnside at Knoxville. The cavalry followed closely, and took posi- tion at Bean’s Station. Longstreet had no sooner reached Rogersville than he was in- formed of the isolated position of the cavalry, and determined to capture it. Gen. Martin, who had superseded Wheeler in command of the cavalry, was ordered to march down the south bank of the Holston, and cross opposite to Bean’s Station. Gen. W. E. Jones, with two brigades of cavalry, was to pass down along the north side of Clinch Mountain, and prevent the escape of the Union forces by the gap in that direction, while a heavy force of infantry, Bushrod Johnson’s two brigades in advance, moved by the direct road from Rogersville to Bean’s Station. About 2 o’clock on the afternoon of the 13th of December, after a toilsome march, the infantry reached the Union pickets, drove them in, and attacked with vigor. Wolford’s brigade fell back, skirmishing and twice halting, disputed the way with great spirit to protect the retreat of the main body from the station. The Confederates continued to advance in the face of a destructive lire, when, finding the force overwhelming, the rear guard was ordered to withdraw, which, under the cover of darkness, it successfully did. Gathering his forces together, Gen. Long- street fell back to Rogersville, and went into winter quarters, thus ending the east Tennes- see campaign. When Longstreet laid siege to Knoxville, Gen. Burnside ordered the Thirty-fourth Kentucky Infantry to Cumberland Gap from Morristown. After the siege was raised by Gen. Sherman, the Thirty- fourth was or- dered to Tazewell, Tenn. , the colonel of the same being placed in command of a brigade composed of the Thirty-fourth Kentucky, One Hundred and Sixteenth and One Hun- dred and Eighteenth Indiana Infantry, Eleventh Tennessee Cavalry and Eleventh Michigan Battery. Here, on the 24th of January, 1864, the brigade was attacked by Col. Carter with about 1,800 men. In this fight the Thirty-fourth again distinguished itself for undaunted bravery under severe fire. In the engagement, which lasted about thi'ee-quarters of an hour, the Confederates were repulsed with a loss of thirty-one killed and many more wounded. On the 26th of January, the regiment was again ordered to the gap under command of Gen. T. T. Garrard, where it remained on one-third rations for nearly three months. News having been received by the general commanding that a simultaneous attack would be made on the gap by Gens. Jones and Vaughn approaching in different di- rections, he ordered fifty-five men of the Thirty-fourth Kentucky Infantry to proceed to Powell River bridge to prevent Vaughn’s forces from crossing and forming a junction with Jones. The detachment of the Thirty- fourth arrived at the bridge just as Vaughn’s advance guard was entering it, and re- pulsed them after a short fight. Being armed with Colt’s five-shooters, their small numbers were enabled, by undaunted bravery and their efficient arms, to contend with this large force and compel them to retire. On the 17th of April, 1864, Gen. Garrard was relieved of the command of the gap, and Col. W. Y. Dillard, of the Thirty- fourth Kentucky Infantry, remained in command until the 8th of November, 1864, when the Thirty-fourth was ordered to Knoxville^ HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 435 which place was threatened by Gen. Breckin- ridge from the direction of Strawberry Plains. The regiment, reduced to 304 men, was ordered to proceed to Knoxville via Tazewell and Walker’s Ford, a road much infested with guerrillas. On arriving at Walker’s Ford, on Clinch River, it was un- able to cross, owing to the high water and want of a ferry boat, and was consequently compelled to return to the gap and take the Jacksboro Road. The regiment arrived at Knoxville on the 18th of November, and re- mained there on provost duty until February 2, 1865, when it was ordered back to the gap. On the 20th of April, the Thirty-fourth proceeded up the Virginia Valley in the di- rection of Gibson’s Mills, where a force of the Confederates was reported. On the 22d, it was met by a flag of truce, and a proposi- tion from Cols. Pridmore, Slemp, Richmond and Wicher to surrender their forces, which was at once done, their commands number- ing 2,713 men. On the 24th of April, the Thirty-fourth was again ordered to Knox- ville, and thence to Loudon, Tenn. ; re- mained here on garrison duty until the 20th of June, and then returned to Knoxville for muster-out, which occurred June 24, 1865. The promotion of Grant to the rank of major-general in the regular army, and his assignment to the command of the mil- itary department of the Mississippi on the 16th of October, 1863, was followed on the 12th of March, 1864, by his pro- motion to the rank of lieutenant-general and his assignment to the general command of all the armies. His new duties requiring his presence in the east. Grant departed for Virginia, leaving Maj.-Gen. W. T. Sherman in command of the Military Division of the Mississippi. The forces, in command of which Sherman was thus placed, consisted of the Army of the Cumberland, under Gen. George H. Thomas; the Army of the Tennessee, under Gen. McPherson, and the Army of the Ohio, under Gen. Schofield, and a cavalry corps under Gen. Wilson. The total effective strength of the combined armies on the 20th of April, 1864, was as follows: Infantry, 4,228 offi- cers, 87,838 enlisted men; cavalry, 612 offi- cers, 12,062 enlisted men; artillery, 185 offi- cers, 63,322 enlisted men. Total, 5,025 offi- cers, 163,222 enlisted men. The preservation of a line of communica- tions over 300 miles in extent by the Union commander, however, involved the necessity of making heavy details to guard bridges, garrison important points and bring forward supplies for the army. The Confederate army, after its defeat on Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, had retired to Dalton and Resaca, where it passed the winter. Longstreet’s corps had retired from the siege of Knoxville to Vir- ginia; Gen. J. E. Johnston had been trans- ferred from the Mississippi in December, 1863, and had superseded Bragg in command, and in May Polk’s army was moved from the Mississippi to swell its ranks. The forces thus opposed to Sherman, under command of Gen. Johnston, consisted of two corps under Gens. Hood and Hardee, and a cavalry corps under Gen. Wheeler. Its eft'ective strength at the same date was as follows: Infantry, 3,446 officers, 3.5, 646 enlisted men; cav- alry, 1,209 officers, 10,239 enlisted men; artillery, 203 officers. 3,775 enlisted men. Total, 4,858 offi- cers; 49,660 enlisted men. To this should be added Polk’s command of 19,330 effectives. The Kentucky infantry regiments which served in the Atlanta campaign were: First.— Col. D. A. Enyart, Cruft’s (First) Brig- ade, Stanley’s (First) Division, Howard’s (Fourth) Corps. Second. — Col. T. D. Sedgewick, Cruft’s (First) Brigade, Stanley’s (First) Division, Howard’s (Fourth) Corps. Third.— Col. H. C. Dunlap, Barker’s "(Third) Brigade, Newton’s (Second) Division, Howard’s (Fourth) Corps. Fifth. — Col. W. W. Berry, Hazen’s (Second) Brigade, Wood’s (Third) Division, Howard’s (Fourth) Corps. Sixth. — Capt. I. N. Johnston, Hazen’s (Second) Brigade, Wood’s (Third) Division, Howard’s (Fourth) Corps. Ninth. — Col. G. H. Cram, Kneffler’s (Third) Brigade, Wood’s (Third) Division (Fourth Corps). Tenth. — Col. W. H. Hays, Este’s (Third ) Brig- ade, Baird’s (Third) Division (Fourteenth Corps). Eleventh. — Col. S. P. Love, Byrd’s (Third) Brig- ade, Cox’s (Third) Division (Twenty-third Corps). 436 HlbTORY OF KENTUCKY. Twelfth.— Col. L. H. Rousseau, Reilly’s (First) Brigade, Cox’s (Third) Division (Twenty-third corps) Thirteenth. — Col. W. E. Hobson, Bond’s ( bec- ond) Brigade, Hascall’s (Second) Division (Twenty- third Corps). Fourteenth. — Col. G. W. Gallup, Strickland s (Third) Brigade, Hascall’s (Second) Division (Twenty-third Corps). Fifteenth.— Col. M. C. Taylor, Carlin’s (First) Brigade, Johnston’s (First) Division (Fourteenth Corps). Sixteenth. — Maj. J. S. White, Reilly’s (First) Brigade, Cox’s (Third) Division (Twenty-third Corps). Seventeenth. — Col. A. M. Stout, Kneffler s (Third) Brigade, Wood’s (Third) Division (Fourth Corps). Eighteenth.— Col. H. K. Milward, Este’s (Third) Brigade. Baird's (Third) Division (Fourteenth Corps). Twentieth*. — Lieut. -Col. T. B. Waller, Strick- land’s (Third) Brigade, Hascall’s (Second) Division (Twenty-third Corps). Twenty-first.— Col. S. W. Price, Whitaker’s (Second) Brigade, Stanley’s (First) Division (Fourth Corps). Twenty-third.— Lieut.-Col. James C. Foy, Ha- zen’s (Second) Brigade, Wood’s (Third) Division (Fourth Corps). Twenty-fourth.— Col. J. S. Hurt, Casement’s (Second) Brigade, Cox’s (Third) Division (Twenty- third Corps). Twenty-seventh. — Col. J. II. Ward, Strickland’s (Third) Brigade. Hascall’s (Second) Division (Twenty-third Corps). Twenty-eighth. — Lieut.-Col. ,1. R. Boone, Wag- ner’s (Second) Brigade, Newton’s (Second) Division (Fourth Corps). The cavalry regiments were brigaded as follows; The Fourth Kentucky Mounted Infantry, acting as cavalry, under command of Col. R. M. Kelly, served in Croxton’s (First) Brigade, McCook’s (First) Division, cavalry corps. First.— Col. S. Adams, Adams’ (Third) Brigade, Stoneman’s (First) Division, cavalry corps. Second.— Lieut.-Col. E. S. Watts, Long’s (Sec- ond) Brigade, Garrard’s (Second) Division, cavalry corps. Thn:d. — Lieut.-Col. R. II. King, Murray’s (Third) Brigade, Kilpatrick’s (Third) Division, cavalry corps. Fourth.— Maj. L. Groynne, Watkin’s (Third) Brigade, McCook’s (First) Division, cavairy corps. *The advent of Gen. Bragg into Kentucky, in 1862, was pre- ceded by an extensive raid, made by Gen. John H. Morgan, with a brigade of cavalry. At this time the Twentieth Kentucky Infantry was stationed at Lebanon, where, after a stout resist- ance, it was captured by the raiders. This misadventure, for a time, removed this fine regiment from the effective force of the army. The officers and men were paroled, and soon after ex- changed. The regiment was then stationed at Bowling Green, but was removed a little later to Louisville, where it remained until the opening of the Atlanta campaign. It was then or- dered to the front. j Fifth. — Col. O. L. Baldwin, Murray’s (Third) Brigade, Kilpatrick’s (Third) Division, cavalry corps. Sixth. — Maj. W. H. Fidler, Watkin’s (Third) Brigade, McCook’s (First) Division, cavalry corps. I Seventh. — Col. J. K. Faulkner, Watkin’s (Third) ' Brigade, McCook’s (First) Division, cavalry corps, I Eleventh. — Lieut.-Col. Alexander, Adams’ , (Third) Brigade, Stoneman’s (First) Division, cavalry corps. j Twelfth. — Lieut.-Col. Bramlette, Adams’ (Third) Brigade, Stoneman’s (First) Division, cavalry corps. 'Various changes were made in commanders and brigades during the progress of the campaign. The Eighth Infantry did not participate in the active duties of the campaign, the regiment being stationed I at Chattanooga as part of the garrison until Novem- ber 17, 1864, when it was mustered out of service. ' The Eighteenth Infantry was stationed at Ringgold, Ga., until September, when it rejoined the brigade, and marched with the Fourteenth Army Corps through Georgia to the sea. Both commanders had been actively pre- paring for offensive movements, but Sherman being soonest ready took the initiative in what is known as the Atlanta campaign. His army moved forward on converging roads to- ward Tunnel Hill and Snake Creek Gap on the 5th of May, 1864. Johnston, expecting to be attacked at Dalton, had fortified Buz- zard Roost Gap on the dii’ect road, but had I neglected to guard the gap through which the Snake Creek road led direct to Resaca in his rear, and but for the indecision of the I Army of the Tennessee in moving forward and seizing Resaca, this campaign would have had a far different history. Gen. Mc- Pherson did advance to the vicinity of Re- saca, which was then held by only two brig- ades, but subsequently retired and fortified at the gap. This action gave Johnston time to send Hood with three divisions to Resaca, j who, finding that McPherson had retired, left i one division there, another at Tilton, half- ] way between Resaca and Dalton, and brought the third back to camp. On the 12th, leaving Howard’s corps and the cavalry to confront the enemy at Dalton, I Sherman’s entire army, with this exception, I passed the left flank of the Confederate army I by the Snake Creek Gap, but too late to get in the rear of Johnston. That watchful gen- : eral, not to be caught napping after the inti- 1 mation he had had, observed this movement I from an overlooking ridge, and quietly with- HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 437 drew his army to Resaca, where he faced about and gave battle on the 15th instant. He reached this point on the morning of the 14th; sent Loring’s division to observe Snake Creek Gap, and formed a line of battle with Polk on the left, Hardee in the center, and Hood on the right. Early on the morning of the 13th, Howard discovered that Johnston had withdrawn his i army, and moving through Dalton, pushed on eight miles toward Resaca, where he en- | camped for the night. On the next day he pushed up to the vicinity of the enemy and formed a line of battle. The rest of the Union army advanced through the Snake Creek Gap and formed on Howard’s corps. Kilpatrick, moving in advance of McPherson through the gap, encountered Wheeler’s cav- alry, when a brisk fight ensued. Kilpatrick was severely wounded, and turned the com- mand over to Col. Eli H. Murray, who con- tinued the fight with such success as to drive his opponents back upon their infantry sup- port. The fight was opened by Carlin’s brigade. This brigade, the Fifteenth Kentucky, in ad- vance, crossed Camp Creek and advanced some distance over the open ground in front of the enemy’s position under a severe fire of artillery and musketry, where it gained a position which it held during the day. Mean- time the lines of investment were slowly clos- ing around the Confederate army, to prevent which Johnston determined to assume the of- fensive, and, if possible, turn Sherman’s left flank. Stevenson’s and Stewart’ s divisions and two brigades of W^ alker’s were formed in column, and, moving to the right under cover of the Oostauaula Hills, fell like an avalanche upon Cruft’s brigade. This splendid brig- ade never fought better, but were driven slowly back across the open fields toward the rear of Wood’s division. Simonson’s battery, planted on an eminence, had full sweep of the ground, but could not open fire until Cruft had fallen back far enough to give him range upon the Confederates. Then his guns opened with terrific effect at short range. There were no reserves in this part of the field, and for a quarter of an hour the firing from this noble battery, supported on either flank by Cruft’s brigade, was incessant, when on the road in his rear a heavy column of troops was seen approaching at double-quick. This was W^illiams’ division of the Twentieth Corps under the personal command of Gen. Hooker. Moving down the road on the flank of the Confederates, the long line of troops halted only when its rear had passed the battery, which was still working with the rapidity of a steam fire engine. Facing to the right, the line now moved forward, a blaze of fire pour- ing from their muskets. It was nearly dark, and the Confederates, struck suddenly in flank, fell back down the Resaca road, and all along the line the Union troops had gained ground which they occupied during the night.* The attempt to turn the right of the Union army was repeated by Gen. Johnston on the following day, and resulted in a des- perate fight between Stewart’s and Steven- son’s divisions, and Williams’ and Geary’s divisions. On both sides artillery charged with canister and schrapnel was freely used. The fight closed with the repulse of the Con- federate troops, but not until the leading regiments were nearly annihilated. During the night of the 15th Gen. Johnston aban- doned Resaca, and the campaign for the pos- session of Atlanta Avas fairly begun. Resaca was occupied by the Army of the Cumberland on the morning of May 16th, and Gen. Sherman determined upon imme- diate pursuit. But a heavy rearguard, seek- ing every available point at which to offer resistance, rendered pursuit, if such it could be called, exceedingly slow. The cavalry, thrown Avell to the flanks, the Armies of the Tennessee on the right, Cumberland in the center and Ohio on the left, moved forward on parallel roads when practicable, or through forests when necessary, but always in posi- tion to be formed in line of battle. The pioneer brigade of the Army of the Cumber- land, formed by Gen. Rosecrans of picked *This was the last battle for the First and Second Kentucky Infantry. Having enlisted in June, 1861, they had servedfaith- fully for three years, and were honorably mustered out of serv- ice at Covington, Ky., ou the 19th ol June, 1864. 438 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. men from each regiment, under command of Gen. George P. Buell, together with the First Michigan regiment of Engineers and Mechanics, fully equipped for the service, with a pontoon train and an ample supply of implements, opened roads, built railroad bridges, and brought forward trains of cars laden with supplies as fast as they were needed by the army. At Cassville Gen. McCook’s division of cavalry had a brilliant passage of arms with Stevenson’s division of infantry, where it was Johnston’s intention to again give battle, in which he was upheld by Hardee, but was finally dissuaded by Polk and Hood. Ac- cordingly, during the night Johnston crossed the Etowah with all his trains and moved to the stronger position of Allatoona Pass. It was no part of Gen. Sherman’s purpose to waste life hurling his men upon John- ston’s works at Allatoona when the position could be turned, and by the same movement threaten Johnston’s communications. Mov- ing divisions, to these masterly tacticians, was a work that never confused them. Their orders were obeyed without question, and such was the discipline of both armies that, having once ordered a division or corps to be at a certain point at a given time the com- mander was at liberty to make all his combi- nations in the magnificent game with cer- tainty that when wanted the men would be at the place indicated. Covering the Alabama road toward Allatoona with Geary’s division, the balance of Hooker’s corps was moved to Burnt Hickory, preceded by McCook’s cav- alry, skirmishing all the way. A Confederate courier was captured, whose dispatches showed that Johnston had divined Sherman’s purpose to move upon Dallas, and that he was taking steps to meet him there. On the morning of the 25th, as the Union army was advancing by jjarallel roads, Geary’s division, the central one of the Twentieth Corps, came upon a division of Hood’s corps. In the fight that ensued Geary was winner, and from prisoners he learned that Hood’s entire corps was not far distant in the direction of Dallas. The next point of con- vergence of the roads upon which the various corps of the army were moving was New Hope. Church, and Hooker was directed to drive the force in his front beyond that point, and made a vigorous effort to comply, but was arrested by Johnston’s artillery, well supported by infantry, at the church, and was obliged to await re-enforcements. John- ston had thrown his whole army directly across Sherman’s line of advance, and was ready for defensive battle in a strong posi- tion. Beconnoissance to the front and both flanks of Johnston’s line were made to ascer- tain his real position, in which a good deal of I heavy fighting was done. McPherson and Davis passed through Dallas on Johnston’s left flank and deployed on the east of the Marietta road. Hardee’s corps was on Johnston’s left, Hood on his right, and Polk in the center. Sherman’s line was formed with Schofield on the left and McPherson on the right, each with one corps, while the center, under Gen. Thomas, was composed of the Fourth, Fourteenth and Twentieth Corps. Doubtful whether Johnston would maintain his posi- tion, Sherman disposed of his troops so as, by a movement to the right, to place a strong force between Johnston and the railroad, while an attack was being made upon his right flank. Wood’s division of the Fourth Corps was designated as the assaulting col- umn, to be supported on the left by E. W. Johnsons’s division, of the Fourteenth Corps, and on the right by McLean’s brigade, of the Twenty -third Corps. Gen. Wood formed his division in column six lines deep, Johnson on the left, with a brigade front. After feeling the line in various places, a point of attack was selected, and at 5 P. M. the entire column marched briskly forward, Hazen’s brigade leading, and hav- ing driven in the Confederate skirmishers, made a gallant assault upon the main line, but met with a bloody repulse. The column j fell back slowly under the hammering strokes of Cleburne’s division, but brought away their wounded. Gen. Wood’s loss in the brief engagement was over 1,400 in killed, wounded and miss- ing. Though no other assault was made HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 439 upon the Confederate works near Dallas, there was constant fightings from the 24th of May till the 5th of June, at which time Gen. Johnston fell back to Pine Mountain. The Kentucky regiments in Wood’s division, the Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Seventeenth and Twen- ty-third, displayed their usual courage and fortitude on this trying occasion. To fly before the enemy may be the act of a coward, but to remain under Are until the order is given to fall' back, and in doing so to preserve the line, giving shot for shot while the wounded are borne to the rear, requires equal courage in victor and vanquished. Col. W. E. Hobson, Thirteenth Kentucky Infantry, assumed command of the Second Brigade of Hascall’s division in June, Col. Bond being wounded, and was probably the youngest brigade commander in the army. On the 9th of June, Gen. McCook made a cavalry reconnoissance in front, where he found the Confederate army in force on Pine Mountain, with its left resting on Lost Mountain, its center at Gilgall Church and its right extended across the railroad. The advance of Sherman’s infantry developed Johnston’s position more accurately, when it was found that his lines extended over a series of hills from Kenesaw Mountain to Lost Mountain, with Pine Mountain fortified in front. On the 14th of June active operations re- commenced. The Fourteenth Corps and the left of the Fourth advanced a mile. The right of the Fourth closed up on the Twen- tieth, was formed in front of Pine Mountain, which caused Johnston to withdraw to his works between Kenesaw and Lost Mountain. During the day a shell thrown from Simon- son’s battery, aimed at a party of horsemen, who appeared on an eminence overlooking the field, killed Gen. Polk. An advance along the Union line was ordered the next day. Gen. Schofield carried a line of works that had been left exposed by the abandonment of Pine Mountain. Gen. McPherson gained a hill on his left front, and Gen. Thomas advanced a mile and a half in the center, but this movement resulted only in contracting the Confederate lines within its intrenchments. An assault- ing column, composed of Newton’s and Geary’s divisions strongly supported, carried an intrenched skirmish line and advanced nearly to the main line. This proved to Gen. Johnston that an assault could be made with strong probabilities of success, and he fell back to an intrenched position on the south side of Mud Creek. Here the con- tendingf armies foug:ht with varvingf success until the 27th, when Gen. Sherman deter- mined upon an attack upon the Confederate center. Davis’ and Newton’s divisions were designated as the assaulting column. New- ton’s division was formed with Harker’s and Wagner’s brigades in line slightly separated for better cover, and Kimball’s in echelon with Wagner’s. For fifteen minutes all the artillery available poured a concentrated fire upon the points of attack, then the columns moved forward. The distance to the works was about 600 yards, and from the moment that the troops left the cover of their own intrenchments they were subject to a galling fire of artillery and musketry. A tangled abatis encumbered their way, the air was filled with death- dealing missiles, but the brave fellows pressed forward, and the brigades of Cols. Daniel McCook and J. G. Mitchell reached the works, but such was their exhaustion they were compelled to halt. McCook ordered his men to lie down; a soldier begged the brave colonel to do likewise; “Oh, no,” said Mc- Cook in a bantering tone, “I am paid more than you are for being shot at;” the next mo- ment he fell with a mortal wound. The for- midable obstructions in front of Harker’s and Wagner’s brigades proved absolutely insur- mountable in the face of the terrific fire to which the troops were subjected. Gen. Harker, the gallant young commander of Newton’s Third Brigade, was killed. Some of his men, infuriated at the loss of their be- loved general, rushed forward, struggled through the abatis, and fell dead upon the parapet. The aggregate loss in Newton’s and Davis’ divisions in this assault, in nearly equal pro- portion, was 1,580 killed, wounded and 440 - HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. missing. This terrible sacrifice brought do adequate reward. Gen. Sherman now deter- mined to do what might well have been done earlier, to turn Johnston’s position by mov- ing to the right, which movement, observed by the latter, caused him to abandon his position at Kenesaw and fall back across the Chattahoochee. In the two months since the campaign opened the loss in the Army of the Cumber- land alone was 133 officers and 1,972 enlisted men killed, 510 officers and 10,798 enlisted men missing. Total, 13,413. While the infantry of both armies had been engaged in daily passages of arms, the cavalry had been equally active. Gen. Steed- man, commanding the district of the Etowah, which was organized on the 10th of June, sent Col. Louis Watkins, commanding the Third Brigade of McCook’s cavalry division, with the Fourth, Sixth and Seventh Kentucky Cavalry, to Lafayette, where he was attacked by Gen. Pillow with 2,000 men. Col. Wat- kins refused to surrender, and with 400 men held the place until re-enforced by the Fourth Kentucky, mounted infantry, whose vigorous attack repulsed, and final ly routed the Con- federates. Pillow’s loss was about 300 men, including eighty captured. The loss of the Kentuckians was sixty. The folly of the Confederate war depart- ment was in nothing more strongly exempli- fied than in detaching Gen. Forz’est from Johnston’s army, at a period when the only hope of preventing Sherman’s advance was to destroy his communications with Nashville and Chattanooga. This bold cavalryman, raiding in western Tennessee, accomplished nothing in comparison with the work he might have performed along the extensive railroad lines required for the transportation of supplies to Sherman’s army. Johnston’s infantry and artillery, numbering less than one-half of the same arms in Sherman’s army, often necessitated the use of Wheeler’s cavalry in the rifle-pits along his front, thus affording it no opportunity to demonstrate upon Sherman’s rear. Johnston’s next line of defense was selected on high ground on the south bank of Peach- tree Creek and the Chattahoochee, below the mouth of the creek. In the defense of his fortifications he had an auxiliary army of militia. On the 16th of July Gen. Sherman gave orders for an advance toward Atlanta, the objective point of the campaign. Early on the morning of the 19th the Fourth Corps reached Peachtree Creek, and finding the bridge destroyed. Wood’s division constructed another, and forcing a passage drove the Confederates from their defenses, while Stanley crossed the north fork of the creek some distance north against strong opposi- tion. To the right Davis’ and Geary’s divisions fought their way over the stream. Early the next morning the remaining divis- ions of the Army of the Cumberland crossed the stream, and two divisions of the Fourth Corps moved to the left to connect with Gen. Schofield. This movement left a wide in- terval in Gen. Thomas’ line, and but for the determined valor of this magnificent m’lny would have resulted in its defeat. At 3 P. M. the Confederates rushed from their concealments in the woods. A division attacked Newton in front, another passed his left flank altogether and thrust itself be- tween Peavine and Peachtree Creeks, and a third attacked his right flank. Gen. New- ton first repulsed the column on his left and drove it to the woods with Bradley’s brigade and the reserve artillery. Wagner’s and Blake’s brigades repulsed the attack in front, then turning upon the column on his left he threw his whole command against it with such force as to drive it back into the woods. Meantime Gen. Ward’s division of the Twentieth Corps advanced from cover, and after a spirited fight drove .the Confederates back far enough to connect his right with Geary, and his left with Newton, where he fortified against immediate attack. Gen. Williams came forward with his division on the right of Geary. In the fm’ious contest that ensued, the Confederate line attacked with courage and determination, but the most daring assaults were repulsed again and again, until ex- hausted and bleeding at 6 P. M. the troops HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 441 ■were withdrawn by Gen. Hood, whose loss in the engagement was nearly 3,000 men. The loss in the Army of the Cumber- land was about one-half that of the Con- federates, but it comprised some of the brav- est and best of the rank and tile of the army. Newton, Stanley and Wood, though heavily engaged, lost very few men in proportion to ' the Twentieth Corps. I During the following night, Gen. Hood, who had by direction of the Confederate government superseded Gen. Johnston in j command of the army, on the 18th, with- I drew his forces within the fortifications of ! Atlanta. On the 22d, while the Army of the Tennessee was moving into position on the left of the line of investment, Gen. Hood again attacked with such vigor as to gain a temporary advantage. Gen. Mc- Pherson was killed in the opening of the en- j gagement, and the command devolved upon Gen. Logan. After a bloody engagement. Hood again withdrew into the city. On the same day, Gen. Rousseau arrived at Marietta with his cavalry, from a most successful raid i upon the railroads southwest of Atlanta. | The garrison of Atlanta, although vastly | inferior in point of numbers to the investing army, by fighting on interior lines was able to present a solid front at any point where it might be assailed; and finding that the occu- pation of Atlanta by Gen. Hood’s army could be prolonged indefinitely, so long as he re- tained possession of the railroad leading southward to Macon, Gen. Sherman deter- mined to destroy it. To accomplish this object a cavalry ex- pedition was fitted oat, after the return of Gen. Rousseau, under command of Stone- man with 4,000, and McCook with 5,000, j which by its strength gave promise of suc- cess. The expedition marched from Marietta on the 27th of July. McCook crossed the j Chattahoochee at Riverton and moved at once i upon Palmetto Station, where he destroyed two miles of the railroad track. At Fayette- | ville he burned 100 bales of cotton, burned a supply train of 400 wagons, killed 800 mules, saving a large number, and captured several hundred quartermaster’s employees and train guards. Gen. Stoneman marched through Coving- ton, detaching Garrard’s division to go to Flat Rock, between his line of march and Atlanta; thence moved down the Ocmulgee to Macon. Lieut. Davidson, with a battalion of the Fourteenth Illinois Cavalry, was sent eastward on the Augusta Road, where he captured and destroyed a large number of cars laden with army supplies, and burned a depot and several bridges. The two forces were ordered to concentrate at Lovejoy’s Station on the Macon Railroad, and McCook obeyed the order, arriving at the place and time agreed upon. Stoneman appears to have paid no heed to his instruc- tions, but marched at once upon Macon, where, his approach having been announced, the bridges were burned, and he was obliged to content himself with shelling the city. Meantime Gen. Hood, having been informed of the movement, dispatched all his cavalry in pursuit of the raiders, and McCook found himself surrounded by a superior force. Falling back from Lovejoy’s he made a rapid march to Newnan’s, where he came in con- tact with an infantry column cut off from railroad communication with Atlanta, and on the march to join Hood’s army. The Con- federate cavalry, close upon his heels, com- pelled him to fight and suffer great loss. The Fourth Kentucky, mounted infantry, under Col. R. M. Kelly, acting as a rear guard, was cut off from the main column and several hundred of the regiment captured. McCook finally reached the Union lines with about two-thirds of his command. Gen. Stoneman fared even worse. In at- tempting to retrace his steps from Macon he took the road toward Hillsboro, and early on the morning of the 30th found himself in presence of a heavy force of cavalry, infantry and artillery. His three brigades, under command of Cols. Biddle, Capron and Adams, were deployed in line of battle, but before the action had fairly commenced Gen. Stone- man received a flag of truce demanding his surrender. He sent a message to his brigade commanders that he was about to sin'render. 442 HISTORY OF IFENTUCKY. but giving them permission to cut their way out if they chose to attempt it. Col. Silas Adams, in command of the First, Eleventh and Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, on receipt of the message at once mounted his men, who rode away, reaching Marietta in safety. Col. Capron whose brigade was stationed on the extreme right failed to receive the message until too late to act upon it with the same success. The falling back of the Ken- tucky regiments left a wide gap in the line, through which poured a strong column of the Confederates, and a running tight took place for the possession of the horses of Capron’s brigade, in which the cavalry were beaten by the more fleet-footed infantry men. Gathering together a few hundred of his command. Col. Capron set out for Marietta, marching day and night for three days. Making a wide detour to the eastward to avoid the enemy, he encamped for the night near Mulberry’s Creek, where he was surprised and most of his force captured. Gen. Stoneman was taken prisoner, together with most of Biddle’s brigade. The failure in execution of Gen. Sherman’s plans for cutting Hood’s communications with Macon, convinced him of the necessity for a flank movement in force, which he soon after put in execution. In the month of July the loss in the Army of the Cumberland was 40 officers and 547 enlisted men killed, 160 officers and 2,592 en- listed men wounded, and 17 officers and 344 enlisted men missing; total, 3,700. Though Hood’s army had been roughly handled during the month, his losses were much less, and his army as much out of reach of his antagonist as at any period of the campaign. His fortiflcations extended along the railroad to East Point, a distance of fifteen miles, and were so strongly manned as to re- sist any effort made by Gen. Sherman to carry them. Several attacks were made upon them by the Fourteenth Corps supported by Scho- field’s corps between the 1st and 10th of August, but without success. Hoping to force Sherman to fall back, Hood about this time dispatched Wheeler, with all the cavalry of his command, northward, to cut the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, but the activity of Gens. Steedman at Chatta- nooga, Rousseau at Nashville and Granger at Decatui', prevented him from inflicting any serious damage, and he was soon forced to seek shelter south of the Tennessee. Taking advantage of the absence of Wheeler’s cavalry, Gen. Sherman determined upon another effort to break Hood’s communications. Gen. Kil- patrick, on the 18th, dashed out of his en- trenchments at Sandtown, striking the West Point Railroad near Fairburn, and moving thence to Jonesboro met and defeated Ross’ cavalry, and commenced the destruction of the road, but, being attacked by Jackson’s cavalry and a force of infantry, was compelled to fall back. He then made a circuit to Lovejoy’s Station, and while breaking the road was again attacked. Finding his force nearly surrounded he formed his column, and saber in hand cut his way through the invest- ing line, making his way back to his camp. In all these movements the Kentucky regi- ments before mentioned bore an honorable part. Wherever duty called them, these brave men bore their colors into the thick of every important engagement from Resaca to Atlanta, and whether fighting with Stanley at Resaca, Wood at Cassville, Hooker at Keuesaw, or Newton at Peachtree Creek, their conduct was characterized by the most exalted courage and patriotism. The time had now come when Gen. Sher- man determined to cut loose from his com- munications and place his army south of At- lanta. On the 28th of July, the Twentieth Army Corps under command of Gen. H. W, Slocum took position on the north bank of the Chattahoochee, while the entire investing line moved by the left flank to West Point, where the railroad was thoroughly destroyed. The work went on during the night of the 29th, and on the 30th the army moved for- wai’d to the Macon Road. Immediately on reception of information of Sherman’s movements. Hood sent Hardee’s and Lee’s corps to Jonesboro and prepared to follovy with Stewart’s. Gen. Hardee took position .on the summit of a wooded ridge and at once commenced fortifying. The Fourteenth Corps, being nearest the position, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 413 moved forward at once to attack him. The Fourth Corps, commanded by G-en. Stanley, and the Twenty-third Corps having farther to march and being hindered bv having to break up the road came up later. The troops of the Fourteenth Corps which par- ticipated in the assault were Carlin’s and Morgan’s divisions and Este’s brigade of Baird’s division. Morgan’s division carried its entire front; Carlin’s division pressing forward leaped the works, and bayonet in hand held captive the troops set for their de- fense, while Este’s brigade was equally suc- cessful. The Tenth Kentucky and Seventy- fourth Indiana gained the intrenchments in their front, but the remaining regiments met with obstructions that compelled them to halt. The unlooked-for success of this brill- iant attack caused the Confederates to fall back, losing over 1,500 prisoners. The next position selected by Hardee was at Lovejoy's Station, where, after a slight attack made by Wood’s division, he was left in his works, while most of Sherman’s army returned to Atlanta. The objective point of the movement had been gained, and on the 3d of September, Gen. Sherman announced the close of the campaign. During the remain- ing part of the month, the national forces devoted themselves to recuperation and re- pairs, and on the 29th Gen. Thomas was sent to Nashville to assume command of the Military District of the Mississippi, although the order to that effect was not issued until later. On the 30th, Hood crossed the Chattahoo- chee and threw Stewart’s corps upon the rail- road north of Marietta, and with the remainder of his army moved upon Alla- toona, where Sherman had a large depot of supplies. Gen. French attacked the garri- son stationed there on the 4th of October, but experienced a bloody repulse by Gen. Corse. Gen. Hood then moved rapidly to- ward Besaca, destroying the railroad at various points, followed closely by Sherman, who in doubt as to the real object of Hood’s movement, and unable to overtake him, was compelled to attack constantly at disad- vantage. While Hood was pursuing his course to- ward middle Tennessee, keeping well in advance of Sherman’s main army but capturing any small garrison that came in his way, Gen. Forrest had entered the State with the evident intention of destroying the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. His raid, though more successful at the start than Wheeler’s, ended very soon after it began with no permanent injury to the main line of railroad or benefit to the Confederate army. Thus, with an army vastly inferior in num- bers to that of his antagonist, Gen. Hood had compelled Sherman to retreat from Atlanta, although the place was still garrisoned by Union troops. Moving in total disregard to a base of sup- plies, his erratic course was so difficult to conjecture that Gen. Sherman, in despair of capturing him by a stern chase, sat down at Gaylesville with the Army of the Cumber- land, sending Howard with the Army of the Tennessee to Little River, and the Twenty- third Corps to Cedar Bluffs, regardless of Hood’s final destination, hoping rather that his cotu’se might lead northward, where his capture might be attempted with some hope of success. Gen. Hood’s expectations of ob- taining supplies for his famishing troops having been blasted by the successful defense of Allatoona and Decatur, but one course was left him by which to save his army, and that was an immediate movement westward {via Gadsden and Tuscumbia, Ala.), where he could obtain supplies for his troops. Gen. Sherman now determined upon the “ march to the sea,” and, detaching the Fourth and Twenty-third Corps to report to Gen. Thomas, together with all the cavalry except Kilpatrick’s division, he moved from Gaylesville with the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Seventeeth and Twentieth Corps — 00,000 in- fantry and artillery, and 4,500 cavalry. The Kentucky regiments that participated in the grand march were the Eighteenth In- fantry, and the Second, Third and Fifth Cav- alry. Of those in the Foiu’th, Foui’teenth and Twenty-third Ai’my Corps at the begin- ning of the Atlanta campaign, the Twelfth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Twenty- first. Twenty 444 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. third and Twenty-eighth remained for the clos- ing scenes in Tennessee. After the battle of Franklin, the Seventeenth, whose term of serv- ice had expired, was replaced by the Twenty- sixth. Twelve regiments were sent back to Kentucky after long and faithful service to await the expiration of the third year of their eulist.ment. On the 29th of October, Brig. -Gen. John T. Croxton, to whose vigilance the task of watching the movements of Gen. Hood had been entrusted by Gen. Thomas, reported that the Confederates were crossing the Ten- nessee at the mouth of Cypress Creek, two miles below Florence, Ala. Gen. Stanley was ordered to concentrate the Fourth Corps at Pulaski and await instructions; Gen. Schofield was ordered from Resaca, Ga. , to Columbia; Gen. Hatch, commanding a divis- ion of cavalry, en route from Memphis, was directed to place his troops south of Colum- bia, and in conjunction with Croxton and Capron keep a sharp lookout for any forces that might make their appearance north of the Tennessee. Gen. Schofield, who as a commander of the Department of the Ohio, was the ranking corps- commander under Thomas, had orders to hold the enemy in check until the arrival of re-enforcements at Nashville would en- able the commanding general to take the field with an army of sufficient numerical strength to offer some prospect of success in a general engagement. Gen. A. J. Smith, commanding the right wing of the Sixteenth Corps, two divisions, having completed the expulsion of Price’s army from the State of iVIissouri, was directed to report to Gen. Thomas at Nashville. Gen. Steedman had orders to furnish a contingent of colored troops from Chattanooga; Gen. Cruft was placed in command of all soldiers and de- tachments found at Nashville, who, being en route to their regiments in Sherman’s army, were cut off from joining it, and Gen. John F. Miller, in command of the post of Nash- ville, was instructed to arm the employes of the quartermaster’s department for service in the fortifications. With this heterogeneous command, Gen. Thomas was compelled to cope with the same army that Sherman had been fighting all summer, without once defeating it in a general engagement. He had turned away from it when it was drawn up in order of battle at Lovejoy’s Station; had followed it when his communications were threatened north of Atlanta, and now, marching away with two-thirds of his army, he left the re- mainder to fight a decisive battle. But he left Thomas and Stanley, and A. J. Smith. Gen. Thomas was handicapped at the out- set by a difficulty which no foresight seemed able to prevent. His cavalry with the excep- tion of the few brigades above mentioned were without horses. They had been dis- mounted to furnish horses for Kilpatrick’s division, and sent to Louisville to be re- mounted. Agents were sent through the State in every direction to purchase horses, but for once in its history the supply was exhausted. Its pastures had supplied Union and Confederates with an equally lavish hand. Those which Morgan had spared Burbridge had pressed into the service, and the horseless troops of the Army of the Cum- berland wandered aimlessly through the streets of Louisville when their services were imperatively demanded to confront Forrest on the banks of the Tennessee. As fast as regiments were remounted they were sent to. the front, and in a few weeks the cavalry corps was ready for service. The delay in paying its respects to that ubiquitous raider was solely owing to the lack of horseflesh, and to no unwillingness on their part to engage him in mortal com- bat; but the delay caused Gen. Thomas seri- ous embarrassment, and came near causing his removal fi’om command by the wiseacres at the head of the army, who at a distance of a thousand miles presumed to direct his move- ments. To add to the difficulties of the situation, troops did not arrive as fast as the veterans, whose term of service had expired, left the army. Nothing saved the little force of 30,000 men from annihilation but the vigilance of Gen. Canby in pati’olling the Mississippi, and preventing Kirby Smith HISTOKY OF ICENTUCKY. 445 ■from uniting his forces with those of Gen. Hood. Early in October he had intercepted a dispatch from President Davis to Gen. E. Tvirby Smith ordering him to cross the Mis- sissippi with his entire force. Gen. Magru- der had doubtlessly received a copy of the dispatch, as he suddenly retired with his corps of 30,000 men from Gen. Steele’s front and moved toward Gaine’s Landing. Gen. Canby’s vigilance prevented the order from being carried out, and enabled Gen. Thomas to prepare for action. Having established a base of supplies at Cherokee Station, on the Mobile & Ohio Raiload, Gen. Hood pro- ceeded to cross the Tennessee and move to Florence, but did not begin his forward movement until the 21st of November. The Confederate general’s object was to place his army between Columbia and Nashville, and then having gained the rear of the Fourth and Twenty-third Corps to turn upon them in overwhelming force. Leaving two divisions of Lee’s Corps to make a show of strength in Schofield’s front, Hood, at dawn of day of the 29th of November, led Cheatham’s and Stew- art’s corps and one division of Lee’s across Duck River on pontoon bridges, and advanced on the road to Spring Hill. Gen. Wilson, in command of the Union cavalry, immediately notified Gen. Schofield of this movement, and, supposing that the latter would at once put his troops in motion for Spring Hill, which is on the direct road to Nashville, he fell back slowly on the Lewisburg Road, retarding Hood’s advance to the extent of his ability. Forrest’s cavalry, in Hood’s advance, followed Wilson until abreast of Spring Hill, when turning sharply to the left it advanced rapidly to take pos- session of the place. Meantime Gen. Stan- ley, marching with Wagner’s division, reached a point within two miles of Spi'ing Hill, where he was informed that the Confed- erate cavalry was approaching the town from the east. He ordered a double quick, and the gallant troops, moving rapidly forward, drove Forrest back. Believing that he had the two corps now within his grasp Hood left two corps at the crossing of Rutherford’s Creek to prevent Schofield from escaping to the defenses of Murfreesboro, and advanced with Cheatham’s corps to attack Stanley, who had formed AVagner’s division in readiness to receive him. Bradley’s brigade was thrown forward to a wooded knoll about three-fourths of a mile east of the town, while Opdycke’s and Lane’s brigades were stretched out in as long a lino as possible east of the Columbia Road to guard the supply and baggage trains which covered the road for miles in the rear. The blunder of Schofield in permitting Hood to fiank him was now apparent even to the most stupid soldier. The command was so widely separated as to bar any possibility of concentration in case of an attack in force, and, but for the equal blunder of Hood in at- tempting to bag the entire command by separ- ating his forces, he might have got posses- sion of Spring Hill, and then fought Scho- field on ground of his own choosing. Cox’s division was on the bank of Duck River, op- posite Columbia; Kimball’s and AVood’s di- visions confronted Stewart’s at Rutherford’s Creek. One-half of Rogers’ division was far below Columbia on Duck River, where it had been forgotten, and the other half was in the rear of Stanley on the road to Spring Hill. With all this evidence bearing on the subject it was not until 3 P. M. that Gen. Schofield became convinced that Hood had done pre- cisely what he would be expected to do — turned his left fiank and gained the road to Nashville. At the same hour Gen. Hood, with the prospect of brilliant success in view, gave the order to Cheatham to attack, promising sup- port from his nearest division. After a short fight Bradley was compelled to fall back upon Lane, and, being severely wounded, relin- quished the command to Col. Conrad; but Cleburne, who followed him closely, met a sharp artillery fire and galling musketry vol- leys from Lane’s brigade, before which his troops recoiled, and finally retired. The short November day was nearing its close when the attack failed, and Hood’s golden opportunity was lost. With ten divisions of infantry well in hand, a general assault upon three divis- ions and a half could hardly have failed. 446 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. The danger increased with every hour at Spring Hill, where a narrow bridge had to be crossed by 500 wagons. At 10 P. M., Schofield joined his own corps at Thompson’s Station, and moved on toward Nashville, leaving Stanley to extricate his corps and the immense baggage-train as best he might. But Stanley was equal to the emergency. With characteristic skill and energy he sent his train over the narrow bridge, and covering it with a line of troops, snatched his corps and all his supplies from Hood’s enclosing grasp. The march of Stanley’s corps from Spring Hill to Franklin, on the night of the 29th and part of the 30th of November, reads like a romance. With an overwhelming army pressing upon his rear, and a heavy force of cavalry hovering irpon his flanks, the corps marched steadily forward, its rear guarded by Opdycke’s splendid brigade, which, before the night closed on the last day of November, was destined to furnish one of the most brill- iant pages in the annals of military warfare. On approaching the town, Stanley found the Twenty-third Corps formed in a line, with the flanks resting upon the Harpeth River to cover the crossing of the Fourth Corps, and the trains of the army. Wood’s division, by the direction of Schofleld, crossed and took position on the north side of the river, in position to contest the crossings above or be- low the town, should Hood attempt a flank movement, and by the same authority, Lane’s and Conrad’s brigades of Wagner’s division were left a third of a mile in advance of Cox’s line, to retard Hood’s advance. Op- dycke, protesting against this needless ex- posure of his men, was permitted to pass in the rear of Cox’s line, and take position on Carter’s Hill. Reversing the positions, it was Missionary Ridge repeated. As in that memorable charge, the attacking forces became mingled with the attacked, and rushing forward, came in a body upon the main line. It was im- possible to direct a musketry fire upon them without destroying more friends than foes, and it was not until the Union brigades had gotten well over the works that the orders were given to open fire. The leading Con- ■federate troops had gained the interior of the works at the key point. Two batteries of ar- tillery were captured and turned to enfilade the Union line, while Hood’s entire army poured in ever-increasing volume, toward the breach. Schofield had crossed the river, and at this supreme moment was two miles away. One of the divisions was unoccupied near his headquarters, and one of Stanley’s was too far away to x’ender assistance. Gen. Stanley had ridden to Schofield’s headquarters to report his arrival, and was with him when the opening roar of artillery announced the impending battle. Mounting his horse he was quickly upon the scene, but not quick enough to anticipate the gallant Opdycke in ordering his brigade forward" to the charge. His men had unslung their knapsacks, stacked their arms, and were busy getting their suppers when the attack fell upon their comrades at the front. In a moment all was changed. Some new troops sent down by Gen. Thomas to swell the volume if not to increase the strength of Schofield’s army, rushing in wild flight from the line of battle, threw away their arms, and ran past Opdycke’s position. A colonel of one of his regiments, anticipating his order to move to the front, had thrown his regiment into the road, and thereby gained the ad- vance. Then came the order. As if by magic the entire brigade, a self-constituted reserve, sprang forward into the “ imminent deadly breach,” supported on the right by Reilley’s brigade, those gallant regiments, the Twelfth and Sixteenth Kentucky, in ad- vance. A charge was made that sent the Confederates staggering over the works. Vol- leys of musketry poured upon them, but with rapidly thinning ranks the heroic soldiers of these two brigades held their ground, giving shot for shot. Meantime the entire line of works were blazing with artillery full in the faces of the Confederates crowded into a narrow space in the vain hope of carrying the works by over- whelming numbers. Thirteen Confederate brigadier-generals were killed or wounded, 1,700 officers and men were killed, and 4,000 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 447 wounded. More than half the losses in the Union army were from Wagner’s division, which suffered heavily by the blunder in leav- ing the two brigades in front of the Union line, and by the heroic charge of Opdycke’s brigade. Forrest fared no better in his at- tempt to cross the Harpeth, where he was met and driven back by Wilson’s cavalry. A, J. Smith’s fii’st division arrived at Nashville on the 30th, and Gen. Thomas found that he could not move the corps to Schofield’s sup. port until the 2d of December. He there- fore wrote Gen. Schofield asking if he could hold Hood in check at Franklin three days. The reply came that he could not, and un- willing to risk the possibility of Hood’s thrusting his army between the two wings of his army, he ordered Schofield to Nashville. The movement was successfully effected on the night of the 30th, and the 1st of De- cember saw the army united in front of the city. Gen. Stanley having been severely wounded at Franklin, Gen. Wood assumed command of the Fourth Army Corps. Seven days of unremitting toil were used in forming, fi’om the heterogeneous troops thrown together, an army of infantry and cavalry such as Gen. Thomas believed would be sufficient not only to defeat but destroy his antagonist; but the anxiety of preparation for a decisive battle was not the only perplex- ity that annoyed him. Daily messages were received from Grant ordering him peremp- torily to attack. He explained the reasons for delay, reasons which were regarded as potent by every one of his corps and division com- manders, but to no effect. Grant caused an order to be issued placing Schoheld in com- mand, but subsequently suspended it. At the end of seven days Thomas announced him- self nearly ready for the attack, when a ter- rible storm of rain and sleet was followed by freezing weather, which covered the ground with ice. Knowing that Hood could not move dui’ing this time, he delayed his attack until the ice should melt, telegraphing daily his position and prospects. On the 13th an order was issued by Grant to Gen. Logan to proceed to Nashville and assume command. Gen. Logan reached Louisville on the 15th, where he received news of the battle of Nash- ville, and with the instinct of a true soldier knew that there was no occasion for him to continue bis journey. Grant reached Wash- ington from City Point, Va. , bound for the same place, and there heard news from Nash- ville that changed his destination. Chaplain Van Horn in his life of Thomas says: “ Gen. Hood’s first blunder was in not attacking Sherman at Gaylesville, where he had only 60,000 men; his second was in wait- ing so long at Florence without effort to help his promised re-enforcements across the Mis- sissippi; the third was his failure to crush Schofield at Spring Hill, and the fourth was in offering himself to Thomas to be crushed.” Although Hood’s army was intrenched upon a commanding ridge and supplies were furnished by the country, his forces grew weaker day by day. In constant hope of receiving large accessions to his army by the arrival of Smith fi’om Texas, he held his position tenaciously, believing that an attack by Thomas would result in giving him possession of Nashville, and eventually of Kentucky and Tennessee. He had not offered himself to Thomas to be crushed, but chose the best, in fact the only, means of defeating the Union army. This he would undoubtedly have done, had that army been commanded by a weaker general — one who, in blind obedience to an imperative order to advance, would have put his troops in motion up the icy slopes of Overton’s Hill. The morning of the 15th of December was foggy, and in the dense mist the cavalry moved to the right of the army where in conjunction with Smith’s Corps they were to “turn” the left of the Confederate line, while Gen. Steedman made an attack with his colored troops upon the right. Both movements were successfully accomplished; Morgan, with his brigade of colored troops, executed his part of the programme so well as to cause Hood to re-enforce his right from his center and left, while Croxton and Hatch, with their brigades dismounted, advanced in conjunction with A. J. Smith’s Infantry, and carried several advanced positions with their ai’mament of guns and infantry supports. 448 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. The Fourth Corps was formed with Elliott’s Second Division on the right, Kimball’s First in the center, and Beatty’s Third on the left, each division providing its own reserve. Montgomery Hill was carried by Post’s brigade, supported by Streight’s. Schotield was moved to the right of Smith, where he advanced and drove the Confeder- ates from the hills overlooking the Granny White Turnpike. Steedman advancing, carried the right of Hood’s fortifications on the Nolensville Turnpike, and the day closed with decided success to the Union arms. Hood lost 17 guns and 1,200 men by cap- | ture. It was believed by many that Hood ] had commenced his retreat, but no thought I of this kind seems to have been entertained ! by him, as he spent the night in fortifying his second line, where, with his forces more compact, he hoped to repulse every attack made upon him. His line was two and a half miles shorter on the morning of the 16th than on the preceding day, and coursed over the hills constituting the main Brent- wood range through which the Franklin Road passes. The right rested on Overton’s Hill; his left, driven back, was well refuged, and the apex strongly fortified. The Union line stretching around Hood’s position, the opposite flanks faced each other, with the Confederate force between them, while the cavalry, feeling its way farther and farther to the right, by noon on the 16th had gained the rear of Hood’s left flank. This was to be the signal for a general advance along the entire line, but at this moment Schofield requested re- enforcements. Wood and Steedman, weary of delay, attacked Hood’s right flank, on Overton’s Hill, with Post’s and Thompson’s brigades supported by Streight’s, but were repulsed. Wilson moved in conjunction with McArthur, of Smith’s corps, and carried the works in their front. The shout of victory rang out, and, carried along the line, fell upon the ears of the Fourth Corps, who, rushing forward in an | impetuous charge, supported by the colored troops on their left, carried the strongest position along the line, and victory was won. In a few minutes Hood’s army was in re- treat toward Franklin, followed by the Fourth Corps, which bivouacked near Brent- wood, and early on the morning of the 17th continued its march to Franklin, where, finding the Harpeth swollen by rains, Gen. Wood encamped for the night. While the infantry was following in the wake of Hood’s retreating army, the cavalry was hanging upon his flanks, charging upon his rear guard, capturing prisoners, artillery and camp equipage. Wood crossed the Harpeth on the morning of the 18th, and continued his march through Franklin and Spring Hill to Rutherford’s Creek by the same road over which the corps had marched less than three weeks before, with the conditions reversed. A running fight ensued, but a stern chase is proverbially a long chase, and on the 26th Hood, crossing the Tennessee with the rem- nant of his command, continued his march to Tupelo, Miss., where, on January 20th, he called the roll of his army, and but 18,934 answered to their names. He had lost one- half of his army in little over a month. The events thus briefly narrated form a thrilling chapter in the history of the war in the west. The power of the Confederacy, so long upheld by the strong hearts and willing hands of its devoted adherents, was broken, and it only remained for the Union forces to move forward and occupy the laud. But even from a Union standpoint, it is impos- sible to withhold admiration for the zeal and courage, which, under the most adverse cir- cumstances, animated the Confederate Army of the Tennessee. The best blood of the south was in its ranks. Its officers had no superiors in any land for chivalrous bearing upon the field of battle, and, animated by their example, their men followed where they led into the thickest of the fray. At Mill Springs, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Knoxville, they fought as only brave men can fight. At Resaca, and through 100 days of battle to Atlanta, the soldiers of this army withstood the blows of twice their number, and when at last dispossessed of the city which formed the objective point of the HISTORY or KENTLXKY. 449 campaign, when they were supposed to be nursing their wounds, they turned northward, and fell upon the rear of the invading army with unabated energy. The wonderful recu- perative power which characterized the Con- federate army; their constant submission to privations, such as were rarely experienced by their antagonists; their courage and dis- cipline under the most trying circumstances, form a theme for the historian of the civil war, which to ignore must mark him blindly partisan. To the possession of these soldierly qualities by the Confederates may be ascribed the long continuance of the war, and that they were cultivated until they came to be regarded as manly attributes, even by men bred in lux- urious homes, is due, in a great degree, to the influence and example of the women of the south. COLUMBITS, A^TD THE MISSISSIPBI KIVEK, LOOKINO SOUTHWEST. 28 450 HISTORY OF KEYTUCIvY. OHAPTEE XYIIl. MORGAN’S CAVALRY— FIRST KENTUCKY BRIGADE, ETC. ur^HE Lexington Rifles, a militia company organized in 1857, commanded by Capt. John H. Morgan, was the nncleus of the famous organization known in the annals of the civil war as Morgan’s Cavalry. The organization of a military camp in Garrard County, Ky. ,in uncomfortable prox- imity to Lexington, hastened the departure of the “Rifles” fora more congenial climate. On the 20th of September, 1861, Capt. Mor- gan conceived the idea of removing his guns from the armory, and taking up the line of march for the southern Confederacy. With characteristic skill, the guns were loaded into wagons and started out the Versailles Turn- pike under a small guard. After two days’ and nights’ hard marching, Capt. Morgan, at the head of some 200 men, entered the Confederate camp on the south bank of Green River, where most of the men attached them- selves to the various regiments then being organized. Capt. Morgan, with some twenty men of his own company, together with dar- ing spirits from other regiments, tiring of the monotony of camp life here, commenced the series of daring raids that subsequently rendered his name famous. Scouting to the front he obtained the earliest information of the movements of the Union forces under Gen. McCook, then stationed at Nolin Creek. An order was Anally given to mount Mor- gan’s company on condemned artillery horses, which, by the system of exchange then in vogue, soon presented a very respectable ap- pearance. After the fall of Fort Donelson and the evacuation of Nashville, Mox’gan, in com- mand of a squadron of cavalry, remained in the vicinity of La Vergne, a small town be- tween Murfreesboro and Nashville, where he formed the acquaintance of the Fourth Ohio Cavalry, an acquaintance that ripened into unpleasant intimacy before the close of the war. At the battle of Shiloh, Morgan’s squad- ron was attached to Breckinridge’s division, after which, at his solicitation, he was per- mitted to make a dash into Tennessee with a force numbering 325 men, composed of his own battalion, and detachments from Col. Wirt Adams’ regiment, and McNairy’s bat- talion. The expedition started on the 26th of April, crossing the Tennessee on a small horse ferry-boat, and reached Lawrenceburg, Tenn., on the 30th, where the troops en- camped for the night. The next day he at- tacked and routed about 400 convalescents employed in putting up a line of telegraph, capturing and paroling many prisoners. Continuing his course toward Lebanon, the column reached that place on the night of the 4th of May, and encamped for the night. The news of Morgan’s operations had, in the meantime, reached Gen. Dumont, at Nashville, who started out with the First Kentucky Cavalry, and Twenty-Arst Kentucky Infantry, to capture him. The night was dark and rainy, Morgan’s pickets were in a house, and before the alarm could be given, Wolford’s cavalry came at full charge upon the camp. In the confusion that ensued the command came near being all captured. Morgan escaped with 15 men, and on the 6th reached Sparta, Tenn., where, during the next three days 50 of his men rejoined him, 120 were captured by the Union troops, and six were killed. On the 9th, he left Sparta with 150 men, mostly recruits, and directed his course toward Bowling Green, where, near Cave City, he captured two trains of HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 451 cars and paroled a number of prisoners. Morgan returned to Corinth about the mid- dle of May, to obtain equipments for his command and permission to revisit Kentucky. Capts. R. M. Gano and John Hoffman here joined him with two companies of Texas cavalry; Capt. Basil W. Duke, from whose in- teresting history of Morgan’s cavalry this sketch is in part compiled, having been wounded at Corinth, had collected about thirty of Morgan’s men who had been left behind, and accompanied Morgan to Chatta- nooga, where the remainder of the command was encamped. The three companies to which the squadron was now reduced were soon filled to the maximum by recruits. The term of service of the First Kentucky Infantry having expired in Virginia, 300 of the men were on their way home, and arrived at Chattanooga at this time. They eagerly embraced the opportunity to enlist under Morgan, and three more companies were formed. Capt. Jacob Cassel was appointed to command Company A, Capt. John Allen to Company B, Capt. Bowles to Company C, Capt. John B. Castleman to Company D, Capt. John Hutchinson to Company E, Capt. Thomas B. Webber to Company F, and Capt. McFarland commenced the organization of Company G. These six companies, and a fragment of the seventh, numbered not quite 400 men. Basil W. Duke was lieutenant- colonel; G. W. Morgan, major; Gordon E. Niles, adjutant; Thomas Allen, surgeon; Dr. Edelin, assistant surgeon; D. H. Llew- ellyn, quartermaster; and Hiram Reese, com- missary. The regiment seems to have had no chaplain. Ten days later the regiment, now known as the Second Kentucky Cavalry, set out for Knoxville. “Some were mounted,” says Duke, “and the remainder had great hopes.” In the latter part of June, Col. Hunt arrived from Georgia with a “partisan ranger” regiment, and accompanied Morgan on his first Kentucky raid. This increased the force to 870, fifty or sixty of whom were not mounted, and 250 unarmed. The expedition started on the 4th of July, 1862, and on the 8th, reached Tompkinsville, Ky. , where Maj. Jordan, with 350 of the I Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry, was captured ' after a brief resistance. Morgan’s loss was insignificant in numbers, but included Col. Hunt, who was mortally wounded. Lebanon, Ky., was captured on the following day, and among the military stores were found a suf- ficient quantity of excellent guns to arm ! every man in the command. Abundant am- munition was also secured. Supplying his command with everything needful, the re- maining stores were destroyed, and Morgan moved toward Harrodsburg, which place he ; reached the next morning, and found himself ’ among friends. After two days’ rest, the column was again in motion, in the direction j of Versailles, with the intention of turning I sharply to the right on reaching there and attempting the capture of Lexington. Maj. I Gano was detached at Harrodsburg to bui’u I the railroad bridges north of Lexington, and ; Capt. Allen was sent to destroy the bridges on the Louisville railroad, to prevent re-en- : forcemeats from being sent to Lexington from Louisville or Cincinnati, after which j they rejoined the command at Georgetown. From Versailles, Morgan marched toward i Georgetown, passing Midway, a small town j on the Louisville & Lexington Railroad, where Capt. Ellsworth, an expert telegraph operator, taking possession of the office, dis- patched Gen. Ward, at Frankfort, that Mor- gan, with 1,000 men, was moving on that place. After a halt of a few hours the column moved forward and reached Georgetown at , night, where Morgan made a halt of two I days. He was now in the “blue grass coun- try,” the garden of Kentucky, where fine horses, fat cattle, and good rations were abundant. The people of the country were strongly in sympathy with the southern Con- I federacy, and welcomed their guests with true Southern hospitality, t Here another company was organized under command of W. C. P. Breckinridge, a 1 talented young lawyer of Lexington and a , son of Dr. Robei’t J. Breckinridge. A ! younger brother, John, was at the time a 1 captain on the staff of Gen. George H. Thomas (Federal), in the Army of the Cumberland, while his cousin John C. 452 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Breckinridge was in command of a division in the Confederate army. This was a fair specimen of the division which took place in the prominent families of the State during the war. On the morning of the 18th, Morgan left Georgetown and moved toward Cynthiana, twenty-two miles distant, where Col. Metcalfe was organizing the Seventh Kentucky (Union) Cavalry. He had about 400 recruits, and they were within a few hours’ march of about an equal number of “Home Guards,” all under command of Lieut. Col. Landram, of the Eighteenth Kentucky Infantry. A brass twelve-pound howitzer had been sent up from Cincinnati, manned by a company of firemen and com- manded by Capt. Glass. There were suffi- cient men and ample courage to defend the place, but lack of discipline and ignorance of the simplest maneuvers neutralized every effort of Col. Landram to concentrate his forces at the various points where their pres- ence was needed, and after a brief, though under all circumstances a gallant resistance, the place was captured. Col. Landram be- haved with conspicuous courage and was one of the last to leave the town. From Cyn- thiana, Morgan marched to Paris, where he encamped for the night, and on the follow- ing morning, finding that a force of 2,500 cavalry under command of Gen. Green Clay Smith was near the town, he left in hot haste for Winchester, where he was joined by a company of recruits under Capt. Jen- nings. While Morgan was thus marching at easy stages through the richest portion of the State, augmenting his forces and remounting his men with little loss and at trifling ex- pense, a condition of the most pei’fect be- wilderment seems to have taken possession of the military authorities at Lexington and Frankfort. With troops sufficient to have surrounded him at any of the points above mentioned, they were marching hither and thither, but always returning to their camps at night, and it was not until after the cap- ture of Cynthiana that a well organized movement was set on foot to capture him. Hearing of this, Morgan met it in the most sensible manner possible. He ran away from it. . At Crab Orchard and Somerset 130 government wagons were captured and burned, and several wagons loaded with blankets, shoes and other stores, much needed in the south, were taken along with the column to Sparta, Tenn. Enough of spare horses, guns and saddles were captured to supply all the men who had been left behind. In twenty-seven days Morgan had traveled over 1,000 miles, added 300 men to his force, and paroled 1,200 volunteer troops, at a loss of about 90 of his men. Gens. Bragg and Smith were at this time making arrangements to invade Kentucky, and Morgan was directed to precede them and inflict as much damage as possible upon the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Select- ing Gallatin, Tenn., as the first point to strike, he set out for that point on the 10th of August, and on his way was joined by Capt. Joseph Desha with a company of men. The Twenty-eighth Kentucky Infantry was encamped two miles distant from the town, but the commander, Col. Boone, slept in Gallatin. Capt. Desha was sent forward, when the column had passed Hai’tsville, to capture the colonel, who, acting upon the advice of Morgan, wrote the commanding officer of the regiment to surrender without resistance. This v/as done, and 200 officers and men were paroled and sent northward. A railroad bridge between Gallatin and Nashville was destroyed, and a tunnel 800 feet long was rendered impassable for months. Two stockades were captured and 100 soldiers paroled, but the attack upon a third was repulsed with considerable loss. A battle that took place on the following day with a detachment of cavalry under Gen. E. W. Johnson wms more successful. The respective forces were about equal, with the advantage of experience largely in favor of the Confederates. Gen. Johnson com- plained that but few of his men would fight, in which opinion Duke differs. He says: “They attacked with spirit and without hesi- tation, and were unable to close with us on account of their heavy loss in men and horses. They returned two or three times to HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 453 the attack until they found their efforts un- ' availing. They could not use their sabers, and they found their breech- loading carbines only incumbrances.” Johnson’s entire com- mand was swept away. He was captured, and 200 of his men taken prisoners, 64 were killed and 100 wounded, with a loss to the Confederates of but 7 killed and ! 18 wounded. Morgan made his camp at Hartsville, where, on the 22d, he was | joined by Forrest with a portion of his com- | mand. Col. Duke’s regiment received its twelfth company at this point, commanded by Capt. W. H. Jones, and Gano’s squadron | was increased by the addition of a company under command of Capt. Steele. After a week’s rest at Hartsville, the | brigade set out for the interior of Kentucky to meet the advance of Kirby Smith’s column, then about entering the State from east Tennessee, and reached Lexington on the 4th of September, then in possession of the Confederate forces. Here Gano recruited three companies, which raised his squadron to a regiment. Duke’s regiment, the Second Kentucky, now numbered 1,100 men. Cols. Cluke and Chenault were given authority to raise regiments for Morgan’s brigade and were actively engaged in recruiting when Bragg was driven out of Kentucky. Maj.-Gen. George IV. Morgan, in com- mand of the Seventh Division of the Fed- eral Army of the Ohio, consisting of four brigades, numbering 7,000 men, was at this time in occupation of Cumberland Gap. Smith had Hanked the position, entering the State with 12,000 men, leaving Gen. Steven- son with 8,000 in front of the gap. Find- ing that the Confederate forces had gained access to his rear, and that there was no further use for his command at the gap, Gen. Morgan determined to evacuate it, and attempt a retreat through eastern Kentucky to the Ohio River. This march afforded Morgan an opportunity, which he eagerly seized, to hang upon the flanks of the re- treating army and harass it as much as possible. While Morgan was operating in eastern Kentucky, Duke with his regiment was play- ing havoc among the raw recruits in the j vicinity of Cincinnati. Augusta was cap- tui’ed and burned, and a battalion of Home I Guards put to flight. On the 6th of October, Morgan with his brigade, now consisting of three regiments and a battalion numbering 1,500 effectives, left Lexington and took post between Versailles and Frankfort on the flank of Kirby Smith’s army, which was in the vicinity of Lawrenceburg. Duke says: “notwithstanding the efforts that were made to induce Kentuckians to enlist as infantry, very few would do so, and those who did, joined regiments which came in with Gen. Smith. Not a single infantry regiment was raised during the time that the Confederate army was in the State. All of the Ken- tuckians who joined at that time wanted to ride.” Gen. Abe Buford raised three regiments of cavalry under Cols. Butler, Smith and Grigsby, the last two of which were subse- quently assigned to Morgan. Duke estimates the number of Kentuckians who enlisted in the Confederate army during the occupation j of the State by Bragg and Smith at 5,000. In the retreat of the Confederate army from Kentucky after the battle of Perryville, Morgan’s and Ashby’s cavalry formed the rear guard of Gen. Smith’s corps as far as I Big Hill, when Morgan obtained permission to retire from the State by way of Gallatin, instead of following the main army thi’ough Cumberland Gap. — ' On the 17th of October, believing that the main portion of the Union army was far enough out of his way to permit it, Morgan conceived the idea of capturing Lexington, then held by one regiment, the Fourth Ohio Cavalry. The main body was at Ashland, the home of Henry Clay, about two miles from the town. One or two companies were quartered at the court house. After a brisk flrrht the entire reo-imeot, between 500 and 600 strong, was captured, and with them a supply of Colt’s pistols, which were eagerly appropriated by their captors. From Lex-*- ington the column moved by way of Law- renceburg, Bardstown and Elizabethtown to its fleld of operations on the Louisville & 454 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. Nashville Railroad south of Green River, which was reached on the 24th of October. On the 4th of November Morgan reached Gallatin, Tenn., having captured nearly 500 prisoners and destroyed many miles of rail- road, and at this place added another regi- ment to his command. This regiment was organized with James Bennett as colonel, W. AV. AVard, lieutenant-colonel, and R. A. Alston as major. In the meantime Breckinridge had arrived at Murfreesboro with his division, and learn- ing that a large quantity of railroad cars were collected at Edgefield, instructed Mor- gan to attempt their destruction, while For- rest, who was also at Murfreesboro, support- ed by the Kentucky brigade attacked the works at Nashville from the south; but owing to the vigilance of Gen. J. M. Palmer, com- manding the post, the expedition proved a failure. In the latter part of November, the brigade was strengthened by the arrival of Cluke’s and Chenault’s regiments, a battalion under command of Maj. Stoner, and the old squad- ron captured at Lebanon in the spring of 1862, exchanged, and ready for work. Mor- gan’s command now consisted of four regi- ments and two battalions. The occupation of Hartsville and Castilian Springs by infantry brigades now effectually shut Morgan off from depredations upon the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, which was run to its utmost capacity in bringing for- ward supplies to the Army of the Cumber- land, which was preparing for a campaign against Bragg’s army at Murfreesboro. The brigade at Castilian Springs was commanded by Col. John M. Harlan, a bold and vigilant officer, who kept a sharp lookout for cavalry raids. That at Hartsville, commanded by Col. A. B. Moore, was composed of three regiments of the new levy, the One Hundred and Sixth, and One Hundred and Eighth Ohio, and One Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, 1,200 strong. A battalion of the Second Indiana Cavalry and a small squadron of Kentucky cavalry acted as scouts — as the event proved, to little purpose. The capture of this place was confided to Morgan, who with Cobb’s battery and two reg- iments, the Second and Ninth Kentucky In- fantry of Hanson’s brigade, 700 strong, in addition to his own command of 1,500, left Prairie Mills, twenty-five miles distant from Hartsville, on the 7th of December, and by a rapid march encamped that night within five miles of their destination. Morgan planned a complete surprise. The infantry and Cobb’s batteries reached the ferry at 10 o’clock, and immediately crossed the river. This force moved forward promptly at break of day, fearing that information would reach Col. Harlan of the movement, and when Col. Duke joined the column with a party of his cavalry it was determined to make the attack at once. The camp was on a hill two miles in ad- vance of Hartsville, which town was at once occupied by a regiment of cavalry, while two more were formed opposite the right Hank of the Union line. Cluke’s and Chenault’s men, after deducting horse holders, numbered 450, which with the infantry made a force of some 1,250 men for the attack. The One Hundred and Sixth Ohio, which received the attack of the cavalry, never having witnessed a battle, and being deprived of the presence of more experienced troops, broke after the first fire and fell back in disorder. The re- maining regiment resisted the advance of the Confederate infantry for a short time, when Col. Moore surrendered. The contest lasted an hour and a half, in which time the Union loss was 50 killed and 100 wounded. Gen. Bragg reported Morgan’s loss at 125 killed and wounded. The tents and everything that could not be carried off were burned, a number of cap- tured wagons were loaded with portable stores and arms and hurried over the river, accompanied by the prisoners, who, contrary to the usual custom, were not parolled. Col. Harlan bearing the firing at once put his brigade in motion and hurried to the assist- ance of Col. Moore, but; with all the haste he could make, his advance only reached the camp to find it in flames. Pressing forward in pursuit Harlan reached the river only in time to rescue a few wagons that had not had 455 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. time to cross and to witness the rear of Mor- gan’s column disappear behind the hills on the southern shore. For this exploit Morgan was promoted brigadier-general. Col. Hanson, who was captured at Donelson, with his regiment, and had just effected his exchange, was also pro- moted to the same rank, by President Davis. This was probably the zenith of Morgan’s fame. His brigade, consisting of seven regi- ments, with an effective strength of 4,000, had no superior in either army for that dashing courage essential to the cavalry service, and in its ability to endure hardship without murmuring. He was the newly wedded hus- band of a most accomplished lady, a daugh- ter of Judge Ready, of Murfreesboro, and was the idol of his men. His fame as a cavalry leader attracted to his banner scores of spirited young men who, finding the service in other commands irk- some, sought service in Morgan’s cavalry. The command was now organized as a divis- ion, composed of two brigades, under com- mand of Cols. Basil W. Duke and William C. P. Breckinridge, as follows: First Brigade, Col. B. W. Duke; Second Kentucky, Lieut.-Col. Hutchinson; Third Kentucky, Col. Gano; Eighth Kentucky, Col. Cluke; Palmer’s Battery of Yrtillery; Second Brigade, Col. W. C. P. Breckinridge; Ninth Kentucky, Lieut.-Col. Stoner; Tenth Kentucky, Col. Johnson; Eleventh Kentucky, Col. Chenault; Fourteenth Tennessee, Col. Bennett; White’s battery of artillery. The division was reviewed at Alexandria on the 21st of December, when the First Brigade numbered 1,800 effectives, and 200 j unarmed. The Second Brigade also had ■ some unarmed men, and was of about the ! day the division took up its march for Ken- tucky, and reached Sand Shoals Ford just before dark. The object of the expedition was the destruction of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad in rear of Rosecrans. On the 24th the column reached Glasgow, and on the next morning marched out by the Louisville Pike, crossing Green River that night, and encamping at Hammondsville. Turning toward the railroad, the bridge at Bacon Creek, guarded by not over 100 men (who were captured after an obstinate de- fense), was burned; the stockade at Nolin was also captured, and the bridge buimed. On the morning of the 27th, the division moved upon Elizabethtown, which was gar- risoned by a regiment of 600 men. Col. Smith, the commander, returned for answer to Morgan’s demand for surrender, that it was the business of a United States officer to fight and not to surrender, but his men seemed to be of a different opinion. After a brisk fight the white flag was run up by a subordinate officer, and the garrison surren- dered, and handed over 600 fine rifles to the victorious Confederates. The two great trestle works at Muldow's Hill, each eighty feet in height, and 500 feet long. Cane Run bridge, and two bridges on the Lebanon branch, were destroyed. In the meantime, Harlan’s brigade was marching thirty miles a day to reach the Confederates. On the night of the 28th Morgan encamped on the south bank of the Rolling Fork, and early next morning com- menced crossing the swollen stream, when a shell burst in his ranks, and Harlan’s ad- vance appeared on the hill above them. In the rapid crossing that was soon after effect- ed, several horses were killed by shells burst- ing among them, and the force was a good deal disorganized, but was concentrated at Bardstown on the same evening:. Col. Duke, having been wounded bv a bursting shell, the command devolved upon Col. Breckinridge, who brought off the com- mand with little loss. The concentration of troops in his front at Lebanon, and on his flank at Columbia, with Harlan in his rear, convinced Morgan that a rapid flight would be required to save his command from cap- ture. He therefore made a detour to the right of Lebanon, and by rapid marching, although vigorously pursued by Col. Hos- kins, made his escape across the Cumberland, and joined Bragg’s army at Tullahoma, to which place it had fallen back after its defeat at Stone River. Here Morgan’s division, with those of 456 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Gens. Wharton and Martin, constituted the cavalry corps commanded by Gen. "Wheeler. On January 24, 1863, the Second Kentucky lost its commander, Lieut. -Col. Hutchinson, in a skirmish near Woodburg, and Capt. John B. Castleman assumed command of the regiment. The three months following were spent by the cavalry in picketing the front of Bragg’s army. Cols. Cluke and Chenault made a raid into Kentucky, in which they captured Mount Sterling, and subsisted their men for several months, returning to the command after a series of adventures in the mountains of Kentucky. About this time a new regiment was formed by the organization of a number of loose companies, the command of which was given to Col. R. C. Morgan, a brother of the general. The winter wore away, and the spring was far advanced before any operations, other than preliminary skirmishing, was attempted by the cavalry of either army. Morgan’s cavalry had a long front to picket, and brushes with the Union cavalry were of daily occurrence. Duke says; “But in this year the glory and prestige began to pass away from the southern cavalry.” The war department at W'ashington was slow to see the importance of maintaining a strong cavalry force, not only to guard the long lines of railroad to Louisville, the true base of all military operations in Kentucky and Tennessee, but to act aggressively upon the Confederate lines of commirnications as far south as Atlanta. It was in vain that Gen. Rosecrans represented the importance of equipping a force of cavalry equal to, if not superior to, that under the orders of Gen. Bragg. He received nothing but rebuffs for his suggestions, until, in despair, he wrote the telegram to Secretary Stanton, which sealed his fate, regretting that there was “not more of military knowledge at the head of the war department.” The secretary [ pocketed the insult, but bided his time for | taking revenge. It came after Chickamauga. The organization of “saber brigades, ” by Gen. Rosecrans, proved to be the foundation of the etilciency of the cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland. A charge with drawn sabers was a new thing to western cavalry, and proved irresistible on many a hotly con- tested field. On the 2d of July Morgan’s division crossed the Cumberland to embark upon an expedition which ended in its destruction as a military organization. Twelve miles north, at Marrowbone, lay Gen. Judah’s cavalry, os- tensibly guarding the crossing, but in reality trusting to the high water to prevent Mor- gan from getting over. Morgan’s effective strength was 2,460, exclusive of artillery, of which there were two three-inch Parrotts, and two twelve-pound howitzers. A regiment of Union cavalry was pushed down to the river to dispute the crossing, but Morgan having crossed two regiments, charged upon it and drove it back upon the camp at Mar- rowbone, which gave the rear regiments time to cross. The division encamped that night about ten miles on the road to Colum- bia, and early next morning pushed on to the town, where a detachment of Wolford’s cav- alry was posted, drove it out, and passing^ through, encamped six miles beyond. Col. Moore, in command of a Michigan regi- ment, was stationed at Green River bridge, and hearing of Morgan’s appi’oach, made preparations to give him a warm reception. His position was in a horse-shoe bend of the Green River. Behind him was the toe where the bridge crossed, on either fiank was the river, and in his front he had formed a strong abatis by felling trees on either side of the road, behind which he threw up a substantial earthwork, 100 yards in length, commanding the road along which Morgan was advancing. Morgan sent two regiments to cross the river and gain possession of the bridge in Col. Moore’s rear, then sent a demand for the sur- render of the garrison. Col. Moore’s reply was; “The 4th of July is a bad day for sur- renders. ” The only response to this greeting was of course a charge, which was made by two regiments. The first rush carried the men into the tangled tree-tops, where they were slaughtered like sheep by the unerring rides of the Michigan men. Col. Chenault and Maj. Brent were killed, together with HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 457 thirty- six men, and twice that number wounded. Finding that the capture of the position would cost him as many men as the garrison numbered, Morgan withdrew, and, crossing the river, left his wounded to be cared for by his brave antagonist, of whom Duke says, “ he ju’oved himself as humane as he was skillful and gallant.” The column moved through Campbellsville without halting, and encamped live miles from Lebanon, which was garrisoned by the Twentieth Kentncky Infantry, under com- mand of Col. Charles S. Hanson, a brother of Gen. Roger Hanson, of the Confederate army. Two regiments were stationed on the Harrodsburg Road, within easy supporting distance, but did not reach the town until Hanson’s regiment, fighting gallantly against vastly superior numbers, was overpowered and obliged to surrender. Avoiding a battle with these regiments, which made their appear- ance cautiously, Morgan moved rapidly to Bardstown, reaching that place at 4 o’clock on the morning of the Cth of July. Morgan’s loss was inconsiderable --some eight or nine killed and some twenty-five or thirty wounded. Among the former were Lieut. Thomas Mor- gan, a brother of the general, and Lieut. Gardner. F rom Bardstown Morgan moved in the direc- tion of the Ohio River, capturing a railroad train within thirty miles of Louisville, and crossing the bridge over Salt River on the morning of the 7th. The secret of Morgan’s success in this, as well as in his former raids, was his rapid movements. It was impossible to keep track of him. To aid in mystifying his pur- suers as much as possible, Morgan detached five companies to move in different directions through the State, thus for the time throwing Gens. Hobson and Judah off the track of the main body. Shortly after midnight the column ad- vanced, and at at 10 A. M. reached Branden- burg, on the Ohio River, forty miles below Louisville, where two steamboats, captured by Capts. Taylor and Merriwether, were awaiting the arrival of the division. The Second Kentucky and the Ninth Tennessee were immediately set across the river, leaving their horses behind them, and, forming un- der the river bank, prepared to protect the crossing of the remainder of the command. While in this position a little gun- boat made its unwelcome appearance, and for a short time threatened to put a stop to the perform- ance, but a few shots from the Parrotts con- vinced the commander that close quarters were not desirable, and he steamed away up the river for assistance. Before it was ob- tained Morgan was on the Indiana shore, mounting for a ride of 600 miles through a hostile country, thickly settled, and penetrat- ed in every direction by railroads and tele- graphs. The route previously sketched by Morgan, and which was followed with little deviation, led eastward through Southern Indiana from Corydon, through Salem, Vi- enna, Paris, Vernon, Dupont, Sumansville, to Harrison, Ohio. Morgan reasoned that the boldness of his movement would convince Gen. Burnside that his objective point was either Cincinnati or Columbus, and that smaller towns would be denuded of troops to strengthen the garrisons of these important points. He felt confident of keeping in ad- vance of the cavalrv in bis rear, as being; in advance gave him choice of the horses of the country through which he passed. To throw the department-commander off the track he here again resorted to the tactics that had proved successful in Kentucky. He sent de- tachments off in various dii’ections, and after a few hours halt at Harrison moved in the direction of Cincinnati, then turning to the left, at night-fall, marched to the north of it, passing near Glendale, and morning broke just as the column neared the Little Miami Railroad. A halt was made near Camp Den- nison to feed the horses and burn a pack of government wagons, when the men were again in their saddles, and did not draw rein until they reached Williamsburg, ninety miles from Sumansville, having made the march in thirty-five hours. Here at 4 P. M. the division went into camp and remained through the night. Resuming the march next morning they halted again before night- fall at Wilkesville, and remained until 3 458 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. o’clock next morning, ■when, on moving ont of camp, the raiders found themselves harassed on all sides by militia, who, although de- clining close quarters, inflicted considerable injury with their trusty rifles at a safe dis- tance among the hills. At 1 o’clock, on the 18th, the command reached Chester, and halted to enable the column to close up. This halt proved disas- trous, as Buffington, the point chosen to cross the Ohio, was not reached until after night- fall, and it was decided to wait until next morning. An earthwork had been thrown up to guard the ford, and Morgan was informed that it was manned by 300 men. While Morgan had. by rapid marching, traversed the State of Ohio, doing little dam- age to persons or property, Gen. Hobson at the head of a picked cavalry force had reached the Ohio shortly after Morgan had crossed it, and pushing on in his rear reached Ches- ter a few hours after Morgan had left it for Buffington. Gen. Judah left the stern chase at Bards- town and proceeding to Cincinnati embarked a brigade of infantry and cavalry on trans- ports and steamed up the river to be ready to intercept Morgan’s crossing wherever he might attempt it. His force debarked at Pomeroy a short distance below Buffington on the previous day, and marched along the river road keeping abreast of Morgan who was several miles inland. On the following morning these two com- mands, each ignorant of the proximity of the other, prepared for an attack upon Mor- gan’s division, now considerably reduced by straggling and exhaustion. Col. Duke was o o o ordered to draw up two of his regiments in readiness to attack the work at dawn of day, and the Parrotts were placed in position to assist the storming party if necessary. Had Morgan’s pickets been more vigilant they would have discovered long before day- light that the work was empty. It was evacuated during the night. The knowl- edge of this would have been of priceless advantage, but it came too late. The cross- ing came near being successfully accom- plished, however. The steamer “Starlight,” loaded with flour, ran aground on Buffington Bar the day before Morgan’s arrival. Capt. Wood, of the regular army, on duty as mus- tering officer at Marietta, took charge of two companies of militia, and taking a steam- boat dropped down the river, where he found the “Starlight” aground. He at once landed his men and manned the earthwork, lightened the steamer and towed her out of reach of Morgan, who was reported to be approach- ing, held the work until midnight, when he ordered it abandoned. When morning dawned, Duke chai’ged upon the empty works, then started out the Pomeroy Road in search of the retreating garrison. He ran into Judah’s advance guard, and attacking with spirit threw it into confusion, capturing one gun and forty or fifty prisoners, and mortally wounding Maj. Daniel McCook, father of Gen. McCook. By Morgan’s order, Duke formed two regiments of his brigade across the road upon which Judah was advancing, while Johnson with two regiments faced toward Hobson, who was moving upon him from the north. In the brief engagement that ensued on the Pomeroy Road, Duke lost his Parrott gun and a portion of the Fifth Kentucky. Mean- time the gunboat “Moose” under command of Lieut. Fitch had come up and opened fire. Gen. Shackelford moved up the river with his own and Wolford’s brigades to cut off escape in that direction. Notwithstanding the great disparity in forces, Duke and Johnson managed to hold Judah and Hobson in check long enough to enable Morgan with the four disengaged regiments to march out of the valley. Duke says: “The scene in the rear was one of indescribable confusion. While the bulk of the regiments that Morgan was drawing off was moving from the field in perfect order, there were many stragglers from each who were circling about the valley in a delirium of fright, clinging instinctively in all their terror to bolts of calico, and hold- ing on to led horses, but changing the direc- tion in which they galloped with every shell which whizzed or burst near them. The long train of wagons and ambulances dashed wildly in the only direction which HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 459 promised escape, and becoming locked and entangled with each other in their flight many were upset, and terrifled horses broke loose from them and plunged wildly through the mass. Some of them, in striving to make their way out of the valley at the northern end, ran foul of the section of howitzers attached to the Second Brigade, and guns and wagons were rolled headlong down a steep ravine. Occasionally a solid shot or shell would strike one and bowl it over like a ten pin.” Having held their position until Morgan was well out of the valley, Duke and John- son then determined to withdraw and to follow their leader. The men, who had been fight- ing on foot, remounted without confusion and retreated in column of fours from right of companies, and for some distance in good order, but there being but two roads by which to escape the men rushed for them. The gunboat sent its shells into the mass, which had now become a mob, and the Seventh Michigan soon came up and dashed pell mell into the crowd. Ools. Duke and Smith and some fifty ofli- cers and men were here captured. In mak- ing his way up the river Morgan ran into Shackelford’s brigade, composed of the First, Third and Eighth Kentucky cavalry, near Bashan Church. Shackelford thus graphic- ally describes the encounter: “With drawn sabers gleaming in the beautiful sunlight, and with a yell that filled the foe with ter- ror, they rushed upon him and he fled at their approach. The charge was led by Lieut. - Col. Holloway with the Eighth Kentucky, Maj. Wolfley with the Third Kentucky, and Lieut. -Col. Adams with the First Ken- tucky Cavalry. I do but simple justice to these brave and gallant officers and the veter- an soldiers who followed them in that charge, to say that not in this nor any other war have officers and men acquitted them- selves with more credit or manifested more determination or valor.” Morgan sent in a flag of truce asking terms of surrender. Shackelford gave them briefly : “immediate and unconditional surrender.” Cols. Richard Morgan, Ward and Hoffman with their regiments, about 700 strong, came in and laid down their arms. Cols. Grigsby and Johnson and Capts. Byrnes and Kilpatrick crossed the river with some 300 and made their escape, leaving about 800 with Morgan. Col. Cluke took charge of one brigade and Maj. Webber of the other, and the column moved in the direction of Blenner- hasset’s Island, and encamped at the foot of a high hill, witli his pursuers in front and rear. When night had fallen, however, he formed his men, partially ascended the mount- ain, and before they were aware of his flight was far on his way toward liberty. Gen. Shackelford was on his track at early dawn, and at 3 o’clock, on the 20th, caught up with him and a fight ensued. While it was in progress Lieut.- Col. Adams was sent with his regiment and one company of the Third Kentucky to take position on the only road by which it was supposed Morgan could escape. He retired to a high bluff, and there received a flag of truce from Shackelford demanding his surrender, which was accepted 1 by all but about 600, who with Morgan started 1 at once on their way. Gen. Shackelford now [ called for 1,000 volunteers from his command, j with the best horses, who would stay in their saddles as long as he would, without eating or sleeping, until they captured Morgan. All would have volunteered, but only 500 horses could be found fit for the enterprise. Col. Horace Capron, the veteran commander of the Fourteenth Illinois cavalry, with 159 men, and Col. Wolford, with detachments of all the regiments, made up the column which started in immediate pursuit. Col. Jacobs, with the remainder of the command, took charge of the prisoners and returned to Cin- cinnati. The hardest ride on record now began. This chase began on the morning of the 21st, and continued day and night until the evening of the 24th, when Capt. Ward, with his company of the Third Kentucky and a detachment of the First under Adjt. Carpenter, came upon Morgan’s rear guard at W ashington. A bold dash drove Morgan out of the town with a loss of several of his men. Morgan made a stand a mile farther east in a dense wood. Shackelford formed 460 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. line of battle and drove him two miles across a stream which ran between rugged and pre- cipitous banks. Morgan tore up the bridges behind him, and took position in the woods beyond on a high hill. Shackelford’s force dashed through the stream on both Morgan’s flanks, and again he was obliged to seek safety in flight, burn- ing all bridges as soon as his column had crossed them. All through Friday night pursuers and pursued clung to their jaded and famishing horses, which could hardly be urged out of a walk. Daylight dawned upon both columns moving upon parallel roads a mile from Athens. Half a mile beyond, the roads formed a junction. Shackelford pressed on and gained it first. Morgan turned back and sought refuge in the woods. Meantime re-enforcements under Maj. Way, of the Eighth Michigan, and Maj. Rue, with a de- tachment of the Ninth Kentucky cavalry, joined Shackelford, who, with Hesh horses, gained the advance of Moi’gan and brought him to bay, enabling Shackelford to feed his horses. After doubling upon his track, and practicing every ruse known to the skillful raider, Morgan surrendered to Gen. Shackel- ford, with the remainder of his command, on July 25th. When Morgan found that cap- ture was inevitable, he surrendered first to a militia captain with whom he was riding, and who, overjoyed at the prospect of cap- turing Gen. Moi’gan, offered him any terms he might name, promising to parole the entire command. Shackelford declined to acknowledge the right of the militiaman and took his prisoners to Cincinnati, where Gen. Burnside sent the enlisted men to military prisons and the officers to the penitentiary at Columbus. The stragglers who managed to make their escape were collected by Cols. Johnson and Grigsby and marched through western Virginia to Morristown in east Ten- nessee, where they joined the command of Gen. J. S. AVilliams. Left to their own devices the thoughts of the prisoners naturally turned upon the sub- ject of the most available means by which to regain their liberty. After canvassing vari- ous methods, they finally determined upon that which proved efficacious at the hands of Col. Streight and his comrades in Libby I prison — a tunnel. “ But to tunnel,” says j Duke, ‘ ‘ through the stone pavement and im- j mense walls of the penitentiary, concealing the work as it progressed, required a bold imagination to conceive such an idea.” Bold as it was in conception and hazardous in. execution, the work was actually accomplished, and on November 26th, Gen. Morgan and Capts. Hines, Hockersmith, Shelden, Taylor, Bennett and McGee emerged from their prison and started in couples on their way to Dixie. Gen. Morgan and Capt. Hines went straight to the depot, where .Hines bought tickets for Cincinnati, and when near the city pulled the rope, applied the brakes and sprang off the train. A boy was found, who for $2 set them across the river, where they were among friends. In Boone County the fugitives were provided with good horses, upon which they at once set out for Tennes- see. After twelve months of confinement in various military prisons. Cols. Dube, Ward, Morgan and Tucker, and Majs. Webber, Steele and Higley were exchanged at Charles- ton, S. C. Col. Adam B. Johnson, who escaped at Buffington, on arriving in east Tennessee, under instructions from Gen. Buckner issued orders for all men belonging to Morgan’a command to report to him at Morristown. Many had been left behind when the Ohio raid was undertaken on account of disability to make the trip, and others had been sent off in detachments, while passing through Kentucky, and found their way back to the Confederate lines. These were collected and organized into two battalions under command of Capts. Kirkpatrick and Dortch. The occupation of east Tennessee by Gen. Burn- side caused these detachments to move south- ward with Gen. Buckner, where they took part under Gen. Forrest in the battle of Chickamauga. In the spring of 1864, Gen. Morgan was sent to take command of the district of south- western Virginia, including a portion of east Tennessee. The forces at his disposal were two Kentucky cavalry brigades and the militia HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 461 of the region. One of these brigades was commanded by Gen. George B. Hodge, and the other by Col. Giltner. The latter had served for a year under Gen. John S. Will- iams, and was mentioned by Gen. Sam Jones, the former commander of the depart- ment, as the best regiment in his com- mand. In the latter part of May, Morgan organ- ized his command for a raid into Kentucky. His division consisted of three brigades, un- der command of Col. Giltner, Lieut. -Col. Alston and Col. D. Howard Smith, about 1,800 strong. He took no artillery. The column reached Pound Gap on June 2d, and, ^brushing away a small party of Union cav- alry, pushed rapidly forward toward Mount Sterling, sending detachments in advance to destroy the railroad bridges north and west of Lexington. Two companies were sent forward, as the column neared Mount Ster- ling, to take position on the Lexington and Paris turnpikes. The town was easily cap- tured, there being but a small force in occu- pation, and Morgan pushed forward at once for Lexington. Gen. Burbridge, in command of the dis- trict of Kentucky, was absent on an expedi- tion against the salt works in West Virginia, and this fact had seemed to invite Morgan to occupy the State during his absence. He en- tered Lexington without opposition, burnt the government depot, and captured sufficient horses to remount his dismounted men. Col. Giltner, who was left at Mount Sterling, had a severe fight in which he lost 14 officers and 40 privates killed, 80 severely wounded and over 100 captured. From Lexington Morgan moved through Georgetown to Cynthiana, where, after a short engage- ment, a garrison 400 strong surrendered. Gen. Hobson, in command of 1,500 men, on his way by cars to re-enforce the garrison, was met by Col. Giltner and held until the arrival of Morgan, when his entire force was captured. While Morgan was thus moving from point to point capturing everything that came in his way, Gen. Burbridge reached Mount Sterling, and started at once in pursuit of Morgan. He reached Cynthiana on the 12th, after a rapid march, and meeting Giltner’s brigade first, on the Paris Road, engaged it. Morgan came up to his support with the remainder of the division, but was soon defeated and driven toward Augusta. Col- lecting all the force possible in a rapid retreat, Morgan made the best of his way to Virginia. Moving through Flemingsburg and West Libei’ty, he passed over the mountains and reached Abingdon on the 20th of June. In justice to Morgan’s old command Duke says; “On this raid great and inexcusable excesses were committed, but except in two or three flagrant instances they were committed by men who had never before served with Gen. Morgan. The men of his old division and Giltner’s flue brigade were rarely guilty.” ' — - Returning to his old headquarters at Abingdon, Va., Morgan collected a force of some 1,600 men, and on the 28th of August set out for Jonesboro to assume command in person for an expedition against Gen. Gil- lem’s cavalry division, then posted at Bull's Gap. Reaching Greenville at night he went into camp, intending to attack Gillem the next day. Morgan stopped at the house of Mrs. Williams. A daughter-in-law, Mrs. Lucy Williams, an ardent Union woman, determined to apprise Gen. Gillem of the presence of Morgan, and the position of his forces. This she did, riding through the Confederate lines and on through the dark- ness to Gillem’s camp, ten miles distant, where she at once communicated with that officer, who lost no time in putting his command in motion for Greenville. Leaving Bull’s Gap at midnight, he reached the vicinity of the town before daybreak, where, his men being thoroughly conversant with the topography of the country, he succeeded in eluding Morgan’s pickets, and the first notification the latter had of their presence was given by a party of 100 cavalrymen, who dashed into Greenville, followed by Gillem’s whole force. It was the i^arty that came in first which rode at once to Mrs. Williams’ house. Maj. Garrett of his staff and Gen. Morgan left the house together and sought 463 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. to make their escape, but every avenue was cut off. Taking refuge in the garden of the house, Morgan was shot through the heart. With the death of their leader, this sketch of the cavalry which bore his name will close. The long lines of railroad connecting the Army of the Cumberland with Louisville, its base of supplies, were the lawful prey of the daring leader and his I’ough riders, while many an outpost, slum- bering in fancied security, were awakened at unconscionably early hours by his summons to surrender. The rapidity of his move- ments, the boldness of his attacks and the audacity of his raids, will long render his name a household word in his native State. Recruiting for the Confederate army com- menced in Kentucky before any attempt had been made on the part of Union men to organize under the United States flag. Two battalions under Cols. Duncan and Pope served under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in the Army of the Shenandoah, at the battle of Bull Run. Early in the summer of 1861, several hun- di’ed men repaired to Camp Boone, at which place Gen. Simon B. Buckner had made his headquarters, and enlisted in the army of the young Confederacy. Most of these had been members of the State Guard, and the advantages of scientific training soon became apparent and bore its legitimate fruit in the subsequent efficiency of the first (Confeder- ate) “Kentucky Brigade.” They were organized into three regiments, of infantry known as the Second Kentucky, Col. J. M. Hawes, succeeded soon after by Col. Roger Hanson; the Third, Col. Lloyd Tilghman, succeeded by Col. Thompson; and the Fourth, Col. Robert H. Trabue. As re- cruits came in, two more regiments were formed, the Fifth, commanded by Col. Thomas Hunt, and the Sixth, under Col. Joseph Lewis. Two batteries of artillery, Cobb’s and Byrnes’, were assigned to the brigade. On the 14th of November, 1861, Hon. John C. Breckinridge, recently commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army, was ordered by Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston to duty in the Second Division, commanded by Gen. Buckner, who at once assigned him to command of the Kentucky brigade. Gen. j Breckinridge assumed command on the 16th of November, and with his brigade soon after took position at Oakland Station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, where, in connection with Gen. Hindman’s brigade, it remained in observation of the movements of the Union troops on the north bank of Green River, whose daily augmenting strength ex- cited lively apprehensions that a forward movement would result in the evacuation of Kentucky by the Confederate army. Under cover of these, brigades, however, the fortifi- cations at Bowling Green were pushed for- ward to completion, and by the latter part of January they were regarded as quite for- midable. The flank movement by which the position at Bowling Green was turned, resulting in the surrender of Fort Donelson and the evacuation of Kentucky, took place in Feb- ruary, and re enforcements being demanded, a portion of Buckner’s division, in which the Second Kentucky was included, moved to Fort Donelson, where, after a brave fight, it was surrendered to Gen. Grant on the 16th of February, and consequently took no part in the subsequent operations of the brigade during the ensuing summer. In the retreat from Bowling Green, Breck- inridge’s brigade constituted the rear guard, and notwithstanding the demoralization con- sequent upon a retreat in presence of the enemy, the Kentucky brigade, even though each hour’s march took it farther from home and kindred, reached Nashville without the loss of a man from its ranks. On the I3th of February, 1862, in the midst of a driving storm of rain and sleet, the brigade crossed 1 the line into Tennessee, while their comrades of the Second Regiment were lying in the trenches on the right of the line of defense in front of Fort Donelson. Gen. Hardee bivouacked his ai’my in line of battle on the I night of the 15th, within ten miles of Nash- : ville, in anticipation of an order to embark for the relief of Donelson, but the morning of the 16th brought news that chilled the HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 463 hopes of the commander, and sent a thrill of despair to the stoutest heart in his army. Fort Donelson had surrendered. Hardee at once moved forward through Nashville, and on the night of the 16th encamped on the road leading from Nashville southward to Murfreesboro, Tenn. Here Johnston’s army was joined by the forces under Gen. George B. Crittenden, which had retreated from Mill Springs, and the masterly retreat commenced that ended at Corinth, Miss., where a junc- tion was made with the troops under Gens. Bragg and Beauregard, and much needed rest given to the weary troops. On the 21st, the Kentucky brigade, under its accomplished commander, was sent with its battery, ammunition and baggage, to take position at Burnsville, within fifteen miles of Corinth, where it was soon after joined by Statham’s and Bowen’s brigades of Crittenden’s division. This force, consisting, on the 5th of April, of 7, 211 officers and men, was called the “ Eeserve Division.” and the command was assigned to Gen. Breckinridge, Col. Trabue assuming command of the Ken- tucky brigade. At 5 o’clock on the morning of the 6th of April, Gen. Hardee’s advance drove in the pickets of Gen. Prentiss at Shiloh, and the terrible battle began. The second line of battle, under Gen. Bragg, had been pushed forward and intermingled with the front line, and Gen. Breckinridge being called upon to re-enforce the left sent Col. Trabue with his brigade. During the whole of that bloody day the brigade sustained the reputation of Kentucky for martial spirit. The scene of wild confusion, that reigned on Shiloh battlelield for three hours after the assault upon Prentiss, was never again witnessed by the Army of the Tennessee. Like a pack of hungry wolves upon a sheep- fold the yelling Confederates closed upon the Union camps. The air, sulphurous with the smoke of powder, was rent with the crash of musketry, the roar of artillery, and the shouts of officers striving to make them- selves heard above the din of battle, in the vain attempt to restore order to their com- mands. Wounded horses, maddened with pain and wild with fright, rushed across the field or, falling prone upon the ground, crushed their hapless riders beneath their struggling forms. To add to the terror of the scene, and to convince even the coolest and bravest of the hopelessness of the strug- gle, a never ceasing column of Confederate troops, emerging from the woods, deployed in constantly accumulating force into line of battle in support of those already engaged. Pressing forward over their fallen com- rades, closing the wide gaps torn in their ranks by repeated volleys of artillery and musketry, yelling like demons, they seemed utterly reckless of the leaden hail that strewed the ground with the quivering forms of the dead and dying. Driven back again and again, they rushed forward to the assault with redoubled fury after each bloody repulse. “ Cheer, boys, cheer. March away to battle, ” sang the boys of the Kentucky brigade, as with arms at “ right shoulder shift ” they moved rapidly to the left to take a hand in the fray. Far away to their right were two other Kentucky regiments, who had covered themselves with glory, fighting under the stars and stripes at Fort Donelson, and now sadly depleted in numbers under the gallant McHenry were holding their ground in Hurl- hut’s division under a murderous assault. They were the Seventeenth Kentucky, com- manded by Lieut.-Col. A. M. Stout, and the Twenty-fifth, under Lieut.-Col. B. H. Bris- tow. Both of these officers were wounded during the progress of the battle while bravely cheering their men in action. It was not the fate of these contending Kentuckians to meet at the battle of Shiloh. Soon after entering the woods. Col. Trabue found the ground broken and covered with dense underbrush, compelling him to move cautiously while he covered his front with skirmishers. He soon encountered the left of Gen. Shei’man’s line, which had fallen back to the Purdy Koad, and engaging it drove back a brigade and captured several prisoners from a Missouri Regiment. On his right Col. Tuttle, with his Iowa brigade, in connection with Prentiss on his left, had for hours held the “Hornet’s Nest” against 464 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. repeated attacks from Gen. Cheatham, re- enforced by other troops. Johnston says: “ Here, behind a dense thicket on the crest of a hill, was posted a strong force of as hardy troops as ever fought. It was nicknamed by the Confeder- ates the ‘ Hornet’s Nest.’ No figure of speech would be too strong to express the deadly peril of an assault upon this natural fortress, whose inaccessible barriers blazed for six hours with sheets of dame, and whose infernal gates poured forth a murderous storm of shot and shell and musket fire, which no living thing could quell or even withstand. Brigade after brigade was led against it, but valor was of no avail. Hind- man’s brilliant brigades, which had swept everything before them from the field, were shivered into fragments in the shock of the assault and paralyzed for the remainder of the day. A. P. Stewart’s regiments made further assaults, but only to retire mangled and disheartened.” During all this time Tuttle’s right had been “in the air,” with no troops in sight. Gens. Sherman and McClernand were separ- ated from him by a wide interval, and in the absence of the commanding general there was no one to order the closing of the gap. Through this interval in the Union line marched the Kentucky brigade, and closing to the right cut off retreat in the direction of Sherman. Gen. Wallace, who had a few moments before come to this portion of his line, at once gave the order to Tuttle to fall back. In the execution of this order Wal- lace was killed and a portion of Tuttle’s brigade captured. Prentiss’ command was soon captured, and the division of Gen. Breckinridge was reunited on the ground where the surrender of 2,000 Union troops promised victory to the Confederate arms. The separate brigades had been for horn’s fighting toward each other from opposite ends of the Confederate line. Trabue’s brigade formed the extreme left of Bragg’s line of defense on the following morning, when, after having withdrawn his troops from the bluff overlooking the Ten- nessee, Beauregard found himself confronted by a fresh army of 25,000 men under Gen. Buell, and a division of Grant’s army newly arrived upon the field. Bragg says in his report “ For the gallant and obstinate defense of our left flank, which the enemy constantly endeavored to force, we are indebted to Col. Trabue’s small brigade in support of Capt. Barne’s battery. Against overwhelming numbers this gallant command maintained its position from the commencement of the action until about 12 o’clock, when, our forces on the right falling back, it was left entirely without support far in front of our whole army. Safety required it to retire. The commanding general ordered a retro- grade movement, commencing on the right. This was gradually extended to the left, now held by Ketcham’s battery. The enemy evinced no disposition to pursue.” In the subdivision of his department, after the evacuation of Corinth, Miss. , Gen. Bragg assigned the Kentucky troops to the district of southern Mississippi and east Louisiana, commanded by Gen. Earl Van Dorn. Baton Rouge, La., had been seized and occupied by Gen. Williams with sixregi- ments of infantry and three batteries of ar- tillery, and the Union fleet had no sooner withdrawn from the bombardment of Vicks- burg than Gen. Van Dorn determined upon the recapture of Baton Rouge. Gen. Breckinridge was assigned to the command of the expedition, which consisted of two divisions under Gens. Clark and Bug- gies. The Fourth and Fifth Kentucky served in the First, and the Third, Sixth and Seventh Kentucky in the Second Division. The troops rendezvoused at Camp Moore, Miss. , where they lost a number of men from disease. On the 30th of July, the column, 3,000 strong, commenced the march from Camp Moore. Unaccustomed to the climate, many of the Kentucky and Tennessee troops fell by the wayside, where, under a midsum- mer sun, tortured with thirst, they experi- enced the most terrible suffering. The col- umn pushed forward, however, and reached the vicinity of Baton Rouge on the morning of the 5th of August, the ram “Arkansas” having passed Bayou Sara in time to join in HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 465 the action. A detachment of infantry with Semmes’ battery was sent around by the Clinton Road to drive in the pickets and at- tack as soon as firing opened in front. The attack upon the front was made by Gen. Ruggles with the Third, Sixth and Seventh Kentucky, and Thirty-fifth Alabama, in one brigade, and three Louisiana regiments in the other, in support of Semmes’ battery. Col. Thompson, in command of the Kentucky brigade, held his position with great gallant- ry after the Louisiana troops had been driven back, and pushed steadily forward toward the center of the town. Col. Thompson was wounded early in the action, and the com- mand of the brigade devolved upon Col. Robertson of the Thirty-fifth Alabama. Col. Hunt of the Fifth Kentucky commanded the brigade in which his own and the Sixth Ken- tucky were incorporated and led it with great intrepidity. On the right, as on the left, the Confederate line advanced steadily until after several hours’ fighting they were massed in a grove in rear of the penitentiary, where in the heat of the contest both Gen. Clark and Col. Hunt fell severely wounded. Capt. John A. Buckner, a skillful officer of the staff of Gen. Breckinridge, here assumed command of Hunt’s brigade, which began to fall back, stubbornly contesting the ground. In a few minutes, however, the Kentuckians advanced with a cheer, supported by Smith’s brigade. Thompson’s brigade, having exhausted its ammunition, had retired to a convenient rail- road cut, where reforming they were ordered to charge with the bayonet. In executing this order they were met by a terrible storm of shot and shell from the gun-boats, and were withdrawn after heavy loss. It was now 10 o’clock A. M. The com- manding general had listened in vain for the guns of the “Arkansas,” not knowing the mis- fortune that had befallen it. Not more than 1,000 out of 2,600 men remained in the line. Tortured with thirst they obstinately held their positions under fire from the land bat- teries and gun-boats, which had a raking fire through the streets, waiting vainly for the appearance of the ram, which was relied up- on to sweep the river. of the Union gun-boats, i The suburbs of the town in which the mil- itary camps were located were in their posses- sion, and the work of destroying camp equipage was continued until late in the afternoon, when information reached Gen. Breckinridge that the ram was lying help- less against the right bank of the river, when he at once retired with the remnant of his command. The attack was conducted with spirit by the Confederates, but the Union troops, after a hotly contested fight, finding themselves outnumbered, wisely withdrew under the cover of the gun boats, and from this coigne of vantage witnessed the destruc- tion of their assailants. Gen. Williams fell mortally wounded when the battle was at its fiercest. Port Hudson was soon after occupied by Gen. Ruggles, and strongly fortified. Gen. Breckinridge moved with his division to Jackson, Miss. His command had been greatly reduced by battle and disease during the ineffectual attack upon Baton Rouge, and time was imperatively demanded to restore the health of the exhausted troops. The Kentucky brigade bore no part in Bragg’s Kentucky campaign, but preceded his army to Murfreesboro a short time previous to the battle of Stone River. By exchange of prisoners, the Second Kentucky, with its gallant commander, Col. Roger Hanson, now brigadier-general, was restored to the service. This regiment, with the Fourth under Col. Traube, the Sixth un- der Col. Lewis, and the Ninth under Col. Hunt, with Cobb’s battery, participated in the battle of Stone River. Gen. Hanson’s brigade, the Fourth of Breckinridge’s divis- ion, occupied the extreme right of Bragg’s line in front of Murfreesboro. In the fight of the 31st of December, the brigade per- formed no other service than to hold its position, which was not attacked, Gen, Rose- crans finding ample occupation for his troops on the right of his line. About 2 o’clock in the afternoon of the 2d of January, Gen. Bragg sent for Gen Breck- inridge to come to his headquarters for final orders for an attack upon the Union left, that he had decided should be made at once. The 29 466 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. two officers met near a large sycamore tree close to the banks of Stone River not far from where it is ci’ossed by the Nashville Pike. Gen. Breckinridge was opposed to the attack as ordered by Gen. Bragg, and tried to dissuade him from it, predicting disaster, as the ground occupied by the main portion of the Union troops on the bluff on the opposite bank of the river, was considerably higher than that over which the attacking force must march, and it was possible for Rosecrans to mass artillery and sweep the whole field. In urging his opinions he drew with a stick on the ground the position of the contending forces. Considerable time was occupied in the discussion, but Bragg remained firm, and finally ended the discussion by an imperative command to move at once to the attack. As Gen. Breckinridge rode for- tvard toward his command, he met Gen. Preston, commanding his Third Brigade, and said: “This attack is made against my judgment, and by the special orders of Gen. Bragg. Of course we must all do our duty and fight the best we can. If it should result in disaster, and I be among the slain, I want you to do justice to my memory, and tell the people that I believed this move- ment to be very unwise, and that I tried to prevent it.” Among the regiments of Van Cleve’s di- vision, occupying the ground between Breck- inridge’s advance and Stone River, were four Kentucky regiments — the Ninth, Col. B. C. Grider; the Eleventh, Maj. E. S. Motley; the Eighth, Lieut. -Col. R. May, and the Twenty-first, Lieut.-Col. J. C. Evans, the last two mentioned in the brigade commanded by that brave and accomplished soldier. Col. S. W. Price. Promptly at 4 o’clock the artillery in Polk’s front gave the signal for the attack, and the movement began. Breckinridge’s division, with bayonets fixed and guns loaded, marched with steady step to the assault. Owing to irregularities in the ground the lines of the two front brigades were crowded together at the center, and when they reached the ground where Price’s brigade was posted in line, the Sixth and part of the Second on the left of Hanson’s brigade were entirely crowded out by the river; whereupon these troops waded through it and commenced the ascent of the opposite bank. The line mov- ing rapidly forward came upon Drury’s bat- tery, under command of Lieut. Livingston, supported by the Eighth Kentucky and the Fifty-first Ohio, which gave it shell ahd canister as fast as possible, but, finding that with all his efforts to break the line it continued to advance, he limbered up and withdrew his battery across the river. As the guns withdrew Hanson’s men charged with a cheer upon the supporting regiments, and here, for the first time, the Kentucky Brigade met Kentuckians in the shock of battle. The Eighth Kentucky and the Fifty-first Ohio held their ground so well that Col. Gibson, in command of Adams’ brigade, deemed it best to ride forward and consult with Gen. Hanson as to when the second line should move to his support. As he ap- proached he saw the general fall from his horse with a mortal wound. His troops wavered, and Col. Gibson instantly gave the command to his brigade to move forward. The overpowering strength of Breckinridge’s division soon forced Van Cleve’s division, greatly depleted in numbers by the battles of the two preceding days, to fall back across the river. Maj. -Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden, com- manding the left wing of Rosecrans’ army, to which this division was attached, observed the retrograde movement from his position on the summit of the bluff on the opposite bank, and turning to his chief of artillery, Lieut. - Col. John Mendenhall, said, “Colonel, can’t you do something for those fellows?” “I think so,” said Mendenhall, and, turning his horse in the direction of his batteries, lim- bered up, and, without orders, soon had fifty- four pieces of artillery playing upon the Confederate line. The deafening roar of artillery, the hoarse shouts of officers, the shrieks of the wounded, and the fall of branches torn from trees by the hissing shells, formed a scene of wild confusion that once witnessed can never be forgotten. There was but one course to pur- sue, and that was to retreat. The north bank r-'- -■ •• V p.:.\ s.;: ■ It' ■ ■ t -' ■■ - , S'; • tr' "■ kT"- % HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY, 467 was lined with a superior force ready to re- ceive them upon the points of their bayonets, men were being mowed down in swaths, the bodies of the wounded were torn to pieces by the iron hail that nothing could withstand, and reluctantly, yet in verification of his own prediction, Gen. Breckinridge gave the order to retreat. Meantime Col. John F. Miller, commanding a brigade in Gen. Negley’s di- vision, had crossed the I’iver on the right of Breckinridge’s line, and, followed by the di- vision of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and other troops, opened fire upon the retreating Con- federates. The pursuit continued until dark, and the field was won by the Union troops. Murfreesboro was evacuated on the 3d, and the Army of the Cumberland moved in on the following day. At the battle of Chickamauga the Kentucky brigade, under command of Brig.-Gen. Ben Hardin Helm, on the morning of September 29, 1863, occupied the left of Gen. Breckin- ridge’s division, which division held the ex- treme right of Bragg’ s line of battle. Stovall’s brigade was in the center and Adams’ on the right. The Kentucky Brigade, under com- mand of Gen. Helm, was composed of the Second Kentucky, Col. J. W. Hewitt; the Fourth Kentucky, Col. Joseph P. Nuckols; the Sixth Kentucky, Col. J. H. Lewis; the Ninth Kentucky, Col. J. W. Caldwell, and the Forty-first Alabama, Col. M. S. Stansel. The artillery brigade of this division com- prised Cobb’s, McCune’s and Slocurab’s bat- teries. The position of the division was on the left of a country road leading from Beed’s bridge and striking the Lafayette and Chattanooga Road at Widow Glen’s House, at which point Gen. Rosecrans had his headquarters. Adams’ brigade extended across this road. The country was wooded, and the front, well pro- tected by a heavy skirmish line, was parallel with the Chattanooga and Lafayette Road. Opposed, was a continuous line of Union skirmishers in advance of the main line, the strength of which remained to be tested. The division formed a portion of the force under Longstreet, which pierced the right center of Rosecrans’ line, and contributed to the disaster which compelled the Army of the Cumberland to retire from the field. Gen. Breckinridge, in his official report, refers as follows to the action of the Ken- tucky Brigade; At 9:30 A. M., by order of Lieut. -Gen. Hill, I moved my division forward in search of the enemy. At the distance of TOO yards we came upon him in force, and the battle was opened by Helm’s brigade with great fury. The Second and Ninth Kentucky, with three companies of the Forty-first Alabama, encountered the left of a line of breastworks before reaching the Chattanooga Road, and, though assail- ing them with great courage, were compelled to pause. From some cause the line on my left had not advanced simultaneous!}^ with my division, and in consequence, from the form of the enemy’s works, these brave troops were, in addition to the fire in front, subjected to a severe enfilading fii-e from the left. Twice they renewed the assault with the utmost resolution, but were too weak to storm the position. The rest of Helm’s brigade, in whose front there were no works, after a short but sharp engagement, routed a line of the enemy, pursued it across the Chattanooga road, and captured a sec- tion of artillery posted in the center of the road. This portion of the brigade was now brought under a heavy front and enfilading fire, and being separated from its left and without support, I ordered Col. Joseph H. Lewis, of the Sixth Kentucky, who suc- ceeded to the command upon the fall of Gen. Helm, to withdraw the troops some 200 yards to the rear, reunite the brigade, and change his front slightly to meet the new order of things by throwing forward his right and retiring his left. The movement was made without panic or confusion. This was one of the bloodiest encounters of the day. Here Gen. Helm, ever ready for action, and endeared to his command by his many virtues, re- ceived a mortal wound whilst in the heroic discharge of his duty. Col. J. W. Hewitt, of the Second Kentucky, was killed, acting gallantly at the head of his regiment. Capt. Aston Maderia, Capt. H. B. Rodgers and Capt. Gustavus Dedman, of the Sec- ond; Capt. P. V. Daniel, of the Ninth Kentucky, and many other officers and men, met their death before the enemy’s works, while Col. Joseph R. Nuckols, of the Fourth Kentucky; Col. J. W. Cald- well, of the Ninth, and many more officers and men, were wounded. The loss in Helm’s brigade during the two days’ battle of Chickamauga as reported by Col. Lewis were 63 killed and 408 wounded out of an aggregate present for duty of 1,413 officers and enlisted men. In the assault upon the ridge held by portions of Crittenden’s corps re-enforced later by Granger’s reserves, the division of 4G8 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. Gen. William Preston bore a part. In the Third Brigade of this division commanded by Col. J. H. Kelly was the Fifth Kentucky under Col. H. Hawkins. Between 4 and 5 o’clock on the afternoon of the 20th the brigade moved forward to the attack. Col. Kelly reports the attack as follows: Finding tliat my ammunition was almost ex- hausted I sent to the rear for re-enforcements or a supply of ammunition. At this juncture I met Col. R. C. Trigg, commanding brigade, and informed him of the position of the enemy, asking him at the same time to co-operate with me in his capture. He agreed, and formed his line on my left with the intention of swinging the whole force to the right. Just as this movement was begun I was notified by one of his staff that the brigadier-general com- manding division wished to see me, and I repaired at once to where he was stationed in the field. During this temporary absence the enemy surren- dered to Col. Trigg. Immediately after the sur- render a force, supposed to be of the enemy, opened a heavy fire, which created considerable confusion, in which a large number of the enemy were mak- ing off. Col. H. Hawkins, Fifth Kentucky, here captured 249 prisoners, including two colonels, one lieutenant-colonel and a number of company officers. Pursuant to an act of the Confederate congress granting medals and badges of distinction as a reward for courage and good conduct on the field of battle the following soldiers of the Kentucky regiments were selected by their comrades in arms: Second Regiment of Infantry. — Private, Ben- jamin F. Parker, Company A; Corporal, Mornix Virden, Company B; Private, John Conley, Com- pany C; Corporal, Frank B. Buckner, Company D; Sergeant. William Frazee, Company E; Sergeant, Henry Fritz, Company F; Private, Louis H. Paradoe, Company G; Private, Oscar Hackley Company I; Private, Prank Taylor, Company K. Fourth Regiment of Infantry. — Lieutenant, B. T. Smith,* Company A; Lieutenant, John L. Bell,* Company K; Sergeant, R. H. Lindsey (color- bearer), Company D; Corpoi-al, Ephraim R. Smith, Company A; Private, John McCreery, Company B; Private, John R. Brinkley, Company C; Private, Thomas H. Covington,* Company D; Private, William J. Watkins, Company E; Private, Freld- ing Skeggs, Company F; Private, Alexander Smith, Company G; Private, William N. Ballard, Company H; Private, JohnH. Blanchard, Company I; Private, Mathias Garrett, Company K. Fifth Regiment of Infantry. — Lieutenant-Col- onel, George W. Connor; Adjutant, Thomas B. Cook; Captain, T. J. Henry, Company C; *KiJled in action. Captain, Joseph Desha, Company I; Private, Frank II. Hasank, Company A; Private, Samuel South, Company B; Private, Richard Yarbrough, Com- pany E; Sergeant, F. W. Campbell, Company F; Private, Winlock N. Shelton, Company K. Companies C, D, and I declined making selec- tions. Sixth Regiment of Infantry. — Second Lieutenant, James H. Cole, Company G; Private, Marcellus S. Mathews, Company D; Private, H. Lowber, Company A; Private, Henry Haman, Company H; Private, John Hinton, Company B; Sergeant, F. P. Randle, Company I. Companies C, E, and G declined making selec- tions. Ninth Regiment of Infantry. — Corporal, John L. Dunn (since dead). Company A; Corporal, John W. Carrell, Company D; Private, Norborn G. Gray, Company B; Corporal, Nathan Board (since dead). Company G; Private, Andrew J. Kirtley, Co. C. Other selections declined. At Missionary Ridge the Kentucky brigade formed a part of the force with which Gen. Cleburne repulsed the pei’sistent attacks made by Gen. Sherman on the right of Gen. Bragg’s line. When finally the attack by the Army of the Cumberland swept the left and center from the crest of the ridge, Cleburne fell back, covering the rear of the retreating army on its march to Dalton. No casualties occurred in the brigade, but the loss of Cobb’s battery, which was left with Bates’ division when the brigade was detached and sent to the right, was a serious disaster. The two armies sep- arated by Rocky Face Ridge went into winter quarters with little disposition on either side to disturb the peace of the other. The forward movement of Sherman’s army in May called the Kentucky Brigade into action. It was stationed to the right of Buz- zard Roost Gap, and, while the Fourth Corps occupied the opposite slope, the brigade moved about from point to point, skirmishing and sharpshooting, until the night of the 12th of May, when it marched to Resaca and took part in the battle on the 15th. The brigade suffered a loss of forty in killed and wounded during this battle, having borne the brunt of the attack upon Bates’ division. At New Hope Church, on the 27th, Gen. Lewis, in command of two regiments of his brigade, supported by two Tennessee regiments, charged a heavy line of Union skirmishers on the right of the Atlanta road and defeated HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 469 them with slight loss. On the following day the Kentuckians made a desperate charge, in which many of the most gallant officers and soldiers in the command were killed, while a large number of wounded were taken prisoners. On the 20th of June, in front of Kenesaw, an attack was made upon the line occupied by Gens. Lewis and Gist, which resulted in driving them back, when both commanders made a counter charge to recapture the works, but failed to cax’ry them. The brigade par- ticipated in the fight at Peachtree Creek, but met its severest loss on the 22d of July, when 135 of its best and bravest men were killed and wounded. The brigade was constantly on duty in the various battles and skirmishes between the contending forces until the last of August, when Sherman’s movement around Atlanta caused Bates’ division to be ordered to East Point. The Kentucky Brigade was detached and sent to Jonesboro, where it par- ticipated in the attack and bloody repulse of Hood’s army, on the 30th of August. In this action the loss in the brigade was severe in killed, wounded and missing. On the 1st of September, the brigade suffered a loss of 200 in prisoners, and on the next day formed a part of the line drawn up by Gen. Hood at Lovejoy’s Station, which Sherman declined to attack. The campaign had been very severe upon the Army of the Tennessee, and probably few brigades suffered heavier losses in killed, wounded and missing than the Kentucky Brigade. The 5,000 with which the regi- ments of the brigade entered the service, h’ad dwindled to 120 officers and 1,120 enlisted men in May, 1864. The Atlanta campaign closed with but 278 men in the ranks. In conformity with an often expressed wish by the men of the brigade, an order was issued at department headquarters authoriz- ing Gen. Lewis to mount his brigade, and, in accordance with this order, the command marched to Barnesville, where 200 horses were obtained. The brigade began at once to increase in numbers; 200 captured at Jonesboro were exchanged and joined the brigade; wounded men came hobbling into camp and by the 19th the aggregate swelled to about 900, 200 of whom, however, were never mounted. The next two months were spent in constant scouting, and on the ad- vance of Sherman’s army in November, the brigade joined Gen. Wheeler in harassing the army of Gen. Sherman, as, under the lead of the great commander, it marched down to the sea. At Savannah the brigade was dismounted by order of Gen. Hardee and placed in the works, where spurs and sabers were thrown aside, and, with their trusty Enfields,the men resumed their infantry tactics. On the evac- uation of the city the brigade was again mounted, and performed arduous service in South Carolina until the surrender of the two main armies of Lee and Johnston. Edward Porter Thompson, from whose interesting “History of the First Kentucky Brigade,” much of the foregoing sketch has been compiled, says: “After it was definitely ascertained that the armies under Lee and Johnston had surrendered, Gen. Lewis pro- ceeded to Washington, Ga., where he was met by Gen. Wilson’s provost-marshal, prepared to receive surrender of such troops as should report at that point. The arms were laid by on the afternoon of Saturday, May 6, 1865. Paroles were received, the survivors of many trials and many conflicts separated, and the Fii'st Kentucky Brigade as an organization was no more. ” CUSTOM HOUSE, COVINGTON, KV. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 47a OHAPTEE XIX. PEACE PROBLEMS, RECONSTRUCTION, ETC., ETC. T he surrender at Appomattox was the be- ginning of the end, and the surrender of Oen. Johnston, which followed shortly after, virtually closed the war. The dawn of peace found Kentucky in a less deplorable condition than most of the Southern States. Affairs here, however, were bad enough. The State was overrun with guerrillas, whose dep- redations were confined to no particular class of victims, but who preyed upon all coming in their way with the same relentless cruelty. These robber bands were independent of any military organization, and acknowledged alle- giance to neither Federal nor Confederate gov- ernment. Many of them had never seen regular military service, but had banded together for the purposes of pillage and the gratification of revenge upon actual or imagined enemies. Toward the close of 1864, there was scarcely a county in Kentucky wholly free from their predatory incursions, and to such an extent did they carry their outrages, as to evoke summary action on the part of the State gov- ernment, and arouse in the army a bitter spirit of revenge. Known guerrillas captured by regular soldiers, in a majority of cases, met with a short shrift. If honest soldiers were sometimes mistaken for these outlaws, and caused to suffer as such, it was one of the misfortunes of war, and directly attributable to guerrilla indignities. The condition of the State at that time may be compared with that which came with the “Thirty years’ war in Germany,” and the latter stages of the war between king and parliament in England. The ravages of these outlaw bands continued until the establishment of peace- But with the final suppression of guerrilla warfare, the general state of society still was anything but tranquil. Says a writer of that period: By the 1st of July, 1865, the State was so secured in its position that with perfect safety the Federal troops could have been withdrawn, and the civil government left to go its appointed way. This was, unhappily, not to be. The armies came home, and went again to their fields and firesides, or, where these were no more, began again to create for them- selves places in the world. There were no better and more peaceful citizens than the veterans of the two armies, and no relations were ever more friendly than those between the men who learned to respect each other’s manliness in a war that tried them well. Yet it suited the purposes of a political body that had fattened on the system of passes and permits, and the other profitable complications of the civil war, to maintain in time of peace a system that had its only justification in the hard conditions of war, if it can find any justification at all. If Lincoln had survived, we may well believe that his admirable good sense, which enabled him to help his native State wherever he could see her trouble, would have removed these barriers to the tide of peace and good will that came like a fiood upon the people. His death and his replacement by a cheap and small-minded man brought on the last and most painful stage of the struggle, that in which a disarmed and war-worn people were driven to fight for the elementary rights of good government against the tyrannous exactions of a political junta which was insensible to the nobility of the victory. Fortunately for Kentucky it was not possible for the party in power to sink the State to the depths of degradation into which all the rebellious States were at once plunged. There was no valid pretense at hand for overthrowing the machinery of the State government, though there was every evidence of a de- sire to do so. Her sufferings were trifling compared with those of the States in that hell on earth, the reconstructed South; still, as we shall see, even Ken- tucky had a time of purgatorial existence, which delayed the period of quiet, and left a mass of pain- ful memories that will hardly ever be forgotten. The August election of 1865 showed something of the existing state of affairs. The election was for congressmen, memljers 474 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. of the legislature and State treasurer. To the latter office James H. Garrard was elect- ed over his opponent, William L. Neale, by a small majority. Garrard represented the Conservative party, and Neale the Radical party. Five Conservative and four Radical members of congress were elect- ed; twenty Conservatives and eighteen Rad- icals were elected to the State senate, and sixty Conservatives and forty Radicals to the house of representatives. There was “very serious interference in many counties with the election by the military. In some cases sol- diers prevented voters from going near the polls, and in others arrested and took them off to prison. In Lexington ‘ citizens stood in front of the polls, and indicated to the sol- diers those who were not entitled to vote, and all thus pointed out were not allowed to present themselves to the judges,’ so tele- graphed the sheriff, W. W. Dowden, to Gov. Bramlette. Negro soldiers were sent as guardians of the polls in several precincts in Mercer County. * * * In Campbell County the board of contested elec- tions decided that on August 7th ‘ there was such an interference at the different voting places, by armed soldiers, who so governed and controlled the elections as to render it invalid, null and void,’ they judged Thomas Jones, the incumbent, not lawfully elected clerk of the circuit court, and declared the office vacant. * * * The grand jury of Powell County indicted Henry C. Lilly, senator-elect, and John N. B. Hardwick, county judge, for obstructing the freedom of elections.”'* The vote for State treasurer stood: for Mr. Garrard, the Conservative candidate, 42,187 to 42,082 for the Radical candidate, a vote, the smallness of which shows that the ex-Confederate element did not vote. Interfer- ence with elections were not the only indig- nities the people of the State suffered. Nearly every form of civil life was more or less disturbed. An example is found in the case of Rev. Lorenzo D. Huston, pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church (South) in Newport. He was imprisoned because he had opposed the proposition of the Ken- tucky conference withdrawing from the gen- i eral conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, in order to join the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States. He was detained in confinement until October, 1865, without trial, and was finally liberated by order of Gen. Grant, “requiring his im- mediate and unconditional release.” The war was over and peace established, but mar- tial law still prevailed in Kentucky. “Every petty officer commanding a post, ” says a wi’iter, “had summary jurisdiction over the persons of the people, which he could exer- cise to gratify private malice or to increase his sense of personal importance.” The long continuation of martial law in Ken- tucky is thus explained in the political history of that stormy time: The Republican party secured substantial con- trol of the other border States, while Kentucky, though she had been the only one of the slave- holding States that had shown a very decided loyalty to the Federal cause, had eluded all efforts of the Republican leaders to cajole or coerce her into its fold. They chose to assume that Kentucky was at this time disloyal, hostility to their party and disloyalty being then, to their minds, synonymous terms, xit this time he Republican party was principally in the control of men who had no knowledge of the war, no sympathy with its suffer- ings or its nobler emotions. They had received gi-eat political, and often great pecuniary, profit from its events. Unhesitatingly they stigmatized as disloyal the commonwealth which had given as large a share of its life and treasure to maintain the Union as any other State, which had borne patiently and unflinchingly the most grevious burdens of the struggle, and had in fact clung more closely to the traditions of the Union than any other part of the country. All this is quite true. While Kentucky was not desolated like some of the more ex- treme southern States, yet lying as it did, on the dividing line between North and South, it was exposed to the fire of both sides, and suffered from the indignities of both armies. Not the least of its troubles and perils were in the numerous raids made through every part of the State, as already noticed, by the squads of guerrillas who claimed to belong either to the Federal or Confederate cause, but, who, in reality, were only robbers and freebooters, subject to no *CoUins’ History, Vol. I, p. 163. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 475 military laws or control. Both governments disowned these lawless gangs, but that did not put a stop to their outrages, which were perpetrated almost daily during the last year or two of the war. The Freedman’s Bureau, one of the most offensive engines of reconstruction to the white people of Kentucky, and of the whole south, and, as it eventually proved, a curse to the colored people, developed new evils, and that too, of a most exasperating type. There never was any necessity for the Freed- man’s Bureau in Kentucky, however much its operation, may have been needed in those States that had been in rebellion. Its organ- ization here was but another of the indigni- ties heaped upon a loyal State that “ had given as large a share of its life and treasure to maintain the Union as any other State.” Its first indignity was committed under a recent act of congress, which provided that the wives and children of negro soldiers should be free. As this was prior to the adoption of the constitutional amendments upon the subject of slavery, or the freedom of the slaves, its gross injustice is seen at a glance — the injustice of depriving people of their property without due process of law. The families of Kentucky colored soldiers comprised thousands of women and childen, and the Freedman’s Bureau undertook to compel their owners to pay them wages for all the time that had elapsed since the enlist- ment of their fathers and husbands. Of course this brought confusion, and produced serious difficulties; it caused numerous suits to be filed against slave owners, and entailed upon them endless annoyances. The Hon. Garrett Davis, United States senator from Kentucky, and one of the most unconditional and unswerving Union men of the State dur- ing the war, was the first victim of this spe- cies of prosecution. A suit was brought against him for wages of former slaves, and many other suits of a similar character were instituted against other citizens of the com- monwealth. These suits, however, amounted to nothing, except to still further exasperate the people, and indeed, this seems to have been the original intention of them. The following upon negro testimony in the courts is to the point; The last important problem left by the war was the question of negro testimony in the courts. The old slavery laws of Kentucky limited the testimony of the negro in many ways; white men could not be convicted of grave crime by their evidence. These laws should have been at once repealed, and it is to the discredit of the State that they remained upon the statute books until 1873. There is, however, some excuse for this delay. The Freedman's Bureau had constituted itself the keepers of the whole negro population, and had in an unfortunate way removed them from the control of the ordinary civil law of the State. To the appeal for the abrogation of the statute the people answered: “Do away with this interference with the negroes, and we will give them equal position before the law.” When, in 1873, the end of this system of supervision of the negro popu- lation bj'' the Freedman's Bureau was abandoned, the resistance to the complete assimilation of the negro with the white race in all matters of the law came about. The negro has been found to be a very trustworthy witness, and none regret his full i admission to the courts. The negro, it is an indisputable fact, was the great question involved in the civil war. His emancipation from slavery entailed a heavy pecuniary loss to the people of the State, and yet, when his freedom was brought about, society felt the relief of a patient, whose life is saved at the expense of a limb. Slavery had become somewhat unprofitable, and was yearly growing more so, to an extent more marked in Kentucky than in the far South. The institution was hedged about by humanizing conditions and laws of Kentucky that were unknown in the cotton and sugar- growing States; black labor, considering the total capital involved and the small returns received, was growing unprofitable in a rapid ratio, while the vast iiTeducible expense of the institution, the growing impoverished condition of the land, and its utter lack of adaptability to other pursuits, rendered ruin near and inevitable. And so, while the oppo- sition to emancipation was unanimous and de- termined, when once it was effected the relief was immediately apparent and rejoiced in. The agricultural system has been greatly im- proved under the new order of things, farm labor is more profitable, the dominant class is more enterprising and vigorous, and the old slave caste is now broken down and the 476 HISTOEY or KENTUCKY. last vestiges of it fast disappearing. The conditions effected by this radical change have been met with a creditable spirit by both races. Freedom found the negroes destitute of everything but the meager cloth- ing in their possession. A number antici- pated the final abolition of slavery in the border States by going into the army, but those who remained found themselves wholly improvided and without resources. In this condition the greatest misery might have fol- lowed had the masters cherished a vindictive spirit. A few of the liberated slaves tried their new found wings only to fail utterly in their first flight, and begged to be taken back on the old place. It is undoubtedly true that the physical condition of the freedmen for the first year or two was worse than during the period of slavery (and with many it is still worse), but the masters, partly through sympathy and partly because they needed them, allowed their former slaves to remain. There was no necessity for so great a number, however, and many found it to their interest to emigrate to Kansas and elsewhere. Those who remained found ready employment and considerate treatment generally. Many are doing well, making a good living and educat- ing their children, many are doing but little better than under the old regime, and some are doing Avorse. The freeing of a large number of ignorant negroes, whose whole training taught them to lie, pilfer, to live improvidently and un- chaste, has imposed upon society a heavy burden of responsibility. Twenty years have passed since the war which set them free, but society has not yet adjusted itself com- pletely to the new order of things. Neither race adequately appreciate the full extent of the change that has been wrought, and the responsibilities which it imposes upon each. The negroes, trained to an utter disregard of personal character in themselves, have not yet learned that this must now be cultivated. The whites fail in the same respect. Negroes convicted of felony lose caste with neither race, and find employment at the hands of the whites as readily as the honest black. Women notoriously unchaste are employed by the whites as cooks or servants, and lose no- standing in colored society. This fatal lack of self-respect is encouraged by the heedless action of the whites, and so long as it exists is a menace against society, and a successful hindrance to the elevation of the race. Education to such a people is a dan- gerous power, and religion a sham, and yet, nothing but education, liberal, practical education, will ever raise the colored people to the standard of respectable citizenship. It is the duty of every good citizen to heart- ily co-operate with well-directed effort to this end, and with better methods, backed by such co-operation, much may be done for the bet- terment of this helpless ward of the nation. The indignities perpetrated upon the peo- ple by the Freedman’s Bureau, as might naturally have been expected, produced re- sults inimical to good order. It bred a spirit of lawlessness that culminated in 1866 in the distui’bances of the Ku Klux Klan. This secret tribunal, whose name became as terri- ble almost as that of the Spanish Inquisition or the Holy Vehme of Germany in the mid- dle ages, was common to the whole South, but its acts were fewer and less serious in Kentucky. The motives for its organization and the results of its existence, have been discussed by a prominent author,* as follows: The sudden closing of the war left a considerable amount of social rubbish within the State, both white and black. The negroes, as a rule, behaved exceedingly well in their unaccustomed condition, accepting their new lot of citizenship in an excellent spirit; but a portion of them, especially those who had been employed in the army as teamsters and as camp servants, proved very troublesome. Nearly the whole of this part of the negro people had gath- ered into small separate settlements away from their original homes, and were under the influence of a bad class of white leaders. This demoralized condition of the lower classes of blacks led to a large amount of stealing; no farmer could keep his sheep or pigs from their furtive hands; usually the thieving was not accompanied by violence, but in some cases the trouble was more serious. In many counties the negroes organized themselves into marauding bands; there were a number of outrages upon women, an offense that had always been par- ticularly abhorrent to the people of Kentucky, and which they have always visited with condign pun- ishment when the perpetrators could be found. In *American Commonwealths, p, 369. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 477 its beginning, at least in Kentucky, the Ku Klux Klan was probably designed to restrain and punish these transgressions. It doubtless did in the outset certain rude acts of justice. Its cheap mystic ac- companiments were certainly well designed to strike terror to the superstitious blacks. When it had accomplished the little good that was possible to a system so fundamentally evil, it fell into the hands of the most wretched class of the population, j the very element it was designed to overthrow, and became a great curse to society. For a time the organization defied the civil law; the secrecy of its [ action and the terrorism exercised on witnesses, | made it impossible to apply adequate punishment ! through the courts. Beginning in 1866, this evil system continued in intermittent action until 1873. Like most social evils in a vigorous State, this system finally brought about its own remedy. For years the country folk tolerated the outrages for the profit the}' brought to them; their pigs were safer even if the common peo- ple of the realm did sutler a bit. The old dislike of lawlessness, common to well organized societies, was lessened by the long time of strife. For sev- eral years the Ku Klux vented its outrages upon the essentially criminal class; the rough justice of many of their actions made the mass of the people pardon their worst crimes. Finally, there came a general sense that they were going too far, and that they should no longer be tolerated. When this feeling became general they were speedily crushed out. With the Ku Klux disappeared the last remnant of the greater ills that came in the train of the war. Re- garding, then, the Ku Klux system and the Freed- men's Bureau as the closing evils of the war, we may accept 1873 as the last year of that great revo lution which began in 1860, moved swiftly to the state of war, raged for four years with a fury of thought, words and actions unequaled in any strug- gle of the race, and then for eight years left its wreckage to trouble men weary with the nobler part of their great abor. That part of the development of Kentucky, which can be in any proper sense termed historic, ended in 1873 with the sweeping away of the last cloud left by the war; all the rest of its life is still in the process of evolution. Before we turn to con- sider the present condition of the State, let us bring before our minds the outline of these years of rapid change through which this people had just passed. In 1860, when, after infinite debate, Kentucky slowly came to the remarkable resolution that she would bar her doors to the great storm that was about to move heaven and earth about her, the common- wealth was still a mediteval society in all its essen- tial qualities; the institution of slavery had acted like a pickle to preserve unchanged much of the notions that belonged in other centuries of the race’s life. Her very resolution to stand aloof in a war in which the nineteenth century fought against the seventeenth, shows that the people, despite an I intense interest in politics, had not come to a point I of view whence they could see where their social life stood in the world. They were as much out of the world of their day as if they had been shut in on every side by mountain heights; a clean-blooded, land-loving, fairly thrifty lot, they had, through their activities, not suffered any of the degradation that comes to other races from their connection with slaves. Kentucky suffered less, as stated, than her sister States of the south, but the “shock to the commonwealth, arising from the con- joined loss of life and property, defies expression in words, nor do the ordinary accidents of society supply any analogy.” Her loss of property was proportionately as great as the loss of life among her soldiers. In 1860 the slave property of Kentucky was estimated at over 8100,000,000. This, in 1865, had disappeared, and other elements of wealth had greatly diminished. Describing the condition of the State at the close of the war, it was said that, “although the war as carried on in Kentucky had been, on the whole, a singularly decent struggle, the actual destruction of property was very large. Nearly all the live stock was swept away. A considerable part of the houses had been burned; fences were gone, and the forest, quick to recover its grasp on the rich soil, had changed vast districts of fertile fields into thickets that had to be re-won to the plow. * * ^ * When a city is burned its men remain; a commercial crisis destroys neither the men nor the productive power of a State; a pestilence leaves the real property un- touched; but the destruction of a long con- tinued civil war is a thing by itself combin- ing all the evils which an ordinary society can suffer, and adds to those a new element of ruin in the overthrow of the precious trust in civil government.’" After the close of the war political parties in Kentucky were reorganized on new lines. The extreme to which the “civil rights” had been carried, disgust at the emancipation of the slaves, the irritation resulting from the acts of the Freedmen’s Bureau, and other proceedings “hostile to the govern- mental integrity of the State,” all combined 478 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. to make Kentucky an overwhelmingly Demo- cratic State. Pertinent to the subject is the following: Perhaps the most satisfactoiy feature in the close of the civil war was the reall}^ quick restora- tion of the civil order in the State and the perfect reunion of the divided people. The prompt and complete abrogation of the severe penalties laid upon the Confederate soldiers and sympathizers, greatly contributed to this speed}" return to the conditions of peace. In this course the people of Kentucky set an excellent hut unheeded example to the Federal government. By this action they avoided all risks of having a large i^art of their citi- zens parted in spirit from the life and work of the commonwealth. This reconciliation was helped by the fact that both Federals and Confederates had played a manl}" part in the struggle. Not only had the soldiers in both parties shown themselves to be brave and manly men in the field, but the Kentucky troops on both sides had done all in their power to make war decent and honorable, and to lighten its burdens on non-combatants. They could wear their laurels and live their lives together without shame. What was left of the 40,000 who went away into the southern service, came back to their place in the State sadder and wiser men, yet the better citizens for their dearly bought experience. We search in vain for any evidence of hatred or even dislike among these men who were lately in arms against each other. In all the walks of life, in the courts and in the legislature, as well as in the relations of kindred, we find these old enemies going together to their work of repairing the ruin that war had brought on the State — fighting at times their battles over again in good-natured talk, but each dearer to the other for the fearful parting of the war. The session of the legislature of 1865-66 repealed the laws that disfranchised Confed- erate soldiers. An act had been passed, during the war, consigning to the peniten- tiary those Confederate soldiers who had in- vaded the State. This act was repealed by a vote of twenty-one to fifteen in the senate, and sixty-two to thirty-three in the house. By a similar vote the expatriation act was repealed, as were all other laws which had been passed to “disqualify or punish persons for sympathy with the rebellion.” The re- turned Confederate soldiers comprised a large and valuable portion of the male popu- lation of the State, and their restoration to citizenship was an act of wisdom on the part of the legislature. “The dangers arising from the animosities of the war,” says one j versed in the politics of the time, “ were at once done away with, and the breaches that were made in the society of the rebellious States by the continued disfranchisement of its citizens were avoided. It was an abso- lutely safe measure, considered even from the point of view of Federal politics. The experience of the Confederate soldiers in the years gone by had destroyed all desire of I’esistance to the Federal authority. It is doubtful if these men had been polled after their return to Kentucky whether they would have voted for a peaceable secession of the Confederate States. The problem of seces- sion had been worked out to the end; the re- sult was generally accepted by the soldiers of the Confederacy as final. To have maintained the isolation of these returned Confederates would have been an act of political madness, and in receiving them in friendliness, the State of Kentucky did an act that unfortu- nately was not imitated by the Federal gov- ernment. When, in the centuries to come, the historian looks over the graves of all those who took part in the civil wai’, and sees their acts cleared of the cloud of preju- dice that even now envelops them, we must believe that these acts of reconciliation will stand forth as the noblest features in the history of this commonwealth. He will see in them the best possible evidence of the civil strength, of the State making and State preserving power, of this people. He will certainly note the fact that the Union party in a border State, where passions were in- furiated in the presence of immediate war, had a higher element of reason in their action than was found in the whole Federal Union, the greater and dominant part of which saw nothing of war except in the mind’s eye.” At the August election in 1867 there were three tickets presented to the voters of the commonwealth, viz. : ’’Democratic,” “Conser- vative Union,” and “Union” or “Eepublican.” I John L. Helm, the Democratic candidate for governor, and John W. Stevenson, the Demo- cratic candidate for lieutenant-governor, were elected, by an overwhelming majority, over William B. Kinkead and Harrison Taylor, HISTORY OF IFEHTUCKY. 479 Conservative Union, and Sidney M. Barnes and E. T. Baker, Union Republican. John Rod- man, Democrat, was elected attorney-gen- eral over Gen. John M. Harlan (now of the Supreme Court of the United States) and Col. John Mason Brown; Col. D. Howard Smith, Democrat, was elected auditor, over Col. J. S. Hurtt and Silas Adams; James W. Tate, Democrat, was elected treasurer over Alfred Allen and M. J. Roark; James A. Dawson, Democrat, was elected register of the land office over Col. J. J. Craddock and J. M. Fidler; Z. F. Smith, Democrat, was elected superintendent of public instruction over Ben- jamin M. Harney and Rev. Daniel Stevenson. The legislature bore the following complex- ion: Senate, twenty-eight Democrats, three Union Democrats, and seven Union Repub- licans; house of representatives, eighty- five Democrats, five Union Democrats, and ten Union Republicans. This shows pretty con- clusively how strongly Democratic the State had become under the policy of reconstruction. Gov. Helm was lying very ill at his home in Elizabethtown when the election came off. He never recovered, but died on the 8th of September following. He had been inaugur- ated governor on the 3d, at Elizabethtown, being too ill to go to Frankfort. Lieut.-Gov. Stevenson was inaugurated governor, as the successor of Mr. Helm, on the 13th of Sep- tember. In August, 1868, Mr. Stevenson was duly elected governor, a special election hav- ing been called, over R. T. Baker, receiving 115, 560 votes, to 26,605 for Baker, Republican. In the presidential election this year Hora- tio Seymour’ carried Kentucky by a vote of 115,889 to 39,566 for Gen. U. S. Grant, the Republican candidate. Gen. Grant was elected president by a majority of 134 electoral votes. Nine Democratic congressmen were elected in Kentucky. The Eighth Congressional District gave Gen. Grant 1,259 popular major- ity, but notwithstanding elected a demo- cratic congressmen. Four years later (1872), the presidential candidates were Horace Greeley and Gen. Grant, with a fifth wheel to the political wagon, entitled Charles O’Conor. The vote of Kentucky was as follows: Horace Greeley, nominee of the Democratic party, 100,212; Gen. Grant, Republican, 88,816: Charles O’Conor, Bourbon Democrat, 2,374; Greeley over Grant, 11,396 majority. A full Democratic delegation was elected to congress. Two years previously (in 1870), Kentucky elected a Democratic delegation to congress. With the exception of one or two districts, Kentucky has ever since elected Democrats to congress ; also to State offices. In the State election of 1871, Preston H. Leslie, the Democratic candidate, was elected governor over Gen. John M. Harlan, by a vote of 126,455 to 89,299. By similar majorities the Democrats elected John Rodman, attoi’ney- general; D. Howard Smith, auditor; James W. Tate, treasurer; J. A. Grant, register of the land office; Rev. H. A. M. Henderson, superintendent of public instruction. To the State senate thirty-five Democrats and three Republicans were elected, and eighty- two Democrats and eighteen Republicans to the house of representatives. In 1875 James B.McCreery was elected governor by the Demo- crats; in 1879, Dr. Luke P. Blackburn was elected governor, and in 1883, J. Proctor Knott, the present executive, was elected by the usual Democratic majority. The presidential election of 1876 will long be remembered in Kentucky, as well as in na- tional histoi’y. The cry of fraud attaching to it, and the excitement aroused, will not be forgotten for generations to come. From a Democratic standpoint, the popular vote stood: Samuel J. Tilden, 4,300,590; Rutherford B. Hayes, 4,036,298, a popular Democratic ma- jority of 264,292. The elections of South Carolina, Louisiana and Florida were contest- ed, and in the final settlement of the contest the result arrived at presented some novel facts, the most important of which were majorities for the Republi- can national ticket, and for the Demo- cratic State ticket. Years hence it may be a matter of interest to know how this (noto- rious) election was finally settled.' As both parties claimed South Carolina, Louisiana and Florida, congress passed an act provid- ing for an electoral commission to pass upon all matters in dispute, the decision to be final. This commission was composed of five sena- 480 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. tors, five representatives and five justices of the supreme court. The senate selected George F. Edmunds, Oliver P. Morton, Fi’ed- erick T. Frelinghuysen (Republicans), Allen G. Thui’man and Thomas F. Bayard (Demo- crats). The house of representatives chose Eppa Hunton, Henry B. Payne, Josiah E. Abbott (Democrats), James A. Garfield and George F. Hoar (Republicans). Four jus- tices of the supreme court designated by the act, were' Nathan Clifford and Stephen J. Field (Democrats), and William Strong and Samriel F. Miller (Republicans). They chose as the fifth justice Joseph P. Bradley, a Re- publican. The natural choice would have been David Davis, but he had been elected a senator from Illinois only five days before. The commission divided in voting on the main issues on a party line, the eight Repub- licans overruling the seven Democrats, and the result was the admission of the Repub- lican electoral votes from the States in contest and the seating of the Republican candi- dates.* As finally counted, the electoral vote was as follows; Connecticut, New York, New Jer- sey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Ten- nessee, Kentucky, Indiana — 184 votes for Tilden and Hendricks. Main, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Wiscon- sin, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada, California, Oregon — 185 votes for Hayes and Wheeler, a majority of one electoral vote. Had the three States, South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana, claimed for Tilden, been given him, he would have had a majority of thirty-nine votes in the electoral college. The presidential campaign of 1880 placed four tickets before the voters of the country, viz.: James A. Garfield and Chester A. Ar- thur, Republicans; Gen. Winfield S. Han- cock and William E. English, Democrats; James B. Weaver, Greenbacker; and Gen. Neal Dow, Prohibitionist. The vote in the *History of Presidential Campaigns, by Edward Stanwood. electoral college was 214 for Garfield and Arthur, and 155 for Hancock and English. In 1884 the Democratic party triumphed, and elected Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, president and vice-president, over James G. Blaine and John A. Logan, Repub- licans. The progress of public education in Ken- tucky since the close of the war far exceeds that of any other period in the history of the State. But its system of public schools, as compared with those of the northern and western States, is still lamentably deficient. One reason for this has been the unfortunate pride of caste which prevailed among the southern people — to a greater extent prior to the war than now — and which led to the or- ganization and support of hundreds of semi- naries, academies, and other high grade schools. These educational institutions were established mainly by private enterprise, and for pecuniary advantages to the projectors. They have greatly retarded the growth of the public schools and the cause of public educa- tion, and the majority of them, though re- joicing in the high-sounding name of “col- leges,” are as incapable of giving the pupil a collegiate education as the ordinary graded school of a country village — more so than the graded public school of a northern or west- ern village of 1,000 inhabitants. Since the war, however, the people are growing out of this foolish idea of caste, and it is to their credit that it is so. The late superintendent of public instruction. Rev. Mr. Henderson, very pertinently said; Ten years ago, a man in the blue grass country, worth $10,000, would as soon have thought of send- ing his children to the poor-house as to the public school. The public school was generally regarded as a charity, devised for the education of paupers, but not to be countenanced by the rich, save as a benefaction to the poor. The schools were common in the sense of low, vulgar and inferior. The very accent with which the adjective was pronounced, indicated the contempt in which men of means regarded it. But our citizens have now learned to regard it as common, in the sense of a community of interest, as the laws are common, the common law; as the State is common, the commonwealth, etc. Now the idea of conferring a benefit upon the indigent has^given place to the trae one, namely, to prepare citizens for the intelligent exercise of their HISTORY OF KEYTUCIFY. 4S1 suffrages, and to protect society from the penalties of ignorance. The public schools, form the true founda- tion of our educational system. Colleges and universities are proper in their place, and should be carefully fostered and liberally en- dowed. They are essential to a higher edu- cation, and we could no more dispense with them than with any other branch of educa- tion, or of the government. But the public schools, schools for the education of the masses, should be equally fostered. “With what scrupulous care,” says a zealous friend of public education, “ does England foster her great universities for the training of the sons of the nobility, for their places in the house of lords, in the army, navy and church. What, then, should be the character of citizenship in a country where every man is born a king and sovereign, heir to all the franchises and trusts of the State and repub- MODEEN COUNTRY SCHOOLHOUSE. lie? An ignorant people can be governed, but only an intelligent and educated people can govern themselves.” The interest being manifested of late years, in the public schools, is ample proof of the intellectual developement of the State, under the new order of things brought about by the war. Illustrative of their increasing popu- larity, is the following extract from the State superintendent’s report, a few years ago: The wealthiest counties are becoming the best friends of the public schools, and tax payers are voting levies upon themselves to improve their quality, and extend their terms. Half a million dollars are annually raised, by the election of the people, to supplement the public bonus. Tasteful and comfortable schoolhouses are fast taking the places of those old shams and shames, in which the children of the poor erstwhile were corraled. Eight- een hundred have been built within the last eight years. A home supply of teachers, furnished from our best young men and women, are taking the place of impecunious tramps and shiftless natives. The system is no longer an infirmary for the lame and halt and feeble, incompetents to be provided for, no more are pensioned upon the bounty afforded by the school fund. It is not now a “ stepping stone ” to professions, a temporary expedient, accepted until something better turns up or is turned up. Men and women among us are choosing it for their life w'ork, and emulating each other in their aspira- tions and achievements of a profession which con- fers honor, and whose prizes are to be coveted, and whose badges are to be worn with pride. Cities and towns vie with each other in maintaining graded schools better than our average western col- leges, with their half-starved faculties. School ex- aminations and teachers’ institutes have become occasions looked forward to with anticipations of pleasure, and enjoyed as feasts of soul. Communi- ties bid for these convocations, and rival each other in the tender of hospitalities to their members. At these sessions teachers take on power and inspira- tion for practical work, when they return to their school-rooms, loaded with valuable suggestions and methods. Discriminating patrons witness the exer. cises, to determine who among the instructors is best fitted for the post of district teacher. Citizens crowd to the polls to elect the officers of the system, and men are aspiring for the dignities of the trust- ees office. Aspirants for the county commissioner- ship are as eager for its honors as candidates for county judgeships. Calls for the superintendent are loud and frequent from every part of the State. He who fails to see these tokens of interest is wilfully and wmntonly blind. These and other signs of the times argue that an auspicious period is at hand, when the benefits of education will crush out ignorance, and intelligence hold the ballots that fall in the nation’s urn of fate. The importance of our common school system is apparent, when it is remembered that there are only 35,000 pupils in aU the universities, colleges, seminaries and private academies of our State, while a quarter of a million of children flock to our 7,000 public schools. In ‘half the counties no schools are taught but common schools. In some of our counties of wealth and re- finement, the public schools have absorbed all private educational enterprises, because co-operative effort furnishes a superior quality of education. If our colleges decline in the number of matriculates, the cause is not to be found in diminished interest in education, but in the fact that our public schools are affording at home advantages formerly sought abroad. This is but proof of the advance made by 30 482 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the State in educational development since the close of the war. This intellectual ad- vancement is still increasing and improving every year. And there is still room for further improvements. Education alone will stop the lawlessness that stalks abroad in some portions of the State. The refining in- fluence of a good school upon the society of any neighborhood, hitherto without one, has never failed to show happy effects. But a few years ago official statistics showed that Kentucky had 40,000 white voters who could not read. Add to this the negro voters, esti- mated at 55,000, but few of whom can read, and the majority of whom are far more igno- rant than the illiterate whites, and we have 95,000, nearly one- third of the entire elector- al population of the State, who are “ ignor- ant of the very means by which to acquaint themselves with the merits of the questions submitted for their decision at the polls.” Let this mass of ignorance increase until it rises into a majority, and what will be the result? It requires no prophet to foretell the doom of the State in such an event. This ignorance must and will increase if left to itself, without State encouragement for its own improvement. Citizenship can only be improved, lawlessness lessened, and intem- perance driven from the community by edu- cation, and the sooner the people awake to this fact, the better it will be for the credit and prosperity of the commonwealth. Competent legislation is required, and, if need be, a re- organization of the entire school system. “It is a singular phenomenon,” says Mr. Collins, “ of the history of the internal economy of our State for seventy years, that our main attempts at internal improvement and public education, at State expense, and under State superintendence, have been embarrassed or defeated, almost wholly by the misdirection and mismanagement of incompetent legisla- tion.” There is too much truth in this to gainsay. If the average legislator has not been criminally neglectful, he has certainly been lamentably indifferent to legislation for the benefit and improvement of public edu- cation. The colored schools are increasing in im- portance each year. It is highly commenda- ble in the colored people that they evince so great an interest and enthusiasm in the cause of education, and proves that they are desii’ous of improving themselves, and of becoming good and respectable citizens. In some sections of the State they are taking really more interest in the public schools than the whites. Said Mr. Henderson, in one of his annual reports as State superinten- dent: “ Their system has more than met the expectation of its projectors and friends, and is rapidly, by gratifying development, disappointing the prophesies and hopes of its enemies. The colored people are now taking hold of it with that enthusiasm and earnestness so characteristic of the race, when their interests are at stake, and their claims to notice recognized by authority. They are exhibiting a most commendable zeal in sup- plementing the fund, and are really doing more to make the most of the opportunities tendered them by the State, than the whites. ” The colored people receive a school fund direct from the State, to which is added the taxes paid by themselves. In some localities they have built comfortable houses; in the city of Louisville, and in some of the other larger cities of the State, their school build- ings compare favorably with those of the whites, and they are supplied with teachers well qualified for the stations they fill. A gratifying fact, in connection with the educa- tion of the colored people, is the interest in the matter, “manifested by representative white men throughout the State, and their earnest disapproval of the policy of bitter an- tagonism of those who still cherish hereditary prejudice, instead of rising to the level of an intelligence which respects the issues that the changed relations of this race have introduced into the policies of the State.” The negroes are now all freemen, but their future, without education, would be little bet- ter than actual slavery. The older ones, who were brought up and educated to work, are rapidly passing away, while a new gener- ation is coming on — reared without restraints, and to look upon work as one of the relics HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY, 483 of slavery. For these there is no hope but in education. The following may be a little severe, but is not wholly without truth: The greatest crime of the century was the sud- den enfranchisement of 4,000,000 of unlettered Afri- cans. Those who perpetrated this outrage upon our republican institutions, did it in the face of all the social science they had propagated. The North had emphasized the doctrine, that “virtue and intelligence are essential to the perpetuity of the republic;” and yet, in an ill advised hour of heated passion, rendered hot by the fires of civil war, they made a horde of ignorant slaves the peers of their intelligent masters, and thus provided the condi- origin back to 1855 — a time when it required an indomitable will and unbounded courage to establish such a school in a slave-holding State. It may, in some degree, be termed an offshoot of Oberlin College, Ohio, as the lirst teachers, employed in the Berea School, William E. Lincoln and Otis B. Waters, were students who had been educated at that insti- tution. It was the cause of much excite- ment throughout the suiTounding country, and more or less mob violence was exercised against the zealous founders of the school, tion that prostrated the South, and subjected its people to the most destroying despotism that ever ground into the dust a free citizenship. The only indemnity for this stupendous wrong is their educa- tion at the national expense. To require the people they impoverished by this act of folly to bear the burden of their education, would be a continued piece of injustice, which no political casuistry can justify, no species of sophistry disguise, and no maudlin philanthrophy dignify with a decent apology. Berea College is a liberal educational insti- tution located in Madison County, and is open to the education of the colored people on equal terms with the whites. It dates its and also the church which had been estab- lished in the same vicinity. Rev. John G. Fee, who was the originator of the school, has been pastor of the church at Berea for nearly a third of a century, and is a native Kentuckian, received many indignities dur- ing his early ministrations in this and the adjoining counties, from the rough elements of society, spurred on by those who opposed “abolitionism.” The third teacher of the Berea school was Prof. J. A. R. Rogers. The second term of the school under his administration was opened in 484 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. September, 1859 ,with two additional teachers — John G. Hanson and his wife. It was diir- ing this term that the question of admitting colored pupils was discussed in the young men’s literary society of the school. After considerable discussion it was decided that, “if any one made in God’s image comes to get knowledge which will enable him to understand the revelation of God in Jesus Christ, he can not be rejected.” This sen- timent was obnoxious to the slave-holding families, and many of them withdrew their children fi’om the school. Efforts wei'e made, in 1858, to transform the school into a college, by the adoption of a constitution, at a meeting held on Septem- ber 7th, of that year, at the residence of Rev. Mr. Fee. The following clauses from the document will show the grand object of Berea College: This college shall he under an influence strictly Christian, and, as such, opposed to sectarianism, slave-holding, caste, and every other wrong insti- tution or practice. The object of this college shall be to furnish the facilities for a thorough education to all persons of good moral character, at the least possible expense to the same, and all the inducements and facilities for manual labor which can reasonably be supplied by the board of trustees shall be offered its students. Many difficulties still remained to be sur- mounted by the friends of the institution, but they persevered. A tract of land con- taining something over a hundred acres was purchased for $1,800, and Mr. Fee went east to raise funds for the college. But political influences disturbed its peace, and on the 23d of December, 1859, a “committee of safety” visited Berea, and delivered notice to some dozen of those most zealous in the school to leave the county within ten days. They petitioned the governor for protection, but he informed them he could not afford them protection, owing to the excitement caused by the John Bi’own raid in Virginia, which had just occurred. The families who were forced to leave the place numbered about forty persons. The war soon opened, and with the beginning of hostilities the in- stitution closed temporarily. In 1865 the school was reopened. A charter for a college was obtained under a general law of the State, the board of trus- tees- reorganized, and other lands were pur- chased. The admission of colored pupils caused considerable excitement, and half the white pupils deserted the institution. But their places were soon filled, and the requisite qualifications for admission into the institu- tion still remained — “a good moral charac- ter. ” Temporary buildings for the accomoda- tion of the increased attendance were erected in 1866-67. Howard Hall was erected in 1869 by the Freedman’s Bureau at a cost of $18,- 000. It is a three-story wood building with a tin roof. In 1870-71, “Ladies’ Hall,” was erected. It is a superb building, three sto- ries high, built of brick, and has two fronts of 120 feet each. The Ladies’ Hall at Oberlin, Ohio, was taken as a pattern, and “its excel- lencies, if possible, were improved, and its defects remedied.” It is furnished with every modern convenience, and is a very model of excellence in every respect. “All other college buildings, including Howard Hall, Recitation Hall, Office Building, Gram- mar School, Intermediate School, Primary School, very good buildings, and the chapel, a very fine building, costing $9,000, are sit- uated in the college campus, consisting of two large and beautiful groves of forest trees embracing about forty-five acres. The larger grove, in which the buildings are, is on the high land, and the other in the plain, fifty feet below.” The college owns, besides the buildings, which are estimated at $82,000, 300 acres of land, not including the grounds about the buildings, and worth about $15,000; it owns about twenty-five good business lots, 25x125 feet, and worth $125 per lot. The college has an endowment of $95,000, not including the land. The following extract, from an article by Prof. A. P. Peabody, of Harvard, on the co- education of the races, will present an appro- priate conclusion to this sketch of Berea; Of all the experiments in co-education that have been instituted, we regard Berea Colleg’e, in Ken- tucky, as the most impoi'tant in its sphere of influ- ence and in its prophecy of enduring benefit to the HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 483 colored race. It lias carried the war into the enemy's camp, and has brought its whole Christian panoply and armament into the immediate encoun- ter with the surviving spirit of slavery — a spirit made all the more virulent by the destruction of its body. At other institutions, black students are ad- mitted to an equality with the white; at Berea, white students are admitted to an equality with the black. The trustees and professors at Berea can not invite their white neighbors to unite with them in throwing the doors of their institutions wide open to all that choose to come. They must first gather their little flock of black pupils, with a very few white youths from their own or friendly families, and then the3^must make their light shine bright enough and far enough to win the regard and confidence of a distrustful and scornful public; and to demonstrate to that unwilling public that it is for their own and their childrens’ interest that the}" patronize this institution. This has been effected. The college has shown its large educational capacity. Its public exercises have been attended in successive years by persons of established reputation as educa- tionists and literary men, and have received their unqualified commendation and praise. There is, for many miles around, no institution of learning that does nearly so much or so well for its pupils. The consequence is that those at first vehemently op- posed to it are fast falling into the ranks of neutrals or friends. Many who deemed it a nuisance have already sent their children to it. Its sterling value as a seminary of education is now recognized on all hands. But it is of much more worth for its silent, yet most efficient propagandism of the due relation between the races; for co-education includes within itself or involves as its necessary consequence, equality in all civic and social rights, immunities, duties and obligations. Kentucky has never encouraged foreign immigration as some other portions of the republic have done. But, on the contrary, the State has opposed it more or less, until within the past few years. The tide of im- migration, however, flowing her northern border to the west and north, enriching the gi’eat Northwest, has aroused her to action, and brought the question of foreign immi- gration to the consideration and attention of the people, and also of the legislature. Within the last five years, a bureau of immi- gration has been established and facts and statistics and other important intelligence concerning the material resources of the State, have been profusely distributed far and wide. The result of this judicious dissem- ination of knowledge of Kentucky’s material wealth has been the planting of a number of colonies of English, German and Swiss peo- ple in the State. Their prosperity shows conclusively that the State affords fine oppor- tunities for immigrants. The accumulation of aliens from all lauds and countries, within a new American State, has been considered by many to be somewhat perilous. Upon this subject a late wi’iter TIEW IN SWISS COLONY— LAUREL COUNTY. says: “Kentucky has had the good fortune to inherit a nearly pure English blood. Aside from the diminishing negro population, the blood of the people is of a singularly un- mixed origin. Her success in meeting the strains of the civil war could not have been secured if its people had not had this singular unity of race and the solidarity of motive that it brought with it. While there are, doubtless, evils that come from this 486 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. predominance of English stock and the con- sequent uniformity of the motives of the people, leading as it does to a certain accept- ance of existing conditions, there are other dangers, and graver, which come from the confusion of motives in the States that have a large foreign population, that are much more menacing to society.” There have been several influences that have retarded foreifyn immigrration to Ken- tucky. The strongest of these influences, perhaps, is the competition with negro labor. The European immigrant is not willing to enter into competition with this species of labor, and the result is they seek those States where slavery never existed. Kentucky has but a small negro population, and it is diminishing in numbers, and there are large tracts of country within the State where there are no negroes, yet the name of a “slave State” clings to it as a plague, driv- ing immigration to other and less fertile regions. This objection to Kentucky must soon pass away, and when it does, and the tine climate and fertile lands of Kentucky become better known to immigrants, then will the tide of immigration turn within her borders. The advantages of Kentucky only need to become well known to induce immi- gration. The Swiss colonies in Laurel and Lincoln Counties, with the air of prosperity that prevails about them, demonstrate un- mistakably the fine field Kentucky presents to the colonist. HISTORY or KENTUCKY. 487 CHAPTER XX, INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE. T he late war developed a new phase in every form of life as well in the polit- ical history of Kentucky. Everything has changed — much for the better — and a new era has been inaugurated that in intellectual ad- vancement bids fair to surpass the hopes and expectations of the most sanguine friends of the commonwealth. While it cannot be claimed that the scriptural dispensation, when “ old things are to pass away,” and “ all things become new, ” has dawned, yet the vast changes and improvements seem to indicate an approach to that period. The people emerged from the horrors of war purified “ like gold tried in the hre,” and at once entered into the work of improving their social and literary institutions, and in restoring peace and tranquility to their State. The press has borne no inconsidera- ble part in achieving this triumph, and has done more, actual education perhaps except- ed, than any other influence brought to bear to reach this grand result. The press, as an institution, when it hap- pens to fall into the hands of men competent to make it discharge its duty fully and properly, is a most important factor in the advancement of any community. One of the best things that can be said of our nation is, that it has a free press. No man has to be licensed or selected by the govei’nment either to print a book or publish a newspaper. It has been circumscribed by no law except j natural selection. Any one who wished [ could start a paper at any time, say almost \ anything he desired to say, and if he chose not to be suppressed, there was no power to suppress him — except a “ military necessity,” and .once in a great while mob violence. The government foresaw the eventual wants of mankind, and committed the wisest act in all its history in unbridling the press. It was the seed planted in good ground for its own perpetuity, and the happiness and wel- fare of its people. Says a late writer: “To make the press absolutely free, especially after the centuries of vile censorship over it, was an act of wisdom transcending in im- portance the original invention of movable types. This enjoyment of a free press, means free speech, free schools, free religion, and, supremest and best of all, free thought. If our government endure, and the people continue free, here will be much of the reason thereof, for freedom, though well established, will not maintain and perpetuate itself, because by the laws of heredity that lurks in every man, more or less, the latter customs or habits or mental convictions of a barbar- ous ancestry, leave the seeds of monarchy and despotism. The Americans have this (speaking in reference to a Republican form of government) less than any other people in the world; they are further removed from an ancestry that worshiped under kingly rulers; and yet even here it is as true now as when uttered, that ‘ eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.’ The press is, therefore, essen- tial to the perpetuation of free institutions in America.” That the press can do no wrong, it would be idle to assert. So great an institution, so varied its interests, so numerous its control- lers and guides — he would be a foolish man, indeed, who would even hope that it would ever become infallible. It has committed wrongs against the public quite as often as wrongs have been perpetrated against it. The averages, say, are even. Then, if two wrongs can make a right, a reasonable just- 488 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ice has been done, and the “ great jjalladium ” ] remains to us as the drudge and pack-horse, and at the same time “ the crowned king of all mankind.” Another, and an able author- ity,* says of the press: “ The grandest tem- poral blessing God has given to the nine- teenth century is the newspaper. We would have a better appreciation of this blessing if we knew the money, the brain, the losses, the anx- ieties, the wear and tear involved in its produc- tion. Under the impression that almost any- body can make a newspaper, scores of inexpe- rienced capitalists every year enter the lists, and, consequently, during the last few years a newspaper has died almost every day. AVith more than 6,000 dailies in the United States and Canadas, there are but thirty-six a half century old. Newspapers do not average more than five years’ existence. * * * Newspapers make know- ledge democratic and for the multitudes. The public library is a hay-mow so high up that few can reach it, while the newspaper throws down the forage to our feet. Public libraries are the reservoirs where the great floods are stored high up and a great way off. The newspaper is the tunnel that brings them down to the pitchers of all the people. The chief use of great libraries is to make newspapers out of. Great libraries make a few men and women wise; newspapers lift whole nations into the sunlight. Better have 50,000,000 people moderately intelligent than 100,000 Solons. A false impression is abroad that newspaper knowledge is ephem- eral, because periodicals are thrown aside, and not one out of 10,000 people flies them for future reference. Such knowledge, so far from being ephemeral, goes into the very structure of the world’s heart and brain, and decides the destiny of churches and nations. Nearly all the best minds and hearts have their hands on the printing-press to- day, and have had since its emancipation. Adams and Hancock used to go to the Boston Ga- zette, and compose articles on the rights of the people. Benjamin Franklin, De Witt Clinton, Hamilton, Jefferson, were strong in newspaperdom. Many of the immortal *ReT. T. De Witt Talmage. things that have been published in book form, first appeared in what may be called the ephemeral periodical. All Macaulay’s essays first appeared in a review; all Car- lyle’s, all Buskin’s, all Sidney Smith’s, all Thackeray’s, all the elevated works of fiction in our day are reprints from periodicals, in which they appeared as serials. The poems of Tennyson, Longfellow, Emerson, Burns, Lowell, Whittier, were once fugitive pieces. You cannot find ten literary men in Christen- dom with strong minds and great hearts but are, or have been, somehow connected with the printing-press. * * * It is sometimes complained that newspapers re- port the evil when they ought only to report the good. They must report the evil as well as the good, or how shall we know what is to be reformed, what guarded against, what brought down? A newspaper that pictures only the honesty and virtue of society is a misrepresentation. That family is best pre- pared for the duties of life, which, knowing the evil, is taught to select the good. Keep children under the impression that all is fair and right in the world, and when they go out into it they will be as poorly prepared to struggle with it as a child who is thrown into the middle of the Atlantic and told to learn to swim. * * * Another blessing of the newspaper is the foundation it lays for accurate history of the time in which we live. AVe, for the most part, blindly guess about the ages that ante-date the newspaper, and are dependent on the prejudices of this or that historian. But after a hundred or two years what splendid opportunity the his- torian will have to teach the people the les- son of this day. Our Bancroft got from the early newspapers of this country, from the Boston News Letter, the New Y'^ork Ga- zette, and the American Rag Bag, and Royal Gazetteer, and Independent Chronicle, and Massachusetts Spy and Philadelphia Aurora, accounts of Perry’s victory, and Hamilton’s duel, and AVashington’s death, and the op- presive foreign tax on luxuries which turned Boston harbor into a tea-pot, and Paul Ee- vere’s midnight ride, and Rhode Island.’s re- bellion and South Carolina’s nullification. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 489 But what a field for the chronicler of the great future when he opens the files of a hundred standard American newspapers, giv- ing: the minutiae of all things occurring under the social, political, international, ecclesias- tical, hemispherical. Five hundred years from now, if the world lasts so long, the j student looking for stirring and decisive history will pass by the misty corridors of other centuries, and say to the librarian: ‘Find me the volume that gives the century in which American presidents were assassi- nated, the civil war enacted, and the cotton- gin, the steam locomotive, the telegraph and telephone, and Hoe’s cylinder presses were invented.’ It is not more what newspapers do for to-day, than the fact that they make a storehouse of history. * * More than all, the blessings of a good news- paper is in its evangelistic influence. The secular press of this country discusses all religious questions, scatters abroad religious intelligence and multiplies sermons until the gospel comes every week within reach of every intelligent man and woman in America. The good newspaper is to be the right wing of the apocalyptic angel. On the Sabbath the minister preaches to a few hundred or thousand people, and on Monday morning and evening, through the printing-press, preaches to millions. The telegraph gathers for it matter on one side, and the express railway train waits to be loaded with the tons of folded sheets on the other. I set it down as the mightiest force for the world’s evangel! - zation.” These lengthy extracts require no apology. Like everything emanating from the great preacher, though couched in hispeculiar style, they are full of wisdom. The press is the great power of the present age. This is in- disputable. In any community it is an in- fluence for good, admitting of not a single doubt. Thomas Jefferson, who penned the Declaration of Independence, one of the grandest documents that ever fell from the pen of mortal man, wrote also: “If I had to choose between a government without news- papers, or newspapers without a government, I should prefer the latter.” Another sage re- marks: “If man should, from childhood to old age, see only his Bible, Webster’s dic- tionary and his newspaper, he could be pre- pared for all the duties of this life, or all the happiness of the next.” Daniel Webster said : “I care not how unpretending a news- paper may be, every issue contains some- thing that is worth the subscription price.” Of all the blessings that man can have in this world, the newspaper is the one “whose rose need have no thorn, whose sweet need have no bitter.” Thanks, then, a million thanks, to our revolutionary sires for giving us the great boon of a free press. When the war closed there had been com- pleted a revolution in the newspaper publish- ing business. The telegraph had been utilized, and men had been taught to look for news, and not for the opinions and fine writings of certain individuals. The business of writing for the paper had to adjust itself to circum- stances, and short, crisp editorials, and the news of the hour; and instead of the long “ thundering leader,” came the wit, that largely consists of slang and bad spelling. The metropolitan press, through the telegraph, and the perfected Hoe press began to absorb from the country, first its talent among wri- ters, and then to monopolize the business itself, until the country paper found no other avenue to walk in except the purely local news, gossip and chit-chat of its immediate I locality. But notwithstanding this the local press is not to be despised, nor denied credit for its part in elevating the standai’d of civ- I ilization. Far from it. It contributes as much, in its humble way, as the more preten- tious city daily. The improvement in the art of making newspapers is not surpassed by that made in any institution, or other branch of business, of the present century. The Courier- Journal, with its corps of editors and reporters and correspondents, and its attaches and employes, its improved printing presses and magnificent building, the pride of Kentucky’s metropolis, is a sample of the modern daily newspaper, and strikingly illus- trates its great power and influence. Com- pared to the Kentucke Gazelle, the first news- paper in the west, it shows the wonderful 490 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. advancement made by the press within the past hundred years. The first newspaper published west of the Alleghany Mountains, with a single excep- tion,* was established at Lexington. It is present time. A few words, however, of some of the early newspapers of the State, and some of the leading ones, cannot very well be avoided. The first paper was established in 1787, almost 100 years ago, by John Brad- coriUKR-.jornx'AL building. not intended to go back to the beginning of the newspaper history of Kentucky, and follow it through all its vicissitudes to the *The first paper west of the Allegbanies was published at Pittsburgh. ford. It was christened the Kenfucke Gazette. The final e of Kentucky was afterward changed to y, in consequence of the Virginia Legisla- ture requiring certain advertisements to be “inserted in the Kentucky Gazette.''’ The HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 491 efforts to separate Kentucky from Virginia and form it into a distinct State, necessitated the establishment of this paper. The con- vention that met at Danville, in 1785, to discuss the subject of separation, adopted the following resolution: “That to insure unanimity in the opinion of the people re- specting the propriety of separating the dis- trict of Kentucky from Virginia, and forming a distinct State government, and to give publicity to the proceedings of the conven- tion, it is deemed essential to the interests of the country to have a printing press.” Ar- rangements were finally made with John Bradford to establish a paper at Lexington, then the principal town in the district, and in 1786 he sent to Philadelphia for the necessary outfit. It did not arrive until late in the summer of 1787, and on the 11th of August he issued the first number of the Gazette, pioneer newspaper of the western country. His editorial surroundings would contrast strangely with the princely style of the great metropolitan journals of the present day. His steamboat, railroad, telegraph and mail-carrier was a pack-mule; his office a log cabin. His rude and unwieldy hand-press was of the old-fashioned style, that for years and years had not been improved; and, in addition, it was a second-hand one. He daubed on the ink by hand with two ancient dog-skin inking balls, and probably managed to get sixty or seventy copies printed on one side in an hour. If he wi’ote at night it was by the light of a rousing fire, a bear-grease lamp, or a buffalo-tallow candle. An edi- torial desk, made of a smooth slab, supported by two pairs of cross- legs, a three-legged stool, ink-horn and a rifle, composed the rest of his ofiice furniture.* John Bradford, the pioneer editor of Kentucky, was a native of Virginia, and was born in Fauquier County, in 1749. He came to Kentucky in 1785, and settled on Cane Run, but the next year located in Lex- ington. He was a practical printer, as was his father before him, and he brought up his sons to the same business. The next year after starting the Gazette, he published the Kentucky Almanac, the first pamphlet printed west of the mountains, and the an- nual publication of which he continued for twenty years. From all the biographical record left of Mi’. Bradford, it is evident that he was not especially brilliant as an editor, but, what was better for the times in which he lived, he was a man of sound prac- tical sense and sterling honesty. He was chairman of the board of village trustees, and delivered the address of welcome to Gov. Shelby in 1792, upon his arrival in Lexing- i ton, then the capital of the new-made State. He was the first State printer, and received from the State government £100 sterling, as J the emoluments of the office. He printed books as early as 1794, and some of his early publica- tions are still to be seen in the Lexington pub- lic library. He served for a time as chairman of the board of trustees of Transylvania Uni- versity, and held other positions of honor and trust. His mind was so well stored with useful and valuable information that he was considered the town oracle, and from his ! decisions on local topics there was no appeal. So great was the confidence of the people in his judgment that he won the sobriquet of “Old Wisdom.” He was high sheriff of Fayette County at the time of his death, which occured in March, 1830. Circuit court was in session, and the distinguished Jesse Bledsoe, who was the presiding judge, alluded to his death in eloquent terms, and adjourned court in respect to his memory. The Kentucky Gazette was conducted by Mr. Bradford with great energy and success until early in 1802, when he tiu’ned it over to his son, Daniel Bradford, and took charofe of the Kentucky Herald, the first rival paper in the State. He kept up a watchful supervis- ion, however, of the Gazette, and, after seven years, he again assumed editorial charge of it. In 1814, his son. Fielding Bradford, Jr., became its proprietor and continued his con- nection with it until 1825, when it again passed into the hands of the senior Bradford. In 1835, it again reverted to Daniel Brad- ford, who, in March, 1840, sold it to Joshua Cunningham of Louisville, foreman of the Advertiser, a paper edited by Shadrach Penn, *G. W. Ranck, iu History of Fayette County, p. 364. 492 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the brilliant rival of George D. Prentice. Under the management of Mr. Cunningham, who was in bad health, the paper declined, and in 1848 its publication ceased. So ended the first paper pviblished west of Pitts- burgh. The second newspaper in Kentucky was also established at Lexington. It will be borne in mind that for a number of years after settlements began to be made in Ken- tucky, Lexington was the metropolis of the State. It was the first capital, and being the leading town, not only of Kentucky but all the western country, it drew within its limits the majority of the wealth, intelligence and business of the entire community. Thus it be- came the seat of learning and business enter- prise. Its second newspaper was started in 1793, the next year after the admission of Kentucky as a State into the Federal Union. It was called Stewart's Kentucky Herald, and was established by James H. Stewart. Its publication was continued for about ten years, when it was absorbed by the Bradfords and the Kentucky Gazette. Mr. F. L. McOhesney, editor of the Western Citizen, in a sketch of Paris written a few years ago, mentioned a paper — the Kentucky Herald — as started in that town in 1797, by James Stewart, and which existed for about a year. In the same yeai’, William Hunter established the Kentucky Mirror, at Washington, a town situated about four miles from the present city of Maysville. In 1798, Hunter estab- lished a paper in Frankfort called the Pal- ladium, and was annually elected State printer for ten years. In 1803, the Western Messenger, and in 1806, the Republican Auxiliary were established at Washington. The first paper in Louisville was called the Farmer's Library, and dates back to 1807. Its history is comprised in an act of the legislature requiring certain laws to be pub- lished in its columns. Not even the names of its owners or publishers are known. The next year (1808) another paper — the Gazette — made its appearance in Louisville, but its record, like that of the Farmer's Library, is obscure. In this year also was established the Western Citizen, at Paris. Mr. McChes- ney in his sketch of Paris, says the Citizen was started by Grimes & Johnson; Collins in his history of Kentucky, says by Joel R. Lyle. The Lyles (Joel R. and William C.) were long connected with it, but it was pur- chased, Mr. McChesney says, by Joel R. Lyle early in 1809. It is one of the early papers of Kentucky that has survived the storms of adversity and is still flourishing and prosperous. It opposed the old Feder- alist party and warmly advocated the war of 1812. In the great conflict between the old and new court parties, it adopted the side of the former, and supported Mr. Adams and Mr. Clay in opposition to Gen. Jackson. When politics divided, under the name of Whigs and Democrats, it espoused the cause of the Whigs, and ever continued a zealous advocate of that party. F. L. McChesney became the owner of it after the war, and during the reconstruction period it changed its politics to the Democratic faith, and has since remained true to those principles. The Lexington Observer and Reporter, originally the Lexington Reporter, was estab- lished in 1807, by William W. Worsley and Samuel R. Overton. It was continued unin- terruptedly as the Reporter until 1832, when it was purchased by Bryant & Finnell and consolidated with the Observer. The Observer and Reporter existed until 1873, when its publication ceased. During its long career it had many able and brilliant editors and contributors,among whom were Edwin Bryant, Robert N. Wickliffe, William A. Dudley, Daniel C. Wickliffe, William C. P. Breckin- ridge, Thomas E. Pickett and others. No paper in central Kentucky, perhaps, wielded a greater influence than the Observer and Re- porter, and when discontinued it was the oldest paper in the State, having been estab- lished the year before the Western Citizen. The first paper in Louisville that attained to any prominence, and of which there is any authentic history, was established in 1810 by Nicholas Clark. It was called the Western Courier, and was conducted with considerable ability. Mann Butler, the his- torian, and an able writer, was connected with it as associate editor in 1814, but he did not HISTOEY or ICEYTUCKY. 493 remain long in the position. S. H. Bullen and A. G. Meriwether became interested in the paper in 1821, and the name was changed to the Emporium and Commercial Advertis- er, and from a weekly, it became a semi- weekly. Clark and Meriwether retired in February, 1822, transfering their interest to S. H. Bullen and F. E. Goddard, and the latter gentleman finally became the sole own- er. While under his management (in 1832) the paper was discontinued. The Louisville Correspondent, a weekly paper, was started in the same year as the Western Courier. Its owner and publisher was E. C. Bairy, who | continued it until 1817, when it passed from I the public gaze. The Advertiser, the first daily paper pub- lished in Kentucky, was established in 1818, and soon became a formidable opponent to the Western Courier. It was founded by i Shadrach Penn, the ablest editor ever in Louisville until the appearance of George D. Prentice. Mr. Ben Casseday, in a sketch of the Louisville press, says: “Mr. Penn was an experienced politician, a forcible writer, and a man of extraordinary tact. His paper soon took the position of political leader, not merely in its local circle, but all over the west. It was the acknowledged Jackson organ, and both city and State recognized its power and influence. It was without a rival, and if it did not create, it represented, the dominant party for over twelve years. Until 1830 (the birth of the Journal) Penn found ‘no foeman worthy of his steel. ’ His adver- saries had, one by one, fallen before him. He was supreme in his position, and a few years previous to the date above referred to was confirmed in it by a great victory over the old court or anti-relief party, and his ac- knowledged championship of a party victori- ous in a political struggle as bitter as had ever agitated the State.” Shadrach Penn was a native of Kentucky, and had been a soldier in the war of 1812. He was a large man, a fine specimen of the typical Kentuckian, six feet high, weighing over 200 pounds, and one of the best hearted men that ever lived. He was well educated, was a statesman and a leader naturally, and a politician from choice. Although rival edit- ors for many years, and often on bad terms and indulging in bitter controversy, yet a warm friendship grew up between him and Prentice, that continued until the death of Penn in 1853. Mr. Penn left Louisville in 1842, went to St. Louis, and took editorial charge of the Missouri Democrat, which posi- tion he filled until the close of his life. In 1826 the Focus was established in Louisville by W. W. Worsley and Dr. Bu- chanan. Worsley was an experienced news- paper man, and had been one of the original owners of the Lexington Reporter, and was a man of some ability. The Focus opposed Gen. Jackson, the Advertiser and Shadrach Penn, but being more of a literary and scien- tific journal than a partisan organ, it was un- able to stand before the political projectiles hurled at it by Penn. After a fitful existence of a little more than three years it was pur- chased by Gavins & Robinson, and shortly after was merged into the Louisville Journal. The Kentuckian was a newspaper estab- lished at Lancaster in 1821, and was pub- i lished by Albert G. Hodges, who afterward became widely known as a newspaper pub- lisher throughout the State. He published the Kentuckian only about three months, when he left Lancaster, and went back to Lexington. There he became foreman of the Reporter office, a place he filled accept- ably for several years. He next went to Louisville, and, in 1824, in connection with D. C. Pinkham, purchased fiom S. H. BuT len the Louisville Morning Post. Pinkham proved an unprofitable partner, as he got away with most of the profits of the paper, and in about a year. "William Tanner, who had attained some prominence as an editor, suc- ceeded him. Hodges and Tanner did not agree well on politics, the latter advocating, on one side of the paper, the fallacies of the new court, while Hodges on the other side championed the old court party. It was lit- erally “a house divided against itself,” and to prevent its fall, the proprietors “threw heads and tails” for its ownership. Tanner won, and Hodges sold out to him on favorable terms, returned to Lexington, and started 494 IIIS'J’ORY OF KENTUCKY. the Kentucky Whig. This paper had a brief existence, less than a year. He then went to Frankfort, and together with J ames G. Dana published the Commentator, and served as State printer until 1832, when he sold out to Dana. In 1833, Hodges was elected State printer, and shortly after started the Frank- fort Commomcealth. It was thoroughly a Whig paper, and when that party became extinct, it came to the support of the Know- nothing, and then of the American party. During the late war, it was for the Union unconditionally, and after the war Repub- ! lican in politics, until its suspension in April, 1872, at the age of thirty-nine years. Col. Hodges, although a stanch Union man, and later an ardent Republican, discontinued the publication of his paper, which he had established more than a third of a century before, rather than to support President Grant for renomination, in 1872, to a second term as chief magistrate. In refusing to support the hero of Appomattox, he found his “occupation gone,” and retired perma- nently from the newspaper business. Col. Hodges was a true type of the old Kentucky gentleman, a race that is rapidly passing away. He was born in Virginia, in 1802, and when but eight years old, his mother (his father having died) brought him to F ayette County. At the age of twelve he was apprenticed to the printing business with Worsley & Smith, the proprietors of the Lexington Reporter. After the suspension of the Commonwealth in 1872, Col. Hodges removed to Louisville, and accepted the po- sition of secretary and treasurer of the Masonic Temple Company. He was one of the most prominent Masons of Kentucky, and from 1845 to the time of his death was grand treasurer of the Grand Lodge. When he died (a few years ago) he was the last officer of the Grand Lodge, who, in 1845, witnessed his election as grand treasurer of that body. The Louisville Journal, whose influence for more than a thii’d of a century was equaled by few American newspapers, was established on the 24th of November, 1830, by George D. Prentice. His business part- ner was A. S. Buxton, a practical printer of Cincinnati, who had a joint interest in the paper, but Prentice was sole editor. The success of the Journal was assured from the circulation of its first issue, and in four weeks from its birth it was the most exten- sively read paper that had ever been pub- lished in the State. Prentice immediately crossed swords with Shadrach Penn, and the contest between these rival editors, often sharp and bitter, is still vividly remembered by the older citizens of Louisville and Ken- tucky. Prentice’s pen bristled like the “fretful porcupine,” and he shot the pointed quills in every direction, regardless of who might stand in the way. In his writings he frequently made people laugh, sometimes stare and often squirm, and he seemed ever equally indifferent as to which result flowed out from his pen. The Journal soon obtained political ascendency, but the editorial warfare between Prentice and Penn was kept up as long as Penn remained in Louisville. The Journal was born of the exigencies of the time. Political excitement, growing out of one of the most bitter party conflicts that had occurred in the State, was violent, and partisan strife was raging at white heat. Parties were dividing on the questions of the time, and to the bitterness of conflicting in- terests was added the enthusiasm which the rival claims of two great party chieftains everywhere excited. An historical sketch of the Courier -Journal, puhlishQdL in 1876, says: “Henry Clay and Gen. Jackson were the opposing candidates for the succession, and Kentucky having voted two years before for Jackson, the Journal threw all its energies into the conflict in favor of Mr. Clay, whose political friends were then known as national Republicans. Its appearance was cordially and even enthusiastically greeted by its party, another national Republican paper, the Louisville Focus, having failed, although skillfully edited, to satisfy the party’s de- mands for vehemence and spirit.” A history of the Journal is a history of Geoi’ge D. Prentice. From the origin of the paper, Mr. Buxton continued his business relation with Mr. Prentice in its publication, ! GEORGE D. PRENTICE. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 495 until 1833, when lie sold bis interest to John N. Johnson, and two years later Mr. Johnson sold to George W. W eissinger. The latter con- tinued his connection with the paper until his death in 1849, when his interest was pur- chased by Isham Henderson, long a well known citizen of Louisville, and but recently dead. During all these years, Mr. Prentice had been editor of the Journal, and had given it a world wide reputation, but about this time he called to his editorial aid Paul R. Shipman, a writer of unusual force and brilliance, and who remained with the paper many years. In a short time after purchasing Weissinger’s interest, Mr. Henderson sold one-half of it (a quarter interest in the paper) to his kinsman, John D. Osborne, and the firm became Prentice, Henderson & Osborne — the last named gentleman the business man- ager. This arrangement continued until after the close of the war, when the firm changed into a stock corporation, under the title of the “Louisville Journal Company.” In the winter of 1867-68, Mr. Henderson purchased the stock of Mr. Osborne, who re- tired fi’om the business management of the paper. A few months later, Mr. Hendersm bought Mr. Prentice’s interest, and during the summer sold an interest in the paper to Mr. Henry Watterson, the present brilliant editor of the Courier- Journal. Thus the edi corial and also the business control of the Journal passed from the hands of its founder. From its origin in 1830, to its purchase by Mr. Henderson in 1868, a few months prior to its consolidation with the Courier, its history and that of its editor had been inseparable. Dr. Theodore S. Bell, the life-long friend of Mr. Prentice, said: “Mr. Prentice impressed the conviction on the public mind that he and the daily Journal were one and the same thing, and I am not sure that he was not himself impressed with that conviction. He regarded the Journal as a part and parcel of his own being. An insult thrown at the Journal was promptly accepted as a personal insult, and as such punished in his own way — a way well known to mapy to their sorrow. It is, indeed, questionable whether he would have regarded with complacency any personal I triumph in which the Journal was not a par- ticipant. i Mr. Prentice was a native of Connecticut, and was born in New London County, De- cember 18, 1802. After preparing for col- lege, he entered Brown University at the age of eighteen, and in 1823 graduated with honors. Upon completing his education, he spent some time in teaching, and wrote occa- sional articles for the local press. His wi’it- ings attracted considerable attention, and in j 1828 he was offered the position of editor of I the New England Review, which he accepted. He came to Kentucky in 1830, at the instance of the Whigs of Connecticut, for the purpose of ! writing the life of Henry Clay. When John I Quincy Adams, in 1828, failed in his re-elec- tion to the presidency, Mr. Clay, who held the first place in his cabinet, retired (the follow- ing March) from public life, and to bring him again prominently before his party was the object of the biography. It more than ac- complished its purpose, for it led to the establishment of the Louisville Journal, and served to make Mr. Prentice a citizen of Kentucky. His biography of Clay was writ- ten from the standpoint of strong partisan- ship, and scarcely had he finished it than he was persuaded by prominent party leaders in Kentucky to establish a new daily paper at Louisville, in opposition to the Jackson De- mocracy. Few men have attained fame as editors equal to that of Prentice. In a memorial address on the great journalist, Hon. Henry Watterson* said: “From 1830 to 1861 the influence of Prentice was perhaps greater than the influence of any political writer who ever lived; it was an influence directly positive and personal. It owed its origin to the union in his person of gifts which no one had combined before him. He had to build upon an intellect natui’ally strong and prac- tical, and this was trained by rigid scholarly culture. He was brave and aggressive, and though by no means quarrelsome, he was as ready to fight as to write, and his lot was cast in a region where he had to do a good *An address delivered by Mr. Watterson before the Ken- tucky legislature at the request of that body shortly after the death of Mr. Prentice. 496 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. deal of both. By turns a statesman, a wit, a poet, a man of the world, and always a journalist, he gave the press of his country its most brilliant illustration, and has left to the State and to his progeny by odds the largest reputation ever achieved by a news- paper writer.” During the late civil war Mr. Prentice was an unswerving Union man, and all his great energies were enlisted to avert the calamities of war and preserve the government. He failed in his efforts, but there can be no doubt that the vast influence he wielded through the Journal prevented the secession of Kentucky. In all the long and desperate struggle that ensued between the North and South his fidelity to the cause of the Union never once faltered. Notwithstanding his two sons, his only children, had entered the Confederate army, and numbers of his life- long friends were arrayed ixnder the “ South- ern Cross,” he stood firmly by the old flag and made a gallant fight. When the war closed he was pretty well broken down; his health and spirits were gone, and the great battle he had fought had left him a feeble old man. His wife, the companion of his youth, died in 1868, and shortly after her decease the Journal passed into other hands, and in November following it was consolidated with the Courier, the name changed to the Courier- Journal, on which Mr. Prentice did excellent editorial work on a salary up to the time of his death. His work now seemed done; he stood alone; he had outlived his day and generation. He died on the 22d of January, 1870, at the country residence of his son. Col. Clarence J. Prentice, ten miles below Louisville, on the Ohio River, whither he had gone to spend the Christmas holidays. Upon the announcement of his death great respect was paid to his memory throughout the country. The legislatm’es of Kentucky and Tennessee, in session at the time, adopted appropriate resolutions, pronouncing his death a “public bereavement.” He was buried with Masonic honors in Cave Hill Cemetery. No newspaper published in Kentucky, per- haps none published south of the Ohio River, ever wielded an influence equal to that of the Louisville Journal. It built the city of Louisville, and gave an importance to the whole State it had never before known. When Journal was established Louisville was a straggling village of a few thousand inhabitants. In describing it at a time when the Journal was in the full tide of its glory, the correspondent of a New York journal said: “ Louisville is situated on the south bank of the Ohio River, at the falls, but it is significant for nothing except as the place where the Louisville Journal is pub- lished.” Its consolidation with the Courier formed a new era in journalism in Kentucky and the South. The history of the Journal would not be complete without an extended notice of the Courier and also of the Democrat. The Courier was established, in 1844, by Mr. W. N. Haldeman, now president of the Courier- Journal Company. A paper had been started in March, 1843, by a company of practical printers, called the Daily Dime. This en- terprise was not a financial success, and on the 11th of February, 1844, the Dme passed into the hands of Mr. Haldeman, who demon- strated the fact that the right man had taken hold of it. He changed it on the 3d of June following, into the Morning Courier. Cas- seday’s sketch, already quoted from, says: “Haldeman brought to his task inflexible will and indomitable energy. In the hands of almost any other man, the paper would soon have emulated the example of so many of its immediate predecessors. Haldeman did not know the meaning of failure; ad- versity only fixed his determination more firmly, and urged him to increased effort. He fairly conquered success in the face of all difficulties. He started out with the idea of making a newspaper, and his enterprise in this direction soon woke up the sleepy old journalists, not only in Louisville, but all over the West. As there were few railroads reaching his city, and as the telegraph was yet unborn, the securing of news at the earliest possible moment was a matter of energy, enterprise and expense. Haldeman spared none of these, and from the very start HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 497 his paper was what is now called a ‘live institution.’ As an instance of his deter- mination to spare no expense for the benefit of his readers he sent (in 1849) H. M. Mc- Carty to Frankfort, as resident correspond- ent, to remain during the constitutional convention, which framed the present con- stition of Kentucky. No paper in the State had ever before incurred the expense of a daily correspondent during the whole session of a legislative body.” In January, 1852, Mr. Haldeman sold a small interest in the Courier io F. B. French, but it soon passed back to him. The next year William D. Gallagher purchased a half interest, but in June, 1854, Mr. Haldeman again became sole owner. In October, 1857, he sold a half interest to Reuben T. Durrett, who continued his connection with the paper until in September, 1859, when he sold out to Walter G. Overton. Haldeman & Ovei’ton published the Courier until the commencement of the civil war in 1861, when it was suppressed by the United States military authorities for “disloyalty.” Mr. Haldeman made his escape to the Confeder- ate lines, and during the war he continued to publish the Courier, whenever time, oppor- tunity and the “fortmies of war” would permit. At Bowling Green he was requested by Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston to resume its publication; such being considered a necessity at that time. Kentucky was trembling in the political balance, and it was still a little uncertain upon which side of Mason and Dixon’s line she would fall. In order to influence her decision, and to retain its own Kentucky identity, the Courier was dated at Bowling Green, but the type- setting and printing were done in Nashville, owing to the imjoossibility of securing the proper mechanical facilities at the former place. Col. Robert McKee was stationed at Bowling Green as editor, while Mr. Halde- man took up his headquarters in Nashville to superintend publication. When the Confederate army fell back to Nashville, the Courier fell back with it, and continued to make its regular appearance. “The Louis- ville-Bowling Green-Nashville Courier,''^ as it was facetiously called by the papers in the Federal lines, was probably as brilliant a success as journalistic annals afford. It at once became the favorite of the army and of the people of the South, and immediately attained a circulation limited only by its mechanical ability to supply the demand. Extraordinary efforts were made to procure northern papers, which were not then easily accessible, and voluminous extracts were made from them daily. No outlay was con- sidered too great to secure these papers, and, so perfect w'ere the arrangements, that up to the evacuation of Nashville scarcely a day but full files of papers from all the northern cities were received at the Courier office. Several active men were constantly employed in this service, and their adventures in run- ning through the military lines to secure papers and news were often exciting and dangerous. So perfect was the system that the military relied on the Courier for the most important intelligence outside of their lines. Mr. Haldeman had been for many years a most indefatigable and laborious newspaper man, and was considered perfectly familiar with the business, even to the minut- est details, but during the four months he published the Courier in Nashville he ac- quired a knowledge of the business, and an insight into its workings, of which he pre- viously had no conception. To this experi- ence may be largely attributed his remark- able success as the business manager of a great newspaper.* Upon the restoration of peace Mr. Haldeman returned to Louisville, and at the urgent request of many of his old friends and prominent citizens of the city and State, he, on the 4th of December, 1865, recommenced the publication of the Courier. Its success was almost unparalleled from its revival to its consolidation with the Journal. The Louisville Democrat was established, in 1843, by Phineas M. Kent, of New Albany, Ind. He was aided by subscriptions from James Guthrie and other leading Democrats of Louisville, Ky. The object of the paper was to advocate the claims of the democracy in *Historical sketch of the CouriST-Jourml. 31 498 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the presidential campaign of 1844, then open- ing, and it went vigoi'ously into the contest, j Mr. Kent did not fulfill all the requirements of the party leaders, and in a short time the paper was purchased by John H. Harney, who remained its editor until his death, which occurred soon after the close of the J war. Shortly after the purchase of the pa- per, Mr. Harney took into partnership AVill- iam E. and Thomas P. Hughes. The latter soon retired, but William Hughes remained with the paper, and, under the firm title of Harney & Hughes, published it until ab- sorbed by the Courier- Journal combination. Mr. Harney was a man of fine scholarly attainments, and broad and statesman-like views. He had no experience in journalism when he took charge of the Democrat, but he soon became a prominent politician and rec- ognized leader of his party. His style was strong, forcible, and correct, and he wrote to convince, and went about it in the most di- rect manner. His party acknowledged his services, and he held his leading position without any attempt at rivalry from any source. A wordy warfare sometimes pre- vailed between him and Prentice, but it was more good-natured than otherwise, and never characterized by extreme bitter partisan feel- ing, and when Mr. Harney died (in 1868) Mr. Prentice wrote a beautifully touching and generous eulogy of him. Such is a brief sketch of the three papers comprised in the Louisville Courier -Journal, a newspaper recognized as the ablest south of the Ohio River, and as one of the most influential published in the United States. It probably controls the general sentiment throughout a larger extent of country than any other newspaper in existence. In the South and Southwest it wields a power never before reached in the history of the press, except by Prentice’s Journal. The limits of this article will not permit a sketch of all the gentlemen who have filled editorial chairs on these three newspapers, and who are now dead, or have retired from the field of journalism. A just tribute to each would comprise a volume of itself. Of the names that should not be forgotten, are those of the accomplished Edwin Bryant; the fair-minded politician, Thomas H. Shreve ; the poet- editors, William D. Gallagher and Will Wallace Harney; the talented Reuben T. Durrett, the witty “Wat” Overton, the bril- liant and scholarly Paul R. Shipman, the sparkling correspondent, Charles D. Kirke (“Se De Kay”); the able Charles O. Faxon, the humorous and tenderly pathetic John E. Hatcher, and many others of talent and genius. No event in the newspaper history of Louisville or Kentucky created the surprise and intei’est involved in the consolidation of the Journal SMdithQ Courier. These papers, although of the same political faith, were ap- parently bitterly hostile, and each was striv- ing for party leadership. The consolidation took place, without any preliminary notice, on the 8th of November, a few days after the presidential election of 1868. A brief ex- tract from the sketch already quoted from, will more fully explain the matter: “Each paper was sustained by a large and influen- tial class, but the business of the citj^ did not justify the outlays which both were forced to make, in order to sustain a rivalry so am- bitious. It was not until the presidential campaign was well-nigh ended that the mat- ter was seriously canvassed. There could hardly be a doubt of its expediency in the minds of any experienced journalist cogni- zantof all the facts, and the only points diffi- cult to be settled, because complicated, re- lated to details. These were, however, finally adjusted in a manner much to the satisfac- tion and advantage of all parties.” The history of the Courier-Journal, under its present title, is well known. It has had a brilliant existence, and a long career of usefulness is before it. Its editor, Mr. Wat- terson, is one of the ablest in the South or West, and he is a worthy successor of the talented Prentice. Mr. Haldeman, the presi- dent of the Courier- Journal Company, has few equals in the business management of newspapers. Few men living, perhaps, except himself, could have taken the Courier- Journal at the time of the consolidation, and carried it through the many difficulties that HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. surrounded it, and made it the successful newspaper it is to-day. He is a writer of more than ordinary ability, but it is as a financier, and a practical business man, that he has been most useful to the Courier- Journal in obtaining for it the prosperity it enjoys, and the prominent position it occu- pies among the great newspapers of the country. The only paper or periodical ever published in the West that attained any renown as a literary paper exclusively, was issued by Prentice & Weissinger, from the office of the Louisville Journal. It was called the Liter- ary Neivs-Letter, and was established in December, 1838, and its publication con- tinued until in November, 1840. Dr. E. S. Crosier, in a sketch of it, written a few years ago, says: “It was under the editorial control of Edmund Flagg until December 14, 1839, when it went into the hands of the lamented Leonard Bliss. It may safely be said that no periodical at the West, profess- ing to be exclusively literary, has ever proved so successful, or around which have so many deliehtful associations clustered. The aim was not entire originality, but the contribu- tions and selections exhibited a degree of ex- cellence rarely found in older and more pre- tentious periodicals.” Many who attained fame and renown in the world of letters fiumished original arti- cles for the Literary Neivs-Letter, or was represented in its columns by selections from their best productions. Of the number were Bryant and Longfellow, whose writings will live as long as pure literature is admired; and Albert Pike, the poet and scholar, and Francis S. Osgood, and Washington Irving, and George P. Morris, and N. P. Willis, and John G. Whittier, “the good Quaker poet of Amesbury,” and others well known in the fields of literature, among whom were Mrs. Laura J. Thurston (“Viola”), Amelia B. Welby (“Amelia”), Mrs. R. S. Nichols (“Ellen”), Mrs. S. J. Howe (“Egeria”). There was also an occasional contribution from J. Ross Browne, the “ artist traveler’,” as he is sometimes called. But with all the genius and brilliancy that sparkled in its 4!)9 columns, the News-Letter enjoyed but a brief existence, and in a little less than two years it became extinct. A number of other newspapers were start- ed in Louisville, previous to the war, but most of them were short-lived and none attained any great importance. The Times was established about J851, and existed for three or four years. In 1852 a paper called the Union was established, but like the Times, its existence was brief. About the same time the Evening Bulletin made its appearance, and the Anzeiger, the leading German paper ever published in Louisville or in the State. The latter is still in exist- ence, and is a live and enterprising journal. The Daily Commercial is the only English morning paper — in addition to the Courier- Journal— 'gvLhliAiQdL in Louisville. It was established soon after the close of the war as a Republican paper, and was conducted several years as such. Recently, however, it has changed into an independent organ. It has been greatly improved and enlarged, and is an able, fii’st-class popular newspaper, but still too young for an extended notice. The Post and the Times are evening papers, and are much superior to the average of that class of journals in ability and importance. Several religious and secular weekly papers are published in Louisville, and form no inconsiderable part of the city press. The country press of Kentucky is equal in merit and ability perhaps to that of any other St ite. Nearly every county has one or more newspapers. The large majority of them are ably conducted, and wield a large influence for good in their respective coun- ties. While the great dailies fui’nish na- tional and foreign news, the country press, equally important in its particular sphere, gathers up and preserves the local news. The papers of Frankfort, Lexington, Paris, Covington, Cynthiana, Maysville, Newport, Richmond, Danville, Bowling Green, Rus- sellville, Hopkinsville, Owensboro, Hender- son, Paducah, etc., are excellent samples of the State and country press. An era in the newspaper history of Ken- tucky was the establishment of an abolition 500 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. or anti -slavery jDaper at Lexington. The j author of what was then considered a very ! questionable enterprise was Cassius M. Clay, and he published the hrst number of his paper, which was called the True American, on the 14th of June, 1845. It was devoted to the “overthrow of slavery,” and was bold and defiant, and even aggressive in the advocacy of that then unpopular doctrine. Mr. Clay published his paper until in August, when public indignation was aroused, and the people arose in their might, and from all parts of central Kentucky assembled in a great mass meeting in Lexington. A reso- lution was adopted which will show the tem- per of the meeting: ^‘‘Resolved, that the press and materials of the True American, an anti-slavery newspaper conducted by Mr. Cassius M. Clay, shall be sent beyond the confines of the State.” A committee consist- ing of sixty prominent citizens was appointed by the meeting to carry out the spirit of the resolution. They quietly proceeded to the office, took possession, boxed up the material and presses, had them conveyed to the depot, and shipped to a responsible house in Cin- cinnati, subject to the order of Mr. Clay. Nothing was destroyed or even injured, nor was there the least mob violence displayed, but there was a calm determination to rid the town and State of the obnoxious journal. Mr. Clay was a man of courage — was brave even to rashness — and had he been present when his office was invaded there doubtless would have been bloodshed. But he was confined to a sick bed at the time, and was thus prevented from defending his prop- erty. The establishment of an anti-slavery paper at that time in a Southern or slave State was little less than the act of a mad- man, notwithstanding the venture was made in a free country, priding itself upon having and fostering a free press. The time had not come to tolerate the free expression of such political sentiments, and this was the first and last effort made to establish a paper of that cast of politics in Kentucky until an administration came into power of similar principles, and thereby rendered the enter- prise a safe investment. Kentucky has produced many persons, both male and female, of high literary talent. Additional to those whose names have been mentioned in connection with the press, some I of the most distinguished are William Ross I Wallace, Fortunatus Cosby, Jr,, James Bir- ney Marshall, Theodore O’Hara, Mrs. Mary E. McAboy, James R. Barrick, Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton and Joel T. Hart, the “poet sculp- tor.” Others of less extended fame are Mrs. Sophia H. Oliver, Mrs. Mary E. Nealy, Granville M. Ballard, Mrs. Mary E. T. Shannon, Mrs. Alice McC. Griffin, Mrs. Nel- lie Marshall McAfee, Ben Casseday, Mrs. Annie C. Ketchum, Miss Laura C. Ford, Mrs. Sallie M. B. Piatt, Mrs. Helen Trues- dell, Miss Lila Va. Johnston, etc. The fol- lowing, though not natives of Kentucky, were and have been citizens, some of them for many years, of the State: Noble Butler (the author of a popular English grammar), James G. Drake, George W. Cutter, Mrs. Catherine Ann Warfield, Lewis F. Thomas, William W. Fosdick. Mrs. RosaVertner Jef- frey, Henry T. Stanton, Mrs. Florence A. Clark and Mrs. Alice Smith Winston. Education in Kentucky, in the last decade or two, has reached a degree of perfection never before attained in the history of the State. Kentucky has not the well organized system of common schools prevailing in the Northern and Western States — in those known as the “ non-slaveholding States,” but of the higher grade of schools she stands side by side with the foremost States of the Union. The majority of her seminaries and academies and colleges and universities are of no mean order, but will compare favorably with the best in the land. Since the close of the civil war they have greatly improved and their facilities been enlarged in order to adapt them to the new state of affairs inau- gurated in what may be termed the “new commonwealth.” The power and influence of these institutions form one of the greatest sources of moral and intellectual development of the State. Transylvania University, whose history ex- tends back more than a hundred years, was the first public institution of learning estab- HISTORY OF I0:NTUCKY. 501 lished west of the Alleghanies. It is scarcely possible to sketch all the schools and colleges of the State, but only to glance at some of the earliest and also of the most important , of these institutions of learning, by way of contrasting the old with the new order of things; and a history of Kentucky would hardly be complete without considerable no- tice of Transylvania University. The general assembly of Virginia in May, 1780, passed the following act: An act to vest certain Esclieatecl Lands in the County of Kentucke'^ in Trustees for a Public School: I Whereas it is represented to this General Assem- bly that there are certain lands within the County of Kentucke formerly belonging to the British Sub- jects, not yet sold under the Law of Escheats and Forfeitures, which might at a future day be a val- uable fund for the maintenance and education of youth, and it being the interest of this common- wealth always to promote and encourage every de- sign which may tend to the improvement of the mind and the diffusion of knowledge, even among | the most remote citizens, whose situation in a bar- | barous neighborhood and a savage intercourse might | otherwise render unfriendly to science. Therefore, Be it enacted that eight thousand acres of Land within the said County of Kentucke, late the prop- ert}^ of Robert McKenzie, Henry Collins and Alex- ander McKee, be, and the same is hereby vested in William Hemming, William Christian, John Todd, John Cowan, Stephen Trigg, Benjamin Logan, John Floyd, John May, Levi Todd, George Meriwether, John Cobb, George Thompson, and Edmund Taylor, Trustees, as a free donation from the Common- wealth for the purpose of a public school or semi- nary of learning, to be erected in said County as soon as the circumstances of the County and the state of the funds will admit, and for no other pur- pose whatever, saving and reserving to the said Henry Collins, Robert McKenzie and Alexander McKee, and every one of them and every person claiming under them, all right and interest in the j above mentioned Lands, to which they may be by law entitled, and of which they shall in due time avail themselves, anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. This was the original charter of Transyl- vania University. The general assembly of | Virginia in 1783 passed another act formally chartering the school under the name and title of “Transylvania Seminary.” This act gave the school all the powers and privileges of a university. It required that the officers *Xentucky was a county of Virginia, and still retained the Indian pronunciation. of the institution should take a special oath before a judge of the supreme court; invested in a new board of trustees 12,000 additional acres of escheated lands in the district of Kentucky, exempting the whole from taxa- tion; empowered the trustees to receive land and other property from various sources and donors, and providing in its last clause “ that no land or other property that may hereafter be vested in said trustees as an inalienable endowment to said seminary, shall ever be sold or otherwise transferred from the special purpose to which it was appropriated by the donor.”* No institution was ever founded from nobler impulses than Transylvania, but its early career was clouded with adversities. On the 10th of November, 1783, the trustees elected Rev. David Rice, a Presbyterian clergyman, chairman. The outlook was not encourag- ing. But by way of cheering the friends of the institution, the Rev. John Todd donated to the school a small library. This formed the nucleus of what became one of the most extensive public libraries of Kentucky — a li- brary still in existence in Lexington. When Mr. Rice was elected chairman of the board of trustees, the indications for a flourishing school were unpromising in the extreme. The pioneers, surrounded by difficulties and dangers, with prowling bands of hostile In- dians roaming through the country, could devote little time to classical education. But amid these discouraging circumstances, the trustees persevered, and in spite of all ob- stacles the seminary was opened in February, 1785, for pupils. The tirst term was taught in the house of Mr. Rice near Danville, and he was the first teacher. The endowment at the time was so small as to afford a scanty salary for one professor. The original acts pertaining to Transylva- nia were passed while Kentucky was a county of Virginia, but soon after its admission as a State into the Union, the legislatiu’e enacted laws exempting lands from escheat. This legislation served to deprive Transylvania of all the escheated lands with which it had been endowed by the State of Virginia, ex- *Eanck, in History of Fayette County, p. 292. 503 HISTORY OF KE^STTUCKY. cept 8,000 acres, from the sale of which the sum of $30,000 was realized. This transac- tion proved unfortunate. The money was invested in stock of the Bank of Kentucky, and short 1}' after the investment was made, the legislature repealed the bank’s charter, by which, it is alleged, the seminary lost $20,000. This misfortune not only discour- aged the friends, but seriously crippled the resources of the institution. It, however, continued to struggle on. Transylvania was not originally intended to be denominational, yet it was opened under the auspices of the Pi’esbyterians, and, indeed, it was mainly owing to a few prom- inent members of that church that it was established. The Rev. Mr. Rice, the first principal of the school, was perhaps the first Presbyterian minister to cross the mountains into the wilderness of Keutacky. He took an active part iu building up the institution. The school was opened near Danville, but the arrangement was temporary, and its per- manent location was left to future consider- tions. The matter provoked considerable discussion, and, in the fall of 1788, it was removed to Lexington, but it was not until 1793, that the question of location was defi- nitely settled. The Transylvania Land Company pledged a donation of a lot of ground for the buildings on condition that the school be permanently located at Lexing- ton. The trustees accepted the offer in the following resolution: '’^Resolved, that the permanent seat of the seminary be estab- lished on the lot of ground in the town of Lexington, adjoining Messrs. January’s, and which is the same mentioned by the company of gentlemen calling themselves the Transyl- vania Company. ” On this lot was erected, about 1794, the first building used by the Transylvania Seminary in Lexington, a plain, two story brick edifice. Upon the removal of the school to Lexing- ton, Elias Jones was elected principal, in place of Rev. Mr. Rice, resigned. The terms of this pioneer institution would present a rather amusing contrast to some of our great colleges and universities of the pres- ent. They were, as published in the Ken- tucky Gazette, as follows: “Five pounds a year, one-half cash, the other in proioerty. Boarding nine pounds a year, in property, pork, corn, tobacco, etc.” The grammar school department was added in 1789, and Isaac Wilson appointed “professor” at a sal- ary of “£100 sterling per anumn.” In the early history of Transylvania, its career was often disturbed by the yell of the Indian, and the crack of his rifle. Troops were almost constantly needed for defense, and even the women and children had to bear their part in defending the settlements against the savages. The roll of the drum called many a youth from the quiet of the schoolhouse, and the turbulence of the times forced them to exchange books for rifle and tomahawk. The unsettled state of the coun- try was a serious drawback to the school, and from thirteen pupils in attendance at the be- ginning of the session, in 1790, the number was reduced next year to five. Its finances were correspondingly low. The trustees, however, did not despair, but set about rais- ing £500 for current expenses. The fees from the county surveyors* had not been sufficient to support it, and landed property was still too nearly valueless to be avail- able. So low was the treasury that the Rev. James Moore, who had succeeded Mr. Wilson as principal, was forced to carry on the school in his own house, and received but £25 for his year’s service, with permis- sion from the trustees to chai’ge an extra fee for the “Roman and Greek classics. ” The school seems to have prospered under all these difficulties, for, in December, 1793, the Lexington Gazette announced that “Transyl- vania Seminary was well supplied with teach- ers of Natural and Moral Philosophy, of the Mathematics and of the learned Languages. ” Quite a serious dissatisfaction arose in 1794. The board of trustees elected Rev. Harry Toulminf, a Baptist minister, principal. Sectarian jealously was at once aroused, and the usefulness of the institution for a time *In 1787 the general assembly of Virginia further endowed the school with one-sixth of the surveyors’ fees in the district of Kentucky, which had formerly been given to AViliiam and Mary College. fMr. Toulmin was a man of ability, and was afterward sec- retary of Slate under Gov. Garrard. mSTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 503 seemed in a fair way to be destroyed. The Baptists claimed equal rights in the seminary as a State institution; the Presbyterians claimed control, on the ground that its en- dowment was due to their exertions. Jealousy and bitterness increased. Rev. Mr. Moore, principal of the grammar department, who belonged to the Presbyterians, resigned his position, and his church finally withdrew its patronage of the institution. In 1796, they established the Kentucky Academy at Pisgah, eight miles southwest of Lexington. The trustees of the new academy comprised some of the leading men of the State, and they went vigorously to work to raise funds for its support. They soon had an endowment of $14,000, an amount liberal for that early period. About $10,000 of this sum had been contributed by the friends of popular educa- tion in the older States of the east, among whom were George Washington, then presi- dent; and John Adams, vice-president; and Aaron Burr, and Robert Morris. The Rev. Dr. Gordon, of London, contributed £80 sterling, toward purchasing books and appa- ratus. An active rivalry sprang up between the two schools. But fortunately for their influence as educational institutions, good sense and moderation prevailed, and finally led to a consolidation on terms consistent with honor and justice, A petition was pre- sented to the legislatm’6 in 1798, in which it was proposed that “the Transylvania Semi- nary and Kentucky Academy, together with their respective trusts and funds, shall be united, and compose one general institittion for the promotion of learning, to be styled and known by the name of the ‘Transylvania University.-” The petition was granted, and Transylvania was chartered as a univer- sity December 22, 1798. The Rev. James Moore was the first president of the new in- stitution. The next year (1799) it was given the appearance of a regular university, by the addition of law and medical departments. Transylvania University for two-thirds of a century was the most famous educational institution ever chartered in the west. Its record is as proud as any similar institution within the limits of the Republic, and its roll of graduates show names of men distinguished throughout the country. Among them are Jefferson Davis, the whilom president of the southern Confederacy; Thomas F. Marshall, the “silver-tongued” orator; Dr. Benjamin W. Dudley, one of the most noted surgeons the State has known; Richard H. Menifee, John Boyle, Rev. James McChord, Dr. Joseph Buchanan, Richard M. Johnson (a vice- president of the United States), John Rowan, Charles S. Morehead (a governor of Ken- tucky), William T. Barry, Jesse Bledsoe, Charles A. Wickliffe (a governor of Ken- tucky), Elijah Hise and many others equally pre-eminent. Among its alumni are presi- j dents, vice-presidents, cabinet ofScers, for- ' eign ministers, governors, generals, physi- 1 cians, merchants, lawyers, divines, and men of every profession and business of life. There are few towns in the south and west ! of any note that does not contain one or more graduates of this once renowned insti - j tution. It is a matter to be regretted, that I its career could not be prolonged and a sufficient endowment secured to insure its ! perpetuation. 1 The first president of Transylvania was ! Rev. James Moore. He was succeeded, in j 1842, by Rev. James Blythe, and he, in 1818, j by Dr. Horace Holley, one of the most distin- I guished of all its presidents. In 1828 Dr. Holley was succeeded by the Rev. Alva I Woods as president; in 1830 he was succeeded I by Rev. Benjamin O. Peers, and he, in 1832, by Rev. Thomas W. Coit, who, in 1840, was [ succeeded by Rev. Robert Davidson. In 1840 the institutions passed into the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Rev. Henry B. Bascom (afterward a bishop of that I church) chosen president. He resigned in ! 1849, and the school reverted back to the State. It was wholly reorganized in 1856 j and a normal department added under State patronage, with an appropriation of $12,000 per annum for its support. About this time the Rev. Lewis W. Green was called to the presidency, and was the ninth and last presi- dent of Transylvania. He held the position two years, and then resigned it to accept the position of president of Centre College, at 504 HISTOEY OF KENTUCIFX'. Danville. From the time of his resignation, the prosperity of Transylvania waned, and in 1865, it was merged into Kentucky Uni- versity. The law and medical departments of Tran- sylvania were ably conducted, and furnished many eminent lawyers and physicians to the country. Among the professors of the law department, was- Col. George Nicholas, one of the most profound jurists of Kentucky. Among his pupils, who afterward became distinguished lawyers, statesmen and poli- ticians, were Joseph Hamilton Daviess, John Rowan, Martin D. Hardin, Robert AVickliffe, William T. Barry, Isham Talbott, John Green, etc., etc. He died in Lexington in July, 1799, while still in the prime of life. He was succeeded as professor of law in Tran- sylvania University by Henry Clay. After Mr. Clay, the chair was filled by James Brown, John Pope, AVilliam T. Barry, Jesse Bledsoe, John Boyle, Charles Humphreys, George Robertson, Thomas A. Marshall, and A. K. AVooley, all men distinguished in their profession. The medical department was equally dis- tinguished, Among its professors may be mentioned James Fishback, Benjamin W. Dudley, Elisha Warfield, Joseph Buchanan, James Overton, AVilliamA. Richardson, Dan- iel Drake, Charles Caldwell, Constantine F. Rafinesque, John Esten Cooke, Lunsford P. Yandell, H. H. Eaton, Charles AV. Short, etc. The Kentucky Academy owed its existence, as we have seen, to a spirit of jealousy that sprang up in Transylvania in its early years. It was established in 1796, and soon attained a high I’eputation. The trustees of the in- stitution comprised some of the leading men of the State, such as James Blythe, James Moore, Andrew Steele, Robert Steele, Andrew McCalla, Samuel and John McDowell, Caleb Watson and James Jofinson. But the in- stitution was short lived, as a separate and distinct school, and a conservative influence led to its consolidation, in the course of a few years, with Transylvania. Centre College at Danville is the oldest educational institution in Kentucky. It is denominational (Presbyterian) and has had an uninterrupted existence since 1819. The historical sketch here given was prepared for this work by Prof. Beatty, president of the college. He prefaces his sketch with a synop- sis of the facts that led to its establishment as follows: The Presbyterians were dissatisfied with the course of Transylvania University, and took steps to secure a charter for a school which should be under their own control. Their zeal was quickened by their hostility to the celebrated Dr. Horace Holley, who had! been chosen president, and whose theological views they deemed unsound. They were so far successful, as to secure a charter for “The Centre College of Kentucky, at Danville,” approved January 21, 1819. But the legis- lature, jealous of anything looking like a union of church and state, refused to put the school under denominational control, and chartered it as a State college. But while, from the first the Presbyterian influence was predominant in the college, they were unwill- ing to endow it, unless their control was assured for the future. As the school could not permanently succeed without an endow- ment, the legislature was induced to amend the charter, and place it exclusively under Presbyterian control, upon condition that they would donate to its funds the sum of $20,000. The amended charter was approved January 27, 1824. The synod of Kentucky agreed to pay into the treasury of the college $5,000 a year until the whole sum of $20,000 was paid. Upon the payment of the first installment of $5,000 the synod would be en- titled to appoint one- fourth of the members of the board of trustees, and a like addi- tional number for each additional payment of the like sum. The full payment was com- pleted, and the right to elect the entire body of trustees was vested in the synod, in 1830. Thus, after fifty years of effort, from 1780 to 1830, the Presbyterians secured the exclusive control of a college of their own. Immedi- ately after the original charter was obtained in 1819, contributions were made by the citi- zens of the town and vicinity, and a modest building was erected in Danville. The first president elected was the eloquent and dis- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 505 tinguished Presbyterian preacher, the Rev. James McChord, D. D., who was pastor of the church to which he gave his own name in Lexington. He died in the year of his election, 1820; but it is believed, though not certainly known, that before his death, he had declined the appointment. The office having been temporarily tilled by Rev. Sam- uel Finley, the board of trustees, in 1822, elected the Rev. Jeremiah Chamberlain, D. D., the fragrance of whose memory lingers with a few old people about Danville, who remember him as a man of learning, ability and piety. He resigned in 1826, and the office was filled temporarily by the Rev. Da- vid C. Proctor, until the Rev. Gideon Black- burn, D. D., was elected in 1827. Dr. Black- bium was distinguished rather for his popu- lar eloquence than for profound scholarship. He resigned in 1830, and was succeeded the same year by the Rev. John Clark Young, D. D., elected October 26th. Some difficulties connected with the resignation of Dr. Black- burn gave offense to his friends and to the students of the college, a number of whom left with their departing president. Dr. Young was thus elected the very year in which the exclusive right to choose trustees was vested in the synod of Kentucky. The money that had been subscribed having been spent in the erection of buildings, purchase of apparatus and books, the support of the faculty and other purposes, the college was without funds and without students. But the times were auspicious. Transylvania had lost her prestige, and no other school in the State had acquired her ascendancy. Dr. Young, now twenty-seven years of age, was supplying the McChord Church of Lexing- ton, from which the board had attempted to take the first president. Upon him his Pres- byterian brethren laid their hands and sent him to Danville. lYhile in college. Dr. Young had been the pupil of the great Dr. John M. Mason, of New York. He had received his theological training at Princeton Seminary, and had been a tutor in Princeton College. An eloquent and effective speaker, he brought rare gifts and attainments to the office. His amiable disposition, his lai’ge scholarship. his clear and discriminating intellect, his power of apt illustration, his readiness, his copious and ready flow of correct language, his wisdom, prudence and piety combined to fit him admirably for his work. He soon be- came a great favorite with the people among whom he lived, with his pupils and his breth- ren of the synod. He exerted a profound influence, moral and religious, in the com- munity and over his pupils. Those who en- joyed the privilege of his instruction usually ranked him very high, perhaps above every other teacher whom they had known. Under his administration Centre College soon rose to distinction. Students Hocked to its halls, and funds were contributed to its endowment. At the age of twenty seven, he began his work in college, and for another term of twenty-seven years he presided over its des- tinies until his death, which occurred at the early age of fifty-four, on the 23d of June, 1857. He left, as his monument, an institu- tion whose endowment was greatly enlarged, whose halls were filled with nearly 200 stu- dents, and whose fame was spread abroad by 500 graduates whom he had sent forth thi’ough the land, especially to the south and west. Dr. Y^oung was succeeded by the Rev. L. W. Green, D. D., who was one of the two who composed the first graduating class. He was elected August 6, 1857, and died in office May 26, 1863. He was a worthy successor of Dr. Y^oung, and during his administration the college continued to prosper until the unhappy civil war broke out, and the young men of the country left the college halls for military camps. Upon the death of Dr. Green, the Rev. "William L. Breckinridge, D. D., was elected October 18, 1863, and held the office for five years, resigning October 16, 1868. He strug- gled bravely against adverse circumstances, but the civil war had necessarily greatly less- ened the number of students, though it had never entirely suspended the work of the col- lege. But after the termination of the civil strife, the Presbyterians of Kentucky were compelled to witness the sad spectacle of a disrupted and contending church. The synod was divided, and each of the separate parts 50U illSTORY OF KENTUCKY. claimed to be the true representative of that body to which belonged the exclusive right of appointing the board of trustees. Various unsuccessful efforts were made to heal the schism, or to unite the fragments in support of the college, or to divide the funds. At length the civil power was invoked to deter- mine the rights of the respective parties. The case came before the circuit and appel- late courts of Kentucky, and the United States district court. In all of these courts the decision was in favor of the party in con- trol of the college at the time, and who had always steadfastly adhered to the general assembly (northern), with which they were then and still are connected. The college could not fail to suffer under such circum- stances. To add to its troubles, it lost about $60,000 of its funds, by the robbery of the Falls City Tobacco Bank of Louisville, in whose vaults its bonds were kept. About two- thirds of this sum was ultimately recovered. But the friends of the college stood by it in its dark days, and far more than replaced its lost funds. Its property, including about $70,000 of unproductive real estate, amounts to near a quarter of a million dollars. Its benefactors are numbered literally by hun- dreds, if not by thousands. Its funds have been contributed in part by many small dona- tions. But it has had many liberal friends who have given much larger sums. Perhaps the largest contributor was Mr. Samuel Laird, of Fayette County, who gave about $12,000. The next largest donations were made by Messrs. L. L. Warren, Caldwell Campbell, and B. F. Avery, who first and last gave over $10,000 each. Dr. John W. Scott has given, in different ways, about $10,000. Mr. A. M. January and Mrs. M. A. Wilson each contributed $5,000 or over, and a large number $1,000 or more, and a still larger number have given in smaller sums. Mr. David Sayre erected at a cost of $5,000 the “Sayre Hall” for a library. Its graduates number 931, and now fill or have filled many posts of honor and trust, especially in the south and west. Prof. Ormond Beatty, long connected with the college, was chosen to succeed Dr. Breck- inridge as president, September 1, 1871, and still (1885) holds the office. A new building was completed in 1872; enlarged facilities of instruction in the way of books, apparatus, a larger faculty, and a fuller course of studies betoken increased prosperity and usefulness in the future. Other colleges were established in Kentucky very early — prior to Centre College, perhaps — but none of them now exist, and some of them are even forgotten. The Southern Col- lege, at Bowling Green, was established prior to 1820. In that year the legislature passed an act appropriating “one-half of the profits of the Lexington branch of the Common- wealth’s Bank to Transylvania University; one-third of the profits of the Harrodsburg branch, to purchase a library and philosoph- ical apparatus for Centre College, and a like sum from the Bowling Green branch for the like purpose of the Southern College of Kentucky. ” Augusta College was founded in 1822. This is claimed as the first college established in the world, under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church. During its career, extending over a third of a century or more, it had among its presidents some dis- tinguished men, viz.: Rev. Martin Ruter, Rev. Joseph S. Tomlinson, Rev. Henry B. Bascom, Rev. Burr H. McCown, and others equally noted. Its library at one time con- tained about 2,500 volumes. The college building was destroyed by fire in 1852, but was immediately rebuilt, and a few years later the college went down. Since it ceased to exist the building has been used for a high school. The first school of a high grade established in the State, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church, was St. Joseph’s College at Bardstown. It was chartered by the legislature December 24, 1825, and soon became the leading educational institution of that church in the State. A female academy, the first in the west, and among the first in the United States, was established, in 1806, by Rev. John Lyle. It was a Protestant school and was quite pros- perous for several years. Located at Paris, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 507 in the heart of the thickly settled portion of the State, it sometimes had 300 pupils or more. But after a few years of prosperity it passed out of existence. Bacon College was chartered in 1836. It was originally located at Georgetown, but in 1840 was removed to Harrodsburg, and in 1865 was merged into Kentucky University. St. Mary’s College, in Marion County (Roman Catholic), was incorporated in January, 1837; Louisville College in 1840, and Marshall College at Hopkinsville the same year; Hen- derson College in 1842, and Maysville College in 1846. Thus seminaries, acade- mies, colleges and universities sprang up in all parts of the State — too many really for the good of the common schools, which, after all, comprise the true system of popular education in America. The common schools languish in proportion to the increase of colleges, academies, and other private schools. No State in the Union is better supplied with educational institutions of a higher grade than Kentucky, but her common school system, although being improved every year, is still very deficient. Among fii’st- class schools, now in successful operation, may be mentioned Kentucky University, and the Agricultural and Mechanical College at Lexington, Centre College at Danville, Kentucky Military Institute near Frankfort, Central University at Richmond, Cumber- land College at Princeton, with a college, academy, seminary, or other private school in every town of any importance in the State. The Kentucky Military Institute, situated six miles from Frankfort, was incorporated under the State laws in 1847, and placed under the control and direction of a board of visitors, appointed by the governor, who, by virtue of his office, is ex-officio inspector of the institute. The superintendent, faculty and cadets are constituted a quasi military corps. The officers are commissioned under the seal of the commonwealth, and are responsible to the board of visitors for the faithful performance of prescribed duties. The institute is a private enterprise, and has always been self-sustaining. The State fur- nishes the military equipment and assumes supervision over the military organization, but contributes nothing to its support. The location of the institute is a beautiful one, and is reached by an hour’s ride by stage from the State capital over the Frank- fort & Harrodsburg Turnpike. The buildings were erected at a cost of $100,000, and are admirably adapted to school purposes. They are heated by steam and lighted by gas, and the excellent taste displayed in arrangement of buildings and grounds commends the establishment to visitors as a place of un- equaled beauty. The following is the true aim of the military feature: The design of the miltary organization is not only to bring abont a just discipline, but to direct to a high purpose the aimless energies of youth, which would otherwise be wasted in unprofitable sport, A robust frame, a manly carriage, and a graceful bodiU development, are objects not less worthy than the acquirement of a soidierly knowl- edge, which may be of great practical value in the chances of life. The esprit de corps excited by this organization creates checks upon willful or thought- less error, and urges the cadet to an observance of strict propriety, in a degree far greater than would be thought by one not familiar with its workings. The virtues of truthfulness, self-respect and self- reliance are the most direct results of a military education. While this is true, it is also true that the military discipline is entirely subservient to the grander purposes of the intellectual and moral de- velopment of the youth. It is but a means, and not the end, of earnest endeavor in the inculcation of subordination to rightful authority. An obedi- ence is sought to be attained from the conscious- ness of right, and not from the fear of punishment. It is believed that a noble manhood is centered in no other element of character. Kentucky University is one of the ablest and most renowned institutions of learning in Kentucky. It is located at Lexington, and is a genuine university, complete in every college, with a liberal endowment. It was incorporated in 1858 as a university, and located at Harrodsburg. It grew out of Bacon College, an institution established by the Reformed or Christian Church at George- town in 1836, and afterward removed to Harrodsburg. It finally failed through want of sufficient endowment, and about the year 1850 was virtually abandoned. Upon the incorporation of Kentucky University, the funds and property of Bacon College were 508 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY turned over to it, and the identity of the latter was thus lost in the new institution. Kentucky University owes its origin main- ly to the efforts and zeal of Mr. John B. Bowman, a graduate of Bacon College. He conceived the idea of erecting a great uni- versity — a university in the full sense of the word — upon the ruins of old Bacon College, and dedicated his life to the accomplishment of this purpose. He abandoned his business aims, and devoted his time and energies to made to Mr. Bowman to remove the institu- tion to Lexington, Louisville or Covington. The trustees of Transylvania University, in order that Lexington might maintain its character and usefulness as an educational center, proposed to convey the entire proper- ty of Transylvania and consolidate it with Kentucky University, on condition that the latter be removed to Lexington, and that it preserve all the Transylvania trusts. This proposition was accepted, and Kentucky STATE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. the raising of a fund for its endowment, and with such material success that within less than six months be had secured $150,000. The college of science, literature and arts, the first regular department of the univer- sity, was opened at Harrodsburg in Septem- ber, 1859, with nearly 200 students. Mr. Bowman was not idle. He raised $5,000 to purchase apparatus, and $50,000 to purchase, as the site for the buildings, the celebrated Harrodsburg Springs, together with 200 acres of land adjacent. In this last he was defeated through the civil war, and other causes. The college edifice and much of the furniture, etc., were destroyed by fire in 1864. About this time a proposition was University removed to Lexington in 1865^ and permanently located in that city. The next year after its removal, Mr. Bowman purchased “Ashland,” the homestead of Henry Clay, for the permanent site of Ken- tucky University and its different colleges; he also purchased the adjoining estate of “ Woodlands,” which extends within the limits of Lexington, the two estates contain- ing 433 acres of as fine land as lies in the famous blue grass region. The Agricultural and Mechanical College was organized in 1866, largely through the instrumentality of its first president, John Augustus Williams, one of the most eminent educators in the west. In the early part of HISTORY or KENTUCKY. 50. 1865, congress proposed to donate to the State 330,000 acres of land for the purpose of agricultural and mechanical education. The legislature, astounded at the munificent pro- vision of congress, was somewhat undecided as to the disposal of the donation, when Mr. Bowman came to its aid, and proposed to make the State Agricultural College a depart- ment of Kentucky University. He further agreed, if this should be done, to provide an experimental farm, and all the requisite buildings, and to give gratuitous instruction to 300 students, to be selected by the State; and furthermore pledged that the board of curators would carry out, in the agricultural department, the spirit and intent of the act of congress, encouraging the education of the industrial classes.* This was agreed upon, and a bill embodying the spirit of the pro- posal was presented to the legislatm’e, and, after a rather heated discussion, was passed by *History of Fayette County, p. 310. a large majority. It was under the provisions of this act that Mr. Bowman purchased “Ashland” and “Woodlands,” as already de- scribed. The legislature in 1878 detached the Agri- cultural and Mechanical College from the University, and established it on an independ- ent basis — the act taking effect on the 1st of July, 1880. A commission had been appointed by the legislature to select a suitable place for the location of the college. Lexington made an offer of the city park, containing fifty- two acres of land, and $30,000 in city bonds; Fayette County added to this sum $20,000 in county bonds, for the erection of buildings or the purchase of land. The legis- lature accepted the offer, and Lexington be- came the permanent seat of the Agricultural and Mechanical College. It is growing in importance every year, and is fast becoming one of the most famous institutions of learn- ing in the State. 510 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. CHAPTEE XXI. RECENT GROWTH AND PROMISE FOR THE FUTURE. TNTERNAL improvement has received the earnest attention of the legislature and the people of Kentucky from the organization of the State. While it never embarked so deeply and recklessly in the system as others of the Western States in their earlier history, yet it involved itself in debt to an extent that required it years to recover from. The sur- face of the State is not adapted to the cheap construction of roads and canals as are the prairie States, but it affords an inexhausti- ble supply of material for road building that is not surpassed by any country in the world, and when a road is once made it requires lit- tle work or expense to keep it in good order. The common highway of travel is one of the best signs or symbols by which to under- stand an age or people. Something can be learned of the status of society, of the cul- ture of a community, of the enlightenment of a government, by visiting universities and libraries, churches, palaces, and the marts of trade; but quite as much by the roads. For if there is any activity in society, or any vitality to a government, it will always be indicated by the highway, the type of civil- ized motion and prosperity. Kentucky is noted for having some of the best as well -as some of the worst roads in the country. The turnpike system in the central part of the State, so far as pertains to the excellent quality of the road, cannot be ex- celled, and the abolishment of tolls would render the system well nigh perfect. In other and less favored portions of the com- monwealth, where only “mud pikes” are in use, they are no better than similar roads elsewhere. The first act of the legislatui’e for the opening of a road, passed after Kentucky became a State, was approved December 14, 1793, and was for a road from Frankfort to Cincinnati. On December 12, 1794, the next act was passed for a road. This was to extend from Madison Court House, or Milford, as it was called, situated about four miles from the present city of Richmond, to the hazel patch, on the road leading from Crab Orchard to Powell’s Valley. This was fol- lowed by another act in 1795, providing for a road “ to commence in the neighborhood of Crab Orchard, and to terminate on the top of the Cumberland Mountain, in the gap through which the present road to Virginia passes.” These acts were not always fol- lowed by the immediate opening of the roads designated in them. The latter road was not opened for a year after the act was passed, and the road from Madison Court House, etc., was not opened until 1797. The expenses of opening both were paid by State appropri - ations. The legislature of Kentucky, in 1797, re-enacted a law of Virginia, for the “ opening of new roads, and the alteration of former roads, under surveyors appointed by the courts.” This act required “that all male laboring persons, sixteen years old, or more, shall work the roads, except those who are masters of two or more slaves over said age; or else pay a fine of 7s 6d for each day’s absence, or neglect thus to work.” It fur- ther provided, “that in the absence of bridges, mill-dams should be built at least twelve feet wide, for the passage of public roads, with bridges over the pier-heads and flood-gates.” The surveyors were authorized to ‘ ‘ impress wagons, and to take timber, stone or earth, for building roads,” the same to be paid for out of the taxes of the different counties. For several years, a number of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 511 similar acts were passed by each session of the legislature. On December 21, 1821, the first act was passed, making an appropria- tion of a specified sum for road purposes. The appropriation was 81,000, and it was for the improvement of the State Road from Lex- ington, Ky., to Nashville, Tenn., from the Rolling Fork of Salt River, south, over the summit of Muldrow’s Hills. As stated in the act, this was “ owing to the thinness of the population in the neighborhood, and to the quantity of labor requisite to put in repair that part of the great highway, leading from northwest of the Ohio and upper settle- ments of this State, to the States of Ten- nessee and Alabama, and the Orleans country. ” Turnpike originally meant a toll-gate, and not a road, but at the present day, the word '• tm-npike ” is usually applied to all macad- amized roads. On March 1, 1797, the legis- lature passed an act, appointing Joseph Crockett “ to erect a ‘ turnpike ’ at some con- venient place, and purchase as much land as may be necessary for that purpose, not ex- ceeding two acres, on the road leading from the Crab Orchard to Cumberland Gap, beyond where the road from Madison Comd House intersects said road.” To give the reader some idea of the importance of this turnpike (or toll-gate), the act provided that “the turnpike should be farmed out to the highest bidder, who should give bond and security, payable to the governor of ♦■■he State, for the faithful payment of his bid.” When he had complied with this provision, he was allowed to charge the following tolls: “For every person, except post riders, ex- presses, women, and childi-en under the age of ten years, 9d (12 J cents); for every horse, mare or mule, 9d; two-wheel carriage, 3s; four-wheel carriage, 6s (|1), and for every head of neat cattle going to the eastward, 3d. ” After paying for repairing the road, and keeping it in good order, the surplus of tolls went to the keeper of the turnpike, or toll-gate. The introduction of macadamized roads* into Kentucky formed a new era in road * The macadamized road -n-as invented by Macadam, and consists, after the road-bed is prepared, in covering it to a certain depth with broken stone. building in the State. The first road of this character, authorized by the legislature, was that known as the “Maysville & Lexington Turnpike Road. ” Gov. Desha was a zealous advocate of turnpikes. In his annual mes- sage, December 4, 1826, he recommended the building of a road from Maysville to Louis- ville, via Paris, Lexington, Frankfort, and other towns between the two points. He suggested several other important turnpikes, and closed with the following words: “The subject of common schools and internal im- provements may be made auxiliary to each other. Let the school fund now in the Bank of the Commonwealth ($140,917), the pro- ceeds of the sale of vacant lands, the stock in the two banks belonging to the State ($781,- 238), and all other funds which can be raised by other means than taxes on the people, be vested in the turnpike roads; and the net profits arising from tolls on those roads be forever sacredly devoted to the interests of education. ” The first macadamized road built in the State was from Maysville to Washington, a distance of four miles. By an act of the legislature, passed February 4, 1817, a com- pany was incorporated to build a turn- pike road from Lexington to Louisville, and another to build one from Lexing- ton to Maysville, and the capital stock of each company fixed at $350,000, in shares of $100 each. The road from Maysville to Lexington was to pass through Washing- ton, Mayslick,Millersburg and Paris. Dm’ing the next year turnpike roads were chartered from Louisville to Portland and Shipping- port, from Lexington toward Boonesborough, from Lexington to Georgetown, and from Georgetown to Frankfort. In February, a road was chartei’ed from Georgetown to Cin- cinnati. But with all this legislation on the subject it was not until 1829, that a mac- adamized road was built in the State. The legislature, on the 22d of January, 1827, chartered the Maysville & Lexington Turnpike Road Company anew, with a cap- ital stock of $320,000. At any time, accord- ing to the provisions of the act, within three years after complete organization of the 512 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. company, the United States government was authorized to subscribe $100,000, and the State of Kentucky the like sum. Gen. Met- calfe, a representative in congress at the time, and aftenvai’d governor of the commonwealth, induced the secretary of war to order a survey for the location of a leading highway and “mail road” from Zanesville, in Ohio, through Maysville and Lexington, in Kentucky, and Nashville, Tenn., to Florence, Ala., and New Orleans. The survey was commenced at Maysville, in May following, by Col. Long and Lieut. Trimble, of the United States engineer department. On the 13th of Feb- ruary, 1828, the Kentucky legislature recom- mended congress to extend a branch of the national road from Zanesville, Ohio, to Mays- ville, and “thence through the States of Ken- tucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi to New Orleans.” The resolution instructed the senators from Kentucky, and requested the members of congress “to use their utmost exertions to effect this object.” A bill was introduced into the national congress, with an appropriation for this great enterprise, and passed the lower house, but was defeated in the senate by one of the Kentucky senators, John Rowan. Mr. Rowan’s action was severely criticized, on the grounds that, but for his opposition, the bill would have passed in the spring of 1828, at a time when Presi- dent John Quincy Adams would readily have approved it, and thus have secured the prompt completion of the road by national and State aid. Maysville, with a spirit of enterprise worthy of emulation, and disgusted some- what at the “wind-work,” that, so far, was all that had been done, went to work, and suc- ceeded in getting a charter from the legisla- ture on the 29th of January, 1829, for “the Maysville & Washington Turnpike Road Company.” By April the stock was taken, and the road commenced in July following — the first shovel of dirt being thrown on the 4th. The road was steadily pushed forward, and in November, 1830, was completed between the two points, and ultimately ex- tended to Lexington, under an amended char- ter, entitling it “the Maysville, Washington, Paris & Lexington Turnpike Road Company.” On the 29th of April, 1830, a bill was passed by the national house of representatives (by a vote of 102 to 84), “authorizing and direct- ing the secretary of the treasury to subscribe, in the name and for the use of the United States, for 1,500 shares ($150,000) of the capital stock of the Maysville, Washington, Paris & Lexington Turnpike Road Company, to be paid for in the same installments as by the stockholders generally, except that not more than one -third should be demanded during the year 1830.” The bill passed the senate by a vote of 24 to 18, one of the senators from Kentucky — George M. Bibb — voting against it, and the other — John Rowan — voting in favor of it, but doing so “under instructions.” All the senators from the Southern States voted against the bill, except John McKinley, of Alabama. Of the twelve members of congress from Kentucky, Dr. Nathan Gaither, alone voted against it. But on the 27th of May, twelve days after the passage of the bill by the United States senate. President Jackson vetoed it. Says Mr. Collins:* “This extraordinary measure (Jackson’s veto) gave to the road a fame broad as the Union, but of no avail toward its completion — unless it may have stimu- lated somewhat or aroused afresh the en- thusiasm excited the year before by the spirited and independent course of the brave little city, Maysville (by whose name the road has always been best known), and by the additional fact that, on January 29, 1830, the legislature of Kentucky had made it lawful for the governor to subscribe for not over $25,000 in the stock of the company — none of which, however, to be paid until three times the amount required of the State had been paid by the stockholders, in gold or silver or its equivalent.” During the year (1830) large sums — large for the time — were subscribed at Lexington, Paris, Millers- burg, Maysville, and by Nicholas County, and thirty-one miles of the road were promptly put under contract. The State subscribed different sums at different times, until the total amount of State aid aggre- *History of Kentucky, Vol. I, p. 540. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 513 gated $213,200 — one-half the cost of the road. The total cost of the road from Mays- ville to Lexington, a distance of sixty-four miles, was $426,400, including thirteen toll- houses and six covered bridges. The first appropriation made by the State to a tmmpike or macadamized road was on January 29, 1830. This appropriation, as we have seen, was based on the condition that private stockholders should subscribe for three times the amount. The State made its first unconditional subscription on January 15, 1831, and to the same enterprise — the road from Maysville to Lexington. The State acted with great caution at first, and made its appropriations slowly and in small sums; but in the great internal improvement storm which swept over the country, and well nigh bankrupted some of the Western States, Kentucky became imbued with the spirit of enterprise, and appropriations were made to the different roads and thoroughfares, until the State had invested in such works over $2,500,000. By the fall of 1837, the sub- scription of individual stockholders aggre- gated about $2,000,000 more. Something of the excess to which the spirit of internal improvement was carried, is shown by the following summary of roads, most of them receiving more or less aid from the State, completed, under contract, or in contempla- tion, in the fall of 1837: the Maysville & Lexington, 64 miles in length; Lexington, Danville & Lancaster, 42 miles; Lexington, Harrodsburg & Perryville, 42 miles; Lexing- ton & Winchester, 18 miles; Lexington & Richmond, 25 miles; Lexington, Versailles & Frankfort, 27 miles; Frankfort & Shelby- ville, 32 miles; Frankfort, Hardinsville & Crab Orchard, 65 miles; Frankfort & George- town, 17 miles; Lexington & Georgetown, 12 miles; Georgetown, Williamstown & Coving- ton, 73 miles; Maysville & Bracken, 11 miles; Maysville & Mt. Sterling, 50 miles; Bardstown & Springfield, 18 miles; Louis- ville, Bardstown & Glasgow to the Tennes- see line, 144 miles; Louisville via mouth of Salt River to Elizabethtown, 43 miles; Eliz- abethtown & Bowling Green to the Tennes- see line, 96 miles; Logan, Todd & Christian, 76 miles; New Market, LeUanon & Wash- ington, 15 miles; Muldrow’s Hill and bridge, 5 miles; Versailles to Kentucky River, 12 miles; aggregating a total of nearly 900 miles of road, and a cost to the State of between $2,500,000 and $3,000,000. The cost of building some of these roads was nearly one-third of the cost of building a railroad. The Maysville Road cost $6,662.50 per mile, including bridges and toll-houses, and the road from Louisville to the Tennessee line via Bardstown and Glasgow, cost about $6, 736 per mile. The roads enumerated above, were built on the macadamized plan, and cost, including bridges, etc., from $5,000 to $7,350 per mile. In addition to the macad- amized roads built prior to 1840, a number of “State roads” were authorized by the leg- islature; and "‘ordered surveyed and opened.” Most of these were paid for out of the county levies, and received no aid from the State; They were gi’aded, the “dirt thrown from the sides to the center,” and had toll-gates on them at inteiwals; the tolls being used in keeping the roads in good condition for travel. Next to the building of roads the improve- ment of river navigation early engaged the attention of the legislature. Indeed, the lat- ter has the right of seniority, as the first river improvement act, or the re-enactment of an old law of Virginia, dates back to De- cember 15, 1792. This law imposed “a fine of $2 for each twenty- four hours any obstruc- tion was continued to the passage of fish or boats in any navigable stream — except said obstruction were a dam for the pm'pose of working: a water gcrist-mill or other water- works of public utility.” Another act was passed December 19, 1793, which appointed commissioners to raise a fund for the clear- ing of the south fork of the Licking River, and opening it for navigation, from its mouth to the junction of Hinkston and Stoner, and also that of the latter fork as high as the mouth of Strode’s Creek. Mill- dams already erected, were not required to be removed, but the owners were directed to build such locks and slopes as would allow the passage of all boats that might navi- 32 514 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. gate the streams. • An act, December 12, 1794, ordered the removal of mills and hsh-dams and other obstructions in Licking Eiver and Slate Creek, by May 1, 1795, under a pen- alty of £30. This law was repealed Decem- ber 21, 1799, and an act passed permitting mill-dams across the main Licking, with pro- visos as to height, locks and slopes. In 1801 a company was incorporated by the legislature for the purpose of improving river navigation. It was known as the “Ken- tucky River Company,” and had a capital stock of $10,000, divided into shares of $50 each. The stock was apportioned among the different counties, and commissioners ap- pointed to receive the subscriptions as fol- lows: Franklin County, twenty shares, and Christopher Greenup, Bennett Pemberton and Thomas Todd, commissioners: Woodford County, twenty shares, and Robert Alexander, Thomas Bullock and William Steele, commis- sioners; Fayette County, thirty shares, and James Trotter, John Jordan and Thomas Wallace, commissioners; ClarkCounty, fifteen shares, and David Bullock, Robert Clark, Jr., and Dillard Collins, commissioners; Madison County, twenty -two shares, and John Patrick, James Barnett and John Wilkerson, commis- sioners; Garrard County, eighteen shares, and John Harrison, Thomas Kennedy and Abner Baker, commissioners; Mercer County, twenty- two shares, and Gabriel Slaughter, James Bir- ney and James Moore, commissioners; Jessa- mine County, fifteen shares, and William Price,GeorgeWalker and Benjamin Bradshaw, commissioners; Scott County, twenty shares, and W^illiam Henry, David Flournoy and Bartlett Collins, commissioners; Lincoln County, eighteen shares, and Isaac Shelby, William Logan and William Whitley, com- missioner's. The design of the Kentucky River Company was to clear the Kentucky River of all ob- structions from its mouth to the mouth of its south fork, which would impede the passage of boats or might be considered necessary to improve the navigation of the river. Accord- ing to the charter of the company, when the work was completed, and so long as approved by two commissioners appointed by the gover- nor to examine the navigation of the river annually in July or August, the company was allowed to collect tolls as follows: “For each boat not more than fourteen feet wide and thirty feet long, $4; forty-five feet, $5; sixty feet, $6; and 9 cents for each foot larger. For each keel -boat, pirogue, or canoe, of over one ton burden, 12| cents for each foot in length. For each 100 hogshead or pipe staves or headings, or each 100 feet of plank or scantling, if floated on a raft, 4 cents, or other timber, 12| cents. Boats loaded with coal, lime, iron or other ore, or household furni- ture, to pay not over three -fourths of the above rates. ” This enterprise proved a failure, and on the 10th of January, 1811, an act was passed which authorized the raising of $10,000 by lottery, under the supervision of eleven com- missioners or directors. The amount thus raised was to be expended in “clearing all logs, brush, trees, rocks, fish traps, ‘shrubbing’ the points of islands, and removing other im- pediments from the Kentucky River, and its south fork, and Goose Creek, as high up as the salt-works of Gov. James Garrard and sons.” This enterprise was likewise a failure, and nothing ever came of it of practical value. Without going into a detailed account of all the acts, and the various projects inaugu- rated for the improvement of Kentucky River and its bz’anches, the following summary* may be given: “In 1836, the total estimated cost of locks and dams was $1,950,868; to which was to be added for lock-houses $17,000, hy- draulic lime, $102,000, clearing river banks at $300 per mile, $77,250, and 7 per cent, for contingences, superintendence, etc., $150,- 298; total, $2,297,416, or an average cost per mile of $8,922. The increased cost of the five completed locks over the estimate was, for construction alone, $185, 226. The actual cost of the 95 miles was $901,932.70, or an average of $9,494 per mile; at the same ratio, the entire navigation to the middle fork would have cost $2,444,705. The out- lay for engineer! Dg and instruments, land, removing snags, and other incidental expens- *Collins’ History, Vol. I, p. 550. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 515 es, on the 95 miles, was S72, 231 and §52,416 for hydraulic lime.” The improvement of Green and Barren Rivers, has received considerable attention at various times from the State. The first legislative enactment for the improvement of Green River was February 16, 1808. The act made it obligatory upon the several coun- ties lying along a certain portion of the river, to keep it in a navigable condition, and annually, in July, August and September, “to work it with hands from the neighbor- hood.” To “work it” meant to “remove all fish pots, all dams not erected under author- ity of the legislature, and all logs, to cut and clear away all projecting timber, to shrub all points of islands, and to remove any other obstructions in the channel.” An act of the legislature declared the navigable part of the river to be that below the mouth of Knob Lick Creek, in Casey County. A year later this was changed to that below the Adair County line. An act of the legislature, Jan- uary 18, 1810, provided for the improvement of the branches of the Green River as fol- lows: Muddy River from its mouth up to its Wolf Lick Fork; Big Barren from its mouth to Bays Fork; Pond River from its mouth to within half a mile of Brier Creek; and Rough Creek from its mouth to Long’s Ferry. These improvements were to be made by subscriptions raised along the streams, in the country that would be most benefited by the improvement. Every ses- sion of the legislature for years passed acts upon acts for the improvement of small rivers and creeks, and declaring them “navigable streams, ” and thus often giving them “a dig- nity and importance they did not merit.” As early as 1833, money was expended by the State upon work, surveys, etc., of the Green and Barren Rivers. In 1834, the sum of §15,272 was appropriated for engineering work on the locks and dams, and §40,033 the next year. The State appropriated, for this work, the total sum of §125,000, most which was expended before the close of 1836. In 1834 the estimated cost of four locks and dams in the Green River, and one in the Barren River, was §238,988. The system em- braced the improvement of 180 miles of the Green and Barren Rivers, thirty miles in the I Green River above the mouth of the Barren, ! thirty miles in the Muddy River, nine in the Pond River, and nineteen in Rough Creek — 268 miles in all. To November 20, 1837, nearly §250,000 had been expended upon the Green and Barren Rivers. The total amount appropriated to complete their navigation up to Bowling Green was §859, 126. 79. The aver- age cost of the improvement was estimated at §5,010.73 per mile. The gross expendi- tures upon these rivers from 1843 to 1865, was §269,813.66: gross receipts for the same period was §265,002.59, an excess of §4,- 811.07 in expenditures. A survey of the Sait River, and of the Beech and Rolling Forks (branches), was made in 1837. It was estimated that, with four locks and dams, the Salt River could be made navigable for small boats a distance of about thirty-seven miles from its mouth. The cost of the four locks was estimated at §282,533. It was also estimated that two locks, from the mouth of Rolling Fork to the mouth of Beech Fork, would render nav- igable about nineteen miles between those points. The Big and Little Sandy Rivers, though streams of some importance, especially the former, have never received the attention and appropriations that other sti’eams in the State of really no greater magnitude. A survey of the Little Sandy, made in 1837, developed the fact that the stream was “too crooked for the successful navigation of steamboats.” The Big Sandy and its west fork were partially suiweyed in 1835, but the work was not completed until 1838. The report of the survey estimated, that for “the removal of rocks, snags and leanincr trees, and the excavation of a channel through each of the principal shoals or rip- ples, so as to admit of descending naviga- tion, the sum of §25,300 would probably be sufficient. ’ ’ The improvement of this sti'eam is not yet completed, and appropriations are still occasionally made for the purpose. The sum of §75,000 was appropriated in 1870, and a “chute sufficiently wide, with slope 516 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. so as to admit the passage of boats, cut in a solid rock in the falls of the Tug Fork.” It was estimated to require seven lock and dams on the main stream and the West Fork, and live on the Tug Fork, costing |569, 100 to render navigation certain for the inexhausti- ble supplies of the celebrated Peach Orchard, block and cannel coals.” These coals are among the best found west of Pennsylvania, and comprise millions and millions of bushels. Statistics show the exports from the Big Sandy Valley for the year ending July 1, 1870, at $1,219,000 in value. These have greatly increased since that date. The Licking River received its full share of notice during the rage of internal im- provements, and, as we have seen, was one of the first streams coming under legislative enactments, but it did not receive the sub- stantial aid which was given many other streams in the State quite as insignificant. The first survey of the Licking was ordered about 1835-36. In 1837 the survey was continued to West Liberty, a point 231 miles from its mouth. The total ascent in the distance was 310 feet, and to render slack- water navigation feasible twenty-one locks were required, with “lifts vai’ying from nine to eighteen feet.” The cost of the improve- ment up to West Liberty was estimated at $1,826,481, and the time in which it was to be completed four years. The first five locks and dams on the Licking, between Falmouth and the mouth of the river, were put under contract in October, 1837, and the work pushed on with spirit. But in 1842, owing to the great financial pressure of the times, which had existed for several years, the pub- lic works throughout the State were almost entirely abandoned. They came to a dead stop on the Licking River, and the outlay, which, up to this time, was $372,520, proved a loss to the State. This does not include all the river improve- ments of Kentucky. For many years before the era of railroad building, the improve- ments of inland streams was agitated, and car- ried on vigorously. Many projects of this j kind were inaugurated, that in the present age would appear supremely ridiculous to us, and j that, had they all proved successful, would have cut the State up into water highways, natural and artificial. Enough of the river i improvement has been given, to show the ! extent to which this species of internal im- [ provement was carried in the earlier years of the commonwealth; to notice every individ- ual enterprise of the kind is unnecessai'y, and would but weary the reader. Kentucky is not adapted to canals. The uneven surface and the vast beds of lime- stone underlying it, render canals an “expen- sive luxury” in the way of internal improve- ments that the State has not felt able to indulge in to any very great extent. More than one project, however, of this kind, has at different times been agitated, but the canal around the falls of the Ohio, at Louisville, is the only monument to that kind of enter- prise in existence in the State. During the internal improvement craze, when the construction of canals became an epidemic in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, similar enter- prises were inaugurated in Kentucky. The most gigantic scheme of this kind, was a canal to connect the Ohio River with the Atlantic Ocean. The following report made by Maj. R. P. Baker, chief engineer, to the State board of internal improvements, is from the senate journal of 1835; From the Ohio up the Kentuckj^ River, by locks and dams, to the three forks of the Kentucky; thence up the South Fork and Goose Creek, to the salt works; thence hy a canal thirty-six miles long, with 160 feet of lockage, into Cumberland River at Cumberland Ford; thence four miles in Cumber- land River to the mouth of Yellow Creek; thence by canal, in the bed of Yellow Creek, to Cumber- land Gap; through Cumberland Gap by a tunnel, probabl}^ 700 to 800 yards long, and by canal from thence into Powell’s River, five miles below; down that river successively into the Clinch and Tennes- see, and up the Hiwassee River, b}" locks and dams; from the Hiwassee, continue the improvements by a canal to the navigable waters of the Savannah, at the head of steamboat navigation on that river. Such a canal would outflank the whole chain of the Appalachian Mountains, on the southwest; and in the course of its extent, would cross the various noble rivers, Coosa, Chattahooche, Oconee, etc., which, taking their rise in the chain of the Appala- chians, flow into the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlan- tic Ocean, between the cities of Charleston and New Orleans. This would throw open to the commerce HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 51T of the counties bordering on the Ohio River, a choice among the numerous markets presented by the vast extent of cotton country; independently of the facilities it would offer for reaching the north- eastern cities or European ports, through the ports of Savannah and Charleston. The average cost per mile of a lock and dam navigation, upon the most perfect plan, will but little, if any, exceed one-half that of a turnpike road. More than three-fifths of the distance on the route proposed would be in the beds of rivers im- proved for this kind of navigation. The most per- fect kind of canal can be constructed for one-half the cost of the most perfect railroad. The expe- rience of the northeastern States has fully settled the question that the cost of transportation on railroads exceeds that upon canals by 200 to 300 per cent. * * * * * The day would not be distant from the completion of such a work, until the demands of commerce would be equal to all the capacities of the Kentucky River improved upon the largest plan proposed. This remark applies with peculiar force to the projected railroad from Charleston to the Ohio River, now undergoing discussion in the legis- lature of Kentucky. At this day, when the people are gi’oaning under railroad monopolies, and are ground down by exorbitant tariff rates required to transport their goods and produce to and fro, there can be no doubt or question but that such a water highway between the Ohio River and the Atlantic Ocean would have proven of incalculable value to the country. At the very least, it would have afforded formidable competition to railroad transportation, and have been an important factor in keeping railroad charges at lower figures than are now maintained. It is a matter for regret that the statesmen of half a century ago could not peer far enough into the future to have foreseen the value of this important enter- prise, and not allowed it to fail. The Ohio Canal Company, organized for the purpose of constructing a canal around the falls of the Ohio at Louisville, was in- corporated by the legislature on the 10th of December, 1804. Under the act, “commis- i sioners were appointed to open books in ; seventeen of the most important towns of the State, for the subscription of 150,000 in $50 shares.” A clause was added to the charter, authorizing the company to increase their stock to “any amount found necessary to complete the canal.” The company was au- thorized to cut a canal around the falls, construct the necessary locks and dams, and to charge sufficient tolls to keep the work in proper repair, etc. If the requisite sum was not raised by subscription, the company was allowed to raise $15,000 by lottery under rather rigid restrictions. This law was not satisfactory, and an amended act was passed December 20, 1805, by which a quorum for the transaction of business must represent, or consist of, the holders of at least 2,000 shares of the capital stock. It also “in- creased the capital stock to $500,000; directed the governor to subscribe for 1,000 shares, provided the amount payable by the State should not exceed $10,000 annually i resei’ved 1,000 other shares for the future disposition of the legislature; required the canal to be cut on the Kentucky side of the river; made it lawful for the United States to subscribe not over $60,000, the States of Pennsylvania and Virginia not over $30,000 each, and those of Maryland, New York and Ohio, $20,000 each; made the work and canal ‘ real estate, and forever exempt from the payment of any tax, imposition or assess- ment whatever;’ fixed the toll on ships or other sea vessels of 100 tons or under, down to twenty tons, at from $6 to $11.75, and on those exceeding 100 tons, at 12 cents per ton; legalized a lottery to raise not over $30,000; declared the canal should be sufficient for the passage of boats drawing, in low water, not more than three feet, and at least twenty- four feet wide at bottom; and forfeited this charter unless the canal should be begun be- fore December 20, 1808, and be completed before January 1, 1815.” The charter was forfeited. Like the preceeding act, it amounted to nothing, and the construction of a canal around the falls seemed as remote as before. On the 30th of January, 1818, a new company was incorporated by the legis- lature under the title of the “Kentucky Ohio Canal Company,” with a capital stock of $600,000, and authority to organize when one-half of the amount was subscribed. The new company, like the old one, accomplished nothing. An amended act of February 10, 1820, removed some of the restrictions from the charter, but even this did not serve to 618 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. awaken sufficient interest to carry through the proposed improvement. It was not until 1825, that there seemed a probability of the work being accomplished. The increasing commerce of the west de- manded some improvements at the falls of the Ohio, and on the 12th of January, 1825, the legislature chartered the Louisville & Portland Canal Company — a private corpora- tion. The capital stock was fixed at 8600,000, and before the end of the year the full amount was subscribed. A subsequent act (December 12, 1829), increased the capital stock to 1700,000, and an act passed on the 12th of December, 1831, authorized its in- crease to an amount “sufficient to pay all costs of construction, and interest on all sums expended up to the time the canal is opened.” AVork soon commenced, and from 600 to 1,000 men were at once employed and set to work excavating. The work was pushed along as fast as circumstances would permit, and during the year 1831, though still far from being completed, the canal was opened for navigation. The great freshet of 1832 damaged it to an extent that heavy re- pairs were required. Its total cost of con- struction, as shown in the report made January 2, 1832, was 8742,869.94. This was merely fc" construction, and does not include the amount necessary to repair it after the great freshet alluded to above. For many years after the opening of the canal it paid large dividends on the invest- ment. In 1837 the dividends were thirteen, in 1838 eleven, and in 1839 seventeen per cent. Fifty shares of the forfeited stock were sold in 1837, at 8121 per share, and, in 1838, 200 shares were sold at 8130 per share, the par value being 8100 per share. The United States government, under an act of congress, purchased in 1826, 1,000 shares of stock, and shortly after, 1,335 shares more — the total par value being 8233,500. In lieu of dividend for 1831, it received 567 shares more, and up to 1842 received 8257,778 in semi-annual cash dividends; thus making the total income of the government from this canal, 824,278, and 567 shares of stock more than it invested. The canal was too small for the accomoda- tion of all the craft upon the Ohio, and its enlargement was determined on. The work of widening and deepening it was commenced in 1860, and continued through the period of the war, and up to 1866j- when the funds being exhausted the work ceased. Major AVeitzel, United States engineer, in charge of the work, estimated at that time, that 81,178,000 would complete the enlargement. Congress, in 1868, appropriated $300,000 toward its completion; in 1869, $300,000; in 1871, 8300,000; in 1871, $300,000; in 1872, $100,000, and in 1874 took final action toward assuming the payment of the bonds still out- standing:. Such an arrangement was consum- mated, and the government took possession of this great public work, and made it a tree canal. The benefit to commerce, of this act of liber- ality on the part of the general government, can scarcely be computed. Under its control, the enlargement of the canal has been com- pleted, and is a master-piece of work. The largest boats that ply on the Ohio River pass through the canal with perfect ease and safety, and no longer are the falls an impediment to river commerce and navigation. The Ohio River in the early history of Kentucky was the great feature of interest to the people, and its navigation, next to the pack horse, the first mode of transportation they knew. Many of the early settlers, in fact the great majority of them, floated down the Ohio to Limestone (Maysville), to the mouth of the Licking and of the Kentucky, or to the falls, on rafts, barges, and almost every description of water craft, except steam- vessels, and from their landing places, would make their way to the interior settlements. “The location of Louisville,” says a late writer, “was due to an obstruction to com- merce — the falls of the Ohio — and its growth has been due to the improvement in the methods of transportation.” As early as 1776 boats and barges from the headwaters of the Ohio passed down into the lower Mississippi. Col. Richard Taylor, and his brother Hancock Taylor, in that year, 1776, descended from Pittsburgh to the mouth of the Yazoo, and in the latter part of the same year, Gibson and HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 519 Linn made a trip from Pittsburgh to New Or- leans for military stores for the use of the army stationed at Pittsburgh. They returned to the falls the next year, having procured 156 kegs of powder. This was carried around the falls by hand and finally delivered at Pitts- burgh according to contract. Tardiveau and Houore, of Louisville, descended to New Orleans in 1782, and for several years after- ward continued to make regular trips to the French and Spanish forts on the Lower Missis- sippi. Their mode of navigation was very slow, and attended with great danger. To make a voyage occupied from six months to a year; the river swarmed with pirates, who would steal and rob, and even murder, if necessary to do so, to secure booty. This system of navigation continued until the era of steam- boats. In the year 1809 Fulton and Livingston commenced their experiments to navigate by steam the Hudson Kiver. As soon as their attempt on the Hudson was crowned with success, they turned their attention imme- diately toward the great water-ways of the west. They saw that here were the greatest streams in the world, but it may be doubted if they prolonged their vision to the present time, and realized a tithe of the possibilities they were giving to the world. They unrolled the map of this continent, and sent Capt. Roose- velt out to Pittsburgh to go over the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans, and re- port whether they could be navigated or not. His favorable report of the inspection he made resulted in the immediate construction of the steamboat “New Orleans,” which was launched at Pittsburgh in December, 1811, and was the first steamboat to descend the Ohio River. “At this time there were but two steamboats on this continent; these were the North River and the Clermont, and they were employed on the Hudson River. The New Orleans on her first trip took neither freight nor passengers. Her inmates were Mr. Roosevelt, an associate of Fulton, with his wife and family, Mr. Baker, the engineer, Andrew Jack, the pilot, and six hands, with a few domestics.”* The steamboat “New Orleans” was fur- nished with a propelling wheel at the stern and two masts; for Fulton believed, at that time, that the occasional use of sails would be indispensable. The boat’s capacity was 100 tons, and her speed about three miles an hour. Before her ability to move through the water without the aid of sails or oars had been exemplified, comparatively few persons believed she could be made to answer any purpose of real utility. In fact, the boat had made several voyages before the general prejudice began to subside, and for quite a time many of the river merchants preferred the old mode of transportation, with all its risks, delays and extra expense, rather than make use of such a contrivance as a steam- boat, which, to their apprehensions, appeared too marvelous and miraculous for the busi- ness of every-day life. The first appearance of a steamboat on the western waters, produced, as well may be supposed, not a little excitement, admiration and superstition. The time of the “New Orleans’ ” first downward voyage, was a period of phenomena. A “ fiery comet was blazing athwart the horizon,” and while lying at the mouth of the Ohio, the steamer encountered the great earthquake of 1811. Many of the ignorant “squatters” along the river believed that the steamboat was the cause of both; that the comet was the har- binger of its approach, and the earthquake was but the result of its appearance. It was, they believed, this flying in the face of Prov- idence, and making a boat to run with ‘ ‘bilin’ water ’ ’ that caused this terrific convulsion of nature. “Presumptuous man had boiled the water, when, if God had wanted it to boil, he would have so made it.” People had navi- gated the river in flat-boats, keel- boats and canoes, and under these the glad rivers went singing to the sea. But man must come with his “fire-boat,” and the earth went into con- vulsions, and terror and desolation brooded over the land. The arrival of the “ New Orleans” at Louisville was described in La- trobe’s Rambler in America, as follows: Late at night, on the fourth day after quitting Pittsburgh, they arrived in safety at Louisville, hav- *Casseday’s History of Louisville, p. 120. 530 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ing been but seventy hours descending upward of 700 miles. The novel appearance of the vessel, and the fearful rapidity with which it made its passage over the broad reaches of the river, excited a mix- ture of terror and surprise among many of the set- tlers on the banks, whom the rumor of such an in- vention had never reached; and it is related that on the unexpected arrival of the boat before Louis- ville, in the course of a fine, still moonlight night, the extraordinary sound which filled the air, as the pent-up steam was suffered to escape from the valve, on rounding to, produced a general alarm, and mul- titudes in the town rose from their beds to ascertain the cause. I have heard that the general impres- sion among the Kentuckians was, that the comet had fallen into the Ohio; but this does not rest upon the same foundation as the other facts which I lay before you, and which I may at once say, I had directly from the lips of the parties themselves. The “New Orleans ” was detained at Louis- ville on account of low water, which would not permit her to pass over the falls. In the meantime, she made several trips to and from Cincinnati, and toward the middle of December a rise in the river enabled her to pass the rapids, and successfully “ weather- ing the earthquake,” at the mouth of the Ohio, reached Natchez about January 1, 1812, and passed on to New Orleans, where she arrived in safety. As soon as she had accomplished her trap and returned, com- merce on the western rivers began to grow, and assume something of importance. Steam navigation opened a new era. From this rude, imperfect steamboat, that made its trial trip amid the throes of earthquake and the blazing of comets, has come the world’s Ai’mada, that now plows the waves of every river and sea, until the busy life upon the waters, and its wealth of nations, almost equal those upon the land. From the new era thus inauguarated Swift commerce spreads her wings. And tires the sinewy sea-bird as she flies. Fanning the solitudes from clime to clime. The “New Orleans” continued to ply be- tween Natchez and New Orleans for some two years. Her voyages, upon an average, occupied about seventeen days. She was finally wrecked, and sunk near Baton Eouge, on her passage up the river The second steamboat on the Ohio was the “Comet,” the name, perhaps, being sug- gested by the comet which, in connection with the first steamboat and the earthquake, had created so much excitement. It was owned by Samuel Smith, and was built at Pittsburgh by Daniel French, on a patent granted in 1809. It made a voyage to Louis- ville in 1813, and the next year to New Orleans. It was a small craft, of about only forty-five tons burden. She made two trips between New Orleans and Natchez, and was then sold, her engine taken out and placed in a cotton-gin. Dr. McMurtrie, in his sketches of Louisville, published in 1819, gives a list of the steamboats on the Ohio River up to that date; Ben Casseday, in his history of Louisville, published a third of a century later, gives a similar list, as also does Gov. Reynolds in his “Pioneer History of Illinois.” The list,* as given by Dr. McMurtrie is as follows: First, “New Or- leans;” second, “Comet;” third, “Vesuvius;” fourth, “Enterprise;” fifth, “A3tna;” sixth, “Despatch;” seventh and eighth, “Buffalo” - and “James Monroe;” ninth, “Washington;” tenth, “Franklin;” eleventh, “Oliver Evans;” twelfth, “Harriet;” thirteenth, “Pike;” four- teenth, “Kentucky;” fifteenth, “Gov. Shelby;” sixteenth, “New Orleans;” seventeenth, “George Madison;” eighteenth, “Ohio;” nineteenth, “Napoleon;” twentieth, “Vol- cano;” twenty- first, “Gen. Jackson;” twenty- second, “Eagle;” twenty-third, “Hecla;” twenty- fourth, “Henderson;” twenty-fifth, “Johnson;” twenty-sixth, “Cincinnati;” twenty-seventh, “Exchange;” twenty- eighth, “Louisiana;” twenty-ninth, “James Ross;” thirtieth, “Frankfort;” thirty-first, “Tamer- lane;” thirty-second, “Cedar Branch;” thirty-third, “Experiment;” thirty-fourth, “St. Louis;” thirty-fifth, “Vesta;” thirty- sixth, “Rifleman;” thirty-seventh, “Alabama;” thirty- eighth, “Rising States;” thirty-ninth, “General Pike;” fortieth, “Independence;” forty- first, “United States. ”f *The names of the boats are given in the order of their construction. fA steamboat called the “ Firefly,” it is claimed, was among the first boats built in the west, and also among the first that navigated the Ohio River. Ko history, however, of Louisville or Kentucky, mentions the fact of the existence of a boat of that name, or of Dr. Thomas Ruble, who is claimed to have been its owner and builder. There was most probably such a boat, but was, doubtless, so very small that it escaped notice in all the I histories of that day. Dr. Ruble was quite a prominent man of I the early period of Louisville and Kentucky, and was interested j somewhat in navigation at that time, but no one now seems to ; remember anything definitely of the steamboat “ Firefly.” HISTORY OF KEMTUCKY. 521 The “Vesuvius” was built at Pittsburgh by Fulton, and left that port for New Orleans, in the spring of 1814, under command of Capt. Frank Ogden. She was of 390 tons, ind was built for a company of men of New York and New Orleans. The “Enterprise” was built at Brownsville, Penn., by Daniel French, and made two voyages to Louisville in the summer of 1814. On the 1st of De- cember she started to New Orleans with a cargo of ordnance stores, and upon her arrival there was pressed into the Enited States service by Gen. Jackson. After the I close of the war she left New Orleans (6th of May, 1815) and reached Louisville in twenty- five days out. This was the first voyage made by a steamboat from New Orleans to Louisville. The experiment, however, was not satisfactory, as the river was very high at the time, and the boat ran all the cut-offs, over fields, etc., leaving the public still in doubt whether a steamboat could ascend the Mississippi when the. river was within its banks, with the usually rapid current com- mon in that stage of water. It was about this time that the steamer “Washington” commenced her career. Ac- cording to Dr. McMurtrie, she was the ninth boat on the river, but another authority* places her as the fifth. She was built under the personal superintendence of Capt. Hem’y M. Shreve, whom many Kentucky, Louisville and CincinDati people doubtless still well remember. The hull of the “Washington” was built at W’heeling, Va. , and the engines at Brownsville, Penn. She was the first “two- decker ” on the western rivers — the cabin was placed between the two decks. Hitherto steamboats had carried their engines in the hold, but Capt. Shreve placed the boiler of the W^^&shington on the lower deck. This plan was such an obvious improvement that steamboats have retained it to the present day. The engines constructed under Ful- ton’s patent had upright and stationary cylinders; in French’s engines, vibrating cylinders were used. But in the “ Washing- ton,” Shreve caused the cylinders to be placed in a horizontal position, and gave the vibra- tions to the pitman. Fulton and French used single low-pressm-e engines; Shreve employed a double high-pressure engine, with cranks at right angles. This was the first engine of that kind ever used in western steamboats. David Prentice had previously used cam wheels for working the valves of the cylinder; Capt, Shreve added his inven- tion of the cam- cut- off, with flues to the boiler, by which three-fifths of the fuel was saved. The “Washington, ” on the 24th of Septem- ber, 1816, passed over the falls of the Ohio on her first trip to New Orleans, and returned to Louisville in November following. W^hile at New Orleans the ingenuity of her construction excited the admiration of the most intelligent citizens of that place. Edward Livingston, after a critical examination of the boat and her machinery, remarked to Capt. Shreve: “You deserve well of yoim country, young man; but we (referring to the Livingston & Fulton monopoly) shall be compelled to beat you (in the courts) if w'e can.” The “Wash- ingtou” was delayed at Louisville, by ice in the river, until March 12, 1817, when she started on her second voyage to New Orleans. She accomplished the round trip, arriving at the foot of the falls (at Shippingsport) in forty-one days. The ascending voyage was made in twenty-five days, and from this voy- age, dates the actual commencement of steam navigation in the Mississijjpi Talley. It was now practically deinonstrated, to the satisfac- tion of the public in general, that steamboats could ascend this river in less than one- fourth the time which the barges and keel- boats had required for the same purpose. This triumphal voyage of the ‘AVashington” excited great interest everywhere, but espe- cially in the river towns and cities. The citizens of Louisville gave a public dinner to Capt. Shreve, at which he predicted the time would come when the trip from New Orleans to Louisville would be made in ten days. This may have been regarded as a boastful declaration, but the prediction has been more than fulfilled, for in a quarter of a century the trip was made in a little less than five days. All ^^rejudices against steam naviga- *H. C. Bradsby in the History of Cairo , 111. 622 HLSTOIIY OF KENTUCKY. tion being now removed, steamboat building was vigorously prosecuted, as the foregoing list of boats built prior to 1820 shows. But a new obstacle now presented itself, which, for a time threatened to give an effectual check to the spirit of enterprise, which had been thus developed. This was the claim made by Fulton & Livingston to the exclu- sive right of steam navigation on the rivers of the United States. This claim was openly resisted by Capt. Shreve, and litigation fol- lowed. The “Washington” was attached at New Orleans and taken possession of by the sheriff. When the cause came before the district court of Louisiana, that tribunal negatived the exclusive privileges claimed by Fulton & Livingston, which were decided to be unconstitutional. Their claims were finally withdrawn in 1819 and the last re- straint on the steamboat navigation of the western rivers was thus removed, leaving western enterprise full liberty to carry on the great work of improvement. This work became so progressive and immense that at one time there were no less than 800 steam- boats running on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The era of railroads lessened this number very materially, but there are still a great many boats in operation on these rivers, and river commerce still maintains vast pro- portions. The railroad is the most important internal improvement of modern times, and its inven- tion and construction form an interesting part of our history. There is not a single occupation of interest, which the railroad has not radically affected. Agriculture, manu- factures, commerce, city and country life, banking, finance, law, and even government itself, have all felt its power. Wholly un- known three-fourths of a century ago, it has become the greatest single factor in the development of the material progress, not only of the United States and the other civ- ilized nations of the earth, but its blessings are being rapidly extended into the hitherto semi-eivilized and barbarous portions of the globe. The railroad system of the United States now forms a perfect not work of iron and steel from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the lakes to the gulf, on which run thousands of freight and passenger cars, loaded with the pi'oducts of the coun- try, and valuable merchandise from every part of the world, and carrying thou- sands of thousands of human beings with lightning-like speed from one city to another. The invention of the railroad, and its in- troduction in this country, was most oppor- tune as a practical settlement of the question of internal improvement, which had for years been hotly contested. A I’ecent writer upon the subject says: In 1796 Tennessee was admitted to the Union, and the same year congress authorized the survey of lands north of the Ohio, and their offer for sale at $2 an acre, with a year’s credit, and 10 per cent discount for cash. By the ordinance of 1787 slavery was prohibited within this territory, and the next year the first settlement was made in Ohio at Mari- etta. The same year Fort Washington, on the site of Cincinnati, was built, and a road constructed by Virginia, about 300 miles long, finished from Alex- andria to the Ohio, opposite Marietta. The Ohio Company, in 1787, bought a tract of 5,000,000 acres, extending along the Ohio from the Muskingum to the Scioto, for two-thirds of a dollar an acre, paya- ble in installments and in certificates of the public debt. * * * Population flowed so rapidly into the territory, that, in 1802, the people petitioned for the right to organize a State government. A con- vention for this purpose was held in November fol- lowing at Chilicothe. When this was done the most liberal inducements were offered to settlers of the new State. ****** From this date the question of internal improve- ments began to assume prominence in our politics; and the Cumberland Turnpike, running from Cum- berland, Md., to the Ohio, occupied the attention of congress at various times up to 1836, when its con- trol was abandoned to the States. This road cost 16,670,000, and is now merely a highway, a parallel railroad route having deprived it of the im- portance it once held when it was known as the “National Road.” * * * There was need for new methods of inter-communication, the increasing population made every day more apparent* In 1784 the cost of transportation from Philadelphia to Erie is stated to have been .$249 a ton, the method being by pack horses principally, which were driven in lines of ten or twelve, each hoi’se being tied to the tail of the one preceding, so that the train was un- der the management of a single driver. In 1789 the first saw-mill was built in Ohio. The crank for this mill was made in Connecticut, and weighed 180 pounds. It was carried by pack-horses over the mountains to the Youghiogheny River at Simrell’s Perry, and thence shipped by water to Marietta. * * HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 523 In 1808, Albert Gallatin, secretary of the treas- ury, made a report upon the subject of internal improvements. In this report he stated that a great number of roads had been built in the Eastern and Middle States, while few had been constructed south | of the Potomac. The roads were chiefly turnpikes, varying in cost from less than $1,000 a mile to $14,- 000. In five years Connecticut had incorporated fifty turnpike companies, and New York in less than seven years had incorporated sixty-seven compan- ies. The report recommended that $2,000,000 should be appropriated yearly for the next ten years in improving the means of inter-communication be- tween the different parts of the Union, and made suggestions for certain specific measures of this nature. On the 1st of January, 1832, it was reported that there were nineteen railroads either completed or in process of construction in the Middle States, and that their aggregate was nearly 1,400 miles. Though congress afforded no material aid to this new era of internal improvements, yet this same year it ex- empted from duty the iron imported for railways and inclined planes, and actually used for their construction. In 1840, it has been estimated that our yearly average of railroad construction was about 500 miles. In 1850 this average had increased to 1,500 miles. In 1860 it was nearly 10,000, and in 1871 it was stated that enterprises requiring an ex- penditure of $800,000,000, and involving the con- struction of 20,000 miles of railroad, were in actual process of accomplishment. In 1872 the aggregate capital of the railroads of the United States, which were estimated to embrace one-half of the railroads of the civilized world, was stated to amount to the sum of $3,159,423,057, and $473,241,055 as their gross revenue. Thus has the construction of railroads in- creased with almost unparalleled rapidity, and grown into formidable proportions, becoming, as we have said, the greatest single factor in the developement of our material progress. To better understand this marvelous growth and expansion, a brief glance at the early history of’ the railroad is not out of place. The first railroad of which we have any ac- count was built in the north of England (in the collieries) nearly two centuries before the introduction of the locomative. Upon this road, which had wooden rails, cars were drawn by horses and mules, and were used in haul- ing coal from the mines. As early as 1794, the use of the locomotive in the place of ani- mal power was suggested, but none were built until several years afterward, nor did they come into practical use until 1830, upon the opening of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway. The first railroad in this country was built in 1807. It was but a few hun- dred yards in length, and was constructed I for transporting gravel from the top of Bea- con Hill down into Charles Street, in the city of Boston. The rails were entirely of wood, and the propelling power the momentum of the loaded cars, which in descending, by means of a rope attachment, pulled the empty cars up, a double track, of coursQ, being nec- essary to the proper working of the road. Rude and simple as were these first efforts at railroad building, they suggested plans and designs which time and experience, together with the inventive genius of man, have continued ever since to improve upon. Scientific research demonstrates that what is now reduced to system, and rises to the dig- nity of science, was discovered through some trivial casualty or circumstance, which fall- ing under the notice of a reflecting mind, gave rise to surprising results. The simple circumstance of a falling apple developed the great law of gravitation. The idea of forti- fying a military camp with an insurmounta- ble obstruction behind it, was first suggested to Pyrrhus, King of Epirus (who lived nearly 300 years before the Christian era, and who was the most celebrated warrior of his time), by seeing a wild boar, when hunted to desper- ation, back himself against a tree, that he might fight his pursuers, without danger of being assailed in his rear. Similar hints have led to the triumph of mechanical art, which it may be said, has culminated in the perfected railroad system of the present day. In 1827 a railroad was built from the gran- ite quarries of Quincy, Mass., to the Nepon- set River, a distance of three miles. During the same year, a road nine miles in length was laid out from the Mauch Chunk coal mines of Pennsylvania to the Lehigh River, and in 1828, a road constructed by the Del- aware & Hudson Canal Company, from their coal mines to Honesdale, and a commissioner sent to England to purchase rails and loco- motives. These locomotives arrived in the spring of 1829, and were the first used in the United States. The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was char- 524 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. tered, and work commenced on it in 1828. In the early part of the same year the South Carolina Railroad was chartered by the legis- lature of that State. It has been claimed that the latter was the hrst road in the country, undertaken with the intention of of using steam power as a propelling force. It was originally built from Charleston to Hamburg, but afterward extended to Au- gusta, Ga., and in 1833-34, was the longest railroad in the world, being 130 miles in length. The first locomotive built in this country,* was constructed especially for this road. Its trial trip was made on a small por- tion of the road out of Charleston, when, according to the Courier of that date, it run “on the wings of the wind, at the varied speed of fifteen to twenty miles an hour; annihilating time and space, and like the renowned John Gilpin, ‘leaving all the world behind. ’ ” The first railroad built in Kentucky, and the first completed west of the Alleghanies, was the old “Lexington & Ohio Railroad,” aftei’ward known as the “Lexington & Frank- fort,” then as the “Louisville, Frankfort & Lexington,” and at present, the “Shortline” division of the Louisville & Nashville sys- tem. It was originally chartered as the Lexington & Ohio Railroad, and was to ex- tend from Lexington to Portland, on the Ohio River, a village now included in the corporate limits of Louisville. The act of incorporation passed the legislature January 27, 1830, and takes up twelve printed pages in the official proceedings of that body. Among the incorporators were John W. Hunt, John Brand, Richard Higgins, Benjamin Gratz, Luther Stevens, Robert Wickliffe, Leslie Combs, Elisha Warfield, Robert Fra- zer, James Weir, Michael Fishell, Thomas E. Boswell, George Boswell, Benjamin Tay- lor, Elisha I. Winter, Joseph Boswell, David Megowan, John Norton, M. C. Johnson and Henry C. Payne. Elisha I. Winter was | elected president of the company, but was | shortly afterward succeeded by Benjamin *It was built at the West Point foundry (New York) and completed December 9, 1830, under the supervision of E. L. Mil- ler, Esq. It was called the “Best Friend”— a name more appro- priate than entered into the imagination of its projectors at that time. Gratz, of Lexington, who, consequently was the second president of the company. Among others who have served as president of the road, are William R. McKee, Thomas Smith, James O. Harrison, W. A. Dudley, James B. Wilder, and Jacob Kreiger, Sr. A pre- liminary survey followed the incorporation of the company, and was made in April, in order “to ascertain the level, and whether inclined planes and stationary engines would be required, and to furnish the company with an accurate description of the' face of the country, to enable them to estimate the cost, ” etc. The engineer’s report of the survey between Lexington and Frankfort, showed the following result; First. — There will be but one inclined plane, about 2, 200 feet long, descending one foot in fourteen. All the residue of the road can be graded to thirty feet or less in a mile, which is a fraction over one- fifteenth of an inch rise in one foot. Second. — On that grade there will be no cut deeper than nineteen feet, and but one of that depth. Third. — There will be no em- bankment over twenty feet high, nor any bridge over thirty feet high. Fourth. — The distance to Frankfort will not be increased two miles in length over the present traveled road. Fifth. — There will be as much rock excava- tion in the grading as will be required to construct the road. Sixth. — Or the thirty feet grade which has been adopted, a single horse is capable of traveling with seven tons’ weight, with as much ease as five horses can draw two tons on our present roads in their best condition. A strong prejudice existed in early times against railroads, and many fair-minded men opposed their construction as being imprac- ticable, and costly beyond their possible value when built. But the friends and ad- vocates of railroads argued that, in almost all places where canals* could be built, rail- roads could be built also, and at less cost, and that railroads could be built in thousands of places where canals could not be, for the want of water; that they afforded as cheap and safe if not a cheaper and safer *It will be remembered that canal building prevailed te excess about this time in the west HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 52.5 mode of communication than canals, and could be traveled in one- third of the time; that they did not interpose any obstacle to the cross-communication of the country, or to the free passage from one part to another of the same farms as canals do; that they may be as eaily crossed as a common turn- pike, or other road; that they may be used all the year, while canals are made dry by drouth, or closed by frost; that they are not only constructed at less cost than canals, but are easier kept in repair, and that no improved communication ever invented required so little for repairs as railroads. This system of argument carried the day in favor of the railroad, and left the croakers to croak on to small audiences, while preparations were made for beginning the then important work of building a railroad. The cost of con- structing the Lexington & Ohio Railroad was estimated at 11,000,000, a sum that shows railroad engineers were not as extravagant in their estimates for building roads as they are now. The amount was soon subscribed, and the contracts for grading the road between Lexington and Frankfort let, the distance being divided into several divisions to better expedite the work. Railroads were built very different then, and the Lexington & Ohio, it was determined, should be without “flaw or blemish” in its construction. Instead of wooden cross-ties “stone sills” were laid lengthwise, to which the rails were spiked and then soldered. The first stone sill was laid October 22, 1831, at the Lexington end of the road, in the presence of a large as- semblage of people, and amid the strains of martial music and the roar of artillery. A description of this event, which occured over- half a centirry ago, will doubtless be of in- terest to the general reader, and from a chronicle of the time,* the following is taken: The three military companies were formed for escort duty, and marched to the college grounds, where they met the various societies and individu- als. A procession was then formed in the following- order: Col. Leslie Combs as marshal and J. R. Cole- man as aid, on horseback; Maj.-Gen. Pendleton and staff on horseback; field officers and staff on horse- *From the Lexington Observer. back; officers of the line on foot; Capt. Hunt’s artillery in platoons; Gov. Metcalfe supported by Prof. Caldwell, orator of the day, and Rev. tV. H. Hall, officiating clergyman; Judges Underwood and Buckner, of the court of appeals; Judge Hickey of the Fayette circuit court; the Hon. R. M. Johnson, R. P. Letcher and T. A. Marshall, members of congTess, with several members of the Kentucky legislature; Capt. T. A. Russell, assistant marshal; president and directors of the Lexington & Ohio Railroad Company; Samuel H. Kneas, chief engin- eer, and the treasiuer of the company; contractors and pioneers, with their implements of labor; Capt. Neet’s Rifle Guards, in platoons; military band of music; trustees of the town of Lexington and clerk: justices of the Fayette county court and clerk; trustees and professors of Transylvania Universit}-; principal of preparatory department and pupils; principal and pupils of Wentworth’s Academj': prin- cipal and tutors of Shelby Female Academy and pupils; principal and professors of the Eclectic In- stitute and pupils; strangers; stockholders of the Lexington & Ohio Railroad; Capt. Postlethwaite's light infantry company in platoons; Lieut. -Col. Stephens, assistant marshal; citizens on foot, etc., etc. A Federal salute was fired at sunrise on the eventful morning, and seven guns when the first stone sill was laid, indicating the seven sections or divisions of the road then under contract. As the procession moved, the various church bells rang out a merry peal, which continued until it reached the place w-here the ceremony was performed. Arriv- ing upon the ground the military formed a hollow square, within which the civic procession was in- closed. A large number of ladies were present for whom ample accommodations had been made. Prayer was offered by Rev. Mr. Hall, when Elisha I. Winter, Esq., president of the company, handed a hammer to the governor of the State, who drove the nail attaching the first iron rail to the beginning stone sill. The music struck up “Hail Columbia,” and afterward “ Yankee Doodle,” which continued until the artillery ceased firing. Prof. Charles Caldwell then delivered an address, the text of which was internal improvements, after which the crow'd dispersed, and the ceremonies were brought to an end. The work, from this auspicions beginning, progressed steadily but rather slowly. The great pains taken to make a “ solid ” road- bed, and the labor of laying the stone sills, rendered the work tedious. The contract for preparing and laying the stone sills was given to Holbm-n & Benson, who received “ great praise for executing their work so faithfully, and in a style of beauty and ele- gance which excited the admiration of all who examined it.” By the 1st of August, 526 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 1832, one and a half miles of the road were completed, and a “ splendid car ” put on, and on the 14th the road was formally opened; the car “ leaving its moorings at 12 o’clock, with about forty people aboard, among whom were Gov. Metcalfe and other distinguished persons.” Six and a quarter miles were completed by the 1st of January, 1833, and “ the car ” made two regular trips daily for the accommodation of the people. The Lexington Intelligencei\.of January 27, 1835, closed a lengthy article on the rail- road as follows: “We cannot refrain from congratulating our fellow-citizens of the town and country adjacent upon the new and brilliant prospects which the railroad and the introduction of steam power have opened upon us. It is the beginning of a new era to Kentucky, and to this part of the Union, an era in which the population of the interior country may and will enjoy the commercial facilities which have hitherto been the exclu- sive property oi the seaboard and river population. Interior cities need only to exert their strength and enterprise in con- structing works of internal improvement, in order to compete, with certain success, with the most favored of river and seaport towns.” Considerable opposition was encountered from the enemies of railroad building, and from men who believed the project premature and far ahead of the times. They believed like Thomas Jefferson, that the time had not arrived for such improvements. It is told of Thomas Jefferson, that when the New York Grand Canal was begun, Gov. Clinton, in a letter to Mr. Jefferson, asked his opinion of the undertaking. “It is a noble jaroject,” replied Mr. Jefferson, “but you are a century too soon. ” A few years passed, and the great canal was finished, when another letter from Gov. Clinton to Mr. Jefferson announced the fact, with the query: “What do you think of it now?” Mr. Jefferson’s reply was; “I now perceive that in regard to your resources and energies, I committed an error of one cen- tury in my calculation.” Just so it was with the opponents of railroads. They believed the world was not yet old enough for the suc- cessful building of railroads, and were ready, at the slightest indication of failure, to ex- claim in chorus — “I told you so.” Hence, when, one bright day in December, 1835, the iron-hox’se dashed into Frankfort with a train of cars at his heels, drawn all the way from Lexington, they were forced to admit, that like Jefferson, they had erred in their calcu- lations as to time. Frankfort and Lexington were now connected by rail, and the event was appropriately celebrated by the two cities. The project, as we have seen, was chartered as the “Lexington & Ohio Railroad,” and was so known for several years. In 1847, the legislature issued a charter to the “Louisville A Frankfort Railroad Company,” and a company was at once organized under this title, which purchased from the State* that portion of the road between Louisville and Frankfort. The next year (1848), another company was formed, under the title of the “Lexington & Frankfort Railroad Company.” This new company purchased from the State the road between Lexington and Frankfort, and in 1851 the two divisions were fully completed ^and connected, and trains ran through from Lexington to Louisville. This arrrangement was continued until 1857, when the two companies were consolidated, and the title of the road changed to that of the “Louis- ville, Frankfort & Lexington Railroad.” Upon the completion of the Louisville and Cincinnati “Shortline,” in the spring of 1869, a branch diverging Rom the main line at La Grange, and extending to Cincinnati, the title was again changed, this time to the “Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Rail- road.” In 1881 it was purchased by the Louisville & Nashville system, and since that time (and henceforth, perhaps) it has been operated as a division of that immense cor- poration. The Charleston & Cincinnati Railroad ex- cited more interest, perhaps, in the early his- tory of railroad enterprise in Kentucky, than any road ever projected in the State. This trunk line was designed to extend from Charleston, S. C., to Cincinnati, Ohio, pass- *Tbe Lexington & Ohio Railroad was sold at auction in Frankfort, on the 12th of January, 1842, to pay the State the sum of 3150,000 and interest, which, as security, she had as- sumed. In this sale, the State became the purchaser of the road. HISTOET Oi' KENTUCKY. 527 ing through Lexington, with diverging lines to Louisville, Paris, Maysville and Newport. A lively interest was manifested in the enter- prise, and the indications were favorable at one time for its early completion. Some controversy arose, however, between its friends and supporters, and those of the canal already described (which covered nearly the same ground). And it is possible that if sentiment had been concentrated on the one or the other, it might have proved successful ; as it was, both projects failed, though grand in their conception. The idea of connecting the southeastern and northwestern States by a railroad or canal, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ohio Eiver, half a century ago, was a scheme worthy of the greatest railroad mag- nates of the present day. The importance with which it was considered, is shown by the following extract*: “The project is a mag- nificent one, whether viewed in reference to its commercial, geographical, political, civil or social influence. Carried into successful operation, it will form a bond of union be- tween the States immediately concerned, which no ordinary political accidents or com- binations can dissolve. Completed, it will make Charleston a great commercial empor- ium, rivaling, or, at least successfully com- peting with, her elder sisters, in receiving the northwest trade. And if we could for a moment suppose that New York, Philadel- phia, Baltimore, New Orleans and Mobile could allow themselves to be governed by a narrow, selfish and short-sighted policy, we might, from all these sources, anticipate strong and interested opposition to this truly majestic project. This anticipation, how- ever, we will not indulge in, but will believe that the intelligent and patriotic of all sec- tions will rejoice to see the whole country prosper. ” In February, 1836, the Charleston & Cin- cinnati Eailroad was chartered by the Ken- tucky legislature. When the news reached Cincinnati, that the bill had passed, the mayor issued his proclamation for an illumination | of the city, and a general rejoicing prevailed. A convention was called to meet at Knoxville, *From the Lexington Intelligencer. Tenn., on the 4th of July, 1836, in the inter- est of the road. On the 13th of June, pre- ceding the convention, a meeting was held in Lexington, for the purpose of selecting delegates, and the following gentlemen were chosen; Hon. Robert Wickliffe, Benjamin Taylor, William C. Richardson, Henry C. Payne, Leslie Combs, T. C. Turner, Thomas A Russell and Hemy Beard. When the convention convened in Knoxville, nine States were represented. The meeting was characterized by harmony and good feeling, j and it was confidently believed the work would proceed without delay. A charter had been granted by the States of South and North Cai’olina, Tennessee and Kentucky, under the name and title of the “President and Directors of the Charleston & Cincin- nati Railroad Company.’’ According to the charter, as granted by Kentucky, it was made obligatory upon the company, when reaching the Kentucky line, “ so to construct the road that a branch should be made to Louisville, and the main road be so constructed, as to pass through the city of Lexington, and thence to the Ohio River, opposite Cincin- nati; and that another branch or prong of said road be constructed from the city of Lexington to the city of Maysville, on the Ohio River.” Resolutions were adopted in the Kentucky legislature, recommending the early construction of the road, as “ an enter- prise of national importance,” and requested their senators and representatives in congress to exert their influence in seeming an ‘ ‘ appro- priation from the national government for the same.” As an evidence of the interest taken in the road, Lexington alone subscribed for 8100,000 of stock, a liberal sum fifty years ago. By the middle of November, 1836, sufficient stock had been subscribed to admit of the organization of the company, and at a preliminary meeting, John C. Cal- houn, of South Carolina, was recommended for the presidency of the road. After for- mally organizing under the title of the “Louisville, Cincinnati & Chaifieston Rail- road,” the stockholders held a meeting at Knoxville, on the 9th of January, 1837, to elect officers and directors. The result of the 528 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. election was as -follows: E. D. Mansfield, W. Green and J. W. Bonsall, of Ohio; Eobert Wickliffe, William C. Richardson, James Taylor, John W. Tibbatts, J. L. Ludlow and J. B. Casey, of Kentucky; John Williams, J. C. M. Ramsay and Alexander E. Smith, of Tennessee; Robert Y. Hayne, Mitchell King, James Hamilton, Charles Edmondson, J. W. Simpson, B. F. Ellmore, John C. Calhoun, A. Blanding and B. G. Mills, of South Car- olina; James Hardy, T. H. Forney and P. Roberts, of North Carolina, directors. Gen. Eobert Y. Hayne was unanimously elected president of the company. Surveys were ordered made of the different routes contem- plated, and all preliminary steps taken toward inaugurating the work. An amendment to the charter, designed to relieve the company from their obligation to build the branch to Louisville, was defeated in the legislature at the session of 1836-37. As a matter of interest to herself, Louisville opposed the amendment, and for the time, succeeded in defeating it, whereupon she was assailed by the Lexington press, as having killed the road altogether. Shortly after the defeat of the amendment, however, the proposition was reconsidered, and the amend- ment finally adopted, thereby revoking that part of the charter applying to the Louisville branch of the contemj)lated road. But the project had not only attained the summit of its greatness, but had already begun to decline in popularity, and all interest in it finally subsided. It laid down to a Rip Van Winkle sleep, to awake something more than a qaar- ter of a century later, under the name and title of the Cincinnati Southern. Considerable space has been given to these two railroad projects, because one of them was the first road built in the State, and the other one of the most stupendous schemes of internal improvement conceived of in that early day. Most of the contemplated route of the Charleston & Cincinnati Railroad, has since been covered by the Cincinnati South- ern, Kentucky Central and the Knoxville division of the Louisville & Nashville, but had the original road been built, who can tell how different the history of the south might have been. It might have resulted in a reversal of the wealth, influence and import- ance of the sections, and made the south the great ruling power in the republic, as the north has been, through its vast and im- proved system of internal communication. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad is the most important work of internal improvement that has been completed in the State. Its •construction was a Herculean task, when the character of the country, through which it passes, is taken into consideration. To build a railroad through the chain of the Muldrow Hills was a triumph of engineering skill, and an enduring monument alike to the men who conceived the project and those who accom- plished the great work. The tunnels, bridges, trestles, cuts and fills of the Louisville & Nashville Road, are perfect in their construc- tion, and of such magnitude as would have discouraged and appalled any but men of the most determined energy. The road was chartered March 2, 1850, and may almost be termed a Louisville insti- tution. To the city of Louisville, and the energy and enterprise of its inhabitants, more perhaps than to any other one influence is the State and the country indebted for this great thoroughfare of travel between the north and the south. Confirmatory of this is the following extract from the New York Courier and Enquirer, of August 20, 1851: The Louisville papers contain two ordinances, passed by the common council of that city, one au- thorizing a subscription of $1,000,000 for the con- struction of a railroad from Louisville to Nashville, Tenn., and the other authorising a subscription to the capital stock of the Jeffersonville & Columbus Railroad Company of $200,000. We believe Ken- tucky is rather deficient in railroads, compared with some of the Southern States, notwithstanding the eligible position of Louisville as a terminus. This movement, therefore, is important to the internal interests of the State, and will add, if carried out, greatly to the growth and future consequence of her metropolis. Combining the two propositions, we perceive the object of the city authorities, which is to intercept the western trade of the central routes of Indiana and Ohio, eastward, and direct such as would naturally flow to the lower Atlantic States, to pass through Louisville, instead of going by way of Baltimore, as is at present the case. Lou- isville has become emulous of the advantages pos- sessed by Wheeling, and she is (we should infer - f t: JAMES GUT] 1 1! IE. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 529 from this) determined, if the State will not aid her, as Virj^inia has contributed to the support of the latter, to build her own railroads, and enjoy singly their benefits. We are glad to witness the exercise of a spirit that tends to multiply the facilities of trade, and add to the prosperity of our people, with- out respect to locality. Kentucky should have abounded with railroads ten j’^ears since— Virginia twenty. However, by delaying their measures, they may be the better able to plan, mature and ex- ecute them now. But in a no less degree is Louisville in- debted to the Louisville & Nashville Road for its own importance as a great commercial emporium. “To it,” says a recent writer, “Louisville owes its commercial influence and prosperity. It made her, wnth the exception of New Orleans, the leading city of the south; it strengthened the social and commercial ties which bound her to that sec- tion; it changed her from a slowly growing, contented provincial town to a progressive and aggressive competitor with larger and richer rivals. For the States of Kentucky and Tennessee it did no less than for Louis- ville.” The first president of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad was Mr. Levin Shreve, a well-known and prominent business man of Louisville forty years ago. Dui’ing his ad- ministration, work on the road was begun and pushed on toward the Muldrow Hills as rapidly as possible, and the iron laid nearly to that point. But in its earlier history the road met with various financial obstacles, which were not overcome for several years after the work was commenced. Its principal difficulty was in floating its bonds, which a lack of public confidence in its success ren- dered unsaleable. About this time Hon. James Guthrie and other wealthy citizens of Louisville and of Kentucky and Tennessee became interested in it, and succeeded in securing a number of county subscriptions, which resulted in the completion of 185 miles of the line to Nashville, to which point it was opened for business in November, 1859. About this time financial troubles again threatened, and the road was in imminent danger of going into bankruptcy, but was saved by the action of the city of Louisville, which took stock to the amount of $1,000,000 and in so doing benefited the entire State.* In the earlier history of the road Helm, Guthrie and the elder Newcomb were the master spirits connected with it, and to them and their indomitable energy its successful completion is mainly due. The first two of these gentlemen were statesmen and politicians, as well as finan- ciers, while the last, Mr. H. D. Newcomb, aspired to neither politics nor statesmanship, but was an able financier, and a most accom- plished and successful business man. He was a native of Massachusets, and located in Louisville about the year 1833. He was for many years — a quarter of a century or more — one of the leading merchants of Louisville. For twenty years he conducted the largest cotton- mill in the west, and aided much in improving and beautifying his adopted city. He was mainly instrumental in rebuilding the Galt House, one of the best arranged and most elegant hotels in the country, and which cost $1,000,000. He became president of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad in 1868, and held the position until his death. Under his administration it became one of the most powerful railroad systems of the south or southwest. James Guthrie, whose great abilities as a financier were so largely instrumental in carrying the Louisville & Nashville Road through to completion, was a native Kentuck- ian, and was born near Bardstown, December 5, 1792. He was educated principally at the Bardstown xicademy, and, after a few years spent in flat-boating to New Orleans, studied law with John Rowan, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Nelson County. He soon removed to Louisville, and in a short time obtained a lucrative practice. He served repeatedly in both branches of the State legislature, and in 1849, was a member of the constitutional convention, and its presiding officer. He was secretary of the treasuiy under President Pierce from 1853 to 1857,. and a candidate for the nomination to the presidency in 1860, before the National Democratic Convention at Charleston, S. C., but was defeated. He was a delegate to the *Historical sketch of the LouisvUle & Kashville Railroad. 33 530 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Peace Conference at Washington in 1861, and also, to the Border State Convention at Frankfort shortly after; he was elected to the United States senate in 1865, but owing to feeble health I’esigned in 1868. He died in Louisville, March 13, 1869. Mr. Guthrie was a great financier. He amassed a large fortune, and his ability as a financier is illus trated in its management, no less than in that of the national treasury and the affairs of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. John L. Helm became president of the Louisville & Nashville Road in 1854, and by his great energy and excellent business man- agement completed it. He was born in Hardin County, July 4, 1802. When but a lad, he entered the circuit clerk’s office as a deputy, and was fortunate in attracting the notice of Gen. Duff Green, a prominent merchant and business man of Elizabethtown, who directed his education. At the age of twenty-one Mr. Helm was admitted to the bar, and in 1826 was elected to the lower house of the legisla- ture. He was re-elected again and again, serving eleven years in the house of represen- tatives and six years in the senate. He was elected lieutenant-governor in 1848 on the Whin ticket with John J. Crittenden, and became governor in 1850 upon the resignation of Mr. Crittenden, who was called to the cabinet of President Fillmore, as his attorney- general. In 1867 he was elected governor on the Democratic ticket, and was inaugurated at his residence in Elizabethtown, September 3d (1867), being too ill at the time to go to Frankfort. He died on the 8th of the same month, and on the 13th the lieutenant-gov- ernor, John W, Stevenson, was inaugurated governor as his successor. No three men ever connected with the Louisville & Nashville Railroad (and certainly no road has been more fortunate in the selec- tion of its executive officers) took more inter- est in its affairs, or exerted greater energy and ability to make it a successful enterprise, than John L. Helm, James Guthrie and H. D. Newcomb. They did what few others could have done at that time; they built and equipped one of the most important rai Iroads ever built south of the Ohio River. Says the writer already quoted: “Success demonstrates 80 clearly the wisdom of a great undertaking that we fail to do justice to the men whose wisdom, courage and devotion make success possible. There were many dark hours in the early history of the Louisville & Nashville railroad; when the public lost faith in it; when it seemed too vast an undertaking for that section and that time; when bears and skeptics, who always abound, were assuring a deluded public that failure was inevitable. Through all these years Helm and Guthrie and the elder Newcomb, and their associates, had Louisville and Louisville’s credit and the confidence of her citizens with them. It was invaluble; the money subscribed and the endorsements given finally wrought their perfect work and the road was completed.” In 1857, some two years previous to the completion of the main line to Nashville, the company had built a branch to Lebanon. This branch, and the main line, comprised the Louisville and Nashville system, at the breaking out of the late civil war. To the United States government it was worth much more, during each year of the war, than its entire construction had cost. Louis- ville became the basis of supplies, and of operations of the armies of the United States, and along its lines, built for the benefit of commerce, the battles raged. The vast im- portance of this north and south trunk line, had been fully demonstrated by the military movements. It was proposed, at one time,, to build, for military purposes, a line branch- ing from the main stem to Knoxville. This work would doubtless have been done had not the war closed when it did. A branch to Knoxville was a favorite idea with Mr. Guth- rie, but he was never able to accomplish its construction, and it was left for those who came after him to carry out and complete it. Most of the roads in the south were wrecked during the war, but the Louisville & Nash- ville, as compared to others, was in a healthy condition, financially. Its management, however, knew that its future success de- pended largely on the reorganization and co- operation of other roads south of it. Mr. Guthrie and Mr. Newcomb boldly pushed:, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 531 the reorganization. The local business of the road was cared for, and encouraged, and active assistance, resulting in time in abso- lute control, was lent to the roads in Tennes- see, and further to the south. In this way the Louisville & Nashville pushed its lines through to Memphis and Montgomery.* The Bardstown branch, a road in process of construction from Bardstown to Louisville, was purchased in 1865, and became a feeder, and a part of the reorganized system of the Louisville & Nashville. The Richmond branch was opened in 1868, and the same year the Memphis, Clarksville & Louisville Road was leased. Two years after, the Mem- phis & Ohio Road was secured, and what is now known as the Memphis division was for- mally opened. Both lines of road composing the Memphis division, were subsequently (in 1871-72), bought by the Louisville & Nash- ville Company. The Cecilian branch was purchased in 1871; in 1879 the Edgefield & Kentucky Road, and the Evansville, Hender- son & Nashville Road were both bought, and, together, form'the Kentucky and Tennessee portion of the St. Louis division. The Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Road was piu’chased in 1881, and now forms an important part of the Louisville & Nashville system, connecting it at Cincinnati with all the Eastern lines. The Cumberland & Ohio Road was leased in 1879, and completed from Lebanon to Greensburg, and shortly after many other additions were made. The Pensacola & Selma was secured, then the Mobile & Mont- gomery was acquired by the purchase of its capital, and a little later the New Orleans & Mobile became a valuable part of the system. There are, also, embraced in the control of the Louisville & Nashville, by lease or owner- ship, the Nashville & Decatm% the Owens- boro & Nashville, the Glasgow branch, and the Western Alabama Roads; and it owns the greater part of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Road’s stock, which, with its branches, has 521 miles of line. But these do not comprise all the roads in which the influence of the Louisville & Nashville is felt. W’^ith the Central Railroad of Georgia, it controls a large system in that State. To sum up its wealth, the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company owns in fee, or through the entire capital stock, thirteen branches, giving an aggregate of 1,437 miles; four divisions, operated under lease, and two by stock majority embrace 433 miles more, and these, with the southern roads, in which it has joint control, give its systems a grand total of 3,034 miles. The road and all its branches are furnished with steel rails, and the equipment, both for frieght and passen- ger traffic, is first class in every particular, and the equal of any road in the country. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, stretch- ing from ocean to ocean, is an important road to Kentucky, and destined to exert a power- ful influence in the development of the State. Traversing its entire length from east to west, with diverging lines at important points, it penetrates the vast coal and mineral and tim- ber regions, and as these are opened up and developed the great value of this trunk line railroad becomes apparent. The original line of the Chesapeake &Ohio extended from Newport News in Virginia, rm Richmond, to the Big Sandy River, and was formed in 1868 by consolidating the Virginia Central and the Covington & Ohio Railroads, comprising a line 512 miles in length. The road became involved financially, and in 1875 passed into thehandsof a receiver. In April, 1878, it was sold, and a new company organ- ized with Mr. C. P. Huntington at its head, one of the great railroad capitalists of the present day. The new company expended large sums of money in the reconstruction of all its lines, extending them on the east to Chesapeake Bay, and on the west to Memphis, on the Mississippi River. This formed a con- tinuous line of road 927 miles long, made up of the Chesapeake & Ohio to the Big Sandy River, the Elizabethtown, Lexington & Big Sandy, and Louisville, Frankfort & Lexing ton to Louisville, and the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern (formerly the Elizabethtown & Paducah), extending from Louisville to Memphis, via Paducah, a distance of 390 miles from Louisville. The Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern, the , * Historical sketch. 532 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. title of Mr. Huntington’s road west of Louis- ville, is formed of the old Elizabethtown & Paducah Road,* and the road extending from Paducah to Memphis, known originally as the Paducah & Memphis, which was sold under foreclosure in April, 1877. It was purchased by the bondholders, and reorgan- ized as the Memphis, Paducah & Northern in May, 1878. This and the road from Louis- ville to Paducah were leased and consolidated by Mr. Huntington, thus forming an impor- tant link in his trans-continental line. The Kentucky Central Railroad was agi- tated as early as 1848, and was originally known as the “ Lexington & Maysville Rail- road.” In March, 1851, Lexington voted $200,000 toward building it, and in Sep- tember following voted a like amount to the Lexington & Covington Railroad. The work was completed from Lexington to Paris in 1853, and in the fall of 1854 it was finished, and the road completed between Paris and Covington, and trains ran through to Lex- ington. The road to Maysville was completed a few years later. The lines of the Kentucky Central are being extended south, and are rapidly covering the last of the old route of the projected Charleston & Cincinnati Road. In the reorganization of the Chesapeake & Ohio, the Kentucky Central passed into the hands of Mr. Huntington, and forms the Cin- cinnati division of his road. The Cincinnati Southern is a great trunk line road, extending from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Chattanooga, Tenn., and passing north and south through Kentucky, and through thetownsof Williamstown, Georgetown, Lex- ington, Nicholasville, Danville, Somerset, etc. It was built principally by Cincinnati and Cincinnati capital, and is one of the finest conditioned and equipped roads in the State. Its cost is variously estimated at from $12,000,000 to $20,000,000. The charter was passed by the Kentucky legislature, and the right of way granted through the State in January, 1872, and the road built as soon thereafter as possible. The completion of this great trunk line between north and * This road was originally chartered in February, 1854, as the Louisville, Paducah & Southwestern. south is to some extent the culmination of the old project of the Charleston & Cincin- nati Railroad, as it covers much of the route designed for that road. It was the purpose in building the Cincin- nati Southern to make it a formidable rival of the Louisville & Nashville Road, and to bring Cincinnati in stronger competition with Louisville, and win her southern trade. The project was not successful. While it certainly excited a stronger competition between Louis- ville and Cincinnati, the latter did not, as fondly anticipated, completely eclipse Louis- ville, or materially turn the tide of southern trade. But a few years passed after the completion of the road, when, under a new regime (the Erlanger system), it was running regular trains into Louisville, and that, too, without a dollar’ s cost to the city. Northern railroads terminating at Louis- ville, or extending their lines into the city, are the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapo- lis, now operated by the Pennsylvania Com- pany; the Ohio & Mississippi; the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago, and the St. Louis Air Line. These roads have all been liberally treated by Louisville and Kentucky, and some of them substantially aided by Louis- ville. Money was given, and given liberally to the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis and the St. Louis Air Line, and at a time when they most needed it. These roads afford Louis- ville, Kentucky and the south close connec- tion with St. Louis, Chicago and the east. In addition to the railroads mentioned there are others, mostly local I’oads, now being built and still others in contemplation, which, doubtless, will be under contract in a few years. The most important of these, perhaps, are the Kentucky Union Railroad and the Ohio River Railroad, the first now in course of construction and the latter a projected road of considerable importance, designed to run down the river, tapping the principal towns between Louisville and Paducah. The road has been chartered by the legislature, a company organized and stock subscribed. Several routes, or parts of routes, have been surveyed, and although the project is now lying dormant, it is but a HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 533 question of time when it will be revived and the road built. The growing demands of the rich section of country through which it is to pass, must sooner or later compel its construction. The Kentucky Union Railroad was origi- nally chartered in 1854, and re-incorporated in 1880. It extends in a southeasterly course from Lexington to the Virginia State line through some of the richest agricultural and mineral regions of Kentucky. Work is in progress at the present time, and the energy of the men in control of the project will insui’e its ultimate completion, and through it the development of a mineral section of the State* hitherto possessing few internal improvements or facilities of trans- portation beyond the ordinary road wagon. So it is with other I’ailroad projects in different parts of the State. The tine tim- bered valleys, the rich mineral regions, the vast agricultural areas, and the stock-produc- ing portions of the State must soon make the construction of additional railroads an abso- lute demand of commerce. The railroad facilities of Kentucky are thus becoming, and must continue to become, more and more extended every year. Its lines at four different points on the Ohio River connect with northern, eastei’n and western roads. At two of these points the river is spanned by superb bridges, and at a third a bridge is in process of construction (where trains are now ferried over), and will soon be completed; at the fourth trains cross regularly by improved ferriage. At Cincinnati the Kentucky Central (Chesapeake & Ohio), the Cincinnati Southern, the “Short- line” division of the Louisville & Nashville connect by bridges across the river with the Little Miami, the “ Bee Line ” the “ Pan- handle” (Pennsylvania Company), the Balti- more & Ohio Roads, etc., etc. At Louisville, Kentucky and southern roads, by means of one of the longest and most magnificent rail- road bridges in the world, connect with the Ohio & Mississippi, the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis, the Louisville, New *The mountainous portion of the State beyond the limits of the Blue Grass region. Albany & Chicago and the St. Louis Air Line ; at Henderson the St Louis division of the Louisville & Nashville crosses, and at Evans- ville and St. Louis make northern and east- ern connections. The Illinois Central and the Mobile & Ohio pass north and south through the “ Purchase ” district of Ken- tucky, crossing the Ohio River at Cairo, 111., where they connect with the St. Louis & Iron Mountain, the Texas & Pacific, the Cairo & St. Louis, and with the Wabash system. A few years more, and energy and enterprise will render the Ohio River no serious obstacle to railway traffic, and trains will cross it to and fro without even slacking their rate of speed. The railroad bridge across the Ohio River at Louisville is claimed to be the second longest railroad bridge in the world. Its . construction was the culmination of a project that originated more than fifty years ago. A bridge over the falls of the Ohio was an entex’prise, that, if it did not originate with James Guthrie, was long a favorite project of his. As early as 1831-32 a charter was granted by the Kentucky legislature author- izing the formation of a company “ to con- struct a permanent bridge across the Ohio at the falls.” Through the influence of James Guthrie, Samuel Gwathney and Daniel Mc- Allister, who visited Indianapolis for the purpose, the passage of the charter by the Indiana legislature was secured at its session in January, 1832. Though the matter was agitated for several years it was fin ally abandoned for the time. After the close of the war the necessity for closer railroad com- munications between the sections revived the project, and the required legislation was se- cured both in Kentucky and Indiana, and the work commenced. It was completed, and the first passenger train crossed over the bridge on the ISth of February, 1870. The State officers and members of the legislature had been invited by the board of trade and city council of Louisville to be present at its formal opening, and most of them accepted the invitation and participated in the inter- esting pi’oceedings. Mr- Guthrie lived to see his favorite project of spanning the river 534 HISTORY OF KT:NTUCKY. by a great bridge in process of construction, but died about a year before its completion. A bridge across the Ohio at Cincinnati was contemplated as early as 1815. but no such enterprise was actually inaugurated until 1856, when the wire suspension bridge between Covington and Cincinnati was com- menced. It was completed and opened to the public on the 1st of December, 1866. The structure is asur>erb model of excellence, and a triumph of mechanical skill and genius, and cost, in round numbers, about $2,000,000. It has a passage way for vehi- cles and street cars, and walks for foot pas- sengers. The river is also spanned by a railroad bridge— a substantial iron structure — between Newport and Cincinnati. It was opened in 1872, and trains of the Kentucky and southern roads, by this means, run regularly into the city of Cincinnati. There is in the course of construction at this time (1885), and about completed, a bridge across the Ohio, between Louisville and New Albany, Ind. Another at Hender- son, Ky., has been finished within the j5ast few weeks, for the passage of trains. The bridge at Louisville is to have a railroad track, a passage way for vehicles, street cars, etc., and a walk-way for foot passengers; that at Henderson is a railroad bridge only, and was built, principally, by the St. Louis division of the Louisville & Nashville Rail- road. Among the important works of inteimal improvement are the charitable institutions of the State. They were established and are principally supported by legislative appro- priations, and consist of asylums for the in- sane, the blind, deaf mutes, feeble-minded children, etc. There are, in the State, three asylums for the insane, located respectively at Lexington, Hopkinsville and Anchorage; the asylum for deaf mutes is at Danville; that for feeble-minded children at Frankfort, and that for the education of the blind is at Louisville. The Eastern Insane Asylum at Lexington was founded in 1816, and was the first insti- , tution of the kind established in the western country, and is believed to have been the second State asylum opened in the United States. It was originally known as “Fayette Hospital,” and was inaugurated by private individuals. Chief among the projectors of this great public charity, was Andrew McCalla, one of the early citizens of Lexing- ton. He was assisted in his benevolent work by Alexander Parker, John W. Hunt, George Trotter, Thomas January, Lewis Sanders, Samuel Trotter, John Bradford, J. D. Young, David Williamson, Thomas H. Pindell, William Morton, John Pope, E. Warfield, Daniel Bradford, J. Postlethwaite, L. McCullough, John H. Morton, John Hart, James Weir, Robert H. McNair, Samuel Ayers, Thomas Tibbats, and others. They were incorporated early in 1816, under the name of “The Contributors to the Fayette Hospital.” On the 1st of March, they organized under the charter, and shortly after purchased the “Sinking Spring” property, on which the present buildings are located. The corner-stone of the building: was laid June 30, 1817, with appropriate ceremonies, and in the presence of a large assemblage of people. The proceedings concluded with an oration delivered by Henry Clay. Before the building was completed, a financial crisis overtook the benevolent projectors of the en- terprise, and in 1822, it was deemed advisa- ble to tender the property to the State. The next year the State purchased it, changed its title to the “Kentucky Eastern Lunatic Asylum,” and appropriated $10,000 for its benefit. The institution was formally opened May 1, 1824. For twenty years the physi- cians in charge were Dr. S. Theobolds, Dr. Louis Decognets and others, assisted by the faculty of Transylvania University. In 1844, the management was changed, and Dr. -John R. Allen was made superintendent under the new order of things. The legisla- ture appropriated $150,000 in 1867 to the asylum, and its capacity was extended. Dr. W. S. Chipley succeeded Dr. Allen in 1855, as superintendent, a position he held for fourteen years. Since then there have been several superintendents, all of whom have been able physicians, and have discharged HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 535 their duties with ability. In 1873, upon the establishment of the Anchorage asylum, the name of the Lexington asylum was changed to “First Kentucky Lunatic Asylum.” Since 1822, the State has appropriated nearly $1,000,000 to the institution, and the lot of ground on which the original building was erected, has been increased to 300 acres of fine blue grass lands. Every convenience and comfort are afibrded the patients, and the institution ranks highly among its class in the United States. The Western Lunatic Asylum is located in Christian County, about two miles fromHop- kinsville. It was established by an act of the legislature passed February 28, 1848. The growth of settlements in the State, and the increase of population, necessitated the measure as a matter of convenience, both as to capacity and locality. The asylum at Lex- ington could not accommodate all applicants, and before the era of railroads, it required a long journey to reach it from the southwest- ern portion of the State, and thus made it necessary to have a similar institution in that section. The “Spring Hill” tract of land, containing 383 acres, and lying on the turn- pike road east of Hopkinsville, was purchased for $1,971.50. The citizens refunded this sum to the State, and in addition paid $2,000 toward the erection of buildings. In 1849, there was expended $43,052; in 1850, $43,- 484. The legislature in 1848, appropriated $15,000; in 1849, $20,000; in 1850, $45,000; in 1851, $35,000; in 1852, $43,000; in 1854, $44,017: a total of $202,017. The first pa- tients were received on the 18th of Septem- ber, 1854, and by the 1st of December, 1857, 208 had been admitted. Dr. S. Annan was the first superintendent, and under his care the institution was well managed. The main building was destroyed by fire, November 30, 1861, “which caught from sparks from a chimney falling upon the shingle roof. ” There were, at the time of the fire, 210 patients in the institution, all of whom escaped uninjured, except one, who fastened himself in his room and obstinately resisted all efforts to rescue him. and finally perished in the flames. The court house and other buildings in Ho23kinsville were tendered the superintendent for the use of the unfor- tunate inmates, and everything done by the officials and the people to render the patients comfortable until the asylum could be re- built. Twenty-three log-cabins were erected I temporarily, at a cost of $90 each, and into these the patients were removed. The legis- lature in February, 1861, made an appropri- ation to commence rebuilding, and to Janu- ary 1, 1867, had aj^propriated in all $258,- 930. Add to this the sum of $145,420, the value of the land and other buildings on it, makes the total value of the jjroperty then (1867) $404,350, with accommodations for 325 patients. This asylum bears the name of being one of the best managed institutions of the kind in the United States It has been in charge of Dr. James Rodman, the jDresent able superintendent, since 1863 — about twenty- two years. In October, 1871, there had been received the total number of 1,273 patients, of whom 321 were then in the asylum. The Central Lunatic Asylum is located at Anchorage, a beautiful little village in Jef- ferson County, twelve miles from the city of Louisville. Like the Hopkinsville asylum, its establishment was due to the inability of the Eastern and "Western Asylums to accom- modate the insane of the State. It was com- j)leted, and opened for patients but a few j years ago, and at present it is jjretty well ! filled. Rumors of mismanagement recently caused a legislative investigation of the in- stitution, and a resignation of the superin- tendent early in the year 1884. He was suc- ceeded by Dr. H. K. Pusey, whose manage- ment of it has won the approbation of all interested in its welfare. The Institution for Deaf Mutes is located at Danville. It was established by an act of the legislature January 7, 1823, and is claimed to be fourth of its kind, in the order of establishment, in the United States. The legislature appropriated $3,000 to aid it, and j $100 for each pupil, and in 1824, appropri- i ated $3,000 toward the erection of buildings. ! In 1852, $3,000 per annum was appropriated I for the sufjport of the institution, and in 536 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 1865, this sum was increased to |6,000. To this may be added extra appropriations for clothing for the indigent, and for each pu- pil, thus giving the asylum a very fair endow- ment. The building and grounds are fine, and well adapted to the purposes for which they are used. The school session continues thi’ough the whole year, with the exception of July and August. The branches taught are reading, writing, arithmetic, English gi’ammar, history, original composition. Scrip- ture lessons in books; and by lectures on physical geography, chemistiy and natural philosophy. A colored department has been added, and the deaf mutes of that race now receive liberal educational training. The Kentucky Institution for the Education and Training of Feeble-minded Children is located near Frankfort. The following sketch of the institution was furnished for this work by Dr. Stewart, superintendent: The Kentucky Institution for the Educa- tion and Training of Feeble-minded Children was organized in 1860. An act was passed by the legislature on February 11th, of that year, appropriating $‘20,000 for the purchase of lands and the erection of suitable build- ings. A tract of land containing sixty-five acres, belonging to Dr. Lloyd, located within one mile of Frankfort, was purchased for $6,500, and the school immediately started in a small frame building on the grounds. Dr. James Kodman, now superintendent of the Western Lunatic Asylum at Hopkinsville, was elected first superintendent, and the first child was I’eceived on August 16, 1860. Dr. Hodman resigned February 11, 1863, and Rev. Will- iam McD. Abbott was elected to fill his place. He was succeeded by Dr. E. H. Black, who was elected superintendent March 13, 1868, and served until February 25, 1878, when the present superintendent. Dr. John Q. A. Stewart, was appointed by Gov. James B. McCreary. The plan of the building was to consist of a main building and east and west wings. The main building was commenced October 28, 1860, and completed and occupied the following year. It had capacity for about fifty children and was soon filled. Additions were made to it from time to time, and in 1870 the west wing was completed and occu- pied. To complete the original plan the east wing will have to be built. There have been in all about $65,000 appro- priated for buildings and grounds, and it will cost about $30,000 more to complete the buildings according to the original designs. Its capacity will then be increased to 250 children. There are now 156 children in the institu- tion, and are maintained principally by the State. An appropriation of $150 per caput per annum is made for their support. The feature of industrial education has been introduced into the institution under the administration of Dr. Stewart. It is the first institution of the kind in the United States to adopt industrial education, and the experiment promises to be remunerative and pleasing. By this means physical culture will be made productive, and the pupils pre- pared to earn a livelihood when discharged from the institution. The apprenticeship to this system is made to contribute to the health and happiness of the amateur artisans, by strengthening their physical powers, and improving by engaging their minds in use- ful pursuits. In a short time all the car- pentry needed by, and all the shoes used in, the institution will be supplied by the craft of the pupils. The girls are being taught all the domestic m’ts, including hand and machine sewing. This industrial education is not permitted to interfere with the intel- iectual stiadies of the children, but is made auxilary to them. The Kentucky Institution for the Educa- tion of the Blind is'located in the eastern suburbs of the city of Louisville. The in- stitution was established by act of the leg- islature in 1842. The preamble to the orig- inal act recognizes the fact that the blind were equally entitled with the seeing chil- dren to the benefit of the school fund. The appropriation of $10,000 was made, to be paid out of the interest on certain bonds held by the board of education. These bonds had been issued fraudulently by the agent of HISTORY OF KENTUCKY 537 the State of Kentucky, and at the date of the act referred to it was seriously doubted whether these bonds thus fraudulently issued would be I’ecognized by the State. At that time efforts were made by agents of the State to trace the bonds, and thus relieve the State from their payment. The donation, there- fore, to the institution for the blind was deemed of very doubtful value. It is true, as a matter of history, the legis- latui’e was very incredulous as to the feasi- The same individual was the author of the acts establishing the system of common schools and the Kentucky Institution for the Education of the Blind. No specific provis- ion was made in the system of common schools for the education of the blind, and whilst in drafting the act he recognized their equal claims with the other children of the State on the common school fund; and at no subsequent time in his numerous applications to the legislature for aid to the KENTUCKY INSTITUTION FOK THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. bility of educating the blind, and the efood to result therefrom. This is illustrated by the provisions contained in the act that the school should be established and kept up for twelve months before the very doubtful ap- propriation could be collected. This was effected, and the school sustained for twelve months by the liberality of the people of Louisville. The appropriation of $10,000 was ultimately collected. It was the only one ever charged to or paid out of the pub- lic school fund. institution, did he ever ask for or receive an appropriation payable from the common school fund. No special tax has ever been levied for its support. At no time has the institution been subjected to the jurisdiction or supervision of the superintendent of pub- lic instruction. It is now and always has been one of the public charities of the State, and has been liberally sustained out of its { common treasury. ’ The establishment of the school was aided by the kind efforts of Dr. S. G. Howe, the 538 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. superintendent of the institution for the blind in Massachusetts, and of Mr. William Chapin, the superintendent of the institution for the blind in Ohio, who, with some of their pupils, gave an exhibition before the legislature at Frankfort, and several exhibi- tions subsequently in Louisville. At these exhibitions, which were largely attended by the citizens, much interest was manifested, and a committee of twenty- one appointed to collect money to support the school for one year. The efforts of the committee were suc- cessful, and the school was opened May 9, 1842, on Sixth Street, west side, between Walnut and Chestnut, with Bryce M. Patten, superintendent, Miss Maria Howe, matron, and Otis Patten, one of the pupils from Dr. Howe’s school in- Boston, as a teacher. In the year 1844, in virtue of an appropri- ation made by the legislature, a lot of land was purchased and a building erected on the south side of Broadway, between First and Second Streets. In May, 1847, the ladies of Louisville interested in the school gave a tea party, the proceeds of which, amounting to $500, were spent in furnishing the house. On the 29th of September, 1851, this build- ing was destroyed by fire. The trustees of the University of Louisville at once very liberally tendered the use of the large and commodi- ous edifice erected for the collegiate and law departments of the university, so that the operations of the school were hardly inter- rupted by the calamity. The legislature promptly made an appropriation for a new building and for the purchase of more extensive grounds. A commissioner was appointed by the governor of the State to select grounds for the institution, and the present site was chosen and a new building begun. ' On the 8th of October, 1855, it was far enough advanced to remove the school to its new quarters, where it remained with a constantly increasing prosperty until Novem- ber, 1862, when the building was seized by the medical authorities of the United States army for hospital purposes, and retained until an appeal to the president resulted in a restoration of the building to the State. During this compulsory exit, which lasted | five months, the school occupied the building on the workhouse road belonging to the Alexander estate. Since that time the occu- pation of the present building has been uninterrupted. The present superintendent, Mr. B. B. Huntoon, an educator of long experience, has been in charge for years. He is an efficient man, and under his administration the insti- tution has become a vei’y model of excellence in its every department. The American Printing House for the Blind, attached to the institution, and located upon a part of the same grounds, was origi- nally chartered By the legislatui’e in 1860. Its facilities for printing have been increased from time to time, until to day it is the most extensive establishment of the kind in the world. It is the standard printing house for the blind in the United States, and in addi- tion orders for books are constantly being received from Europe and the Canadas. The number of books printed each year runs up into the jiundreds, and the demand is rapidly increasing. National aid is received under an act of congress passed March 3, 1879. The annual report of the trustees for that year says: By the provisions of this act the American Printing House for the Blind receives a sum of ten thousand ($10,000) dollai’s a year, with which to supply every public institution for the education of the blind in the United States with embossed books and tangible apparatus, according to the number of its pupils. The entire sum is to be expended in furnishing books and apparatus, and none of‘ the money may be used in the erection or leasing of buildings. At a meeting of the board of trustees, held April 4, 1879, the trust imposed on them by the act was formally accepted. Prior to this appropriation by congress, the American Printing House for the Blind had been mainly sustained by the beneficent wisdom of the State of Kentucky, as an in- dispensable means in the education of her own blind. An act of the legislature, passed soon after the printing house was established, ap- propriated $5 annually for every blind per- son in the State, according to the United States’ census reports, to “aid the institution in printing books in raised letters for the blind, and in furnishing the same gratui- 539 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. tously to the indigent blind, and at cost to others, in accordance with the provisions of the charter of the said printing house for the blind.” Other appropriations were made at different times, as the printing house needed them. Indeed, no State in the Union has been more libei’al than Kentucky in support of her public charities. A new printing house has recently been erected. It stands in a corner of the spa- North America, and its productions comprise almost everything grown in the temperate zone, but are chiefly wheat, corn, oats, grasses, tobacco, cotton, hemp, fruits, etc., etc. No country in the world is more famous for its flue stock; Kentucky thoroughbred horses and shorthorn cattle command higher prices than those of any other section. Coal, of an excellent quality, is found in many por- tions of the State, notably in the eastern and AMERICAN PRINTING HOUSE FOR THE BLIND— LOUISTILLE. cious grounds of the Institution for the Edu- cation of the Blind, and is an elegant brick building, three stories high, finished off with all the modern improvements. The printing presses run by steam, and although the or- ders for books are many, and are yearly in- creasing, the facilities for printing are equal to the demand. The material wealth and resources of Ken- j tucky are second to no State in the Union. With an area of 37,680 square miles, it con- tains some of the finest agricultural lands in western portions; also beds of the finest can- nel coal lie in certain localities. The State is rich in deposits of lead and iron ore. par- ticularly the latter, and of salt; an excellent quality of marble and lithographic stone are found in the hilly and mountainous regions. With the “soil full of bread, and the earth full of minerals; with an upper surface of j food, and underlayer of fuel; with perfect natural drainage, and abundant springs and streams, and navigable rivers; mid-way be- tween the forests of the north and the fruits 540 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. of the south,” Kentucky is rich in her agri- cultural, animal and mineral productions, as- well as highly favored in her geographical position. The following article, on the material re- sources of Kentucky, was written by Hon. John R. Proctor, State geologist, for the En- cyclopaedia Britannica, and is published in this work by permission: The area of the State has been variously estimated at from 37,000 to 40,000 square miles. The surface is an elevated plateau sloping from the great Appalachian uplift on the southeast to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers on the north and west. Only that por- tion of the State, including and lying be- tween Pine or Laurel Mountain, and the Cumberland range, may be said to partake of the mountain structure. These parallel ranges have an elevation of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above sea-level, whilst the moun- tains in the Cumberland Valley between these ranges, have an elevation of 3,500. The Cumberland River, near where it passes through a break in Pine Mountain, is, at low- water mark, 960 feet above the sea. Some of the hills, immediately to the north, are as high as Pine Mountain, gradually decreasing in height to the western edge of the Appala- chian coal held, where the greatest elevation is less than 1,600 feet above the sea. The eastern coal held, with an area over 10,- 000 square miles, has an elevation of 650 on the Ohio River, to 1,400 feet of the south- western edge of the Tennessee line, and 3,- 500 feet on the southeastern border of the State. The great central, or “ Blue Grass region,” has an area of about 10,000 square miles, and an elevation of from 800 to 1,150 feet. Although elevated several hundred feet above the drainage level, the surface is that of a gently undulating plateau, with a pleasing topography. The Upper Silurian and Devonian, with an area of about 2,500 square miles, have an elevation of 450 on the northwest, and 800 on the northeastern end, to 1,100 feet where these formations curve around the Lower Silurian on the southwest. In this region are wide stretches of very level country, often with insuflficient drain- age. Around this central region extends,, from the mouth of Salt River to the mouth of the Scioto, a continuous ridge, known as Muldi’ow’s Hill, King’s Mountain, Big Hill, and other local names, having an abrupt es- carpment on its inner circle, and sloping away from the central uplifted dome of the Blue Grass region, as a broken plateau on the east, and an almost level plateau on the west, where the subcarboniferous limestone deter- mines the topography. This range of hills is one of the prominent features in the State. The subcarboniferous has an area of about 10,000 square miles, with an elevation of fi'om 350 to 600 feet on the southwestern, to 950 in the central region. In the eastern portion of this formation the streams have cut deep gorges in the limestone, but in its central part only the larger streams are open to daylight, and most of the drainage is sub- terraneous, which gives to that region a pe- culiar topography — the surface being a series of slight round or oval depressions, through which the surface water escapes to the streams below. Whenever the small passage way, leading downward from one of these sinks, becomes closed, a “pond” is formed. In this formation are the numerous caverns, for which this State is noted. The western coal field has an area of about 4,000 square miles, and an elevation of from 400 feet along the Ohio River, to 850 feet in its southeastern portion. The Quaternary, with an area of 2,500 square miles, has an elevation of about 280 feet on the river bottom lands, and from 350 to 450 on the uplands. The average elevation for the entire State is over 1,000 feet above the sea, and the numerous streams penetrating all portions have cut their channels deep enough to secure ample drainage, and ex- emption from the dangers of floods, with the exception of very limited areas. The State has a river boundry of 813 miles of navigable streams: — the Chatterawha or Big Sandy on the east for 120 miles, the Ohio on the north for 643 miles, and the Mississippi on the west for 50 miles. The Chatterawha, Licking, Kentucky, Cumber- land, and Tennessee Rivers have their sources in the Appalachain coal-field, and flow HISTORY OF KENTUCKYY 541 through the State to the Ohio River. The Green and Tradewater Rivers drain the west- ern coal-field. Kentucky has many hundred miles of navigable rivers, connecting with the Mississippi system and furnishing a most advantageous means of cheap transport for coal, timber, etc. A system of river im- provement, begun by the State some years ago, by which the Green and Barren Rivers from Bowling Green downward, and also the lower portion of the Kentucky River, were made continuously navigable, is being prose- cuted still further by the United States gov- ernment. It is now possible to float down logs, rafts, fiat boats, etc., from almost the fountain heads of the rivers. The climate is very mild and salubrious. The mean annual temperature ranges in dif- ferent parts of the State from 50° to 55° Fah- renheit. The extreme range is less than in the States north and west. The lowest rec- ord at the United States Signal Service sta- tion during the exceptionally cold months of December, 1880, and January, 1881, was —8°. During the very hot summer of 1881, the maximum temperature was greater as far north as Chicago than in Kentucky. Cattle remain upon the pasture during the en- tire winter, with but little additional food, and there is seldom a day, winter or summer, when a man may not perform a full day’s work in the open air. The healthfulness of the climate is attested by the low death-rate, and by the strength and vigor of the popula- tion. The tabulated measurements of the United States volunteers during the civil war show that the soldiers born in Kentucky and Tennessee exceed all others in height, weight, circumference of head, circumference of chest, and ratio of weight to stature. The speed and endurance of the Kentucky horse, and the superior development of all kinds of domestic animals, are well known. The an- nual rain-fall ranges in various parts of the State from forty-five to fifty inches, and is probably still higher in the Cumberland Mountains. With the exception of the more recent formations in the portion of the State west of the Tennessee River, and along the valleys of some of the streams, Kentucky is com- posed entirely of Paleozoic strata, having present all of the various groups found in the Ohio Valley, from the calciferous sand- I’ock (3a of Dana’s Table of Formations) to and including the carboniferous. The united thickness of the various groups is not great in Kentucky — probably not aggregating over 5,000 feet. The entire State is included within the area of the great Appalachian uplift. In the southeast the disturbance is greater, the strata often being inclined at a high angle, the successive undulations grad- ually diminishing toward the northwest. This disturbance in the southeast is empha- sized by the Great Pine Mountain fault ex- tending parallel to the axis of the Appala- chian uplift, entirely through the southeast- ern portion of the State and bringing to the surface in the coal-measures rocks as low as the Clinton group of the Upper Silm-ian. The axis of the greatest geological elevation in the State is parallel to the above, and passes in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction through the counties of Montgom- ery, Clark, Madison, Garrard, Jessamine and Boyle, shown on the map by the deflexion of the Kentucky River from its general course toward the Ohio River. This uplift brings to the surface the lowest rocks exposed in the State, the “bird’s eye” limestone of the Trenton (4a of Dana), and the dolomite, known as “Kentucky River marble,” includ- ing what is probably the equivalent of the calciferous sandrock of the New York section. These lowest rocks of the Kentucky section form a triangular area having its depressed apex northwest of Frankfort, and its elevated base in the counties named above. Throua^h O these formations, having a thickness of over 400 feet, the picturesque gorge of the Ken- tucky River has been cut. Next in ascend- ing order we have 150 feet of blue fossili- ferous limestone, containing characteristic forms of the Trenton of New York, and 800 feet of limestone and shales containing the fossils of the Hudson River or Cincinnati gi’oups (4c of Dana). These groups make up the well-known “Blue Grass” region of Ken- tucky, celebrated for the fertility of soil, high 543 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. agricultural development, and superiority of the horses and other domestic animals pro- duced. The soils of the most fertile portion of this region are derived from the 150 feet immediately above the bird’s eye limestone. These rocks are very rich in phosphate of lime, and with cax’eful tillage and proper ro- tation of crops the lands are not exhausted by cultivation. The blue limestones of central Kentucky are very pi’olific in fossil forms. Surrounding this central region are the rocks of the Upper Silurian, averaging in thickness about 100 feet. East of Louisville this formation is about twenty-tive miles wide, and in eastern central Kentucky about ten miles wide, decreasing in thickness and in su- perficial extent toward the southwestern por- tion. The rocks are mostly magnesian lime- stone, rich in fossil forms, of which the most characteristic are the beautiful chain corals. The soils of this formation are less fertile than those derived from the blue shell lime- stone and marly shales of the Lower Siluri- an. Above the latter formation, and form- ing the outer portion of the semi-circle or irregular triangle extending around the great central uplift, are the corniferous limestones of the Devonian (9c of Dana). The principal exposure is seen at the falls of the Ohio below Louisville, at low water pre- senting probably the most beautiful and extensive natural cabinet of corals in the world — a reef of corals perfectly preserved in minutest sti’ucture, and of exquisite beauty. The soils derived from these I’ocks are almost of equal fertility to the best soils of the blue limestone, and the topography is equally pleasing to the eye. The next for- mation in order is the black shale (10c of Dana), of the Devonian, with a thickness of about 150 feet in the northeast and decreas- ing gradually to the south and west. This formation is peculiar from the high percent- age of petroleum contained in the shale. Before the discovery of oil-wells, oil was distilled from these shales, and the oil in the productive wells of Kentucky is derived from the same source. Where this shale determines the topography, the lands are generally flat, often with insufficient drain- age, and are not so productive as analyses would seem to warrant. Doubtless under- draining will increase the yield. The subcarboniferous rocks, consisting of the several groups identified by fossil re- mains with the Waverly, Keokuk, Warsaw, St. Louis, and Chester groups (13a, 13b and 13c of Dana), composed of sandstones, shales, and limestones, with a total thickness of over 1,000 feet, cannot here be described in detail. Muldrow’s Hill, representing the retreating escarpment of formations which formerly extended over the central Blue Grass region, is composed of these rocks, capped at Big Hill in Madison County with the carboniferous conglomerate. The sub- carboniferous limestone region of western and southern Kentucky, drained by the Green and Cumberland 'Rivers, is character- ized for the most part by an excellent soil, well adapted to the growth of Indian corn, wheat, barley, and other cereals, producing a very fine quality of tobacco, and certain grasses in great perfection. This formation is noted for the numerous caverns of large size and great beauty — the best known being the celebrated Mammoth Cave in Edmonson County, which is the largest known cavern in the world. Here many miles of subterra- nean passages have been excavated by the eroding action of water charged with carbonic acid, assisted in places by the action of the atmosphere. The caverns are beautified by columns and stalagmites formed by the deposition of carbonate of lime from the percolating waters, and by exfoliation of sulphate of lime, taking the form of flowers, rosettes, and other shapes, rendered more beautiful by their power of reflecting light.* The detailed survey of the carboniferous strata of Kentucky is not yet completed, but enough is known to justify the assertion that the total area in the State is over 14,000 square miles — 10,000 square miles of the Appalachian coalfield and 4,000 square miles of the western or Illinois coalfield. In the eastern field two workable coals *For historical description of Mammoth Cave, see Appendix A, Note 32. HISTOllY OF KENTUCKY. 543 ai’e found below, and twelve above the carboniferous conglomerate. The eastern field is remarkable for the thickness of some of the coal strata, and the purity of coals, for the large area of excellent cannel coals, and for the ease with which the coals may be mined, being mostly elevated above the drainage level. The thickest portion of the measures is in the synclinal trough between the Pine and Cum- berland Mountains — there be- ing a vei’tical thickness of over 2,200 feet of coal-measure rocks above the drainage level. In the southeastern portion of the eastern field an excellent coking coal has been traced over a wide area. This coal ranges from four feet to eight feet in thick- ness, can be mined cheaply, and has a very low percentage of ash and sulphur. The western coal- field is a broad synclinal, its axis almost parallel to the gen- eral direction of Green River, crossed by undulations, the axes of which extend from northeast to southwest. No workable coal has been opened below the con- glomerate, which is thinner than in eastern Kentucky. Twelve coals are present in the measures above the conglom- erate. Some of these coals are of excellent quality, although the percentage of sulphur is larger than in the best of the eastern Kentucky coals. The soils of the coal measures are variable in quality. Some of the most productive lands in the State are in the western coal-field. In the eastern field are very fertile valleys, and the uplands in the Cumberland Valley are quite pro- ductive. Even the poorest of the coal- measure soils are well adapted to certain grasses and fruits, and will yield good re- turns from intelligent culture. There only remain to be noticed the Quaternary strata. The region west of the Tennessee River, and the level plains bor- dering the principal rivers and above high water level, are composed of a homogeneous buff-colored, silicious loam, known as the “ blufi’ ” or loess formation (20b of Dana). This is, with the exception of the alluvial “ bottoms” along the rivers, the most recent formation in Kentucky. The deposit has a thickness of from 40 to 50 feet. Owing partly to the presence of numerous land and fresh- water shells (Helix, Gyclostoma, Pupa, Cyclas, etc.), this formation is highly calcareous. THE ENTRANCE TO WAHJIOTH CAVE (LOOKING OUT). giving, from an average sample, 9.6 per cent of lime, and the soils are of marked fertility. This bluff loam rests upon a coarse gravel, varying in thickness from a few inches to thirty feet, composed mainly of water-worn pebbles from the carboniferous conglomerate, and slightly water-worn angular pebbles of chert and hornstone from the lower subcar- boniferous and corniferous groups, and coarse angular sand. Intermingled throughout are silicified fragments of many of the Paleozoic fossils to be found in the Ohio Valley. In de- scending order are beds of white sand and clay, and shales of the Eocene (Tertiary), only slightly exposed in the extreme western part of the State, where the streams have cut deepest. 544 HISTOEY OF ICENTUCKY. Nowhere in the State, have evidences of gla- cial action been found. Over the uplifted Blue Grass region, are often thick deposits of what has been called drift material; but such deposits are composed altogether of silicified remains from the several formations above the Lower Silurian, and the evidences are conclusive that they are the remains of rocks decomposed in situ. No precious metals have been discovei’ed in Kentucky. The amount of coal hitherto mined has not been as large as the quantity and qual- ity in the State would justify, but the in- creased facilities of transport have stim- ulated production, and the output will in- crease from year to year. In 1870, the amount mined was 150,582 tons, and in 1880, 1,050,095 tons, a larger percentage of increase than any other State in the Union. Iron ores of good quality abound in various parts of the State. In Bath County is a large deposit of Clinton ore, similar to the red fossil ore occurring in this formation from New York to Alabama. The same ore probably is in position along the western base of Pine Moun- tain. Along the southeastern border of the State it extends for many miles in Tennessee and Virginia, with a thickness of from eight- een inches to seven feet, where the very near proximity to the excellent coking coal of Ken- tucky, renders it of peculiar value in determin- ing the future development of that portion of the State. In the Cumberland Valley of Western Kentucky, a high grade limonite is abundant in the subcarboniferous limestone, and in eastern Kentucky, a superior iron ore rests upon the top of the St. Louis group of this formation. Excellent carbonates and limonites abound in the eastern coal-measures and have been mined extensively in the north- eastern part of the State. In the lower coal- measures of western Kentucky, a number of iron ore strata ranging in thickness from a few inches to five feet. Galena, associated with sulphate of baryta, occurs in veins in the lower members of the blue limestone of central Kentucky, and also [ in the subcarboniferous strata in the lower ! Cumberland Valley, where it is associated with valuable deposits of fluorspar. Petroleum has been produced from wells in Barren County, for a number of years. The oil is here derived from the Devonian black shale. Heavy lubricating oil is produced from the same formation in Wayne County. There is a wide area in the State, where petro- leum may be obtained by boring. Salt-brine is obtained from wells in the eastern coal field, and in the subcarboniferous limestone of western Kentucky. Fire and pottery clays abound in the coal measures; pottery clays occur in the surface deposits in valleys of central Kentucky, and in the flat lands where the soil is derived from the decomposition of the Devonian black shale, and the argillaceous shales of the W averly group. In the Tertiary shales below the gravel bed west of the Tennessee River, are pottery-clays, and fire-clays occur in great abundance. Building stones of great variety abound in almost every section. Forests. — Probably two-thirds of the State is yet covered by virgin forests of valuable timbers. At the time of the settlement of the State by the whites it was covered by forests, excepting a portion of the southwestern part, known as the “Barrens,” which was a prairie, covered with tall grass, known as “barren- grass. ” Here only the roots of certain hardy trees had withstood the annual burning of the dry grasses; from these roots, “sprouts” grew every year, only to be destroyed by fire, and the roots or base grew horizontal [y under the soil. When the country was settled and the fires checked, the saplings springing from these roots soon grew into trees, and the region, was speedily covered with a dense growth, the prevailing timbers being black- jack oak {Quercus nigra), post oak {Q. obtusi- loba), and black oak (§. fmcton'a). The out- line of these barrens was almost identical with the outline of the cavernous gi’oup of the subcarboniferous limestone. On the lower limestones and shales of the subcarbon- iferous, the most valuable timbers remaining are yellow poj)lar {Liriodendron tulipfera), white oak {Q. alba), the hickories, and some black walnut (Juglans nigra). The several divisions of the Lower Silurian are character- KENTtrCKV institute FOR THE EDIU^ATION OF FEEBLE MTNDI'.D CIIILHKEN, FIIANKFORT vvV'' •V i; ^'§y { ‘ ' f Kentucky’s history. Ballard County is of recent origin, having been formed in 1842. It was the ninety- third county organized; was taken from Mc- Cracken and Hickman, and until the last Legi.slature (1885-86), when it Avas divided and the county of Carlisle formed out of a part of it, it Avas one of the largest counties in the State, having nearly 400 square miles. It is situated in that portion of the State known as the Jackson Purchase^', and borders *The .Taekson Purchase is an inipnriant section of the State lyiiiK l>et\vi eii tlie Mis.-ii.ssijipi and Ten iiesaee Rivers, .and which has hitherto I'een largely ignored by the general historian. It includes the counties of Ballard, Calloway, Carlisle, Fulton, Giave-i, Hickman, McCracken tind Marshall, in Kentucky, and some tweTity counties in the State of Tennessee, it was pur- chased from the Chickasaw Indians by Cov. Shelby, on the ]iart of Kentucky, and (ten .Jackson, on the part of Tennessee, and the treaty signed by them and the chiefs, hetid men and war- riors of the Chickasaw nation October 19, 1818, The name “ Jackson's Purchase ” was given to it in honor of Gen. Jackson, who was then rising rapidly to that great popularity which a few years later wafted him into the presidential chair. It is said that the Indians had some ill feelings against Gov. Shelby, the Ohio River opposite the extreme southern point of Illinois. It is bounded on the north Ijy the Ohio River ; on the east by McCracken County; on the south by Carlisle County; on the west by the Mississippi River, and in 1880 it had a population, including Carlisle, of 14,378. Ballard County is one of the heavy tobacco-growing counties of the State, and is the fifteenth in the production of ‘ ‘ the weed,” turning out 3,760,743 pounds in 1880. Corn, wheat and oats are grown in large quantities, the statistics, in 1880, being — Corn, 951,357 bushels; Avheat, 161,843, and oats, 20,982. Many of the farmers, however, are beginning to turn their atten- tion to stock raising. Portions of the county are level and well improved, other portions are heavily timbered, Avhile the river bottoms are very rich and productiA^e. The county and the county seat (Bland- ville) were named in honor of Capt. Bland Ballard, a native of Virginia, and born in 1761. He came to Kentucky in 1779 and took an active part in the border warfare of the early period. He served in Col. Bow- man’s expedition in 1779, and in Gen. George Rogers Clark’s expedition against the Piqua towns in 1780. In the latter ex- pedition he Avas severely wounded — a Avound he suffered from until his death. He was again with Clark in 1782 against the same toAvns; Avith Clark in the Wabash camjjaign in 1786; with Gens. Scott and Wilkinson in 1791, and in 1794 was with Gen. Wayne at the battle of the ‘‘Fallen Timber.” He served as a hunter and scout for Gen. Clark, and were loath to treat with him; hence the prominence given to Gen. Jackson in the treaty, and the bestowal of his name upon the purchased territory. The Indians never used the “ Purchase” otherwise than tis a hunting-ground. No evidences remain of permanent settle- ment by them, though they were seen in portions of thedistrict as late as 1830. They committed no hostilities against the whiles after the treaty, but lived on friendly terms with them until their removal to the W'est. The Purchase has more than once made a move looking to the formation of the district (both the Kentucky and Tennessee portions) into a separate and distinct State. On this subject a late writer says; “The Jackson Purchase is substantially an annex to the State of Kentucky. Many of its people feel that theyaie placed at a serious disadvantage in respect to the proper rights and privileges under the State government. AVith this feeling im- planted in their hearts, they have hoped for years that they might join with the remainder of the Purchase in Teune.-see, and thus form a State whose government would be mure imme- diately identified with theii iuterest. .Sostrong had this feeling become that in May 18CI, a convention was held in Mayfield, 1 at which the proposition lo secede from Kentucky was earnestly i discussed and recommended. The similarity of soils, produc- tions, dim, ate an l the characteristics of the people of the Purchase has resulted in a wonderful unity of farming, styles of I archit.ee ure, forms of expression and modes of living.” Wadeshoro was the second town and the most important I one laid out in the district. It was long known as the capital of the Purchase, and was a place of considerab e prominence It was the first land office, and from it emanated much ol the busitiess and the legal and moral influence of the section. Columbus was laid out with the intention of making it not only the capital of the Purchase, but of the National Government. I Paducah is the principal town of AVestern Kentucky, and the metropolis of the Purchase district. All these cities and towns, j however, are fully noticed in their respective counties. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 551 when in command of the fort at Louisville, and many were his hair-breadth escapes from the savages. He died in Shelby County, in 1853, at the age of ninety-two years. Among the early settlers of Ballard Coun- ty were Solomon Eedferrin, Robert Crafton, John Humphrey, Daniel Doolin and John Weaver. These were followed later by John Marshall, William Rush, Samuel Wilson, William Holman, Andrew Lovelace and others. They settled in diflPerent parts of the county, and many of them have representa- tives still living there. A number of mounds and earth works, relics of the mound builders, were discovered in Ballard County by the early settlers. A mound in Township 5 was very plain. It was 60 feet long, 30 feet wide, and about 15 feet high. In the river bottom, nearly opposite Mound City, 111., was one that occupied some fifteen acres of ground. This extensive mound was 5 or 6 feet high, with an oval-shaped mound on one end some 40 feet high and containing nearly half an acre. Near the center of the big mound was another which was some 1 2 feet high. Though supposed to have been the work of the pre- historic people, many Indian relics have been found in its vicinity. Old Fort Jefferson was situated in what is now Ballard County. A severe battle was fought here in 1780, and the fort regularly besieged. The Indians were led by a Scotch- man named Colbert, and the whites were commanded by Gen. George Rogers Clark. The struggle was long and doubtful, but the whites triumphed at last. (See preceding chapters on the Indian wars. ) Blandville, until recently the seat of jus- tice, is situated near the center of the coun- ty, before it was divided for the formation of Carlisle County. It is a very pretty little town of 476 inhabitants in 1880, and was named for Capt. Bland Ballard. In 1884-85 the county seat was removed to Wickliffe, after a hot and bitter contest. IVickliffe, the present seat of justice, is a new town on the Illinois Central and Mobile & Ohio Railroads, about five miles south of Cairo, 111. It has a new brick court house and jail, several flourishing stores, a news- paper, two hotels, etc. Other villages, post- offices and stations are Barlow City, Hazel- wood, Hinkleyville, Lovelaceville, North Bal- lard, Oscar and Ogden’s Landing. Baeken County lies in the Green River section, and was established in 1798. It was the thirty-seventh county, and was carved out of Warren and Green Counties. It is bound- ed on the north by Hart County; on the east by Metcalfe; on the south by Allen and Mon- roe; on the west by Allen, Edmondson and Warren, and in 1880 it had 14,378 inhabi- tants. Its name is derived from the ‘ ‘ bar- rens ’ ’ — those vast treeless plains or prairies common in southern Kentucky. It has con- siderable of this fine “ barren ” land, which, contrary to its name, is very rich and produc- tive; but the larger portion of the county is rolling, extending into rough and rugged hills. Most of the land, however, is fertile and produces well. Tobacco is the principal crop, 2,305,586 poundshaving been raised in 1880; but grain is cultivated extensively, and much attention is likewise being paid to stock raising, which is becoming more and more valuable each year. Glasgow is the capital of the county. It is a town of about 1,500 inhabitants, by the last census, and is steadily increasing in population and importance. It is situated eleven miles from the main line of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, with which it is connected by a branch road. It has a good court house, a number of substantial build- ings and business houses, several handsome churches and some beautiful and tasteful residences. A newspaper, the Times, is one of the flourishing papers of Southern Ken- tucky. Other towns are Cave City and Glasgow Junction (on the Louisville A Nash- ville Railroad), Hiseville, Park, Prewitt's Knob, Horsewell Cross Roads and Roseville. Barren County prodiices petroleum abund- antly, and only requires capital and energy to make it an extensive and lucrative business. The census report of 1880 shows the annual production of petroleum in the county to be 5,376 barrels — the fourth largest yielding section in the United States; northwestern Pennsylvania being the largest; West Vir- ginia and Washington County, Ohio, the second; Beaver County, Penn., the third, and Barren County, Ky. , the fomth. A number of mineral springs, claimed to possess medic- inal properties, are found in different locali- ties. A white sulphur spring, some sixteen miles from Glasgow, on the Little Barren River, is said to be the strongest stream of mineral water in this section of the State. Caves, prehistoric remains, human bones, and inscriptions upon trees, are among the wonders and curiosities of the county. On a large beech tree, which stood upon the bank of a tributary of the Little Barren River, is said to have been found by Edmund Rogers, one of the earliest surveyors in the Green 652 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. River country, the following inscription; “James McCall, of Mecklinburg County, N. C., June 18, 1770.” Other initials were found on the same tree. Near Glasgow is a cave, in the bluff by the river, in which many human bones were found j by early settlers. The cave was never fully explored, and nothing beyond the mere fact of bones being found is known concerning it. Another cave on Skaggs Creek was discovered, in which were found bones, their size indicat- ing that they were wholly the bones of chil- dren. A bone is said to have been found in this cave — apparently a Knight Templar’s drinking cup — which seemed that part of the skull about the crown of the head, and bore traces of carving on the outside, and of hav- ing been scalloped on the edges. We read of the savage kings of the olden time drinking wine from the skulls of their slaughtered en- emies; this may have been the custom among the prehistoric people of the Ohio Valley. The following sketch, though partaking somewhat of the Mulhatton style of romance, appears in Collins’ History of Kentucky : In December, 1870, a party of hunters chased a fox into a cave on Beaver Creek, five miles from Glasgow, and about fifty feet from the Columbia road. The cave is well known, and had been occa- sionally visited. But in the southern avenue, the hunters explored a tortuous fissure in the rock, about twenty feet long and large enough to admit the body of a man, which led them into a small oblong chamber, eighteen feet long and twenty feet high. In this they found the remains of at least ten human beings, the skulls nearly all sound, many bones per- fect, others too much decayed for removal. On several of the skulls, lying on the surface, was a limestone formation, caused by the dripping of water from the stone ceiling. The robbers and murderers, who infested this road and region in early days, probably used this cave, and in this secluded chamber deposited their murdered victims. When the first white peojsle came to what is now Barren County, quite a number of mounds were lalainly to be seen, some of which are still perceptible. On the promon- tory formed by the confluence of Peter’s Creek with the Big Barren River, there was a group of mounds, several in number. They were some distance apart, forming a circle several hundred yards in circumference, and when first seen bore evidence of having had huts upon them. Within the circle of small mounds was a large one, nearly 100 feet in diameter. Just outside of the circle was another large mound, similar to the one just described. Another group of mounds some ' distance from this group was discovered, and in some of them, upon being opened, bones, teeth and human hair, perfectly preserved, were found. In the vicinity of these mounds are many graves lined with smooth, flat I stones and containing bones and skeletons. This is but confirmatory of the theory of archeologists, that ‘ ‘ our houses are built on grounds once appropriated by others;’’ that ‘ ‘ our towns and cities occupy the sites of I older cities, ’ ’ and that ‘ ‘ our cemeteries are sacred to the memory of a ghostly people, who, in the event of a final resurrection, could rise up and claim ownership prior to that of the Anglo-Saxon race.” Settlements were made in the present county of Barren prior to the close of the last century. Among the early settlers, and per- haps one of the first white men in the county, was Edmund Rogers, a pioneer surveyor in southern Kentucky. He settled upon land in the county, on which he afterward laid out the town of Edmonton in 1800. He was a native of Virginia, born in 1762, and was a Revolutionary soldier. He came to Ken- tucky in 1783, and spent many years in sur- veying lands in this part of the State. He died in 1843, and was buried on the farm he had located and improved. Hon. Preston H. Leslie, for more than a quarter of a century a citizen of this county, was born in Clinton County in 1819. He is a man of prominence and ability, and like many of our wisest statesmen, he has' been the ‘ ‘ architect of his own fortune. ” He was left an orphan at an early age, and ‘ ‘ his self- relying spirit and indomitable energy,” says his biographer, “ made him, in his poverty, a cart-driver in the streets of Louisville at the age of thirteen; a wood-chopper at four- teen; a ferryman, farmer’s boy and cook for tan-bark choppers at fifteen; a lawyer at twenty-two; a representative in the Legisla- ture at twenty-five; a senator at thirty-two, and governor of the eighth State in population of the American Union, at fifty-one.” After completing his law studies he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Mon- roe County, but some years later removed to Glasgow, in this county, where he still resides. When Gov. Stevenson was elected to the United States Senate in 1871, Mr. Leslie, as the acting lieutenant-governor, was inaugurated governor to fill out the un- expired term. In August of the same year he was the Democratic nominee for governor and was elected by 37,156 majority over his Republican competitor. Since the close of his gubernatorial term he has retired from ! politics, and resumed the practice of law in Glasgow. A native of this county, who arose to mili- tary distinction in the history of his country, was Gen. John C. McFerran. He was born I in Glasgow, and was the son of Judge W. R. HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 553 1 McFerran. A graduate of West Point, he was brevetted second lieutenant of the Third Infantry in 1843, and afterward served in the Mexican war. He also served with distinc- I tion in the late civil war (on the Federal side) and for gallant and meritorious conduct was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, colonel and brig- j adier-general of the United States Army. | At the time of his death he was assistant i quartermaster-general of the United States Army, and chief quartermaster for the de- partment of the South. He died April 24, 1872, in Louisville. County was the fifty- sixth organized in the State, and dates its formation back to January, 1811. Montgomery County con- tributed the territory, and the great number of mineral and medicinal springs within its limits furnished it a name. The Licking Elver forms its northern and eastern bound- ary, and its tributaries in the county are Salt Lick, Flat and Slate Creeks, together with a number of small streams that are nameless. Bath is bounded on the north by Fleming County; on the east by Fleming, Kowan and Menifee; on the south by Menifee and Mont- ; gomery; on the west by Montgomery and Nicholas, and in 1880 it had 11,982 inhabi- tants. The western portion of the county is i fine limestone land and produces well; the ; eastern part is rough, poor and barren. Iron ore and coal are to be found in this section. The following of these minerals is from the geological survey; Analysis of fourteen samples of Bath County limonite ores ranged from 26.61 to 60.41 in percent- age of metallic iron — an average of 49.10, and of three of carbonate of iron. 27.22 per cent. One or more furnaces in this county were worked about 1790. The coal area of Bath County is in the south- east corner and small. Its outcrop in the ridge, which divides the headwaters of Gilladie and In- dian branches of Red River from the headwaters of Beaver, Blackwater, Duck and Salt Lick Creeks, as far west as the head of Slate Creek. It contains only the sub-conglomerate bed, which is here a double vein of workable thickness, which ranges from 28 to 36 inches, most of it with a clay part- ing. Much of it is hauled to Mount Sterling for blacksmith purposes and the grate. This bed of coal is within three to six miles of two lines of railroad surveys made in 1852-53 (one of which, the Cliesapeake A Ohio, has since been built), near the Olympian Springs. Springs are abundant and of two kinds — one of cold, hard water, issuing at the base of the limestone; the other a soft water, not cold, issuing higher up in the hills, and marking the place of the coal. The Olympian Springs is a local summer resort of considerable note. There are three springs within a small area; sulphur, salt sulphur and chalybeate. They are situated about eight miles from Owingsville, the county seat, and if more thoroughly • adver- tised would rank as second to no similar place in the State. There are many beauti- ful and picturesque spots in Bath County. The precipitous cliffs along Dry Ridge (which forms the center of the mineral section of the county) present some very fine views. ‘ ‘ Over these cliffs at short intervals plunge numberless waters, wearing for themselves deep and narrow channels in the conglom- erate. At the Laurel Spring meeting-house the stream falls over a projecting ledge to a depth of 110 feet; further east Raccoon Creek falls 41 feet down upon a shelving mass of the conglomerate, and then with another plunge of 44 feet reaches the bottom of the gulf. ’ ’ * Owingsville is the county seat, and in 1880 had a population of 773. It is situated near the center of the county, and was named for Col. Thomas Dye Owings, a distinguished citizen, but was originally settled by Harrison Connor. It has several churches, a good schoolhouse, stores, banks, handsome resi- dences, etc. One of the finest business points in the county is Sharpsburg, in the western part, near the Montgomery line. Other towns and postoffices are Bethel, Polksville and Wyoming — the latter on the Licking River. Bath County was settled by Thomas Clark and his brother, Hugh Sidwell, Elias Tolin, James Wade, a man named Bollard, Francis Downing, and William Calk. A fort or block-house was built in 1786, on the slate ore bank, where the slate iron furnace was afterward erected. Nothing now re- mains to mark the spot where the furnace was located. Numeroiis mounds and fortifications, relics of the prehistoric period, were found in this county. Four miles northeast of the towm of Sharpsburg, was a very large and interest- ing mound. It was twenty feet high, when first seen by the early whites, and a mile or so from it was another almost as large. Trees were growing upon these mounds that bore every appearance of being as old as those in the surrounding forests. In the eastern and southern parts of the county were no mounds, but in the western and northwest j^ortions they were very plenty, most of which have already been leveled by the plow of the hus- bandman. Near the town of Sharpsburg was a very interesting fortification. It formed a circle embracing about eleven acres, and as late as 1800 the embankment or wall enclosing it *State Geological Reports. 554 HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. was very plain to be seen, and was fi'om three to four feet high. There were two small mounds near the embankment, one on the east, the other on the west side of it. A pond of water, evidently of artificial con- struction, was on the south side, mainly within the embankment, but extending out- side, and was fed by a small branch from a sju’ing. Southeast and southwest of the for- tification were several large mounds. Time, and the onward march of industry, have almost obliterated these earthworks, and in a few years more they will be as obscure as the records of their builders. The following interesting description* of the skeleton of a mastodon is pertinent to the sketch of this county: On the land of John R. Wren, in Sharpshurg, on the highest ground in tlie town, and as high as any in the vicinity, is a natural pond known as Flem- ing’s Pond, so called, tradition says, because Col. John Fleming secreted himself in or near it after being wounded by the Indians. In 1851, while clean- ing out and deepening this pond, which had become dry and full of mud, at the depth of four feet were discovered, in a stratum of blue cla 3 % slightly inter- mixed with dark loam, the remains of a mastodon; the overlying stratum was of decomposed vegetable matter, with chips of wood, evidently made by the axes of the first settlers. Several teeth, three or four inches broad and six inches long, perfectly sound; a tusk, eight feet long and seven inches in diameter at the base, which crumbled on exposure to the air; a hip joint nine inches across the socket; a section of a rib six inches broad, and some other bones, correspondingly" large, proved the animal to be of enormous proportions. Some of the speci- mens were sent to the museum of Centre College, while others were retained by Dr. H. E. Guerrant. Among the notable men of Bath County are John C. Mason, Ambrose D. Mann, Henry S. Lane and Gen. John B. Hood. The last, the noted Confederate general, was born in Owingsville June 29, 1831. He was edu- cated at Mount Sterling until he entered West Point, from which he graduated in 1853. He served on the western frontier until the commencement of the civil war, when he resigned and entered the Confeder- ate Army. His record since then is familiar to all readers. Mr. Mason was a native of Virginia, but settled in Bath early, and en- gaged in the iron business. He served in the Legislature and in Congress, and was a soldier in the Mexican War; he died in 1865. Mr. Mann was born in this county. He filled many honorable positions, among them agent of the United States Govern- ment to Austria, in 1846, to Hungary, in 1849, and to Switzerland in 1850. Mr. Lane was also born in this county, but removed to Indiana when young, and was a representa- * Collins, Vol. II, p. 47. tive in Congress from that State, and United S^tes senator for six years. ‘"^Bell County, or, as formerly called. Josh Bell County, was formed in 1867, and was the one hundred and twelfth county organized. It was formed from parts of Knox and Harlan Counties, but in 1870-71, a small portion of Whitley County, comprising about forty-five voters, and known as the South American District, was added. At present it is bounded on the north by Clay County ; on the east by Harlan County; on the south by the State of Tennes- see; on the west by Whitley and Knox Coun- ties, and in 1880 it had 6,055 inhabitants. It is rough and mountainous, but has some good lands, mostly along the streams and upon the north side of the hills. On the ridges and southern hillsides the land is poor, and the agricultural productions — which are wheat, corn, oats, rye, and tobacco — light. Timber is abundant, consisting of oak, pop- lar, hard and soft maple, black and white walnut, beech, linden, sycamore, dogwood, elm, chestnut, etc. On the south side of Pine Mountain there is considerable black and yellow pine. The county is watered and drained by a number of tributaries of the Cumberland, viz. : Right Fork, Left Fork, Caney Fork, Stony Fork, Turkey, Four Mile, Hoiise’s, Yellow, Browning’s, Straight, Big Clear, and other small streams. Some of the finest bituminous coal that can be found, it is said, in the world, is in this county. A bank on Clear Creek displays a vein fourteen feet thick. Pineville, the seat of justice, is situated in the western part of the county, and receives its name from Pine Mountain. The follow- ing is its history: The mountains rise very high on both sides (east and west) of the village, and are almost perpen- dicular. with large cliffs or rocks overhanging. Immediately bordering on the town northwest is Cumberland Ford, one of the oldest settlements in this part of the country, said to have belonged origi- nally to Gov. Shelby, and been bought from him by James Renfro, whose famifr" owned it for several generations. During the late civil war the house and fences were destroyed by the Federal Army, but have since been rebuilt, and the place is now in a fine state of cultivation. Pineville is a small place, with less than a hundred inhabitants by the last census. It has the usual public buildings, stores, shops, etc. Other villages and postotfices are Con- ant, Callaway, Clear Fork. Cubage, Ingram, Skidmore, Red Bird and Yellow Creek. Cumberland Gap is on the border of this HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. .55-5 county. The fii-st explorers and visitors to Kentucky entered the State through this gap in the mountains. It was the only place for many miles where w'agons could cross the mountains. During the late war it was con- sidered a point of great military importance, and was held alternately by both armies. It was through this gap that Gen. Zollicoifer invaded Kentucky before the battle of Mill Springs, where he lost his life, and through this gap the "Wilderness Tiumpike ” passes out of the State. The Swift Silver Mine, that at times created great excitement in portions of the State, was supposed to be in this county. Notwith- standing the excitement, this mine was some- what mythical, and it is no easy matter to find an individual who can locate it, except by ‘‘hearsay evidence.” John Swift, there can be no doubt, was in Kentucky in early times, but that he discovered silver here in any con siderable quantities is a story to be taken with allowance. Although silver ore has been found in the State in a number of places, yet never in paying quantities. The first whites that ever visited Eastern or Central Kentucky passed through Cum- berland Gap and through this county. A small body of Virginians, among whom were Dr. Thomas Walker, Ambrose Powell and Colby Chew, in 1750, came through this gap into Kentucky. A beech tree near Yellow Creek, after settlements had been made, bore the legend, ‘‘A. Powell, 1750.” John Bradford, in his notes on Kentucky, published in 1827, says that Walker told Gov. Shelby, twenty years afterward, that they were there in 1750, and pointed out the tree, upon which was the above inscription. In 1761 a com- pany of hunters, among them Wallen, Skaggs, Newman, Blevins and Cox, visited this part of the State, and spent several months hunting. The Long Hunters visited Kentucky, enter- ing by the gap in 1769. They numbered twenty men, and were fz'om North Carolina and Virginia. Among them were John Rains, Kaspar Mansco, Abraham Bledsoe, John Baker, Joseph Drake, Obadiah Terrell, Uriah Stone, Hemy Smith, Edward Cowan, Thomas Gordon, Humphrey Hogan, Cassius Brooks, and Robert Crockett. They came on a hunting expedition and remained in the wilderness between two and three years; it was the length of their stay that gave them the title of “ Long Hunters.” They hunted, trapped, and fished, and fought the Indians in their own way and fashion. A number of places and streams were named by them. They encamped for a time on a stream, to which they gave the name of Station Camp Creek, a name it still bears. They named Bledsoe’s Lick, Drake’s Lick, etc. Many of them finally became citizens of the country. The county was named m honor of Joshua F. Bell. He was born in Danville, Ky. , in 1811, and died there in 1870. His mother, whose maiden name was Martha Fry, was a granddaughter of Dr. Thomas AValker, men- tioned above. AIi'. Bell graduated at Center College, read law, and was admitted to the bar, and after several years spent in traveling in Europe, returned to Danville, and com- menced the practice of his profession. He was elected to Congress, was secretary of State under Gov. John J. Crittenden, and in 1859 was a candidate for governor on the American ticket, but was defeated by Beriah Magofiin. He was one of the commissioners to the Peace Conference in 1861. In all the positions held by Mr. Bell, his duties were discharged with marked ability. This county, upon its formation, was named in his honor — Josh Bell — by which name it was known until 1873, when a special act of the Legislature dropped the "Josh,” and resolved that hereafter it should be known as ‘ ‘ Bell County. ’ ’ Boone County was formed in 1798, from a part of Campbell County, and was the thir- tieth organized in the State. It is one of the northern counties, lying in what is termed the "North Bend" of the Ohio River. It has a river fr'ont of nearly forty miles, and is bounded north and west by the Ohio; east by Kenton County; south by Grant and Gallatin Coun- ties; and in quality of soil is above the aver- age counties of the State, most of the land being tillable. The bottoms along the river are very rich and productive; back from the river the land alternates between level and hilly, and might be pronounced good second- rate. It is di'ained by tributaries of the Ohio, viz. : Gunpowder, Mud Lick, V'oolper, Big Bone and Middle Creeks. In ISSO the county had 11,996 inhabitants. V’heat. corn and tobacco are produced, also stock to some extent. Biurlington, the county seat, is but a small place. It is situated near the center of the county some distance from the river. Peters- burcf and Florence, according to the census reports, are both larger places than Burling- ton. Petersbm’g is situated on the Ohio River and Florence in the northeast part of the county. Other villages and postoffices are 556 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Grant and Taylorspoid, on the Ohio; Walton, on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad; and Belleview, Beaver Lick, Bullitsville, Coulton, Constance, Union, Hebron, Hamilton, Ve rona and Francisville. Mr. Collins has the following regarding the first visitors to Boone County: The first known white visitors to Kentucky, at any point above the mouth of the Wabash, were to the Big Bone Lick (in this county). 1. A French- man named Longueil,who discovered it in 1739, while descending the ( )hio from Canada; 2, other Canadian French, when following tlie same route; 3, ‘two men belonging to Robert Smitli,’ in 1744; 4, Mrs. Mary Inglis, a Virginian, and three Frenchmen, in October, 1756; 5, Col. George Croghan, an English Indian agent, on May 30, 1765; 6. Capt. Thomas Bullitt, Hancock Taylor, James McAfee, George McAfee, Robert McAfee, James McCoun, Jr., Sam- uel Adams, Jacob Drennon, William Bracken, John Fitzpatrick, on July 4th and 5th, 1773; 7, James Douglass and others, later in the same year; 8, and in 1773, Simon Kenton and others. One of the oldest settled jjlaces in the county is Petersburg, originally called Tan- ner’s Station, in honor of the Rev. John Tanner, the first Baptist preacher in this part of the State. A company from Pennsylvania, comprising John Seft, William W’est, John Simmons, a Mr. Carlin, John Hindman, with their families, made a settlement on the land of Mr. Tanner, which is admitted to have been the first in Boone County. A son of Mr. Tanner, but nine years old, was captured in 1790 by the Indians, and remained with them for twenty-four years, being employed in 1818, by the United States authorities at Sault St. Marie, as an interpreter. Another son, sixteen years old, was captured in 1791 by Indians, but escaped a few days later and arrived home safely. Biof Bone Lick, so called from the large mimber of bones of the mastodon found about the lick by the early whites, is in this county. It is on Big Bone Creek about twelve miles from Burlington, and was used by the early settlers of the country for making salt. James Douo'lass, of Virginia, visited the lick in 1773, and found the lick, for an area of about ten acres, bare of grass and trees. Large numbers of the bones of the mastodon, or mammoth, and the arctic elephant were found scattered upon the surface of the ground. The last of these bones, which lay thus upon the surface of the earth, were removed more than sixty years ago; but since that time a considerable number have been exhumed from beneath the soil, which business has been prosecuted as zealously by some as others are wont to dig for hidden treasures. Some of the teeth of these huge animals would weigh near ten pounds, and the surface on which the food was chewed was about seven inches long and four or five broad. A correspondent informs us that he has seen dug up in one mass several tusks and ribs, and thigh bones, and one skull, be- sides manj' other bones. Two of these tufeks. which belonged to different animals, were about eleven feet in length, and at the largest end six or seven inches in diameter; two others were seven or eight feet long.* Maj. Jobn P. Gaines, a gallant soldier in the Mexican war, was long a citizen of this county. He was a native of Virginia, but removed to Kentucky when quite young, and located in Boone County where he led an ac- tive life. He served in the State Legislature in the sessions of 1825-26-27, 1830-32, and in May, 18-16, joined the troops being recruited for the Mexican war. He became major of the First Cavalry, of w'hich Humphrey Mar- shall was colonel. He was captured, together with Capt. C. M. Clay, and Lieut. George Davidson and thirty companions at Encarna- cion, Mexico, and held a prisoner for some time, but finally escaped and rejoined the army in time to take an honorable part in the battles of Churubusco, Chapultepec, and all the battles fought around the Mexican capi- tal. Before his return from Mexico, his friends elected him to Congress, and he served one term. President Fillmore appointed him governor of Oregon in 1850, which office he held nearly three years. He died soon after his term expired. The name of Daniel Boone is perpetuated in that of this county. He is the pioneer of Kentucky, the hero of many an Indian fight, and one of the most expert hunters of the period in which he lived. There is so much said of him in the preceding chapters of this volume, that nothing can be added here without repetition. Bourbon County was organized under the Virginia Legislature before Kentucky be- came a State, and dates back to 1785, a little more than a hundred years. It is one of the finest blue-grass counties in the State, and has some of the finest blue-grass stock farms. The county bears the name of Bourbon in honor of the reigning house of France at the time of our Revolutionary war and at the time the county was organized. It will be remem- bered by students of history that the French king rendered the American colonies very im- portant service in their struggle for liberty. Hence the name of Bourbon County. It is bounded on the north by Harrison County; on the east by Montgomery County; on the south by Clark County; on the west by Fay- ette County; and by the last census (1880) had 15,956 inhabitants. The surface is suf- ficiently rolling to drain well, and the soil is *Co1Uds’ Kentucky, Vol. II, p. 62. HISTORY or KENTUCKY. 557 very rich and productive. Corn, wheat, oats and hemp are grown extensively, and of late years tobacco has received considerable at- tention. while fine stock, thoroughbred horses and Shorthorn cattle, are well and favorably known wherever the name of Bourbon County is known. The following are the statistics for 1880: Corn, 1,135,572 bushels; oats, 47,- 199; wheat, 370,247, and 7,105 horses and mules; 16,147 cattle; 51,743 sheep, and 20,- 762 hogs. Paris, the county seat, dates back to 1789. It was laid out under an act of the Virginia Legislature, and called Hopewell. The act was as follows: Be it enacted. That two hundred and fifty acres of land, at the court house in Bourbon County, as the same are laid off into town lots and streets by Lawrence Protzman, the proprietor thereof, shall be established a town by the name of Hopewell, and that Notley Conn, Charles Smith, Jr., John Ed- wards, James Garrard, Edward Waller, James Lanier, Thomas West, James Little and James Duncan, gentlemen, are hereby constituted trustees thereof. It seems that although the town was called Hopewell, the postoffice was established under the name of Bourbonton. ‘ ‘ Mr. Collins, the historian of Kentucky, says it was called Bourbonton, and a letter from the treasury department at Washington to the compilers of a volume entitled, ‘ Sketches of Paris, ’ published in 1876, corroborates the statement and asserts that the postoffice was created January 1, 1795, with Thomas Hades as post- master, who was succeeded by William Paton, appointed July 1, 1800, and that the name was changed from Boiu-bonton to Paris, April 28, 1826, when James Paton, Jr., was ap- pointed postmaster.”* Paris is pleasantly situated at the conflu- ence of the Stoner and Hou.'ton Creeks, and at the junction of the Maysville division with the main line of the Kentucky Central Rail- road. It is the most important town — Lex- ington excepted — in the blue-grass section, and had a population in 1880 of 3, 204 souls. It has a magnificent court house — with a very few exceptions the finest in the State; it has three banks, two excellent newspapers, the Western Citizen and the True Kentuckian, the former, the oldest paper in the State, having been established in 1808, a number of fine churches and handsome residences. Millersburg is the second largest town in the county. It is situated on the Maysville division of the Kentucky Central Railroad, about eight miles from Paris, and is the seat of the Kentucky Wesleyan University, estab- *McChesney'3 Sketches of Paris, p. 90. [History of Bourbon County.] lished first as an academy in 1858 and as a university in 1866. The town was laid out in 1817, and in 1880 had 858 inhabitants. Other villages, stations and postoffices are North Middletown, Centerville, Clintonville, Flat Rock, Rudder s Mills, Hutchison, Houston, Jacksonville, Stony Point and Shawhan’s Station. Boui’bon County has quite a number of mounds, earthworks and remains of fortifi- cations, relics of the prehistoric inhabitants of the Ohio Valley. As there is a lengthy chapter in this volume devoted to the subject, it is dismissed here with this brief allusion. Settlements, or attempts at settlements, were made in Bourbon County as early as 1776. Among the pioneers were John Coop- er, Michael Stoner, Thomas Whitledge, J ames Kenny, Thomas Kennedy, James Douglass, John Miller, the McClellans, Thompsons, McClintocks and others. These were hardy, fearless and self-reliant people. Fresh from the scenes of the Revolutionary war — a free people — their manhood elevated, they shrank from no difficulty, but with unflinching pur- pose they went forth to subdue the wilderness and subject it to the use of man. Gov. James Garrard was among the early settlers of the county, and is the only man in the history of the State who was twice elect- ed governor in succession and served tvo full terms. He was born in Virginia, county of Stafford, January 14th, 1749. The following is inscribed upon the monument erected to his memory by the State: This marble consecrates the spot on which repose the mortal remains of Col. James Garrard, and re- cords a brief memorial of his virtues and his worth. attaining the age of manhood, he participated with the patriots of the day in the dangers and privations incident to the glorious and successful contest which terminated in the indepen- dence and happiness of our countiy. Endeared to his family, to his friends, and to society, by the practice of the social virtues of husband, father, friend and neighbor; honored by his country, by frequent calls to represent her dearest interests in her legislative councils ; and finally by two elec- tions, to fill the chair of the chief magistrate of the state, a trust of the highest confidence and deepest interest to a free community of virtuous men, pro- fessing equal rights, and governed by equal laws; a yi’ust, which for eight successive }^ears he ful- filled with that energy, vigor and impartiality which, tempered with Christian spirit of God-like mercy and charity for the frailty of men. is best calculated to perpetuate the inestimable blessing of government and the happiness of man. An ad- ministration which received its best reward below, the approbation of an enlightened and grateful country, by whose voice, expressed by a resolution of its General Assembly, in December, 1S22. this Monument of departed worth and grateful sense of public service was erected, and is inscribed. Gov. Garrard died at his residence, ‘ ‘ Mount Lebanon, ” near Paiis, on the 19th 558 HISTOilY or KENTUCKY. of January, 1822, in the seventy -fourth year of his age. He was an exemplary Christian, and a man of great practical usefulness. His death was sincerely mourned, not only by the people of the county, but by those of the State at large.* There are many historical spots in Bourbon County, viz. : Hinkston’s, Ruddel’s, Martin’s Stations, etc. Around these places some stirring events occurred during the frontier struggles. Bourbon County has been as prolific of great men as of hne stock. Among these may be mentioned Thomas Corwin, the ac- complished Ohio senator; Robert Trimble, a jirdge of the supreme court of the United States; Benjamin Mills, a judge of the court of appeals of Kentucky; Jesse Bledsoe, a lawyer with but few equals at the Kentucky bar; James and AYilliam Garrard; Rev. John P. Durbin, D. D., an eloquent divine and college president; John Allen, a Revolution- ary officer; Joel R. Lyle, an early editor and ipublisher; Garret Davis and many others. Thomas Corwin was born in this county Jiily 29, 1794, and in the autumn of 1798, his father, Matthias Corwin, removed to Ohio. He grew to manhood amid poverty, and received his education principally in the old log schoolhouses of the early time. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1817, and thenceforward to the end of life was an active man and politician. He served in the Ohio Legislature, as governor of the State, in Congress and the National Senate, and was Secretary of the Treasury under President Fillmore. As a zealous Whig he was the friend and compeer of Clay and Webster, and his speeches in Congress and the Senate were excelled by few statesmen of that period. Judges Trimble and Mills, one of the su- preme court of the United States, and the other of the coimt of appeals of this State, are noticed in the political history. Mr. Lyle established, in 1808, the Western Citizen at Paris, a paper still in existence, and the oldest in the State. He was a native of Vir- ginia, and came to Kentucky in 1800. He was well educated, for the time, and though not especially brilliant, was an editor of some ability. Jesse Bledsoe was one of the leaders at a bar that was famous for its power and ability. He was born in Culpeper County, Va. , in 1776, and came to Kentucky in an early day with his parents. He was educated in Tran- sylvania University, and studied law in Lex- ington. He was a fine scholar and a fine *Perrin’s History of Bourbon County, p. 37. lawyer, and occupied the chair as professor of'law in Transylvania. He served several terms in the Legislature, and was secretary of State under Gov. Scott from 1808 to 1812, and in 1822 was appointed by Gov. Adair a circuit judge. He went to Mississippi in 1835, and soon after to Texas, where he died. Garret Davis was a native of Kentucky, and was born in Mount Sterling in 1801. Ad- mitted to the bar in 1823, he at once entered upon a bustling, active life. He served re- peatedly in the Legislature, and was a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1849. So firm was he in his opinions, that, when once formed, it was almost impossible to change them. An instance in point: He opposed the clause favoring an elective judi- ciary in the present constitution, and voted against its adoption; and after it was adopt- ed refused to sign it. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1861 (re-elected in 1867), and was one of the most uncompro- mising Union men in the State. He declined many positions that would have been eagerly accepted by the great majority of men. He declined the nomination for lieutenant-gov- ernor on the Whig ticket in 1848 with John J. Crittenden. He declined the nomination for governor in 1855 by the Know-nothing or American party, and declined the nomina- tion for the presidency the next year by the same party. He died in 1872, while still a member of the national Senate. 1 / Boyd County is one of the younger civil divisions, and was formed in 1860, being the one hundred and seventh county as to date of organization. It is situated in the northeast part of the State, and is generally broken and hilly. The Ohio and Big Sandy Rivers bound it on the north and east ; Lawrence County on the south; Carter and Greenup Counties on the west, and in 1880 it had 12,165 inhabitants. It lies in the mineral region, and produces both coal and iron. Catlettsburg, the seat of justice, is situat- ed on the Big Sandy River at its junction with the Ohio. It is quite an important town and has an extensive trade. Its population is about 1,500, and is steadily increasing. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad (formerly Lexington & Big Sandy) crosses the Big Sandy River here. The road has contributed largely to the growth and prosperity of the town. Ashland is situated on the Ohio River some five miles below Catlettsburg, and is one of the largest manufacturing places in the east- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 559 ern part of the State. It is connected with the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad by a branch road from Grayson, Carter County, formerly knowir as the Kentucky Eastern, thus render- ing Ashland the center of a large coal and iron business. It has an estimated popula- tion of about 3,000. Coalton and Cannons- burg are small villages of little importance. The county was named for Linn Boyd, a prominent politician of the Democratic school. He was elected lieutenant-governor in 1859, on the ticket with Beriah Magoffin, but died in December following his election. He was born in Nashville, Tenn. , in November, 1800, and in early manhood removed to southern Kentucky, where he at once engaged actively in politics. He served several terms in the Legislature, and in 1835 was elected to Con- gress from the Purchase District, and was re- elected successively until he had served eight- een years, four of which he had been Speak- er of the House. His death occurred while still in the prime of life. Boyd County was early explored by the whites, though settlements were not made until at a later period. The first white men to look upon the county are supposed to have been the Rev. David Jones, of Freehold, N. J, , and George Rogers Clark, ‘ ‘ a young gentleman, from Virginia, who inclined to make a tour in this new world,”* the first recorded mention of this great military chief- tain. In 1773 they spent several days in what is now Boyd County, on the • ‘ Great Sandy Creek.” Mr. Jones’ report of the country was as follows: Very convenient to this are the most famous salt springs, which are a peculiar favor of God. I have also seen in this country what the people call alum mines, though they rather appear to me a mi.xture of vitriol and alum. Throughout the coun- try we liave a very great abundance of stone coal, which I have often seen burn freely. The smiths about Red Stone use no other sort of coal in their shops, and find that it answers remarkably well. This one article, in process of time, must be of great advantage to this country. Another advan- tage it enjoys is abundance of limestone. with excel- lent quarries of freestone fit to erect the best of buildings. Simon Kenton, the famous pioneer, together with Michael Tyger and others, in 1773 made some surveys of land in this county. In the winter of 1773-74 Simon Kenton, William Grills, Jacob Greathouse, Samuel Cartwright and Joseph Lock were in the present county of Boyd, and spent the time hunting and trapping. Boyle County was created in 1842, and was the ninety-fourth in the order of forma- *Cist’s Miscellany, Vol. I, p. 244, etc. tion. It was taken from Lincoln and Mercer Counties, and bears the name of Judge John Boyle,* a lawyer of great ability, and at one I time chief justice of the court of appeals j of Kentucky. The county is bounded on the north by Mercer County; on the east by I Garrard; on the south by Casey and Lincoln; on the west by Marion, and in 1880 it had 11,930 inhabitants. The county is small, and the tine blue- grass lands are rich and pro- ductive. It lies well, and there is but little of it not susceptible of cultivation. Grain and stock are the principal productions; the agricultural report of 1880 shows the follow- ing; Corn, 570,943; oats, 28,245; wheat, 140,- ! 541; horses and mules, 4,493 head; cattle, ! 6,685; sheep, 13,176, and hogs, 14,115. It ' is intersected by the Cincinnati Southern, I and Louisville & Nashville Railroads (Knox- [ ville division), which afford communication i with the outside world. Col. James Harrod, one of the prominent pioneers of the State, and whose name is perpetuated in that of Harrodsburg, built a cabin where the town of Danville now stands, which is claimed to be one of the first built j in Kentucky. All this, however, is fully given, together with a sketch of Col. Harrod. The early history of the State centered in Dan- ] ville and Harrodsburg, and ample justice to them has been attempted in other portions of this volume. Danville, the capital of the county and once the capital of Kentucky (before it became a state), is situated in the eastern part of the county, about forty miles almost due south from Frankfort. It is a town of con- I siderable importance — is deemed the Athens of central Kentucky. It is an historical spot, and was not only the first capital, but was the ' site of the first court house and the first jail erected in the State. These were built in the I summer of 1783, and were of logs. Says a ! late writer : Since the days of log court houses, and the j eight conventions, the history of Danville has not been of a thrilling nature. It soon settled down in- to a great educational center; and educational cen- ters are proverbially delightfully quite sleepy- hollows. Two visitations from cholera, in 1833 and in 1849, a !|300,000 fire in 1860, and one large and a few smaller ones since, and numerous occupations b}^ Confederates and Federals during the late war, have been about the onl}^ events to break in upon the peaceful repose of its existence. Danville was laid out on the lands of Walker Daniel, whose name it bears. It has a handsome court house and other public buildings; it has a number of flourishing j stores, banks and other business houses, . *See Cliapter XIII, p. ai4 of this volume, for sketch of I Judge Boyle. 560 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. several elegant churches, and is one of the finest, if not the hnest educational town in the State — the oldest institution of learning (Centre College) being located here, as w'ell as other hig-h grade schools. It is also the seat of the State Deaf and Dumb Assylum.* In 1880 Danville had 3,074 inhabitants. Perryville. a town of about 500 inhabi- tants, is situated some ten miles west of Danville. It is memorable as having been the scene of the severest battle fought on Kentucky soil during the late civil war. Other towns and stations in the county are Parksville, Danville Junction, Goresburg, Shelby City, Mitchellsburg, North Fork Station, Aliceton, Alum Springs, Brumfield, etc. Among the wise and great men of Boyle County are the Greens, Dr. Ephraim McDowell, James G. Birney, John A. Jacobs and Walker Daniel. The last gentleman was a native of Virginia and came to Ken- tucky in 1781, locating in this county. He was a lawyer by profession, and owned the land upon which Danville was laid out. He was killed by the Indians a few years after he came to the county. James G. Birney, the first man ever a candi- date for President of the United States on the ‘ ‘ Liberty ” or “ Abolition ” ticket, was born in Danville, February 4, 1792 — the year the State was admitted into the Union. He stud- ied law and settled in Alabama, where he ac- quired considerable reputation as an attorney. He returned to Kentucky in 1833, and soon developed into a strong anti-slavery man. In this age of slang he would have been called a crank. He advocated emancipation, and set the example by freeing his own slaves. He moved to Ohio, and then to Michigan, and was the candidate in 1840 of the “Lib- erty” party for President, and again in 1844 was the candidate of the same party. John A. Jacobs was a native of Virginia, and born in 1803. He came to Kentucky when but a child, and was brought up princi- pally in Garrard County. He entered Centre College at the age of sixteen, but before graduating was elected principal of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and in that institution spent the remainder of his life. The Greens were a prominent family. Willis Green was a native of Virginia, and came to Kentucky as one of the early sur- veyors. He represented the county of Ken- tucky in the Virginia Legislature, and was clerk of the court for a long term of years. John Green, a son, was a man of much * For sk''tc1ie'5 of De^f and Dumb Asylum and Centre College see prec ding chat lets. prominence. He studied law with Henry Clay, and became distinguished in his profession. He took an active part in the or- ganization of Centre College, and of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. He was appointed Circuit Judge, a position he held until his death. Lewis Warner Green, also a son of Willis Green, became a minister of the Pres- byterian Church, and after holding many im- portant positions, died in 1863 as president of Centre College. Dr. Ephraim McDowell was one of the most renowned surgeons known in the history of Kentucky. He was born in Rockbridge County, Va., in 1771, and came with his father to Danville in 1784. He received a liberal education, and studied medicine with Dr. Humphreys, of Virginia, and afterward went to Europe and studied in the University of Edinburgh. After his return he settled in Danville. He w^as the first physician in the world who performed the operation of remov- ing diseased ovaries. Dr. Gross said of him: ‘ ‘ Had McDowell lived in France, he would have been elected a member of the Royal Academy of Surgery, received from the King the Cross of the Legion of Honor, and ob- tained from the government a magnificent reward — as an acknowledgment of the serv- ices he rendered his country, his profession and his fellow-creatures.” Beacken County borders on the Ohio River and dates its existence back to 1796. It was the twenty-third county organized in the State, and was formed from parts of Campbell and Mason. The Ohio River is on the north. Mason County on the east, Har- rison and Robertson on the south, and Pen- dleton on the west. Its population in 1880 was 13,509. It was named for Big and Lit- tle Bracken Creeks, and they were named for an old pioneer, William Bracken, who was an early settler in the county and was killed by the Indians. There is much good land in the county as w-ell as considerable poor land. The soil is adapted to tobacco, and a large quantity of a most excellent qual- ity is produced each year. Grain is also extensively grown, and stock receives due attention. The reports of 1880 show the following: Corn, 562,550 bushels; oats, 9,715; wheat, 179,979, and tobacco, 6, 126, 635 pounds; horses and mules, 4,273 head; cattle, 4,632, and hogs, 14,193. Brookville, the present seat of justice, is situated near the geographical center of the county. It was laid out in 1839, and has HISTORY OF KENTUCKY^ 561 good substantial public buildings. Its chui’cbes, residences and business bouses are mucb the same as are to be found in other towns of similar pretensions. Augusta, the former county seat, and the principal town in the county, is situated on the Ohio Kiver some eighteen miles below Maysville. It is noted as being the town where the first college in the world, under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Chtu’ch, was established. It was called Augusta College, and was founded in 1822, and for years was one of the leading educa- tional institutions in the State. Augusta is considered one of the prettiest towns on the upper Ohio, and is a great shipping point for tobacco and other prod- ucts. In 1880 it had 1,282 inhabitants. The other towns, villages and postofdces are Germantown, Berlin, Milford, Foster and Bock Springs. The first white man in the county was probably William Bracken, who came to the county in 1773 and settled upon one of the little streams that still bear his name. He was a hunter and pioneer — a pioneer to whom the perils of the wilderness were as nothing, if only that wilderness were free. He yearned for freedom, and exiled himself from his native place that he might fully en- joy it. He hunted and fished, and fought the Indians in their own way and fashion. ' He was finally killed by the Indians. The first surveys in Bracken County were among the very first in tue State; indeed it is probable that they were only preceded by the two or more surveys made by Gen. George Washington in 1770, in what are now Lawrence and Greenup Counties, and in 1773 by several small surveys made in Lewis County by Capt. Thos. Bullitt’s party on their way to the falls at Louisville. Capt. John Hedges’, with Capt. Thomas Young as chain canler, both afterward officers of the Revolutionary Army, in the Virginia line, in 1773 surveyed a tract of land, built an “im- prover’s cabin,” and cleared a small piece on tlie bank of the Ohio River, about five miles below Augusta, and just below the mouth of Locust Creek. Several other surveys were made, a few da}^s after, in the same neighborhood and by some of the same party.* During the late civil war quite a severe skirmish took place at Augusta, in this coun- ty, between a squad of Home Guards under Col. Joshua Bradford, and a battalion of Col. Basil Duke’s cavalry. The Home Guards were captured after a severe strug- gle, in which the Confederates lost twenty- one killed and eighteen wounded. Among the killed was Wm. Courtland Prentice, the son of George D. Prentice, editor of the Louis- ville Journal. Dr. Joshua T. Bradford was one of the eminent physicians and surgeons of Ken- tucky. He was a native of this county and born in 1818; educated at Augusta College, ' O O and graduated from the medical department of Transylvania University in 1839. As a surgeon he ranked with Gross, McDowell and Dudley. After a brilliant career, brief as it was brilliant, he died at the age of fifty-three years. ‘^Breathitt County was the eighty-ninth formed in the State. It was carved out of Es- till. Clay and Perry Counties, in 1839, and is situated in the mountainous region. The land is generally poor, rough and hilly. It is bounded on the north by Wolf, Morgan and Magoffin Counties; on the east by Magoffin County; on the south by Perry County; on the vvest by Owsley County, and in 1880 had a population of 7,742. Coal and iron ore abound and large quantities of coal are annually shipped down the Ken- tucky River. Salt is manufactured to a limited extent. Jackson, the county seat, was named for the old hero of New Orleans. Gen. Jackson. It is situated near the center of the county, and is but a small, insignificant village. Strongville and Crockettsville are small places. Hon. John Breathitt, elected governor of the State in 1832, furnished the county with a name. Mr. Breathitt was born in Vir- ginia, in 17SG, and came to Kentucky with his parents in 1800. and settled in Logan County. He was of studious habits and by his own energy and industry managed to secure a good practical education. He was a surveyor and school-teacher and accumu- lated considerable wealth, mostly in lands. He was admitted to the bar in 1810, and soon secured a lucrative practice. He served several terms in the Legislatime ; was elected lieutenant-governor in 1828, and governor in 1832, but died before his term expired, and while still in manhood’s prime. Breckinridge County, the thirty-ninth in the State, is one of those bordering on the Ohio River. It was formed in the year 1799 from a part of Hardin County, and named for Hon. John Breckinridge, the first of that illustrious family in Kentucky. It is bounded on the north by the State of Indiana, i from Avhich it is separated by the Ohio j River; on the east by Meade and Hardin j Counties; on the south by Grayson County; 35 * Collins’ History, Vol. II, p. 94. 562 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. on the we&t by Hancock and Ohio Counties, and by the census of 1880 had a population of 17,480. The surface alternates between rich bottom lands, fertile valleys, high plains or “ hickory flats, ” and hilly regions, poor, rocky and broken. The bottoms along the Ohio show some as tine farms as are in the State; the valleys are rich blue-grass lands, resting on red clay and underlaid with lime- stone; the hickory flats, as tobacco lands, are unsurpassed, while the hilly regions are better adapted to fruit growing than any- thing else. Along the water courses flue timber grows in profusion. Tobacco is the staple product, the last census showing this to be the fifteenth county in the State as. to quantity produced. Grain, however, is ex- tensively grown in some sections of the county; also considerable attention is paid to stock raising. The principal streams of the county are Rough, Clover, Rock Lick, Har- din, North Fork of Rough, Buffalo, Jewel’s, Lost Run, Doret’s, Brushy Fork, Sinking Creek, etc. The latter stream is something of a natural wonder. Its peculiarity furnishes its name. It rises some fifteen miles east of Hardinsburg, and flows in a northerly direc- tion. Eight or ten miles from its source it suddenly sinks into the ground, and for sev- eral miles no trace of it is seen, except in ex- treme high water, when it overflows and fills with a roaring ton-ent the “dry bed,” as it is called. Ten miles, perhaps, from where it sinks it breaks out again, flows on, a large stream, affording fine water-power for mills, etc. , and empties into the Ohio at Stephens- port. Five or six miles from its mouth is a natural mill dam, producing the “falls,” and which has long been utilized for mill pur- poses. The stream was originally known as Hardin’s Creek, but the peculiarity above described led to its change of name and the name ‘ ‘ Hardin ’ ’ has been bestowed on the little stream that meanders through the northwest suburb of Hardinsburg. In the northwestern part of the county, adjacent to Cloverport, are fine beds of cannel coal. Prior to the discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania and other regions, it was manufactui’ed from this coal. A factory was built at Cloverport before the civil war, and for several years produced large quantities of oil, but since the era of petroleum this process became slow and ex- pensive, and the distillation of oil from cannel coal was discontinued. The coal is being mined, however, by an English company, and to facilitate transportation a railroad has been constructed from the mines to the river at Cloverport. Lead ore has been found, but never mined to any great extent. Four miles south of Cloverport are the Tar Springs. A peculiar feature of these springs is that there are half a dozen or more within an area of a few square yards, and the waters are as different as though they were a thousand miles apart. They are supposed to possess strong medicinal properties, as well as many local advantages for a fashionable watering place. The county, in common with every portion of the State, has its caves and other natural wonders. Along Sinking Creek particularly are a number of caves, some of them consid- erable in extent. Two or three miles above Clifton Mills, on the creek, is the “ Peniten- tiary Cave, ’ ’ one of the most extensive in the county. It has never been fully explored, but so far as it has been, it is found rich in subterranean magnificence. Near W ebster is another cave worthy of a description. Two or three hundred yards from the entrance a subterranean stream is reached, that is almost * equal, in the sounds produced, to Echo River, in the Mammoth Cave. Hardinsburg, the county seat of Breckin- ridge, is beautifully situated on a table-land near the center of the county, and was laid out in 1782 by Gen. Hardin, for whom it was named. It is small and its growth has been slow. Among its early and prominent citi- zens were Joseph Allen, Capt. Thomas Kincheloe, Rev. James Taylor, Philip Light- foot, Morris Hensly, Charles Hambleton, William Feaman, B. and R. M. Wathen, John McClarty, William Morton, Stanley Singleton, James and Williamson Cox, Will- iam Seaton, Francis Peyton, Joseph Thomas, Thornton Smith, Jefferson Jennings, Lr. S. B. Abel, John B. Brxiner, Elijah Eskridge and Roland Hughes. These all sleep with their fathers, and when Judge Kincheloe, Col. Alf. Allen, Mr. Vivian Daniel and Rev. R. G. Gardner die, the ‘ ‘ old guard ” will have passed away. Hardinsburg is a little gem of a town. , It is well supplied with churches, has a news- paper, the Journal, and a very fine school building. Its court house, for the sum it cost, is one of the best in the State. Cloverport is the largest place in the county, and is an incorporated city. It is situated on the Ohio River, in the north- west part of the county, and is a fine ship- ping point and a place of considerable impor- tance. It has a bank, a newspaper, the News, and a number of handsome churches and res- idences. Stevensport is situated on the Ohio River, ten miles above Cloverport, and is an important shipping point. Other towns, vil- HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 563 lages and postofiices are Hudsonville, Con- stantine, Custer, Bewleyville, Webster, Clif- ton Mills, Union Star, Lodi, Big Spring, Rosetta, Bennettsville, Planter’s Hall, Mc- Daniel’s, Garfield, etc. The pioneer of Breckinridge County was Gen. William Hardin, a frontiersman of the true type. His first visit to the county was in 1780. Together with a few of his neigh- bors, among whom were the Claycombs, Brash- ears, Bruners, Bargers, Haynes, Rices, Jollys, Barrs, Deans, Spencers and others, he penetrated the wilderness of Kentucla^ In the early spring of that year (1780), with three companions, the names of whom are forgotten, except one, Sinclair, Hardin de- scended the Wabasha (the Shawanese name of the Ohio) in search of a suitable location for his proposed colony. They arrived at the falls of the Ohio, where there was then a set- tlement, but not liking the swampy nature of the country, they re- embarked and floated down the Ohio to the mouth of Sinking Creek, where they landed with the intention of exploring the adjacent country. As it chanced, they disembarked almost in me midst of a band of hostile savages. The In- dians allowed them to advance some three miles into the country, when they divided, one party taking possession of the boat, while the other pursued the whites. The latter, experienced borderers as they were, had dis- covered signs of Indians and were on the alert. They found that they were pursued by a largely superior body of savages, and realizing the folly of a fight, they resolved to push oh to Hines’ Fort, the present site of Elizabethtown, in Hardin County. They continued their flight during the night, guided by the stars, and in the early morn- ing reached a large spring, where they stopjsed to rest and slake their thirst. From the description they gave of the spring afterward, it was doubtless where the town of Big Spring now stands. Here they were attacked by the savages, and Sinclair killed. The others, led by Hardin, succeeded in escaping, and finally reached Hines’ Fort. Hardin remained at the forts in what is now Hardin County, until the following spring, when, accompanied by Christopher Bush and Michael Leonard, he returned to the mouth of Sinking Creek, up which they proceeded to the falls, where they disem- barked. It was during a periodical overflow in the Ohio, and all the surrounding country was submerged. Hardin cut a “high water mark” on a tree, which is said to be still dis- cernible. They explored the country in a southeasterly direction, and finally reached the present site of Hardinsburg, where, pleased with the location, Hardin determined to establish his colony. There they at once commenced the erection of a fort, Avhich be- came known on the border as Hardin’ s F ort. It was similar to the rude frontier forts or stations, and was constructed of logs with loopholes to shoot from. This was surround- ed by a number of cabins, occupied by those who had joined Hardin with the intention of settling the country, and above referred to as his colony. The whole was enclosed by a palisade, oblong in shape, and of heavy slabs firmly implanted in the earth, rendering it a formidable structure for tho-e primitive days. As the war-cry of the retreating savages died away along the frontier of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, those hardy pioneers came forth fr’om the protecting walls of the fort, and joined by others, made settlements in different parts of the county. The Hardin family, of whom Gen. Hardin was a prominent member, is one of the noted and distinguished families of Kentucky. The Hardins ai’e of French descent. They came to America after the massacre of St. Barthol- omew, being forced to fly fr’om France on ac- count of their Huguenot principles. It is claimed by some who profess to be acquainted with the Hardin genealogy, that they are of Scotch or Scotch-Irish origin; and the name does appear in Scottish history far back, but with nothing definite to indicate the place of nativity. The most authentic account of the Hardins’ settlement in America is as follows: Three brothers, French Huguenots of a pro- nounced type, about the close of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth century, to escape religious persecutions in France, fled to Canada. The severity of the climate soon compelled them to leave Canada, and they joined the English colony in Virginia. Two of the brothers settled there permanently, while the other emigrated to South Caro- lina. From the brothers who remained in Virginia descended the Kentucky Hardins. Martin Hardin, a lineal descendant, emi- grated fr'om Fauquier County, Va., to Penn- sylvania, about the year 1765. and settled on the Monongahela River. He had a family of four daughters and three sons, all of whom were born in Virginia. The sons were John, Martin and William, the last the pioneer set- tler of Breckinridge County. Martin died about 1849. in his ninety- second year. John, for whom Hardin County was named, was mur- dered by the Indians inl792 while on a peace- ful embassy to their country. [See historical sketch of Hardin County.] Lydia Hardin, a sister, married Charles Wickliffe, and was the 5G4 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. mother of some distinguished men and emi- nent statesmen. Sarah Hardin, another sis- ter, married her cousin, Ben Hardin, and was the mother of the great criminal lawyer, Ben Hardin. A daughter of John Hardin mar- ried the Rev. Barnabas McHenry, and was the ancestor of a noted family. Many dis- tinguished families of Kentucky, among whom are the Mhckliffes, Helms, McHenrys, Gofers, Ewings, Bufords, Caldwells, Estills, Fields, etc., trace their lineage back to the Har- din brothers, who, nearly 300 years ago, fled to the wilds of America, that unrestricted they might enjoy their I’eligious opinions. Gen. Hardin, the pioneer of Breckinridge County, as we have seen, was a Virginian, though broiight up mostly in Pennsylvania, having removed to the latter State with his | parents when quite young. Upon attaining his manhood he married Winifred Holtzclaw. The result of this union was eight children, as follows; Winney Ann, who married M'ill- iam Comstock, of Hardinsburg; Henry, a prominent farmer of this county, who died about 1855; Malinda, who married AVilliam Crawford, the brother of Mrs. Jo Allen; M’illiam, who served several terms in the Legislature, Anally moved to Frankfort, and was postmaster of that city for several years; Elijah, who was killed at Houston’s Spring in 1805; Amelia, who married Horace Merry ; J ohn, who died near Brownsville, Penn. , in 1850, and Jehu, who died in Hardinsburg some years ago. In addition to his own chil- dren Gen. Hardin reared a nephew and niece, Daniel Hardin, and Mary, his sister. The latter married Bon Huff, the first sheriff of the county. Gen. Hardin was a man of great personal courage, brave as a lion, cool and self-pos- sessed in the midst of danger, and well skilled in all the arts of border warfare. Of giant stature, and a noted Indian fighter, he be- came a terror to the savages and was known among the tribes as “Big Bill.” Every de- vice and stratagem was practiced l^y the In- dians to secure Hardin's scalp, so bitter was their hatred and so great their dread of him. One morning, preparatory to going on a hunt, he fired off his gun outside the stockade and began wiping it out. An Indian, who had been lying in concealment for the purpose of getting a shot at some venturesome white, now sprang from his covert, aimed his gun at Hardin, and tauntingly exclaimed: “Ugh! Big Bill. ’ ’ The pause was fatal to the sav- age; Hardin knocked his gun aside, and with his own gun clubbed out the Indian's brains. But he did not always escape scathless. He was several times wounded. Once, in a skir- mish with the savages, he was shot through both thighs and his horse killed under him. The Indians thought he too was killed, and reported in their towns that “Big Bill ” was dead. When he recovered and was again seen by them, their superstitious fears got the better of them, and they fled panic-stricken, believing they were pursued by ‘ ‘ old Har- din’ s ghost.” Once, v/hile standing picket, as was the custom on the fi'ontier, over those who were at work in the field near his fort, he was fired on by Indians and severely wounded, and his life probably saved by a brave girl, named Sally McDonald, who was among those in the field planting corn, and bravely assisted him in reaching the fort after the others had fled. Such was Gen. Hardin, the pioneer of Breckinridge County, and the founder of [ Hardinsburg, one of the oldest towns (1782) I in Kentucky. He owned a great deal of land ! at one time in the present counties of Breck- [ inridge, Hardin, Meade, Grayson, Ohio and Hancock, but his house was burned, and thus his deeds and patents were mostly de- stroyed. By this accident he lost much of the lands rightfully belonging to him, and to which his descendants are entitled, many of whom still live in the county and the State. His house, which he rebuilt, stood on the I bluff, overlooking Hardin’ s Creek, in the w'est- I ern part of the town, and until within the last decade or two v/as a well known land mark. But the old hero and pioneer, the compeer of Daniel Boone, Benjamin Logan and Simon Kenton, sleeps in an obscure and neglected grave. Men sometimes achieve recognition and fame, as Enoch Arden did, after death; but Gen. Hardin lived out the measiire of his days, died and rests in a grave unmarked even by a rude bowlder, while his fast reced- ing memory remains unhonored and unsung. He deserves better than this; he deserves better than this fi'om us, for he, and those of his kind, wrought for us a rich and enduring legacy in the noblest civilization the Avorld has ever known. John Breckinridge, for Avhom this county was named, and the progenitor of the Breck- inridge family in Kentucky, was born in 1700. He came to Kentucky in 1793, and settled in Fayette County, near Lexington. His pater- nal ancestors were Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who, after the restoration of Charles II, were persecuted in their native country, and to es- cape which they finally immigrated to A^ir- ginia. His mother, Lettice Preston, who was the second wife of his father, was the oldest child of John and Elizabeth (Patton) Preston. AAhen very young his father removed to HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 565 Botetoiirt County (Virginia), then the frontier of civilization. There, exposed to all the dangers of a wilderness country infested with Indians, he grew to manhood. In 1785 he was married to Mary Hopkins Cabell, a daugh- ter of Col. Joseph Cabell, of Buckingham County. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses from the county of Bote- tourt when only nineteen years of age. The election was twice set aside on account of his youth, and on the third time, against his own wishes and remonstrances, he was permitted to take his seat. As a lawyer no man of his day excelled him, and as a statesman, none of his day and generation occupied a more commanding position, or enjoyed a mure ab- solute popularity. He took an active part in all the important questions that agitated Kentucky from 1793 to 1806, and the second constitution of the State (1799), for fifty years preserved unaltered, was more the work of his hand, perhaps, than of any other man.* Says his biographer; “He was the undoubted leader of the old Demo- cratic party, which came into power with Mr. Jef- ferson, as President, and under whose administra- tion he was made attorney-general of the United Stales. He was an ardent personal and political friend of Mr. Jefferson, and coincided with him upon the great principles of the old Democracy, concerting with liim and IMr. Madison, and others with kindred views, the movements which brought the Demo- cratic party into power. He supported the interests of that party with ability in the Legislature of Ken- tucky, and in tlie Senate of the United States; and died as much beloved, honored and trusted by it as any man he left behind.” Mr. Breckinridge died upon his farm, in Fayette County, December 14, 1800, in the forty- sixth year of his age. His family con- sisted of nine children, and amono- his de- scendants have been some illustrious and dis- tinguished men — one of the most noted, John C. Breckinridge, Vice-President of the United States under James Buchanan. Bullitt County was the twentieth in the State, and was formed in 1796 from parts of Jefferson and Nelson Counties. It is bound- ed on the north by Jefferson County; on the east by Spencer; on the south by Nelson and Hardin; on the west by Hardin, and is wa- tered and drained by the Bolling Fork and Salt Kiver and a number of small streams. The land is generally fertile, and is diversi- fied between level plains and hills. The Mul- drow Hills, extending through the southern part of the county, have a somewhat romantic and picturesque appearance. Many of the knobs or peaks are from 350 to 400 feet high. and are covered with tall pine trees. Iron ore abounds in these hills, and extends along Cane Bun southwardly into Nelson Coun- ty. Prof. Bobert Peter, chemist to the State Geological Survey, has made several analyses of the ores in this county which showed 32.62, 43.46, 31.30 and 23.80 per cent of iron. The quality of iron made from these ores is soft and tough. The ore is said to be uniform, and with limestone and plenty of fuel convenient, and the Louisville & Nash- ville Bailroad passing through the ore beds, there is no reason why these hills should not be alive with forges, furnaces and foundries. The county was named in honor of Alex- ander Scott Bullitt, the first lieutenant-gov- ernor of the State. He was born in Virginia in 1761, and was a son of Cuthbert Bullitt, a lawyer of some distinction, and at one time judge of the supreme court of Virginia. He came to Kentucky in 1784, and settled in what now forms Shelby County, but soon af- ter removed into Jefferson County. He was a member of the convention that formed the first constitution, and several times repre- sented his county in the Legislature. In 1799 he was elected to the Constitutional Convention which framed the second consti- tution. This constitution provided for a lieutenant-governor, and Mr. Bullitt was elected to the position, thus being the first to fill the new office. He served one term under Gov. Garrard. He was frequently a member of the Legislature after this, and in ISUS retired from public life. He died on his farm in Jefferson County in 1816, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Shepherdsville, the seat of justice, is one of the old towns in the State, and dates back more than a hundi’ed years. It stands on the site of the frontier station known as ' ‘ Mud Garrison.” and which was established in I 1778. The town was incorporated in 1793, ! and in 1880 — nearly 100 years later — it had [ but 299 inhabitants. It is situated on the , north bank of Salt Kiver, where the main line I of the Louisville & Nashville Bailroad crosses ! that ‘‘ classic stream,” and is eighteen miles from Louisville. It is too near to Louisville, and already too old to ever become a large city. Mount "Washington, northeast of Shep- herdsville, is the largest town in the county, having, by the last census, a population of 387. Pitts’ Point, at the confluence of the Kollino- Fork and Salt Biver, is a thrivingr business place. Other villages, postoffices and railroad stations are Bardstown June tion, Belmont, Mount Vitio, Cane Spring, Lebanon Junction, etc. ♦History of Fayette Couaty, p. olO. 506 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. A number of forts or stations were erected, i in what is now Bullitt County, very early. These were Brashear’s Station, at the mouth j of Floyd’s Fork, and established in ITUO; Bullitt’s Lick, discovered in 1773, and three miles from where Shepherdsville now stands; Clear’s Station, Mud Garrison, the present site of Shepherdsville; Dowdall’ s Station, on Salt River; Fort Nonsense, Whitaker’s Sta- tion, etc. Of these stations, Bullitt’s Lick was by far the most important. It was the place where the first salt was manufactured in Kentucky, and frequently from 500 to 1,000 men were to be found there engaged in making salt, buying and selling it, and in ffuardincj those at work from the attack of Indians. For some time all the settlements in Kentucky were supplied with salt from this place, as well as the settlements in the Illi- nois country. It was a place of bustling ac- tivity when Louisville was but. a mass of swami)s; and Lexington was a block- house with a few cabins around it; when “ the buf- falo slept in security around the base of Cap- itol Hill, and the red man claimed the coun- try for his hunting-ground.” Henry Crist, a brave pioneer, and a man of considerable prominence, was a settler of this county. He was born in Virginia in 17()4. He came to Bullitt’s Lick when it was in the zenith of its prosperity, and took a prominent part in many of the stirring events that occurred around the salt works. In one he was wounded by a shot from an Indian’s rille. and for several days remained in the woods unable to reach the lick. He finally crawled thithej- on his hands and knees, and was more dead than alive when he ar- rived. For a long time his recovery was doul)tfnl, and it was a year before he was himself again. Hew'as afterward a member of the State Legislature, and in 18U8 was elected to Congress. He lived to the age of eighty, and died at his home in this county. Butler County was carved out of Logan and Ohio Counties, and was formed in 1810. It stands fifty-third in the list of counties, and is bounded on the north by Ohio and Grayson Counties; on the east l.iy Edmonson and Grayson; on the south by Warren and Lyon; on the west l.iy Midilenburg, and in 1880 had a population of 12,181. It is drained by the Green River, w'hich flows nearly through the center in a northwesterly direction, and numerous small tributaries. The county is quite hilly, and much of it is too poor and broken for agricultural purposes, but is well adapted to fruit growing and grazing. In the southern part of the coun- ty is considerable fine farming land. Coal abounds in the hills, and for many years has been mined, and shipped by way of the Green River. Salt was formerly manufac- tured quite extensively, but of late years has been virtually abandoned. Much of the county is heavily timbered, and lumber and rafts of logs are every year floated out of the Green River. Morgantown, the county seat^ is a small town situated on the south bank of the Green River, about twenty miles below Bowling Green. It has a brick court house, a bank, two newspapers, several churches and a num- ber of prosperous stores. By the last census (1880) it had but 204 inhabitants. Roches- ter is also situated on the Green River, at the mouth of the Muddy, and is a place of con- siderable commercial importance. It has one of the finest flouring-mills in this section, and several large tobacco warehouses. It was incorporated in 1839, and in 1880 had a population of 189. "Woodbury is a place of 190 inhabitants, and is situated at Lock and Dam No. 4, on the Green River. There are a number of other small villages in the coun- ty, viz.. Sugar Grove, Brooklyn, Forgyville, Reedyville, Aberdeen, Harreldsville and Flowersville. Settlements were made in Butler County while it was yet a part of Logan and Ohio Counties. Among the early settlers were Francis M. Berry, who settled on the Big Muddy River, and died at the age of ninety years; AVilliam Carson; the Clarks, who set- tled on Green River; John Burriss, George W. Caldwell and others. Butler County was named for Gen. But- ler, a native of Pennsylvania and a prom- inent officer and soldier in the Revolution- ary war. He was in St. Clair’s memorable de- feat in Ohio (1793), and commanded the left wing of the ill-fated army. He was wounded early in the action, and shortly after was tomahawked by the Indians. Caldwell County perpetuates the name of Gen. John Caldwell, a gallant officer and a prominent man and politician of his time. It was carved out of Livingston in 1809, and was the fifty-first county organized in the State. It lies west of the Cumberland River, and is drained by its tributaries and the Trade water and its tributaries. It is bounded on the north by Crittenden, Webster and Hopkins Counties; on the east by Hopkins HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 561 and Christian; on the south by Trigg and Lyon; on the west by Lyon and Crittenden, and in 1880 it had 11,282 inhabitants. The land is generally rolling, rich and productive. The “golden wheat belt” of the Green River section passes through the county, and will show some as magniticent farms as may be found in the State. The products of the county are grain, tobacco and grass; also stock is exported from portions of the county. The following are the statistics for 1880: Corn, 707,609 bushels; oats, 34,776; wheat, 51,468; tobacco, 3,215,602 iDOunds; horses and mules, 4,218 head; cattle, 5,787; sheep, 5,675, and hogs, 23,198. Princeton, the seat of justice, is situated on the Cumberland River, where the Chesa- peake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad crosses it. It is a place of 1,234 inhabitants (in 1880) and has a handsome brick court house, several churches, some of them quite elegant, two newspapers, a number of fine stores and residences, and is a live, prosperous town. Considerable manufacturing is carried on on a small scale. Princeton College, under the auspices of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, is situ- ated here. It was established in 1860, and reorganized under a new charter in 1880. It has a full corps of experienced teachers, and the course of study is extensive and thorough. Many prominent men of Ken- tucky and adjoining States have been educated in this popular institution. Fredonia, situated in the Fredonia V alley, the finest farming region in the county, is a small village of 191 inhabitants, by the last census. It is quite an enterprising little town. Other villages and railroad stations are Farmersville, Cresswell, Sims’ Store, Friendship, Scottsburg, Dulaney and Trade- water — the last three being situated on the railroad. Among the early settlers of Caldwell County were the Blacks, James Rucker, the Boyds, the Maxwells, James Wadlington, etc. They all settled in the county before the be- ginning of the present century, and that, too, before the formation of the county. The first representative in the Legislature from this county, after its formation, was John Mercer, who served several terms. John Caldwell, for whom this county was named, was a native of Virginia, and came to Kentucky in 1781, locating near the present town of Danville. He participated in the Indian wars of the time, and arose from the ranks to a major-general of the militia. He belonged to one of the prominent families of Kentucky, a family that has turned out some distinguished men. He served several terms in the State Senate and in the Legislature, and in 1804 was elected lieutenant-governor under Christopher Greenup, but died No- vember 19 following, at Frankfort, during the session of the Legislature. Calloway County is of rather recent forma- tion (1822), and was originally a part of Hick- 2 uan. It is the seventy-second of the 118 coun- ties in the State, and bears the name of Col. Richard Calloway, a prominent man in the ear- ly history of the commonwealth. The county, at the time of its formation, included Marshall County. It is situated in the Jackson Pur- chase, and has the Tennessee River for its eastern boundary, with the State of Tennes- see on the south. Graves County on the w’est, and Marshall County on the north. It is watered by the Tennessee , Blood and Clark’ s Rivers and their tributaries, and in 1880 had a population of 13, 295. The county is gen- erally level, the western part being nearly as level as a prairie, and was what was called ‘ ‘ ’oarren ’ ’ land, but at present it is covered with timber. The soil is fertile, and is well adapted to tobacco, which is one of the prin- cipal products of the county. Other crops and stock, however, receive due attention, the statistics in 1880 being as follows: Corn, 780,839 bushels; oats, 33.050; wheat. 47 890; tobacco, 3.477, 520 pounds; horses and mules, 4.285 head: cattle, 6,062; sheep, 7,296, and hogs, 27,499. Calloway County was not settled as early as Kentucky east of the Tennessee River. Among its first settlers were James Stewart and David Jones, who came about 1818, and settled near where the town of IVadesborough was afterward laid out. A number of hunt- ers came to the county the next year, but there is no record of permanent settlements being made by them. One of the early prom- inent settlers of the county was Banester IVade, who first visited the county as early as 1817-18. He settled permanently about 1820, and is described as a noble specimen of the pioneer. Other early settlers were Sam- uel IVatson, "William Smith. Whlliam Derring- ton and the Duncan family. Slany of these have descendants still living in the county, and who are among its prominent citizens. Murray, the present seat of justice of Cal- loway County, is a modern town, and was laid out as the county seat in 1843. It is a place of 636 inhabitants, and has three churches, a fine educational institution, a newspaper, several flourishing stores, a sub- 568 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. stantial brick court bouse, and some band- some residences. Tbe Murray Institute building is one of tbe finest school edibces west of tbe Tennessee lliver, and cost about $17,500. By a special act of tbe Legislature tbe institute is authorized to grant State cer- tificates to its g]-aduates. 'Wadesborougb was tbe second town laid out in tbe Purchase District, and was tbe first seat of justice of this county. It was laid out about 1821, and named in honor of Banester "Wade, one of tbe early settlers of tbe county, and a prominent pioneer of western Ken- tucky. At one time it was tbe most promi- nent town in tbe Jackson Purchase, and was tbe seat of the Government land office. Tbe purchase was surveyed, under tbe congres- sional law, into sections and townsbijrs, and this necessitated tbe establishment of a land office in tbe district. After tbe public lands bad all been sold, tbe prosperity of tbe town began to wane, and when, in 1843, tbe seat of justice was moved to Murray, and most of tbe citizens located there too, a general de- cay fastened itself upon tbe town, and now ‘ ‘ the spider weaves bis web in her palaces, the owl sings bis watch song in her towers. ’ ’ At tbe present time it has but about seventy- five inhabitants. Other towns and postoffices are New Concord, Pleasant Hill or ‘‘Pool Town,” Crossland, Shiloh, New Providence, Bacbusburg, NewTerg, Coldwater, etc. This county took an active interest in tbe late civil war, and turned out a large number of soldiers, mostly for tbe Confederate Army. Says Collins: Foi't Heimau, ou the west bank of the Tennes- see River, in the southwest corner of Calloway County, was occupied for some time by Confeder- ate forces under Gen. Abram Buford, with one brig- ade of cavalry, one regiment (Third Kentucky) of mounted infantry, under Col. 6. A. C. Holt, and a battery of light artillery. These constituted the left wing of the Confederate Army of Gen. Forrest, when he made his successful assault on Johnsou- ville, Tenn., on the east bank of the Tennessee River, November 4 and 5, 1864. Col. A. P. Thomp- son, of this county, at the head of his regiment (the Third Kentucky, Confederate States Army), was killed in the desperate assault ou Paducah, in March, 1864, and Col. G. A. C. Holt succeeded to the command. Campbell County was organized in 1794 from parts of Scott, Harrison and Mason Counties, and was tbe nineteentb. Pendle- ton, Boone, Kenton and part of Grant Coun- ties bave since been formed out of its suioer- fluous territory. It is one of tbe counties bordering tbe Obio lliver, and is well sup- plied with w'ater highways, having tbe Obio on its north and east, and tbe Licking lliver on tbe west; Pendleton County borders it on tbe south. It alternates between rich, level bottoms, and uplands, tbe latter somewhat broken and billy. Tbe bottoms yield gram and grasses in profusion, while tbe uplands produce corn, oats, wheat and tobacco, and to some extent, small fruits. In 1880 it bad 37,440 inhabitants. Tbe county was named in honor of Col. John Campbell, “a native,” says bis biographer, “of Ireland,” but tbe name is so decidedly Scotch that evidently be was of Scotch descent. He came to Ken- tucky very early, and became a man of prom- inence. He served in tbe Legislature, and as State senator from Jefferson County, where be settled. He never married, and when be died bis large estate was divided among dis- tant heirs. Newport is tbe third largest city in tbe State, and is situated on tbe Obio River at tbe mouth of the Licking and opposite tbe city of Cincinnati. By tbe last census it bad a population of 20,432. Sometimes it is tbe seat of justice and sometimes it is not. It was incorporated in 1795, tbe next year after tbe formation of tbe county, and remained tbe county seat for many years, when the seat of justice was transferred to tbe town of Alex- andria. On tbe subject Mr. Collins has tbe following: The first courts of Campbell County met, by law, at Wilmington, on the Licking River, twenty-two miles from Newport, but the county seat was after- ward located at Newport. In 1827 a law was passed fixing it at Visalia, a site supposed to be the center of the county, near the present Canton Station on the Kentucky Central Railroad, and courts were held there tliat year. Visalia was not the center, and the court house was launched for Pond Creek, a little lower down on the Licking; but by the shrewdness of interested parties it landed at New- port, and was made fast until 1840, when, on the erection of Kenton County out of that portion lying west of tlie Licking River, tlie“ center” idea again prevailed, and Alexandria became the perma- nent county seat. At Newport, by a progressive series of legislative acts, are held the long terms of the circuit, criminal, and chancery courts. Camp- bell has thus practically two county seats. Newport is well supplied witb religious and educational facilities, having some dozen or more bandsome cburcbes, and a very fine system of public schools. It is connected witb Cincinnati by a magnificent bridge, opened to tbe public in 1872., having a rail- road track, passage way for vehicles, and sidewalks for pedestrians. It is also con- nected witb Covington by a wire suspension bridge across tbe Licking River. This bridge was opened in January, 1854, and within tw'o weeks afterward (January 16) it fell. At tbe time of its fall there were on it nineteen bead of cattle and two men on horseback. Tbe men were not seriously in- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 569 jured, but one horse and six cattle were killed. It cost S36.000 to rebuild the bridge — over half its original cost. Belleview is quite a modern town, and was incorporated in 1870. It is situated on the Ohio River, and is separated from Newport by Taylor Creek. In ISSO it had a popula- tion of 1,460; it is an enterprising place and growing rapidly. Dayton is a town of 3,210 by the last census. It is situated on the Ohio, and is the name given to two villages — James- town and Brooklyn — which were consolidated. Alexandria, the coimty seat, is situated near the western line of the county, and had 378 inhabitants in 1880. California and Car- thage, both on the Ohio River, are small places. Settlements were made early in Campbell County. Some of the pioneers who bore the brunt of hardships in its settlement were Gen. James Taylor, John Hall, John Bush, Robert Benham, John Ewing, Thomas Ken- nedy, John Cook, Thomas Corwin. John Craig, Washington Berry, Charles Daniel, Nathan Kelly, etc. These came to the dark and bloody groimd when savages were plenty and when it deserved the crimson title. Many of them have descendants still living in the State. Among the prominent men of Campbell County are Gen. James Taylor, Hon. Hemy Stanberry and Gen. George B. Hodge. Gen. Taylor was a native of Virginia, and was born in 1769; he came to Kentucky in 1791, and was the first clerk of Campbell County. He served as quartermaster-general of the army of the northwest diulng the war of 1812. He took an active part in the cabal whose object was to displace Gen. Hull and confer upon Gen. McArthur the command of the fortress; and when Hull surrendered to the British. Taylor indignantly refused to assist in cKawing up the articles of capitula- tion or to have anything to do with • ‘ an act so disgraceful to the American arms. ’ ’ Gen. Taylor was a man of energy and enterprise, and accumulated an immense fortune. Says his biographer: He died before his wife, November T, 1848, on the very day of the presidential election. By the courtesy of the judges, who went to his chamber to receive his vote, he had the inexpressible satisfac- tion of casting it for his friend and relative. Gen. Zachary Ta.ylor, for President of the United States. His remark on giving his vote; was characteristic — “I have given the last shot for my country.” Hon. Hemy Stanberry was for some time a resident of this county. He was a lawyer of great ability, and held many high and re sponsible positions — one of the most impor tant being that of attorney-general of the Enited States, under President Andrew Johnson (1866-68). He was born in New AMrk City in 1803, and graduated at Wash- ington College, Pennsylvania, in 1819. He was associated with IVilliam Groesbeck, of Ohio, Benjamin R. Curtis, of Massachusetts, and Thomas A. R. Nelson, of Tennessee, in defense of President Johnson, before the United States Senate for impeachment in the spring of 1868. After that he resumed the practice of law in the United States courts at Cincinnati, in the supreme court of Ohio, at Columbus, and in the United States Supreme Court at Washington. Gen. George B. Hodge was born in Flem- ing County, this State, in 1828. He was educated in Maysville, and at the naval academy, Annapolis, Md., from which he graduated and entered the navy in 1845. He was at the siege of Yera Cruz, as aid to Com. David Connor, and served as midship)man diulng the Mexican war. He resigned in April, 1850. Gen. Hodge en- gaged in the jaractice of law in Newyort, and in 1859 was elected to the Legislatiue. He entered the Confederate Army in September, 1861, as a private, and arose by I’egular gradation to the rank of brigadier-general, and to the command of the district of Mis- sissippi and Louisiana. He also served in the Confederate Congress. Carlisle Couxtt is the youngest civil division of the State, being the one hundred and eighteenth county in the order of forma- tion. The official act creating it was ap- proved April 3, 1886. It is one of those superfluous creations ( in the way of counties) for which the Kentucky Legislatiue is especially noted, and was originated princi- pally for political pm’poses. It was formed of the south end of Ballard County, or ‘ ‘ so much thereof as lies south of Mayfield Creek, ’ ’ as follows : ‘ • Beginning in the center of Alayfield Creek at the county line of Graves and Ballard Counties; thence down said creek with the center of the channel thereof to the State line between the States of Kentucky and Missouri; thence south with said line to the northwest corner of Hickman County ; thence east with the Hickman County line to where it intersects with the Graves County line; thence with the Graves County line to the beffinningj. ” The new county lies in the Jackson Pur- chase, and is bounded on the north by Bal- lard County; on the east by Graves; on the south by Hickman; on the west by the Mis- 670 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. sissippi River, and was named in h.onor of John G. Carlisle, present speaker of the national House of Representatives, and a native Kentuckian. Its population by the last census is given with Ballard County,- as also its agricultural productions and statistics. In fact, most of its history will be found in the sketch of Ballard County. Bardwell, the seat of justice, is quite an enterprising little town. It is situated on the Illinois Central Railroad, near the cen- tral part of the county. Other villages, postoffices and stations are Arlington, Kirby- ton, Milburn, Turner and Laketon. Carroll County lies on the Ohio River, and was formed in 1838 from a part of Galla- tin County. It was the eighty -seventh county, and is bounded on the north by the State of Indaina, from which it is separated by the Ohio; on the east by Gallatin County; on the south by Owen and Henry; on the west by Trimble, and in 1880 it had a population of 8,953. This is one of the counties through which the Kentucky River flows. Along its bottoms, as well as the Ohio River bottoms, is some fine land, rich and productive. The land away from the streams is rather hilly, but fertile, and produces well. The Short- line division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad passes through the southeastern edge of the county, and, together with its water highways, affords excellent outlet for its commerce. James McBride is the first white man sup- posed to have gazed upon the country now embraced in Carroll County. In 1754 he came down the Ohio River to the mouth of the Kentucky, where he cut the initials of his name upon a tree, together with the date. I Such is the record. The historian, Filson, i claimed that McBride was the first white man j who traversed this province, of whom we have certain accounts. But Col. Durrett, the president of the Filson Club, disputes this, and presents the most indubitable evidence that white people visited Kentucky long prior to McBride, from Moscoso ‘ ‘ who sailed along its shore to the Tennessee line in 1543, La- Salle (who was at the falls of the Ohio in 1669-70), a Col. lYood (who traveled through the country in 1654), to Thomas "Walker in 1750 and Christopher Gist in 1751,” etc. It was in the last quarter of the last century, however, that actual settlements were effected in the present county. A man named Elliott built a cabin at the mouth of the Kentucky River. In the spring of 1785 it was attacked by Indians and Elliott killed, but his family made their escape. In 1786 a Captain Elli- son built a block-house near the same place. The Indians several times drove him away. A few years later — about 1789 — Gen. Charles Scott built a block-house on the second bank, which he strongly fortified, and which was occupied by whites until 1792, the time of lay- ing out Port William, afterward Carrollton. Carrollton, the seat of justice, is situated on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Ken- tucky, fifty miles below Frankfort. In 1880 it had a population of 1,332, and is a pros- perous and enterprising place, having a num- ber of manufactures on a small scale. It is well supplied with educational and religious facilities. In 1794 it was incorporated (though laid out two years before), under the name of Port Wfrlliam, a name it bore for a number of years, and was then changed to Carrollton, the name of Charles Carroll’s res- idence. Ghent, the next largest town in the county (387 inhabitants), is on the Ohio, eight miles above Carrollton. It was laid out soon after the close of the war of 1812, and was named for the city where the treaty of peace was signed in 1814, between England and the United States. Prestonville, with 183 in- habitants, and "Worthville, with 124, are en- terprising little towns, the former on the Ohio, and the latter on the Kentucky River. The county was named in honor of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was a native of Maryland and was born in 1737. He studied law in England, and returned to Maryland and entered upon an active public life. He served in the Continental Congress; afterward in the State Senate, in the United States Congress and Senate. He died in 1832, at the age of ninety-live years. His biographer relates the following anecdote of him: Immediately after he placed his name to the Declaration of Independence, one of his friends joc- ularly remarked that if the British got hold of him they would not know whether it were he or the Charles Carroll, of Massachusetts, who had signed the Declaration; consequently, they would heat a loss which to hang as the rebel. “ In order ” said he, “ that there may be no mistake about that, I will save them the trouble of hanging two of us,” and instantly affixed his residence to his name, and was ever afterward known as “Charles Carroll of Car- rollton.” The Butler family was one of the promi- inent families of Kentucky, and several mem- bers have been residents of this county. One of the most distinguished of these w'as Gen. William O. Butler, a statesman, soldier, pol- itician and scholar. [See chapter on the Mexican War.] HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 571 Carter Couxty was formed the same year I (1838) that Carroll was, and is the eigRty- ! eighth in the order of organization. It lies j in the eastern part of the State, and is brok- en and hilly, the hills abounding in coal and iron ore. The valleys are rich and produce well. The county is bounded on the north by Lewis and Glreenup Counties; on the east j by Boyd; on the south by Elliott and Law- rence; on the west by Rowan, and in 1880 it had 12,345 inhabitants. It is well watered by the Little Sandy River and its tributaries and by Tygart Creek. The county was named for Col. Y'illiam G. Carter. At the time of the formation of the county he was State senator from the dis- i trict comprising the counties of Lewis, Green- up and Lawrence. In 1847 he removed to I Arkansas, and while on a visit to Lexington, * in 1850, he died with the cholera. Salt was manufactured extensively, in what is now Carter Ccmnty, in the early times, and was shipped by tiat-boats and by wagons, j The Sandy salines were known to the early ! settlers in the eastern part of the State, and it was at and aljout them that the county was first settled. As early as 1808 white people were to be found at the salt springs engaged in the making of salt. One of the most prominent of these was Col. Thomas Scott, afterward of Lexington. Grayson, the seat of justice, is situated in the southeast part of the county, and by the last census had a population of 447. It is said to have been named for Robert Grayson, j once aid-de-camp to Gen. Washington; but why a town in Kentucky- should be named for ! Washington’s aid-de camp more than a quar- ter of a centmy after Washington’s death, does not appear. It is a small town, but with a considerable energy and business en- ; terprise. Other towns and villages are Olive : Hill, Boone, Geigersville, Mount Savage, Star, etc. Carter County abounds in caves, and other natural wonders, xkmong the caves which savor somewhat of the Midhatton description, is one called tlje Bat Cave, in consequence ^ of the great number of bats that inhabit it. j The cave is large, and has been explored to a distance of two miles. Another, called the j X Cave, is less extensive but said to surpass I it in grandeur. Still another is called Swin- gle’s Cave, and is said to have been once the I rendezvous of a band of counterfeiters. It ' contained saltpetre, and in early times gun- I powder was there manufactured. Laurel Cave is near to Swingle’s, but is much smaller in dimensions. On the east side of ; Tygart Creek is a quarry of hornstone or Hint, i which bore evidence of having been worked, and is believed, by scientists, to have been used by the savages for procui’ing stone for their arrow-heads. Collins thus describes a natui’al bridge in this county: About sixteen miles from Graj-son. and twenty- five miles from Vanceburg, on tlie Ohio River, is a natural bridge, spanning a small stream of clear water, called Little Cane}-, which falls into (the) Little Sandy River. The bridge is 219 feet in the span, 196 feet high, 12 feet wide, 5 feet thick in the center of the arch, and 30 feet at the ends, being arched underneath, and level on top. From the bottom of the ravine a spruce pine has grown up to a height of 4 feet above the bridge, making its entire height 200 feet. The sides of the ravine are so rug- ged, that were it not for a natural stairway, a per- son desiring to descend from the top of the bridge to the ravine below would have to walk probably two miles. In the vicinity of the bridge are two creeks called Big ancl Little Sinkey, which rise, flow two miles or more, and then sink again into the ground. There was an artesian well in the same neighborhood, which, if not natural, the question arises — By whom was it made ? Casey Couxty lies in the south-central part of the State, was the forty-sixth county organ- ized, and dates back to 4806. It was carved out of Lincoln County, and is bounded on the north by Boyle County ; on the east by Lin- coln and Pulaski; on the south by Pulaski and Russell ; on the west by Taylor and Adair, and by the last census (1880) had 10,983 inhalutants. It is watered and drained by the Green River and its tributaries. The surface is rough and broken, and the soil rather thin. The products are corn, oats, wheat, grass and tobacco, the statistics for 1880 being corn, 491,243 bushels: oats, 7,604; wheat, 39,087: hay, 1,014 tons, and tobacco, 07,449 pounds. The settlement of this county is common to Lincoln, as it formed a part of Lincoln up to 1806. A few words, however, of Gen. Christopher Rifl’e. He was the first settler in that part of Lincoln embraced in this county. He was a native of Maryland, and was born in 1765, and was of German origin. In 1784 he came to Kentucky, locating in Boiu’bon County, but in 1788 came here and settled at Carpenter’s Station. He was a man of note, and served a term in the Legisla- ture. The following anecdote is related of him. He occupied a seat in the House of Representa- tives between Henry Clay and Humplire}' Marshall, when the latter gave the insult which resulted in duel. The former resented it on the spot, attacking ^larshall, but Riffe (who was a tall, muscular and powerful man), seized each with one hand and held 572 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. them apart, saying earnestly: '‘Come, poys, no fighting here, I whips you both,” and closed the scene for the present. Liberty, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of the county. It was incorporat- ed in 1830, and is well , supplied with church and school facilities. It has a number of stores, shops, etc., and is quite an enter- prising little town, Middleburg, Minton- ville and Caseyville are towns of small pre- tentions in the county. This county was named in honor of Col. AVilliam Casey, a native of Virginia, who came to Kentucky aboirt 1780. His first winter was spent in a camp on the Hanging Fork of the Dick’s River, where he remained until 1791, when he, in company with several families, removed to Russell’s Creek, a trib- utary of the Green River. There, fifty miles from any other human habitation, they built a block-hoiise or station. Though few in numbers, they were a hardy band of pioneers, hopeful, courageous, and poor in the world’s wealth; they were men with iron nerves, and wills as firm as the historic granite upon which the Pilgrim Fathers stepped from the deck of the Mayfiower in 1020. They re- posed the most unbounded confidence in Casey as a leader, and maintained themselves gallantly against seveial attacks of the In- dians. Christian County is one of the richest in the Green River country. It was formed in 1796, and was the twenty-first in order of organization. It lies on the Tennessee line, and is bounded north by Hopkins and Muhl- enburg Counties; east by Muhlenburg and Todd; south by the State of Tennessee; west by Trigg and Caldwell, and by the census of 1880 had a population of 31,682. The southern half of the county is as fine land as there is in Kentucky; the northern half is broken and hilly, but produces well. Tobacco is the staple crop, though wheat, oats, corn and the grasses are extensively produced; also much stock, and many farm- ers are taking great pains to improve their stock. The agricultural report of 1880 shows the following: Corn, 1,430, 154 bushels: oats, j 64,341; wheat, 437,668; tobacco, 12,577,- ! 574 pounds; horses and mules, 9, 258 head; I cattle, 10,189; sheep, 9,514 and hogs, 42,- 834. In 1880 Christian County’s produc- j tion of tobacco made her the third county ' in the United States in that crop. The hills jn the northern part of the county contain j an inexhaustible supply of coal and iron ore. j It is watered and drained by the Pond River, j Tradew'ater, Little River, west fork of the ■Red Rivex’, and numerous small streams. The first settlers in Christian County were John Montgomery and James Davis, who came about 1785, and are believed to have been from Virginia. But little is known of them except as handed down by tradition. I One of these traditions is, that they trav- ersed the country to Pittsburgh, there em- barked on board of boats or canoes, and, sur- rounded by innumerable hardships and jxerils, passed down the Ohio, up the Cumber- land to the mouth of the Red River, and up that stream to what afterward became Christian County. They built a block-house in the southeast part of the county. Mont- gomery was a surveyor and was killed by the j Indians. Davis made a permanent settle- I ment and lived in the county for a number j of years, but finally went to Missouri, where he died at a good old age. Hopkinsville, the seat of justice, is one of the handsomest towns in southern Kentucky. It was laid out in 1797 by Bartholomew Wood, who owned the land upon which the town stands, and who was a very early settler in the county. The town was originally called Elizabethtown, and known by that name for some years; Ixut Hardin County, formed four years previous to Christian, adopted the name for its seat of justice, and Christian then changed hers to Hopkins- ville, in honor of Gen. Samuel Hopkins, a gallant officer of the Revolutionary war. It was incorporated in 1804, and by the last census (1880) had 4, 229 inhabitants. Hop- kinsville has three banks; two newspapers; a handsome brick court house; one of the finest public school buildings in the State, outside of the large cities ; two colleges ; several beautiful churches; a number of flourishing stores, and many elegant residences. The St. Louis division of the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad passes through Hopkinsville, and has been of great benefit to town and county. Hopkinsville is probably the finest and most extensive tobacco market in the State outside of Louisville. There ai’e a number of warehouses, where daily sales occur. Lafayette is situated in the southwest corner of the county, and in 1880 had a po)x- ulation of 970; Pembroke is on the railroad near the Todd County line, and had in 1880 a jDopulation of 202 ; Crofton is in the north part of the county, on the railroad, with 136 inhabitants. Otlier villages and postoffices are Petersburg, F airview, Longview, Gar- retsburg. Fruit Hill, White Plains. Bennetts- town, St. Elmo, Belleview, Oakland, etc. HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 573 The Western Lunatic Asylum is located at Hopkinsville. An historical sketch, with a view of the buildings, is given in a pre- ceding chapter of this volume. The two colleges, South Kentucky College and Bethel Female College, are first-class institutions; the former, for boys, has a military depart- ment; the latter is exclusively a female insti- tution. The coimty was named for Col. William Christian, a native of Virginia. He was ed- ucated in the army almost, and commanded a company in the Braddock campaign, al- though very young at the time. When the Revolutionary war broke out he was appointed colonel in the Virginia line. After the war he served several terms in the Legislature, and in 1785 came to Kentucky. In the early part of the next year, in a skirmish with the Indians, he was killed. Christian County has been the home of some prominent men. The history of Chris- tian County, issued a few years ago from the press of the F. A. Battey Publishing Com- pany, has the following: .John M. Paliner was born September 13, 1817, and soon after liis birth bis father removed to Christian Count}'. He received such education as the sparsely settled country afforded, and in 1831 his father removed to Illinois. In the new State he received the advantage of eighteen months at the Alton College. ■ He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1839, and opened an office in Carlin- ville. He soon entered politics, was probate judre, a member of the Constitutional Convention, and in the State Senate. When tlie civil war broke out he was among the first to offer his services, and was made colonel of the Fourteenth Illinois Infant- ry. He arose to the rank of major-general, and commanded the Fourteenth Arm}' Corps in the At- lanta campaign. In February, 186.5, he was as- signed to the military administration of Kentucky. Gen. Palmer was elected governor of Illinois in 1868. He is a statesman of high order, and truly a man ot the people. At thisVime (188(3) he is one of the able men and leading politicians of the State. Joseph Duncan, elected governor of Illinois in 1834, was at one time a citizen of this county. He was born in Paris, Bourbon Co., Ky., in 1794. He took an active part in the war of 1813, and having emigrated to Illinois, his first appearance there as a public man was as major-general of the militia. In 1826 he was elected to Congress, and was re- elected a number of times afterward. His adminis- tration as governor was an able one. though to some extent unpopular, owing to the fact tFat he deserted the Jackson party, to which he had belong- ed, and which was largely in the ascendancy in Illinois. Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States (so called), was born in Cliristian County, that portion afterward stricken off into Todd. His j father, Samuel Davis, removed to Mississippi when the future great statesman was but a child, but the ' latter returned and was for a time a student in | Transylvania University at Lexington. In 1824 he i entered West Point Military Academy, from which he graduated four years later. He "served in the Black Hawk war in Illinois, and other campaigns : against the Indians. His political career com- menced in 1844, as presidential elector for Mr. Polk; he was elected to Congress in 184-5, but resigned the next year to take command of a Mississippi regi- ment in the Mexican (\’ar. He was promoted briga- dier-general for his gallant conduct at the battle of Buena Vista. He entered the United States Senate in 1847, by appointment to fill a vacancy, and upon the expiration of the term was elected by the Leg- islature to a full term. He resigned in 1853 to accept the position of secretary of war in President Pierce's cabinet, and in 1857 was again elected to the United States Senate. He withdrew in 1861, in consequence of ^Mississippi having seceded from the Union. Since then his record has been national. Gen. James S. Jackson, the brilliant lawyer and gallant soldier, who was killed in the fatal battle of Perryville, Ky., was a resident of Hopkinsville, this county. He was born in Fayette County. Ky., in 1823. He received a fine education, studied law and graduated from the law department of Transyl- vania University in 1845. He served in the Mexi- can war and in 1861 was elected to Congress from the Hopkinsville District. While serving in the Thirty-seventh Congress President Lincolnlendered him the command of a regiment, and he returned home and recruited the Third Kentucky Cavalry, of which he was colonel until promoted to briga- dier-general. At the head of his brigade, he partic- ipated in the race with Bragg to Louisville, in 1862. He fell at Perryville, the first important battle in which he took part after his promotion to brigadier- general. His remains were deposited in the ceme- tery at Hopkinsville, March 24, 1863. Soon after it was written of him: “ Here sleeps, after a tempestu- ous life, the intrepid and fearless Gen. James S. Jackson, member of the Legislature and Congress, whose dauntless spirit, which laughed at danger, even to rashness, took its flight oHthe bloody field of Perryville. Like Harry Percy, this Hotspur of the Union Army waved his sword in the face of death as gaily as though a desperate battle were a dress parade, and the war bugles were sounding the strains of a ball-room.” Claek Couxtt was formed iu 1792, and hence is as old as the State. BomJbon and Fayette Counties contributed its territory, and Gren. George Rogers Clark its name. It was the fourteenth county formed, and lies in the central part of the State, on the margin of the famous blue-grass section. It is bounded on the north by Bom'bon, on the east by Montgomery, on the south by Madison and Estill. and on the west by Fayette. The Kentucky River flows along the south part of the county and a number of tributaries fall into it, which afford it amxile efrainage and irrigation. Among these are Lidbegrud, Boone’s. Strode’ s, Howard’s, Four’ Mile and Two Mile Creeks. About one-third of the county lies in the blue-grass region, and is highly improved and very jiroductive, like all the genuine blue-grass lands. The mid- die and northeast portions are somewhat hilly, but x^roduce well; the east and south- east x^ortions are rough, broken and poor. The products are wheat, oats, grass, and of 574 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. late years tobacco. Of stock, cattle, horses, mules and hogs receive greatest attention. The county, by the last census, had 12, Il5 inhabitants, and produced the following; Corn, 791,21)2 bushels; oats, 14,830; wheat, 129,943; rye,15,405; tobacco, 17, 187 pounds; horses and mules, 4, 984 head; cattle, 17,331; sheep, 25,931, and hogs, 20,824. The settlement of Clark County was early. As it was originally a part of Fayette, its settlement is recorded j)rincipally with the sketch of that county. A few words, how- ever, may be given here. Boonesboro, the settlement of Boone, was just across the Ken- tiicky River from the territory of Clark, and venturesome pioneers early crossed the river from the fort and erected cabins in the tine country on this side. Strode’ s Station, about two miles from where AVinchester now stands, was established in 1779. The next year it was attacked by Indians, but after a short siege they were repulsed. There are numerous springs in the county, but none of them have ever become famous as watering-places. The oil springs in the eastern part receive their name from the nat- ural production of oil. There were also sulphur and chalybeate springs near by, that years ago were frequented to some extent. AVinchester, the seat of justice, is an old town, verging on to a hundred years. Upon the formation of the county it was adopted as the county seat, over Strode’ s and Hood’s Stations, which seem to have also been con- testants for the honor. It was incorporated in 1793, and by the census of 1880 had 2, 277 inhat)itants. It is on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroa<.l, and on the extension of the Ken- tucky Central Railroad, likewise the turnpike leading from Lexington to Mount Sterling. It has an excellent court house, several hand- some churches, tine schools, a number of flourishing stores, banks, factories, shops, mills, etc. The other villages and j^ostoffices, are Schollsville, Ruckerville, Kiddville, Pin- chem and Vienna. The people of Clark County, with that chivalrous spirit of pioneers of Kentucky, tiirned out about 900 soldiers in the war of 1812. In the Mexican war it furnished one company, that of ‘ ‘ Cerro Gordo ’ ’ AA’illiams, and in the late civil war four companies, three for the Confederate and one for the Federal Army. The first settlers of the county found some corn fields that had been cultivated by the Indians many years before. They are some twelve miles east of the present city of AA"in- chester, and have always been known as the “Indian Old Fields.” Among the wise and great of Clark County 'are Hubbard Taylor, Judge James Clark, Gen. Richard Hickman, Samuel Hanson, Judge James Simpson, AVilliam Flanagan, Dr. Andrew Hood, Col. AA'illiam Sudduth, Chilton Allan, Gen. John S. AVilliams, etc. Dr. Hood was a native of the county and a man of fine ability. He not only became noted as a physician, but held important posi- tions in which he discharged the duties with credit. He was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1849, and died a few years later. Gen. Hickman was lieutenant- governor during Gov. Shelby’s last term as governor. Col. Sudduth was an early set- tler of Clark County, and a soldier under Gen. AA^ ayne against the Indians. James Clark was a prominent citizen of the county. He was born in Virginia in 1779, and came to Kentucky with his father’s family in an early day. He studied law and soon became a successful practitioner. He served in the Legislature, in Congress, the United States Senate, as circuit judge, and governor of the State. To the latter he was elected in 1836. AAMile on the circuit bench the exciting struggle occurred, known as the “relief and anti-relief war,” which is fully treated in a preceding chapter. Gen. George Rogers Clark, for whom the county was named, was one of the foremost soldiers of the age. He is mentioned so often in the early history , and in connection with the early wars in which the infant common- wealth participated, that nothing further can be said here without repetition. He died in 1818, and was buried near Louisville. Clay County was formed in 1806, from Madison, Knox and Floyd Counties. It was the forty- seventh county organized and was named for Gen. Gi’een Clay. It lies in the mountainous region and is of a rough and uneven surface, not particularly well adapted to farming, though corn, wheat, oats and grass are grown in considerable quantities. It is well watered, lying as it does in the forks of the Kentucky River; a large number of small streams flow into them, which are Goose and Little Goose Creeks, Otter, Sexton’ s, Big, Jack’s, Red Bird Fork, Collins’ Fork, Bull- skin, etc. The county is bounded on the north by Owsley County; on the east by Perry; on the south by Knox, Harlan and Josh Bell; on the west by Laurel and Jack- son, and by the last census it had a popula- tion of 10, 222. It abounds in coal and iron ore, and is heavily timbered, much of the HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 575 latter being tine and valuable. Salt lias been largely manufactiu’ed, and with better rail- road facilities would prove a vast source of wealth to the county. Manchester, the seat of justice, is situated in the southern part of the county on or near Goose Creek, and was named for Manchester, England. It is not likely, however, that it will ever rival the great manufacturing town of the mother country. Its population amounts to but a hundred or two. There are two or three churches, a first-class school, the usual public buildings, and several fiour- ishing stores. The first settlement in the present county of Clay was made by James Collins. In 1798 he erected his ‘ ‘ lone cabin ” upon the head waters of the stream that to-day bears his name (Collins’ Fork), and two years later, in 1800, he made salt at a spring which he had discovered. Early as this was, it was not the first salt manufactru'ed in the county, as the Indians had evidently used it years and years before. An Indian burying-ground was found near by, and many evidences of the springs having been used by the Indians. Clay County possesses all the resources for a fine manufacturing district. It has coal and iron ore in large quantities, and the sup- ply of natural gas is believed to be inexhaus- tible. Nothing is lacking but more extended railroad facilities. IVhat Birmingham, Ala. , has become, with energy and capital awaits this Kentucky Manchester. Gen. Green Clay, for whom this county was named, was born in Virginia, in August, 1757. He came to Kentucky early, and en- gaged in the business of surveying lands. By this means he accumulated a large landed estate. He took a prominent part in the war of 1812. As brigader-general he led 3,000 Kentucky troops to the north, and joined Gen. Harrison at Fort Meigs, literally cutting his way through the enemy’s lines to reach the fort. He died in 1820 at a good old age. Clixton Couxty, named in honor of He IVitt Clinton, of New York, borders on the Tennessee line, and was formed of parts of AVayne and Cumberland Counties in 1835, being the eighty-fifth in the State. It is bounded on the north by Russell County, on the east by lYayne, on the south by the State of Tennessee, on the west by Cumberland County, and in 1880 had 7, 212 inhabitants. A large part of the coiinty is hilly, but adapted to grazing; the valleys are very fertile and produce wheat, oats and corn abundantly. Says Mr. Collins: A spur of the Cumberland IMountains, called Poplar Mountain, penetrates this county, and ter- minates about two miles west of its center. In its windings tills mountain makes a beautiful curve, and the valley on the eastern side and within the curve, called Stockton's Valley, is fertile limestone land. The elevation of Poplar Mountain above the valley is from 1,000 to 1,500 feet. Coal in abundance, and of the best quality, is found in the mountain, in strata of about four feet. On the top of this mountain, about four miles from Albany, there are three chalybeate springs, wiiich have been visited more or less for thirty-five years. These waters, combined with the purity of the atmosphere, have proved of immense lienefit to invalids, who have re- sorted there for their health. From these mountain springs a most extensive and magnificent view- of the surrounding country is presented- On a clear morning the fog seems to rise on the water courses in the distance and stand just aliove the trees, when the eye can trace the beautiful Cumberland River in its windings for at least one hundred miles, and may distinctly mark the junction of its tributaries, in a direct line, for thirty miles. The springs are about ten or twelve miles from the Cum- berland. and it is believed that, in the hands of an enterprising proprietor, they would soon become a place of great resort. * * * On Indian Creek, about three miles from the mountain springs, the-e is a perpendicular fall of ninety feet. Above the falls for the distance of about 200 yards, the fall of the stream is gradual, and several fine mills have been erected on it. There are three large springs in the county; one on the south and tw-o at Albany, which send forth volumes of w-ater sufficiently large to turn a grist-mill or other machinery. Albany, the seat of justice, is a small town situated in tbe central part of tlie county. It lias a good court house, several churches, stores, mills, etc. , and is quite a moral town. Other villages are Cumberland City and Sev- enty-six — both small places. The county has turned out a number of distinguished men, among them Gov. Thomas E. Bramlette and Gov. Preston H. Leslie, who are mentioned elsewhere in this volume. Also James Semple, who was charge cV affaires to New Grenada under President Yan Buren. AYilliam AA’ood represented Cumberland County, when Clinton formed a part of it, in the Legislature for twenty-three years successively. Ceittexdex Couxty is of recent formation. It dates back to 1842, and was the ninety- first in the order of organization. It was lopped off the eastern side of Livingston County and named for Hon. John J. Critten- den, Kentucky’s distinguished senator, and of whom a notice appears in a preceding chapter. The county is almost surrounded by water: The Ohio River on the north, the Tradewater on the east, and the Cumberland on the west. Crooked Creek, Himicane, 5:6 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Pinery, Camp and Livingston, are tributa- ries of these rivers, and drain the county thoroughly. The surface is rough and broken; the soil, however, is quite fertile. AVheat, corn and oats are extensively pro- duced, while a most excellent quality of tobacco is grown in great abundance. The county is heavily timbered. The mineral wealth is great, consisting chiefly of coal, which is said to be of an excellent quality. Ore is also plenty. An ore, showing 50 per cent of iron, is found. Lead ore was discov- ered, showing a small percentage of silver. Marion, the county seat, is a town of 355 inhabitants, by the census of 1880. It was incorporated in 1844, and was named for Gen. Marion, a partisan officer of the Revo- lutionary war. The court house was burned during the civil war (in 1865) by Gen. Lyon" s troops. After the war was over a new court house was built, which was destroyed by Are in 1870. A new one was immediately erected, making the third upon the site within a period of seven years. Dyciisburg was laid out by William E. Dycirs, and incorporated in 1847. It is on the Cumberland River, and has a large to- bacco trade. Weston, a village of 162 in- habitants, is on the Ohio River, and is a fine shipping point. Ford’s Ferry is on the Ohio River, three miles below Weston, and is also a shipping point of importance. Other towns and postoffices are Clements- burg. Shady Grove and Bell’ s Mines. Cave-in-Rock is just across the river on the Illinois side. For three-quarters of a century or more, it has been a noted landmark to boatmen on the Ohio. Collins thus describes it: On the Illinois side of the Ohio River, only a few feet beyond the jurisdiction of the State of Kentucky, is a cavern in a rock, or ledge of the mountain, a little above the water of the river when high, and close to the bank. It is about 200 feet long and 80 feet wide; its entrance, 80 feet wide at the base, and 25 feet high. In 1836 the interior walls were smooth rocks. The floor was remarkable, being level through the whole length of its center, the sides rising in strong grades, in the manner of seats in the pit of a theater. Close scrutiny of the walls made it evident that the an- cient inhabitants of a remote period had used the cave as their council house. Upon the walls were many hieroglyphics, well executed, among them representatives of at least eight animals of a race now extinct, three of them resembling the ele- phant, the tails and tusks excepted. This cavern is connected with another more gloomy, immediately over it, united by an aperture about fourteen feet, to ascend which rvas like ascending a chjmney; while the mountain was yet far above. * * * Early in the present century a man named Wilson brought his family to the cave, and fitted it up as a dwelling and tavern, erecting on a sign-post at the water’s edge these words: “ Wilson’s Licjuor Vault and House of Entertainment.” Its very novelty attracted the attention of boats descending the river, and the crews generally landed for refresh- ments and amusements. Idle characters after a while gathered here, and it soon became infamous for its licentiousness and blasphemy. Wilson, out of such customers in their necessities, formed a band of robbers, and laid plans of the deepest vil- lainy, no less than the murder of the entire crews of each boat that landed, and the forwarding of the boats and cargoes to New Orleans for sale for cash, wdiich was to be conveyed to the cave by land through Tennessee and Kentucky. Months elapsed before any serious suspicion was created, and other months before the vague suspicions grew into shape and definiteness. But as no returns of shipments were reported, and not one of many honorable men entrusted with cargoes of produce came back to pay over the proceeds and tell the perils of the trip, it first came out that no tidings were received of any boat after It passed this point; and then that “ Wilson’s gang” of about fortj^-five men, at their station at Hurricane Island, had an-ested every boat which passed by the mouth of ihe cavern; and through business agents at New Orleans converted into specie the boats and cargoes obtained through wholesale murder and robbery. Some of the gang escaped as soon as they found public vengeance aroused against them; a few were taken prisoners; the chief himself lost his life at the hands of one of his own men, who was tempted by the large reward offered for Wilson’s head. Not long after, in the upper room of this mysterious cavern, were found about sixty skeletons, which confirmed the tale of systematic confidence, betrayal and robbery. CuMBEELAND CouNTY WES Organized in 1798, and was formed from a part of Green Coun- ty. It borders on the State of Tennessee, and received its name from the Cumberland River, which flows through its territory. It is bound- ed on the north by Adair County ; on the east by Russell and Clinton; on the south by the State of Tennessee; on the west by Monroe and Metcalfe Counties, and by the census of 1880 had a j)opulation of 8,894. The terri- tory of Cumberland was originally extensive, and from it were formed wholly or in part AVayne County in 1800; Monroe in 1820; Russell in 1825; Clinton in 1835, and Met- calfe in 1860. The county is of a rough and uneven surface ; the hills are of thin soil, the valleys rich and fertile. Grain and grass are extensively produced; also tobacco and stock. Burksville, the seat of justice, is situated on the Cumberland River, in the southeast part of the county, and was incorporated in 1810; in 1880 it had 434 inhabitants. Be- sides the county buildings, it has the usual supply of stores, churches, etc. Marrow Bone is a small village in the western part of the county. Cumberland County has its full quota of natural wonders and curiosities. The follow- ing was published of an oil w'ell in the county: HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 577 The American Oil Well is situated three miles above Burksville, on the bank of the Cumberland River. About the year 1830, while some men were engaged in boring for salt water, and after penetrat- ing about 175 feet through a solid rock, they struck a vein of oil, which suddenly spouted up to the height of 50 feet above the surface. The stream was so abundant and of such force as to continue to throw up the oil to the same height for several days. The oil thus thrown outran into the Cumberland River covering the surface of the water for several miles. It was readily supposed to be inflammable, and upon its being ignited, it presented the novel and magnifi- cent spectacle of a river on fire, the flames liter- ally covering the •whole surface for miles, reaching to the top of the tallest trees on the banks of the river and continued burning until the suppl}’' of oil was exhausted. The salt borers were greatly dis- appointed, and the well was neglected for several jmars, until it was discovered that the oil possessed valuable medicinal qualities. It has since been bottled up in large quantities, and is extensively sold ill nearly all the States of the Union. There is a cataract — a miniature Niagara — near the mouth of Little Renick Creek, that is quite picturesque. The stream falls per- pendicularly some twenty feet and pre- sents a fine spectacle. Near here there is a tradition that a severe battle was fought be- tween the savages and their jaale- faced foes — the early settlers. The whites were vic- torious, but the Indian graves, that long were to be seen in the vicinity, attest the valor of the savages and the stubbornness with which they contested the white man’s right to the country. Daviess County was formed in 1815, Horn a part of Ohio County, and was the fifty-eighth in the order of organization. It bears the name of Col. Joseph Hamilton Daveiss, though from some cause, the ei was transposed in the spelling of the name of the county.* It lies on the Ohio River, and is one of the large and wealthy counties of the State. It is bounded on the north by the State of Ind- iana, from which it is separated by the Ohio River ; on the east by Ohio and Hancock Counties; on the south by McLean and Ohio; on the west by McLean and Henderson, and in 1880 it had 27,730 inhabitants. It is the sixth in the State in point of population, and ranks nearly as high in point of wealth. The soil is rich, resting upon clay, and is peculiarly well adapted to the growing of tobacco, making this the third county (liy the last census) in its production. The crop statistics for 1880 were as follows: Corn, 1,392,599 bushels; oats, 79,946; rye, 10,694; wheat, 147,303, *The orthography of several counties in the State has been changed, apparently -n-ithout design; Green county being named for Gen. Greene ; Muhlenburg for Rev. and Gen. Muhl- enberg ; Callo-way for Col. Callaway, and Menifee for Hon. Richard H. Menefee. — Collins. and tobacco, 9,523,451 pounds; and stock, horses and mules, 8, 090 head; cattle, 12,090; sheep, 8,412, and hogs, 37,699. The county is well watered and drained by the Ohio and Green Rivers and their tributaries, which are Two Mile, Knob Lick, Panther, Rhodes, Yel- low, Delaware, Puppy, Blackford, Green Creeks, etc. Owensboro, the capital city of the county, is beautifully situated on an elevated plateau overlooking la belle riviere, and by the last census had a population of about 10,000. It was named for Abraham Owen, a gallant sol- dier who fell, as did the brave Col. Daveiss, at the battle of Tippecanoe. It is a hand- some and thriving city, and bears the name of being one of the best business ]ioints on the Ohio, between Louisville and Paducah. It has an elegant court house and many other handsome buildings, both public and private. Its business houses, churches, residences, etc., are not excelled by any city of its wealth and population in the State. It has banks, newspapers, gas works (no reflection intended by mentioning gas works and news- j^iapers together), a number of manufactories, tobacco warehouses, etc. Its educational facilities are excellent, and comprise public and private, Protestant and Roman Catholic schools. lYhitesville is a small to-wn of 200 or 300 inhabitants, and is about fifteen miles from Owensboro. Other towns and postoffices are Masonville, "West Louisville, Yelvington, Oakford, Knottsville, Pleasant Ridge, Sor- ghotown, Curdsville and Birk City. Most of these are either on the Ohio or Green River, and several of them are merely steam- boat landings and shipping points. Not only does Daviess possess a rich soil, but the county is rich in mineral wealth. Coal is to be found in almost every section, and much of it of a superior quality. Iron ore exists, but not in sufficient richness to be val- uable. Salt water, too, may be obtained by boring to a depth of 500 feet. Potter’s clay in inexhaustible quantities exists. A fine vein, some 15 feet thick, about the same depth below the sui’face and five miles in length, borders the river above and below Owens- boro. South of the city a few miles is a vein of fine white clay. Springs possessing medicinal properties abound in different parts of the county. The Owensboro & Russellville Railroad, now a portion of the Louisville and Nashville system, runs north and south through the center of the county, and has been of great advantage in promoting the wealth and pros- perity of the country through which it passes. 36 578 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. The road was originally intended as a part of . a o-reat thi'ough line from the South to St Louis, Cincinnati and Chicago, but it fell in to the hands of the Louisville & Nashville management, and now can never be more than a local feeder to that gigantic system. Col. Joseph Hamilton Daveiss, for whom this county was named, was a native of Vir- ginia. He was a lawyer of ability, and one of the bright and shining lights of the Ken- tucky bar, when it boasted of such men as Clay, Boyle, Nicholas, Breckinridge, Rowan, Bibb, Allan and other intellectual giants. He read law with George Nicholas, and was in a class with Isham Talbott, Felix Grundy, ^^'il]iam Garrard, AVilllam B. Blackburn, J esse Bledsoe, William Stuart and J ohn Pope, all of whom left their names engraved high on the roll of their country’s fame. He was admitted to the bar and commenced prac- tice in 1795, and rose rapidly to distinction. In the trial of Aaron Burr, at Frankfort, for conspiracy against the United States Govern- ment, Daveiss prosecuted him. [See Chap- ter XII of this volume.] Without following his brief career, it is enough to say, that as a lawyer he stood second to none of his time. After residing for a time in Danville and Frankfort, he removed to Owensboro, this county, near where he had acquired large landed possessions. In 1809 he removed to Lexington, and in the fall of 1811 joined the army of Gen. Harrison. In the battle of Tippecanoe, which followed on the 7th of November (1811), he fell in a charge made against the Indians at his own urgent solic- itation. Edmonson County was formed in 1825, and was the seventy-ninth organized in the State. Hart, Warren and Grayson contributed its territory, and it was named for Captain John Edmonson, a Virginian, who came to Ken- tuclcy in 1790, and settled in Fayette County, and who commanded a company of riflemen in Col. John Allen’s regiment, and was killed in the disastrous battle of the river Raisin. The Green River divides the county, flowing from east to west nearly through the center, and, with its tributaries, affords excellent drainage. It is bounded on the north by Grayson County; on the east by Hart and Barren; on the south by Warren; on the west by Warren and Butler, and by the last census it had 7,222 inhabitants. The land is roll- ing, and in places rough and hilly; upon the whole the county is rather a jjoor one as regards agriculture, but it is rich in natural wonders and in mineral wealth. The Mam- ihoth Cave, one of the great natural wonders of the world, and the most extensive cavern ever discovered or explored, is situated in this county. It is only half a mile from the Green River, and about eight miles from the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. For an excellent historical description of this great wonder of nature, the reader is referred to appendix A, of this volume. There are sev- eral other caves in the county, but none of such dimensions as the Mammoth, certainly none are that have been explored. In differ- ent parts of the county are mineral springs, and coal is considered almost inexhaustible. The census of 1880 shows the number of bushels of corn raised to have been 328,159; wheat, 22,858; pounds of tobacco, 450,676; and other crops in similar proportion. Brownsville, the seat of justice, is a small village of only a few hundred inhabitants. It was laid out in 1828, and was named for Gen. Jacob Brown. It is situated on the Green River, and is near the center of the county. It is well supplied with churches and schools. Other villages and postoffices are Rocky Hill, Cornelian Springs and Big Reedy. Edmonson County, hitherto, has been al- most without railroads. The Louisville & Nashville passes through the southeast corner — Rocky Hill Station being in the county. Recently a project has been inaugurated to build a road from Glasgow Junction, on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, to the Mam- moth Cave, and at the present writing (December, 1886) the new road is opened for business and travel. Indian Hill is one of those peculiar eleva- tions common in Kentucky. It is about a mile in circumference, and rises gradually and with great regularity on all sides (except one, which is nearly perpendicular) ^to a height of about 100 feet above the level of the surrounding plain. Ui:)on the summit of the hill were indications of a fortification, and in the immediate vicinity were a number of mounds and burial places. Not the least curiosity of the place is a fine spring of water issuing from the rock on the brow of the hill. Dismal Rock, on a small stream called Dismal Creek, is a perpendicular rock rising to an altitude of 160 feet. Elliott County is one of the modern counties of the State, having been created since the civil war (in 1869), and was the one hundred and fourteenth organized. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 579 Lawi’ence, Morgan and Carter contributed its territory, and Judge John M. Elliott fur- nished it a name. It is a small county lying in the northeastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Carder County ; east by Larvi’ence County ; south by Morgan Coun- ty ; west by Kowan County, and in ISSO it had a population of 6, 567. High hills smuound it on three sides, and the streams which flow into the Big and Little Sandy Rivers and the Licking, form a succession of romantic and pictui’esque valleys, rich and feidile and highly productive. Grain, grasses and to- bacco are produced; also stock raising re- ceives considerable attention. Elliott County (until recently a part of other divisions) has its settlement and pioneer history included in the sketches of them. But little of interest attaches to its history individually, and the words of Montesquieu might apply aptly to it. “Happy,” said the great French author, “is that nation whose annals are tiresome.” This has been the case with Elliott County until recently. Mithin the past few weeks (October, 1886), considerable excitement has been produced in regard to the story of diamond fields, which are supposed by some to exist in the county. The belief is founded on the fact that Prof. Lewis, a well known American geologist and mineralogist, had seen in the county ‘ ‘ the same geologic conditions that surrounded the diamond beds at Kimberley in South Afi’ica. ” The wild and highly colored reports, however, contain nothing definite enough to render them historical, and until further developed must remain something of a romance. Martinsburg. the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, and is a small place with less than a hundi-ed inhabitants by the last census. It was originally called Sandy Hook, but was, for some cause not material to this sketch, changed to the present name. Newfoundland is a small village in the northeastern part of the county. Estill County was organized in 1808, and was taken from Madison and Clark Counties. F rom its original territory have been formed, wholly or in part, Breathitt County in 1839; Owsley in 1843; Powell in 1852; Jackson in 1858, and Lee in 1870. It .is bounded on the north by Powell and Clark Counties; on the east by Lee and Powell; on the south by Jackson and Owsley; on the west by Mad- ison, and in 1880 it had 9,860 inhabitants. The Kentucky River flows nearly through the center of the county fr’om the southeast to the northwest, with the following tribu- taries: the Red River, which forms the northern boundary line, and Buck, iTdler' s. Station Camp, Cow and Drowning Creeks. The southern half of the county is rough and broken, and the land poor; the river and creek bottoms are rich, and produce corn, oats, wheat, grass and tobacco abundantly. The eastern part of the county is rich in mineral wealth and resources. Coal and iron ore abound of a very superior quality, and lead ore has also been discovered but never mined to any extent. Collins thus describes the mineral resources: The “Red River Iron District” is mainly con- fined to Estill CountJ^ The iron ores of the region produce iron of unsurpassed excellence. The first iron works in the county were located on the Red River, in the northeast corner, about 1810, and em- braced a blast furnace, knobling fire and forge. About 1830 the Estill steam furnace was built, ten miles southeast, on the mountain which divides the waters of the Red River from those of the Ken- tucky, and the smelting discontinued at the furnace on Red River; at the same time the works at the “ forge ” were greatly improved for the manu- facture of bar irons, blooms, nails and castings. The Red River Iron Works soon became celebrated for the good qualit 3 'of the metal produced. About 1840 a new rolling-mill supplanted the old forge, and coal from near the Three Forks of the Ken- tucky River was employed as fuel; this coal was flat-boated from Beattyville down river fifty miles, wagoned nine miles up Red River to the iron works; it was not found suited to make good iron, and its use was abandoned. About I860 the manufacture of iron at the mill was discontinued. In 1865 “The Red River Iron Manufacturing Company” was chartered, and organized with a cash capital of §1,000,000, which sum was actually ex- pended in the purchase of all the estate belonging to the Red River Iron Works, and in the improve- ment of that property. The works at the old forge on Red River were not revived, but the mills there were rebuilt and improved. Estill furnace was put in blast in 3Ia3^ 1866, mau 3 ' buildings erected, turnpike roads l)uilt, and the iron wagoned eight miles, to Red River, and shipped liy flat-boats. In 1868 the company began and in less than two years completed two of the largest charcoal furna- ces in the world, with inclined planes, tramwa3'S, macadamized roads, mills and shops, and homes for over one hundred families, employing 1.000 men for more than a 3 mar. A town was chartered at the new furnaces, called Fitchburg, after the two brothers, Frank Fitch, the general superintendent, and Fred Fitch, the secretary and treasurer. In 1869 the iron from Estill furnace was diverted from the Red River route, and wagoned three miles to Fitchburg; thence, together with the product of the two great furnaces, which went into blast March 4, 1870, taken by a new tramways six miles to Scott’s Landing, on the Kentucky River, near the mouth of Miller’s Creek. In 1871 nearly^ 10,000 tons of pig iron were turned out, valued at §600,000. Iiwfine, the county seat, is situated on the north bank of the Kentircky River, near the center of the county. It is quite a thriving town with 1,676 inhabitants by the last cen- sus. and was named in honor of Col. William 580 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY, Irvine. It has a handsome brick court house, several churches, and excellent schools, with the usual number of business houses, shoj:)s, etc. AVisemantown is a small village on the Kentucky River al)Out two miles from Irvine. There are a number of springs, in the county. Those known as the Estill Springs have l)een quite a watering-place. A j^ecul- iarity is, that there are five springs and the Avater of no two alike. Sweet Lick Knob, standing above the springs, commands one of the finest views known in the country. The county was named in honor of Capt. James Estill, a native of Virginia, and an early settler in Madison County. He was a gallant soldier and thoroughly versed in Indian warfare. He was killed in a battle with the Indians, fought in what is now Montgomery County, and Avhich is described as one of the severest ever fought in Ken- tucky, according to the numbers engaged. Fayette County is one of the original three counties into Avhich Kentucky County was divided, in 1780, by act of the Virginia Legislature. It occupied about one-third of the present State, its boundaries being as follows: “All that part of the county of Kentucky Avhich lies north and east of the line, beginning at the mouth of the Ken- tucky River, and up the same and its middle fork to the head, and thence south to the "Washington line.”* It was named in honor of the Marquis de La Fayette, that zealous friend of American liberty. The county was formed at a time when the country rang with praises of the patriotic Frenchman, who. though a repre- sentative of a noble family, and a citizen of one of the proudest kingdoms on the globe, i sacrificed it all to assist in securing the in- dependence of the American Republic; and it seemed but right and proper that the new county should l)ear his name. Fayette County is situated in the central part of the State, and is considered the very heart, or ‘ ‘ garden spot of the world, ’ ’ the famous “blue grass region of Kentucky.” It is drained by the Kentucky River and its triljutaries, and is bounded on the north by Scott County; on the east by Bourbon and Clark Counties; on the south, by Jessamine and Madison Counties, the latter of which it is separated from by the Kentucky River; and on the west by Woodford County. It con- tains about 275 square miles, and in 1880 *Tlie present State of Tennessee was known as the “ Dis- trict of Washington.” and was represented by deputies chosen by the Coloniai Assembly of North Carolina. I had 29,023 inhabitants. The land lies well, I is gently rolling or undulating, rich and pro- ductive, and Avell merits the title of ‘ ‘ garden spot of Kentucky ’ ’ — or of the world. It is one of the finest stock-producing counties of the State, and its name abroad is without rival in that regard. Its through-bred horses I are the finest in the world and command the highest prices, Avhile its blooded cattle are unsurpassed in any land. Hogs and sheep are also raised; corn and hemp are grown ex- tensively, while of late years tobacco has be- come quite a stajfie product. The county is well supplied with railroads, the great modern factor in material and social progress. The Louisville A Nashville, the Cincinnati Southern, the Kentucky Cen- tral, and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroads, pass through the county, giving means of travel and transportation in every direction. In addition to these roads, all completed and in successful operation, there are several con- templated roads, that, when built, will also penetrate the county. Add to the railroads the perfect system of turnpikes, and Fayette Countv, indeed, seems to be blest in its highways of travel. The first settlement in Fayette County was made upon the present site of Lexington. As early as 1775 a number of pioneers, among whom were Robert Patterson, William McConnell, Simon Kenton, John and Levi Todd, John Maxwell, James Masterson, Isaac Greer, visited this region, and pitched their camp at a fine spring iqron the spot where Lexington now stands. Here McConnell, assisted l)y his comrades, built a small cabin, as a claim for title to the lands. ' This, how- ever, was all that was made toward an actual settlement until 1779, Avhen Col. Robert Pat- terson, with twenty-five men, came over from Harrodsburg, and about the 1st of April com- menced the building of a block-house near the site of the McConnell hut. From this dates the permanent settlement of Fayette County, and other stations and block-houses within its limits followed in quick succession. Bryant’ s and Grant’ 8 Stations were settled in the same year (1779), and a few years later found forts and block-houses at Boone’ s, Mas- terson’ s, McLean’s, McGee’s, and at other points. These stations, however, were not established without grave difficulties being encountered. For nearly two decades it was an almost daily struggle betAveen the whites and savages for possession of the country. Against Lexington and Bryant’ s Stations Avere hurled some of the most formidable expedi- tions of the Indians Avhich Kentucky, with all its border Avarfare, ever experienced. But in FAYETTE COUNTY EAIK GKOXJND— LEXINGTON. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 581 the early gliraraer of the century, now reeling off the last quarter of its course, the Indian power, in Kentucky, began to weaken, and the savages, despairing of driving the pale-faced invaders from the soil, eventually gave ujd the struggle, and peace settled over the country. Lexington, the seat of justice of the county, and the metropolis of the blue-grass region, is situated on the Elkhorn Creek, near the center of the county. It is distinguished as being the first capital of the State, a fact de- scribed in the sketch of Frankfort. It is one of the most beautiful inland cities in the Southwest, and by the last census had 10.656 inhabitants. Its fine educational facilities long ago won for it the appropriate title, ‘ ‘ Athens of the "West. ” It is the seat of the Kentucky University, formerly Transylvania, the State Agricultnral and Mechanical Col- lege; the Hamilton Female College; St. Cath- erine’s Academy; Sayre Female Institirte. and a most excellent system of public schools — both white and colored. The press is an able one, and comprises among its papers the Transcript, the Press, the Gazette, etc., all ably conducted newspapers. The city is not lacking in religious facilities, having twenty or more chiuches, some of them as stately temples of worship as are to be found. Re- cently a new court house has been built, one of the finest in the State, which is an orna- ment to the town, and at this time (1886) a new government building is being erected. Lexington received her name in honor of the little village away up in Massachusetts, where was fired the first gun of the Revolu- tionary war. "While the little band of pio- neer hunters were encamped at the spring above mentioned, they received the news of the battle of Lexington. Says Ranck:* The name of the settlement that was to be was discussed with animation. One suggested “York” another “Lancaster,” but both were dropped with a shout for “Lexington!” as the conversation turned to the strange news that had slowly crept through the wilderness, and which, after being weeks on the way, they had just heard, of how King George’s | troops, on the 19tli of April, 1775, had called Amer- icans “rebels,” and shot them down like dogs at Lexington, in Massachusetts Colony, The story of Lexington’s christening — the historic fact of how she got her name — is as romantic as the legend of the beautiful princess Pocahontas, and is an inci- dent far more interesting because more true than the fabulous one told of the founding of ancient 1 Rome. i This christening of Lexington was the first i monument raised to our Revolutionary dead. Here in the vast illimitable wilderness — the j almost uninhabited territory of the royal province of Virginia — a band of simple pio- neers more than a hundred years ago be- ^ stowed this tribute upon those patriots who were first to seal their devotion to the cause of liberty with their lives. Those pioneer : hunters — the forlorn hope of civilization in ; the dark and bloody ground — have passed I away. The grass has grown over their graves, and the daisies have bloomed above their : lowly beds, but the spot named by that lone ■ camp-fire in the wilderness has become a ' city more beautiful than Damascus, the " fair city of the plain. ’ ’ It has become the I center and metropolis of one of the finest sec- tions of country upon which the sun ever shone, and which has long been famed as the seat of learning, and of ‘ ' poetry and elo- ■ quence. ” Athens is situated in the southeastern part of the county, and is but a small, unpretend- ! ing village. Other postoffices and villages are Sandersville. Donerail, Gi’eendale, Wal- nut Hill. East Hickman and Yarnallton. The largest of these comprises but a few houses, a store or two, a postoffice, blacksmith shop, etc. Much of the early history of Lexington and Fayette County may be found in preceding chapters of this work. Sketches of most of the wise and grreat men have been given elsewhere. Among these latter are Henry Clay, the “sage of Ashland.” the great American commoner; -John Breckinridge, the first of that illustri- ous family in Kentucky; John Bradford, the pioneer editor of the West; -Joseph Cabell Breckinridge, Robert Wickliffe, -Judge David R. Atchison, Prof. C. S. Rafinesque, the eminent archaeologist ; Gen. -J ohn C. Breckin- ridge, Judge A. C. Woolley, Col. Joseph Hamilton Daveiss. George Nicholas, William T. Barry, Gen. John H. Morgan, Dr. Benj. W. Dudley, George Robertson, Dr. Charles Caldwell, and a host of others past and gone. So much has been said of these eminent men in the periods of the general history where they figured, that to sketch them here would but make of it a ’ ‘ twice told tale. ’ ’ Fayette County abounds in caverns, springs, natural wonders, ancient remains of the prehistoric race, etc. In the northern part of the county are what appear to be the remains of Indian fortifications. Near Lex- ington were works that evidently belonged to the prehistoric period. One of them was vis- ited by Prof. Rafinesque, in 1820, who made maps and plats of it and presented them to the Smithsonian Institution. There were a number of others around Lexington. A work, resembling a fortification, was just west of the town, near the Frankfort road. A group of mounds and graves were a short distance south of the city, and two groups were on the south side of north Elkhorn Creek, about ♦In History of Fayette County, p. 223. 582 HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. a mile from each other. There is a tradition that the hrst settlers of Lexington found a well, ‘ ‘ regularly and artihcially built, and with stone, ” a domestic convenience unknown among the American Indians; and that curious earthen vessels were plowed up, such as only could have been manufactured by at least a | semi-civilized people. Of the “caves and caverns, ” to be found all over the county, such wonders of nature are too common in Ken- tucky to call forth here even a description. Fleming County was one of thirteen organ- ized in 1798. It was taken from Mason, was the twenty-sixth formed, and was named in honor of Col. John Fleming. It is situ- ated in the northeastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Mason and Lewis Counties; on the east by Lewis and Rowan; on the south by Rowan and Bath; on the west by Nicholas and Robertson, and in 1880 had 15,221 inhabitants. It is well watered bv the Lickino- River, Fleming:, Fox and Triplett Creeks, and a number of other small streams tributary to them. The soil of the county is varied in quality, and the sur- face diversified. The western portion is roll- ing. the soil resting on limestone, and is rich and productive; the eastern and northeastern portions are hilly and mountainous, with rich creek bottoms interspersed. The products j are corn, wheat, clover, tobacco, hemp, . etc, j Stock raising also receives considerable atten- tion, The Maysville division of the Ken- tucky Central Railroad passes through the northwestern part of the county, which has improved in a slight degree the transpor- tation facilities. The first whites who visited the territory, now comprised in Fleming County, were sur- veyors. A surveying party, under Gen. 'Will- iam Thompson, were here as early as 1773. Another party, under Col. James Perry and James Hamilton, were here quite as early. These may be considered the advance guard of the early settlers. . George Stockton, taken prisoner when a child and brought up among the Indians, afterward established Stockton’s Station (in 1787) near the present site of Flemingsburg. Stockton was a strange com- pound of white man by liirth and Indian by adoption. He was an exile from civilization in his native Virginia, and had sought the solitudes of the pathless woods in exchange for the trammels of civilized society. Of the latter he could not endure its restraints, and he despised its comforts and pleasures. He had hunted in the Indian chase, talked in their dialect, danced their dances, and was much attached to many of their customs. Robert Stockton and Beacham Rhodes were compeers of George Stockton, also Zadok Williams. He was killed by Indians, in 1790, while working in the field near Stockton’s Station. Fleming’s and Cassidy’s Stations were early settlements in the county. The latter was settled by Michael Cassidy, an Irishman by birth, but who came to America in his early youth, served in the Revolutionary war, came to Kentucky after it was over, and set- tled the station that bore his name. Flem- ! ing’s Station was named for Col. John Flem- I ing, for whom both the county and its capital were named. He was a native of Virginia I and came to Kentucky in 1787, and located first in what is now Clark County, but in 1790 came here and located Fleming’s Sta- tion, where he died in 1794. He was a true pioneer, and took an active part in subduing the wilderness. Many incidents could be re- lated of Fleming, Cassidy and Stockton. Another early settler, and a very important personage in the county, was “Ben,” a col- ored man, and the first of that “fated race” to come hither. He was an unadulterated negro, I Jack as the gates of “Sheol,” with teeth that bore the appearance of mar- Iile slabs set up around a coal-pit. Ben was devoted to his master, and hated an Indian with the utmost zeal. He could handle a rifie expertly, and under his unerring eye many an Indian bit the dust. Ben lived to an old age, and died honored liy his white friends. Flemingsburg is the county seat and is sit- uated in the northwestern part of the county on the Maysville & Mount Sterling Turnpike, about seventeen miles south of Maysville. It has an excellent brick court house, several handsome churches, first-class schools, a newspaper, and the usual number of stores, shops, etc. It was incorporated in 1812, re- ceived its name from the same source that the county did, and in 1880 had a population of 811 souls. Elizaville is a village of 148 in- habitants, situated about five miles from Flemingsburg. Sherburne, with a popula- tion of 177, is situated on the Licking River in the southwestern part of the county. Pop- lar Plains, a village wfith 278 inhabitants, is situated near the center of the county. Hills- boro has 194 inhabitants, and is located nine miles southeast of Flemingsburg. Mount Carmel is situated east of Flemingsluirg. and has 185 inhabitants. Tilton, by last census, had 94 inhabitants, and is six miles south of Flemingsburg. Other small places aie Farmville, Centerville and Ewing. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 583 Floyd Couxty was organized in 1799 from | parts of Fleming, Mason and Montgomery j Counties, and was the fortieth in the catalogue ' of counties. It was an unwieldy district, and as its population increased, the follow'ing t counties were wholly or in part formed from it: Clay, in 1806; Harlan, in 1819; Perry, j in 1820; Lawrence, in 1821; Pike County, I in 1821; Morgan, in 1822; Breathitt, in j 1839; Letcher, in 1842; Johnson, in 1843; Eowan, in 1856; Boyd, Magoffin and Wolfe, in 1860; Elliott, in 1869, and Lee, in 1870. It was named for Col. John Floyd, a promi- nent man in the early history of Kentucky. It lies in the eastern part of the State, and is hounded on the north by Johnson and Mar- tin Counties; on the east by Pike County; on the south by Pike and Letcher Counties; on the west by Letcher, Perry, Breathitt and Magoffin Counties, and in 1880 had a i^opu- lation of 10,176. It is mountainous, the hills rising in places to an elevation of 500 feet above the general level. Corn is the principal crop, although wheat and flax are extensively cultivated. The mountains afford fine range for stock. The county abounds in coal. Collins’ history furnishes the following on the sub- ject: Five or six different beds of coal overlie each other in the hills around Prestonburg. The main bed, which averages aliout four feet, with a clay j parting ten inches from the top of the coal, which I thickens up stream, toward the south, to eight iuclies.and thins down stream to half an inch, is sit- uated seventy to eighty feet above the bed of the j Big Sandy River; one sixty and one 150 feet higher, one forty or fifty feet lower, one at low water and one below the lied of the river. A lied of coal, sup- posed to be a distinct bed. crops out just opposite Prestouburg, ninety-eight feet above the river, wliich is of a compact, close texture, approaching cannel coal, and is different from the main coal in appearance, fracture, composition and roof The coal bed of Col. Martin, two miles above Prestou- burg, on the east branch of Big Sand}', sixty feet above the river, has three feet, ten inches to four feet of remarkably pure coal; is but little changed in form in burning, and has but little bitumen — a material which acts injuriously in a coal used for j .smelting iron. The main bed of coal is one of the ! best in Kentucky for manufacturing purposes. Prestonburg, the seat of justice, is a small town of 265 inhabitants by the last census. It is situated on the Big Sandy River, about seventy miles above its mouth, and was named in honor of Col. John Preston, who owned the land upon which it was laid out. With the rich mineral wealth Ivincr conticfu- ous it should, with railroad facilities, become a great manufacturing point. Other villages are Lanesville and Martinsdale, both small places. The Burning Spring is one of the natural wonders of Floyd County. It is situated about seventeen miles from Prestonburg and constantly emits a heavy, thick sulphurous vapor, which ignites upon the application of fire. This rather strange phenomenon im- bued the superstitious among the pioneers with the idea that the “ fire- spring ’’ was but a by-way to “ Sheol. ” To the “Swift Silver Mine,"* the county was indebted for its first white visitors. They w'ere roving backwoods men, who are supposed to have come to eastern Kentucky in search of this fabled silver mine — this Eldorado of the mountains. Little beyond tradition, however, is knowm of them or their visit. As early as 1775 a party of hunters — I William Pittman, James Fowler and William i Thornton — came out from Virginia, and in I pursuit of game camped for a short time on Beaver Creek in the present county of Floyd, j They discovered a salt lick, which they I called “Fowler’s Lick,” and from which salt was manufactured in early days. Col. John Floyd, for whom this county was named, was a native of Virginia, and of Welsh origin. He was born in 1750, and was well educated for that early period. He came to Kentucky with his parents in an early day, and settled in the present county of Jefferson. He established Floyd's Station on Beargrass, and as an instance of the danger of the times and the perils the early settlers incurred, Col. Floyd and two of his brothers were killed by Indians. Much of the adventures and pioneer life of Col. Floyd may be found in preceding chapters of this volume. Franklin County, distinguished for having the State capital, was formed in 1794. and j bears the name of the philosopher and states- man, Benjamin Franklin. Woodford, Mer- cer and Shelby Counties contriliuted its territory, and in turn it contributed to the formation of Gallatin, Owen and Anderson Counties. It is bounded on the north by Henry and Owen Counties; on the east by Scott and Woodford; on the south by Anderson and Woodford; on the west by Shelb}' and Henry, and by the census of 1880 it had a population of 18,699. The Kentucky River flows north nearly through the center of the county, and with numerous tributaries, comprising North and South and Main Elkhorn, Big and Little Benson and Flat Creeks, drains and waters it well. The surface of the country is diversified. A small section, lying next to Scott and Wood- ford Counties, is undulating, and is rich *See sketch of Bell Couaty. 584 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. blue-grass lands. Along the Kentucky River it is broken and hilly, and in many places tall, perpendicular cliffs “rear their lofty crests on high. ’ ’ There is sufficient water- power in the county to operate thousands of factories, and that Frankfort is not a great manufacturing center is more a lack of enter- prise on the part of the people than other- wise. The principal crops are corn, wheat, rye, hemp, barley, tobacco and whisky. Stock raising receives a full share of attention, and much interest is manifested in blooded animals. The Lexington & Frank- fort division of the LouisvilJe & Nashville system j^asses through the county, and is one of the pioneer railroads of the West. [See chaieter on internal improvements.] With the advantage of both railroad and river transportation the county is blest beyon 1 many of her neighbors. The first settlement made in what is now Franklin County was at a place called Lees- town, which was laid out on the river about a mile below the present town of Frankfort. A station or block-house was built there in 1776 by Hancock Lee (for whom the place was called), Cyrus McCracken and others. It became quite a stopping place for the early settlers, and at one time was a rather import- ant point, described as “ regularly laid out and flourishing.” It never, however, arose to any prominence, as was predicted of it, but when the capital was located at Frankfort, it gradually fell into decay, and the “remem- brance of its glory has almost faded from the minds of men.” Frankfort, the seat of justice of the county and the capital of the State, is situated on the Kentucky River about sixty-six miles above its mouth. * It stands in a valley, and is sur- rounded by hills that in the barbarous ages might have served as walls of the city. Ancient Rome, we are told, sat proudly on her seven hills, but in the case of Frankfort ‘ ■ the eternal fitness of things ’ ’ is reversed, and the seven hills sit upon the town. It was chosen as the capital of the State in December (accepted on the 8th), 1792, and the first session of the second Legislature was held ‘ ‘ in the house of Amlrew Holmes at Frankfort on the Kentucky River. ” The first constitution, adopter! in convention at Danville, April 19, 1793, reejuired the General As- sembly to meet at Lexington on .June 4, 1792, and provided the following mode for fixing the seat of government. The House, during the sessions in 1792, should choose by ballot twenty-one persons, from ♦Frankfort, it is claimed, attained its name in consequence of a skirmish that occurred on the spot where the town now stands, between a hand of Indians and William Bryant, Nich- olas Tomlin, Ellisom Williams, Stephen Frank and others. Frank was killed in the tight, and to perpetuate his memory, the place was called Frankfort. whom the representatives from Mercer and Fayette Counties should alternately strike one, until the twenty-one should be reduced to five, who, or any three of them concurring, should " have power to fix on the pi ace for the seat of government, to receive grants from individuals therefor, and to make such conditions with the proprietors of the land as to them should seem right, and should be agreed to by the proprietor, and lay off a town thereon in such manner as they should judge most pioper. Accord- ingly, on .Tune 18, 1792, John Allen and John Edwards, of Bourbon County; Robert Todd, of Fayette; Henry Lee, of Mason; and Thomas Ken- nedy, of Madison, were chosen commissioners. During the summer and fall ensuing, they visited the several points which made proposals — Leger- wood Bend, Delaney' s Ferry, Petersburg, Louisville, Lexington, Frankfort and Leestowu (one mile be- low Frankfort), canvassed them thoroughly, and on December 5, in session at Lexington, resolved that '‘Frankfort was the most proper place for the seat of government.” John Edwards was absent, two of the board (Robert Todd being one) were in favor of Lexington, and two of Frankfort. , Gen. Todd, although largely interested as the owner of much land near Lexington and a resident there, rather than have it said that his judgment 'ivas biased by interest, changed his vote and gave to Frankfort the three votes necessary. December 8 the report of the committee was approved by the Legislature, and^the question settled. * * The proposition wdiich induced this location was: First. By Andrew Holmes, to convey to the Gov- ernment: (a) For seven years the house and tene- ment lately occupied by Gen. James Wilkinson; (b) absolutely, the lots marked Public Ground, Nos. .78, 59, 68, 74, 75, 79, 8.3 and 84; (c) choice of thirty lots yet unsold, or alternate — choice of half of all the unsold (74) lots, and if more space is requisite, will lay off into half-acie lots fifty acres more and con- vey one-half of them; (d) the rents of -warehouse for seven years; (e) ten boxes 10x12 window glass, 1.500 pounds nails, £50 ($166f) worth of locks and hinges, and an equivalent of stone and scantling for building, all delivered upon the Public Ground, or, in place of the latter, stone that will build 1,590 perches of wall iu any part of Frankfort, and the use of his saw-mill, carriage, wagon, and two good horses uu:il a sufficiency of scantling for a State- house is procured, and the privilege of timber from any part of his tract. Second. The bond, dated August 9, 1792, of eight citizens of Frankfort — Harry lunes, Nat Sanders, Bennett Pemberton, Benjamin Craig, Jere Craig, IVilliam Haydon, Daniel James and Giles Samuel — to pay to the commissioners $3,000 in specie (gold or silver).* Frankfort is becoming quite a manufactur- ing center, the lumber and whisky interests lieing the most prominent. The efforts made from time to time to remove the capital, and the agitation consequent thereto, has greatly retarded the growth of Frankfort, and at the same time prevented the erection of public buildings creditable to the great State of Kentucky. The cajiital, doubtless, -null never be removed — it never should be — and the re- taining of the old buildings is a disgrace to the town and the State. The capital should not be removed unless the State cemetery is removed with it; to remove one without the other would be an outrage upon the people ^Collins, Vol. II, pp. 181-1S2. HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 585 of the State, after all the money that has been spent in removing thence their historic dead. These suo-gestions are not history, but the opportunity to give a word of advice to the people, is too good to be lost — that word of advice is, build a creditable State-house at Frankfort. Besides the government buildings, Frank- fort has a good court house, clerk' s offices, the State arsenal and the State prison. It has good schools, a number of handsome church- es, several excellent hotels, an able press and good business houses. It is well laid out, with broad streets crossing at right angles, and is divided into North and South Frank- fort by the river, and into East and West Frankfort liy the railroad. Other towns and postoffices in the county are Ducker’s, Bridge- port, Bell Point, Benson, etc. Franklin County is possessed of considera- ble mineral wealth. Lead ore, but not in sufficient quantities to justify mining, exists; potter’s and fire clay are found in the valley near Frankfort. Five miles east of Frank- fort, and on the railroad, there is a fine lime- stone, valuable for building purposes, and the Kentucky River marble is unexcelled as a building material. This latter stone exists in apparently inexhaustible quantities. A num- ber of mineral springs are found in different parts of the county The lives of some of Kentucky' s great men are interwoven with the history of Franldin County. Among these are the Browns, Gov. George Madison, Col. Solomon P. Sharp, Isham Talljot, Judge Harry Innes, Hon. Thomas Todd, William Murray, Hon. Amos Kendall, Hon. George M. Bibb, Gen. G. W. Smith, Col. Albert G. Hodges, and many others who made their marks in the world. Col. Hodges is noticed in connection with the press of the State; Col. Sharp. Gov. Madi- son and Judge Bibb in the ;)olitical history. Gen. Smith Avas born at Georgetown, this State, in 182*2. He graduated from the Mil- itary Academy at West Point; served in the United States Army during the Avar Avith Mexico. In the late civil war he served in the Confederate Army; rose to the rank of major-general and to the command of the Confederate capital and the Department of Virginia. He was a most exemplary officer and an able commander. Hon. Amos Kendall was a native of Mas- sachusetts, whei’e he was born in 1789. His early education was limited, but he finally succeeded in obtaining an entrance into Dart- mouth College, from Avhich he graduated. He studied law and came to Kentucky in 1814, locating at Lexington. He was a AVi'iter of considerable note, and became one of the pioneer editors of the State, being editorially attached to the Argus of Western America, one of the early papers published at Frank- foid. He Avas one of the champions of Gen. Jackson, which led to his being appointed fourth auditor of the treasury when the General became President, and later, Post- master-general in his cabinet. He was ten- dered a foreign mission under President Polk, but declined it. He died in Washington City in 1869, at the age of eighty years. William Murray came to Kentucky soon after the State was admitted into the Union. He was noted as leader in the debate iipon the “ Resolutions ’ 98, ’ ’ and for voting against, them. He is described as a bold and elo- quent man, an aggressive politician and a brilliant speaker; a man of whom his cotem- poraries never spoke except in terms of un- qualified admiration, and ‘ ‘ was probably the most accomplished scholar among all the emi- nent men of Kentucky at that day. ’ ’ He was a lawyer of sufficient ability to cope success- fully with such men as George Nicholas, John .Breckim'idge and Henry Clay — the giant in- tellects of the early Kentucky bar. He emigrated to Natchez, Miss., in 1803, and died soon after. The Todds were one of the prominent fam- ilies of Kentucky. Hon. Thomas Todd was at one time chief justice of Kentucky, and afterward associate justice of the supreme Court of the United States. He was a son of Richard Todd, and was born in Virginia in 1765. His father died while he was yet an infant, leaving his family in limited circum- stances, and it was a hard struggle for young Thomas to receKe an education; but by strong perseverance he succeeded, and studied law Avith Judge Innes. Avho was a relative of his mother. He filled many important po- sitions during life, Avhich he discharged with great ability, and to detail Avhich Avould • re- quire a large volume. Judge Harry Innes Avas a native of Vir ginia, and was of Scotch descent. He was Avell educated, and was a classmate of Pres- ident Madison. Graduating in laAv, he at once entered into practice, and acted a prom- inent part in Virginia until 1785, Avhen he was appointed attorney-general for the dis- trict of Kentucky; in 1787 he was ap- pointed judge of the United States Coiu't for Kentucky, a position he held until his death in 1816. In addition to his legal duties, he filled other positions in Kentucky, among Avhich was member of the local board of war for the western country. His connec- tion, or reported connection, with the Span- 58C HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ish intrigue, cast a shadow upon his good name; but the charge of complicity in that affair has always been disputed by his friends. Hon. Isham Talbot was a native of Vir- ginia, and was born in 1773. lYhen quite young his father came to Kentucky and set- tled in Mercer County. Mainly through his own perseverance and exertions he received a good classical education. He studied law with Col. George Nicholas, and soon after his admission to the bar he removed to Frank- fort. Clay, Bledsoe, Bibb, Daveiss, Rowan and such master spirits then adorned the bar, and among these Talbot was a conspicuous figure, and as a lawyer their equal. He died in 1837 in his sixty-fifth year. Hon. John Brown was born in Virginia, September 12, 1757. His father was a Presby- terian minister, an accomplished scholar, and for “forty -four years pastor of the church at Providence Meeting-house in Rockbridge.” The family was poor, and John received no patrimony beyond a good education. He was sent to Princeton College, and was a student in that institution at the time of the memor- able retreat of the American Army through the Jerseys during the Revolutionary war. He afterward completed his education in the college of William and Mary, studied law with Thomas Jefferson, and removed to Ken- tucky in 1782. From that time forward he took a prominent part in the affairs of the State. Kentucky sent him as a delegate to the Virgioia Legislature, and after the State was admitted into the Union he was three times elected to the United States Senate, being the first man sent to the United States Senate from the Mississippi Valley. His public service embraced a time when he was brought into intimate associations with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe. In company with Gen. Charles Scott, Col. Benjamin Logan, Judge Harry Innes and Gov. Shelby, he was honored by Washington with a military trust — “with power to enlist men, commission officers, and carry on war at home and abroad.” Says his biographer: “With Gen. George Rogers Clark, Gov. Shelby, Govs. Scott and Madison, and with Judges Innes and Todd, and Cols. Nicholas and Breckinridge, and their illus- trious associates, he held the most confiden- tial intercourse, and their attachment, com- menced in periods of danger and under cir- cumstances of trial, never wavered. ” Hon. James Brown, Dr. Samuel Brown and Dr. Preston W. Brown, were brothers of Hon. John Brown. James was a distinguished lawyer, and a brother-in-law of Henry Clay — both having married daughters of Col. Thomas Hart. Samuel was an eminent phy- sician, and for many years was a professor in the medical department of Transylvania University. Preston, the youngest of the brothers, was also a prominent physician. Fulton County lies in tne Jackson Pur- chase, and was created in 1845. It was formed from Hickman County, was the ninety-ninth organized in the State, and was named in honor of Robert Fulton, the great inventor. It is bounded on the north by Hickman County and also on the east; on the south by the State of Tennessee; on the west and northwest by the Mississippi River, and by the census of 1880 it had a population of 7,977 souls. It is divided between Missis- sippi bottoms and uplands. The bottoms are mostly subject to overflow; the land gen- erally is very productive — corn, wheat and tobacco are the principal crops; stock raising receives considerable attention. The follow- ing is frojji the crop report of 1880: Corn, 012,202 bushels; oats, 10,835; wheat, 93,795; tobacco, 410,337 pounds; horses and mules, 2,654 head; cattle, 4,731; sheep, 3,012, and hogs, 14,154. The county is watered and drained by the Mississippi River, and by the Little Obion, Bayou du Chien, Mud, Rush and Dixon Creeks. Fulton County occupies the extreme west end of the* State. It enjoys the peculiarity of being cut into by the Mississippi River, and in traveling from the east to the west end of the county along the State line, one must necessarily pass through about eight miles of Tennessee territory. This is in consequence of a sharp curve of the river, knowm as ‘ ‘ Madrid Bend, ’ ’ into Tennessee, literally cutting off the extreme west end of the county, and forming it into an island by the river and State line. Among the early settlers of the county were a Mr. Mills, Robert and Samuel McKinney, A. M. Rush, John and Ben Meneese, Hugh Sparkman, and a man named Drummond. The following incident is relat- ed of these last named settlers: One night Ben Meneese, Sparkman and Drummond de- cided to plunder one William Bailey, who lived near by. The latter, as also did his wife, attempted to argue them out of it and have them depart in peace, but to no j3urpose. They persisted, when Bailey leveled his rifle and shot Meneese dead. Bailey gave him- self up to the officers of the law, but was ac- quitted on the plea of having acted in self- defence. Sparkman was afterward sent to the penitentiary. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 587 Hickman, the seat of justice, was originally called Mills’ Point, for its first settler, Mr. Mills. The name is said to have been changed to Hickman in honor ofi the wife of G. M. Marr, who at one time owned not only the land upon which the town was laid out, but several thousand acres contiguous to it. It stands on the bank of the Mississippi River, about forty-five miles below the mouth of the Ohio. It has a brick court house, an excellent newspaper — the Courier — several flourishing stores, a good school, and a num- ber of churches. Fulton Tillage, in the eastern part of the county, is a thriving place. It is at the crossing of the Illinois Central and the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroads, and by the last census had 826 inhab- itants. It is situated on the State line — a part of it being in the State of Tennessee. It has a bank, several large stores, two news- papers — the Fultonian, and a Baptist paper, the Gleaner — an excellent hotel, and a number of handsome chiu’ches and resi- dences. Jordan Station is a small place on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, about ten miles fi'om Hickman. Fulton Cormty was in the great earthquake ■of 1811, though but an xrnbroken wilderness at the time. So much has been written upon the subject of that gi’eat “upheaval of nature,” that a description of it here would be superfluous. But to this day there are traces of it to be seen in this county. For instance, Reel-Foot Lake, which is in Fulton County and across the river from Yew Madrid, where the earthquake was severest. It w’as formed by the earthquake “ blowing sand out of a chasm, and depositing it near the mouth of Reel-Foot Creek, causing a sudden dam- ming of its waters, which spread over the ad- jacent low grounds.” The lake is some forty miles long and fi’om a mile to eight miles in width, and now, after more than three quar- ters of a century, it is still over twenty feet deep in places — it is deep enough to be “ blue water. ’ ’ Gallatin County was formed in 1798, from Franklin and Shelby Counties, was the thirty- third county, and was named for Albert Gallatin, a prominent statesman in the early period of the republic. Its ong inal boundaries were as follows : ‘ ‘ Beginning six miles above the mouth of Corn Creek; thence up the Ohio River to the mouth of Big Bone Creek; thence south with the Campbell County line sixteen miles; thence to the Kentucky River at Rock Spring, near | Clay Lick; thence down the river within two and a half miles of the mouth of Eagle Creek; thence a direct line till it strikes the road from Shelbyville to the mouth of Ken- ! tucky River two miles north of Hem-y Dough- ; erty' s ; thence a dhect line to the beginning. ’ ’ It contributed to the formation of Owen County in 1819; to Trimble County in 1836, and in 1838 to CaiToll County. It lies in the north part of the State, bordering on the Ohio River, and is bounded on the north by it and Boone County; on the east, southeast and south by Grant and Owen Counties, and on the west by CaiToll County. By the cen- sus of 1880 it had a population of 4,832. It is of a rough, uneven surface, but generally productive, especially the river bottoms. It is well timbered: walnut, beech, hard maple, ash, poplar, oak, hickory, etc., predominat- ing. Grain, grass and clover are the prin- cipal crops and are grown in abundance. The following are the statistics for 1880: Corn, 401,996 bushels; oats, 18.844; wheat, 38,216, and tobacco, 1,265.367 pounds. Stock raising receives considerable attention, and, of late years, gardening has become quite an industiy. The county has the ad- vantage of the Ohio River and of the short line division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad in marketing its products. Among the early settlers of the county were George Lee, lYilliam Thomas, John Grimes, Hugh Gatewood, Martin Hawkins, the Pickets, John Fister, etc. The first settlements were made in that part of the county afterward stricken off into Carroll County. "Warsaw is the seat of justice, and was originally called Fredericksbiu-g. By the last census it had 666 inhabitants. It is beautifully situated on the Ohio River, about seventy-five miles above Louisville. It has a brick court house, excellent schools, both select and public, several chmches, and the usual number of stores, shops and other busi- ness establishments. Other towns, villages and postoifices are Glencoe, Napoleon, Spar- ta, Liberty, Zion, Elliston, etc. Garrard County dates its origin back to 1796. The counties of Madison, Lincoln and Mercer contributed its territory, and the Hon. James Garrard, then governor of the State, contributed a name for the new divis- ion. It lies in the central portion of the State, and is bounded on the north by Jes- samine County, fr’om which it is separated by the Kentucky River; on the east by Madi- 588 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. son County; on the south by Lincoln and Rock Castle Counties; on the west by Lin- coln, Boyle and Mercer Counties ; and by the last census it had 11,704 inhabitants. It is drained by the Kentucky and Dick's Rivers and their tributaries. The land lies well, being undulating or rolling, and highly pro- ductive. The principal products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, grasses, etc. ; and the ex- ports, horses and mules, hogs, cattle and sheep. The following statistics are shown by the report of 1880: Corn, 828, 173 bushels; oats, 21,356; rye, 18,423; wheat, 143,060; horses and mules, 4,835 head; cattle, 8,725; sheej), 10,266; and hogs, 25,251. The county contains some mineral wealth, al- though not as rich as the more mountainous counties. Shot iron ore was found near the Dick’s River, but not in suflicient quantities to be very valuable. Lead ore is found in the Kentucky River marble in small veins. Says Mr. Collins: The White Lick is an area of ground, embracing about ten acres, on Paint Lick Creek, about twelve miles east of Lancaster. The ground is deeply in- dented with ravines, and marks resembling the track of wagon wheels, newly made, are now plain- ly visible, and have been visible since the settlement of the country in 1785. After a heavy rain the water which flows into the creek from this area gives the stream a white appearance, resembling milk, for several miles. Lancaster, the capital of the county, is a place of 1,234 inhabitants (in 1880), and is situated on the Richmond branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. It has a good court house, several handsome churches, first- class schools, and is a place of fine busi- ness enterjorise. The otlier villages and postoffices are Fitchport, Hyattsville, Paint Lick, Bryantsville, Lowell, Tetersville, etc. Garrard being taken from the old historical counties of Madison, Lincoln and Mercer, its settlement is described in the history of those counties. A sketch of Gov. Garrard, for whom this county was named, is given in the history of Bourbon County. Gr-^xt County extends back in its history to 1820, when it was created out of the west- ern part of Pendleton County, and was the sixty- seventh in the order of formation. It lies in the northern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Gallatin and Kenton | Counties; on the east by Pendleton; on the south by Harrison, Scott and Owen; on the west by Ow'en and Gallatin, and by the last | census (1880) had 13,083 inhabitants. Its water courses are Eagle Creek, Clark’ s, Arn- old’ s, Ten Mile, Crooked, Fork Lick, and , Grassy, some of which flow into the Kentucky and some into the Licking River. The surface is rolling or undulating, and in some j^ortions the land is very rich and productive. The principal crops are corn, wheat, oats, grasses, etc. Stock raising receives due attention. The ‘ ‘ Dry Ridge, ” as it is called, is a ridge or range of hills extending nearly north and south through the county, and is a spur of the Cumberland Mountains. It forms the divide between the Kentucky and Lick- ing Rivers, and extends in an unbroken range to Covington on the Ohio River. Collins thus describes a tree that was once a landmark in this section: A poplar tree 9 feet in diameter was a notable object for many years. It grew near the present Baptist church, aijove the village of Dry Ridge, and was cut down in 1831. The late Philip S. Bush, then a candidate for the legislature, rode up on horse-back, alongside of the tree as it lay prostraic, and found lie could barely reach the top of it with his hand. Much of the timber, especially the poplar, walnut and beech, on the main ridge, was very large; this, with the unusual growth of the spice bush, in- dicated the remarkalle fertility of the soil. IVilliamstown is the seat of justice, and is situated near the center of the county on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, about forty miles south of Cincinnati. It was named in honor of William Arnold, one of the earliest settlers of the county, and was laid out in 1825. It was originally called Philadelphia, but the name afterward changed to that of its founder. It had, in 1880, a population of 751. It has a brick court house, and is well supplied with religious and educational facilities. Crittenden, in the extreme north part of the county, on the railroad, and named for Hon. John J. Crittenden, is a village of 323 inhabitants. Other villages are Dry Ridge, Sherman and Downingsville. Among the early settlers of the county were William Arnold, John Zinn, William Layton, Henry Childers, Philip Gaugh, James Theo- bald, James Gaugh, a Mr. Clark and a Mr. Howe, Charles Daniel, Littleton Robinson, Charles Secrest, etc. Arnold settled on the site of Williamstown, and the others at differ- ent points in the county. There are conflicting statements as to the source whence the county derived its name. One is that it was named for Col. John Grant, a North Carolinian, who established a station in the i^resent county of Fayette in 1779;, was driven away by the Indians, and returned to North Carolina, came back to the same station in 1784, then went to Illinois, but came back to Kentucky and died here. An- other statement is that it was named foj- Samuel Grant, who was killed by the Indians- in 1794 near the Ohio River, in the present HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 589 State of Indiana, and who was a brother of Gen. Squire Grant and Col. John Grant. Graves County was carved out of Hick- man, and was named in honor of Capt. Ben- jamin Graves. It was formed in 1823, and is the seventy-fifth in the list. It is situated in the “Jackson Purchase,’’ is oblong in shape, has fifteen congressional townships, and is bounded on the north by McCracken County ; on the east by Marshall and Calloway; on the south by the State of Tennessee ; on the west I by Ballard and Hickman Counties, and in 1880 had a population of 24,138. Tobacco is the great staple, but corn, wheat, oats, and grass are produced in large quantities; also stock raising is carried on extensively. The agri- cultural report for 1880 shows the following: Corn, 1, 540, 245 bushels; oats, 52,876; wheat, 147,925; tobacco, 8,901,434 pounds; horses and mules, 9,748 head; cattle, 9,758; sheep, 6,216, and hogs, 43,988, The principal streams are the Clark’s River, and Mayfield, Little Obion, Brush, Little Ma^dield and Barn Creeks. The surface is gently rolling, with slight hills in the northern and south- ern parts, and originally had a heavy forest growth of oak, hickory, sassafras, poplar, sweet gum, elm, and a heavy undergrowth of bushes, vines, etc. Few settlements were made in the county prior to its organization. About the year 1820 Michael Baker and William Armstrong set- tled in what is now Lynnville Precinct. The Washams also came in 1820, and settled in the eastern part of the county. A settlement was made in the southern part of the county near the State line, in 1822-23, by Col. J. E. Dodge, Ulysses Dodge, Campbell, Duncan and Moses Oliver. Mayfield, the seat of justice, is situated on the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Rail- road, twenty-six miles south of Paducah, and is a thriving little city of 1,839 inhabitants by the last census. It has a brick court house, several handsome churches, and' excellent schools, both white and colored. A hand- some college building has recently been erect- ed and a college under the auspices of the Christian Church established. Two good i newspapers, two banks, several flourishing stores, and a number of small manufacturing establishments, together with two or thi’ee tobacco warehouses, show something of the town’s prosperity. W ingo is a village in the southwest part of the county on the railroad about twelve miles below Mayfield. It had 212 inhabitants in 1880, and is an enterprising village. Pryors- biu'g is the first station on the railroad below Mayfield, and had 129 inhabitants. Other villages and postofiices in the county are Lynnville, Farmington, Hickory Grove, Water Valley, Boydsville, Symsonia, Felic- iana. Dukedom, etc. Capt. Benjamin Graves was a victim of the disastrous battle of the river Raisin. He was a native of Virginia, but came to Kentucky when quite young, and located in Fayette County. He followed farming, but repre- sented the county several terms in the Legis- lature. In the war of 1812 he was one of the first to offer his services to the Government, and sealed his devotion to his country on the bloody^ field of Raisin. Ge.ayson County as formed, in 1810, from Hardin and Ohio Counties, and was the fifty- fourth organized. It is bounded on the north by Hardin and Breckinridge; on the east by Hart; on the south by Edmonson; on the west by Ohio and Butler, and in 1880 had 15,784 inhabitants. It was named in honor of Col. William Grayson, a Virginian, and a distinguished politician and statesman. The county is well drained by the following water courses: Rough Creek. Big and Little Clifty, Nolin. Rock, Caney, Bear and Short Creeks. Fine timber is abundant, and has become a source of considerable commercial enterprise. The land is mostly thin, the soil of a poor quality, and the country of a rather level surface. Coal has been found plenti- fully in certain sections: also iron ore. To- bacco and grain are the principal agricultural products, the last census showing the follow- ing: Corn, 597.346 bushels; oats, 82.531: wheat, 64,545; and tobaccb, 1,065.244 pounds. The Chesapeake, Ohio & South- western Railroad passes through the cotinty, and has been of great benefit to its commer- cial prosperity. Leitchfield, the capital of the county, is situated on the railroad above mentioned, seventy-five miles frem Louisville, and is a thriving and enterprising place of 491 inhab- itants by the last census. It was named for Maj. David Leitch. a liberal and go-ahead kind of a man. who was the patentee of the land on which it stands, and donated the site of the town. It has a handsome brick court house, several chiu’ches, good schools, a number of fiourishing stores, a newspaper, the Gazette, and the usual supply of profes- sional men. 5'JO HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Caneyville is a village of 235 inliabitants, and is situated on the railroad below Leitch- field. It is a village of considerable business enterprise. Other towns and postoffices are Big Clifty, Annetta, Clarkson, Falls of Rough, Grayson Springs, Horntown, Ready, Red Oak, Millerstown, Short Creek, Shrews- bury, Spring Lick and West Clifty. Among the curiosities of nature to be found in this county are springs, foot-prints, etc. In the solid limestone rock, some five' miles from Leitchfield, human foot-prints were found as perfectly formed as if recently made in clay. These tracks no doubt ap- peared as wonderful to the first white settlers of Grayson as the human foot-prints did to Crusoe when discovered upon his lonely island. The following published story sa- vors somewhat of Mulhatton romance: On the slope of a hill, twelve miles from Leitch- fleld, are to be seen in the solid rock, two inches deep, the hoof or foot-tracks of horses, mules and colts, some of them shod; they showed that some of the animals were walking, others running; in size some were si.x inches across. In stripping off the earth on which the timber is growing these tracks can be seen covering acres of ground. The celebrated Grayson Springs, which have long been a favorite summer watering- place, are situated about two miles from the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad, and some five miles from Leitchfield. A re- markable feature of these springs is their number, there being nearly one hundred, it is said, upon a quarter of an acre of ground. A still more remarkable feature is the differ- ence in temperature, some of them being very cold and others very warm. They jros- sess strong medical properties, and are said to be more strongly impregnated with sul- phur than any other springs in the United States. They are highly improved with good hotel accommodations, amusements, and are much resorted to during the summer months. Green County is as old as the State, and ■was organized in 1792, soon after the State was admitted into the Union. It was the six- teenth county created, and the last of seven formed that year. It was taken from Lin- coln and Nelson Counties, and was named after Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a gallant sol- dier and an able officer of the Revolutionary w'ar. From it have been formed, wholly or in part, the following counties: Cumberland and Barren in 1798, Adair in 1801, Hart in 1819, Taylor in 1848, and Metcalfe in 1860. It is situated in the central portion of the State, and is bounded on the north by Hart and Taylor Counties; on the east by Taylor and Adair; on the south by Adair and Met- calfe; on the west by Hart, and in 1880 had 11,871 inhabitants. It is drained by the Green River and its tributaries, and is of a generally undulating surface, but hilly in places, with a soil based on red clay and limestone. Tobacco is the staple product of the county, but grain, grass and clover are also raised, and stock receives considerable atten- tion. Settlements were made in Green County very early. Pitman’s Station, on Green River, near the mouth of Pitman Creek, was established about 1779-80. Glover’s Sta- tion, on the site where Greensburg now stands, was established in 1780; Skagg’s Station in 1781; Gray’s Station, about eight miles from where Greensburg stands, was established in 1790. Several other stations were established very early. The Long Hunters, in 1770, established a camp two miles east of where Gray’s Station was afterward made, and on the Caney Fork of Russell’s Creek. They were under the leadership of Col. James Knox, and were a band of hunters from North Carolina and Virginia, who spent several years in the wil- derness of Kentucky hunting and trapping. From the length of their stay they received the name of Long Hunters, and are more fully described in the sketch of Bell County. Ii’on ore was found in the western part of the county, on Brush Creek, of an excellent quality, and in quantities to pay well for working. Several furnaces were erected some years ago, which did quite an extensive business. Concerning a natural wonder in the county, Allen’s history of Kentucky has the following: A burning well on the north bank of Green River, four miles east of Greensburg, has been an object of interest ever since it was dug, by Samuel ■White, in 1828. When first bored it discharged great quantities of oil and gas, the coal- oil and rot- ten egg odor of which is observable at times at a distance of ten miles. Efforts were made to fill up the well, but failing to shut off the gas, it was acci- dentally set on fire. The flames extended from three to six feet above the ground, in a volume as large as a hogshead, and burned for months, with little or no diminution. Notwithstanding these and similar indications, all efforts, during the oil epidemic a few years ago, to obtain oil in paying quantities entirely failed. Greensburg, the capital of the county, is situated on the north bank of the Green River, a little east of the center of the county, and is the present southern terminus of what was the old Cumberland & Ohio Railroad, now controlled by the Louisville & Nashville system. It has the usual public buildings, a good newspaper, the Times, sev- HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 591 eral churclies, schools, etc., and by the last census had 620 inhabitants. Other towns and postoffices are Osceola, Somersville, Allendale, Catalpa Grove and Haskinsville. Col. William B. Allen, a Kentucky his- torian, was a native of this county, and was born in 1803. He received a liberal educa- tion. and, having studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice. He held nu- merous public positions, the duties of which he discharged satisfactorily. He was a ■writer of considerable merit, and in 1872 published a history of Kentucky^, a book of some 450 pages. Greenup County was taken from Hason in 1803, and was the forty-fifth created. It was named in honor of Christopher Greenup, the third governor of the commonwealth. Greenup lies in the northeastern part of the State and is bounded on the north by the Ohio River ; on the east by the Ohio River and Boyd County; on the south by Carter County; on the west by Lewis County, and in 1880 it had a population of 13,371 souls. It is rich in mineral resources, and also has some fine farming lands. It is watered and drained by a number of small streams flowing into the Ohio River. It has the benefit of both rail- road and river transportation. The princi- pal products are corn, wheat, oats and grass ; the chief exports, live-stock, coal, etc. Greenup, the seat of justice, is situated on the Ohio River 133 miles above Cincinnati. It was originally called Greenupsburg. but owing to the similarity of the name with that of Greensburg, the county seat of Green County, much confusion was caused in the | mail for the two towns, and in 1872 the Legis- latmre passed an act changing the former to Greenup. It is an enterprising town of 833 inhabitants, and stands upon an elevated and beautiful bottom. Considerable business is done, and there are in the town a number I of flomdshing stores and business houses. It has the usual public buildings, churches, schools and professional men. Springville is a village on the Ohio River opposite Portsmouth, Ohio, and has 321 in- habitants. Lynn, formerly called Liberty, is ten miles from Springville. Other villages are Riverton, Hunnewell, Lam-el Furnace, Pennsylvania, etc. There were few traces of Indian villages found in Kentucky^ by the first white settlers. The remains of one of these is in the pres- ent county of Greenup, and was built by the Shawanese Indians and French traders. There is no means of knowing when it was established, but it was previous to 1753 — the time of the old French and Indian war. When fii-st seen by the settlers of Kentucky (about 1773) it consisted of some twenty log cabins with clapboard .roofs, doors, -win- dows, chimneys, and cleared ground, and other evidences of civilization. All traces of the village had disappeared by the year 1800, and no effidence was ever found of the French having left the river and penetrated into the country. Mr. Collins gives the following of some of the old citizens of Greenup County : Mrs. Mary Gray died in Greenup Count}' No- vember 25. 1872, aged one hundred and thirteen years, eight months and sixteen days. Her mother, Mrs. Bonafil, lived to be one hundred years old. Her husband, Thomas Gray, was born in 1755 and diedinl819, aged sixty-four years. Their tirst-born.a son, lived to the age of ninety years. Four of their children are now living: ^Irs. Elizabeth Gray Smith aged eighty-three; Elias Gray, aged eighty-eight; Miss Nancy Gray, aged seventy-three, and" Joseph Gray, aged seventy. Alary Gray’s descendants are; first generation, children 13; secohd generation, grandchildren, 65: third generation, great-grand- children, 617; fourth generation, great-great-grand- children, 337; fifth generation, great-great-great- grandchildren, 41; total, 1,076. The above would indicate that the county has a healthy climate. The mineral resources consist chiefly of iron ore and coal. Seven varieties of ore were found in a single neighborhood. The ‘ ‘ big block ore, ’ ’ one of these varie- ties, yielded 47.69 per cent of iron, and the richest oi-e found in the county yield- ed 60. 90 per cent. ‘ ‘ Taking the united thickness of the different beds in a single hill at flve feet, and the specific gravity of the ore at three — then each acre of land un- derlaid by these ores is capable of yielding from 6,000 to 7,000 tons of iron, worth in the form of pig iron at least 8180,000. The same hills usually contain beds of coal with a united thickness of five to six feet; which, after deducting for waste and slack, would yield 8.000 to 10,000 tons of coal, worth fro-m $16,000 to $20,000.” * Some of the most elaborate remains of the prehistoric period, found in the Ohio Valley, are located in this county. Prof. Rafinesque, the eminent arch?eologist, gives a very interesting description of them fr-om a scientific standpoint, the principal points of which will be found in a preceding chap- ter of this volume. Christopher Greenup, for whom this coun- ty was named, was elected governor of the S'tate in 1804. He was born in Virginia when it was a colony of the British Crown (in 1750), and came to Kentucky immediately * Prof. Robert Peter, in State Geological Survey. ^ 592 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. after the close of the Revolutionary war — a war in which he took an active and promi- nent part. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Ken- tucky when it was a district, subject to the laws of Virginia. He held a number of public positions, in all of which he dis- charged his duties conscientiously and satis- factorily. The highest and most important position to which he was called was that of governor, and his administration was charac- terized throughout by wisdom and patriotism. Hancock Countv, the eighty-third in the order of formation, was created in 1829, and is indebted to Breckinridge, Ohio and Da- viess Counties for its territory, and to John Hancock, a Revolutionary patriot, for a name. It lies on the border, being separated from Indiana by the Ohio River, with Breckin- ridge County on the east, Ohio on the south, and Daviess on the west. By the census of 1880 it had a population of 8, 563 souls. The bottoms along the Ohio are generally broad, level and very rich, but siibject to occasional overflow. The country back from the river is somewhat rolling and hilly, and the soil poorer, but produces fairly well. The prin- cipal products are corn, oats, wheat and to- bacco, as are shown by the following figures from the last census reports: Corn, 389,305 bushels; oats, 23, 522 bushels; wheat, 39,868 bushels; tobacco, 2,155,180 pounds. Of somewhat recent organization, the county’s early settlement is included in that of the sur- rounding counties. Hawesville, the capital of the county, is situated on the Ohio River, 120 miles below Louisville, and was named for Richard Hawes, the original proprietor of the land upon which it stands. It had, in 1870, a popula- tion of 855, and in 1880 it had 872, an in- crease in ten years of — seventeen! It has a court house, several churches, schools, a newspaper, and a number of flourishing stores. Lewisport is situated on the Ohio about fifteen miles below Hawesville. It had a population in 1880 of 362, and is cpiite an extensive shipping point. Pellville is a small village of a 100 or so inhabitants. There are four beds of coal in Hancock County, in a section of 270 feet of the strata overlying the main Hawesville coal (which is from 2-J- to 4 feet thick); the first, 85 feet above, 19.8 inches thick; the second, 2H feet above this, 16 inches thick; the third, 684 feet above this, 16 inches thick, and the fourth, 314 feet above this, 31 inches thick. Hawes- ville coal is superior to Pittsburgh coal in several respects; First, in completeness of combustion, or freedom from waste in burning, leaving only 64 to 7 pounds of unburnt coke in the grate, where Pitts- burgh coal leaves over 9 pounds; second, in causing rapid evaporation — converting into steam, in one hour, 154 cubic feet of water, while Pittsburgh coal only evaporates 10 pounds. In equal weights of the two coals, one pound of the Hawesville coal evaporated 7.34 pounds of water 212°, while one pound of Pittsburgh evaporated 8.2 pounds.* Additional to the coal above described, the famous Breckinridge camiel coal extends into this county. The main mines are on the line between Hancock and Breckinridge Coun- ties. A full description of them is given in the sketch of Breckinridge County. There are some remains of the ancient in- habitants in this county, including mounds and fortifications. There is a mound, or an- cient cemetery, on the river five miles above Hawesville, where innumerable human bones have been found. The spot is a romantic and picturesque one, and indicates that the prehistoric people were not insensible to beau- ty. Near this mound is a sj^ring from which flows -tar, similar to the tar spring in Breck- inridge. About four miles above Hawesville, and about three-fourths of a mile from the Ohio River, there is a natural curiosity which is worthy of note. — It is a natural fortification, being a circular table of land, surrounded on all sides by a cliff of from 50 to 125 feet in height, generally projecting at the top, and impossible of ascent, except in one place, where it seems to have slided over and formed an inclined plane. A string of fence of twenty poles renders it impossible of ingress or egi-ess to stock, and makes it a fine park for deer, fry a little work in digging, it might be rendered impregnable; and if it were so situated as to command some water- course or strait, oi' exposed point on the frontier, might be made valuable to the country. Where lo- cated, it is thought to be a favorable site for an armory or a garrison, as a communication could be easily opened to the Ohio River by a railroad three- quarters of a mile long.f Hardin County lies in the north central part of the State, a narrow point of its terri- tory extending to the Ohio at the mouth of the Salt River. It was created in 1792 by the first Legislature after Kentucky was ad- mitted into the Union as a State, and was carved out of Nelson County. Originally its area exceeded that of the State of Delaware by nearly one-third, and was almost equal to that of the State of Connecticut. From its territory have been formed, wRolly or in part, Breckinridge, Daviess, Edmonson, Grayson, Hart, La Rue, Ohio and Meade Counties. It is bounded on the north by the Ohio River and by Bullitt and Meade Counties; on the *The Geological Survey. t Collins, Vol. II, p.'305. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 693 east by Bullitt, La Rue and Nelson; on the south by Grayson, La Rue and Hart; and on the west by Breckinridge, Meade and Grayson. By the census of 1880 it had a population of 22,500, and is one of the largest counties in the State. It has a di- versified sui’face, alternating between rough and rugged hills in the north part, the ‘ ‘ bar- rens ’ ’ in the central part, and the undulating plains in the southern part. Grain and to- bacco are the staple products, the statistics of 1880 showing as follows: Corn, 1,331,070 bushels; oats, 62,435 bushels; wheat, 250,- 781, and tobacco 374,302 pounds. Stock raising receives considerable attention, being in 1880 as follows: Horses and mules, 8,979 head; cattle, 13,041; sheep, 13,230, and hogs, 41,440. Its principal water-com’ses are the Salt River, which flows along a iDart of its northern border; the Rolling Fork, Nolin and Rough Creeks, the last named having its source in the county, and years ago was a famous place for camp-meetings. Hardin County was named in honor of Col. John Hardin, a name conspicuous in the early history of Kentucky. [See historical sketch of Breckinridge County.] He was born in Fauquier County, Va. , October 1, 1753, and was a son of Martin Hardin, who re- moved to Pennsylvania and settled on the Monongahela River when John was a mere boy. He was literally a child of the frontier. His education was not of books, but of men- tal and physical laws — iron to the nerves and a sleepless energy to the resolution; his com- position combined all the natural elements of the valiant soldier and wise statesman. His life was spent, not in studious halls, where college lore is conned, but in the great wil- derness, where, to insure self-preservation, every faculty needed to be trained to a per- fection equal almost to the smell of the Si- berian blood-hound. In the use of the rifle he had few equals, and in the art of hunting perhaps he had none. These accomplish- ments made him one of the most expert scouts on the border. He served in Dun- more’s campaign against the Indians in 1774, and in the following autumn was in another expedition, under Capt. Morgan, in which he was wounded. He served with distinction during the Revolutionary war, and was of- fered a major’s commission for gallant con- duct, which he declined, on the ground that he could be of more service to the Continent- al Army as a scout — an instance of pure pa- triotism that is but seldom met with. He came to Kentucky in 1780, and located con- siderable land. He served with Gen. George Rogers Clark, in the Illinois campaign, as 37 his quartermaster. .In 1787 he was appoint- ed county lieutenant of Nelson County, with the rank of colonel, having brought his fam- ily thither in 1786. He commanded an ex- pedition of 200 men into the Indiana country, in the fall of 1789, for the purpose of break- ing up marauding parties of savages, who were in the habit of crossing into Kentucky and stealing horses. Upon one of the tribu- taries of the IV abash he encountered a small band of the Shawanese and defeated them without loss to his own party. After settling in Kentucky he took a prominent part in ev- ery expedition against the Indians, except that of St. Clair's, until his death. In 1792 he was sent by Gen. Wilkinson, the military commander in the West, on a peaceful mis- sion to the Indians beyond the Ohio, and was treacherously murdered by them after reach- ing their country, his body left to rot unbiu'- ied, his flesh food for wild beasts_j and his bones the sport of the storm. A rich and floiu’ishing county in Ohio bears his name, and a town, called Hardin, was laid out upon the spot (in Shelby County, Ohio), where he was murdered. Among his descendants have Ijeen many prominent lawyers and statesmen of Kentucky. As early as 1780 what is now Hardin County was occupied by the whites. In the latter part of the year, Samuel Haycraft, Andi’ew Hines and Thomas Helm settled up- on the site of Elizabethtown. These pio- neers each built a fort or block-house within supporting distance of the other; that built by Helm occupied the spot where the resi- dence of the late Gov. Helm stands; Hay- craft's was on “the hill above the Cave Spring.” while Hines’ occupied “the other angle of the triangle. ’ ’ Each of these block- houses or stations had its little colony, among whom were Jacob Yanmetre, Sr., Jacob Van- metre. Jr., Rev. John Garrard. David Hin- ton, Nicholas Miller, John Vertrees, Miles Hart, Thomas. Brown, Shaw, Freemen and several others. Christopher Bush was an early settler of Elizabethtown. One of his daughters became the second wife of Thomas Lincoln, the father of the late President Lin coin. Elizabethtown, the capital of the county, is situated at the junction of the Louisville A Nashville and the Chesapeake, Ohio & South- western Railroads, forty miles south of Lou- isville. It stands on the southern slope of the Muldrow Hills, and was laid out. in 1793, by Col. Andrew Hines. Its name was given by Col. Hines, one story goes, in honor of his wife, whose Christian name was Elizabeth, while another story is to the effect that the county 594 HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. was named for Col. Joliu Hardin, and the county seat for his wife. It had a popula- tion of 2.526 by the last census. There were three other towns in Hardin County when Elizabethtown was laid out, viz. : Vienna, at the falls of Green River; Hardin’s Station, now Hardinsburg, in Breckinridge County, and Hartford, county seat of the present county of Ohio. Towns and villages in the county besides Elizabethtown are West Point, on the Ohio, at the mouth of the Salt River; Sonora, Glen- dale, Nolin and Colesburg, on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad; Cecilia, Vine Grove, Rineyville and Stephensburg on the Chesa- peake, Ohio & Southwestern, and Big Spring, which is situated about equally in Hardin, Breckinridge and Heade Counties. Hardin County has been the home of some distinguished men; the most noted were Abraham Lincoln and John L. Helm. The lives of these eminent men were somewhat similar, in that the latter was twice governor of Kentucky, and died just when entering on his second term; and the former was twice President of the United States, and was assassinated just when entering upon his second term. The families were more closely allied l.)y marriage than liy this political coin- cidence; the wife of Gen. Ben Hardin Helm, the distinguished son of Gov. Helm, and the wife of President Lincoln were sisters. Al- though the two men divided on the great questions that involved the country in the most terrific civil war of modern times, yet they had an unbounded respect for each other. Gov. Helm was a native of Hardin County, was a prominent lawyer and eminent states- man, and an able financier. He was a gen- tleman of the old school; courteous, hospita- ble and chivalrous; a man of incorruptible integrity, both in public and private life. A sketch of him appears in connection with the history of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad in a preceding chapter of this volume. Gen. Ben Hardin Helm, of whom much is said in the chapters devoted to the civil war, was born June 2, 1832, and was a son of Gov. Helm and a grandson of the great criminal lawyer, Ben Hardin. He graduated in the military academy at West Point in 1851, and entered the regular army as a lieutenant of cavalry, but in a short time resigned, re- turned home, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He filled several positions of honor, and upon the breaking out of the war, though tendered a commission in the United States Army by his brother-in-law. President Lincoln, declined it, and entered the Con- federate service as colonel of the First Ken- tucky Cavalry. He rose to the rank of brig- adier-general, and, as commander of the famous “Kentucky Confederate Brigade,” fell in the battle of Chickamauga. Abraham Lincoln, the martyred President of the United States, was born February 12, 1809, in that portion of Hardin County now included in La Rue, about two miles from Hodgensville. So much has been written of Mr. Lincoln, and so closely are the later years of his life interwoven with our national history, that anything written of him here would be but a repetition of what is familiar to all readers. Suffice it, his early years were passed in poverty and obscurity, from which, by his own will, perseverance and high-souled honesty, he climbed up, step by step, until he reached the highest position within the gift of the American people. His biographer thus closes a sketch of him: The historian of this day can not do justice to this remarkable man. The Northern man would draw his character in terms of glowing eulogy; the South- ern man would point his pen with bitterness and gall. The one would absurdly ascribe to him the lofty virtues of Washington; the other would class him with Grimaldi, the clown. Both would be wide of the mark. He was a man of quaint humor and genial disposition, patient, calm, self-poised and thoroughly honest. His administration of the Government was for no selfisli or personal ends, but meant for the general good. The rectitude of his public conduct was above suspicion and his love of country must ever challenge admiration. Haklan County was created in 1819 from parts of Floyd and Knox Counties, and was the sixtieth in the order of formation. It lies in the southeastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Perry and Letcher Counties ; on the south and southeast by the State of Virginia; on the west by Bell County, and in 1880 it had 5,278 population. It is a rough, rugged, moun- tainous region, but with a fertile soil. It pro- duces the very best timber of all kinds. The products are corn, wheat, rye and tobacco, with some stock raising. The Cumberland Mountains lie on its southeastern border; Pine Mountain separates it from Perry and Letcher Counties, and in the eastern part of the county is the Black Mountain, an arm of the Cumberland. The Cumberland River runs in a soTithwest course, and its tributaries in this region are Wallin’s, Browmey’s, Puckett’s, Catherine and Crank’s Creeks. Greasy Fork, Wolf Creek and Beech Fork run northwestward into the Kentucky River. Mount Pleasant, .or Harlan Court House, is the county seat, and is situated near the HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 595 geographical center of the county. It is a small village of only a hundi-ed or two in- habitants. During the late civil war, the court house was burned, and thereby many valuable papers and documents destroyed. The jail was also biu’ned, as were a number of other houses in the town and county. Other villages and postoffices are Bailey, Leonard, Poor Fork, Salt Trace and Wallin’s Creek. Coal exists in large quantities in the county. In Little Black Mountain the coal deposit va- ries from three to six feet. In many places are indications of cannel coal, and it is be- lieved to be plentiful in certain localities. Sandstone is found on Laurel Creek in ledges or slabs in various thicknesses. The court house was erected upon a mound . When first seen by the whites large trees were growing upon this mound. When a second coui't house was erected (in 1839), in digging out a foundation upon the same site, human bones were found in profusion, thus proving that the mound had iDeen one of sepultm-e. Beads and vessels of earthenware were also found among the bones. The county was named in honor of Maj. Silas Harlan, a native of Virginia, and a fron- tier soldier of the true type. He came to Kentucky in 1774, and at once entered into the stirring scenes of that exciting period. He took part in the Illinois campaign under Gen. George Rogers Clark, from whom he received the highest praise for his gallantry. He was a major in the disastrous battle of Blue Licks, and fell in that bloody contest. Harrison County was erected in 1793, and was the eighth formed after Kentucky was admitted into the Union. It was taken fr’om Bourbon and Scott Counties, and is bounded on the north by Grant and Pendleton Coun- ties; on the east by Robertson and Nicholas; on the south by Bourbon, on the west by Scott, and by the last census (1880) had 16, 504 inhabitants. Harrison has contributed to the formation of the following counties: Camp- bell in 1794; Pendleton and Boone in 1798; Owen in 1819; Grant in 1820; Kenton in 1840, and Robertson in 1867. The south fork of the Licking River flows nearly through the center of the county, and the main Licking through the northeast corner. These, with a number of small tributaries, among which are | Indian, Mill, Twin, Cedar, Beaver, West, | Richland, Silas and Raven Creeks, afford ample di-ainage. About one-half of the county | is very rich and productive, and lies in the i blue-grass belt; the other or northern por- tion is hilly, but has a rich soil that produces well and is adapted to grazing. Upon the whole the county is much above the average, the soil being based on red clay, with lime- stone foundation. The principal products are corn, oats, wheat, grasses and tobacco, the agricultural report in 1880 showing the following: Corn, 982,202 bushels; oats, 33,- 996; wheat, 240,045, and tobacco 1,201,972 pounds. The same report shows 6, 921 horses; 1,639 mules; 7,612 cattle; 19,041 sheej), and 27,058 hogs. The Kentucky Central Rail- road passes through the county, affording ample means of transportation. The ‘ ‘ pale-faced pioneers ’ ’ were early on the soil of Harrison. A number of men in search of lands to improve, known as ‘ ‘Hink- ston’ s Company’ ’ were here, according to the early records, as early as 1775. The company comprised John Hinkston, JohnHaggin, John Martin, John Townsend, James Cooper, Daniel Callahan, Matthew Fenton, George Gray, AYilliam Hoskins, William Shields, Thomas Shores, Silas Train, Samuel Wilson and John Wood. They established Hink- ston’ s Station and Martin’ s in what is now Bourbon County, but made no jiermanent set- tlement. The captm-e of these stations is given in a preceding chapter. Another com- pany of early settlers, who came about 1776, were George Bright, William Craig, James McMillen, Thomas Moore, William Nesbit, Col. Benjamin Harrison, James McGraw, Robert Thompson, Joseph Peak, William Huston and Robert Kean. These people did not all make settlements at this time nor at any time afterward, but the dates given show merely their first visit to the country. The early stations were captured by the Indians, and many of the early settlers killed or taken prisoners, and it was not until several years later that permanent settlements were made in what is now Harrison County. Cynthiana, the county seat, was laid out in 1793 by Robert Harrison, and named in honor of his two daughters, Cynthia and Anna. It is situated on the south fork of the Licking River, and on the Kentucky Central Railroad, sixty-six miles south of Cincinnati, and thirty-seven miles from Frankfort. It contains a brick court house of the old style of Kentucky architecture, several fine chui’ch- es, good schools, a number of flourishing stores, a couple of hotels, and an able press. In 1880 it had 2,100 inhabitants. It is a fine shipping point, and gi-eat quantities of live stock and farm products are shipped an- nually to Cincinnati and other points. Cynthiana is noted as having been the 596 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. scene of two battles during the late civil war. The first occurred in the summer of 1862 be- tween the Confederates under the famous raider, Gen. John H. Morgan, and the Fed- erals under Col. John J. Landrum. The second battle was fought in June, 1864, be- tween the Confederates, again under Morgan, and the Federals under Gen. E. H. Hobson. These engagements are detailed in the chap- ters devoted to the late civil wmr. Harrison County is dotted with towns and villages. In addition to Cynthiana, there are in the countj% Antioch, Berry ville, Boyd’s Station, Buena Vista, Claysville, Conners- ville, Colemansville, Havilandville, Lair’s Station, Leeslick, Leesburg, Oddville, Rob- ertson’s Station, Rutland, Scott Station and Tricum. These vary in population from 300 down to a single family, and a store and post- office. The county was named for Col. Benjamin Harrison, an early settler and a prominent citizen of Bourbon County. He was the second member of the State Senate from that county, and was a member when Harrison County was formed. He held a number of prominent and important positions — among them first sheriff of Bourbon County — the duties of which he satisfactorily dis- charged. Among the prominent citizens of the county were Maj. William K. Wall and Judge John Trimble. The latter is sketched in the political history of the State. Maj. Wall was born in Pennsylvania, but for sixty-one years was a prominent citizen of Harrison County. He was one of the first associate judges ; was several times chosen to represent the county in both the Senate and House of Representatives of the State. He died in 1853, in his sixty-seventh year. H.\et County, as a separate and independ- ent organization, dates back to 1819. It was formed from parts of Hardin and Green Counties, and was named for Nathaniel G. T. Hart, a son of Col. Thomas Hart, one of the early settlers of Lexington. The Green River flows through the county from east to west, dividing it nearly through the center. It is bounded on the north by Grayson, Har- din and La Rue Counties, on the east by Green County, on the south by Barren County, on the west by Grayson and Edmon- son Counties, and in 1880 it had 17,133 in- habitants. The surface is generally rolling, but in some portions rough and hilly ; the soil is mostly productive, and the county one of the finest tobacco-growing sections of the State, as shown by its yield — 2,229,026 pounds in 1880. A large amount of grain is annually produced, and hogs are shipped from the county in great numbers. The Green River is the principal water course, and is navigable for small steamboats as far up as Munfordville a greater part of the year. Nolin Creek is quite a large stream, and is used a good deal for hat-boating; it would furnish water-power for a number of mills and factories. Lynn Camp Creek hows through the county. Its name was obtained as follows- A man named Benjamin Lynn, an early settler here, once got lost in the forest, and his friends, in hunting for him, came to where some one, whom they supposed to be Lynn, had camped upon the bank of a small stream, and they at once christened it Lynn Camp Creek. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad (main line) passes through the county. Upon it in the county are the follow- ing stations: Munfordville, Rowlett’s, Bacon Creek, Horse Cave and Woodland. Munfordville, the county seat, is situated on the Green River and on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, and was laid out by Richard I. Munford, for whom it was named. It is a small town of not more than 500 inhabitants, l)ut is a place of considerable business energy and enterprise. Horse Cave, or, as it is sometimes called, Caverna, is on the railroad, about seven miles south of Munfordville, and is a thriving town. Other towns of the county are Woodsonville, Lees- ville, Monroe, Hardyville, Barnettsville, Three Springs, Hammondsville, Canmer and Priceville. Hart County abounds in caves, wonderful springs, holes in the ground, and other freaks of nature. In the level country, some six miles from Munfordville, there was discovered a hole in the ground that excited much wonder and interest. This “bottom- less pit ’ ’ is described as circular in shape and sixty or seventy feet in diameter. It is funnel-shaped for about twenty-five feet from the surface, when its diameter narrows down to ten or twelve feet. It has never been ex- plored below this point, and a rock thrown into it may be heard to strike against the sides of the hole until the sound dies away in the distance, giving rise to the belief that it is either ‘ ‘ Symmes’ Hole, ’ ’ or the by-way to ‘ ‘ Sheol. ’ ’ Another Symmes’ Hole is found on what is known as the “Frenchman’s Knob.” It has been explored 275 feet with- out finding any bottom; this is popularly be- lieved to be the “short route” to China. Frenchman’s Knob is quite an elevated spot. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 597 and derives its name from the fact that a Frenchman was killed upon it by the Indians in the pioneer times. A very peculiar spring is described as being situated about three miles from Munfordville, near the Green River, which has the regular ebb and flow of the ocean tides. About noon each day the water rises twelve or fifteen inches above its usual level, flows over a milhdam erected be- low it for a certain length of time, and then falls back to its former state ; this occurs with the utmost regularity. The following inci- dent, bordering somewhat upon the marvel- lous, is found in Collins’ History, ascribed to a Harrodsburg paper: In 1826 two gentlemen engaged in hunting in Hart County discovered, on the summit of a knoll or elevation, a hole large enough to readily admit a man’s bod}^ Curiosity led them to e.xplore the mysterious place. At the depth of sixty feet they found themselves in a cave or room sixteen or eight- een feet square, apparently cut out of solid rock. The first object that met the eye was a human skull, with all the teeth entire; the floor of the room was filled with skeletons of men, women and children. Under the small opening through which they de- scended, the place was perfectly dry, and the bones in a state of preservation. An entire skeleton of the human body was obtained. They dug between four and seven feet, but found them ecpially plenti- ful as on the top; but there arose an offensive etflu- vium as they approached where it was a little damp. There was no outlet to the room, and a large snake, which they found there, and which appeared to be perfectly docile, passed around the room several times while they were in it. Bear Wallow was formerly a noted place in the southeastern part of the county. In the early history of the State it was a great resort for hunters, who went there to shoot the bears that were attracted to the spot to drink at the spring and to wallow in the mud and water; hence the name. In early times there was a powder-mill on Lynn Camp Ci-eek, near the line of Green County. During the war of 1812 it manu- factured considerable powder, also for a num- ber of years after the war was over, but it is one of the industries that long ago passed out of existence, and few, perhaps, now re- member anything about it. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner, the Confed- erate general, is a citizen of this county. [For sketch of Gen. Buckner see war history.] Henderson Count?, one of the rich and prosperous counties bordering the Ohio River, was formed in 1798 from a part of Christian County, and was the thirty-eighth organized. From its territory have been created Hopkins County, in 1806; Union, in 1811, and Web- ster, in 1860. It is bounded on the north by the State of Indiana, from which it is sepa- rated by the Ohio River; on the east by Da- viess and McLean Counties; on the south by McLean and Webster; on the west by Union, and by the census of 1880 it had a population of 24,515. The Green River flows into the Ohio in the northeast paid of the county. This, with the Ohio and its tributaries, af- fords excellent drainage. It has a front on the Ohio River of seventy miles, and on the Green of twenty or thirty. These bottoms, comprising near 60,000 acres of alluvial lands, are as rich and productive as any in the State. According to the agricultiu’al re- port of 1880, Henderson produced more corn than any other county, and, except Christian, more tobacco. The agricultmul productions of the county were as follows: Corn, 1,680,- 000 bushels; oats, 27,589; wheat, 124,990, and tobacco, 10.312,631 pounds. The county is well timbered, the principal growths being oak, hickory, wild cherry, walnut, poplar, ash, sweet gum, pecan, cottonwood, etc. The St. Louis di\flsion, of the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad, passes through the county, and together with the Ohio and Green Rivers brings to the farmer’s door the best markets in the country. The mineral resources are considerable. Coal is found in many places, and quite ex- tensively mined, but it is farther below the surface than in some of the neighboring counties. The Holloway boring, five miles from the river, “ developed ten beds of coal: at 60 feet, 3i feet of coal; at 70 feet, a vein of 4 feet 5 inches; at 85 feet, one of 10 inches; at 136^ feet, over 3 feet of black shale with some coal; at 160^ feet, a vein of 4|- feet; at 262 feet, one of 24 feet; at 447 feet, one of 14- feet; at 467 feet, one of 54 feet; at 572 feet, one of 20 inches, and at 861 feet, one of 64 feet. * In boring an artesian well in 1857 at 200 feet below the surface a stratum of porcelain clay was passed through, which was pronounced by experts the best yet discovered in the United States. This well, at the dejrth of 1,600 feet, reached salt water of ‘ ‘ eighty gallons to the bushel. ’ ’ Lead has been found in the county, but not in suifl- cient quantities to be vahiable. Settlements were made in what is now Hen- derson County as far back as 1790-95. This being a part of Christian County for a num- ber of years, its settlement and that of Chris- tian are identical. Among its early and prominent citizens was Gen. Samuel Hopkins, for whom Hopkins County was named. He was the first representative in the Legislature fi’om the county, and was a patriotic soldier and citizen. '^‘Geological Surrey. 598 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY". Henderson, the county seat, is situated on the Ohio River, about 20() miles below Louis- ville, and 173 miles above the mouth of the river. It was originally the northern termi- nus of the Evansville, Henderson & Nash- ville Railroad, but since the purchase of the road, and of the St. Louis & Southeastern by the Louisville & Nashville system, and the completion of the bridge across the river, it is but a way-station on a great thorough- fare between the South and the North and Northwest. It is one of the finest tobacco markets in the State outside of Louisville, and has more wealth to the amount of popu- lation (5,365 in 1880), perhaps, than any other Kentucky town. It has an excellent court house and other public buildings, many handsome residences, and its religious and educational facilities are the best. Its mercantile business and manufacturing in- dustries are equal to those of any other town of its size. The county has quite a number of towns and villages. Among them are the follow- ing: Alzey, Anthoston, Bluff City, Cairo, Dixie, Niagara, Scuffletown, Robai-d’s Sta- tion, Ranger’s Landing, Smith’s Mills, Spottsville and Zion. They are small places, with a dozen to 300 inhabitants. Among the most prominent men of Hen- derson County are Archibald Dixon, Phil- ip M. Barl)our, Greneral Sami;el Hopkins, Rev. James McGready and John James Au- dubon. Mr. Dixon was born in North Car- olina but brought to Kentucky by his parents when but a child. Upon receiving a limited education he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1825. He became a successful lawyer and amassed a large fortune. He was several times elected to the Legislature, and in 1844 was elected lieutenant-governor on the Whig ticket with Judge William Ows- ley, receiving a majority of 11,081, while Owsley only received 4,624 majority. He was a meml^er of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1840, and was the Whig candidate for governor in 1851, but was defeated by Lazarus W. Powell. He was soon after elected to the United States Senate to fill out the unexpired term of Henry Clay His last public service was as a delegate, in 1862, to the Border State Convention. Major Barbour was raised principally in this county, but born in Nelson County. He was educated and graduated from West Point Military Academy, and entered the regular army. He served in Florida with distinction and was brevetted captain. When the Mex- ican war broke out he was among the first sent to the front, and participated in the bat- tles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and for gallant conduct was brevetted major. He was killed September 19, 1846, before the walls of Monterey, while gallantly leading his men in the charge. Prof. Audubon, the ornithologist, was for some time a resident of this county. He was born in Louisiana in 1780, and died in New lUrk in 1851. In 1807 he passed down the Ohio River in a small canoe to Henderson, and in 1810 he was joined by the Scotch ornithologist, AVilson, and together they ranged the forests from Kentucky to Florida. In 1844 he published a new edition of ‘ ‘ Birds of America, ’ ’ in seven volumes, and exhibited to the public his extraordinary col- lection of original drawings. Col. Richard Henderson, for whom this county was named, tills a conspicuous place in the early history of Kentucky, as the agent, or one of the proprietors, of the Tran- sylvania Land Company, a subject upon which a great deal is said in preceding chap- ters of this volume. He was a native of Hanover County, and was born in 1735. He received but a limited education, read law and was admitted to the bar, and soon rose to the highest rank in his profession. He w'as of a restless disposition and of sleep- less energy, and was a man born to be great, could he have curbed his ‘ ‘ vaulting ambi- tion. ’ ’ Says his biographer : A man of great ambition and somewhat ostenta- tious, he soon became involved in speculations which embarrassed him in his pecuniary relations, and cramped his resources. Bold, ardent and ad- venturous, he resolved to repair the ravages made in his private fortune by engaging in the most ex- tensive scheme of speculation ever recorded in the history of this country. Having formed a company for that purpose, he succeeded in negotiating with the head chiefs of the Cherokee nation a treat}^ by whicti all tliat tract of country lying between the Cumberland River, the mountains of the same name, and the Kentucky River, and situated south of tiie Ohio, was transferred for a reasonable con- sider.ition to the company. By this treaty Hender- son and his associates became the proprietors of all that country which now comprises more than one- half of the'State of Kentuck 3 c This was in 1775. They immediately proceeded to establish a proprie- tary government, of whicli Henderson became the president, and which had its seat at Boonesboro. The new country received the name of Transj’l- vania. Henderson’s purchase from the Indians was afterward annulled liy the Legislature of Virginia, on the ground that it was “ con- trary to the chartered rights of that State.” But they compensated the company of Hen- derson for any loss sustained, by granting to it a tract of land comprising 200,000 acres “ lying on the Ohio below the mouth of the Oreen River. ’ ’ Col. Henderson died in 1785, aged fifty years. HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 599 Henry County was formed in 1798, and was named in honor of Patrick Henry, the great Vu’ginia orator, and governor of the Old Dominion at the time Kentucky formed a part of Fincastle County. It was taken fi’om Shelby County, and was the thirty-first formed in the new State. Afterward it contrib- uted to the formation of Oldham and Trimble Counties. It lies in the northern part of the j State, between Louisville and Frankfort, and is bounded on the north by Carroll County; on the east by Owen County, on the , south by Franklin and Shelby Counties; on j the west by Oldham and Trimble Counties, and by the census of 1880 it had 14,492 in- j habitants. It is drained by the Kentucky River, which forms the boiindary line between , it and Owen County, and its tributaries. | The face of the country is generally undulat- ing, with considerable hills in certain local- ities, and the lands are designated the ‘ ‘ su- gar lands, ’ ’ the ‘ ‘ oak lands ’ ’ and the ‘ ‘ beech lands.” The first produce hemp abundant- , ly; the second the finest of tobacco, and the : last yield corn profusely; the agricultimal statistics in 1880 were corn, 889,831 bush- els; wheat, 95,162; oats, 48,968, and tobac- co, 4,015,708 pounds. i The bluffs along the Kentucky' River are i very high, being 375 feet above low water in i some places. Both lead and silver ore have j been reported to exist in the county, but not in paying quantities. A number of mineral springs are in different sections. The Dren- i non Springs, on the creek of the same name, ! and about a mile from where it empties into the Kentucky River, at one time was a pop- ular summer resort. In the vicinity of Emi- nence is a spring of saline chalybeate water. In a railroad cut near Eminence a number of bones of the mammoth were found, but so long had they lain bimed in the earth that upon being exposed to light and air they crumbled into dust. The fii-st white people, perhaps, who saw the present county of Henry were Hancock Taylor and the McAfee Company, in the summer of 1773. Collins thus describes their visit : Hancock Taylor and the McAfee Company directed their course up the Kentucky River. The}' ascended it to the mouth of Drennon’s Creek, where they found the river nearly closed by a rocky bar. Here on the 9th of July (1773) they left their ca- noes, and went out to the lick, where they discov- ered immense numbers of buffalo, elk, deer, wolves, bears, etc. They continued either at or in the neighborhood of tlie lick until the 15th of July. While there, quite a ludicrous and yet dangerous scene occurred. A large herd of buffalo being in the lick, Samuel Adams was tempted to fire his gun at one of them, when the whole herd, in terrible alarm, ran directly toward the spot where Adams ; and James McAfee stood. Adams instantly sprang up a leaning tree, but McAfee, being less active, was compelled to take shelter behind a tree barely large enough to cover his body. In this condition the""whole herd passed them, the horns of the buf- falo scraping oft' the bark on both sides of the tree behind which McAfee was standing, drawn up to his smallest dimensions. After all had passed, Adams crawled down, and McAfee mildly said: “My good boy, you must not venture that again.” ! New Castle, tbe county seat, is situated southwest of the geographical center of the county, and is a small place of 500 inhabi- tants by the last census. It has the usual j public buildings, churches, schools, general business, and a newspaper — the Henry Coun- \ ty Local. Eminence is the largest town in the county. I It is situated on the Frankfort division of the ! Louisville & Nashville Railroad, forty miles east of Louisville.' It is an enterprising, pushing town of 1.043 inhabitants. It is well supplied with schools and churches, has a number of nourishing stores, and a good newspaper — The Constitutionalist. Other ! villages and postoffices are Pleasureville, Tiumer Station, Campbellsbm’g. Bethlehem, Franklinton. Guestville, Lockport, Jericho, Sulphur, Springport, Pendleton. Port Royal \ and Smithfield. j Hickman County was created in 1821 out of parts of Caldwell and Livingston, and was the seventy-first county organized. It is j situated in the Jackson Purchase, and since its organization it has contributed whollv, or in part, to the following: Calloway, in 1822; Graves, in 1823; McCracken, in 1824: Bal- I lard and Fulton, in 1845. It is bounded on ' the north by Ballard County: on the east by Graves; on the south by the State of Tennes- ' see and by Fulton County:, on the west by Fulton County and the Mississippi River, and in 1880 had a population of 10,651. It is generally level, with a very rich and fertile soil, and. in 1880 produced 784.828 bushels I of corn; 107,006 bushels of wheat; 13.857 ' bushels of oats, and 461. 946 pounds of tobac- co. The land is well drained by the Little Obion and Bayou du Chien, and their tribu- taries. IVilliam Tipton was one of the first, if not the first permanent settler in Hickman County. He came to Columbus about the year ISIS, and purchased the old block-house that had been built there some years previously ( about 1804) and occupied by United States' troops during the Biut conspiracy. Other early settlers were a man named Bowles, the Ed- rington family. Samuel Lucas, the Cook fam- ily, Edmund Taylor, Pembroke M alker, etc. 600 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Other early settlements were made in the neighborhood of Moscow, also in the Rock Springs neighborhood. Clinton, the county seat, is situated near the center of the coiinty, on the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, about fifteen miles south of Cairo, 111. , and is a village of 506 inhabitants by the last census. It has a handsome brick court house, built in 1884, several churches, two colleges — Clinton College, under the auspices of the Baptist Church, and Marvin College, under the auspices of the Methodist Church; also Clinton Academy, an excellent select school ; a number of flourishing stores, the usual shops, and a sprightly newspaper — the Democrat. Columbus, the largest town in the county — also the oldest — and the original county seat, is situated on the Ohio River twenty miles below Cairo. Its population, in 1880, was 1,338 souls. It was the seat of justice from the formation of the county up to 1829, when it was changed to Clinton. It was a cherished scheme of the projectors of the town to make it a great city — one that should not only become the commercial metrojsolis of the United States and the Mississippi Val- ley, but the national capital as well. The lofty aspirations of its founders, however, were doomed to remain ‘ ‘obscurely dim, ’ ’ and the town to-day is only a straggling river village of little more than 1,000 inhabitants, and not even the seat of justice of a small county. Other villages are Moscow, Obion, Baltimore, Wesley, Oakville, etc. The county was named in honor of Capt. Paschal Hickman, a native of Virginia. He came to Kentucky with his father’s family when very young and settled in Franklin County. His father. Rev. W illiam Hickman, was one of the pioneer preachers of Ken- tucky. Capt. Hickman served in many of the campaigns against the Indians, and was a gallant officer. He commanded a company at the battle of river Raisin, where he lost his life. Hopkins County was established in 1806 from a part of Henderson County, and was the forty-ninth county formed. It is situated in the western part of the State, and is bounded on the north by AVebster County, on the east by McLean and Muhlenburg, on the south by Christian, on the west by Lyon and Crittenden, and in 1880 it had 19,122 inhab- itants. It is above the average in wealth and material resources, and many portions abound in coal of a superior quality. It is divided into ridge or hill lands, bottom or black flats. and rolling lands, mostly fertile and product- ive. The Pond and Tradewater Rivers, with I numerous small tributaries, water and drain I the county. It is well timbered, and much I of it is of a fine quality. The St. Louis division of the Louisville & Nashville, and the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Rail- road pass through and afford excellent trans- portation facilities. Of the coal supply of the county, the following is given:* Ten veins of coal, generally well developed, ex- tend oyGr nearly the whole county, in some open- ings eight feet thick, and all the outcrops are of easy access. The town of Providence (now in Webster County) is at the top of a hill, around which three veins of coal, each five to six feet thick, are exposed, in scarcely 125 feet of measures. The Henderson & Nashville Railroad runs between numerous coal banks; in the southeast part of the county, all the creeks — Clear, Lamb, Richland, Stewart, Caney and Pond, and their tributaries — seem to run purposely to expose thick coal banks; Dozier’s Mountain, Buffalo Mountain, AVright’s Ridge, Bear AVallow, from base to top, look like a succession of coal, iron and limestone strata. The coal from one bank contained as little as .820, and from another as high as 2.796 per cent of sulphur. Madisonville, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, on the St. Louis division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, and was named for President Madison. It was incorporated in 1810, and by the last census had a population of 1,544. It is a pleasant, thriving, business town, with much push and go-ahead about it. A brick court house adorns the public square; there are a number of prosperous stores, a bank, a newspaper — the Times — good schools, includ- ing the Madisonville Normal School and Business College, and several fine churches. Among the other towns, villages and post- offices are Ashbysburg, Charleston, Dalton, Dawson, Earlington, Elwood, Frostburg, Gordonville, Hanson, Morton’s Gap, Norton- ville, Nebo, Swainville, Slaughterville, St. Charles and AAffiite Plains. Hopkins County was named in honor of Gen. Samuel Hopkins, a native of Virginia, and a gallant officer of the Revolutionary Army. He came to Kentucky in 1797, and settled on Green River. He served several terms in the Legislature, and one term in Congress. He led several expeditions against the Indians — the last to the AA" abash country, where he destroyed a number of Indian villages. After his term in Congress, he re- tired from public life. There was a tradition among the early citizens of a fort or fortification in this county, of which none knew the history. It was on a high rocky hill some four miles from where Madisonville now stands. The *From the Geological Survey. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 601 fortification contained about ten acres, and was walled with stone. The tradition is, that it was found by the first whites, even then bearing the marks of age, and that none knew when or by whom it was built. Jackson County was formed out of jjortions of Madison, Owsley, Estill, Laurel, Clay and Rockcastle Counties, in 1858, and was the one hundred and fifth county. It was named in honor of Glen. Andrew Jackson, the hero of New Orleans and the seventh President of the United States. It lies in the southeastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Estill County, on the east by Owsley, on the south by Laurel and Clay, on the west by Rockcastle, and in 1880 it had 6,678 inhabi- tants. It is watered by tributaries of the Kentucky and Cumberland Rivers, among which are Middle Fork, Indian, Laurel Fork, Pond, Sturgeon, Horse Lick, Moore' s. South Fork, War Fork, etc. It is rich in mineral productions, but agriculturally it is below the average, its corn in 1880 being 244, 191 bush- els; oats, 15,067; wheat, 10,905, and tobacco, 9,288 pounds. The county is well timbered; its timber being of the best, and but little yet consumed, beyond home consumption. In addition to coal there has been found what was believed to be silver ore, whicLi created the usual nine days’ wonder, and then died away. Salt was made in the early times on Horse Lick. The settlement of Jackson County was made early. Among its pioneers were the Casteels, Fowlers, McOwens, and Harrisons. John Casteel settled on Pond Creek; Moses Parris settled on Laurel Fork, while others settled in different parts of the county. McKee, the county seat, is situated near the geographical center of the county, and is a small place with only 88 inhabitants by the last census. It was named for Judge Ceorge R. McKee, a imominent man of Kentucky. Other villages and postoffices are as follows: Tyner, Moore’s Creek, Sand Spring, Drip Rock and Egypt — all small places. Jefferson County is one of the three coun- ties into which Kentucky was divided in 1781 while still a province of Virginia. It lies on the Ohio River, and originally embraced “that part of the south side of Kentucky River which lies west and north of a line be- ginning at the mouth of Benson’ s Big Creek, and running up the same and its main fork to the head; thence south to the nearest waters of Hammond’s Creek, and down the same to its junction with the Town Fork of Salt River; thence south to Green River, and down the same to its junction with the Ohio. ” Such was Jefferson County as originally or- ganized. It was named for Thomas Jeffer- son, governor of Virginia at the time the county was formed. At present, after some thirty counties have been formed fi’om its ter- ritoiy, it is bounded on the north by the Ohio River and Oldham County; on the east by Shelby and Spencer; on the south by Spen- cer and Bullitt; on the west by the Ohio Riv- er, and in 1880 it had a population, includ- ing the city of Louisville, of 146,010. The county is drained by the Ohio River and a number of tributaries, the most noted of which is Beargrass Creek, a stream of historic in- terest in the early annals of the State. The central and western portions of the county are level, rich, productive, and in a highly improved state, while the eastern part is roll- ing, with a thinner soil, but produces wheat, oats and corn abundantly. Originally the county was heavily timbered. Louisville, the county seat, is beautifully situated at the falls of the Ohio River. It was incorporated in 1780, and 100 years later (1880) had 123,758 inhabitants. It is 132 miles below Cincinnati, and 368 above the mouth of the Ohio. It is built on an elevated plain, twenty feet or more above the highest flood mark ever made by the Ohio, and some seventy feet above low-water mark. It is regularly and handsomely laid out with broad, elegant streets, which run almost due east and west and north and south. No city in the country contains more handsome buildings, magnificent residences and spacious church edifices, with learned pastors, than Louisville. Its public buildings — court house, city hall, county prison, postoftice and custom house (the latter, a new one, 1886, in course of con- struction), are of the best, and will compare favorably with those of any city of its size. Its public and private schools, law, medical and theological colleges, widow and oi’phan asylums, and other institutions, public and private, are not surpassed anywhere. Its press is not only the ablest in the South, but one of the ablest in the country, and its bar is one of erudition and brilliance. Its mercantile, mechanical and manufacturing interests are valuable, and are not the least of the city’s soiu'ces of wealth and import- ance. It is one of the finest, if not the finest tobacco market in the world, and the thoii- sands and hundreds of thousands of pounds handled here annually would almost ‘ ‘ bank- rupt the science of numbers’ ’ to express. Its 602 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ample transportation facilities, both by rail ; and by water, add greatly to its importance as a manufacturing center. There are quite a number of villages, rail- road stations, etc. , in the county. Anchor- age is perhaps one of the largest and hand- somest of these. It is situated on the short line division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, twelve miles east of Louisville, and is distinguished as being a beautiful suburb- an village, and the seat of the Central In- sane Asylum. Other villages and hamlets are Buechel, Floyd’s Fork, Fisherville, Fern Creek, Fairmount, Eden, Eastwood, Doup’s Point, Old Deposit, Jeffersontown, Howes- burg. Hikes’ Point, Long Run, Lyndon, Mal- cott, O’Bannon’s, Ormsby, Prospect, Middle- town, St. Matthews, Valley, etc. Some of these are beautiful little suburban villages, and others are quite ancient places. Louisville and Jefferson County form a prominent part in the history of Kentucky. The importance which attaches to the early settlements at “the Falls,” and upon “Bear- grass,” but increases in interest as time rolls on. When these settlements were made, the primeval forests surrounding them were un- broken; “the rank thistle nodded in the wind, and the wild fox dug his hole iin- scared. ” The hundred years that have come and gone have witnessed changes. ’ The wilderness has been made “to rejoice and blossom as the rose;” the Indian trail has been obliterated by the railway track, and a city, grand and mighty in its magnifi- cence, has risen from the swamps that bor- dered the falls of the Ohio. Further history of Louisville appears in preceding chapters. The first whites, in what is now Jefferson County, were an exploring and surveying party under Capt. Thomas Bullitt, who in July, 1773, camped above the mouth of Bear- grass Creek, and remained there for six weeks, exploring and surveying the lands of Jeffer- son County. McMurtrie, in his sketches of Louisville, says the first regular settlers com prised “ the families of James Patton, Rich- ard Chinoweth, John Tuel, William Faith, John McManus, and one other whose name was not preserved. ” In the spring of 1778 they ‘ ‘ encamped on Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louisville.” In the fall of the same year they removed to the mainland and erected cabins. The next spring they were joined by other emigrants from Virgin- ia, and thus the foundation was laid for the settlement of Louisville and Jefferson County. James Porter, known as the “Kentucky Giant,” was long a citizen of the suburb called “ Shippingport,” now a part of the city. He wms born in Ohio in 1810, and when but a year old his parents removed to Kentucky and located in Shippingport. He was seven feet and nine inches in height, and a remarkable fact concerning him — until fourteen years old he was unusually small for his age. He was large boned, and when in good health weighed 300 pounds. He died in 1859, in the fiftieth year of his age. Among the prominent men of Loiiisville and Jefferson County — many of whom are noticed in other jrortions of this work — may be mentioned Col. Richard C. Anderson, Gen. Zachary Taylor, Col. Richard Taylor, Commodore Taylor, Col. John Floyd, For- tunatus Cosby, Hon. Stephen Ormsby, Thom- as and Cuthbert Bullitt, Thomas Prather, Cols. William and Curran Pope, Worden Pope, Gen. Humphrey Marshall, Thomas A. Marshall, Hon. Samuel S. Nicholas, Hon. Charles S. Morehead, Hon. Thomas E. Bramlette, George D. Prentice, John H. Harney, the Speeds and Caldwells, Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau, Prof. J. Lawrence Smith, James Guthrie, H. D. Newcomb, Drs. Lunsford P. Yandell and Theodore S. Bell, etc. Many of these were descendants of the pioneers who settled about the falls and assisted in wresting the county from the savages. They were all men of note, and have left their impress iipon the history of their city and State — almost upon its every l^age, and interspersed all through this vol- ume will be found allusions to them and the parts they enacted. Jessamine County was created in 1798 from a i-)art of Fayette County, and was the thirty- sixth in the order of formation. It lies in the blue-grass region, and the northern part is very rich, the land undulating and of the blue limestone type; the south part, along the river, is more broken and the soil thinner, but still highly productive. The county is bounded on the north l^y Woodford and Fayette; on the east by Fayette and Madison; on the south by Madison and Garrard, from which it is separated by the Kentucky River; on the west by Mercer and Woodford, and in 1880 it had a population of 10,864. The principal products are corn, oats, wheat, grass and hemp, with a very little tobacco. ’ The soil is drained by the Kentucky River and its branches, the principal of which are Jessamine and Sinking Creeks. The latter is something of a natural wonder. Rising in I this county, it flows in a westerly direction. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 603 and in Woodford County unites 'with another Sinking Creek and together they form Clear Creek. It sinks into the ground four times, ! and each time runs under the ground fi’om a quarter of a mile to a mile, then rises again to the surface and flows on as before. When the volume of water is too great to sink into the earth, it rises, sometimes until fifty feet deep and a mile wide. The Elkhorn River, a branch of the Kentucky, from the southeast, waters a country fine beyond description. Indeed, the country east and south of this, including the head waters of the Licking River, Hickman’s and Jessamine Creeks, and the remarkable bend in the Kentucky River, may be called an extensive garden. The soil is deep and black, and the natural growth, large walnuts, honey and black locust, poplar, elm, oak, hickory, sugar tree, etc. Grape vines run to the tops of the trees; and the surface of the ground is covered with clover, blue-grass and wild rye. On this fertile tract, and the Licking River, and the head waters of the Salt River, are the bulk of the settlements in this coun- try.* Nicliolasville, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of the county about thirty- five miles from Frankfort. It is a place of 2,300 inhabitants by the last census, and was named for Col. George Nicholas. It has the usual public buildings, several handsome churches, schools, both select and private, a nmnber of flourishing stores, and the general supply of shops, factories, etc. Other vil- lages and postoffices in the county are Camp Nelson, Hanly, High Bridge, Keene, Little Hickman, North Tower and Sulphur Well. “The Devil’s Pulpit” is one of the curi- osities to be found in the county. Collins thus describes it : At the foot of the stairway stands the Pulpit, rising from the very brink of the main ledge, at more than 200 feet of an elevation above the river, but separated from the portion which towers up to the extreme height. The space is twelve feet at bottom, and as the cliff retreats slightly at this point, the gap is perhaps thirty feet at the top. The best idea that can be formed of this rock is to suppose it to be a single column, standing in front of the continuous wall of some vast building or ruin, the shaft standing as colonnades are fre- quently built upon an elevated platform. From the platform to the capital of the shaft is not less than 100 feet, making the whole elevation of the ‘ ' Devil’s Pulpit ” 300 feet. It is called by some the inverted candlestick, to which it has a striking resemblance. There are two swells, which form the base mould- ing and occupy about forty feet of the shaft. It then narrows to an oblong of about three feet by six, at which point there are fifteen distinct projec- tions. This narrow neck continues with some irreg- ularity for eight or ten feet, winding off at an angle of more than one degree from the line of gravity. Then commence the increased swell and craggy offsets, first overhanging one side, and then the other, till they reach the top or cap rock, which is i not so wide as the one below it, but is still fifteen feet across. *Morse’s American Geography, published in 1789. Camp Nelson, a noted place during the late civil war, is in this county. It is situ- ated on the Kentucky River, at the mouth of Hickman’ s Creek, and was named in honor of Gen. William Nelson. It was established in 1863, and occupied by the Government troops until the close of the war. There is a United States cemetery here, where. On Fame’s eternal camping ground, sleep many soldiers, whose battles are o’er. It is beautifully improved and kept in excel- lent order by the Government. Jessamine County was named for .Jessa- mine Creek, and a sad and touching incident furnished a name to the creek. A Scotch- man, named Douglass, entered the land around the source of the creek, which is in this county, and settled there when Indians still infested the country. He had a daugh- ter, Jessamine Douglass, and he bestowed her name upon the stream. One day she was sittingr on a larcfe rock near the head of the creek, wholly unconscious of danger, when an Indian stealthily crept up and bur- ied his tomahawk in her brain. Johnson Countv was organized, in 1843. from parts of Lawrence, Floyd and Morgan, and was the ninety- seventh formed in the State. It is situated in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Lawrence County; on the east by Martin; on the south by Floyd and Magoffin: on the west by Morgan and Magoffin, and in 1880 it had a population of 9,155. Its products are corn, wheat, oats, etc. — 372.073 bushels of corn in 1880; 17,267 bushels of wheat; 21,892 bushels of oats; its exports are horses, cattle, hogs, lumber and coal. The county is drained by the south fork of the Big Sandy River and its tributaries. Paintsville, the county seat, is situated on Paint Creek, in the central part of the coun- ty. It is a small place of 310 inhabitants by the Iasi; census. Flat Gap and Barnett’s Creek are small places of 100 or 200 inhab- itants. The county was named in honor of a dis- tinguished Kentuckian — Col. Richard M. Johnson, the supposed slayer of the Indian chief, Tecumseh. He was born in 1781, and was educated in the schools of the period, finishing off at Transylvania University He commenced the study of law with Col. George Nicholas, who died soon after, and he then completed his studies with Hon. James Brown, the first United States senator fi’om i Kentucky, or from the Mississippi Valley. 604 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Mr. Johnson was a man of the highest sense of honor, and withal, honest to a fault. In the practice of law ‘ ‘ he despised injustice and oijpression, and never omitted an occa- sion to render his services, without prospect of reward, where honest poverty or injured innocence was found struggling against the oppression of wealth.” He was elected to the Lemslature as soon as old enough to be admitted to a seat, and served several terms, at different periods of his life. He partici- pated, with distinction, in the war of 1812, and commanded a regiment at the sanguin- ary battle of the Thames, where both com- mander and regiment acted with the utmost gallantry and contributed greatly to the suc- cess of the day. Col. Johnson has always been accredited with having “ killed Tecum- seh, ” the commander of the Indians in that hard-fought battle. Col. Johnson, after the close of the war, served several terms in Congress and in the national Senate, and in 1830 was elected Vice-President of the United States, on the ticket with Martin Van Buren. In 1840 they w’ere defeated for re-election by William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. He then retired to his farm in Scott County, where, with the exception of a couple of terms in the State Legislature, the remainder of his life was spent. He died in 1850, in the seven- tieth year of his age. Kenton County, one of the smallest in the State, was created in 1840, and was the nine- tieth in order of formation. It was clipped off' the western portion of Campbell County, and was named for that grand old hero and pioneer, Simon Kenton, who, like Daniel Boone, is extensively mentioned in pre- ceding chapters. The county is a nar- row strip of country, twelve miles wide and twenty five long, lying between Camp- bell County on the east, and Boone County on the w'est, with the Ohio River on the north, and Pendleton and Grant Counties on the south. By the last census it had a jiopulation of 43,983, including the city of Covington. The soil of the river bottoms is rich and productive; the uplands are rolling, but produce fine crops of grain and tobacco, as shown by the agricultural report of 1880: Corn, 428,102 bushels; oats, 29,405; wheat, 55,049; and tobacco, 2,322,771 pounds. There are many fine vegetable gardens and dairy farms around Covington. The Short- line, Kentucky Central, and Cincinnati Southern Railroads all penetrate the county. and these, together with the Ohio and Lick- j ing Rivers, afford the best of market facili- I ties. The first white visitors, to what is now Kenton County, were a small company under Christopher Gist, agent of the Ohio Company. They crossed the Licking River near its mouth in March, 1751, and were the first white men ever upon its waters, so far as definitely known. In 1756 Mrs. Mary Inglis and a companion, making their escape from the Indians, passed through the county. Several parties of emigrants, explorers and surveyors either camped at the mouth of the Licking or landed there on their way to their places of destination. The mouth of the Licking River was one of the prominent points in the navigation of the Ohio, and was also a place of rendezvous of Kentucky troops on several expeditions against the Ohio Indians. The first actual settler of the county is claimed to have been Edmond Rittenhouse, who, with his family, atl.empted to make a settlement at Bank Lick in 1793, but was driven away by the Indians. He fled to Ruddle’s Station, where he remained until 1795, when he returned and settled on the west side of the Licking, a little below Three-Mile Ripple. John Martin, with his family, settled near by about the same time. Representatives of these families are still living in the county. Independence, the original county seat, is situated on the Louisville & Cincinnati Short- line Railroad, about twelve miles south of Covington. It is a small place of 165 in- habitants, in 1880, and no longer of any great importance. Nearly all the county business is transacted now at Covington, and the courts are mostly held there also, while it may be said of the old capital: A place for idle eyes and ears, A cobwebljed nook of dreams; Left by the stream whose waves are years, The stranded village seems. Covington is situated on the Ohio River, at or just below the mouth of the Licking, and opposite the city of Cincinnati. It is the second largest city in the State, and in 1880 had 29, 720 inhabitants. The following description was recently given of it : “ It occupies a nearly level site, and is pleasantly situated. A noble suspension bridge across the Ohio connects it with Cincinnati. It also has a suspension bridge connecting it with Newport. Covington is the northern ter- minus of the Kentucky Central Railroad, and is connected with Louisville by another rail- road. ’ ’ The town is handsomely laid out, and HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 605 its streets, which run south from the river, have the appearance of being but a continua tion of the streets of Cincinnati. It has some fine public buildings — a coui’t house and city hall, and a magnificent postofiice and custom house. Its religious and educa- tional facilities are ample, comprising be- tween twenty and thirty churches (white and colored), a most excellent system of public schools, and several Roman Catholic schools. It has several newspapers, water and gas works, a number of banks, and a large and flourishing »mercantile business. Consider- able manufacturing is carried on, and sev- eral large establishments are located here. Its fine shipping facilities make it a most ad- vantageous market, especially for tobacco. 1 Covington was established in 1815 by an act of the Legislature, and the plat recorded in August of the same year. It was named in honor of Gen. Covington, and the streets named for eminent and wise Kentuck- ians, viz. : Gov. Shelby, Gov. Garrard. Gov. Greenup, Gov. Scott, Thomas Kennedy, who originally owned the land on which the town was laid out, and Gen. Thomas Sandford, the first representative in Congress fi’om this part of the State. At the time of the laying out of the town the street west of Scott Street was left without a name, waiting the i-esult of the election, and was then called Madison, in honor of George Madison, who was elected governor. The original site_^ of the town comprised 150 acres of land, pur- < chased in 1814 fi'om Thomas Kennedy, by Gen. John S. Gano, Richard M. Gano and Thomas D. Carneal, for §50,000, and designed especially for a town. Kenton County has a number of villages dotting its plains and hill-sides. The largest, perhaps, is Ludlow, situated on the Ohio River a short distance west of Covington, and has about 1,000 inhabitants. Other vil- lages, stations and postoffices are Fishburg. Milldale, Visalia, Bromley, Mifilins and Ben- ton. Gen. Leonard Stephens and Col. John Sanderson were among the prominent men of Kenton County. Both filled many public positions, and served several terms in the Legislature. The former died in Boone County and the latter in Covington. Gen. Thomas Sandford came to Kentucky prior to 1800, and settled near where Covinston now stands. He served several terms in the Legis- lature, and was elected to Congress in 1803. and served two terms. His death was a mel- ancholy one; he was drowned in the Ohio when but forty -six years old. James T. Morehead, one of the eminent men of Kentucky, died in Covington in 1854. He was born near Shepherdsville in 1797. IVhen but three years old his father removed to Russellville, where James grew to manhood. He studied law with Judge Broadnax, one of the early judicial lights of Kentucky, and later with John J. Crittenden. He served several terms in the Legislatime. and in 1832 was elected lieutenant-governor on the ticket with John Breathitt. Gov. Breathitt died in 1834, and Mr. Morehead filled out his unexpired term as governor. In 1841 he was elected to the Fnited States Senate. John IV. Stevenson was a native of Vir- ginia, and was educated at Hampden- Sidney College, and at the University of Virginia. He read law and was admitted to the bar, and went to Vickburg, Miss. , where he prac- ticed for several years, and in 1841 removed to Kentucky', where he recently died. He rep- resented the countv several terms in the Leeds- lature, and was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1849; he was elected to Congress in 1857, and re-elected in 1859. He was elected lieutenant-governor on the ticket with John L. Helm. The latter died five days after his inauguration, and Mr. Stev- enson was inaugurated governor, and at the next election was elected to fill out the term. He was elected United States senator in 1869, and after filling the term retired from public life. Knott County lies in the extreme eastern part of the State and is one of those “ " super- fluous creations’ ’ designed chiefly for political purposes. It was established in 1884, and was the one huncKed and seventeenth county in order of formation. Its terirtoi’y was contributed by Floyd. Letcher. Perry and Breathitt, and its name by Hon. J. Proctor Knott, governor of the common- wealth at the time of its formation. It is bounded on the north by Breathitt. Magof- fin and Floyd Counties; on the east by Floyd and Pike; on the south by Letcher, and on the west by Perry and Breathitt. It is rough, hilly and broken, and its principal wealth lies in its timber and mineral productions. Says a late uniter referring to this county : Many of the later counties owe their origin to other motives than the demands of a sound public policy, and a number of “pauper counties” have been added to the list, the existence of which is prejudicial to nearlv every interest concerned. Knott County is a conspicuous example of this un- fortunate legislation. Hindman, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of the county, and was named in honor of the present (1886) lieutenant-gov- 606 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ernor of the State. It is distinguished for nothing in particular, except that of being the capital of the youngest county tbut one) in the State. Other hamlets and postoffices are Carr’s Fork, Sassafras and Carson. Knox County was formed in 1799, and was the forty-hrst in the State. It was formed out of a part of Lincoln County, is situated in the southeastern part of the State and is bounded on the north by Laurel and Clay Counties ; on the east by Bell County ; on the south also by Bell County; on the west by IVhitley and Laurel Counties, and in 1880 it had 10,587 inhabitants. The county, with the exception of the river bottoms, is gener- ally hilly. Corn is the principal product, but cattle and hogs are raised in great numbers. It is drained by the Cumberland River, which hows through the southern part, and a num- ber of tributaries. The county was named for Gen. Henry Knox, a gallant soldier of the Revolutionary war, and one of Washington’s most trusted officers. Barboursville, the seat of justice, is situated on the Ciimberland River a little south of the geographical center of the county, and by the last census had 250 inhabitants. Other towns, villages and postoffices are Jarvis’ Store, Payne’s, Crane Nest and Flat Lick — all small places. Among the good and great men of Knox County may be mentioned Joseph Eve, Frank- lin Ballinger, Samuel F. Miller, Green Adams, George Madison Adams, Silas Woodson, etc. The mountain air seems conducive to brains as well as health, as the gentlemen, whose names are mentioned, were men of eminence and ability. Mr. Eve represented the county ten years in the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, served long as circuit judge, and in 1841 was appointed charge d'af- faires to the republic of Texas,* and died in that service. Mr. Ballinger was statesman and circuit ji^dge; Mr. Miller practiced law in Barboursville, went to Iowa and became a judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. Green Adams served several terms in Congress, and was appointed by President Lincoln sixth auditor of the treasury; George M. Adams served eight years in Congress; Mr. Woodson served in the Legislature, was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1849, went to Missouri and finally became governor of the State. *Four years later Texas was admitted into the American U nion . La Rue County was organized in 1843. It was taken from Hardin County, and bears the name of John La Rue, an early settler, and a prominent and good man. The northern part of the county is rough and broken, extending into the Muldi'ow Hills ; the eastern portion is undulating and is productive, while the west- ern part partakes more of a level nature, and produces well. Corn and tobacco are raised in abundance, and the cereals to some exent; considerable attention is paid to stock raising, particularly to that of hogs, the report for 1880 showing the following: Corn, 556,184 bushels; oats, 6.7,575; wheat, 96,848; tobacco, 350,350 pounds; horses and mules, 4,130 head; cattle, 6,075; sheep, 4,721, and hogs, 1 9, 8 24. The county is bounded on the north by Hardin and Nelson Counties; on the east by Marion and Taylor ; on the south by Hart and Green; on the west by Hardin, and in 1880 it had 9,793 inhabitants. The principal streams are Rolling Fork. Nolin and Otter Creeks. A pioneer incident gave name to Nolin Creek, as follows: On the south side of the creek, near the county seat, is a knoll or hill some thirty feet above the level of the surrounding country. On the top of this knoll is a level spot of about two acres. Among the pioneers of this section was a preacher named Benjamin Lynn, and with others he erected a camp on the summit of the knoll. Shortly after, they were out hunting and Lynn became separated from the others, who supposed he had returned to the camp, but arriving there he was nowhere to be seen, and one of the party remarked; “Here is the knoll, but no Lynn.” Hence the name Nolin. The same cir- cumstance of Lynn getting lost gave rise to the name of Lynn Camp Creek, as described in the sketch of Hart County. Among tbe early settlers of La Rue County were Jobn La Rue, for whom the county was named ; Robert Hodgen, for whom the county seat was named; Philip Philips and Benjamin Lynn. Philips, who was a surveyor, erected a fort on the north side of Nolin Creek, about 1780-81. The first settlements in the county were made around this fort or block-house. La Rue and Hodgen brought quite a colony with them, and remained in Philips’ fort until it was deemed safe beyond its protect- ing walls, when they scattered and made set- tlements in different parts of the county. Hodgensville, the seat of justice, is situated on Nolin Creek, in the southwest part of the county, about fifty miles south from Louis- ville, and was named for Robert Hodgen, who located the land upon which it was laid out. It is a small town of 382 inhabitants by the last census. It has the usual county build- ings, churches and schools. Buffalo and Magnolia are small villages. Uptonville is cpiite a stirring village, and is situated on the HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 60T Louisville & Nashville Railroad, partly in. La Rue and partly in Hart County. A number of relics of the prehistoric peri- od, consisting of mounds, fortifications, etc. , have been discovered in this county. One of the most interesting of these is thus de- scribed : On one of the bluffs of the Rolling Fork, where the creek makes a short below, is to be seen a stone ■wall three or four feet high. The -walls at the el- bow extend across the level land from cliff to cliff, and must have constituted at the time of its con- struction an impregnable fortress. The cliff is about 200 feet high and so precipitous that an invading army could not possibly scale it where there was any show of resistance. Abraham Lincoln -was born in this county, though at the time of his birth it "was a part of Hardin County. There are many people still living in Hardin and La Rue Counties who remember the Lincolns. Stuve, in his History of Illinois, says: “ His father (Abra- ham Lincoln’ s) took up a land claim in La Rue County, Ky. , of 300 acres, rough, bro- ken and poor, containing a fine spring, known to this day as the ‘Linkum Spring. ’ Unable to pay for the unproductive land, that claim was abandoned, and the family moved fi’om j)lace to place in the neighborhood. These removals occimring while Abraham was scarcely more than an infant, have given rise to different statements as to the exact place of his birth. It is said that in that part of Kentucky four places claim the honor.” There is little doubt but that iH. Lincoln was born in that portion of Hardin County now in La Rue, but his parents were married in Washington County. Of this there is indis- putable evddence to be seen in the clerk’ s of- fice at Springfield, in the record of the mar- riagfe. His father, however, removed to Hardin Coimty shortly after his marriage. Gov. John L. Helm was born in this coun- ty while it was yet a part of Hardin. In the history of Hardin County, and in the sketch of the Louisville & Nashville Raih’oad, more is said of him. Gen. Henry E. Read was long a citizen of this county. He was a prominent lawyer, politician and soldier. He served in the Hexican war, and was severely wounded in the battle of Chapultepec. . F or his gallantry he was presented with a handsome sword by the Legislature of Kentuckvx He was a gen- eral in the Confederate Army during the civil war, and also represented his district in ihe Confederate Congress. He died in Louisville in 1869, at the age of forty-four years. L.vueel County was created in 1825, and was the eightieth in the order of formation. Its territory is composed of bits of Rockcastle, Knox, Clay and "Whitley Counties, and its name is received from the Laimel River, which flows through the southeastern part ; and the name ‘ * Laui’el ’ ’ was given to the river (ac- cording to tradition) on account of the great quantity of the laimel shrub which grew upon its banks. The county is bounded on the north by Rockcastle and Jackson: on the east by Clay and Knox; on the south by Knox and Whitley; on the west by Pulaski and Rock- castle, and in 1880 it had a population of 9,131 inhabitants. It is drained by the Lau- rel River and its tributaries. The principal products are corn and oats; hogs and cattle are raised extensively. Laurel County is rich in mineral resoui'ces. Iron ore has been discovered but not in j)ay- ing quantities. Coal abounds almost every- where in the county; lead ore is believed to exist, and at one time the famous ‘ ‘ Swift Silver Mine’ ’ was supposed to be in this coim- ty. There are a number of mineral springs, and the streams fuimish the very finest of water-power. This latter will, no doubt, sooner or later be utilized by the thrifty Swiss settlers, who have recently located in the county, and who are mentioned in a pre- ceding chapter. London, the seat of justice, is situated on the Knoxvdlle branch of theLouisville & Nash- ville system, and is a small town of 215 in- habitants. It has the usual public build- ings, business, etc. Other villages and post- offices are Hazel Patch, Bald Rock and Lily. L.vwrence County dates back to 1821, and was the sixty-ninth in the order of form- ation. It was taken from parts of Floyd and Greenup Counties, and named for Capt. James Lawrence, of the United States Navy. [See Lawrenceburg, Anderson County.] It lies in the extreme eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Carter and Boyd Coimties ; on the east by the State of West Yirginia, fr’om which it is separated by the Tug Fork and the Big Sandy River ; on the south by Johnson County; on the west by Morgan, Elliott and Carter Counties, and in 1880 it had 13, 362 inhabitants. The simface is hilly and broken, but is fertile and produces well, as is shown by the agricultural report of 1880: Corn, 472,071 bushels; oats 35, 188, and wheat, 16,953. The county is well wat- ered and drained by the Big Sandy and a number of streams flowing into it. Fine timber abounds, such as oak, poplar, beech, walnut, chestnut, etc. The log business is 608 HISTORY OF KENTUCKYR one of the large industries of tlie county. Coal and iron ore exist in many sections; ihe former is as fine a quality of bituminous coal as can be found anywhere. Louisa, the seat of justice of the county, is situated on the Big Sandy, at the confluence of the West and Tug Forks. It is quite a business town, and by the last census had a population of 490. It was laid out in 1822, and has the usual public buildings, stores, churches, schools, etc. Other villages and postotiices are Cherokee, Blaine, Peach Or- chard, Glenwood, Lowmanville and Webb- ville. The first settlement, probably, in this county, was made, in 1789, by Charles Van- couver. He built a fort in the forks of the Big Sandy, and hired a number of men to cultivate a crop of corn. The settlement was finally broken up by the Indians, who stole the horses and committed other depre- dations. Lee County is among the youngest in the State, dating back to 1870, and was the one hundred and fifteenth in order of formation. It was taken from Owsley, Breathitt, Es- till and Wolf Counties, and was named for Gen. Robert E. Lee, the great Confederate chieftain. It lies east of the center of the State, and is bounded on the north by Powell and Wolfe Counties; on the east by Wolfe and Breathitt; on the south by Owsley; on the west by Estill, and in 1880 it had a pop- iilation of 4, 252. It lies on both sides of the main fork of the Kentucky River, and is watered by that stream and its tributaries. The valleys and bottoms along the streams are rich, and jrroduce corn, oats and wheat in abundance; the uplands are hilly and broken. In 1880 there were produced 140,725 bushels of corn and other grain in like proportion. A great many hogs are raised. Coal of a supe- rior quality exists in great quantity, and is extensively mined and shijiped down the Ken- tucky River. Iron ore is found in many places, but is not worked. Log and lumber are an extensive and valuable business. Beattyville, the seat of justice, is situated on the Kentucky River at the confluence of the three forks, about 100 miles above Frank- fort. It is the head of navigation for several months during the year. It contains a sub- stantial cotu’t house, several churches, and the usual stores and shops. Proctor is situ- ated across the river from Beattyville, and is quite a business place. Canaan is a small place, of some fifty inhabitants, in the south- east part of the county. Leslie County is the youngest but two in the State. It w'as formed in 1878 from Clay, Harlan and Perry Counties, . and was the one hundred and sixteenth in the order of formation. It lies in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north and east by Perry County; on the south by Harlan County; on the west by Bell (formerly Josh Bell) and Clay Counties, and in 1880 it had a population of 3,740. The surface is rough and mountainous, and the land heavily timbered. Corn, oats and wheat are the principal crops, and in 1880 were produced 111,255 bushels of corn, 1,328 oats, and 1,681, wheat. It lies in the min- eral region, but its lack of transportation ren- ders its mineral resources of but little value. The county was named for ex-Gov. Preston H. Leslie, a sketch of whom is given in Bar- ren County. Hyden, the seat of justice, is situated a little north of the geographical cen- ter of the county. It is a small place of fifty-seven inhabitants in 1880, and has the usual public buildings. Sandy Fork and Coon Creek are small villages in the southern part of the county. Letcher County was formed in 1842, and was the ninety-fifth established. It was taken from Harlan and Perry Counties, and named in honor of Robert P. Letcher, then governor of the commonwealth. It is situ- ated in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Perry and Floyd Counties; on the east by Floyd and Pike Counties and the State of Virginia; on the south by Harlan County; on the west by Perry County, and in 1880 it had a popula- tion of 6, 601. The county is hilly and moun- tainous, the Cumberland and Black Moun- tains bordering it on the southeast, while Pine Mountain passes through it. Notwith- standing the rough and broken surface, the land produces well, the report of 1880 show- ing as follows : Corn, 215,547 bushels; wheat, 10,622; oats, 8,804, and rye, 2,284. Cattle, hogs and wool are the principal exports. Whitesburg, the capital of the county, was named for Hon. C. White, a member of the Legislature at the time the county wms formed. It is a small place, with eighty in- habitants by the last census, and has the usual public buildings. Other villages and postoflices are Oven Fork, Partridge, Lewis Creek, Line Fork, King’s Creek, Rockhouse and Rosedale. The county, like all this portion of the State, is rich in mineral wealth. Coal is HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 609 plenty, and mines are to be seen in many places, but no coal is mined except for home use. Iron ore abounds, but like the coal is not mined for export. Medicinal springs are common in every section. There is water- power in the county for countless factories, and the finest of timber is abundant. Gov. Letcher, for whom this cormty was named, was born in Gan’ard County. He studied law, and was several times elected to the Legislature. He served ten years in Congress. He was elected governor in 1840 on the "Whig ticket, receiving 15,720 major- ity. He died January 24, 1861, in Frank- fort. Lewis County was formed Horn a part, of Mason County in 1806, and was the Forty- eighth in the State. It was named for Capt. Merriwether Lewis, companion of Clark in the exploring expedition over the Rocky Moun- tains in 1803-6. It is situated in the north- east part of the State on the Ohio River, which forms its northern boundary, with Greenup County on the east, Carter, Rowan and Fleming on the south, and Fleming and Mason on the west. It had 13,154 inhab- itants by the last census. The face of the country is somewhat broken and hilly, and the soil of a medium quality. The south- eastern portion is mainly valuble for the tim- ber and tan bark. It is di-ained by the Ohio River and tributaries flowing through the county, of which the principal ones are Kin- nokinnick and Cabin Creek, and their bottoms and that of the Ohio River are rich and pro- ductive. The chief crops are corn, oats, wheat and tobacco, and in 1880 there was produced 584,939 bushels corn; 84,551 bush- els of oats; 100,342 bushels of wheat, and 1,036,996 pounds of tobacco. The principal exports are cattle, horses, hogs, lumber, tan- bark and building stone. Vancebui’g, the present capital of the county, is situated on the Ohio River, thirty miles above Maysville and ninety-one above Cincinnati. It is a town of 1,095 population by the last census. It has the usual public buildings, churches, schools, stores and gen- eral business. Clarksburg, the former county seat, is situated three miles west of Yance- burg, but its glory has passed away. Other villages and postoffices are Cabin Creek, Con- cord, Burtonville, Mouth of Laurel, Poplar Flat, Petersville, Quincy and Tolesboro. Capt. Thomas Bullitt made the first survey of lands in this county in 1773. He was on his way to the falls of the Ohio to sui'vey lands for Gov. Dun more of Vh'ginia. The siu’- vey was made in what was known as “ F or- man’s Bottom” on the Ohio River, Capt. Bullitt afterward sold it to James Triplett, and he to William Triplett. The latter in 1776 located upon the land, and together with Samuel Wales, Willis Edwards and others im- proved it. There is considerable of historic interest con- nected with Lewis County. Three Islands was a place of importance in the pioneer period. It was near the northwest corner of the county, and it was here the 500 pounds of gunpowder was hidden for the Kentucky settlements mentioned in a preceding chap- ter. The mouth of Cabin Creek was a noted crossing for war parties of Indians on their way to and from Kentucky. Two roads led fi’om it to the Upper Blue Lick; one was known as the “ Upper War Road, ’’ and the other as the ‘ 'Lower War Road ” sometimes as the “Buffalo Trace.” The mouth of Sycamore was also a noted Indian crossing. There is some fine building stone in this county. In the hills below Yancebui’g is a fine vein of freestone, similar to that across the river in Ohio, and which is considered among the best building stcnes in the world. Near Yancebru-g is a large quarry of slate stone, and near the water’ s edge is a ledge of white limestone said to produce very white lime. A short distance above Yancebui’g is a quairy of alum rock, and on Salt Lick Creek near Yanceburg is a copperas bed, while in the near vicinity there is a bed of clay suit- able for stone ware and fire brick. There are a number of springs in the county, mostly chalybeate and white sulphur; there are also salt springs, fr'om which in early times this portion of the State was supplied with salt. Lincoln County, together with Fayette and Jefferson, w’as one of the three counties into which Kentucky was divided in 1780 by the Legislature of Yirginia. F rom its origi- nal territory have been formed wholly or in part, Mercer, Madison, Logan. Green, Pu- laski, Knox, Casey, Rockcastle and indii’ectly a great many others. The name was given in honor of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, a gal- lant officer in the Revolutionary war and who was in command of the American Army at Charleston, S. C., when it was captured by the British in 1780. The county lies in the east central part of the State and is bounded on the north by Boyle and Garrard Counties ; on the east by Garrard and Rockcastle; on the south by Rockcastle, Pulaski and Casey; on the west by Casey and Boyle, and in 1880 38 610 HISTORY or KENTUCKY. it had 15,080 inhabitants. The surface is rolling and in places hdly, with a general fertile soil. The range of hills extends from the southern part to the center of the county and then to the westward from a ‘ ‘ divide, ’ ’ and the streams south and west of it how into the Green and Cumberland Riv- ers, and north of it into the Kentucky River. The principal products are corn, wheat and oats with small crops of tobacco. In 1880 the agricultural statistics were 628,807 bush- els of corn; 13,942 bushels of oats, and 98, 946 bushels of wheat. The exports are chiehy horses, mules, cattle, hogs and wool. Settlements were made as early in this county as in any portion of the State, with few exceptions. Benjamin Logan, one of the famous pioneers of Kentucky, and whose name was as highly honored as any of the heroes of the “ dark and bloody ground, ” came to what now forms Lincoln County and erected a fort which was known as Logan’s Fort at St. Asaph’s, about a mile from where Stanford now stands. This settlement and the gal- lant services of Col. Logan are detailed in preceding chapters of this volume and require no further mention here. Other early forts and stations in the county were Crow’s, Craig’s, Carpenter’s, Casey’s, Crab Orch- ard, Clark’s, Cane Run, Gilmer’s, Forks of Lick’s River, McKinney’s, Knob Lick, Whit- ley, Wilson’s, Pettit’s, Montgomery’s and Worthington’s. Among the early settlers in the county were Samuel Daveiss and his family, William Montgomery, Joseph Russell, Capt. William McClure, Col. John Logan, Capt. Jo- seph Laveiss, father of the famous lawyer, Joseph Hamilton Laveiss, and a number of others who came prior to 1790 and settled around the different stations. Stanford, the present capital of the county, (Harrodsburg was the first county seat) is situated on the Knoxville branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 103 miles from Louisville. It is quite an attractive town, with 1,218 inhabitants by the last cen- sus. Of it Collins says: Lincoln County in 1781 embraced an immense territory, extending from Cumberland Gap to the Mississippi River— all that lay south of the Ken- tucky River, and all south and west of the Green River. Harrodsburg was central enough in terri- tory, but not in population, the bulk of which lay east of that- town. At the February term, 1781, Col. Benjamin Logan came into court and offered ten acres of land at his station, or St, Asaph’s, in- cluding the Buffalo spring, for building a court- house and other public buildings, and also fifty acres, one mile distant, nearly southeast from said spring (now Stanford), so long as the court of Lincoln County shall continue there. The court resolved: “As it appears to the court to be the moat convenient place, it is ordered that the courts be held there for the future.” Stanford is thus one of the old towns of Kentucky. It has a brick courthouse, several handsome churches, good schools, a number of flourishing stores, one of the ablest newspapers in the State outside of Louisville, and the usual number of shops and factories. Its location on the railroad near the junction of the Richmond branch makes it a fine shipping point. Crab Orchard, twelve miles southeast of Stanford, and on the same railroad, is a vil- lage of 538 inhabitants. It was a noted sta- tion on the “old Wilderness road,’’ the I great route of travel between Virginia and the Kentucky settlements a century ago. It is now, and has been for fifty years or more, a popular summer resort. The accommoda- tions are excellent, and no watering-place in the State, perhaps, is more frequented during { the summer months, or more fashionable as a resort than Crab Orchard. The Crab Orchard neighborhood, in the eastern part of Lincoln County, is distinguished for the number, variety and excellence of its mineral springs. They were known in 1857 as; 1, the two Crab Orchard springs (Caldwell’s), both chalybeate; 2, Brown’s spring, chalybeate, half a mile on the Lancaster turnpike; 3, Howard’s white sulphur well, one and a half miles out on the Mount Vernon road; 4, Epsom spring, No. 1, one mile out on the Lancaster Turnpike; 5, Epsom spring at Toley’s, half a mile from the center of Crab Orchard, on the Fall Dick road; 6, Sowder’s spring, one and a half miles out on the north of the hill toward Dick’s River; 7, Bryant’s springs, near Crab Orchard, seven in number — chalybeate, sulphur, etc. The “Crab Orchard salts,” obtained by carefully evapo- rating the water of the two Epsom or of Sowder’s springs to dryness in iron kettles, have been sold by druggists throughout the countiy. They are less drastic and more tonic than pure unmixod Epsom salts, and more likely to act on the liver in ihe manner of calomel when taken m small doses.* Hustonville is a village of 353 inhabitants situated in the western part of the county. Other towns, villages and postoffices are Milledgeville, McKinney, King’s Mountain Station, Highland. Hall’s Gap and Mount Salem. The Knob Licks are a kind of natural won- der. The ‘ ‘Knobs, ’ ’ as they are called, are a number of hills, some of them over 200 feet high, and perhaps 150 yards in diameter at the base. They are of a “ soft dry slate formation, ’ ’ and are intersected by numerous ravines. A peculiarity is they are wholly destitute of Amgetation, and present a rather naked appearance. As Lincoln County contained the original seat of justice for Kentucky, a few statistics are repeated h'ere that are given elsewhere. The first court held in the State was in the town of Harrodsburg, which was then in this *Prof. Eobert Peter in Geological Survey. HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 611 county, January 16, 1781. The first sheriff was Col. John Bowman; the first clerk was William May; the first surveyor — then an im- portant county office — was James Thompson, and the first county lieutenant was Col. John Bowman. Livingston County was organized in 1798, out of a part of Christian County, and was the twenty-ninth in order of formation. It is situated in the extreme western part of the State, and bounded on the west and north by the Ohio River ; on the east by Crittenden and Lyon Counties; on the south by Marshall County, from which it is separated by the Tennessee River, and in 1880 it had a popu- lation of 9, 165. The Cumberland River flows through the county, and with the Ten- nessee and Ohio forms the boundaries on nearly three sides; it is well supplied with water highways and with drainage. The face of the county is undulating, but in jilaces hilly. It is well timbered, and the bottom lands are rich. The staple products are corn, wheat, oats, Irish potatoes, etc, the following being the statistics for 1880: Corn, 740,746; wheat, 62,465; oats, 29,072; Irish potatoes, 73,053, and tobacco 769,578 pounds. The principal exports are horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs. Smithland, the capital of the county, is sit- uated on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Cumberland, twelve miles above Paducah and 310 below Louisville. It is a town of 570 inhabitants by the last census. It has the usual public buildings, churches, schools and general business. Other towns, villages and postoffices are Salem, Carrsville, Oak- ridge, Birdsville, Frenchtown and Pinkney- ville. Livingston County has little of historical interest beyond the mere fact of its settlement. The first entry of land was made in 1784 by William Brown, at the mouth of the Cumber- lahd River. Lusk’s Ferry, over the Ohio River between this county and Golconda, 111. , was one of the principal crossing places for emigrants on their way to the Illinois ter- ritory. The county was named in honor of Robert R. Livingston, a distinguished Amer- ican statesman (a native of New York), and one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Logan County was the thirteenth county formed, and one of seven organized in 1792, immediately after the State was admitted into the Union. It was named for Gen. Benjamin Logan, who, like Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton, is mentioned extensively in preced- ing chapters. At the time of its organiza- tion it occupied nearly all that part of Ken- tucky lying south of the Green River, and from its original territory has been created wholly, or in part, Christian, WaiTen, Muh- lenburg, Butler, Simpson and Todd, while many of these have, in turn, contributed to the formation of others. It lies on the south- ern border of the State, and is bounded on the north by Muhlenburg and Butler Coun- ties; on the east by Warren and Simpson; on the south by the State of Tennessee; on the west by Todd County, and in 1880 it had a population of 24,358. The principal water courses are the Green, Red, Muddy and Gasper Rivers, and their tributaries, Black Lick, Whippoorwill and Wolf Lick Creeks. The southern portion of the county is what was termed the ‘ ‘ barrens ; ” it lays well, is very rich and productive, and is highly im- proved. The northern part is more rolling, and was originally well timbered, but con- tains many fine tracts of land and highly cul- tivated farms. It is the ninth county in the State in the production of corn and the seventh in tobacco, the agricultiu’al report of 1880 showing the following; Corn, 1,181,699 bushels; wheat, 340,262; oats, 130,659; to- bacco, 6,039,983 pounds, and of stock: horses, 5,132; mules, 3,740; cattle, 8,870; hogs, 38,513. The railroad facilities are good, the Owensboro division of the Louis- ville & Nashville system diverging fr-om the main line in the county. The first white visitors to Logan County of whom there is any definite account, were the surveyors employed to run the boundary line (“Walker’s line”) between Kentucky and Tennessee. In the memory of many still living, there wei’e to be seen many trees stand- ing within the present limits of the county, bearing names and dates cut in their bark. Stations, forts and settlements were made as early as 1780. In this year a station was made on the Red River, known as Maulding’ s ; another on the Muddy River; one on the pres- ent site of Russellville, and several others a few years later. A Mr. Smart settled in 1782 on the Elk Fork of the Red River, a short distance southwest of where Russellville stands. Russellville, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of the county, at the junction of the Owensboro division and the main line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. It was laid out in 1795, incorporated in 1810, when it was the eighth town in the State in 612 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. point of population. It was named in honor of Gen. William Enssell, a valiant soldier in the Eevolntionaiy war, and the owner of the land upon which it was located. It has a brick courthouse and other puldic buildings, excellent schools, academies and colleges, a number of handsome churches, flourishing stores, an excellent newspaper — the Herald- Enterprise, and the usual amount of manu- facturing industries. The county is dotted with pleasant little villages. Among them are Adairville, Au- burn, Baugh’ s Station, Cave Spring, Costelow, Dennis, Dallam’s Creek, Homer, Keysburg, Lewisburg, Olmstead and South Union. The latter is an exceedingly neat and handsome little village of about 100 inhabitants, most of whom are Shakers. The other villages range in population from 500 souls down to a half-dozen, with a cross-roads store, post- office and blacksmith shop. Logan County has j^roduced many promi- nent men. In this the county has kejDt jaace with the most favored ones of the common- w’ealth. A writer upon the subject says:. Four times the gubernatorial wreath of Kentucky ha.s crowned the statues of her fame— John Breath- itt, James T. Moreliead, John .1. Crittenden and Charles S. Moreliead. Four times the spotless man- tle of the chief-justice of the commonwealth has fallen ujion the shoulders of those who were mem- bers of the bar — Ninian Edwards, George M. Bibb, Ephraim M. Ewing and Elijah Hise. Three times the laurels of the foreign ministry of the Nation have been worn with honor by those who were her citi- zens — Anthony Butler, Ninian Edwards and Elijah Hise. Four times the chief-executive chairs of other States have been filled by those who w'ent forth from her midst — Ninian Edwards, to Illinois; Richard K. Call, to Florida; Robert Crittenden, to Arkansas, and Fletcher Stockdale, to Texas; besides these, William L. D. Ewing was lieutenant-governor of Illinois. She has sent forth one major-gen- eral of the United States Army, James Boyle, and one surgeon-general of the same, Dr. D. McRey- nolds. and one supreme judge of Mississippi, Joseph E. Davis. Many of these distinguished men are men- tioned in other portions of this work, leaving but little to be said in this connection. One distinguished character, however, reeptiring a brief mention is Hon. Ninian Edwards. He was born in Maryland in 1775, received an excellent education, and studied law and medicine, in both of which he became j^ro- ficient. In 1798 he located in this county and was several times elected to the Legisla- ture. He was appointed judge, and in rapid succession filled the positions of circuit judge, fourth judge of the court of ajDpeals, and chief justice of Kentucky, Judge Edwards, in 1809, was appointed, by President Madison, governor of the Illinois TeiTitory. He accepted the po- sition and was twice re-appointed, in 1812 and 1816 respectively, and upon the admis- sion of the State into the Union he was elected to the United States Senate. In 1826 he was elected governor of the State over which he had presided three terms vvhile yet a territory. Gov. Edwards died in 1833, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. John McLean was born in North Carolina in 1791, and was brought by his father to Logan County in 1795. His educational ad- vantages were limited, but by dint of energy and perseverance he acquired a good English education. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, and in 1815 removed to Shawnee- town. 111., and in that State his brief career was run. He was elected to the first Congress after Illinois was admitted to the Union as a State, and was frequently afterw^ard elected to the State Legislature, and was twice elected to the United States Senate. He died in 1830, aged thirty-nine years. Lyon County was established in 1854, and was the one hundred and second created in the State. It was formed from a . part of Caldwell County, and is situated in the western part of the State, on the Tennes- see River. It was named for Col. Chittenden Lyon, a character in his way, and withal a man of much local and political j^rominence. The county is bounded on the north by' Crit- tenden and Livingston Counties; on the east by Hopkins and Christian; on the south by Trigg; on the west by the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, and by Livingston County, and by the last census it had 6,768 inhabitants. The Cumberland River flows through the western part, while the Tennessee forms the western border of the county, thus watering and draining it well. A portion of the land is level, a portion undulating, and a portion broken and hilly, with heavy timber. The soil is rich and fertile, producing grain, tobacco and potatoes, and fruits in abundance. In 1880 it produced 405.802 bushels of corn; 12,116 of oats; 26,485 of wheat; 10,080 of Irish potatoes, and 980,403 pounds of to- bacco. Iron ore abounds, and considerable quantities of it are annually exported. A num- ber of furnaces have been established and iron manufactured extensively. With the fine fa- cilities of transportation — the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad, and the Ten- nessee and Cumberland Ri vers — Lyon County has every inducement to become a great man- ufacturing region. Eddyville, the seat of justice, is situated on the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Rail- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 613 road, and on the north bank of the Cumber- land River, about forty-five miles above its mouth. There is said to be a cavern, over a half mile in length, extending under the town, from the mouth of which flows a large stream of water. It has the usual public buildings, chimches, schools and general busi- ness, and in 1880 it had 390 inhabitants. Eddyville enjoys the distinction of having been the capital of two different counties. When Caldwell was formed in 1809 it was made the coimty seat. It was afterward re- moved to Centerville but in a short time changed back to Eddyville, and finally re- moved to and permanently established at Princeton. When Lyon County was formed Eddyville was made its capital, an honor and dignity it has ever since retained. Other towns and villages are Kuttawa, a young and enterprising place of 294 inhabitants and with a fine run of business, and the Tennessee Rolling Works, Eureka, Star Lime Works and Lamasco. Col. Chittenden Lyon, for whom this county was named, was a man of considerable prom- inence in this portion of the State. He served a number of terms in the State Legislatiu’e and also in Congress. He is represented as having been a large man, fully six feet high and weighing 350 pounds. He was the champion fighter of the old fashioned times when a man used his fists instead of a 42- caliber Smith & Wesson to settle his neigh- borly differences. The following is related of him: He was engaged in an exciting race for Congress, and during the contest a man named Andy Duncan, also a large and powerful man, a noted tighter and i political bully, bitterly opposed him. He challenged | Lyon to combat, and proposed that if Lyon could | whip him in a fair and .square fist-tight, he (Duncan) i would vote for him. This was a hit of pastime | L3’on could not resist, and the preliminaries were [ soon settled. A hard fight it proved for neither would yield, and friends finally Interfered and sep- arated them. It was enough, however, to make them good friends, and Duncan, while not really whipped, voted for Lyon with hearty good-will. Hon. Matthew Lyon, the father of Col. Chittenden Lyon, was a remarkable man of the period in which he lived. He was a na- tive of Ireland and possessed all the fire and native eloquence of that spirited race. He was born in 1746 and died in the Arkansas TeiTitory at the age of seventy-six years. About 1765 he came to America and to the New England States, and when the Revolu- tionary war broke out he joined the patriots and served through the entire struggle. He published a newspaper, served several terms j in Congress and bitterly opposed the admin- istration of John Adams and the Federalist ; party. He was in Congress when the contest came up in the House of Representatives be- tween Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Bmu for the Presidency, and on the thirty-sixth ballot iVIi’. Lyon ended the seven days’ balloting by casting the vote of his State (Vermont) for j\H. Jefferson, thereby electing him over Aaron Bm-r. In the spring of 1804 he came with his family to Kentucky; they came down the Ohio and up the Cumberland River into Caldwell County where they founded Eddy- ville. He served several terms in the Legis- latiu'e, and in Congress fr’om 1803 to 1811 — eight years. This closed his political career in Kentucky, and in 1820 he moved to Arkansas. Madison County is one of the nine estab- lished by the Legislature of Virginia prior to Kentucky becoming a State. It was formed fr-om a part of Lincoln County in 1785 — the seventh county formed — and was named for James Madison, the fourth President of the United States. It lies in the east-central part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Fayette and Clark Counties, fr’om which it is separated by the Kentucky River; on the east by Estill County; on the south by Rockcastle; on the west by Gaiuard and Jes- samine, and in 1880 it had 22,052 inhabi- tants. It is a fine agricultimal region, and the largest of the blue-grass counties; the soil is mostly rich and produces well, the agricultural report of 1880 showing the fol- lowing: Corn, 1,192.350 bushels; wheat, 129,652; oats. 33,601, and rye, 44,590. Stock as follows: horses, 6,554; mules, 2,- 783; cattle, 18,193, and hogs 30,292. The county is drained by the Kentucky River and tributaries, among which are Otter, Muddy, Tate, Drowning and Silver Creeks. The min- eral wealth is considerable, and consists of shot-iron ore, bituminous coal and hydi’aulic stone. Sulphiu’ springs are numerous; one of the best white sulphur springs in the county is about foimteen miles east of Rich- mond, and years ago was quite a public re- sort. A black sulphur spring is situated near the old town of Boonesborough. This is strongly impregnated with salt, and was a deer and buffalo lick in early times. John Finley or Findlay was doubtless the first white man in what is now Madison County. In 1767 he came out on a trading and hunting expedition. He was a profes- sional Indian trader and understood the Indian character thoroughly. Two years after his first visit he conducted Daniel Boone, Joseph Holden, William Cool, J ames Mooney, 614 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. John Stewart, etc., on their first trip to Ken- tucky. Mr. William Chenault, in an histori- cal sketch of the county, says: liladison County is perhaps more closefy con- nected with the early history of Kentuck}^ than any other ill the State, and it is believed that even an im- perfect account of its settlement will be of more than local interest. There are hundreds of citizens scatter- ed throughout this State and Missouri, whose ances- tors came from this county, and whose children and grandchildren natmally feel deep interest in the early struggles of the pioneers of Madison County. While Madison was not organized as a separate county (juite so early as either Lincoln, Fayette or Jefferson, its history for a time was that of Ken- tucky, and the trials and struggles of its first settlers constitute an important part of the early history of the commonwealth. The settlement of the county and its his- tory are very fully given in the preceding chapters of this work; a few facts may, how- ever, be repeated here. Mr. Collins informs us, in his excellent history, that Madison County was first permanently settled in 1775, but that it was visited in 1709 by Daniel Boone and John Stewart, and the McAfee brothers and Samuel Adams in 1773. To again quote from Dr. Chenault: The local records of the county show that Col. John Snoddy and William Ward visited the county in 1773, and that Michael Stoner was at Mulberry Lick in 1774. Although Daniel Boone was occu- jiied a portion of the year 1775 in building a fort at Bo(mesboro, and bringing his family and goods from North Carolina, still he must have traveled over the country considerably in 1775. From records in the county clerk’s office, it appears that he was on Jliuldy Creek during that year, and there “made ttn improvement for his friend. James Whar- ton.” It appears from the same testimon3' that he wuis at the Wallace Estill Spring in com]>any with John Boyle, and that Boyle tliere "made an im- provement and also planted a few peach seeds.” In June. 1775, immediately after tlie building of tlie Boonesboro fort, Stpiire Boone Iniilt a cabin in the county at Jerusha’s Grove, on Silver Creek, and commenced building a mill at “Boone’s old mill site.” He was preparing to move his family to that pilace in October, 1775, when he sold the cabin to Joseph Benny, and the land adjoining to George Smith. Mucli more might be given similar to the foregoing extracts, but it is so clearly a repe- tition of what appears in the early pioneer history of the State it is deemed needless, and the reader, desiring to become familiar with the early history of the county and of Boonesborough, is referred to the ju’eceding chapters. Richmond, the capital of the county, is situated a little northeast of the geographical center of the county. It was first settled by John Miller in 1785, but not incorporated as a town until 1809. It is the terminus of the Richmond branch of the Loirisville & Nash- ville Railroad, and by it is 138 miles from Louisville and thirty-four miles from the Knoxville division of the Louisville & Nash- ville system. It is one of the best towns of its size in the State, and a most excellent business point, wdth 2,909 inhabitants in 1880. It has a handsome courthouse — one of the finest in the State — and other public buildings of a good order; several fine churches, representing the different religioirs denominations, and the usual number of pro- fessional men. Good public schools, select academies and the Central University afford ample educational facilities. Central University is located at Richmond. The buildings stand in a lot of ground a quarter of a mile square, near the head of Lancaster Avenue. ‘ ‘ This location, ’ ’ says a writer iipon the subject, “is the highest point in the blue-grass plateau of the county, and water from the roof of the main building drains into three distinct streams — Tate’s, Otter and Silver Creeks. ’ ’ The college building is four stories high, and proportionately commodious otherwise. Of its origin, the same writer quoted fi’om above says: Central University owes its origin, to the alumni of Center College, who were in connection or sj'm- pathizecl witli the Soutliern branch of the Presby- terian Church in Keuluck3", the Northern synod iiaving retained control of the present institution. The university was established under the joint aus- pices of the Synod of Kentucky and the Alumni Association. The government of the institution is committed to the chancellor and fifteen curators, two-thirds of whom must be members of the Alumni Association. By this plan it was intended that the dangers which arise from exclusive State or church control would be avoided. The university within the past two years has been greatly enlarged and improved. It is now a university in the true sense of the term, and comprises eleven schools. These are all in charge of able scholars and fitted up and furnished with everything necessary for conducting them to the best advantage of the student. The institution is sufficiently large, and has a faculty capable of instruct- ing all who seek it for kno3vledge. Milford 3vas the original seat of justice of Madison County, and was established in 1789. It was situated about four miles southwest of the present towm of Richmond, but has now disappeared from the face of the — maps. Here the first courthouse was built, but the first term of court was held at the house of George Adams, and the second at the house of David Gass. The seat of justice was re- moved in a few years to Richmond, a pro- ceeding that provoked the bitterest feelings on the part of the Milfordites, and was the cause of many fist-fights between the cham- pions of the two towms. HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 615 Berea is a pretty little town, situated fif- teen miles south of Richmond, and in 1880 had a population of 580. It is the seat of Berea College, a sketch of which is given in a preceding chapter. Other villages and postoffices in the county are Big Hill, Boones- boro (which has about disappeared as a vil- lage), College Hill, Duncannon, Edenton, Foxtown, Harris, Kirksville, Kingston, Sil- ver Creek, Speedwell, Rogersville, Union City, Waco, White Hall, Wallaceton, etc. Madison County has turned out a number of prominent men. Some of these are men- tioned in connection with other counties. Among those who are not noticed elsewhere are Nathaniel Hart, Christopher and Will- iam Irvine, Col. John Speed Smith, Judge Daniel Breck, Gen Cassius M. Clay and Christopher Carson. The latter was famil- iarly known as ‘ ‘ Kit Carson, ’ ’ and was a noted scout, hunter and trapper on the w^es- tern frontier. He was born in this county on Tate’s Creek in 1809, and when quite young, his father, Lindsay Carson, emi- grated to Howard County, Mo., then the very western border of civilization. But few men ever lived who equaled him as a scout, hunter and a guide. He served in the latter capacity to John C. Fremont in his western explorations, and was one of the pioneers in the wool trade of California; in 1853 he drove 6,500 sheep across the plains, an enterprise of great hazard. He died at Ft. Lynn, Col., in 1868, aged fifty-eight years, and Carson City, the capital of Nevada, per- petuates the name of the great borderer. Gen. Cassius M. Clay Avas born in this county and is yet living. Judge Daniel Breck was a native of Massachusetts and was born in 1788. He came to Kentucky in 1814 and located in Richmond, where he engaged in the practice of law, rising rapidly to dis- tinction. He was elected to the Legislature in 1824, and was re-elected for several terms after; he originated a number of important measimes, among them the system of in- ternal improvement, and the Northern Bank of Kentucky. In 1843 he was appointed one of the judges of the court of appeals, which position he held six years, and upon retiring was elected to Congress. He died in Rich- mond in 1871, and Gov. Stevenson appropri- ately noticed his death in a message to the Legislature — his last official act before retiring from the gubernatorial chair. Samuel Estill was a brother of Capt. James Estill, and was a noted pioneer and Indian fighter. Col. John Speed Smith was one of the prominent lawyers and statesmen of this county. He was born in Jessamine County, and upon being admitted to the bar came to Richmond. The Richmond bar was then one of the ablest in the State, and he soon became one of its leading members. He served repeatedly in the Legislature and the State Senate, and in 1821 was elected to Congress. He was appointed by President John Quincy Adams, secretary of legation to the South American Mission, and by President Jackson, United States attorney for Ken- tucky. He filled other prominent positions, in all of which he discharged his duties faith- fully. The Irvines, Christopher and William, were pioneers and early settlers in this county. They came about 1779 and settled near where the town of Richmond stands, and at once took a prominent part in the border struggles of the period. Christopher raised a company and joined Gen. Logan's expedition against the Ohio Indians, in which expedition he was killed. William was quite as active in border life. He Avas in the bloody battle known as “ Estill’ s defeat,” in which he was severely wounded, and but for a heroic com- rade named Proctor, Avho remained with him and cared for him, he would have lost his life. Upon the formation of Madison Coun- ty he was appointed clerk of the court, an office he held until his death, which occurred in 1820. Ii'Aune, the county seat of Estill County, perpetuates the names of these two brothers. Capt. Nathaniel Hart came to Kentucky in 1775. He was connected Avith the Transyl- Aunia Land Company — Richard Henderson & Co. — and it AAms principally through his negotiations that the company succeeded in purchasing the lands of the Indians. Capt. Hart, in 1782, while riding carelessly out alone was shot and scalped by the Indians. Magoffix County is of modern formation (1860) — the one hundred and eighth in the catalogue of counties. It lies in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Morgan and Johnson Counties ; on the east by Johnson and Floyd; on the south and south- west by Breathitt ; on the west by Breathitt and Morgan ; and in 1880 it had 6,944 in- habitants. The surface of the country is generally rough and broken ; the valleA's and bottoms are rich and highly productive. In 1880 the productions were corn, 267,726 bushels ; oats, 20,643 ; wheat, 14,801 ; to- bacco, 11,464 pounds ; horses, 1,407; cattle 4,301, and hogs 12,091. The mineral wealth of the county consists of iron ore, and coal of a very superior quantity. 616 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. The first settlement made in Magoffin I County or the territory now forming it, was i about the year 1800, by Archibald Prather, Ebenezer Hanna, John 'Williams, Clay Cook and others. They were from South Caro- lina, and had attempted a settlement in 1794, but had been di’iven away by the savages. Their settlement was made at Licking Sta- tion, about a mile below the present town of Salyersville, in a bend of the river. Salyersville, the capital of the county, is situated a little north of the geographical center of the county. It was established as the county seat in 1800, and was named for Hon. Samuel Salyer, a representative in the Legislature at the time of the formation of the county, and who was instrumental in passing the act creating it. It is a small place; has a brick courthouse, the usual stores, churches and schools. Other villages and postoffices are Trace Fork, W^hittakerville, Puncheon, Ivyton, Nehemiah and Johnson’s Fort. The county was named in honor of Hon. Beriah Magoffin, the seventeenth governor of the Commonwealth. He was born in Har- rodsburg, Ky., in 1815, and died a few years ago. He graduated at Center College, Danville, in 1835, and in the Lexington Law School in 1838. He was elected to the State Senate, declined a nomination to Congress, was a' candidate for lieutenant-governor in 1855, but was defeated ; was elected gov- ernor in 1859, over Joshua F. Bell, the candidate of the American party. He was district delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore in 1848, Cincinnati in 1850, and Charleston in 1860. After the late war he retired from piiblic life. The ex- citement of his gubernatorial term is noticed in chapters on the civil war in this volume. Marion County dates back to 1834 and was taken off the southern end of Washington County. It was the eighty- fourth in the order of formation and was named for Gen. Francis Marion, a partisan officer of the Revolu- tionary war — the ‘ ‘ Swamp Fox of the Caro- linas. ” It is situated in the central part of the State and is mostly fine farming land — a lime- stone soil based on red clay. It is bounded on the north by Nelson and Washington Coun- ties, on the east by Boyle, on the south by Tay- lor, on the west by La Rue and Nelson, and in 1880 it had a population of 14,093. The Muldrow Hills form the boundary between it and Taylor County and the Rolling Fork of the Salt River runs through the southern part of the county at the foot of the hills. Other small streams draining the county are Pope’s, North Fork, Cloyd’s and Collamer’s. The principal crops are corn, oats, wheat, with a little tobacco, as follows: Corn, 745,464 bushels; oats, 56,920; wheat, 77 852 and tobacco, 101,980 pounds. Stock — horses, 4,693; mules, 1,946; cattle, 8,511; sheep, 9,140; hogs, 21,500; whisky is also produced in large quantities. Iron ore is found in the hills of the county but not in paying quantities. The geological survey of the State developed the following singular phenomenon : The southern boundary line of the county is the dividing ridge of the Muldrow Hills, separat- ing the waters of the Rolling Fork and the Salt River on the north from those of Pittman’s Creek and the Green River on the south. These hills are more than 500 feet above the bed of the Rolling Fork. In going northward there is no corresponding descent. The face of the country south of the Roiling Fork — extending from Casey County around to the Ohio River — is considerably higher than in the counties to the north bordering on the same stream. This exceptional peculiarity in the formation of the earth in this region gives force and interest to the theory of Volney, who contended that a large portion of central Kentucky 1 was once the bed of an immense lake extending into Indiana and perhaps into a portion of Ohio, which broke through its southern wall or bank and thus formed the Ohio River. The Silver Creek Hills in Indiana correspond in elevation to the Muldrow Hills in Kentucky, and being opposite and on the west side of the Ohio River, may have formed a portion of the southwestern border of the sup- posed lake. This hypothesis, too, will account for the numerous petrifactions of a marine formation found all over this part of Kentucky. * * * Another peculiarity of this region is the numerous knobs, some of them conical or sugar-loaf in form, extending all along the Rolling Fork on the north, apparently of the height of the Muldrow Hills, perhaps once connected with them but detached by some violent commotion of nature. The early settlers of what is now Marion County were mostly from Virginia and Mary- land. From the latter State came many of the old Catholic families whose descendants are still numerous and prominent in this sec- tion of Kentucky. Among the early settlers of the county were the families of Spalding, Wickliffe, McElroy, Abell, Wathen, Graves, Tucker, Smock, Ray, Philips, Averit and Yowell. Lebanon, the seat of justice, is situated near the sources of Hardin’ s and Cartwright’ s Creeks, and on the Knoxville division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad sixty-seven miles from Louisville. It is a beautiful and enterprising little city of 2,054 inhabitants, and was founded or ‘ ‘ commenced ’ ’ by Ben. Spalding and incorporated in 1815. It was named by Spalding, Lebanon, on account of the groves of cedars that surrounded it in early times. A brick courthouse and other commodious public buildings are among its HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 617 ‘ ‘ accomplishments, ’ ’ 'svhile many handsome j residences add beauty to the place. It has j an excellent newspaper — the Standard. It contains some dozen church edifices, repre- senting the different denominations and both the white and colored people. Good schools are not the least of its attractions, and those who cannot be pleased or accommodated in the city, can find at St. Mary’s and at Lo- retto the best of select schools. The county is dotted over with pleasant little villacres. Among these are Bradfords- ville, with 150 inhabitants. Calvary, Chicago, Gravel Switch, Loretto, New Market, Penick, Raywick. Riley, St. Mary’ s and Rush Branch. These are small places, some of them being only railroad stations. I Few counties in the State are in a more floiu’ishing condition then Marion. The farms are highly improved, are in a fine state of cultivation, and everything indicates thrift and prosperity. Its excellent tiu-njaike roads are fiu’ther illustration of its enterprise and wealth, having nearly 100 miles of such roads in the county. Lebanon witnessed some stu’ring scenes during the late civil war; it w'as quite a battle ground. The first battle was fought on the I8th of September, 1861, and was more ex- citement than real fight and carnage. The second battle took place July 12, 1862. and was more a captiu-e of the town by Gen. John Morgan than an actual battle. The third battle was on the 5th of July, 1863, and was a rather severe one. The Federals were commanded by Col. Charles Hanson, and comprised some 300 of the Twentieth Ken- tucky Infantry. The Confederates comprised a detachment of Morgan’s cavalry; the Fed- erals lost five killed and the Confederates twenty-five. These battles, however, are more minutely given in preceding chapters. k soldiers’ cemetery was laid out in J anuary, 1863, about a mile fi’om town, and there a large number of gallant soldiers sleep. IMakshall Couxtt was established in 1842, and was the ninety-second in the order of formation. It is one of the counties lying in the Jackson Pur-chase, and is bounded on the north by Livingston and Lyon Counties, fi-om which it is separated by the Tennessee River ; on the east by Lyon and Trigg; on the south by Calloway, on the west by Graves and McCracken, and in 1880 it had a population of 9,647. It was named in honor of Chief Justice John Marshall, who died a short time previous to the organization of the coimty. The principal water com-ses are the Clark’s River, "West Fork, Cypress, Sugar and Jonathan Creeks. The soil is generally fertile, and the timber good of all kinds com- mon in this section of the State. Grain and tobacco are the principal productions, and in 1880 the agricultui-al report showed as fol- lows: Corn, 602,913 bushels; wheat, 47,755; oats, 32,014, and tobacco, 1,411,692 pounds. It has the advantage of the Tennessee River for transportation, and the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad, which passes through the north part. Marshall County was not settled as early as some of the counties east of the Tennes- see River, the first settlement being made about 1818-19, by James Stewart. He located on Wade’s Creek, a short distance north of the old town of Wadesboro. Quite a number of families came in soon after iH. Stewart. There is a mineral spring near Calvert City, said to contain strong medicinal prop- erties. On top of a hill some thi-ee miles from Benton is a “sink- hole,” or lake, sixty yards in diameter and fifty feet above the bed of the creek. In the southwestern part of the county were found the remains of an Indian town. Benton, the seat of justice, is situated near the geographical center of the county, and is a small place of 277 inhabitants. It was laid out on land donated for a county seat by Francis Clayton and John H. Bearden: the former fui-nished thirty acres, and the latter- fifty acres. It was incorporated as a to-wn in 1845, and named for Thomas H. Benton, the distinguished Missouri senator. It has the usual public buildings, churches, schools, — the Marshall County Seminary — and gen- eral business. Birmingham is the second largest town in the cormty (224 inhabitants) and is situated on the Tennessee River, about ten miles from Benton. It is a place of considerable busi- ness, and is quite a shipping point. Other villages and postoffices are Palma, Olive, Brewer’s Mill, Oakland, Briensburg and Calvert City. The latter is the only ship- ping point on the raili-oad in the county. IMartin County, the youngest county in the State but two, was created in 18 <0, and was the one hundred and sixteenth in the order of formation. It drew its territory fr-om Johnson, Pike, Floyd and Lawi-ence Counties, and was naiiied in honor of Col. John P. Martin. It is situated in the east- 618 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY ern part of the State, and has for its northern boundary Lawrence County and the State of West Virginia; is bounded on the east by the latter, from which it is separated by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River; on the south by Floyd and Pike Counties; on the west by Johnson and Lawrence Counties, and in 1880 it had a poiDulatiou of 3,057. The water courses are, besides the Tug Fork, Rock- castle, Wolf and Daniel’s Creeks. The county is broken and mountainous, but has some rich creek and river bottoms, which are very rich and productive. In 1880 it pro- duced corn, 104,527 bushels; oats, 3,817; wheat, 1,431, and a very little tobacco. Warheld, the seat of justice, is a small place, situated on the Tug Fork, and has some 200 inhabitants. Steamboats proceed thus far up the river in good stages of water. | Coal and salt are shipped in large quantities from here in llatboats and barges. Peter Cave and Inez are small places in the county. Col. John P. Martin, from whom the county receives its name, was born in Vir- ginia in 1811, and died in Prestonburg, Ky., in 1862, scarcely past the prime of life. He held numerous public positions, and served several terms in the Legislature and in Con- gress; was a candidate for lieutenant-gov- ernor in 1848, but was defeated by John L. Helm; was a delegate to the Democratic convention that nominated James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge for President and Vice-President in 1856. No man, perhaps, wielded a greater influence in the mountains of Kentucky than Col. Martin, and none was more popular with the masses. Mason County was established by the Legislature of Virginia before Kentucky be- came a State. It was formed in 1788, and was the eighth in the order of organization. Mr. Collins gives the following sketch of its formation : It was formed out of all that part of the theu county of Bourbon which lay to the northeast of Licking River, from its mouth to its source : thence a direct line to the nearest point on the Vir- ginia State line, and couniy line of Russell ; thence along said line to the Big Sandy River, down that river to the Ohio, and down the Ohio to the mouth of the Licking— embracing all the territory out of which have been formed (wholly or in part) the following counties; Campbell (part), in 1794; Brack- en, in 1796; Fleming and part of Pendleton, in 1798; part of Floyd and i>art of Nicholas, in 1799; Greenup, in 1803; Lewis, in 1806; Lawrence and part of Pike, in 1821: part of Morgan, in 1822; Carter, in 1838; Johnson, in 1843; Rowan, in 18.16; Boyd and Magoffin, in 1860; Robertson, in 1867; Elliott, in 1869, and Martin, in 1870 — nineteen in all. Mason County lies in the northeastern part of the State, and as at present limited is bounded on the north by the State of Ohio , from which it is separated by the Ohio River; on the east by Lewis County ; on the south by Fleming ; on the west by Robertson and Bracken, and in 1880 it had a population of 20,469. It is drained by the Ohio River, and the following streams which How into it: Limestone, Beasley, Kennedy, Lawi'ence, Bull, Cabin, Lee’s, etc., and the North Fork of the Licking, with the tributaries — Shan- non, Wells, Bracken and Mill Creeks. The face of the country alternates between roll- ing, undulating, broken and hilly, with a rich and fertile soil — much of it being the finest of blue-grass land and highly product- ive, as shown by the report of 1880; corn, 1,011,105 bushels; oats, 20,706; wheat, 385,- 347, and tobacco, 6, 261,385 pounds. It is also a stock producing county, 1880 showing 4, 890 horses, 936 mules, 9, 574 cattle, 7, 446 sheep, and 26,824 hogs. Mason County tobacco has a reputation unsurpassed by any tobacco produced in the State, and but few counties produce more hemp. Among the white visitors to the original Mason County, and who visited it prior to the first permanent settlement were, first, Chris- topher Gist,* and a boy, in the early spring of 1751. The next whites, and the first white females, were Mrs. Mary Inglis and a German woman, who had been captured by the In- dians, and were making their escape in 1756. The next were a company of adventurers and explorers in 1773. Capt. Thos. Bullitt and the McAfee company, frequently mentioned in this work, were also here for a short time, in 1773. Another company often visited the county in 1773, under Capts. Thomas Young and John Hedges, and camped for several days where Maysville now stands. In 1774 William McConnell was in the county, and several companies of explorers and improvers. In 1776 great numbers of visitors flocked to the county, but it was not until* several years later that a permanent settlement was made. Kenton’s Station was established in July, 1784. It had, however, been used as a camp by Kenton eight or ten years before, perhaps about 1775. This station was located some three miles southwest of Maysville, and one mile north of Washington. This was one of the important sections in the early times, and Maysville (Limestone) was one of *Christopher Gist, frequently mentioned in this work, was sent out by the Ohio Company, to hunt up their lands, measure the breadth in several places, and fix the beginning and bounds in such a manner that they may be easily found again by the description. While encaged in this work, as shown by his journal, he visited many spots in Kentucky. — \^Collins, Vol.II, p. 548.J HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 619 the earliest known points in Kentucky, and hence is fully treated of in the pioneer history of the State. Maysyille, the seat of justice, is situated on the Ohio Riyer, sixty-one miles aboye Cincin- nati, 193 above Louisville, and sixty-five miles fi’om Lexington by rail. It was origi- nally called Limestone, and was established by an act of the Virginia Legislature, in 1787. It bore the name of Limestone for several years and was then changed to Maysville, in honor of John May, one of the original pro- prietors of the land upon which the town stands. The location is a beautiful one, being a bank or table-land above high water mark, and is handsomely built, with a population by the last census of 5,220. It is the noidhern terminus of the Maysville division of the Kentucky Central Railroad. Maysville, for a number of years after it was laid out, was somewhat retarded in its growth by Washington — a town that com- pletely overshadowed it. In 1848 it (Mays- ville) became the county seat, and since then its growth and its prosperity have steadily increased. It has a brick court- house, with fireproof offices attached; a num- ber of handsome churches, good schools, an exceptionally able press, a large mercantile trade and the usual manufacturing interests, Washington was one of the old towns of the State, and was originally laid out in 1785, and the next year was regularly established by an act of the Virginia Legislature. It was the seat of justice from the organization of the county iintil 1848 when Maysville suc- ceeded to that honor. It was designed for a city of “ vast proportions, ” its original plat containing about 700 acres, a rather large foundation for a town a hundred years ago in the wilds of Kentucky. It was long one of the principal places in the State, and as it was established about the close of the Revolu- tionary war and given the illustrious name of Washington, no doubt its founders and projectors entertained aspirations of its some day becoming the national capital. But with the removal of the county seat to Maysville, Washington started down the “slope of de- cline,” and now, in the midst of its “parks an.d streets ’ ’ The bat, Shrill shrieking, woos its flickering mate. The serpent hisses and the wild bird screams. The census reports show that in 1790 it had 462 inhabitants; 1800 it had 570, and in 1810 it had 815; that in 1870, it had but 240 — the census of 1880 not giving its popula- tion separate from the magisterial district in which it is located. Charlestown was another village established by the Virginia Legislature, and was laid out in 1787. It was situated on the Ohio River at the mouth of Lawi’ence Creek, on land be- longing to Ignatius Mitchell. It is one of the towns that never amounted to much, ex- cept — on paper. Other towns, villages, sta- tions and postoffices are Dover, a town of considerable importance, Germantown. Hel- ena. Lewisburg, Minerva, Mount Gilead, Mayslick, Marshall, Murphyville, North Fork. Rectorville, Sardis, Tuckahoe, etc. Mayslick in early times was a place of considerable note. It was at first called “May’s Lick” or “ May’s Spring;” the latter name was attached to it on account of a large spring adjacent, and the former for its being a deer ancl bufl’alo lick. It was located on lands belonging to John May, and was named for him. It was twelve miles from Maysville, and just when it was laid out is not definitely known, but as early perhaps as 1790; in 1880 it had 355 inhabitants, but other towns grow- ing up around it have deprived it of much of its former glory and prosperity. George Mason, John May, Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, Judge Adam Beatty, Judge i Walker Reid, Gov. John Chambers, the Col- linses, Col. James C. Pickett, Maj.-Gen. Thomas S. Jesup, Judge Lorin Andi’ews, Judge William McClung, Rev. John A. Me Clung, Col. William Henry Wadsworth, Judge Elijah C. Phister, Gen. William Nel- son, Dr. Daniel Drake, Aaron H. Corwine, Judge John Cobun, Col. Devall Payne, Dr. Basil Duke, Col. Alexander D. Orr, Capt. Thomas Marshall, Alexander K. Marshall, Gen. Henry Lee, Capt. Isaac Baker, Col. Timothy Downing and Capt. James Ward, ai’e among those whose names are inscribed upon the roll of Mason County’s greatness. Space will not permit a notice of all these in this chapter. Mason and May, the first two mentioned, and for whom the county and county seat were named, the one a pioneer and the other a statesman, could scarcely be called citizens of the county. Mason never came to Kentucky to live, but was a promi- nent statesman of Virginia and the compeer of Jefferson, Madison and Patrick Henry. May came to Mason County, and owned con- siderable lands, among which was that Mays- ville and Mayslick were located on. He was killed by the Indians on a boat descend- ing the Ohio, in 1790, a circumstance men- tioned in a preceding chapter. Gen. Nelson and Gen. J ohnston receive due notice in the war history, where both figured conspicuously. The Collins family is a prominent one in this portion of the State. Judge Lewis Col- 620 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. lins was born December 25, 1797, in the present county of Fayette. He learned the printing business and in 1820 became editor and proprietor of the Maysville Eagle. He edited and published the first edition of Col- lins’ “ History of Kentucliy. ” He died at Lex- ington January 29, 1870, aged seventy-two years. Many of the names given above were residents of the county but a short time, while many of the others have been noticed elsewhere. McCeacken County lies in the western part of the State in the “ Jackson Purchase,” and was organized in 1824. It was the seventy- eighth county in the order of formation and is bounded on the north and northeast by the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers, on the east by Mar- shall County, on the south by Graves County, on the west by Ballard County, and in 1880 it had a population of 16,262 inhabitants. It is drained by streams flowing into the Mis- sissippi, Ohio and Tennessee Rivers ; into the former, Mayfield Creek; into the Ohio, Wil- low, Massac, Newton’s and Perkins’ Creeks and Spring Bayou, and into the Tennessee River the Clark River and Island Creek. The face of the country partakes something of the nature of the prairies inasmuch as it is level and almost entirely without stone, but differing from the prairies in that it is heavily timbered. Tobacco is the great staple, but grain and stock are extensively produced, showing; corn, 483,776 bushels; oats, 30,- 677 ; wheat, 64, 549 ; tobacco, 2,419,825 pounds ; horses and mules, 3,230; cattle, 3,875; sheep, 2,282, and hogs, 16,058. In addition to river transportation the county has the benefit of the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southw'estern Rail- road, or as now called the ‘‘Newport News & Mississippi Valley Railway.” Among the early settlers of McCracken Coimty were Charles Ferguson, John Rollins and James Davis, who settled near the pres- ent site of Paducah about 1820-21; near the old town of Wilmington, Luke Swetman, Dr. J. D. Martin, Braxton Small, Frederick Harper, William Titsworth, John Webb and others settled between 1820 and 1825. About the same time, or a little later, other settle- ments were made in different parts of the county. In the vicinity of Paducah were a number of what is generally supposed to have been Indian mounds, but most probably were re- mains of the prehistoric inhabitants, who, from all the relics and remains left of them, were numerous in the Ohio and Mississippi Val- leys. Silver and lead ore are believed to exist and the latter has been found, but not • in paying quantities. A number of mineral springs are in different parts of the county. A spring on Massac Creek is said to possess strong medicinal properties. In the absence of solid beds of freestone and limestone for constructions in the quarternary form- ation, a substitute is found in the so-called “Cement Rock.” This has been formed or is forming by the infiltration of chalybeate waters through the gravel which underlies the fine loams and marls of this region — cementing it into a fer- ruginous conglomerate which can be used for under- pinning, walling up wells, and similar purposes. Near the mouth of the Clark River it occurs in considerable quantity, and can lie observed in the process of formation ; near Ballard’s Ford are immense masses of the same kind of rock. It has also been observed at Robb’s Mill, Kenton’s farm, on Perkin’s Creek, five miles from Paducah. At Robb’s Mill are solid ledges of hard ferruginous and ctuartzose sandstone in the high ground south- east of Mr. Robb’s house, which ]u'obably belong to the age of the Millstone grit series. Masses of the same material exist also along the waters of the Clark River and Mayfield Creek. (Geological Survey.) Paducab, tlie present seat of justice of McCracken County, is beautifully situated on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Ten- nessee, forty-seven miles above Cairo, 111., 322 below Louisville by way of the river, and 225 by the Chesapeake, Ohio & South- western Railroad. In point of population it is the fifth city in the State, having, by the last census, 8,036 inhabitants. It was laid out and platted May 26, 1827, for Will- iam Clark, of St. Louis, to whom the land belonged on which it is located. It was in- corporated in 1830 as a town, and in 1856 as a city. Its founders, no doubt, intended it as a great commercial and manufacturing center, from its advantageous location on the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers, and contiguity to the Cumberland, Mississippi, Wabash, etc. Although its railroad facilities are lim- ited it does not lack in the water transporta- tion. It is one of the prettiest towns on the Ohio River, having broad and eleg&nt streets, crossing each other at right angles, and upon which stand many handsome build- ings. It is perhaps the finest tobacco mar- ket in the State outside of Louisville. It has a substantial courthouse, a handsome government building, a new city hall, an able press, many magnificent churches, palatial residences, good schools, and the usual amount of manufacturing industries. Of the name of the town, a late writer says: Concerning the origin of the name Paducah (spelled “ Paduca” in the act of the General Assembly fixing it as the county seat), several theories are advanced ; but the one whicu, owing to its romantic character, seems to have com- mended itself most thoroughly to popular credence. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 621 is the doctrine that in the olden time an Indian chief was buried on the banks of the Tennessee, near the present Jersey, a suburb, and that his name was given to the beautiful town. The ro- mance which surrounds this hypothesis will not be willingly sacrificed b}' the average Paducahian. 'Wilmington, the original county seat, was situated about ten miles nearly clue west from Paducah and was laid out in 1827. Pub- lic buildings were erected, and it continued as the seat of justice until 1832, when by an act of the Legislature the county seat was removed to Paducah, and the glory of Wilmington departed forever. Other towns, stations and postoffices in the county are Woodville, Bond Station, Massac, Belgrade Landing, Norton’s Bluff, Gum Spring, Maxon’s Mill, Collier’s and Florence Sta- tion. The county was named for Capt. Yirgil McCracken, a native Kentuckian. He was born in Woodford County, and grew up amid the dangers and perils of the early times in Kentucky. In the war of 1812 he raised a company of riflemen, joined Col. John Allen's regiment, and in the fatal battles of the River Raisin met the fate of a large proportion of the members of that ill-fated regiment. McLean County was organized in 1854, and was the one hundi'ed and third in the order of formation. It was taken from Daviess, Ohio and Muhlenburg Counties, and named in honor of Judge Alney McLean.* It is situated in the western part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Daviess County ; on the east by Ohio; on the south by Muhlenburg; on the west by Hopkins and W’ebster; and in 1880 it had 9, 223 inhabitants. It is watered and drained by the Green and Pond Rivers, and by Long Falls, Big Brushy Fork, Cypress, Yellow, Buck, Abe’s and Delaware Creeks, etc. A portion of the county is undulating, and a portion level (that known as the ‘ ‘ Green River flats”), and upon the whole, is a tine tobacco producing section. Grain and stock also receive considerable attention. The agricultural report of 1880 showed the fal- lowing: Corn, 542,349 bushels; oats, 45,752; wheat, 69,643; tobacco, 3,729,616 pounds; horses and mules, 3,548; cattle, 3,875; sheep, *Judge McLean was a native of North Carolina, but came to Kentucky in 1805 and commenced the practice of law at Green- ville, in Muhlenburg County. He served several terms in the Legislature ; was a captain in the war of 1812 ; a representative in Congress two terms ; a Presidential Elector in 1824, and cast his vote for Henry Clay ; again, in 1832, was elector for the State at large, and again voted for Henry Clay. He was appointed circuit judge and held the position for many years. 4,269, and 17,738 hogs. The county has the advantage of both railroad and river transportation. The first settlers of McLean County prob- ably were Solomon Rhoads, who built a fort or station where Calhoon now stands, in 1788, and James Inman, who built Pond Station in 1790, and their companions. The former station w'as called Vienna. In 1790 a party of hunters and trappers from it were en- camped near the mouth of the Green River, engaged in hunting and trapping, when they were attacked by Indians, and a man named McElmurray killed; a lad, IVilliam Faith, seventeen years old, was wounded, but made his escape to the fort. Calhoon, the seat of justice, is sitaated on the Green River, a little north of the center of the county, and was named for Judge John Calhoon. for many years a circuit judge in this section of the State, and who served two terms in Congress. The town has the usual public buildings, churches, schools and gen- eral business. In 1880 it had 484 inhabi- tants. Livermore, the second largest town in the county, is situated on the Green River, where the Owensboro division of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad crosses it. It has 399 inhabitants, and is an excellent business point. Rumsey is situated on the Green River opposite Calhoon, and is a place of 204 inhabitants. Sacramento, ten miles nearly west of Calhoon, has 172 inhabitants, and is noted for having been the scene of a sharp skirmish during the late war between a por- tion of the Third Kentucky (Federal) Cavalry, commanded by Col. Eli H. Murray, and a detachment of F orrest' s cavalry, commanded by the famous chieftain himself. The Federal troops were rather worsted in the engage- ment. Other villages and postoffices are Belle- view, Beech Grove, Bremen, 'Worthington, 'Wrightsburg, Daviessville, etc. The coal supply of McLean County is de- scribed in the following extract ; la the northeast part of the county, at Mr. Samuel’s on Deer Creek, six miles above its mouth, these coals occur in a distance or eighty feet — the upper two and a half feet, and the lower, a thick coal struck at the bottom of the boring, reported five feet or more; the intermediate coal is thin, only one and a half feet, and lies about eight feet above the main coal. Toward the mouth of Cypress Creek, dark shales andiron stones— including a bed of coal two and a half feet thick — basset in the banks of that stream. On the right bank of the Green River, at the Livermore landing, fifteen feet of black shale appear, overlaid by ten feet of light graj' shale, with clay ironstone; under the black shale there is said to be an eighteen-inch coal under the bed of the river. These shales, ironstones and coal are sup- posed to be of the same date as those seen near low water of the Ohio River, at Coal Haven and also near the head of French Island. — Geological Survey. 622 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Meade County was organized in 1823, and was the seventy-sixth formed in the common- wealth. It was taken from Breckinridge and Hardin Counties, and named in honor of Capt. James Meade, a gallant soldier, who at the head of his command fell in the battle of the River Raisin. It lies on the Ohio River, which forms its northern boundary, with Hardin County on the east; Hardin and Breckinridge on the south, and Breckinridge on the west. By the last census (1880), it had a population of 10, 323. The principal water courses are tributaries of the Ohio, viz. : Otter Creek, Doe Run, W olf and Spring Creeks. A portion of the river front is rich bottom, on which are some line farms. A large area is composed of ‘ ‘ barrens ’ ’ and is rich and productive. Like all the river counties, there are steep and rugged hills in certain sections, which are rich in the mineral wealth hidden in their bosoms. Settlements were made in what is now Meade County early — but not for years after forts and stations were established in the present territory of Breckinridge and Hardin Counties. Among the early settlers of Meade was a family of Boones, the Fairleighs, Ash- crafts, Moormans, Woolfolks, Richardsons, Mimps, Dowells, etc Most of these families still have representatives in the county. Brandenburg, the capital of Meade County, is situated on the Ohio River about forty miles below Louisville. It is a small town of 587 inhabitants, but sits as boldly and proirdly upon the Ohio River bluffs as Rome upon her seven hills. Historical importance attaches to it as being the place where Gen. John H. Morgan, the noted Confederate raider, crossed the Rubicon (the Ohio River) to his fate. It was named for Solomon Bran- denburg, the proprietor of the ‘ • hills ’ ’ upon which it stands. It is one of the finest busi- ness points on the Ohio River between Louis- ville and Owensboro and annually ships large quantities of tobacco, grain and live stock. Big Spring is a small village situated about equally in Meade, Hardin and Breckinridge Counties. It receives its name from a re- markable spring near the center of the town, which bursts forth from the earth in a volume of sufficient force to operate a large mill, flows a hundred or two yards and then sinks into the ground to appear again, perhaps, as a part of Sinking Creek — that peculiar stream mentioned in the sketch of Breckinridge County. Other villages and postoffices in the county are Garnettsville, Concordia, Rock Haven, Grahampton, Garrett, Paineville, Booneport, Little York, Meadeville, Staple- ton, etc. There are plenty of natural wonders in Meade County; caves, hills, knobs, groves, etc. , are distributed over the entire surface. Of the hills and groves has been published the following: The Indian Hill on Otter Creek, Jennie’s Knob, Bee Knob, Buck Grove, Jacke}"’s Grove, Hill Grove, Indian Grove and Hogback Grove — these places lie very nearly in a range a few miles back or south of the Ohio, and stretch from the mouth of the Salt River to the mouth of Sinking Creek (in Breckinridge County), a distance of forty miles by land and about eighty miles by the river. These knobs and groves being well known to many individuals before the settlement of the county, especially to the spies, they became points of observation with a view of detecting the approach of Indians and giving the alarm to the settlements in Hardin County. (Hardin County then embraced a large extent of territory. See historical sketch.) The spies sent out from these settlements were directed to traverse the country lying between the Salt River and Sinking Creek, these knobs and groves serving as places of obser- vation. and giving direction of their course; and thereby they were enabled to discover the trails of the Indians as soon as they crossed the Ohio River on their route to attack the settlements. In this way the Indians were generally discovered and routed, and the settlements protected against their incursions. Meade County is rich in mineral wealth and material resources. The geological for- mations indicate hidden wealth almost beyond conception. The salt district is rich and ex- tensive. It comprises an area of from 3,000 to 4,000 acres, fronting on the river four or five miles and extending back some two miles. Salt was discovered during the early oil excitement in prospecting for that now valuable article of traffic. In boring foi petroleum, salt water was found in sufficient quantity and quality as finally to induce per- sons to undertake its manufacture. Natural gas flowed in such volumes from the salt wells as to prove far more than sufficient fuel to manufacture the salt. The only salt wells utilized so far belong to Alonzo Moorman, Esq., and are not worked to their full capac- ity. They yield, with very little effort, about twenty barrels of salt per day, and no other fuel than the gas is used in its manu- facture. J. E. Moorman’s large flouring- mill, with a capacity of from seventy-five to one hundred barrels of flour per day, is run by the gas from the same wells. A company has recently (in 1886) been incorporated by the Legislature, styled the ‘ ‘ Economic Heat- ing Company,” with a capital of $1,000,000, for the purpose of utilizing this gas by means of large mains to Louisville for manufactur- ing purposes. The salt district is east of Brandenburg. "West of the salt district and below Bran- denburg, fronting on the river for a distance HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 623 of some eighteen miles, is found the richest de- posit, perhaps, of oolite in the United States. The Kentucky Carbonate Company erected works on the grounds some years ago, at a cost of §10,000, for the manufacture from this stone of whiting and marble dust. The whiting is used for making putty, calcimin- ing, making paints, etc. The marble dust is of a superior quality and is sold all over the United States. Near Garnettsville, and between that place and the river, is a deposit of white sand, ap- parently inexhaustible. It has been pro- nounced by experts to be of a superior quality for making glass. Adjoining the oolite de- posits, and lying in Meade and Breckinridge Counties, is a district embracing from 75,000 to 100,000 acres known as ‘'Fruit Eidge. ” It is the finest fr’uit- growing region In the State, and one of the finest in the United States, comprising some fine fruit farms. With all this mineral and material wealth, Meade County is a fine agricultm’al section, and can show some magnificent farms, and a large area of fine farming lands. Tobacco, corn, wheat and oats are the principal crops. Stock-raising receives considerable attention, and is yearly growing in favor. Meniuee Codxty as an independent organi- zation dates only to 1869, and was the one hundred and thu-teenth county in the State. It was made up of clippings from Mont- gomery, Bath, Wolf, Morgan and Powell Counties, and is situated in the eastern part of the State. It is bounded on the north by Bath and Kowan Counties, on the east by Morgan, on the south by Wolf and Powell, on the west by Powell and Montgomery, and in 1880 it had 3,755 inhabitants. Is is wa- tered by the Licking and Bed Elvers, and by State, Black water and Beaver Creeks. The land is hilly and mountainous and mostly poor, except the river and creek bottoms, which are rich, and produce tobacco, corn, oats and wheat in large quantities. Eich deposits of coal and iron ore abound, and the county is well timbered. Frenchburg, the seat of justice, is a small place of 143 inhabitants by the last census, and was named in honor of Judge Eichard French, a popular politician in his day. The town is situated on the State road fr-om Mt. Sterliug to Pound Gap, a little north of the center of the county. It has the usual public buildings, churches, schools, business, etc. Eebelville and iMillville are small villages in the county. Menifee County was named in honor of Eichard H. Menefee. It is one of those counties, the name of which is spelled differ- ently from the name of the man it was designed to honor, the county being spelled Menifee and the other Menefee. 5Ir. Menefee was born in Bath County in 1810. His facilities for instruction were limited, but by energy and perseverance he succeeded in obtaining a good education. He studied law, was admit- ted to the bar and soon secured a lucrative practice. He was elected to the LegislatiU’e and served several terms, and when twenty- seven years old was elected to Congress. He served but one term, and died at the early age of thirty-one years. A few years before his death he located at Lexington, then re- nowned for the brilliancy of its bar; he was rapidly amassing a fortune, when death cut short his career. Meecer County was one of the nine coun- ties created by the Yfrginia Legislature be- fore Kentucky became a State. It was carved out of Lincoln Cormty in 1785, and was the sixth in the order of formation, and was named for Gen. Hugh Mercer, a Eevolution- ary officer of renown. It is situated in the central part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Anderson County : on the east by Woodford, Jessamine and Garrard, fr'om which it is separated by the Kentucln^ Eiver; on the south by Boyle, on the west by W ashing- ton and Anderson, and in 1880 it had a pop- ulation of 14,142. It is well watered and cfratned by the Kentucky, Dick’s and Salt Eivers, and by Chaplin, Jennings, Eocky, McCoun’s, Lyon’s and Thompson Creeks. The face of the country is generally level or undulating, the land good — some of it very rich — and the country a fine agricultural region. The statistics of 1880 are as follows ; corn. 856,933 bushels; oats, 28,481; wheat, 168,936; rye, 9,205; horses and mules, 5,654 head; cattle, 8,074; sheep, 16,258, and hogs, 18,941, The county, partaking of the blue- grass soil, is highly improved, and shows some as fine farms as there are in the State. Mercer County claims the honor of the first actual settlement in Kentucky. Its early oc- cupation is so fully given, however, in the pioneer history of preceding chapters, that a few words only will be added. Daniel Boone spent the winter of 1769-70 in what is now Mercer County, in a cave. His name was cut in the bark of a tree near the mouth of the cave, and was to be seen there for many years, even after the war-cry of the 624 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. savages had died away. Mr. Collins gives the following as the names of some of the settlers here previous to the year 1786: Har- rod, Ray, McAfee, McGary, Denton, Hogan. Thompson, Curry, Adams, Wood, Haggin, McBride, Mosby, Smith, Armstrong, Bu chanan, Cowan, Field, Jordan, McCoun, Moore, Prather, Wilson, Caldwell, Irvine, Rice and Harbison. Harrodsburg, the oldest town, and the old- est county seat in the State (it was the county seat of Lincoln and then of Mercer) is situ- ated in the southeastern part of the county, and is thirty miles almost due south of Frank- fort. was originally laid out by Capt. J ames riarrod, who, with a company of thirty- one men, penetrated the vast and gloomy wil- derness, and finally made his way to the spot where the town stands, in May, 1774, and camjDed ‘ ‘ about a hundi’ed yards below the town spring. ’ ’ From this camp he explored the surrounding country, and about ‘ ‘the mid- dle of June, Capt. Harrod and his company agreed to lay off a town, including their camj), and extending down and south of the town branch; and proceeded to erect a number of cabins on their respective lots of one-half acre and a five-acre out-lot. The town thus laid off received the name of Harrodstown; subse- quently it was called Oldtown — and, finally, its present name of Harrodsburg” — [Collins], Such was the town of Harrodslsurg, the pioneer town of Kentucky. Its original pro- prietor, James Harrod, and his tragic death have already been fully described in the pre- ceding pages in the pioneer history of the State. Harrodsburg is and has always been a fine educational center. It was the site of Bacon College, an institution originally established at Georgetown under the auspices of the Re- formed Church, about 1836; afterward re- moved to Harrodsburg, and finally (in 1857) merged into the Kentucky University. The Daughters’ College is a female institution of a high order. This, with an excellent system of jurblic schools, still secures it the title of an educational town. There are a number of handsome church buildings, representing the different denominations; the streets are adorned by many elegant residences, thus making the town a pleasant one in which to reside. A substantial courthouse and other public buildings, together with stores, shops, etc., are such as are usually found in towns of this size; its pojJulation was 2,202 by the last census. Many handsome little villages are to be seen in the county; among them are Bergen, Bohon, Benton, Cornishville, Duncan, Har- I rodsburg Junction, McAfee, Nevada, Oak Hill, Rose Hill, Salvisa, Pleasant Hill and Stewart. These have from 300 inhabitants to a single store and postofifice. The follow- ing sketch is given of Pleasant Hill by Col- lins: Pleasant Hill, or Union Village, is a small village of rare beauty and neatness, situated on a command- ing eminence about one mile from the Kentucky River, on the turnpike road from Lexington to Harrodsburg and seven miles from the latter place. It belongs exclusively to that orderly and industri- ous society called “ Shakers,” and contained in 1870 a population of 362, divided into families from sixty to eighty each. * * * * Their main edifice is a large, handsome and costly structure, built of Kentucky marble; the others, generally, are built of brick, and all admirably arranged for com- fort and convenience. The internal and external arrangement and neatness of their dwelling.s — the beauty and luxuriance of their gardens and fields — the method and economy displayed in their manu- facturing and mechanical establishments — their or- derly and flourishing schools— their sleek and well- fed stock, are all characteristic of this singular peo- ple, and evidence a high degree of comfort and prosperity. Many of the pioneers of Mercer County were men of intellect, and became prominent in the affairs of the new State, and these, too, have received appropriate mention, and any- thing said here would be a repetition. Mercer County is not devoid of interest to the student or the scientist. It presents a variety of scenery, some of it of sufficient grandeur to inspire the poet or painter. The beautiful scenery along the Kentucky and Dick’ s Rivers is said to be among the grand- est in the United States. A writer, with a vein of romance in his nature, says: Next to the highlands of the Hudson, it is proba- bly unequaled for its imposing effect. Those tow- ering cliffs, rising in perpendicular walls for many hundred feet above- the beach, variegated by marble strata of every conceivable thickness and color, overpower the beholder with a sense of Nature’s majesty. They look like the battlements of a world, standing there so stern and erect in their massive proportions, and as we gaze upon their bald fronts, against which the storms of ages have beaten, we can almost realize the fable of the Ti- tans, and suppose they have been thrown up in some long-forgotten battle of the gods. There were a number of relics of the pre- historic race to be seen here when the whites first came. Ancient towns and fortifications were still visible, one about a mile and a half above Harrodsburg on the Salt River, and another on the same stream about four miles above. The remains of an Indian vil- lage were also discovered near the Salt River. Gabriel Slaughter, lieutenant-governor, and governor of Kentucky, was a native of Vir- ginia. He came to Kentucky when young and settled near Harrodsburg, and his place was long and widely known as “Traveler’s HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 625 Rest.” He commanded a regiment of Ken- tucky troops in the memorable battle of New Orleans, and distinguished himself for gal- lantry. In 1816 he was elected lieutenant- governor on the ticket with George Madison, klr. Madison died, and Col. Slaughter filled out the term as governor. At the close of his term of office he retired to his farm, where he died in 1830, at the age of sixty-three years. Gen. J ames Ray, Gen. Robert B. McAfee, Capt. Samuel Daveiss and Joshua Fry were residents of this county. They were among the pioneers, were the descendants of pioneers, and left them impress upon the early history of central Kentucky. Metcalfe County, as a civil division, is of recent origin. It was organized in 1860, was the one hundred and sixth county, and was named for Gen. Thomas Metcalfe, the tenth governor of the commonwealth. It lies in the southern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Adair and Green Counties; on the east by Adair and Cumber- land; on the south by Cumberland and Mon- roe; on the west by Barren, and in 1880 it had 9,423 inhabitants. All the surrounding counties, viz. : Adair, Mom'oe, Cumberland, Barren and Green, contributed toward its formation, and it is watered and drained by tributaries of the Little Barren River. It has a diversity of soil, the southern part being hilly and broken, while a large part of the county is undula- ting and susceptible of the highest cultiva- tion. The leading crops are tobacco and grain; stock-raising, beyond the home de- mand, receives little attention. Edmonton, the county seat, is but a small place, and is situated near the center of the county. It has the usual public buildings, churches, schools, stores, and general busi- ness. Other towns, postoffices, etc., are Knob Lick, Cross Plains, Center, Randolph, East Fork, Glover’s Creek, Rockland Mills and Willow Shade. The county, being of such recent origin, has but little history as a separate munic- ipality. A thrilling incident, and a tragical one, the hanging of an innocent man, oc- curred in that portion of Barren County stricken off in the formation of this, and is as follows; Dr. John P. Sanderson, of Mississippi, here to purchase slaves for his plantation, was murdered, and John C. Hamilton, a wealthy citizen of this (then Barren) county, was arrested, tried and hung for the murder. In all the history of criminal law or of the legal profession, there never was a case. perhaps, in which the chain of circumstantial evi- dence was more complete. Hamilton was a stock trader and followed the business of bnying stock and driving it to Mississippi to sell. On one of his trips there Dr. Sanderson accompanied him to Kentucky, bringing with him a large sum of money. He was sick when he arrived, and went with Hamilton to his father's, where he remained several weeks until he recovered his heaith. One day they left the house together, Sanderson to go to a neighboring count3- to attend an auction sale of negroes, and Hamilton going with him as guide nine miles of the waj", to a certain fork of the road. The two were seen together at several points along the way, the last time within three-quarters of a mile of the fork of the road. It was the last time Sanderson was seen alive. His horse came to Hamilton’s riderless, and after several days suspicions were aroused that he had met with foul pi"y-j- "'^rch was made for him and his bod>' was found near the fork of the road (where he and Hamilton had been seen together) covered with brush. His hat was found near by in a hollow stump, and under a log a pistol was discovered with the hammer broken. In the head of Sanderson were found several shot and a piece of the hammer of the pistol. Under the lining of the hat was found a list of bank bills — thirty-lhree .$100 bills on a Mississippi bank — their numbers, etc. Suspicion finally settled on Hamilton and he was arrested. The circumstantial evidence was con- vincing to all, and j'et it was but circumstantial. The bills corresponding with the list in the dead man’s hat were found in possession of Hamilton when arrested; it was shown that he had borrowed the fatal pistol from Coi. Gorin, of Glasgow; that the shot in the head of .Sanderson corresponded in size with those purchased a few days before by Hamilton; that Hamilton’s overalls, covered with blood, were found concealed in his father’s barn. In the trial of Hamilton he was defended by John Rowan, one of the ablest law^'ers of the Kentucky bar in that day of intellectual giants. It was al- leged by Hamilton in his defense: First, that for years he and Sanderson had been the warmest of friends. Second, that they had traveled for days through a wild and lonely country (they had trav- eled from Mississippi to Kentucky, on horseback, through what was then termed the Indian Nation,) and if he had thought of murdering him for his money he would not have waited until they got to Kentucky. Third, that Mississippi money was at a discount in Kentucky, and Kentucky monej'' at a discount in jMississippi. Fourth, that he (Hamil- ton) being about to return to Mississippi where he could use the mouej' of that State, had exchanged Dr. Sanderson’s Kentucky money for it, who wanted to purchase negroes here. He even proved that he borrowed $1,000 from the bank in Glasgow to make up the sum. The pistol he alleged he borrowed from Col. Gorin on purpose to lend to Dr. Sander- son, who wanted it for his own protection; and that his negro servant had stolen his overalls to wear to a dance; had there got into a fight, hid them in the barn until he could clean the blood off and return them to their place. Strong as this defense seemed he was convicted and hung. For more than fifty years the stain of murder rested upon the memory of Hamilton — at least in Kentucky — and the sequel of this melancholj" affair came about as follows: Hon. Richard H. Rousseau of Kentucky, who was Minister to Central America in 1869, met a Col. Gibson (a rich planter living near Vicksburg, Miss.), in Honduras, who told him that several years prior to the civil war, he was present at the execution of a man in Mississippi for murder and heard him confess, under the gallows, to the murder of Dr. Sanderson in Kentucky. He detailed 30 626 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY". all the circumstances ■with sucli accuracy as to leave no doubt that he was the perpetrator of the deed for which Hamilton had innocently suffered. Col. Gibson requested Mr. Rousseau to make known these facts in Kentucky, and lift the stigma of crime from the memory of an innocent man. Moneoe County was established in 1820, and was the sixty-lifth formed in the State. It was carved ont of portions of Barren and Cumberland and was named in honor of James Monroe, then president of the United States, and just re-elected to a second term. It lies in the southern tier of counties, bor- dering on the Tennessee line, and is bounded on the north by Cumberland, Barren and Metcalfe Counties; on the east by Cumber- land ; on the south by the State of Tennessee ; on the west by Allen and Barren Counties, and in 1880 it had a population of 10,741. It is watered and drained by the Big Barren Elver; the Cumberland, which flows through the southeast corner, and by McFarlane, Line, East Fork, Sulphur Lick, Long Fork, Mill and Indian Creeks. In its natural state the county was heavily timbered — oak, pop- lar, beech and walnut predominating. Large quantities of walnut and poplar logs are an- nually shipped to Nashville, Tenn., and to other places. A part of the county is level, a part undulating, and a part broken and hilly, blit all more or less productive. Tobacco and grain are raised extensively, and are the prin- cipal crops, the statistics of 1880 being as follows: corn 463,000 bushels, oats 44,846, wheat 45,034, and tobacco 187,141 pounds; and stock — -horses and mules 3,734 head, cat- tle 5,566, sheep 7,480, and hogs 15,990. The county has no railroad, and the main channel of transportation is via the Cumber- land and the Big Barren Rivers. Tompkinsville, the capital of the county, ■was laid out in 1819, and is situated on Mill Creek, nine miles from the Cumberland River. As Monroe County was named for the then President of the United States, so was its seat of justice named for Daniel D. Tom- kins, then Vice-President. It was laid out on the land of Samuel Marrs, ‘ ‘ the court- house, ’ ’ says a writer, ‘ ‘ being on the spot ■where his (Marr’s) orchard stood,” but leav- ing the reader in the dark as to whether or not it covered the entire ground occupied by the orchard. In 1830 it had 220 inhabi- tants, and in 1880 it had 248, an increase of twenty-eight in half a century. At the same rate of increase, a thousand years hence it will be a town of some 800 in- habitants. Other villages and postofflces of the county are Rock Bridge, Mud Lick, Johnstonville, Center Point, Fountain Run, Hilton, Martinsburg, Gamaliel, Meshach’s Run and Sulphur Lick. The best evidence of mineral wealth in the county was the discovery of zinc ore in 1856, detailed in the State Geological Report as follows : Zinc ore was found running in slender veins through limestone belonging to the Devonian period, in the bed of Sulphur Lick. The official analysis proved it essentially a sulphuret of zinc, containing 51.77 per cent of zinc. The sulphuret is combined in this ore with 17.48 per cent of silica, beside 5.19 per cent of carbonate of lime and mag- nesia and a little disseminated sulphuret of lead. If found in sufficient abundance it might be profita- bly employed in the manufacture of zinc white paint. Imperfect veins of sulphuret of zinc and lead traverse the limestone under the black slate in the bed of Sulphur Lick Creek. The dividing ridge between the Big Barren and Sulphur Lick is about 600 feet above the Cumberland River. This ridge contains an immense mass of gray and green shales overlying the black slate in the bed of the latter stream. The black slate here is about twenty-five feet thick, while the overlying shales seem to be 270 feet thick. A number of names and dates have been found upon the trees in Monroe County, showing that the ‘ ‘ pale face ” was here over a century ago. One of the oldest of these was discovered upon a large beech tree near the town of Tompkinsville and was as fol- lows: “D. Boone 1777.” The names of “Thomas Walker” and “Daniel Smith” and the date “February 25, 1780,” were found on two beech trees on the west bank of the Cumberland River, near the Tennessee line. Walker and Smith were the surveyors appointed to run the line between Virginia and North Carolina, of which States Ken- tucky and Tennessee then formed parts. Monroe County suffered severely during the late civil war — more severely than many of its sister counties — indeed it was, at times, almost entirely devastated. Bands of guer- rillas, some claiming allegiance to the Con- federate and some to the Federal Govern- ment, while others acknowledged no higher authority than their own will, infested every quarter of the county, often wantonly destroy- ing property and not always scrupulous as to the taking of human life. Besides these maraiidins: bands regular soldiers from both armies were frequently guests — thoiigh un- welcome ones — of the county. Camp Ander- son was a rendezvous for Union troops in 1861 and a place of drill and instruction. In the fall of the year (1861) Col. Stanton of Tennessee, at the head of a body of Confed- erate troops, entered the county and burned Camp Anderson, which had recently been abandoned by the Federals. Shortly after HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 637 this Gen. Pat. Clebm'ne passed through the county with several regiments, and in 1862 Gen. Bragg’s entire army passed through. These frequent incursions did not contribute to the wealth of the county, nor add mate- rially to the tranquility of the people. In the winter of 1862-63 a little skirmish took place in the county. Gen. John Morgan and his cavalry, who had a knack of tiuming up when and where least expected, in one of their periodical raids into Kentucky “run afoul ” of a body of Federal troops under Maj. Jordan, about half a mile from Tomp- kinsville. Quite a sharp engagement ensued, resulting in the defeat of Jordan and the loss of his tent and baggage; several were killed and wounded on both sides. Montgomery County was formed in 1796 and was the twenty-second county organized. It was named in honor of Gen. Richard Mont- gomery, a brave and gallant officer in the Revolutionary war. It was formed out of a part of Clark County and in tmm has con- tributed in forming, wholly, or in part , Floyd County in 1799; Clay in 1806; Bath in 1811; Harlan in 1819; Perry in 1820; Lawrence and Pike in 1821; Morgan in 1822; Breathitt in 1839; Letcher in lS42; Owsley and John- son in 1843; Powell in 1852; Magoffin and Wolfe in 1860; Menifee in 1869 and Lee and Martin in 1870— total, eighteen counties, which has diminished the territory of Mont- gomery until it is one of the small counties of the State. It may be termed a northeastern county and has Bourbon, Nicholas and Bath lying north of it; Bath and Menifee, east; Powell and Clark, south; and Clark and Bourbon, west. In 1880 it had a population of 10,566. It has a rich and fertile soil, though in the southern and southeastern por- tions it is somewhat mountainous and hilly. It is drained by the Red River and Hinkson Creek and their tributaries, viz. : Spence Fork, Slate, Flat, Sycamore, Somerset and the famous little stream, Lulbegrud. The following are the statistics of 1880: corn, 575,091 bushels; oats, 18,624; wheat, 81,393; tobacco, 123,472 pounds; horses and mules, 3,914 head; cattle, 11,473; sheep, 13,914 and hogs, 13,226. Hemp is also largely produced. Montgomery County’s settlement dates back to 1790, though it was visited by whites several years earlier. William Calk, with several companions fr’om Boonesborough, ex plored the country in this section in 1775. They built a cabin about a mile from the present site of Mount Sterling which became a prominent landmark. In 1779 another com- pany, under the leadership of Benjamin White, were here locating lands. From this time land-locators, as they were called, in- creased in numbers. Among the first per- manent settlers was Capt. John A. Crawford. In 1790 he was employed to clear four acres of land and cultivate it in corn, for which he was to receive 100 acres of land near Mount Sterling. He made a permanent set- tlement upon the land thus obtained, and lived on it until his death. He was with Gen. Wayne in the battle of the Fallen Timber, and in the war of 1812 was captain of a company of volunteers. Mount Sterling, the seat of justice, is sit- uated on Hinkson Creek, where it is crossed by the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, about sixty miles fr’om Frankfort. It had a popu- lation of 2,087 in 1880, and is a handsome and thriving little city. It was laid out in 1792 upon the land of a IMi’. Sterling, whose name it bears. It has the usual public build- ings, churches, schools, stores and general business. Other villages and postoffices are Aaron’s Run, Camargo, Elm Hill, Howard’s Mill, Jeffersonville, Levee and Side View. Montgomery County seems to have been a favorite resort for the Mound-Builders. A large number of relics of the prehistoric race were found in different parts of the county. Several of them were visited in 1819 by Prof. Rafinesque. The prefix. Mount, to the capital of the county was obtained in consequence of a mound near its location which was so large as to early receive the title of “Little Mountain.” Five miles east of Mount Sterling was a mound that when the county was first settled was 15 feet high and 30 feet in diameter at the base. About five miles west of Mount Ster- ling was another mound of especial interest. It stood within what was evidently a square intrenchment, and when first seen by the whites there were trees growing in the trenches as large as any in the simrounding forest. On the east side of the intrench- ment there was the appearance of a gate some 20 feet wude. From this gate there was an avenue of the same width, in which no trees were growing, leading to a spring thirty yards distant. This county was the scene of one of the most desperately contested battles with the Indians, considering the number engaged, fought on the soil of Kentucky. Estill’s defeat, or the battle of Little Mountain, took place in 1782, but two miles from the present site of Mount Sterling, at a buffalo 628 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. crossing of a brancli of Hinkson Creek. The details of this bloody battle are given in pre- ceding chapters on the Indian wars of the early times. Morgan County, formed in 1822, stands seventy-third in the list of counties. It was formed from parts of Floyd and Bath Counties, and named for Gen. Daniel Morgan, whose famous riflemen played so conspicuous a part in the Revolutionary war. It lies in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Rowan and Elliott Counties; on the east by Lawrence, Johnson and Magoffin; on the south l)y Magoffin, Breathitt and Wolfe; on the west by Wolfe and Menifee, and in 1880 it had 8,455 inhabitants. It contrilnited to the formation of Rowan County in 1850, Magoffin and Wolfe in I860, and Menifee and Elliott in 1869. It is drained by the Licking River, which flows almost through the center of it, with the following streams as tributaries in the county: White Oak, Grassy, Elk Fork, Blackwater, Caney and Rockhoxise. The sui’face is rather hilly, with many fertile valleys, however, which produce well. Corn is the principal crop, prodiicing 368, 205 bushels in 1880. Wheat, oats and rye are grown to some extent, and hogs and cattle are raised — 5,075 head of cattle in 1880, and 11,903 head of hogs. Iron ore and a most excellent quality of cannel coal, together with other bituminous coal and alum and copperas, exist in the county in great abundance; also mineral and oil sjn’ings. Morgan County embraces, probably, the largest bodies of cannel coal in Kentucky; much of it very readily mined, but all inaccessible to market. There appear to be two horizons of cannel coal in the county, varying from 200 to 300 feet apart. The lower bed. in one of the most remarkable deposits in the world, is well exposed on the waters of Caney Creek, especially on the Stone Coal Fork of Caney. It is of a fine cuboidal fracture, gen- erally from thirty-two to thirty-six inches thick. The upper cannel vein, where observed, is fourteen inches thick, underlaid by eight to ten inches of clay and shale parting, and fifteen to eighteen inches of bituminous and shop coal at bottom — in all thirty-nine to forty inches. * * * ppe main cannel coal of Caney and Elk Fork is full of remains of stigmaria impressed completely in the substance of the coal itself, in an excellent state of preservation — another evidence that this kind of vegetation contributed largely to the formation of cannel coal. Above the forks of the Stone Coal branch of main Caney the stream runs for a long distance over bare ledges of cannel coal, which measure there from thirty to thirty-six inches. West Liberty, the capital of the county, is situated on the Licking River, something *State Geological Report. over 100 miles from Frankfort. It is a small place of 225 inhabitants by the last census. It was laid out as a town in 1825, and incor- porated in 1836. It has the usual public buildings, churches and schools, stores and general business. Other villages and post- offices are as follows; Bangor, Blair’s Mill, Caney, Ezel, Grassy Creek, Relief, White Oak and Yokum. Muhlenburg County was the thirty-fourth county organized in the State. It was cre- ated out of parts of Christian and Logan Counties in 1798, and named in honor of Gen. Peter Muhlenberg, a gallant soldier of the Revolutionary war, who won the epau- lettes of a general in front of the cannon’s mouth. It is situated in the western part of the State, with one tier of counties between it and the Tennessee line, and is bounded on the north by McLean and Ohio Counties; on the east by Ohio and Butler ; on the south by Logan and Todd; on the west by Christian and Hopkins, and in 1880 it had 15,098 in- habitants. It is drained by the tributaries of the Green and Big Muddy Rivers — the former separating it from Ohio County and the latter from Butler County. The county is generally rolling, a part of it very broken and hilly, but all more or less productive, and oi’iginally was covered with heavy tim- ber. The agricultural statistics for 1880 show corn, 652,279 bushels; oats, 100,340 bushels; wheat, 63,874 bushels; tobacco, 2,- 731,716 pounds; horses and mules, 4,888 head; cattle, 7,650 head; sheep, 7,035 head, and hogs, 25,347. Iron and coal, however, form the great wealth of the county, and since the building of the railroad, it is the means of great quantities finding a way to market. Of the coal, the geological report says: At a coal bank on the east side of the Pond River in the west line of Muhlenburg County, is the sin- gular phenomenon of two thick beds or veins of coal within three and one-half feet of each other — the upper of four and one-half and the lower of six and one-half feet. The latter has a thin clay part- ing about the middle. They crop out at an eleva- tion of seventy feet above high water in the river Three miles southeast of this the Marcus coal oc- curs, six or seven feet thick, a few feet above the bed of the branch. Three miles northwest of Greenville, three beds of coal, eight feet in all, oc- cur in 110 feet of a section. A “ general section ” of Muhlenburg County shows some twenty-six feet of coal in nine different seams, within 445 feet — the seams varying from ten inches to five and one-half feet in thickness, except one thin seam; of these five seams are of workable thickness three feet or over. HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 629 Greenville, the seat of justice, is situated a little north of the geographical center of the county on the Chesapeake, Ohio & South- western Railroad, 135 miles from Louisville, and contains, by the last census, 866 inhabi- tants. It has a brick courthouse and other public buildings, several handsome churches, excellent schools, both public and select, one bank and a newspaper. A number of flour- ishing stores, factories and mills furnish a good trade. Other villages, postoffices and railroad stations are Bremen, Central City, Dupont, Earles, Gordon, Laurel Bluil, Mer- cer, Nelson, Paradise, Painestown, Skilesville and South Carrollton. Some of the antiquities, caverns, etc., dis- covered in this county were of the marvelous. It was said that on a rocky bank of the Pond River, four miles from Greenville, tracks of mules and horses were plainly visible in the sandstone. On the Muddy River there was said to be a rock with a smooth flat surface, on which were carved hieroglyphics strange to the most learned of the Anglo-Saxons. A description of a cave ten miles from Green- ville partakes considerably of the Mulhatton romance. It was said to be explored in Oc- tober, 1872, and at the distance of half a mile from the entrance the petrified fig- ures of a man and woman were found. Other relics and curiosities were also found in it. Among the prominent men of Muhlenburg County were Edward Rumsey, Charles F. Wing and Gen. Don Carlos Buell. The lat- ter was a major-general in the Federal Army during the late war, and is extensively noticed in the chapters on the war history. Charles F. Wing was captain in the American Army in the war of 1812, and took part in the bat- tle of the Thames. He was clerk of the courts of Muhlenburg County from 1798, the time of their organization, to 1856, a period of fifty-eight years. Edward Rumsey was a prominent man of Muhlenburg County and southwestern Ken- tucky for nearly half a centiuy. He repre- sented the county in the Legislature, and the district in Congress, with great ability. He was a nephew of James Rumsey, whose claim to the invention of the steamboat is support- ed by much strong and convincing testimony. Edward Rumsey was born in 1800, and re- ceived a good education. He studied law with John J. Crittenden, and upon being ad- mitted to the bar located at Greenville. He died in 1868 in the sixty-eighth year of his age. Nelson County is one of those formed under act of the Virginia Legislature, before the admission of Kentucky as a State into the Union, and dates back to 1784. It was the fourth county created in the State (or dis- trict), and the first created after the original three (Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln,) into which the county of Kenutcky was divided in 1780. It was formed from a part of Jefferson County, and fr-om its original ter- ritory have been created wholly or in part the following: Washington, Hardin and Green in 1792; Bullitt in 1796; Ohio in 1798; Breckinridge in 1799; Grayson and Butler in 1810; Daviess in 1815; Hart in 1819; Meade in 1823; Spencer in 1824; Edmonson in 1825; Anderson in 1827; Hancock in 1829; Marion in 1834; La Rue in 1843; Taylor in 1848, and McLean in 1854. It is situated in the north central f)art of the State and bounded on the north by Bul- litt and Spencer Counties; on the east by Washington and Marion; on the south by Marion and La Rue; on the west by La Rue and Bullitt, and by the last census (1880) it had a population of 16,609. It is watered and drained by the Salt River and the Beech and Rolling Forks, and a number of small streams tributary to them. The surface is undulating, but in places, particularly along the water courses, it is somewhat hilly and broken; the soil is generally fertile and pro- duces well, the agricultux’al statistics in 1880 being as follows: corn, 987,007 bushels; oats, 59,783; wheat, 177,020; horses and mules, 6,218 head; cattle, 11,364; sheep, 15,554; and hogs, 27,279. In addition to the above, hay, tobacco and hemp are raised to some extent; whisky is also largely manufactured, and some of the largest distilleries in the State are in this county. Gov. Thomas Nel- son. a native of Virginia, at one time gov- ernor of that State, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, furnished the county a name. Settlements were made very early in Nel- son County by the Hardins, John Merrill, John Fitch, Maj. Brown, Charles AVickliffe, and other families, who afterward became noted in Kentucky history. Certainly few more consixicuous names appear in the annals of the State than the Hardins and AVicklift'es. Many of the early settlements of Nelson County, however, were made in portions since stricken off in the formation of other counties. Col. John Hardin (see sketch of Hardin County) settled in Nelson County as early as 1780, and was appointed county lieutenant with the rank of colonel. This title meant much more in the pioneer period of Kentucky than it did some years later. Then every man 630 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. able to bear arms was forced, if force was necessary, to assist in defending the settle- ments against the Indians, and the county lieutenant was the commander-in-chief of such forces, and responsible for the safety of the settlements and stations in his county. The mineral resources of Nelson County consist in hydraulic limestone, salt and iron ore. The iron ore is said to be of a most ex- cellent quality, and sufficiently plenty to pay well for working. The hydraulic limestone is also to be found in large quantities. Salt, however, exists in scarcely paying quantity. In several places were developed, by the geological survey, clay which contained valu- able proportions of potash; lime, soda, sul- phuric acid, magnesia, etc. Bardstown, with almost a century resting upon it, is one of the beautiful little cities of central Kentucky. It was established in 1788, under an act of the Legislature of Virginia, and was originally called Bairds- towm in honor of David Baird, one of the pro- prietors of the land upon which the town was laid out. Blit custom, which makes many laws, finally changed it, by dropping the i, to the present name, Bardstown. It is forty miles from Louisville, and the present ter- minus of the Bardstown branch of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad. The road, how- ever, is beizig extended, and will soon be com- pleted to Springfield. A substantial court- house and other public buildings, a number of elegant churches, several schools, public and select — Protestant and Catholic — in and immediately contiguous, are some of the at- tractions of this old, but handsome little city. It has several flourishing stores, banks, a No. 1 newspaper — the Nelson Record — and the usual manufacturing industries common to a town of its size. By the last census it had 1,803 population. Bloomfield is situated in the north part of the county and has a population of 455 souls. It is an old town and was incorporated in 1819, and is at present the terminus of the Shelby ville branch of the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad. New Haven, on the ‘ ‘ Lebanon Branch,” is a town of 437 inhabitants; New Hope, on the same road, has 204 inhabitants. Other villages, postoffices and railroad station, are Boston, Botland, Chaplain, Cox Creeks Deatsville, Fairfield, Gethsemane, Hunter’s Station, Nelson Furnace and Samuel’s Sta- tion. A company of English land speculators laid off a town in Nelson County, in 1794, on the south side of the Rolling Fork, between Salt Lick and Otter Creek, called Lystra, which was designed to be the most beautiful city in the world. The conception was, indeed, a grand and magnificent one if it had been carried out, but the town never had any existence, except upon paper. Winterbotham’s United States thus describes it: It was the choice spot of 15,000 acres of’ land pur- chased, and waslaid off in twenty-five large blocks or squares, the center of each being a kind of park. In the center of the plat was a circular park, sur- rounded by an avenue 100 feet wide. The four indented or semi circular quarters of the four blocks whose corners are embraced in this park, were dedi- cated to public use, as sites for a church, college, town hall, and place of amusement. The streets were each 100 feet wide; the houses upon streets running north and south were required to be set back twenty-five feet from the line, but upon streets running east and west to be built on a line with the streets. The plan probably proved money making in London, but the town was never built in Nelson County. Ben Hardin, the great criminal lawyer, was long a citizen of Bardstown. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1784, but when only three years of age was brought by his parents to Kentucky, who settled in Washington County. He was a son of Ben and Sarah Hardin, first cousins, and the latter a sister of Col. John and Gen. William Hardin, prom- inent in the early history of Kentucky. Mr. Hardin was Well educated, receiving his finishing polish from Daniel Barry, one of the most popular educators of his day. He commenced the study of the law with Gen. Martin D. Hardin of Richmond, and com- pleted his course with Hon. Felix Grundy. Upon his admission to the bar he located at Elizabethtown, but two or three years later removed to Bardstown. Here he was soon called to measure strength with such master spirits as Judge Rowan, John Pojze, Felix Grundy, John Hays and other great legal luminaries of the time. When he lived his most active young life, when his destiny was shaping itself, the surroundings were such as we know little or nothing of now except by tradition. The people were rough, rude, simple, sincere, honest, warm-hearted and hospitable ; and the men of mark were mostly brilliant, erratic, often irreverent and dissipat- ed. Their lives were fevered and delirious, and upon the rostrum or in the forum, Avhere they would gleam and flash like blazing meteors, they would easily descend to the revel and orgie, and their flashing lights would be quenched in gloom and darkness. Amid these surroundings Mr. Hardin trod his pathway of life, the honest lawyer, the pure and spotless jAolitician. Few men pos- sessed more noble and generous qualities. He was the friend and the attorney of the poor, and often championed their causes without the ‘ ‘ hope of fee or reward. ’ ’ His sympa- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 631 thies were aroused by the distress of the helpless, and the woes of suffering humanity touched his pity, and awoke all the tender- ness of his great heart. He practiced in the courts of Nelson, Hardin, Marion, Washing- ton, Bullitt, Breckinridge, Meade and Gray- son, and often in Louisville, Frankfort and Lexington; and during all the prime of his manhood, few important cases were tried in his district in which he was not engaged upon one side or the other. As a great lawyer he had few equals, and in the criminal practice, per- haps he had none at the bar in Kentucky. He was no less a statesman than a lawyer. He served several terms in the Legislature and State Senate; was Secretary of State under Gov. Owsley, and was in the lower house of the national Congress, comprising the sessions of 1815-17, and 1819-23, and 1833-37, ten years in all. He died in Bards- town in 1852, at the age of sixty-eight years. Charles A. Wickliffe, one of the eminent men of Kentucky, was born June 7, 1788, and was a son of Charles and Lydia (Hardin) Wickliffe. He was of an illustrious family on both sides of his house — his mother being a sister to Hon. Ben Hardin’s mother, and Col. John Hardin, etc. After receiving his education he studied law with Gen. Martin D. Hardin, and upon his admission to the bar located at Bardstown. The Bardstown bar was then considered the ablest (Lexington perhaps excepted) west of the Alleghanies. He served in the war of 1812, and took part in the battle of the Thames. He was elected repeatedly to the Legislature, the State Senate and the national Congress, and in 1836 was elected lieutenant-governor on the ticket with Judge James Clark. Gov. Clark died in 1839 and Mr. Wickliffe filled out his unex- pired term. He was Postmaster-General under President Tyler, after he succeeded to the Presidency, September 13, 1841, until the close of his term, March 3, 1845. He was sent on a secret mission to Texas by Pres- ident Polk in 1845 ; he was a member of the constitutional convention of 1849; he was a delegate to the celebrated peace conference in 1861; he was also elected to Congress in 1861, and in 1863 made the race on the Democratic ticket for governor against Thomas E. Bramlette, but was overwhelm- ingly defeated. The above is merely the record dates of the different official positions filled by Gov. Wick- liffe. He came to Bardstown at an early day, and his finger-marks may still be seen telling the story of his handiwork, and writ- ing his epitaph in the hearts not only of his descendants, but of the thousands who are reaping and who will in the future enjoy the fruits of his labors. For several years prior to his death he was blind, but he lived on uncomplainingly with his Christian faith undimmed. He died in 1869 at the age of eighty- one years. Nicholas Countv was created in 1800, and was the forty-second formed in the State. It was taken from Bourbon and Mason Coun- ties, and named in honor of Col. George Nicholas, one of the ruling spirits in the ear- ly history of Kentucky. It is situated in the northeast part of the county, and is bounded on the north by Robertson County; on the east by Fleming and Bath; on the south by Montgomery ; on the west by Bour- bon and Harrison, and in 1880 it had 11,869 inhabitants. The Lickingf River flows f hrough the county, and the streams emptying into it or passing through the county are Hinkson, Somerset, Cassidy, Beaver, Brushy Fork and Flat Creeks. A portion of the county lying next to Bourbon and Bath is undulating and very rich — the genuine blue-grass soil. The remainder of the county, except the bottoms along the water-courses, is rough and broken, with rather thin soil. The statistics of 1880 for the county are as follows: Corn, 688,329 bushels; oats, 37,188; wheat, 159,945; to- bacco, 759,115 pounds; horses and mules, 5,319 head; cattle, 7,951; sheep, 13,311, and hogs, 16,754. Hemp is also grown in some parts of the county. The early settlement of Nicholas County dates back nearly a century. The coramon highway of travel between Limestone (Mays- ville) and the settlements at Lexington, Boonesborough, Harrodsburg, etc., was through this county, and the salt works at Blue Licks made the pioneers familiar with all this country, but it was not until about 1789 that a permanent settlement was made in what is now Nicholas County. In that year a man named Lyon established a station at the Lower Blue Licks. He was a man well-to- do, had a family of negro servants, and enter- tained travelers passing from one settlement or station to another. He followed making salt, which he disposed of to the settlers, with whom he is said to have dealt fairly. Irish Station was an early settlement, and was five or six miles from Blue Licks. Other early settlers were James Parks, Jr., George M. Bedinger, James Stephenson and Samuel Peyton. Most of these have descendants still living. Carlisle, the capital of the county, is sit- uated on the Maysville division of the Ken- 632 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. tucky Central Railroad, about midway be- tween Maysville and Lexington. It has a brick courthouse of the old Kentucky pattern of fifty years ago, and other public buildings. It has a number of handsome churches, good schools, a bank, a newspaper, several nourish- ing stores and the usual general business. In 1880 it had 909 inhabitants. Other vil- lages and postoffices are Blue Lick Springs, Buffalo Trace, Chapel, Head Quarters, Moore- field, Myers and Oakland Mills. There was an ancient burying-ground plainly visible in the county, when the first settlements were made. It was some five miles south of the Upper Blue Licks. Frag- ments of human bones were strewed about it in large cpiantities, some of them very large, denoting that they belonged to men of giant size. On the top of a barren ridge, a short distance from the Upper Blue Licks, was dis- covered a place over 1( )0 feet square, paved with large flat stones, upon which the marks of the tools used in dressing them were still visible. The famous Blue Lick Springs, among the most valuable of the kind in the world, are in this county. As resorts for health, recreation and amusement they are without superiors, particularly the lower spring, anywhere. The water from both springs has a sale not equaled in the United States. Analysis shows the following ingredients : S ulphuretted hydro- gen gas and free carbonic acid gas (about one- thirty-sixth of the former and one-fifth of the latter in the volume of the water), carbonates of lime and magnesia, chlorides of sodium, potassium and magnesium, bromide and iodide of magnesium, sulphate of lime and potash, alumina, phosphate of lime, oxide of iron and silicic acid, with traces of oxide of manganese and of apocrenic and crenic acids. It is a highly valuable water, and acts as a nervous stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagoecue. These springs were known to the whites more than a century ago (from 1773), and for the first forty years after their discovery fur- nished most of the salt to central and north- eastern Kentucky. Around and about them occurred some of the stirring scenes with which the early history of the State is em- bellished. In 1778 Daniel Boone and a party of twenty seven besides himself were cap- tured there while engaged making salt. About half a mile north of the Lower Blue Licks on the old State road was fought the battle of Blue Licks, the severest and most destructive to the whites ever fought on the soil of Kentucky. Col. John Todd, the com- manding officer of the whites, and Col. Stephen Trigg, second in command, were both killed, and a number of other commis- sioned officers and one-third of the entire army. This county was named for Col. George Nicholas, one of the ablest lawyers and pro- foundest jurists of early Kentucky. Gen. Thomas Metcalfe was a citizen of this county from the time he was five years old until his death. Maj. George M. Bedinger was also a citizen of this county. He was one of the commissioned officers who escaped the carnage of the battle of Blue Licks. He served in several Indian campaigns, and was a gallant soldier. He was a member of the first Legislature in 1792, after Kentucky be- came a State. Ohio County dates its existence back to 1798, and was the thirty-fifth county created in the State. It was taken from Hardin County, and named for the Ohio River, the northern boundary of the State. From its original territory has been created, wholly or in part, Butler and Grayson Counties, in 1810; Daviess, in 1815; Hancock, in 1829, and McLean, in 1854. It is one of the largest counties in the State, and is bounded on the north by Daviess and Hancock Counties; on the east by Breckinridge, Gray- son and Butler; on the south by Butler and Muhlenburg; on the west by McLean and Daviess, and in 1880 it had a population of 19,609. The Green River flows along its southern border, separating it from Muhlen- burg County and a part of Butler; other water courses are Rough, East Fork of Pan- ther, Muddy, White’s Fork, Walton, Barnett and Caney Creeks. The soil is of a medium quality, and the county a very good agricult- ural one; the statistics for 1880 show the following: Corn, 935,515 bushels; oats, 125,- 244; wheat, 85,954; Irish potatoes, 17,089; tobacco, 3,187,999 pounds; horses and mules, 6,681 head; cattle, 11,990; sheep, 12,593; hogs, 34,494. Originally the county was heavily timbered ; ii’on ore exists in consid- erable quantities, and coal is inexhaustible. The county has the advantage of transporta- tion by the Green River and by the Chesa- peake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad. Ohio County was settled very early. Bar- nett’ s Station, two miles from the present site of Hartford, was established in 1790 by Col. Joseph Barnett. A station was also established where the town of Hartford now stands. The Indians committed many depre- dations on the people of these stations. In 1790 they killed two children of John Ander- HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 633 son, of Barnett’s Station, and wounded his wife, but she recovered. The same party carried off Hannah Barnett, the ten-year-old daughter of Col. Barnett, but she was recovered from them some months after- ward. There were a number of forts or stations on the Green River in the original county of Ohio, but in what are now other counties. At one of these forts, in 1787, a number of persons of both sexes were pulling flax in a fleld some distance from the fort when they were attacked by Indians. Sev- eral of them were more or less wounded, but none seriously. Hartford, the seat of justice, is situated on Rough Creek, in the central part of the county, and is 110 miles from Louisville. It was one of the flrst settled places in the county, and was incorporated in 1808. It has a substantial brick comlhouse and other public buildings, several handsome churches, good schools, a bank, an excellent newspaper — The Herald — flourishing stores and a good general business. Its population was 624 by the last census. Beaver Dam is the station for Hartford on the railroad. It is six miles from Hartford, and is the shipping point of the latter. It is a place of considerable business, and has 146 inhabitants, Rock23ort, situated on the Green River, where it is crossed by the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad, is the largest town, Hartford excepted, in the county — having 399 inhabitants in 1880, Hamilton, on the rail- road, is a town of 283 inhabitants, and Cromwell, in the southern part of the coun- ty on the Green River, has 200 inhabitants. Other villages, railroad stations and j)ost- offices are Beda, Buford, Ceralvo, Cool Springs, Elm Lick, Fordsville, Green River, Haynesviile, Horse Branch, McHenry, Point Pleasant, Rosine and Sulphim Sj^ring, Oldham County was created in 1823 from parts of Jefferson, Shelby and Henry Coun- ties, and was the seventy- fourth formed in the State, It is situated in the north middle j)art of the State, bordering on the Ohio River, which se[3arates it from the State of Indiana, and forms its western and northern boundary, with Trimble and Henry Counties on the east; Shelby and Jefferson on the south, and with 7,667 inhabitants in 1880. A part of the county bordering the Ohio River and Eighteen Mile Creek is broken, hilly, and has ! rather thin soil; the remainder lays very well, and is rich and productive. The agricult- | ural report for 1880 showed the following sta- tistics; Corn, 445,053 bushels; oats, 49,747; wheat, 47,931 ; tobacco, 295,860 pounds; horses and mules, 3,228 head; cattle, 5,838; sheep, 17,466, and hogs, 14,607. The short line division of the Louisville A Nashville Rail- road passes through the county. La Grange, the jmesent seat of justice, was named in honor of the Marquis de La Fay- ette’s residence in France. It is situated on the short line division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, wRere the Cincinnati line diversfes from the old Frankfort & Lexington Railroad, twenty-eight miles from Louisville; has a handsome brick coru’thouse of modern style, a number of flourishing stores, several handsome chiu’ches, some elegant residences, good schools, and the usual general business, together with 490 inhabitants. IVestjJort, the original county seat, had 219 inhabitants by the last census. It is situated on the Ohio River about eight miles fi’om La Grange, and is quite a flomlshing little town and shipping point. Other villages, post- offices and railroad stations are Ballards- ville, Buckner, Brownsboro, Beard's Station, Floydsburg, Goshen, Oldhamsbm’g, Peru and Pee wee V alley. The latter is the most beauti- ful of all of Louisville's suburbs, and is the 2 )lace of residence of many Louisville people. Oldham County was named in honor of Col . IVilliam Oldham, a gallant soldier and officer. He was born in Berkeley County, Va. , and served with distinction in the Rev- olutionary war, where he arose to the rank of caj^tain. He resigned in 1779, and came to Kentucky, locating'at the falls of the Ohio. He commanded a regiment in St. Clair’s ill- fated army, in 1791, and fell in that disas- trous battle with the savages. Owen County was formed in 1819 from parts of Scott, Gallatin and Franklin Counties, and was the sixty -seventh in the order of formation. It is situated in the north middle i^art of the State, and is bounded on the north by Carroll, Gallatin and Grant Counties ; on the east by Grant and Scott ; on the south by Scott and Frank- lin ; on the west by Henry, from which it is separated by the Kentucky River, and in 1880 It had 17,401 population. It is drained by the Kentucky River and Eagle Creek, and tributaries, comimising Big and Little Twin, Cedar, Big Indian, Caney, Clay, Lick and Severn Creeks. The surface is mostly rolling or undulating, a ^lart of the county be- ing somewhat hilly, but all productive. The 634 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. agricTiltural report of 1880 shows the follow- ing crop and stock statistics ; Corn, 1,016,302' bushels ; oats, 18,479 ; rye, 19,814 ; wheat, 104,764; Irish potatoes, 14,296; tobacco, 5, 705,351 pounds ; horses and mules, 6,805 head; cattle, 8,020; sheep, 10,579, and hogs, 29,441, The Short Line division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad runs along the northern boundary of the county, which, in connection with the Kentucky River, gives it access to the best markets. Owenton, the capital of the county, is cen- trally situated and is about thirty miles from Frankfort. It has a brick courthouse and oth- er public buildings, several elegant churches, good schools, a number of flourishing stores, and a prosperous general business. It has 654 inhabitants. But few counties in the State are more thickly dotted over with villages, of which are the following: Bethany, Canby, Dallasburg, East Eagle, Gratz, Harmony, Harrisburg, Lusby’s Mills, Lone Oak, Monterey, New Columbus, New Liberty, Polar Grove, Pleasant Home, Squireville, Sweet Owen, Truesville and West Union. These vary from some 300 inhabitants down to a cross-roads store and postoffice. The county has a number of mineral springs, the waters of some of them possess- ing strong medicinal pro23erties. There are a number of natural wonders in the county that merit description. The “JumpofE ” on the Kentucky River, is a perpendicular precipice, at least 100 feet high, with a hollow passing through its centre about wide enough for a wagon road. The “Point of Rocks,” on Cedar Creek, just above its mouth, and near Williamsburg is a beautiful and highly ro- mantic spot, where an immense rock, about seventy- five feet high, overhangs a place in the creek called the “ Deep Hole,” to which no bottom has ever been found, and which abounds with fish of a fine quality. “Pond Branch” is a stream of water which flows from a large pound in a rich alluvial valley, that from its general appearance is supposed to have been at one time the bed of the Kentucky River. It is about a mile and a half from Lock and Dam No. 3. The waier flows from the pond and empties into tlie river by two outlets and thus forms a complete mountain island, two and a half miles long and a mile and a half wide in its broadest part. — [Collins, Vol. II, [p. 671] Owen County was named in honor of Col. Abraham Owen, a native of Virginia, born in 1769, and who came to Kentucky in 1785, locating in what is now Shelby County. He served in nearly every campaign against the Indians after he came to the State. He was with Gen. St. Clair in his disastrous ex- pedition in 1791, and was twice wounded at his defeat. He served in the Legislature and in the State Senate, and in 1799 was | chosen a member of the convention that | framed the second constitution. He was an aid to Gen. Harrison in the battle of Tippeca- noe, and fell in the same charge with Col. Joseph Hamilton Daveiss. Thus those two hero-martyrs, whose proud spirits took their flight on the bloody field of Tippecanoe, are each perpetuatecl by a county named in their honor. Owsley County is young in years, compared to some fifty or more others in the State, hav- ing been created in 1843, and ranking as the ninety- sixth in the order of formation. It is a small county, situated in the eastern part of the State, and bounded on the north by Lee County; on the east by Breathitt and Perry; on the south by Clay; on the west by Jackson and Estill, and in 1880 it had 4,942 population. The face of the country is gener- ally hilly and broken, but along the river and creek bottoms it is rich and very productive, corn, oats, wheat and rye being the principal crops, with a very little tobacco and stock- raising. The South Fork of the Kentucky River flows through the central part of the county ; the main Kentucky River forms part of the north boundary line, while its Middle Fork crosses the northeast corner. Booneville, the seat of justice, is situated in the north part of the county, on the South Fork of the Kentucky River. It has the usual public buildings, and is a small town, of only 201 inhabitants in 1880. Other vil- lages and postoffices are Buck Creek, South Fork and Island City. Owsley County lies in the eastern coal fields of the State, and the coal deposits are extensive and valuable. The lack of trans- portation facilities, however, prevent the mining interests from becoming as valuable as they otherwise would. Iron ore exists in some parts of the county. The county was named for William Owsley, the fourteenth governor of the State. (A sketch of Gov. Owsley is given in Chapter XIII, page 315, of this volume.) Pendleton County, the twenty-eighth or- ganized in the State, was formed in 1798 from parts of Campliell and Bracken Coun ties, and was named for Edmund Pendieton, a prominent lawyer and jurist of Virginia. It lies in the north middle part of the State, and is nearly oblong in shape. It is bounded on the north by Campbell and Kenton Coun- I ties; on the east by Bracken County and the I Ohio River; on the south by Harrison County; HISTORY OF KEHTFCKY. 635 on the west by Grant County, and by the census of 1880 it had 16,702 inhabitants. It is drained by the Licking River and its tribu- taries, the main one being the South Lick- ing; others being Fork Lick, Kincaid, Flower, Blanket, Willow, Crooked, Richland and Glassy Creeks. The river and creek bottoms are exceedingly rich, and produce the finest crops. Away fi’om the bottoms the land is undulating and in places hilly. The agri- cultiu’al statistics for 1880 show the follow- ing; Corn, 792,695 bushels; oats, 20,696 bushels; wheat, 181,845 bushels; potatotes, 26,012 bushels; tobacco, 4,070,291 pounds; horses and mules, 5,890; cattle, 8,490, and hogs, 23,628. The completion of the Ken- tucky Central Railroad has been a gi-eat benefit to the county, and the land, in con- sequence, has advanced considerably in value. Pendleton County contains nothing of special historical interest. No Indian battles were fought within its limits, nor any depre- dations or indignities committed by them on the early settlers. The most important event, perhaps, connected with the early history, was the march through the county of the notorious Col. Byrd and his army of hostile British and savages in 1779. As detailed in the early history of the State, Col. Byrd, with an army of 600 men and six pieces of cannon,* invaded Kentucky in that y^ar and captured Ruddle’s and Martin’s Stations. He ascended the Licking River to the junc- tion of the main stream and the South Fork, where the town of Falmouth now stands, and there landed his cannon and concentrated his army. He proceeded directly toward Rud- dle’ s Station in what is now Harrison County, marking his route by the blazing of tiees. His line of march, by this means, could be traced many years afterward. He captured Ruddle’s and Martin’s Stations, then re- turned by the same route, embarked at the same place and descended the Licking River into the Ohio. His route is laid down and described as above as “Byrd’s War Road ’’ on Filson’s map, the first map made of Ken- tucky. Falmouth, the capital of the county, is situated at the confluence of the Licking River and its South Fork about fifty miles above the mouth of the united stream. The town is an old one, was originally called Fallsmouth and its location was the site of one of the early settlements of the county, as appears Rom the following advertisement published in the Centinel of the North- Western Territory *The first cannon eferin Kentucky. fThe Centinel was established at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1793. Plank and Scantling of ever 3 ' kind delivered at the mill or in Cincinnati, on the shortest notice. Orders will be thankfully received and pointedly attended to. Jonx tVALLERE. Fallsmouth, Forks of Licking, Dec. 15, 1794. _ N. B. The subscriber will be down with a quan- tity of planks as soon as the water of the Licking will admit. Falmouth has the usual county buildings, some half-dozen churches, good schools, a flourishing general business, and in 1880 a population of 967. It was originally settled and laid out by Virginians, and named for F almouth in the ‘ ‘ Old Dominion. ’ ’ Butler, next to Falmouth, is the largest town in the county, having, in 1880, a population of 255; Boston had 202 and De Mossville 141. Other villages, postofiices and railroad stations in the county are Ash Run, Bachelor’s Rest, Catawba, Dividing Ridge, Elizabethville, Gardnersville, Levingood. Meridian, Morgan, Motier, Peach Grove, Salem, etc. Perry County dates back to 1820 and ranks as the sixty-eighth county in the State. It was named for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the hero of the naval battle on Lake Erie during the war of 1812. Clay and Floyd Counties contributed its territory, and in turn it contributed to the formation of Breathitt, Letcher and Leslie. It is situated in the southeastern and mountainous part of the State, is still large in area, and is bound- ed on the north by Breathitt County; on the east by Letcher; on the south by Letcher and Leslie; on the west by Clay and Owsley, and in 1880 it had 5,607 population. It is on the headwaters of the Kentucky River, which is navigable for small boats descend- ing most of the year. The rude civilization of the mountainous section in which the county is located, is attested by the names of the following streams, tributaries of the Kentucky River ; Squabble, Hell-for-Certain, Cutshin, Laiu’el and Lost Forks, Macy, Leatherwood and Williams. The siu'face is rough and mountainous, and much of the land worthless, except for sheep-grazing ; the last census showed the number of sheep to be 4,860 — almost a sheep for every man, woman and child in the county. Consider- able cattle and hogs are raised, and the val- leys and bottoms along the water- courses produce fine crops of ’’corn, oats and wheat. Coal, iron ore and salt exist, but the limited market facilities prevent them from being very valuable. Hazard, the seat of justice, and the middle name of Commodore Peny, is a small place situated on the North Fork of the Kentucky 630 IIISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. River, about 150 miles southeast of Frank- fort. Grapevine, Salt Creek and Trouble- some are cross-road stores and postoffices. Pike County was founded in 1821 from a part of Floyd, and was the seventieth created in the State. It was named in honor of Gen. Zebulon M. Pike, a gallant soldier and officer in the war of 1812. Pike County forms the extreme eastern point of the State, having IVest Virginia and Virginia for its northeast- ern, eastern, and southeastern boundaries; Letcher and Floyd Counties for its southern and western boundaries; Martin for its north- ern boundary. In 1880 it had 13,001 inhab- itants. Along the water-courses are some fine lands, which produce excellent crops, but the uplands are mostly rough and hilly, and the soil thin. The principal agricultural products are corn, oats, and wheat, with a little tobacco; also cattle and hogs are raised to some extent. Coal, iron ore and salt comprise the min- eral wealth of Pike County. With better and more extended transportation facilities, coal mining could be made an important industry of the county, and give employment to a large number of men. Pikeville, the seat of justice, is situated on the West Fork of the Big Sandy River. It is a small place of 246 inhabitants, and was incorporated in 1824. It has the usual county buildings and several flourishing stores. Other villages and postoffices in the county are Ash Camp, Bent Branch, Canada, Coal Run, Cedar, Dorton, Fish Trap, Grange Store, Long Fork, Lookout, Little Creek, Mouth Card, Mouth of Pond, Peter, Powell’s Mills, Paw-Paw, Robinson Creek and White Post. Collins has the following of Pikeville: The courthouse of Pike County was erected in 1823, upon a public square in the town of Pike- ville which, together with a large portion of the town itself, was in such a disputed situation, and claimed by so many persons holding adversely to each other, that the Legislature was appealed to for a remedy, and by law vested the title of the town in trustees, directing ( them) to sell the lots, and return the proceeds of sale in secured bonds to the circuit clerk’s office for the benefit of those whom the court should decree to be the rightful owners. This secured to the lot buyers a good title, to the real owners full paj^ for their property, and to the town the measure of prosperity incident to a new county seat. Powell County was formed in 1852, fi’om parts of Montgomery, Clark ancF Estill, and was the one hundred and first in the State. It was named for Hon. Lazarus W. Powell, the first Democratic governor elected in Kentucky after the organization of the party, and a sketch of whom appears in a preceding chapter. It is situated in the eastern middle portion of the State, and is bounded on the north by Mont- gomery and Menifee Counties ; on the east by Menifee and Wolfe; on the south, southwest and west by Estill and Clark, and in 1880 it had 3, 639 inhabitants. The Red River runs through the county from east to west, and fiumishes fine water power. Its tributaries are Indian, Cane, Morris, Hatcher, Paint, Beech Fork, Black Brush, Snow, Mid- dle Fork, Lulbegrud, South Fork, Cow, Cat, Owl, Picks, Moppen, Hatton and Raccoon Creeks. The bottoms along the Red River and tributaries show some very fine farms, and produce good crops of tobacco and grain. The uplands also produce well. The entire county was originally well timbered with growths of the best quality. Stanton, the seat of justice, is situated in the northwestern part of the county, and was named in honor of Hon. Richard M. Stanton, a prominent statesman of Kentucky. It is a small place of 98 inhabitants by the last cen- sus, and with but a small general business. The public buildings were destroyed by fire in 1863, and most of the records of the county were thus lost. The courthouse has since been rebuilt. West Bend and Hall’s Store are merely postoffices of the county. Pulaski County was organized in 1798, and is the twenty-seventh formed in the State. Its territory was contributed by Lincoln and Green Counties, and its name byCount Pulaski, a distinguished Polish officer, who came over, joined the American Army, and took an active part in the Revolutionary war until his death, which resulted from a wound received in the battle of Savannah in 1779. It is situated in the southern part of the State, one tier of counties between it and the Tennessee line, and is liounded on the north by Lincoln and Rockcastle Counties; on the east by Rock- castle and Laurel; on the south by Whitley, and Wayne; on the west by Russel and Casey, and in 1880 it had 21,318 inhabitants. It is drained by the Cumberland and Rockcastle Rivers, and by Lime, South F'ork, White Oak, Buck, Pittman and Fishing Creeks. The Cumberland River is navigable up to within six miles of Somerset. Coal is abund- ant and is extensively mined since the open- ing of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. The crop and stock statistics of 1880, were as fol- lows: Corn, 612,388 bushels; oats, 76,159; HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 637 wheat 80, 636 ; tobacco, 30,516 pounds; horses and mules, 6,175 head; cattle, 11,548; sheep, 13,812, and hogs, 24,755. The Cincinnati Southern Railroad has given the county access to the best markets. Settlements were made early in Pulaski County, perhaps prior to 1790. Among the fii-st settlers were John Newby, William Owen, the Prathers, Pitmans, Thomas Hansford, the Jaspers, Alexander McKenzie, Charles Neal, John, James and Jesse Richardson. Collins relates the following of an old citizen of the county: Elijah Denny, of Pulaski County, was one hun- dred and eighteen years old September 10_, 1855, and as active as many men at 40; worked daily on the farm; had been an early riser all his life; never drank but one cup of coffee, and that was in 1848. He served seven years in the Revolutionary war; was wounded at the siege of Charleston; was also at the siege of Savannah, and in the battles of Eutaw Springs, Camden, King’s Mountain and Monk’s Corner. * * * He was a strict member of the Baptist Church, and rode six miles to every regular church meeting. He had four sons and five daughters, all living in 1855 — the eldest in his seventy-eighth year and the youngest fifty- one years. Somerset, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of the county on the Cincin- nati Southern Railroad, about eighty miles south of Frankfort. It has the usual county buildings, several handsome churches, good schools, a number of flourishing stores and factories on a small scale, and a population of about 1,300. Other towns, stations and postoffices are as follows: Harrison, Grundy, Waitsboro, Stylesville, Sublimity, Mount Gil- ead, Charlottesville, Woodstock, etc. The county is rich in mineral wealth. Coal is the richest, perhaps, of all the mineral deposits and is now being mined in large quantities and in different parts of the county. Salt was manufactured in early times exten- sively, and even up to late years. Lead ore has been found, but in small quantities, and iron ore is also found, but of a not very good quality. There is an abundance of water-power on the streams, and with the plentiful supply of coal the county, with capital and energy, ought to be alive with manufactories. The Indians committed numerous depreda- tions on the early settlers of the county, and slight skirmishes occurred now and then between them and the whites. But they were usually severely chastised by their pale-faced foes. One of the most serious skirmishes occurred on the ridge between Rockcastle River and Buck’s Creek, in which Lieut. McClure, commander of the whites, was mor- tally wounded, and died the next day. The battle of Mill Springs was fought in this county, in 1862, between Federal troops commanded by Gen. George H. Thomas, and Confederates commanded by Gen. George B. Crittenden. The latter were defeated, and General Zollicoffer, second in command, was killed. This battle is more particularly de- scribed in the general war history. Pulaski County has a number of natural wonders. One of the most remarkable is described as follows: Upon the line of the Cincinnati Southern Rail- road, in Pulaski County, fifteen miles north of the Cumberland River, there is a natural curiosity which rivals in picturesqueness the Natural Bridge in Virginia. Upon a high bluff is a natural bridge, with a clear span of 100 feet, and sixty feet high. At oue end of the bridge, and by a continuation of the same rock, is formed a dome fifty feet deep and extending from abutment to abutment, 300 feet. The branches of the tallest trees extend under the edge of this dome, and a person can walk fifty feet within its roof. Robeetson County is of recent origin, and was created in 1867, being the 111th county in the State. It was formed of parts of Nicholas, Harrison, Bracken and Mason Counties, and named in honor of Chief Justice George Robertson. It is one of the small ^counties, and lies in the northeastern part of the State; is bounded on the north by Bracken County; on the east by Mason and Fleming; on the south by Nicholas; on the west by Harrison, and in 1880 it had a popu- lation of 5,814. It is drained by the main Licking River, the north fork of the Licking, and by Cedar, Johnson’s Fork, Clay, Shan- non, Helm, Painter, West and Fire Lick Creeks. The county is rolling and hilly, but there is very little land that is not sus- ceptible of cultivation. In some portions of the county the soil is excellent and well adapted to raising tobacco ; in other portions it is rather thin. In 1880 the tobacco crop was 1,722,398 pounds, while the grain crops were also good. Stock-raising receives con- siderable attention. Mount Olivet, the seat of justice, is situ- ated in the northeast part of the county. It is a small town with only 317 inhabitants in 1880. It has a new brick courthouse and other public buildings, and the usual gen- eral business. Some ten years ago it was said that the courthouse was the only brick building in the county. Other villages and postoffices are Bralton, Bridgeville, Ken- tontown, Newtown and Pin Hook. Rockcastle County was created in 1810 from parts of Lincoln, Pulaski, Madison and 638 HISTOKY or KENTUCKY. Knox Counties, and was the fifty- second in the order of formation. It was named for Rockcastle River, which borders it on the southeast. It is situated in the southeast middle part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Madison County; on the east by Jackson and Laurel; on the south by Laurel and Pulaski ; on the west by Pulaski, Lincoln and Garrard, and in 1880 it had a popula- tion of 9,670. It is drained by the Dick’s and Rockcastle Rivers, and by Roundstone, Brush, Skaggs, and Copperas Creeks. The western part of the county lays well and the soil is good, the remainder is somewhat broken and hilly. Much fine timber is still to be seen, consisting of walnut, poplar, oak, hickory, linden, dogwood and sycamore. In some sections there are fine ‘ ‘ sugar or- chards, ” The crop and stock statistics in 1880 were as follows: Corn, 298,693 bushels; oats, 19,421; wheat, 16,202; potatoes, 16,678; to- bacco, 17,181 pounds; horses and mules, 2,610 head; cattle, 4,730; sheep, 4,277 and hogs, 10,329. The Knoxville branch of the Louisville & Nashville system passes through the county, affording excellent market fa- cilities. Rockcastle County, like all of this section of Kentucky, is rich in mineral wealth. Building stone, coal, saltpeter and mineral springs abound. Coal is the most valuble of all its mineral productions, and, since the building of the railroad, coal mines are being opened in many places, and a large business developed. Near Pine Hill a fine bed of block coal has been discovered. During the war of 1812 saltpeter was extensively manufactured in the saltpeter caves which abound in this county. Mount Vernon, the county seat, is situated on the Knoxville Branch Railroad, 129 miles from Louisville, and on the State road from Crab Orchard to Cumberland Gap. It has the usual county buildings and professional men, several churches, schools, stores, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. Other towns, sta- tions and postoffices are Broadhead, Living- ston, Mount Guthrie, Pine Hill and Pleasant Valley. The battle of Wild Cat, quite a severe battle during the late war, took place in this county in October, 1861. The Federal troops were commanded by Col. T. T. Garrard and Gen. Schoepff, and the Confederates by Gen. Zollicoff'er. The latter were defeated, with a loss of some thirty killed and 109 wounded. Rowan County was created in 1856, fr’om part of Fleming and Morgan Counties, and was the one hundred and fourth in order of formation in the State. It is one of the northeastern mountain counties, and is bounded on the north by Lewis County; on the east by Carter and Elliott ; on the south by Morgan and Menifee , on the west by Bath and Fleming, andin 1880 it had a population of 4, 420. It is drained by the Licking River and tributaries. The county is broken and hilly, but there are some fine valleys which produce well. Grasses and grain are the principal crops, and stock raising is carried on to some extent. Coal and iron ore are to be found in the county, but not in so large quantities as in other portions of the State. The completion of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad through the county is beginning to develop its min- eral resources. Morehead, the seat of justice, is situated in the eastern part of the county, on the rail- road, and is a small place of 163 inhabitants by the last census. It contains the usual public buildings, several churches and a number of flourishing stores. It was named in honor of James T. Morehead, the eleventh governor (through the death of Gov. Breathitt) of the commonwealth. Other vil- lages and postoffices in the county are Cassi- dy' s Mills, Cross Roads, Gill’ s Mills and Pine Springs. Russell County was created in 1825 from portions of Wayne, Adair and Cumberland Counties, and was the eighty-first in the or- der of formation. It lies in the south mid- dle part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Casey County, dn the east by Casey, Pulaski and Wayne, on the south by Clinton, on the west by Cumberland and Adah’, and in 1880 it had 7,591 inhabitants. Most of the county is rough and broken, and not profitable as an agricultural region, but along the Cumberland River bottoms are some fine farming lands. A niimber of streams flow into the Cumberland River, and these form a fine water power in the county. Jamestown, the seat of justice, is a small place of 121 inhabitants, and is situated in the southeast part of the county. Besides the county buildings it has churches, schools and a good general business. Other villages and postoffices are Creelsboro, on the Cum- berland River; Lairsville and Romena, also on the Cumberland; and Millersville, Mont- pelier and Buena Vista — all small places. The county was named in honor of Col. William Russell, a native of Virginia, born in 1758, and died in Fayette County, Ky. , in HISTOKY OF KENTUCKY. 639 1825. He served gallantly in the Revolu- tionary war, and after his removal to Ken- tucky, in 1780, he took an active x^art in every important expedition against the Indians, and in 1808 President Madison appointed him to the command of a regiment in the regular army. He participated in the battle of TijDpecanoe, and after Gen. Harrison’s transfer to the northwestern army. Col. Rus- sell succeeded to the imx>ortant command of the frontiers of Indiana, Illinois and Mis- souri. Uf)on the establishment of peace he retired to his farm in Fayette County, where, except his service in the Legislature, the re- mainder of his life was sj^ent in peace and quiet. Scott County was formed in 1792 from a part of Woodford, and was the second cre- ated after Kentucky became a sovereign State, but was the eleventh of the entire num- ber. It is situated in the north middle part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Owen, Grant and Harrison Counties; on the east by Harrison and Bourbon; on the south by Fayette and Woodford; on the west by Franklin and Owen, and by the census of 1880 it had a population of 14,965. It is one of the blue-grass counties, in which blooded stock is indigenous. Great attention is paid to raisino- fine cattle and thoroughbred horses. The crop and stock statistics for 1880 were as follows; Corn, 919,757 bushels; oats, 43,- 707; wheat, 322,173; tobacco, 160,535 pounds; horses and mules, 6,505 head; cat- tle, 10,842; sheep, 20,750, and hogs, 18,864. The Cincinnati Southern Railroad j)asses centrally through the county, and has greatly benefited it and enhanced the value of x>rop- erty. Settlements were made very early in Scott County. It is a fact, probably without dis- pute, that the first settlement in Kentucky north of the Kentucky River was made at what was known as the ‘ ‘ Royal Spring, ’ ’ the present site of Georgetown. In October, 1776, Col. Robert Patterson and Ben and John McClelland, with other jjersons from the neighboring stations, erected a fort or station on the bluff above the Royal Spring, which they called ‘ ‘ McClelland’ s Fort. ’ ’ So fiercely did the Indians resent this encroach- ment upon their hunting-grounds, that the whites were finally forced to abandon it, and returned to Harrod’s Station, whence they had come. In 1782 Elijah Craig set- tled on the lands on which Lebanon Town (afterward Georgetown) was located. Leb- anon Town, as it was at first called, was laid out, and in 1790 was incorporated by the Legislature of Virginia, and the name changed to Georgetown, in honor of George Washing- ton. This was the beginning of the settle- ment of Scott County, although at that time it was a part of Fayette, and from 1788 to 1792 a part of Woodford County. Georgetown, the seat of justice, is situated a little south of the geographical center of the county, and occujDies the old site of Mc- Clelland’s Fort, at the Royal Sf)ring. It is seventeen miles east of Frankfort, and sev- enty miles south of Covington and Cincin- nati. It is one of the handsomest little cities in central Kentucky, and by the census of 1880 it had 2,061 inhabitants. It has an elegant brick courthouse of modern architec- ture, and other ijublic buildings. A number of spacious churches and magnificent resi- dences adorn the streets, and among the at- tractions of the town are the best of schools, public and select, white and colored. There are a large number of stores, and the usual general business. Scott County is dotted over with little vil- lages, some of them exceedingly pretty. They are as follows: Dry Run, Great Cross- ing, Hinton, Long Lick, Little Eagle, Minors- ville, Newtown, Oxford, Payne’s, Skinners- burg, Sadieville, Stamping Ground, Turkey Foot and White Sulx)hur. Georgetown has always been a fine educa- tional center. As early as January, 1788, a select school was advertised to be opened at Lebanon Town (now Georgetown) by Messrs. Jones and Worley. They advertised to teach the “Latin and Greek languages, together with such branches of the sciences as are usually taught in public seminaries.” Bacon College and the Western Military In- stitute were excellent educational institutions in their day. The Female Collegiate Insti- tute was established in 1838, and had a very popular existence for about ten years, and was then discontinued. Georgetown Female Seminary was established in 1846, and for twenty years it was one of the most jjopular female schools in the South or West. The buildings were burned in 1865, and the school discontinued. The Georgetown Col- lege was chartered in 1829, and is still in ex- istence. It is under the auspices of the Bap- tist Chiu’ch, and is a first-class educational institution. Among the j)rominent men of Scott County may be mentioned Col. Robert Johnson, Gov. George W. Johnson, Gen. Joseph Desha, Capt. Daniel Gano and Gen. Charles Scott. The latter gentleman, Gen. Scott, was elected the fourth governor of Kentucky. He was 640 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. born in Virginia, and was a gallant soldier, and almost entirely brought up in the army. He was in Braddock’s defeat in 1755; he served in the Revolutionary war, and by his own gallantry arose to the rank of colonel; he was at Charleston, S. C. , and was surren- dered with the army there to the British. After the war was over he came to Ken- tucky, and in 1785 settled in what is now Scott County, and which upon its formation was named in his honor. He was with Glen. St. Clair in his memorable defeat in 1791; he was with Gen. Wilkinson the same year in an expedition against the Indians on the Wa- bash; in 1794 he was with Gen. Wayne at the battle of the Fallen Timber, and com- manded a division of his army. In 1808 he was elected governor of the commonwealth, which position he tilled with distinction; he died in 1820 at a good old age. Col. Robert Johnson was the father of Hon. Richard M. Johnson, Vice-President of the United States under Martin Van Buren. He was born in Virginia, and immigrated to Kentucky when it formed a county of the “ old Dominion. ” He took an active part in the early period of Kentucky’s history. Gov. George W. Johnson was a grandson of the above. He was born in this county, was educated in Transylvania University, and studied law. When the civil war came on he adopted the Southern side, and was provisional governor of Kentucky, when a few bold and intriguing spirits ‘ ‘ seceded Ken- tucky,” and established a provisional gov- ernment in the Green River country. His career was cut short by his premature death on the field of Shiloh. Gen. Joseph Desha, the eighth governor of Kentucky, was born in Monroe County, Penn., in 17G8. He was a descendant of a French Huguenot family, who was forced to fiy to America to escape religious persecu- tions. In 1781 his father immigrated to Kentucky and in the following year removed to that portion of the present State of Ten- nessee then known as the ‘ ‘ Cumberland District.” Josej^h returned to Kentucky and in 1792 settled in Mason County. He filled many responsible positions both civil and mili- tary. He was with Gen. Wayne in 1794, at the battle of the Fallen Timber; he was a major-general in the war of 1812, and com- manded a division in the battle of the Thames, a battle in which Kentucky was well repre- sented. He was elected governor of the State in 1824, and his administration was marked by ability. He died in Georgetown in 1842 at the age of seventy-four years. Capt. Daniel Gano was born in North Carolina in 1758, and died in this county, in 1849, at the age of ninety-one years. He served in the Revolutionary war, enlisting as an ensign of artillery when seventeen years of age. He participated in many bat- tles of the Revolution, and was with Gen. Montgomery in his winter march to Quebec in 1776, which, in severity of weather and climate, found an awful parallel, a little more than a quarter of a century later, in the dis astrous retreat of Bonaparte from Moscow. He came to Kentucky with Gen. Wilkinson, as a captain in the regular army, and was among the first settlers of Frankfort, and as- sisted to lay off that town. He was of the or- der of Cincinnati, and his diploma was signed by George Washington. His name is an hon- ored one in Kentucky, and he has many rep- resentatives living throughout the central part of the State. Shelby County was the twelfth organized in the State, and the third after Kentucky was admitted into the Union. It dates back to 1792, and was formed from a part of Jef- ferson County. From its original territory have been formed wholly or in part the fol- lowing counties: Franklin in 1794; Henry and Gallatin in 1798; Oldham in 1823, and Spencer in 1824. It lies in the north mid- dle part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Oldham and Henry Counties; on the east by Franklin and Anderson; on the south by Anderson and Spencer ; on the west by Jefferson and Oldham, and by the census of 1880 it had 16,813 population. It is wa- tered and drained by the Kentucky and Salt Rivers and numerous small tributaries, among which are Benson, Floyd’s Fork, Beech, Six Mile, Clear, Fox Run, Plum, Long Run, Bullskin, Brashear, Gist Creek, etc. Shelby is one of the finest counties in the State, The land mostly lies well, being gently rolling or undulating, and is well improved and in a high state of cultivation. The soil rests on limestone with red clay foundation, and is very rich and productive. The agricultural and live stock statistics for 1880 were as follows: Corn, 1,493,101 bushels; oats, 86,488; wheat, 282,672; rye, 35,244; tobacco, 620, 262 pounds; horses and mules, 7,761 head; cattle, 16,134; sheep, 37,237, and hogs, 43,804. Hemp is also grown, but not very extensively. The Shelbyville Railroad, or, as now known, the Bloomfield Branch, has given the county the advantage of the best of markets. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 641 The settlement of the county dates back to 1779. In that year Squire Boone, a brother of Daniel Boone, established a station near where the town of Shelbyville now stands. Besides himself and family, the following men, most of whom had fami- lies, were inmates of the station: Evan Hin- ton, Peter Paul, Richard Cates, Charles Doleman, John Buckles, John and Joseph Eastwood, Alexander Bryan, Abraham Holt, John McFadden, Jerre Harris, Alorgan Hughes, John Hinton, John Nichols, Robert Tyler, Sr., John Stapleton, James Wright, Adam, Jacob and Peter Wickersham, Abra- ham Van Meter and G-eorge Yunt. Of this station Collins says: Squire Boone’s Station, situated near where Shelbyville now is, on Clear Creek, a branch of Brashear’s Creek, was for nearly two years the only station between Harrodsburg and the small stations around it, and the important station at the falls, and the cordon of small stations stretching out Beargrass Creek. It was broken up, temporarily, by an Indian raid in September, 1781. The in- habitants became alarmed at the appearance of Indians in the neighborhood, and determined to remove to the stronger settlements on Beargrass. In effecting this removal, the party, necessarily encumbered with women, children and household goods, was attacked by a large body of Indians near Long Run, defeated and dispersed with con- siderable loss. * * * Over one hundred per- sons, men, women and children, were killed or taken captives during this raid. The station was thus virtually broken up and abandoned for the time. But about the close of the year 1781, it was again occupied by the whites. Other stations began to spring up in different parts of the county about this time. Robert Tyler, Sr. , and his fi'iend and relative. Bland Ballai'd, Sr., es- tablished one about four miles from the present site of Shelbyville; near to that was established Owen’s Station; Whitaker’s Sta- tion was on the west side of Clear Creek, and Well’s Station three miles from the present town of Shelbyville, etc. Shelbyville, the seat of justice, is situated a little south of the geographical center of the county, and is thirty miles from Louis- ville, and twenty-one from Frankfort, by turnpike road. It was laid out as a town, January 15, 1793, and the original plat com- prised fifty-one acres of land ‘ ‘ around and adjacent to the place whereon the public buildings are to be erected.” The following quaint ‘ ‘ ordnance ’ ’ was among the first passed by the board of trustees of the town: Ordered that every purchaser or purchasers of lots in the town of Shelbyville, shall build thereon a hued log house, with a brick or stone chimney, not less than one story and a half high, otherwise the lot or lots shall be forfeited for the use of the town. Shelbyville has a fine brick courthouse and other public buildings, several stores, banks, shops, etc. , and a large and prosper- ous general business. It has a number of elegant churches, representing the different denominations ; good schools, both public and select, and an able press. In 1880 it had 2,393 inhabitants. Simpsonville is a town of 253 inhaljitants, and the largest town in the county, next to Shelbyville. Other vil- lages, postoffices and railroad stations are Bagdad, Clay Village, Chestnut Grove, Cropper’s Depot, Christiansburg, Finchville, Graefenburg, Harrisonville, North Benson, Peytona, Scott’s Station, South ville and Todd’s Point. Squire Boone, the pioneer of Shelby County, was a younger brother of Daniel Boone, and was the only companion of the latter in his sojourn in the wilderness of Kentucky for quite a time. But like the old hero and pioneer, so much is said of him in the preceding pages of -this volume, as to leave nothing for this chapter without re- peating what is already written. Gen. Isaac Shelby, for whom this county was named, was the first governor of Ken- tucky after it was admitted as a State into the Union. He was born in Maryland, in 1750, and was of Welsh descent, his grand- father having emigrated from Wales in a very early day. He was born amid the tur- bulent scenes of the colonial period, and cradled, as it were, in the frontier army. When very young he served as a lieutenant in a company commanded by his father, Gen. Evan Shelby, in the battle of Kanawha in October, 1774 — a battle of almost unprec- edented severity in Indian warfare. He (Isaac Shelby) came to Kentucky in 1775, as a surveyor for the Transylvania Company. The Revolutionary war having commenced, he returned home, when he found himself a citizen of North Carolina, owing to a change of the boundary line between that State and Virginia, where he had previously settled. He was appointed colonel of the militia of Sullivan County. In 1780 he again visited Kentucky, to look after the lands he had lo- cated. On his return to North Carolina, he again entered into the Revolutionary struggle and, collecting around him a force, attacked Col. Ferguson, one of the ablest partisan officers in the British service. He planned the campaign, which resulted in the battle of King’s Mountain, the defeat of Ferguson and the destruction of his entire army. He afterward served for a time under Gen. Marion, the ‘ ‘ Swamp Fox of the Carolinas. ’ ’ In 1783 he settled permanently in Kentucky, 40 643 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. and when in 1792 Kentucky was admitted into the sisterhood of States, he was chosen governor. In 1812 he was again elected governor, and during this second term oc- curred our second war with England. By authority of the State Legislature, and at the solicitation of Gen. Harrison himself, he called for troops, and in thirty days 4,000 men responded to the call. He at once marched to the seat of war, and joined Gen. Harrison in time to take part in the battle of the Thames, in which engagement he, at the request of Gen. Harrison, commanded the Kentucky troops in person, of which he had previously been commissioned major-general. For his conduct in this campaign, Congress presented him a gold medal. At the close of his second term as governor, he returned to his farm determined to spend the remain- der of his life in quiet. In 1817 he was appointed Secretary of W ar in the cabinet of President Monroe, but declined on account of the infirmities of age which were now pressing upon him. His last official act of importance was the purchase in 1818, in con- nection with Gen. Jackson, of that portion of Kentucky and Tennessee lying between the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers, and since known as the “Jackson Purchase.” He died at his home in Lincoln County, in 1826, full of years and full of honors. Col. Chas. S. Todd, a prominent states- man, diplomatist and soldier, was long a citi- zen of this county. He was born near Dan- ville, Ky., in 1791, and was a son of Judge Thomas Todd, a judge at one time of the su- preme court of the United States. Col. Todd received the best education to be obtained in that early day, and graduated from William and Mary College, Virginia, in 1809. He served in the war of 1812, and arose to the rank of inspector -general of the American Army with the rank of brevet colonel of cav- alry. He married a daughter of Gov. Shel- by; was secretary of State under Gov. Madi- son ; was several times a representative in the Legislature, was charge d' affairesto Columbia, South America, 1818-23; was minister to St. Petersburg under President Tyler, and filled a great many other important positions, po- litical, social and religious. He was no less a writer than soldier and statesman, and was editor for a time of the Cincinnati Republic- an, a Whig newspaper; he also prepared a sketch of Gen. Harrison, under whom he served in the army. He died in Louisiana, in 1871, aged eighty years. Judge William Logan, for years an honored citizen of Shelby County, was a son of the old pioneer hero, Gen. Benjamin Logan, and was born in Harrodsburg, Ky., in 1776. He served repeatedly in the Legislature, was sev- eral times speaker of the house; was twice appointed judge of the court of appeals; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1799; was a candidate for governor in 1820, but was defeated. He died in 1822 in the very prime and vigor of manhood. Simpson County was established in 1819, from parts of Logan and AVarren, and was the sixty-third county in the order of forma- tion. It was named in honor of Capt. John Simpson, one of the many victims of the dis- astrous battle of the River Raisin. It lies on the border of Tennessee, and is bounded on the north by AVarren County; on the east by Allen; on the south by the State of Tennes- see; on the west by Logan County, and in 1880 had 10,641 inhabitants. It is drained by the Big Barren River and its tributaries, and by the Red River. Though small in area, it is one of the best and most product- ive counties in the State, having little land that is not susceptible of cultivation. The surface is generally level or slightly rolling, and the soil, based on limestone with red clay foundation, is rich and produces well. The stock and crop statistics in 1880 were as fol- lows: Corn, 579,055 bushels; oats, 86,709; wheat, 117,010; tobacco, 1,668,055 pounds; horses and mules, 4,233 head; cattle, 4,599; sheep 3,199, and hogs, 20,022. The rail- road facilities are good, and furnish the best markets to the very doors of the farmer. Franklin, the county seat, is an enterprising little city of 1,686 inhabitants by the census of 1880. It is situated on the main line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, and is about fifty miles north of Nashville, Tenn. ; it is also on the old Louisville & Nashville Turnpike Road, once as famous a thorough- fare of travel between North and South as the railroad is now. The town contains a good courthouse, other public buildings, sev- eral handsome churches, excellent schools, some fine residences, a good newspaper (the Sentinel), and the usual number of stores and business houses. Other towns and post- offices are Middleton, Palmyra, Miliken’s Store, Sinking Creek, Hickory Flat, etc. Simpson County contains little of histori- cal interest. No thrilling adventures with the savages occurred upon its soil; no great wonders of nature are found within its limits. Among the relics of antiquity, however, of which it may boast, was the discovery, in 184i, of some skeletons in a mound near HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 648 Franklin. These skeletons were found twelve feet below the sm’face, and evidently belonged to the prehistoric race. They were in a moderately fair state of preservation — particularly one, which was of a large size. Spencer County was foi'med in 1824 from parts of Nelson, Shelby and Bullitt Coun- ties, and was the seventy-seventh in the State. It lies in the north middle sec- tion, and is bounded on the north by Shelby County ; on the east by Anderson; on the south by Nelson; on the west by Bullitt and Jef- ferson, and in 1880 it had 7, 040 inhabitants. It is drained by the Salt River, which Hows though the center of the county from east to west, with Elk, Plum, Brashear, Big Beech, Simpson and Ash Creeks as tributaries. There are many tine productive valleys along the water-courses; the uplands are rolling or hilly but are also fertile, and produce excel- lent crops. The agricultural report of 1880 showed the following: Corn, 528,987 bushels; oats, 18,743; wheat, 116,006; potatoes, 8,- 550, and tobacco, 28, 185 pounds. The prin- cipal exports are tobacco, stock and whisky. Taylorsville, the seat of justice, is situated near the geographical center of the county, on the Salt River, and is a small town of 537 inhabitants. It was named in honor of Richard Taylor, the proprietor of the land on which it was laid out. Of the town Col- lins says: Taylorsville is located in a beautiful valley, comprising about 160 acres of land, lying immedi- ately in the forks of the Salt River and Brashear’s Creek. The creek runs parallel with the river for several hundred yards, and then, making an abrupt turn, flows into it at right angles; this, with the elevation in the rear, leaves the bottom or valley in an oblong square, the longest sides extending up and down the river and creek. The town has a brick courthouse, several churches, good schools, some handsome residences, a number of flourishing stores, and a good general trade. Other villages and postoffices are Elk Creek, Little Mount, Mount Eden, Smileytown, Waterford and Wilson ville. Spencer County was the scene of early Indian outrages; in common with many por- tions of Kentucky, Kincheloe’s Station, one of the earliest settlements in the county, was attacked one night and several persons were killed. A number of women and children were massacred, and a number of others carried away captives, some of whom were not released until a final peace was estab- lished with the Indians. Capt. Spear Spencer, in honor of whom this county was named, was a young man whose devotion to his country led him up to the cannon’ s mouth. He fell in the battle of Tippecanoe, where some of the flower of Kentucky chivalry was sacrificed upon the altar of patriotism, Capt. Spencer com- manded a rifle company in that battle, and occupied an exposed position. He was shot three times, the last proving instantly fatal. He was a warm and intimate friend of Col. J oseph Hamilton Daveiss, who also was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe. Collins’ history has the following relic of the early history of Spencer County. The late Capt. Joseph Pierce, of Cincinnati, Ohio, had erected over the remains of his old friend, Capt. Jacob Yoder, an iron tablet (the first oast west of the Alleghenies) thus inscribed: JACOB YODER Was born at Reading, Penn., August 11, 1758, and was a soldier of the Revolutionary Army in 1777-78. He emigrated to the West in 1780, and in May, 1783, from Port Redstone, on the Monon- gahela River, in the FIRST FLAT BOAT That ever descended the Mississippi River. He landed in New Orleans with a cargo of produce. He died April 7, 1833, at his farm in Spencer County, Ky., and lies here interred beneath this tablet. Capt. Yoder was, Horn the above, the pioneer of flatboatmen of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. He long followed the river, taking boat loads of produce to New Orleans, and bringing back what was most needed in the new country. He settled in Bardstown, Ky., in 1785, and in 1804 in Spencer County, where he died, as stated above. Taylor County was created in 1848 from the northeast half of Green County, and was the one-hundredth in the order of formation. It was named in honor of Gen. Zachary Taylor, the gallant soldier, the old ‘ ‘ Rough and Ready ’ ’ hero of Buena Vista. It is situ- ated in the central portion of the State, and is bounded on the north by Marion County; on the east by Casey and Adair ; on the south by Adair and Green; on the west by LaRue, and in 1880 it had 9, 259 inhabitants. It was originally well timbered; much of the timber still exists, and the county is watered and drained by the Green River, Robinson, Stoner, Wilson, Long Branch, Meadow, Black Lick, Blockhouse, Big and Little Brush Creeks, etc. The surface is rolling, and in places broken and hilly, but much of the land is 644 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. productive. The crop statistics in 1880 were as follows: Corn, 303,207 bushels; oats, 39,511; wheat, 43,920; horses and mules, 3,244 head; cattle, 4,009; sheep, 4,434, and hogs, 11,070. The Muldi’ow Hills extend through the eastern portion of the county. Campbellsville, the seat of justice, is situ- ated a little north of the center of the county, and is a small town of 775 inhabit- ants by the last census. It is on the Cum- bei'land & Ohio Railroad, and on the turn- pike road from Lebanon to Columbia, mid- way between the two towns. It has a brick courthouse, with other public buildings, sev- eral churches, good schools, a number of stores, and an excellent general trade, par- ticularly in lumber. The town bears the name of Andrew Campbell, the first settler in the neighborhood. Other villages and postoffices are Saloma, Buena Vista, Tam- pico, Mannsville and Pittmansville. Iron ore exists in the county, but has not been found in any part in paying cpiantities. A sulphur well near Campbellsville was a rather popular resort some years ago. Camps Hobson and Andrew Johnson were Federal camps established in this county dur- ing the late war. The citizens had a full taste of the civil war. Several skirmishes took place in the county between Federal sol- diers and guerrillas. Quite a little battle occurred in the southern part of the county, near where the Lebanon and Columbia pike crosses the Green River between a portion of the Twenty-tifth Michigan Infantry, under Col. O. H. Moore, and a detachment of Mor- gan’s cavalry, in which the latter was defeated. A number of other light skir- mishes occui’red in the county at different times. Todd County was created in 1819 from portions of Logan and Christian Counties, and was the sixty-fourth in the order of form- ation. It is situated in the southern part of the State adjoining the Tennessee line, and is bounded on the north by Muhlenburg Cotinty; on the east by Logan; on the south by the State of Tennessee; on the west by Christian County, and in 1880 it had a pop- ulation of 15,994. It is finely watered by Whippoorwill, East and West Forks of the Pond River, Elk, Big and Little Clifty Creeks, etc. A large portion of the county is fine farming land, rolling or gently undu- lating, but most of the north part is very rough and broken. The crop statistics in 1880 were as follows: Corn, 749, 789 bushels; •oats, 54,407; wheat, 259,984; tobacco, 5,808,- 425 pounds. Stock raising receives consid- erable attention of late years. Elkton, the seat of justice, is situated on Elk Creek, near the center of the county, and is now connected by rail with the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad by a road from it to Guthrie. It is a pleasant little town of 874 inhabitants by the last census. It has a brick courthouse, several churches, schools, and the usual business. Other villages and postoffices are Allensville, Guthrie, Hayden- ville, Trenton, Pilot Knob, Clifty, Kirkmans- ville, Sharon’s Grove and Daysville. Col. J ohn Todd, for whom this county was named, was born in Pennsylvania, but be- came a resident of Virginia. He came to Kentucky about 1775, located considera- ble land, and returned to Virginia. About, the year 178G he again visited Kentucky. He was with Gen. George Rogers Clark in his expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes, and succeeded Gen. Clark in the command there. He was ajjpointed the first civil gov- ernor of Illinois. He was sent to the Vir- ginia Legislature in 1780 as a representative from the county of Kentucky. In 1782 he was killed in the disastrous battle of the Blue Licks, being in command of the whites at the time. Trigg County was formed in 1820 out of parts of Christian and Caldwell Counties, and was the sixty-sixth in the State. The State of Tennessee forms its southern border, with the Tennessee River on the west, separat- ing it fi’om Calloway and Marshall Counties; Lyon County on the north, and Christian on the east; in 1880 it had 14,489 inhabitants. The Cumberland River flows through the county. A portion of the county is fine farming land and a portion is rough, broken and hilly, but generally produces well. The statistics for 1880 were, corn, 796,954 bushels; oats, 14,879; wheat, 94,516, and tobacco, 5,667,143 pounds. Stock raising is of late years receiving considerable atten- tion. Trigg County was early settled. Prob- ably the first white people were Dr. Thomas Walker and Daniel Smith, who were ap- pointed to survey the line between Kentucky and Tennessee, then portions of Virginia and North Carolina. The first permanent settle- ment in the county, however, was made in the vicinity of Cerulean Springs. As early as 1782-83 Robert Goodwin, of North Caro- lina, and his sons, Samuel and Jesse, settled in that neighborhood. After the Goodwins HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 645 came the Spencers, James Daniel, John Blakel, William Johnson, John Goode, Joel Thompson and others. Thus the county was occupied by the whites. Cadiz, the county seat, is situated on Little River, a small tributary of the Cumberland, and is one of the handsomest and cleanest little towns in southern Kentucky, having 640 inhabitants in 1880. It has a new court- house, which is an honor to the town and county, several elegant churches, fine schools, a number of fiourishing stores, and a good general trade, together with an excellent newspaper. Canton, on the Cumberland River, was at one time (before the era of railroads) the most important place in the county. It is quite a shipping point yet, but railroads have deprived it of much of its former business. It had in 1880 a population of 246. In 1870 it had 320 — a falling off of seventy-four in the last decade. Other villages and post- ofiices are Cerulean Springs, Empire Iron IV^orks, Caledonia, Golden Pond, Laura Furnace, Linton, Lindsay’s Mills, Maple Creek, Montgomery, Rockcastle, Roaring Springs and Wallonia. Trigg County possesses considerable min- eral wealth, comprising hydraulic limestone, lead and iron ore. Several fuimaces for the manufacture of iron have been erected in the county at different times, but the limited facilities for transportation rendered them expensive, and they were abandoned. The water power of the county is valuable, and with railroads to develop it the county will be one of the best in this portion of the State. Col. Stephen Trigg, for whom this county was named, was a prominent man in the early history of Kentucky. He was born in Virginia, and came to Kentucky in 1779 as a land commissioner, and finally established a station in the present county of Mercer. He was a gallant soldier, and after coming to Kentucky took an active part against the Indians. He was killed August 19, 1782, in the disastrous battle of Blue Licks. Thimble County was named in honor of Judge Robert Trimble, who is extensively noticed in a preceding chapter of this volume. It was formed, in 1836, from parts of Gal- latin, Oldham and Henry Counties, and is the eighty-sixth in the order of formation. It is situated in the northern part of the State, bordering on the Ohio River, which separates it fi’om the State of Indiana and forms its western and northern boundary, with Carroll, Henry and Oldham Counties on its east and south. In 1880 it had a population of 7,171. The Little Kentucky River flows across the east corner of the county, emptying into the main stream a little above the mouth of the latter; other streams are Barebone, Middle, Patton and Spring Creeks. The stock and crop statistics for 1880 are as follows; Horses and mules, 2,- 882 head; cattle, 4,013; sheep, 4,091; hogs, 8,610; corn, 281,183 bushels; oats, 25,399; wheat, 66,027; tobacco, 1,658,307 pounds. Trimble County fimnishes a marble, termed by geologists Conchitic marble, on Corn Creek uear the Ohio River. It is a di’ab- gray, and is susceptible of a fine polish. Portions of it are variegated with “pink, pinkish brown, or fiesh-colored spots or patches.” The corresponding vein has been worked to some extent in Indiana, and pro- nounced a valuable marble. Bedford, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of the county. It is a small place of 197 inhabitants in 1880, and is dis- tinguished for nothing in particular, except being the capital of the county. It has the usual public buildings, churches, schools, stores, general business, etc. Milton, on the Ohio River, opposite Madison, Ind. , is one of the oldest towns in Kentucky and the most important one in the county. It was incorporated by the Legislature of Virginia in 1789, almost a century ago. In 1880 it had 352 inhabitants. Other villages and postoffices are Corn Creek, Ewingford, Kings- ton, Palmyra, etc. Union County was created in 1811, out of the western part of Henderson County, and was the fifty-fifth in the State in the order of formation. It lies on the Ohio River, and the State line between Indiana and Illinois strikes the Ohio opposite the center of the county. It is bounded on the north by the Ohio River and Henderson County; on the east by Henderson and Webster Counties; on the south by Webster and Crittenden; on the west by the Ohio River, and in 1880 the United States census gave it 17,809 inhabi- tants. The surface alternates between level, undulating and hilly lands. The soil is good and the crop statistics for 1880 were as fol- lows: Corn, 1,663,957 bushels; oats, 53,375; wheat, 256,697; tobacco, 2,996,293 pounds. Live stock also receives due attention. ‘ ‘ The origin of the county’s name,” says IVL-. Col- lins, “is in doubt; but the generally received 646 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY". opinion is that it was so named because of the hearty unanimity with which the people assented to the division of the old county. ’ ’ IMorganfield, the seat of justice, is sitiiated in the northeast part of the county, and by the last census has 744 inhabitants.' It was laid out in 1812, and named for Gen. Mor- gan of Revolutionary fame. It has a new and handsome courthouse and other public buildings, a number of churches, good schools and the usual business. Uniontown is the largest town in the county, having in 1880 a population of 1,015. It is said to have attained its name from the union of two villages that were incorporated as one in 1840. Other villages and postoffices are Bor- derly, Boxville, Caseyville, DeKoven, Gum Grove, Hitesville, Raleigh and Seven Guns. The county has a number of springs of sulphur, chalyVieate and tar or oil. Some eight miles from Morganfield, there is a rock that is something of a curiosity. It has a hat surface upon which appear numerous barefoot tracks of human beings and of dogs, as perfect as if just made in clay. Says Collins: About three miles from Caseyville there is a rock called the “ Anvil Rock,” which closely re- sembles a blacksmith’s anvil. It is about 50 feet high, 20 feet in width, and 2 feet thick, with a projection or spur, like tlie horn of an anvil This rock stands upon level bottom land, entirely isolated; and iiy what process it was placed there, in erect position, must forever remain a mystery, Gen. O. M. Mitchell, a major-general in the Federal Army during the late war, was born in this county, August 28, 1810, and died at Beaufort, S. C. , October 30, 1802, of yellow fever, while still in the army, and commander of the ‘ ‘ Dei^artment of the South.” He was a graduate of West Point Military Academy in 1829, ranking as fifteenth in a class of forty-six. He was a scholar and an astronomer of considerable note. Warren County was created in 1796, out of a part of Logan, and was the twenty- fourth formed in the State. It was named for Gen. Joseph Warren, one of the first martyrs to the war for independence, and who fell at the battle of Bunker Hill. It is situated in the southern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Edmonson and Butler Counties; on the east l)y Barren; on the south by Allen and Simpson, on the west by Butler and Logan, and in 1880 it had 27,531 inhabitants. The Big Barren River, which has its source near the Cumber land, flows through the county, and is navigable as far up as Bowling Green. The other water-courses are the Gaspar River, Bay’s Fork, Drake’s and Jenning’s Creeks. The surface of the county is undulating and well adapted to agriculture. The soil is rich and fertile, and the crop reports for 1880 showed the following statistics : Corn, 1,495,- 415 bushels; oats, 204,000; wheat, 150,750, and tobacco, 2,605,388 pounds. Of late years much attention has been paid to stock raising and with satisfactory results. The first record of the Anglo Saxon, in what is now Warren County, was discovered upon the forest trees. On the north bank of the Big Barren River, some three miles from the site of Bowling Green, the following names were found cut in the bark of a large beech tree: “J. Neaville, E. Bulger, I. Hite, V. Har- man, J. Jackman, W, Buchanon, A. Bow- man, J. Drake, H. Skaggs, N. Nall, J. Bow- man, Tho. Slaughter, J. Todd.” The date was given upon the tree as follows: “ 1775, June Th 13.” In the immediate vicinity were other trees bearing the same silent rec- ords of the presence of the white man. A beech tree a few paces from the one described bore on one side the following inscription: “ Wm. Buchanon, June 14, 1775;” and on the other side: “ J. Todd, June 17th, 1775.” Still another beech, standing two or three rods distant, showed the following: “ J. Drake, Isaac Hite, 15 June, 1775,” and above the names the date “June 23, 1775.” It does not follow that these men ever be- came actual settlers of the county. They did not; they were a company of hunters who camped in the vicinity for a short time. Some of them, however, became prominent in the State, and in the Indian wars of the early times. Bowling Green, the capital of the county, is the largest and most important town in the Green River country. It is situated on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 114 miles south of Louisville, and on the Big Barren River at the head of slackwater nav- igation. It is one of the handsomest inland cities in the State, and is as enterprising as handsome, showing a steady growth and in- crease in popiilation; in 1870 it had 4,574 inhabitants, and in 1880 it had 5,114. In the center of the city is a beantiful little park and fountain that are an ornament and a pleasant place of resort. No city of its size surpasses it in handsome residences, business blocks, churches and school buildings. Its courthouse is among the handsomest in the State, and the water-works cannot be excelled in any city, the reservoir being 200 feet above the general level of the town, and thus HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 647 obviating the necessity of fire engines. Sev- eral banks afford the business men of the city and surrounding country with ample facilities of trade, and a press, much above the average of small inland cities, guards well their interests. Other towns and villages in the county are Oakland, Woodburn, Smith’s Grove, Kock- field. Bristow, Memphis Junction, Rich Pond; these are all situated on the railroad. Green Hill, Three Forks and Claypool are postal villages in the southeastern part of the county. Martinsville is situated on the Big Barren River; Galloway’s mill is in the southeastern part, and Hadley, Tourgee and Clark’s Landing are in the western and northwestern part. Warren County has a great many caves, and all the natural wonders common to the cavernous limestone regions. Some of these ; caves are of considerable magnitude. One of the most extensive is some six miles from Bowling Green in a northeast direction. In the bottom of the cave great numbers of hu- man bones were found, but whether the cave was a sepulcher for the prehistoric race, or a den for murderers or robbers, who in the early times infested the Green River country, is not known. In the level barrens about three miles south of Bowling Green is an- other cave, which, together with the stream of water flowing into it, is, even in this cav- ernous region, something of a cmiosity. A large stream of water issues from the earth, flows a short distance and empties into the cave. A mile or so from the cave the stream (supposed to be the same) breaks out again and finally mingles its waters with those of the Big Barren River. ‘ ‘ In the cave a water grist-mill and wool-carding machine were erected years ago — the rock ceiling of the cave serving as a roof to the mill. Over the cave and mill passed the turnjjike road to Nashville, Tenn. , and the great number of | people who traveled over the road daily little dreamed, perhaps, of the biasy hum of machinery beneath them. ’ ’ Another of the wonders of nature, in the county, is thus de- scribed; In the level open barrens, eight miles east of Bowling Green, there is a large deep sink, about 50 yards wide and 100 yards in length. On the south side the descent is nearly 20 feet; on the north side it is 150 feet deep. Large river trees are grow- ing on it. Shortly after the first settlement here a blind horse fell in this sink. A hungry wolf had the folly to jump in after its prey, and being un- able to get out was found and shot. Since that time it has been known by the name of the “Wolf Sink.” A number of mounds and earthworks were still plainly visible in the county when first seen by the whites, but the hand of time has obliterated most of them. So far as the mounds were investigated they were found to contain human bones. On the bank of the Big Barren River, near Bowling Green, were the remains of a fort. Within the inclosure were a number of graves. Another fort was on the Green River, some ten miles fr’om Bowling Green. It was on a high bluff that was as inaccessible, and as difficult to scale, as the ‘ ‘ Heights of Abraham, ’ ’ except from a single point. Among the noted men of WaiTen County may be mentioned the Hon. Joseph R. Under- wood, who, though not a native of the county, was a citizen of it for half a century or more. He was born in 1791, in Virginia, and after receiving a good education he was sent to Transylvania University to “finish off.’’ He then entered upon the study of the law with Hon. Robert Wickliffe, of Lexington. He enlisted in a company of volunteers re- I cruited by Capt. John C. Morrison, for the j war of 1812, and was made a lieutenant in it. He was in “ Dudley’s Defeat ’’ and narrowly escaped massacre, being captured and held a prisoner for some time; many of the Amer- ican prisoners were massacred in cold blood by the savages. After the war he located in Glasgow, and in 1823 removed to Bowling Green. In 1828 he was commissioned a judge of the court of appeals, which posi- tion he held until he resigned in 1835. He was several times elected to the Legislature, and repeatedly to Congress, and in 1847 was elected to the United States Senate. J udge Underwood was a Mhig in politics. When the great civil war came on he stood unflinchingly by the Union, and like many other able men of that time, suffered himself to be again elected to the State Legislature. No period, perhaps, in the history of the State coifld the Legislature of Kentucky boast of the assembly of brains that flourished within its halls during the years of the civil war. When the war was over Judge LTnder- wood retired fr'om x^olitics, and in x?eace and quiet spent the x’emainder of his days. Washington County was the first county created by the new State of Kentucky, there being nine at the time the State was admit- ted into the Union, that had been established by the mother commontvealth, Virginia. It was formed in 1792, and comxnised a large area, which has been curtailed by the forma- tion of Anderson and Marion Counties. It was named for George Washington, Presi- 648 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. dent of the United States at the time of its formation. It is situated near the center of the State, and is bounded on the north by Nelson and Anderson Counties; on the east by Mercer; on the south by Marion; on the west by Nelson, and in 1880 had 14,419 in- habitants. The country is generally level or undulating and ju-oduces well, the crop and stock report in 1880 showing as follows: Corn, 987,570 bushels; oats, 53,942; wheat, 135,099; horses and mules, 6,879 head; cattle, 10,438; sheep, 12,242, and hogs, 28,035. The county is drained by the Salt River, and numerous other small streams, among which are Lick Run, Little Beech Fork, Cartwright, Long Lick, Thompson and Hardin Creeks. Settlements were made very early in what is now Washington Coimty. Sandusky Sta- tion was established in 1770 by James San- dusky. It was on Pleasant Run, and was occupied by him about ten years, when he removed to the present county of Bourbon and established a station there on Cane Ridge. Jacob Sandusky was a brother of his, and was with Harrod at his settlement at Harrodstown, now Harrodsburg. In 1774 he traveled from the settlement to the Cum- berland River, and there procured a canoe and in that frail craft descended the Cumber- land and Ohio into the Mississippi, and thence to New Orleans — a wonderful feat in those days of peril and danger. Upon his return he joined his brother’s settlement in Washing- ton County. Springfield, the county seat, is an old town, verging on to a century in age. It was established in 1793 and named Sjuingfield on account of a fine spring hard by. It is still a small town, and for the past fifty years, with slight exceptions, has ‘ ‘ grown smaller by degrees and beautifully less, ’ ’ hav- ing, in the decade preceding 1840, fallen off twenty; in that preceding 1850, fallen off seventy-one; that preceding 1800, thirty; that preceding 1870, gained five, and in 1880 had a population of but 610. It has a substantial brick courthouse and other public buildings, churches, schools, stores, a bank, a newspaper and the usual general business. Other villages and postoffices are Brownsburg, Antioch, Beech Fork, Mackville, Frederick - town, Willisburg, Hadesville, Beechland, Sharpsville, etc. The Cumberland & Ohio Railroad was lo- cated through this county, but has never been built, except a link from Lebanon to Greensburg. Recently (1886) the work has been begun of extending the Bardstown Branch of the Louisville & Nashville system ■ to Springfield — perhaps beyond. This will j give the county a good outlet for its super- fluous stock and produce. Springfield and Washington County are well supplied with schools, male and female, public and select. Catholic and Protestant. Most of the select schools, however, and those of a high order, comprising academical and collegiate courses, are under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. Several fine colleges — one for the education of the priesthood — are located in the county, and are liberally endowed. Their buildings are large, handsome and commodious, their property valuable, and every means afforded for a complete education. Washington County claims some of the honor attaching to Abraham Lincoln. His parents, Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, were married in this county September 23, 1806. The following certificate is to be seen in the county clerk’s office: I do hereby certify that the following is a list of the marriages solemnized by me, the subscriber, since the 25th of April, 1806, until the date hereof. * *•«•*** Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, September 23, 1806. * •>!•**» * Given under my hand this 23d of A.pril, 1807. Jesse Head, I). M. E. Church. The above record of the marriage of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks is given with some fifteen or twenty others, solemnized by the old minister during the year. He was one of the well known pioneer Methodist preachers of Kentucky, and his certificate of the marriage of President Lincoln’s parents confutes the slander that he (President Lin- coln) was an illegitimate child. The mar- riage, as recorded, occurred September 23, 1806,* and all authorities on the subject of President Lincoln’s birth agree on the one point that it took place February 12, 1809. If this is authentic then the indisputable evi- dence in the clerk’s office at Springfield, of j the marriage of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, proves President Lincoln’ s birth with- out a stain. The history of his life by John G. Nicolay and John Hay, now running through the ‘ ‘ Century Magazine, ’ ’ gives a portrait of Mr. Head and a view of the house in which the marriage of Lincoln’s par- ents took place. The writer of this article has seen the record of the marriage in the clerk’s office. *Such is the record, but by . Henry F. Kalfus, captain; John B. McDowell, captain; John L. Foster, captain; John V. Thomp- son, 1st lieutenant; William H. Brooks, 1st lieuten- ant. COjMPANT e. Noah Cartwright, captain; Charles L. Easum, captain; John B. Wood, 1st lieutenant; Richard F. Shafar, 1st lieutenant; Harrison Hikes, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY F. Aaron S. Bayne, captain; .John C. Carroll, cap- tain; William V. Wolfe, 1st lieutenant; Judson Bayne, 1st lieutenant; James P. Carroll, 1st lieuten- ant; William H. Booker, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. John Spalding, captain; John B. Wood, captain; John D. Lenahan, 1st lieutenant, Frank D. Ger- rety, 1st lieutenant; John Gormly, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY H. Joshua P. Prather, captain; Richard H. M. Crup- per, captain; Joseph L. Atherton, captain; William H. Thomas, 1st lieutenant; Jefferson Dickerson, 1st lieutenant; Edward Clemmons, 1st lieutenant; Ed- ward S. Runnell, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY I. George T. Limberg, captain; James S. Allen, captain; E. Irvine McDowell, captain; Joseph Wey- man, 1st lieutenant; John H. Crockett, 1st lieuten- ant; Frederick D. Walker, 2d lieutenant; Louis Constans, 2d lieutenant; William Giesman, 2d lieu- tenant; John M. McGrath, 2d lieutenant; Henry Koch, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. William G. Halpin, captain; Daniel O’Leary, captain; George Wilson, 1st lieutenant; Nelson C. Boyd, 1st lieutenant; Peter Kaps, 1st lieutenant. The Fifteenth Kentucky Infantry was organized in the fall of 1861, at Camp Pope, near New Haven, Ky., under Col. Cm’ran Pope, and was mustered into the United States service on the 14th day of December, 1861, at Camp Pope, by Capt. C. C. Gil- bert, United States mustering officer. INFANTRY — SIXTEENTH REGIMENT. Charles A. Marshall, colonel; resigned May 1, 1862. James W. Craddock, colonel; died .June 2, 1863. James W. Gault, colonel; promoted to colonel June 3, 1863. Joseph Doniphan, lieutenant-colonel; resigned March 13, 1862. Joseph B. Harris, lieutenant-colonel; promoted from major to lieutenant-colonel March 15, 1862. Tho. E. Burns, lieutenant-colonel; promoted to lieutenant-colonel June 3, 1863. Jno. S. White, lieutenant-colonel; promoted from 1st lieutenant. Company A. James P. Harbeson, major; promoted from cap- tain, Company H, to major, July 20, 1862. Ralph Robinson Maltby, adjutant; resigned July 29, 1862. Joseph Dudley, adjutant; promoted to adjutant July 29, 1862. 704 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Chas. A. Love, adjutant; promoted to adjutant July 14, 1864. Samuel B. Patterson, quartermaster; dismissed March 25, 1863. Wiley T. Poynter, quartermaster. James A. Andrews, quartermaster; promoted from quartermaster sergeant. Simon M. Cartmell, surgeon. Frederick M. Taylor, surgeon; promoted from asst, surgeon to surgeon Dec. 4, 1864. AVilliam C. R. Harrison, asst, surgeon; resigned Jan. 9, 1862. Lewis J. Jones, asst, surgeon; transferred to 16th Kentucky Veteran Infantry. John S. Bayless, chaplain; transferred to 16th Kentucky Veteran Infantry. COMPANY A. James W. Gault, captain; Jno. S. White, captain; Samuel D. Pumpelly, captain; Geo. M. DeGarmo, 1st lieutenant; Marcus A. D. L. Allen, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY B. Job F. Lewman, captain; Luther F. Warder, captain; Jno. W. Knight, captain; John S. Ham- mer, captain; Oliver B. Doyle,. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. ,lacoh Miller, captain; John W. Wallace, 1st lieutenant; Joseph C. Hiser, 1st lieutenant; James Lawrie, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Thomas N. Wiley, captain; Theodore C. Bratton, captain; Henry C. Weaver, 1st lieutenant; Richard C. Nugent, 2d lieutenant; James B. Shane, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY E. Abraham Murphy, captain; Joseph B. Morris, 1st lieutenant; Tho. C. Dickey, 1st lieutenant; Nathan- iel S. Wood, 2d lieutenant; Martin V. Markley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Embassy F. King, captain; Tho. E. Burns, cap- tain; Nathaniel S. Wood, captain; Henry L. Gillis, 1st lieutenant; Wm. E. Ellis, 1st lieutenant; Leon- idas A. King, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Thomas A. Curran, captain; David L. Wells, captain; Jno. E. Wells, captain; Thos. H. Manning, 1st lieutenant; John T. Gault, 1st lieutenant; Thomas J. Galbraith, 2d lieutenant; Chas. A. Love, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. James P. Harl)eson, captain; Henry D. Palmer, captain; Geo. H. Taylor, captain; Thomas E. Burns, 1st lieutenant; Tho. J. Wood, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY I. Carr B. White, captain; Morris C. Hutchins, captain; Thaddeus P. Bullock, 1st lieutenant; Otho W. Estell, 1st lieutenant; Salathiel Brown, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY K. James A. Lee, Jr., captain; John M. Freeman, 1st lieutenant; Lewis M. Clarke, 2d lieutenant; -John C. Sanders, 2d lieutenant. The Si.xteenth Kentucky Infantry was organized in December, 1861, at Camp Lee, near Maysville, Ky., under Col. Charles A. Marshall, and was mus- tered into the United States service on the 27th day of -January, 1862, h.y Lieut. George H. Burns, United States mustering officer. INFANTRY — SEVENTEENTH REGIMENT. James !M. Shackelford, colonel; resigned March 23, 1862, as colonel 25th Kentucky Volunteer In- fantry. John H. McHenry, Jr., colonel; organized 17th Regiment. Alexander M. Stout, colonel; promoted colonel Jan. 27, 1863; was wounded severely at Shiloh. Benj. H. Bristow, lieutenant-colonel; resigned April 1,5, 1862, as lieutenant-colonel 25th Kentucky Volunteers. Robert Vaughan, lieutenant-colonel; wounded Sept. 20, 1863, at Chickamauga, Ga. William B. Wall, major; resigned April 15, 1862, as major 25th Kentucky Volunteers. Isaac Calhoou, major; promoted major Dec. 31, 1861. David M. Claggett, major; was captain Company C, 25th Kentucky Volunteers, to April 13, 1862. John P. Ritter, adjutant; resigned April 16, 1862, as adjutant 25th Kentucky Volunteer In- fantry. Edmund L. Starling, adjutant; resigned April 16, 1862, as adjutant 17th Kentucky Volunteer In- fantry. George W. Gi.st, adjutant; promoted captain Company D, April 23, 1863. -John M. Williams, adjutant; promoted adjutant June 15, 1863; died Aug. 9, 1863. George Deering, adjutant; promoted adjutant Oct. 14, 1863. Benjamin T. Perkins, regimental quartermaster; resigned April 16, 1862. Richeson W. Allen, regimental quartermaster; resigned July 3, 1862. John T. -Jackson, regimental quartermaster; resigned March 11, 1863. Richard C. Gill, regimental quartermaster. Burkett Cloak, surgeon; resigned April 16, 1862, as surgeon 25th Iventucky Volunteer Infantry. Warren J. Burgess, surgeon. Addison P. Shackelford, asst, surgeon; resigned March 4, 1862, as asst, surgeon 25th Kentucky Vol- unteers. Albert D. Cosby, asst, surgeon; resigned Dec. 13, 1862. George W. Warmoth, asst, surgeon; resigned April 16, 1862, as asst, surgeon 25th Kentucky Vol- unteers. Stuart Hubbard, asst, surgeon. -Jno. W. Compton, asst, surgeon; resigned March 24, 1863. George W. Kinsoloing, chaplain; resigned April 3, 1862. COMPANY A. Preston Morton, captain; William Keith, cap- tain; Samuel Ia. Cox, captain; Thomas R. Brown, 1st lieutenant; John D. Millman, 1st lieutenant; Isaac Ferry, 1st lieutenant; Wm. -J. White, 1st lieutenant; James B. Harrison, 2d lieutenant; -John W. Howard, 2d lieutenant; -John H. Frost, 2d lieutenant; Wm, J, Littell, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. William H. Davison, captain; William W. Briggs, captain; Isaac Perry, captain; Barney M, Harwood, 1st lieutenant; Avery Byers, 2d lieuten- ant; Alexander B. Sandefur, 2d lieutenant, COMPANY C. Isaac Calhoon, captain; Robert L. Beckham, captain; David Duncan, captain; Finis H. Little, 1st lieutenant; William J. Lendrum, 1st lieutenant; Linus Fuller, 1st lieutenant; Marcus D. Bandy, 2d lieutenant; Barney M. Harwood, 2d lieutenant; Robert J. Allen, 2d lieutenant; Curtis A, Brasher, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I). James Hudson, captain; David M. Claggett, captain; Elisha B. Edwards, captain; Frank H. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 705 Bristow, captain; George W. Gist, captain; Jesse W. Griffln, 1st lieutenant; Richard F. Taylor, 1st lieutenant; Edward S. Campbell, 1st lieutenant; Robert M. Davis, 1st lieutenant; Aaron S. Hicks, 1st lieutenant; Walter Evans, 2d lieatenant; Sey- more H. Perkins, 2d lieutenant; Jno. D. Mill- man, 2d lieutenant; Isaac Ferry, 2d lieutenant; James M. Rogers, 2d lieutenant. COMP.VNT E. Wesley Garey, captain; Thomas W. Campbell, captain; James W. Anthony, captain; Wm. J. Lendrum, captain; John H. Frost, captain; Perry Campbell, 1st lieutenant; Albert R. Shackelford, 1st lieutenant; George L. Sullivan, 1st lieutenant; Wm. S. Johnson, 1st lieutenant; Samuel K. Cox, 1st lieutenant; Boanerges V. Tyler, 1st lieutenant; Richard L. Peyton, 2d lientenant; Benjamin T. Hobbs, 2d lieutenant; James M. Wilson, 2d lieuten- j ant; Charles Bratcher, 2d lieutenant; Campbell H. 1 Johnson, 2d lieutenant; Michael Mulvey, 2d lieu- ] tenant. COMPANY F. Henry S. Barnett, captain; Ion Nall, captain; William T. King, 1st lieutenant; Jefferson H. Jen- nings, 1st lieutenant; Thomas J. A1 verson, 1st lieutenant; John G. Ferguson, 2d lieutenant; Oscar D. Kress, 2d lieutenant; Thomas D. Davis, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Benjamin T. Underwood, captain; Hugh C. Cooper, captain; Thomas J. Kirby, captain; John V. Boyd, captain; Samuel T. Fruit, captain; Will- iam Ashby, 1st lieutenant; Rich. W. Williams, 1st lieutenant; John H Frost, 1st lieutenant; Alexan- der B. Sandefur, 1st lieutenant; Thomas B. Boyd, 2d lieutenant; Isaac Condett, 2d lieutenant; ^Albert E. Brown, 2d lieutenant; David Cartright, 2d lieutenant; Wm. H. Meglemer}^ 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. George A. Little, captain; Robt. M. Davis, cap- tain; Richard F. Taylor, 1st lieutenant; Williams. Dillahay, 1st lieutenant; Henry M. West, 1st lieu- tenant; Garton C. Pruett, 2d lieutenant; H. Clay Marlow 2d lieutenant; George C. Merritt, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY 1. Robert Vaughan, captain; Thomas R. Brown, captain; Silas Heston, 1st lieutenant; H. Clay Marlow, 1st lieutenant; Jefferson H. Jennings, 2d lieutenant; Boanerges V. Tyler, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. James H. Holloway, captain; Putnam B. Trible, i captain; Robert C. Sturgis, captain; George C. ; Merritt, captain; Newton M. Miller, 1st lieutenant; Pius Clarke, 1st lieutenant; Samuel Mitchell, 1st lieutenant; Samuel W. Pruett, 1st lieutenant; John J. Holloway, 2d lieutenant; William A. Fitts, 2d lieutenant; Aaron S. Hicks, 2d lieutenant; Thomas J. Alverson, 2d lieutenant; Noah C. Dean, 2d lieu- tenant. The Seventeenth Kentucky Infantry was organ- ized in December, 1861, at Calhoon, Ky., under Col. John H. McHenry, Jr., and was mustered into the United States service on the 4th day of January, ' 1862, at Calhoon, Ky., by Capt. John E. Edwards, Third United States Artillery, mustering officer. INFANTRY — EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT. William A. Warner, colonel; wounded at Rich- mond, Ky., Aug. 30, 1862. John j. Landrum, lieutenant-colonel; wounded at Richmond, Ky. , Aug. 30, 1862. H. K. Mihvard, lieutenant-colonel; commissioned colonel Dec. 19, 1863, but never mustered. Fred’k G. Bracht, major; resigned Jan. 14, 1863. Abram G. Wileman, major; killed by guerrillas Oct. 5, 1863, in Pendleton County, Ky. John W. Robbins, major; commissioned lieuten- ant-colonel Dec. 19, 1863, but never mustered. John J. Hall, major; promoted from 2d lieuten- ant, Company H, to 1st lieutenant, August 2, 1862; to captain AugustSO, 1862; to major November 10, 1864; transferred to 18th Kentucky Veteran Infantry. Alvin B. Clark, adjutant; promoted adjutant Jan. 15, 1863. John W. Hamilton, adjutant; transferred to 18th Kentucky Veteran Infantry. James T. Clark, regimental quartermaster; pro- moted to captain and assistant quartermaster Dec. 15, 1863. John Moss, regimental quartermaster; trans- ferred to field and staff as regimental quartermaster Dec. 25, 1863. Joseph Fithian, surgeon; resigned March 30, 1865. ,J. C. Elliott, ass’t surgeon: surgeon of the 100th United States Colored Infantry. Asa Drury, chaplain; resigned Oct. 4, 1863. L. D. Parker, chaplain; transferred to 18th Ken- tucky Veteran Infantry. COMPANY A. _ Mathew Mullins, captain; John W.Rotoins, cap- tain; J. M. Wilson, captain; James T. Applegate, 1st lieutenant; H. F. Monroe, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY B. Wm. C. Johnson, captain; Chas. S. Williams, captain; Jas. T. Chrisman, 1st lieutenant; Wm. McPherson, 1st lieutenant; Sami. J. Kuhn, 1st lieu- tenant; John W. Puthuff, 2d lieutenant; Junius B. Bracht, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Wm. R. Fisk, captain; Wm. C. Reeder, captain, Andrew B. Clark. 1st lieutenant; Hiram M. Bryson, 1st lieutenant; James D. Oldham, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Abram G. Wileman, captain; J. L. Dougherty, captaiu; William McPherson, captain; Henry F. Monroe, captain; Sami. S. Patterson, 1st lieutenant; James A. Simpson, 1st lieutenant; L. H. Sanders, 1st lieutenant; James H. Johns, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. David E. Pugsley, captain; James C. Bacon, captain; Henry P. Ritchey, captain; Weeden C. Sleet, 1st lieutenant; Silas Howe, 1st lieutenant; Elijah Regan, 1st lieutenant; JohnC. Richards, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Wm. H. Littlejohn, captain; Jas. F. Miller, cap- tain: JohnM. Poston, captain; Augustus G. Hatry, 1st lieutenant; John R. Miller, 1st lieutenant; John W. Washburn, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Hiram W. Effelston, captain; Benj. T. Riggs, captain; David "Boys, 1st lieutenant; Kemp G. Carter, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY H. Win. M. Oden, captain; OrrinM. Lewis, captain; .John J. Hall, captain; Jos. C. Pritchard, captain; John W. Grose, 1st lieutenant; Alfred S. Lewis, 1st lieutenant; James E. Bell, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY I. Sam’l G. Rogers, captain; John W. Grose, cap- tain; Joseph M. Shaw, captain; James Dunlap, 1st lieutenant; Win. IM. Dayton, 1st lieutenant; David H. Goyen, 1st lieutenant; Thos. Clements, 2d lieu- tenant. 44 . 706 HISTORY OF IvENTUCKY. COMPANY K. Y^ni. ^y. Culbertson, captain: John B. Helte- mus, captain; John Moss, 1st lieutenant; A. B. Clark, 1st lieutenant; Junius B. Bracht, 1st lieu- tenant; Wm. A. Ridenour, 2d lieutenant. The Eighteenth Kentucky Infantry was recruited during the winter of 1861-62, and was mustered into tile United States service on the 8th day of February, 1862. During its organization, and until August 20, 1862, the command was on duty guard- ing the Covington & Lexington R. R., with its headquarters at Falmoutli, Ky., until April 16, 1862, and then at Lexington, Ky. On the 16th day of June, 1862, a detachment of the regiment, under command of Lieut. -Col. Landram, participated in the defense of Cynthiana, Ky., against Gen. John PL Morgan, where it sustained a loss of two killed. INFANTRY — NINETEENTH REGIMENT. William J. Landrum, colonel. John Cowan, lieutenant-colonel. John R. Duncan, major; resigned Feb. 14, 1863. Morgan V. Evans, major; "killed in battle of Vicksburg, Miss., Ma^'’ 22, 1863. Josiah J. Mann, major; promoted from captain, Co. F, to majorMay 23, 1863. Richard L. Cochran, adjutant; resigned Feb. 14, 1863. George C. Rue, adjutant; promoted to adjutant April 2, 1863. George II. McKinney, regimental quartermaster. James B. Sparks, surgeon; resigned Jan. 21, 1863. William K. Sadler, surgeon; killed Dec. 2, 1864, at Baton Rouge, La. Pleasant W. Logan, asst, surgeon; resigned July 15, 1862. James F. Peyton, asst, surgeon; promoted to assistant surgeon Nov. 20, 1862. Anthony H. Semlire, asst, surgeon; resigned June 30, 1864. William N. Forbes, asst, surgeon; resigned July 19, 1864. James Matthews, chaplain; resigned Aug. 25, 1864. COMPANY A. William B. Kelly, captain; William II. Cundiff, captain; Ansel L. Wood, 1st lieutenant; Reid Les- lie McMurtry, 1st lieutenant; Vincent L. Lester, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY B. Aaron Blakeman, captain: John J. Goodnight, captain; Henry L. Whitehouse, captain; Abraham Whitenack, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY C. -James 0. Norris, captain; William H. Bolar, cap- tain; John Landrum, 1st lieutenant; Elihu H. Moles, 2d lieutenant; George W. Graham, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY D. Alexander E. Adams, captain; Henry C. Hogg, captain; Edwin F. Hogg, 1st lieutenant; Elijah C. Baker, 1st lieutenant; John D. Mitchell, 2d lieuten- ant; Zachariah Morgan, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Hanibal Downey, captain; John Barnett, cap- tain; Willis O. Egerton, 1st lieutenant; John Walls, 1st lieutenant; Charles H. Talbot, 1st lieutenant; Luther Hale, 2d lieutenant; Squire Pinkston, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Josiah J. Mann, captain; Harbert K. Forbis, cap- tain; George Rose, 1st lieutenant; William D. James, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY G. Merideth G. Richardson, captain; Joshua W. Hansford, captain; Lincoln A. Hamblin, captain; Thomas A. Warren, 1st lieutenant; Thomas H. Cundiff, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY H. Morgan V. Evans, captain; Alexander Logan, captain; Thomas A. Elkin, 1st lieutenant; Stephen W. Hedger, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY I. Henry Hicks, captain; William T. Cummins, cap- tain; William G. Bowen, 1st lieutenant; George H. Vandevere, 1st lieutenant; Harrison S. Poulter, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. William F. McKinny, captain; Isaac Singleton, 1st lieutenant; James F. Peyton, 1st lieutenant; Eberle Wilson, 1st lieutenant; George C. Rue, 2d lieutenant; James J. McKinney, 2d lieutenant. The Nineteenth Kentucky Infantry was recruited and organized at Harrodsburg, Ky., in the fall of 1861 by Col. William J. Landrum and Lieut. -Col. John Cowan, and was mustered into the United States service on the 2d day of January, 1862, by Capt. H. C. Bankhead, United States mustering oiScer. Prom Harrodsburg the regiment marched to Somerset, Ky., in January, 1862, and was en- gaged for some time in destroying the intrench- ments of Gen. Zollicoffer, and collecting property captured at the battle of Mill Spring. INP.YNTRY — TWENTIETH REGIMENT. Sanders D. Bruce, colonel; resigned June 24, 1864, Charles S. Hanson, lieutenant-colonel; transferred to 37th Kentucky Mounted Infantry as colonel Dec. 31, 1863. Thomas B. Waller, lieutenant-colonel; commis- sioned colonel Oct. 5, 1864, but never mustered as sucti. Benjamin F. Buckner, major; resigned April 17, 1861 Frank E. Wolcott, major, commissioned lieuten- ant-colonel October 14, 1864, but never mustered as such. John Brennan, adjutant; transferred to 3d Ken- tucky Infantry as Captain Company F, Sept. 29, 1862. .James A. McCampbell, adjutant; promoted to adjutant Sept. 29. 1862. James W. Swing, adjutant; promoted to adju taut Oct. 13, 1864. Alonzo Jackson, quartermaster; died Jan. 15, 1863, at Claysville, Ky. Abner Crane, quartermaster; promoted to quar- termaster Oct. 10, 1863. John C. Welch, surgeon. W. H. Curran, assistant surgeon; resigned Aug. 2, 1862. Prior N. Norton, assistant surgeon; promoted from hospital steward to assistant surgeon Aug. 2, 1862. Daniel W. Axline, chaplain; resigned Nov. 6, 1862. COMPANY A. James W. Craddock, captain; Henry S. Pamsh, captain; Daniel T. Buckner, captain; Benjamin M. Chiles, 1st lieutenant; William A. Attersall, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Abram G. Smith, captain; Adam W. Trebein, captain; Lawson Gray, 1st lieutenant; John Glenn, 1st lieutenant; Leonidas Denny, 1st lieutenant; Jo- seph N. Reid, 1st lieutenant; James R._ B. Cole, 1st lieutenant; William N. Rice, 2d lieutenant; Elijah Yates, 2d lieutenant. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 707 COMPANY C. Clinton J. True, captain; Francis E. Wolcott, captain; Lucius A. Bachus, captain; Benjamin R. Waller, 1st lieutenant; Cassander Hall, 3d lieu- tenant. COMPANY D. Theodore B. Rushing, captain; James C. Morris, captain; Wm. C. Musselman, captain; Samuel Co- rum, 1st lieutenant; Hugh M. Hiatt, 1st lieutenant; John W. Hale, 1st lieutenant; James R. B. Cole, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Robert F. Haynes, captain; Franklin Gipson, captain; Henry C. Brennan, captain; Walter M. Asher, 1st lieutenant; James C. Guess, 1st lieuten- ant; Saunders A. Crowell, 2d lieutenant; Robert B. McNary, 2d lieutenant; James D. Young, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY F. William B. Dunn, captain; William C. Mussel- man, 1st lieutenant; John C. Northcutt, 1st lieuten- ant; James C. Morris, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Thomas B. Waller, captain; John P. Gapen, captain; Thomas J. Gregory, 1st lieutenant; Francis C. Sternberg, 1st lieutenant; Benjamin R. Waller, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Thomas M. Duvall, captain; John Glenn, cap- tain; John R. Flemming, 1st lieutenant; Fianklin S. Loyd, 1st lieutenant; 'Orlean B. Herring 2d lieu- tenant; Wickliffe Cooper, 2d lieutenant; Bartholo- mew J. Scott, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Cornelius McLeod, captain; Henry Kimbrough, 1st lieutenant; Henry C. Oots, 1st lieutenant; Win- der Kinney, 1st lieutenant; Robert Becket, 2d lieu- tenant; Joseph M. Wilson, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Andrew McCampbell, captain; Charles R. West, captain; George W. Baker, 1st lieutenant; Benj. F. Thornbrough, 1st lieutenant; Allen A. Burton, 1st lieutenant; S. Thompson Corn, 2d lieutenant; Jas. A. McCampbell, 2dlieutenant; Samuel M. Anderson, 2d lieutenant. The Twentieth Kentucky Infantry was organized in the fall and winter of 1861, by Col. Sanders D. Bruce, and was mustered into the United States service on the 6th day of January, 1863, at Smith- land, Ky., by Lieut.-Col. Chetlain, United States mustering officer. Soon after organization, it was ordered to Louisville, Ky., and from there to Bards- towu, Ky., where it was assigned to a brigade com- manded by Col. Bruce and marched to Nashville, Tenn. INFANTRY — TWENTY-FIRST REGIMENT. Ethelbert L, Dudley, colonel; died February 20, 1863. Sami. W. Price, colonel; transferred to 21st Ken- tucky Veteran Infantry; wounded at Kenesaw Mountain. Basil A. Wheat, lieutenant-colonel; resigned Oc- tober 26, 1862. James C. Evans, lieutenant-colonel; promoted from major to lieutenant-colonel October 27, 1862. Wm. W. Dowden, major; wounded at Stone River, January 1, 1863; resigned April 19, 1863. Jesse E. Hoskins, major; promoted from captain. Company G, to major April 30, 1863. M. Scott Dudley, adjutant; resigned May 16, 1863. Chas. F. Spillman, adjutant; promoted from pri- vate of Company E to adjutant June 14, 1863. John T. Gunn, adjutant ; promoted from 1st lieu- tenant Company E to adjutant Feb. 28, 1864. Albert H. Bohannon, adjutant; promoted adju- tant Nov. 21, 1864; transferred to 31st Kentucky Veteran Infantry. Samuel P. Ta 3 'lor, regimental quartermaster; re- signed Nov. 14, 1863. Thomas Res, regimental quartermaster: pro- moted regimental quartermaster March 1, 1863. Claiborne J. Walton, surgeon. Jas. 0. Wheat, asst, surgeon; resigned Feb. 13, 1862. T. C. Fitzhugh, asst, surgeon; resigned Jan. 8, 186.5. Wm. L. Morrison, chaplain; resigned March 15, 1863. Thos. M. Gunn, chaplain, never mustered. M. H. B. Burkett, cliaplain; acted as such from Sept. 4, 1863, until July 30, 1864. COMPANY A. Wm. W. Dowden, captain; Wm. R. Milward, captain; Edward Knoble, 1st lieutenant; John D. Carpentei’, 2d lieutenant; Wm. D. Vanpelt, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY B. James P. Sandidge, captain; Jonathan Williams, 1st lieutenant; John H. Hayes, 1st lieutenant; James L. Sublett, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Matt. M. Clay, captain; Sam’l R. Sharrard, cap- tain; Edmund B. Davidson, captain; Jolin B. Buck- ner, 1st lieutenant; Lucien W. Dunniugtou, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. David Russell, captain; Henry F. Temple, capt- ain; George T. Stagg, 1st lieutenant; Nathaniel C. Brown, 1st lieutenant; Elijah Logan, 3d lieutenant; Wm. F. Ware, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Williamson Irvin, captain; James Dudley, cap- tain; Dudley M. Craig, captain; William Bright, captain; John T. Gunn, 1st lieutenant; Charles F. Spillman, 1st lieutenant; Job S. Bailey, 1st lieu- tenant; Jackson W. Reynolds, 3d lieutenant; Hugh Lonney, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Zachariah S. Taylor, captain; John G. Evans, captain; Jasper F. Morton, captain; Robert L. Bul- lock, 1st lieutenant; William Spencer, 1st lieuten- ant; Thos. P. Dudley, Jr., 2d lieutenant; John H. Bevell, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Jesse E. Hoskins, captain; John D. Nash, cap- tain; Sebastian Stone, 1st lieutenant; Hugh A. Hedger, 1st lieutenant; George Y. O’Neal, 1st lieu- tenant; Jeremiah R. Dean, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Wm. C. Edwards, captain; Jno. R. Jameson, cap- tain; George W. Twyman, captain; William Prew- itt, 1st lieutenant; Michael B. Gratz, 1st lieuten- ant; William Ritter, 1st lieutenant; Benj. Pans- ier, 1st lieutenant; Holman F. Hardy, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Newton M. Hutchens, captain; George T. Stagg, captain; Langston P. Bryant, 1st lieutenant; Thos. M. Gunn, 1st lieutenant; Wm. A. Bryant, 2d lieuten- ant; George S. Nunn, 2d lieutenant; Newton Scearce, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Memory J. Thompson, captain; Thomas A. Con- yer, 1st lieutenant; Daniel R. Gray, 1st lieutenant; 708 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Joseph A. Fagg, 2d lieutenant; Herbert G. W. Brad- let', 2d lieutenant. The Twenty-first Kentucky Infantiy was formed by the consolidation of the troops recruited by E. L. Dudley and B. A. Wheat, and was mustered into the United States service at Camp Ward, Ky., Dec. 30, 1861. INFANTRY — TWENTY-SECOND REGIMENT. COMPANY H. Edwin Cook, captain ; John T. Gathright, cap- tain; Stephen Nethercutt, captain; Thomas P. Har- per, 1st lieutenant; John Everinan,Sr., 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Jordon Nethercutt, captain; Prank A. Estep, captain; William K. Gray, captain; Jeremiah No- land, 1st lieutenant; Charles G. Shanks, 1st lieu- tenant; William Nethercutt, 2d lieutenant. Daniel W. Lindsey, colonel; resigned Oct. 14, 1863. George W. Monroe, colonel; promoted from lieutenant-colonel to colonel Oct. 15, 1863. William J. Worthington, lieutenant-colonel; pro- moted to lieutenant-colonel Oct. 15, 1863. Wesley Cook, major; resigned Oct. 20, 1862. John Hughes, major; iiromoted to major Oct. 15, 1863. Orlando Brown, Jr., adjutant; promoted to ma- jor 14th Ky. Vol. Inf. April 15, 1862. Joseph W. Roberts, adjutant; promoted adju- tant April 15, 1862. Francis C. Robb, adjutant; promoted to adju- tant June 21, 1863. E. F. Duliu, quartermaster; resigned Jan. 10, 1862, John Paul Jones, quartermaster; resigned June 5, 1862. James F. Tureman, quartermaster; resigned March 24, 1863. Shadrack L. Mitchell, quartermaster; promoted to quartermaster March 25, 1863. James W. Barbee, quartermaster; promoted to quartermaster Dec. 14, 1863. Benj. P. Stevenson, surgeon; resigned Feb. 16, 1864. Henry Manfred, surgeon; promoted to surgeon Feb. 16, 1864. William R Davidson, assistant surgeon; trans- ferred to 7th Ky. Vet. Vol. Inf. Samuel S. Sumner, chaplain; I'esigned March 15, 1864. COMPANY A. John Hughes, captain; Arthur.!. Harrington, 1st lieutenant; James W. Barbee, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. William J. Worthington, captain; .John L. God- man, captain ; Henry E. Evans, 1st lieutenant; Dan- iel W. Steele, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY C. .John F. Lacy, captain; Francis C. Robb, 1st lieutenant; Robert Slontgomery, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. James W. Scott, captain; James G. Milligan, captain; James W. Barbee, 1st lieutenant; John A. Gilbert, 2d lieutenant; James A. Watson, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY E. Lewis P. Ellis, captain; Alexander Bruce, cap- tain; David C. Thofoman, 1st lieutenant; Elijah Scott, 2d lieutenant; William B. Hegan, 2d lieuten- ant; Jabez Truett, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Louis Schweizer, captain; Charles Gutig, cap- tain; Gustav Wehrle, 1st lieutenant. The Twenty-second Kentucky Infantry was or- ganized at Camp Swigert, Greenup County, Ky., on the 12th day of December, 1861, under D. W. Lind- sey, as colonel; George W. Monroe, lieutenant-col- onel; and Wesley Cook, major, by which officers the regiment was principally recruited. INFANTRY — TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT. Marcellus Mundy, colonel; resigned Dec. 31, 1863. John P. Jackson, lieutenant-colonel; resigned Nov. 24, 1862. James C. Foy, lieutenant-colonel; promoted to lieutenant-colonel April 18, 1863. Geo. W. Northup, lieutenant-colonel; promoted to lieutenant-colonel July 27, 1864. Thomas II. Hamrick, major; resigned Feb. 26, 1863. William Boden, major; promoted to major Aug. 8, 1864. Wm. H. Mundy, adjutant; resigned Jan. 17, 1864. Jephson P. Puke, adjutant; promoted adjutant from 1st lieutenant. Company K. Wm. N. Air, regimental quartermaster; dismissed the service June 20, 1862. Leroy R. Hawthorn, regimental quartermaster; promoted regimental quartermaster June 20, 1862. Alvin Tarvin, regimental quartermaster; pro- moted to regimental quartermaster; July 28, 1864. Arnold Strothotte, surgeon; resigned Nov. 28, 1862. Alonzo M. Morrison, surgeon; promoted to sur- geon Nov. 28, 1862. Benj. F. Stevenson, asst, surgeon; promoted sur- geon of 22d Kentucky Infantry Jan. 10, 1862. Wm. L. Hashbrook, asst, surgeon; promoted to asst, surgeon Nov. 28, 1862. Wm.H. Black, chaplain; transferred to 23d Ken- tucky Veteran Infantry. COMPANY A. James C. Foy, captain; William A. Seiter, cap- tain; Asaph A. Quigley, captain; Joseph Greene, 1st lieutenant; Joseph C. Hoffman, 1st lieutenant; John B. Korman, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. George W. Northup. captain; Thomas W. Hard- iman, captain; Levi S. Peters, captain; Claudius Tifft, 1st lieutenant; Henry G. Shiner, 1st lieutenant; William Hudson, 2d lieutenant; Robert Townsend, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. COMPANY F. Daniel Garrard, Jr., captain; Williamson W. Bacon, captain; James Morton, 1st lieutenant; Will- iam H. Sneed, 2d lieutenant; Richard J. Frayne, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY Q. John Paul Jones, captain; William B. Hegan, | captain; Evan D. Thomas, captain; Jacob Swigert, Jr., captain; Charles L. Nevius, 1st lieutenant; | Harry B. Litteral, 2d lieutenant. William G. Holden, captain; William Hudson, captain; Ryland V'illett, 1st lieutenant; John Squiers 1st lieutenant; Eldridge G. Holden, 2d lieutenant, Asaph A. Quigley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Henry Speier, captain; William Boden, captain; Charles Theis, 1st lieutenant; Reuben Hamer, 1st lieutenant; Thos. M. Barton, 2d lieutenant; Wm, H. Spencer, 2d lieutenant. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 709 COMPANY E. William P. Egan, captain; John Barnes, captain; [ William A. Morgan, 1 st lieutenant; Thomas S. Luk- ens, 3d lieutenant. i COMPANY F. I Charles R. Cotton, captain; Benjamin A. Thomp- son, captain; Frank Jukes, captain; Alvin O. Pat- j tee, 1st lieutenant; Patrick S. Reeves, 1 st lieutenant; Jephson P. Duke, Sd lieutenant: Jacob S. Fox, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY 8. Thomas J. Williams, captain; Thomas W. Har- diman, 1st lieutenant; Martin T. Hennessy, 1st lieu- tenant; James Barker, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Lewis Voight, captain; Claudius TifEt, captain; William A. Seiter, 1st lieutenant; Frank A. Black, 1st lieutenant; Henry G. Shiner, 3d lieutenant; Mar- tin T. Henness 3 ^ 3d lieutenant; William H. Whit- j ney, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Augustus C. Paul, captain; Frank A. Black, cap- tain; Henry G. Shiner, captain; Douglas Pritchard, 1 st lieutenant; Green Clay Goodloe, 1st lieutenant; Alonzo W. Tarviu, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY K. .Joseph W. Cottingham, captain; Kavanaugh O. Bullock, captain; Ephraim P. Mavity, captain; Jephson P. Duke, 1st lieutenant; AVilliam H. Tyree, 3d lieutenant; Win. A. Morgan, 3d lieutenant; John Atkinson, 3d lieutenant. The Twentj’- third Kentucky Infantry was organ- ized in December, 1861, at Camp King, Ky., by Col Marcellus Mundy, and was mustered into the United States service by Maj. Jno. R. Edie, 15th United States Infantiy. INFAXTEY — TWENTT-FOUETH EEGIIIENT. Lewis B. Grigsby, colonel; resigned July 16, 1863. John S. Hurt, colonel; promoted colonel July 17, 1863. Lafayette North, lieutenant colonel; promoted lieutenant-colonel October 34, 1863. William H. Smith, major; resigned March 4, 1863. James H. Turner, adjutant; resigned Aug. 30, 1863. John A. Joyce, adjutant; discharged on account of wounds received in action .June 37, 1864. Cornelius E. Mastin, adjutant; promoted to adju- tant Nov. 4, 1864. David S. Trumbo, quartermaster. James Sympson, surgeon. William L. White, asst, surgeon; resigned March 37, 1863. Marcus E. Poynter, asst, surgeon ; resigned Jan. 1, 1863. W. H. T. Moss, asst, surgeon. Joseph Gardner, asst, surgeon; wounded in action Aug. 5, 1864. COMPANY A. Hector H. Scoville, captain; Wiley .Jones, 1st lieutenant; William B. Johnson, 1st lieutenant; Daniel O. Morin, 3d lieutenant; George W. Free- man, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY B. James Carey, captain; Washington J. Mclntire, 1st lieutenant; John Henry, 3d lieutenant; Daniel F. Winchester, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Green V. Hall, captain; Joseph L. Judy, 1st lieu- tenant; John Kinney, 1 st lieutenant; Thomas J. Bush, 1st lieutenant; Stephen G. Lewis, 1st lieuten- ant; James McChristy, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY D. George R. Barbei-, captain; Mathias T. S. Lee, 1st lieutenant; Lander Barber, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Lafayette North, captain; John M. Gill, 1st lieu- tenant; Wilkins Warren, 3d lieutenant; Jesse P. Nelson, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY F. I James A. Hawkins, captain; James Blue, captain; I Thomas J. Bush, captain; John N. Mclntire, cap- tain; William H. Norris, 1st lieutenant; Thomas M. Likes, 1st lieutenant; Cornelius E. Martin, 1st lieutenant; Dillion White, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY O. Peter T. Hedges, captain; John J. Sewell, 1st lieutenant; John C. Padgett, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Edmund .Jones, captain; Robert G. Potter, cap- tain; Reuben Langford, captain; James H. Wilson, 1 st lieutenant; Richard L. Ewell, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY 1. RoyD. Davidson, captain; Fountain Goodpaster, captain; William G. Howard, 1st lieutenant; John A. Joyce. 1 st lieutenant, Daniel Wilson, 3d lieuten- ant; Julius C. Miller, 3d lieutenant; Benjamin P. DeSilve, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY K. John J. Evans, captain; James M. Anderson, cap- tain; James Caugliliu, 1st lieutenant; T. D. Moss, 3d lieutenant; David G. Howell, 3d lieutenant. The Twenty-fourth Kentucky Infantry was or- ganized in the fall and winter of 1861 under Col. Lewis B. Grigsby, and was mustered into the United States service on the 31st of December, 1861, at Lexington, Ky., byCapt. Bankhead, United States mustering officer. The Twenty-fifth Kentucky Infantry was consoli- dated with the Seventeenth Kentucky Infantry April 13, 1863. IXFANTETY — ^TWEXTY-SIXTH EEGIIIEXT. Stephen G. Burbridge, colonel; promoted briga- dier-general June 13, 1863. Cicero Maxwell, colonel; promoted to colonel June 13, 1863. Tims. B, Fairleigh, colonel; promoted to colonel Jan. 3, i 860 . James F. Lauck, lieutenant-colonel; was lieu- tenant-colonel of 33d Kentucky Infantry. John L. Davidson, major; killed in action at Shiloh, Tenn., April 10, 1863. Jos. L. Frost, major; promoted from adjutant to major April 10, 1863. Ignatius IMattingly, major; promoted from cap- tain Company C to major June 13, 1863. Cyrus J. Wilson, major; resigned May 14, 1864. Francis M. Page, major; promoted from captain of Company E to Major Nov. 15, 1864. A. .1. M'ells, adjutant; promoted to adjutant April 10, 1863. James A. Dawson, adjutant; was adjutant of 33d Kentucky Infantry. Richard Vance, adjutant; promoted adjutant Jan. 1, 1863. John H. Morton, regimental quartermaster; dis- charged April 1, 1864, by reason of consolidation of 33d with 36th Kentucky Infantry. Robert W. Compton, regimental quartermaster: 710 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. was regimental quartermaster of 33d Kentucky Infantry. Dcnsil P. Walling, regimental quartermaster; was adjutant of 33d Kentucky Infantry from May 4, to consolidation. .lonathan Baily, surgeon; resigned April 10, 1862. James M. Baily, surgeon; promoted from ass’t surgeon to surgeon April 10, 1862, L. Bennett] ass’t surgeon; promoted to surgeon of 8tli Kentucky Cavalry June 10, 1863. James Walsire, ass't surgeon; discharged April 1, 1864, by reason of consolidation, E, 0. Brown, ass’t surgeon; honorably dis- charged May 10, 1865, per order of War Department. W. II. Jett, ass’t surgeon; was ass’t surgeon of 33d Kentucky Infantry prior to consolidation, Wm, M. Grubbs, chaplain. CnjIP.VNY A. .Tolin W. B(dt, captain; Rowland E. Hackett, captain; Wm. W. Kauney, 1st lieutenant; Stephen AVoodward, 1st lieutenant; Tho. B. Bayne, I't lieutenant; Richard Shockley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY li. Gabriel Netter, captain; D. H. Butler, captain; Robert Earnest, captain; Woodford M. Taylor, cap- tain; Al)ram B. Stanley, captain; John T. Higdon, 1st lieutenant; James M. Holland, 1st lieutenant; Francis M. Gillstrap, 1st lieutenant; Jeremiah O’Brien, 2d lieutenant; Richard Vance, 2d lieuten- ant; John C. AVest, 2d lieutenant; Seth Rupard, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Ignatius Mattingly, captain; Henry Smallhouse, captain; James AV. Overstreet, captain; Joseph Fisher, 1st lieutenant; John A. Hendrix, 2d lieuten- ant; Wm, T, Hansford, 2d lieutenant, COMPANY D. Albert N. Keigwin, captain; Fred Guy, captain; James McConnell, 1st lieutenant; Joseph B. Harris, 1st lieutenant; Andrew J. AA^ells, 2d lieutenant; Thos. J, Mershon, 2d lieutenant, COMPANY E. Francis M, Page, captain; Wm. C. Burgher, 1st lieutenant; Jeremiah Redfearn, 1st lieutenant; Henrj' C. Morgan, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Micliael T. Hall, captain; AVm. M. Claypool, 1st lieutenant; David AV, Thomas, 1st lieutenant; Sam- uel H. Haden, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Thos. B. Fairleigh, captain; James H. Ashcraft, captain; Samuel D. Brown, 1st lieutenant; George T, Elder, 2d lieutenant; Reuben C. Powell, 2d lieutenant, COMPANY H. Lafayette S, Beck, captain; Thomas G. Laird, 1st lieutenant; Thomas M, Sherrall, 2d lieutenant; Pleasant P, Collier, 2d lieutenant, COMPANY I. AVm. Knight, Jr., captain; James M. Adams, captain; John M. AVilkins, 1st lieutenant; Densil P. Availing, 2d lieutenant; AVm. K. AValters, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Cju'us J. Wilson, captain; Wm, P, Gorin, cap- tain; Jacob M, Sallee, 1st lieutenant; AVilliam L, Macey, 2d lieutenant. The Twenty-sixth Kentuck}Mnfantry vras organ- ized at Calhoon, Ky., under Col. S. G. Burbridge, in the fall of 1861, and mustered into the United States service Alarch, 1862, at Nashville, Tenn., by H. C. Bankhead, captain 5th United Stales Infantry mustering officer. INFANTRY — TWENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT. Charles D. Pennebaker, colonel; resigned April 10, 1864. John H. Ward, lieutenant-colonel; commis- sioned colonel April 14, 1864, but never mustered as such, James Carlile, major; died Feb, 25, 1862, Samuel J , Coyne, major; promoted major April 15, 1862, Alexander Magruder, major; promoted from adjutant to major Feb. 6, 1863. Daniel B. AVaggener, adjutant; promoted to ad- jutant Jan. 21, 1862; resigned May 1, 1862. James B. Speed, adjutant, Thomas R. McBeath, ejuartermaster; promoted to regimental quartermaster Jan, 21, 1862, Robert L, Heston, surgeon. Thomas Sanders, asst, surgeon; resigned March 29, 1863. Robert Dinwiddle, asst, surgeon. Robert G. Gardner, chaplain. COMPANY A. Anderson Gray, captain; William W. Brady, captain; Thomas R. McBeath, 1st lieutenant; Benj. AV. Cleaver, 1st lieutenant; Robert V. Sands, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Lucian K. Cox, captain; Thomas S. Hiner, cap- tain; Alanson M. Pulliam, captain; Aaron Nor- ton, 1st lieutenant; Obediah Bassham, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY C. Andrew .1. Bailey, captain; .John W. MeWhar- ter, 1st lieutenant; James AV. Defevers, 1st lieuten- ant; Edmund R. Goode, 2d lieutenant; James A. Figgett, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Samuel J. Coyne, captain; George Hammers, captain; Peterson Rolf, 1st lieutenant; John W. S. Smith, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. John R. Robinson, captain; John R. Fisher, captain; Thomas T. Fisher, captain; Benjamin A. Rice, 1st lieutenant; Robert D. Willian, 1st lieuten- ant; Daniel B. AVaggener, 2d lieutenant; Alexan- der Shiveley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Henry B. Grant, captain; John H. Adams, 1st lieutenant; Riley Wilson, 1st lieutenant; Daniel B. Goode, 1st lieutenant; John AV. Taylor, 1st lieu- tenant. COMPANY G. Harvey W. Sutton, captain; James Giffin, cap- tain; William Wilson, 1st lieutenant; Henry H. Didway, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY H. Albert B. Ragsdale, captain; Beckwith Beal- mear, captain; John AV. Jennings, 1st lieutenant; George AV. AVilliams, 2d lieutenant; Basil B. Sum- mers, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. William H. Hervey, captain; Benjamin F. Pum- phrey, captain; E. W. Frank, captain; Samuel H. Haynes, 1st lieutenant, AVilliam B. White; 2d lieu tenant; Joseph S. Higdon, 2d lieutenant. Company K never organized. The Twenty-seventh Kentucky Infantry organ- ized at Grayson Springs, Ky., under Col. C. HISTORY OF KENTUCirr. 711 D. Pennebaker, was mustered into the Enited States service (627 strong) on the 21st of March, 1862, by Major W. H. Sidell, United States muster- ing officer. INFANTRY — TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT. William P. Boone, colonel; resigned June 28, 1864. J. Rowan Boone, lieutenant-colonel; promoted to lieutenant-colonel Dec. 18, 1863. Absalom Y. Johnson, major; commissioned lieu- tenant-colonel, to take rank from Nov. 6, 1861. John Gault, Jr., major; resigned Marcli 30, 1864. George W. Barth, major; promoted from captain, Company C, to major March 30, 1864. Edward Winkler, adjutant; was 1st lieutenant Company B; promoted, adjutant Dec. 18, 1863. Tiieodore B. Hays, regimental quartermaster; promoted to captain Company C, April 30, 1864. AlbcrtM. Healy, regimental quartermaster; trans- ferred to held and staff as regimental quartermaster. Alfred W. Hynes, surgeon; resigned October 28, 1864. James A. Post, surgeon; promoted from asst, surgeon to surgeon Dec. 22, 1864. Joseph Hab^ermeal, asst, surgeon; resigned Nov. 23, 1862. William V. Marquis, asst, surgeon; resigned September 17, 1864. Charles H. Stocking, asst, surgeon; transferred to 28th Kentucky Veteran Infantiy. Hiram A. Hunter, chaplain; resignec March 1, 1864. COMPA.VY A. William E. Benson, captain; Paul Byerly, cap- tain; John W. Hogue, 1st lieutenant; Martin En- right, 1st lieutenant; John A. Weatherford, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY E. Jas. H. White, captain; Thos. J. Randolph, cap- tain; Jno. W. Tydings. 1st lieutenant; Edward Winkler, 1st lieutenant; Wm. T. Applegate, 2d lieu- tenant; Nathan B. Skinner, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Geo. W. Barth, captain; Theodore B. Hays, cap- tain; Robert 17. Catlin, 1st lieutenant; Joseph F. Hawley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY JD. Henry J. O’Neill, captain; John Martin, captain; Henry Slonohan, 1st lieutenant; Patrick O’Malia, 1st lieutenant; Anthony Hartman, 2d lieutenant; James B. True, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Franklin M. Hughes, captain; George W. Cona- way, captain; Wm. C. Irvine, captain; Andrew B. Norwood, captain; Granville J. Sinkhorn, 1st lieu- tenant; Joseph H. Davis, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. James R. Noble, captain; Wm. C. McDowell, captain; Wm. G. Shane, 1st lieutenant; Henry Hooker, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. John W. Wilson, captain; Frederick Brooks, captain; James E. Loyal, captain; Albert M. Healy, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY H. John W. Tydings, captain; Robert Cairns, cap- tain; Daniel C. Collins, captain; Nathaniel Wolfe, Jr., 1st lieutenant; William R. Cox, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY I. Geo. W. Conoway, captain; John Schmidt, cap- tain; Charles Obst, 1st lieutenant; Frederick Buck- ner, 1st lieutenant; Anthony P. Hefner, 1st lieuten- ant; Wm. T. Morrow, 1st lieutenant; William Troxler, 2d lieutenant; Isaac Everett, Jr., 2d lieu- tenant. Company K never organized. The Twenty-eighth Kentucky Infantry was or- ganized in the fall of 1861 at New Haven, Ky., under Col. Wm. P. Boone, and was mustered into the United States service October 8, 1861, at New Haven, K 3 ^, by Capt. C. C. Gilbert, 1st United States Infantry, mustering officer. INFANTRY — THIRTIETH REGIMENT. Francis N. Alexander, colonel; promoted colonel 30th Kentucky Infantry, April 19, 1864. Wm. B. Craddock, lieutenant-colonel; promoted to lieutenant-colonel March 31. 1864. Thomas Malioney, major; wounded in action at Cynthiana, Kj',, June 10, 1864. Thomas J. Hardin, adjutant; detailed as A. A. Ins. Gen. of 4tli Brig,, 1st Div. Mil. Dep’t of Ky., April 28, 1864. George T. Finnell, regimental quartermaster; de- tailed as brigade quartermaster of 2d Brig., 1st Div., Mil. Dep’t of Ky., Novembers, 1864. Wm. H. Gardner, surgeon; captured at Saltville, Va., October 3, 1864. Columbus A. Cox, asst, surgeon. company a. Milton P. Hodges, captain; Wm. B. Craddock, 1st lieutenant; Ambrose L. King, 1st lieutenant; Berrie C. Craddock, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Robert J Dyas, captain; John T. Ford, 1st lieu- tenant, James Ranton, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Fleming Bates, captain; Joseph Miller, 1st lieu- tenant; Jenkins J. Vickery, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. James S. Burk, captain; Gains L. Burk. 1st lieutenant; William Burk, 1st lieutenant; William H. Gregory, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. William P. Bacon, captain; George W. Young, 1st lieutenant; Jesse A. Suter, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. John B. Brownlee, captain; John W. S. Smith, 1st lieutenant; Andrew H. Brownlee, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Wiley Searc}', captain; James L. Curtsinger, 1st lieutenant; James S. Searcy, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Leander .1. Stephenson, captain; .lolin W. S. Brooks, 1st lieutenant; Ephraim B. Guffey, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY I. Gains L. Burk, captain; Calvin Bell, 1st lieuten- ant: James Phipps, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Richard Reynolds, captain; Nathan Buchanan, 1st lieutenant; George A. Muse, 2d lieutenant. The Thirtieth Kentucky Mounted Infantry was organized under the 20,00U call, and was mustered into the United States service for one year. Compa- nies A, B, E and F were mustered in at Frankfort, Ky., February 19, 1864, and Company G March 29, 1864. bj^ Capt. Charles H. Fletcher, 1st United States Infantry 712 HISTORY OF KE^JTUCKY. INFANTRY — THIRTY-SECOND REGIMENT. Thos. Z. Morrow, lieutenant-colonel. John A. Morrison, major. Wm. J. Hume, adjutant. R. H. Kinney, adjutant. J. C. Sayers, regimental quartermaster, Wm. Woodcock, regimental quartermaster. John Carnes, regimental quartermaster. John J. Matthews, surgeon. Wm. F. Scott, surgeon. Benj. F. Davidson, assistant surgeon. COMPANY A. Robert J. Dyas, captain; Isaac N. Slade, 1st lieutenant; George W. Drinkard, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Ben. T. Nix, captain; JolinW. Zinn, 1st lieuten- ant; Thomas E. Tlhodes, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Harrison M. Hurt, captain; Roily W. Chapman, 1st lieutenant; William D. Lowe, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Parish G. Buster, captain; Benjamin D. Owens, 1st lieutenant; Wm. M. Northrup, 1st lieutenant; James L. Francis, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. William B. White, captain; CyreniusW. Smith, 1st lieutenant; William Patrick, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Bourne G. Tate, captain; Speed S. Farris, 1st lieutenant; Thomas S. Hamilton, 1st lieutenant; John M. Neal, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY a. Alexander C. Surber, captain; Nelson S. Gooch, 1st lieutenant; James M. Nunnelly, 2d lieutenant; Edwin Sadler, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Robert B. Taylor, captain; Wm. K. Gray, 1st lieutenant; Thos. J. Hutchinson, 2d lieutenant. The Thirty-second Kentucky Infantry was or- ganized from various detachments, and mustered into service with Thos. Z. Morrow, colonel, on the 15tli day of April, 1868, at Camp Burnside, Ky. INFANTRY — THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENT. Henry Dent, colonel; was lieutenant-colonel from Sept. 23, 1861, to Oct. 2, 1862; then colonel. Selby Harney, colonel; was major from March 10, 1862, to February 6,1863; then lieutenant-colonel to June 2, 1863; then colonel. William Y. Dillard, colonel; was major to June 2, 1863; then lieutenant-colonel to Dec. 24, 1863; then colonel. Lewis H. Ferrell, lieutenant-colonel; was cap- tain of Company D to Oct. 2, 1862; then lieutenant- colonel. Milton T. Callahan, major; was captain of Com- pany I to June 2, 1863; then major. Joseph B. Watkins, major; was captain of Com- pany F to January 4, 1865; then major. Charles A. Gruber, adjutant; promoted to cap- tain of Company A Feb. 7, 1863. Edward G. Parmele, adjutant; dismissed April 4, 1865. David A. Harvey, regimental quartermaster; re- signed Oct. 23, 1863. Christopher B. Tharp, regimental quartermaster; was private to Nov., 1862; then regimental quarter- master sergeant to Dec. 1, 1863; then regimental quartermaster. ^^George W. Ronald, surgeon; resigned April 12, Henry Tammadge, surgeon; was assistant sur- geon from Nov, 12, 1862, to April 13, 1863; then surgeon. Hugh Ryan, assistant surgeon; commissioned surgeon April 13, 1863, but declined accepting Joseph Foreman, assistant surgeon. COMPANY A. William Y. Dillard, captain; Charles A. Gruber, captain; John C. Slater, 1st lieutenant; Jacob S. Pearce, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Francis M. Looney, captain; Rodolph H. Whit- mer, captain; Thomas M. Alexander, 1st lieutenant; Joseph W. Adams, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY C. William H. Fagan, captain; Simeon S. Leather- man, captain; Jas. M. Leatherman, 1st lieutenant; COMPANY D. Lewis H. Ferrell, captain; James P. Tapp, cap- tain; Joel M. Coward, captain; Alfred V. D. Ab- bott, captain; George W. Coward, 1st lieutenant; Alfred M. Hoagland, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. John O. Daly, captain; Thomas H. Tindell, cap- tain; Eugene O. Daly, captain; John B. Smith, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY F. Jos. B. Watkins, captain; Wm. F. Stars, cap- tain; John Wood, 1st lieutenant; Jas. W. Fowler, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY G. Christopher C. Hare, captain; Henry Watson, 1st lieutenant; James R. Farmer, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Francis A. McHarry, captain; Henry Sutton, captain; Alpha R. Sharp, 1st lieutenant; Benjamin D. Strange, 1st lieutenant; John M. Williams, 2d lieutenant; John O. Beard, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Milton T. Callahan, captain; Joseph Pickering, captain; James M. Callahan, captain ;R. M.Mosby, captain; JohnM. Richardson, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY K. Eli P. Farmer, captain; James Boultinghouse, captain; William Duberry, captain; John Arm- strong, 1st lieutenant; Foster A. Wheeler, 1st lieu- tenant. The Thirty-fourtli Kentucky Infantry was organ- ized at Louisville, Ky., Sept. 26, 1861, under Lieut.- Col. Henry Dent, and was then designated as the “First Battalion Louisville Provost Guards.” On the 2d of Oct., 1862, the Provost Guard ceased, and the organization of the 34th Kentucky Infantry com- menced. INFANTRY — THIRTY-FIFTH REGIMENT. Edmund A. Starling, colonel. Edward R. Weir, Jr., lieutenant-colonel. Frank H. Bristow, major. Theodore W. Wing, adjutant. Finnis H. Little, quartermaster. Albert D. Cosby, surgeon. William B. Stage, assistant surgeon. Benjamin Letcher, assistant surgeon. William O. Smith, chaplain. COMPANY A. Robert Brodie. captain; David C. Goad, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Y. Hampton, 2d lieutenant. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 713 COMPANY B. Hendrick D. Baker, captain; Ransom C. Hay- slip, 1st lieutenant; Alfred Harrell, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Volney Baker, captain; Wesley Cole, 1st lieu- tenant; John L. Bennett, 1st lieutenant; John H. Vertrees, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Charles W. D. Prange, captain; George W. Moseley, 1st lieutenant; James T. Goode, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY E. Edward Camphell, captain; Thomas J. Trice, 1st lieutenant; Charles D. King, 1st lieutenant; Tyberius M. Anthony, 2d lieutenant; Charles F. Post, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Hutson Brown, captain; Edwin M. Randolph, 1st lieutenant; James H. Martin, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Hartford M. Meredith, captain; Golson Phelps, 1st lieutenant; James R. McGrew, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Avery Byers, captain; Anderson R. Byers, 1st lieutenant; John R. Reno, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. John Alsop, captain; William A. Roberts, 1st lieutenant; Robert L. Samuel, 1st lieutenant; Moses Long, 2d lieutenant; Samuel W. Trible, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. William A. Sasseen, captain; Nathan H. Graves, 1st lieutenant; Richard F. Cra^^ord, 2d lieutenant. The Thirty -fifth Kentucky Mounted Infantry was organized September 26, 1863, at Owensboro, Ky., un'der Col. E. A. Starling, and was mustered into the United States service October 2, 1863, by Capt. Knight, United States mustering officer. This regiment was recruited under the most difficult circumstances, the State, at that time being over- run with guerrillas, making it exceedingly hazard- ous for officers to recruit and retain their men in camp. From Owensboro it marched to Hender- son, on the 10th of October; and from thence to Hopkinsville, Ky. During the latter part of the year 1863 it was constantly on the march, guard- ing the country between the Green and Cumber- land Rivers, which was infested with many preda- tory bands of guerrillas. The arduous duties per- formed by this regiment, during its early existence, did not afford much time for drill; still, through the indefatigable exertions of its officers, it arrived at apoint of excellence in drill and discipline which was the admiration of all who were connected with the regiment and the division to which it was attached. During the month of August, 1864, this regi- ment, with others, under command of Gen. E. H. Hobson, marched from Elizabethtown in pursuit of the rebel Gen. Adam Johnson, who held possession of the country between the Green and Cumberland Rivers. After a loug and tedious march, with vari- ous skirmishes, they succeeded in driving him out of Kentucky into Tennessee in the direction of Cadiz. It then returned, via Hopkinsville, to Lexington, and, on the 1.5th of September, moved in Gen. Burbridge’s command in the first expedition on Saltville, Va. It returned to Lexington on the oth of November, and from there was ordered to Louis- ville, Ky., where it was mustered out December 29, 1864. It participated in ihe battle of Saltville, Va., and in numerous skirmishes with guerrillas, in various portions of Kentucky. rXPAItTRY — THIRTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT. Charles S. Hanson, colonel. Benj. Spaulding, lieutenant-colonel. Samuel Martin, major. Caswell B. Watts, adjutant. William 0. Watts, regimental quartermaster. James M. Mattingly, regimental quartermaster, James R. Duncan, surgeon. Richard W. Hazelwood, asst, surgeon. Ira Henderson, chaplain. COMPANY A. Isaac A. Chinowth, captain; Oscar H. M. Heusted, 1st lieutenant; William H. Low, 2d lieu- tenant; Alonzo H. Chism, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Jonathan W. Roark, captain; Anderson W. Smith, 1st lieutenant; Ira A. Holland, 2d lieuten- ant; James W. King, 1st sergeant. COMPANY C. George P. Stone, captain: Charles A. McCue, 1st lieutenant; William J. Stone, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. James A. Middleton, captain; John W. Kerrick, 1st lieutenant; Charles McBeath, 1st lieutenant; Thomas J. Wilkins, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. William 0. Watts, captain; Robert Purdy, 1st lieutenant; David A. Ray, 2d lieutenant; John R. Watts. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. James H. White, captain. James H. Spalding, 1st lieutenant; Wayne Furgason, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. James L. Strange, captain; Abraham A. Spears, 1st lieutenant; Joseph D. Borden, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Zacheus S. Stroube, captain; Beale Hale, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Youtsey, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. James W. Read, captain; Archibald C. Wade, 1st lieutenant; Thomas B. Youtsey, 1st lieutenant;. Silas E. Duckworth, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Joseph J. Borrell, captain; Thomas M. Morris, 2d lieutenant. The Thirty-seventh Kentucky Volunteer Infant- ry was organized under Col. Chas. S. Hanson, in the summer of 1863, and Companies A, B and C were mustered into the United States service at Glasgow, Ky., September 17, 1863. Companies D, E, F and G were mustered in October 24, 1863, at Glasgow, Ky. Capt. Stroube’s Company, origin- ally raised for the Fifty-first Kentucky Infantry, was mustered in September 4, 1863, at Covington, Ky., and consolidated with the Thirty-seventh, forming Company H. Companies I and K were mustered in at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 21 and 22, 1863. Charles S. Hanson was mustered in as colonel Dec. 29, 1863, and commanded the regiment until the battle of Saltville, Va., on the 2d day of Oct., 1864, when he was severely wounded, and made prisoner of war. It was composed of the best ma- terial, and though a one-year regiment, bore as honorable a part in the war as many three years’ regiments, and w'as engaged in the battles occur- ring in the locality in which it served, though the records of the regiment only show it to have been engaged in the battles of Glasgow, Ky. ; Jackson County, Tenn. ; Saltville, Va. ; and Mt. Sterling, 714 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Ky. The regiment was mustered out Dec. 29, 1864, at Louisville, Ky., the re-enlisted men being trans- ferred to the Fifty-fifth Kentucky Infantry, and the Fourth Kentucky Mounted Infantry INF.\NTRY — THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT. John Dils, .Ir., colonel. David A. Mims, colonel. Stephen M. Ferguson, lieutenant-colonel. John B. Auxier, major. Martin Thornbury, major. Levi J. Hampton, adjutant. John F. Stewart, adjutant. Robert S. Huey, adjutant. Martin Fulkerson, quartermaster. Lindsey Layne, quartermaster. James H. Hereford, surgeon. Wm. E. Phillips, surgeon. James N. Draper, ass’t surgeon. James H. Phillips, ass’t surgeon. Marcus L. King, chaplain. C IMPANY A. John B. Auxier, captain; David V. Auxier, cap- tain; Henry R. Brown, captain; Isaac Goble, 1st lieutenant; Richard L. Burchett, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. William Ford, captain; Jacob S. Eberman, cap- tain; Ellington Kilgore, 1st lieutenant; John Breed- ing, 1st lieutenant; John F, Stewart, 2d lieutenant; Andrew J. Adkins, 2d lieutenant; John Harkens, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Thomas J. Sowards, captain; Andie w J. Sowards, 1st lieutenant; James W. Allison, 1st lieutenant; Jacob Helvey, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Martin Thornbui-y, captain; Isaac E. Gray, cap- tain; Alfred C. Hailey, 1st lieutenant; Hughy Ply- male, 1st lieutenant; Walter Thornbury, 2d lieu- tenant; William Waddington, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Lewis Sowards, captain; Alfred C. Hailey, cap- tain; Dillard Parsons, 1st lieutenant; James M. Sowards, 1st lieutenant; William T. Berry, 1st lieu- tenant; Paris L. Reed, 2d lieutenant; Shadle R. Pau- ley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Hezekiah Webb, captain; George J. Allen, 1st lieutenant; Augustus E. Kendrick, 1st lieutenant; Calvin Preston, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY a. Allen P. Haws, captain; John B. Vanhoose, 1st lieutenant; James M. Rice, 1st lieutenant; Addison Miller, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. William King, captain; Richard D. Coleman, 1st lieutenant; .James M. Thornbury, 1st lieutenant; James H. Stump, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Joseph M. Kirk, captain; Benjamin A. Rodgers, captain; W^illiam Hagerman, 1st lieutenant; John D. Reinhart, 1st lieutenant; Charles Helton, 2d lieu- tenant; Simeon L. Payne, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Harrison Ford, captain; Nathaniel Collins, cap- tain; Joseph D. Powers. 1st lieutenant, Samuel Keel, 2d lieutenant. The Thirty-ninth Kentucky Infantry was organ- ized at Peach Orchard, Ky., under Col. John Dils, and was mustered into the United States service February 16, 1863, by Capt. W. B. Royall, United States mustering officer. This command was raised entirely in the Sandy Valley and the counties ad- joining, and, being thoroughly acquainted with the country, was stationed in that section of the State for its protection against the frequent incursions of rebels from Virginia. In April, 1863, the regiment had a fight near Pikeville, Ky,, and captured Col. French and his command, and in June engaged the enem 3 r again at Pond Creek, some thirty miles from Pikeville. The regiment being divided, a portion of it proceeded with other troops to Gladeville, Va., and succeeded in capturing Col. Condil and his command, 'who were brought back as prisoners of war. Through the constant and vigilant service of this regiment, the eastern portion of Kentucky remained uninterrupted from any invasion of the rebels for many months. The regiment participated in many battles and skirmishes, in which loss was sustained, among which the following are mentioned, viz.: Pond Creek, Pike Co., Ky., May 16, 1864; boat fight in Johnson County, December 4, 1862; Beaver Creek, Floyd County, June 27, 1863; Marrowbone, Pike County, September 22, 1863; Clark’s Neck, Law- rence County, August 27 , 1863; Paintsville, John- son County, April 13, 1864; Half Mount, Magoffin County, April 14, 1864; Mount Sterling, Ky., June 9, 1864, Cynthiana, Ky., June 12, 1864; Saltville, Va., October 2, 1864. It was mustered out Septem- ber 15, 1865, at Louisville, Ky. INFANTRY — FORTIETH REGIMENT. Clinton J. True, colonel. Matliew Mullins, lieutenant-colonel. Thomas H. Mannen, major. Fred’k H. Bierbower, major. Edward C. Barlow, adjutant. James B. True, adjutant. A. L. Burke, quartermaster. John C. Ball, quartermaster. George W. Littlejohn, quartermaster. Joseph G. Roberts, surgeon. William B. Bland, surgeon. James H. Phillips, asst, surgeon. Oscar E. Holloway, asst, surgeon. James A. Snead, chaplain. COMPANY A. Frederick H. Bierbower, captain; Charles R. Curtis, captain; Charles Roberts, 1st lieutenant; Alex. W. Lawwill, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Simon Rice, captain; Edward C. Barlow, captain .John S. Reed, 1st lieutenant; Noah Johnson, 2d lieu- tenant; Raphael J, Tomlinson, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. James B. Nipp, captain; Robert D. Adams, 1st lieutenant; Warren H. Devore, 1st lieutenant; Rob- ert C. Snead, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. John McGuire, captain; Elias P. Davis, captain; Middleton McGuire, 1st lieutenant; Alexander John- son, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Harrison B. Literal, captain; George W. Little- john, 1st lieutenant; John Poster, 1st lieutenant; James Garvin, 2d lieutenant; John M. Tyree, 2d lieutenant COMPANY F. James H. Johns, captain; William E. Arnold, 1st lieutenant; Zachariah H. Mullins, 2d lieutenant. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 715 COMPANY G. Thomas R. Rorer, captain; Christ’ er C. McGine- t }5 1st lieutenant; Isaac A. Whitaker, 2d lieutenant; Llo 3 ^d McGill, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Greenberry Reid, captain; Cornelius B. Pettet, 1st lieutenant; JohnW. Evans, 2d lieutenant; Will- iam S. Waugh, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Isaac Kelly, captain; Thomas H. Larimore, 1st lieutenant; Mark Wallace, 1st lieutenant; Marshal W, Stubblefield, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Stephen H. Young, captain; William Frisby, 1st lieutenant; Henry E. Evans; 1st lieutenant; James McGuire, 2d lieutenant; John W. Frazer, 2d lieutenant. The Fortieth Kentucky Infantry was recruited under the 20,000 call, by Col. C. J. True, and was mustered in at Grayson, Carter Co., Ky,, in Sep- [y' tember, 1863. Being raised for twelve months’ serv- ice, and during a time when the State was overrun with guerillas, and all troops were ordered into active service immediately after, and sometimes be- fore they were thoroughly organized, it had no time for drill and discipline. Being mounted, it was con- stantly employed in defending different portions of eastern Kentucky, and rendered good service. It was with Gen. Burbridge in his expedition against Saltville, Virginia, and participated in all the battles in Kentucky during ilie frequent raids of Morgan. It was mustered out at Catlettsburg, Ky., December 30, 1864 INFANTRY — FORTY-FIFTH REGIMENT. John Mason Brown, colonel. Lewis M. Clark, lieutenant-colonel. Nathan A. Browui. major. John C. Henderson, major. James Seaton, adjutant. John C. Ball, quartermaster. Harman Conley, quartermaster. Samuel Maguire, surgeon. William E. Scobey, asst, surgeon. Joseph L. Rowland, asst, surgeon. Elisha Thacker, chaplain. COMPANY A. Joseph W. Cottingham. captain; Daniel Hen- •drickson, 1st lieutenant; Pleasant M. Stricklett. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Benjamin R. Haley, captain; WTlliam B. Shock- ley, captain; James H. Loh, 1st lieutenant; John W. Thornton, 1st lieutenant; William A. Haley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY' C. George W. Browui, captain; Frank Mott, cap- tain; Edwin S. Turner, 1st lieutenant; David W’. German, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. W. S. Adams, captain; J. J. Matnej', 1st lieuten- ant; William P. Cooper, 1st lieutenant; Calvin F. Vaughn, 2d lieutenant; George F. Ratliff, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY E. Thomas Damron, captain; Daniel H. Walker, 1st lieutenant; Jasper Hatten, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Thomas Russell, captain; Richard Williamson, 1st lieutenant; Mordecai IMcClure, 2d lieutenant. C03IPANY G. William B. Jones, captain: William B. .Johnson, 1st lieutenant; Erastus IM. Gates, 2d lieutenant- Coburn D. Outten, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Jackson J. Matney, captain; Calvin F. Vaughn, 1st lieutenant; Horace January, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. James H. O'Brien, captain; Robert H. Wilson, 1st lieutenant; Milton J. Smith, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Jacob L. Ross, captain; Edward W. Brown, 1st lieutenant; John Thompson, 2d lieutenant. The Forty-fifth Regiment Kentuck}' Mounted Infantry Volunteers was at first designed as a bat- talion for local service on the Virginia front and in the eastern counties of Kentuckj'. The recruiting and organization of the command was intrusted to Maj. Lewis II. Clark, formerly lieutenant Six- teenth Kentucky Infantrj^, and captain Tenth Ken- tuckj^ Cavalry. For some months in the summer of 1863 the recruits of four companies were em- ploj'ed as above indicated; but it was determined to increase the command to a regiment and muster it into the United States service. Although the requisite number of recruits were rapidly collected, and the regiment put on active duty in October, 1863, and the organization effected at Ashland, Kj'., the formal muster-in of the two companies was un- avoidably delayed until the beginning of the fol- lowing January, when Col. John Mason Brown was assigned to the command, and Maj. L. M. Clark promoted to lieutenant-colonel. In May it rendez- voused at Lexington, K}'., and under the im- mediate command of Lieut. -Col. Clark (Col. Brown commanding brigade) was attaclied to Hobson’s Cavalry Division, and marched to the Virginia line, near Pound Gap. It led the pursuit after Morgan in June, 1864, and was the leading regiment of an assaulting column at the battle of jMt. Sterling, 9th June, 1864. It participated in the battle of Cynthi- anaJune 12, 1864, in which Morgan's force was finally destroj^ed, having up to that engagement been continuously on duly for twenty-six days and nights, with no halt of as much as four hours. During the months of Julj- and August, 1864, a part of the regiment, under Lieut. -Col. Clark, was detailed bj' Gen. Burbridge to pursue guerrillas and scattered Confederate troops in Owen, Trimble, and the adjacent counties of Kentucky. In Octo- ber, 1864, the Forty-fifth Kentuckj" formed part of Burbridge’s command in the unsuccessful attack on Saltville, Va., and covered the retreat thence. In November and December, 1864, it was in Stone- man’s column, at the capture of Bristol, east Ten- nessee, Marion, Abingdon, and, Saltville, Va., and participated in all the eugagehients of that cam- paign. Besides a great number of skirmishes of greater or less note, the Forty-fifth Kentucky took part in the engagements of Mt. Sterling, C.vuthiana, Ma- rion, Bristol, Laurel Gap, and Saltville. From its constant duty in most inclement weather the regi- ment suffered even more seriouslj' than from the bullets of the enemy, and a large proportion of the men were mustered out much injured hy frost- bites. INFANTRY’ — FORTY’-SEVENTH REGIMENT. Andrew H. Clark, colonel. Alfred C. Wilson, lieutenant-colonel. Thos. H. Barnes, major. George A. Hanaford, adjutant. Peter D. Scholl, quartermaster. John M. Daniel, surgeon. Wilson II. Glass, assistant surgeon. Geo. Sumner, assistant surgeon. Mordecai .1. W. Ambrose, chanlain. 716 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. COMPANY A. John Penington, captain; Godfrey Isaacs, 1st lieutenant; Andrew Isaacs, 3d lieutenant; Isaac S. Jones, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Jackson Roberts, captain ; David V. Roberts, 1st lieutenant; Francis M. Herd, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY C. John C. Wilson, captain; Wm. J. Monas, 1st lieutenant; William Baker, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. David W. Clark, captain; Edward Clark, 1st lieutenant; Edward Chestnut, 1st lieutenant; Daniel G. Allen, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Henry J. Clark, captain; Hiram Metcalf, 1st lieutenant; Henry Smith, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Henry Skidmore, captain; Nathan Noe, 1st lieu- tenant; Acles Winn, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Thomas J. Engle, captain; Joseph Herd, captain; Robert M. Green, 1st lieutenant; Heniy H. Gab- bard, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY II. Benj. F. Blankenship, captain; George W. Mor- gan, 1st lieutenant; Wm. G. Dixon, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Simon Cockrill, captain; James P. Smallwood, 1st lieutenant; Hiram Rogers, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. John McQueen, captain; John McCracken, 1st lieutenant; Charles H. Mosley, 2d lieutenant. This regiment, raised under the call for 20,000 men, was recruited chiefly from the mountain coun- ties of the State, and the greater portion of the men were mustered in at Irvine, Ky., October 5, 1863, and at Camp Nelson, Ky., December, 1863, and January, 1864. The officers of this regiment failed to furnish any data from which to make up a state- ment of its operations, marches, etc., which is to be regretted, as it was due to the gallant men of this command that their record should be as complete as possible. It did most excellent service in the cen- tral and eastern portions of the State. Company I, commanded by Capt. Cockrill, after being mount- ed, scouted the country thoroughly, sending terror to the hearts of guerrillas and all lawless bands. INFANTRY — FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT. Hartwell T. Burge, colonel. William W. Hester, lieutenant-colonel. William H. Hoyt, major. John W. Lockhead, adjutant. William Shuler, adjutant. James M. Courtney, quartermaster. William Randolph, surgeon, R. R. Bush, asst, surgeon. Jolm D. Mott, asst, surgeon. John W. Ricks, chaplain. COMPANY A. Fountain P. Hawkins, captain; John M. Gregory, 1st lieutenant; Jasper N. Scott, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Hugh M. Hiett, captain; William H. Rushing, 1st lieutenant; John T. Rushing, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY C. John J. Wright, captain; John F. Lay, 1st lieu- tenant; Willis S. McNeely, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Hiram J. Belt, captain; John Tyer, 1st lieutenant; Logan Belt, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Richard F. Minner, captain; William Hoyt. 1st lieutenant; William J. Small, 1st lieutenant; Will- iam J. Wilson, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Charles E. VanPelt, captain; William B. Rogers, 1st lieutenant; Charles Adams, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. John W. Bush, captain; William B. Wallington, 1st lieutenant; John R. Sedberry, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY H. James M. Wilson, captain; George L. Lovier, 1st lieutenant; William S. Lovier, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Joseph Mitchell, captain; William Porter, cap- tain; Turney G. Driskill, 1st lieutenant; Louis C. Chatham, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Samuel Jarrett, captain; Jeremiah S. Garner, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Lynch, 2d lieutenant. The Forty-eighth Kentucky Volunteers was enlisted principally from the counties of Trigg, Lyon, Livingston, Crittenden, Union, Christian, Caldwell, Muhlenburgh, Breckinridge and Grayson, and was organized and mustered into service at Princeton, Ky., by Charles H. Fletcher, captain. Thirteenth United States Infantry, on the 26th day of October, 1863, for the period of one year, with Hartwell T. Burge, of Louisville, as colonel. This regiment was raised for especial service in Kentucky to serve as a mounted force to aid in pre- venting raids, and to clear the State of guerrillas. Immediately upon muster it was assigned to First Brigade, Second Division, Department of Ken- tucky, and remained on duty at Princeton until the 1st of December, 1863, when it was ordered and marched to Russellville, Ky. Here it was ordered in detail on December 5, viz. : Companies A, D, I and K to Bowling Green, with Col. Burge as post commandant; companies B, F, G and H remaining at Russellville, with Lieut. -Col. Hester as post com- mandant. It remained on duty at these stations until April 6, . 1864, when, by direction of Bvt. Maj.-Gen. Burbridge, it was removed, with ex- ception of one company, and distributed along the line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, garrisoning that line from Cave City to Louisville, headquarters at Munfordsville, with Col. Burge as post commandant, and Lieut.-Col. Hester in com- mand of regiment and supervision of the railway line guarded by his force. INFANTRY— FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT. John G. Eve, colonel. Philos Stratton, lieutenant-colonel. James H. Davidson, major. James H. Tinsley, adjutant. George Smith, quartermaster. Walter M. Prentice, surgeon. Henry C. Miller, surgeon. William B. Swisher, ass’t surgeon. Hugh W. Hogan, ass’t surgeon. Ebenezer Ingram, chaplain. COMPANY A. Stephen Golden, captain; Hugh H. York, 1st lieutenant; Moses F. Ingram, 2d lieutenant. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 717 COMPANY B. Francis Catron, captain; Henr}^ L. Vinsant, 1st lieutenant; John P. Davis, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Wm. T. Bryant, captain; Marion Bryant, 1st lieutenant; John W. Siler, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. John M. Cook, captain; Wm. Carson, 1st lieu- tenant; Henry S. Branaman, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. James G. Howard, captain; Benj. F. Howard, captain; James C. Howard, 1st lieutenant; John W. Forrester, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY r. John A. Ward, captain; Augustus B. Culton, 1st lieutenant: William G. Bingham, 1st lieutenant; Thomas S. Ward, 2d lieutenant, COMPANY G. Lee Leforce, captain; Isaac J. Black, 1st lieu- tenant; John A. Hayden, 1st lieutenant; Francis A. Creekmore, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Isaac J. Black, captain; Jesse Mattingly, 1st lieutenant; Wm. B. Eve, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Isaac L. Hardgrove, captain; Joshua 8. Taylor, 1st lieutenant; Hardin Simpson, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. John Goodin, captain; Henry Blendowski, 1st lieutenant; Thomas J. Ingram, 2d lieutenant. The Forty-ninth Kentucky Infantry was organ- ized at Camp Nelson, Ky., under Col. John G. Eve. This regiment was originally recruited for the cav- alry service, but prior to muster in, viz., on De- cember 14, 1863, the various detachments were con- solidated into ten companies, and the officers were duly commissioned from that date. All the com- panies and detachments were mustered into the United States service on the 19th day of September, 1863, except two, one of which was mustered in October 7, 1863, and the other November 3, 1863. INFANTRY — FIFTY-SECOND REGIMENT. John H. Grider, colonel. Samuel F. Johnson, lieutenant-colonel. John B. Tyler, major. Wm. H. Murrell, adjutant. Wm. H. Johnson, quartermaster. James H. Lile, quartermaster. George W. Wyer, surgeon. Robert D. Hawthorn, asst, surgeon. Henry H. Alter, asst, surgeon. George Mitchell, chaplain. COMPANY A. Samuel J. Richards, captain; Wm. H. Walker, 1st lieutenant; Daniel Huntsman, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. John D. Gilliam, captain; George D. Read, 1st lieutenant; James A. Carter, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Jno. M. Billingsley, captain; Tho. W. Mitchell, 1st lieutenant; Isaac T. Lee, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. George W. Hoy, captain; Wm. M. Beson, 1st lieutenant; Jno. W. Arnett, 2d lieutenant; William Jackson, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Henry C. Watkins, captain; John W. Underhill, 1st lieutenant; James M. Atwood, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. John B. Tyler, captain; William P. King, cap- tain; Jasper Forrest, 1st lieutenant; James A. Cald- well, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Edward Hartie, captain; Hugh L. Scott, 1st lieu- tenant; James H. Lile, 2d lieutenant. COMP.ANY H. Francis Houchin, captain; S. W. Willis, 1st lieu- tenant; Daniel C. Parrish, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. James M. Childress, captain; Lewis P. Arnold, 1st lieutenant; Alexander Dockery, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Lewis Buckner, captain; Romulus N. Taylor, 1st lieutenant; Richard W. Hayes, 2d lieutenant. The Fifty-second Kentucky Mounted Infantry was organized under the authority of an act of Con- gress, dated February 7, 1863, authorizing the gov- ernor to raise 20,000 troops for the better defense of Kentucky. Companies A, B, C and E were mus- tered in at Scottsville, Ky., October 16, 1863, and Company D on the 17th of October. Company F was mustered in November 12, 1863, and Company G December 21, 1863, at Franklin, Ky. Companies H, I and K were mustered in March 3, 1864, at Franklin, Ky. This regiment was raised for twelve months’ serv- ice, and, under provisions of the act, was to be em- ployed within the limits of the State of Kentucky in repelling invasions, suppressing insurrection, and guarding and protecting the public property. For the purpose of enabling it to cope more readily with the guerrillas that infested the State, it was mounted and stationed in the lower and central portions of the State, and rendered efficient aid to the govern- ment in protecting its line of communication with the army at the front. In the many fights and skir- mishes in which it engaged, the bearing of both officers and men sustained the gallant record so bravely won by all Kentucky troops during the Re- bellion. It was mustered out at Bowling Green, Ky., in January and March, 1865. INFANTRY — FIFTY-THIRD REGIMENT. Clinton ,J. True, colonel. W. C. Johnson, lieutenant-colonel. James G. Francis, major. Frank D. Tunis, adjutant. S. J. Housh, quartermaster. William B. Bland, surgeon. Henry C. Miller, asst, surgeon. James M. Montmollin, asst, surgeon. COMPANY A. John A. Thompson, captain; James F, Thomp- son, 1st lieutenant; John Mullens, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Henry F. Falls, captain; John J. Creighton, 1st lieutenant; Wm. H. Robinson, 2d lieutenant; Ferdinand Burch, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Henry Hagerty, captain; Richard S. Robson, 1st lieutenant; Chas. T. Chambers, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Benj. T. Nix. captain; James T. Chrisman, 1st lieutenant; Alfred Bickers, 2d lieutenant. 718 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. COMPANY E. Jiunes G. Francis, captain; Albert C. Breith, captain; Jno. W. West, 1st lieutenant; Win. H. Croat, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY F. .1. H. Lennin, captain; Alfred T. Morin, 1st lieutenant; Adam Weaver, 1st lieutenant; J. Hazard Davis, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Robert H. Wilson, captain; Jesse J. Dennis, 1st lieutenant; Ed’n N. Vallandingham, 3d lieutenant. company h. James W. Read, captain; David Berry, 1st lieu- tenant; Joseph M. Hukel, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY I. James H. Carey, captain; John W. Thornton, 1st lieutenant; Henry C. Ball, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Samuel A. Crawford, captain; Riley Richards, 1st lieutenant; Charles W. Russell, 3d lieutenant. The Fifty third Kentucky Infantry was organ- ized at Paris, Ky., in the winter of 1864 and spring of 1865, and the exigencies of the service demanding all the available forces about that time, this regi- ment was called on to perform arduous duty which retarded its speedy organization. Being mounted, it was constantly emploj^ed in scouting the counties in the central portion of the State and along the Kentucky Central Railroad. In the second expedi- tion of Gen. Burbridge against Saltville, Va., this regiment suffered much from the excessive cold, and the long and fatiguing marches. It participated in many skirmishes and in the battles of Clinch River, Marion and Saltville, Va., in all of which it per- formed its duty to the entire satisfation of the commanding general. It was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., September 15, 1865. INFANTRY — FIFTT-POURTII REGIMENT. Harvey M. Buckley, colonel. John G. Rogers, lieutenant-colonel. John D. Russell, major. Edward Mitchell, adjutant. Thomas J. Owens, quartermaster. Lewis B. Brasher, quartermaster. Frederick C. Leber, surgeon. James II. McMahon, assistant surgeon. Thomas B. Hunt, assistant sugeon. COMPANY A. Greenup Nickell, captain; George W. Herron, 1st lieutenant; Benj. C. Lockwood, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY B. Robert H. Young, captain; Mastin Campbell, 1st lieutenant; Robert A. Hancock, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Dexter B. Gray, captain; James W. Stewart, 1st lieutenant; Robert W. Sanders, 3d lieutenant COMPANY D. L. D. Brown, captain; W. T. Moore, 1st lieuten- ant; John Searcy, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY E. William Carroll, captain; George T. Buckley, captain; John W. Ridgway, 1st lieutenant; Posey Buckley, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Robert D. Barr, captain; John Moran, 1st lieu- tenant; Benj. F. Meadows, 3d lieutenant. OMPANY G. Emzy W. Easley, captain; Nelson Parish, 1st lieutenant; Lewis W. Sewell, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY n. David E. Roberts, Jr., captain; Joseph G. Cooper - 1st lieutenant; Archibald L. Scudder, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Robert P. Crupper, captain; John N. Shane, 1st lieutenant; Dudley O. Bravard, 3d lieutenant. Company I was never organized. The Fifty-fourth Kentucky Mounted Infantry was organized at New Castle, Ky,, in September, 1864, under special authority from the War Depart- ment. The difSculties attending the recruiting and organization of this regiment were great, owing to the frequent raids by guerrillas, and the constant presence of predatory bands in the vicinity of its camp. It was mounted and performed duty in vari- ous portions of Kentucky, and by the energy displayed by its officers soon dispelled the guerrillas from the section of country in which it was stationed. On the second Saltville expedition the Fifty-fourth lost many men by exposure to the extreme cold weather. It participated in the battles of Clinch River, Ma- rion and Saltville, Va., beside various skirmishes and minor engagements. It was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., September 1, 1865. INFANTRY — 'PIPTY-FIPTH REGIMENT. Weden O’Neal, colonel. Tho. J. Williams, lieutenant-colonel. Silas Howe, major. John E. Calvert, adjutant. Robert C. Snead, adjutant. Geo. L. Huey, quartermaster. Benj. F. Slaughter, surgeon. E. R. Palmer, assistant surgeon. John R. Reasoner, chaplain. COMPANY A. James M. Riddell, captain; Wm. E. Arnold, captain; Wm. S. Butts, 1st lieutenant; Washington Craven, 1st lieutenant; George B. Clore, 3d lieu- tenant. COMPANY B. John C. Richards, captain; Gary Longfellow, 1st lieutenant; George W. Story, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY C. James P. Robinson, captain; Calvin Griffin, 1st lieutenant; Nehemiah Spradliug, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY D. John E. Calvert, captain; Wm. H. Drinkard, 1st lieutenant; Dennis W. Haley, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Charles McBeath, captain; James H. White, 1st lieutenant; Geo. W. White, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Thos. W. Hardiman, captain; Thomas J. Mc- Hatton, 1st lieutenant; Cincinnatus Murphy, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Peter S. Jones, captain; George M. Harper, 1st lieutenant; John N. Buchanan, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY H. George Welker, captain; Gottleib Jennerich, 1st lieutenant; John C. Bishop, 3d lieutenant; Robert C. Snead, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Alex. W. Lawwill, captain; James S, Hise, 1st lieutenant; Prank Blanchard, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Wm. E. Gillaspie, captain; Jonathan R. Ward, 1st lieutenant; Jacob P. Phipps, 3d lieutenant. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 719 The Fifty-fifth Kentucky Infantry was raised under special authority from the War Department, and was oi-ganized at Covington, Ky., in November, 1864. It was mounted, and performed duty in the counties bordering on the Kentucky Central Rail- road, until ordered on the Saltville expedition un- der Gen. Burbridge. On this expedition it per- formed good and etficient service, and was favor- ably mentioned by the commanding general, among other troops of his division, for gallant bearing in face of the enemy. After the return from Virginia the regiment was by detail posted in various counties to protect the citizens from the depredations of guerrillas, upon which duty it re- mained until mustered out at Louisville, Ky., Sep- tember 19, 1865. Patterson’s company of mechanics and en- gineers. William F. Patterson, captain; Andrew Patter- son, 2d lieutenant. Patterson’s company of Mechanics and Engineers was organized at Somerset, Ky., under Capt. W. F. Patterson, and mustered into the United States service by Charles S. Medary, lieutenant. United States mustering officer, and has marched as fol- lows: This company, as enlisted, was employed in the construction of defenses for Camp Hoskins, Ky., then under command of Col. Hoskins, up to the 2d of December, 1861, when Brig.-Gen. ShoepflE as- sumed command, and continued the work of defense in the vicinity of Somerset, Ky., until the battle of Mill Springs, on the 19th of January, 1862. On the 16th of January this company, together with seven companies from the command, were employed in the repair of the road from Somerset to Stanford, Ky. On the 8th of February the seven companies were relieved, and the work continued by this com- pany under orders of Gen. Thomas. .On the 12th of April it was ordered to report to headquarters Sev- enth Division, ArmyofOhio, Cumberland Ford, Ky., b}" Gen. George W. Morgan, where it arrived on the 20th, repairing roads on the way. From the 25th of April to May 1 engaged, with large detailed force added, in the repair of the road for supplies. From the 1st of May this company constructed roads and bridges forty miles for a flank movement upon Cumberland Gap, through Cumberland Mountains, which was accomplished successfully on the 18th of June. From this date a new detail was added of 230 men, and engaged in the construction of build- ing roads. etc., up to the 18th of September, when all was destroyed by order of Gen. Morgan, to- gether with nine siege guns. Marched with the advance of Morgan’s division to the Ohio River, and accompanied it to Memphis, where, in Decem- ber, it embarked with the division for an attack upon Vicksburg. From the 26th to the 1st of Jan- uary, 1863, this companj^ was constantly engaged, nigiit and day, in preparing earthworks, and on the 28th was greatly exposed in an effort to throw a pontoon bridge across Chickasaw Bayou under a destructive fire from the enemy. Sergt. Welsh, in charge of the party, relinquished the effort only when the boats were so damaged as to be useless. On the 1st of January, 1863, embarked on trans- ports for Arkansas Post, arriving on the 10th. After the battle and surrender the demolition of the fort and siege guns was assigned to this company, with a large detail from the command. From this time until the date of its return to Kentucky, November 23, 1864, the company was constantly on dut 3 ^ adding to the courage and dis- cipline of true soldiers the skill and intelligence of competent engineers and mechanics. CAVALRY — FIRST REGIMENT. Frank Wolford, colonel; entered service at or- ganization, Silas Adams, colonel; promoted colonel June 16, 1864. John W. Letcher, lieutenant-colonel; resigned Nov. 28, 1862. Francis N. Helveti, lieutenant-colonel; promot- ed lieutenant-colonel June 16, 1864. John A. Brents, major; resigned July 2, 1862. William A. Coffee, major; resigned Oct., 1863. William N. Owens, major; promoted major July 31, 1862. Thomas Rowland, major; wounded at Dutton Hill, Ky. Alverson T. Keen, major; promoted major Julv 16, 1864. Fountain T. Fox, major; promoted to major June 27, 1864. George W. Drye, major; wounded at Rockford, Tenn., Nov. 14, 1862. Francis M. Wolford, adjutant; promoted captain Company A Nov. 14. William D. Carpenter, adjutant; wounded in siege of Knoxville, 'Tenn. Matthew H. Blackford, regimental quartermaster. Elijah Cox, regimental commissary subsistence; promoted regimental commissary subsistence June 3, 1863. John A. Brady, surgeon; resigned Dec. 26, 1862. Hawkins Brown, surgeon; promoted surgeon Dec. 26, 1862. James C. Riffe, assistant surgeon; resigned June 11, 1862. Andrew A. Campbell, assistant surgeon. Albert G. Huffman, assistant surgeon; resigned June 9, 1864. Wm. H. Honnell, chaplain. COMPANY A. George W. Sweeney, captain; Silas G. Adams, captain; Francis M. Wolford, captain; James Hum- phrey, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Watson. 2d lieuten- ant; William Adams, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. William Rains, captain; George W. Drye, cap- tain; Samuel Belden, captain; Wm. B. Carter, 1st lieutenant; Stephen H. Coppage, 1st lieutenant; Vincent Peyton, 1st lieutenant; Stephen G. Averitt, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. John A. Brents, captain; Jno. A. Morrison, cap- tain; Wm. Perkins, captain; Dulany R. Carr, cap- tain; James E. Chilton, 1st lieutenant; Wm. C. Roots, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. George Coppage, captain; Samuel H. Boone, captain; Daniel A. Kelley, captain; Richard H. Van- dyke, 1st lieutenant; Henry H. Thornton, 1st lieu- tenant; Warren Lamme, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Boston Dillion, captain; Franklin W. Dillion, captain: John Kimbrell, 1st lieutenant; William P. Ballard, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Jarrard W. Jenkins, captain; Robert C. Blain, captain; George C. Jenkins, 1st lieutenant; Oliver M. Dodson, 1st lieutenant; Wm. B. Kelley, 2d lieu- tenant; Richard E. Huffman, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY S. Thornton K. Hacklejq captain; Irvine Burton, captain; Win. D. Carpenter, 1st lieutenant; Henry S. Robson, 2d lieutenant; Daniel Murphy, 2d lieu- tenant. 720 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. COMPANY H. F. N. Alexander, captain; James G. Dick, cap- tain; Chas. W. Huflaker, 1st lieutenant; Samuel Duncan, 1st lieutenant; Wm. M. Hadley, 2d lieu- tenant; Abraham Grubb, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. John Smith, captain; Alexanaer Smith, captain; James L. PankeJ^ captain; James M. Mayes, 1st lieutenant; Buford Scott, 1st lieutenant; Thomas J, Graves, 1st lieutenant; Alexander Thompson, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY J. M. H. Owsley, captain; Jesse M. Carter, cap- tain; Anderson T. Keen, captain; John T. McLain, captain, Ale.xauder C. Smith, 1st lieutenant; Mere- dith Martin, 2d lieutenant; Sandusky Braton, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Nelson B. Burris, captain; Thomas Rowland, captain; Philip Roberts, captain; Tilford N. Bru- ner, 1st lieutenant; Jno. F. N. Hill, 1st lieutenant; F. T. Fox, 1st lieutenant; A. J. Alexander, 1st lieu- tenant; Stephen Sully, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. Wm. N. Owens, captain; John B. Fishback, ■captain; Joe D. Beatie, captain; Robert M. Griffin, 1st lieutenant; Matthew H. Blackford, 1st lieuten- ant; Benj. H. Milton, 2d lieutenant; Wm, A. Lock- ett, 2d lieutenant; Geo. K. Speed, 2d lieutenant; •Granville J. Vaught, 2d lieutenant.' CAVALRY — SECOND REGIMENT. Buckner Board, colonel; resigned Dec. 25, 1862. Thomas P. Nicholas, colonel; promoted colonel Dec. 26, 1862. Thos. B. Cochoran, lieutenant-colonel; resigned Nov. 24, 1862. Elijah S Watts, lieutenant-colonel; promoted to lieutenant-colonel Nov. 25, 1862. W. H. Eifort, lieutenant-colonel; promoted lieu- tenant-colonel June 22, 1864; killed in action. Owen Starr, lieutenant-colonel; promoted to lieu- tenant-colonel Oct. 18, 1864. Henry E. Collins, major; promoted major Dec. 26, 1862; resigned June 2, 1864. Jesse J. Craddock, major; promoted major Nov. 25, 1862; resigned Jan. 26, 1864. Joseph T. Foreman, major; promoted to major May 1, 1865. R. M. Gilmore, major; promoted major May 12, 1865. Wm. H. Lower, major; promoted to major July 10, 1865. John M. Hewitt, adjutant. Geo. W. Griffith, adjutant; promoted captain •Company A, April 30, 1864. Garrard S. Morgan, adjutant. Elias Thomasson, regimental quartermaster. William G. Rogers, regimental quartermaster. Edward B. Ayres, regimental commissary; re- signed Dec. 29, 1864, John F. Finley, surgeon. David J. Griffith, assistant surgeon; resigned Feb. 6, 1862. Robert Stewart, assistant surgeon; resigned June 18, 1863. J. H. Layman, assistant surgeon. George J. Reed, chaplain; resigned Oct. 17, 1862. COMPANY A. Elijah S. Watts, captain; John D. WicklifEe, captain; George W. Griffith, captain; George A. Hosmer, 1st lieutenant; Edward B. Curran, 1st lieutenant; Robert E. Pogue, 2d lieutenant; William Bradney, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Henry E. Collins, captain; William Arthur, cap- tain; William Higgins, 1st lieutenant; Thomas H. Soward, 1st lieutenant; Henry C. Car.r, 2d lieuten- ant; Charles J. Norton, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Henry G. Thomas, captain ; Owen Starr, captain; James A. Warder, captain; William H. Lower, cap- tain; Wm. H. Eifort, 1st lieutenant; Bird P. Brooks, 1st lieutenant; Lewis H. Little, 1st lieutenant; George A. Hosmer, 2d lieutenant; William G. Jen- kins, 2d lieutenant; Edward B. Curran, 2d lieutenant; Wm. A.. McCammon, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Jesse J. Craddock, captain; Charles D Arm- strong, captain; John E. Stillwell, 1st lieutenant; Bird P. Brooks, 2d lieutenant; John L. Bomar, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Oliver T. Booth, captain: Owen Starr, 1st lieu- tenant; Robt. E. Pogue, 1st lieutenant; John Cal- der, 1st lieutenant; Richard W. Davis, 2d lieutenant; Wm. C. Adams, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Edward J. Mitchell, captain; Charles A. Zachary, captain; James M. Patterson, 1st lieutenant; Wm. T. Jenkins, 1st lieutenant; Wm. Bradney, 1st lieu- tenant; Sylvanus C. Runyon, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY O. Miller R. McCulloch, captain; Harvey S. Parke, captain; John Baker, captain; Cornelius Nall, 1st lieutenant; Sanford H. Thurman, 1st lieutenant; Granville J. blastings, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Tho. C. Wiley, captain; Wm. H. Eifort, captain; Samuel Lyon, captain; Wm. T. Hoblitzell, 1st lieu- tenant; Augustus T. Gulitz, 1st lieutenant; Geo. S. Coyle, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Augustus C. Van Dyke, captain; Wm. T. Hob- litzell, captain; Lovell H. Thrixton, captain; Oscar O. Gregg, 1st lieutenant; George W. L. Batman, 1st lieutenant; John L. Bomar, 1st lieutenant; Chas. Corum, 2d lieutenant; Wm. H. Lower, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. J. Griswold, 1st lieutenant; Stephen E. Jones, 1st lieutenant; Lovell H. Thrixton, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. Monroe Bateman, captain; Jos. T. Foreman, captain; Jas. A. Warder, 1st lieutenant; Thomas H. Soward, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY M. Robert M. Gillmore, captain. The Second Kentucky Cavalry was organized at Camp Joe Holt, under Col. Buckner Board, mus- tered into the United States service on the 9th day of September, 1861, by Maj. W. H. Sidell, United States mustering officer. CAVALRY — THIRD REGIMENT. James S. Jackson, colonel; promoted brigadier- general of Volunteers Aug. 13, 1862. Eli H. Murray, colonel; commissioned and entered service as major Nov. 26, 1861; promoted colonel Aim. 13, 1862. Alvin C. Gillen, lieutenant-colonel; promoted colonel of Regiment, Tennessee Volunteers. James M. Holmes, lieutenant-colonel ;_ promoted to lieutenant-colonel Aug. 13, 1862; resigned May 27 1863. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 721 Robert H. King, lieutenant-colonel; promoted to lieutenant-colonel May 27, 1863. Green Clay, major; resigned Jan. 11, 1862. W. S. D. Megowan, major; resigned Dec. 17, 1862 Aaron C. Shacklett, major; promoted major Aug. 13, 1862. Lewis H. Wolfley, major; promoted major Dec. 18, 1862. Geo. F. White, major; promoted major April 13, 1863 John W. Breathitt, major; promoted major May 27, 1863. Zachary L. Taylor, adjutant; resigned April 16, 1862. Jesse S. Gray, adjutant. John Feland, regimental quartermaster. A. J. Gillett, regimental quartermaster; pro- moted from 2d lieutenant Company G, June 20, 1862. Jos. F. Anderson, regimental commissary; pro- moted from commissary sergeant March 8, 1864. Wm. Singleton, surgeon; resigned June 16, 1862. Robert M. Fairleigh, surgeon; promoted from asst, surgeon June 19, 1862. Robert B. McNairy, asst, surgeon; promoted from hospital steward April 10, 1863. Hartwell T. Burge, chaplain; resigned June 23, 1863. John H. McRae, chaplain. COMPANY A. Jno. W. Breathitt, captain; Chas. L. White, captain; Thomas H. Ashford, 1st lieutenant; Milton J. Coleman, 1st lieutenant; N. C. Petree, 2d lieu- tenant; Alex. C. Lakin, 2d lieutenant; Edward Kelly, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. James M. Holmes, captain; Mathew H. Jouett, captain; John L. Waters, 1st lieutenant; Drury C. Mitcherson, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Albert G. Bacon, captain; Robert H. King, cap- tain; Lewis M. Buford, captain; John J. Roberts, 1st lieutenant; Edward H. Morin, 1st lieutenant; Charles Smock, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Arthur N. Davis, captain; Tho. J. Lovelace, captain; M. J. Davis, 1st lieutenant; Robert O. Gaines, 2d lieutenant; Calvin N. Jarrell, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY E. Oliver N. Spencer, captain; Robert Bogle, cap- tain; Percival P. Oldershaw, 1st lieutenant; David M. Oglesby, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Newton, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Isaac Miller, captain; Elisha Baker, captain; W. H. Burghardt, 1st lieutenant; Leonard Pearler, 2d lieutenant; Wm. T. Buckner, 2d lieutenant; John C. Corey, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. J. Speed Peay, captain; Tho. C, Foreman, cap- tain; L. L. Drown, captain; Edward W. Ward, captain; William Starling, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Coyle, 1st lieutenant; John Weist, 1st lieutenant; A. J. Gillett, 2d lieutenant; Garnett Duncan, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY n. Lewis Wolfley, captain; James Beggs, captain; Frederick Overbury, 1st lieutenant; Edward H. Morin, 2d lieutenant; James T. Leavy, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY I. George F. Mercer, captain; John M. Thomas, captain; Lewis R, Dunn, 1st lieutenant; Peter S. Bruner, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Aaron C. Shacklett, captain; Francis H. Crosby, captain; Horace Scott, captain; Frank M. Jolly, 1st lieutenant; William Waters, 1st lieutenant; Samuel C. Chalfant, 2d lieutenant; Charles Blanford, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. John P. Cummings, captain; W. W. Hester, 1st lieutenant; W. W. Weatherholt, 1st lieutenant; Wm. R. Gardner, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY M. Geo. F. White, captain; A. G. Sloo, captain; Benjamin Johnson, 1st lieutenant. The Third Kentucky Cavalry was organized at Calhoon, Ky., under Col. James S. Jackson; mus- tered into the United States service on the 13th day of December, 1861, by Maj. W. H. Sidell, United States mustering officer. CAVALRY — FOURTH REGIMENT. Jesse Bayles, colonel; resigned April 14, 1863. G. Glay Smith, colonel; promoted brigadier-gen- eral Volunteers, June 11, 1862. Wickliffe Cooper, colonel; promoted colonel April 5, 1863. Jacob Ruckstuhl, lieutenant-colonel; resigned May 8, 1863. Llewllyn Gwj''iine, lieutenant-colonel; promoted from major Aug. 10, 1863. John F. Gunkel, major; resigned Feb. 3, 1863, Sidney S. Lyon, major; promoted froili captain, Company F, Aug. 13, 1863. • Moses C. Bayles, adjutant; mustered out April 14, 1862. George K. Speed, adjutant; promoted captain Company G Nov. 7, 1863. Chas. Kurfiss, regimental quartermaster; mus- tered out of service. Chas. II. Swift, regimental quartermaster; trans- ferred to Fourth Kentucky Veteran Cavalry. Sami. L. Adams, surgeon; resigned Sept. 20, 1862. Henry Mallory, surgeon; resigned July 10, 1863. Chas. H. Butler, surgeon; promoted from asst, surgeon Oct. 1. 1863. David P. Middleton, asst, surgeon; resigned April 10, 1862. J. P. Bachman, asst, surgeon; transferred to Fourth Kentucky Veteran Cavalry. Mathew N. Lasley, chaplain ; resigned April 9, 1862. COMPANY A. Levi Chilson, captain; William D. Hooker, cap- tain; Joseph A. Cowell, captain; William J. Hun- ter, 1st lieutenant; James Barnes, 2d lieutenant; Basil N. Hobbs, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. John Kurfiss, captain; Adam Rogers, _ captain; Henry Tanner, 1st lieutenant; John Feitsch, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Charles L. Unthank, captain; Sylvester W. Rap- lee, captain; .John M. Bacon, captain; James O’Donnell, 1st lieutenant ; William J. Killmore, 1st lieutenant; William M. Nichols, 2d lieutenant; A. G. Rosengarten, 2d lieutenant; James Hines, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. George Welling, captain; William J. Barnett, captain; Frank N.^'Sheets, 1st lieutenant; John B. 45 723 HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. Lee, 1st lieutenant; James A. Kemp, 2d lieutenant; John P. Brown, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Nelson B. Church, captain; Sidney Lyons, cap- tain; Basil N. Hobhs, captain; Spencer Cooper, cap- tain; John D. Bird, Istlieutenaut; Thomas P. Ilar- not, 1st lieutenant; Wm. G. Milton, 1st lieutenant; Abel R. Church, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Henry A. Schaeffer, captain; Leopold Preuss, captain; James O'Donnell, captain; Max Cohn, 1st lieutenant; Henry G. Waller, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Patrick M. Conly, regimental commissary; promoted from sergeant Company A. George E. Willett, regimental commissary. COMPANY A. Hal. Palmer, captain; James L. Wharton, cap- tain; Thomas A. Elkin, captain; James V. Conrad, 1st lieutenant; James Funk. 3d lieutenant; Francis B. McAllister, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. James T. A. J. Duncan, captain; Christopher T. Cheek, captain; Andrew Offutt, captain; Jonathan S. Harlen, 1st lieutenant; Henry D. Gorham, 1st lieutenant; John Right, 2d lieutenant. Casper Blume, captain; John Sailer, captain; George K. Speed, captain; William Shriver, 1st lieutenant; William H. McKinney, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Hoffman, 2d lieutenant; Rodolph Curtis, 2d lieutenant; George Rothchild, 1st sergeant. COMPANY H. Patrick W. McGowan, captain; John F. Weston, captain; Isaac Burch, 1st lieutenant: Lewis Ryan, 1st lieutenant; John Burke, 2d lieutenant. The Fourth Kentucky Cavalry was organized at Louisville, Ky., under Col. Jesse Bayles, mustered into the United States service on the 24th day of Dee. 1861, by Capt. Bankhead, United States mus- tering officer. CAVALRY— FIFTH REGIMENT. David R. Haggard, colonel; mustered out March 24, 1863, on account of disability. Win. P. Sanders, colonel; died of wounds re- ceived in action at Campbell’s Station, Tenn., November 30, 1863. Oliver L. Baldwin, colonel; promoted from ma- jor 3d Kentucky Infantry; resigned March 24, 1865. Isaac Scott, lieutenant-colonel; resigned March 9. 1863. William T. Hoblitzell, lieutenant-colonel; pro- moted from captain. Company I, 3d Kentucky Cav- alry, March 10, 1863. Michael H. Owsley, major; resigned Sept. 5, 1863. Thomas C. Winfrey, major; promoted major December 4, 1861. John Q. Owsley, major; promoted major; re- signed Aug, 13, 1863. Christopher T. Cheek, major; promoted from captain Company B. James L. Wharton, major; promoted from cap- tain Company A. Hugh Muiholland, surgeon; resigned April 11, 1863. William Forrester, surgeon; promoted from asst, surgeon April 13, 1863. Marcellus Baugh, chaplain; resigned Dec. 23, 1863. William B. Chrisler, chaplain; transferred to 3d Kentucky Cavalry January, 1865. Jacob B. Mitchell, asst, surgeon; promoted sur- geon 12th Tennessee Cavalry. William T. Owsley, asst surgeon; mustered out June, 1863. John H. C. Sandridge, adjutant; killed in action March 10, 1865, at Monroe’s Cross Roads, N. C. William D. Mitchell, adjutant; detached from regiment before muster in. John T. Farris, regimental quartermaster, pro- moted from sergeant 125th Illinois Infantry. James H. McKee, regimental quartermaster; promoted from sergeant Company D. Andrew T. Vincent, regimental quartermaster; promoted from private Company A. COMPANY C. John Q. Owsley, captain; Samuel Martin, cap- tain; John D. Smith, captain; Leonidas S. Sullivan, 1st lieutenant; Wily S. Holland, 1st lieutenant; Granville B. McGee, 3d lieutenant; George M. Vandever, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. William W. Bradshaw, captain; Robert Higgin- bottom, captain; Edwin Vincent, 1st lieutenant; Andrew J. Jones, 1st lieutenant; Edward Hughes, 2d lieutenant; Edward Davis, 3d lieutenant COMPANY E. .John A. P. Glore, captain; Robert Story, 1st lieutenant; Abijah C. Riddle. 3d lieutenant; Isaac S. Bow, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY P. Daniel W. Clay well, captain; Joseph C. Hill, captain; James W. Lawless, captain; Christopher T. Cheek, 1st lieutenant; Robert Higginbottom, 1st lieutenant; John W. Baker, 1st lieutenant; William D. Baugh, 3d lieutenant; Rufus F. Thorn, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY/B. John R. Poindexter, captain; John B. Riggs, captain; Elias C.Keen, 1st lieutenant; John Brown, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Michael B. Freeman, captain; Fleming Parris, captain; Richard B. Freeman, 1st lieutenant: John A. Burk, 1st lieutenant; Jas. W. Lawless, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY I. John L. Carter, captain; Asa C. Wells, captain; Doctor G. Sheplierd, 1st lieutenant; Hiram Camp- bell, 2d lieutenant; William H. Bryan, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY K. John B. Page, captain; John W. Forrester, cap- tain; James W. Strode, 1st lieutenant; Fleming Farris, 1st lieutenant; Andrew Offutt, 1st lieuten- ant; James W. Lawless, 1st lieutenant; Charles Gill, 1st lieutenant; .Joseph G. Hardin, 2d lieutenant. The Fifth Kentucky Cavalry was organized at Camp Sandidge, Gallatin, Tenn., under Col. David R. Haggard, and mustered into the service March 31, 1862, "by Maj. W. H. Sidell, United States muster- ing officer. CAVALRY — SIXTH REGIMENT. Dennis J. Halisy, colonel; killed in action near Newmarket, Ky., Dec. 31, 1863. Lewis D. Watkins, colonel; promoted to brevet brigadier-general June 24, 1864. Reuben Munday, lieutenant-colonel; promoted lieutenant-colonel Dec. 11, 1861. Wm. P. Roper, lieutenant-colonel; promoted major, then lieutenant-colonel. Lewis A. Gratz, major. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 723 Wm. H. Fidler, major; perished on steamer Sultana April 28, 1865, near Memphis, Tenn. Walter F. Stafford, major; promoted major March 25, 1863. Hugh B. Kelly, adjutant. Jas. R. Meagher, adjutant; promoted from 1st lieutenant Company K. Geo. W. McMillan, surgeon. Wm. H. Newman, surgeon; honorably dis- charged May 1, 1863. Levan J. Keeler, surgeon; promoted from asst, surgeon June 13, 1863. John Drye, surgeon; promoted from captain Company G. Chas. B. Chapman, asst, surgeon. Milton C. Clark, chaplain; discharged on account of wounds received in action July 8, 1864. Geo. Sambrock, regimental quartermaster. LeeR. Yates, regimental commissary, resigned March 1, 1864. COMPANY A. Edwin K. Stephens, captain; Walter F. Stafford, captain; David L. Cook, captain; Robert A. Kerr, 1st lieutenant; Jerome S. Hale, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. William P. Roper, captain; James H. Coffman, captain; Archie P. McLeod, 1st lieutenant; Samuel Kenbrough, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Chas. Milward, captain; Jas. C. Martin, cap- tain; Scott H. Robinson, eaptain; Benj. F. Sheets, 1st lieutenant; James Robinson, 2d lieutenant; Wm. C. Hunter, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. John B. Buchanan, captain; Isaac Taylor, cap- tain; Owen W. Ballew, 1st lieutenant; Andrew .1. Henderson, 2d lieutenant; Allen K. Collins, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. James C. Dunham, 1st lieutenant; Stephen H. Shiplar. 1st lieutenant; Philip N. Heath, 1st lieu- tenant; Henry Tachua, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Perry G. Lanham, captain; Warren H. Mead, 1st lieutenant; Daniel Cheatham, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. John Drye, captain; Levin M. Drye, captain; Henry S. Robson, 1st lieutenant; James J. Sur- ber, 1st lieutenant; John T. Belden, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY H. George W. Craven, captain; G. J. Brothers, 1st lieutenant; William Murphy, . 1st lieutenant; Isaac Graham. 2d lieutenant; Frank M. Vowels, 2ci lieu- tenant. COMPANY I. Edward Penn, captain; Samuel W. Crandell, 1st lieutenant; Elijah Bright, 1st lieutenant; Daniel M. Richmond, 2d lieutenant; James G. McAdams, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. James M. McCown, captain; James R. Meagher, 1st lieutenant; James D. Wilson, 1st lieutenant; James P. Conley, 1st sergeant. COMPANY L. Otto Ernst, captain; Albert M. Green, captain; Edwin R. Phillips, captain; Christopher C. Bybee, 1st lieutenant; Lemuel W. Gee, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY M. Robert H. Brentlinger. captain; George Williams, 1st lieutenant; George W. Richardson, 2d lieuten- ant; Samuel R. Hartman, 2d lieutenant; John Fow- ler, 2d lieutenant. The First Battalion of the Sixth Kentucky Cavalry was organized at Camp Irvine, Jefferson Co., Ky., under Maj. Reuben Munday, and was mustered into the United States service December 23, 1861, by Maj. W. H. Sidell. CAVALRY — SEVENTH REGIMENT. Leonidas Metcalfe, colonel; never mustered into United States service. Johnh.. Faulkner, colonel; was major till Feb. 9, 1863; then lieutenant-colonel April 2d, 1863. Thomas T. Vimont, lieutenant-colonel; killed in a quarrel Jan. 16, 1864, at Dandridge, Tenn. William W. Bradley, lieutenant-colonel; major to Sept. 17, 1864. William O. Smith, major; resigned Feb. 5, 1863. Robert Collier, major; was captain Company H to Ma}^ 29, 1863; resigned Feb. 21, 1865. Andrew S. Bloom, major. Charles C. McNeeley, major; was captain of Company B to March 11, 1865; not mustered as major. William S. Sharp, surgeon; resigned May 8th, 1863. Charles T. Spillman, surgeon; was asst, surgeon to May 9th, 1863. Solomon S. Wolff, asst, surgeon; resigned Dec. 14, 1864. Andrew .1. Burnam, asst, surgeon. JohnB. Campbell, adjutant; appointed captain and A. Q. M. April 30, 1864. Felix G. McCrea. adjutant; was quartermaster- sergeant to Dec. 11, 1862; promoted to captain Company G Nov. 14, 1864. DetmerP. Watson, adjutant; was sergeant-ma- jor to Nov. 14, 1864. John W. Campbell, regimental quartermaster, resigned Feb. 3, 1863. H. O. Newman, regimental quartermaster; re- signed Sept. 22, 1864. Arthur B. Masoner, regimental quartermaster; resigned May 25, 1865. .Toseph C. Masoner, regimental commissary; promoted from commissary sergeant Feb. 19, 1863. M. J. W. Ambrose, chaplain; resigned Sept. 6, 1863. Coleman W. York, chaplain; resigned Feb. 3, 1865. COMPANY A. Barnabas T. Hayden, captain; Aaron Lee, 1st lieutenant; Sanford D. Vanpelt, 1st lieutenant; Samuel H. Royce, 2d lieutenant; William Ingram, 2d lieutenant; Henry H. Talbott, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Chas. C. McNeely, captain; Jesse H. Berry, captain; Jno. S. Stodghill, 1st lieutenant; Tho. M. Oden, 1st lieutenant; Wallace W. Gruelle, 1st lieutenant; Jno. T. Hopkins, 1st lieutenant; Geo. M. Sisson, 2d lieutenant; Jas. H. Oden, 2d lieuten- ant; Dennis Nichols, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY C. Thomas T. Vimont, captain; James P. Ashley, captain; Augustus H. Trotter, 1st lieutenant: Thom- as L. Scott, 1st lieutenant; John H. Sims, 2d lieu- tenant; Lewis B. Vimont, 2dlieutenant. COMPANY B. W. W. Bradley, captain; Jesse Bryant, captain; Andrew J. Jones, 1st lieutenant; James P. Rober- son, 2d lieutenant; James H. Robey, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Benjamin F. Robbins, captain; William A. Mc- Ginety, captain; William Hamilton, 1st lieutenant 724 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Sidney i\I. Goslihorn, 1st lieutenant; John P. Mc- Gincty, 1st lieutenant; Silas Gohagen, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Robert Scott, captain; Felix G. McCrea, cap- tain; James W. Brewer, 1st lieutenant; Robert Chaney, 2d lieutenant; Richard Brewer, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY H. Robert Collier, captain; Jephtha D. Thornton, captain; Edwin H. Walker, 1st lieutenant; Will- iam M. Kerby, 1st lieutenant; James L. Baird, 2d lieutenant; Thomas Dunn, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Elihu Price, captain; Seneca Goulding, captain; Mathew R. McDowell, l.st lieutenant; Charles G. Ogden, 1st lieutenant; Tliomas E. Willett, 1st lieu- tenant; Alfred Mitchell, 2d lieutenant. C&MPANY L. John E. Burns, captain; Simeon Crane, captain; Curtis R. Beedle, 1st lieutenant; Wilkins Warren, 2d lieutenaut: li. McCalla McGee, 2d lieutenant. Company F, originally recruited by Capt. John E. Burns, was consolidated with Company M. Company I, originally recruited by Capt. Jesse H. Berry, was consolidated with Company B. This regiment was organized at Paris, Ky., in August, 1862, under Col. Leonidas Metcalfe, and was mustered into service by Maj. Sitgraves, United States mustering officer. CAVALRY — EIGnTH REGIMENT. Benjamin II. Bri.stow, colonel; promoted from lieutenant-colonel Apr. 1, 1863. James H. IIollowa 3 L lieutenant-colonel; pro- moted from major May 1, 1863. Joseph M. Kennedy, major. .Tames W. Weatherford, major. Samuel M. Starling, major; promoted from cap- tain Company M June 1, 1863. L. Bennett, surgeon. R. W. Whittington, assistant surgeon, George F, Penticost, chaplain, Edward Campbell, quartermaster, E. C, Spiceland, commissary; promoted from 2d lieutenant Comiumy L June 9, ISfe, Joel. E. Huffman, adjutant. William A. Speed, sergeant major; appointed from Company II August 4, 1862. Thomas E. White, quartermaster- sergeant; ap- pointed August 15, 1862. Henry D. Belden, commissary-sergeant. John Black, steward; appointed from Company A. Isaac B. Schoolfield, steward; appointed from Company M Dec. 8, 1862. Cyrus W. Faulkland, saddler, appointed from Company E Sept. 13, 1862. Paul A. Neff, bugler; appointed bugler Sept. 13, 1862. George N. Masks, veterinary surgeon; appointed from Company E May 10, 1863. James M. Shackelford (transferred), colonel; promoted brigadier-general Jan. 2, 1863. Wm. S. Ross (transferred), surgeon; resigned May 21, 1863. John Feland (transferred), quartermaster; re- signed March 24, 1863. John Belden (transferred), commissary; promot- ed captain Company M June 9, 1862. .lames Lunathian (transferred), veterinary sur- geon; discharged for disability Apr. 13, 1863. COMPANY A. George W. McCullough, captain; Wm. H. Poindexter, 1st lieutenant; Thomas HardjL 2d lieu- tenant; James T. Donaldson, Jr., brevet 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY B. Isaac Singleton, captain; Robert F. Yantis, 1st lieutenant; Archibald Carson, 2d lieutenant; James H. Richmond, sup. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY 0. Charles M. Whipp, captain; John E. Sharp, 1st lieutenant; Daniel W. Coleman, 2d lieutenant; Roy- all B. Wilkinson, sup. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Samuel F. Johnsou, captain; Presley L. More- head, 1st lieutenant; Clark E. Ritter, 2d lieutenant; Thomas B. Boyd, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. John A. Arthur, captain; John ,1. Hollaway, 1st lieutenant; James R. Morin, 1st lieutenant; David R. Lock, 2d lieutenant; George S. Fawkner, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. William F. Hunter, captain; James B. Carson, captain; James M. Combest, 1st lieutenant; JohnT. Richards, 2d lieutenant; Elijah A. Coppage, 2d lieutenant; Newton J. Smith, su]). 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. James M. Morrow, captain; Samuel M. Crandell, 1st lieutenant; Lewis Buckner, 2d lieutenant; Field- ing W. Starling, 2d lieutenant; S. B. Reed, sup. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY i:. Samuel Allen, captain; Peter P. Brown, 1st lieu- tenant; Mathew H. Owens, 2d lieutenant; Samuel N. Melton, 2d lieutenant; John Farmer, sup. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. John Dever, captain; John F. Cunningham, 1st lieutenant; William Penn, 2d lieutenant; Felland P. Bland, sup. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. James H. Hudspeth, captain; William A. Sas- seen, 1st lieutenant; Richard L. Boulware, 2d lieu- tenant; William D. Crain, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. Elisha Owens, captain; Robert V. Gunter, cap- tain; Samuel Talley, 1st lieutenant; Josephs. Rich- ards, 2d lieutenant; Edward C. Spiceland, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY M. John D. Belden, captain; Daniel S. Parker, cap- tain; John R. Curry, 1st lieutenant; Moses Kinnett, 1st lieutenant; Logan S. McWhorton, 2d lieutenant; Philip T. Hardwick, 2d lieutenant; George Damer- on, 2d lieutenant; John B. Brown, sup. 2d lieuten- ant. CAVALRY — NINTH REGIMENT. Richard T. Jacob, colonel. John Boyle, lieutenant-colonel. John T. Farris, major; resigned Nov. 10, 1862. William C. Moreau, major. George W. Rue, major. James R. Page, major; resigned Feb. 14, 1863. John C. Brent, major; promoted from 1st lieu- tenant Company B Feb. 15, 1863. Uriah W. Oldham, adjutant; promoted to cap- tain Company F Aug. 18, i862. Prank H. Pope, adjutant; resigned May 23, 1863. Andrew J. Hyter, adjutant; promoted from ser- geant-major June 4, 1863. Charles A. Clarke, regimental quartermaster; resigned Aug. 17, 1862. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 725 W. Rector Gist, regimental quartermaster; pro- moted from sup. 2d lieutenant Company K Aug. 18, 1862. Edwin J. Clark, regimental commissary, re- signed. William A. Craig, regimental commissary; pro- moted from sup. 2d lieutenant Company L. William Bailey, surgeon. William H Botts, assistant surgeon. B. F. Hungerford, chaplain. COMPANY A. Ben. M. Harney, captain; Thos. P. Shanks, 1st lieutenant; Frank H. Pope, 1st lieutenant; Alfred C. Morris, 2d lieutenant; C. Harrison Somerville, brevet 2d lieutenant. C03IPANT B. Milton P. Hodges, captain; William A. Smyth, captain; Charles S. Brent, 1st lieutenant; John C. Brent, Istlieutenant; Green. M. C. Self, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Thomas J. Hardin, captain; Theodric J. Macey, 1st lieutenant; Edward S. Stewart, 2d lieutenant; John C. Jackson, 2d lieutenant; W. Ashton Craig, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. John L. Neal, captain; Thomas M. Dear, 1st lieutenant; Moses A. Dear, Istlieutenant; John W. Jenkins, 2d lieutenant; Gideon J. Stivers, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY E. Henry J. Sheets, captain; James R. Page, cap- tain; Thomas Mahoney, 1st lieutenant; Thomas M. Page, 2d lieutenant; Richard H. Parrant, brevet 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Uriah W. Oldham, captain; John G. Gillipsie, 1st lieutenant; Samuel D. McMeekin, 1st lieuten- ant; Jackson Armstrong, 2d lieutenant; Lilburn A. Black, 2d lieutenant; Edwin J. Clark, brevet 2d lieutenant. COMPANY Q. John D. Gore, captain; Charles W. Quiggins, 1st lieutenant; Dennis W. Gore, 2d lieutenant; Frank Hewitt, brevet 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Joseph N. Luckett. captain; Samuel Porter, 1st lieutenant; S. B. Colgrave, 2d lieutenant; John A. Mobley, 2d lieutenant; Francis Steadman, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY I. Harvey J. Burns, captain; Cincinnatus Hendren, 1st lieutenant; Turner W. Bottom, 1st lieutenant; John W. Edwards, 2d lieutenant; John D. Hale, brevet 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. William Edwards, captain; James P. Sharp, 1st lieutenant; William Craig, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. William M. Searcy, captain; Benjamin L. Bos- ton, captain; Charles K. Elder, 1st lieutenant; Wiley Searcy, 2d lieutenant: W. Rector Gist, brevet 2d lieutenant. COMPANY M. William G. Connor, captain; Wm. W. Edwards, Istlieutenant; H. C. Rodenbaugh, Istlieutenant; Samuel E. Bratton, 2d lieutenant. This regiment was organized at Eminence, under Col. Richard T. Jacob, and mustered into the United States service on the 22d day of August, 1862, by Maj. L. Sitgraves, United States mustering officer. CAVALRY — TERTH REGIMENT. Joshua Tevis, colonel; resigned Nov. 17, 1862. Charles J. Walker, colonel; resigned Sept. 1, 1863. R. R. Maltby, lieutenant-colonel; commissioned Aug. 22, 1862. James L. Foley, major; commissioned Sept. 9, 1862. William A. Doniphan, major; resigned March 17, 1863. John Mason Brown, major; commissioned Oct. 27, 1862. James M. Taylor, major; promoted to major March 18, 1863. Ridgly Wilson, adjutant; resigned June 28, 1863. John N. Wallingford, adjutant; promoted adju- tant June 29, 1863. George G. Fetter, quartermaster. John F. Moore, commissary; commissioned Aug. 15, 1862. Washington Fithian, surgeon; commissioned Aug. 12, 1862. J. F. Fleming, surgeon; commissioned Sept. 20, 1862. Samuel Maguire, asst, surgeon. James P. Hendrick, chaplain; commissioned Sept. 5, 1862. COMPANY A. Newton S. Dudley, captain; Robert G. Rinra, captain; James M. Taylor, captain; Charles H. Burns, 1st lieutenant; Thomas A. Jones, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY B. Charles S. Rogers, captain; Henry W. Caldwell, 1st lieutenant; Burton W. Darnall, 2nd lieutenant, George A. Trumbo, sup. 2d lieut. COMPANY C. William E. Rice, captain; Andrew T. Wood, 1st lieutenant; William T. Berry, 2d lieutenant; Jno. N. Wallingford, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Jno. G. Rogers, captain ; George H. Wheeler, 1st lieutenant; Wm. B. Shockley. 2d lieutenant; John F. Moore, 2d lieutenant; C. J.McClelland, brevet 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Wm. D. Ratcliffe, captain; Joseph T. Lokey, 1st lieutenant; Henry E. Ware, 1st lieutenant; Theo- dore B. Harlan, 2d lieutenant; Newton Devore, sup. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Frank Mott, captain; Simeon Sumpter, 1st lieu- tenant; Casper Castner, 1st lieutenant; James M. Bm’k, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Milton Evans, captain; Andrew J. Farow, 1st lieutenant; James B. Brewer, 2d lieutenant; Daniel Hendrickson, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Charles Nute, captain; James C. Bierbower, 1st lieutenant; Samuel B. Kelley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Henry C. White, captain; Lewis M. Clarke, cap- tain; George L. McCord, 1st lieutenant; James W. Steward, 2d lieutenant; .Joseph T. Cottingham, brevet 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. .Tohu D. Russell, captain; Jacob Nelson, captain; David L. Evans, 1st lieutenant; George F. Hertel, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. John M. Gray, captain; Thomas Barber, 1st 1 lieutenant; John R. Taoer, 2d lieutenant. 72G HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. COMPANY M. Francis M. Rathburn, captain; Jobn A. Thomp- son, 1st lieutenant- James M. Blackburn, 2d lieu- tenant. CAVALRY — ELEVENTH REGIMENT. Alexander W. Holeman, colonel; resigned Sept. 26, 1864. William E. Riley, lieutenant-colonel; resigned July 18, 1863. Arcbil)ald J. Alexander, lieutenant-colonel; re- signed June 9, 1864. iMilton Graham, lieutenant-colonel. William O. Boyle, major; killed in action Dec. 18, 1864, at Marion, Va. Duvall English, major, Frederick Slater, major; promoted to major from captain Company E. L. L. Pinkerton, surgeon; resigned March 22, 1863. James H. Peyton, surgeon; resigned March 8, 1864. James F. Peyton, surgeon; promoted surgeon March 9, 1 864. John F. Rodgers, asst, surgeon; discharged to date from appoititment. Thomas W. Hewitt, asst, surgeon. Wm. P. Pierce, adjutant; discharged Aug. 6, 1864. Harry Gee, adjutant; promoted from sergeant- major to adjutant June 23, 1864. Stephen Slone, quartermaster; resigned March 27, 1863. Wm. M. Simpson, quartermaster; promoted quartermaster June 7, 1863. iiluaroe B. Pulliam, commissary; captured at Philadelphia,, Tenn., Oct. 20, 1863. Louis Bieu Karnp, commissary; promoted com- missary Jan 23.1865. John Taffe, chaplain. COMPANY A. .John G. Pond, captain; Wm. P. Pierce, captain; Reuben F. Scott, 1st lieutenant; John M. Cotton, 2d lieutenant; Howard Warren, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. James A. Johnson, captain; PreSiy F. Hans- hrough, captain; George .1. Burgess, 2d lieutenant; Wm. j\I. Simpson, sup. 2d lieutenant ; Abraham W. Stone, 2(1 lieutenant. COMPANY’ C. Jacob Cozatt, captain; Samuel P. Debaun, 1st lieutenant; Charles H. Edwards, 1st lieutenant; Wm. H. Norton. 2d lieutenant; John J. Rose, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. W. II. Bell, captain; James W. Robinson, 1st lieutenant; John W. Burton. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Frederick Slater, captain; Edward H. Green, captain; Robert Q. Terrill, 1st lieutenant; Solomon Huffman, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Robert S. Curd, captain; Benjamin W. Blincoe, 1st lieutenant; John H. Dickerson, 1st lieutenant; John J. Curtis, 1st lieutenant; Harrison F. Davis, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Joseph Lawson, captain; Allen Purdy, 1st lieu- tenant; Joseph M Willerman, 1st lieutenant; John H. Skinner, brevetted 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. George H. Wheeler, captain; Daniel E. W^. Smith, 1st lieutenant; George W. Taylor, 2d lieu- tenant; B. H. Niemeyer, 2d lieutenant. Companies I, K, L, M of this regiment, were transferred to the Twelth Kentucky Cavalry, per S. 0. No. 70, headquarters Department of Cumber- land, dated June 23, 1865. The Eleventh Kentucky Cavalry was mustered into the United States service on the 22d day of September, at Loui.sville, Ky., by Capt. V. N. Smith, United States mustering officer. CAVALRY— TWELFTH REGIMENT. Quintus C. Shanks, colonel; commissioned Oct. 11, 1862. Eugene W. Critttenden, colonel; promoted from captain 4th United States Cavalry. Alexander W. Holeman, lieutenant-colonel; pro- moted colonel 11th Kentucky Cavalry Nov. 2, 1863. James T. Bramlette, lieutenant-colonel; commis- sioned Nov. 9, 1863. Nathaniel L. Lightfoot, major; commissioned Oct. 11, 1862. Wm. R. Kinney, major; commissioned Oct. 11, 1862. Ira Hart Stout, major; promoted Oct. 11, 1862. Julius N. Delfosse, major; killed in action at Philadelphia, Tenn,, Oct. 20, 1863. James B. Harrison, major; promoted from cap- tain of Company B Nov. 17, 1863. George F. Barnes, major; transferred to 12th Kentucky Cavalry. Garland J. Blewitt, adjutant; was commissioned Aug. 16, 1862. Zeno B. Freeman, adjutant; resigned Dec. 23, 1863. Wdliam Noland, adjutant; promoted from com- missary sergeant. Thomas'E. Tyler, adjutant; promoted from 1st sergeant July 30, 1865. James A. Thomas, regimental quartermaster; commissioned Aug. 19, 1862. John T. Feaman, regimental quartermaster, promoted regimental quartermaster April 11, 1863. Daniel J. King, regimental quartermaster; pro- moted regimental quartermaster June 17, 1865. Charles S. Clary, commissary; commissioned Oct. 11, 1862. Erasmus O. Brown, surgeon; mustered into date Sept. 12, 1862. Thomas J. Swan, surgeon; resigned May 11, 1865. Samuel B. Littlepage, asst, surgeon; hospital steward from August 10, 1862, to Jan. 30, 1863. Horace Fletcher, asst, surgeon; commissioned Oct. 25, 1862. A. T. Bennett, asst, surgeon; commissioned March 6, 1865. John Pell, chaplain; commissioned Oct. 11,1862. COMPANY A. Andrew G.Hamilton.captain; Thomas J. Cherry, captain; James B. Harrison, captain; James L. Hix, captain; Moses P. Gott, 1st lieutenant; Edgar M. Gwynn, 1st lieutenant; Hiram D. Roberts, 1st lieu- tenant; John H. Stone, 2d lieutenant David J. Block, 2d lieutenant; Cinciunatus Condit, 2d lieu- tenant; William F. Denton, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Wm. P, Pierce, captain; Wm. H. Ritchey, 1st lieutenant; Benj. F. Lewis, 2d lieutentant. COMPANY C. George W. Webb, captain; Henry A. Denton, captain; Robert Karnes, captain; Thomas S. Cole- man, 1st lieutenant; Isaac T. Montgomery, 1st lieu- tenant; Samuel R. Jones, 2d lieutenant; Louis Berg- man, 2d lieutenant. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 727 COMPANY r. Mason Hedrick, captain; Jno. L. Woodward, cap- tain; Stephen D. Dial, captain; Robert Karnes, cap- tain; Felix G, Bannon, 1st lieutenant; Obediah B. Chapman, 1st lieutenant; Europe F. Littlepage, 1st lieutenant; Thomas B. Perrigo, 1st lieutenant; Wm. K. Wallace, 1st lieutenant; Porter A. Hudson, 2d lieutenant; Thomas Lloyd, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Henry M. Bennett, captain; Henry F. Samuels, captain; Newton Smock, 1st lieutenant; Nathaniel M. Priest, 1st lieutenant; Charles B. Mitchell, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Silvinas B. Johnson, captain; Adam Elms, cap- tain; Samuel Baker, captain; Simon P. Morgan, 1st lieutenant; Hiram D. Roberts, 1st lieutenant; Sidney C. Swift, 1st lieutenant; David H. Baker, 1st lieu- tentant; James A. Anderson, 2d lieutenant; William T. Flora, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. John W. Hill, captain; Samuel E. Hill, captain; John H. Quisenberry, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Cul- len, 2d lieutenant. Company h. W. L Payne, captain; Benjamin Duvall, cap- tain; Geo. W. Bullitt, captain; Guy D. Howe, 1st lieutenant; Amos Lippincott, 1st lieutenant; Will- iam H. Hines, 2d lieutenant; James Butler, 2d lieu- tenant. COMPANY i. Charles Baclimann, captain : Men-it M. Peirce, 1st lieutenant; William H. Bunting, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. John E. Williamson, captain; Wm.Mangan, cap- tain; Elias J Pendick, 1st lieutenant; Samuel B. McAfee, 1st lieutenant; Henry H. Hamilton, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. John H. StarKS, captain-. William G. Hurt, cap- tain; Benj. K Stephenson, 1st lieutenant; William D. James, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY M. Thomas P. Carter, captain; Levi Linn, 1st lieu- tenant; Charles H. Turner, 1st lieutenant; William D. Lee, 2d lieutenant. The Twelfth Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry was ■ organized in the winter of 1802-63. A portion of | the regiment wms mustered into the United States service on the 17th day of Kovember, 1862, at Ow- ensboro, Ky., by W. B. Royall, captain 5th United States Cavalry ; the remainder of the regiment was mustered in at Munfordsville, Ky., February 12, 1863, by Capt. T. E. Noell. CAVALRY — THtRTEENTH REGIMENT. James W. Weatherford, colonel; promotea from lieutenant-colonel Dec. 23, 1863. John A. Morrison, lieutenant-colonel. Harrison M. Hurt, major; promoted from cap- tain Company E December 23, 1863. Ferdinand D. Rigney, major. George W. Sweeney, major; on duty as major Uoin Oct. 28, 1863. Daniel S. Parker adjutant. Fielding P. Bland, regimental quartermaster. George F. Cunningham, commissary; cashiered by order No. 90, Department of the Ohio, dated Oct. 28, 1864. Lafayette Bennett, surgeon. Wm. D. Stone, assistant surgeon; absent, sick, since Dec. 1, 1864. Josephs. Harper, assistant surgeon. Robert F. Mills, chaplain. COMPANY A. James M. Giboney, captain; Benj. F. Bransom, 1st lieutenant; Joseph W. Cartwright, 2d lieutenant; David Murphy, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Asa Bryant, captain; Napoleon B. Portman, 1st lieutenant; Strother Bowman, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Thomas Wood, captain; RicliardH. McWhorter, 1st lieutenant; Mathew H. Turner, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Thomas Watson, captain; Jesse C. Newell, 1st lieutenant; George T. Rigney, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Harrison M. Hurt, captain; William D. Lowe, captain; James M. Stephenson, 1st lieutenant; R. W. Chapman. 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. James R. Howard, captain; Elza C. Smith, 1st lieutenant; Martin Hurt, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G- Samuel M. Crandall, captain; James H. Smith, 1st lieutenant; Jesse A. Skeen, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H. William M. Northrip. captain; John E. Murrah, 1st lieutenant; William G. Gabbart, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I . Edmund Wilkerson, captain; John A. Stone, 1st lieutenant; Reuben Ard, 2d lieutenant; Moses Sweeney, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Nathan G. Wells, captain; George S. Hughes, 1st lieutenant; William D. Wolford, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. John R Curry, captain; Black Hughs, 1st lieu- tenant, Francis Montgomery, 1st lieutenant; James M. Williams, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY M. George W. Penn, captain; John Ellis, 1st lieu- tenant; Franklin L. Shipman, 2d lieutenant. The Thirteenth Kentucky Cavalry was organized at Columbia, Ky., under Col. J. W. Weatherford, and mustered into the United States service on the 23d day of December, 1863, by Capt. S. M. Letcher, United States mustering olHcer. CAVALRY— FOURTEENTH REGIMENT. Henry C. Lilly, colonel; promoted from private Company B Feb. 13, 1863. Andrew Herd, lieutenant-colonel; promoted from captain Company E Feb. 20., 1863. Joseph W. Stivers, major; promoted from 2d lieutenant to major August 21, 1862. Alfred Smith, major. .John C. Eversole, major. R. T. Williams, major. Frank B. Tucker, adjutant; resigned August 28. 1862. John H. Massie, adjutant; resigned April 23, 1863. Tho. C. Reed, adjutant; was commissary to August 24, 1863. Alex. M. Barnes, regimental quartermaster; re- signed August 28, 1862. Lewis M. Ricketts, regimental quartermaster. Sami. W. Hatton, commissary; promoted from sergeant major Oct. 2, 1863. 728 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Washington Fithian, surgeon; resigned March 31, 1863. James P. Turner, surgeon. James W. Hensley, assistant surgeon. Mathew G. Jones, assistant surgeon. Win. F. Cole, sergeant-major; promoted from sergeant Company E Sept. 1, 1863. A. C. Laneharl, quartermaster sergeant; promot- ed from sergeant Company F Jan. 1, 1864. Hezekiah Creech, commissary sergeant. Stephen P. Wallace, saddler sergeant. Elias Smith, hospital steward. Robert Pendley, hospital steward; promoted from private Company E January 1, 1864. COMPANY A. Fountain Finnell, captain; John W. Ogden, 1st lieutenant; Joseph T. Smart, 1st lieutenant; Will- iam P. Schooler, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Will. D. Craig, captain; Mason C. Miller, 1st lieutenant; Robert A. Thomas, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Seldon F. Bowman, captain; Clayton C. Bell, 1st lieutenant; Zachariah W. Owen, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Samuel McKee, captain; Allen H. Rupard, 1st lieutenant; James Kinnard, 3d lieutenant; Henry C. Rainey, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Sylvester Isaacs, captain; Andrew Herd, captain; William A. Smith, 1st lieutenant; Abraham H. Wilder, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Jefferson Hall, captain; Abraham W. Baker,lst lieutenant, David W. Gentry, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Jackson H. Jacobs, captain; Jones A. Crawford, 1st lieutenant; Pleasant Gillum, 3d lieutenant; James H. Armstrong, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Hiram Shons, captain; Moses P. Daniel, 1st lieutenant; James M. Williams, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Thomas Amis, captain; John Amis, 1st lieuten- ant; Wiley Amis, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY K. William Strong, captain.; Edward Marcum, 1st lieutenant; Nimrod McIntosh, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY L. William B. Eversole, captain; Thomas Johnson, 1st lieutenant; Abner Eversole, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY M. Harrison Fields, captain; James Eversole, 1st lieutenant; Shadrach Stacey, Jr., 2d lieutenant. The Fourteenth Kentucky Cavalry was organized in the fall of 1863, under Col. H. C. Lilly. Companies A, B, C, and D were mustered in on the 6th day of November, 1863, at Mt. Sterling, Ky., by Capt. S. E. Noell. Companies E, F, G, H, I, K, L, and Mwere mustered in at Irvine, Ky., on the 13th of February, 1863. CAVALRY — FIFTEENTH REGIMENT. Gabriel Netter. lieutenant-colonel; killed in action at Owensboro, Ky., Sept. 19, 1863. Albert P. Henry, lieutenant-colonel; captured June 39, 1863, at Spring Creek, Tenn. Willia Waller, major. John VV. Lockhead, adjutant; promoted adju- tant Dec. 16, 1863. Thomas Alexander, regimental quartermaster; promoted regimental quartermaster Dec. 4, 1863. Patrick H. Darby, regimental commissary; pro- moted sergeant-major May 1, 1863; promoted 1st lieutenant and regimental commissary June 15th, Selathiel Medaris, assistant surgeon; discharged April 25, 1863. James O. Castilow, quartermaster-sergeant. Eugene Dodd, commissary-sergeant. COMPANY A. Samuel Duncan, captain; Henry W. Rose, 1st lieutenant; George F. Barnes, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. Samuel M. Purcell, captain; Isham S. Mallory, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Alexander, 1st lieutenant; Francis M. Gilliland, 1st lieutenant; James Clem- ent, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Jonathan Belt, captain; Fountain P. Hawkins, 1st lieutenant; William B. Bush, 3d lieutenant; Houston L. Keesee, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY D. Wm. C. Frizzell, captain; AxelNyberg, captain; Morgan T. Williams, 1st lieutenant; Robert L. Lockhead, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Lewis A. Hanson, captain; John B. Key, 1st lieutenant; Joseph F. Peck, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Edward L. Maxwell, captain; Chas. J. Aker- strom, 1st lieutenant; Joseph A. Gates, 2d lieuten- ant. The Fifteenth Kentucky Cavalry was organized in the fail of 1862, and mustered into the United States service at Paducah, Ky., by Capt. Noell, United States army, on the 6th day of October, 1863. Gabriel Netter was commissioned lieutenant- colonel, July 2.5, 1862, and was killed at Owensboro, Ky. A. P. Henry was afterward, on February 14, 1863, commissioned lieutenant-colonel, and entered on duty as such March 5, 1863, remaining in com- mand until his capture at Spring Creek, Tenn., June 29th, 1863, when Maj. Willia Waller became the senior officer with the regiment, and commanded it on its muster out of service at Paducah, Ky., October 6, 1863. Company C, of this regiment, was not mustered out until Oct. 39, 1863. The Fifteenth Cavalry was chiefly engaged in scouting through the First District and western portion of the State of Kentucky, and was for some time the only protection afforded to the loyal citi- zens of that section. Itsustained losses in numer- ous skirmishes, and at Owensboro, Ky., and the battle of Spring Creek, Tenn. CAVALRY — SEVENTEENTH REGIMENT. Samuel F. Johnson, colonel. Thomas W. Campbell, lieutenant-colonel. John B. Tyler, major. Nelson C. Lawrence, major. Thomas J. Lovelace, major. David R. Murray, adjutant. Virgil A. Jones, regimental quartermaster. Robert Brodie, regimental quartermaster. Thomas.!. Buchanan, regimental commissary. William Randolph, surgeon. Charles P. Hart, surgeon. Joseph T. Harper, assistant surgeon. Robert Y. Thomas, chaplain. HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 729 COMPANY A. James C. Bacon, captain; Junius R. Clift, 1st lieutenant; Robert R. Davis, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY B. James C. Wilson, captain; John M. Cranor, 1st lieutenant; Robert D. Chatman, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY C. Stephen M. Overby, captain; John C. Young, 1st lieutenant; David Jackson, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY JD. James H. Lile, captain; Thomas Blythe, 1st lieu- tenant; Jack S. Bradley, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Ed. Hartee, captain; James M. Young, 1st lieu- tenant; George W. Tatum, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. John Alsop, captain; B. V. Tyler, 1st lieutenant; Wm. F. Richards, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. J. H. Sturdivant, captain; Wm. J. McGhee, 1st lieutenant; Alfred V. Townes, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY H, Wm. H. Lawrence, captain; Thomas M. Lewis, 1st lieutenant; George W. Shelton, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Charles E. Van Pelt, captain; Finis H. Little,lst lieutenant; Uriah M. Brown, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Washington C. Shannon, captain; William L. Travis, 1st lieutenant; A. Wood Pollard, 2d lieuten- ant. COMPANY L. Elisha F. Lemen, captain; John G. Daniel, 1st lieutenant; Wm. C. Bourland, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY M. John R. Reno, captain; David C. Goad, 1st lieu- tenant; Wm. H. Roark, 2d lieutenant. The following is taken from the official records on file in the adjutant generars office; The Seventeenth Kentucky Cavalry was organ- ized in the winter of 1864-6.5. A portion of the reg- iment was mustered into the United States service by Lieut. Russell, in December, 1864, at Russellville, Ky. ; a portion by Capt. Smith, at Owensboro, Ky., in April. 1865; the remainder was mustered in at Louisville, Ky., in the months of Januaiy. February and March. Thos. W. Campbell, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, March 22. 1865. Sami. F. John- son was commissioned colonel, April 25, 1865. The regiment did good service in the southern portion of the State and along the line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, guarding that great military thoroughfare. It was fin ally mustered out at Louis- ville, Ky., on the 20lh day of September, 1865. It was engaged in numerous skirmishes, in which loss was sustained, beside the battles at Hopkinsville, Bunker Hill, and in Lyon County, Ky. The officers of this command having failed to furnish any memorandum or official history of its marches and the battles and skirmishes in which it was engaged, a more extended notice of the same cannot be given. KENTUCKY LIGHT ARTILLERY. FIRST LIGHT ARTILLERY — BATTERY A. David C. Stone, captain; dismissed May 4, 1863, disability, removed by the President. Theodores. Thomasson, captain; promoted cap- tain May 26, 1863, mustered out Nov. 15, 1865. Alphonso W. Roath, 1st lieutenant; resigned Nov. 29, 1861. John H. Mellen, 1st lieutenant; honorably dis- charged for disability Oct. 22, 1864. Robert A. Moffett, 1st lieutenant; resigned May 2, 1864. John D. Irwin, 1st lieutenant; resigned March 1, 1865. William H. Sinclare, 1st lieutenant; dismissed July 3, 1865. John H. Landwehr, 1st lieutenant; mustered out Nov. 14, 1865. George W. Clark, 2d lieutenant; resigned Feb. 6, 1862. William R. Irwin, 2d lieutenant; died in hos- pital at Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 15, 1864. Frederick R. Sanger, 2d lieutenant; mustered out Nov 15, 1865. FIRST LIGHT ARTILLERY — BATTERY B. John W. Hewett, captain; mustered out with battery, Nov. 15, 1864. George W. Nell, 1st lieutenant; mustered out with battery Nov. 15, 1864. Albion A. Ellsworth, 1st lieutenant; mustered out with battery Nov. 15, 1864. William H. Spence, 2d lieutenant; mustered out with battery Nov. 15, 1864. William N. Snail, 2d lieutenant; mustered out with battery Nov. 15, 1864. Mathew H. Turner, 2d lieutenant; mustered out with battery Nov. 15, 1864. FIRST LIGHT ARTILLERY — BATTERY C. John W. Neville, captain; mustered out with battery Nov. 14, 1864. Charles Bradley, 1st lieutenant; mustered out with battery Nov. 14, 1864. Hugh S. Rawle, 1st lieutenant. Richard W. McReynolds, 2d lieutenant; veteran on detached service. Thomas J. Walters, 2d lieutenant; mustered out with battery Nov. 14, 1864. FIRST LIGHT ARTILLERY — BATTERY E. John J. Hawes, captain; mustered out Jan. 20, 1865. L. E. P. Bush, captain; resigned June 12, 1865. Samuel A. Miller, captain; mustered out with battery Aug. 1, 1865. Frank G. Clark, 2d lieutenant; mustered out with battery Aug. 1, 1865. LIGHT ARTILLERY — FIRST INDEPENDENT BATTERY. Daniel W. Glassie, captain; mustered out with battery July 10, 1865, Seth J. Simmonds, captain; cashiered. James W. Kerr, 1st lieutenant; mustered out July 10, 1865, with battery. George Hattersley, 1st lieutenant; mustered out March 17, 1865. Robert C. Steele, 1st lieutenant; discharged for disability. Sept. 5, 1864. Arthur Erenburg, 1st lieutenant; mustered out .May 15, 1865; wounded at Antietam. James W. Conine, 1st lieutenant; promoted col- onel 5th U. S. C. T., Nov. 23, 1863. Leonard Magnos, 1st lieutenant; dropped from rolls June 6, 1861. Frederick A. Danie, 2d lieutenant; dismissed Nov. 17, 1862. Hamilton B. White, 2d lieutenant; promoted captain 10th Ohio Battery, January 10, 1862. Robert Johnson, 2d lieutenant; mustered out with batteiy July 10, 1865. no HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Battery A was organized in July, 1861, at Camp Joe Holt, Ind., by Capt. David C. Stone, and mus- tered into the United States service Sept. 27,1861. Af- ter three years of active and distinguished service in the Army of the Cumberland, this battery veteran- ized at Nashville. Tenn,, in February, 1864. After the defeat of Gen. Hood in December, 1864, the battery was ordered to Texas, where it remained until October, when it returned to Louisville, and was mustered out of service Nov. 15, 1865. Battery B was organized at Camp Dick Robin- son, KJ^, in August, 1861, by Capt. J. W. Hewitt, and was mustered into service Oct. 8, 1861. This battery took an active part in the early engage- ments in Kentucky and Tennessee, and was dis- tinguished for soldierly bearing and excellent disci- pline. It was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., Nov. 16, 1864, the recruits and veterans being trans- ferred to Battery A. Battery C was orsmnized for one year’s service at Louisville, Ky., in September, 1863, by Capt. .John Vi. Neville, and was mustered into service on the 10th of the same month. After serving one year in the Department of Kentucky, the battery re- enlisted for three years, and was ordered to Arkan- sas, where it participated in several severe engage- ments. Battery E was organized at Louisville, Ky., by Capt. Jolin J. Hawes, in September, 1863, and was mustered into the service at Camp Nelson, Ky., Oc- tober 6, 1863. It re-enlisted for three years in Feb- ruary, 1864. The service performed by this battery in Kentucky and east Tennessee was peculiarly arduou.s, and the gallant behavior of its members won the repeated commendation of superior of- ficers. The First Independent Battery was organized as Company E, 1st Kentucky Infantry, and de- tached as artillery at the instance of Gen. Rose- crans, then commanding in' Western Virginia, Oct. 31, 1861. The battery served with distinction in the campaigns in West Virginia, participating in the engagements at Tylus Mountain, Horse Shoe Bend, Cotton IMountain and Greeley Bridge, Va., Freder- ick City and Antietam, Md., Cloyrd Mountain, New River Bridge, Lyncliburg and Salem, Va, After four years of honorable service, the battery was mustered out July 10, 1865, at Louisville, Ky. BATTLE LIST OF KENTUCKY TROOPS. Following is a list of engagements during the Rebellion in which Kentucky troops were engaged: 1861. Wild Cat, Ky., Oct. 21 — Seventh Infantry, First Cavalry. 1862. Mill Springs, Jan. 19 — Fourth, Tenth, Twelfth Infantry, First Cavahy, Patterson’s Engineers. Middle Creek, Ky., Jan. 10 — Fourteentli Infantry. Fort Donelson, Feb. 16 — Seventeenth, Twenty- fifth Infantry. Shiloh, Tenn,, April 6, 7 — First, Second, Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Eleventh, Thirteenth. Seventeenth, Twentieth, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty- sixth Infantry. Murfreesboro, Tenn., July 13 — Battery B. Richmond, Ky., Aug. 30 — Seventh, Fourteenth, Eighteenth Infantry, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth Cav- alry. South Mountain, Md., Sept. 14 — Simmonds’ Independent Kentucky Battery. Antietam Mountain, Md , Sept. 17 — Simmonds’ Indepenilent Kentucky Battery. Perryville, Ky., Octobers — Fifth, Seventh, Fif- teenth Infantry, First. Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth Cavalry, Battery A. Dobbin’s Ferry, Tenn., Dec. 9— Eighth, Twenty- first Infantry. Chickasaw Bluffs, Dec. 29, 30 — Seventh, Nine- teenth, Twenty-second Infantry, Patterson’s En- gineers. 1863. Stone River, Tenn., Dec. 31, 1862, Jan. 3, 1863 — First, Second, Third, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh, Fifteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-third Infantry, Second, Third Cavalry, Battery A. Arkansas Post, Ark., Jan. 11 — Seventh, Nine- teenth, Twenty-second Infantry, Patterson's En- gineers. Thompson’s Hill, Miss., May 1 — Seventh, Nine- teenth, Twenty-second Infantry, Patterson’s En- gineers. Champion’s Hill, Miss., May 16— Seventh, Nine- teenth, Twenty-second Infantry, Patterson’s En- gineers. Big Black River Bridge, Miss., May 17 — Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-second Infantry, Patterson’s Engineers. Horseshoe Bend, Cumberland River, May 9, 10 — Ninth, Twelfth Cavalry. Vicksburg, Miss., May 19, July 4 — Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-second Infantry, Patterson’s Engineers. Jackson, Miss., July 10, 16— Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-second Infantry, Patterson’s Engineers. Lebanon, Ky., July 7 — Twentieth Infantry. Tullahoma Campaign, June 24, July 4 — First, Second, ’Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-third Infantry, Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Cavalry. Chickamauga Campaign, Ga., Sept. 19, 20— First, Second. Third, Fourth, Fiftli, Sixili, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Fifteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, 'Twenty- third Infantry, Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Sev- enth Cavalry. Marrovv^lione Ky., Sept. 22— Thirty-ninth In- fantry. Philadelphia, Tenn., Oct. 20 — Twenty-seventh Infantry, First, Eleventh, Twelfth Cavali-y. Brown’s Ferry, Tenn., Oct. 27 — Fifth, Sixth, Twenty- third Infantry. Campbell Station, Tenn., Nov. 16 — Thirteenth, Twenty-seventh Infantry, Fifth Cavalry. Kingston, Tenn., Nov. 24 — Sixteenth Infantry. Siege of Knoxville, Nov. — Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-seventh In- fantry, First, Eleventh, Twelfth Cavalry. Lookout Mountain, Nov. 23 — Eighth Infantry. Missionary Ridge, Nov. 23. 25 — Third. Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-third Infantry. Bean’s Station, 'Tenn., Dec. 14— Eleventh, Twen- ty-seventh Infantry, First, Twelfth Cavalry. Mossy Creek, Tenn., Dec. 29 — Sixteenth In- fantry, Seventh Cavalry. 1864. Dandridge, Tenn., Jan. 20 — Seventh, Twelfth Cavalry. Dalton, Ga., Feb. 25 — Eighth Infantry. Sabine Cross Roads, La,, April 8 — Nineteenth Infantry. Rockyface Ridge, May 9— First. Second, Third, Fifih, Sixth, Ninth, Fifteenth, Twenty-first, Twen- ty-third, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-eighth Infantry. Resaca, Ga., May 15 — First. Second, Thiixl, Fifth, Sixth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirieenth, Fif- teenth, Sixteenth, Eighteenili, Twenty-first, Twen- ty-third, Twenly-fourtli, Twenty-eighth Infantry. Dallas, Ga., May 25. .lunc! 2— Third. Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 731 Twentieth, Twenty-first, Twenty-third, Twenty- fourth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth Infantry, First, Second, Third, Fourth Cavalry. Lost Mountain, Ga., June 10 — First, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Twelfth Cavalry. Mt. Sterling, Ky., June 9 — Thirty-seventh, For- tieth, Forty-flftli Infantry, Seventeenth Cavalry, Battery C. Cjuithiana. Ky., June 12 — Tliirtieth, Thirty- ninth, Fortieth, Forty-fifth, Forty-seventh Infantry. Kenesaw Mountain, June 20, 27 — Third, Fifth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Four- teenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twen- tieth, Twenty-first, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth Infantry, Second Cavalry. Lafayette, Ga., June 24 — Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh Cavalry. Near Marietta, Ga., .July 4 — Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Fifteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first Infantry. Adairsville, Ga., July 7 — Third, Fifth Cavalry. Peach Tree Creek, July 20 — Third, Ninth, Tenth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-eighth Infantry. Siege of Atlanta, Ga., July 22, Sept. 1 — Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, ISlinth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth. Six- teenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twentieth, Twen- ty-first, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty- eighth Infantry, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eleventh, Twelfth Cavalry. Newnan’s, Ga., July 30 — Fourth Infantry, Sec- ond, Seventh Cavalry. Hillsboro, Ga., July 31 — First, Eleventh, Twelfth Cavalry. Lovejoy Station. Aug. 20 — Fourth, Ninth, Twenty-eighth Infantry, Thir-d, Fifth Cavalry. Jonesboro, Ga., Sept. 2 — Tenth, Thirteenth, Twenty-first Infantry. Saltville, Va., Oct. 2 — Twenty-Sixth, Thirtieth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-fifth In- fantry. Sherman’s March to the Sea — Tenth, Eighteenth Infantry, Second, Third, Fifth Cavalry. Columbia, Tenn., Nov. 28 — Eleventh, Twelfth, Sixteenth Infantry. Franklin, Tcnir., Nov. 30— Twelftli, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-third, Twenty- eighth Infantry. Nashville, Tenn. .Dec. 15, 16 — Twelfth, Sixteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-third, Twenty-sixth, Twenty- eighth Infantry, Fourth Mounted Infantry, Bat- tery A. Marian, Va., and Stonernan’s (Va.) Raid, Dec. 16, 1864. Jan., 1865 — Thirtieth. Fifty-third Infantry, Eleventh, Twelfth Cavalry, Battery C. Hopkinsville, Ky., Dec. 16 — Sixth, Seventh Cav airy. Savannah, Ga., Dec. 21 — Eigliteenth Infantry, Battery C. Saltville, Va., Dec. 20 — Thirtieth, Forty-fifth, Fifty-third, Fifty-fourth Infantry. Wilson’s Raid in Alabama, Georgia, Dec. 20, April 20, 1865 — Fourth, Sixty-seventh Cavalry, Fourth Mounted Infantry. 1865. Town Creek, N. C., Feb. 20 — Twelfth Infantry. Tuscaloosa, Ala., April 1 — Fourth Infantry. Near Raleigh, N. C., April 12 — Eighteenth In- fantry. ROLL OF HONOR. A list of officers of Kentucky regiments, who were killed in action or diedof wounds received there during their service in the United States Volunteer Army: Auxier, Capt. David V., 39th Inf.; died Oct. 4, 1864, of wounds received at the battle of Saltville, Va. Anthony, Capt. James W., 17th Inf.; died Oct. 10, 1863, of wounds received at the battle of Chick- amauga. Barton, Lieut. Wm. S., 9th Inf.; killed in action at Missionary Ridge, Tenn., Nov. 25, 1863. Bacon, Capt. Albert G., 3d Cav.; killed in action at Sacramento, Ky., Dec. 28, 1861. Bayne, Capt. Aaron S., 15th Inf. ; killed in action at Stone River, Tenn., Dec. 3, 1862. Benton, Capt. John B., 8th Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Jan. 2, 1863. Bevill. Capt. Seth P., 10th Inf.; killed in action at Cbickamauga, Sept, 21, 1863. Bevill, 2d Lieut. Jolin H., 21st Inf.; killed inaction at Stone River, Tenn., Jan. 2, 1863. Butler, Capt. Champness I)., 13th Inf.; killed in action at Kennesaw Mountain, Ga., Jan. 27, 1864. Burgess, 2d Lieut. Francis M., 14th Inf.; died of . wounds, Aug. 10, 1864, received in action on At- lanta Campaign. Brown, 2d Lieut. Albert E.. 17th Inf.; died May 18, 1862, of wounds received in action at Shiloli. Burgher, Lieut. Wm. C., 26th Inf.; killed in action near Russellville, Ky., July 29, 1862. Bradford, Lieut. Jacob D., 13th Inf. ; killed in action at Resaca, Ga., May 14, 1864. Bodine, Capt. James M., 2d Inf. ; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 21, 1863. Bryan, Capt. William T., 9th Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Jan. 2, 1863. Boyle, Maj. William 0., lltliCav.; killed in action at Marion, Va., Dec. 18, 1864. Bradshaw, Lieut. Alban D., 3d Inf.; died Oct. 8, 1863, of wounds received at Chickamauga. Bradney, Lieut. William, 2d Cav. ; killed in action on Atlanta Campaign, July 30, 1864. Carter, Capt. Jesse M., 1st Kentucky Cav. ; killedat Columbus, Ky., Jul}^ 3, 1863. Carpenter. Lieut. Frederick F., 9th Inf.; killed at Stone River, Jan. 2, 1863. Cabell, Lieut. Samuel J. , 13th Inf. ; died March 6, 1864, of W'ounds received in action at Huff's Ferry, Tenn., March 6, 1864. Cartsinger, Lieut. James L., 30th Inf.; killed in ac- tion at Saltville, Va., Oct. 2, 1864. Campbell, Maj. Wm. P.. 15th Inf.; killed in action at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1864. Coughlin, Lieut. James. 24th Inf. ; killed in action at Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1864. Coyle, Capt. Demetrius B., 9th Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Jan. 2, 1863. Cox, Lieut. Wade B., 8th Inf.; died July 12, 1863, of wounds received at Stone River. Cotton, Lieut. -Col. George T., 6th Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. Coleman, Lieut. Richard D., 39th Inf.; killed in ac- tion, Jan. 9, 1864. Cullen, Lieut. IMathew, 3d Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. Culbertson, Capt. W. W., 18th Inf.; died Sept. 22, 1862, of wounds received in action at Richmond, Ky. Davidson, Maj. John L., 26th Inf.; killed in action at Shiloh, Apr. 7, 1862. Delfosse, Maj. J. Napoleon, 12th Cav.; killed in action at Philadelphia, Tenn., Oct. 20, 1863. Dissell, Lieut. Frank. 5th Inf.; died May 12, 1864, of wounds received at Stone River. Dunlap, Lieut. James, 18th Inf.; kiiled in action at Richmond, Ky., Aug. 30, 1862. Eubanks, Lieut. 'Thomas, 6th Inf. : killed at Chick- amauga Sept. 19, 1863. Elam, Lieut. Richard M., 14th Inf.; killed in action at Salyersville, Ky., Nov. 30. 1863. 732 HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. Eifort, Maj. William H., 2d Cav.; killed in action Atlanta Campaign, 8ept. 3, 1864. Evans, MaJ. Morgan V., lOtli Inf.; killed in action before Vicksburg, Miss., May 22, 1863. Ferguson, Capt. Alex B., 5th Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. Forrester. Capt. John W., 5th Cav.; died Nov. 29, 1864, of wounds received on Atlanta campaign. Foy, Lieut.-Col. James C., 23d Inf.; died July 24, 1864, of wounds received in action near Mining’s Station, Ga. Forman, Col. James B., 15th Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. Fisher, Capt. John R., 27th Inf.; killed in action near Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 1864. Purr, 2d Lieut. William W., 6th Inf. ; killed in action near Dallas, Ga., May 27, 1864. Garrard, Capt. Daniel, ,Jr., 22d Inf.; killed inaction at Chickasaw Bluffs, Miss., Dec. 29, 1862, Gallup, Capt. Giles A., 13th Inf.; kiUed in action at Jonesboro, Ga. , Sept. 2, 1864. Goulding, Capt. Seneca P., 7th Cav. ; drowned while in action at Benton, Ala., Apr. 10, 1865. GrifBn, Lieut. Jesse W., 25th Inf.; killed inaction at Fort Donelson, Tenn., Feb. 15, 1862. Griffin, Lieut. Amos M., 5th Cav.; killed in action March — , 1865. Hampton, Adjt. Levi J., 39th Inf.; killed in action Dec. 4, 186A Hund, Lieut. Anton, 6th Inf.; died May 23, 1862, of wounds received at Shiloh, Tenn. Hayes, 2d Lieut. James M., 4th Inf. ; killed in action at. Logan’s Cross Roads, Jan. 19, 1862. Halisey, Col. Dennis L, 6th Cav.; killed in action near New Market, Ky., Dec. 31, 1862. Hestand, Lieut. Turner, 9th Inf. ; killed in action at Lovejoy’s Station, Ga., Sept. 2, 1864. Hegan,' Capt. Wm. B., 22d Inf ; killed in action at Chickasaw Bluffs, Miss., Dec. 29, 1862. Hedger, Lieut. Hugh A., 21st Inf.; killed in action at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 15, 1864. Higdon. Lieut. John T., 26th Inf.; killed in action at Shiloh, Apr. 7, 1862. Hill, Capt. John W., 12th Cav.; killed in action, Nov. 18, 1863. Hickman, Capt. Robert B., 8th Inf. ; killed in action at Stone River, Jan. 2, 1863. Hill, Capt. George W., 12th Inf.; killed in action before Atlanta, Ga., Aug, 6, 1864. Hoffman, Lieut. Joseph C., 23d Inf. ; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. Hurley, Capt. John P., 5th Inf.; killed in action at Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863. Humphrey. Lieut. James, 1st Cav.; died Sept. — , 1864, of wounds received in action. Huston, Lieut. John W., 5th Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863. Hunt, Lieut. GarvineD., 3d Inf.; died Nov. 30, 1863, of wounds received at Missionary Ridge. Jenkins, Lieut. Wm. G., 2d Cav.; killed in action, June 29, 1863. Jenkins, Capt. Jarrett W., 1st Cav.; killed in action at Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862. Jones, 2d Lieut. Samuel R., 12th Cav.; killed in action near Brandenburg, Ky., July 12, 1864. Jouett, Lieut.-Col. George P., 15th Inf.; killed in action at Chaplin Hills, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862. Korman, 2d Lieut. John B., 23d Inf.; died July 26, 1864, of wounds received in action before Chatta- nooga, Tenn. Laurie, 2d Lieut. James, 16th Inf.; died May 14, 1864, of wounds received in action at Resaca, Ga. Landrum, Capt. Wm. J., 17th Inf.; killed in action at Cassville, Ga., May 19, 1864. Lee. Lieut. Matthias Z. S., 24th Inf.; died Feb. 14, 1864, of wounds received in action at Knoxville, Tenn. Leggett, Lieut. Algernon S., 9th Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Jan. 2, 1863. Lewis, Capt. Orrin M., 18th Inf.; killed inaction at Richmond, Ky., Aug. 30, 1862. Lochman, 2d Lieut. Frederick V., 6th Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. Lowe, 2d Lieut. Thomas A., 13th Inf.; killed in action at Shiloh, April 7, 1862. Lee, Lieut. Wm. L., 13th Inf.; died April 16, 1862, of wounds received at Shiloh. Mavity, Capt. Ephraim P., 23d Inf. ; died Sept. 17, 1864, of wounds received in action at Chatta- nooga, Tenn. Mai’ker, Capt. Peter, 6th Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. Martin, Capt. Columbus H., 11th Inf.; died Dec. 18, 1863, of wounds received in action at Phila- delphia, Tenn. McGraw, Capt. John, 6th Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863. McKee, Col. Samuel, 3d Inf. ; killed in action at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. McDowell, Capt. E. Irwine, 15th Inf.; killed in action at Resaca, Ga., May 14, 1864. McGrath, Lieut. James A. T., 15th Inf.; killed in action at Chaplin Hills, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862. McCulloch, Capt. Miller R., 2d Cav.; killed in action at Stone River, Dec. 30, 1862. McClure, Lieut. Joseph L., 15th Inf.; died Oct. 18, 1862, of wounds received in action at Perryville, Ky- Miller, Lieut. Jonathan P., 1st Ky. Cav.; killed in action at Mill Springs, Jan. 19, 1862. Minter, Capt. Landon C., 8th Inf.; died Feb. 15, 1863, of wounds received at Stone River, Tenn. Miller. 2d Lieut. James A., 2d Inf.; killed in action at Pittsburg Landing, April 7, 1862. * Miller, Capt. Joseph E., 5th Inf.; killed in action at Resaca, Ga., May 16, 1864. Mitchell, Lieut. Wm. D., 5th Cav.; killed in action March 10, 1865. Millman, Lieut. John D., 17th Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. .Morton, Capt. Preston, 17th Inf. ; killed in action at Shiloh, April 6, 1862. Murphy, Lieut. William, 6th Cav. ; killed in action, July 4, 1863. Myers, 2d Lieut. John H. 10th Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 20. 1863. Nierhoff, Capt. Frederick, 6th Inf. ; killed in action at Kenesaw Mt., Ga., June 23, 1864. Osborne, Lieut. Cliilson A., 14th Inf. ; died Nov. 30, 1864, of wounds received in action at Charleston, S.C. Overburg, Lieut. Frederick, 3d Cav.; killed in action near Marietta, Ga., Oct. 3, 1864. Owens, Capt. Elisha, 8th Cav.; killed at Pilot Knob, Ky., Feb. 28, 1863, Palmer, Capt. Henry D., 16th Inf.; killed in action at Franklin. Tenn., Nov. 30, 1864. Patrick, Capt. Wiley C., 14th Inf.; killed in action near Alatoona, Ga., June 2, 1864. Pennington, Capt. Levi, 7th Inf. ; killed in action at Chickasaw Bluffs, Miss., December 28, 1862. Pope, Col. Curran, 15th Inf. ; died Nov. 5, 1862, of wounds received in action at Chaplin Hills, Ky. Robinson, Lieut. William H., 53d Inf.; killed in action at Marion, Va., Dec. 18, 1864. Rockingham, Lieut. Richard, 6th Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863. Ryan, 2d Lieut. John, Bth Inf.; died Sept. 25, 1863, of wounds received at Chickamauga. Royce, 2d Lieut. Samuel H., 7th Cav.; killed in action at Big Hill, near Richmond, Ky., Aug. 23, 1862. Scott, Lieut. Hugh L., 52d Inf.; died Dec. 3, 1864, of wounds received in action. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 733 Sheets, Lieut. Frank N., 4th Cav. ; killed in action- at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863. Sketoe, Capt. Isaac W., 11th Inf.; killed in action at Shiloh, April 7, 1862. Smith, Lieut. Elza C., 13th Cav.; killed in hospital at Saltville, Va., Oct. 7, 1864. Sinkhorn, Lieut. Granville J., 28th Inf.: killed in action at Franklin, Tenn,, Nov. 30, 1864. Spellmeyer, Capt. John H., 2d Inf. ; killed in action at Shiloh, April 7, 1862. Stone, Lieut. Sebastian, 21st Inf.; killed in action at Stone River, Jan. 2, 1863. Sturgis, Capt. Robert C., 17th Inf.; died Aug. 9, 1864, of wounds received in action before Atlanta, Ga. Stewart, Lieut. Thomas, 14th Inf. ; killed in action before Atlanta, Ga.. Aug. 4, 1864. Stearman, 2d Lieut. Wm. H., 13th Inf.; died Nov. 17, 1863, of wounds received in action at Huff’s Ferry, east Tenn. Taylor, Capt. Henry S., 3d Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863. Thomasson, Maj. Charles M., 5th Inf.; killed in action at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. Truett, 2d Lieut. Jabez, 22d Inf.; killed in action at Chickasaw Bluffs, Dec. 29, 1862. Tate, Lieut. Charles R., 9th Inf.; killed in action at Shiloh, Tenn., April 7, 1862. Thornburg, 2d Lieut. Walter, 39th Inf.; killed in action Sept. 22, 1863. Todd, Capt. Charles S., 6th Inf.; killed in action at Stone River Dec. 31, 1862. Todd, Lieut. L. Frank, loth Inf.; died Jan. 20, 1863, of wounds received in action. Vickary, 2d Lieut. Jenkins J., 30th Inf.; killed in action at Saltville, Va., Oct. 2, 1864. Victor, Capt. Wallace, 13th Inf. ; died July 13, 1864, of wounds received at Chickamauga. Washburn, 2d Lieut. John W,, 18th Inf.: killed in action at Richmond, Ky., Aug. 30, 1863. White, Capt. Charles L., 3d Cav.; died Dec. 7, 1864, of wounds received in action. Wileman, Maj. Abram G., I8th Inf.; killed in skirmish in Pendleton County, Ky., Oct. 5, 1863. Wilson, Capt. Thomas, 7th Inf.; killed in action at Champion’s Hill, Miss., May 16, 1863. Wilson, Capt. Upton, 5th Inf. ; killed in action at Missionary Ridge Nov. 25, 1863. Wolford, Capt. Francis M., 1st Cav.; killed in action at Hillsboro, Ga., July 31, 1864. DEATHS IN KENTUCKY UNION TROOPS. 1861-65. Killed in action, 95 officers, 1,390 enlisted men; died of wounds, 39 officers, 954 enlisted men; died of disease, 121 officers, 7,122 enlisted men; acciden- tally killed, 1 officer, 219 enlisted men; drowned, 6 officers, 228 enlisted men; murdered, 14 enlisted men; suicide, 1 officer, 7 enlisted men; executed (G. C. M.), 12 enlisted men; sunstroke, 2 enlisted men; other known causes, 7 officers, 165 enlisted men; causes not stated, 1 officer, 390 enlisted men. Total 271 officers and 10,503 enlisted men, of which number 3 officers and 1,017 enlisted men died while prisoners of war. DEATH'S IN ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES.* 1861-65. Killed in action, 4.142 officers, 62,916 enlisted men; died of wounds, 2,223 officers, 40,789 enlisted men; died of disease, 2,795 officers, 221,791 enlisted men; accidentally killed, 142 officers, 3,972 enlisted ■‘From the office of the adjutant-general of the United States, and never before published. men: drowned. 106 officers, 4,838 enlisted men; murdered, 37 offici r,-:, 483 enlisted men; suicide, 26 officers, 365 enlisted men: executed (G. C. M.), 267 enlisted men; sunstroke, 5 officers, 308 enlisted men; other known cau-es, 80 officers, 2,122 enlisted men; causes not stated, 28 officers, 12,093 enlisted men. Total 9,584 officers and 349,944 enlisted men; of which number 219 officers and 29,279 enlisted men died while prisoners of war. CONFEDERATE STATES ARMY. GEItEKAL OFFICERS IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY APPOINTED FROM KENTUCKY. * Jno. C. Breckinridge, brig.-gen., Nov. 2, 1861; maj.- gen. Apr. 11, 1862; acting secretary of war. 1865. Simon B. Buckner, brig.-gen.. Sept. 14, 1861; maj.- gen., Aug. 16, 1862; lieut.-gen. Sept.. 20, 1864. Abe Buford, brig.-gen.. Sept. 2, 1862. George B. Cosby, brig.-gen., Jan. 20. 1863. George B. Crittenden, brig.-gen., March 16, 1861; maj. -gen., Nov. 9, 1861; resigned Oct. 23, 1862. Basil W. Duke, brig.-gen.. Sept. 15, 1864. Charles W. Field, brig.-gen.. May, 9, 1862; maj. -gen. Sept. 12, 1864. Roger W. Hanson, brig.-gen., Dec. 13, 1862. J. M. Hawes, brig.-gen., March 5, 1862. B. H. Helm, brig.-gen., March 14, 1862. George B. Hodge, brig.-gen., Aug. 2, 1864. Joseph H. Lewis, brig -gen., Sept. 30, 1863. H, B. Lyon, brig.-gen., June 14, 1864. Humphrey Marshall, brig.-gen.,, Oct. 30, 1861; re- signed June 16, 1862; reappointed June 20, 1862; with rank from Oct. 1, 1861. Jno. H. Morgan, brig.-gen., Dec. 11, 1862. William Preston, brig.-gen., April 14, 1862; maj.- gen., Jan. 1, 1865. Gustavus W. Smith, maj. -gen.. Sept. 9, 1861; re- signed Sept. 11, 1863. Lloyd Tilghman, brig.-gen., Oct. 18, 1861. Jno. S. Williams, brig.-gen., April 16, 1862. LIST OF NAMES OF COMMANDING OFFICERS OF THE FIRST KENTUCKY BRIGADE IN THE ORDER OF THEIR DATES OF COMMAND Brig. -Gen. Jno. C. Breckinridge. Brig. -Gen. Roger W. Hanson. Col. R. P. Trabue. Brig.-Gen. Marcus J. Wright. Brig. -Gen. B. H. Helm. Brig. -Gen. Joseph H. Levpis. GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS APPOINTED FROM KENTUCKY.! Oen. John G. Breckinridge. — Staff: Ament, B. W., medical director, relieved Aug. 29, 1862; Addison, , volunteer aid-de-camp, Aug., 1862; Benham, Calhoun, major, acting inspector-general, Oct. 28, 1862; Breckinridge, J. Cabell, lieutenant, aid-de-camp, Nov. 17, 1861, Sept. 30, Oct. 28, 1862; Buckner, .Ino. A., captain, assistant adjutant-gen- eral, July 18, 1862, lieutenant-colonel, Oct. 28, 1862; Brown, -- — , major, chief commissary sub- sistence, Oct. 12, 1862; Bradford, J. W., captain, assistant quartermaster, paymaster, June, 4, 1863; Bird, , captain, volunteer aid-de-camp, Aug., 1862; Brewer, , lieutenant-colonel, volunteer aid-de-camp, Aug., 1862; Bertus, Wm. E., lieu- tenant, Twelfth Louisiana, acting inspector-general, * From the -war office at Washington, D. C. fThis list is from the war office at Washington, and was sent to Col. John B. Castleman, adjutant-general of Kentucky, wh< had it corrected and revised for this work. 734 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Sept., 1863; Cobb, Robertson, captain, chief of artil- lerJ^ — -Division, Nov. 1, 1863, Nov. 6,1863, assigned as chief of artillery of corps; Coleman, , captain, volunteer aid-de-camp, Jan. 1, 1863; Daragh, Thos. B., lieutenant, volunteer aid-de-camp, Jan. 1, 1863; Ewing, E. II., captain, assistant quartermaster, June 27, 1868; Ershine, Jno. II,, surgeon, medical directOi, March 6, 1862; Evans, Alex., major and chief commissary, 7, 1863; Foote, Henry S., aid-de-camp; Cranes, R. E., major, chief of artil- lery, Oct. 28, 1862; Hawes, Carey N., announced as chief surgeon of division. Sept. 6, 1862; Hawkins, Thomas T., first lieutenant, aid-de-camp, Nov. 17, 1861; Capo, , aid-de-camp, captain, assistant adjutant-general, Oct., 1862, (let. 28, 1862; Helm, Geo. j\L, 1st lieutenant, engineer officer, Aug. 18, 1862; Hamilton, Wm. B., volunteer aid-de-camp, Aug., 1862; Huestis, Dr., , medical inspector, chief surgeon, Jan., Sept., 1863; Hope, John, captain, acting inspector-general. Sept. 30, 1862, announced as acting inspector-general of reserve corps, April 25, 1862 Johnson, J.P., assistant adjutant-general, July, 1863; Kratz, Dr. , assistant surgeon. Sept., 1863; Little, George, captain, ordnance officer, May 2, 1863; Legare, J. C., surgeon, jnedical inspector, March 6, 1862; Morgan, R. C., acting assistant adju- tant-general, Jan. 19, 1862; Mastin, Chas. J., cap- tain, acting inspector-general, Feb. 26, 1863, lieu- tenant-colonel, acting inspector-general, Se^Dt., 1863; Noequet, Jas. W., captain, chief of engineers. Sept. 30, 1862; O'Hara, Theodore, colonel, acting assist- ant adjutant-general, Dec., 1862, Jan., 1863; Pick- ett, Geo. B., captain, engineer officer, March 6, 1862; Pickett, Jno. T., colonel, assistant adjutant-general, , 1862; Pinckney, , lieutenant-colonel, vol- unteer aid-de-camp, Aug., 1862; Pendleton, J. E., Dr., medical director. Sept. 30, 1862, Oct. 29, 1862; Pendleton, John E., volunteer aid-de-camp, Jan. 1, 1863; Robentson, J. S., captain, assistant adjutant- general, Sept. 8, 1862; Richards, A. Keene, aid-de- camp, June 23, 1862; Sullins, ,major, chief quar- termaster, Oct. 12, 1862; Schenck, Isaac, major, act- ing commissary subsistence, Dec. 13, 1862; Slocum, , captain, chief artillery, Nov. 6, 1863; Semple, Chas. captain, ordnance officer, Jan. 1, 1863, acting inspector-general, Jan. 24, 1864; Von Zinken, Leon, colonel. Twentieth Louisiana Regiment, acting as- sistant inspector-general. Sept., 1863; Triplett, , major, chief quartermaster, on march Oct. 12, 1862; Wilson, J T., acting inspector-general, Oct. 28, 1862, Dec. 31, 1862; Wilson, James, major, assistant adjutant- general, Dec. 11, 1862, Sept., 1863, Nov. 11, 1863, acting chief of artillery, Sept. 30, 1862, ord- nance officer of division, April 21, 1862; Weatherby, surgeon, acting medical director. Sept. 30, 1862; \Peeden, acting chief surgeon, Oct. 29, 1863; Young, J. F., surgeon, medical purveyor, March 6, 1862. Oen. S.B. Buckner. — Staff: Ament, B. W., sur- geon, Aug., 1862; Buckner, D. P., volunteer aid-de- camp, Sept., 1861, Feb., 1862; Casly, Geo. B., major, assistant adjutant-general. Sept., 1861, Feb., 1862; Clay, T. J., acting aid-de-camp, Feb., 1862; Cassi- day , Alex. , captain, assistant i nspector-general , Sept , 1861, major, assistant inspector-general, Feb., 1862; Chambliss, N.P., lieu tenant, ordnance officer. Sept. 18, 1861; Carrington,L.F.,aid-de-camp.Nov,26, 1861; Da- vidson, — — , major, chief of artillery, Feb., 1862; Gallagher, J. N., acting aid-de-camp, Feb., 1862; Hays, S. K., major, assistant quartermaster, Feb., 1862; Haines, ,P M., major, assistant inspector- general, Sept. 18, 1861; Johnston, Chas. F., lieuten- ant, aid-de-camp, Sept., 1861, Feb. ,1862; Moore, , engineer officer, Feb., 1862; Noequet, J., captain, en- gineer officer, Sept. 18, 1861; Sheliba, Victor.major lieutenant-colonel, chief of staff, June, 1863; Winter- smith, Richard C., major, acting commissary of subsistence, Feb., 1862; Watts, G. O. lieutenant, acting aid-de-camp. Sept. 18, 1861. Brig.- Oen. A. Buford. — Staff: Crowder, Thos. M., cajjtain, assistant adjutant-general, Oct., 1862, May, 1863; Nicholson, Hunter, major, assistant ad- jutant-general, Dec.. 1862; Given, D. A., 1st lieuten- ant, acting aid-de-camp; Myers, D. E., 1st lieuten- ant, aid-de-camp, Aug. 1, 1863 (captain Company E, 9th Kentucky Cavalry), captain, acting inspect- or-general; Lea, James L., captain, assistant quar- termaster, 1862, transferred to staff of Gen. T. H. Bell, Feb., 1865; Finch, J. R., major, acting commis- sary of subsistence; Gardner, Jno. D., 1st lieuten- ant, ordnance officer. May 20, 1862, transferred from 7th Kentucky Regiment; Clardy,Thos. F., surgeon (7th Kentucky); Cargill, W. M., major, quartermas- ter. Col. Edward Grassland, Commanding Brigade. — Staff': Buford’s Division, Forrest’s Cavalry, May, 1864; Randle, C. S., captain, acting assistant adju- tant-general (7th Kentucky Regiment); Matthewson, J. P.,lst lieutenant, acting assistant inspector-gen- eral; Lindsey, Win., captain, assistant quartermas- ter (7th Kentucky Regiment), July, 1862; Smith, J. R., major, acting commissary of subsistence, July 22, 1863; Galbraith, Robert A., captain, acting aid- de-camp; Terry, F. G., captain, acting ordnance of- ficer, Sept. 22, 1862 (8th Kentucky Regiment). Maj.-Oen. Oeo. B. Crittenden. — Staff: Brewer, Jas. B., volunteer aid-de-camp, Jan., 1862,Feb., 1862; Cunningham, A. S., major, assistant adjutant-gen- eral, Jan., 1862, Feb., 1862, Dec. 4, 1861; Hillyer, Giles M., major, assistant commissary of subsist- ence, Jan., 1862, Feb., 1862; Porter, W. W., lieuten- ant, aid-de-camp, Jan., 1862, Feb., 1862, captain, as- sistant adjutant-general, April 6-7, 1862: Ramsay, F. A., surgeon, medical director, Jan., 1862, Feb., 1862; Thornton, H. I. (J?), aid-de-camp, Dec. 7,1862, Jan., 1862, Feb., 1862. Brig.- Oen. Basil W. Duke. — Staff: Cameron, , captain, chaplain, Sept. 15, 1864, transferred to special service in Canada, Nov. ,1864; Davis, Will- iam J., captain; assistant adjutant-general, April, 1863, major, aid-de-camp, Dec., 1864; Elliott, R.F., ma- jor, acting commissary of subsistence. Sept. 15, 1864, previously commi.ssary Morgan’s staff; Gassette, C. W., major; acting quartermaster, Sept. 15, 1864, pre- viously acting quartermaster on Morgan’s staff; Gwyn.Hugh G., captain, assistant inspector-general. Sept. 15, 18(54, major, assistant inspector-general, Dec. 1,1864, previously adjutant Keeble’s Tennessee regi- ment, infantry; Morgan, Calvin C., 1st lieutenant, aid-de-camp. Sept. 15, 1864, captain, aid-de-camp, Dec. 1, 1864; Thorpe, P. H., adjutant (?) June, 1862; Williams, Robert, major, brigade-surgeon. Sept. 15, 1864. Brig.- Oen. Chas. W. Field.— Staff : Corbin, Richard, volunteer aid-de-camp of division, April, 1864; Deshields, H. C. captain quartermaster, April, 1861 (from 40th Virginia), major quartermaster of division subsequently; Harrison, George F., captain adjutant-general, April, 1861, assistant adjutant- general, June, July, 1862 (formerly adjutant 9th Va. Cav., resigned Sept., 1862; Hudson, medical di- rector of division, January, 1864; Mason, Julien J., major, assistant commissary subsistance, April, 1861, (assigned from 9th Va. Cav. private, afterward com- missary of division); Jones, Willis F. major, assist- ant adjutant-general, January, 1864 (killed in battle August, 1864); Mason, W. R. lieutenant, aid-de- camp, June, July, 1862, assigned to conscript bureau July, 1863; Masters, L., captain, assistant in- spector general, April, 1861, assigned from heavy artillery, major, assistant adjutant-general, Nov. 4, 1864, major, inspector-general of division, January, 1864 (April, 1865, killed in battle); Pleasants, James, captain, orderly officer of division; Rabb, R. L., lieutenant, aid-de-camp,first lieutenant, aid-de-camp, January, 1864 (resigned August, 1864); Spence, sur- geon, medical director, April, 1861; Stephenson, HISTOEY OF KENTUCKY. 735 John, first lieutenant aid-de-camp of division, Aug., 1864 . Brig.-Oen. Roger W. Hanson. — Staff: Hope, John S., captain, acting assistant adjutant general, Dec. 4, 1862; Chipley, S. F., acting assistant adju- tant-general, December 20, 1862; Benedict, Joseph, lieutenant 9th Ky., ordered to act as aid-de-camp to Col. Hanson, commanding first Kentucky Brig- ade, Nov. 10, 1862. Brig.-Oen. J. M. Hawes. — Staff: Barbour, E. P., aid-de-camp, acting assistant adjutant-general, April 29, 1862; Dyer, H. R. major, assistant quar- termaster; Hawes, S. N., lieutenant, aid-de-camp; Hove, J. A. P., captain, aid-de-camp; Leman , captain, acting commissary subsistence ; McClarty, Clinton, major, assistant adjutant-general; Robert- son, James M., captain, assistant inspector-general; Sanders Reid, major, assistant commissary subsist- ence; Scott, John S., captain, assistant adjutant general; Walker, A. J., captain, ordnance officer; Marshall, Benjamin T., chief surgeon, April 29, 1862; Lester, H. F., lieutenant (2d Kentucky) ord- nance officer, April 29, 1862; Robertson, J. S., as- sistant adjutant-general, 14, 1862. Brig.-Oen. Oeorge B. Hodge. — Staff: Bullock, Wallie, first lieutenant, aid-de-camp, April, 1863; Davis, Hugh L., first lieutenant, aid-de-camp, Aug., 1864; Mciffee, John, captain, assistant adjutant-gen- eral (Ind. Confederate Battalion); Miller, W., major, quartermaster (from 27th Virginia P. Rangers), April, 1862; Ogden, John, captain, aid-de-camp; West, Douglas, major, acting ordnance officer; Hope, John, captain, as,cistant inspector-general. Brig.-Orn. Joseph H. Lewis. — Staff: Hewitt, Fayette, captain, assistant adjutant-general, Dec, 2, 1861-64; McKay, Henry Clay, lieutenant, aid-de- camp, October, 1863; John R. major, assistant quartermaster, Dec., 1863; Phillips, W. S., captain, assistant quartermaster, 1862, major, Dec., 1863; Holmes, Chas. W., major, assistant commissary sub- sistence, July 17, 1863; Payne, Lewis E., lieutenant, ordnance officer, December, 1863; Buchanan, Samuel H., assistant adjutant-general. Sept. 15, 1864, assist- ant inspector-general, Dec. 20, 1863; Helm, Chas. W., captain and assistant commissary subsistence, June 16, 1864; Vertrees, J. S., assistant surgeon, 1863. Brig.-Oen. Humphrey Marshall. — Staff': Fish- er Thos. H., major, chief quartermaster. May, 1862; Guerrant, Edward 0., assistant adjutant-gen- eral, Dec. 30, .1862; Jenkins, B. W., captain, Jan., 1863; Marshall, Chas. E., captain, assistant adjutant- general, April, 1862; resigned Dec., 1862. Col. and Brig.-Oen. Jno. H. Morgan. — Staff: Alston, R. A., captain, assistant adjutant-gen- eral, .June, 1862; Grenfell, St. Leger, colonel, assistant adjutant-general, Aug. 22, 1862; Llewellen, D. H.. captain, assistant quartermaster, Aug. 22, 1862;major, Dec. 9, 1862; Morgan, Charlton, captain, aid-de-camp, Dec. 9, 1862; Roberts, Green, captain, assistant aid-de-camp, Oct., 1862; Tyler, Robt., lieutenant, assistant aid-de-camp, Dec. 9, 1862; Williams, R. H., acting aid-de-camp, Dec. 9, 1862. Col. R. T. Trahue Commanding Hanson’s Brig- ade Bee. 31, 1862, and Jan. 1, 1863. — Staff: Bene- dict, Joseph, Dec. 31, 1862, and Jan. 1. 1863; Chip- ley, S. F., captain, Dec. 31, 1862 and Jan. 1, 1863; Semple, Charles, captain, acting ordnance officer, Dec. 21, 1862, and Jan, 1, 1863; Stake, T. E., lieuten- ant, assistant inspector-general, Dec. 31, 1862, and Jan. 1, 1863; Trabue, Presley, lieutenant, acting ord- nance officer, Dec. 31, 1862, and Jan. 1, 1863_; Will- iams, Robt. H., adjutant 4th Kentucky, acting as- sistant adjutant-general, Dec. 31, 1862, and Jan. 1, 1863; Darrah, Thomas B., acting assistant adjutant- general, Oct. 13, 1862; Robertson, J. S., acting as- sistant adjutant-general, April 2(), 1862; Hewitt, J. W., acting assistant adjutant-general, June 16, 1862; Shaw, G. T., captain, acting commissary subsistence, June 16, 1862. Brig.-Oen. Jno. S. Williams. — Staff: Duke, Basil C., surgeon, Sept., 1862; Marye, Lawrence, captain, ordnance officer. Sept. 1862; Morris, John, colonel, volunteer aid-de-camp. Sept., 1862; Pey- ton, Wm. M., captain, aid-de-camp. Sept., 1862; Poor, R. L., captain, chief engineer, department West Virginia, Sept. 20, 1862; temporarily on staff of Gen. Williams; Stanton, Richard, captain, assist- ant adjutant-general. Sept., 1862. NAMES OP FIELD OFFICERS, KENTUCKY REGIMENTS.* First Infantry. — Colonel, Thos. H. Taylor; lieutenant-colonels, Wm. Preston Johnston, Ed. Crossland; major, Ed. Crossland. Second Infantry. — Colonels, J. M. Hawes, R.W. Hanson, R. A. Johnson, James W. Moss; lieuten- ant-colonels, Robert A. Johnston, James W. Hew- itt, Phil. Lee; majors, James W. Hewitt, James W. Moss, H. McDowell; adjutant, T. E. Moss. Third Infantry. — Colonels, Lloyd Tilghman, A. P. Thompson; lieutenant-colonels, Benj. "Ander- son, Alfred M. Johnston; majors, Alfred M. John- ston, J. H. Bowman. Fourth Infantry. — Colonels, Robert P. Trabue, Joseph P. Nuckols, Jr., Thos. W. Thompson; lieu- tenant-colonels, Andrew R. Hynes, Jno. A. Adair, Jos. P. Nuckols, Thos.W. Thompson; majors.Thos. B. Munroe, Jr., Thos.W, Preston, Thos.W. Thomp- son, Jno. Jj. Rogers. Fifth Infantry. — Colonels, Jno. S. Williams, Andrew J. May, H. Hawkins, lieutenant-colonels, Andrew J. May, Hiram Hawkins, Jno. W. Cald- well; majors, J. C. Wickliffe, Jno. W. Caldwell, Geo. W .Conner, William Moynhier. Sixth Infantry. — Colonels, Joseph H. Lewis, Martin H. Cofer; lieutenant-colonel, Martin H.Cof- er; majors, Thos. H. Hayes, W. L .Clarke. Seventh Infantry. — Colonels, C. Wickliffe, Ed. Crossland, W. D. Lannom; lieutenant-colonels, W. D. Lannom, H. L. Shorneill; majors, W. J. N.Wel- born, H. S. Hale. Eighth Infantry. — Colonel, H. B. Lyon; lieuten- ant-colonels, H. B. Lyon, A. R. Shacklett; ma- jor, R. W. Henry. Ninth Infantry. — Colonels, T. H. Hunt, J. W. Caldwell; lieutenant-colonels, J.W. Caldwell, J. C. Wickliffe; majors, J. C. Wickliffe, Benj. Desha. Tenth Infantry. — Colonels, R. W. Martin, A. R. Johnston; lieutenant-colonel, R. M. Martin; major, W. G. Owen. Eleventh Infantry. — Colonel, B. E. Candill; ma- jor, J. T. Chenowith. First Cavalry. —Colonel, J. R. Butler; lieuten- ant-colonel, Thos. W. Woodward: majors, J. W. Caldwell, N. R. Chambliss, I. L. Chenowith. Second Cavalry. — Colonel, T. G. Woodward; lieutenant-colonels, Thos. G. Woodward, Thos. T. Johnson; majors, T. R. Webber, T. W. Lewis. Third Cavalry. — Colonel, J. R. Butler. Fourth Cavalry. — Colonel, H. L. Giltner; lieu- tenant-colonel, M. P. Pryor. Fifth Cavalry. — Colonel, D. H. Smith; lieuten- ant-colonel, Preston Thompson. Sixth Cavalry. — Colonel, J. Warren Grogsby lieutenant-colonel, Thos. W. Napier. Seventh Cavalry — Colonel, Ed. Crossland; major, Thos. Steele. Eighth Cavalry. — Colonel, R. S. Cluke. Ninth Cavalry. — Colonels, W. C. P. Breckinridge, T. H. Hunt; lieutenant-colonel, R. G. Stoner; major, J. C. Wickliffe. Tenth Cavalry. — Colonels, A. R. Johnson, A. J. May, E. Trimble. *From the war office at Washington. 736 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Eleventh Cavalry. — Colonel, D. W. Chenault. Faulkner’ s Cavalry. — Major, T. S. Tate. First Battalion Volunteers.— Ma,]or, Thos. H. Hays. First Battalion Mounted Majors, B. F. Bradley, O. G. Camron. Second Battalion Mounted Major, Thomas Johnson. Third Battalion Mounted Major, Jno. B. Hal lad ay. Morgan’s Cavalry. — Colonel, Jno. H. Morgan; lieutenant-colonel, J. W. Bowler; majors, G. M. Morgan, J. T. Cassell. The following roster of Confederate troops ex- hibits the various organizations with which Ken- tucky troops served during the years 1863-64: Brig.-Gen. John S. Williams’ Brigade, 1863: First Kentucky Mounted Infantry, Second Ken- tucky MountecI Infantry, Ninth Kentucky Mounted Infantry, Second Kentucky Battalion Cavalry, Hamilton’s Battalion Cavalry, Allison’s Squadron Cavalry. Brig.-Gen. Joseph H. Lewis’ Brigade: Second Kentucky Infantry, Fourth Kentucky Infantry, Fifth Kentucky Infantry, Sixth Kentucky Infantry, Ninth Kentucky Infantry. Brig. Gen. A. Buford’s Cavalry Brigade, Nov. 20, 1863: Eighth Kentucky, Col. H. B. Lyon; Seventh Kentucky, Col. Edward Crossland; Third Kentucky, Col. A. P. Thomp.5on. With Wharton’s Division, August 15, 1863; Sec- ond Brigade, Col. Thomas Harrison; First Kentucky Cavalry, Col. J. R. Butler. Morgan’s Division, First Brigade, Cavalry, Col. B. W. Duke: Second Kentucky, Maj. T. B. Webber; Fifth Kentucky, Col. D. II. Smith; Ninth Ken- tucky, Col. W. C. P. Breckinridge; Sixth Kentucky, Col. J. Warren Grogsby; Ward’s Kentucky Regi- ment, Col. Ward. Second Brigade, Cavalry, Col. R. S. Cluke: Eighth Kentucky, Col. R. S. Cluke; Eleventh Ken- tucky, Col. D. \V. Chenault; Tenth Kentucky, Lt.- Col. J. M. Huffman. Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863; Breckinridge’s Division, Helrn’s Brigade Infantry: Second Ken- tucky, Col. J. W. Hewitt and Lieut. -Col. J. W. Moss; Fourth Kentucky, Col. Jos. P. Nuckols, Jr., and Maj. T. W. Thompson; Sixth Kentucky, Col. J. II. Lewis and Lieut. -Col. M. H. Cofer; Ninth Kentucky, Col. J. W. Caldwell and Lieut. -Col. J. C. Wickliile; Cobb’s Battery, Capl. Robert Cobb. Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863; Breckinridge’s Division, Lewis’ Brigade, Infantry: Second Ken- tucky Regiment, Lieut. -Col. James W.Moss; Fourth Kentucky Regiment, Maj. T. W. Thompson; Sixth Kentucky Regiment, Lieut. -Col. W.L. Clarke; Ninth Kentucky Regiment, Lieut.-Col. Jno. C. Wickliife; Fifth Kentucky Regiment, Col. H. Hawkins. With Wheeler’s Cavalry Corps, Oct. 31, 1863; Fourth Division, Brig.-Gen. Kelly; 1st Kentucky Mounted Infantry, Col. J. R. Butler; Second Kentucky Mounted Infantry; Ninth Kentucky Mounted Infantry. Second Brigade of Brig.-Gen. Kelly’s Division. Wheeler’s Cavalry Corps, Nov. 20, 1863, Col. J. Warren Grogsby, commanding; First Kentucky Mounted Infantry Regiment, Col. J. R. Butler; Second Kentucky Mounted Infantry Regiment, Col. Thos. G. Woodnard. ; Ninth Kentucky Mounted Infantry Regiment; Col. W, C. P. Breckinridge. Wheeler’s Cavalry Corps, Nov. 23, 1863, Kelly’s Division, Second Brigade: First (Third) Kentucky Regiment, Col. J. R. Butler; Second Kentucky Reg- iment, Col. Thos.Woodward; Ninth Kentucky Reg- iment, Col. W. P. C. Breckinridge. With Bates’ Division, June 30, 1864; Lewis’ Brig- ade Inf.iutry: Second Kentucky Regiment, Col. J. Moss; Fourth Kentucky Regiment, Lieut.-Col. TW. Thompson; Fifth Kentucky Regiment, Lieut. Col. H. Hawkins; Sixth Kentucky Regiment, Col. M. H. Cofer; Ninth Kentucky Regiment, Col. J. W. Caldwell. Wheeler’s Cavalry Corps, Army of the Tennessee, June 30, 1864, Brig.-Gen. Jno. S. Williams’ Cavalry Brigade; First Kentucky Regiment, Lieut.-Col. J. W. Griffith; Second Kentucky Regiment, Maj. T. W. Lewis; Ninth Kentucky Regiment, Col. W. C. P. Breckinridge; Second Kentucky Battalion, Capt. J. B. Douch; Allison’s Squadron, Capt. J. S. Reese; Detachment Hamilton’s Battery, Maj. James Shaw. FORREST’S CAVALRY COMMAND, AUGUST 30, 1864. BUFORD’S DIVISION. Lyon’s Brigade. — Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment (mounted) Col. G. A. C. Holt; Seventh Kentucky Infantry Regiment (mounted) Col. Ed. Crossland; Eighth Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Lieut-Col. A. R. Shacklett; Twelfth Kentucky In- fantry Regiment; Col. W. W. Faulkner. FORREST’S COMMAND, MARCH 20, 1864. CHALMERS’ DIVISION. Third Brigade. — Col. A. P. Thompson; Third Kentucky Infantry, Lieut.-Col. G. A. C. Holt; Seventh Kentucky Infantry, Col. Ed. Crossland; Eighth Kentucky Infantry, Lieut-Col. A. R. Shack- lett; Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, Col. W. W. Faulkner. Byrnes’ Battery. — Edward P. Byrne, captain, 1861; Elias D. Lawrence, lieutenant; Thos. Hinds, 1st lieutenant, Oct. 1861; Jno. Joyes,Jr., lieutenant, 1861; Guignard Scott, 2d lieutenant; Joseph Bell, 2d lieutenant; B. P. Shelly, 2d lieutenant, Aug., 1861; Prank P. Peak, 2d lieutenant. B. T. Shelly, 2d lieutenant, 1861. Cobb’s Battery. — Robert Cobb, capt. March, 1862; E. P. Gracey, lieutenant July, 1861; R. B. Matthews, lieutenant March, 1862; B. H. Gtaines, 2d lieuten- ant, July, 1861; A. B. Danes, 2d lieutenant, Oct., 1861. It has not been possible, in compiling the fore- going list, to obtain all the names, or even a satis- factory list of the killed and wounded in the Confederate army, either among commissioned officers or privates, from 1861-65. Records of such statistics are not easily, if at all attainable, and this interesting feature, so far as regards Confederate officers and soldiers, has been reluctantly omitted. THE BATTLE OF PERRYYILLE. The disposition of the Union forces at the period of the Confederate invasion in August, 1862, was as follows: The Seventh Division of the Army of the Ohio, under command of Maj. Gen. George W. Morgan, consisting of three brigades of four regiments each, three batteries of artillery and a squadron of cavalry, numbering in all about 7,000 men, was stationed at Cumberland Gap. Maj.- Gen. William Nelson, who had been detached from the main army in Tennessee and sent to Kentucky to assume command of all the Union forces in the State, had at his disposal a considerable number of regiments of the new levy sent him by_ Gen. Wright, in command at Cincinnati. Two brigades of these troops under command of Brig. -Gens. M. D. Manson and Charles Cruft were stationed at Richmond, Ky. ; one brigade under Col. C. C. Gil- bert at Stanford, and probably a few more within easj^ call, which it was his intention to concentrate before offering battle to the better seasoned troops of Gen. E. Kirby Smith, when an unlooked-for battle was precipitated by Manson’s advance from Richmond to try conclusions with the invader. In addition to this force in central Kentucky was that constantly accumulating in the vicinity of Louis- ville under command of Gen. Boyle. All of these, HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 73t however, were raw troops, undisciplined, undiilled and totally deficient in military experience. It may be imagined with what anxiety the arrival of the Army of the Ohio was awaited by the Union people of Kentuck 3 ^ ARMY OF THE OHIO. MAJ.-GEN. DON CARLOS BUEJ,L, OCTOBER 8, 1862. Brig. -Gen. Sill's division, fourteen volunteer regiments and three battalions of regular infantry, one battalion of cavalr 3 % one battalion of engineers and three batteries of artillery, Brig.-Gen, Rousseau's division, fourteen regi- ments of infantiy, four batteries of artillery, one squadron of cavalry and a battalion of engineers. Brig.-Gen. Jackson’s division, eight regiments of infantr 3 q Garrard's detachment of the Seventh Kentucky, Thirty-second Kentuck 3 ' and Third Ten- nessee infantry, and two batteries of artillery. The above troops composed the First Army Corps under command of Maj.-Gen. Alex McD. McCook. Gen. Sill's division being absent, left only the two divisions of Rousseau and Jackson on the field of Perryville. The latter (with the exception of Gar- rard's), composed exclusively of raw recruits, had the misfortune to receive the attack of Cheatham’s veteran troops. The death of their brave com- mander, Gen. .Tames S. Jackson, who was killed early in the action, followed almost immediately the fall of both brigade commanders, led to the rout of this division. Had this assault fallen upon an 3 ' other division present on the field a different result would doubtless have followed. Tlie Second Army Corps, Maj.-Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden, consisted of three divisions of fifteen regiments of infantry each; total, fort 3 ^-five, ten batteries of artillery, two squadrons of cavalry and one battalion of engineers. Thisfine corps of troops occupied the extreme right of the line of Ijattle as formed about noon, but was not ordered into action until too late to take part before night closed the contest. It may be added that they were, with the possible exception of a few regiments on their extreme left, in utter ignorance that a battle was being fought by their comrades on the left not more than four miles awa3'. THIRD ARMY CORPS, M.XJ.-GEN. CHARLES C. GILBERT. The First Division, Brig.-Gen. Alvin Schoepf. was tlie original division organized the previous year by IMaj.-Gen. George H. Thomas, who was now second in command of the Army of the Ohio. It consisted of three brigades commanded ly Col. Moses B. 'W^alker, Brig.-Gen. Speed S. Fry and Brig.-Gen. .Tames B. Steedman. Fifteen regiments of infantry (among which were the Fourth. Tenth and Twelfth Kentucky), a squadron of cavalry and three batteries of artillery constituted the organiza- tion. Brig.-Gen. R. B. Mitchell’s division consisted of three brigades of four regiments each, two squad- rons of cavalry and three batteries of artillery. Brig.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan’s division com- prised the same number of infantiy regiments, with two batteries of artillery. The two last mentioned divisions, together with Rousseau’s and .lackson’s, fought the battle of Perryville. The Fifteenth Kentucky infantry was in Lytle’s brigade of Rous- seau’s division, and Stone’s Kentucky Battery was in the same division. The death of klaj.-Gen. William Nelson at the hands of ’Brig.-Gen. Jeff. C. Davis at the Gault House, Louisville, on the 29lh of August, deprived the Union nrm 3 ^ of one of its most valued' com- manders. Had this deplorable event not occurred, the central corps would, on the day of Perryville, have been commanded b 3 ' Nelson. Those who wit- nessed the magnificent fighting qualities of this superb soldier at Shiloh need not be told that he would not have awaited a second invitation from hard-pressed McCook to lead his three divisions thundering down upon Polk's left flank in ample time to close his avenue of escape through Perry- ville to Harrodsburg. The casualties in the Army of the Ohio were as follows: Rousseau’s division. — Killed, 484; wounded, 1,520; missing, 188; total, 2,192. Jackson’s division — Killed, 188; wounded, 682; missing, 237; total, 1.107. Schoepf’s division — Killed, 4; wounded, 14; missing, 8; total, 26. Mitchell’s division — Killed, 121; wounded, 324; missing, 64; total, 509. Sheri- dan’s division — Killed, 44; wounded, 292; missing, 14; total, 350. Cavaliy' division — Killed, 4; wound- ed, 17; missing, 4; total, 25. Aggregate, 4,209. The loss in the Fifteenth Kentucky was greater than in any other regiment on the field: Killed, 06; wounded, 130; total, 196. Stone’s Kentucky I3at- teiy lost in killed, 3; wounded, 9; missing, 1; total, 13. Garrard’s detachment — '\Vounded, 6; missing, 33; total, 39. The Second Kentucky Cavalry lost wounded, 4; missing, 1; total, 5. Col. Curran Pope was fatally wounded and died November 5, 1862; Lieut. -Col. George P. Jouett, Maj. William P. Campbell, Lieut. James A. T. McGrath and Lieut. Joseph L. McClure were killed in action. Capts. John Spalding and Joshua P. Pralher and Lieut. F. D. Garrctty were among the wounded. ARMY" OP THE MISSISSIPPI The Army of the Mississippi, commanded by Maj.-Gen. Bragg, consisted of four divisions of four brigades each. The divisions commanded respectively', by Gens. Cheatham and Withers con- stituted the right wing, under command of Maj.- Gen. Leonidas Polk. Maj.-Gen. William J. Hardee commanded the left wing, which embraced the remaining two divisions under Maj. -Gens. Simon B. Buckner and J. Patton Anderson. Withers’ division having been detached in com- pliance with the request of Gen. Smith to report to liim, left the three divisions of Cheatham, Buckner and Anderson to cope, at hazardous odds against them, with nearR'^ the whole of Buell’s arm 3 '. That they were not captured is onR^ to be accounted for by the surprising luck that often accompanies the most foolhardy enterprises. Had Bragg directed his attack against the right instead of the left of the Union line of battle he would have met the veteran divisions of Wood, Van Clevc and Smith, the two latter seasoned in battle at Shiloh, where their heroic courage had won the twin stars of a major-general's commission for their brave com- manders, Crittenden and Nelson. Here, too. was their gallant commander, Thomas L. Crittenden, whose cheerful courage found its readiest manifes- tation on the battle-field, while at his side, strong, wise and brave, was the masterful Thomas, second in command. Nothing could excel the fury of the Confederate attack. The raw recruits, upon whom it came, did not remain long to witness its terribly de- structive power, but fell back to make room for the veterans under Rousseau, ^[itchcll and Sheri- dan, whose eight brigades breasted the attack made by eleven equally well-educated to the pro- fession, until Schoepf’s division, tardiR^ sent to take a baud in the fray, made its appearance upon the field, and night closed the contest. Referring to the conduct of IMaj.-Gen. Buckner on the field, Gen. Hardee says; “To Maj.-Gen. Buckner I am indebted for the skillful mauagementof his troops, the judicious use of his artillery, and for the opportune services of himself and the veteran division under his command.” The casualties in the Arra 3 " of the Mississippi were as follows: Cheatham’s division — Killed, 268; wounded, 1,131; missing, 67; tot.al, 1,466. Hardee’s Corps, Buckner’s .and Anderson’s di visions — Killed, 242; wounded, l,-504: missing, 184 total. 1.930. Aggregate, 3,396 ■38 lIISTOliY OF KENTUCKY. DEATHS IN KENTUCKY UNION TROOPS DURING THE CIVIL WAR. ! ORGANIZATION. Killed and died of wounds. Of disease and other causes. Prisoners of war died. , Discharged for Disability. Aggregate ! Deaths, OfiBcers and Men. Total No. Mustered. OlVic’rs. Enlisted Men. ( Iflic’l'.s. Enlisted Men. OHic’rs Enlisted Men. First Ciivnli'v nl 1 172 119 142 348 1413 Sucond ('jivalry .5 47 1 113 14 289 180 997 3 50 3 161 8 104 215 1200 Fourth C;ivnlry 1 30 1 ioi 55 168 188 826 Filth Cavalry 4 31 5 154 16 117 210 879 Sivllj (^nvnlry 2 29 4 200 58 170 293 13.50 Seventh Ctivalry 1 21 6 115 10 153 153 1142 Eighth Chivalry 1 7 4 109 i 63 121 1288 Ninth Cavalry 5 1 103 85 109 12.58 Tenth CJavalry 11 1 61 2 1 30 75 1235 Eleventh Clavalry 1 1C 1 100 1 145 152 264 1280 Twelfth Cavalry 3 18 4 146 68 252 239 1690 Thirteenth Cavalry 9 1 86 1 8 97 1241 Fourteenth Cavalry 13 2 69 11 84 1296 Fifteenth Cavalry 1 1 1 62 30 65 631 Si.xteenth Chivalry 3 1 55 3 23 62 Seventeenth Cavalry 6 2 68 47 76 1266 Artiller}’ 14 1 78 175 93 1285 First Infantry 01 1 52 30 182 144 1105 Second Infantry 3 76 1 82 9 216 171 1 1 58 Third Infantry 6 94 186 19 214 305 1076 Fourth Infantry 1 114 4 244 92 320 455 1858 Fifth Infantry. . . ■ 8 143 4 125 31 190 311 10.50 Sixth Infantry 10 99 5 83 17 9,9,1 214 975 Seventh Infantry 3 38 2 287 189 330 1169 Eighth Infantry 4 53 1 128 21 85 207 1033 Ninth Infantry 7 95 3 236 14 251 355 1 1135 Tenth Infantry 2 68 5 138 10 1 1.56 223 969 Eleventh Infantry 2 45 2 185 1 35 186 270 979 'hwelfth Infantry 1 38 5 177 20 i 41 241 994 Thirteenth Infantry 8 47 6 164 17 185 242 982 Fourteenth Infantry 5 49 5 145 6 107 210 1325 Fifteenth Infantry 0 106 1 103 10 245 249 969 Sixteetitli Infantry 2 50 5 129 3 35 189 895 Seventeenth Infantry 8 100 5 141 17 316 293 1499 Eighteeni h Infantry r> 83 1 136 23 45 248 !»29 Nineteenth Infatitr'y 1 40 3 154 3 187 201 962 1 ' w<‘ n ti e 1 1 1 Infantry 38 3 193 5 193 239 991 T\venty-li rst In fa n t ry 3 58 6 151 5 2ti9 223 939 d’wenty-seeond Infatitry 3 .50 3 144 7 198 207 1013 dhvenly- third Inf.antry 4 81 98 9 266 192 1018 Tvventy-fotirth Infantry 2 27 3 175 6 119 213 10()4 'P wen t y -si X t h I n fan try 2 35 2 143 6 1.56 188 1 160 T\v e n t y -se ve n t i 1 Infantry 1 35 1 163 20 135 220 826 T w e lUy - e i gh t h I n f a n t ry 1 36 1 67 9 174 111 842 'I'hirtieth Infanti-y 2 23 70 3 16 98 882 'Phirty-seeond Infantry 1 42 5 17 48 923 'Phirty-third Infantry 22 90 , Thirty- fourth Infantry O 2 62 2 145 69 894 'Pliirty-lifth Infantry 8 G 1 8 59 962 'Piiirty seventh Infantry 8 103 11 lit 870 Thirty-ninth Infantry.". 3 23 3 178 23 64 230 1358 Fortieth Infantry 8 o 81 13 18 104 1036 Fort,',’ fifth Infatitry 10 1 95 15 12 121 1000 Forty -seven t h I n fa n try 1 4 72 1 4 78 016 Forty-eight h Infant.ry r- 1 103 3 11 1 882 Forty-ninth Infantry 1 1 78 9 80 !M6 Fifty .seeond Infantry 11 1 50 3 5 65 889 Fifty tliird Infantry 1 8 39 2 62 50 10.58 Fifty -fourth Infantry 1 29 58 30 854 Fifty fifth Infantry 7 2 29 79 38 813 h.iu^inc(‘rs 8 8 43 Unassigned 19 96 8 123 407 Totals 134 2291 1.36 7190 3 1017 7358 10771 64190 Veteran Cayalry 9^9. 2655 Vt'teran Infantry 1100 .5430 Total ctisnalties eompiited in origi- nal organizat inns 72275 II ographica: JOHN L. ADAMS, M. D., is a native of Newark, New Jersey, and was born May 8, ISGO. His parents were M. AV. and Anna A. (Lee) Adams, natives of New York, and of English and Dutch origin. The subject was brought up in New Jersey, and received a liberal education. After going through the public schools, he entered Williams College in Massachusetts, in which he finished his edu- cation. He commenced the study of medi- cine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons Department of Columbia College, New York City, and graduated in 1885. He began practice in New York, and later graduated from the New York Hospital. He came to Louisville in March, 1887, and is at present practicing in this city. BENJAMIN A. ALLAN, M. D., was born in Fleming County, Ky., January 8, 1857, and is a son of Dr. Henry G. and Mary E. (Botts) Allan. The former, after practicing medicine in Fleming County for twenty years, came to Louisville, where he is still in active practice; the latter is a daughter of .John H. Botts, long sheriff of Fleming County, and at one time State Senator from that district. Subject’s grandfather was Benjamin Allan, a prominent clergyman in the Christian Church, and a convert of Alexander Campbell. The subject of this sketch received a liberal edu- cation, and after completing it read medicine with his father. Pie' graduated from Hospital Medical College in 1878, and then began practicing in Fleming County, where he re- mained five years, and then came to Louisville, and has practiced here successfully since. Pie was married in 1871) to Miss Rosa Stine, of Maysville, Ky., a daughter of Louis Stine, for more than twenty years a merchant tailor of that city. Three children wei’e born to this union, viz: Alary Ellen, Amy Lee and Roger. Dr. Allan is a prominent Alason, and a zealous member of the Christian Church. CHARLES D. ASHBY was born February 11, 1848, in .Jefferson County, Ky. His father, Presley Ashby, was a native of Old- ham County, Ky., born Alay 5, 1814, and w’as married to Miss Allishia AIcDaniel, and had born to him six children. Charles D., the eldest born, was educated in the country schools, and at eighteen years of age, volun- teered in the Union army, enlisting in Com- pany H, Thirty-fourth Kentucky A^olunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war, when he returned to Kentucky, located in Bullitt County, and engaged in farming. In 1870 he was married to Miss Rolaner Froman, daughter of .Jeremiah and Amanda Fro man. BENJAAHN FRANKLIN AA^ERY, the founder in Louisville of one of the larorest O plow factories in the world, was born in Au- rora, New York, and was the son of Daniel Avery, -who emigrated to that place from Groton, Connecticut, becoming one of the earliest settlers of Cayuga County. He was a large farmer and land owner, and represent- ed his district two terms in Congress. Ben- jamin F., the subject of this sketch, was the sixth in a family of fifteen children, twelve of whom lived to middle or old age. All re- ceived an academic education, but the boys had to share the work of the farm. This labor was distasteful to Benjamin, who begged per- mission to go to eollege. His petition was granted, on condition that his expenses should 740 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. he (le.'lucted from the which would be Ins portion on coming of age, in accordance with liis father’s custom, lie accepted the condition and entered Hamilton College, but at tlie end of the first year transferred his coTinection to Union College, from which he gfraduated in 1822. At his father’s solicita- tion, he studied law, and was admitted to the l)ar in New York City, lie developed no taste, however, for the profession, his natural mechanical inclinations precluding much in- terest in any other direction. Ilis earlier experience on the farm had convinced him that there was room for improvement in foim and general construction of the plows then in use. Providing himself with patterns, a ])Ocket furnace as it was called, and other apparatus for a small foundry, he started southward on a small coasting vessel ; with tliese and $4(H) in money as his sole earthly ]>ossessions, he sailed up .Tames river to Rich- mond, 4^a., desiring to make liis first business venture there, but finding indifferent encour- agement, he went on to Clarksville, Mecklen- lenlmrg County, where in company with another young man, Caleb H. Richmond, a practical moulder, he opened his first foundry in a pine- log building, eighteen by twenty feet S(]uarc, covered with slal)s split from pine logs, d’hey bought a single ton of metal to start with; would not run in debt by borrow- ing money' or soliciting credit; attended indvistriously and energetically to business; lived frugally, and in a short time began to reap their harvest in success. After a few years tlie owners of the land wdiich they occu- ])ied, determining to turn this success to their own account, refused to lonofer lease their property. 'I'his obliged the young men to seek a. new field, which they found in IMilton, (faswell County, North Carolina. After a few years, the same thing recurring, they weTit to Meadville, Halifax County, Va., bought land and settled permanently. During all the period of their association Mr. Avery was the business manager, sharing also in the manual ' work of the foundry, at which his more skill- ful experienceil partner assiduously labored. j\t Meadville the partnership was ended harmoniously, Mr. Avery always chei'ishing pleasant memories of his first associate in business. On the death of his father, in 1842, IMr. Avery was appointed executor of the estate, and the next year sold his Virginia property and business to a younger brother, his own time and attention being required at Aurora. Here was residing a nephew, Dan- iel Humphrey Avery, energetic and desiring new business interests. In 1840, his uncle Benjamin fitted him out with plow patterns and a roving commission to select the best place in the south or soid Invest for a plow manufactory. With excellent judgment the young man, after looking widely and carefully, selected Louisville as the place, and the next spring began work in .Tabez Baldwin’s foun- dry, on Main street, now the plow factory of Brinley, Miles & Hardy. In a few months, however, he began to feel the need of his uncle’s experience, and urged his coming for a short time. Mr. Avery reached Louisville December 25, 1847, intending to stay a few weeks only. As the weeks lengthened into months, he became so much interested in a business which he had once relinquished, that he decided to spend his winters here, and finally made this his home. The beginnings of the industry were veiy small. He was sure that he could make a better and cheaper plow than those in geneial use, but the prejudice against cast-iron plows was so general, that the sale of a single plowy for many months, was an event. Much of Mr. Avery’s outside encouragement in those days was similai' to that given by Mr. .las. Hewitt of “ Rock Hill,” near Loidsville, who owned large plantations in the south, and who was also a native of Cayuaga County. “My friend,” said Mr. Hewitt, “if you can succeed in introducing your plow, you will liave fortune enough, but I don’t believe you can ! ” After two or three- years, the nephew, 1 )aniel Humphrey, engaged in a successful lausiness in Tuscaloosa, Ala., where he died during the late war. l.ong before the war, Mr. Avery had built a large factory at the corner of Fifteenth and IMain streets, the laeuinnino' of the immense estab- lishment which tlie finn now' occupies. Ituring the war, his business, which had been almost excbisively with the south, was completely BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 741 prostrated. Through all those dark and troublous days, he was earnest and outspoken for the Union. When the war was over he recommenced business, and soon restored it to more than its former ])rosperity. In 1863 he formed a new firm with his son and son-in- law (John C. Coonly), as joint partners, under the style of B. F. Avery & Sons. The busi- ness was gradually extended until it has become the most important in the western country; employing a large number of work- men and making many different kinds of cast- iron and steel plows, besides publishing an excellent semi-monthly paper, called “Home and Farm,” which has a very large circulation. iMr. Avery was married by Rev. Dr. Xott, President of Union College, April 27, 1844, to Miss Susanna H. Look, eldest daughter of Mr. Samuel Look, a farmer widely known in central New York. The result of this union was six children, viz; Lydia Arms, wife of .John C. Coonley, of Chicago; Samuel Look; Ger- trude Arms, wife of .lohn G. Shanklin, of Evansville, Indiana; George Cap well; Helen Blasdell, wife of C. B. Robinson, of Louis- ville, and William Sidney. The sons are all in the firm of B. F. Avery & Sons, and live in Louisville. Mr. Avery was an exemplary member of the Presbyterian Church. He died in 1885, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. Upon the death of Mr. Avery, his eldest son, Samuel L., succeeded him as president of the plow-works. Samuel Look Avery was born December 6, 1846, in Louisville. He was educated in Louisville and the East, and after leaving school, engaged actively in business. He was vice-president of the large plow- works some ten years before his fathei’’s death, when he succeeded to the presidency; George C. is now the vice-president. He wms born March 1, 1852, and received a liberal educa- tion. The Avery Plow Works are the largest in the world, and their plows are sold in nearly every State in the Union. L. A. BACHUS was born at Frankfort, Ky., in 1837, and is a son of Lucius D. and Elizabeth P. (AYalker) Bachus, who were natives of Boston, Mass., and Kentucky re- spectively. L. A. Bachus was the only child born to this marriage. His early life was spent in Lexington, where he learned the trade of silversmith. In 1861, at the break- ing out of the war, ho was drill-master of several companies of state militia and was soon mustered into service in the Union army. He was promoted to second lieutenant of Company C, Twentieth Kentucky Volunteers, in January, 1862. August 31, 1863, he was promoted to first lieutenant, and to captain September 1, 1864, and served in this capa- city until he was mustered out at Louisville,, .lanuary 17, 1865. He was wounded at the battle of Shiloh, and while absent on account of his wounds, served on court martial duty and instructing newly appointed officers. At the close of the war he returned to Lexino-ton. O In May, 1868, he located at Louisville, where he has since been engaged at his trade. In 1872 he was married to Miss Julia A. Robinson, daughter of James C. Robinson, of Louisville, and is now tlie father of four children: Lucius .lames, .lulia H., Katie E. and Clarence M. He is a member of the Episcopal Church, and a prominent member of the G. A. R. GEIJRGE B. BAHR, descendant of one of the substantial German citizens who add so largely to the wealth and prosperity of I.ouis- ville, w’as born April 20, 1840, and is a son of John W. and Mary (Kraft) Bahr, natives of Germany, and who came to this country al:)Out the year 1838. He was born and reared in this city. 4Vhen the war broke out he went into the Confederate army as captain under Gen. Hardy. After his I’eturn to the city he engaged in the hardware business, having commenced to learn the hardware and bell- hanging trade when but fourteen years of age. He started his present store in 1864, and carries on an extensive wholesale and retail business. For the past fifteen years he has had as a partner, Mr. Adam Zimmerman. They have about twenty men on the road and in the house. He was married in 1862 to Miss Josephine Frecking, of Louisville. She died in 1872, and he married Miss Amelia Schlicker, of Louisville, but whose parents came from France. He had born to him one child by his first marriage, Lulu, and four by his second: George William, Emile Edward, Daisy and an infant. 743 BIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES. WILLI A]M I4A1LEY, M. ])., was ))Orn in Franklin County, Ky., November 4. 1838, and is a son of Shelab and Mary (Church) Bailey, natives of Virginia and Franklin County, Ky., respectively. He was brought up in Fraidvlin County, and educated principally in the Kentucky Military Institute, where he spent six years, graduating in 1853. After ffraduatinsr he taunht in the institute as assist- ant in mathematics until 1856, when he com- menced the study of medicine. He attended the first course of lectures in the Medical University of I^ouisville; afterwards graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine in 1857, and immediately began ])ractice at Shelby- ville, Ky. In 1862 he was appointed surgeon of the Ninth (E’ederal) Kentucky Cavalry, remaining in the service one yea"r, when he w'as mustered out. He then came to Louis- ville, and in 1864 gradauted from the iNledical University, in which he had taken his first course of lectures. He was a professor during 1866-’67 in the Kentucky School of Medicine, where he engaged in the organi- zation of the Hospital College of Medicine, in which he was assigned the same chair he had held in the Kentucky School; was also president of the faculty for two years, when changed to the Medical University, where he has been made professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Hygiene; he also enjoys a large private practice. He was married in 1859 to Miss Sue Owen, of Shelby County, and a member of an old and prominent Ken- tucky family. They have four children. He is a member of the American Medical Society, and also of State and local medical societies, as well as of the American Public Health Association. FRANK BiVKE, of German descent, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 26, 1851; he came to Louisville in 1867, and for two and one-half years was engaged in learning the printer’s trade, but in 1875 he engaged in the liquor business for himself; he was married in 1873 to Miss Anna, daughter of Herman Forsting, of this city. She died in 1882, leaving three children, and in 1885 Mr. Bake married Miss Florence Strieker, >of Indiana. PATRICK BANNON is a native of Ire- land, and was born in the town of Killough, County Down, July 12, 1824. His father died when he was young, when his mother married .James Camj)bell, and they came to Louisville in 1851. The subject received his education in Ireland, and learned the trade of a plas- terer, which he followed here until 1854, when he commenced the manufacture of terra cotta work, and in 1870 added to his business the manufacture of sewer pipe. From a rather small beginning his establishment has grown to be one of the largest in the country, doing from -$75,000 to $100,000 of business annually, and selling goods in every Southern State. His son, M. J. Bannon, is superintendent and business manager of the works. IMr. Bannon has been a man of con- siderable local prominence; served in the city council, and in 1868 was its jrresideiit; was for ten years president of the Hibernian Loan Association, which wound up success- fully. He was married in 1860 to Miss Lou Smith, a daughter of Early Smith, a promi- nent farmer of the county. She died in 1878, and in 1880 he married Mrs. Sue Brack- heimer. HENRY STITES BARKER was born near Flopkinsville, Ky., July 23, 1850. His father, Richard Henry Barker, was a native of Todd County, Ky., and of English ancestry, who settled early in Virginia, and came to Ken- tucky many years ago. He was a lawyer, and practiced in Clarksville, Term. He went to New Orleans and finally died there with that plague of the Crescent City, yellow fever. Subject’s mother was Caroline Sharp, of Hop- kinsville, member of a prominent Kentucky family. Henry S. (the subject) remained on the farm until twelve years old, and then en- tered Kentucky University — in the Agricul- tural and Mechanical department — where he remained three years. He commenced read- ing law in 1873, and in the meantime came to Louisville, and completed his studies with Judge Stites. He was admitted to the bar the same year, and at once entered upon an active practice of his profession. In Decem- ber, 1887, he was elected city attorney by the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 743 council. lie was maiTieil in May, 1883, to Miss Kate Meriwether, of Montgomery County, Teim. • AV. W. BARNES was born in Wilson, North Carolina, January 22, 1852, and is a son of Elias and Mahala (Shai])) Barnes, both also natives of North Carolina. He was edu- cated in the country schools of his native State; studied dentistry, and in 1873 went to Philadelphia, and graduated there in the Philadelphia Dental College in the spring of 1875. He immediately came to Louisville and opened an office for the practice of his profession. Since then he has graduated in medicine from the Kentucky School of Aledi- cine, Imt still practices dentistry at 621 Fourth avenue. Dr. Barnes is accomplished in his profession, and stands high among his profes- sional brethren. HON. JOHN WATSON BARR, Judge of the United States District Court for the district of Kentucky, comes of an old Ken- tucky family — his grandfather Barr, a native of Maryland, having emigrated to Kentucky in 1787, and settled in Fayette County. The family is of English origin, but came to Amer- ica prior to the Revolutionary war. John W. was born in Versailles, Ky., December 17, 1826, and is a son of AVilliam and Ann (AVat- son) Barr, the former a native of Fayette County and the latter of AA^oodford County. He was educated at schools in his native county and at Lexington. Having read law, he graduated from the law department of Transylvania University, at Lexington, in 1847, and commenced practice at A^ersailles, where he remained until 1854. He then came to Louisville, and soon attained to a large business. He devoted liimself wholly to his profession, eschewing politics in toto, until 1880, when he was appointed United States District .ludge, a position he still acceptably fills. During the late civil war he was an un- conditional Union man, and was a member of the State Central Committee of the Union party. Since the war he has been identified with the Republican party, and is zealous in that faith. He was married in November, 1859, to Miss Susan Rogers, daugditer of Jason Rogers, lieutenant-colonel of the Louisville Legion in the Alexican war, and a native of New Vork. JOHN Al. BARRALL was born in Bullitt County, October 4, 1829, and is a son of Christian and Elizabeth (Harshiield) Barrall, the former a native of Lancaster County, Pa. His parents immigrated to this country from France in an early day and settled in Penn- sylvania, where Christian grew up a useful citizen. He (Christian) served three years in the army (under Gen. St. Clair) and partici- pated in a number of skirmishes with the Indians. After leaving the army he came to Kentucky and settled in Bullitt County, where he died in 1863, aged 93 years. His wife, Elizabeth Harshfield, was a daiurhter of Alartin and Alary Harshfield, early settlers in I this county. The subject of this sketch was brought up on the farm, and educated in the common schools. He married Alildred Ann Aliller in 1856, a daughter of Peter and Alartha Aliller. They have had three children — two dying in infancy and one living: Alar- tha Elizabeth, born Alay 3, 1866, and married, in 1882, to Henry K. Abel. Air. Barrall is a thrifty and enterprising farmer, and a good citizen. JULIUS AY. BEILSTEIN, a native of Louisville, was born February 22, 1861, son of Ernest Beilstein, native of Darmstadt, Germany, and born September 20, 1832; land- ed at New Orleans in 1845, and came to Louisville in 1847. He married, in 1859, Aliss Julia ( ). Schnatterer, a native of Louisville, and daughter of Frederick Schnatterer, a na- tive of Stuttgart, Germany, and who came to Louisville in 1834. Julius AA^. Beilstein was educated at the public schools of this city, and at fifteen (1876), he entered the insurance business. He accepted an offer in 1881 which carried him to Chicago, as special agent and adjuster for the Springfield Fire and Alarine Insurance Company of Alassachusetts. In 1884 he retuined to Louisville to accept the secretaryship of the Falls City Insurance Company. He was married .lanuary 26, 1886, to Aliss Effie Lee Duncan, a native of Louis- ville, and daughter of AA^illiam .1. Duncan, .lanuary 1, 1888, he resigned his position with the Falls City Insurance Company to accept 744 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. tlie nianan'eiueiit ol the Anirlo-Ncvada As- o surance Corporation of San Francisco, Cal., for the South. IK )N. LUKE P. BLACKJ3URN, deceased, was born in Woodford County, Ky., June 16, 1816, and was a son of Edward JM. Blackburn, a prominent farmer and stock-raiser. The sub ject of this sketch was well educated, and jO-raduated in medicine from Transylvania Uni- versity, at Eexino-ton, where he located and commenced the practice of his profession. In 1885, when the cholera Ijroke out in this country, it raided at Versailles, carrying death to many homes. Dr. Blackburn, after the death of some of the physicians of the place, and the llight of others, went there, and alone fought the disease until health was restored to the stricken town. This dangerous service was rendered without pecuniary reward. Fie hnally removed to Versailles, where he estab- lished a large and lucrative ]>ractice. He be- came considerably involved in manufacturing enterprises through the financial depression of 1887-89, and in 1846 removed to Natchez, Miss., where he soon built up an extensive practice. When the yellow fever made its apjyearance in New Orleans in 1848, the city authorities directed him, as health officer of Natchez, to establish ([uarantine, which he did cfi'ectually. lie became so interested in the sufferings of the marines, for whom the general goverrimeiit did not ])rovide, as well as hun- dreds of others, that he built a hospital, at his own expense, in which he again established a reputation for personal professional daring, skill, and genuine philanthropy. Mainly through his eiforts and influence, a bill was passed by the Congress of the United States, providing for the erection of the Natchez hos- pital, of which, when completed, Dr. Black- burn was appointed surgeon, holding the position for many years, both of the State and Marine Hospital. He early advanced the theory of exemption from Asiatic cholera, by the use of pure soft water; has long been a believer in the transmissibility and infection of yellow fever; and in 1864, protected Natchez from that disease,'^by a rigid quarantine, when it prevailed in the surrounding country. The legislature of Mississippi commissioned him to visit the legislature of Louisaua, and urg-e that Ijody to establish a quarantine below New Orleans. This he did so intelligently before both branches of the legislature that he was authoiized to estaldish, below New Orleans, the present (quarantine system. In 1857 he visited the liospitals of Enghmd, Scotland, France and Germany, and returning to Amer- ica located in New Orleans, where he resumed the practice of his qn-ofession with his usual success and popularity. The year previous to his visit to Europe, the yellow fever broke out from an infected shiq>, in the vicinity of Fort Washington on Long Island, N. Y., and Dr. Blackburn, being in New York City, was invited by the mayor to give his aid to the afflicted district, which he did, refusing the qirolfered comq)ensation for his services. When the civil war broke out in 1861, he was an ardent friend and symq)athizer of the South; he was the q)olitical friend and pliysician of Gen. .John A. Quitman. As surgeon, he was attached to the staff of Gen. Sterling Price, and the legislature of Mississiqjpi put 150,- 000 in his hands to be aqiplied to the benefit of the suffering soldiers of that State. In 1864, by the request of the Governor-Gen- eral of Canada, whither his duties had called him, he req)aired to the Bermuda Islands, to look after the suffering citizens and soldiers. In 1867 he returned to the United States, and engaged in qjlanting in Arkansas, where his wife owned a plantation. When the yellow fever last visited Memphis, true to the benevo- lence of his disposition, he volunteered his aid, and rendered great service to the suffer- ing city. It was one of the great qileasures of his life to aid those in extreme danger, and he never refused to resqiond to the call of the sick and distressed, and he combated more epidemics of cholera and yellow fever than almost any other physician. Dr. Black- burn was first married to Ella Guest Boswell, a daughter of Dr. Joseph Boswell, of Lex- ington, Ky. She died in 1855, and in Novem- ber, 1857, he married Julia M. Churchill, of Kentucky, who, with his only child. Dr. Cary B. Blackburn, survives him. Dr. Blackburn was elected to the Kentucky legislature in 1848, and in 1879 was elected governor of BIOGIIAPHICAL SKETCHES. 747 the Cuiiiiiioinvealth, serving four years. He died September 14, 1887, in the seveiity-hrst year of his age. DR. CARY B. BLACKBURN was born April 29, 1838, in Woodford County^, Ky., and is a son of Dr. Luke P., and Ella (Boswell) Blackburn. lie received his early' education in Natchez, Hiss., and afterward at college at Frankfort, Ky'., where he graduated in 1858. He commenced the study of medicine at once with Dr. Gross, of Philadelphia, and graduated in 1861. During the prevalence of the yellow fever in Natchez, in 1865, he nobly aided his father in administering to those afflicted. He participated actively in the late Civil war, first as a lieutenant in the Confederate army, then as lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, and for awhile as surgeon. He returned to Kentucky in 1868, and re- sumed the practice of medicine at Louisville, where he has established a lucrative business, and holds an active and honorable position in the profession. He is a memljer of the Kentucky' State Medical Society, and is a man of unexceptional personal and professional habits. THOMAS W. BLACKHART.— Although Thos. W. Blackhart is a son of Ohio, yet so intimately has he identified himself with the development of the State, that Kentucky claims him by right of adoption. Youngest son of Barkley and Martha (Walters) Black- hart, natives of Pennsylvania and Ohio, he was born in Ohio, October 26th, 1859. His father was a farmer, and Thomas spent his early life on the farm. He received a good common-school education, finishing his course at the age of fifteen; he then came to Louis- ville and was engaged on the city newspapers until 1876, when he entered the service of Price & Lucas, manufacturers of cider and vinegar. Here he soon evinced superior busi- ness talents and judgment and soon became the head of their office, conducting a large business successfully until 1887, when he re- tired to devote all his time to his j>rivate in- terests. He is president of the Daisy Realty' Co., and treasurer of the Westview Building- Co., and the largest stockholder in both com- panies; vice-president of the West Louis- ville Land & Improvement Co., president of a coal and lumber company; a director in the Pine Mountain Iron & Coal Co., and mayor at the town of Pai-kland, where he resides, and is first in all movements for advancement of town and state. He has great force, en- ergy and determination, and that thorough- going disposition which takes right hold of great projects with both hands and drives into thick and thin in spite of all obstacles and opposition, however great, and thus accom- plishes wonders. He has a natural love for hard work, and capacity for carry-ing forward great undertakings, and will make a decided mark in the business world, or in whatever department these energies may be exercised. Mr. Blackhart was married, in 1877, to Miss Anna M. Brown, of Elmira, N. Y., who proved a devoted and loving help meet and judicious adviser. She died March 9, 1888. ISADORE NATHAN BLOOM, A. B., M. D., was born in Louisville, October 27, 1858, and is a son of Nathan and Rosina Bloom. The former was a member of the great dry goods firm of Louisville — Bamberger, Bloom & Co. — and was a native of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany. He came to this country in 1849; was married in 1850, and died in Louisville, where he ranked as a most estimable citizen, in 1887, at the age of sixty years. The sulj- ject. Dr. Bloom, received his early education in the schools of Louisville, and in 1874, en- tered Yale College, from which he graduated four years later, with the degree of A. B. He then went to Harvard, where he took a medi- cal course, and graduated as M. 1). In 1881 he went abroad, and served on Prof. Kaposi’s staff in the dermatological department of the Vienna General Hospital. He returned here in 1883, and practiced medicine for one yeai-, same position in the Vienna Hospital for one year. Again returning to Louisville he re- sumed the practice of medicine, making a specialty of diseases of the skin, in the treat- Bloom married iMiss Fannie Corinne Peixotto, I daughter of the former United States minister to Rouuiania, who served eight years un- der President Grant. They have one child 748 BIOGRA.PHICAL SKETCHES. — a (laui^litcr. He is the d' rmatok><>’ist of the l.oiiisvdle City Hospital, secretary of tlic l.ouisville Clinical Society, and a member of the I^oiusville Medical Society, of the Missis- sippi V^alley Medical Society, and the Louis- ville Surgical Society. .101 IN BLIIM, the proprietor of a store for grocery su[>plies, meats, vegetalrles, and fam- ily provisions, at .1(524 West Market street, Louisville, was born in Auglaize County, (dhio, • Inly Id, 1858. He came to this city in Sep- tember, 1885, and opened his present business May If), 188(). His parents are both living and residing with him. He was educated in the schools of the State of Ohio. His father is a native of Bavaria; his mother was born in ( )hio. He has one luother and three sisters, all of whom are living. Since opening his store in this city he has enjoyed a very good trade. WAl/hEll F. BOGGFSS, second assistant to Superintendent Pusey, of the Central Asy- lum for the Insane, was born January BJ, 18(53, in Jefferson County, Kentircky. His father, the Lev. th Y. Boggess, is a native of Muh- lenberg County, Kentucky, and has been a minister in the Methodist Church for thirty- live years. His mother’s maiden name was Miss Rose Moorman, daughter of Alanson Moorman. She was a meml>er of an old family in Meade County, Ky. The srdjject of this sketch was edircated at Vanderbilt University, at Na''hville, Tenn., and from this institution he graduated in 1882. For the two years that followed he was assistant instructor in Greek. Then he came to Louisville (in 1883), and entered the Louisville Medical College, gradu- atinor as valedictorian, in 1885, beino- second honor man in the class. In March, 188(5, he accepted his present position. J()HN H. BRAND was born in Woodford eVunty, Ky., (Jetober (5, 1841, and is a son of George AY. and Nannie (Griffith) Brand, the former a native of Lexington, and the latter of Natchez, Aliss. He was reared pritjcipally in Woodford (.Yunty, and after the advantages of the local schools, was sent to St. Timothy’s College, near Baltimore, from which he gradu- ated in 18(5U. He came to Louisville in 1805, and for a time was engaged with A. O. Brannin & Co. in the pork packing business. Rediing from the firm, he next engaged in the fancy grocery business, and with a spice mill. In 1881 he began to deal in tobacco, and at ])rts nt, under the firm name of Brand & Bethel, does a large export business in tobac- co. Air. Brand was married in 180(5, to Miss Lizzie Brannin, daughter of Mr. A. O. Brannin. He is one of the live, go-ahead business men of Louisville, and takes an active interest in its prosperity and weTare. He is an active Mason and a member of Louisville Command- ery No. 1, Knights Templar. GEORGE BRINKAYORTH, proprietor of the Custom House Restaurant, is a native of England, and was l)orn near Sheffield, April 28, 1843. His parents, William and Martha Brinkworth, were also natives of England. William, with the subject of this sketch, came to this country in 1847, and located at Aladi- son, Ind., where George Brinkworth was reared and received his early school training. When quite a boy he engaged to work on steamboats that plied the Ohio River, filling various positions till the commencement of the civil war, when, in I860, he joined the Third Indiana Cavalry as a private, was slightly wounded in the er>gagement at White Oak Swamps, Virginia, and was in active service till the war closed. He came to Louisville in 1880, and began his present, business. Air. Brinkworth is commander of the Walter Whittaker Post, G. A. R., in this city. He was married in I860 to Aliss Alary A. Pepp r, of Aladison, Ind , and has one child, Libbie E. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and the Elk fraternity. JOHN ALBERT BROADUS, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Flomiletics and Interpre- tation of the New Testament in the Southern Baptist Ti eological Seminary, was born in Culpeper County, Va., January 24, 1827. His family is of Welsh extraction, and the name was formerly spelled Broadhurst. His father was a prominent member of the Vir- ginia Legislature a number of years ago. Doctor Broadus was educated at the Univer- ' sity of Virginia, where he took the degree of A. AI. in 1850. In 1851 he was elected xAssistant Professor of Latin and Greek in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 749 that institution and filled the jilace twoyeais. Ill 1855 he was elected chaplain of the uni- versity and served two years. In 1803 he preached as Missionary in General Lee’s army. From this period until 1805 he was correspondinir secretary of the Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention. In 187U he published a book on the “ Prepa- ration and Delivery of Sermons ” which was republished and enlarged, and has been adopted as a text book in various theological seminaries of different denominations in Eu- rope and America. In 1807-’09 he published in tiie Religious IForW, Richmond, Va., a series of papers criticising the American Bible Union’s version of the New Testament, and in 1872-73, another series entitled “ Reflections of Travel,” in which he gave an account of a tour he made through Europe and Palestine in 1870-71. In 1876 he pub- lished a series of lectures on the history of preaching. Doctor Broadus ranks with the ablest preachers of his generation. FRANK I. BROCAR, a prominent painter of Louisville, is a native of Floyd Connty, Ind., was born in 1844, came to this city when a boy and learned his trade, that of a car painter. He enlisted Sept , 1862, in Company C, Thirty- fourth Kentucky Volunteers, and served till .Inly, 1865, in all the movements of his regi- ment and acted- as duty sergeant and color bearer. At the close of the war he returned to Louisville, engaged at his trade, and is now located at 412 Seventh street. He is a member of the G. A. R., and in Masonry has reached the thiity-second (Scottish Rite) degree. Mr. Brocar was married November 18, 1866, to Miss Mary R. McGuire, of Louis- ville, and the four children born to this union are living, named as follows: Clarence I., Mary G., Albert C. and Elnor G. HON. ELI H. BROWN was born in Brandenburg, Ky., November 13, 1843, and is a son of .lohn Me. and Minerva J. (Murray) Brown, the former a native of Nelson County and the latter of Washington County. His grandfather, .Joseph Brown, came from Vir- ginia, and settled in Nelson County. His maternal grandfather. Col. John Murray, served in the war of 1812, and was a native of Maryland. He came to K< ntucky and settled in Washington County at a very early day. The father of the subject was a merchant most of his life, and also dealt largely' in tobacco. He was one of a firm who had stores in Hardinsburg, Brandenburg and at Stephensport, Cloverport and Hawesville; he died in 1865. He was County .Judge of Hancock County the last eight years of his life. Hon. Eli H. Brown was reared in his native towm and educated principally at Hawesville, finishing his education at J.,ewis- port College, Kentucky. He read law with Hon. George W. Williams, now of Owens- boro, and was admitted to the bar at Hawes- ville in 1862. In 1872 he removed to Owens- boro, and formed a partnership with his old preceptor. Judge Williams, remaining with him until 1878, when he came to Louisville, and has since practiced in this city'. While still a resident of Hancock, he was appointed to fill a vacancy as Commonwealth’s Attorney of the Fifth .Judicial District. In 1872 he was Democratic elector in the Second Con- gressional District, and had a joint discussion with Hon. Samuel E. Smith, who, in 186)7, contested wdth Hon. John Young Brown his seat in Congress. He was married in February, 1870, to Miss Nannie W. Dorsey, youngest daughter of Dr. AV. D. Dorsey, of Iventuckv,an eminent physician, wdio removed to Yazoo City, Afiss., and became very' wealthy. Four children were born to this union: Horace Stone, Eli Houston, AVashington Dorsey and Sarah Ellen. His first wife died in Decendier, 1885. In Alarch, 1888, Judge Brown was married to Aliss Elizabeth A. Keegan, of Louisville, Ky., a highly accom- plished lady — she being the youngest daugh- ter of an old and prominent family' of Louisville. JUDGE HORATIO W. BRUCE was born in Lewis County, Ky., February^ 22, 1830, and is a son of xAlexander and Amanda (Bragg) Bruce, and a grandson of John Bruce, a Revolutionary' soldier and a irative of Virginia. He was reared in Lewis Coun- ty', and educated in the common-schools of that region, and in 1850, began reading law in Vauceburg. After thorough preparation 750 BIOGKAPIIICAL yKETCIIES. Ihj was a'lmit'eil to (he l)ar ami commenced practice in hdemingsbiirg. He was elected representative iVom Fleming County to the House ol' Kepresentatives of 1855-5(5, and in 185(5 was elected Comnujn wealth attorney, the dutiesof which he lilled with distinguished ability, Imt resigned in 1S55J, and settled it) Houisvilic, where he soon won a large prac- tice. At theoutbi-eak of the civil war he cast his foi'tunes with the (Jonfederacy and went South. He was elected to the Confederate Co)igress and served in that field until the war was over and the cause lost. He then returned to Louis\ ille and resumed the piac- tice of law. In 18(58 he was elected Circuit Judue of the Ninth Judicial Distiict, serving in that position until January, 1873, when he resigned to accept the chancellorship of the Louisville Chancery Court. This position he held until March, 1880. For several years prior to the date of his resignation (1880), he taught the history and science of law, real property, contracts, and commercial law in the law depai'tment of the Univeisity of Louis- ville; for a long period, also, he was President of the Hoard of Trustees of the Louisville Medical College. Since 1880 he has been attorney for the Louisville & Nashville Itail- load. Judge Bruce ranks among the able lawyers of the Louisville bar and is a jurist of distinguished ability. He Avas married in June, ]85t5; to Miss Lizzie 13. Helm, daughter ot Guv. .fohn L. Helm. They have live chil- dicn living. WILLIAM CHRISTIAN BULLITT was was born on his father’s farm — “ Ox Moor,” as it was called — February 14, 1793, and is a son of Alexander Scott Bullitt, the first lieu- tenant-governor of Kentucky, and Priscilla (Christian) Bullitt. A. S. Bullitt died whet) Wiliiam C. was sixteen years of age and be- queathed to the latter his farm, which he owned until his death, and upon which the greater part of his life was passed. He was ad- mitted to the bar in Louisville in 1815, when under twenty years of age, and practiced un- til 1817, when he was debarred throuu’h the O dueling law by reason of a challenge sent to the Hon. Ben Haidin. The legislature, how- ever, by a general law removed the disabili- ties of all who ca)))e undci- that penalty. T()e law proving too great a strain upon a some- what delicate constitution, he retired from the bar in 1820, aud settled on the farm where his family were all brought up. His educa- tion wnis derived almost entirely from his father, having attended school but a very short tii))e (luring his youth. He at all times took a deep interest in politics, was a constant student and well vei-sed in history, but neve)' entered upon public life, the only public po- sition he ever held beino- that of a member of O the convention which formed the present State constitution. In youth he Avas of a gay and joyous dis])Osition, but of quick temper. In later years he became reserved and so)))e- wd)at stern. Strong, practical sense, and un- yielding lir)))ncss of pur[) 0 sc, perfect candor in his dealings with )))en, and a strong sense of justice, were his inarked chaiacteristics. While he n)ingled but little in society, his home was distinguished for that rare hospital- ity which marked the early days of Kentucky. During the late war, the disturbed condition of society in the country induced him to re- move to the city to Louisville, and he never afterward resided on bis farm. Mr. Bullitt was married on the 1st of Septer))ber, 1819, to Mildi'ed Ann Fry, a daughter of .Joshua Fry% who was early distinguished as a teacher in Kentucky. Ten children were born of this i))ai'riage; four died in early life and without issue. Those no w surviving' are: Hon. Joshua F. Bullitt, of l.ouisville; .John C. Bullitt, of Philadelphia; Thou)as W. Bullitt, of Louis- ville — all of whom are lawyers; and Henry M. Bullitt, who lives on a part of the old farm. The daughters are Mrs. Sue B. Dixon, widow of Hon. Archibald Dixon, of Hoider- son; and Mrs. Helen M. Chenoweth, wife of Dr. Henry Chenoweth, of Jefferson County. Mr. Bullitt died August 28, 1877, in the eighty-fifth year of his age, his wife died July 12, 1879, in the eighty-third year of her age. THOMAS W. BULLITT was born in Jef- ferson Coimty, May 17, 1838, and is a son of William C. and Mildred Ann (Fry) Bullitt. Both the Bullitts and Frys were early settlers in Kentucky, and are among the prominent // / 1 ^. (.- .huU!7( / / BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 753 families of the State. Alexander Scott Bul- litt, the grandfather of subject, was the first lieutenant-governor of the State, and was President of the Second Constitutional Con- vention; he died about 1816. Subject’s father, \Vin. C. Bullitt, began life as a lawyer, but on account of bad health had to i-etire from practice and take up farming. He was a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1849 -50. The subject is the third of four sons living: Hon. Joshua F. Bullitt being the eldest. He was educated in Centre College, at Danville, graduating in 1858. He went to Philadelphia in 1859, studied law, and graduated in 1801 from the Philadelphia law school; remaining there he was admitted to the bar, and in 1862 returned to Louisville. He entered the Confederate army in 1862, in Gen. Duke’s regiment (the Second Kentucky), Gen. Morgan’s Cavalry, and served until the end of w'ar. He was with Moro-an in the Ohio raid, but was captured in Kentucky, remain- ing a prisoner until early in 1865, when he was sent to Richmond for exchange. At the close of the war he began practicing law, and is entirely devoted to his profession. He is a director in the Second National Bank, in the Fidelity Trust and Safety A^ault Co., Louisville Abstract and Loan Association, Louisville Southern Railroad Company, Ken- tucky & Indiana Bridge Co., etc., etc. Mr. Bullitt was married February 21, 1871, to Miss Annie P. Logan, a daughter of .Judge Caleb I^ogan, formerly Chancellor of the IvOuisville Chancery Court. HON. WILLIAM FONTAINE BUL- LOCK was born in Fayette County, Ky., January 16, 1807, and is descended from one of the prominent families of Kentucky. The following was written by himself, of his par- ents, some years ago: “ My father, Edmund Bullock, the oldest son of Edward and Ao-nes Bullock, was a native of Hanover County, A^a., and was descended from a stock distinguished for integrity. His education was as thorough and accurate as the limes would permit. In early life he emigrated to the ‘District of Kentucky,’ wdiere he soon acquired a high standing, based upon his exalted merits as a man and as a citizen. In all his dealings he was faithful and just, and in his intercourse with his fellow-men he was polite, noble and generous. He was soon called into public life, and was, for many years, a leading mem- ber of the Legislature of Kentucky. He w'as speaker, at different times, of both branches of that body, and in that capacity won for himself a high reputation. He was alike remarkable for his dignity and urbanity of manners and for his stern and unbending sense of justice. Throughout a long life he lived above reproach — a noble specimen of an honest man. He died in the eighty-ninth year of his age, at peace with God through faith in Christ. Aly mother, Elizabeth, was the second daughter of Aaron Fontaine, who was the youngest son of Rev. Peter Fontaine, and was born in A^irginia, in 1754. The Rev. Puter Fontaine came from England to Amer- ica in 1715, and was soon thereafter installed as rector of one of the oldest parishes of the Episcopal Church in the State of A^irginia. He was the son of Rev. .lames Fontaine, who fled from France to England upon the I'evo- cation of the edict of Nantes in 1685. He was a Huguenot of noble birth and of the most indomitable energy, and was e.specially distinguished for his heroic devotion to his Protestant faith. My grandfatheiMvas a noble scion of such a stock. I never saw my mother; she died at my birth. Aly knowledge of her is derived from my father, who, to the close of a long life, never ceased to cherish her mem- ory and to impress upon my heart the highest appreciation of her lovely character.” Such was the family from which the subject of this sketch sprung. .Judge Bullock has long been cons])icuous in a corps of celebrities, second to none in the Union in the point of al)ility and fame. The Kentucky bar enjoys a high reputation, and its members have largely in- fluenced the character, not only of the great AA'est, but of the entire country. The mother of most of the AA^estern States, she can point to her deeds in National Councils, and her sons’ glory in tke fame of her Breckinridge, Nicholas, Daviess, Clay, RoAvan, Crittenden, Barry, Slurp, B iyle, Owsley, Alills, Trimble, Bibb, Robertson, and a host of olhex's, who contributed to the imperishable legal renown 754 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. of the State. For a long period of time, in the early history of Kentucky, Lexington en- joyed a large portion of the renown of the State. The first newspaper west of the Alle- ghenies was published in Lexington; Tran- sylvania University, for a number of years the most renowned institution of learning in tlie great valley of the Ohio, was located there. From that venerable hall of learning, Ken- tucky scattered, with a profuse hand, her intellectual treasures over the West and South. While Transylvania University was under the auspicious administration of Presi- dent TIolley, it is doulRful whether any city in the United States possessed a larger share of intellectual activity than Lexington. Edu- cation flourished in all its departments, and a love of literature and science pervaded all ranks. The general pursuit of knowledge which characterized the people enabled them to support for many years the finest public library in the West, to which was attached reading-rooms, containing all the best peri- odicals in the English language. The great genius of Matthew .fouett, one of the noblest artists on canvas that his country has produced, and the cultivated taste, public spirit and en- terprise of .lohu 1). Clifford, command the prosperity of the fine arts. Philosophy, litera- ture, classical learning, science and art, went hand in hand, and Lexington was the glory, the pride, and the cynosure of the West. In addition to the resources of intellectual growth and activity already mentioned, Lex- ington maintained, for al)Out fifteen years, the ablest, most prosperous and successful medi- cal school in the western country. Nor were the interests of a law-school neglected in the O midst of these intellectual energies; but one was established, as a department of the ITni- versity, wdiich speedily attained a high rank. 'I’he genius and abilities of the bar of Lexing- ton were illustrated by Henry Clay, William T. Parry, ^Villiam Plair, Jesse Pledsoe, .To- .seph CLbell, Breckinridge, and others, who, with less extemled fame, enjoyed a high rep itatiou at home. It was in the midst of thes(" intellectual energies, that the subject of this sketch first saw the light. At an early period he exhibited a fondness for study, and such w’as the proficiency attained at a country school, that he entered Transylvania Univer- sity, and graduated in 1824, when he was but seventeen years of age. No student ever entered those classic halls with a higher repu- tation; and his devotion to study, his modesty and good habits, enabled him to add largely to his youthful fame. At the time of, his graduation, he was esteemed as second to none of the distinguished eleves of Transylvania University, then in the zenith of her renown. As an orator, he was unrivalled in that insti- tution; and such was his great distinction, that upon the return of Mr. Clay to Kentucky, after his vote for Mr. Adams, when his con- gressional district determined, in its own language, “ to speak its instructions to Henry Clay, in a language that could neither be misunderstood or mistaken,” the youthful orator of Transylvania was selected to deliver the speech, welcoming the patriot of Ken- tucky to the hearts of those who had long entrusted their political interests to his keep- ing. It was an occasion of deep interest; it drew people from various paits of the State, and an immense assembly of Kentuckians, and citizens of other States were gathered to re- ceive the illustrious sage of Ashland. For the time being, the eyes of the nation were upon Ivexington. The traducers of the fame of her most illustrious son looked on the scene with fear and trembling, while the friends of the adTuinistration of Mr. Adams looked to it as a source of hopeful energy and triumph. In the midst of all these great interests, in the presence of that great assemblage, indeed, of the American people, the young orator of Transylvania addressed a speech of welcome to Henry Clay that was worthy of the occasion. 1 1 was an effort of eloquence of which any son of Kentucky might well have been proud. Even during the mighty response of Henry Clay, whether its eloquejit tones were mov- ing the best .feelings of our nature, or its withering scorn was hurling defiance and its anathemas upon the heads of those whose machinations were struggling for his ruin, the calm and elevated eloquence of the youthful orator worked its way into the memories of the people, and placed him conspicuous among BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 755 the speakers of Kentucky. In 1828 Mr. Bullock moved to Louisville, Ky., and com- menced the practice of law, in the midst of as formidable competition as could be found in the State. But the same habits that had given him such enviable distinction in tlie curriculum of Transylvania University, soon attracted attention to him in his new sphere of duty, and gave him high rank among the able men who adorned the Louisville bar. He was elected a member of the House of Representatives in 1838, 1840, 1841, and was the author of some of the noblest monuments of Kentucky legislation. To his well directed efforts Kentucky is indebted for her common- school system. He introduced the bill into legislatu'e, and by his eloquence, his mastery of the whole subject, and his untiring labors, both as the eloquent exponent of the cause before the representatives of the people and the profound writer for the press, he so deeply engraved the merits of the common school system upon the public mind, that it now de- fies all the powers of its enemies. Various efforts have been made to cripple this system, and the most formidable was in 1843, to cancel the bonds of the State, which had been o'iven to the Board of Education, on account of a loan of the money that had been appropriated to the common-school system. The original appropriation was $850,000, a portion of the dividend paid to Kentucky from the surplus revenue of the general government. This sum was loaned to the State on her bonds. In 1843, an attempt was made to cancel these bonds, by which the common-school system would have been utterly destroyed. 51r. Bullock was not at that time a member of the legislature, but he earnestly appealed, through the press, against this great outrage. "While the danger lasted he was always at his post, battling for the cause that had enlisted his zeal and his best alailities. A profound debt of grratitude is due to Judo-e Bullock for his services in the cause of education. Nor were the philanthropic exertions of Mr. Bullock, while he was in the legislature, confined to the cause of popular education. When ef- forts were first begun in Kentucky for an impros ed management of the insane, those efforts found in him a zealous anl intellicrent champion. In 1842, he produced a profound impression upon the public mind, by a report which he submitted to the Kentucky legisla- ture on the management of the insane. He accompanied the report with a speech which commanded the attention of the State, and to his exertions the triumph of the cause is due. Kentucky has been exceedingly liberal since that time in her appropriations to the insane; and the lunatic asylums now compare for ex- cellence with any in the United States. Another crowning glory of .fudge Bullock’s legislative career, w^as in his successful exer- tions to procure an endowment from the State for an institution for the education of the blind. His eloquent advocacy of the cause, his zeal and energy, were crowned with suc- cess; and in 1841 the legislature of Kentucky appropriated 10,000 towards establishing a school for the blind. This is the favorite eleemosynary institution in Kentucky. The legislature has been liberal in its endowments for its support, and the institution has re- sources now' to place it upon a sure basis, .fudge Bullock was one of the original trus- tees of this institution, and has been one of the most active and useful members of the Board to the present time. He has been president to the Board of Trustees most of the time from its first organization until now. These are the monuments of the leo-islative career of .fudge Bullock, and his friends point to them as the characteristics of the man. After the close of his legislative career, Mr. Bullock again resumed the practice of his profession. In 1846, he w'as appointed to the bench as judge of the Fifth .ludicial district, an appointment that gave general satisfaction. His high legal reputation, his urbanity of demeanor, his decision and firmness, and his universally acknowledged integrity in all things, gave an earnest of a successful career in this new sphere of usefulness, which has been fully redeemed by his judicial course. Pur- suing a strong natural bent, .ludo-e Bullock h is played a conspicuous part as a popular oraAr. A devoted personal friend and an ardent political admirer of Henry C’lay, he long ranked amoiio- the most attractive and 75C BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. effective Whig leaders in a period when the liustings offered in Kentucky a high arena for intellectual conflict, and an exciting theater for brilliant displays of eloquence. In view of the close relationship to Mr. Clay, he was befittingly chosen to deliver the oration that was uttered in the presence of a vast assem- blage in Louisville, May 30, 1867, on the occasion of unveiling the life-size statute of the great statesman — the handiwork of Joel T. Hart — which now adorns the rotunda of the court-house. But it is chieffy as a lawyer and jurist that .fudge Bullock has evinced his highest powers. During the last forty years he lias ranked anion cr the foremost members O of the Kentucky bar. The records of the court show that he has been an unusually successful practitioner, often making great and triumphant arguments before judges and juries, and always exhibiting marked ability in the mana<>-ement of his cases. He has justly been styled one of the most courteous and yet most formidable antagonists in the forum. For twelve years, dating from .184:9, he was a member of the law faculty of the University of Louisville, in which capacity he (lisj)layed much learning and skill as a teach- er, and inspired his students with a love of the science which he taught. He has virtually retired from active practice, but as late as 1882, he apjieared liefore the Courtof Appeals, in the case of the T^ouisville Bridge Company against the city of Louisville, as atto.iney for the former corporation, and delivered an ar- gument for his client seldom equaled in the presence of that tribunal. UICHARI) T. BURKE, County Assessor, was l)orn in tliis city Novernlrer 28, 1852, and is a son of Patrick and Mary (Gallagher) Burke, iiatives f)f Ireland. They came to Louisville in 1851. The subject, Richard 1’., was Itrought up in Louisville, educated in the city schools, and graduated from the Male High School in 1868. He learned the trade j of a hartiess-maker frotn his father, who w^as j of that trade, but did not follow the business I long; h(> was elected constable in 1876, ami j served until 1886. In 1883 he was elected a membei' of the City Council from the Twelfth | wanl, and in 1886) he w’as elected to his pres- I ent position — County Assessor. In 1882 he married Miss Isabella Dunlap, of this city. They have one child. .lAMES CABLE, an influential farmer, was born in .leff'erson County, Kentucky, .lanuary 5, 1839, and is a son of Nelson and Sarah (Potts) Cable, also members of the county. Nelson Cable died in 1858. .James Cable, the sidjject of this sketch, was reared on the farm and has ever since followed that pursuit. He served as a private during the late war in the Tenth Kentucky Ird’antry, and partici- pated in the battles of Shiloh, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and other important en- gagements. At the close of the war he re- turned to the farm, and was married to Miss Lucinda Kendall. They have had six children, as follows: Job, born November 3, 1866; Mary Alice, December 30, 1868; Azzie Breen, .Tune 15, 1871; Arthur, born November 18, 1873, (deceased); R. N., October 11, 1875; Aiina, March 30, 1879. .JOHN S. CAIN, Clerk of the Circuit Co^irt of .lefferson County, and one of the best known and most popular of all the county oflicials, was born near Madison, .lefferson County, Ind., September 11, 1827, and is a son of .Tohn and Catharine (Frankham) Cain, the former a native of Spottsylvania County, Va., and the latter of Shenandoah County, Va. The subject of this sketch was early thrown upon his own resources, but with boundless energy, and an indomitable will he fought his way step by step; he managed, by strong perseverance, to attain a good, prac- tical education. He came to Louisville in 1835, and the first business he engaged in after becoming of an age to work, was as an accmtntant, and by practice and experience he became an expert book-keeper. In 1842 he went to IMadison, 5Yis., where he was en- gaged in numerous pursuits, and turned his hand to anything by which he could make a living. Among other things, he read law for a time. He returned to Louisville in 1848, and engaged for a short period in keeping book®. He was elected city auditor in 1850, the first under the new charter, but resigned in about a year, when he was elected cashier of the Louisville Gas Company. This posi- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. '761 tion he held for seventeen years, resi^niing in 1868, to make the race for circuit clerk. He was elected in August of that year, entered upon the duties in September following, and he is there yet. He was re-elected in 1874, aorain in 1880 and in 1886. His uniform O courtesy and accommodating natnre has in- vested him with a popularity which renders him invincible in a political contest. He was married in 1854 to Miss Amanda Pepper, of Henry County, Ky. They have six children. Mr. Cain is a man of unblemished integrity, and a most estimable and popular citizen, as well as model official. DR. .TAMES FULTON CANINE, dentist, was born in Shelby County, Ky., 5Iay 5, 1830, and is a son of John and Jane (Fulton) Canine, natives also of Shelby County. The Canines came originally from Holland, and settled in Virginia, in an early day ; the great- grandfather of the subject was a quarter- master in the Revolutionary army. The of subject being a descendent of Robert Fulton, the inventor. The subject of this sketch was reared on the farm and educated at Crawfordsville, Ind., and at Ohio College. At the age of twenty-one he began studying dentistry, and finally graduated from the School of Dentistry at Cincinnati, O. He first began practicing this profession at Craw- fordsville, Ind., and inl864cameto Louisville, and is to-day one of the most successful prac- titioners in the city. He was marred in 1851 to AIiss Elizabeth Hutchison, of Crawfordsville. Three children, two sons and one daughter, were born of this marriage. Both of the sons are dentists; one, Charles E., practicing in Colorado, the other, Hal B., with his father in Louisville. JOHN B. CASTLEMAN, one of the hon- orable citizens of Louisville, and one of her prominent business men, is a native of Fay- ette County, Ky., and was born June 30, 1842. He is a son of David and Virginia (Harrison) Castleman, the former born on the old Castleman homestead near Versailles, Ky., the latter a native of Fayette County. The subject of this sketch was reared in Fayette County, where he was educated. After the advantages of the lower schools, he entered Transylvania University, but at the breaking out of the civil war in 1861, quietly left school, and volunteered in Morgan’s cavalry as a private. He afterward organized and commanded Company D, of 5Iorgan’s squad- ron, and after the promotion of Morgan to brigadier-general, he became a major in his old regiment, then commanded by Gen. Basil Duke. Major Castleman commanded the regiment in several important engagements, in which he displayed soldiership highly sat- isfactory to his superior officers and the men he led to battle. He was detailed, with Chief Justice Hines, on an expedition against North- western Missouri, to release the Confederate prisoners confined there, during which expe- dition he was captured. He remained a pris- oner until the close of the %var, when he was released and ordered to leave the country. He went to Europe, where he remained until President .Johnson revoked the order, when he returned to America, and in 1867 came to Louisville. He graduated from the law de- partment of the University of Louisville, in 1868, but did not enter into practice. He opened an insurance business, in which he is still engaged, and in which he has been very successful, winning an honorable reputation among the business men of the city by his un- impeachable integrity. Upon the re-organi- zation of the Louisville Legion, First Regi- ment, Kentucky State Guards, in 1878, he was made its colonel — a position he still holds, and in testimony of his soldierly qualities, and his ability for the important position, it is only necessary to say that he is idolized by his soldiers. 5Vhen Hon. .1. Proctor Knott w'as elected governor, he appointed Col. Cas- tleman adjutant-general of the State, and, as in all positions held by him, he discharged his duties to the satisfaction of all witli whom he came in contact officially or otherwise. Upon the expiration of his term as adjutant- general, Gov. Knott publicly presented him a sword, and in his presentation speech, char- acterized Col. Castleman as “ Trusted adviser and faithful friend.” The Courier- Journal editorially said: “Gen. John B. Castleman’s services as adjutant-general are no more 7(!2 BIOGliA-PIIICAL SKETCHES. lii^hly appreciated bj Gov. ivnott than l)y tlie people of the State at large. He has in- fused a new spirit of pride into the State Guard, and he has at the same time sul)jected it to severe, but needed, discipline. The ex- piration of Gen. C'astleinan’s term of service restores him to all the rights, privileges and duties of a citizen of liOuisville. If he had refused to serve our people as mayor, he would have been just in the position to be selected as Gov. Buckner’s successor. In office or out, Gen. C’astlernan is a good citizen, and Ia)uisville knows that he is always in her service.” Gen. Castleman was urged to be. come candidate for mayor of Louisville in 1887, but declined the honor. Under the new mayor, Hon. Charles 1). .Jacob, he was offered the responsible place — chief-of-police — l)ut this office he also declined, preferring the position of a private citizen and business man. ^V. CARKOT.L CHAPMAN, physician, was born in Hartford, Ky., .Tune 17, 1808, and is a son of W. C. and Martha Ann (Collins) Chapman, native Kentuckians. His grandfather, 1 )avid Chapman, was the first male child born in Kentucky, south of the Gi’een River, and was born near the present town of Bowling Green. The house in which he was born, was of the pioneer type, and had ])ort-holes to aid the inmates in defending themselves against the Indians, who attacked the house several times. On one occasion the Indians kejit the cows out in the forest until one of the men, ,Ieff Chapman, went after them, when lie was fired on, the bullet strik- ing his powder horn, thus saving his life. David Chapman died in 1884, at the age of ninety-five years. Tlie Courier- Journal pub- lished an interesting sketch of him, headed “ ( )ne of Nature’s Nobleman.” The subject of this sketcli was well educated. He studied medicine and graduated at the age of twenty years from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Baltimore, Md., and was appointed resident physician of Maternity Hospital, in Baltimore, for a term of one yeir. He then came back to Kentucky and located at Cecilia, Hard in County, where he remained for about a year and a half, when he came to l..ouisville. and opened an office here, and has been in active practice ever since. Dr. Chapman is a zealous member of the Baptist Church, and has been for twelve years. He has a brother, Byron Chapman, a merchant of La Fayette, Ind., and a sister, wife of Mr. 4Yood English, of Cecilia, Ky. .TAjMES B. COCKE was b irn in 1836, and is a son of W^illiam A. and Matilda (Bridge- ford) Cocke, the former of T>ynchburg, Va., and the latter a dauo-hter of Thomas Bridge- ford of Louisville. William A. Cocke was marshal of the Chancery Court of Louisville several terms, and was sheriff under the old constitution of the State, when the oldest magistrate became sheriff of the county by virtue of his office. He was prominent in the city’s early history, and died in 1844. .lames A. Cocke was brought up in Louisville, and was educated in the puldic schools. He is secretary and treasurer of the Kentucky and Louisville Mutual Insurance Company, a position he has held for ten years. He was married in November, 1861, to Miss Julia Crutchfield, a daughter of Maj. Edward Crutchfield, of Louisville. One child, James H., was born of this union. In February, 1887, his w’ife died. He entered the Confed- erate army in September, 1861, in the Second Kentucky Mounted Rifles, and served through the entire war. Mr. Cocke is an excellent business man, an enterj)rising citizen and a courteous gentleman. LIEUTENANT HENRY S. COHN has the honor of havino- been the first drummer- o boy that went to the front in April, 1861, from the State of Ohio, being then a member of Capt. Peter Diester’s Company B (Dayton Lafayette Guard), First Ohio Volunteer In- faiitry. Lieut. Cohn was born in llamlmrg, Germany, on the 4th of May, 1844, and was therefore not seventeen years old when he followed the flag of the Union. He emigrated to America in the spring of 1859, and after having tried to make an honest living by various ways, finally became a compositor on the ^Vaechterh am Ohio, a German weekly publislied at Portsmouth, whence he went to Dayton a few days before the fall of Sumter. ' During the first teiin of enlistmetit he par- felOGJlAPHICAL SKETCHES. 7G3 ticipated in the engagements at Vienna, Va., Fairfax Court-house and Bull Run. On his return to Portsmouth he at once received the appointment of drum-major of the Fifth Vir- ginia Infantrj, United States Volunteer, and served vrith this reg-iinent until Augfust 22, 1802, participating in the following battles and engagements in Virginia: Moorefield, Bull Pasture Mountain, Franklin, Fisher’s Hill, Mt. Jacksohn, Cross Keys, Port Republic, Culpeper, and on the Rappahannock. His next enlistment was in the One Hundred and Sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, where he entered as orderly sergeant and was as such | wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Hartsville, Tenn., on December 7, 1802, while in command of his company. Referring to his services, the Hon. Pres. W. Taulbee, M. C. (to whom was referred a special bill in Congress allowing Lieut. Cohn his pension as lieutenant), say^s: “Henry S. Cohn enlisted as a meml)er of the Ohio Lafayette Guards in 1801, he at the time being only seventeen years of age, and continued therein for about four months, participating in the first Bull Run fight, when he was mustered out of service on account of expiration of term of service. He then en- listed in the Fifth Virginia Regiment, and was appointed drum-major. Was honorably discharged therefrom in August, 1802, and at once joined the One Hundred and Sixth Ohio Infantry, and at the organization thereof was appointed first sergeant of Company G, then at the age of eighteen years, and served in that capacity until December, 1802. When at the battle of Hartsville, Tenn., his captain was killed, and the first and second lieutenants both mortally wounded; he took command of his company during the battle, and although his comrades were beino- killed at a fearful o rate, this gallant young soldier led his com- pany on to the hottest of the battle until a bullet prostrated him, inflicting a severe wound, from which he has never recovered and for which he is now drawing a pension. During this battle his entire brigade was cap- tured and carried away as prisoners, leaving him with his killed and wounded comrades on the bloody field, when the surgeons of the Confederate army came on the field and car- ried him with other wounded soldiers to Church Hospital, where he lingered for many I months, until he sufficiently recovered to be I moved to Camp Denison, Ohio, where he re- joined his command, and although his wounds had not healed, but were constantly troubling him, he was transferred to Company C, One Hundred and Sixth Ohio Regiment, and was liy regimental orders appointed lieutenant of that company, and served in that capacity ^rom February^ until 22d of May, 1868, when he was discharged on account of disability, resulting from his wounds. The committee believe that with such a record as the fore- going, Sergt. Cohn is entitled to the rank of lieutenant, and to be so rated on the pension roll, and therefore recommend the passage of the substitute.” Having been used to military life he could not stay at home as long as the cannons roared in front, but not being able to stand the fatigues and hardships as before, being disabled, he became a clerk in the in- spector general’s department of the Second Division, Twentieth Army Corps, and served as such during the entire campaign of Gen. Sherman, starting from Bridgeport, Ala., in May, 1864, thence to Atlanta, Savannah, Col- umbia, Goldsborough, Raleigh, Richmond and 4Vashington; thereby actually serving dur- ing the entire war from beginning to end. After the w'ar Lieut. Cohn removed to Louis- ville, where he was first employed as a com- positor on the An.zeigei% the leading German daily in Kentucky. He was afterward pro- moted to book-keeper in the same office, and w'hen the business became a corporation, he became one of the stock-holders thereof, and now holds and has held for many years the honorable and lucrative position of Secretary of the Louisville Anzeiger Company. He is a member of Post Thomas G. A. R., K. of P., K. of H., and a number of German societies. .lOHN COLGAN, a leading druggist of Louisville, -was born in that city December 18, 1840, and is a son of William and Elizabeth (Christopher) Colgan, natives of Virginia and Maryland respectively. John Colgan’s pa- ternal o-randfather removed from Viro-inia to Kentucky about 1800, and settled on a farm I in Shelby County. William Colgan came to 704 BIOGKAPniCAL SKETCHES. Louisville i'roin Shelby Lounty about 1823, and here followed his trade of house-lniilding and general business of a mechanic. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools, and upon (putting, engaged in the drug business in 1800. 1 luring the war he was a political prisoner for four months in a JMemphis prison, but through the influence - of General Forrest was leleased through ex- change. Me immediately engaged in the drug business again, and in 1S79 originated and be- gan the manufacture of “ Golgan’s celebrated Tafl'a Tulu ” chewing gum, \vhich has large sales all over the United States, Canada and Australia. He employs on an average fifty hands in the factory, and the annual aggregate sales of his tulu amount to '1t75,OO0 lo §100,000. Mr. Colgan was married, in 1866, to Miss Mattie McCrory, daughter of John McCrory, of Louisville, and has living five children — Bettie, William, Henry, Mabel and Clifton. In January, MS81, Mr. James A. McAfee became his partner, and ever since the firm of C'olgan & McAfee on Tenth and Walnut streets has been well known in the city. M'lLIdAM M. COLLINS, a. native of Ireland, w'as born .July 10, 1845, and in 1840 was brought to America by his parents, who settled in Louisville. He was educated in the common-schools of the city and at Bardstown, Ky. His fn-st employment was as messenger for F. Buster two years, after which he passed foul' years on the farm with his father. In 1862 he returned to Louisville, and in .fune enlisted in Company A, Fifth Infantry, and served until after the battle of Chickarnauga, when he was mustered out as sergeant. After the close of the civil war he joined .Tohn < I’NeiH’s Fenian expedition to Canada, and took part in the fight at Bidgeway, as capt'iin of a company raised in Louisville. .He next went to Denver, Colo., where for a year he was engaged in the manufacture of vinegar and in distilling whisky. On his return to Louisville he served as clerk in the postotfice, and in the Internal Revenue service until 1875, and then engaged in the wholesale whisky business with Alvin Wood & C-o. un- til 1883, when he entered into the distilling business on his own account at 104 and 106 East Main street. In 1872 he married Maggie H. Enright, who has borne him three chil- dren — Florence B., Kate E. and Charles William. Mr. Collins is a member of the G. A. R. ARCHIBALD B. COOK, A. M., M. D., of this city, is of Irish and German extraction, .lohn Cook, his father, who was born in County Derry, Ireland, at the age of sixteen came to America and located in Noblestown, Alle- gheny County, Pa., and for some years en- gaged in mercantile pursuits, but subsequently removed to the farm. He married Miss Kelso, a native of Allegheny County, Pa. Dr. A. B. Cook was born in Noblestwon, Pa., September 23, 1828. He was educated at .Jefferson College, Cannonsburgh, Pa. He had previously, how- ever, spent some time at an academy in Wheel- ing, W^. Ma. While in college he was a close and hard-working student. He became a prominent member of the Franklin Literary Society, connected with Jefferson College, and while in his sophomore year was elected a member of the . Lyceum Society — an honor rarely conferred on a sophomore, as the mem- bership of that society was limited, and as it was their custom only to admit menrbers of the senior. and junior classes. From this in- : stitution he received the degree of A. B. in 18.48, and the degree of A. ]\I. in 1851. After .being occupied for a short time in teaching in ' .lefferson County, Ky., in 1840 he Iregan the study of medicine under Dr. .1. A. Glenn, of Sharpsburg, Pa. In 1851 he attended lec- tures at the College of Physiciarrs and Sur- geons, New Yor'k, and subsequently at the Kentucky School of Medicine, Louisville, from which he graduated in the spring of 1853. He first settled in New Castle, Henry County, Ky., removing to Louisville in 1854. He has successfully performed operations for ovario- tomy arrd lithotomy; also has reduced disloca- tion of the hip joint by manipulation on the (lortium iUi. He became a member of the American Medical Association in 1855; was a member of the Kentucky State Medical So- ciety; of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, of which he was vice-pi’esident; and of the Medico-Chirugical Society of Louisville. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 767 The following are some of his contributions to the literature of his profession: “Chlo- roform — its Obstetric Use.” — (inaugural thesis) Louisville JSIedical Gazette^ 1858; “ Fixed Apparatus for the Immediate Dress- ing of Fractures of Femur; Securing Bone j Union in the Intra Capsular Fractures of Old Persons,” etc. — Semi-JSIontJihj Medical Mews, 1859; “Joined Twins, with Plates (his own wood- cuts). Dislocation,” etc. — Richmond & Louisville Medical tTb?r/7tof, 1809; “Opera- tion f.jr Adhesion of Soft Palate and Uvula to the Pusterior Wall of the Pharynx, with Dressing with l^ead Plates,” etc etc.; and on the “^Alue of Cincho Quinine in the Treat- ment of Intermittent and Remittent Fever,” both of the latter published in the Medical and Surgical Reporter; “ Case of Gunshot wound; Ball Penetrating the Base of Left Lung, Diaphragm, Left Kidney, and Lodging in the Erector Spinal Mirscles,” etc. — Louis- ville Medical Gazette, 1858; “ Extraction of Five False Teeth, with Plate attached from the Cardiac Orifice of the ^Esophagus, which had been swallowed five months previous, causing Stricture of the ^Esophagus.” — American Mediccd Bi- ~\Veekl y, October, 1877 ; “Complicated Fracture.” — Same, September, 1878; “How to Elevate the Standard of Medical Education and iledical Teaching.” — Same, April 26, 1879; “ Dislocation of the Shoulder Joint, caused by Muscular Spasm of Six ^Months’ Standing, Successfully Reduced.” — Richmond & Ijouisville Medical Joiirned, May, 1875; “Poisoning by Cannabis Indica.” — The American Practitioner, July, 1884; “ Ruptured Urethra,” February, 1885; “ I>ac- erated Perineum of Eight Years’ Standing,” successful, March, 1884; “ Complete Lacera- tion of the Perineum and Recto- Yaginal Septum, Resulting from Forceps Delivery, Primary Operation, complicated with Trau- matic Erysipelas,” successful result, August, 1885; “Surgical Diseases resulting from In- frequent Causes,” .lanuary, 1886, all published in Guillard's Medical Journal; “ Elixir Paraldehyde, the Coming Remedy as a sub- stitute for Opiates and Anodynes.” — 3Iedical Proyms, January, 1888, etc. etc. etc. “ Elixir Paraldehyde in Puerperal Eclampsia, dead Foetus, Seventh Month of Pregnancy, Albu- minous Urine, Good Recovery,” Guillard'’s Mediccd Journal, 1888, etc. etc. etc. In 1855 Doctor Cook was elected professor of anato- my and demonstrator of anatomy in the Kentucky School of Medicine, a position he held until 1856, when he was elected to the latter position in the medical department of the LTniversity of Louisville. This he also held for several years, the wEile also teaching I private classes in medical branches and giving i special lectures in surgery and surgical anato- j my. In 1863 he was elected professor of I surgery in the Kentucky School of Medicine; and in 1866, the two medical faculties uniting, he took the chair of the surgical diseases of the genito-urinary organs and rectum in the Univerity of Louisville. In 1867, he was again elected to the chair of principles and practice of surgery in the Kentucky School of Medi- cine, and he was then president and registrar of the faculty. In 1875 he was elected to the same chair in the Louisville Medical Col- lege, filling both positions until 1877, when the chair of the Kentucky School of iMedicine was chano-ed to embrace the science and art of surgery and clinical surgery. He was for ten years physician to the Episcopal Orphan Asylum; for several years connected with dis- pensaries for the benefit of the poor, and for twenty years, one of the surgeons in the Louisville City Marine Hospital. In 1860 he was appointed surgeon, with the rank of ma- j jor, on General Buckner’s staff, Kentucky State Guards; acted as surgeon of volunteers in 1863, and received the ^ appointment to organize the invalid corps. He has been a member of the Board of Health of Louisville, was a member of the Board of Commissioners of Public Charities, of Imuisville, during 1870, and chairman of the hospital committee. In February, 1872, he married ilrs. Fannie iM. Roberts, of Louisville. She died November 29, 1886, leaving no children. R. B. COTTER, one of the most extensive manufacturers and wholesale lumber dealers in. Louisville, is a native of this State, having been born in Bardstown in the year 1856. j Early in life he moved to this city, where he • was educated, and for some time was interested 768 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ill the iron iiusiuess, but during the past seven years has been engaged exclusively in the lumber trade. The oihce and luinl:)er yard of Mr. Cotter are located on the corner of Eighth and Zane streets. The yard covers an area of al^out three and one-quarter acres, and, Ijeino- near the main stem of the Louis- ville & Nasliville Railroad, has side-tracks running’'into it, which greatly facilitate the receiving and shipping of goods. He carries a very large stock of pine and hardwood lumber — mostly hardwood — making a special- ty of ])oplar or whitewood, selling at whole- sale only and in carload lots. His trade here is quiet large and extends east, west, north and south — also through Canada and Europe. Last year the sales of lumber amounted to 18,0()0,()00 feet. The well equipped planing mill in the yard is kept constantly running, dressing and working lumber for various uses, the pay-roll amounting to $1,000 per week. This is the kind of industry that builds up a city and adds to its wealth and prosperity. Mr. Cotter owns several thousand acres of the timber lands m Kentucky, Tenn- essee and Indiana, and his resources for pro- curing the very best quality of hardwood lumber to meet the growing demands of his trade are almost inexhaustible. He owns and operates a saw-mill in eastern Kentucky, one in Tennessee and another in Indiana, besides a floating mill, “ Old Hickory,” operating on the Ohio River and its tril^utaries. This floating saw-mill draws less than two feet of water and can navigrate the smallest streams, where a force of men is constantly engaged sawing timber and loading it on Ijarges for transportation to Louisville. His growing trade rende_rs it necessary for him to buy the cuts of several other mills. The secret of the successs of this enterprising young merchant is found in a thoroug-h knowledge of the business he is engaged in and reliability in filling orders according to contract. Mr. Cotter was married to Miss Anna R. Mosset, of Newport, Ky., in 1887. She is a daughter of Capt. A. J. Mosset, who is proprietor of several lines of steamboats. HON. ATTILLA COX, Collector of In- ternal Revenue at Louisville, was born in 1 Carroll County, this State, August 16, 1843, ! and is a son of .lames P. and Felicia (Obouscier) Cox. The former was a native of Orange County, Va., came to Kentucky and was a prominent business man in Carroll County. Mr. Cox’s maternal grandfather, Luke ( Ibouscier was a native of Lausane, Swit- zerland. He came to the United States many years ago, and to Kentucky, and settled in the town of Ghent in Carroll County. Mr. Cox, the subject of this sketcli, was brought up and educated in the schools of his native county. He followed merchandizing, trading and banking successfully at Owenton, and was interested in many other enterprises for the improvement and development of his county. He was twice elected to the State Senate, and in 1884 was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago, and a member of the committee to notify Mr. Cleveland of his nomination. He was ap- pointed on the lOth of .June, 1885, by Presi- dent Cleveland, Collecterof Internal Revenue of this district, which position he now fills, and the duties of which he has efficiently dis- charged. Mr. Cox was married in I860 to Miss Kate Martin, a daughter of .Judge .J. B. Martin, of Owen County. He is a man of sterling in- tegrity, of fine intelligence and business ener- gy, and large personal and political influence. GEORGE M. CRAWFORD was born in Louisville, February It), 1850, and is a son of Robert I. and Margaret (Craig) Crawford, natives of Virginia. The former came to Louisville in 1845, and engaged in the whole- sale dry goods business. He is now book- keeper and cashier of Falls City Tobacco Warehouse, J-^ouisville. He was bom October 12, 1821, and has four sons living, viz: Alex- ander W., Presbyterian minister and pastor of a church at Campbellsville, Ivy.; Newton G., manager of the Pheenix Storage Co.; Brown C., book-keeper at Glover & Durretl’s tobac- co warehouse, and George M. George M. Crawford was educated in the public schools of I..ouisville, and afterwards entered the hardware store of Hart & Co., as book-keeper and cashier, where he remained for over four years. Then for five years he was with the Kentucky Flour Company ; then became pres- W r V. « J.S.COO M E5 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 769 ident of the Tobacco Transfer Co., which he organized in 1885, and is still operating’. He has been a director in the Westview Buildinc O Company for three years, and is at present i secretary and treasurer, and general manager of the same. He was married in August, 1883, to jMiss Abbie N. Tate, of Lexington, Mo. They have one child — ^lagnus Tate. RICHARD CROUM, Bullitt County, was born in Green County in 1820. He is the fifth of ten children born to Henry andXancy (Skaggs) Croura, the former a native of North Carolina, the latter a daughter of Moses Skaggs, of Green County. Henry C. was a gallant soldier in the war of 1812, and bore an honorable part in the memorable battle of New Orleans. The subject of this sketch was reared in Green County, and received but a limited education. He married Miss Frances Towns, and to them have been born two chil- dren, viz: Elam, born March 10, 1860, and Bert, born May 12, 1862. When the civil war broke out in 1861, Mr. Croum enlisted in the Thirteenth Kentucky (Federal) Infantry, and served to the close of the war, receiving an honorable discharge, in 1865, at Chatta- nooga. GEORGE L. DANFORTH was born .July 24, 1854, and is a son of the late Joseph Lewds 1 )anforth of this city. The latter was a native of Louisville, and was born January 21, 1821, and died October 29, 1887. He was a son of Joseph and Lucy Shaw (Lewis) Danforth — the latter a lineal descendant of Mary Chilton, who is said to have been first of the pilgrim band to set foot on Plymouth Rock. Mr. Joseph L. Danforth received a liberal educa- tion, graduating with honors from Harvard University. His tastes, however, tended toward commercial instead of literary pur- suits, and after completing his education he was taken into the wholesale dry goods bouse of his father, and the firm became J. Danforth & Son, long well known and prominent in the commercial circles of the city. Mr. Dan- forth subsequently engaged in the insurance business, and was prominently identified with it for a period of thirty years. For twenty- five years he was president of the Board of Underwriters, which body, upon his decease, adopted appropriate memorial services. He served several terms in the school board, and was elected its president, but aside from this service, he never sought public office. Of a modest, unassuming disposition, he also pos- sessed a clear understanding, and his judg- ment had o-reat weicfht ■uuth those with whom he was associated in business or social life. He was thoroughly honorable, and no man stood higher in the estimation of those who knew him. His wife and five children survive him. The latter are: Mrs. Victor H. New- comb, of New York City; Mrs. Smith, the wife of Mr. Newcomb’s secretary; Mrs. Charles Johnson, of this city; an unmarried daughter, and George L., whose name heads this sketch. The latter gentleman was brought up in Louisville, and received a liberal education. He was taken into partnership with his father in the insurance business, in which be is still engaged. He is one of the live young busi- ness men of the city, and stands high among his fellows. He is president of the Louisville Spoke Company, and is prominently connected with other business enterprises, notably of which is farminof and the breeding- of fine horses, a pursuit more or less interesting to all Kentuckians. He was married in 1877 to Miss Florence Standiford, daughter of the late Dr. E. D. Standiford of this city. They have five children. GEORGE jM. DAVIE, one of the promi- nent lawyers of Louisville, was born in Christian County, Ky., March 16, 1848, and is a son of Hon. Winston J. and Sarah A. (Philips) Davie. His ancestry were persons of the highest social position. His grand- parents -were North Carolinians; his mother was an accomplished lady, a native of Colum- bus, Ga. His father was a Kentuckian, born also in Christian County. Mr. I )avie’s educa- tion was thorough, he having been a student at Centre College, Danville, Ky., and in 1865 he entered Princeton College, New Jersey, from which he graduated with honor in 1868. He came to Louisville the followung year, and commenced the study of law with Col. Robert Woolley, a man whose brilliant ability was almost unequaled in Kentucky. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1870, and commenced 770 BIOGllAPIIICAL SKETCHES. practice in 1871, in the office of Muir & Bijur; in 1874 he was admitted a member of the firm. In 1877 the ilrm became Bijur & Davie. Upon tlie death of Mr. ifijur in 1882, Mr. Davie formed a copartnership v/ith Col. John Mason Brown, his l)rother-in-lavv, and in 1885 Judge Alex. B. Humphrey was admitted, the fiim now i:)eing Brown, Humphrey & Davie. Mr. Davie was married December 5, 1878, to Miss .Margaret Howard Preston, a daughter of Gen. \\411 iam Preston, of Lexington, Ky. One child has been born to this union. Mr. Davie is devoted to his profession, and has given Vjut little time to politics. He has, however, been for five or six years, chairman of the Demo- cratic committee of his district. WILLIAM DAWSON, a farmer residing near Pitt’s Point, Bullitt County, was born February 18, 1818, in Nelson County, Ky. His father, George W. Dawson, was born in Virginia in 1752, and immigrated to Ken- tucky about the year 1771. He was a revolutionary soldier ffom Kentucky, and subseipiently volunteered in the war of 1812, serving as a private at the battle of New Or- leans, also in various encragements with the Indians, and was with General Harrison at the battle of Fort Harrison, near Terre Haute, Ind. George W. lived to be eightty-six years of age. The maiden name of subject’s mother was Catherine Ballard. William Dawson, the subject of this sketch, w'as the seventh child l)orn to his parents; he settled in Bullitt County in 1884, and is one of the substantial farmers of that county. He was married to Miss Margaret Ann Lee, August 16, 1838. In the late civil war he enlisted in August, 1861, in the Sixth Kentucky Volun- teers, under General .John C. Breckinridge, and participated in the battle of Shiloh and other historic engagements. He returned to his farm of 1900 acres in 1868. WILLIAM B. DOHERTY, M. D., is a native of Ireland, and was born in Donegal County, January 24, 1847. His parents died in Ireland, laut he was liberally educated. After going through the National schools and teaching for a time, he took a classical course. He came to New York in July, 1867, and for a time taught school. In the meantime he began the study of medicine. He came to Kentucky in 1869, and graduated from the medical department of the University of Louisville in 1872, and 1 as practiced ever since. For six years he was clinical assistant to Profs. Parvin and Holland, both now of Philadelphia. He served for two yearson the Louisville Hospital staff. In 1886 he visited Europe, where he attended the hospitals of Dublin, London, Berlin and Vienna. He was married in April, 1875, to Miss Tillie R. Dep- pen, a daughter of J. L. Deppen, a well known citizen of Louisville. He is secretary of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, one of the oldest medical societies in the United States, having been established in 1832, and charter- ed by the Legislature of Kentucky in 1838. Prof. Gross was the first presi'Ient, and Austin Flint and Lewis Rogers among the incorpor- tors. He is Medical Examiner for the Catho- lic Knights of America, and oth?r insurance companies, and is visiting physician to Sts. Mary and Elizabeth Hospitals. DRENNON SULPHUR SPRINGS, situ- ated in Henry County, on the Kentucky River in the State of Kentucky, at one time a cele- brated watering place, was once owned by Dr. Robert Hunter, whose father was captain and surgeon in the U. S. army. He was a descendant in a direct line of an illustrious race of surgeons, natives of Ireland. Dr. Robert Hunter, while owner and resident of these valuable springs, was acknowledged a courteous and hospitable host; generous to all, he made his guests forget they had a home elsewhere than under his roof. Dr. Robert Hunter, though pre-eminently endowed by nature, and fitted by education, to hold and follow the august and dignified profession which had distinguished his ancestors, relin- quished amliition, and followed the dictates of a refined and poetic nature, which this wild and romantic country gratified. These springs were afterward bought and extensively im- proved by his son-in-law, Abram Owen Smith, son of Thos. Smith, president of the first railroad in the State of Kentucky. Thos. Smith died of cholera in New Castle, Henry County, Ky., July 21, 1850. His wife was Harriet Owen, daughter of Colonel BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 773 xAbrain Owen, who fell at the battle of Tip- pecanoe. She was a descendant of the Dupey family, of France. The present site of the Dreinion Springs presents not a vestige of its former grandeur, and its capacity to ac- commodate over a thousand people. The entire buildings, with all their military parade grounds, and ample construction for a military institution, were destroyed by fire about the year 1865. To day the wild buffalo might roam unmolested amonofthe surroundingf hills that border the Kentucky River. Where i music and gayety resounded, silence reigns. | The murmuring river and sighing winds sing unbroken requiem to the teeming past. But the unceasing, bubbling water, so highly es- teemed by Dr. Samuel Gross, of Louisville, Ky., still holds medicinal virtue, still give proof of their hold upon the gratitude of so many who found relief in the secluded haunts of that romantic region. WILLIAM A. DUCKWALL was born .lune 11, 1817, in Morgan County, Va., and is a son of Isaac and Amelia (Clover) Duck- wall, natives of Vircrinia. He came to Cler- mont County, Ohio, in 1836, and there married Sarah Ann Jenkins, April 25, 1838; the year following he came to New Albany, Ind., and in 1840 to Louisville, where, in connection with his brother David, he was en- gaged in running hacks and omnibuses from Portland to Louisville; at this time he was also engaged in the produce business. The omnibus line was continued with much com- petition by other omnibus lines both from Cincinnati and at home, but by his strict at- tention to business, caused the opposition lines to withdraw. Mr. Isiam Henderson and others built a street railway from Twelfth street to Portland, and run it in opposition to the omnibus line; after a time a compromise was made by running the omnibuses from Twelfth street to other parts of the city, the proceeds of the receipts of which being equally divided, but after a time sold out to them. The produce business was continued, and in 1856, taking W. H.Troxell as a partner, con- solidated with D. Duckwall, of the boat store business, thus forming the firm of Duckw^all, Troxell & Co. Afterwards, in order to give an increase to the business, the firm became interested in several fine steamboats. In 1858, with Alex. Hunter, bought the Connor interest in the New' Albany and Portland Ferries, which interest he still holds. In 1872, upon the dissolution of Duckwall, Troxell & Co., he retired from active business and moved to the country, where he had purchased lands. On the 12th of July, 1875, IMrs. Duckwall died after a brief illness. There were seven chil- dren, three having died when quite young. Mrs. Amelia Kate Duckwall Hunter, the beautiful and accomplished wife of Alex. Hunter, died May 20, 1870. The remaining children, David T. Duckwall, Mrs. E. Laura Fitch and AY. A. Duckwall, .Ir., ate now living. IrViN DUGAN was born June 29, 1846, in Brown County, ( )hio, and is a son of Robert C. and Elizabeth Bryant Dugan, of Scotch- Irish and ^Yelsh extraction respectively. The j former w'as reared a Quaker in Chester County, Pa, and held many important positions of honor and trust in Brown County, Ohio, where he moved in. 1817., When the sidrject w’as five years old his parents removed to Covington, Ky., and in the schools of that city he was principally educated. There his honored father died in 1876; his mother is still living in Louisville, and recently cele- brated her eighty- first birthday. He attended Commercial College at Cincinnati, and at the age of fourteen went to B ilivar, Tenu., where he learned telegraphy, remaining there until the civil war broke out. He then returned to Kentucky, and re-entered the school at Covington. In 1863 he went to Crothers- ! ville, Ind., as telegraph operator for two years, then to Seymour as telegraph opera- tor and ticket agent for two year.=, then to Holly Springs, Miss., and thence to Memphis, Tenn. In 1872 he went on the river, as clerk, and soon became captain of the steamer T. F. Eckert, and four years later was elected pre- sident of the Dugan Towing Transportation and Wrecking Company of Louisville, Ky., which position he held until 1885, in Septem- ber. He came to Louisville in 1876, and also engaged in the .coal business as junior mem- ber of the firm of Dugan & Co. He was 774 BIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES. married in 1883 to Miss Mattie G. Dickson, daughter of Francis W. Jlickson, a retired business man of Louisville. They liave two children: Frank Irwin and Marlin Elizabeth. C’aptain Dugan was appointed Supervising Inspector of Steam Vessels of the Sixth Dis- tiict, by President Cleveland, Sept. 14, 1885, which district embraces the Ohio river from Carrollton, Ky., to Cairo, the Mississippi river from Greenfield Mo., to Greenville, 51iss., and all navijrable waters flowino- in be- tween these points, including the Cumberland, Tennessee, White and Wabash in Indiana, White and Arkansas rivers in Arkansas, and altogether about eight thousand miles of navigable water. Captain Dugan has made a very ellicient and popular inspector, and enjoys the iiniversal respect of his subordi- nates as well as the men whose business brings him in contact with. He was recommended to the President for appointment to the po- sition he now holds, by nearly all the owners and managers of steam-veseels (without regard to politics) from Pittsburgh to New (Jrleans, and by the underwriters at Pittsburg, Cincin- nati, Louisville, Evansville, Ind., St. Louis, Memphis, A'icksburg and New Orleans. He has eight assistant (or local) inspectors, two stationed at each of the following cities: Louisville, Ky., Evansville, Ind., Memphis and Nashville, Tenn., all of whom were ap- pointed by the Secretary of the Treasury upon the recommendation of Captain Dugan, who selected them for their knowledffe, skill and practical experience in the uses of steam for navigation, and their temperate habits and good character. He is very tenacious of the rights of the traveling p)ublic, and his subor- dinate ollicers give him their hearty co-opera- tion. Unless a person be of temperate habits and qualified by experience to perform the duties of an officer on steam-vessels he is refused a license. That Captain Dugan has made no mistake in the selection of his statf- officers is shown by the fact that since he as- sumed the duties of the office more than two and one-half millions of human beino-s have O been carried annually on steam-vessels in his district, with the loss of but one passenger, a record he may well be proud of. CHARLES E. DUNN, one of the exem- plary citizens of Imuisville, is a son of John O. and Augusta (Stansbury) Dunn, the former a native of Washington, D. C., an>l still re- membered by some of the old citizens of Louisville as a steamboat-man, the latter a native of New York City, and a daughter of A. J. Stansbury, a reporter of the National Intelligencer in the United States Senate and House of Representatives. They came to Louisville in 1832, where the subject of this sketch was born, Auo-ust 30, 1840. He was educated in the public schools of Louisville, and mainly through his own exertions ob- tained a good practical education, and in the meantime studied dentistry. In the winter of 1858-59 he attended the Kentucky School of Medicine, and the next winter graduated from the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. He then returned to Louisville, and com- menced the practice of his profession, as assistant of Dr. E. W. Mason, with whom he remained until the fall of 1860, when he started up for himself, and has so continued to the present time, having his office upon the same square — on Second street, between Green and Walnut. He was married in No- vember, 1876 (the ne.xt day after Samuel .1. Tilden -was elected President of the United States), to Miss Susanna Thorpe, of Mount Washington, B.iltimore Co., Jld. She is a daughter of Charles J. R. Thorpe, who was assistant postmaster of Baltimore for many years. Four children have been born to this union, three of whom are living, viz: Oswald T., Susanna and Augusta. One, Louis Cum- mins, died August 20, 1887. Dr. Dunn is one of the leading Freemasons of Louisville, and has passed through all the different grades of the order from the blue lodge to the commandery. He is a Past Master of Abraham Lodge, No. 8; Past High Priest of Louisville R. A. Chapter, No. 5; Past Thrice Illustrious of Louisville Council, No. 4; Past Commander of Louisville Commandery, No. 1; Past Grand High Priest of the Grand R. A. Chapter of Kentucky, and Past Grand Master of the Grand Council of Kentucky, and at present is a member of the Board of Directors of the Masonic Widows’ and Orphans’ Home at R. T. DXJIMIETT BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 777 Louisville. He was elected President of the “ Kentucky State Dental Association,” at the annual meeting June 1, 1875, and served the ensuing year. At the .June meeting 1881, he was elected secretary, to which office he has been re-elected, and served in ever since. REUBEN THOMAS DURRETT, a son of William and Elizabeth Rawlings Darrett, was born in Henry County, Kentucky, .Janu- ary 22, 1824. His grandfather, Francis Durrett, after going through the Illinois cam- paign of 1778-79, under Gen. George Rogers Clark, returned to his home in Virginia, whence the family removed to Kentucky and settled on land selected in Henry County, while it was part of Virginia. Here his father, after early shelter in the conventional log- house of the times, with the labor of his ne- groes, molding brick, sawing lumber, riving shingles, etc., built the first brick house in Henry County, which stands to-day, at the old homestead, two miles north of New Castle, as solid as it w'as when erected nearly a cen- tury ago. The Durretts are of PTench origin, the name having been originally spelt Duret. The family traditions extend back to Louis Duret, an eminent physician who flourished in France duiing- the last half of the sixteenth O century. Some curious old books, published by him and his descendants, have been pre- served all these years in the the family, and are now in the possession of the subject of this sketch. Early in the seventeenth cen- tury, some of the Durets of the Protestant faith, smarting under the effects of the massa- cre of St. Bartholomew, crossed the channel and established themselves in Ennland. In O 1644 Christopher Duret was prominently con- nected with the Baptist Church in London, and his name appears to the address accom- j)anying the Confession of Faith put forth that year. In England the French sound of the letters making Duret as if written Duray^ was lost, and the name pronounced as it was spelled. In the coui’se of time this pronun- ciation was emphasized, by doubling the “ r ” and the “ t,” thus making the name Durrett, as we have it now. About 1730, John Dur rett left England, and making his way across the ocean to Virginia, settled upon a Vact of land which he purchased iir Spottsylvania County. A few years later he was followed by Bartholomew Durrett and Richard Durrett, both of them likewise purchasing lands and settling in Spottsylvania County. These were the ancestors of the Durretts in America, the subject of this sketch claiming descent from his great-grandfather .John Durrett. i\Jr. Durrett, after deriving such advantages as the schools of his native county afforded, was in Georgetown CDllege, Kentucky, from 1844 to 1840. He then went to Brown Uni verbify, in Pi’ovidence, Rho le Island, where he was graduate 1 with the degree of A. B. in 1849, followed in 1853 by the degree of A. M., for continued progress in learning. Immediately after graduating, he began the study of law, and applied himself with such diligence dur- ing the summer and fall of 1849 that he was enabled to combine the two years’ course of the Law Department of the University of Louisville in one, and graduated with the de- gree of LL. B , in 1850. He at once began practice at the I.,ouisville bar, which was con- tinued until 1880, when he felt that his suc- cess had yielded him a sufficient competence on which to retire. During Mr. Durrett’s thirty years at the bar, he never peimitted himself to be drawn aside into politics. In 1852 he was appointed assistant elector on the Scott and Graham ticket, and in this capacity made a number of speeches, and this was the nearest he ever came to holding a political office. He was ever ready to help others to political preferment, but wanted no office for himself, although important ones were more than once within his reach. When Beriah Mao-offin made the race for Governor O of Kentucky in 1859, Mr. Durrett took an active part in his behalf. After his election. Gov. Magoffin sent for him and asked what he could do for h'm. Mr. Durrett having an- swered that he desired no office, the governor responded that he would make him one of his aids anyhow, and after his inauguration sent him a commission as colonel. In this way Mr. Durrett got the epithet of Colonel, which has stuck to him ever since. Mr. Dnrictt de- serves noUce as an orator, a poet, and a writer. His valedictory address when he graduated at 778 BIOaKAtlllCAL SKETCHES. tlie law school in 1850, his Fourth of July oration at the invitation of the City Council of Louisville, in 1852, his address before the Kentucky Mechanics’ Institute in 1856, and his Centennial address at Louisville in 1880, all of which have been published, have been a Imired for their learning and elo(pience. (,)nite a nninber of his speeches in the Court 1 b use have also found their way into the newspapers of the day on account of the im- pression they produced when delivered. lie lias not of late indulged in poetry, but while he was younger he ipiite often wrote verses, and in such style as to impart much jileasure to others, llis “Niaht Scene at Dreimon O Springs” in 1850, his “Thoughts over the ( irave of Rev. Thomas Smith,” in 1852, his “( )ld Year and New in the Coliseum at Rome ” in 1858, and his numerous pieces sometimes full of humor published in the newspapers from 1850 to the beginning of the civil war, entitle him to hitrh rank amoncr our Western poets. It is as a prose writer, however, that .Mr. Durrett’s fame will probably be most lasfiTig. lie began writing for the news- papers as soon as he left college, and has kept it up ever since, though most of his writings have been published anonymously, or as editorials for which he received no cred- it. lie was from 1857 to 1859, editor of the old Louisville Conn'et', and presented his editorials in that paper with such leanung, ability, and fascination of style, as to secure him high raidc among our most popu- lar and effective writers. Of late years his writings have been principally of an historic character, particularly distinguished for origi- nal research and mastery of the sub ject. His articles in the Southern liioouac for March, April and May, 1886, on “The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-99,” may be taken as specimens of the character of his historic writings. In these articles he corrected the errors which three-quarters of a century had thrown around these famous resolutions, and placed them in a new and lasting light that was just to the great men concerned in their production, and responsible for their conse- ipiences. In 1884, a nundDer of gentlemen of Louisville, who took an interest in historic subjects, joined Mr. Durrett in the organiza- tion of a club for the purpose of collecting and preserving the history of Kentucky. This association was called “The Filson Club,” in honor of Jolni Fdson, the first historian of Kentucky. Mr. Durrett was made president of the c'ub, and reijuested to ^prepare and read at its next meeting, a sketch of John Filson. This he did, and the article thus prepared and read, afterwards appeared in print as “Filson Club Publications No. 1.” This is, perhaps, the best production that we have yet had from the pen of Mr. Dun-ett, and its original matter, pleasing style, and attractive appear.anoe will make it a valuable and permanent contribution to to the history of the country. In gratifying his literary taste, Mr. Durrett has collected a large and valuable library — the largest and most valuable private collect- ion perhaps in the West. His collection of Kentucky books h is no equal, he having made it a point to secure every printed work or manuscript written by a Kentuckian, or written about Kentucky or Kentuckians, or containing anything about Kentucky, or that was printed or written in Kentucky. He has also embraced in his “Bibliotheca Kentuckiensis” books which once belonged to eminent Kentuckians, especially of the pio- neer period, and in this line preserved many quaint volumes, much valued by persons of antiquarian taste. AYhile his collection is not so exhaustive with regard to any other State, he has most of the histories of the United States, and of the different States and Terri- tories, and nearly all of the important works knowni as ikmericana. He has also the best histories and standard works of other countries, so that within his own library walls he has all the scources of information he may need in the investigation of any subject to which his attention is directed. This vast collection, moreover, is not selfishly confined to the wants of its owner alone, but is free to the use of every one in search of knowledge. Mr. Durrett is exceptionaly conversant with the contents of his books, and there is nothing in which he takes more pleasure than in making his great library useful to others. In recog- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 779 nitioii of his learning and enterprise in behalf of knowledge, Mr. Durrelt has been made a member of many of the historic associations and learned societies of this country and Europe. He has ahvays been a liberal con- tributor to the deservino' charities of his time, and did more than any one else towards securing for Louisville the only free library now in its midst, havino’ inauo-urated the movement for establishing the Public Library of Kentucky, now' the Polytechnic Society, and remained at the head of the enterprise until the valuable property now occupied on Fourth street was purchased, and the building thereon filled with books and specimens free to the use of every cidzen. Scarcely less beneficial to the public was the establishment of the Louisville Abstract and Loan Associa- tion, now the “Kentucky Title Company,” in which he took a leading part. This institu- tion now enables out citizens to readily ascer- tain whether the title to the property they buy or sell is good or bad, and to cover all doubt by insuring their real estate against loss by defects of title. A plain, quiet, unpre- tending gentleman, of the old Virginia school, not often conspicuously connected with enterprises of a ])ublic character, he has yet, in his own unostentatious way, done an enviable part both as a private and public citizen. In 1852 IMr. Dutrett was married to Miss Elizabeth Humphrey's Pates, only daugh- ter of Caleb and Elizabeth Templeton Pates, of Cincinnati, O. From this union came four children, only one of whom. Dr. ’William Templeton Durrett, survives. HENRY ARTHUR DUVALL, M. D., was born in Louisville, August 18, 1847, and is a son of Claudius and Julia (Mercer) Du- vall. The former w'as born near Annapoli-, Md., May 27, 1814, and came to Louisville in 1836. For years he was a prominent mer- j chant but is now retired, and for the past twenty y'ears has enjoyed in ease the fruits of an industrious and well spent life. In early life, with his mother and brother, when visit- ing her relatives on Kent Island, on the east- ern shore of Maryland, he w'as taken prisoner by the Pritish when their fleet came up the Chesajreake Pay' for the purpose of attacking North Point, near Paltimore, Md., where oc- curred one of the most desperately contested actions of the war of 1812. After comino- O to Imuisville, Claudius Duvall, who had a military education, was commissioned colonel of the militia of the State and assisted in organizing the old Louisville l.egion, which went to the front during the war with Mexico, but the colonel was obliged, by reason of his large and increasing business, to decline going with the Leofion to eno-ao-e in that war. [ IT* O O 1 Henry' Duvall, the grandfather of our subject, was born in ^laryland, and was a captain while his brother Lewis Duvall w'as a colonel in the United States army. Carver Mercer, j maternal grandfather of Dr. II. Arthur Du- j vail, was a native of Virginia, came to Louis- ville at a very early day', owned 300 acres in the w'estern part of the city, and also built the first brick house in its limits. He was a relative of Gen. IMercer, the famous Revolu- tionary hero. Dr. H. Arthur Duvall received his rudimentary education in the best schools of Louisville, Ky.; began the study of medi- cine in 1877, under Drs. Foree and Polling, and graduated from the Hospital Aledicil Col- lege in 1880. He encraged in the general practice of medicine until 1885, wlu n he made a specialty c>f nose, chest and throat disonlers, in the treatment of which he has made a great success. He was ma'ried, in 1875, to iliss Anna P. Crowfoot, a dauo-hter of Frank (A’osv- foot of Louisville, and to this marriage has been born one child, 4\'illiam T. Duvall, who, by the death of his mother when he was three months old, was left to the care of his grandmother Duvall, and by' her was reared, and is now a promising youth of more than usual intelligence and vigor of constitution. The doctor was also successful in the intro- duction of the mechanical massage in the city' of Louisville, Ky., which process is re- garded by' some of the most eminent medical men of the day as a curative agent of extra- ordinary pow'er, and a remarkable improvement i on manual massage. While Dr. Duvall does not claim to be the pioneer in the introduction of massage treatmentof various diseases, he does 1 claim to have brought this treatment not only j to a high degree of perfection but to have met 780 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ■with unusual success in relieving suffering humanity, especially all those cases atnenable to massage treatment. Many chronic as well as stubborn cases have readily yielded to mas- sage treatment in the skillful hands of Dr. n. Arthur Duvall, and it is destined at an early day to become one of the most impor- tant factors in the medical ])rofessioii for the relief of diseases to which man is subjected. GEO. B. KASTJN comes of good old Vir- ginia stock, who came early to Kentucky. Ilis father, Augustine Eastin, was a soldier of the war -of 1812, and came to Kentucky immedi- ately after leaving the army; his mother was Nancy Bryan, a daughter of William Bryan (of Bryan’s Station), a brother-in-law to Daniel Boone. The subject was horn in Fay- ette County, August 19, 1842. At the age of thirteen he entered Transylvania Univers- ity, where he remained three years; he then spent two years at Georgetown, and gradu- ated from Kenyon College in 1891. In the same fall he entered the Confederate army, in Morgan’s command, and served with him through the war. He went in as a private, was promoted to lieutenant, in which capacity he served a year and a half, and was then promoted to captain. In 1806 lie ' came to Louisville, and the next year graduated from the law dejiartment of the University of Louisville, and was admitted to the bar. He has practiced alone most of the time, but in ,Ian- uary, 1885, he became a partner of .fudge Thomas A. Hargis; he is also attorney for the Kentucky National Bank. Mr. Eastin was married, in 1808, to Miss Fanny Castle- man, a daughter of David Castleman of Fay ette County. LOUIS ' ECKSTENKEMPEll (deceased), was born in Steele, Germany, August 1, 1822. lie came to America in about 1848, and directly to this city. For a few years after his arrival he engaged in several kinds of business, and by careful management was able to save up the necessary means to enable him to enter the lumber trade, which he did in | 1800, having conducted a grocery business for the twelve years immediately previous. He married Franziska Pleiman in this city, .lune 17, 1851. They have six children j living: Louis, ,Ir., Alatilda, Amalie, Alice, Edw'ard and George. Matilda married Fred. Albright, of Shaw & Albright, shoe manu- facturers and dealers; Amalie married William 4Vinkler, wholesale grocer, of this cityn Mr. Eckstenkemper died of typhoid fever May 29, 1880, highly esteemed by all his fellow citizens, his loss being severly felt by the people of Louisville, where for eighteen years he had served as director in the German Insurance Bank; also as president of the Louisville Wharehouse Company. He was twice elected a member of the city School Board; was vice-president of the Liederkranz society for fifteen years, and a member of the same society' for twenty-five years. He was during most cf his life in this city a worthy member of the Free and Accepted Masons, and for many years a member of the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows, whose mem- bers, by his death, lost a bright link in the chain that binds them to earth, but in whose memory his many virtues will ever be kept green. .lUDGE ISAAC W. EDWARDS was born in Barren County, Ky., September 19, 1832, and is a son of Isaac N. and Ann E. (Bohannon) Edwards, natives respectively of North Carolina and Virginia, the former coming to Kentuck-yr in an early day. He came of W’^elsh stock, and was an active citi- zen, and died in 1867. The subject of this sketch was born on a farm, and reared in the country until he was seventeen years of age. He received such education as the common schools of that time afforded, and to supple- I ment this lie commenced teaching as soon as ' he felt capable of taking a country school, j By the meager salary thus obtained he was enabled to spend a year (session of 1852-53) ! at Georgetown College. In the meantime ; r> O * he read law as he could find time, in his leisure hours, until the summer of 1855, when he went into the law office of his uncle, .1. S. Bohannon, at Mumfordville, Ky. In the spring of 1850, he was admitted to part- nership with his uncle, which w.xs continued for two years, and then dissolved by mutual consent. Mr. Edwards continued to practice law in Mumfordville, until 1803, when he BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 'S3 formed a j artnership with William Sampson, at Glasgow, afterward a Judge of the Court of Appeals. About the close of 1800, he came to Louisville and formed a partnership avith Andy Barrett, which lasted for seven years. In 1880 he was elected Judge of the Louisville Chancery Court; was re-elected in 1880, which position he now holds. When the Vice-chan- cellors Court was established, now the Law and Equity Court, he was tendered the judgeship of it, which he declined; also, when Chancellor T. B. Cochrane died, he declined appointment to the position thus made vacant, preferring the active practice of his profession. From his admission to the liar in 1850 up to the time of his rroinaf on the bench in 1880, he practiced continuously, except during Mayor Jacobs’ second term, when he was induced to accept the position of Chief of Police. While still living in Hart County he was appointed County Attorney and County Commissioner of Schools for four years. Judge Edwards is essentially a self-made mair. He has attained to eminence as a lawyer and as a judge in the Chancery Court, one of the most important courts of Louis\ ille, he has won a name equal to that of any of his predecessors. He was married in 1854 to IMiss Louisa Wiltberger, of Chicago, who died the year following. In 1865, he was married to Miss Julia Gilpin, of Louisville. Two children were born of this marriage, viz; William S. and Ora Lee. CHARLES G. EDWARDS, dentist at 442 West Walnut street, is a native of Green- ville, Ala., and wms born in the year 1842. He is a son of Richard H. and Ann E. Edwards, natives of Virginia. The former in 1837 went to Alabama on horseback, then the usual mode of traveling, parsing through Kentucky. Upon his arrival in Alabama he commenced practicing medicin?, which pro- fession he had adopted. Remaining there three years, he returned to Virginia, and married Miss Ann E. Edwards, a daughter of Dr. Charles G. Edwards, a prominent physician of Loudoun County, Va. He then went back to Alabama and resumed the practice of medicine. After four years, he returned to Virginia, w’here he now practices his profes- sion. He served in the Confederate army. throughout the war, as surgeoir of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was a graduate of Jefferson Medical College. The subject of this sketch received a good practical education, studied dentistry, and graduated from Balti- more College of Dental Surgery. He com- menced practice in Leesburgh, Va., where he remained until 1875. He then came to liOuis- j ville, and has practiced here ever since, and is a professor in the Louisville College of Den- tistry, established in 1887. He entered the Confederate army in 1801, then but nineteen years of age, and served through the war. He was in the first battle of Bull Rull, where he was dangerously wounded. After his recovery he was transferred to the Eighth Vir- ginia with his father, remaining in that regi- ment until the close of the wmr. Dr. Edwards w'as married in 1872 to Miss Lida A. Perkins, daughter of Rev. E. T. Perkins, Rector of St. Paul’s Church, Louisville. They have ! three children living, viz: Edmund P., Ida M. I and Harry G. j J. L. ESCHMANN is a native of Prussia, j and was born July 22, 1830. He came to the ! United States in 1840, and located in Cin- cinnati, O. In 1850 he came to Louisville, [ and formed a copartnership for the manufact- I ure of furniture with Henry Grevy and Will- r iam Buhrlage, under the firm name of Grevy, ' BuhrDge & Co.; in 1870 it changed to Esch- j rnann, Buhrlage & Co., and in 1 880 was merged j into a stock company — the Kentucky Furni- I ture Company — with Mr. Eschmann as presi- ! dent. He was married in Cincinnati, in 1855, to Miss Louisa Roader, a native of Cincinnati. ! They have four living children, viz: Henry .1., .luliet B., Mattie B. and Emma F. jMr. Esch- mann is an energetic and enterpiising citizen, and takes an active interest in the welfare i and prosperity of his adopted city. THOMAS B. FAIRLEIGH was born in I Meade County, Ky,, January 27, 1837, and is a son of William and Elizabeth (Enlow) Fair- ! leigh, early settlers of Hardin County, and oiiginally from Maryland. The former, Will- iam Fairleigh, was made county and circuit I clerk of Meade County, upon its organization, j and held both offices for thirty-five years, and ! Circuit Clerk for nine years more, making a BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 7 84 total of forty-three years contirrous service in the oflice. He was born in 1797, and died in 18B5. The subject of this sketch was reared in Meade County, and was educated at Eliza- beth Academy, and at Brandon College. He studied law and graduated from the law department of the University of Louisville, in 1858, and at once began practice at Brandenburg, Ky. In ISOl, when the war clouds gather ed over the country, he recruited Company G, of the Twenty-sixth Kentucky Infantry, and on the 5th of IMay, 1862, was promoted to major; on the 12th of June fol- lowing, to lieutenant- colonel of the regiment, and January 8, 1865, was promoted to colonel. At the close of the war he came to Louisville, where he has since practiced his profession. He was married, in 1869, to Miss Alice Graham, of Meade County. They have one child, Ellen G. DAVID \V. FAIRLEIGH wm born in Breckinridge County, November 28, 1858, and is a son of .James I..<. and .Jane (Murray) Fairleigh, the former a native of Hardin County, and the latterof Breckinridge County. His great-grandfather, Andrew Jfairleigh, was a native of Maryland, of English descent; his grandfather, William Fairleigh, came to Iven- tucky in early times, settling in Hardin County, ^^'hen Meade County was organized in 1823, he Irecame county and circuit clerk, which positions he held continuously until his death in 1865. Subject’s paternal grand- father, Col. David R. Murray, was one of the most prominent citizens of Breckinridge Coun- ty, and one of its early settlers. .James Jj. Fairleigh (father of our subject) succeeded his father' as clerk of the Meade courts, and is now cashier of the Meade County Deposit Bank. David W. Ir’aiilcigh, the subject of this sketch, was educated at Biairdenbirrg, atrd at Rockport (Ind.) Academy. He read law -with his uncle. Col. Thonras B. P^airleio-h, of JjOtrisville, and with .James W. I^ewls, Esq., of Brarrdeirburg. He was adnritted to the bar iir 1874, and began practice in J./Ouisville. The rrext year he located at Brandenlmrg, where he practiced in the coirits of Meade aird adjoining counties rrntil 1887, when he re- turneil to J.ouisville, aird opened a law olhce. He is a young marr of btilliarrce arrd promise, arrd a lawyer with few equals of his own age. He was married irr 1878 to Miss Emma Ditto, of Meade County. They have four children. .JUDGE EMMET FIELD was born in this city October 28, 1841, arrd is a son of Will- iam II. and Mary (Young) Field. The former was bortr in Crrlpeper Courrty, Va., brrt came to Jventucky, and located at AVest lYint. He w’as a lawyer arrd served in the State Senate under the old corrstitirtion; he died iir 1861, having renroved to Missouri some ten years before. The subject of this sketch, Jirdge Field, was edrrcated in Missorrri, irr West- minster College. He came to Louisville irr 1864, and the rrext year graduated from the Ijouisville ]>aw School. He commerrced prac- tice at Springfield, Ky., where he remairred two year's, and then retirrrred to Jjorrisville, practicing law in the courts here rrrrtil 1886, when he was elected judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1884 he accepted the chair of “ Pleadings” arrd “ J^aw of Coirtracts” irr the J^ouisville T^^aw School, which he has since held. He was married, irr 1869, to Miss Sue McElroy, of Spiirrgfield, Ivy. THEODORE D. FINCK, M. D., is a son of C. Herrry and JJzzie (.Jacob) Firrck, rratives of Hanover, Germany, arrd Ijouisville, Ky. His rrraternal grandfather, Darriel Jacob, carrre from Baltimore to J^ouisville in 1832, arrd Iris father carrre to Louisville irr 1845. The lat- ter engaged in the wholesale liquor busirress, atrd irr his day was one of the most prosperous atrd prominerrt Gertnatr citizens of J.,ouisville. He was a most zealous and active Mason, and subscribed the first sutrr (^51,000) to the )>uild- itrg of the Masonic Widows’ atrd Orphans’ Horrre, the rrrost rrragnificent charity oir the American corrtirrerrt. He died in 1879. The srrbject of this sketch was born in Lortisville, March 9, 1868, arrd was brorrght up and edu- cated in this city irnder a private tutor. Prof. Steffirr, formerly of Annaopolis College. He comrrreirced the strrdy of trredicirre urrder Di'. Ochterlong, when but sixteen years of age, and entered the Jventucky School of Mediciire, from which he gradrrated irr 1882; he also at- tended lectures irr the medical departmeirt of the Urrivcrsity of Jjcrtisville. He went to V . v**- . . ■■ 1 I ■ I ii ■’I f 1 1 -X r- V. , V- ■( . 'l.- -•r* ' \ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 787 Europe in 1883, and was made a member of the International Congress for Kentucky. He received certificates from Vienna Col- leges; took a hospital course in London; studied at Strasburg, Heidelburg and Berlin. He returned to America in the latter part of 1884, and has practiced since in Louisville. He was assistant in pathology in Hospital Medical College — branch of Central Univer- sity. He is an honorable member of the State Medical Society, of the Louisville Medical Society, and also of the ^Mississippi Valley Medical Association. CHARLES C. FISHER was born in the city of Louisville, April 13, 1857. His father, Warford Fisher, was a native of .Jefferson County, Ky., and married Miss Sarah Abbott, March 9, 1854. He was a member of the Independent tLvalry Company, of l^ouisville, and was killed by the “ bushwhackers” in Owen County, Ky., June 11, 1862. Subject’s mother died December 4, 1874. .lames W. Fisher, the grandfather of Charles C., was born in Shelby County, Ky,, October 27, 1812; was taken to Indiana by his parents, when, through the forests of that State roamed bear, wolf and panther; after living there thirteen years he returned to Kentucky, mar- ried Elizabeth Morgan, then a widow, who was born in 1797, and died July 19, 1887; he survives her, but the world is total dark- ness to him. CART. JOHN L. FOSTER, a representa- tive citizen of Bullitt County, was born in Jefferson County, .January 13, 1837. His father was James Foster, a native of Nelson County, Ky., was born May 5, 1796, and was a member of one of the early and prominent families of the State. His wife, mother of this sketch, was Nancy Jones. Her parents were from Pennsylvania, and settled early in Kentucky. Her marriage to James Foster occurred October 26, 1822. To this mar- riage w’ere born fifteen children. The subject of this sketch, John J.., was the eleventh born, reared to manhood on the farm, and received a liberal education in the public schools of Bullitt County. The civil war coming on he took sides with the Union, and in 1861 joined the Fifteen Kentucky Infantry, as a private in Company D, but for his gallantry and meritorious conduct as a soldier, he was soon promoted to the captaincy of the company. This position he filled with honor to his country and himself till .January, 1865, wdien he was mustered out by expiration of contract. At the battle of Perryville he was severely wounded, being shot through the lungs, and on four other occasions he received severe wounds from the enemy’s guns. At the close of the war he returned to his native county, and was married April 4, 1865, to Miss Elizabeth Russell, of Indiana. He w^as soon after appointed to an important position in the Internal Revenue Service, which he held for eleven years, being forced to resign through the illness of his family. He now superin- tends his farm, owning a large tract of land in Bullitt County and another valuable farm in .Jefferson County and tracts elsewhere. He has had nine children in his family; Barbara D., James K., born April 24, 1868, died April 16, 1885; Nancy E., Bettie E. (de- ceased), Bessie May, Hattie Belle, Ruby Pearle, Sarah 1^. and Anna Victoria. Captain Foster resides about two and a half miles southwest of Brook’s Station, and is an exem- plary citizen who stands high among his fellows. .JOHN Ft )5VLER was born in Louisville, October 9, 1842, and is a son of Thomas and Elizabeth Fowler, both of whom were natives of England; thev emigrated from that country directly to J^ouisville, Ivv., and arrived in Iventucky about the time the sub- ject was born. John Fowler was brought up and educated in the city schools of the city of Louisville and has lived there all the time, excepting during the war, when he was in the Federal army, a mend^er of Company M, Sixth Iventucky Volunteer Cavalry, in which com- pany he enlisted as a private soldier; he was promoted to fourth sergeant, then to color- sergeant then to first sergeant and finally to second lieutenant; he also veteranized with his company, and was with it continuously during its service until about two months before the close of the war, he being absent in the hospital at that time. He had command of his company at the battle of Chickamauga, 788 ' BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. mustered thirtj-two men in the morning of going into battle and at night had only four- teen to answer roll-eall. JOHN G. FH()MAN was born in Bullitt County, Ky., May 14, 1842. Ilis father, .leremiali FroniaTi, was also born in Bullitt County, Mai'cli 8, 1818, the Froman family being among the fii’st who settled in Kentucky. The subject’s motlier was Amantla Graham, and w'as inariied to Jeremiah Froman in 1840, and they have born to them fourteen children, .John G. being the second born. He was reared on the fai’in, receix ing a common-school education. His father beinof both a farmer and blacksmith, he learned the tiadeof black- smithing. October 7, 1861, he volunteered in Com]>any B, Thirty-fonrtli Mounted Ken- tucky Infantry (C. S. A). July 4, 1864, he was married to Miss Sai'ah Snellen, a daughter of Zachariah and Charlotte Snellen. ALVERADO E. FUNK was born in Bullitt County, .June 17, 1859, and is a son of AVilliam R. Funk, a native of Nelson County, Ky., who was Iroiii .laniiary 18, 1822, and who married Sarah McDonald. Alverado E. Funk w'as married to Miss Alice V. Holsclaw, February 22, 1883. Mrs. Funk died May 5, 1885, the mother of two chil- dren. Mr. Funk was next married to Miss Eugenia Holsclaw, in 1886. Mr. Funk was educated at Bardstown College, and gradu- ated from that institutirm. After leaving college he taught for awhile, but is now an extensive fruit gi-ower of Bullitt County. HAMILTON FIIRG ANSON was Irorn Auo-ust 7, 1829, and is the eicrhth son of Samuel Fui-ganson, who w'as born in North Carolina, in 1794. Hamilton Furgansorr mar- ried Miss Mary Ann Parker, February 22, 1854. She was boiai in .Jefferson County February 22, 1835, and is the third child of .John and Mary Parker, the former' of whom is still living at the advanced age of seventy- eight years. Hamilton Furganson is a farmer, and is highly respected by his neighbors. SAAIUEI. H. GARVIN, M. D., was born in Louisville July 23, 1839, and is a son of Joshua and Eliza (Mitton) Garvin, natives of County Cavan, Ireland, who came to J^ouis- ville in 1832. Mr. Garvin was educated in the Episcopalian belief, while his wife was brought up a Quaker. Soon after arriving in this country both Mr. Garvin and his wife connected themselves with the Christian chur'ch, and continued devout members of that denomination until, their death. Mr. Garvin wars engaged as a dry goods mer- chant up to w’ithin a few years of his death, which occurred in 1877. Dr. Garvin, the subject of this sketch, is the yovrngest of tw'O sons, the only living children of this family. He was educated in the schools of Louisville. In 1859 he began the study of medicine, and in 1861 graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine, and in 1864 from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College of New AMrk. In 1871 he visited Europe, and studied his pro- fession in the various European hospritals. He has been actively engaged in the practice of medicine since he graduated. In 1869 he married Miss Mary E. Kendrick, a daughter of the late AVilliam Kendrick, a prominent and well known citizen of Louisville. They have three children. HON. JOHN T. GATHRIGHT, surveyor of customs for the port of Louisville, is a native of Shelby County, Ky., and was born Auorust 11, 1841. He is a son of Owen and Eliza A. (Austin) Gathright, the former a native of Shelby County, and the latter of Oldham County, and both descended from prominent families of Kentucky. Subject’s paternal grandfather came from A^irginia, and his maternal grandfather from Alaryland. The latter was wdtb Gen. .lackson at New Orleans, and died at the age of eighty-eight years. The Garthrights are of Scotch- Irish extrac- tion, and the family pedigree can be traced back two hundred years prior to the Ameri- can Revolution. Owen Garthright (subject’s father) came to Louisville in 1858, and for a time conducted a hotel. He w^as also en- gaged in the stove and tinware business, which he discontinued at the cPse of the war. He has been married for fifty years, and both he and his wife are living. .Jolin T. Gath- right, the subject of this sketch, is the second son (his brother, James R., was killed at the battle of Alurphysboro, in the C. S. A. army). He was brought up on the farm in Shelby I ’‘W. ' .V. V 'b' BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. County until he was fifteen years old, when : he came to Louisville and entered school in j 1856, two years before his father moved to ! the city. He enlisted in Company A, Twen- j ty-second Kentucky Infantry (Federal), and | on the organization the regiment was made o 1 quartermaster’s sergeant, but soon after was j promoted to first-lieutenant, and afterward to ; captain of Company H. He resigned in 1808 j and came home and was appointed colonel of , the Sixty-fourth Regiment of State Guards, and shortly after was placed in command of ten refifiments of the State ililitia, which he held until the close of the war. When the j war closed he engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1879, when he was elected to the State I senate for four years. In this new field he became one of the most energetically work- ing members of the body. In the first session he was chairman of the Committee of Internal Improvement, and in the second session chair- man of the Committee on Banks and Insur- ance. In both of these important positions he discharged his duties with credit and general satisfaction to all, and in the latter he particularly distinguished himself by in- augurating various needed reforms in his district, as well as in the State at large. He ^ introduced a bill, and succeeded in getting it j passed, amending the general statutes of the j State regulating the compensation of county officers, and a similar measure for the city of ) Lorrisville. In 1885 he was appointed by President Cleveland surveyor of customs for the port of Lorrisville. For this appointment he received the hearty endorsement of the | business men of Lorrisville, as well as warm testimonials from all parts of the State, such as the following from Hon. I). W^. Lindsey, of Frankfort: “Since the war Mr. Gath- right has been an active and industrious business man in Louisville, Ky., and has always enjoyed, as he was entitled to, the confidence and respect of his community, and of all who knew him, being once elected to orrr State senate. Mr. Gathright has been, | and is, in polities, a consistent Democrat, while the writer has been a Republican.” ! Col. Gathright was married in November, i 1864, to Miss Sallie Dunlap, of Shelby Coun ' 7!)1 ty. He is a prominent member of the Pres- byterian church, and has been an elder for eighteen years. For the past six or eight years he has devoted much time to the devel- opment of the resources of the State ; was one of the original promoters of Louisville, St. Louis & Texas RaiLvay, now about com- pleted, and through his efforts, both in the State senate and as a citizen, the attention of many capitalists has been drawn to the rich mineral and timber regions of the State which are now being developed sf> rapidly, and was always active in measures looking to the advancement of the business and manufactur- ing interest of the city of Louisville or State of Kentucky. JAMES C. GILBERT was born at Jack- son, Mo., December 12, 1832, but, if not a Kentuckian born, is descended from a good old Kentucky family, his maternal grand- father, James Duncan, having been one of the early settlers of Louisville. His father died when the subject was still quite 'young, and his mother removed to Salem, Ind. Here James grew to manhood, received a good p’^actical education, and was apprenticed to the printers’ trade, and learned to set type under the watchful eye of 5Ir. Oliver Lucas. He came to Louisville about 1847. He is the practical head of one of the largest printing houses in Louisville, or the South, and one of the sound and enterprising business men of the city. For a number of years he has been an important factor in Louisville politics. He was long a member of the school board, and for nearly two decades has been a member of the council; under Mayor Baxter’s adminis- tration he was for two years president of the board of aldermen, is now again serving in that position, and succeeded the late Hon. .lames Trabue as president of the Sinking Fund commissioners. He married Miss Em- ma B. Hoe, of Louisville. ADAM GIVEN, 51. D., was born in Bath County, 5^a., October 15, 1829, and is a son of Henry and Nancy (Mustoe) Given, natives of Virginia, and the former a soldier in the war of 1812. The Mustce family is of Eng- lish origin, Anthony Mustoe, subject’s grand- father, having emigrated from England to BIOGHAPHICAL SKETCHES. ^'irginia in an early day. Dorothea Chamb- ers, wife of Anthony, was of German descent. The Givens are Scotch-] risli. The grand- mother (iMiss Bratton) was Scotcli. The sul)ject was reared on a farm, and educated at Idttle Levels Academy in Virginia, where lie took a regular course. He read medicine, and cominor West, attended his first course of lectures at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1858-59, and graduated at Chicago Medi- cal College in 1804. He located at Wood- stock, Ills., in 1859, and practiced there until 1895, when he came to fvouisville. At the close of the war he was actinur assistant sur- O geon, U. S. A. Since 1879 he has taken up the practice of homceojiathy, and is a member of the American Institute of Honueopathy. He was married .Inly 19, 1853, to IMiss Caro- line Benson, of Highland County, Va. They have two chihlren — Mustoe Bratton and Elmer Benson. W^ILLI AM E. GLOVER. A well balanced and well stored mind, a life full of useful purpose, whatever position it may occupy, is of far greater importance than the average re- spectability of the world; and when the pos- sessor of these qualities has achieved success in the business world by means of them, he is doubly worthy of our appreciative regard. These remarks fitly apply to the gentleman whose name heads this article. For more than half a century he was identified wi h the progress and prosperity of this city, and we are largely indebted to him for the reputation we still enjoy for the manufacture of superior boat machinery. These considerations, aside Irom the virtue of his life, his intelligence, public spirit, and pliilanthropy, fully entitle him to an honorable mention in the industrial history of his ado])ted city. W^illiam E. Glover was born in Mason County, Ky., No- vember 28, 1801. At the age of sixteen he came to Louisville, a poor lad as far as money or education was concerned, but rich in re- spect to health, mental vigor, and a determi- nation t(j work out for himself a position in life that would command respect. He ap- prenticed himself to learn the trade of a t)lacksmith, and served until he obtained his majority, and having during his term of serv- ice devoted his spare time to the acquisition of mechanical and scientific knowledge, he now had the satisfaction of passing muster as a competent engineer. Having obtained a situation on one of the boats enoraged in the lower river trade, he followed that vocation for several years; anti as may be expected from the studious habits that characterized him during his apprenticeship, he diligently applied himself to his calling till he was thoroughly acepiainted with combination of excellencies required to make a perfect ma- rine engine; and there is no doubt but the practical experience thus gained made him a successful competitor with the best engine- builders of Pittsburgh and Cincinnati. About 1833 or 1834, Mr. Glover left the river and engaged in blacksmithing on Market street, and soon acquired a reputation for those dif- ficult pieces of forging, etc., which are never offered to inferior workmen; and having suc- cessfully conducted this branch till 1836 or thereabouts, he formed a partnership with Messrs. Lachlan McDougall and William Inman, for the purpose of establishing a foun- dry. Purchasing the foundry premises of Shreve Brothers, on Main, near Ninth street, they commenced on a moderate scale and in a general way, occasionally building an engine. It was not long, however, before the excel- lency of their work brought them all of this class of business they coidd attend to. In 1838 they built the engines for the steamboats “Diana” and “Edward Shippin,” and al- though done at a pecuniary loss, these two contracts established the fact that machinery for steamboats could be built at Louisville as well as Cincinnati and Pittsbmgh. This may be fairly claimed as the ince[)tion of what afterward became a large branch of our in- dustry — the braiding of large and fast steam- boats — and was the means of attracting much trade to the city that hitherto had gone elsewhere. During his conirection with the foundry business, which extended through a period of thirty years, he was universally suc- cessful, and although many changes took place in the firm he continued to hold Ids interest till its dissolution. Promiirent among those who were associated with him during this GLOVER. "S'- '' \ ?«•-., .V- ;•/ I % BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 795 protracted period were Messrs. Gault, Ainslie, and Cochran. Up to 1861 he remained at his old stand where he had done an extensive and lucrative business as a manufacturer in iron. As a historic fact we may mention that the first gas-works for Louisville were built by him, in 1840. At tlie time referred to, however, he saw that the long threatened storm of civil war had at last burst upon us, and concludinof that trade, commerce and manufacturing would be fearfully depressed before the close of the conflict, he closed up his business and converted his work-shops into a tobacco warehouse, known then as the “ Boone Warehouse,” named after the irreat p . Kentucky pioneer and adventurer. As in his previous business, he was successful to a de- gree little anticipated; and although all his operations were on commission, their extent was such that it brought him a handsome in- ! come, and had he not previously laid the foundation of and built up a fortune, he could certairdy have done it then. Aside from the benefits accruing to the city from his energy and enterprise, we may truthfully say that he was ever ready to lend his aid for the further- ance of every good work. The soundness of his judgment, the excellency of his manage- ment, and the integrity of his conduct pointed him out as a suitable person to be in the direction of almost every corporate body with which he was ever connected. He was for many years a bank director, a member of the city council, a representative in the State legislature, a trustee of the University of Louisville, besides holding other offices of a similar nature. In the summer of 1872 he was attacked with that intractable form of skin disease known as lichen tropicus, and for more than a year he not only suffered an indescribable torture, but was in a great measure deprived of appetite and sleep. This i was sufficient to break down a young and : vigorous person, and of course at his advanced age it told with rapid and fatal effect. He j resorted to the hot springs of Arkansas in i search of relief, but although the skin affec- j tion was greatly relieved, he had a return of the asthma in consequence of it. This was precisely what he had predicted several months previously. Rapid inroads were now made upon his otherwise vigorous constitu- I tion, and on the hrst of October, 1873, he I died at the residence of his son-in-law, John I L. Hikes, Esq., in his seventy-second year. I He was twice married, and left five sons and ! two daughters to mourn the loss of a kind j and indulgent parent. In all the relations of his life Mr. Glover conducted himself in a manner that commanded the respect of his fellow-citizens, and it gives us pleasure to i record his name amonfif the list of worthies ! who laid the foundation of our prosperity and now sleep with their fathers. ALBERT G. GLtJYER, the subject of this sketch, is a son of the late William E. Glover, who was a very remarkable man. The elder Glover \vas born in 1801, at the mouth of the Limestone river, in Kentucky. He is therefore the descendent of “ the Maysville man,” and the “ Maysville man” is known the world over. When the Prince of Wales vis- ited New York he was very naturally well entertained, at the suggestion of the Presi- dent of the L'nited States. There was some excitement on the occasion about a pop- ular Broadway hotel as Col. R. C. Winter- smith and Col. John Thompson Gray walked \q) the street that day. Col. Gray said “What’s going on?” Col. Wintersmith re- plied that it was a demonstration in honor of the Prince of Wales. Col. Gray said, “AYell, there will be a man from Maysville conspicu- ous ill the demonstration,” and sure enough, they found, when they reached the St. Nicho- las Hotel, that Gen. “Bull” Nelson was in the carriacfe with Albert Edward, the Prince of AYales. Kentucky is the birthplace of many great and good men, and Maysville can claim her share of the best of them. Albert G. Glover was born in Louisville, December 14, 1847, and received his education in the private schools of that city. His first venture was with his father in the tobacco commission and warehouse business, until his father re- tired upon a competency. Albert then be- came associated with his brothers and Dr. D. P. AYhite in the same business in which he had been engaged with his father, and they were owners of the Boone Tobacco Y"are- 79(5 BlOGRAPH-ICAL SKETCHES. lioiise. In 1S78 he witluJrew from tliis firm and engaged in the manufacture of chewing and smoking tohacco upon a large scale. In 1877 he abandoned that business and became a handler and transferrer of leaf tobacco. Althoucrh tliese have been his well known oc- r? cupations, he has been engaged in many pub- lic entei-prises, and has done much to develop the Inisiness ])ros])erity of the city. While he has never sought any prominence, he is re- garded as a man of the hio-hest and strictest honor, and, in tliat respect, is a fair representa- tive of the name of Glover, which is the syno- nym of all that is honorable and upright. C. C. GODSFIAW, M. 1)., is of French origin, but was born in Louisville, February 9^ 1853. He is a son of J\1 orris and Esther God- shaw, natives of Lorraine, France, and who came to this country fifty years ago. The elder Godshaw is one of the old and promi- nent merchants of Louisville, and was in the (pieensware and chinaware business for forty years; he is still living and is seventy-eight years of age. The svdrject, Dr. Godshaw, was brought up and educated in this city, gradu- ating from the Male High School in 1871. He read medicine under the supervision of 1 )rs. Cowlino- and Cummins, and entered the medical department of Louisville University, from which he graduated in 1874. As a fur- ther qualification for the profession he had chosen, he studied in the hospitals of New York for a year, and in 1875 went to Europe, studying in the hospitals of I./Ondon, Paris^ Vienna and Berlin, taking a thorough course in medicine and surgery; also devoting special attention to the diseases of women and chil- dren. xAfter al)out three years spent in Europe, he returned to Louisville. He is a member of the hospital medical staff — and obstetrician to the City Hospital. Dr. Godshaw was mar- ried January 31, 1877, to Sidonia Marcus, of Louisville. Three children is the result of this marriage. J(.)HN GOODMxAN, M. 1)., was born in Frankfort on the 22d of July, 1837, and is a son of John and .lane (Winters) Goodman, the former a native of Germany and the latter of Maryland. His father came to Kentucky in 1801, and located at Lexington, and five jears later moved to Frankfurt. He was a music teacher by profession, and died in 1848 at the age of seventy years. Subject was the only son, and was brought up in Frankfort, and in Woodford County. He entered Georgetown College in 1854, and graduated in the junior- class of 185(>. He came to Louisville the same year, and read medicine with Dr. Louis Rogers; attended two courses of lectures in the University of Louisville; in 1859 gradu- ated from the University of Louisiana at New Orleans, and has since pi-acticed the profes- sion in Louisville. He was for eleven years (up to five years ago) professor of obstetrics in Louisville Medical College, and for four years in the Kentucky School of Medicine. He was one of the originators of the Board of Health; he was one of the charity com- missioners for three years, and twenty-one years physiciarr to the House of Refuge. He was married in 1859 to Miss Carolirre, daughter of Dr. Herrry Miller. She died in 1882, and he was next rnar-ried, in 1884, to Mrs. Reeseta' .lones Kalfus, daughter of R. R. .lories. E. ALFRED GRANT, .1r., general agent of the Imperial Life Insurance Company of Detroit, Mich., w^as born June 24, 1860, in Louisville, Ky. He is a son of Dr. E. A. Grant, one of Kentucky’s most prominent surgeons, who ranks high among the learned men of the country ; was one of the founders and now the secretary of the Polytechnic Society of Kentucky. E. Alfi-ed Grant, Jr., the subject of this sketch, was reared in Louisville, and educated in her public schools, finishino- at the Male High School. He com- mencecl his commercial life as office boy in the plow factory of Brinly, Miles & Hardy, and in less than a year was traveling irr their interest. For several years he occupied the same position with the well known house of B. F. Avery & Sons. He resigned his posi- tion with them and took the local agency for an insurance company, and in six months was offered and accepted the general agency of the Imperial Life Insurance Company, with whom he has since been connected. Mr. Grant was married in October, 1883, to Miss BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 79t Eloise Hiter, of Woodford County, daughter of D. P. Hiter, and niece of Hon. .John M. Harlan of the U. S. Supreme Court. JOHN W. GREEN was born in Hender- son County, Ivy., October 18, 1841, and is a son of Hector and Louisa (Reiggles) Green, natives of Fauquier County, Ya., and Boston, jMass. The former removed to Henderson County, Ky., and was county surveyor for a number of years, afterwards book-keeper for George Blanchard. Later he removed to Meade County, where he died. The subject of this sketch lived with his father until he was eleven years of age. He was educated in the high schools, and upon graduating be- came a clerk for A. D. Hunt & Co., bankers, remainino- with them until 1861. Early in O that year he went to Florence, Ala., where he remained until the fall, when he returned to Kentucky, and at Bowling Green joined Col. Tom Hunt’s regiment. After the close of the war he returned to Louisville, and was en- o-ao’ed ao'ain in Hunt’s bankingf house, iir which he finally became a partner. He after- w’ard became a partner with Morton, Galt & Co. AYhen this firm discontinued business, in 1879, Mr. Green commenced business as a stock and bond broker, with his brother, David L., as a p>artner. He was married in 1881 to Miss Anna Ames, of Louisville. JOHN E. GREEN, president of the Second National Bairk of Louisville, Ky., is widely known throughout the South and ^Yest as one of the most eminently capable and thorough young business men south of the Ohio river. He is the son of Dr. Norvin Green, the distinguished president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and was born July' 8, 1849, on his father’s plan- tation in Henry County', Ky., near the town of Eminence. He came to Louisville at an early age to attend school ; was a close student and advanced rapidly, although he was not one of the precocious kind, and got at the subject matter of his lessons only by hard thought and faithful application. His mind was all the time turned to affairs of commerce, however, and it is possible that he gave quite as much attention to the finan- cial departments of the daily papers as he did to his algebra and Latin grammar. At all events he had not been in the high school a great while before it occurred to him that there was a place in the busy' world of com- merce for at least one more pushing y'oung man and indicated as much to his father. Dr. Green expressed no desire to keep the youth at his books, which he had mastered loner ag-o, and promised to make a place for him. Yery soon after this a sy'ndicate of well known business men incorporated the Louisville Car ^Yheel Manufactory and .John E. Green was elected secretary. It is a fact worthy of ob- servation that the projectors of this enter- prise have all become men of eminent dis- tinction. Among them were Dr. Norvin Green, president of the Western Union, Dr. E. D. Standiford, formerly president of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company and afteiuvards a millionaire (now deceased); Albert Fink, the trunk line pool commis- sioner; R. S. Yeech who owns the famous Indian Hill stud farm near Louisville and who made a fortunate tilt in Louisville, New Albany & Chicago railroad stock several years ago; .1. AY. Henning, one of the wealthiest owners of real estate in Louisville, and last, but not least, the subject of this sketch. In his capacity as secretary of the concern, young Green became of immense value to the enterprise, and it was not a great while before the management was given en- tirely into his hands. He had grown rapidly into the estimation of the business community all this time, and in 1881, at the age of thirty-two, he attained, unsought on his part, the distinction of election to the presidency of the Louisville Board of Trade, an organ- ization which was then in its infancy, al- though supported by all of the old and reliable business men of Louisville. The young president gave hard thought and faithful actioir to the interests of the institu- tion, and soon worked a solid systematic and useful organization out of a willing but chaotic and unorganized mass of brains and money. As a proof of the high esteem in which the board held him it is merely neces- sary to state that he was thrice re-elected president without opposition, and was warmly BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 7!)8 urged to again accept tlie honor, hut ileclined upon the well founded plea that private en- terprises in which he was largely interested claimed so much of his time and attention that he could no longer perform, with satis- faction to himself, the functions of the olKce. When he retired from the presidency the board passed Hattering resolutions of regret, and pronounced in mass meeting a high and otlicial eulogy upon his prolonged and useful service in the president’s chair. In the meantime, in January, 18SL, he had accepted a ])lace in the directory of the Second Na- tional Bank, and was promptly elected presi- dent of that institution, which has since so flourished under his manao'ement that the O deposits are almost twice as large now as they were three years ago, and the bank, from a comparatively small station, has grown until it now rates seventh, out of twenty-one, in the clearing house. Some of the best known men around the Falls are in the directory of the Second National, which makes Mr. Green’s election to the presidency a notable compliment. ^The directory is composed of AY. C. DePauw, of New Albany, Ind.; James Bridgeford, AA^. R. Belknap, George H. Hull, K. H. Chase, St. John Boyle, F. D. Carley, and Colonel Thomas AA^. Brdlitt, of Louisville. George S. Allison is the cashier. Mr. Green has been a director in the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Com- pany, as well as in the Ijouisville, Evansville & St. Louis Air Line, and the Pensacola & Atlantic. He was one of the board of man- agers of the National Exposition of Railway A])pliances, which was held at Chicago in 1880, and was counted one of the thinking men of that famous body. It is not generally known, but it is (pute true, nevertheless, that Mr. Green had more to do with the organ- ization of the Southern Exposition Company of Louisville than any other man. He called the original meeting at his residence in Louisville, and althouo-h some of the gentle- men who were present protested that the enterprise was not ])ractioable. Air. Green urged that it was, and finally carried his point. The Southern Exposition has since accomplished wonders for Louisville, and is now just turning into its fourtli year, with all Kentucky interested in it. Other examples might be cited of the good and useful things Air. Green has done for Louisville, but enough has been told. Suffice it to say that no other young man has ever stood higher in the Falls City than Air. Green stands at pres- ent. His fine qualities of heart and head have made him a great favorite in social circles, and his beautiful house on Fourth avenue is always open to his friends. Air. Green was married before he had attained his majority, and is now the head of a charm- ing little family, his wife being a lady of unusual personal beauty and great amiability. His friends are anxious to have him stand for the office of mayor of the city, but he has heretofore declined. AVhen it comes to the silver question, he is a gold man. Aside from his duties as president of the bank Air. Green is compelled to give a great deal of thought to several manufacturing companies in which he is largely interested, notably the Car AA^heel AA^orks, the Louisville Steam Forge Alanufactory, and other similar con- cerns. He is a busy man throughout the year. H. J. GREEN WELL, Jk., was born in Bullitt County, Ky., April 18, 1866, and is a son of Robert Greenwell, who was born in Nelson County, Ky., Alay 26, 1821, and was married Alay 18, 1846, to Miss Elizabeth E. I^ee, daug-hter of Robert AI. Lee, who was born in Nelson County, Ky., August 8, 1800. The subject’s grandfather, Henry I^ee, was of the illustrious Lee family of A^irginia, being a descendent of Richard Lee, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; he immi- grated to Kentucky from that state at a very early day. GILBERT GRIFFIN, a native of Spencer County, Ky., was born November 15, 1833. His father, William Gritlin, was also born in Spencer County, December 19, 1801, and was married to Aliss Catherine Ritchey, April 7, 1823, and had born to them six children, the subject of this sketch being the hfth. AA^ill- iam Griffin removed to Bullitt County, Ky., and settled on a farm in 1842. Gilbert Griffin was married to Aliss Corilla Skinner, BiOGRAPHiCAL SKETCHES. ■99 August 12, 1862, and had born to him thieo children. His wife departed this iife, July 22, 1876, and Mr. Griffin -was next married November 11, 1880, to Mrs. Ann E. Hall, widow of Dr. D. M. Hall. Mr. Griffin’s children are: .Jasper, born January 11, 1864; William, February 18, 1867; Minnie, Septem- ber 2, 1872. His farm of six hundred and forty acres is one of the finest in Bullitt County. PHILIP HAGER was born in the city of Louisville in 1843, and is a son of Charles and Barbara Hacrer, both natives of Bavaria, Germany. The subject of this sketch was reared in Louisville and began life for him- self as a clerk; later he learned the trade of a jeweler. In 1862 he enlisted in the Ptnited States navy, served about thirteen months, and was after engaged on the gun-boat C’on- nestoga for about one year during the war; on his return after the war, he engaged in business. In 1878 he formed a partnership with .J. R. Hetch, and is now carrying on a P'ood business at 351 Fourth avenue. 51r. O Hager was married, in 1869, to IMiss Bertha Schuckman, and is now the father of three children: Belle, Addie and Amelia. He is a member of the G. A. R., and adjutant of the George H. Thomas Post. 5VALTER N. PIAl. DEMAN, president of the G our ier -Journal Company, was born in Maysville, Ky., April 27, 1821, and was educated at Maysville Acadamy along with LI. S. Grant, ^Y. H. 7Vad= worth, T. H. Nel- son, R. H. Collins, and others who afterward attained to prominence. He removed to Louis- ville, vh n but sixteen years of age, and entered upon a career remarkable for activity and success. In December, 1843, he pur- chased from an association of printers a news- paper called the Daily Dime^ which he after- ward converted into the Morning Courier. The establishment of this paper was proble- matical. Louisville had been the graveyard of newspapers — the Journal., conducted by the brillant Prentice, only surviving the general mortality. At that day politics almost exclusively engrossed the attention of the people and the talent of the press. Mr. Haldeman determined to strike out on a new' line. He made nev;s the chief feature of his paper, and its success and permanent estab- lishment followed, as the fruits of his enter- prise and sagacity. The Courier thenceforth became a power in the ' State. Before the civil war was pi'ecipitated upon the countrv', the Courier denounced the coercive policy of the Federal government, and as a State’s rights join nal espoused the cause of the South. 7Yhen the Federal troops entered Louisville, in September, 1861, the w'as suppresed by orders from \Yashington. Mr. Haldeman learned of his intended arrest in time to flee for safety. He reached Nashville, and promptly re-established the Courier., which was ju’inted until that city was captured by Federals. He removed with the army and published it at several points, or “ published it on wheels,” as his friends were wont to say. Mr. Haldeman remained in the S mth durino- the war, and on the cessation of hostilities again repaired to his Louisville home. Al- though broken in fortune, and half aw'ed by the enormous advance in paper and printing material growing out of the war and a depre- ciated currency, he could not resist the earnest popular demand for the re-es‘ablishment of the Courier. The day it re-appeared, Decem- ber 5, 1865, it was an evident success. The prest'ge of the old Courier w'as in its favor, and irresistible. To'' make assurance double sure” Mr. Haldeman determined the new paper should deserve success. Regardless of the outlay, he arranged as rapidly as possible for special telegraphic and other co respondence from all parts of the country. It was a new era in journalism in Louisville. AYithin six months, the lively and enterpri-ing Courier so far outstripped its local contemporaries, that the latter in spite of editorial streno-th came to be regarded as second rate-journals. Th ee years later Mr. Haldeman conceived the bold project of consolidating the Journal and Democrat^ the only other dailies in Louis- ville, with his Courier. His purpose was acc mplished, and the leading political and news paper of the AYest and South-west, the Louisville C our ier- Jour ned., of which he is the controlling spirit, is the offspring of that union. Perserverance, energy and enterprise 800 biographical sketches. is llie secret of Mr. Ilaldemdu's sui,cess in life. Hut besides this, his whole career has been marked by a strong common sense and a comprehensiveness of mind, wliich made him I'ar-reacliing and far-seeing in his aims. When to these (jualities are added his genial manners. Ids diligence, and fidelity to laborious duty, it is by no means strange that he has gathered in the rich fruits of success. There is scarcely one of the profession in the country better known than Mr. Haldeman. What Bennett with the Herald., and Greely with the Tribune., were to the North and East, Halde- man with his Courier- Journal., is to the South and South-west. He is the oldest member of the daily newspaper press in Kentucky, and one of the oldest in the country. He is an able financier, and as much to this as to its brillant editorial management may be attributed the phenomenal success of the Courier- J ournal. ROBERT HARDESTY was born August 29, 1824, in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, | and is a son of Richard and Anna B. (Lyon) [ Hardesty. Richard Hardesty immigrated to [ Kentucky in about 1818, and died in Bullitt | County in 1854. He had two sons who served [ in the Union army: Henry as a private in the I Twenty-first Kentucky Volunteers, and ! Charles as a surgeon — both dying while out. j Henry was born April 15, 1821, enlisted in 18()4, and died in Nashville, Tenn., in 1895. Charles was born April 10, 1831. He entered the army in 1802, and died in the Nashville hospital in duly, 1863. Robert Hardesty, the subject of this sketch, was married to Miss Isabella Chambers, February 2^ I860. She came with her family from Ireland in 1855. They have four children: Hugh, born Novem- ber 27, 1860; Robeit C., born May 8, 1864; Anna, born November 25, 1871; I^etitia P., j born September 22, 1880. Mr. Hardesty j holds the office of justice of the peace. SAMUEL F. HARLAN was born in Louis- ville, Ky., February 16, 1847, and is a son of j Eli and Nancy (Casel) Harlan, the former a soldier in the war of 1812. Eli was born in 1793, and was a son of .lames Harlan, a Rev- j olutionary soldier, a native of the eastern j shore of Maryland, and came early to Ken- 1 tucky. Nancy Casel (the subject's mother) I was born in 1797, and her father, James Case!, was a native of Virginia, atrd among the pio- j neers of Kentucky. Samuel F. Harlan, the j subject of this sketch, was educated in the ^ prdjlic schools of Louisville, and for several ; years after graduating was principal of one of the ward schools. In 1881 he quit teach- ing and commenced the manufacture of pumps and tube wells, elevators, etc., in which he has Ijeen (juite successful. He was mairied in 1884 to Miss Ruth A. Mills, of Louisville. WILLIAM HUME HARRIS, the subject of tliis sketch, was born in Franklirr County, Tenn., October 28, 1840, and is a son of .lohn and Rosanna (Hume) Harris, natives of Vir- ginia. His father was born in Albermarle County, graduated in the classics and law at j William and Mary College, of Williamsburg, and practiced law in Richmond, Va., moved to Franklin County, Tenn., and settled on a plantation. He continued to practice his pro- fession, rose rapidly to j)rominence and I’epre- sented his district five terms in the United States Cony-ress; at the end of which he de- dined a renomination and retired to the shades of j)rivate life, honored and respected by all. He raised and educated a family of six boys and four girls. All the boys enlisted in the Confederate cause in the war between the States. Four fell in battle with their faces toward the enemy; two still survive. The subject’s grandfather, John Harris, was born near Richmond, Va., graduated in the classics from William and Mary College, read law in his father’s office and was admitted to the bar. He served with distinction in the Revolution- ary war, having fought at Piinceton, Trenton, Monmouth, Brandywine and Germantown. After the war he resumed the practice of law in xAlbermarle County, Va., was a representa- tive in the House of Buryesses and raised a O family of seven boys and three girls. The subject’s great-grandfather, John Harris, was born in Swansea, Wales, and was a lawyer by profession. He emigrated with his brothers, Jacob, Daniel and Eli, to America, and settled near Richmond, Va. (from this branch of the Harris family sprang all by that name now in Virginia, and spreading from that State to BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 801 every State and territory in the Union), and continued to practice his profession. Being a member of the House of Burgesses a num- ber of terms, he was present and a member when Patrick Henry made that memorable speech which immortalized him and placed his name among the first in the hearts of his countrymen. Mr. Harris served with distinc- tion in the Revolutionary war. After the war he retired to private life, raised a family of eight boys and two girls, and then patiently Avaited for old Charon and his canoe to ferry him across the Styx. Dr. W. H. Harris Avas bi-ought up on a plantation, graduated in the classics from Princeton College, studied medi- cine uirder Win. K. BoAvling, of Nashville, Tenn., thence Avent to Paris, France, and con- tinued his studies in medicine under Pi’of. Trousseau. He is a graduate in medicine of Paris, France, of the Ecole de Medecin. After graduating he returned to Tennessee and entered the Confederate army as asurgeoir. After the war he continued the practice of medicine and met with great success. Three medical schools, standing second to none, conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He now O has the honor of being the recipient of seven diplomas, A’iz: A. B., A. M. four ^1. D.’s and LL. D., all worthily bestoAved. He was also admitted to the bar. As a regular practi- tioner of medicine he has but few equals. He is a gentleman of tine abilities, rare culture and irreproachable mora l character, is a Knight Templar and a member of the Episcopal church, also standing among the advanced thinkers in medicine. He Avas several times offered a professor’s chair in medical schools, but declined, thinking the best field for him was that of a general practitioner, Avliich Avould the better enable him to give. battle to disease in every form whatsoever. His acquirements as a physician, and especially as a neurologist^ are such as to place him among the first of those who work in the most important depart- ment of medical science. We hereby append an extract written by the late W. K. Bowling, M. D., LIj. D., to Dr. Harris, to shoAv the in- timate and friendly relations existing between I these two eminent physicians, one as precep- I tor the other as pupil. Dr. Bowling was one ^ of the best and most distinguished physicians in America. He was not only distinguished in medicine, but in literature, like Oliver Wendall Holmes, of Massachusetts, and had been fifty years known as professor in various medical schools and as editor of medical jour- nals., He had also been president of the Na- tional iMedical Association, and president of the National Association of IMedical Ifditorg of the United States; “Nasiia'ille, Nov. 13, 1883. 31 y Dear Doctor Harris: Dr. hamled me your letter of the 27th of September last to-day. He showed me your papers, which I like exceedingU'. He told me that he had written you that only one honorary degree could be confeired by each college a year, under the laAv of colleges, and all that, and I said that it Avas only one degree you wanted; that man and AA'ife Avere one, and that one Avas the man, and you and 1 were one in this case, and that you were the one. For really I have made up my mind that you will hereafter appear as the big fish on our string of immortals. * And noAv, dear Doctor, fareAvell. If alive, I Avill sign my name to your diploma, if I baA'e to have my arm bandaged to enaLle me to do it. God bless you. In the bonds of the brotherhood. Fraternally and cordially. Your friend, AV. K. Boavling.” SAMUEL T. HARRISON, farmer, of Jef- ferson County, Ky., Avas born in that county, January 3, 1841. His parents were .lohn and Mary Ann (Kindell) Harrison. John Harri- son is a native of Shelby Countv'. Samuel T. Harrison, the subject of this notice, is the sixth born of thirteen children. He Avas mar- lied t ) Miss Margaret Stinson, December 0, 186t3, and there liaA e been born to him eio-ht child ten. 4^ illiam IMiner, born January 0 1808; Mattie, born .lanuary 28, 1809, and died July 18, 1809; Ella, born March 20, 1871; Mary E., December 2, 1873; Lillie T., S02 BIoguaphical sketches. Ddcember 3, 1S7(); Fannie J., June 22, 1880; Albert T., September 22, 1888; Edward, December 20, 1880. CHARLES A. HENDERSON was born in in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, February 22d, 1848, and was the seventh son of James and Sarah iMcAfee Henderson, the former a native of Westmoreland County, Penn., and the latter a daughter of Jas. McAfee. Charles A. was reared on a faini and received such education as was to be obtained in the public schools. In June, 1801, he enlisted in Com- pany E, Twenty-sixth Ohio Infantry, altliough but fourteen years old. Owing to his ex- treme youth, the colonel of the regiment made him the orderly, and afterward he was made picket messenger for Gen. Wood, who commanded the division to which the Twenty- i sixth was attached. He was sent home to ( )hio as a recruiting officer, and for two months per- ; formed that duty faitlifully; during the draft, he was appointed jiostmaster of Camp Mor- j ton, Ind., a position he held for seven months. | After serving one or two years, he veteranized ' and continued in the service until the close | of the war, participating in a number of se- j vere battles, among which were Shiloh, Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and the fighting around Atlanta. After the close of the war he returned home and resumed the duties of life. He was married Julyj20, 1874, to Miss Rebecca McCoy, a daughter af .Jo- seph McCoy, a native of Kentucky. Two children were born to this marriage, viz; William IL, born .Inly 4, 1875, and Harold C., born December 25, 1877. Tliis year (1877), he moved to Kentucky and settled at Bards- town .Junction, where he now lives. ROBERT C. HEWETT, M. D., son of John i\[. and Sarah (Carson) Hewett, was born in New York City, October 9, 1812, of English parents. Soon after his birth the family re- moved to Kentucky, and settled finally in j J.exington. His academic education was pur- sued during two years at Miami JIniversity, and sid.)sequently at Transylvania University, j then in the zenith of its fame. He left Tran- sylvania in the senior year of his college I course and in the nineteenth year of his age, ' to join, as assistant, T. .1. Matthews, engineer- I in-chief on the Lexington & Frankfort rail- ^ road. Mr. Matthews, after a short service, met with an accident which disabled him, and prevented him from conducting the surveys, j when Mr. Hewett was appointed to succeed him, and completed the surveys to Frankfort to the satisfaction of the railroad officials. Soon alter this he joined a party of engineers in making surveys for one of the first rail- roads projected in Indiana, viz: from Law- renceburg to Indianapolis. On his return to I Kentucky he was re-appointed engineer in , charge of the Lexington & Frankfort railroad, and it was through the influence of his report and recommendation that existing contracts I for constructing tliis road with continuous stone sills were abandoned, and a wooden superstructure adopted in lieu thereof. He also aided in the surveys of several macadam- ized roads leading' into Lexington, and located the one between that city and Georgetown. He then entered the service of the State, and assisted in the surveys for slackwater improve- ment of the Kentucky River. Afterwai’d he was sent to the northeastern portion of the State, where he surveyed and located the State road from Owensville to the mouth of I the Big Sandy. In a similar capacity he was t placed in charge of the road from Elizabeth- town (through Bowling Green) to Eddyville. i While thus engaged the financial crisis of 1887 occurred, causing the abandonment of I all internal improvement enterprises, as well I as general prostration in private business I affairs, and thus the demand for civil engineers ; was for the time at an end. Mr. Hewett was now twenty-five years of age, and as there seemed no probability of his services being- required as engineer again soon, he determined to study medicine, and in 1888 became a student in the office of his brother-in-law. Dr. Theodore S. Bell, of J^ouisville, one of the ablest and most distingfuished members of the medical profession. After pursuing his studies for a sufficient time lie entered the medical department of Transylvania Univers- ity, from which he graduated in 1844. He then permanently located in Louisville, and has since practiced his profession in this city. His practice is largely of a general character. I BIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES. but of late years he has to some extent made a specialty of obstetrics. Since the commence- ment of his professional life in Louisville, he has repeatedly been offered professorships in the different medical schools, but has invari- ably declined them, prel'errin^ the practical duties of the profession to those of teaching. For fourteen years he served as a physician to the Kentucky Institution for the Blind, and for seven years he gave gratuitous serv- ice as physician to the Protestant Episcopal ( )rphan Asylum. In 1859-60 he was president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Louisville, and in 1807 was pre;ident of the Louisville B )ard of Health. Endowed by nature with a strong, practical, comprehensive mind, and a vigorous constitution, Dr. Hewett has, by assiduous study cultivated the one, and by most pirudent and abstemious habits so protected the other, that now at a ripe old age he is robust and vigorous both mentally and physically. Honest by nature, and de- cidedly positive in his character, he can deal with no proposition e.xcept with the utmost frankness and sincerity. Fond of his profes- sion, and proud of it as a high science, he is loyal to it according to its highest standard, and a strict observer of its etiquette. Kecog- nized by the profession as one of its ablest exemplars, trusted for his calm discriminating judgment and thorough conscientiousness, his counsel if often sought outside the large circle of his immediate adherents, and his diao-noses and suggestions always command respect. During the late civil war Dr. Hewett was a consistent suppoi’ter of the LTnion cause. He was appointed by the government, “ Acting assistant surgeon United States army for giving medical attendance to officers on duty in the city of Louisville.” In addition to these duties he took an active part in the or- ganization of several of the government hos- pitals established in the city dining the war, and to which he gave his professional services. He served also as a member of the United States Sanitary Commission, and in conjunction with the late Drs. Lewis Kog- ers and J. B. Flint, acted as a member of the board of medical examiners for examinintr O surgeons and assistant surgeons for the volun- HOo teer army. Dr. Hewett’s duties, other than those of a professional nature, were that of a member of the board of trustees of the University of Louisville, and for nearly twen- ty years a director in the Louisville Gas Com- pany. He was one of the directors of the Louisville & Lexington railroad during the construction of the Shortline Irranch, and has long been a director of the Louisville Insur- ance Company, aiil in the First National Bank of Louisville. He is one of the man- agers of Cave Hill cemetery. He is enter- prising and public-spirited; an earnest, in- telligent and active promoter of all schemes which look to the well-being and true progress of the coiumunitv of which he is a prominent, iidluential and liighly honored member. In 1847 Dr. Hewett married IMiss J. Sidney Anderson, daughter of James Anderson, Sr. Three children were the result of this mar- riage, tw'o of whom are still living: Mrs. Mary S. Beasley, of Baltimore, and Edward A. Hewett, cashier of the Bank of I,ouis- ville. PHILIP HINKLE, a native of Louisville, was born in 1810. His parents, Philip and Mary Hinkle, were both born in Germanv- He was educated in the schools of this city, and duly 10, 1862, when about sixteen years of age, he enlisted in Companv G, Twenty- eighth Kentucky United States Infantry, and served until June, 1865, when he was honorablv discharged. At the close of the war he returned home, and in 1879 was elected city auditor; was re-electe I in 1881,andsubsequently waselected to the city council from the eleventh ivard. Mr. Hinkle was married to Miss Elizabeth Zink, of Louisville, in 1868, and has two children — Nettie and Arthur. He is a member of the Knights of Honor, and of the G. A. P. WILLIAM AV. HITE was born in Louis- ville, November 14, 1854, and is a son of William C. and Marv (Rose) Hite, the former a native of Jefferson Countv, his grandfather was from A'irginia, and among the earliest settlers of the county. W. C. Hite (subject’s father) was born in 1820, and in early life was a steamboat clerk and captain, and ivas, all through life, a large steamboat owner. He was president of the Louisville and Evansville 80G BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Mail Ivine Company; of the Louisville and JelTersonville Ferry Company; vice-president of tlie Southern Pullman (Mr (Jompany; a^nd a director in the Bank of Kentucky; in the I r.ouisville Gas Company; in the Union Insur- ance (_’ompany; in the Southern Mutual I/ife Insurance Company, and was a prominent and successful business man; he died in 1882. The subject avas educated in Louisville. He succeeded his father in the Louisville and Evansville IMail Line Company, and in other business associations. The firm of W. W. llite & Co. conducts a steamboat and railroad supply store, and has a very large and exten- sive business. HON. WILLIAM B. HOKE, judge of the Jefferson County Court, Ky., is a son of Cornelius and Jane (Dunbar) Hoke, and was born August 1, 1837. His father was of German descent, was a farmer )>y cccupation, a progressive man, and knew ihe value of educating his children. His mother w'as a woman of fine intellectual endowments, and of Scotch-Irish parentage; both of his parents were natives of Kentucky. Judne Hoke spent the early part of his life on a farm and in the schools of his native county of Jeffer- son. But, displaying a taste for literary pur- suits, he was sent to college, where he remained three years. Being impatient to commence the study of the law, his chosen pursuit, he mitered the law office of Hon. James Speed, attorney-general under President Lincoln, and after sidficient readinn- attended lectures in the law department of the University of Imuisville, graduating as valedictorian of his class. He was admitted to the bar, in Louis- ville, before reaching the age of twenty-one years. He commenced the practice of his profession in the office of Hon. S. S. English, an uncle of Hon. William H. English, of In- diana, and one of the old and leading mem- bers of the Louisvi le bar. He rose rapidly to public favor, and in August, 1806, was elected judge of the Jefferson County Court, a position he has filled with distinguished ability ever since — now nearly a rpiarter of a centuiy. Judge Hoke is a man of fine judg- ment, of great strength of memoiy, with a superior faculty for making his knowledge I available on any emergency, and is justly regarded not only one of the first lawyers, but as one of the most clear-headed, upright and able judges of the State. A lecent writer said of him; “Full of the milk of human kindness, and always ready to yield to the dictates of humanity. Judge Hoke is firm as a rock against any attempt to swerve him from the path of right and duty. To the appeals of a friend he is like melting wax in the mold, and his heart and hands are ever open to re- lieve the distressed, but to the threats of any he is as unyielding and intractable as the for- tress of Gibralter.” Judne Hoke is a writer O of more than average ability, and is a clear and forcible speaker. His bench decisions are rarely reversed, and he gives the greatest interest to the minutest details in his court; he is universally admired for his official courtesy, dignity and conscientious exactness. He was one of the originatorsof the Knights of Honor, and in 1878 was elected to the highest office in the body, that of supreme dictator, which he filled with honor and credit; when he re- tired from the important and exalted station, it was the largest benevolent institution in the world. He is a pron)inent Mason, and has filled many important positions in the order. He is an active Democrat, and, though imt a politician in the full sense of the word, takes a strong interest in the political questions of the time. In 1859 Judge Hoke was married to Miss Whartie English, daughter of Hon. S. S. English, a family distinguished in the history, of the country. PHILIP H(JLLENBAOH was born in Germany, December 4, 1851, and came to the United States in 1869, when eighteen years of age. He located in New York City, where he found employment as a clerk. In 1870 he went to Alabama, where he engaged in hor- ticulture, making a specialty of grape culture, in which he was successful, and the follow- ing year he removed to Louisville. In De- cember, 1877, he commenced the wholesale wine and liquor business, handling princi- pally native and imported wines. He took charge of the Glencoe Distillery in 1882, and has been conducting it ever since. His I ^ I trade is large, and comprises extensive sales in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 809 California, Colorado, ^Yisconsin, Illinois, In- diana, Texas, etc. He was married in 187-t to Miss Carrie Schaich, of Germany. They have three children: Carrie, Louis and Philip. JOHN CLARENCE HOOD, M. D., is a native of AYheelino-, AA^. A^a., where he was born February 1, 1858, and is a son of Samuel and Elsie Hood, natives of AVest AHrorinia. He was broug-ht up> in AA'heeling until six- teen years of age, when he entered AA'estern Reserve University, of Hudson, graduating in 1879 with the deoree of B. A. The next year (1880) he entered the AA'estern Reserve Aledical College, at Cleveland, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1888. Acting upon the advice of tlie sagacious editor of the New York Tribune he went AA^est, and for three years practiced medicine at Grand Forks, Dakota Territory. In 1886 he entered the University of Louisville, graduating from the Aledical Department in 1887, and has prac- ticed here since Alarch of that year. The honorary degree of A. Al. was conferred upon him June 4, 1887. .lOSEPH HOOPER is a native of Spencer County, Ky., and was born July 27, 1847. He is a son of Simeon B. and Alary (Fore- man) Hooper, natives of A'irginia, and of Spencer County, Ky. His mother was a daughter of Joseph Foreman, and a grand- daughter of Gen. Cox ; his father was an artist, and a fine workman. Joseph Hooper was reared in Spencer and AAModford Coun- ties, and -worked his own way up. He came to Louisville in 1882, having previously learned dentistry under Dr. Buckner, of Taylorsville. He was examined by the State Board in 1875, and began practice at Tay- lorsville. He was married in 1879 to Aliss Elizabeth Bowen, of Alissouri. He is an en- terprising man, and owns stock in several substantial business enterprises. AA ILLIAAI HOAA'LETT is a native of Bullitt County, and was born February 8, 1839. He is a son of Luke and Eliza (Lee) Ilowlett ; the former a native also of Bullitt County, born in 1809, and the latter born September 29, 1811. AAHlliam, the subject, is the second son in a family of ten children. He was brought up on the farm and educated in the common schools, finishing up in the Bradenburg High School, then in charge of Prof. D. C. Cully, an excellent educator of that day. He married Aliss Elizabeth Ellen Dawson, November 1, 1867, and at once moved onto his own farm. They have had eight children, viz : Alargaret Ann, John L., Charles AA"m. Franklin, [James Lloyd Stand- ford, l)oy died without being named, Law- rence CuHis, Eliza Elizabeth and Hallie Cathrian. EDAALARD PORTER HUAIPHREY, I). 1)., I,.L. 1)., was the eldest son of Rev. Dr. Heman and Sophia Porter Humphrey, and was born in Fairfield, Conn., .lanuary 28, 1809, and died in Louisville December 9, 1886. He was from one of the oldest Eng- lish-American families. The first of his an- cestors in England were those who followed AA^illiam the Conqueror from Normandy in 1066. Dr. Heman Humphrey, the father of Dr. E. P. Humphrey, was for twenty-two years president of Amherst College. One can trace in his character and in his career marked similarity to the character and career of his eldest son. Dr. E. P. Humphrey. Both were eminently successful in the pulpit and in their services among the peop;>le. Both were dis- tinguished teachers, excelling in clearness of mind and in lucidity of statement. Both were wide in their sympiathies, counting nothing beyond them when their fellow-men were concerned. Each after retiring from active service lived to enjoy the honors and esteem of those whom they had served so faithfully, and yet each was, to the quiet close of an eventful life, untiring in all the labors of which his constitution was capable. One might write of Dr. E. P. Humpihrey as was written of his father, “As the years went on the position accorded him in the town was phenomenal. In connection with very many families his relationship was truly patriarchal. Their homes, their tables, their gardens with all they contained of bounty or fruitage were as op>en to him as if each had been his own. The sick and the dying watched eagerly for his coming, and for the comfort of his minis- trations, and when some heavy sorrow fell with crushing weight upon a household the 810 BIOGKAPiriCAL SKETCHES. most natural cry seemed to be: ‘Send for Doctor Ilnmplirey.’ ” Dr. Pieman Humph- rey died in 1861, in his eighty-third year. Dr. Edward Porter Humphrey’s youth was s[)ent in Connecticut. He was prepar- ed for college at the academy in Amherat, iMass., and in 1828 he graduated with honor from Amherst College. In 1881-82 he was principal of the academy at Plainfield, Conn. ) luring this time he pursued his theological studies, and in 1888 graduated at the And- over d'heological Seminary. His inclination led him to begin his ministry in the South- west, and during the year 1884 he labored in connection witli the Presbyterian church in .leil'ersonville, Ind. In 1885 he became pastor of the Second Presbyterian church in this city. He gave himself completely up to work in tlie interest of his church for eighteen O years, and his influence was felt, not only in its rapid and permanent growth, but also in a marked degree throughout the city, and in the entire denomination to which he be- longed. March 8, 1841, he was married to Caroline Catherine, daughter of Thomas Prather of this city. She bore him one son, Edw’ard \Y. C. Humphrey, and one daughter, w'ho died in her infancy. Rev. Dr. Humph- rey’s first wife died September 28, 1844. He was married the next time, April 8, 1847, to Martha, daughter of Alexander Pope. Judge A. P. Humphrey is the son of his second wife. Dr. Humphrey, as early as 1852, was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the then Old School Presbyterian Church, and his sermon, called “ Our Theology,” preached at Charleston, S. C., as retiring Moderator, is still circulated by the Presby- terian Board of Publication. Dr. Humphrey preceded Dr. Stuart Robinson as pastor of the old Presbyterian church on Third street, between Green arid Walnut, which was afterward converted into a theater, and is now known as the Metropolitan building. His eloquence, when pastor of this church from 1885 to 1853, won him great fame. His discourse at the dedication of the Cave Hill cemetery, in 1848, was rich in elorjuence and classical Raming, and strong in that faith in immortality which he taught at all times. In 1852 he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Hanover College,Indiana. In 1858 he was appointed by the General As- sembly of the Presbyterian Church, piofessor in Princeton Theological Seminary. This he declined, but soon after he accepted the pro- fessorship of Church History in the Theolog- ical College in Danville, Ky. It was during the latter y'ears of his residence in Danville, 1861-66, that the exigencies occasioned by the bitter and disastrous civil strife called into prominence many of his distinguishing characteristics. Among these were his un- wavering loyalty to the National Goverment, together with a magninindty and conciliation of spirit which were potent influences in hastening the return of concord and amity, both in society and in the church. In 1866, in respose to an lU’gent appeal, he returned to Louisville to take temporary charge of a new church made up of many members of the old Second Church, of which he had been pastor for eighteen years. The new organization was called the College Street church. His health, which had begun to fail, rapidly im- proved on his return to Louisville, and he became permanent pastor of the new church. Under his ministry it became one of the largest and most influential congregations in the city. In 1871 his Alma Mater, Amherst College, confei'red the degree of L.L. D. on him. He continued his labors as pastor and preacher until 1880, when he retired from the active duties of his pulpit and was suc- ceeded in the new and handsome church, which his congregation had built, by Rev. Dr. Christie. After bis retirement he engaged in literary and theological work, and spent the remainder of his life among the people to whom he had devoted himself in his early manhood. The positions which Dr. Humph- rey occupied demanded rare qualities and gifts, and with these he was peculiarly en- dowed. His preaching, so distinctive as a simple and earnest presentation of the Gos- pel, enhanced in att'-activeness by convinc- ing argument and impassioned eloquence, made him distinguished as an ambasador of Christ. As a theologieal teicher his knowl- edge of history, sacred and profane, and his f B I OG R A PH I C A L S KETC 1 1 ES. 813 uni(jue nietlrods of imparting truth not only i-timulated the imagination of his jmpils, but gave them the philosophy of the subject and stores of defini’e information. He life cover- ed a period in the Presbyterian church in which gi\ at (piestions of policy and theology \vere considered, and his power in the dis- cussion of vital subjects, together with the clear and calm judgment he brought to bear u])on them, impressed itself with controlling influence upon the great assemblies of the church. His pow* r was always the greater because of his kindly nature. In advocating measures which seemed to him of great im- portance one felt that his fervor was inspired by the strength and courage of his convic- tions rather than by any personal consider- ations. He was a man greatly beloved by his ministerial brethren and all who knew him, and while zealously devoted to the Pres- byterian organization known as the “Old School ” so long as it remained separate, he was no less earnest in his work for the unity of the Presbvterian church throughout the land, and foremost in promoting it in special crisis in later life. His theology was always conservative and fully deserved the eminence he attained by a long life devoted to a cause he loved. Dr. Humphrey was of slender ficTure and of about medium heiuht. His face O O w’as expressive of high intelligence. His general appearance, in spite of his stature, was striking. His voice, until recently, was strong and ch ar, but even as he advanced in years he still retained his powers as an orator. His last few years had been spent with the family of his youngest son, but he was ready on all occasions to assist with his knowledge and e.xperience all who applied to him. He took the liveliest interest in the College Street Presbyterian church, of which he had been pastor, and the members of that congre- gation are among those who will most keenly at the funeral of the late James F. Huber, when he assisted in conductincr the service. O Dr. Humphrey’s two sons are : Edward W. C. Humphrey, an able lawyer, and Alex. P. Humphrey, of the flrtn of Brown, Humphrey & Davie, JUDGE ALEXANDER POPE HUM- PHREY, a son of Rev. Edward P. Humphrey, was born in Louisville, January 2(), 1848. He was liberally educated, and giaduated from Centre College, Danville, in 1866. He stud- ied law, taking his course in the University of Virginia, from which he graduated in 1868, and commenced practice! the next year. He was for a short time chancellor of the Louis- ville Chancery Court. At present he is a member of the firm of Browm, Humphrey & Davie, one of the ablest law firms of the city. He was married in 1879 to Miss IMary Aloss Churchill, of l.ouisville. JOSIAH ALEXANDER IRELAND, Al. D., was born September 15, 1824, in .TelTer- son County, and is a son of William and Jane (Stone) Ireland, the former of Scotch and the latter of English ancestry. He is the eldest of three surviving children, and received a ffood Engrlish education, with a fair knoudedo-e of Latin and Greek. At the age of seventeen he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. .lames F. Pendergrast, of Jefferson County; but subsequently continued his studies in Louisville under Drs. Bullitt and Cummins. He attended his first course of lectures in the winter of 1845, in the medical department of the University of Louisville; in 1851 he graduated from the Kentucky School of Aledi- cine, and at orce commenced the practice of his profession in Louisville. He was elected, in 1864, to the chair of obstetrics and dis- eases of women and children in the Kentucky School of Aledicine, which position he held until the school was merged into the Lbiivers- ity of Louisville, and was elected at that time professor of clinical medicine in the Lfniversity. L^pon the re-establishment of the Kentucky School of Aledicine, he was again elected professor of obstetrics and dis- eases of women and children, a position he resigned upon being elected to the chair of diseases of women and children in the Louisville Aledical College in 1870; in 1875 he was elected to the same chair in the Ken- tucky School of Aledicine. In 1876 he w^as a delegate to the International Aledical Con- gress at Philadelphia; and at the meeting following of the Kentucky State Aledical 49 811 mOGHAPIilCAL SKETCHES. Society he was appointed a delegate to the American Medical Association. He is a mem- ber of the Medico-Chirnrgical Society, and has taken an active interest in the local and State organizations of the pi'ofession. Hr. Ireland was licensed to preach in 1848, in the Ha])tist Church, and for many years was pastor of several churches, in addition to attending to his professional duties. He is a life member of the General Association of Kentucky Baptists, and is regarded as a sub- stantial, earnest and valuable member of his church. I luring his active professional labors, he has found time for literary pursuits, and has written some for the press, both religiously and in connection with his profession. He is a man of r^uiet, unassuming habits, and void of any disposition for personal display. Few men in his profession have done more hard and successful labor, and few physicians enjoy a more wide-spread reputation in his section of the State, and especially in that branch of the medical profession relating to the diseases of women and children; and in the church, in which he has been an active meml^er for over forty years, he has been a zealous worker, and a pillar of strength. He is a man of fine personal appearance, above six feet in height, and weighing over two hundred pounds. He is exceptional in all his professional, social and personal habits; agreeable and attractive in manner; broad and liberal in his treatment of men; free from personal and selfish enmi- ties; takes an active interest, not only in everything relating to the good and advance- ment of his profession and the church, but also to the community at large. He was married in 184t3 to Miss Sarah E. Cooper, daughter of Levin Cooper, Esq., of .lelferson County. By this marriage he had one son, Henry Clay Ireland, a graduate of two medi- cal colleges. In 1859 he was married to Susan M. Brown, daughter of the late Furtney Brown, of Louisville. By this marriage he has one son, AVilliam F. Ireland. Hr. Ireland holds sacred in memory the names of his teachers while at two medical (jolleges. While at the LTniversity of Louisville, he was taught by such men as Samuel H. Gross, M. H., Henry Miller, M. H., Charles Caldwell, M. H., Charles W. Short, M. H., Lansford P. Yan- j dell, M. ])., Daniel Drake, M. H., .ledediah Cobb, M. H. While at the Kentucky School I of Medicine, he was instructed by .loshua B. Flint, M. H., .James M. Bush, M. I)., Henry M. Bullitt, M. H., Robert Peter, M. D., Ethelbert 1^. Dudley, AI. I)., Samuel Annan, AI. D., Llewellyn Powell, M. D., and others, all of whom at that time enjoyed a national reputation as great teachers of the different branches of medicine and surgery. Dr. Ire- land’s success in life has been largely due to the sound and thorough teaching he received from the above named accomplished gentle- men and scholars. .lOIIN I. JACOB, deceased, was born in Baltimore, Aid., in 1778, and died in Louis- ville in 1852. He came to this city about 18t)7, and engaged in the mercantile business, formitig a partnership with Thomas Prather, one of the most prominent of Louisville’s early business men. The old house of Prather & .Jacob was for many years one of the relia- ble business houses of the young city, and was the synonym for all that was upright and hon- orable. After the dissolution of their part- nership, Air. Jacob became president of the Branch Bank of the United States, and after it was closed was made president of the Bank of Kentucky, which position he resigned in 1836. He was for a number of years a mem- ber of the city council, and iii 1848 he became president of the Louisville & Frankfort Rail- road, which was fully completed during his administration ; but the infirmities of age com- pelled him to resign the position and retire from active business. He aided in the es- tablishment of the asylum for the blind, and contrilmted greatly, in various ways, not only to the growth and prosperity of Louisville, but also to the amelioration of the condition of the poor and needy, displaying a liberal hand in the great charities of the city. From time to time he had purchased property throughout the city, wliich rapidly increased in value, and, by well conducted, legitimate business, he accumulated a large fortune. Mr. .lacob was twice married: first to Miss Ann ( ). Fontaine. The children by this marriage were: Airs. Cunan Pope, Airs. .lohn W. Tyler BIOGKArHK'AL SKETCHES. 815 and John I. Jacob, Jr. His second wife was Lucy Donald Robertson. They had eight children, of whom there are now living — Mi’S. James B. Clay, of Fayette County; Col. RFhard T. .Jacob, ex-lieutenant governor of Kentucky; Thomas P. Jacob, president of the Kentucky & I.ouisville Mutual Insurance Company, and Hon. Charles D. .Jacob, mayor of T^ouisville. Of his first wife’s children, only ^Irs. Tyler is now living. HON. CHARJ.es D. JACOB, mayor of the city of Ijouisville, was born .June 1, 1838, and is a son of .John I. and Lucy Donald (Robertson) Jacob, Iventuckians. His mother was a daughter of Commodore Richard Tay- lor, one of the naval heroes of the war for Independence. Mr. .lacob’s early education was obtained under the most favorable con- ditions. After a few years in the best home schools, he went to Cambridge to prepare himself for Harvard. Prof. Reginald H. Chase of that institution was eno-ao-ed as his tutor, and duiiiig the year 1856-57 directed his studies. In the latter year, so diligent had been the work of both. Prof. Chase gave him a certificate which entitled him to admission to the junior class at Harvard, an institution whose sttndard of scholarship was then as now of the highest order. But here at the very threshold of college life he met with a severe disappointment. An attack of diphtheria com- pelled his return to Louisville. It was hoped that his illness meant only temporary suspen- sion of his studies, but the physical prostration which supervened necessitated long rest and change of air; hence during the years 1857 and 1858 Mr. Jacob traveled in Europe, re- turning in September of the latter year in renewed health, and feeling that the advan- tages of foreign travel had in a great degree compensated him for the interruption to his college course. A few months after his re- turn from abi’( ad, and on the 12th day of .January, 1850, Mr. .Jacob married IMiss Addie Martin, of Louisville. In I860, and for eight years thereafter, his health was not good, and he was precluded from taking an active part in the affairs of the city, whose welfare he has always had at heart, and in whose history he has since held so prominent a place. In 1870 he was elected to the city council from the seventh ward, and was re-elected without opposition. He became a candidate for mayor in 1872 for the first time, was elected over several contestants, and was the youngest man who had ever before filled the high and im- portant office. In 1875 a call signed by more than four thousand citizens was made on him to offer for re-election. Having scruples against succeeding himself, he at first declined becoming a candidate, but the pressure was so gi’eat he was finally compelled to make the canvass. Mr. .John G. Baxter, a man of prominence, and a politician of great popu- larity, an ex-mayor of the city, and a most thorough organizer, was his opp)onent. After a strono- and bitter canvass, iMr. Jacob was elected by nearly a thousand majority. Both Mr. .Jacob and Mr. Baxter were Democrats, and their contest, at that time, has since been often cited as the most remarkable local struggle ever known in Louisville, and served to il- lustrate in a striking manner the influence of the two contestants over their respective fac- tions. Entering upon the duties of his office for a second term, Mr. .Jacob continued mayor until .January, 1879, when a change in the city’s charter rendered him ineligible to re- election. In September of the succeeding year, by the advice of his physicians, he again went to Europe to recruit his health. In 1871 he accepted the presidency and general man- agement of the Central Savings Bank, whose affairs were then considerably involved. But when he resigned the position, some two years later he had the satisfaction of seeing the bairk restored to a sound financial basis. In 1881, responding to numerous citizens, he again became a candidate for mayor and was elected without opposition. Under the ad- ministration of President Cleveland he was appointed Minister Plenipotentary and Envoy Extraordinary to the United States of Colom- bia, but after holding the position about a year, resigned and returned home. He then accepted the presidency of the Southern Mu- tual Life Insurance Company, of Louisville. Tn 1887 he was again elected mayor of Louis- ville, after a hot and spirited contest, over two of the prominent cit’;?ens of Louisville — 81 (i BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Judge W. B. Iloke and Mr. Samuel 1^. Avery. The best comment on ]\Ir. Jacob’s j)ersonal character may be found in the manner in which he lias been ti listed by his fellow- i-'itizens. The tribute which the people of his native city have paid to his intelligence and j honesty by electing him four times mayor, the first honor in their gift, needs no com- ment. EDWARD W. JAMES, dealer in staple and fancy groceries, and family stores, at the corner of Fourth Avenue and Walnut street, Louisville, is the son of William and Kate James, and was born in Louisville, October 25, 1803. He w'as educated in the schools of Louisville, and at the acre of eiirhteen com- menced in the grocery business at Buckner, Oldham County, Ky., where he continued until 1885, at which time he returned to the city of his birth and opened his present store. Mr. James keeps a full stock in his line, and enjoys a fine trade. He married Ann'e .Tar- vis May 20, 1880. She is the daughter of \\"illiam and Olive .Tarvis, of Louisville. THOMAS LEWIS JEFFERSON was born in Baltimore, Md., FebmarylS, 1820. He was the eldest son of Thomas .Jefferson, and came of good, strong stock. His father was a blacksmi'h, and his grandfather was a sailor. His mother was a woman of fine business cpialities, and to her, quite as much as to his father, did Mr. .Jefferson owm his business sagacity. While her husband was busy in the shop the mother started a little grocery store. This was after the family came to Louisville, in 1831. The little store that his mother started prospered wonder- fully. Soon the father had to be taken from his shop. Then Thomas, a lad of sixteen, had to be removed fiom school to lend his help to attend to the thriving trade. The boy had no time to get a fine education ; but what he missed in ’ologies and ’onomies he gained in a ]>ractical insight into business affairs. The schooling that he did get, how- ever, was thorough, for he was under such teachers as Noble Butler and John H. Har- ney. It W'as in 1842 that he began his long and eventful business life as a clerk in his moti er’s store. When he was twenty-six I years old he formed a partnership with Mr. \ Charles Gallagher in the wholesale grocery j business. After a few months the firm dis- solved by mutual consent, and IMr. Jefferson branched out for himself on Market street, be'ow First, in a wholesale and retail grocery. He was successful from the start, and soon built himself a fine store on the southeast corner of Market and First streets, where he remained twelve years, and established a fine trade. He was the sole agent for the Ivana- wha salt rnannfactories during this period. By this time the wholesale feature of the business had gi’own so enormously that he was forced to open a wholesale house on Main street, with himself, his two brothers, and A. N. .Jennison, under the firm name of T. Tj. Jefferson & Bros. He went along, never dabbling in speculations, never mixing his name up with rings or cliques, and by shrewdness and ability made his business a great success. In 1875 he was appointed execut r of .John Bull’s estate. The interests of this estate were so great that Mr. .Jefferson had to devote to its management all his time and energy. He thei-efore resigned from his Main street house, making room for his eldest son, T. Jj. Jefferson, .Jr., and John W. Day, who bad been for years a faithful and trusted clerk. In 1879 he resigned his position as executor, owing to the litigation that grew out of Dr. Bull’s will, after which he devoted himself to managing his own estate, and was not afterward actively engaged in busi- ness. It is not sh'ange that a man of Mr. Jefferson’s active mind should turn to poli- tics. He was not in any sense a politician, but did much to see that the city in which all his interests were should lie well governed. In 1851 he was elected to fill a vacancy in the Board of Council. He was re-elected for three consecutive terms; and in 1800 he was elected to the Board of Aldermen. In 1807 he was elected to the lower house of the State legislature, and was re-elected at the expiration of his term. When his second term was over he was elected to the State senate for one term. He refused to go a second time. He was a member of the Democratic City Executive Committee, and V .•r. I V „• ;■ ' i •/) BIOGRAPHICAL SIvETOIIEy. 8iy also a member of the State Central Commit- tee for several years. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention which met in New York in 1868. ^Yhile a member of the council he was trustee of the Louis- ville Marine Hospital, the Alms House, the Work House, and the Pest House. He served from 1870 till his death on the direc- tory of the House of Refuge. For a number of years he was trustee of the I.ouisville Female Seminary. In 1874 he was appointed by Gov. Leslie a trustee of the Kentucky Insti- tute for the Blind. He was re-appointed by Govs. McCreary and Blackburn. Mr. Jef- ferson was also a trustee of the American Printing House for the Blind, and did valu- able service in organizing the method of keeping the accounts at this institution. Mr. .Teffei’son was one of the incorporators of the Masonic ^Yidows’ and Orphans’ Home. He was elected director at its organization in 1867, and was president of the board from 1869 until his death. In 1861 Mr. .Jetferson took all the degrees of Symbolic Masonry, and afterward of Capitular and Chivaltic. He was at the time of his death Past Master, having been elected Master in 1882 of Ex- celsior Lodge No. 258, Free and Accepted Masons ; he was also Master of King Solo- mon Royal Arch Cha])ter No. 18, and mem- ber of DeMolay Commandery, No. 12, Knights Templar, of which he w'as also treasurer from 1873 until death. He was known to all the Masons of Kentucky for his untiring and unselfish zeal for the Home. The Board of Directors of the Home adopted the following resolutions on his death: “Re- solved, That in the death of our brother the members of this board have lost an active co- laborer, ever earnest, sincere and candid, a presiding officer, attentive, courteous and impartial in the discharge of his duty, and the Home a wise, thouohtful, vig-ilant and faithful guardian of its interest. In every- thing that he undertook our brother was earnest and devoted, and if there was any object of a public nature he had in life which was nearer and dearer to his heart than all else, it was the welfare and success of our Home. At all times, and on all proper oc- j casions he was its advocate, cheerfully giving time, labor and means to advance its interest. We feel that to him more than to any single individual is due its present and permanent ! usefulness. He labored for and watched : over its material and domestic interests, very often to the exclusion of his private business j matters, and gave to it such exertions and j patient, thoughtful care as only could have i been given by one who loved the Home with I his whole heart. Resolved, that the inmates ! of the Home, with the members of the board, attend the funeral of our bi-other in a body ; I that these resolutions be spread upon the minutes and published in the daily papers, and an engrossed copy be sent to his sorrow- ing family with the heartfelt and sincere expression of our symjrathy in their great bereavement.” He was also an active mem- ber of the Sons of Temperance,’ and was for a time the presiding officer of his division, and D. G. W. P. of the district. Mr. .Jefferson joined the M. E. Church, South, in 1848. I He was a member of the Board of iManao-ers I i of that body in 1854, and remained such until I the principal offices were removed to Nash- ville. He w’as secretary of the Louisville City Missionary Society of the church for years ; for fifteen years he was superintend- ent of the Bethel Sunday-school, which he organized, and he also assisted in organizing the Senon Chapel, M. E. Church, South. He was a member of its official board, and re- cording steward and superintendent of the Sunday-school connected with it, which he also organized. Mr. .Jefferson was one of the most active business men of Louisville. He had been a member, director and vice-presi- dent of the Board of Trade. He had served since 1859 as a director of the Bank of I^ouis- ville. From 1872 to 1874 he was a director of the J^ouisville & Frankfort and J^exingte.n & Frankfort lailroad companies. In 1878 he was elected director of the Kentucky and J^ouisville iMutual Insurance Company, and in July, 1880, was made its president, and lield that position until his death. Besides ! all this, he was ever active in the cause of charity. He was identified with the South- ’ western Relief Commission of 1866, which b20 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. lielped the Southern destitute. He was chainnan of a coiimiittee to receive and dis- burse funds raised liy the Masons of Ken- tucky for tlie relief of the Chicago fire suffer- ers in 1871. Mr. .Tetferson was married to Elizabeth Ann Creagh, May 28, 1848, by, Uev. .fames Craik. They had nine children, four daughters and five sons, three of whom are dead. Most of their daughters are mar- ried to prosperous merchaiits, and have fami- lies of their own about them. This is an out-line of a long, busy and active life. At his desk he was prompt, careful, honest. At his fireside he was cheerful, social, hospitable. He lived to see a large family grow up about him, all of whom have prospered. He felt the full force of the consolation which the Good Hook speaks of, for his children “ rise up and call him l)lessed.” Mr. .Teffer- son died March 28, 1884. His fatal illness began in November preceding, and at that time was not considered serioxrs, but it gradu- ally grew worse, until his malady was pro- nounced cancer of the stomach ; nevertheless his stomach resisted the advances of the dis- ease much longer than , his most sanguine relatives and friends expected. Thomas Lewis .lefferson represented a class of men, who in their day won for England wealth and respect — the honest and industrious mer- chants. He was not a brilliant man, neither a poet nor an orator, but a plain, steady, common-sense man, who took a deep interest in his adopted city and all that affected it, and who led an active business life. The people of Louisville were so long accustomed to hear his name mentioned first in every enter] >rise that would benefit the city that his death came to all like a personal bereave- ment. A man of clear head, of clean morals, of pure habits and of strong friendships ; a man of solid worth, of rare business sagacity, and of immense energy and resource, he was as much a loss to the city as he was to his own family. He left a large fortune, and he also left, what is infinitely better, a name that has never been dishonored and and a memory that no man will attack. He was so well known, he has gone in and out among this people for so many years, that it looks almost like an unnecessary work to tell how often and on what occasions his name has figured in public enter])rises. He was a model business man, honest, reliable, clear of head and pure of heart ; of a temperament at .once aggressive and conciliatory, of rare sagacity and wonderful foresight, and above all of extraordinary executive aliility. THOMAS LEWIS .JEFFERSON is a sou of Thomas L. Jefferson, whose sketch is given above, and is a worthy scion of a noble stock, =a fit representative of a name that stands un- tarnished. He was born in Louisville, April 10, 1854, and was educated in the admirable schools of that city. In g-rowinor to man’s O O estate he developed the firmness and system- atic integrity of his father, and the kind, good sense, of his mother, so that he gained and retained the confidence and affection of busi- ness men and those with whom he came in contact. His father instructed him in the science of accounts and while he was yet a lad entrusted him with the duty of looking after the interests of his large ])rop>erty. His reports of this business, were as exact and business-like as if it wei’e done by the em- ployed agent of a stranger. Thus did he be- come habituated to correct business methods, -l)uilding a character upon the broad and sure foundation of honesty, sobriety, ])romptness and attention to details, which has placed him in the van of the young business men of the city. It is not, then, surprising that when scarcely twenty-three years of age he was admitted to partnership in the firm of .lefferson & CM., successors of the old firm of T. Iv. .Jefferson & Bros., a large flour and com- mission house on Main and First streets, with which he remained until April 188(1, when he became the senior partner of the firm of Jefferson & Wright, one of the largest whole- sale and retail grocery houses in the city, being the successor of the old firm of Hibbitt & Son. On the death of his father, in 1884, he became, with his uncle, executor of the paternal estate, amounting to near lialf a million dollars. He was the chosen suc- cessor of his father as director in the Masonic Widows and Orphans Home, and treasurer of I)e Molay Commandery of Knights Tern- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 823 plan. This commandery is the “ Banner Cominandery ” of the United States, having won first prize in the national prize contest in San Francisco, in 1883, in this and many other drills the subject of this sketch participated. During the extended tour of the commandery across the continent, he was the unanimously elected financial officer, and his report was a pattern for fiduciary officers. He was also elected director of the Bank of Loirisville in 1884, and cf the Masonic Temple Company in 1887, and steward of the Broadway Method- ist Episcopal Church, South, in 1884 — to each of which positions, and the other posi- tions above mentioned, he has been re-elected at each successive election, and now occupies all of these honorable and responsible places as well as that of director and vice-president of the Excelsior Savings Company. In Feb- ruary, 1878, he was united in marriage with Miss Katie CVelman, eldest daughter of Mr. Floyd C. 4Yelman (deceased). The fruit of this union is two sons, Floyd M". and Thos. L. M’hen his brothers, Harry T. and Clurles W., became of ao-e Mr. .lefferson took them into partnership, and under the firm name of T. L. .Jefferson & Bros, established two branch stores to accommodate his rapidly increasing business. He is also interested in building up our city, and in connection with his two broth- ers has recently erected a row of magnificent dwellings on Floyd street, occupying half the square from Gray streH to Broadway; the property is known as Jefferson Terrace. He also (1885) entered in to another exten- sive business, that of pickle manufacturing (employing forty hands), under the style of J. M. Clai'k & Co.; they make the celebrated Hyman Pickles. To all of these interests he gives his skillful attention, and as a necessary consequence all are prosp)ering. The confid- ence of the business and religious communi- ties in him is clearly evinced by the foregoing, but that confidence is also shown by his serv- ing as Master of his Masonic Lodge for three consecutive years, being first elected in 1878 when he was only twenty-four years of age. The present writer, as head of one of the great demonstrations tliat has distinguished Lo.iisville during the current decade, had oc- casion to require the services and co operation of a skillful, honest and systematic business man to handle the finance which amounted to many thousands of dollars. In seeking for the proper one to fill the place there seemed to be no one in the entire city so eminently fitted for it as the subject of this sketch, and his selection met with the unanimous and most hearty endorsement of the managers- The promptness and thoi’oughness with which the financial interests were managed proved the wisdom of the choice and has made a demand for subsequent like service, which if accepted would absorb Mr. Jefferson’s entire time. As a friend Mr. Jefferson is sincere and faithful; as a companion pleasant and ac- commodating; as a business man his ability, punctuality and rectitude stand unimpeached. As a man among men he is kind, modest and unassuming to a remarkable degree. He has not been spoiled by his success or inheritance and is agreeable and approachable in every position. THEODORE S. JENNINGS was born in Greencastle, Ind., .Tune 7, 1850, and is a son of Theodore C. Jennings, a miller, and an early settler of Indiana, who emigrated from Kentucky. His mother was a daughter of Joel and Mary Yager, natives of Jefferson County, Ky. The subject of this sketch was educated principally in the State Lmiversity at Bloomington, Ind. In 1872 he eno-ao-ed in a genera] merchandise business at LTica, Ind., and in 1870 engaged in the drug busi- ness, which he followed until April, 1881, when he sold out and remoyed to Jefferson- ville, and took charge of Lewman & Bros.’ drug business until 1884, when he came to Louisville, and engacred in the same business with F. Bender, on Shelby and .Jefferson streets. Having read medicine fur ten vears, he began attendino- a course of lectures in 1885, at the I.ouisville Medical Collecre, graduating in 1887, and at once commenced practicing. His office is at OOi) East .lefferson street, Louisville. Dr. Jennings was married, in 1872, to Miss Maggie Summers, niece of James and Margaret Hobson, of LTica, Ind., by whom he has three children, viz.; Anna, .James and Maggie. His wife died May 25, lUOGKAPinCAL SKETC'lIliS. m 1880. He was next married, October 11, 1884, to Miss JMand Fogle, a daughter of Ebenezer Fogle, of Marion County. By this second marriage he lias one daughter, Nellie M. .lennings. HON. SILVESTER JOHNSON was born October 15, 1813, in Nelson County, and is one of nine children, viz.: Charles, Nancy, 'William, Thoma=, John, Elizabeth, the sub- ject, Ellen and Catherine, born to John and Dorothy (Miles) Johnson, natives of St. Mary’s County, Md. They came to Nelson County in 1798, and settled near where New Hope now' stands. He married for his second wife Henrietta, a ^daughter of John B. Hill, by whom he had four children — Priscilla, Hillery, IMary and Sally. The family was of the Roman Catholic faith. Mr. .Tohnson be- came a sulistantial farmer in the county, and died in 1833, at the age of fifty-six years. The subject of this sketch, Silvester Johnson, was brought up on a farm, and received a good English education, finishing off with two years at St. Mary’s College, in Marion County. He taught school during the summer months and flat-boated durino- the winter, a business that had been begun by his uncle. Mr. John- son w'as but eighteen years old when he com- menced the battle of life on his own account. He llat-boated and merchandised until 1843, when he retired from boatincr and acted as deputy sheriff for several years, but continued the mercantile business, and in 1853 was elected sheriff, serving one term; afterward acted as deputy sheriff up to 1857. In 1859 he was elected to the Legislature. He has since been solicited several times to offer for the same oilice, but has ahvays declined. He has drifted into the banking business, which he has successfully carried on for sixteen years. He owns considerable property in New Haven, where he has lived for the last fifty- one years, and is reported to be worth from $300,000 to $400,000, and has given away to charitable purposes $100,000. He still con- tinues to give liberally; for several years he has been clothing the children of St. Thomas’ ( Irphan Asylum. In 1873 he built a parochial school-house in New Haven, at a cost of $r),0t'0, and d< nated it to the Roman Catholic I Church. He established two free Catholic schools and pays out of his own funds the teachers for both white and colored schools. He gave about $20,000 to a new Roman Catholic Church erected in New Haven at a total cost of $30,000. Mr. .Johnson was mar- ried in August, 1835, to Mildred, a daughter of Charles and Susan (How'ard) Boone, who came from Maryland in 1798, and settled in Nelson county. Mrs. .Johnson was born in February, 1810, and died .July 29, 1875. She was a most excellent lady, noted for her charitable qualities. Mr. .Johnson was origi- nally a Whig, and gave his first vote for Henry Clay for President. At the dissolution of the Whig party in 1855, and the springing up of the Ivnow-nothing party, he joined the Demo- cratic party, and has voted with it ever since without ever scratching the ticket. He has been a memlrer of the Democratic committee for Nelson County for the last thirty years. HENRY JOHNSON was born in Scott County, Ky., March 3, 1840. He is a son of Henry .Johnson, who was also a native of Scott County. Henry .Johnson removed to Bullitt County, I4y., and November 10, 1876, was married to Miss Fannie Twyman. He is a farmer, and resides near Huber, Bul- litt County. WILLIAM PAYNE JOHNSON was born near Georgetown, in Scott County, August 31, 1851, and is a son of I.. Ij. and Irene (Elley) .Johnson. The .Johnsons are a promi- nent family in Scott County, and very early settlers there. Our subject is a grand-nephew of Colonel Richard M. .Johnson, Vice-Presi- dent of the United States rrnder Van Buren. He was liberally educated. In 1867 he en- tered Washington- Jjee University, J^exingtoti, Va., where he remained two years, having spent two years p)reviously in the Kentucky Military Institute. In 1870 he began reading law under Madison C. Johnson, at J.exington, Ivy. He was licensed to practice by the Court of Appeals in 1872, and at once came to Louisville, where he practiced until 1876, and for a p>art of the time was a partner of .Judge A. T. Pope. In the latter year, he, with Ids brother-in-law, .Judge S. B. Toney, 1 took charge of R. Burge’s estate, which they filOGilAPHtCAL sketches. 829 ■wound up satisfactorily. The subject has been for some time in the tobacco business with Theodore Schwartz, Jr., his partner. The firm at present is William P. Johnson & Co., and they are the proprietors of the Enter- prise Tobacco Warehouse. Mr. Johnson was married on the 5th of April, 1876, to Emma Moore Burge, daughter of the late R. Burge, Esq., long a prominent and -well known citi- zen of Louisville. HENRY F. KALFUS, M. D., was born in Shepheidsville, Bullitt County, Ky., April 14, 1832, and is of German extraction. His mother was a sister of the distinguished Burr Harrison, of Bardstown, Ky. He received a good education, which he completed at Han- over College, Indiana, in 1852. He studied medicine in his native town, and after practic- ing five years, graduated at the Kentucky School of Medicine, Louisville, in 1800; he also received a diploma from the medical de- partment of the University of Louisville. He was a candidate for State treasurer in 1863, on the ticket with Hon. Charles A. Wickliffe, but was defeated. When the civil war broke out he raised a company for the Fifteenth Kentucky Infantry (Union) commanded by Col. Curran Pope, of Louisville. He was promoted major for gallant conduct at the battle of Perryville, and was afterward promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and then to colonel. After the battle of Stone River, being- dissatisfied with the conduct of the war, he resicrned his commission, and after spending some time in Canada, at the close of the war, he returned to Louisville, and resumed the practice of his profession. He is secretary of the Board of Regents of Kentucky School of Medicine, and has held the position for several years. Dr. Kalfus has twm children living — .loseph L , now of California, and Mrs. xAnna D. Jarnette, of Florida. GREEN L. KEY, a pi’ominent farmer of Bullitt County, Kentucky, was born in that county April 22, 1824, and is a son of George L. Key, who was born in Jtfferson County in 1797. Thomas Key, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, came from Yirginia, and was among the earliest pioneers who settled in the State. Green L. Key’s mother was Avarilla (Alexander) Key. Green L. Key was reared on the farm and has always been engaged in that pursuit, and is now one of the substantial farmers in the county. Of late years he has been devoting his time to the growing of line fruit, etc.; and he has also fine deposits of granite on his farm. He was married March 17, 1844, to Miss Minerva Chappell, a most estimable and Christian lady, having been a life-long member of the M. E. Church, as has also Mr. Key. She died in 1887. 5Ir. Key, with the exception of a few years’ residence in Louisville, has always lived in Bullitt County ; while in the city he was extensiyely engaged as a stock dealer. Mr. Key has had born in his family ■ right children: Cordelia Ann,Roxunna, Sarah I M., Corban M., Baxter, Marcus L., .John T., j Clarence E., George W. and Hallie H., de- i ceased. Mr. Key owns in his home farm 300 acres. JOHN KIEFER is a natiye of Germany and was born March 3, 1849. He came to the LTnited States in 1872, and located in Louisville. Before he left the “ fatherland ” he served in the German army under the Crown Prince, and was a corporal when dis- charged from service. 5Yhen. he located in Louisville he engaged in the grocery business, first running a delivery -wagon. He filled different positions with different firms until 1875, hen he engaged in the business for him- self, w'hich he still carries on, and in which he has been very successful. In 1881 he was married to Miss .Josephine AYeiman, of New xVlbany, Indiana. They hav’e twm children: JohiixA. and Herbert G. Mr. and Mrs. Keifer are members of the Prot stant Church. HENRY AY. KOHNHOR3T, city tax re- ceiver, is a native of the German Empire, and was born in Prussia, July 21, 1844. lie is a son of Henry H. and Christina (Strak) Kohnhorst, who came to the United States, and to Louisville, in 1846. Henry H. was a brick mason, and for twenty- five years carried on the business here — the latter part of his life very extensively; he died in 1870, leav- ing a considerable fortune. The subject is the eldest of six living- sons, and was reared and educated in Louisville. He was deputy 830 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. sheriff about seven and a half years, and in 1880 was elected to his present position as city tax receiver, which he has since held, and the duties of which he has faithfully and satisfactorily discharged. He was married in 1808 to Miss Malinda Kriel, of Louisville; five children have resulted from this marriage. JACOB KRIEGEH, Sr., is a native of Rhenish Bavaria, and was born August 23, 1820. While still a mere lad he became im- bued with the revolutionary ideas then agitat- ing (.Lrmany and France, and in the Revolu- tion of 1848-40, to jk s jcli a part as made his further residence at home uncomfortable, to say the least, bi ing subjected to police sur- veillance and freejuent annoying ariests. Con- sequently he cane to America. After a few months Sfjent in New York, he went to Zanes- ville, O., where he got employment at 80 a month. He was there but a shoit time when he came to Louisville, where he obtained a place at 80 a month; then went into a dry goods store at 815 a month, which was shortly raised to 825. A man who offered to put up tlie money induced Mr. Kiieger to go into business on his own account. This gentleman, however, did not put up the capi- tal, and the firm failed. The creditors insisted on Mr. Krieger taking entire charge of the business, though they knew he had no money. He compromised with his creditors, but finally paid -82 for every dollar he owed. He after- ward took a clerkship in the dry goods luiuse of Anderson, Mcl^ane & Co., and then with Leight & Barret, which place he left to keep books three years for Thomas & Anderson. The war was comingf on and the business of this house began to go ow slack. Mr. Krieger foresaw the result of the war, and resigned a position worth 81,H)0, to take one in the Mer- chants’ Bank at -825 a month. He remained here foaar years, taiaking his way rapidly. At the end of that time the Western Bank was organized, and he was elected its first cashier. 1 1 was then called the Western Insurance Conq>any. In 1808 Mr. Krieger reorganized the Ma=onic Savings Baiak, of which he was elected president in 1871. He was mainly instrumental in effecting a coup which was oue of the most successful pieces of financier- ing ever known in this city. The Louisviile, Cincinnati & Lexinfjton Railroad — the Cin- O cinnati Shortline — failed in 1874, and the holders of second mortgage bonds, of whom Krieger was one, were left with little chance of being able to recover their money. He and others formed a pool of second mortgage bond holders, and on October 1, 1877, the managers of the pool bought the road, taking stjck in payment for their bonds, and issuing common stock for all debts that came in. The bond holders elected directors and soon made Mr. Krieger vice-president of the new com- pany; he was then elected president, and in less than a year effected a sale of the road to the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Thus aU who went into the pool got 8L22 6-lOths for their stock, and instead of losing money made some. Mr. Krieger is one of the self- made men of Louisville, and has worked up to his present position as one of the solid business men, from the bottom of the ladder. He is always ready to foster any business enterprise that adds to the growth and pros- perity of his adopted city. He is the largest stockholder i?i the Masonic Savings Bank, owning one- eighth of the stock. He also owns one-seventh of the Galt House Company stock, and is president of the Shelby Railroad, and the Maysville Water Company. Mr. Krieger was manied, in 1868, to Miss Caro- line Egelhoff, of I.ouisville. They have ten children. He is a leading Mason, both in York and Scottish rites. GEORGE LANG is a native of Germany, and was born August 15, 1842, in Klingen, Bavaria. In 1853 his parents emigrated to United States, locating in Louisville, where they resided until their death. Our subject was reared in Louisville, where he learned the cooper’s trade. He enlisted in May, 1861, in Company E, Second Kentucky Federals, under Col. W. E. Woodruff, and served in all engagements of that regiment, being twice wounded, once at Stone River and again at Chickamauga, where he was taken prisoner and confined in a rebel prison at Danville and Libby for over nine months, when he was fortunately exchanged, being barely alive. He was mustered out of service BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 833 in 18(U — expiration of service — the regiment havino- been mustered out before he was ex- O changed. His health being precarious, he engaged as a clerk in a grocery and con- tinued until 1867, when he embarked in the grocery business for himself and has con- tinued since, his ptesent location being 215 First street. He is a member of the G. A. R. He w'as married in 1867 to Anna Glahn, of Louisville, but a native of Germany. JOHN ALBERT LARRABEE, M. 1)., came of an old French family which traces its advent into this country to the edict of Nantes, in the year 1685, when 400,000 pro- testants called Huguenots quitted France and found homes in other countries. He was born at Little Falls, Gorham, Me., May 17, 1840, and is a son of John R. Larrabee, who was a prominent manufacturer of cotton fabrics. He received his academic education at Gorham, Bethel Hill and Brunswick academies. He graduated with honor at the Maine Medical School of Bowdoin College in 1864. In the late civil war he served first as medical cadet, entering the United States army by examination, and reported for duty under orders of the secretary of war at Louis- ville ; afterward as acting assistant surgeon, serving on land and sea in the rleparment of Virginia, at Fortress Monroe and at Louis- ville, Ky. While still in the United States service he was married, on the 30th of March, 1865, to Miss Hattie Bulkley, a daughter of William H. Bulkley, of l.,ouisville. The Bulkley family traces its origin back to William the Conqueror, 1066. The Larra- bee and Bulkley arms adorn Dr. Larrabee’s residence in the Highlands. On retiring from the army Dr. Ijarrabee located in Imuisville, and soon became an earnest worker in medical societies. He was one of the founders of the Medico-Chirurgical So- ciety, of w'hich he has been both secretary and president ; he was for several years sec- j retai'v of the Kentucky State IMedical Society; j a meml)er of the International Congress meet- ing at Philadelphia in 1876 ; also a member of the Ninth Congress of 1887, and is a member of the American Medical Associa- tion. As a medical writer he has contributed largely to the medical journals of the day. Conspicuous among his contributions are: “Summer Complaints of Children,” “Epi- demic Cerebro-spinal Meningitis,” “Rickets,” “Scarlet Fever,” “Chorea Rheumatism,” “Infantile Therapeutics.” His specialty is children’s diseases. He was elected to the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics and clinical lecturer on diseases of chihlren in the Hospital College of Medicine in 1874, which chair he still holds. WILLIAM TH05IAS LEACHMAN, M. D., is a native of Boyle County, Ky., where he w’as born May 15, 1834, and is a son of Hariison and Ellen IMary (Childs) Leachman, the former one of the pioneers of Virginia. ' He w'as a man of considerable local prom- inence, and came to Kentucky in an early period of its history, locating in what is now' Boyle County, where he bcame a prosperous farmer. Dr. Leachman, the subject of this I sketch, was liberally educated, receiving the advantages of the best institutions of learn- ing, and instruction from some of the best I teachers of the State. He chose the profession of medicine and commenced a course of study, and at the early age of twenty-one entered the medical deparment of the Uni- versity of Louisville, in which, after a thor- j ough course of two years, he received the degree of M. D. in 1857. After graduating he opened an office in Louisville, and fry devotion to his profession soon won a large practice. He made a specialty of obstetrics and became widely known as a successful practi- tioner. In 1872 be was elected a member of the school board, and later of the city council, but finding that it interfered with his profes- sional duties he resigned his seat in the council and turned his attention exclusively to his practice. He was married November 15, 1859, to Letitia, a daughter of Silas F. Field, a prominent merchant of this city. They have eight children, viz : Silas F. William 1’., Bessie B., Theodore II., Harry i\[., Letitia E., Roman B , and Georgia. Dr. Leachman is still in the prime of life and is a most exemplary citizen. W. B. LEATHERMAN, dentist, is a native of .Tefferson County, and w^as born 834 MOGRAPHICAL SKETCHiiS. October 7, 1852. He is a son of Joseph 1^. and Sarah Jane (Shadburn) Jjeatlierman, also natives of Jefferson County. His grand- father Leatherrnan was a native of Germany, and came to \"irnbiia when quite young, but remained there only a short time, when he came to Kentucky, at a period when he could have bought the land upon which Louisville stands at per acre, but not liking the swampy nature of it, went out to what was called the Oak Hills, wdiere he paid #10 per acre. His voyage to this State was on a raft of loffs, down tlie Ohio river. The sub- ject of this sketch commenced practice of dentistry in this city in 1870. In December, 1887, he mariied Miss Ella A. Wolfe, a daughter of Hon. S. K. Wolfe, a prominent lawyer of New Albany, Ind., and at one time member of congress from the New Albany district. Dr. Leatherrnan is a zealous mem her of the Christian Church, and his father was instrumental in firat bringing Rev. Alex- ander Campl)cll to Jeffersontown. Mr. Campbell established a church there then, which still exists. MILKS T. LEE was born in Bullitt Coun- ty, Ky., May 28, 1833, a son of James Lee, who was a native of Nelson County, Ky., and was born July 14, 18U6; the subject’s mother, Sarah Lee, was born in Bullitt County, and to her were born three children : H. C., John and the subject of this sketch. Miles T. Lee was married to Miss Elizabeth Ann Green- well, Noveml>er 12, 1807, a daughter of Rol>ert and Elizabeth Greenwell, all of Bul- litt County. To this union were born two children: Doss G., boin March 13, 1870, and Robert, born November 2, 1808, died Febru- ary 23, 1800. Mis. Lee died September 0, 1881. K. LEGGETT, M. D., was bom in Scot land Neck, N. C., Se[>tember 0, 1852, and is a son of W. R. and Lucinda (Nelson) Leggett, natives of Nordi Carolina. He received an academic education, and began to read medi- cine in 1882, graduating from the Kentucky School of Medicine in 1883. He cominenced ptractice in North Carolina, but in 1880 went to Chicano, and in 1887 came to Louisville. He married Miss Wright, a daughter of Ed- ward Wright, Pdsq., of Louisville. HON. JAMES S. LITHGOW, ex-mayor of Louisville, and for many yeais one of the city’s most prominent business men, was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., on the 29th of November, 1812, and is a son of Walter and Frances (Stevenson) Lithgow. In December, 1832, he came to Louisville, and commenced the battle of life for himself. For more than half a century he has been identified with the interests of his adopted city, laboiing earnest- ly and energetically for its welfare and pros- pei ity. He formed a partnership under the firm name of Wallace & Lithgow in the manufac- ture of stoves, copper-, tin and sheet-iron. Tiiis partnership continued twenty-five years, and was only dissolved by the death of Mr. Wallace, in 1861. Continuing the business alone for one year, Mr. Lithgow took his sons- in-law, Messrs. Clark O. Smith and Jacob L. Smyser, into partnership. But it is super- fluous to follow the house of J. S. Litho-ow & o Co. — it is one of the land marks of Louisville, familiar to all who are acquainted with the city. The factory of the firm is one of the largest in the AYest, fronting on Main street, and extending from Hancock to Clay. Air. Lithgow has held many high and important positions, both business and political, viz.: mayor of the city, a member of the Charter Convention, a director in the Louisville & Frankfort, and in the Elizabethtown & Padu- cah railroads, presidentof the Norther iiBi’anch Bank of Kentucky, etc. etc. He is an exein- plar-y Christian man, and a zealous member of the Alethodist Episcopal Church, South, irr which he has held many important positions. CLINTON AlcCLARTY,aprrorninent busi- ness man of Louisville, was born and reared in Br-eckinridge County, Ky., and is a son of John and Jane (Allen) McClarty, both meirrbets of leading families of that coun- ty. The latter was a daughter of Jo Al- len, Escp, who for fifty-six years w-as county and circuit clerk of Breckinridge County, and a niece of Colonel John Allen, who com- manded a regirnerrt in the war of 1812, and fell in the disastrous battle of River Raisin. B 1 00 RAP II IC A L S K ETCHES. 839 John McClartj was a merchant, and for many years a prominent citizen of Hardinsburg, the capital of Breckinbridge County. Clinton, the subject of this sketch, was born July 14, 1831, and was educated in Breckinridge and Hardin counties; at the age of sixteen he be- c ime deputy clerk of Hardin County, and afterward of Nelson County. In 1851 he settled i 1 Owensboro, and entered upon the practice of law. In 1857, when the Demo- crats came into power, he was elected chief clerk of the House of Representatives, serving until 1861. When the civil war broke out he joined the Fourth Kentucky (Confederate) regimen'’, an 1 was afterward assigned to General Breckinridge’s staff. He was after- ward transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department, where he served until the close of the war. In 1866 he came to Louisville and engaged in the banking business, as tel- ler of the Western Financial Corporation, now the Bank of Commerce. He severed his connection with it on being elected cashier of the Bank of America. When the latter went into liquidation he was elected (in 1876) manager of the Louisville Clearing House, which position he now holds. Major McCLrty is a man of unblemished integrity and fine business energy; he is courteous, gentlemanly, polite and obliging to all with whom he comes in contact. Major McClarty was elected to the lower house of the State Leo-islature for the session of 1879-80, where he was a work- ing member, and served on several important committees. He was married in 1858 to Miss Lucinda B. Elliott, an excellent lady of Nel- s ill County, Ky. They have three children living — Clinton, Jr. and Anna. DR. HUGH M. .McCullough was bom in Louisville, July 17, 1858, and is a son of .lames an 1 Rebecca (Seay) McCullough, the former of Scotch orio-in, but came from the north of Ireland to Louisville in 1840. He is in the wholesale and retail furniture busi- ness on Mitin street, and is one of the oldest livino- merchants west of the Alleofhenies. Mrs. Rebecca (Seay) McCullough was born in Lynchburg, Va., and came to Kentucky with her father’s family when very young. Her father opened the St. Cloud Hotel in Louis- ville. He was a colonel in the war of 1812, and died many years ago. He was of Eng- lish extraction. The subject is the third of four son?, and was educated principally in Edinbui'j-h and Dublin, o- aduatincr in medi- cine in the latter city, having studied there for three years, and then came back to Louis- ville, an 1 gaduated in 1878 from the Uni- versity of Louisville. He makes surgery a specialty, and has a special diploma for that branch of practice. He practiced medicine in Louisville for a year, then went AFest; re- turned two years later, and resumed practice. He was married in 1879 to Miss Alinnie Smith. She died in 1881. He held the position of county physician while in Kansas. WILLTAAl PRESTON McDOWELL was born in Louisville, Ky., Alay 28, 1838, and at the beginning of the late Inter-State war was engaged in the study of law in the Com- missioner’s office, of the Chancery Court of his native city. Before the President called upon Kentucky for her quot-i of t-oops, he, think- ing that his Srate, would not furnish any soldiers for the Fed-^ral army, proceeded to Washington City and offered his services to President Lincoln. AVhile in AA'ashington he received a telegram from Col. Curran Pope, stating that he (Pope) had received authority to raise a regiment for the Union army, and that he desired his (AlcDowell’s) assistance, and tendering a position as field officer. On the advice of President Lincoln this offer was accepted, and he returned to Louisville and used all his energy in filling the Fifteenth Regiment Kentucky Infantry Volunteers, to facilitate which he resigned all pretension to a field office and accepted the position of adjutant, receiving commission as such Sep- tember 15, 1861. He served with the regi- ment until August 3, 1862, when he was detailed on the staff of Alajor General Lovell II. Rousseau, then commanding the Third Division of the Army of the Ohio. At the battle of Chaplin Hills (Perryville) he served as aide-de-camp, and received much praise for his gallantry. After this battle he was appointed acting assistant adjutant general of the division, and served in this capacity until the battle ot Stone River. In the first 8-10 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. day’s engagement he was wounded severely in the left arm; but although the wound was painful, he refused to leave the field until loss of blood compelled him to retire. ( )n the 15th of IMarch, 18bd, he was commissioned by the President, assistant ad jutant general, with the rank of m'ljor, and continued in the service as such until neir the close of the war, when, by the re-opening of his wound, he was compelled to resign. After the war he en- gaged in business in Louisville until 1871, and then accepted the position of treasurer of the Louisville Water C nnpany, which he lias held for the last fifteen years. His parents were Dr. AVilliam Adair and Alaria (Harvey) McDowell, natives of Virginia. His father came to Louisville in 1887, and practiced till just before his death in 1854. He was a regular graduate of college; read medicine at Danville, an 1 was some years professor in the LTniversity of Ivouisville. Subject was educated in the city schools of Louisville, and was deputy commissioner of Louisville Chancery Court when the war broke out He w'as married in 18(35 to M'ss Kate G. Wrinht, dauorhter of John II. AVriirht, an old merchant of this city. He is the father of six childi’en living. ENOCH E. AIcdvAY was born April 7, 1885, at Bloomfield, Nelson County, Ky., and is a son of Enoch and Amanda McKay. His early education was ac(|uired at the country schools, and in 1855 he entered Centre Col- lege, at Danville, from which he graduated in 1857. Selecting the legal profession he commenced the study of it in 1850 with Chief-.Justice Robertson, at Lexington, was admitted to the bar in 18()0, and commenced practice at Bardstown. In May, 1875, he removed to Louisville, which afforded a broader fie'd for his talents. His career there has been successful and brilliant. In politics he is a Democrat, firm and unyielding, and in his owm county where he is best known has always been a successful candidate. In 1874 he was pitted against .1. Proctor Knott, in the Congressional election, but was defeat- ed by a small majority. He was mar- ried in October, 18()8, to Aliss Ophelia Wilson, of Bardstown. To this union have been born four children. JOHN MacLeod, chief-engineer of the I.ouisville Southern Railroad, was born in the District of Columbia, July 21, 1886, son of George Alacljeod, who was al o a native of the District of Columbia, and was one of the most prominent civil engineers of his day, and was, during his life-time, for a few years receiver for the Louisville Short- line, and was chief engineer for the L. & N. R. R. and its bratiches. His death occurred in 1877, having Ireen born in 1818. The mother of the subject of this sketch was Ame- lii (Deakins) Ma;Lecd, a native of Mary- land. John MacL'’o 1 entered railway service Octolrer 18, 1858, anl until March, 1855, was rodman and levelmin in the engineer corps of the Frederick ibu'-g & Gordonsville Rail- road. March, 1855, to October, 1805, was on the location and construction of the Louis- ville & Nashville Road, successively leveler, surveyor, resident and division engineer; Oc- tober, 1865, to April, 1869, he was principal assistant engineer on the Louisville, Cincin- nati & Lexington Road; April, 1869, to Jan- uary, 1872, principal assistant engineer on the Elizabethtjwn & Paducah Road; January, 1872, to July ,1874, chief-engineer and super- intendent of maintenmee of way, same road; July, 1874, to August, 1876, was general super intendent of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Road; August 4, 1876, to July 15, 1878, receiver; and July 15, 1878, to January, 1880, general superintendent of the same road,.Ianua y 1, 1880, to July, 1884, gen- eral sper iutendent of ihiLoxrisville, New Alba- ny & Chi( ago Railway ; in 1881, chief-engineer of the Kentucky & Indiana Bridge Company; Januarv, 1886, chief-engineer of Loitisville Southern Road, and since October, 1886, has been president of the New Albany & Eastern Railway Company. Mr. MacLeod was married to Miss Mary L. Doone, of Nelson County, Ky., ami has four children. JOHN T. MACAULEY was born in New- port, Ky., on the 4th of February, 1846, arrd is a son of .fohn and Bridget (Smith) Ma- cauley, natives of Ireland; the former came ff,- f BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 843 to the United States about the year 1830, and was a carpenter by trade. John T. was reared in Buffalo, N. Y., and was attending the hiah school at the beginnino- of the war. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eleventh Indiana Volunt;er Infantry, being but fifteen years old at the time. He was made adjutant of the regiment in 1863, and captain in 1864. He served all through the war, and was wounded at th ) battle of Cedar Creek. At the close of the war he went to Indianapolis, and was in business there until the panic of 1873, but" afterward traveled for the Indiana- polis In 1879 he cameto Louisville, and acted one year as manager of the theater, and in February, 1881, he became the proprie- tor of it, and has so remained to the present time. He was married, Xovember 18, 1868, to Miss Annie A. Kirlin, of Indianapolis. GEN. HUMPHREY MARSH YLL, second son of .lohn J. MarshaU and Anna Reed Mar- shall (nee Birney) was born at Frankfort, Kentucky, January 13, 1812, anl graduated at West Point Military Academy in .June, 1832, in the twenty first year of his age. His grea'i-grandfather was Col. Thomas Marshall, of Virginia, who served with distinction as an officer of the Virginia Line in the war of Independence, and is known to history as a friend of Gen. AA^ashington, as appears from Washington’s letters. This was the father of Cnief Justice John Marshall, of the Supreme Court of the United Stales, whose sister. Alary, was the grandmother of our subject, and who was celebrated in Kentucky' as a lady of st’-ong intellect and fine culture. Humphrey Marshall, the historian of Ken- tucky, and among the earliest United Scales senators from that State, the person who shot Henry Clay in a duel fought oppodte Louisville in 1807 or 1808, was the grand- father of our subject, and was a Revolution- ary' officer in the Virginia Line. He had been adjutant of Col. Alarshall’s regiment through the war ; rnarided his daughter at its close, and emigrated to the district of Ken- tucky while it was yet part of A^irginia. He was a man of great force of character, power- ful intellect and much learning. He was an o accomplished scholar, and a bold, fearless writer. Even to this day daws pluck at his lines in the vain hope that they may be erased, but, like the damned spot in Lady Macbeth’s hand, they will not “ out ” at the bidding. .John .J. Alarshall, the father of our subject, was born in Woodford Coun- ty, Iventucky; graduated at Princeton, N. J., with the first honor: was distino-uished as one of the first intellects of the country, and for fifteen years before his death (which oc- curred in .June, 1846,) held the office of cir- cuit judge at Louisville, Iventucky'. The .Judge is yet rememberel as a lawyer of singular learning, and a man of most genial disposition. The maternal grandfather of our subject was .James Birney', an Irishman, who emigrated to Kentucky' before it was sepa- rated from Viroinia. He vvas the father of O James G. Birney, the first abolitionist candidate for the presidency, who was the only brother of Airs. Anna Reed Alarshall. The maternal grandmother of our subject was Aliss Alartha Reed, who died early after her marriage, leaving only two children, those above named. Airs. Anna R. Alarshall died at Louisville in 1859, after her son Humphrey hid acquired the maximum of his fame in congress. Of the boy'hood of Humphrey Alarshall we have but few incidents worthy relating. He was self reliant and firm in his convictions of right, as will appear from the fact that at seventeen he committed a contempt of a court martial at AAVst Point, before which be was summoned to testify' against his room- mates. Col. Hitchcox (afterwards Alaj. Gen. Hitchcox) presided. Young Alarshall said he did not consided that he could disclose the secrets of his room without dishonor to him- self, and therefore he would not give the evidence desired. In vain the court essay ed to convince him of the error of sentiment. He adhered to his own views and was sen- tenced to dismissal from the academy' ; his room-mates were acquitted for want of testi- mony. Gen. .Jackson, then president, rein- stat.d Cadet Alarshall to his rank and place at the academy, complimenting his fidelity to his own sense of duty', though he had erred in his estimate of it. After graduating at the academy Alarshall served as a lieutenant in 844 BIOGliAPlIlCAL SKETCHES. the army, in a campaign ag'ainst Black Hawk ami the Sac and Fox Indians in 1882, before he visited his relations in Kentucky. Gen. Winfield Scott persuaded him that the oc- casion presented a chance for active service and (prick prmmjtion. The Asiatic cholera attacked the detachment to which Lieut. Marshall was assioned ; it lost very heavily, and was halted where Chicairo now stands; and afterwards marched across the couiitiy to tire Mississippi. The fortitude and err- durance of the young lieutenarrt were coit'^pic- rrotrs atnoiro' datrerers sterner thair those of the battle field, atrd Gerr. Scott iroticed him itr his corresporrdence with the war department itr rrrost frvorable tenns — the old chief fre- (pierrtly, in after life, referred to the bearing of yottng Marshall throrrgh those tryirrg scenes itr teiarrs c f hiuh praise. Mr. Marshall married in .fanuarv, 1888, when he was but terr days past twenty-one years of age, Miss FrarrcfS E. McAliste’’, of Frank'itr, Tennes- see, atrd in IMay, 1888, resigrted his commissiotr in the Lbrited States army, without visiting the ])ost or rerriment to which he was as- sigrred. It was a period of profound peace. Military life seemed to open no prosjrect for errterprise or ambition, still Air. IMarshall deettted himself to be under obligations to retrder military service, should the country be in need of s il liers. He was licensed to jiractice law in the spring of 1888, and spent the rest of that year irr Tennessee, but settled in Louisville, to pursue Iris profession, irr November, 1884. In 188G he was elected by the people of the Fifth ward of the city of Loirisville to represent thenr in the city counjil, but resigned this place to accept a captaincy of a troop of volunteers, raised under Gen. .lackson’s call to march to the Sabine frontin' to protect the border of Louisiana from the intrusion of the Mexican army then over-running Texas. The battle of San .lacinto ren lered the movement of the Kentucky volunteers unnecessary ; they were disbanded, and Capt. ^Marshall returned to the law. In 1887 he became a candidate for the legislature, but was defeated and then, for the first tunc, really devoted his time to his profession. He rose rapidly at the bar, and was employed in cases of the first-class, making his name known in the forum in cjm- petition with such men as .lames Guthrie, Garnett, Duncan, Pirtle, Thruston, Lough- borough, Nicholas and otheis. This close pursuit of his profession was interrupted in the spring of 184G by a call fro n tie gov- ernor of the State upon Mr. Marshall to take command of a Kentucky regiment of volun- teer cavalry, called to march to Mexico, and to serve for twelve months in the war then existing between Me.xico and the United States. Alarshall did nut hcs’tate to obey the call ; but at once closed his law books and assumed command of his r giment. At this O time .Judge .John .J. Alarsh'all died, and Col. Marshall’s wife suffered a stroke of nervous apoplexy. Affairs at home were in a terii- able condition when the r “giment moved, but Col. Marshall thought tint he could not then resign with credit, and he went forward to the theater of war. Debarking opposite Memphis, in .June, 184G, Marshall marched his regiment through Arkansas and Texas to Camargo, thence to Saltillo in Mexico. Ac- tlve service indeed he performed in Mexico, for he passed over the conntry^ from Panas to Victoria in discharo-e of the duties devolved O upon him. lie participated in the battle of Buena Vista as the ranking colonel of cav- alry in the American forces, where it was said of him, “ that he faced danger, trod with undaunted step tlUe field of death, and cov- eted the place of desolation,” referring to a brilliant charge made by him at the head of his command. His gallantry endeared him to his soldiers. His conduct was warmly com- mended by his supeiiors in command, by all of whom he was mentioned in their official reports. Ever afterwards Gen. Taylor, Gen. Wool and Gen. Lane, and indeed the field officers who were at Buena Vista, held Col. Marshall in warm regard. At the end of the twelve months’ service the war had shifted to the gates of Mexico, where Gen. Scott, with the regulars and volunteers, was finishing it, and Col. Marshall, with the survivors of his regiment, returned to Ken- tucky, mustered out of service, and with noth- ing before him but to commence again the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 845 practice of law. His pay had not supported him by some §1,500, and he had lost the run of his practice. The people proposed a seat in the State Senate, but this he promptly de- clined. County meetings nominated him for the office of g-overnor, and he published a card at once declarino- his thanks, but defin- itely declined the honor. He sought retire- ment, and applied himself to the opening of a farm upon a tract of laud he owned in Henry County; but the people did not let him in- dulge in this fancy long. In 1849 he was nominated for congress as the Whig candi- date, in the Louisville District, and was elect- ed over Dr. Newton Lane, the Democratic candidate, after a warm and spirited contest. He was re-elected in 1851, over Gov. David Meriwether, (who was afterwards appointed to succeed Mr. Clay, in the U. S. Senate) and took an active part in the great “ Com- promise Measures,” which postponed the war for a decade. His course was enthusiastically sustained by his constituency. In 1852 the President nominated Col. Marshall to the sen- ate as Commissioner to China, and the nomi- nation was immediately confirmed. The Democrats had a majority in both Houses of Congress. After this nomination was con- firmed Congress raised the mission to the O first class, so as to place Col. Marshall on the same footing as to pay emoluments and au- thority with the Ministers of Great Britain and France; a step which was a graceful com- pliment to the appointee, from political op- ponents. Col. Marshall departed from New York on his mission in October, 1852, and having fulfilled it with great honor and credit, both to himself and the country, returned to the United States in 1854. In a brief bio- grapical sketch like this no attempt will be made to review the manner in which this mis- sion was filled. Congress published Col. Marshall’s despatches and it has been years since a single copy of them could be obtained out of the Congressional Library. Col. Mar- shall certainly brought to the public a duty with which he was charged a power of thought, which has made his name remembered in China to the present time. Some of the yiews he then urged are now being carried ! 1 I out by this country as useful expediencies, if not novelties. In I85o Col. Marshall was again elected to Congress, by a very large majority, over Col. William Preston, who had filled the seat from the Louisville district dur- incr his absence in China. Col. Marshall was O elected by the “ Know-Nothings,” as the par- ty was then called. In 1857 Col. 5Iarshall was elected to Congress over Hon. Joe Holt. In 1859 he was nominated by acclamation, but he firmly declined a re-election because he disliked the platform upon which the party convention placed him. He returned to the practice of law to repair his fortunes which had suffered during his congressional serv- ice. But in 1860 he was again called into poli- tics and took the field as elector for Breckin- rido-e and Lane, Presidential candidates. 'When I.iincoln was inaugfurated President, Col. Mar- shall left "Washington, determined to do all in his power to preserve the Union, and to this end he commenced anew the canvass of the State; but the secession of the border States stopped him in his praiseworthy efforts. He retired to his farm in Henry County, but the turbulent times would not permit him to remain in peace; and being threatened with arrest, though he had commited no offense against the laws of his country, in Septem- ber, 1861, he mounted his horse and rode to Nashville, Tenn. He was invited to Rich- mond by President Davis, and was tendered a commission of brigadier-general with the independent command of a department, which he accepted. His services in the field is a part of the history of the war. He retired from the Confederate army in June, 1863, but was immediately thereafter elected to the Second Congress of the Confederate States. He was re-elected, and was a member when the armies surrendered the country. He practiced law in New Orleans from the fall of 1865, until the summer of 1867, with good success; while there, he was invited by Presi- dent .lohnson to Washington, and shoi’tly after his visit to Washington (which was made in December, 1865,) he was pardoned by the President and relieved of all disabilities im- posed upon him by the laws of the United States by reason of his having Ij.een in the '50 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 840 Confederate army. In 1867 Gen. Marshall returned to Kentucky and resumed the prac- tice of law at Louisville. He at once com- manded a large and lucrative practice. Gen. Marsliall was an educated soldier of large ex- perience, and great ability; he was a states- man of broad and enlightened views, with the power to grasp and master any subject; he was an orator; if he but spoke, no matter whether to a crowd in the street, in court, to a popular assembly or in our legislative bodies, he was listened to with attention. lie was a subtle, astute, and profound lawyer, an able advocate — often elocjuent — but his eloquence did not consist of conned j>hrases — of tropes and fiofures, but of thouo-ht. He could en- force his ideas equally well by his speech or his pen. Decended from ancestors of great distinction and renown, he did not content himself therewith, but labored and built a monument for himself. He held many places of distinction and co-oferred honor upon them all. He had few peers, and no superiors. He was of the most amiable disposition, gentle, generous, benevolent, humane; kind to all, and particularly to the young; he was easy of access to everybody, but no one could be in his presence without feeling that he was in the presence of a man; even a stranger pass- ing by him could but feel it; all the children of the street did him reverence. In private conversation he was instructive and entertain- ing, and there was a charm about him that attracted both young and old. Gen. Marshall died March 28th, 1872, in the sixty-first year of his age. His remains are buried in the cemetery at Frankfort, Kentucky. DAVID MARTIN is a native of Louisville and was born .Line I), 1849; was married to Miss Anna Speck, May 18, 1875, and the has been born to him four children, all of whom died in infancy. David Martin is a son of Matthias Martin, who removed from Pennsyl- vania many years ago to Louisville, and died when our subject was an infant. Since eight years of age the latter has made his own way in the world. His wife was also born in Louisville, and is a daughter of David and Frances Speck, both born in Germany. Mr. Martin is a thrifty farmer and a highly re- spected citizen. THOMAS A. MASON was born in the city j of Newport, Ky., September 16, 1845, and is j a son of .lohn Mason, who was born in Eng- ! land in 1812. He married Mary Williamson, ' also of England, and came to the United I States in 1844, settling in Newport, and died there in July, 1858; his wife died September j 16, 1868. There were three children born to j this couple, two of whom died in infancy. I Thomas A. Mason, the subject of this sketch, is one of the leading and substantial farmers Rebecca .leans February 17, 1864. In con- nection with his farming interests he is also engaged in the saw-mill business. He has had ten children, of whom eight are living. MASON MAURY was born May 1, 1849, and is a native of Louisville. He is a son of Mathew Henry and Sally (Mason) Maury; the former a native of Virginia, was a farmer, and at one time owner of the well-known “ Pumpkins Patch ” harbor, near .Jefferson- ville, and died in 1886; the latter is a niece of Lowell Mason, the Boston composer and pub- lisher, and a daughter of Johnson Mason, who was the inventor of the first rope-making and bagging machine, and was brought out here by Henry Clay. He established a fac- tory at Covington, Ky., and later in the thir- ties came to Louisville to take charge of the old rope and bagging factory at Twelfth and Chestnuts streets. He would have made a great fortune out of his invention if he had patented it. The subject’s mother has been a teacher in the public schools of Louisville since 1861, and is a remarkably intelligent lady. Mason Maury, the subject of this sketch, graduated in the IMale High School of Louisville, and afterward took a course in civil engineering, and after serving in that branch two years, went to Boston to study architecture with a leading firm of architects I ville, when he introduced some new features 1 in architecture. Indeed, in the dozen years he has been engaged in the profession, he has j to some extent, revolutionized resident.il archi- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 847 lecture. He has received recognition from the highest authorities for resident and office architecture — the Kenyon Building being a monument to his perfection of taste in the latter class. He was married in November, 1885, to Miss Gertrude Vaughan. WILLIAM H. MEFFERT, Secretary and Treasurer, and Business Manager of Masonic Temple Company, was born in Louisville, .June 1, 1840, and was a son of William and Elizabeth (Sabel) IMelfert. The former was born in 1807, came to Louisville in 1837, and for many years kept a boot and shoe store. Subject was educate! in Louisville, and for a number of years, like his father, was in the boot and shoe business. He' became deputy sheriff in 1873 and continued in the position until in 1880, when he was offered and ac- cepted the position he now holds. iMr. iMeffert is a prominent Mason, and was grand master | of the Order for Kentucky in 1881-82. He is at present Grand Captain General of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of the State. He was married, in I860, to Miss Emma Troutman, of Louisville, a daughter of OVilliam Troutman, of German origin, but who came here a great many years ago. He was a ship-builder, and a man of some local prominence. WILLIAM A. MERnVETHER is a na- tive of Jetferson County, Ky., and was born May 26, 1825. He is a son of Hon. David iMeriwether, a native ofVirginia, who came to Kentucky in an early day and located on a farm near Louisville, where he still lives. In 1832 he was elected to the legislature, and re-elected in 1835,-36,-37,-38,-39,-46,-59, -61, and the last term was speaker of the House of Representatives and was re-elected in 1879, 1881, and 1883; he was a member of the Constitutional Convention that framed the present Constitution of the State; in 1852, was appointed to the United States Senate by Governor Powell, to fill the vacancy oc- casioned by the death of Henry Clay, and in 1853, was appointed by President Pierce Governor of New Mexico. After his last term in the Legislature (1883) he retired from poliMcs and is still a well preserved inan of his age. William A. Meriwether received a good practical education in the schools of his native county, and in 1845 he commenced farming in Floyd County, Ind., in which he continued until the breaking out of the Mexican war, when he enlisted in the army under Gen. William O. Butler. At the ! close of the war he resumed farming, and in the meantime studied law and medicine. From 1861 to 1864 he was Deputy L'nited States Marshal, and from the latter date until 1869, was appointed United States Marshal for Kentucky by President Lincoln. From I 1870 to 1876 he was Clerk of the LTiited States Court at Louisville, since when he has been actively engaged in the real estate busi- ness. Mr. iMeriwether was married, in 1856, to Lillie Morsell; she died in 1860, and he married, in 1864, Julia D. Tryon. One child was born to his first marriacre — H. Travilla, and three by his last, viz: Frank T., living in Asheville; N. C., David L. in Louisville, and Julia. CHARLES E. MERIWETHER, M. D., is descended from old Virginia families, who came to Kentucky many years ago. He was born in Christian County, Ky., May 27, 1857, and is a son of Charles E. and Eliza (Golden) Meriwether. His paternal grandfather came to Kentucky in 1801, and settled in what is now Christian County. The father of our subject, at the beginning of the civil war, raised a company of cavalry, joined Forrest’s command, and was killed in a skirmish at Sacramento, Ky., in 1861. After the death of his father, subject went to live with his grandfather in Todd County; in 1875 he en- tered Kentucky L^niversity at Lexington. He remained there until the fall of 1876, when he went into the tobacco trade at Clarksville, Tenn., but the next year came to Louisville, and took charge of .Tames Clark’s tobacco business for one year. In 1879 he entered the medical department of Univer- I sity of 5"irginia, graduating in the spring of 1880. The following fall he graduated in the ; University of New York. He remained in ! that State in 1881, taking a special course in I medicine, and returned to Louisville one of the best read physicians of his age in the city. In 1884 he located at Twelfth and Broadway, 848 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. and has been there ever since. He is city physician in cliarge of pul)lic dispensary in Western district. He is a member of the Louisville Medical Society, and of New York State Medical Society. SAMUE14 M. MH.LEH, was born in Nel- son County, Ky., .lanuary 27, 1851), and is a son of Irvin Miller, also a native of Nelson County, born .January 18, 1884; his wife, the mother of the subject, was .Judith W. Ross. Samuel M., the subject, was educated in his native county, and removed to Bullitt County, where he was married, December 20, 1877, to | Miss Cora Bell Green well, a daughter of Robert and Elizabeth E. Greenwell. They have two children, viz.: Harry M., born Sep- \ tember 15, 1878, and Ollie J^ee, J)orn .July 25, | 1882. Mr. Miller is one of the young and enterprising farmers of Bullitt County. SHACIvELFORD MI JM^ER was born near Springfield, Mo., February 29, 1850, and is a son of .John A. and Barbara (Neville) Miller, the former a native of .Jefferson County, Ivy. the latter of Montgomery CYunty, Tenn. Idis maternal grandfather, Solomon C. Neville, was born near Chapel Hill, in North Carolina, but came early to Jventucky, and was one of | the first tobacco merchants in the State; he died in 1882. His grandfather, Robert Mil- ler, came from King and Queen’s County, Va., to Kentucky, in 1790. The subject of this sketch was educated in the schools of Louisville, and graduated from the Male High School in 1877. He studied law under Hon. Isaac Caldwell, and graduated from the law department of the University of Jjouisville in 1879. He was assistant presidential elector in 1884, on the Democratic ticket, and is elector for the same district in 1888. 4’or eight years he was associated with .Judge the Filson Club, and devotes considerable at- tention to historical research. He is a good O writer, a fine speaker, and making a good record at the bar as a lawyer. His pa]>er pre- pared for the Filson Club on the “ Jdfe and Times of Governor Garrard,” received the most flattering commendation from the Club. .J. SEJj. MIJ.J.,ER was born in .Jefferson County, and is a son of John and Mary S. (Seaton) Miller, also natives of Jefferson County. His grandfather came from North Carolina al)Out 1780, and settled near Jjouis- ville. His maternal grandfather, Seaton, came from Virginia about the same time. When subject was four years old his father moved into the city. He was educated in the city schools. In 1864 he enlisted in the Fifth liOuisiana Cavalry, and was captured at Cuba, Ky., soon after his eidistment. In 1880 he was appointed Commissioner of J.,ouisville Chancery and l.aw and Equity Courts. He is an active politician of the Democratic school, and has been a delegate to all impor- tant conventions for the past fifteen years. He was married in 1868 to Miss Mollie T. Melone, of .Jefferson County. .JOSEPH A. MIJ.J.ER, M. D., is a native of Nelson County, Jvy., and was born March 1 1, 1861. He is a son of Irvin Miller, also a native of Nelson County. His great-grand- father, George Miller, came from Virginia, and settled in that county, among the earliest settlers. The family is of German origin, but came to America Irefore the Revolutionary war. The suljject was reared on the farm and educated at Greenwell College, at Bardstown. He read medicine with Dr. F. A. Barnett, and graduated from the Kentucky school of medi- cine in 1885. He also took an unofficial course at the Medical University of I.ouisville. Jn the meantime he has been offered an as- sistant surgeon’s position in the Kentucky School of Medicine. He is one of the rising young physicians of Louisville, and stands deservedly high; he is also a deacon in the Twenty-second and Walnut Street Baptist Church. HENRY C. MILJ^ER, M. 1)., coroner of .lefferson County, was born September 9, 1842, and is a son of .John and Mary S. (Seaton) Miller, natives of .Jefferson County. He was educated in Jjouisville, and after completing his studies read medicine under Dr. John Hardin, and graduated from the old Iventucky School of Medicine in February, 1862; was resident graduate one year of the City Hos- pital. In 1764-65, he became assistant sur- ' geon in the Forty-ninth Kentucky Infantry, ' remaining iir that capacity about six months. S' ^ i.' F- I V biographical sketches. 8ol when he was pioiiioted to surgeon. When the war was over he began practice in Louis- ville. In 1878 he was elected coroner of I.,ouisville and .letlerson County, which po- sition he has since held by successive elections. In 1877 he was married to Miss Clara Means, a daughter of Presley Means, an old and well known citizen of Louisville. There has been born to him one child — Pearl S. FRANCIS M. MILLER was born in Shel- by County, Ky., February 19, 1834, and is a son of Fleming and Susan (Holloway) Miller, natives of Virginia. He was brought up on the farm and received such an education as could be obtained in the public schools of that county. Upon attaining his majority he came to Bullitt County, and after remaining here a few years he removed to Illinois and settled in Christian County, Imt a few years later he returned to Kentucky, and located upon the same farm that he left on going to Illinois, convinced him that Kentucky is the best State in the Union after all. Mr. Miller was married in December, 1862, to Miss Mary Jane Miller, born December 10, 1843, and a daug-hter of James H. and Louisa Miller. They have one child, born February 16, 1864. JAIMES MILLER, a prominent farmer of Bullitt County, Ky., is a native of .letlerson County, Ky., and was born April 29, 1860, and is a son of Thomas Miller, who was also born in .lefferson County, November 29, 1831, and married Miss Narcissus .leans, April 6, 1856. James Miller, the subject of this sketch, is the second born of eleven children. His ancestors, who first settled in Kentucky, were from North Carolina. He was liberally educated in the country school, and was mar- ried to Miss Alice Furganson, daughter of Hamilton Furganson, .luly 8, 1880, and has two children living — Mattie Lee and Henry Thomas, born respectively September 24, 1883, and February 14, 1886. JOHN MITCHELL is a native of Corn- wall, England, and was born November 8, 1833. He is a son of John and Mary Ann Mitchell, also natives of England. He was educated in the schools of his native country, and commenced learnino- the trade of boiler- maker at the age of twelve. He is the eldest O of six children, and came to the United States ' wlien twenty years old, and located in Louis- , ville. He began work at his trade, and in I 1872 engaged in business for himself, manu- I factoring boilers, tanks, etc., and does the I most extensive business in that line of any house in the city. He married Miss Elizabeth Mitchell (also a native of Cornwall, England,) in May, 1864. She came to the United States two years before her marriage. They have seven children, viz.: John H., Joseph, AVill- iam, Cleorge, Edgar, iMattie and Mary, .lohn Mitchell is one of the solid business men of the city. WILLIAM MIX is a native of .lefferson j County, Ky., and was born March 18, 1833. i He is a son of William and Catherine (Snead) j Mix, the former of New Haven, Conn., and I the latter of .lefferson County. The maternal I grandfather, .lames Snead, came from the j eastern shore of Maryland to Kentucky, crossing the mountains on horseback to Pitts- burgh, thence down the Ohio on a flat-boat. His wife belonged to one of the prominent families of IMaryland. William Mix, the father of subject, engaged in the wholesale (pieensware business on Main street, but in 1831 commenced farming in Jefferson Coun- ty, a pursuit he followed until his death, which . occui rcd March 9, 1859. He was a prominent and successful farmer, and \vas long secretary of the County Agricultural Society, to which ; he contributed largely. AVilliarn Mix, the subject of this sketch, received a liberal edu- cation. After the benefit of the common- ' schools he entered 5V abash College, at : Crawfordsville, Ind., from which he graduated ! in 1854. He read law, and graduated from ; the law department of the University of Louisville in 1855, and commenced practice in Louisville. He held the office of county attorney, by appointment, in 1862-63, during the stormiest period of the civil war, the duties of which he discharged satisfactorily. He is a director in the Mutual Life Insurance Company of Kentucky, of which Hon. Charles D. .lacob is president, and is attorney for the company; he is president of the Oakland Plank Road Company; was elected a director of the Kentucky National Bank at its organi- 852 BIOGliAPHICAL SKETCHES. ziition, when Hon. Bland Ballard was elected its first president, and remained in the board of directors for ten years thereafter, and has always been an active business man. Mr. Mix was married in 18b(> to Alice A., a daughter of 1). H. Davies, Esq., a prominent merchant of Louisville before the war. They have four children — Elizabeth, Davies, William and Loraine. AARON MOORE is a native of Pendle- ton County, Ky., and was liorn September 17, 1842. He is the son of .John F. and Nancy (Smith) Moore, the former a jironiinent minis- ter of the Methodist Church for many years; the mother was the daughter of Amos Smith before maniag'e. .John F. Moore was the O father of sixteen children. iVaron Moore, the second child of .John F. iMoore, was brought up in a country home. When the war broke out in 18bl he chose the Union side of the matter, and enlisted in Company B, Fifty- ninth Ohio Infantry, and participated in many of the hard-fought battles of the war, among them Shiloh, Stone River, Chickamauga, Rocky Face Ridge, Perryville, etc. He was married to Miss Annie Hockersmith, a daugh- ter of .ludiah Hockersmith. Aaron Moore removed to and is now living in Bullitt County, Ky. He is also a minister of the Methodist Church. •JOHN T. MOORE, banker, is a native of .Tefferson County, and was born March 7, 1827. His parents, Thomas 1). and Margaret (Frederick) Moore, Avere nati^'es of Delaware, and came early to Kentucky. The former was a prominent merchant of .Telfersontown, Ky., and died in 1881, when subject was but four years old. Margaret (Frederick) Moore was a daucfther of August Frederick, and an early resident of .Jefferson County. Upon the death of his father the subject of this sketch was taken and educated by Gov. Willard, of Indiana. After completing his education he became a clerk in a clothing store for one year, and afterward in a fancy dry goods store of .1. Raphael, where he re- mained for four years. In 1849, when the gold fever broke out in California, he crossed the plains to the gold regions, where he. was suceessful in accumulatino' wealth, but later he lost heavily by a fire that to^jk place in Sacramento. He returned to Louisville in 1855, and engaged in the wholesale grocery business, and is of the firm of Moore, Brem- aker & Co., having remained without the change of a member of the firiu or location of the house of twenty-six years. In 1882 he was elected president of the Falls City Bank, of which he had been for several years a director and vice-president. The bank is one of the substantial institutions of the city, and was organized in 1805, with L. L. War- ren, as president. 5Ir. Moore has been presi- dent of the Falls City Fire Insurance Com- pany since 1884, the year it was organized; he is a stockholder in the Bremaker, Moore Paper Company, is a director in the Louisville Safety Vault Co., a director in the Union Warehouse Co., and is prominently connected with other business enterprises of the city. He was married in June, 1856, to Miss Emma Applegate, a daughter of Elisha Applegate, one of the first tobacco inspectors of Louis- ville, who was born in Fort Nelson, and lived to be ninety-two years old. Mr. and Mrs. Moore have five children, viz: Robert B., Patti 51., Emma Belle, .John T., Jr., and Margaret. WILLIAM E. 5IONTZ, marshal of the Chancery Court of Louisville, was born in .Jefferson County, Ind., February 1, 1842, and is a son of .Jeremiah and Ellen (Cain) Montz, the former a native of Pennsylvania and the latter of Virginia. They came to Louisville about 1845, and he is now a government store- keeper. The subject was brought up in Louisville and received a common school education. When still a mere boy he be- came a deputy clerk in the chancery court clerk’s office, under Harry Stuckey, remaining one or two years. He afterward obtained the post of shipping clerk for G. Spratt & Co. s’ tobacco warehouse, where he remained for five years. He was made deputy marshal of the chancery court, which position he held for eleven years, when he was elected to the office of marshal, which office he now holds. He is a fine business man, a popular and ac- commodating officiat, and stanch Democrat. .JOHN S. MORGAN, a highly respected BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 85: farmer of Jefferson County, is a native of the county, was born May 22, 1857, and is a son of Elias G. Morgan who born in the same county, and was married to Miss Mary Ann Kendall in September, 1834. He held sev- eral positions of trust, was elected to the office of Justice of the Peace, and for twenty years was county assessor. He died Septem- ber 5, 1887. John S. Morgan resides near Deposit. He was married to Miss Mary A. Har- rison, a daughter of John Harrison, who was born August 4, 1809, in Shelby County, Ky. To Mr, and Mrs. Morgan have been born four children: Albert, born September 17, 1879; Bessie B., born July 29, 1881, and died No- vember 10, 1881; Lola Adala, born Seember 17, 1883, and Myrtle, born May 25, 1886. GEORGE W. MORRIS, son of John and Elizabeth Morris, was born in Gloucester, England, .January 27, 1823. The family came to the United Stat3sin 1831, and settled in New York State, where the mother died in Troy, in 1861. His father, who had been a ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church for fifty years, died in the same city, in 1881, at the age of eighty- seven. The subject of this sketch had very limited advantages of education in school. At the age of hfteen years he commenced mercantile life in a coun- try store near Troy, N. Y., but was subse- quently thrown out of employment, and in 1846 left his home for the West, stopping at Buffalo, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, in the hope of finding a situation, but failing, he arrived in Louisville in .June, 1846, where he found it as difficult to find work as where he had come from; but, after spending six weeks, going daily from store to store in every business street in Louisville, he suc- ceeded in obtaining a clerkship at a salary of $200 per annum. From that day to this he has never been idle. In October, same year, he received the position of book keeper in the wholesale dry-goods house of Emery, Low & Co., remaining two years, then resigned to en- gage in the wholesale grocery business as a junior member of Fonda, Moore & Co. In •July, 1848, he was married to Miss Caroline A. Wallace, of Western New York. The firm of Fonda, Moore & Co. was organized in September, 1848, and in July, 1851, was suc- ceeded by the the firm of Fonda & Morris, which continued until 1858, when it was dis- solved J)y the senior member retiring from business. Mr. Morris prosecuted the business on his own account till 1867, when he engaged with George S. Moore in the iron lousiness, and in 1885 Mr. Morris withdrew from this partnership in order to give his entire atten- tion to the presidency of the Louisville Gas Company, a position to which he had just been elected, and is at present acting in that capacity. In 1851 51r. iMorris advocated, be- fore the people and through the press, the necessity of a new charter for the city, the adoption of which contributed so largely to the prosperity of Louisville. He was elected a member of the first “Board of Trustees of the University and public schools of the city of Louisville,” under the charter of 1851. He was connected with this board for about twelve years, and for five consecutive years was elected its president without opposition. In 1865, by the recommendation of the alumni of the university of the public schools the degree of A. M. was conferred upon him. For several years he was one of the directors of the Kentucky Mechanics Institute, and delivered the fifth annual address before that association in 1857. In 1860, as a repre- sentative of the commercial interests of the city, he was elected from its members presi- dent of the Board of Trade, and served two years. In 1864 he was a member of the common council ; in 1866 was the democratic candidate for mayor. In 1870 he was unani- mously chosen by the people of his ward a member of the convention to form the pres- ent city charter, and by the convention was elected president. In 1873 he was elected to the lower house of the legislature. Soon O after the election the panic of 1873 came, and his business affairs forced him to resig-n this trust. For twenty-five years he has been one of the directors of the Franklin Fire Insur- ance Company (the olde.st fire insurance com- pany in the State); for several years its vice- president, and in 1886, on the death of its president, Mr. .lames Trabue, was unani- mously elected its president, which office he BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHED. 851 now holds. He is also ])tesident of the Indiana Cotton Mills at Cannelton, Ind. He was one of the org-aiiizers of the Southern o Mutual Life Insurance Company of Ken- tucky ; for ten years a member of the board of ilirectors of the Bank of Louisville, and for the past fifteen years a director of the Bank of Kentucky. In the I. O. O. F. or- ganization he has held the exalted position of Grand Master of Kentucky, and has been unanimously elected Grand Treasurer of the .Turisdiction of Kentucky, and has held this position for twenty-five years. Mr. Morris is a prominent member of the Second and Broad- way Presbyterian Church. GEORGE C. NORTON, merchant, was born in Lawrenceville, Ga., September 15, 1836, and is a son of Reuben and Ruth M. (Smith) Norton, of English extraction, and natives of Vermont and Massachusetts. The former immigrated to Georgia aborrt the year ! 1825, and located in J^awrenceville, where he followed Merchandizing, removing to Rome, Ga., in 1847, where he still lives. The sub- ject received an academic education at Rome, Ga., an after leaving school entered his father’s store. When the civil war broke out iir 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Georgia Infantry, commanded by Col. Francis S. Bar- tow, who was killed at Bull Run. He served on the staff (with rank of captain) of Generals Anderson, Hood and Longstreet, and was in the field until the closing scene at Appomat- tox. He came to Louisville in September, 1865, and as a salesman entered the dry goods house of J. M. Robinson & Co., now one of the largest in the South. In 1870 he became a partner in the house, which does business annually amounting to two million dollars, all through the South. Mr. Norton is a director in the Board of Trade, and a trustee of Bellewood Female Seminary at Anchorage. He was married in 1863 to Miss Mary a Billups, of Rome, Ga. They had one child, Charles B., wdio died in 1873. In 1879 Mr. Norton was married to Miss .lessie Swope, a daughter of B. L. Swope, of l.ouis- ville. They have five children. CHARLES BOOd’H PARSONS. In the space allowed by the plan of this work it is impossible to do justice to the memoiy of this remarkable man. Yet we have deemed it appropriate that a record of the salient points of his life should be made in the biographical portion of this volume. Charles Booth Par- sons was born in Enfield, Conn., .luly 23, 1805, of humble, but respectable parentage. He was the eldest of four children, and hav- ing the misfortune to lose his father when fifteen years of age it became necessary for him to leave home in search of some means by which he could maintain himself. He w^ent to New York, where, being of an active tem- perament, he soon found a situation as store boy in the lower part of the city, whereby he obtained his board and occasionally a trifle besides. He learned that his companions in the store were members of an amateur dra- matic society, and was early induced to enroll himself as a desciple of tlie Muses. In the hall, where the juveniles performed, regular actors were often present to witness their efforts. On one occasion, when young Par- sons had been “cast” to appear as Sir Edward Mortimer, in the play of the “Iron Chest,” some one in the city papers compared the acting of the chief character to the elder Kean, who was then esteemed great in the part. This fired the ambition of our subject to become an actor. Acce])ting a position in a company being formed for a Southern theater, he embarked on a little coasting schooner that had been engaged to take them to Charleston, South Carolina. After a peril- ous voyage he made a successful debut, and by dint of hard study, and the unceasing cultivation of the talents with which nature had favored him, he continued on a course of almost unparalleled success for about fifteen years. At the time when his fame in tlie world of histrionism w'as at its height a change took place which revolutionized the whole course of his life and turned his emi- nent talents to account in another field of labor. We quote an account of these events from that gentleman himself in “Pulpit and Stao-e ” : “ There was to be a communion in a Presbyterian church where I had been attending meeting in the afternoon of the Sabbath, to which the preacher invited all to iBlOGftAPHlCAL SKETCflfiS. sst attend who felt interested in that ordinance, whether they were professors or not. They might show by their presence that they de- sired to honor the feast, though they might not be entitled to participate in it at the present time. It was a stormy afternoon, but I determined to attend. When I arrived at the church I took a seat back and by accid- nt on the left hand. It might have been provi- dential. It so happened too that I was the only person present who -was not entitled to partake of the sacred elements. The preach- er very touchingly alluded to the circum- stance in his prayer, the full force of which fell upon my heart — the isolated stranger who was on the left of the fold, w’ho had come through the storm to be a spectator to the feast. He prayed that the stranger mio-ht be converted and be admitted to the fellowship of the righteous through the spirit of God. My heart said ‘amen’ while a flood of tears I could not restrain attested to myself at least the sincerity of my feelings. 1 re- tired to the hotel after service, and, locking myself in my room, knelt down by my bed- side overwhelmed with agony of mind and almost the victim of despair. The prayer of the poor publican was uppermost in my mind, and I e.xclaimed aloud: ‘I^ord be merciful.’ What was that? Did some one speak? A voice close to me seemed to say : ‘ Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ and thou hast eter- nal life.’ I raised my head and gazed around the room, but saw no one. I then looked under the bed, thinking some one of my friends peihaps in order to play me a trick had concealed himself there. But all was vacant and silent. Again I addressed myself to my pi’ayer, and again seemingly the same response was made. ‘Surely,’ thought I, ‘this is the Lord and so I will receive it.’ My heart beat heavily and seemed to labor within me as if difficult to keep life within me. My tongue faltered, but faith helped me to ejaculate: ‘Lord, I do believe; help thou my unbelief.’ A flood of light flashed through the room ; I sank down in rajiture upon the floor, my head grew joyous, and I was a converted man.” Having traced this great and good man to the point of conver- sion we may remark that he had previously perfected professional engagements for nearly a year ahead, which, after much anxious thought and earnest prayer, he concluded it was his duty to fulfill, although he knew it would subject him to the uncharitable criti- cisms of many in the religious world. At length he bade farewell to the stage forever, and as he was possessed of new objects and aims, he devolved himself to the study of the scriptures with an earnestness that be- spoke his gratitude. He soon became a local preacher in a Methodist Episcopal Church, and after a probation of one year, dating from June I, 1889, the probation was renewed, and on the 15th of September, 1841, he was admittted on trial to the traveling connection. In this position he remained two years, preaching with happy effect in the Jefferson Circuit. In 1848 he was admitted into full connection, and during the conference was ordained a deacon, in accordance with the rules and usages, by Bishop 5Iorris. He was then sent to labor in Frankfort, Kentucky, where he remained two years with much ac- ceptance. At the conference of 1845, on the 14th of September, he was ordained elder by Bishop J. Soule, at Frankfort. He was clothed with the full j)ower of a minister and sent to St. Louis, Missouri, to become the pastor of the Fourth Street Church. This was October, 184(5. Here he was unusually successful and gathered numbers into the fold. During his term of two years at this station the degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon him by this board of curators of St. Charles College, Missouri. In 1854, after his return to Kentucky, he was re- quested to return to St. Louis to preach the dedication sermon of a large and mao-nificent church, and in 1855 he was pressingly called to become the pastor of the same. Here, having at first but few members, he labored with such effect that at the close of his ad- ministration they numbered over five hundred souls. His name was again registered upon the roll of the Louisville conference in 1857 or 1858, and he was made i)residinor elder of J- O East Louisville District, comprising several churches and circuits. Subsequently to this 858 biographical sketches. lie was a|)j)ointel l>y the conference regu- lar pastor of the Walnut Street Church. It may be observed that this church was erected under the administration of Dr. Parsons, and that he was at different times its pastor, greatly beloved by the people. We believe he was ao-ain called to St. Louis and served the third term in that city, but at precisely what date we have been unable to ascertain. In the celebrated church difficulty among Methodist brethren Dr. Parsons was a|>- pointed one of the peace commissioners for the settlement of the same, and after adjust- ment of the matter by a division between the North and South he cast his lot with the latter branch, where he remained till the breaking out of the war; but always true to his manhood when affairs assumed such shapes as produce unpleasant feelings with his brethren, lie severed his connection there- with and returned to the mother church, where his views were in harmony with those with whom he was associated. The latter portion of his life was therefore spent in the ministry of the original Methodist Church. Aliout the middle of the year 18b8, while suffering from disease of the heart, he went to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to dedicate a church. This was more than his system could endure, although he completed the ob- ject of his visit and took passage for home without any perceptible injury. But on reaching the Louisville wharf early in the morning he found he had became paralyzed in his lower limbs. During his protracted affliction every available means was resoited to and frequently encouragement was given to himself and friends, at least to hope for a partial restoration of health. But all was in vain; the disease progressed until it became too evident that it would soon terminate in death. He died December 8, 1871, his last hours being marked by a confidence in Jesus Christ as his all in all. Dr. Parsons was ! married to Miss Emily C. Oldham. Mrs. Emily C. Parsons is still living. She was born in 1813, and has five children living. She is a daughter of William and Elizabeth (Field) Oldham, both born in Jefferson Conn- j ty, Ky. Her maternal grandfather, Captain ' Reuben Field, a native of Culpeper County, I A'"a., immigrated to Kentucky before the close of the last century; was a prominent pioneer and served as captain in the war for American ; Independence. Hon. Edward Y. Parsons, ' who w'as elected to congress in 1875, and died the following yea*-, was a son of this eminent divine, the subject of this skelch, I as is also Mr. Frank Parsons, a brilliant young J lawyer at the Louisville bar. All through life Doctor Parsons maintained a most honor- able character. Even when eng-acred as an actor it was impossible to know him without being struck with the marked propriety and dignity of his conduct. As a minister he was one of the most able and eloquent in the pulpit. Possessing in an eminent degree all the requisites of a true orator in happiest combination, great emotion and passion, with correct judgment of human nature, genius, fancy and imagination, gesture and attitude, intonation and countenance, his whole nature blended to accomplish the mighty purposes of his heart. He was a good citizen as well as a successful minister. He was a devoted husband and an affectionate father, and in fact faithfully discharged all the duties of the various stations in life which he was called to fill, llequiescat in pace. FRANK PARSONS, lawyer, was born in this city January 2, 1850, and is a son of Charles Booth and Emily (Oldham) Parsons, natives of Enfield, Conn., and of Jefferson County, Kentucky. The subject received a j liberal education in the high schools of this ' city, and at the State University at Bloom- ington, Indiana. He read law with Jackson & Parsons and was admitted to practice at the Louisville bar in March, 1874, and did a general law business up to August, 1887, when he was elected commonwealth’s attor- ney by 7,000 majority over General Alpheus Baker, which was the first office ever solicited by Mr. Parsons. As a lawyer at the bar Mr. Parsons is quiet, and even in his temperment, courteous and polite to his witness; has a penetrating manner, and is making a remark- able record. Added to this he has a pol- ished address, and is one of the most finished speakers at the bar. He was married in 1873 ly.'/. r-- r . BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 861 to Miss Minnie Dent, a daughter of Col. | Henry Dent, of Louisville. 1 r.AWRENCE S. PARSONS is a native of | Massachusetts, and was born August 3, 1854, j at Belchertown. He is a son of T. .1. S. and ^largaret (Weston) Parsons, also natives of Massachusetts, and purely English stock. He received a liberal education, graduating from the High School at Belchertown in 1872. He came to Louisville in October, 1872, and received employment with the .Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroad, as a common laborer at the freight depot, but was shortly promoted to a clerkship in the auditor’s de- partment. He arose by regular gradation througfh his own merits to chief clerk in the general freight department. In 1883 he ac- cepted the position of general agent for the I.ouisville, New Albany & Chicago Road at Louisville. He remained in this position for two years, then resigned it for that of general freight agent for the “Air-line” road — the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis. In addi- tion to his railroad duties he is a director in the Louisville Transfer Co., the Louisville Bagging Manufacturing Co., and secretary of the Louisville Magnetic Water Co. He was married, in 1877, to Miss Ida Grainger, a daughter of Colonel W. H. Grainger, of Louisville. She died in 1878, and he next married, in 1880, Miss Mary F. Tapp, adaugh- | ter of William J. Tapp, Esq., formerly of Alabama, now of Louisville, and president of the Louisville Bagging Manufacturing Co. Mr. Parsons is one of the progressive young business men of Louisville, popular, clever and accommodating, and a tine railroad man. ROBERT N. PFEIFFER, M. D., was born in this city .Tune 25, 1859, and is a son of Peter Pfeiffer, a native of Germany, who emi- grated to the United States in 1840. The subject of this sketch was educated in the schools of Louisville. He read medicine with Dr. .John T. Williams, demonstrator of anato- my in the College of Medicine, and graduated in Hospital Medical College in the class of 1883, and has been engaged inactive j)ractice ever since. Soon after graduating he prac- ticed for a time in Bartholomew County, Ind., but came to Louisville, and established him- self at 931 East ilain street. CHARLES PFEIFFER is a native of this city, and was born November 20, 1837. He is a son of Henry and Magdalene Pfeiffer, natives of Germany, who came to the LTnited States in 1828, locatincr in New York State, and after remaining there for several years came to Louisville. He received his educa- tion in the public schools, and then learned the trade of stove molding in the factory of Wallace, Lithgow & Co. In April, 1806, he formed a copartnership with some of his fel- low workmen under the name of Hare, Leaf & Co., which continued until 1870, when the firm w'as changed to Fisher, Leaf & Co., which name it still bears. They are manufacturers of stoves, mantels, grates, etc., and have a laro-e establishment on Hiorh street and Port- land avenue, employing about 100 people. The factory has never stood still ten days at a time since first started, and the firm ship their goods all over the United States, and occa- sionally to Germany. Mr. Pfeiffer was mar- ried in 1801 to Miss .Julia Gould, of this city, daughter of .Jacob Gould, a native of Boston, Mass. They have four children living, viz.: Robert, Mary V., Katie Belle and Norbet Lee. Mrs. Pfeiffer died in 1870. .JAMES SHIPP PHELPS, long one of the prominent tobacco warehousemen in Louisville and president of the .J. S. Phelps House, at the southeast corner of Main and Eleventh streets, is a native Kentuckian, born at Hopkinsville, March 8, 1828, and was the third child and third son of .John H. and Caroline (Shipp) Phelps. His father was born in July, 1790, and came from Virginia with his bi’other when a young man. Some years before he had taken his wife from the well-known Shipp family near Hopkinsville. The Phelps stock is probably English, though it is not known when it made its advent into this country, j James, the subject, lost his mother while less j than two years old, and his father married again in October, 1830, this time taking to 1 wife a sister of Gov. .James T. Morehead. She proved an excellent mother to the little fami- ly and brought them up carefully. .James i^iOGRAi^riiCAL sketched. 8Ci liad two elder Ijrothers, Hiram Abiff, an at- torney at llupkinsville, and Laban Shipp, deceased at twenty-six years of age. The elder Phelps died in 1842. His widow mar- ried Augustine Wel)ber, of riopkinsville, in Kebruarv, 184(), and survu'ved him about eighteen months, dying in 1875 at the resi- dence of her stepson in this city. Young Phel])S was educated mainly by Mr. .James H. Rumsey, of Hopkinsville, and in a school of a venerable Baptist minister near that place. He was in this school from the ao-e of four- teen until he was ready to etiter into active life. At the request of his father, who had in his lifetime been circuit court clerk of Chris- ' tian County under the old system of appoint- ment for a long series of years and died at his | post, .James entered the office of his succes- sor while a very young man, as a writer and manao-er of the office, in tlie absence of his superior, who was in failing health. This was an important position for a youth, and ful- filled his father’s expectation of the place as a capital means of education for him. So well did he improve his opportunitiesof legal study in the office that within a year after leaving it he was enabled to receive from the Circuit .ludge a license to practice law. He opened an ollice wdth his brother (though not as a partner) in Hopkinsville; but at the end of another year he wearied at the slow and drudging character of the profession, and de- termined to embark in the mercantile Inisi- ness. He entei’ed into partnership with Mr. .Joseph K. Grant, of the same place. It was in 1858 when the two young men started in the dry goods business. The times were prosperous, and Christian was then the richest county in the State outside of .Jefferson and j P'ayette. A great many slaves were held in the county, and the negro trade was especial- ly lucrative. The partners made money every year, selling to the amount of 1ill5,0()0 [ the last year they were together. In 185t), j however, Mr. Phelps retired, selling his in- terest to Mr. Grant. In the summer of 1802 he came to I^ouisville, and built the well- known Imuisville warehouse the same season, j at the northwest corner of Main and Tenth streets. Mr. Phelps embarked in the tobacco business as a warehouseman, and as the head of Phelps, Caldwell & Co. This warehouse * was sold about 1807 to Ray & Co., and the ! superb building now occupied by Messrs. Phelps & Co., and known as the Planters To- bacco Warehouse, at the corner of Main and Eleventh streets, was erected fry Mr. Phelps in 1875. The firm of IHielps, Caldwell & Co. j was dissolved at the time of the sale and re- moved, and that of .J. S. Phelps & Co. was formed, composed of J. S. Phelps and .John C. Durrett. The jrresent stock company, bearing the same name, was formed in 1881, and embraces Mr. Phelps and his fuur suns, •JoJin II., .James S., .Jr., Laban and Hiram O., and capital stock -tl50,00(). Zach Phelps, another son of Mr. Phelps, is a lawyer, and a member of the firm of O’Neal, .Jackson & Phelps. Mr. Phelps was an old line Whig before the war, and a sympathizer with the Union cause when the great struggle came, and during its continuance. Many years he was much attached to Odd Fellowship, and served for several years as deputy grand mas- ter of the State. He is a member of the First j Baptist Church of l.ouisville, in the faith of j his parents and of a j>ast generation. He was ! married in Hopkinsville, July 25, 1849, to Miss Maiy .Jane, second daughter of Zachariah and Mary .Jane Glass. i .JOHN R. PIRTLE, M. D., belongs to one j of the prominent families of Louisville, a I family that has produced some very eminent I men. He was t)orn May 20, 1830, and is a son of Henry and .Jane (Rogers) Pirtle, na- tives of Washington and Boyle Counties. The former was born in 1798, and died in 1880. Ho was circuit judge when but twenty- six years of age of the Louisville district, and when the judiciary was appointied. He served for years, and afterward was .Judge of the chancei’y court, serving in that capacity for two terms. He served in the State Senate ’ from 1840 to 1848. He continued his law practice until within a few years of his death. He was a zealous Union man during the late war, and was one of the commissioners sent to the Border State Convention in 1861. The subject of this sketch is the eldest of three sons, all of whom are living in Jmuis^ ille. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 863 After receivinsf his education he began read- in^- medicine with his maternal grandfather, Dr. Coleman Rogers, one of the eminent sur- geons and physicians of this city, and of a v’ery large and distinguished family. Dr. Pirtle, the sid)ject, graduated from tlie medi- cal departmentof the University of Louisville in 1852, and commenced practice with his uncle, Dr. Lewis Rogers, which he continued until 1861, when the storm of war called him to the defense of his country. He enlisted under General Rousseau (Federal), and was mustered into the service as major. He served as colonel in rank; afterward resigned and accepted the post of surgeon. He re- siorned in December, 1862, on account of ill health, but acted as assistant surgeon through- out the war. He served as head of a dispen- sary in 1857, when it was first established. In 1865 he adopted the medical view of homceopathy. .JUDGE HENRY PIRTLE, one of the ablest lawyers and jurists that ever practiced at the Louisville bar, located in that city in 1826, from Hartford, Ohio County, Ky., where he had been admitted to the bar some five years before. He was born in 1799, and was not yet thirty years old when he came to Louisville, yet so quickly did his professional brethren recognize his great abilities that within a few months he was unanimously recommended to the Governor for the ap- pointment of Circuit .Judge. He was accord- ingly appointed, and again in 1846. In 1850 he was appointed chancellor of the I.ouisville Chancery Court, and appointed again in 1862. He was for twenty-seven years professor of constitutional law, equity and commercial law, in the law department of the University of Louisville. He compiled a Digest of the Decisions of the Kentucky Court of Appeals, and was the author of a valuable historical introduction to the journal of Gen. George Rogers Clark, published in Cincinnati some years ago, as a number of the Ohio Valley Historical series. He took no active part in politics; his only office outside the judicial service was that of State Senator, being elect- ed in 1840, and serving one term. His in fluence, however’, upon politics and legislation was great. To a letter of his, addressed to the Secretary of the United States Treasury, about 1850, is attributed the building of the Marine hospitals at Louisville and elsewhere on the Western waters. He was an active promoter of historical, literary and scientific societies, and ■w as reo-arded as a walking en- cyclopedia. He died March 28, 1880, aged eighty years. .JOHN B. PIRTLE was born in Jjouisville, May 17, 1842, and is a son of the late Dr. Claiborne and Eliza .1. (Barbee) Pirtle. Dr. Pirtle was a man of high standing in this city and was a brother of the late .Judge Henry Piitle, and his wife, the mother of .John B. Pirtle, is a sister of the Hon. .John Barbee, and is a most estimable lady. .John B. Piitle is the only surviving child of his parents and was educated in this city at the Male High School. He volunteered as a private in the I Confederate States army in September, 1861, and served until the close of the war in 1865, participating in almost every battle of the army of Tennessee. Soon after the battle of Shiloh he became attached to the staff of i Brigadier General Hawes, but in a short time was ordered to duty as the acting adjutant of the Thirty-first Mississippi Regiment, com- m.anded by Colonel Orr, and at the battle of Baton Rouge, August 5, 1862, he commanded the right wing of that regiment. When Bragg was in Kentucky, in the fall of that : vear, he obtained authority from the Secretary ; of War to raise a regiment in Iventucky, and i started to that State, but on reaching Bar- boursville, Ky., he met Bragg’s army, leaving i the State after the battle of Perryville. L n- der the act of Congress, authorizing the Presi- dent to make appointments for “ valor and skill,” he was commissioned a lieutenant in Company D, Fourth Kentucky Regiment, and immediately thereafter appointed aid-de- camp and provost marshal on the staff of Brigadier General Ben Hardin Helm, and served with that general until he was killed at Chickamauga. General Helm was giving an order to J.ieutenant Pirtle at the time that he was shot. While the army was at Mis- sionary Ridge, Lieut. Pirtle was adjutint of the post at Chickamauga Station, and when 8C4 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the army fell back to Dalton and went into winter quarters, there he became adjutant of the post at Dalton. On the openinjr of the Dalton and Atlanta campaign he was ordered to duty on the staff of Major General Bate, and served with that general as assistant adjutant general until the close of the war. He surrendered at High Point, N. C., May 3, 18(35, and returning to Louisville in 186(3, was made the general agent of the Travelers Insurance Company, of Harlford, Conn. The territory now controlled by him for that com- pany embraces the whole South, east of the ^Mississippi River. He was married in 1874 to Miss Mary Belle Thomas, the second daughter of John H. Thomas, one of the lead- ing merchants of Louisville, who died in 1877, and has two livino- children. WGRDEN POPE. Pope’s Creek is situ- ated in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Here, in the year 1772, Worden Pope, who was the son of the Hon. Benjamin Pope, was born. It was here also that Gen. Washino-ton was born. Irving, in his- life of that great man, states that he was born at Bridge Creek. In this, it is submitted with great reverence, he was betrayed into error. It seems clear from Hower’s History of Virginia, that Wash- ington was born on Pope’s Creek, where G. W. Custis has placed a stone, with a simple inscription, to commemorate this interesting event. The spot is one of great natural beauty, commanding a charming view of the shore of Maryland, and of the Potomac River for many miles in its majestic course towards the Chesapeake Bay. There are many other associations connected with Pope’s Creek which would be of interest, but they are not within the scope of this little sketch. John Washington and his bi’other Andrew arrived in Virginia in 1657, and settled in Westmore- land County. .lohn married Miss Anne Pope, who was the near kinswoman — probably the daughter of Nathaniel Pope, and by this mar- riage she became the great-grandmother of Gen. Washington. One of the many evidences of the friendship and intimacy which arose from the kinship between the Washington and Pope families is found in the will of Thomas Pope, executed in 1684, and now on record in Virginia. The Popes of North Alabama also emi- grated from Pope’s Creek. They first went to Petersburg, and from there Le- Roy Pope emigrated to Louisiana, where he established the first bank oro-anized in that State. Subsequently he was in North Alabama, where, being impressed with the beauty of the country, he acquired a large tract of land, upon which he laid out a town, naming it Twickenham, after the villa of the poet Pope on the Thames. After- wards, by a vote of the people, the name was changed to that of Huntsville, and so remains to this day. LeRoy Pope was the grandfather of LeRoy Pope Walker, (an emi- nent lawyer and the first Soc-etary of War in the cabinet of .lefferson Davis,) and of Richard W. Walker, a Senator from Alabama in the Congress of the Southern Confederacy. It appears from Dr. Brock’s Extract from the Land Office of Virginia that Nathaniel Pope, in the year 1651, three years before the arrival of the Waffiingtons in the colony, settled upon the banks of the creek which has just been mentioned, and to which he gave his name. He seems to have been a man of great vigar of character and strength of mind. It is needless to trace from father to son the descent of Worden Pope, the subject of this sketch, from Nathaniel Pope. It would be tedious anl uninteresting to do so. In 1779 three brothers, Benjamin Pope, Will- iam Pope and Alexander Pope, having disposed of their estates in Westmoreland Countv, emigrated fro.m Pope’s Creek to Kentucky County, then a County of Virginia. In 1780 Kentucky County was divided into Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln Counties. The brothers crossed the mountains of Vir- ginia, reached the Ohio Rivmr and came down with the current of that beautiful stream to the Falls, where the city of Louisville now stands. It was then a most dismal spot, full of swamps and ponds, and quite unhealthy. Not a house was to be seen. Nothing was visible but a fort, which was built in tht? I- 'I BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 867 early sprincr oE 1779, and known as Patton’s Fort, situated at what is now the corner of Main and Seventh streets, and in immediate proximity to the Union Depot of the Chesa- peake & Ohio and other railroads. The Popes were camped outside the fort and narrowly escaped massacre (by taking refuge in the fort) from the Indians, who crossed from the Indiana side and made a determined attack upon the little garrison. At this time AVorden was in his eighth year, and witnessed the onslaug-ht of the savacres. His elder brother, Nathaniel, for a time was missinor, and it was feared that he had fallen a victim to the tomahawk, but happily no such fate had overtaken him. The depreciated value of Continental currency at this period is shown by the fact that the Popes paid §150 for a bushel of corn. About this time Gen- eral Clarke took the British Forts of Kaskas- kia, Cahokia and AGncennes, which checked the incursions of the Indians an 1 afforded to the country about the Falls comparative se- curity. In 1779, or eaily in 1780, Benjamin Pope removed with his family to a fort which stood on the noith bank of Salt River, now a part of Bullitt County. It was here and on the path leading to the ferry, about to be mentioned, that George Alay, a surveyor of Jefferson County, and a party of followers, excepting one, were waylaid and murdered by the Indians. The escape of the one man, w’hose name was Hardin, would furnish a thrilling episode, but it would perhaps be a digression to insert its details in this narra- tive. It was in the midst of such stirring scenes that AA^orden Pope passed his boyhood and early manhood. Benjamin Pope resided here with his family for several years, and in 1787 bought a tract of land on Salt River, opposite the Fort, which is now owned and cultivated by James Y. Pope, one of the first citizens of Bullitt County, and a cousin of AA’’orden Pope. Benjamin Pope established a ferry at his house, which carried passengers across Salt River, and was much traveled by persons going to Bardstorvn and other points. AVorden Pope was put in charge of the ferry. In those days lawyers of reputation, living at Louisville, found lucrative employment gt Bardstown and similar places. Among these was Stephen Ormsby, then clerk of the Jef- ferson Courts, a lawyer of distinction, and who later on in life adorned both the bench and a seat in the Federal Congress at AA^ash- ington. At this period, in the history of the State, the clerks of the important courts, generally spe iking, were fine lawyers ; and although not permitted to practice in the courts of which they were clerks they could practice in all other courts in the Common- wealth. Now a clerk of the court is rarely or never a lawyer. Among those who regu- larly attended and practiced in the courts at Bardstown was Stephen Ormsby, and in going and returning between that place and Louisville, he was ferried across Salt river by AA’^orden Pope. In this way he be- came acquainted with the young helmsman. Judge Ormsby was endowed with a profound insight into character, and he soon discovered that AA’^orden was no ordinary youth, clad, as he was, after the manner of the pioneers, in his leather breeches and coon-skin cap. He saw that there was a career before him for future usefulness and eminence, and con- ceiving for him an affection and friendship, he induced AA'orden to come with him to Louisville, where he at once installed him as deputy in his office. AA’’orden soon acquired a knowledge of its duties ; and on the resignation of Ormsby, he was appointed clerk of the Circuit Court, also of the County Court. The former he held until 1834, when he resigned, and his third son, Edmund Pendleton, was appointed ; but the county clerkship he held until 1838, when he died, and his fourth son, Curran Pope, succeeded him. In the commencement of his career as clerk, AA^orden Pope studied law, and to the day of his death was always an ardent and methodical student of juris- prudence. Being forbidden to practice in •lefft rson County, the county of his office, he practic 'd in Oldham, Nelson, Hardin, Bullitt and Aleade, but, as he grew older, he confined his practice to Oldham and Bullitt. The Hon. J. R. Browne, of AVashingfton County, says when Ben Hardin was a candi- date for congress, he was rebuked by his, 868 BIOGRAPPIICAL SKETCHES- clients for his consequent inability to defend lai’ge ejectment cases brought for their lands in Washington County ; he replied : “ I have asked my friend ^\^orden Po]>e, who is the greatest land lawyer in Kentucky, to repre- sent me.” Mr. Poj>e justified the high esti- mate of his distinguished friend by success- fully defending all of the actions. Ilis practice in the federal courts was large and lucrative, and after his resignation of one of the clerkships was also large and lucrative in the Chancery Court at I^ouisville. iMr. Pope’s contemporaries at the bar often spoke in terms of the warmest praise of the masterly ability and the profound learning he dis- played for the defense in the well known case of Beard vs. The City of I.ouisville, and others, in which was an array of counsel rare- ly exceeded at any time or in any place. It was Mr. Pope, Wm. Pope and Alex- ander Pope that brought out Gen. Jackson for the presidency. The meeling at which Jackson’s candidacy was initiated by the Popes was held at the house of Alexander Pope on the south side of .Jefferson, between Sixth and Seventh streets, in I.ouisville, Ky.; where, also, for many years Edmund Pendle- ton Pope resided, and where his second son, .fudge Alfred Thruston Pope, was born. Governor John Pope, a man commanding talents, who liad served with distinguished ability a number of terms in the lower house of congress from I8B7 to 184.3, and in the senate of the United States from 1807 to 1813, was a close kinsman of Mr. Pope. He had made the race for congress in the Ash- land district against Henry Clay. It was a tilt of giants. Governor Pope, being a man of stubborn convictions, refused in that can- vass to bend to the popular will. He was defeated and burnt in effigy at Lexington. Worden Pope, whether he was right or not, believed the great Clay could have prevented this outburst of popular feeling. And it was the indignation which Worden Pope and his family felt at this insult to their kinsman, as well as the warm and devoted attachment which Mr. Pope cherished for Gen. .fackson, that led him to urge upon the country the name of the latter for the office of chief exe- cutive. In the canvass which followed Mr. Pope gave Jackson a most lojal and de- voted support. The Advertiser, then the I oldest and most influential newspaper in the j West, was edited by Shadrach Penn. In the ; columns of this journal Mr. Pope furnished a series of articles, over the nom de plume of “ Publicola,” advocatiiio- the claim of Gen. .lackson, which created something of a stir and sensation, and excited widespread com- 1 ment and discussion. Judge Little, in his life of Ben Hardin, states: “To the Pope j family, in Kentucky, Gen. .lackson owed his majority in that State in 1828. When Gen. .lackson became President, he tendered any office within his gift to Worden Pope, but Mr. Po]>e, whilst appreciating the action of his friend, declined to accept any appoint- ment, for the reason that he was quite near- siu-hted and not able to see at nioht. Gen. .Jackson, however, appointed .John Pope gov- ernor of Arkansas ; and Curran Pope, who afterwards with heroic valor fell at the head j of his I'egiment at Perryville, as a cadet to i West IMint.” ' The contest which took place between the j old and new court parties was one of the most able, bitter and determined controversies I which has ever occurred in this country. With his characteristic frankness and bold- ' ness Mr. Pope without hesitation threw the : whole weight of his ability and personal influ- ; ence on the side of the old court party. Again the productions of his pen were a feature in the canvass. He was in the very front of the fight and helped lead the forces with con- ; summate ability. j In a historical sketcli of the “ Po|)e Fam- ily,” by the Hon. Wm. R. Thompson, that j admirable and forcible writer says : “Wor- den Pope was an eminent lawyer — but few j his etjual in Kentucky — a great politician, and the life-long and unswerving friend of Gen. Jackson, and though he acquired an im- mense property, he died by no means owning I a fortune, His munificent liberality and generosity, which is a trajt of many of the j Pope family, caused him fo give away in his lifetime several forMnes. The Pope family, i taken all in all, is one of the most distin- BIOGKAPIIIC'AL SKETCHES. 869 guished families in the history of Kentucky | fiom the day Boone passed the Allegheny^ gap to the present time.” Mr. Pope’s death came unexpectedly to his friends. He was making an argument in an important land suit in the court house at Louisville when he was seized with a sudden illness. Judge J. J. Marshall immediately adjourned court. Mr. Pope, however, rallied and went to his home, which then embraced what is now between Fifth and Tenth and Walnut and Broadway streets, in Louisville, Ky. He never recovered, and after a brief illness he passed peacefully away. Dr. Nat. Field, of Indiana, in his interest- ing little volume on “The Pope Family,” states that “The name of Worden Pope Avas a household word in Jefferson and ad- joining counties. His name was a synonym of honesty and benevolence. He died in a good old age, laden with the honor and esteem of all who knew him. His funeral was the largest e\mr seen in Imuisville. It was an outpouring of all classes of people to do honor to a great and good man.” The late Coleman Daniel, a stanch Methodist, one of the purest citizens of Louisville, used to say that when he would hand the box around in his church for charitable purposes, Worden Pope would empty his purse, not knowing what he gave, and that for the sake of curiosity Daniel would count it, and the contribution “would amount to hundreds of dollars.” A writer of a recent sketch of Worden Hope, who knew him well, does not employ the language of exaggeration when he states: “ His home Avas always open to the poar and needy and his ear to the cry of dis- tress. He was, it may be said, the adviser of his count7, and in the adAUce he gave the utmost confidence Avas placed. He never charged a AvidoAv, orphan or minister of the gospel or a young laAvyer. He adjusted difficulties amongst his friends and prevented litigation by his counsel. In his practice he aided young laAvyers, devoting his abilities to them, rejoicing in their success, but refusing fees they insisted on sharing Avith him.” The Hon. .lobn Rowan, a Kentuckian whose biography should be written, eloquently said I of Worden Pope that “ he was the oldest member of the bar. . . EndoAved by nature with a good constitution and a Augorous mind, he improved the former by manly exercise and enriched the latter by zealous and unre- mitting devotion to the attainment of solid and useful information. AVithout the aid of classical learning he acquired a very thorough and accurate knowledge of English literature. He was temperate in all his enjoyments, pa- tient of labor and research in whatever he was engaged; benevolent and charitable in a high degree, of high moral firmness, of sin- cerity in his friendships, his enmities AA-ere slow in forming and swift in fading. His moral habits Avere exemplary; his manners Avere neither gracious nor repulsive. He had an habitual aversion to artificial or fictitious mannerism. His manners and morals Avere founded in the old school, AAffiere the solid Avas preferred to the showy, and where simu- lated courtesies Avere rebuked by honesty and sincerity of sentiment. Influenced through life by sentiments of that school and the in- herent benevolence of his own heart and feelings, his poAvers and attachments were devoted more to the benefit of society than of himself. As clerk of the courts of Jefferson County he was in a position to be consulted by the widows, the orphans, and the indigent; and his knoAvledgeof law enabled him to obey the kind impulses of his nature most bene- ficially to the applicants. The young men who officiated as deputies under the influence of his example and benign instructions went hence into society with good habits and quali- fied for usefulness . . but the deceased Avas as remarkable for his exemption from sordid and selfish influences as any man of the age in Avhich he lived. As a clerk of the County Court he had the custody of the books, papers, and records of the trustees of Louisville from its origin, which afforded him an opportunity of becoming blamelessly rich. He resided in the town from its first establishment, with but little exception, until his death, without speculating in town property, while other men by such means under his eye were ac- quiring great wealth. Although he possessed the facilities for such speculations beyond 870 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. anybody else, be never touched them ; so ! that it might be said of him emphatically that i he lived for others, not for himself. The facts of his life constitute his best eulogy, and the more they shall be known the more his loss will be deplored and his memory revered. A pocket edition of the Bible was his constant companion. Ills daily life was controlled by its precepts, and he tried to live and be governed by its beneficent teachings. It was his daily habit to turn to its pages and he seemed to be supported and sus- tained by its comforting words. In 1804 Worden Pope married Elizabeth Thruston, a lineal descendant of the Thruston of the revolution, an eloquent divine who left his pulpit and fought gallantly in the Colonial ranks against Great Britian and who in consequence of his courageous service has ever since been knovvn by the sobriquet of “ The Warrior Parson.” She was a daughter O of John Thruston, who represented Kentucky in the Virginia Legislature before the former became a State, and also the niece of .Judge Buckner Thruston, who was one of the first two United States Senators from Kentucky. She was also the sister of Charles M. Thrus- ton, of Louisville, a great lawyer and a speaker, who, when in the mood or aroused, was the equal of any one. The fruit of the marriage of Worden Pope with Elizabeth Thruston was a large family. Of all the children, thirteen in number, Ham- ilton Pope alone has reached an old age. He has enjoyed a long, successful and most hon- orable career at the Louisville Bar, and is a man of decided ability and marked character- istics. Averse to public life, he has never sought office; indeed, he has declined several times the nomination for C'ongress tendered him by the Whig party, although in early life he was induced to serve the jieople of Louisville in the Legislature and in the Sen- ate at Frankfort. Had he chosen to follow the paths which lead to public honor, he would have achieved a national fame and been emi- nent in the councils of the Nation. Standing six feet and four inches high, he is a man of | commanding presence, of the veiy purest ' private and professional character, of an in- tegrity that has never been sullied, and is possessed of a magnetism which has made his personality potent in its influence with all those with whom he has come in contact. In the fall of 1855 he was married to Mrs. Prather, of Washington County, Kentucky, the daugh- ter of Mr. Samuel Booker, and a woman of many personal attractions, of brilliant at- tainments and gifted with rare conversation il powers. Patrick Pore, the eldest son of Worden Pope, died in his thirty-fourth year. Gradu- ating as valedictorian from St. Joseph’s Col- lege, Bardstown, Kentucky, he began the practice of law in the city of his birth, in 1827. I He speedily rose to distinction in his profes- sion. By his ability and eloquence he over- came a Whig majority of one thousand, being elected to the IjCgislature over the beloved O and talented Henry Crittenden. When he made this brilliant canvass he was not yet twenty- five years of age. He ably co-operate 1 with his father and the other members of his family in bringing out General .Jackson for the presidency. Declining the place of Sec- retary of State, tendered him by Governor ' Breathitt, he was elected in his twenty-eighth year to Congi-ess, which position he filled with credit and reputation to himself and with ac- ceptance to his electors. He died May 4, ! 1840. Notwithstanding his premature death Mr. Pope had attained an enviable public rank. His conversational powers, integrity of character and eloquence, made him one of the ; first lawyers of his time. ! Edmund Pendleton Pore, who was gener- ally known as Pendleton Pope, was the third son. He was tall and slender, with a strong and most pleasing face, and graceful person; graduated with honor in the regular course at Transylvania University; was, like his brother Patrick, gifted with rare conversational pow- er, and inherited the constitutional intrepidity of his father. He was for fifteen years clerk of the Circuit Court, and afterwards practiced law with great success to the day of his death, which occurred in his forty-seventh year. More than thirty years ago the writer heard his argument in defense of Johnson, who killed Lawrence; and so great was the impression BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 873 thea made, that the more eloquent parts of his speech remain in the memory of the writer to this day. He married Nancy, the daughter of Colonel James Johnson, of Scott County, Ky., and has three sons — .Judge Alfred Thrus- ton Pope, Captain .Tames Worden Pope and Hamilton Pope, Jr., who survive him. CURRAN POPE, the fourth son, gradu- ated at West Point in 1886, and after a short service in the army he resigned to take one of the clerkships made vacant by the resignation of his father. He held the office for seventeen yeai’s, the last four of which were by election by the people. He was a citizen of much pub- lic spirit; one of the original projectors and di- rectors of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad; one of the main promoters of the Jjouisville Water Works; devoted much of his time as trustee of Danville College, and as trustee of various educational institutions of Louisville, especially to a seminary organized and estab- lished by himself and others in the old home- stead of his father; served for eleven years in the General Council of Louisville; and on the breaking out of the late war he espoused the cause of the Union. He raised the Fifteenth Kentucky Regiment, which, after a varied service, was decimated in the battle of Perry- ville, which, for the number and length of time engaged, is said to have been the blood- iest battle of the war. Early in the action Colonel Pope’s horse was killed under him, and towards the close of the engagement he was shot throuofh the shoulder. E. P. Hum- phrey, D. D., LL. D., the scholarly author of “ Sacred History from the Creation to the Giving of the Law,” who was the co-laborer in many fields of usefulness with Colonel Pope, and who was his life-long friend, thus writes of him a short time after Colonel Pope’s death: . . . . “ through his father, the late Worden Pope, Esq., — in his day one of the foremost citizens of the commonwealth — and through his excellent mother and amiable wife as well, he was allied to some of the most influential families in the country. . . . His ample private fortune released him, in a large measure, from professional labor; so that he was able to devote the last twelve years of his life to the general interests of society. As an office-bearer in one of our largest city churches, and in many other positions, he rendered the most important services. He brought to all his trusts a fine capacity for business, public spirit, unwearied diligence, habits of system, order, and punctuality, and a nice sense of duty. Few men of his gener- ation here have performed as much gratuitous and arduous labor for the common good. It happened to him to be of the number of those in whom all the great issues of life flo\v to- gether in a single hour of supreme necessity and peril; when the high qualities, which have been for nearly fifty years slowly maturing within them, are brought to a final and fiery test, and suddenly emerge all aglow with consummate splendor. Colonel Pope met that hour on the bloody slopes of Perryville, and took the crown. The writer of these lines was during the whole day within hearing dis- tance of the artillery and musketry; was at one time on the outskirts of the held, and be- fore the dead were all bui'ied he carefully surveyed the ground on which the battle was fought. The carnage over, the whole held was frightful, and Colonel Pope stood in one of its hottest positions. His regiment was posted upon the brow of the hill; the enemy was arrayed in two lines on the slope below him, one of these lines being partially con- cealed in a held of standing corn, the other protected by a substantial stone-wall. The positions of the rebels being down the hill gave them this important advantage. They would not be likely to hre too high, while Pope’s troops, being so much above them, could hardly avoid that mistake. Besides, the foremost rebel line had the stone-wall in their rear, to the cover of which they could at any time retreat, and to which, in point of fact, they did retreat under the fire of our gallant Fifteenth. Furthermore, the right of the regiment rested on a barn, which, early in the action, was set on fire by a shell from the enemy, so that our troops on that wing were nearly roasted by the flames. And, more than all, the brave Jouett and Campbell were shot down in the very beginning; the noble McGrath, who went to .Touett’s assist- ance, was instantly killed. Pope’s horse was 874 BIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES. shot under him; he himself was wounded, and his men were fallino- in heaps around him. Colonel Pope stood near the center of the column, about four feet from the line of bat- tle, o’iving direction to every movement. Just in front of the position was a low rail fence; further down the hill are two trees, the trunks of which are about the size of a man’s l>ody. The Imllet marks in the trees and in the rails leave us in wonder how any human being standing in that line of battle could have es- caped death. Yet such was the intrepidity of the regiment and of its commander that they held their ground, until ordered to another position, when they tiled out into the road and marched off in perfect order. Colonel Pope, on reaching his new position, ordered his men to lie down under the brow of the hill as a | protection from the enemy’s shells. General Rousseau, observing some change in the field, rode up and suggested to Colonel Pope the propriety of showing his forces to the enemy. Colonel Pope instantly gave the order; the men sprang to their feet and marched in line to the battle, to the top of the hill. The General was so much struck with their ])r6nipt- ness and discipline, that he put his cap on his sword and waved it with the cry, ‘Hurra for Kentucky!’ Night soon set in; and, of the Fifteenth, seventy-two slept in death, about a hundred and seventy staunched, as best they could, their bleedino- wounds, and the others rested on their arms. Colonel Pope remained with the army a few days and joined in the pursuit of Bragg, who fled to the mountains; but, finding himself utterly exhausted, he re- turned to Danville, where he lingered three weeks and died. He looked forward to the eternal world with pious composure, and expressed his unwavering confidence in the Saviour. But for this 0 ])portunity on the field of battle, none, not his most intimate friends even, would have known the mati. In him we have an instance pointino- out the finedis- tinction between a certain brutal ferocity, which sometimes passes by the name of cour- age, and that more humane and exalted sen- honor, the love of country and the fear of God. Such was Colonel Pope’s (juiet, and amiable. and even diffident manner in society, that no man, not even he himself, knew what a brave and gallant heart was hidden in his bosom, patimitly waiting the hour of his grand mani- festation. The hour came; the man was fully revealed to the homage of his countrymen, and his life was finished, wearing “ the beauty of a thing completed,” a good work well done. His name is enrolled with the dead heroes of the Commonwealth. She will never suffer his memory to perish.” Wm. R. Thompson, in his “Historical Sketch of the Pope Family,” thus speaks of (Jolonel Pope: he “was the idol of the men he commanded. Though of a very gentle and inoffensive disposition, he was one of the bravest, most resolute men in the Union army, equally ready to oppose and smite a giant, or to sootlie and protect a child, and many a tear was shed by his brave and scar-cove-red sol- diers when he had to leave them. The writer of this, who saw Colonel Pope Monday after the battle of Perryville, has heard many of his soldiers say that after a long and tiresome march, when night came and they went iiito camp, other officers sought a house to sleep in, but Colonel Pope laid down upon tlie ground with his men, and took their fare. He looked upon them as a father looks upon his children, and he said it was his duty to be with them and take care of them. He never souglit or claimed any better fare than his soldiers got; hence his immense popularity with his men, who revere his memory to this day with the affection of a child for its father. When you meet one of the Fifteenth Kentucky who fought at Perryville, ask him what he thiides of Colonel Curran Pope, and he will give you a better eulogy than I can write, more graphic and to the j)oint; he can tell facts I know not in his undying praise, and he will love to talk to you about him. The writer of this article was well acijuainted with Colonel Curran j Pope before the war, and saw him several times in his camp after he entered the army, and he can bear witness to his great worth as a man, citizen and soldier. The slaughter of Pope’s regimeiit at Perryville was so great, that afterwards it was given the sobriquet of the ‘ Bloody Regiment,’ ” BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. General Sherman succeeded General An- derson to the command in Kentucky in the earliest stao-e of the war. His headquarters were at Louisville, and there he often met Colonel Pope, who had already deter- mined to enter the army of the Union. Gen- eral Sherman had abundant opportunity to form a correct estimate of Colonel Pope’s character, both as a soldier and as a gentle- man. A few days after he learned through the public prints of the death of Colonel Pope, although he was burdened with the absorbing responsibilities of a great military command, he wrote Colonel Pope’s widow the followdng letter: “ Hkadqtjarters, Memphis, Texx., Noyember 10, 1802. Dear Madam: — .... I know you will pardon me, afar off, if, at this your dread hour, I come to bear my feeble show of honor to him whose name you bear and whose child will in after years look back upon as one of those heroes who la- bored and gaye his life to his country. CTell do I recall the soft and gentle yoice of Curran Pope, the peculiar delicacy of his approach, the almost unequal courtesy of his manner and the first faint doubt that one so gentle, so mild, so beautiful in character, should be a warrior; but another look, and his eye, the plain direct assertion of a high and holy pur- pose, with the pressure of his lips, told that he was a man; one to lead; one to go where duty called him though the path led through the hail storm of battle. Among all the men I have ever met in the progress of this un- natural war, I cannot recall one' in whose every act and expression was so manifest the good and true man; one who so well filled the type of the Kentucky gentleman. He died not upon the battle-field but of wounds inflicted by parricidal hands on Ken- tucky’s soil and his blood is the cement that will ever more bind together the disjointed parts of a mighty nation. Though for a time smitten down by the terrible calamity, may you and your child soon learn to look upon his name and fame as encircled by a halo of glory more beautiful than ever decked the victor’s brow. Curran Pope is dead, but millions will battle on, till from his heaven- home he will see his own beloved Kentucky the center of his great country, regenerated and disenthralled from the toils of wicked men. I fear that in trying- to carry comfort to an afflicted heart, I do it rudely, but I know you will permit me in my blunt way to bear my feeble testimony to the goodness, braveness, and gallantry of the man who more nearly filled the picture of the preux chevalier of this age, than any man 1 have yet met. I know you are in the midst of a host of friends, but should in the progress of years any opportunity come by which I can be of serv- ice to any of the family of Curran Pope, command me. M'ith great respect, Your obedient servant, W. T. Shermax'. Maj. Gen. Yols.” Curran Pope was married to ^latilda Prather, a daughter of .John I. .Jacob, by whom he was blessed with one daughter, ^lary Tyler Pope, who is possessed of many accomplishments, great force of character and intellect, and of much beauty, and who still lives in the home of her heroic father, the happy wife of Judge Alfred Thruston Pope, and the devoted mother of an interesting family. JUDGE AI.FRED THRL'STOX POPE was born July, 22 1842, on .lefferson street, between Sixth and Seventh streets, Imuis- ville, Ixy., in the house where his grand- father and other members of the family first suggested Gen. Jackson for the Presidency. He was reared at his father’s country place, which commands a beautiful view of the Ohio River and is situated three miles west of Louisville. He was educated at Bethany College and In- diana University ; graduated at the Louisville I.,aw School under Chanc ellors I>ogan and Pirtle and Judge Bullock; w-as admitted to the bar before attaining his majority, speedily ac- quired a lucrative practice and took high rank in his profession. In 1867, three years after graduation, he was unanimously chosen as the orator and delivered the Alumni address 878 BIOGRAflllCAL SKETCHES. of the ]^aw School. ITe was elected without opposition a member of the General Council of Louisville, and, declining a re-election, was nominated in 18()9 by the Democrats for the Legislature, to which, after an ex- citing and interesting canvass, he was elected over the Hon. T^ewis M. Dembitz. The fol- lowing year he was elected without a dis- senting voice by the delegates to the State convention as elector for the Congressional District, which embraced the City of Louis- ville and the counties of Jeffei’son, Henry, Oldham and Owen, and his speeches in that canvass enhanced his reputation. In 1871 he was unanimoirsly elected to a seat in the Kentucky Senate. After two years’ service in the Senate, which merited and received the approval of his constituents, and where, although the youngest member of that body, being barely eligible when elected, he served upon the most important committees, and took position with the oldest and most influ- ential members. His repugnance, however, for politics and political methods and his aversion to public office was so inteirse that he resigned an unexpired term of two years in the Senate and returned at once to the practice of the law. .fudge Pope has always taken a warm inter- est in all matters pertaining to the educational interests of the city, serving as a trustee of the Louisville Public Schools, of the Ken- tucky School for the Blind, and in other like capacities. In 1878, at the age of thirty-six, his friends announced him as a candidate for the I.ouis- ville Law and Equity Court, and although his opponent was a most worthy and popular gentleman of mature years, then holding an office of the greatest political power and pa- tronage under the City government and who is now serving a second term as Chancellor of the Louisville Chancery Court, .fudge Pope was elected. At the time of his election he was the youngest Chancellor who ever sat upon the bench in Kentucky. He discharged each and every duty of the high position with unquestioned probity, courage and abil- ity for a period of four years, when, being upon a prolonged tour on the Continent with his family, he resigned the unexpired term of two years, and also retired from the prac- tice of law. .Judge Pope being no longer in public life, is quietly en joying that domesticity congenial to his tastes, surrounded by the refinements which travel and affluence command and the respect and esteem of the community in which he was born and in which he has passed his life. On the 26th of September, 1865, he was married to IMary Tyler Pope, the daughter of Col. Curran Pope, by whom he has three sons, Curran Pope, Pendleton Pope and Al- fred Thruston Pope, .Ir. VERNON D. PRICE was born in Cincin- nati, June 9, 1848, and is a son of .lames P. and Frances (Dana) Price, of Richmond, Va., and Ohio. His father moved from Virginia to Cincinnati, where he was for a time a hard- ware merchant. In 1846 he raised a company in Kentucky for the Mexican war, and was major of the regiment at the close of hostili- ties. He died in 1884, at the age of eighty- one years. Sub ject is the only son, and rvas brought up in Washington County, Ohio, where his parents removed when he was a boy. He was liberally educated, and graduated at Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, Me. After leaving college he went to Europe, and upon his return, he, in 1871, started in his present business, the manufacture of cider and vine- gar, in which he has been very successful, having at the present time fifteen men on the road. Mr. .John W. Lucas was associated with him a few years after he began the busi- ness — the firm being being Price & Lucas. In August, 1877, Mr. Price was married to Miss Mary Cramblitt, of Des Moines, Iowa. They have had four children, three of whom are living, viz.: Vernon D., Florence and Helen. Mr. Price is one of the young and energetic business men of Louisville. He is a stockholder and director in the Louisville Southern Railroad; is a director in the Imuis- ville Banking Company; a director in the Commercial Club; director in the Polytechnic Society of Kentucky, and in the Kentucky and Indiana Stock Yards, and director in the Louisville & Madison Woolen Mills. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 881 HENRY K. PUSEY, M. D., Superinten- dent of the Achorage Insane Asylum, was born in Meade County, Ky., January 2, 1827, and is a son of Joel and Ann (Roope) Pusey, natives of Maryland. He was reared on a farm and educated in the schools of Meade County. He read medicine, and graduated from the Medical Department of the Univer- sity of Louisville in 1849. He commenced the practice of medicine at Garrettsville, Meade County, and successfully practiced there until 1882, when he went to Louisville, remaining until 1844, when he was appointed by Gov. Knott superintendent of the Insane Asylum at Anchorage, which position he still holds. He was married in 1851, to Miss Sarah McCarty, of Marion County. The Pusey family is of English origin, and can be traced back eight and a half centures in Berkshire, England. Running through all these years, the name has undergone many changes of orthography, having been spelled Pesey, Pesie, Pesye, Pose, Pusye, Pyssey, Pusey, Pewte, Pewsey and Pecote. In the celebra- ted Doomesday Book, completed in 1080, and embodying the results of tlie survey ordered by William the Conqueror, the name is reg- istered “ Pesie” or “ Pesei.” Here the family have resided from the time of the Danish King Canute, fifty years before the Norman Con- quest. From this family. Dr. Pusey, the subject of this sketch, traces directly his lineage. W. T. PYNE, one of the prominent and successful business men of Louisville, was born in 1838, in Mount Yernon, Ind., and is a son of 4Y. B. and Eliza (Thomas) Pyne, the former a native of Philadelphia, Pa., and the latter of Virginia. The father was of English and Scotch ancestry. He was a mill- wright, an expert mechanic, and brought up his son to the same business. He removed West in 1829, and built the first mill put up in St. Imuis, Mo., for a man named Chou- teau. He also built the first fiour-mill in the territory, now the State of Illinois. He finally located in Mount Vernon, Ind. W. T. Pyne, the subject of this sketch, is a natural mechanic. At the acre of thirteen years he began to learn the trade of a mill- wright under his father’s instruction, and continued with him until he was nineteen years old. Duiing his apprenticeship he at- tended school about three months each winter, and by careful reading obtained a good prac- tical education. Upon leaving his father he served one season at Shoals, Ind., with John Sloan, a millwright from this city, and the following year, 1859, he apprenticed himself to .1. T. Wilder, at Lawrenceburg, Ind., for two years. He operated as foreman until the breaking out of the civil war, when his ap- prenticeship terminated, and he began busi- ness for himself. Since having mastered his trade, and launched out for himself, Mr. Pyne has never worked a day as journeyman for any one. His personal success from the first has been marked. Going at once to Indian- apolis, he began his rnillwrighting business, and carried it on until 1864, when he ac- cepted a situation as superintendent of the flouring-mill of T. & J. W. Gaff, at Colum- bus, Ind., retaining that position for about two years, when ill-health compelled him to resign. Mr. Pyne’s next business enterprise was the establishment of a foundry and ma- chine shop, which was carried on under the firm name of Kerr, Pyne A Co., changing to Pyne, Bush A Co., and later to Columbus Machine and Millwright Co. He left the business, and in 1871 established himself in Louisville, Ky., w'here he still carries on an extensive and constantly growing mill furn- ishing business. The continual development of the “ New South ” owes much to such men as IMr. Pyne, who with a firm belief in the great future of the country South of the old “ Mason’s and Dixon’s line,” have settled there and bent their energies toward hasten- ing its advancement. Already they begin to see the fruits of their labors. Mr. Pyne is in the full vigor of life, with a fair prospect be- fore him of living many years to enjoy the returns to which his energy and integrity entitle him. He was married in 1862 to Miss l^aura L. Brown, of Jeffersonville, Ind. She died in 1886. Mr. Pyne has two children living : Harry B. and Ella M. E. G. QUICK was born in Bullitt County, Ky., December 11, 1860; his father was Wm. 883 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Quick, who was born in ]3ullitt County also, September 15, 1815, and married Elizabeth Baxter, Januarj 2, 1845. ^Ym. Cjuick was a farmer all his life, and died in Bullitt County August 9, 1885. To William and Elizabeth Quick were born nine children, viz ; Remina A., born December 19, 1838; Richard E., born August 6, 1840, died May 21, 1879 ; Preston H., born August 12, 1840 ; ^V. T., born August 20, 1849 ; Mary A., born No- vember 29, 1851, died August 10, 1871 ; Sarah, liorn March 24, 1854 ; Elizabeth C., born August 28, 1855 ; Johnathan, born .Tune 30, 1858 ; Ephraim G., born December 11, 1860 ; Emily A., born November 9, 1860 ; Elizabeth C., born November 9, 1866, died •Inly 29, 1867. AVm. Quick was first married to Mary Ann Farguson, February 25, 1838. Remina A. and Richard E. were children of this marriage. IMrs. Mary Ann (Juick died in April, 1841. JAMES S. RAGSDALE was born IMay 23, 1845, and is a son William J. and Emma (Tilleson) Ragsdale, natives of North Caro- lina and Virginia. He has been in the tobacco business since he was fourteen years old. He came to Hopkinsville in 1885 and engfaffed in tobacco as a broker. He was without experience in that line of the trade, but had extraordinary good luck last year. He boucfht more tobacco durinop 1887 than any one buyer in Hopkinsville market, hand- linp- over 4,000 hoo-sheads. He came to Louisville the 26th of December’, 1887, and engaged in the bi’oker’s business here, start- ing with flattering prospects. He went into the late war in Woodward’s Independent Cavalry, but being only flfteeir years old did not remain long iir the army. He was mar- ried in 1865 to Frances M. Hester, of Chris- tian County. They have five children, viz : Frank, Lottie, Allen, Louise and Nellie. WILLIAM R. RAY, one of the enterpris- ing and substantial business men of Louis- ville, was born in Decatur County, Ind., August 15, 1828, and is a son of Sigismond and Charlotte (Roe) Ray, natives of Estill County, Ky., and Ohio. The Ray family is originally from A^irginia; the grandfather of subject settling near Lexington, where he I took up a large tract of land in an early day, : but being fond of hunting, when game be- came scarce returned to Estill County. The subject was reared mostly in Indiana. He is wholly a self-made man — never went to school a day in his life, but through his own energy and perseverance managed to pick up a good practical, business education. He commenced work for himself, cuttinor cord- wood for a pork house, peddled ice, and did I anything else he could, or that came in his way. He was placed on the police force in 1854, and became chief in 1858, serving as chief under mayors Pilcher and Barbee, and for a time under mayor Thomas H. Crawford. He bouorht an interest in a small saw-mill in 1859, and some years later bought a larger one, which he operated for seventeen years. He has held many prominent and important positions in business circles, and for eighteen years has been a member of the Board of Sinking Fund Commissioners. Upon the death of president .lohn B. Smith, he became president of the board; he is vice-president of the Citizen’s National Bank, and has been a director in it almost since its organization. He is a thorou'cyh business man, and in all his work and public positions has labored zealous- ly for the city’s welfare and prosperity. Mr. Ray was married. May 14, 1848, to Miss Mary A. Neal, of Indiana. They have three children living. WILLIAM REINECKE is a native of Hanover, Germany, and was born January 23, 1842. He is a son of Adolph and Wilhelmina (Wagner) Reinecke — the former a Lutheran clergyman, and a writer of great prominence. The subject was reared and educated in Ger- many, and graduated at the age of eighteen. He then spent one year in a university, study- ing theology. At the commencement of the civil war he came to America, and engaged as a reporter on a Baltimore German paper; then went to Chicaofo, and became editor on the staff of the Staats Zeitung, where he re- mained until 1864, when he was prevailed on to come to Louisville, and take charge of the Union Press ^ a Republican newspaper — two daily editions, one in English and one in German. After the death of President Lin- / BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 885 coin he returned to Chicago, where he re- mained until 1868, when he came to Louisvdlle, and became cashier of the ^Vestern Bank, which position he held until 1870, when he was admitted to the bar, and has since prac- ticed his profession. His specialty is corpor- ation and insurance law, and he is attorney for some of the largest corporations of the city and State. He has attained distinction in legal circles beyond Kentucky by his able advocacy of a general codlScation of all the laws. Since 1886 he has been manager of O the Kentucky State agency of the Germania Life Insurance Company of New York. To- gether with Bishop Dudley, he elits The Church Chronicle^ the organ of the Episcopal Church in Kentucky. He was married in 1881 to Miss Alvina Marckworth, of Cincin- nati. He is a prominent IMason, being the Grand Master of the Grand Consistory of Ken- tucky, of Scottish Rite IMasons, and having attained the thirty-third degree. He was also Grand IMaster of the Grand Imdcre of Odd Fellows, Grand Patriarch of the Grand En- campment of Odd Fellows, and served a num- ber of years as Grand Representative of both grand bodies in the Sovereign Grand Lodge of that Order. DUDLEY SHARPE REYNOLDS, A. M., iM. D., Fellow of the Medical Chirurgical College, Philadelphia, was born near Bowling Green, Ky., August 31, 1812. He is the only son of the Rev. Thomas Reynolds, whose father. Dr. Admiral Reynolds, was one of the early settlers of Warren County, Ky. The subject of this sketch received a liberal education in the common-schools, at the Trim- ble High School, the private institution of Professor Allman, and at Irving College. He studied medicine in the office of the late ' Professor Paul F. Eve, of Nashville, and graduated at the University of Louisville. He was actively engaged as a general prac- titioner of medicine and surgery until the first of January, 1872, when he abandoned the general practice, and has ever since devoted himself to the practice of ophthalmology and otology. He attended courses of instruction at the Wills Ophthalmic Hospital at Philadel- phia, the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the clinics at the Royal London Ophthal- mic Hospital, and Guy’s Hospital in London; at the Sorbonne, and the private clinics of De Wecker, Sichel, Ed Meyer, Fornier, Fremy, Charcot, and Galezowski at Paris. Deeply impressed with the labors of Professors Don- ders and Snellen at Utrecht, Dr. Reynolds has twice visited LTrecht. He was chief surgeon to the Western Dispensary, where he had a large clinic, and gave private instruc- tion in surgery and ophthalmology in 1869, 1870 and 1871. In 1874, when the curators of Central University of Kentucky undertook the establishment of the medical department of that institution at I.ouisville, Dr. Reynolds was appointed to the chair of ophthalmology and otology. He took an active part in the establi-hment of the Hospital College of ^ledi- cine; and in 1882 the title of his chair was changed to that of general pathology , puh- lic hygiene^ and diseases of the eye and ear." Dr. Reynolds is fond of sanitary science, and has devoted considerable time to its experi- mental study. He does a great deal of laboratory work, and has devoted consklerable attention to microscopical research. In 1879 he established the Medical Herald., a month- ly macrazine, which soon attained a vvidi cir- culation, and proved a profitable venture. Being dissatisfied with the business manage- ment, he sold his interest in the Herald. Soon afterward he re-entered the field of journalism as editor-in-chief of a medical magazine called Progress., which was estab- i lished by Mr. I). Raymond. It is pub- i lished by Rogers & Tuly, and circulates in every civilized country. Dr. Reynolds was one of the founders of the Polytechnic Society of Kentucky, which was organized under a special act of the Legislature of Kentucky, by the terms of which it assumed contr-ol of the Public Library property. Dr. Reyirolds has been a member of the directory continu- ously since 1879, and has had much to do with the management of the Public Library, being chairrrran of the special comrrr’ttee of direc- tors, appointed to prepare rules and overlook the general management of the library, which now numbers about forty-five thousand vol- umes. He is a menrber of the Louisville 88C BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Medical Society, the Kentucky State Medical Society, the IMississippi Valley Medical Asso- ciation (of which he is president, 1888), the American Medical Association, the British Medical Association, and of the Fourth, Sixth, Seventh and Ninth International Medical Congresses. lie served for a number of years as Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Imuisville City Hospital, and lus represented the State Medi- cal Society of Kentucky at the annual meet- inors of the American Medical Association continuously from 1872 to the present time. From 1871 to 1 888, inclusive. Dr. Reynolds missed but one meeting of the State Medical Association, and has contributed to the pub- lished transactions every year. His clinical lectures on the eye and ear have been pub- lished by the Philadelphia Medical Times, the Philadel^diia Medical a, ml Surgical Ite- j>orfer, Mew York Medical Record, Virginia Medical Monthly, Gail lard's Medical Jour- nal, the Jjonismlle Medical Herald, St. Louis Weekly Reviexo, Journal of the American JSledical Association, and in his own journal. Progress. At the Ninth International Medi- cal Congressat Washington, D. C., September, 1887, he proposed to change the plan of grading lenses, and to designate them by the anorle of refraction, instead of the anule of the radius, or by focal lengths, as is commonly done. He was invited to Philadeljihia to deliver the annual address to the Alumni Association of the Medico-Chirurgical College on the occasion of his receiving the degree of Fellowship in the college, in April, 1887. He received the degree of A- M. at Ogden College, Bowling Green, Ky. He has been twice married, and has four children living. His first wife was Mary F. Keagan, to whom he was married May 7, 1865. Their eldest child, a daughter, is now the wife of Dr. P. R. Taylor, of Decatur, Abi. Another, a son, Dudley S., Jr., is preparing for the study of medicine. Dr. Reynold’s second marriage was celebrated at Covington, Ky., July 18, | 1881, to Matilda V. Bruce, only daughter of j the late Hon. E. AT. Bruce. The issues of this marriage are a son and daughter, E. M. Bruce, and Sarah Elizabeth. Dr. Reynolds is a man of great energy, a robust form, and fine constitution. BENJAMIN H. RIDGELY is a native of Baltimore, Aid.; was born July 13, 1859, and is a son of Frederick AV. and Harriet (Isett) Ridgely. The Ridgely family was a very old one in Alaryland, and came over with Lord Baltimore. Frederick R. Ridgely, great- grandfather of Benjamin H., was a surgeon in the Continental army during the Revolution- ary war. The subject of this sketch came to Louisville in 1879, but had lived in AA^ood- ford County for some years before coming to this city. He was a reporter on the Courier- Journal for four years, and won an excellent reputation as a newspaper writer. He is a young man with a fine vein of humor and almost exhaustless wit, which gives to his articles a characteristic flavor. After leaving the Courier- Journal he was for a time con- nected with the Argus, a ]>aper recently de- ceased ; afterward he was city editor of the Commercial, which position he resigned to take editorial charo-e of Truth. He was mar- O ried, in November, 1885, to Aliss Sophronia Braunin. REAL STUART ROBINSON, D. D., was a native of the North of Ireland, and was born at Strauane, County Tyrone, about 1812. His parents, .Tames and Alartha (Por- ter) Robinson, were poor. They emigrated ! to America while their son was yet small, and j located at Alartinsburg, A^irginia. Here the strong will, cpiick wit, and rugged clear headedness of the boy attracted the attention of Rev. James M. Brown, a Presbyterian clergyman, who gave him a good private school education, and started him to teaching at one of the neighboring salt works. His education was completed at Amherst, Alass., where he graduated in 1834. Among his collesre mates were several who afterward O achieved distinction, and who like him have passed to their reward in the hereafter ; no- table of these were Rev. Benjamin AL Pal- mer, D. 1)., of New Orleans; Rev. Henry P. Humphrey, I). D., of Louisville, and Rev. Henry AA'^ard Beecher. Having studied for the Presbyterian ministry (Old School) he BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 887 preached for some years at Malden, near Charleston. In 1846, when his old college mate. Dr. Humphrey, was compelled by ill health to relimpiish his pulpit, the Second Presbyterian Church in Louisville, it was filled by Mr. Robinson, and so acceptably that the same congregation, years after, when there was a vacancy, unanimously chose him as their pastor. J’rom 1846 to 1854 he was pastor at Frankfort, Ky., and during that period found time to act] as president of a female seminary, president of a cotton jiany, and director of the Farmer’s Bank of Kentucky, with its seven branches and §2,200,000 capital. In 1854 he was called to the pastoral care of the Central Presby- terian Church of Baltimore, Md. With a large and growing congregation he yet found time to originate and edit, for two years, 1855-56, the Presbyterian Critic^ a very able monthly, strongly controversial in character. In May, 1856, the Presbyterian General As- sembly elected him professor of church gov- ernment and pastoral theology in the Theo- logical Seminary, at Danville, Ky., which he filled for two years with distinguished ability. His next call was to the pulpit of the Second Presbyterian Church of Louisville, which he held to the time of his death, October 5, 1881. In 1858 he wrote “The Churcli of God as an Essential Element of the Gospel, and the Idea, Structure and Function thereof,” a 12-mo. volume of great power and labor, which in a few months called for a second edition, much enlarged. He afterwards wrote several other smaller works, but his last and greatest work was “ Discourses of Redemption.” In 1861 he began, at Louisville, the publication of a weekU' newspaper, The True Presbyterian^ which was twice suppressed by the military in July, 1862, and in November, 1864, not becairse of any political utterances, but be- cause of its pronounced opinions on religious and church topics which were distasteful to some who sank their view's of independent church government and personal action in the maelstrom of subserviency to the military spirit of the hour. In 1863 he w'ent to To- j I’onto, Canada, where he remained until 1866. The publication of his newspaper was re- sumed in 1865, by his co-editor, as the Free Christians Commonwealth w'hich he aided in editing from a “far country.” In May, 1869, at the session of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (South), at ^Mobile, Ala., he w'as elected moderator, unanimously, a compliment as distinguished as it is rare. In 1873, in a series of lectures to his congre- gation, he delivered a commentary on the book of Genesis, both striking and exhaustive. They were published weekly in the Courier- Journal. In the summer of 1873 Doctor Robinson visited Europe, Egypt and Pales- tine ; and in the winter following lectured upon his travels to crow'ded houses, always for the benefit of some worthy object — never for private rew'ard. In 1877 he attended the Pau-Presbyterian Convention, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was one of the most observed of that assembly of great and Christian minds, and one of the strono-est of the American O representatives to that body. The secret of Dr. Robinson’s power was his directness, sim- plicity, scripturalness and intense conviction of truth. Of course these traits were united with genius, learning and great industry'. He married, in September, 1841, Miss Mary E. Brigfham, a daughter of Col. 4Vm. Brio-- ham, a native of Massachusetts, who survived him. Eight children were born of this mar- riage, only two of whom, daughters, are liv- ing. RICHARD ALEXANDER ROBINSON, eldest son of Lyles Robert and Catherine (^Vorthington) Robinson, was born on his father’s farm, called “Spring Hill,” near Winchester, Frederick County', Va., October 23, 1817. His father was a native of the same county, and was born in 1790, and was the eldest child of Alexander and Priscilla Robinson, of Baltimore, Md. Alexander Robinson was a successful merchant of Balti- more, and lived to the advanced age of ninety-five years. His wife died soon after the birth of her son Lyles, leaving him to the care of her mother’s sister, Mrs. Archibald Magill, of Winchester, where he remained during his boyhood, and then resided in Bal- timore with his father, where he acquired a 888 BIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES. mercantile education. In November, 1813, lie married Catherine W., tiie dauo-hter of Dr. Kichard and Aehsah W. Goldsboronofh, of Cambridge, Md.,and soon after settled on his farmer an AVinchester, where he continued to reside until his death, September 21, 1831. His wife died December 10, 1828. She was a devoted Christian, an active member of the Episcopal Church, and exeited a marked in- tluence on her family and friends. Her children, who were old enough, were early impressed with the importance of their relig- ious duties, and were regular attendants of the Sunday-school anl the church. The sub- ject of this sketch received the advantage of an English education, mainly at the AVinches- ter Academy, a school of some note in that region. But having expressed a desire to become a merchant at the early age of four- teen (in March, 1832,) his father obtained for him a situation with Baker 'Tapscott, a lead- ing merchant of Shepherdstown, A^a., in an adjoining county. In this establishment he formed the basis of a business education which proved of great value to him in his subsequent career. The death of his father (in 1831) had caused the dispersion of his brothers and sisters amono- their relations in O Maryland and A^irginia. The eldest brother especially felt the responsibility of his posi- tion, which resulted in the determination to seek some favorable point in the AVest as a j rallying point for the family, in the hope that they all might again be reunited. AVith this object in view he began, soon after his father’s death, by more diligent application to business, to prepare himself for a larger field of labor. After careful observation he selected Louisville as the most eligible point. He had several friends in Louisville, from A^iro-inia. Amono- them was Mr. Arthur I.ee, with whom he had been on intimate terms of friendship in A^irginia. In Afarch, 1837, he arrived in Louisville, and succeeded throua-h the aid of Mr. Lee in securing a position as bookkeeper in a wholesale grocery house, which he retained for about twelve months, the house in which he was employed being forced into liquidation by the severe panic of 1837. He then obtained a position as bookkeeper with Casseday & Ranney, which he retained for a period of three years, until January, 18-11, then resigned to embark in Inisiness on his own account. In the mean- time he had succeeded in obtaining situations for his brothers, Goldsborough and Archibald Magill, and formed a partnership with them and his friend Arthur Lee under the firm name of Robinson, Lee & Co., and engaged in a small retail dry goods business on Market street. In August, 1811, Air. Lee died, which was felt to be as great an affliction as the loss of a brother. He left a bright example of Chris- tian character, and had endeared himself to a large circle of friends. He was the grandson of Richard Henry Lee, and a grand-nephew of Francis Lightfoot and Arthur Lee of Rev- olutionary fame. After the death of Air. I^ee the firm was Robinson & Brothers. Of the five brothers who moved to this city, Golds- borough died in August, 1844, from the effects of a railroad accident near Balti- more, Md., and AA^illiam Aleade died in November, 1858. Archibald M. is now at the head of a large cotton and flour-mill at Grahamton, Ky., and John AI. at the head of the large dry goods house of J. AI. Robinson & Co. In June, 1842, Mr. Robinson married Aliss Eliza D., daughter of AA^illiam F. and Alary S. Pettet, of this city. Air. Pettet was a prominent citizen and suc- cessbd merchant. Soon after his marriage Air. Robinson had the satisfaction to see all the living members of the family reunited in the same city, with the single exception of his eldest sister, who had married and settled in Alaryland. The hopes of his youth and the eff’oiti of his early manhood were thus happily realized. In 1842 he retired from the dry goods firm, transferring his interests to his brothers, and eng-aned in the retail drug busi- ness on Alarket street with .Tames, George and Arthur Peter. In. 1846 he removed to Alain street and engaged in the wholesale drug business which was successful, and resulted in the establishment, in 1855, of the present house of R. A. Robinson & Co., one of the largest in that branch of business in the Southwest. AVith the view of giving his sons ample scope for their talents and enei-gies. i r 'I i- ' '■ - BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 891 in 1878, he established the wholesale hard- ware house of Robinson Brothers & Co., which has been remarkably successful. More recently he established a joint stock company, capital 8200,000, for the manufacture of woolen goods, styled the Louisville, Ken- tucky AVoolen Alills. • AYith characteristic prudence Air. Robinson has thus provided for his sons, all of whom have won the entire cjnfidence of the comraunitv', and are tread- ing closely in the footsteps of their honored father. By precept and example he has made them what they are. During the various monetary panics which have occurred within the last fifty years he has never failed to meet every obligation promptly, and during the disasters of the late civil war, when his losses in the South were very heavy, every obli- gation was paid in full. It is needless to say that Mr. Robinson’s success has been the result of his indefatigable industry, prudent economy, sound judgment and strict busi- ness principles. He has always declined political office, as being incompatible with his other duties. He has, howev'er, held various public trusts,’the duties of which have always been faithfully discharged. He was one of the direccors of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company for six years; of the Elizabethtown & Paducah Railroad for five years, and of the Louisville Bridge Company from its incipiency until its completion. He was for some years a director and vice-presi- dent of the Falls City Bank, but was com- pelled to retire from these trusts by the pressure of his other darties. He has been a member of St. Paul’s Episcopal Church since its establishment in 1889, filling the various positions of Sunday-school teacher, vestry man, and warden the greater part of the time. He has frequently represented that parish in the diocesan councils, and for three sessions represented in pait the diocese of Kentucky in the general conventions of the church. It is strictly true to say of him that no man has been more liberal in tha support of the church and all its charities, or has responded him for the promotion of the general interests of the community. He is modest and una.ssum- ing in his intercourse with his fellow-men, charitable in his judgment of others, and true to his own convictions of right and duty. In his life and conduct he exemplifies the highest type of the Christian gentleman. It is not strange that his character should have been fully appreciated by an intelligent com- munity. That character was fully understood bv the representative business men of Louis- ville. The Board of Trade, in wdiich every business is represented and the high qualities of the merchant are understood and recog- nized, by a unanimous vote, bestowed upon him the high distinction of honorary life member of that o.'’ganization. This was the first time that this honor was conferred on any citizen of Louisville. It was unsoughp and was voluntarily bestowed bv those who knew how to appreciate his exalted worth. .JOHN AAA ROBINSON. The Robinson family are of pure Scotch origin. Richard J. Robinson, the father of the gentleman whose rrarne heads this sketch, was born in Anrginia, in 1812, where he grew to manhood and mai’ried Aliss Nancy Hook, born also in AOrginia, and of [English extraction. He learned the trade of millwright, and was also skilled in wagon-making. In 1854 he re- moved to Noble County, Ohio, settling in Sarahsville, where he died in 1886, aged sev- enty-three years. .John AA^. Robinson was born near AA’inchester, A^irginia, January 28, 1843. Early in life he evidenced a decided aptitude for mechanics and when but a child was able, with the few rude tools at his com- mand, to construct almost anything from a toy wacron to a miniature steam engine. At the age of sixteen his mind was directed toward educational matters. His facilities were of course quite limited, but by the aid of private tutors he studied history and the classics. He entered Marietta College at the age of eighteen, but ill health prevented him from pursuing a collegiate course. In 1862 he began life as a teacher at East Union, Noble Countv, Ohio, where he taught one term. The war was in progress, and he was so thoroughly impressed with his dutv to his country, that, after teaching a smond term at his home in Sarahsville, he joined Company BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES- 8'J2 E, Eighty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, as a private soldier. At the expiration of one year’s service he was detailed as clerlj in the Commissary Departmeut, where he remained until honorably discharged by special order of (Jen. Hooker, when he returned to his home and resumed his former vocation. His profes- sion, however, then as now was poorly remun- erated and not wholly congenial, and he next tinned his attention to the introduction of improved text books for schools, and for four years he traveled the State of Ohio as a repre- sentative of Injrham & Braofir Cleveland, ( ). At the end of this time traveling agfents in this capacity were discontinued by the pub- lishers’ compact. He next engaged in the drug and book business at Sarahsville, but the business was too slow for one so energetic, and he removed to Indianapolis, where in 1872 he became associated with Messrs. Martin & Hopkins, State Agents for the North Western Mutual life Insurance Company of Milwau- kee, as a solicitor; this was in 1872. In this as in other enterprises he was successful, and in two years was occupying the responsible position of special agent for the same com- pany, operating in Indiana, Kentucky and Michigan. In this department he soon evinced his marked ability as an insurance man, and as an evidence of their appreciation of his services the company offered him the State of Kentucky, which he accepted. For one year he took the sole charge of the busi- ness. Being ambitious to control the largest agency the company had, he associated him- self with Gen. B. Id. Cowen (Assistant Sec- retary of the Interior durinof Grant’s admin- istration) taking, under the firm name of j Cowen & Robinson, the States of < )hio and Kentucky. This connection was highly suc- cessful and continued for nearly four years, Gen. Cowen retiriimin 1882, and leavingf the whole State of Kentucky to Mr. Robinson, j Under the able management of IMr. Robinson i the company’s business has not only been j built up from 11,500,000 to ■11'5,000,000, but has commanded the confidence and patronage j of the best men in the State; and it can truly j be said that no agency is in a more healthy condition than this. The career of Mr. Rob- > inson is one worthy of emulation. Starting in life with only his natural resources, he has fought his way to the front and stands to-day as one of the leading and substantial men of Louisville. December 24, 1867, Mi’. Robin- son was mari'ied to Miss Olive B. Dilley, of Sarahsville, O., and came to Louisville in 1878. To this union have been born four children; t!harles 1^., .fohn Dilley, Mabel and Madge. WILIAAM L. RODMAN, M. 1)., was born in Frankfort, Ky., September 7, 1858, and is a son of Gen. .John and Harriet Virginia (Russell) Rodman, the former a native of Henry County, and the latter of Franklin County. Gen. Redman was born August 6, 1820. He was attorney-general of the State from 1867 to 1875, under Governors .loliii W. Stevenson and Preston H. Leslie. Pre- vious to this he had served two terms in the State Legislature. From 1875 to his death he was official reporter of the Court of Appeals. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Kentucky IMilitary Institute, near Frank- fort, and graduated with the degree of A. M. in 1874. He read medicine with Dr. W. B. Rodman, of Frankfort, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in March, 1879. After leaving Philadelphia he served two years as surgeon in the United States army. In 1885 he came to Louisville, 1 and has since Ireen connected with the Medical University. He was married in 1882 to Miss Belle Stewart, a daughter of Dr. Stewart, superintemlent of the Feeble Minded Institute. Dr. Rodman is a zealous member of the State Medical Association. .lOHN E. ROGERS is a native of Tennes- see, and was born September 2, 1841 ; he settled in Bullitt County, Ky., in 1864. His first wife was Sarah A. .Johnson, a native of Bullitt County. She died in 1871. His second wife was Mrs. Caroline Shank — she having two children by her first husband : Clandian, born September 23, 1866, and Am- brose, born December 4, 1868. By his pres- ent wife he has two children ; Edwin L., born May 29, 1876, and Charles Emmet, born May 29, 1878. .lohn E. Rogers served all throucrh the war as a Confederate soldier BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 893 having enlisted in Company D, Fifth Tennes- see Volunteers, and participated in the battles of Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Murj)hys- borough and other important engagenienls. A. B. RUE, formerly a photographic artist of high re])ute in Louisville, is a native of iMercer County, Ky.; was born in 1842, and is a son of Nelson and Margaret (Adams) Rue, both natives of Kentucky, liut whose parents came from New Jersey at an early day and passed their lives in this State on a farm. A. B. Rue is the fourth in a family of nine children born to his parents. He re- mained on the home farm until 1801, when he enlisted in Company F, Nineteenth Ken- tucky Volunteers, and was in active service the three years following, being promoted to second-lieutenant in the meanwhile, and mustered out as first-lieutenant at Louisville in 1865. He took part in the following en- gagements; Mill Springs, Cumberland Gap (and the campaign from the latter to the Ohio River), Arkansas Post, and in all the engagements by Grant in the siege of Vicks- burg. At the latter place he was taken ill and was unfit for duty about four months, after which he returned to his regiment in New Orleans and remained with it until mustered out as stated above, when he en- tered college at Cincinnati. In 1866 he learned photography at Harrodsburg, Ky., and for seven years followed his vocation in various towns through the State. In 1881 he located in Louisville at No. 841 Fourth avenue, where his merits as an artist were soon recognized and where he was actively employed until 1888, when he moved to Har- rodsburg, Ky. He was married, September 5, 1865, to Jessie Anderson, a daughter of Henry T. Anderson, so well known as a Re- formed minister. Mrs. Rue is celebrated as a portrait painter, and has studied under the best masters in America. She has followed the art for many years, and is an artist of superior talents. JMr. and Mrs. Rue are the parents of six children: Lelia, Insco, Zoe, Letcher, Margie, and one dead. Mrs. Rue is now a member of the Presbyterian Church, while Mr. Rue is a member of the Warren Memorial Presbyterian Church ; he is a mem- ber of the G. A. R., I. O. (). F., K. of P., and K. of H. HON. SAMUEL RUSSEl.L, banker, law- yer, etc., is a native of Spencer County, Ky.; was born November 12, 1888, and is a son of Nathaniel and Margaret (Cain) Russell, na- tives of Nelson County. His grandfather, Samuel Russell, and his maternal grandfather’, Mathew Cain, were of Irish origin, and came to the United States many years ago. The subject of this sketch was reared on a farm and educated itr Shelby County, under Pro- fessor M. Neal, an accomplished teacher and educator. Pie canre to Louisville in 1859 and commenced the study of law; was admitted to the bar in I860, and practiced continuouslv until 1884, wdieri he abandoned the law arrd devoted his attention to other pursuits, lir 1884 he was elected president of the Bank of Imuisville, one of the oldest banking institu- tions of the city. It was or’ganized in 1888, and the first president was Mr. Snead. Mr. .1. B. Bowles succeeded him and was presiderrt for forty years. Mr. Russell succeeded Charles Tilden, who died in 1884, as president, and still holds the position. The bank is one of the w'ealthy corporations of the city, having a capital of !&65t),0UO, and its quaint old banking house is one of the landmarks on Main street. Mr. E. A. Hewett is the pres- ent cashier. Mr. Russell was married in 1866 to Miss Hattie Shouse, of Shelby County. He was elected in 1875 to the legislature, but since then has taken no active part in politics. JOSEPH .1. SCHLOSSER, a native of Germany, was born .lune 10, 1849, and came to the United States in December, 1867, locating in New Albany, Ind. Remainitig there about three years he then came to Louisville, and after clerkinor for Wm. G. Schmidt he, in 1874, opened a drug store on the corner of Fulton and Adams streets, which he conrlucted very successfully until the overflow of 1888, when he bought his present location. Second and Chestnut streets, and, after the subsidence of the water, oper- ated both stores until the summer of 1886, when he sold the place at Fulton and Adams streets to his brother, P. Schlosser. He was BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 8'JI married in 1874 to iMiss Emma C. Gehlbach, of New Albany, Ind. OTTO SC'IINEIDER, grocer, is a native of Bavaria, Germany, was l)orn in 1840, and was brought to America in 1843 l)j his par- ents, who settled in Louisville. 'I’liere Otto was educated, and at the age of seventeen began to learn the painter’s trade. In 1861 lie enlisted in Company G, Fourth Kentucky Cavalry ; served three years and four months, when he was transferred to the Fourteenth United States Infantry, and was connected with the army of the Cumberland until the fall of Atlanta, and was then with Sherman until the close of the war. He was wounded in the leg at Missionary Ridge, and in the side at the taking of Fort McAllister. He was with the Fourteenth until the close of the war as second-lieutenant, and afterward joined the V. R. corps as first-lieutenant and served until March, 1866, when he was mus- tered out at Annapolis. Upon the return of .Mr. Schneider to his home he worked at his trade, then went West, where he followed the same four years, and then returned to Louisville, where he has been eno-acred in his ]>resent business for fifteen years. He is a member of the G. A. R. FRANK M. SCRIMSHER was born in ( )ldham County, Ky., and is a son of Thomas J. and Cassandra (Booker) Scrimsher, and a grandson of .John Scrimsher, who emigrated from Wales when but twelve years of age and came to Virginia. About 1797 he set- tled in Owen County, Ky. Thomas J. is a millwright and is still living in Oldham County. He worked at his trade in Louis- ville as early as 1821, and helped to build the first saw-mill in the city. He also fol- lowed flat-boating and keel -boating a good deal on the (Jhio and Mississippi rivers. He has two sons and one daughter living : .Jas- per W., of Indianapolis; Frank iM. and IMrs. .lulia Doane in Iowa. The subject of this sketch was brought up in the country and re- ceived but a common school education. In 1861 he entered the First Kentucky (Con- federate) Cavalry, commanded by Col. Ben Hardin Helm, In which he served two and a half yeais. In 1865 he married Miss Julia Eddins, of Oldham County. After the close of the war he followed railroading on the L. F. and I^. railroad, when he accepted the position he how holds, that of “superintend- ent of pipe laying,” for the Louisville Water Company, which position he has held since 1868. PAUL F. SEM(_)NIN, a nalive of “Sunny France,” was born September 17, 1829, and is a son of .John and .Jane (Bourey) Senionin, of Arcy, France, who came to America in 1834, and from New York to New Albany, Ind., in 1836. The elder Semonin served eight yea»-s under the first Napoleon in his numerous wars, mostly in Spain ; he died in Henderson, Ky., in 1856; his widow is now ninety years old. Paul 17, the subject of this sketch, was but five years old when the family immigrated to the United States. He received a common school education, and at the age of thirteen commenced clerking in New Albany, Ind. In 1845 he went to Hen- derson, Ky., and was for eight years con- nected with the mercantile business in that city. He then sold out and engaged in steamboating, and built the “ Gov. Powell ” in 1856, which ran in the trade from New Orleans to St. Alartinsville, La. He finally, aborrt 1861, engaged in the exporting of tobacco at Uniontown, remaining there and at Henderson until 1867, when he came to I.iOuisville, Ky. He was then employed as a buyer for a number of years, and then formed a partnership in the tobacco drayage business with R. E. Gilbert, his brother-in- law, and in which they are engaged under the firm name of Semonin & Gilbert, with a bright prospect for a young firm. In 1883 he became business manager of the Todd Tobacco Warehouse Company, which makes a specialty of the sale of leaf tobacco, and is one of the largest houses of the kind in the city. Mr. Semonin was married in 1854 to Miss Sarah G. Rouse, daughter of James Rouse, of Henderson, Ky. They have six children, viz; William J., manager of the Kentucky Teaming Company for the last nine years until three months ago, when he resigned ; Mattie, wife of R. Pi. Gilber, of Louisville; Celeste, Mary J. and Jean, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 895 teachers, and Ray, the baby. Mr. Semonin is also a stockholder and manao-er of the Old ° I Deposit Natural Gas and Mininu Company, j and has a considerable interest in some of the territory in the gas-bearing districts of Meade County, near Pilchers Landing, twenty-four miles from Louisville; as also near Mul- draugh, Ky., where there are some of the largest wells in the State, some comparing j favorably with some of the best wells in | Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh. WILLIAM H. SHEPHERD was born in Bullitt County, Ky., January 5, 1841, and his father, James Shepherd, also a native of Bul- litt County, was born July 10, 1817, and married Miss Malinda "Welch, whose parents came from Virginia. William H. Shepherd enlisted at Louisville, September 22, 1861, in the Fifteenth Kentucky Volunteers, I’ederal service, and served three years and si.x months. He was wounded at the battle of Chicka- manga, was taken prisoner and sent to An- dersonville, later to Charleston, S. C., and still later to Savannah, Ga., where he was paroled and sent to Annapolis, Md., thence to Louisville, where he w^as discharged, having been held as a prisoner of war fourteen j months. He was married to Miss ^lelissa Croan, who bore him three children — Daisy , D., born January 24, 1867; W^illiam, August | 5, 1870; and iMusette, June 15, 1873. Mrs. Shepherd departed this life December 18, 1873, and in 1875 Mr. Shepherd was united in marriacre with Miss Elizabeth V. Smith, who has borne him seven children — -Nannie, Clara, Julia, Isaac, Charles, Owen and Lydia. Mr. Shepherd owns, cultivates and resides upon a fine farm near Shepherdsville P. O , I Bullitt County. GEORGE F. SIMPSON, M. 1)., was born in Bowling Green, Ky., October 11, 1859, and is a son of Wm. Chesterfield and Bettie (Scruggs) Simpson, both natives of Warren County. George F. received a liberal educa- tion, read medicine and graduated from the medical department of the University of Louis- ville, and began practice in 1879, the same year that he graduated. He at present holds the position of health officer of the Local Board of Health of .lefferson Co^inty. He w’as married in 1885, to Miss Amanda S. Park, of Elizabethtown, Ky. THE SIMRALL FAMILY, in Louisville, Ky. In the early historv of this State, .lames Simrall came from Virginia to Ken- tucky, and settled in Shelby County. He was then a young man — of Scotch-Irish descent — full of determination and energv. Soon afterwards the war of 1812 broke out. He cast in his lot with the Kentucky soldiers, and served throughout the war with distinc- tion, attaining the rank of Colonel, when he returned to his home; his health had been impaired by hard service and exposure; and his estate was much w’asted by inattention. In a few years he died, leaving a widow and six small children. His wife was Rebecca Graham, of the same blood with the celebrated John Graham of Scotland. Her chief charac- I teristics were brains, resolution and integrity, together with an undying love for the Pres- byterian Church. She betook herself to the ! difficult task of properly rearing these six children, with her limited means. Her chief aim was to give them a thorough education, and instill into them sound principles, which would serve as a lasting foundation upon which they could successfully build in after life. How nobly she performed this work is attested by the fact that her eldest son, .lohn Graham Simrall, became one of the most prominent ministers in the Presbyterian Church in Central Kentucky; and her young- est son, Horatio F. Simrall, became Chief .lustice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi. Her sons, James and William, successfully followed agricultural pursuits, one in Ken- tucky and the other in Mississippi. The only other son, .loseph, died before reaching man- hood. Her onlv daughter, Cornelia, was a very remarkable woman. She had all the mental, moral and physical traits which so distinguished her mother, together wfith rare \ accomplishments, which made her the center of attraction in every circle in which she moved. She married Thomas P. Smith, who for more than thirty years has performed the arduous duties of ^Master in Chancery of the Louisville Chancery Court; and by common consent he is admitted to be the ablest com- 52 89G BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. inissioner the State of Kentucky ever had. To them were born six children, five of whom are now living in Louisville. Sarah, the youngest daughter of Rev. John G. Simrall, is also living in Louisville. She married Dr. Turner Anderson, who has rapidly gone to the front in his profession, having a large Medical Department of the University of I.ouisville. There is another branch of the Simrall family living in Covington, Ky., represented by Charles Simrall, a prominent I lawyer, now the attorney for Kentucky of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad/ The descend- ants of .James and Rebecca G;raham Simrall are now scattered through five: States, in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi;- and amongst them, lawyers, doctoiA, merchants i and farmers. Wherever you find them, they are, for the most part, robust, strong-minded, self-willed and honest people. The following sketch of .Judge John Graham Simrall, one of the younger generation— who is taken as a representative of the fatnily— was prepared by a distinguished member of the Louisville J>ar, just after iJudge Simrall had been elected .Judge of the Louisville J^aw and Equity Court: “Hon. John G. Simrall, Judge of . the , T.,ouisville I..aw and Equity Court, who, after less than three years’ service on the bench, occupies a distinguished position among the judges of the State, standing in the front rank of the judiciary of the courts of original juris- diction, was born in h''ayette County, I'i^y., March 18, 1840. His father was Rev. .John G. Simrall, a Presbyterian minister, greatly venerated for his purity of character, gentle disposition and earnest zeal for the church. He was noted for good judgment and great common sense, and was a useful, successful [ leader of religion. His mother is a daughter j of Waller Bullock, who was an influentidl citizen and prosperous farmer of Fayette County. Past seventy years of age, she is full of vigor of mind and body, and admired and res]>ected for a rare combination of gen- tleness with force and strenorth of character. O After receiving the preparation afforded by a country school, John G. Simrall entered Cen- tre Colleg-e at the awe of fourteen, and at seventeen graduated with the second honor in a class of forty-seven. This class contained a numl)er of men who have become famous, and was perhaps as marked for talent as any that has been sent out from the old college. Senator Blackburn, Governor McCreary, .Judge Delaney, Judge .Joseph Hunt and Enoch E. Mclvay were all members of it. The president of Centre College at that time was Rev. .John C. Young, whose energy, splendid scholarship, eloquence and noble character gave it life and fame. The influ- ence of this great and good man over the minds and characters of the young men was strong and lasting. He gave them a love of learning, an admiration of the sublime and beautiful, a devotion of duty and truth, com- bined with a reverence for thino-s sacred, which remained with them always. “After leaving Centre College Mr. Simrall for a year or more taught school in the family of .Junius Ward, in Washington County, Miss., and soon after commenced the study of' law at, Lexinofton under the direction of Judge Robertsori. In 1859 and 1860 he at- tended the law lectures of Judge George Robertson, and in 1860-61 was in the senior class of the Louisville Law School, graduat- ing in March, 1861. The professors in the Louisville Law School at that time were .Judge Henry Pirtle, .Judge W. F. Bullock and Judge Horatio F. Simrall. Judge Sim- rall has always esteemed himself peculiarly fortunate in having been a student under the eminent lawyers named. The foundation of the knowledcre of law that he laid under their guidance, and the example which their careers and symmetrical characters afforded him, he has always regarded as most beneficial to him throughout his professional life. A short time after receiving his diploma the young lawyer formed a partnership with Judge William S. Bodley, and commenced practice at the J^ouisville bar. This business connection continued until the death of .Judge Bodley, in 1878. Mr. Temj)le Bodley and Judge Simrall then formed a partnership, and the firm of Simrall & Bodley continued until the fall of 1882, when Gov. Blackburn BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 899 appointed John G. Simrall Vice-Chancellor to fill out the term of Hon. Alfred T. Pope, who had resigned. In Auofust, 1884, Judg-e Simrall was elected, for a term of six years, Judge of the Louisville Law and Equity Conrt, a court which was estiblished by the legislature in March, 1884, to take the place of the Vice-Chancellor’s Court. He was elected without opposition, so universal was the wish of the bar and the people that he should re- main on the bench. “During his twenty years at the bar Judge Simrall was successful in building up a large and valuable practice, and had many of the best business houses of the city for his clients. His firm had been concerned in very large suits, and had the reputation of being among the best business lawyers of the bar, as well as able and learned in the common law and in equity. Much of the laborious office work and the equity practice of the business was done by Judge Simrall, and the skillful and accurate manner in which he dispatched busi- ness won for him the confidence of his clients and the respect and admiration of his brethren j of the bar. His reputation as a lawyer of talent and learning was thus well established, but he had been little before the public, and was not widely known to the people at the time he became Vice-Chancellor. When he was spoken of as a probable successor of .fudge Pope, a member of the bar was asked by a leading merchant what he thought of Mr. Simrall for the position, and was an- swered that it was not often that such men as Simrall could be induced to go upon the bench, and the State would be fortunate if he were appointed and would accept. This estimate of his capacity and fitness has been proven a just one by the practical test of a three years’ trial of his qualities as judge. To say that he commands the unqualified confidence of the people and the lawyers would not be more than just; and this con- fidence extends as much to his character as a man as to his learning, ability and discrimina- tion as a judge. In his brief service on the bench he has shown much knowledge of the law and capacity for work, such industry, jratjence and urbanity as to make him deserv- edly popular. But the qualities which have made his reputation and given him a strong hold upon the people are his independence and integrity. There is a universal belief that this judge sits as the representative of justice, indeed, knowing only the law and right, with courage to order and adjudge that which the law and the facts demand. Justice is rendered in the manner of the pure days of the State, without fear and without favor. Having the greatest amount of firmness, he has that honesty of mind which can see its own errors, and that sense of duty wffiich compells him to repair the error. Xo man i more readily recedes from a misdirection given a jury in the hurried presure of a trial, ; or is more amenable to argument. Having I formed his opinion after full deliberation he is steadfast, unwavering. The amount of labor which Judge Simrall does in ten months of each year is something wonderful. The combination in his Court of Common I.aw and Equity jurisdiction, not existing in either the Common Pleas or Chancery Court, ren- ders his office the more difficult to fill. He has little leisure except in vacation, for he I goes from a jury trial to an equity case, and I from the latter to the former. Certainly it : has been the foitune of the Law and Equity ' Court to get, in the distribution of cases under ] the law, more than a full share of difficult and heavy cases. The judge has kept up his work and borne himself nobly under the pressure, and well earned a summer’s rest, j Judge Simrall was married in 1863 to ^liss Cornelia, daughter of Thomas P. Smith of this city, and has one child, a daughter, now approaching young ladyhood. Judge Simrall, in piivate life, is one of the most agreeable of men. Always dignified, he is easy in man- ners, very fond of conversation, in which he bears a full share, and as natural in his enjoy- ment of wit and humor as a boy. His read- ing and culture are broad, and his scholarship and attainments show the continued applica- tion of his mind to those studies for which his taste was formed in youth. He is a member of the Second Presbyterian Church, and one of the great admirers of the late Dr. Stuart Robinson, In a very eloquent speech which ‘JUO BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. .ludi^e Simrall delivered before the Centre O College alumni a year ago, he said that he was conscious that his mind had been devel- oped and his character formed by the fortunate facts that he had gone to college to Dr. Young, studied law under Judge Rol)ertson, and for twenty year-s listened to the preaching of Stuart Rol:>inson — all good intluences to bring o\it the good which nature had planted in the boy and man, born of such a father and mother and tenderly guided and instructed through the years of childhood.” On the 1st of January, 1880, Judge Simrall resigned his position and resumed the practice of law. At a large meeting presided over by General James Speed the bar adopted the following resolutions: “ Upon the retirement of Hon. John G. Simrall from the bench, his l^rethren of the bar desire to express their appreciation of the judicial fairness, integrity, industry, firmness, and ability, that he has shown, and of the patient courtesy he has extended dur- ing the exercise of the important and difficult duties of his official life; and the chairman is instructed to transmit a copy of this trib- ute to Judge Simrall and to request of the Louisville Law and Equity Court that it may be entered upon its records.” [.January 4, 1886.] The universal regret caused by his resignation was thus expressed by a leading contemporary: “Judge Simrall’s resigna- tion. — The city and State have lost a most valuable servant by the resignation of .Judge Simrall as Judge of the Imuisville I^aw and Equity Court. In the four years of his serv- ice he has, by his marked ability, his cease- less energy, his courage, urbanity and scrupulous fairness, commended himself to the people of Louisville and Kentucky as few men have ever done. His resignation is a loss which all will feel, and the reported cause for it — the disproportion of his salary as a judge to his income as a lawyer — may well give cause for thought to those who have oc casion to consider public economy in judicial salaries. .Judu-e Simrall has fast been makinor O a wide reputation as a jurist, both in and out of this State. His decisions have Jjeen so well considered and fair, and his opinions have been stated with such clearness, learn- j ing and force, as to attract the attention and ! commendation of the highest courts throuo-h- I - O O 1 out the country.” j KILBOURN W. SMITH, one of the pro- I gressive young business men of Imuisville, j Ky., was born in Cincinnati, O., April 28, j 1841, and is a son of C. J. W. and Elizabeth (Jj’horton) Smith, natives of Pennsylvania and [ of English and French extraction. His grand- j father, on his mother’s side, was born in j Nantes, France, and was an officer in the j P^rench army under Napoleon Bonaparte. Mr. j Smith’s father settled in Cincinnati, O., in 1830; soon after removed to J^ouisville, Ivy., and eng-agfed in business with R. & J. Atkin- son, until 1834, when he removed to Cincin- nati and engaged on his own account in the mercantile business. In 1850 he was elected by the Democrats Sheriff of Hamilton County, Ohio, and about this period occurred one of the most characteristic incidents of his career, for although not legally responsible to the creditors with whom he had settled by passing through bankruptcy in the panic of 1849 that swept through the country, he, with that deli- cate sense of honor so rarely found, took upon himself the payment of dollar for dollar of all the deficiencies, and that from the earn- ings of years of frugality and unremitting labor. He was a promineirt Odd Fellow and Mason from 1835, being the Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows in 1838, aird made out the Seventh Charter of the Grand Lodge of Ohio. In 1874 he was elected President of the Farmers and Mechanics Fire Insurance Company, also appointed P’ire Commissioner-. He died iir May, 1883, leav- ing a comfortable estate and honorable record to his family. His son, K. W. Smith, was edmated in the public schools of Cincinnati, O., and graduated with high honors at the Hughes High School, .June 24, 1859, after I which he engaged as clerk with the commis- i sion house of Perin, Gould & Co., with whom I he remained two years, leaving them to enter the wholesale grocery Imsiness with Robert j Hosea & Co. and Charles L. Moore & Co., as I salesman and manager. After a successful ' career with them, he was induced, in tlie win- ter of 1866, to take the State agency for Ken- •s®rA L BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 903 tncky of the Mutual Benefit ffife Insurance Company, of Newark, then as now, one of the oldest and best manag-ed Life Insurance Companies in the United States. February, 1867, he removed to Louisville, Ky., and as- sumed the State Agency, and by his industry has built up the largest and most lucrative life insurance business in the State. He has always taken an active and personal interest in the prosperity and advancement of Louis- ville, having responded liberally with his means to all public enterprises for the ad- vancement of the city’s interest. He has been a member' of the Board of Trade since its organization; a director in the Third Na- tional Bank of I.,ouisville, Ky., for many years. He is also a prominent Odd Fellow and Mason, having attained to the thirty-third degree in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States, a degree which is conferred upon very few, and then for meritorious serv- ice only; has twice been elected Master of the Louisville Lodge, No. 400, F. & A. M. Pie has been twice married, first to Miss Delia AVakefield, of Hamilton County, O., in 1861. Her death occurred in 1862, and he was next married to Mrs. Heasley Maxon, in Febru- ary, 1873. He has shown his continued in- terest in the prosperity of Louisville, the city of his adoption, by erecting one of the most elegant houses on Third avenue, which is greatly admired not only for its exterior at- tractions, but its interior costly decoration and arrangement. CHARLES R. SAIITH was born in Bullitt County, March 16, 1855, and is a son of John and Cynthia (Shopton) Smith, the former born in Hardin County, the latter a daughter of Rosen Shoptavv, of Bullitt County. Charles R. was the fourth in a family of seven child- dren. He was brought up on the farm and educated in the public schools of his county. In 1878 he married Miss Sallie Quick, daughter of AATlliam Quick, of Bullitt Coun- ty. They have four children, viz: Charles AV., born December 18, 1879; Lillie M., born March 24, 1881; Sarah L., born November 14, 1883, and Alaud, born Alarch 29, 1887. Mr. Smith farmed for a while, and then com- ' menced traveling for a New Albany, Ind., firm, but soon tirino- of this kind of business returned to farming, which he continued to follow. EDAA^ARD R. SPURRIER is a native of Nashville, Tenn., and was born July 28, 1832. He is a son of Edward Spurrier, a native of Maryland, who emigrated to Tennessee at an early day. Subject received a common school education in the schools of Nashville, and in 1861 joined the First Regiment of Ten- nessee A^olunteers, as a private; was pro- moted to a lieutenancy in 1863, and served until the close of the war. In 1865 he came to Louisville, and encfaged in hotel business on Sixth street, between Main and Alarket, for about five years. He then formed a part- nership with J. Sues, for the manufacture of baby carriages, which continued from 1871 until 1882, when he went into the real estate business, which he still follows. In 1867 he was married to Aliss Eliza J. AIcCauley, of Clarksville, Tenn. They have one child — George. JOHN L. STAIB was born in Louisville July 10, 1845, and is a son of John L. and Christine Staib, natives of Germany, who came to America, and to Louisville about fifty years ago. The subject of this sketch was the elder of twm sons, and was educated in the schools of Louisville. He was en- gaged on the river, first as receiving and delivery clerk, and finally worked his way up to superintendent and manager of the Louis- ville and Evansville packets, a position he held many years. He resigned the place, and in 1886, engaged in the wholesale pro- duce and feed and grain commission business. He was married in April, 1885, to Aliss Nettie N. Ainslie, a daughter of George Ainslie, Esq., of Louisville. HON. H. J. STITES, son of Abram and Ann Stites, was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Ky., in 1816. In infancy his parents removed to Hopkinsville, Christian County, where he grew up to manhood and continued to make his home until 1862. At an early age he was sent to school to Dr. James Bu- chanan, an excellent teacher, the father of Dr. .Toseph R. Buchanan, afterward distin- 004 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. guished as a philosopher and essayist. His next and only teacher was .laines 1). Rumsey, who was noted as an instructor throurrhout the Green River country. At the age of four- teen young Stites besought his fatlier to per- mit him to learn some calling wheieby he could support himself and j-elieve his father, who was encumbered with a large family. In compliance with his request his father bound him to service for a period of four years for his victuals and clothes as a merchant’s clerk to George Ward, Esq., then doing a large Inisiness in Hopkinsville. During this serv- ice, which was most faithfully performed, he gave every moment that he could properly spare from his duty as clerk to reading and the culture of his mind. At the end of his term he was offered a partnership by his master, but preferred to enter partnership with a fellow-clerk, Leander D. Holman, who had a small capital and for whom he enter- tained a stronof attachment that continued until Holman’s death, which occurred in 1840. For over four years he with Holman pursued successfully the mercantile business, until the great financial crash of 1887. This firm of young men, having but limited capi- tal, was necessarily compelled to rely upon their credit, and was always largely indebted to eastern merchants. They, however, main- tained their credit and were never sued. But young Stites, always averse to debt, then re- solved to adopt another calling which would enable him to live without debt. He selected the law and began at once to study Black- stone, Kent and other elementary writers, giving all his time he could spare from his business to his law books. In 1839 he formed a partnership as merchant with one of the best men that ever lived, John Bryan, of Hopkinsville, and continued successfuly with him until 1841 — all the time, however, pur- suingf his studies when his business would O allow. In 1840, and while a merchant, he obtained license as a lawyer from .fudge .lohn Marshall, of Louisville, and Judge Ben- jamin Shackelford, of Christian County. In 1841, after winding up his mercantile busi- ness, he began as a lawyer with Hiram A. Phelps, then also a young practitioner, but. since, a lawyer of fine repute and high stand- ing. They soon had a fine practice, and de- rived great benefit, in a business way, from the favorable acquaintance which young Stites liad with the eastern merchants with whom he had formerly had dealings. After his dissolution with Mr. Phelps^ Stites continued to pursue his profession un- til 1851. He was induced then to become a candidate for the office of Commonwealth’s Attorney, but before the election was com- pelled by the overwhelming voice of his friends to run for the office of Circuit .Judcre. He was elected and before the expiration of his term of office was reluctantly induced to become a candidate for the office of Appellate .fudge as successor of .Judge Elijah Hise, who had declined a re-election. In August, 1854, he was elected Judge of the Court of Ap- peals by a majority of nearly 6,000 votes in a district which then had a majority of more than 5,000 politically opposed to him, and having as an opponent a distinguished law- yer and politician, once a member of con- gress, anil also of the convention which formed the present constitution. He contin- ued on the Appellate bench until he became Chief Justice of the State, and until the sum- mer of 1862, when, because of his sentiments as a State’s Right Democrat, and his opposi- tion to the war, he was compelled to leave his home to avoid the oppression of the military on either side, which were then at one time or another alternately in control of southern Kentucky. Arrest and imprisonment, or an unconstitutional oath, or a departure from his section of the State were the alternatives pre- sented, and he chose the latter and went to Canada. There he remained over three years. After the termination of the war he returned to Kentucky. In 1867 he was appointed .Judge of the .Jefferson Court of Common Fleas, an important civil tribunal in the city of Louisville. To this office he has been three times elected without opposition, mak- ing, when his present term expires, over thirty years of judicial service among those who have knowm him durinof Jus life, his fel- low-citizens of Kentucky. From 1868 to 1873 he held the position of professor of law ■S-A ^ -n- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 901 in the University of Louisville as an associate of Judge Pirtle and Bullock, but was com- pelled to resign this place because of his judicial labors. In 1841, soon after Judge Stites began the practice of law, he married Miss Mary Jane Sharp, a daughter of Dr. Maxwell Sharp, of Christian County, with whom he lived most happily until her death in 1875. Afterward he married Mrs. Caroline M. Barker, a sister of his first wife and the widow of Richard H. Barker, a lawyer of New Orleans, with whom he is now living at his home near Ijonisville. No better testimonial to Judge Stites’ worth could be given than the following editorial from the Cotirier- Journal of August 1, 1880. Speaking of Judge Stites’ judicial service, it says : “The admirers of this eminent judicial officer rejoice that he enters upon the race for the Judgeship of the Court of Common Pleas without a competitor. It would have | been a very foolish thing for any one to at- : tempt opposition to him. He is so perfectly | endeared to the hearts and minds of the peo- j pie ; he is so devoted to the resposible duties confided to his care ; he is so thoroughly equipped in all the matters that pertain to his high office ; he is so upright in every princi- ple of action, courteous and urbane to all with whom he comes in contact, without respect to party or condition, that rnnning ao-ainst him would be about as bootless a thing as one could have undertaken. We are gratified in knowing that for the high posi- tion of Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Louisville is able to command the services of this eminent jurist. We have often thought, when watching the exercises of his high voca- tion, the quick, sudden, clear rules by which he governs cases before him, of T. Arnold’s appropriate limning of the high attributes be- longing to such a position as that filled by J udge Stites. Arnold says; ‘To accustom a num- ber of persons to the intelligent exercise of attending to and comparing and weighing evi- dence, and to the moral exercise of beino- placed in a high and responsible situation invested with one of God’s own attributes, that of judgment, and having to determine, with authority, between truth and falsehood, right and wrong, is to furnish them with very high means of moral and intellectual culture; in other words it is providing them with the highest kind of education.’ The people of Louisville are very familiar with the perfect exhibition, on the part of Judge Stites, of those high and ennobling qualities. They rejoice to know that in him they have an up- right, learned and incorruptible judicial officer, in whose hands all the interests com- mitted to him are secure and sound and honest legal action. The all, one and all, join in saying to him : ‘ Well done, good and faithful servant ’ of the people. The ermine could not more appropriately fit the person of any one.” When Judge Stites served out the judicial term, alluded to in the above extract, he re- tired from judicial labor. Upon retirement the bar held a meeting, .June 19, 1886, of which Hon. Hamilton Pope was president, and Hon. A. G. Caruth was secretary, and presented Judge Stites an address showing the estimation in which he was held amono- them. The following is the address as pub- lished in the Courier -Journal at the time ; “The committee appointed by the bar recom- mended the adoption of the following ad- dress which shall be signed by the officers of the meeting after being engrossed, and pre- ! sen ted to his Honor, Henry J. Stites, and a ! copy spread upon the record of the .Jefferson Court of Common Pleas: ‘Hon. Henry J. Stites: Your brethren of the bar of Louis- ! ville cannot let the occasion of your last regular sitting as Judge of the Court of I Common Pleas pass without taking notice of j the interesting event. Your relations with us have been of such intimate, almost affection- ate, nature that we cannot contemplate the fact that you will, after to-day, cease to pre- side over this court without feeling a pang of parting. You have become in our minds so associated with this court, and your benevo- lent and venerable presence will be so missed, I that with your retirement we shall almost feel as though the court itself had gone with you. You will not deem us indelicate if we state in this public place our regard for your per- sonally and our opinion of the manner in !)08 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. whicli you have discharged your duties as .ludge. d’he (jualities wliich have most endeared you to us and to the peojile of Jefferson County are those which most l.>e- come a Judge, your impartiality and love of justice. While we have admired your large attainments in jurisprudence and your ac- curacy and complete knowledge of our civil code and statute law, we have practiced be- fore you with the conlidence that the scales have been held firmly and steadily, and the rich and the poor, the strong and the weak, have received equal justice at your hands. The indomnitable industry ■* with which you have in summer’s heat and winter’s cold, sometimes when your health required you to desist, come to your place on that bench and borne the fatigue of tedious ' trials with patience, have excited our admiratitm and commanded our profound respect. In your retirement you will carry with you the ap- proval of your fellow* citizens and the verdict that for thirty- four years, first as Circuit Judge, then as Judge of the Court of Ap-- peals and Chief Justice, and lastly as Judge of this court, you have, in a manner that re- flects honor upon yourself and u])on the judiciary of Kentucky, discharged all your duties and are now entitled to a peaceful life, free from public care, attended by the respect and affection of your fellow-men.’ ” Since Judgfe Stites laid aside the ermine he has been passing his time in his pleasant home, with his family, just outside of the limits of the city, enjoying the rest he has won by a long life of faithful public service. HON. ALBEHT A. STOLL, a member of the Louisvile bar, was born in this city, Au- gust 29, 1851, and is a son of I.ouis Ernst and Elizabeth (Baab) Stoll, the former a na- tive of Pennsylvania, and the latter of Bava- ria. His father started life as a newsboy, j and educated himself. He,came to Louisville from Pittsburgh, on a keel-boat, in 1880, and j remained a citizen of this city until his death, .Inly 5, 1879, at the age of fifty-nine years. He was of a retiring disposition, and never sought official position. He was elected to the Senate of Kentucky about 1847-48, but with a modesty, now rarely met with, declined the honor on the ground that others were better qualified for the place than himself. Mr. and Mrs. Louis E. Stoll also established the German Protestant Orphan Asylum about 1850, which is still standing on Jefferson street, below Twentieth. Albert A., the sub- ject of this sketch, is the youngest of three children that grew to manhood. He was edu- cated in the public schools of Louisville, studied law under Hon. Isaac Caldwell, took a course in the Louisville Law School, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in the courts of Louisville in 1872. He was elected to the Legislature in 1870, and was the youngest member of either house; was member of a committee that revised the pres- ent Codes of Practice of Kentucky. He was again elected in 1881, and was made Chair- man of the Ways and Means Committee, the important duties of which he discharged with honor and credit. In 1885 he was elected to the Board of Alderman, and re-elected in 1887, which position he now holds. When a boy at school he Was appointed to the United 'States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., but declined, preferring the profession of the law. Mr. Stoll was married, in 1876, to Miss Lucy Ji Garrard, a great-grandaughter of Governor Garrard. They have four children: Letitia PL, Louis A., Ruth and Albert A., Jr. JOHN A. STRATTON, one of the sub- stantial and enterprising young business men of Louisville, and whose portrait appears in this volume, is a Kentuckian, and was born in Plenry County, February 24, 1854. He is a son of Pllisha B. and Mary (Antle) Stratton, also natives of this State, and who removed to Ijouisville in 1868, the former as a specu- lator. He afterward ensfao’ed in the broker- acre business, and later as a trunk manufac- turer. The family were originally from the province of Stratton, England, and immi- grated to Virginia prior to the Revolutionary war. The elder Stratton died in 1878. John A., the sul)ject, was educated in the I>ouis- ville city schools. At the age of sixteen he commenced traveling for Smith & Rammers, manufacturers of hemp brushes, and con- tinued it for two years, when he bought the business, carried it on for one year, then sold BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 913 out and returned to school, and graduated from the junior class. He was then com- pelled to (|uit school on account of ill health. He engaged in the trunk manufacturing busi- ness with R. V. Snodgrass, but shortly after sold out to Chilton, Guthrie & Co., who are now among the largest trunk manufacturers in the city. Ill health, as it had done at school, compelled him to relinquish business and to recuperate his energies. He made a trip to the far West, where he spent a year, and then returned to Imuisville. He now opened a collecting agency, making the col- lection of rents a specialty. This latter branch so increased that, in 1879, he de- termined to devote his entire attention to real estate. Since that time he has made land values a special study, and is known as an ex- pert in this delicate but important business. He has been employed to divide some of the largest estates in Louisville, and in almost every important suit at law, involving the value of realty, he is called as an expert, and eminently fair witness. No man scented Louisville’s real estate boom as far off as did Mr. Stratton, and the success of his clients was remarkable. He is also something of a real estate lawyer, and generally looks up the law' in his own cases, Mr. Stratton estimates tliat from 1881 to 1883, his business increased GOO per cent, and that it has increased 100 per cent, every year since, up to .January, 1887. For the first seven months of 1887 his sales were between 1000,000 and 1700,- 000; 300 per cent, more than for the total of 1880. He takes an active interest in all en- terprises that tend to advance the growth and prosperity of Louisville, and he exerts all his energies to that end. He is a stockholder in several banks, among which are the Bank of Louisville, Louisville Banking Company, German Bank, etc. He is Secretary of the Ijouisville Realty Association, and Vice-presi- dent of the Daisy Realty Company. He is one of the five constituting the executive committee of the Commercial and Industrial Committee looking towards the improvement of Louisville and State, presenting her ad- vantages and resources. Mr. Stratton was married, in 1874, to Miss iVIamie Varble, a daughter of Capt. Pink Varble, one of the oldest steamboat men living in Louisville. ALBERT STRUBY, druggist, was born in Louisville, Ky., .Line 10, 1802. His parents, Henry and Barbara Struby, emigrated from Switzerland in 1843, locating in Louisville. Albert was educated in the public schools of that city, and after leaving school entered a grocery, remaining there but a short time. He next entered the druu store of II. A. o Pfingst, where he remained until 1880. In 1881 he graduated from the Louisville Col- lege of Pharmacy. In 1880 he embarked in business for himself in Portland (now a part of I^ouisville). Here he met with reverses; just six months after opening, he was taken down with typhoid fever, and remained ill for about two months; this almost destroyed the newly started business; with close attention and good management, he finally succeeded in establishing one of the best and most lucra- tive drug store businesses in Portland. In 1887 he was married to Miss Lulie, daughter of Frederick Forcht, of this city. HARRY STUCKV was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, September 19, 1827, and is a son of Frederick and Imtiisa (Myers) Stucky; the former was also born in .Jeffer- son County (in 1801) and is still living. The subject was brought up on the farm near .Jef- fersontown, and educated in the common schools. He came to Imuisville in 1847, and became deputy county clerk, serving for eight years. In April, 1801, he was elected Auditor of the city of Louisville, served sixteen months, when he resigned. In 1802 he was elected clerk of the Louisville Chancery Court, and served until 1808, when he organ- ized the Louisville Sinking Fund, and became secretary and treasurer, which position he held for eight years, when he was elected alder- man from the Sixth Ward, and has held the place ever since. He was married in Decem- ber, 1850, to Miss Sallie Kemp Sweeney, of Jefferson County, and daughter of Rev. .Jos. A. Sweeney, of Virginia. DR. THOMAS HUNT STUCKY was born in Louisville, Ky., March 21, 1800; educated in the public schools of that city, completed the course at Bethany College, West Virginia; ‘114 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. entered the University of Medicine and grad- uated at IIos[)ital College with one of the class honors; received the appointment of 1 louse Surgeon at Bellevue Hospital, New \'ork, remaining, however, only six months, and resigning on account of ill health, caused by too close application to study. He then went to Europe end entered Strasburg Uni- versity, remaining one term, a second and third at Leipsic and Vienna, and completing his course and receiving his decree at Stras- burg. Heturning to Louisville, he was elected A'isiting Surgeon to the Louisville Hospital, and the following year to the chair of Materia Medica in the Louisville School of Pharmacy for AVomen, and in 1 884, the chair of Surgi- cal Pathology and Operative Surgery in the Hospital Medical College; also Physician for the City Board of Charity and Correctioir. Dr. Stucky is regarded as the most expert Microscopist in Louisville, having a rare tact for catching minute differences and great me- chanical skill in preparing specimens. As a lecturer he is clear, distinct and terse, wasting little time on oratorical flourishes, l>ut going at once to the gist of the matter and giving the student a distinct and clear idea of the subject without unnecessary verbiage. As a physician he enjoys a large and lucrative practice, which he justly deserves by his faithfulness to the I)est interests of his pa- tients, being especially skilled in general surgrery and diseases of the throat. Dr. Stuc- ky is thoroughly devoted to the cause of professional education of women, and has re- peatedly declined positions in other institu- tions which would have paid him handsomely in a pecuniary way, in order to give his time and efforts to this movement. Dr. T. H. Stucky was married, in 1884, to Miss Lanin Prewitt, of Clark County, Ky. SOLOMON SLiAIMERS (deceased) was born in Jefferson County, Ky., in 1814, and was a son of AA’^illamena Summers, a native of Holland. September 15, 1828, Mr. Sum- mers married Miss Ellen Whitaker, who was born July 7, 1812, and is a daughter of Abraham and Nancy (Whitaker), natives of Kentucky. Mr. Summers died in 1852, leav- ing eight children to be cared for by Mrs. Summers. Of these children, four of the boys, William, Simpson, Harrison and Robeit, were volunteers in the Union army. The first three were members of the Louisville Legion, and the last named enlisted at I^ouisi- ana, Mo. AA^illiam and Simpson were killed at the battle of Stone River and Robert was killed near Sti Louis. AA'illiam (on account of whose death Mrs. Summers draws a pen- sion) was born in Jefferson County, Ky., Febiuai'y 12, 1844. Harrison is also dead. Two of the dauorhters born to Airs. Sum- O mers died of cholera many years ago, and the third, Martha A. Summers, born .lanuary 17, 1840 or ’47, died in 1854. In her old age all of her children are dead. She has, how- ever, five grand-children, four in Missouri and one in Kentucky. WILLIAAI H. TERRELL, M. D., was born in Woodford County, this State, Sep- tember 11, 1840, and is a son of AA^illiam H. and I>ucinda (Wilcox) Terrell, natives of Vir- ginia. The former was a p)hysician, and graduated from Ohio Medic il College in 1821. He served in the Black Hawk war, and was chief Surgeon of an Illinois brigade. After the war he returned to Versailles, AA^oodford County, Ky., where he had located in 1815, and where he practiced medicine until his death in 1804. His wife died in 1851. Four children survive their parents, two sons and two daughters. The sons are Lidce AV^. and the subject of this sketch. The latter was reared in AVoodford County, and educated in the private schools of the county. He volunteered, in 1802, in the Fifth Ken- tucky Cavalry, Col. D. Howard Smith, C. S. A., Morgan’s command, and served three years. In 1800 he came to Louisville, and read medicine under the guidance of Dr. Adam Given. He graduated from the medi- cal department of the University of Louis- ville in March, 1875, and at once entered upon practice. He was married in 1807 to Mrs. Virginia Bonney Cotton, a native of Yazoo Countv, Miss. They have no children. GRIFFIN P. THEOBALD was born in Owentown, Owen County, Ky., December 0, 1840, and is a son of Henry B. and Lucy (Bacon) Theobald, native Kentuckians. His BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 915 mother was a daughter of John Christian Bacon, first clerk of Owen County. His paternal grandfather was of English origin, and came from Maryland to Kentucky before the latter was formed into a State, settling near where Georgetown now stands. The subject of this sketch was brought up in Owentown, and received a common-school education. In 1846, when but sixteen years old, he volunteered in an independent com- pany for the Mexican war and remained out one year. He returned home and enlisted in the Third Regiment Kentucky Infantry, of w'hich Manlius Y. Thomson was colonel; Thomas L. Crittenden, lieutenant- colonel; .lohn C. Breckinridge, major, and Ben. F. Bradley, adjutant. He remained ^yith this reo-iment until the close of the war. He then O went to St. Louis, where he resided until the lireaking out of the civil war, when he enlisted as a private in the Third Kentucky (Confed- erate) Infantry. He was soon commissioned first lieutenant of Company D, then was adjutant for a short time, then quartermas- ter, then captain, and when he retired from the service at the close of the 'war was major, having worked up to that position by regular gradation. In 1868 he w'ent to Vicksburg, Miss., as agrent of insurance. In 1872 he re- turned, and has been engaaed in a general insurance business ever since. He at present is a member of the city council. He was married, July 17, 1854, to Miss Harriet L. Love, of Columbus, ^liss. 4VARREN LA RUE THOMAS was born in Hardin County, Ky., .fanuary 25, 1845, and is a son of .Joseph II. and Amanda (La Rue) Thomas. His father removed to Danville when our subject was but fifteen years old, was a mail contractor for forty years, and is still living. 4Y. La Rue Thomas received a o liberal education, entering Centre College at Danville at the age of fifteen, from which he graduated in 1865. He engaged for a few years in merchandisino- but in 1873 went into the life insurance business. In 1886 he came to Louisville, and is now connected with the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Milwaukee, 5Vis., and works ex- clusively in Kentucky. Mr. Thomas is a prominent Jlason, and has been Grand Mas- ter of the order for Kentucky, and also Grand Commandpr of Knights Templar for Kentucky. He was married in 1866 to Miss Mary Wardroper, of \Yoodford County. JUDGE R. H. THOMPSON, of the city court of Louisville, was born in Kanawha ('ounty, W. Va., October 31, 1836, and is a son of R. A. and Mary (Slaughter) Thompson, natives of Culpeper County, Ya. His mater- nal grandfather, Philip Slaughter, commanded a company of minute men during the Revo- lutionary war; his father, R. A. Thompson, was a prominent lawyer and jurist; he was LJnited States Land Commissioner in Cali- fornia under President Pierce, and enorao-ed in the settlement of Mexican land grants. He died in 1876. The subject of this sketch was reared in 4'irginia and received a liberal education. 4Yhen the civil war opened, in 1861, he joined the Thirteenth Arkansas Regi- ment; he afterward, as lieutenant-colonel, commanded Carlton’s Arkansas Cavalry — served all through the war and saw much hard service. He had studied law, been ad- mitted to the bar, and commenced practice at Santa Rosa, Cal., when the war commenced, and when the war closed he went to Napo- leon, Ark., where he remained a year; for another year — 1866-67, he was on the edi- torial staff of the Detroit J^/'ee Press. In 1868 he came to Louisville, and commenced the practice of his profession. He was ap- poin'ed by Governor Blackburn, on the 24th of December, 1882, judge of the Louisville City Court, and in the following August was elected to the position; was re-elected again in 1886, and is the present incumbent. He was married in 1867 to Miss Lilly Thompson, a daughter of 7Yilliam L. Thompson, of Jeff- erson County. EDWARD T. TIERNEY, city auditor, was born November 16, 1857, in Louisville, and is a son of .James and Mary (Tracy) Tier- ney, natives of Ireland. He was brought up in this city and educated in the public schools; he learned the harness maker’s trade, which he followed for some time. In 1883 he w’as elected city auditor over several competitors. He has also served three years as deputy in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. filO the tax receiver’s otiice. He was married ill 18S4, to Miss Anna M. Kirwan, of Louis- ville. They have two children: Mary and William. .lUDGE STERLING B. TONEY was born in Russell County, Ala., May 24, 1849, and is the son of Washington and Sarah (Bass) Toney, the former a finished gentle- man of the old school, a man of education and refinement, and a native of Edgefield, S. C., and the latter a native of Columbus, Ga. The Toneys overe a prominent family in the South, and in the late civil war staked their all for the Confederacy; life, fortune, time, personal service, self-sacrifice, all were devoted to the cause they so truly loved. Judge Toney, the subject of this sketch, was educated in his earlier studies at the University of Alabama, but later entered the University of Virginia, from which insti- tution he graduated in 1872. He studied law at Eufaula, Ala., and was admitted to the bar in that town, but shortly after removed to New York city. In 187(5 he located in Louisville, and at once entered . upon the practice of his profession. On motion of Hon. Samuel F. Philips, solicitor general, he was ad- mitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United S ates, in March, 1886. He has been engaged in many important la wsuits in and out of the State, always ac(;[uitting himself with honor and credit. He took an active part in the Greeley, Tilden and Hancock campaigns. In the campaign of 1884 he made fifteen speeches in Indiana at the earnest solicitation of the Democratic Committee of that State, j In 1887 he was elected j"dge of the Law and Equity Court, over Ju Ige Harris, the incumbent, and at present occupies that im- portant position. In 1876 Judge Toney was married to Miss Mattie Burge, a daughter of R. Burge, Esq., of Louisville. They have two children, viz: R. Burge and Em na Louise. JOHN L. TREANOR was born in the County Tyrone, Ireland, on December 11, 1826, and is a son of James D. and Catherine j (Slevin) Treanor, natives of the above men- j tioned county; they immigi'ated to Phila- | delphia, Penn., when the subject of this j sketch was three months old. His father was an officer in the Hibernia Greens, a company attached to the militia of the State; the militia was called upon to suppress an insurrection at the capital of ,the State — Harrisburg — by Governor Porter, sometime in the -30’s; the Hibernia Greens, with other companies from Philadelphia, responded to the call, two boys went with the company dressed in full uni- form as color guides; our subject was one of these boys; there was no blcod shed, but he commenced his military training quite young, and in after years in two wars, the war with Mexico and the rebellion of 1861, he made his mark as a brave soldier in action and generous to a fallen foeman. His father came to Louisville, Ky., in the fall of 1840, remained there a short time, and moved to Washington, Daviess County, Ind., purchased a farm, and went into the general store busi- ness. The subject of this sketch worked on the farm until the winter of 1845-6, when he left home and went back to Philadelphia, working his way on steamboats from Evans- ville, Ind., to Pittsburgh, Penn., from thence to IJttle York, Penn.; assisted in driving sheep and hogs, at 12^ cents per diem and board; he managed to make the trip to Phila- delphia in one month; he procured a position in the queensware house of Peter Wright & Sons, remained there until December, 1846; went to New York City on a visit to some relatives, joined the First Regiment of New York Volunteers, commanded by Col. Ward B. Burnett, as a private, was with his regi- ment at the siege of Vera Cruz. Gen. Shields, the commander of the brigade— consisting of the New York Volunteers and the South Carolina Volunteers — found him useful as a scout, and he and a young man named Barnes, the son of an eminent divine, in Philadelphia, had several hair breadth es- capes together. Barnes was killed by the Mexicans in one of their scouting trips, about six miles from Vera Cruz — our subject man- aged to escape by hiding in a prickly pear thicket until night, and made his escape through the chaparral, and got back safely to his regiment. He was in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, the storming of the Castle of Chapultepec, and the fight BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 917 at the Garita de Belen; was promoted color sergeant of the regiment after the battle of Cerro Gordo for meritorious conduct. He was one of the ninety soldiers who fol- lowed up the Mexican army under command of Gen. D. Twiggs, after Gen. Shields was shot down at Cerro Gordo; this small band of sol- diers were at least two miles in the adv^ance of the U. S. army, and the road was strewm for that distance wdtli wounded and dead horses and their Mexican riders; they w^ere called to a halt, when a couple of companies of U. S. dragoons took up the chase. After the Mexican war, in 1848 he returned to Louisville, Ky., engaged in business with Col. j Joseph Metcalfe, the brewer. Married Miss Delia Morgan, October 2, 1849. They have j four children — James L., Katie, ^lary Agnes, and Julia. He belonged to the old volunteer j fire department, being a member of the Re- ! lief. No. 3; \vas made captain of the No. 3 | steam fire engine in 1859; appointed day I policeman in 1860. He was firm in his duty ■ Sumter was fired upon, he and six other stanch Unionists organized the Union clubs in Louisville; from this small beginning they soon numbered in the thousands. After they knew their strength they procured arras and organized home guard companies. Our sub- ject was elected captain of the First Ward Home Guard, numbering- 160 members. He resigned his position in the home guards and raised a company for the war for Gen. Lov- ell H. Rousseau’s regiment, the Ijouisville Legion. They went into camp at Camp Joe Holt, Indiana, on the 1st day of July, 1861. The regiment was mustered into service 1050 strong, September 9, 1861; mustered out of the service September 14, 1864, with 297 men. His regiment participated in all of the following battles: Shiloh, Murfreesboro, Lib- erty Gap, Chickamauga, Brown’s Ferry, Or- chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, at w'hich place they claim their colors were first on the ridge near Gen. Bragg’s headquarters. They also participated at the battles of Dallas, Ga., Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek and the siege of Atlanta. After the war he was appointed to a position in the Internal Rev- enue service as Assisstant Assessor and U. S. Gauger. He was dismissed the service May 15, 1886, for being an offensive partisan. He is a stanch Republican. He was mustered out as lieutenant-colonel of the Louisville Legion. His superior officers speak of him as a brave and valuable officer during the w^ar. Below find a few extracts from testimonials in his possession, which we were permitted to use in this sketch. Extract from Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau: “Col. Treanor joined my command in 1861, and served with me durino- the war. No braver, truer, or more honest man lives. “ Lovell H. Rousseau, “ -Maj-Gen. U. S. A.” Extract from Gen. R. 4V. Johnson: “ For a Iona- time Col. Treanor was under O my command, and I found him a brave and gallant soldier, a man of excellent habits, in- telligent in the exercise of his duties, care- ful in his attention to his men and their wants, and in fact a thorough soldier without a fault. The loyal people of Kentucky owe him a debt of gratitude which it will be difficult for them to repay. R. 4V. Johxsox, “Bvt. Maj.-Gen. U. S. A.” Extract from Maj.-Gen. .John A. McCler- nand: “Sprixgpield, 111., June 17, 1868. “ To xohom it may concern: “ Learning that an official position in the ' revenue service would be agreeable to John L. Treanor, Esq., late Lieut.- Col. of the 5th Kentucky Vol. Inft., 1 eagerly embrace the opportunity to bear my testimony to his high merit as a gentleman and a soldier. His con- duct on the great day at Shiloh marked him not only a brave and faithful officer but a hero in the loftiest sense of the term. There is nothing within my power I -vvould not do for him. A kindness rendered to him would be viewed by me as something more than a favor extended to myself; it is such men who de- serve to be honored and encourag-ed for the good of their example. He is one of the men upon whom I would have no fear to stake my life and my honor. T tnist the ulti- mate recipient of this letter, whomsoever he may be, wdll respond in the same spirit in- t»18 BIOGKAPinCAL SKETCHES, spiring- it. Bj so doing he will lastingly oblige its author. .IohnA. McClehnand.” Extract from Maj.-Gen. A. Me. I). McCook: “ I )ecember 28, ’80. “ I am always glad to hear from any of the old Second Division of the army of the Ohio and Cumberland, and especially from one of the Louisville Leofion, for a more n-allant set of officers and men were never mustered into any service, ft is still the more gratifying to hear from one of those officers who has such a gallant record as that possessed by you, and gained too upon many of the bloodiest l)a‘tles foug-ht durino- the rebellion. * May God bless you in your old age, your chil- dren and children’s children. No better her- itage could be left them than your glorious record of the war. “ Si ncerely your old comrade and commander, “ A. Me D. McCook. “ Bvt. Ma,j.-Gen’l U. S. Army.” HARKY C. TRUMAN, cashier of the Ken- tucky National Bank, was born in this city, August 4, 1850, and is a son of Orville and Esther (Marriner) Truman, the former for many years a leading wholesale merchant, and the latter a daughter of R. W. Marriner, who was one of the leading hardware merchants O of Ivouisville. The subject of the sketch was educated in the public schools of Louisville, and fora term was a student in Murray Hill Institute, New York city, and completed his educational studies in a private class of Prof. B. B. Huntoon of this city. He engaged in the banking business in 1868, first taking a position in the Bank of America of this city, which in a few years went into voluntary litpudation. He was then offered a position in the Kentucky National Bank, and has been with that bank ever since, holding different positions, and by strict business integrity has arisen to the important one of cashier. He was married in September, 1881, to Miss Hat- tie Semple, a daugther of A. C. Semple, of Lovusville, a prominent citizen and business man. Mr. Truman lives at Pewee Valley, sixteen miles from f^ouisville, on the Short- line Railroad, one of the most delightful suburban retreats ad jacent to Ivouisville. .JOSEPH L. TROUTMAN, a native of Bullitt County, Ky., was born .July 1, 1848, and is the fourth son born to Levi .J. and Mary Ann Troutman, also natives of JJullitt County. .Jacob Troutman, grandfather of Joseph L., was a native of Pennsylvania, and was prominent among the first pioneers of Bullitt County. .Joseph !>. Troutman was reared on the farm, but learned the trade of blacksmithing, through which, in connection with his farming interests, he has accumulated considerable property. He married Miss Ann A1 sop. His farm is near Shepherdsville, Bul- litt County, Ivy. ENOS S. TULEY, assistant postmaster of Jmuisville, is a native of Indiana, born in New Albany, March 21, 1836. He is a son of John W. and Phebe H. (Woodruff) Tuley, the former born in .Jefferson County, Ivy., and the latter a native of Newark, New .Jer- sey. The Tuleys were Huguenots, and came to this country from Scotland with that exiled sect, first settling in South Carolina. They subsequently moved to Virginia, where the great grandparents of the suJjject of this sketch originated. This branch of the Tuley family were among the early settlers of I-Cen- tucky, locating in .Jefferson County when the country was in reality the “dark and bloody ground.” The subject’s great-grandmother was Elizabeth Floyd Tuley, the sister of Col. .John Floyd, the pioneer friend and com- panion of Daniel Boone. Floyd was cele- brated as an Indian fighter, having met his death in a battle with the redskins while de- fending a fort in Jefferson County. It will be seen from above that Mr. Tuley has some of Iventucky’s best pioneer blood in his veins. The subject’s father settled in New Albany, Indiana, and carried on the business of merchandising in grain and pjrodnce be- tween J.,ouisville and New Orleans in the days when river freights were mostly trans- ported in flat-boats. He died in California in 1851. The subject’s mother was a daugh- ter of Judge Seth Woodruff, a native of Newark, New Jersey, and an early settler in New Albany, Indiana, where he lived and died an honored and res])6cted citizen. Enos BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 919 S. Taley was born and reared in New Albany, where he resided until he was seventeen, when, in the year 1854, he was appointed to a clerkship in the Louisville postoffice, and came to this city to reside. No other evi- dence of iMr. Tuley’s high business integrity and unimpeachable honor is needed than the fact that he has been in the postoffice ever since, with the exception of a few months during the late war of the Rebellion, when he served as Paymaster’s clerk, a position he re- signed in May, 1864, to return to the post- office. By his strict honor and integrity and close application to business he has risen from an insigniticant clerkship to assistant post- master, which latter position he has held con- tinuously since 1864, a period of twenty- four years. He is president of the Rogers & Tuley Publishing House. In September, 1864, Mr. Tuley was married to Miss Mary E. Speed, daughter of Major Philip and Emma (Keats) Speed, of Louisville. Major Speed was a highly respected citizen of Louisville, and Avas a member of the well known Speed fam- ily of Jefferson County, Ky. Hon. James Speed, Attorney-General in President Lin- coln’s cabinet, was a brother of Major Philip Speed. Mrs. Speed, the mother of Mrs. Tu- ley, was the daughter of Mr. George Keats, a much respected citizen of I^ouisville, and brother of John Keats, the young English poet. Mr. Tuley is the father of four chil- dren living — three boys, Philip S., Henry E. and Thomas S., and one girl, Emma Keats. He is a member of St. Andrew’s Protestant Episcopal Church, and a vestryman in said church. GEORGE W. TURNBOW was born in Missouri, March 10, 1845, and is a son of Alexander and Margaret (Kelley) Turnbow, also of Missouri. He is the ninth in a family of ten children, and his father dying while the subject was still very young, his mother removed to Louisville, where George "SV. was brought up and educated. In 1861, when the civil war broke out, he enlisted in Com- pany D, Fifteenth Kentucky (Federal) In- fantry, and served until the close of the war. He participated in the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, and in the fighting around Atlanta. After the war was over he returned to I.,ouisville, and afterward located in Bullitt County, where he still re- sides, engaged in farming. S. M. HOOPER TYLER, M. D., was born in Jeffersontown, Ky., April 10, 1856, and is a son of William D. and Laura D. (Hooper) Tyler, natives of Kentucky and Virginia. His grandfather Tyler emigrated from Virginia, and was a relative of Presi- dent .lohn Tyler. The doctor was reared in the city, and was educated in the city schools. He read medicine with Drs. Corrigan and Kelly, and graduated from the Louisville Medical College in 1880, having taken one course, and subsequently from the Kentucky School of Medicine. He was married, in No- vember, 1879, to Miss Sarah A. Wilson, of Louisville. CAPTAIN PINK VARBLE is one of the best known river men in Louisville, and one of the safest and best Falls pilot ever on the Falls, having piloted more boats over the Falls than any one man in the business. He was born near Salisbury, North Carolina, Septem- ber 5, 1828. He is the son of Henry and Alia (Catha) Varble, both of North Carolina. His parents moved to Kentuckv in 1831 in Avag- ons, and located in Oldham County, near Westport, Ky. Subject remained on the farm until 1842, then moved to LouisAulle and engaged in diiving a wood wagon for J. M. Collins; remained Avith him for three months, after Avhich he engfag-ed himself to the old Falls pilot, Eli Vansickle, which was the foundation of his present occupation. He Avorked for Mr. Vansickle for six months, then made a contract with him to Avork four years for his board, clothing and three months’ schooling each AAunter and the learning of the Falls. The second year he was with him he took charge of the business, Avhich Avas buy- ing and selling flat-boats and lumber. Be- fore his time was out Captain Vansickle es- tablished a ferry line between Portland, Ky., and New Albany, Ind., young Varble taking charge and running the boats for two years, then selling out and retaining one boat. His time being out Avith Mr. Vansickle he was re- engaged, at $400 per year, to run his boat up 920 BIOGKAFHICAL SKETCHES- Salt Ivivor to bring out pig iron. Having I'ound a purchaser for the boat he sold out and went to Vicksburg, Miss., in the fall of 1851, and opened a coal yard for .1. II. Mul- foid, of New Orleans, La., and stayed there until April, 1852, but came back to Kentucky. On April 28, of same year, he was married to Frances Littrell, of Ghent, Ky.; eight chil- dren were the result, four of whom are now living: the eldest, Mary, the wife of .John A. Stratton; second. Nelson L. Varble, the junior member of real estate firm of .John A. Stratton & Co.; third. Pink Varble, .Ir., the junior member of reil estate firm of S. .1. Hobbs & Co.; the youngest, Melvin Varble, is engagrd with a collecting agency. Captain Varble was elected by the city council of Louisville to the office of Falls pilot in Sep- tember, 1853, and has held that office ever since. In 1851) he built the tow-boat Pink Varble, and in 18b0 bougflit the tow-boat Chas. Miller; since that time he has built and owned fifty-seven steamboats. In 18()1 he transported lifty street cars to New Orleans (first used in that city) on barges, having to get permit from the Secretary of War to go through the lines, also to get proper papers to come back from the Confederate authority. The papers read in this way: “By authority of President of Confederate States of America, the steamer Chas. Miller is permitted to pass into United States without molestation. [Signed] Governor Moore, State of Louisi- ana.” On his return from this trip he began to buy and build the number of steamboats as men tinned before, a ofreat numV)8r of which were sold to the government. He also built the pontoon bridge across the river at Paducah, Ky., also one across the Ohio, at Louisville, at which tinie Bragg was threatening to burn the city. He was appointed captain of flag ship “Diana,” which moved Nelson’s division of army from Louisville to Nashville, Tenn. After the fall of Fort Donelson he was ap- pointed in command of the .Jacob Strader, the largest boat on the river, to go to Vicksburg to bring back the sick and wounded s jldiers. Capt. Varble owned one eighth interest in Jjouisville and .Jeffersonville Ferry Company, and had also $90,000 interest in the Champion Saw iVIill in Louisville. He has had command and piloted all sizes of boats, from the small- est to the largest, constructed barges for the government service during the war, and is at this time Falls pilot at I.ouisville. He is fifty-nine years old, and ([uite active yet. ROBERT VAUGHAN was born near Frankfort, Ky., April 6, 1828, and is a son of Walker and Fannie. (Blackwell) Vaughan, natives of Franklin and Anderson Counties; their ancestors were from Virginia, and of English origin. Robert was reared and edu- cated in Franklin County, and in 1847 went to Cincinnati and studied medicine, graduat- ing from the Eclectic College in 1849. He commenced practice in New Castle, Ky., re- mainincr there a short time, and in 1851 came to Louisville, and engaged in the drug busi- ness, which he continued three or four years. He entered the army, in 1892, as captain of Company 1, Seventeenth Kentucky (Federal) Infantry, and in .Tanuary, 1863, was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. Among the battles in which he took part were Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Siege of Corinth, Chickamauga, and many minor engagements. At Shiloh he was severely wounded in the head, and at Chicka- mauga was wounded in the leg, leaving him a cripple for life, and the effects of which finallv forced him to resign. After the close of the war he engaged in the practice of medi- cine at Vei'sailles, Ky., for fifteen years, and since 1883 has been in the general fire in- surance business in Louisville. He was mar- ried in 1853 to Miss Pauline Culver, a daughter of W. E. Culver, of Imuisville. P. VIGLINI, President of the German Bank, is a native of Richmond, Va., and was born November 26, 1841. He is a son of J. B. and Catherine (Park) Viglini, natives of Virginia and Ireland. His grandfather Vig- lini was born in Italy. Subject’s father came to Louisville about 1855, and was a hatter by trade. The suJ)ject was reared in Richmond, Va., and at the acre of seventeen went in the office of A. Bland, a J)roker, as clerk; then with the l.ouisville Banking Company, as teller. In 1869 he was principal originator I of the German Bank, and was its cashier; BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 921 Henry Deppen, president. Mr. Deppen died i in 1879, when he succeeded him as president. The bank is the largest deposit banking in- stitution in the city, compared with the amount of its capital ($200,000), and has a surplus of 862,000. Its deposits average over 11,500,000 per annum. He was mai’ried, in 1868, to Miss Lillie T. Deppen, daughter of Mr. Henry Deppen. ' JACOB C. H. VOELCKER was born in Louisville, February 13, 1868, and is the son of .Jacob and Louisa (Baab) Voelcker, natives of Germany. The former came to the United States in 1853, and to Louisville, where he became an industrious and energetic citizen. The subject received a good practical educa- tion in the public schools of Louisville. After graduating he studied pharmacy; clerked for various druggists until the fall of 1887, when he and L. F. Klooz went into the drucr busi- CJ ness for themselves. Under the firm name of Voelcker & Co., they still carry on the busi- ness at No. 800, East Broadway. j LAWRENCE B. WATERS, county treas- j urer and back tax collector, is a native of | Jefferson County, Ky., and was born in ]\lid- | dletown on the 11th day of April, 1851. He is a son of Minor and Margaret (Daniels) AVaters, both natives of Jefferson Countv, Ky. His paternal grandfather, Maj. AA^aters, came from Maryland and settled in Jefferson County in a very early day. His wife, Rachel (Sullivan) Waters, is still living, and is ninety- i four years of age. The subject was elected constable in 1875; after serving four years ' was appointed deputy sheriff in 1879, under | S. S. Hamilton, and served four years. He j was appointed county back tax collector in j 1883, by Hon. W. B. Hoke, county judge of Jefferson County. He was elected county j treasurer in March, 1886, for a term of four years. He was married in Aliddletown, ,Tef- j ferson County, Ky., on the 3d day of Alay, ^ 1875, to Miss Ella AAhnn, of Aliddletown, i Jefferson County. They have one child living, | a son, Lawrence AA’infield AA'aters, who was ^ born in Louisville, Ky., on the 18th day of ' September, 1887. I HON. HENRV AAWTTERSON, the bril- | liant editor of the Courier-Jo'nrnal^ was born < February 16, 1840, in AA^ashington, D. C., and is a son of Hon. Harvey AA'atterson, then a member of Congress from Tennessee, and who distinguished himself in Congress, in the diplomatic service, and in journalism, being a Democratic writer of considerable force, and for a time editor of the Washing- ton Union in its palmiest days. He is still living, and spends his time in AA'ashington and in Louisville, frequently regaling the readers of the Courier -Journal^ under the nom deplume of “Old Fogy,” with reminis- cences of early days and scenes in AA^ashing- ton, and of the great men “who there fre- quented” many years ago. Henry AA’^atterson, the subject of this sketch, received a good education, mainly under private tutors, and was well trained in the polite accomplish- ments. Much of his early political culture was received under the direction of his father, and, being reared for the most part in AA'^ash- ington City, derived great advantages from public men and public affairs during the ten years preceding the civil war, and developing a talent for literary work, began his career in New York as a writer of drama, criticisms, stories, verse and essays for periodicals. In 1859 he was engaged as a wniter on the States, an organ of the A^oung Democracy at AA'ash- ington. In the following year he became editor of the Democratic Devieio. The war coming on, the States was suppressed, and after returning to Tennessee, he soon became leading editor of the Nashville Republican Danner, the oldest and most inffuential paper in that part of the countrv. When the Gov- ernment took possession of Nashville, he be- came editor of the Chattanooga Rebel, which under his management became the most pop- ular and widely circulated paper in the South. At the close of the war he again resumed edi- torial charg-e of the Danner. In 1866 he o visited Europe, and returning home the next year, he was offered, in 1868, the editorship of the Louisville Journal, a position he ac- cepted, becoming part owner. A few months later, in connection with Mr. AA”. N. Halde- man, of the Louisville Courier, he effected a union of the two papers, and on the 18th of November, 1868, the community was startled 53 923 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. by the appearance of the hrst number of the Courier -Journal., of which he became edi- torial inanacrer, and Mr. Haldeman the busi- ness manager. The Courier -Journal was a success from the first issue, and to-day is one of the most influential newspapers on the American continent. Mr. Watterson is a writer of great versatility and force, grasping every subject that agitates the public, and allowing little to escape that would give him advantage as an editor, or be of value to the people; indeed, as an editorial manager he is perhaps without an equal. He is a man of nervous, active nature, genial disposition, as brilliant a conversationalist as an editor. Al- ways a Democrat in politics, he has become one of the most powerful leaders of his party in the United States. He was mainly instru- mental in the nomination of Mr. Tilden at St. I.,ouis in 1876, and was that year elected to Congress from the Louisville district, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. E. Z. Parsons, and made a national reputation in that body during the great contest result- ing from the close Presidential election. Since then he has steadily declined election to office, preferring the more congenial occupation of editor. He is one of the great tarifi’ reform leaders, and through his paper has fought for the reduction of war taxes until victory is just ready to crown his efforts. GEORGE H. WEBB, clerk of the County Court of .Teft'erson County, is one of the wide- awake young business men of Loiiisville, self- made, thorough-going, and of such men as make a solid community. He was born .Inly 16, 1853, and has just reached the average of human life. He is a son of Simeon B. and Millie Ann (Harper) Webb, the former a na- tive of Shelby County, and the latter of Wash- ington County, this State. The father came to Louisville when but a boy, and although he filled his place in the world as a brick- mason, he was pronounced by his fnends that noblest work — an honest man. .John Harper (subject’s maternal grandfather) came to Imuisville in an early day. George H. Webb, the subject of this sketch, was born and reared in Louisville, and received such education as time and circumstances per- I mitted him in the city schools. He began life as a newsboy, selling newspapers on the streets of Louisville. Before reachinof the O years of maturity, he spent four or five years as a telegraph messenger, and in 1870 be- came a deputy in the county clerk’s office under Charles M. Thruston, the clerk. By close application to business and a uniform courtesy to those with whom he has had busi- ness intercourse, he now occupies the position of his former chief, after serving a deputyship of eleven years — eight under Mr. Thruston, and three years under William E. Loran. The latter died one year before his terra expired, when Mr. Webb was elected to fill out the unexpired term. In 1882 he was elected to a full term, and re-elected in 1886. Mr. Webl is a prominent 32d degree Mason, and is a member of all the different grades of the order. He was married in 1883 to Miss Bella W. Ramsay, a daughter of Alexander Ramsay, a well known citizen of Louisville. ALBERT WELKER, a farmer of Bullitt County, Ky., is a son of Charles Welker, who was a native of Loudoun County, Va., was born in 1802, and in 1828 married Miss Eliza .Jane Bragdon, by which marriage eight chil- dren were born. Albert Welker, the subject of this sketch, was the fifth child, and was born April 29, 1854, in Bullitt County, and was married to Miss Rebecca .1., daughter of David and Nancy Brown, natives of Hardin and Bullitt Counties, respectively. To this marriage have been born six children — Omer, born August 25, 1874; Harry, September 18, 1876; Thomas, May 26, 1878: Lillian, November 27, 1881; Theodore (deceased), September 13, 1883, and Mason, November 2, 1887. Mr. Welker’s farm is located near Belmont in Bullitt County. GEORGE M. WEYLER was born in Louisville, March 24, 1848, and is a son of George Weyler, who was a native of Ger- many, immigrated to America in 1830, came to Louisville from New Orleans in 1832, and in the following year was married to Miss Catherine Kritzer, and for many years there- after resided in Louisville. Our subject, at the breaking out of the civil war, being yet a mere boy, joined the LTnion army; he en- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 928 listed in March, 1863, in the Twenty-second Indiana Battery, Light Artillery, and served bravely till the close of the struggle, when he returned to Louisville and was married to Miss Eliza Phelps, February 26, 1874, a (laughter of AVilliam and Susan Phelps. They have five children — Katherine, born April 27, 1875; AVm. Henry, December 2, 1876; Su- san Belle, October 30, 1880; John Robert, May 17, 1885, and Joseph Frederick, January 4, 1888. Mr. lYeyler afterward removed to a farm in Bullitt County, where he at present resides. WILLIAM P. M’HITE, M. D., was born in Greensburg, Ky., April 21, 1844, and is a son of Dr. Daniel P. and Nancy F. (Clark) AVhite. Dr. Daniel P. White was born in Greensburg, Green County, Ky., in 1813, and was a graduate from the medical department of Transylv^ania University. In 1857 he was speaker in the lower house of the State Legis- lature, and in 1860 was a Douo-las elector. Subsequently he was elected to represent his district in the Confederate Congress. At present he is proprietor of the Green River Tobacco Warehouse. M'illiam P. M^hite en- tered Georgetown College in 1859, where he remained until the breaking out of the late civil war. He then went to Arkansas and enlisted in the Second Arkansas Confederate Cavalry, under General Sterling Price, and served during the war, participating in the battles of Cain Hill, Prairie Grove, two en- gagements at Fayetteville, Prairie De Ann, Poison Springs, Marks Mill, Jenkins Ferry, Pine Bluff, Arkansas Lake Village, Louisi- ana, Pilot Knob, Franklin, Booneyille, Lex- ington, Independence, Big Blue and Little Blue, Mo. Near Fort Scott, Kansas, Gen. Price lost all his artillery and wagons, and the subject of this sketch was wounded and cap- tured, but, making his escape, was in the bat- tle of Newtonia, AIo., a few days afterward. Besides these he took part in various other en- gagements in Louisiana, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Missouri and Kansas. After the war closed, he completed his literary educa- tion at Georgetown College; studied medi- cine in the office of Dr. David W. Yaudell, and graduated from the medical department of the University of Louisville in 1869, and at once commenced practice in Louisville. He was for several years a member of the Board of Health of the city, and was ap- pointed surgeon-general of the State by Gov. P. H. Leslie. He is a member of the Louisville Academy of Aledicine; of the Col- lege of Phvsicians and Surgeons of Louisville, and of the State Medical Society, and takes an active interest in these organizations. AYILLIAM AYHITE, grand secretary of I. O. O. F., is a native of Frederick, A’^a., and was born July 5, 1816. He is a son of Daniel B. and Elizabeth (Foster) AA^hite, natives of A'irginia, and of Scotch and Irish ancestry. His father came to Louisville about 1829, and was a carpenter by trade. The subject, AATII- iam AA’hite, was brought up and educated principally in Louisville. His education was liberal and obtained through his own exertions. AA^hen the war broke out between the United States and Alexico, he joined the Louisville Legion (First Kentucky Regiment), Col. Ste- phen Ormsby. He was made second lieu- tenant, and promoted to first lieutenant before his term expired. After his return to Louis- ville, he engao-ed in mercantile business for a short time. He was elected grand secretary of the Grand Lodge of I. O. O. F. in 1853, and has held the position ever since. He also holds several other important positions in the Odd Fellows’ fraternity. He was married in 1841 to Aliss Phcebe Downing. She died in 1852, and he afterward married Aliss Sarah E. Robinson, a native of Nicholasville, Ky., February, 1855; she died in February, 1882. HON. JOHN CREPPS AAHCKLIFFE, United States attorney for the District of Kentucky, was born in Nelson County, Ky., about one mile from Bardstown, July 11, 1830, and is a son of Charles A. and Alar- garet (Crepps) AATckliffe. The latter was the only daughter of Christian Crepps, who was killed in the terrible boat fight with the Indians, on Salt Riyer, in 1788. Of the AATckliffe family it is unnecessary to spteak here, as they are so frequently mentioned in the body of this work. .ludge AYickliffe, the subject of this sketch, was educated in the schools of Bardstown, and at Centre 1)24 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. College. After completing his education he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1853, and has held many important public positions. In 1857 he was elected to the Legislature, and in 1859 was secretary of the Senate. He left Bardstown in 1801 with a company of the State Guard, and linally joined the Ninth Kentucky (Confederate) Infantry, as captain of Company B. He was promoted to major, and afterward to lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, and was in the campaigns through Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina, laying down his sword in the final surrender. He fought gallantly at Vicks- burg, Baton Rouge, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, and at other places, frequently in full command of the regiment. Twice elected, he served as judge of the Bardstown Circuit from 1871 to 1880. In 1885 he was appoint- ed United States District Attorney for Ken- tucky by President Cleveland, which position he now fills. .Indue Wickliffe inherits the O talents and force of character of one of the most noted and intellectual families of Ken- tucky. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Eleanor Curd, of Lexington, Ky. .JOHN B. WILLIAMSON, city court clerk, is a native of Louisville, and was born on the 7th of August, 1840. He is a son of H. and Susan (Prescott) Williamson, natives of Franklin County, N. Y. The former was amonor the old citizens of Louisville, havinu come hither in 1835, when the city was a rather small place as compared to its present dimensions. He was connected with the quartermaster’s depot at Nashville, Tenn., during the late war, to the time of his death, which occurred in 1863. The subject was educated in the schools of Louisville, and in 1856-57, issued the second city directory. He served in the quartermaster’s depot all throuuh the war. In 1876 lie was elected o clerk of the city court, and has been re- elected to the position ever since. He was married in February, 1861, to IMiss Caroline McCorkhill, of Louisville. They have had two children, both of whom are dead. Mr. Williamson is a popular citizen, a most ac- commodating official and an honorable gen- tleman. CHARLES YANCEY WILSON was born in Barren County, Ky., November 24, 1833, and is a son of and Mary (Yancey) Wil- son, the latter a daughter of Joel Yancey, who represented the third district in Congress for twelve years, and died about 1837. Subject was brought up on the farm, until he was six- teen years of age, and educated in the coun- try schools. He then became a clerk in a store, and from 1856 was engaged in business for himself until 1862, when he entered the army, joining Company C, Second Kentucky Cavalry, Morgan’s command. He was pa- roled at Columbus, Miss., in 1865, and re- turned home. In 1869 he went to New Orleans, and after other moves came to Louisville in 1878, took a partnership in the Boone Tobacco Warehouse, and was subse- quently elected tobacco inspector for six years. He quit the tobacco business in 1887, and en- gaged in insurance. He was married, in 1866, to Miss Lizzie Burch. BENNETT H. YOUNG, one of the enter- prising young business men of Louisville, is a native Kentuckian, and was born May 25, 1843, in Jessamine County. He is a son of Robert and Josephine (Henderson) Young, also Kentuckians, and devout Presbyterians. His early education was obtained in Bethel Academy, in his native county, but in 1861 he entered Centre College at Danville. His college life, however, was interrupted by the civil war, and affected by the spirit of the times and the ardor of youth, he enlisted in Company B, Capt. William Lewis (of Fayette County), Eighth Regiment, Col. Leroy S. Clark, Morgan’s famous cavalry. He served with Gen. Morgan, and was captured with him at Buffington Island, Ohio, and imprisoned at Columbus. Afterward he was transferred to Camp Douglas, Chicago, from which he escaped in January, 1864, and finally made his way into Canada. It was too late in the season to pass down the St. Lawrence River, navigation having closed, and so the young soldier matriculated in the University of To- ronto, where he remained until April, passing a highly creditable examination. He was placed in command of a number of escaped Confederate prisoners, and took passage on 0 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 929 the first boat g-oincr down the St. Lawrence after resumption of navigation, and sailed for the West Indies, where they caught a block- ade runner for the Confederacy. This was a hazardous undertaking, as the blockader went in under fire, and several of the crew were killed, while the remainder, panic-stricken, became so demoralized that they no longer obeyed orders. In this trying ordeal the young Confederate soldier, with reckless ex- posure, gave his assistance to the officers of the vessel, and taking the post of a seaman who had been killed, he bore a very promi- nent part in saving it from capture or destruc- tion. He was appointed first lieutenant in the Confederate service and sent to Canada, where he subsequently engaged in many daring and hazardous enterprises, the last of which was the St. Albans raid. AVhen the Confederacy went down at Appomattox, Lieut. Young went to Europe, where he re- mained until his political disabilities were re- moved under the general amnesty proclama- tion of President .lohnson in 1868. While in Europe he studied several years at the Irish and Scotch universities, taking the first honor in the law course, and third distinction in the literary department of Queen’s University. He returned to the United States, and in 1868 commenced practicing law in Louis- ville, where he soon won a large and lucrative practice. He became interested in railways, and in connection with St. John Boyle con- structed the Louisville & St. Louis Air-Line road. This was followed by the more diffi- cult but important w’ork of reconstructing an almost dead line. In connection with R. S. Veech and others he secured control of the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, rebuilt it, and made it one of the most valu- able lines centering in Louisville. In 1855 he undertook the construction of the rnagrnifi- cent cantalever bridge across the Ohio be- tween Louisville and New Albany, followed by the Daisy Belt Railroad, connecting Louis- ville and New Albany over this bridge, and also extending to the beautiful suburb of Parkland. Since the completion of these enterprises he has constructed (having re- pently completed it) the Louisvdlle Southern Railroad, destined to be one of the most im- portant roads from Louisville to the South. It involves the development of Eastern Ken- tucky, a region as rich in mineral resources as Pennsydvania, and hitherto not penetrated by railroads. No public enterprise fails to receive his hearty support. He is president of Bellewood Seminary at Anchorage, Ky., which stands as a monument of his liberality toward education. He is president and has always been the moving spirit of the Poly- technic Society. To him and his indomitable enterprise, more than to any other man, it owes its present prosperous and dignified position. Mr. Young is unselfish, charitable, modest, quick to think and act, full of resource and tact, with a bull-dog courage that knows no defeat. He has never sought political preferment, but could have almost any public office he would ask for. He has been promi- nently mentioned as a candidate for Governor, but has always declined to allow his name to go before a convention. He was married in 1866 to Miss Mattie R., eldest daughter of the late Rev. Stuart Robinson, D. D., the dis- tinguished Presbyterian divine. They have quite a family of children, and their home is noted for its culture, refinement and hospi- tality. PHILIPP ZIEGLER is one of the self- made German citizens of Louisville. He came here a poor boy, and by dint of his own energy, honesty and industry has secured an independent fortune. He was born in the province of Baden, in 1854, and at the age of eighteen years came to the United States, and to Louisville. He soon obtained a po- sition as clerk, first for John Hehl, contractor and builder, and afterward with H. Weden- kind & Co., wholesale grocers. In the fall of 1878 he went into the grocery business for himself, at his present stand, corner of First and Gray Streets — at first with Charles Klein as partner; but he soon after bought him out, and has since carried on the business alone. In 1881 he was married to IMiss Sarah IMeho- hoff, a daughter of Henry C. and Mary Me- hohoff, of Louisville. Henry Mehohoff is the largest dairyman in the State, keeping alwavs on hand from 250 to 300 cows. His 930 BIOGliAPHICAL SKETCHES. dairy is located on tlie Preston Street road, and comprises 178 acres of choice land just back of the House of Refn^re. Mr. and Mrs. Ziegler have Init one child — a girl, three years of age — named Alice. Mr. Ziegler visited the “ Faderland ” last summer with his family, and spent several months traveling over the southern and northern parts of Europe. I 'Die following sketch of Mr, .Jolm W. Green was received at the office of the Pub- lishers too late for insertion in its proper place.] ,1()HN W. GREEN, son of Hector Green and Louisa (Ruggles) Green, was born Oc- tober 8, 1841, in Henderson County, Ky. He came to Louisville with his parents in 1852, and here he was educated, chiefly in the city schools. At the age of sixteen he reluctantly gave up his studies at the High School to accept a situation with the banking house of A. D. Hunt & Co., in order that he might aid his parents in the suj)port of the family. In 1858 his beloved mother died and his father and brothers left Louisville. He, however, continued at his desk in the banking house and took upon himself the support of an invalid uncle. After a few years this uncle went to live with Mr. Peter Green, who was his brother, and A. D. Hunt & Co. having closed their business because of the approach of the war, .John Green went to Florence, Ala., where he clerked for Mc- Alester, Simpson & Co., until Aliraham Lin- coln’s coercion proclamation, when he was^ quick to respond to what he considered the call of duty, and in September, 1861, he en- listed under Col. Thomas H. Hunt, in Gen. .John C. Breckinridge’s command, in what was afterwards the Ninth Kentucky Infantry, Confederate States Volunteers. Here he served through the war with cheerfulness and devotion, endearing both officers and men to himself. The war being over, he returned penniless to Louisville, obtained a situation in a banking house in which Mr. A. D. Hunt was senior partner, and subsequently suc- ceeded to the business of Hunt, Morton & Quigley. He then continued the business with his brother David S. Green, under the firm name of .John W. & D. S. Green, at Louisville, Ky. INDEX. V BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAGE. Adams, John L 7.39 Allan, Benjamin A 739 Ashby, Ch.arles D 7.39 Avery, Benjamin F 7.39 Bachus, L. A 741 Bahr, George B 741 Bailey, William 742 Bake, Frank 742 Bannon, Patrick 742 Barker, Henry S 742 Barnes. W. W 743 Barr, John W .' 743 Barrall, John M 743 Beilstien, Julius W 743 Blackburn, Luke P 744 Blackburn, Cary B 747 Blackhart, Thomas W 747 Bloom, Isadore N 747 Blum, John 748 Boggess, Walter F 748 Brand, John H 748 Brink worth, George 748 Broadus, John A 748 Brocar, Frank 1 749 Brown, Eli H 749 Bruce, Horatio W 749 Bullitt, William C 750 Bullitt, Thomas W 750 Bullock, William F 753 Burke, Richard T 756 Cable, James 756 Cain, John S 756 Canine, James F 761 Castleman, John B 761 Chapman, W. Carroll 762 Cocke, James B 762 Cohn, Henry S 762 Colgan, John 763 Collins, William M 764 Cook, Archibald B 764 Cotter, E. B 767 Cox, Attilla 768 Crawford, George M 768 Croum, Richard 769 Danforth, George L 769 Davie, George M 769 Dawson, William 770 Doherty, William B 770 Drennon Sulphur Springs 770 Duckwall,William A 773 Dugan, Irwin 773 Dunn, Charles E 774 Durrett, Reuben T 777 Duvall, Henry A 779 Eastin, Geo. B 780 Eckstenkemper, L 780 Edwards, Isaac W 780 Edwards, Charles G 783 Eschmann, J. L 783 Fairleigh, Thomas B 783 Fairleigh, David W 784 Field, Emmet 784 Finck, Theodore D 784 Fisher, Charles C 787 Foster, John L 787 Fowler, John 787 Froman, .lohn G 788 Funk, Alverado E 788 Furganson, Hamilton 788 Garvin, Samuel H 788 Gathright, John T 788 Gilbert, James C 791 Given, Adam 791 Glover, William E 792 Glover,, Albert G 795 PAGE. Godshaw, C. C 796 Goodman, John 796 Grant, E. Alfred 796 Green, .lohn E 797 Green, John W 930 Green well, H. J., Jr 798 Griffin, Gilbert 798 Hager, Phillip 799 Haldeman, Walter N 799 Hardesty, Robert 800 Harlan, Samuel F 800 Harris, William H 800 Harrison, Samuel T 801 Henderson, Charles A 802 Hewett, Robert C 8o2 Hinkle, Philip 805 Hite, William W 805 Hoke, William B 806 Hollenbach, Philip 806 Hood, John C 809 Hooper, Joseph 809 Hewlett, William 809 Humphrey, Edward P 809 Humphrey, Alex. P 813 Ireland, Josiah A 813 Jacob, John 1 814 Jacob, Charles D 815 James, Edward W 816 Jefferson, T. L 816 Jefferson, Thomas L. Jr 820 Jennings, Theodore S 823 Johnson, Silvester 824 Johnson, Henry 824 .Johnson, William P 824 Kalfus, Henry F 829 Key. Green L 829 Kiefer, John 829 Kohnhorst, Henry W 829 Krieger, Jacob 830 Lang, George 830 Larrabee, John A 833 Leachman, William T 833 Leatherman, W. B 8.33 Lee, Miles T 8-34 Leggett, K 8.34 Lithgow, James S 834 McClarty, CUuton 834 McCullough, Hugh M 8.39 McDowell, William P 839 McKay, Enoch E 840 MacLeod, John 840 Macauley, John T 840 Marshall, Humphrey 843 Martin, David 846 Mason, Thomas A 840 Maury, Mason 846 Meffert, William H 847 Meriwether, William A 847 Meriwether, Charles E 847 Miller, Samuel M 848 Miller, Shackelford 848 Miner, J. Sel 848 Miller, Joseph A 848 Miller, Henry C 848 Miller, Francis M 851 Miller, James 851 Mitchell, John 851 Mix, William 851 Moore, Aaron 852 Moore, John T 852 Montz, William E 8.52 Morgan, John S 852 Jtorris George W 853 Horton, George C 854 Parsons, Charles B 854 PAGE. Parsons, Frank 858 Parsons, Lawrence S 861 Pfeiffer, Robert N 861 Pfeiffer, Charles 861 Phelps, James S 861 Pirtle, John R 862 Plrtle, Henry 863 Pirtle, John B 863 Pope, Worden 864 Pope, Patrick 870 Pope, Edmund P 870 Pope, Curran 873 Pope, Alfred T 877 Price, Vernon D 878 Pusey, Henry K 881 Pyne, W. T....'. 881 Quick, E, G 881 Ragsdale, James S 882 Ray, William R 882 Eeinecke, William 882 Reynolds, Dudley S 885 Ridgely,' Benjamin H 886 Robinson, Stuart 886 Robinson, Richard A 887 Robinson, John W 891 Rodman, William L 892 Rogers, John E 892 Rue, A. B 893 Russell, Samuel 893 Schlosser, Joseph J 893 Schneider, Otto 894 Scrimsher, Frank M 894 Semonin, Paul F 894 Shepherd, William H 895 Simpson, George F 895 Simrall Family 895 Smith, Kilbourn W 900 Smith, Charles R 903 Spurrier, Edward R 903 Staib, John L 903 Stites, H, J 903 Stoll, Albert A 908 Stratton, John A 908 Struby, Albert 913 Stucky, Harry 913 Stucky, Thonias H 913 Summers, Solomon 914 Terrell, William H 914 Theobald, Griffin P 914 Thomas, Warren L 915 Thompson, R. H 915 Tierney, Ed. T 915 Toney, Sterling B 916 Treanor, .John L 916 Truman, Harry C 918 Troutman, Joseph L 918 Tuley, Enos S 918 Turu'bow, George W 919 Tyler, S. M. Hooper 919 Varble.Pink 919 Vaughan, Robert 920 Viglini, P 920 Voelcker, J. C. H 921 Waters, Lawrence B 921 Watterson,. Henry 921 Webb, George H 922 Welker, Albert 922 Weyler, George M 922 White, William P 923 White. William 923 WickUffe, John C 923 Williamson, John B 924 Young, Bennett H 924 Ziegler, Philipp 929 VI INDEX. ILLUSTRATIONS. PORTRAITS. PAGE. Blackhart, Thomas W 747 Boone, Daniel Ill Breckinridge, John C 330 Bullilt, W. C 750 Canine, J. Fulton 756 Gastleman, John B 761 Clay, Henry .318 Cook, Archibald B 764 Coomes, I. S 769 Crittenden, John J 352 Dugan, Irwin 773 Durrett, R. T 777 Edwards, Isaac ^Y 780 Field, Emmett 73i Gathright, John T 788 Glover, William E 793 Guthrie, James 629 Helm, Ben Hardin 467 Hewett, Robert C 8U2 Hoke, William B 806 Ireland, J. Alexander 81.3 Jackson, James S 409 Jefferson, T. L. (Sr.) 816 Jefferson, T. L. (Jr.) 820 Johnson, Silvester 834 Key, Green L 839 Larrebee, J. A 833 Lucas, Oliver 830 McClarty, Clinton 834 PAGE. McDowell, W. Preston 839 McKay, E. E 840 Marshall, Humphrey 340 Mis, William 851 Parsons, Charles Booth 854 Parsons, L. S 861 Pope, Alfred T 864 Pope, Curran 873 Prentice, George D 496 Price, Vernon D 878 Reynolds, Dudley L 885 Robinson, J. W 891 Shelby, Isaac 398 Simrall, John G 897 Smith, K. W 900 Stites, Henry J 904 Stoll, Albert A 908 Stratton, John A 913 Williamson, J. B 934 Young, Bennet H 929 VIEWS. Ashland, the Home of Henry Clay 333 Asylum, Blind 537 Asylum, Deaf and Dumb 48 Asylum, Deaf and Dumb, Colored De- partment 430 Asylum, Western Lunatic 80 Berea College, Ladies’ Hall 483 PAGE. Chimney Rock 132 College, Centre 316 College, State Agricultural and Me- chanical 508 Columbus and the Mississippi River... 449 Courier Journal Building 490 Custom House, Covington 471 Custom House, Louisville i 195 Fair Grounds, Fayette County 580 Fort, Boonesboro 667 Frankfort, Views in 290 Home, Masonic Widows and Orphans. 262 Institute, Feeble Minded 544 Institute, Military 400 Mammoth Cave, Entrance to 543 Mammoth Cave, Plan of 689 Map of Kentucky,Filson’s 264 Monument, Soldiers’ 348 Monument to Daniel Boone 300 Postoffice, Louisville 195 Printing House for the Blind,Ameri- can 539 Schoolhouse, Pioneer 320 Schoolhouse, Modern Country 481 State House, Kentucky Frontispiece Swiss Colony, Laurel County, View in 485 Tennessee River, Views on the 295 University, Central 232 Wagon or “ Wain,” Old Time 230 V’ S'-, »■ '■’'^ r iHfM<' 0' •4'-^ : ■■^^•fc.V'*^ ■■Vtif ' 'V"'’- #' '‘■- -^ * Lf. '. . • • • '■ . '^ . ' ^ ,• . •:. . ; '- ' ' I ’■■% ' ' ':v. rg.v.: 1 ; '*■ ' , -. •> 'V .''V .:'" ; '■ -.v^ ;?^. .*«►•»-■' ’ .•■.•< ’'>V ■'■v^>. ■.•/. •T^‘#. <■;. ■'• ’ i®’ • ^ • - ■ '■ '>;..^\r?S".' ' -— ■ - ■ 'j,' -- ■ ■ ■ ' ' ' ' i*:‘'‘^''*-vii ■ .' — (-> '• 'i ' ■ •■ — .^;a- -SI > .’ ' '■V . f|p.' ■'•.■Ail.';' >■ . i;>'V " : v?^ AvS'A 7 ^:.,; « 'A?' '.v'' ' '■'■ I*- •f i-r ■V'* >■/, ''S.. : ' ^•‘ V' ;^.V i' - •■% .' • v“ <■ '• ■ "T- ' ■;-f ' • 6 ^; r'!^ aifi'i -^Aiilife*' iij-' ,1;.,.'V' .V i* .•’,, • >:>* ,• va'> TtV.; ■•'> ''if^ . ■ A' . r;.!.y«v. iv'^v : - . -v >7 ■ ^ •' -' 7 ,^ I* - 7 ' ^ ' - -: 6 )i::--. . .^ , V • ,'*'V :^S),' i ■r-' -r' t V''?’’' '’‘* V-''' • ; :Lv/r- -■w PAGE. Adair County..... 547 Adair, John 258 Elected Governor 312 Adams, John 301 Adams, John Quincy 318 Adverliser, The 493 Alamo, Battle of the 332 Allatoona, Battle of 443 Allan, Chilton 313 Alleghanles, Beyond the 68 Allen, Alfred 329 Allen County 548 Allen, Gen 310 Allen, Jo 326 America, Attempts to Colonize 19 French Power in 69 American Revolution, The 58 American Printing House, The 538 Anchorage Asylum, The 535 Anderson County 649 Anderson, Gen. Robt 368, 354 Andy Johnson, Camp 362 Anti-Relief Party 312 Antonio de Bexar, Battle of 332 Anzeiger, The 499 Arkansas Post, Capture of. 415 Arlington, Lord 45 Army of the Cumberland, The 427 Charge of the 431 Ashley, Benj 125 Atlanta Campaign, the 435 Atlanta, Fall of 442 Augusta, Capture of 453 Augusta College 6U6 Augusta County, Formation of 263 Austin, Stephen F 332 Bacon College 507 Bacon, Death of 48 Bacon’s Rebellion 45 Ballard County 550 Baltimore, Lord 39 Barnes, Col. S. M 373 Barren County 551 Barry, Wm. T 319, 316, 313 Bath County 553 Baton Rouge, Expedition Against 464 T3 ^ n M rv .-1 W ^ 4 n 4 V, ^ 1 ^ fl? Bedinger, Maj. Geo. M 167 Bell County 554 Bell, John 330 Bell, Joshua F 329 Benham, Capt. Robt 165 Bennett, Gov. Richard 43 Berea College 483 Berkeley, Sir William 41 Recalled 48 Bibb, Geo. M 324, 315, 313 Big Bone Lick 655 Bill of Rights 61 Blackburn, Luke P 479 Blackfish, Death of. 169 Blair, Francis P 316 Blair, Judge 313 Blakey, Geo. D 327 Blennerhassett’s Island 304 Blennerhassett, Sketch of 304 Blind Asylum, The 536 Blue Lick, Battle of 660, 188, 185 Blue Ridge, The 58 Boone County 555 Boone, Daniel 664,173, 111 Capture of 155, 111 Letter of 660 Monument to 200 Settlement of 113 Boone Family, Genealogy of the 653 Boone, Jemima, Capture of. 144 Boone, Squire, Arrival of. 112 Boone’s Party, Arrival of. 113 Fort 657, 142, 127 Trace 126 Boonesborough, Attack on 158, 148 PAGE. Boonesborough, Accessions to 152 Border State Convention, The 351 Botetourt County, Formation of 263 Bourbon County 556 Bowie, Col 332 Bowling Green, Occupation of 365 Bowman, Co! 264, 1.52 Expedition of 167, 152 Bowman’s Station 164 Boyd County 558 Boyd, Linn 329 Boyle County 559 Boyle, Gen 406 Boyle, John 314 Boys Captured 206 Bracken County 560 Braddock, Gen 50 Defeat of 77 Bradford, John 491 Bragg, Gen 409 Bramlette, Thomas E 373 Brant, Joseph 81 Brashear, Marshall 170 Breathitt County 561 Breathitt, John 320 Breckinridge County 561 Breckinridge, John C 462, 454, 385, 350, 340, 330, 329 Report of Gen 467 Robert 277 Col. W. C. P 455 Brown, James 118 John 274 Bruce, Report of Col 404 Bryans, The 163 Bryan’s Station, Attack on 650, 182 Buckner, Judge 320 Gen. S. B 462, 431, 366, 365, 356, 351 “ Capture of 402 Buchanan, James 329 Buell, Gen. D. C 385 Buena Vista, Battle of 341 Forces Engaged at 346 Buffalo Hunting 196 Buford, Gen. Abe 453 Building Stone 544 Bullitt County 565 Bullitt, Thomas 114 Alex. S 303, 285 Bullock, Leonard H 126 Rice 277 Burbridge, Col. S. G 367 Incident of. 416 Burgher, John 163 Burnside, Gen 431 Burr, Aaron 303 Conspiracy of 304 Trial of 305 Bustamente, Gen 333 Butler County 566 Butler, Simon (Kenton) 116 Gen. William 0 325, 322 “ Sketch of 339 Byrd, Invasion of. 171 Cabot, John 17 Caldwell County 666 Caldwell, Gen 310. Callaway Girls, Capture of the 144 Flanders 144 Call for Troops, First 350 Calloway County 567 Calloway, Richard 264, 135, 126 Calvert, Sir George 39 Colony Founded by 40 Cameron, Secretary 383 Campaign of 1860, The 330 1867, The 478 1876, The 479 Campbell, Col. John 283 Campbell County 568 Camp Boone 462 Canals, Building of. 516 PAGE. Carlisle County 569 Carroll County 670 Carter County 571 Carter, Lieut. Sam’l P 360 Casey County 571 Cassville, Skirmish at 438 Cavalier Immigration 55 Centre College 504 Charitable Institutions 534 Charles I, Execution of 42 II, Restoration of 44 Charleston & Cincinnati R. R 527 Chattanooga, Capture of 421 Chesapeake & Ohio R. R 531 Chicheley, Sir Henry 48 Chickamauga, Battle of. 421 Children, Bounties on 70 Chiles, Gen 310 (!lhristian, Col. Wm 113 Christian County 572 Church of England, The 32 Churches, Organization of 61 Cincinnati Bridge, The 534 Clark County 673 Clark, George Rogers 83 Arrival of. 132 Diary of 147 Demand for Powder by 83 Letter of 84 The Retiracy of. 191 Judge James 313 “ Sketch of 320 Clarke, Beverly L 329 Clay, Cassius M 500, 327 Clay County 574 Clay, Henry 336, 318, 306 Death of 324 Sketch of. 318 Clay, Jr., Col. Henry 340 Death of 346 Clayborne, William 40 Cleveland, Election of Grover 480 Clinton County 575 Clinton, De Witt 310 Coin, Small 228 Colonial Gov’t, Complications in the.. 46 Colonies, Political Struggles in the 50 Colony, Population of the 36 Colored Schools, The 482 Columbus, Discoveries of. 17 Occupation of 364 Commercial, The 499 Commonwealth, The 494 Confederacy, Recruits for the 351 Confederate Soldiers, Medals to 468 Restored to Citizenship 478 Continental Congress, Memorial to the 135 Constitution, The First 296 The Second 301 The Third 678, 325 “ “ First Election Under.... 327 Coomes,Wm 218, 147 Corn , Cultivation of 36 Cornstalk, Chief 104 Murder of 155 Correspondence, Military 375 Correspondent, The 493 Cos, Gen 332 Council, The Local 21 Counties, Formation of. 670 Country Party, The 280 Courier, The 496 Suppression of 497 Courier-Journal, The 498, 496, 489 Court Party, The 280 Craig, Rev. Lewis 217 Crawford, Wm. H 318 Cresap, Capt 121 Crittenden County 575 Crittenden, Geo. B 390 Force of.., 390 INDEX. ii PAGE. Crittenden, Geo. B., Report of 3t)2 JoLin J 352, 340, 324 Thos. L 337, 340 Cromwell, Death of Oliver 43 Cromwell, Skirmibh at 367 Croxtou, Gen. .lohn T 444 Crutt, Iteimrt of Gen 408 C'ulijep|ier, Lord 48, 45 Cumberland County 676 Cumberland, iteparlmeul of the 410 Cumberland Gap 372 Evacuation ot 408 Occupation of 434 Cynthiana, Llaitle of 432 Dale, Sir Thos 27 Dare, Virginia 20 Dark and Bloody Ground, The 01 Danville Conventions, The. ...284, 217, 266 Davidge, Keziu 316, 313 Daviess County 577 Daviess, Col. .Joseph H 305 Daviess, Samuel 164 Incident of ■. 2o5 Davis, Garrett 475, 368, 352 Letter of Jell'. 360 Dayton, \Vm. L 329 Deaf and Dumb Asylum 535 Deane, Sila.s 135 Deeker’s Settlement 6.55 Delaware, Lord 24 Demucrat, The 497, 496 Democratic Kepuhllcans, The 319 I'arty, Organization of. 320 Dentons, The 131 Desha, Gen. .Joseph 315, 310 Elected Governor 317 Dick.Capt 113 Dick Robinson, Camp 368, 3.54 Arm.s for 368 Dinwiddle, Gov 60 Dixon, Archibald 350, 327 Douelsou, A.J 329 Donelson, Fall of Fort 402 Douglas, S. A 330 Douglass, .Tames 117 Duke, Basil W 453 Dunmore, Lord 283, 80 Dunmore’s War 80 Du Ouesue, Fall of Fort 78 Durrett, R. T 497 Dustin, Death of. 4i4 Easton, The Treaty of 78 Edmonson County 578 Edwards, Col. John 281 Election of 186.5, The 473 Electoral Commission, The 479 Elizabeth, Queen 18 Elliott County 578 Ellis, Wm 164 England, Adventurers From 18 Slave Trade of. 65 English Merchants, Greed of. 63 English Traders 74 Estiil County 579 Estill’s Station 180 Estiil, Death of Capt 659, 181 Estill’s Defeat r 659, 181 Everett, Edward 330 Falls of Ohio, Importance of the 1.37 Settlement at 163 Fannin, Col 332 Farmer’s Library, The 492, 293 Fauipder, Gov 62 Fayette County 680 Feileralista, The 301 Feeble-Minded Institute, The 636 Female Academy, The First 606 Female Heroism, Act of. 183 Fillmore, Millard 329 Fiuancial Distress 312 Fincastle County 83 Formation of. 263 Fink, Mike 234 Finley, John 109 First C.tvalry, The 338 Fisheries of the New World, The 18 Fleming County 682 Flournoy, Matthew 321 Floyd, Col 264, 164, 137 Letter of. 82 Death of. 190 Floyd County 583 Floyd’s Station 164 Focus, The 493 Forman, Death of Col 413 Forests, The 544 Forrest, Col 388 Fourth Infantry, The 339 France, Colonial Policy of. 71 PAGE. Frankfort. The Town of. 290 Franklin, Governor 110 Franklin County 583 Franklin, The Battle of 446 Freedman’s Bureau. The.. 475 French, Claims of the , 68 French, J udge Richar i 321 French Revoluliou, The 298 War, The Old 78 Frontier Cabin, Defense of a 256 Frontier Trading 74 Fulton County 586 Gage, Gen 79 Gallagher, Wm. D 497 Gallatin County 587 Gama, Vasco de 17 Garfield, Jas. A 396 Elected President 480 Garrard County 587 Garrard, Gov 303 Col. T. T 434, 417, 373 Gates, Sir Thomas 24 Gauntlet, Running the 203 Gazelle, The 293 George I, Accession of. 38 George III, Accession of 51 German Flats. Council at 79 German Immigration 67 Ghent, Treaty at 310 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 18 Gill, Col. Sam 368 Ginseng 669, 228 Girty, Simon 657, 259, 155, 116 Gist, Adventures of. 75 Graham, William A 327 Grant, Col. John 164 Grant County 588 Grant, Gen. U. S 474, 430, 387 Elected President 479 Promotion of 435 Grape Culture 663, 195 Graves County 589 Grayson County 6.89 Grayson Pond, The 292 Great Meadows, Battle of. 77 Green brier Company, The 74 Green County 590 -Green River, Skirmish at 367 Green P^iver Bridge, Skirmish at 456 Improvement of 615 Greenup, Christopher 303 Greenup County 691 Grenville, Sir Richard .' 19 Guerrillas, Depredations of 473 Guthrie, .Tames 497 Sketch of 529 Haggin, John 167, 143 Judge 316 Sketch of 313 Haldeman, W. N 498, 496 Hamlin, II .330 Hancock County 592 Hand, Gen 84 Hanover, The House of 49 Hard Cider Campaign, The 321 Hard Winter, The 169 Hardin, Col 249 Death of 346 Hardin County 692 Barker, Death of Gen 439 Harlan County 694 Harlan, Death of Maj 188 Harlan, John M 479, 368 Harmar, Campaign of Gen 248 Defeat of Gen 250 Harney, John II 498 Harrison County 595 Harrison, Gen. AV.- H 321, 309 Richard 137 Harrod, James 666, 201,138, 118, 109 William 167 Harrodsburg, the Seat of Justice 142 Attack on 159 Hart County 596 Hart, Dr 218 Harts, The 126 Hartsvllle, Capture of 454 Harvey, Sir .John 38 Unpopularity of. 39 Haw, Rev. James 218 Haywood, Judge 108 Ilazen, Gen 435 Heath, Sir Robert 39 Hedges, Capt. John 116 Helm, Capt 88 JohnL 478 Death of 479 Sketch ot 530 Helm, Gen. Ben. H 467 PAOE. Hemp 646 Henderson County 697 Henderson, Isham 495 Henderson’s Journal 127 Henderson, Nathaniel 137 Henderson Purchase, The 83 Henderson, Richard 126 Letter of 130 Samuel 144 Henderson & Co 139 Henry County 599 Henry Patrick 61 Henry, Capture of Fort 400 Henry, Gen 310 Herald, The 492 Hickman County 599 Hickman, Occupation of 364 Hickman, Rev. Wm 217 Richard 310 Hines, Andrew 170 Hinkston, Cajjture of John 172 Hiukston Settlement, The 129 Hobson, Col. W. E 439, 433 Report of 406 Hodges, Albert G 493 Hogg, James 135, 126 Mission of 139 Holden, Joseph lU Holder, John 167, 144 Hollanders, The 39 Home Guard, The 357 Hood, Gen 435 Hopkins County 600 Hopkinsville Insane Asylum, The 635 Horseshoe, Knights of the Golden 08 Houston, Gen 333 Howard, Lord 48 Huguenot Settlemems 67 Hull’s Surrender 309 Hunt, Robert 61, 20 Hunter, AVilliam 492 Huston, Rev. L. D 474 Illinois Country, The 60 Expedition to 157 Posts, Establishing 86 Imlay, Description of Country by 193 Immigration of 1780 ‘207 Incident 145 Independents Banished, The 61 Indian Atrocities 189 Country, Expedition to 157 Hostilities, Renewal of. 45 Towns, Destruction of. 251 University, The 30 Indians, Expedition Against the. ..189, 166 Treaty with the 240 Innes, Judge 306, .300, 274, 247 Infantry Service, Officers of the 694 Invincible Armada, The 20 Iroquois, Exterminating War of the... 72 Ivy Mountain, Engagement at 381 Jackson County 601 Jackson, Gen. Andrew 318 James S 388 James II, Accession of. 48 James River, The 21 Jamestown, Settlement of. 21 Jefferson, Attack on F’ort 178 Jeflersou County 601 Jefferson, Thomas 303, 170 Jeffries, Sir Herbert 48 Jerks, 'The 219 Jessamine County 602 .Jesuits, The order of. 71 Joe Holt, Camp 363 Johnson County 603 Johnson, Andrew 375, 360 Col. Guy 81 Herschel V 330 Richard M 321, 320 Sir William HO, 108, 107, 81 Johnston, Albert Sidney..497, 403, 385, 378 Joe E 462, 435 William 126 Jones, Gabriel John 83 Gen. AV. E 434 Jonesboro, Battle of. 442 Jordans, The 129 Journal, The 494 Julian, George W 327 Kaskaskia, Capture of. 87 Expedition against 86 Kelly, Col. R. M 441 Kenesaw Mountain, Battle of. 439 Kent, Phineas M 497 Kenton County 604 Kenton, Simon 664, 257, 198, 116 Capture of. 161 Escape of. 162 INDEX. iii PAGE. Kenton, Simon, Horse Stealing of 160 Incident of 149 Kentuckian, The 493 Kentucky, Arrival of Settlers in 143 Academy, The .‘'04 Brigade, The 462 Boats 666, 208 Central R. B 532 Climate of. 641 Coal 644 County, Formation of. 141, 84 Divided into Three Counties..264, 174 District of 334 Education in 480 First Court in 264 First Governor of. 285 First Legislature in 134 First Marriage in 145 First Paper ill 490 First Railroad in 624 , First Surveyors in 114 First Village in 656, 118 First White Women in 132 Formed into a State 674, 285 Foreign Immigration to 485 Gazette, The 492, 489 Killed and Wounded 422 Material Resources of. 540 Mounds in 93 Military Institute of 507 National Troops Enter 365 Neutrality 352 Officers Commissioned 3.55 Population of 667, 286, 225 Recruiting in 362 Resolutions, The 676, 302 Return of Clark to 177 River Co. The 514 Savage Incursions into 245 Union R. R 633 University, The 507 Kentucky Dead Brought Home 347 Kentucky Whig, The 494 Kickapoo Towns, Exp’n Against the... 309 Kincheloe Station, Destruction of 189 King, Gen 310 Wm. R 327 Kirkland, Rev. Samuel 81 Knott County 671, 605 Know-nothing Party, The 327 Knox, Col. James 113 Knox County 606 Knoxville, Advance on 431 Ku-Klux, The 476 Lafayette, Skirmish at 440 Land Laws, The 222 Office, The 223, 170, 136 Surveys 118, 117 Troubles 668 Landrum, Col. W. J 417, 374 Landrum’s Brigade, Charge of. 419 Lane, Joseph 330 Lapsley TO. Brashear 314 La Rue County 606 Laughery, Col. Archibald 177 Laurel County 607 Lawrence County 607 Lebanon, Skirmish at 457 Lee County 608 Legislative Body, The First 33 Lenni-Lenape, The 103 Leslie County 608 Leslie, P. H 479 Letcher County 608 Letcher, Robt. P 321 Lewis County 609 Lewis, Gen 123 Lexington, Capture of. 453 Insane Asylum 534 Naming of. 130 Rifles, The 450 The Town of. 288 Licking River, The Improvement of... 61 6 Lincoln, Abraham 473, 366, 330 Incident of. 382 Letters of President 359 Lincoln County 609 Lincoln, The Earl of. 24 Lindsey, Isaac 109 Lindseys, The 1 29 Literary Celebrities 500 lAierarij News-Letter, The 499, IrO Little Fort 127 Livingston County 611 Local Government 37 Lock, Joseph 117 Logan, Col. Benj 264, 167, 129 Logan County 611 Logan’s Fort, Attack on 149 PAGE. Logan's Station, Accessions to 153 Logston, Joe 198 London Company, The 21 Long Hunters, The 164, 114 Long Knife Squaw, The 2u5 Long Pond, The 292 Longstreet, Retreat of 434 Lookout Mountain, Battle of. 429 Lovejoy Station, .'skirmish at 442 Louisville, Bridge at 533 First Court House in 294 First Platof. 656, 115 First Settlers of. 656 Laying Out 170 Legion, The 337 Riot in 329 The Town of. 292 & Nashville R. R., The 528 & Portland Canal, The 518 Louis XIV 70 Louisiana, Purchase of. 303 Loyal Company, The 74 Luttrell, John 126 Lyell, Sir Charles 95 Lyon County 612 Macadamized Roads 511 Madison County 613 Madison, James 308 George 311 Magoffin County 615 Magoffin, Gov 358, 351, 329 Maids, Importation of 29 Mammoth Cave, The 689, 542 Marion County 616 Marshal, The High 27 Marshall County 617 Marshall Humphrey 395, 340 277 Col. Thomas 279 Martin County 6:7 Martin’s Station, Capture of. 171 Maryland Colony, The 39 Mason County 613 Massacre of Colonists 31 Matrimony, Bounty for 70 Matthews, Col. Samuel 43 Maysville & Lexington Turnpike 511 McAfee, Lieut.-Gov 316 McAfee Station 176 McAfees, The 114 McClellan, Correspondence of Gen 358 John 129 McClellan’s Fort 144 Attack on 146 McClernand, Gen 400 Report of. .' 417 Retreat of. 401 McConnell, William 129 Alex 204 McCook, Gen. A. McD 441, 439, 367 IdcCracken County 620 McCreery, James B 479 McDo'.veil, Jaives 117 Samuel 266, 264 McGary, Hugh 147, 131 McHenry, Col 401, 367 McKee, Col 104 ■ Death of 346 McLean County 621 McPherson, Death of Gen 441 Meade County 622 Menifee County 623 Mercer County 623 Messenger, The 492 Metcalfe County 625 Metcalfe, Gov 319 Meigs, Defense of Fort 309 Mexico, War Against 336 Jlichaux, Dr 662 Mill Springs, Battle of. 388 Miller Company, The 129 Mills, Judge Benjamin 314 Sketch of 315 Minister, The First 61 Mirror, The 492 Missionary Ridge, Battle of 4.30 Mississippi Company, The 80 Mississippi, Department of the 435 Mississippi River Navig'n of the...303, 299 Mitchell, Gen. 0. M 375, 373 Moccasin Point, Capture of. 428 Mohawk Valley, The 81 Monroe County 626 Monterey, Siege of 340 Montgomery County 627 Montgomery, William 175 Moore, Col. James 104 Morehead, Charles S 329 Morgan County 628 Morgan, Gen. John H 450 PAGE. Morgan, Gen. John H., Capture of 46(i Death of. 462 Gen. Geo.W 407 Morgantown, Skirmish at 367 Mound-Builders, The 96 Mount Sterling, Skirmish at 461 Muhlenburg County 628 Murray, Col. Eli H.' 437, 388 Wm 299 Muter ,7George 274, 264 Muldrow’s Hill Occupied by Troops.... 366 Nashville, Battle of 448 National Republicans, The 319 Navigation, Improvement of. 513 Necessity, Capitulation of Fort 77 Negro Problem, Ihe 476 Soldiers 474 Testimony in Courts 475 Nelson County 6'29 Nelson, Francis 23 Nelson, Fort (Louisville) 179 Lieut. William... .408, 396, 369,308, 354 Netherlaud, Heroism of 186 Nevin,Camp 367 Newcomb, H. D 529 New Court Party, The 313 Newfoundland 20, 18 New France 69 New Hope Church, Battle at 438 New Orleans, Battle of 31o Deposit at 303 New Orleans Market, The 276 Newport, Christopher 21 New River Country, The 67 Niagara Treaty, The 79 Nicholas County 631 Nicholas, George ‘296, 285 North America, Discovery of 17 Northwest, The Gardens of the 99 Observer and Reporter, The 492 Ogden, Rev. Benj 218 Ohio Canal Co 517 Ohio Company, The 244, 79, 74 Ohio and Cumberland, Dep’t of the.... 386 Ohio County 632 Ohio, Department of the 410 Ohio River, The 518 R. R., The 532 Ohio Valley, The 50 English Claim to 75 Old Court Party, The 313 Oldham County 633 Oldham, Maj 244 Opposing Armies, The 343 Orange County, Formation of 263 Orchard Knob, Capture of. 428 Ormsby, Col 340, 337 Osborne. Jno. D 495 Osterhaus, Report of Gen 419 Overton, '\V. G 497 Owen County 633 Owsley County 634 Owsley, Judge Wm 322, 315, 314 Palladium, The 492 Palmer, Gen. J. M 454, 412 Paris, The Town of 287 Parties, Organization of 477, 311 Patterson, Rob’t 145 Paul, Maj 249 Peach Tree Creek, Battle of. 440 Pemberton. Gen 414 Pendleton County 634 Penitentiary, The 290 Penn, Shadrach 494,493, 491 Pennebaker, Col. C. D 432 Percy, George 25 Perry County 635 Perry ville. Battle of 409 Petroleum 544 Pickett, Dr 101 Pierce, Gen. Franklin 327 Pike County 636 Pioneer, The 192 Pioneers, Amusements of the 214, 213 Pirates, River 233 Plug, Col 233 Pi'cahontas, Marriage of. 30 Point Comfort 21 Polk, Death of Gen 439 Polk, James K 335, 322 Pontiac, Conspiracy of 107, 79 Pope, William 170 Portland Canal, The 518 I Post, The 499 i Potts, Dr 38 Pottery Clay 544 Pound Gap 399, 372 Powder, Importation of. 146 Powell County 636 IV INDEX. PAGE. Powell, Lazarus W 327, 324 powhatau 30 Preacher, The First 217 Prentice, Geo. D 495, 494, 492 Presbytery, Tlie First 217 Presidential Election of 1888, The 479 Press, The 487 Preston, Col. \Vm 117, 82 Gen 340 Proctor, Col. Thos 261 Proctor, .Tohn R 540 Public Pnnishiueiits 32 Schools, The 481 Pulaski County 636 Putnam, F. W lOU Katiuesque, Prof. 92 Railroads 522 Raisin, Hattie of 309 Raleigh, .Sir Walter 18 Ratclill'e, .Tohn 21 Ray, .lames 206, 147, 131 Rebellion, War of the 349 Red Hawk, Murder of 155 Redstone Creek 107 Relief Parly, The 312 Religious Persecution 63 Republican Auxiliary^ The 492 Republican Party, The 330 Eesaca, Battle of. 437 Resolutions of 1798, The 302, 297 Authorship of the 303 Restoration, Elfects of the 44 Revolution of 1683, The 63 Revolutionary War, The 154 Reynolds, Heroic Act of 187 Richmond, Battle of. 408 Rice, Rev. David 217 Rifle, Hs© of the 667 Roads 510 Roanoke Island 23, 20 Robertson County... 637 Robertson, George 317, 316 Rockcastle County 637 Rogers, Col. David 165 Rosecraus. Gen 431, 423, 410 Round Hill. Skirmish at 377 Rousseau, Gen 409, 405, 367, .357 Rowan County 638 Rowan, .John 313 Royal African Company, The 65 Royal Spring, The 129 Ruddle, Isaac 163 Ruddle’s Station 163 Capture of. 171 Russell County 638 Russell Family, Capture of the 175 Sacramento, Skirmish at 388 Saint Clair, Arthur 119 Expedition of 253 Defeat of 2.54 St. Joseph’s College 606 Salisbury, Earl of 24 Sailing, .Tohn.. K'7 Salt Brine 544 Salt Milkers, Capture of 155 Salt River, Improvements of 515 Sanders, Death of Gen 4.33 Sandy Rivers, Improvement of the 515 Sandys, Sir Edwin 28 San Jacinto, Battle of 332 Santa Anna, Capture of 333 Schoepf, Gen 377 Schofield. Gen 444 Schools, The Colored 482 Schoolhouse, The Pioneer 220 Schoolmaster, The First 220 Scott County 639 Scott, Expedition of Gen 260, 251 Elected Governor 308 Gen. Winfield 327 Sea Venture, The 24 Sebastian, Benj 3ii0, 209, 274 Second Infantry, The 338 Settlements, Increase of 76 Shackelford, Judge Benj 326 Sharp, Solomon P 313 Shelby County 640 Shelby. Isaiic 285 Sketch of 298 Second Term of 310 PAGE. Shell heaps 9.’’.. 653 Sherman, Gen 435, 430, 414, 383, 378, 366 Insanity of 384 Report of 405 Superseded 386 Sherman’s Demand for Men 384 March to the Sea 443 .Shiloh, Battle of. 402 Shipbuilding ‘236 Shipman, Paul K 495 Shippingport, The Town of 291 Shreve, Capt. Henry M 521 ■Simpson County 642 Six Nations, The 73 slaughter, Gabriel 311 Slavery, Growth of 65 Smith, Capt. John 30,26, 24, 20 Col. W. S 407 Gen. A. J 444 Gen. C. F 402, 400, 380 Gen. Kirby 444 Gen. M. L 414 Smythe, Sir Thomas 20 Sneed, Achilles 316 Southampton, Earl of 24 Spanish Question, The.... 299, 282, 273 Speed, Joshua F" 382 Spencer County 643 Spotswood’s Administration 49 Spring Hill, Battle of 445 Stamp Act, The 54 Stanwix, Council at Fort 79 State, Formation of the 285 College, The 608 Guard, The 3.56 Houses 290 Steamboat, The First 519 Stephenson, Defense of Fort 309 Stevenson, John W 479, 478 Stewart, John 112, 111 Stone River, Battle of 410 Killed and Wounded at 413 Stoner, Michael 109 Stout, Col. A. M 423 , 404 Strode’s Station 164 Attack on 180 Surveyors, Early 654, 114 .Surveying Parties 116 Table Mountain 96 Taylor County 643 Taylor, Hancock 114 Taylor, Gen. Z 336, 323 Elected President 325 Sketch of 339 Tazewell, Skirmish at 434 Tecumseh 310 Tennessee, Army of the 435, 4o3 Campaign, The East 4oO Terry, Death of Col 387 Texan Revolution, The 332 Texas, Annexation of 335 Early History of 331 Thames, Battle of the 310 Third Infantry, The 338 Thomas, Adjutant-General 383 Gen. G. H 447, 444,430,388, 369 Report of 191 Thompson, John B 3‘27 Gen. Wm 116 Times, The 499 Tippecanoe, Battle of 308 Tobacco as a Circulating Medium 62 Tobacco, Cultivation of 36 The Indian Chief lo4 Tobacco Produced, Amount of 546 Todd County 644 Todd, Col. John 264, 164, 146, 90 Death of 188 Levi 164 Robert 244 Thomas 266 Toll Gate, The 511 Toltecs, The 103 Transylvania Colony 142, 13.5, 133 Company, The 140 Presbytery, The 217 University, The 601, 600 Trails, The Early 227 Transportation, Modes of 230 Trenches, Battle of the 400 PAQB. Trigg, Col. Stephen 188, 107 Trigg County 644 'I rimble County 645 Trimble, John 316, 313 Trotter, Gen 310 True American, The 500 Turnpikes 511 Twetty, Capt 126 Tyler, John 334, 321 Union County 645 Van Buren, Martin 321 Vance, John 129 Vaughn, Death of Adjutant 345 Vicksburg, Before 414 Fall of 419 Vincennes, Capture of 88 Virginia, Affairs in 48 Bond Labor in 63 Boundaries of 67 Colony, Extent of the 39' Condition of 29 Courts of 34 First Convention of 33 First Negroes in 63 Indian Power Broken in 68 Legislature, Independence of. .49, 38 Population of 49 Prosperity of 55 Religious Sects in 58 Republic of 34 The King of 21 Virginia’s Loyalty to the King 42 Walker, Dr. Thos 108 Walpole Company, The 80 War of 1812, The 308 Ward, Edward ll8 Gen. Wm. T 363 Warren County 646 Washington County 647 Washington, Mission of George...’ 76 Watson, John 166 Watterson, Henry 495 Wayne County 649 Wayne, Gen. Anthony 259 Victory of 261 Webster County 649 Webster, Daniel 336 Weissinger, Geo. W 495 Wells, Capt. .Sam’l 176 West, Francis 28 Capt. John ,39 Western Citizen, The 492 Courier, The 492 Westerner, a Representative 200 Whigs and Tories 60 Whig Party, Organization of the 320 Whig, The Knoxville 372 Whitaker, Gen 406 IVhite, John 19 Whitley County 650 Whitley, Wm 164 Whitney, Prof - 96 Wickliffe, Robert 317, 316, 313 Robert N 327 Wild Cat, Battle at 377 Wilkinson, Gen 673, 299, 275, 255 William and Mary, Acces.sion of 49 College of 69 Williams, Col. Jno, S 395, 340 Wingfield, Edward 21 Wolfe County 6.50 Wolford, Col 434, 432 Wood Choppers, Attack on 148 Wood, Gen. Thos. T 383 Woodford County 650 Woodruff, Wm. E 340 AVoodsonville, Skirmish at 387 AVooI, Gen 342 Worthington, Wm 164 Wyat, Sir Francis 35 Wyllys.Maj 250 AVyman, Sir Ferdinando 26 Prof Jeffries 96 Yeager, George 116 Yeardly, George 28 Yell, Death of Col 346 Young, Capt. Thos 116 Zollicoffer, Gen 372 Death of 392 Movements against 374 0.U I I