Geoi~ge Washington Flowers 
 Memorial Collection 
 
 DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 ESTABLISHED BY THE 
 
 FAMILY OF 
 
 COLONEL FLOWERS 
 
%i»m™T, 
 
Pamphlet Collection 
 D»ke UnWemty Library 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2013 
 
 http://archive.org/details/treeoflegalknowlOOrale 
 
fo!^.^w^/L. 
 
 TREE OF LEGAL KNOWLEDGE; 
 
 DESIGNED AS 
 
 AN ASSISTANT TO STUDENTS 
 
 STUDY OF LAW, 
 
 IN WHICH THE ADMIRABLE SYSTEM AS LAID DOWN BY 
 BLACKSTONE IN HIS COMMENTARIES, IS PRESERVED, 
 
 AN ATTORNEY AT LAW. 
 
 RALEIGH, 
 PUBLISHED BY TURNER & HUGHES. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by Tur- 
 ner & Hughes. Proprietors, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of 
 the Southern District of New- York. 
 
,rU /V-ywvC i \**fl 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " The established reputation of Judge Black- 
 stone's commentaries has rendered it very deserv- 
 edly the foundation of legal studies. Previous to 
 the publication of the commentaries, the student 
 was compelled to assume Coke's commentary on 
 Lyttleton as an institute and thus commencing his 
 early studies without method, his subsequent pro- 
 gress was laborious, and his acquisitions unsatis- 
 factory. 
 
 In the inception of a study, accurate and log- 
 ical arrangement is indispensible — without it the 
 student will always grope in the dark, and, ulti- 
 mately, find his labours useless. An early sense 
 of the force of this idea, induced the author to plan 
 and execute the present work for his own improve- 
 ment. Its great object is to impress upon the mind 
 the methodical divisions and subdivisions of the 
 Commentaries and thus enable the student effec- 
 tually to master the work and preserve the arrange- 
 ment as the general guide of his future studies." 
 
 To do it in the most forcible manner, has been 
 the object of the author. Believing that the mind 
 more readily grasps and more vividly retains im- 
 pressions communicated through the sense of per- 
 ception, he has clothed the fixed principles of that 
 1 
 
science in the garb of material objects. He is in- 
 duced to think, he has not flattered himself, in be- 
 lieving that he has chosen the best method to at- 
 tain his end, when he remembers with a distinct- 
 ness almost equal to the visible objects now formed 
 upon the retina, the expression of features which 
 animate the group in that inimitable picture of 
 " Christ rejected." Nor is the recollection less dis- 
 tinct of the Geographical knowledge of this world 
 with its mighty oceans, boundless continents, inden- 
 ted bays, and serpentine rivers, which was im- 
 pressed on his mind in early youth by the lines and 
 shades of an atlas. The author humbly conceives 
 that the "Tree of Legal Knowledge" will prove as 
 useful in fixing the various divisions and sub-divis- 
 ions of that abstruse science firmly on the mind, as 
 does the pencil of the artist in pourtraying the strik- 
 ing events of the past, or the atlas in communicating 
 the knowledge of countries described by the trav- 
 eller. To the practioner, also, it is deemed useful 
 in consolidating his learning, and forming an in- 
 structive and ornamental appendage to an office. 
 The gentleman, too, who is desirous of becoming 
 acquainted with that system of laws of which ours 
 is principally composed, and which is highly neces- 
 sary to every legislator and scholar; will be materi- 
 ally benefitted by its use, especially in conjunction 
 with the Commentaries. 
 
 The author has submitted a brief explanation 
 of the " Tree of Legal Knowledge," the principal 
 part of which may be found in the Commentaries 
 with trifling alteration. 
 
EXPLANATION. 
 
 Law is the rule and bond of men's actions, 
 whereby they are commanded to make use of their 
 faculties of reason and free-will for the regulation 
 of their conduct. 
 
 Natural Law, or the Law of Nature, may be 
 denned to be, those general principles of Justice 
 deduced by the operation of reason, from the nat- 
 ural relation of things antecedent to positive pre- 
 cept : such as living honestly, hurting nobody, ren- 
 dering to every one his own, <fcc. 
 
 But by the fall of our first parents, human rea- 
 son became darkened ; and as that in its vigour 
 was necessary to the discovery of these principles, 
 the beneficence of the Deity interposed and ren- 
 dered clear its laws by immediate revelation. 
 This was termed, revealed law. 
 
 Upon these two foundations are based the 
 laws of England. As those who reason correctly 
 will arrive at the same conclusion, when their pre- 
 mises are the same ; the customs and usages of 
 mankind were formed in obedience to the sugges- 
 tions of right by the operation of reason, or in ac- 
 cordance with the precepts of the Almighty. 
 These rules of action soon became binding from 
 conviction of their propriety by common consent, 
 under the name of general customs. 
 
 With regard to certain minor considerations, 
 different ideas of propriety existed in different sec- 
 tions of the same country, and as they did not con- 
 
4 
 
 flict with the rights of those out of that particular 
 district, they were permitted and sanctioned under 
 the name of particular customs. 
 
 In the administration of justice, certain rules 
 were introduced in particular courts, which were 
 derived from the digests of Imperial Rome, and in 
 later times from the opinions of the Latin fathers 
 and decretal epistles of the Pope ; deriving their 
 force, merely from their adoption. These were 
 
 styled PARTICULAR LAWS. 
 
 These three roots, general customs, particu- 
 lar customs, and particular laws, springing from 
 the life-giving soil of natural and revealed law; 
 grew in time into that magnificent tree the common 
 law of England, the kindly shelter of whose 
 branches is sought in the remotest parts of the 
 earth, and whose fruit nourishes the inhabitants of 
 almost every clime where the sun of Liberty shines. 
 
 That men might know their duty to their fel- 
 low men, — to render justice to others and demand 
 it for themselves, it became necessary to define the 
 rights of man. These the Common Law com- 
 manded the observance. Violations of these rights 
 were of course wrongs. These the Laws forbid. 
 These rights either appertained to the person of 
 individuals, or else to the property which they 
 might acquire. They were therefore divided into 
 rights op persons and rights of things. Viola- 
 tions of these rights were injuries, either to sepa- 
 rate individuals in person or property, or else af- 
 fected the whole community by their evil tendency, 
 and contempt for the governing power. The latter 
 generally includes the former. The former or civil 
 
injuries, were denominated private wrongs; the 
 latter, or crimes and misdemeanors, were termed 
 
 PUBLIC WRONGS. 
 
 As these laws existed up to the first year of the 
 reign of Richard 1st, (the time of legal memory,) 
 they form what is termed the lex non scripta, or 
 
 COMMON LAW. 
 
 The objects of property became more nume- 
 rous and diversified as civilization advanced ; 
 changes took place in the opinions and customs of 
 mankind, and it became necessary that the laws 
 should keep pace with the improvement in the so- 
 cial state. To that end, the power intrusted with 
 the care of the Public welfare, passed such acts, or 
 promulgated such edicts as tended to its accomplish- 
 ment. These form the lex scripta or statute 
 law. The reader will perceive it personated by 
 a husbandman under the tree of the Common Law, 
 with a green bough in one hand, to engraft upon the 
 branches of that tree representing an enlarging 
 statute; and a pruning hook in the other to lop off 
 excrescences, indicating a restraining statute. 
 
 The piece being autumnal the green bough 
 of the mistletoe shows at a glance what is the 
 Common Law, and what changes have been intro- 
 duced by statute. 
 
 The rights of persons, constituting the first or 
 right branch of this tree, delineates the rights of 
 man whether absolute or relative, the classes of 
 society whether ecclesiastical or lay ; civil, military 
 or maritime ; and the different degrees of standing 
 from the king to the peasant, — the form of gov- 
 ernment, and the heads under which it is to be 
 contemplated. Interspersed throughout are the 
 
insignia, emblems and mottoes, which denote the 
 rank, precedence, and peculiar province of each. 
 
 The second branch which denotes the rights of 
 things, commencing with the prominent division of 
 real and personal, keeps them distinct* throughout ; 
 and enables the reader to have constantly before 
 him the kinds of property, the estates which may 
 be had therein, the various means by which title 
 may be acquired and lost — making the reader also 
 acquainted with the persons capable of aliening, 
 and of being aliened to, and the different methods 
 of aliening — with deeds, their kinds, requisites, com- 
 ponent parts, how avoided, &c, which bough 
 hangs over the whole in indication of the fact that 
 almost all property is held by or under deed. 
 
 Next in succession, is private wrongs. After 
 expressing the means by which man may agree- 
 ably to law redress his own wrongs without re- 
 course to any tribunal, and the redress which the 
 law gives without seeking her aid ; the reader is in- 
 troduced into the various courts where he may ob- 
 tain redress, informed of the method of obtaining it, 
 and all the wrongs which he is liable to receive in 
 person or property, (below public offences) and the 
 remedy for every injury. These remedies he will 
 perceive are borne by birds either flying towards 
 the tree, or perched upon its boughs ; with a scroll 
 waving from its beak whereon is written the rem- 
 edy. The first position indicates injuries commit- 
 
 * Among real estates in the class of those held upon condition, are 
 enumerated Statutes Merchant and Staple and Elegit, which are prop- 
 erly chattels real, and should be enumerated as personality ; but being 
 treated of by Judge Blackstone under the head of estates upon condition, 
 they are -there mentioned. 
 
ted with force, the last, injuries which flow as the 
 consequences of some illegal act. 
 
 The last or left hranch represents public 
 wrongs. This embraces the nature of crimes and 
 their punishments, the persons capable of commit- 
 ting them, the method of redress in criminal courts, 
 the means of preventing their perpetration, and 
 their various kinds : against God and Religion, the 
 Commonwealth, the Government, the Laws of Na- 
 tions and Individuals. All the wrongs which may- 
 be offered to each are accurately defined, and the 
 punishments which follow their commission. These 
 punishments are represented by figures, calculated 
 by their appearance to convey some idea of their 
 comparative enormity. For a more full and 
 graphic expression, an index to this branch is an- 
 nexed. That index is introduced in an allegory 
 also, conveying still a lesson of instruction. A 
 temple appears supported by three massy columns 
 emblematic of the mixed government of Great Bri- 
 tain, viz. Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy. 
 Upon the entablature which they support, rises a 
 finely chased column representing the British Con- 
 stitution. Capping that column, is the emblem of 
 the Genius which presides over the destinies of 
 that mighty nation. On one hand from a rainbow, 
 that ancient sign of a covenant, of obedience and 
 protection, beams a refulgent light ; which opens 
 the vision to all the benefits which flow from obedi- 
 ence to laws, and good government. Plenty with 
 her cornucopia of profusion, mild, gentle peace, 
 wreathing her civic crowns, commerce with her 
 sisters, Arts and Science, all revelling in the delights 
 of a millennium. But on the other hand, may be 
 
8 
 
 perceived in the darkness that reigns there, " in 
 horrible emblazonry are limned" the figures of ter- 
 rific vengeance, breathing forth the punishments 
 which await each crime. "Where passed the 
 shaft" the " trace is found," and on it written the 
 chastisement which follows the commission of mis- 
 demeanors. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE BRANCHES. 
 
 The sub-soil from which it springs is Natural 
 Law ; after which Revealed Law was given to 
 man forming the surface. Fixed in this soil, and 
 springing from it by the roots of General Customs, 
 Particular Customs, and Particular Laws (which 
 comprise the Civil and Canon Laws), is the Tree 
 of the Common Law which commands what is 
 right, and forbids what is wrong. These Rights 
 are either of Persons or of Tilings ; and the wrongs 
 are either Private or Public, which four divisions 
 form the four books of Blackstone. The Statute 
 Law is represented as a husbandman, with a green 
 bough in one hand, and a pruning hook in the oth- 
 er. As the aim of the Statute Law is to enlarge 
 or restrain the common Law to suit the wants of 
 society, it is represented as lopping off where the 
 common law has been abrogated, and engrafting 
 
where it has been enlarged. The piece being au- 
 tumnal, the green bough shows what changes have 
 been introduced since the first year of the reign 
 of Richard I., the period of Legal memory. 
 
 The rights of persons commences with the di- 
 vision of persons into Natural and Artificial. Arti- 
 ficial persons are corporations, which are either 
 aggregate or sole. Aggregate corporations are 
 either Ecclesiastical or Lay, and Lay corporations 
 are Civil or Elemosynary. The same divisions 
 exist in Sole corporations. 
 
 The Rights of natural persons are absolute or 
 Relative. Absolute rights are Personal Security, 
 Personal Liberty, and Private Property. Per- 
 sonal security is the uninterrupted enjoyment of 
 Life, Limb, Body, Health and Reputation. Per- 
 sonal Liberty is the unrestrained, &c. Private 
 Property is the free use and disposal of acquisi- 
 tions. 
 
 Relative Rights are Private or Public. Private 
 are such as subsist between, and regard Husband 
 and Wife, Parent and Child, Master and Servant, 
 and Guardian and Ward. 
 
 Public Relative Rights are such as exist be- 
 tween governors and the governed. The governed 
 are either natives or foreigners. Foreigners are 
 denizens or aliens. The whole are again divided 
 into Clergy and Laity. The Clergy consist of 
 Archbishop, Bishop, &c, down to Curate, who 
 having all the labour to do, and little remunera- 
 tion, has a scroll indicative of his situation — Crux 
 Christi nostra corona, " The cross of Christ is our 
 crown." The Laity are either civil or military 
 and maritime. The whole are again divided into 
 2 
 
10 
 
 Nobility and Cmmonalty. The coronets on the 
 branches of Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount and 
 Baron are the insignia of the different degrees of 
 nobility. Of the commonalty who are titled, em- 
 blems of their rank are also introduced ; and of those 
 who are not, mottoes emblematic of their relative 
 situation or intrinsic merit are introduced, viz. Gen- 
 tlemen, — Sequa nee inferior, I follow, but am not 
 inferior. Yeoman — Homo sum, lam a man. The 
 Governors are supreme or subordinate. Subordi- 
 nate are Sheriff, Justice of the Peace, Constable, 
 Coroner, Overseer of the Poor, and Surveyor of the 
 Roads. The supreme are Legislative and Executive. 
 The Legislative is the Parliament, which consists 
 of King, Lords and Commons, who form it ; append- 
 ed to that is an emblem of what properties a good 
 government ought to possess. Vi sapient ia virtuti : 
 Wisdom, Strength, and Virtue. The heads of the 
 laws and regulations of Parliament next succeed. 
 From this Parliament issue the statutes which ap- 
 pear in green, one of which is in the hand of the 
 husbandman. 
 
 The Executive or King must be view 7 ed under 
 various heads, viz. Title. Duties, Royal Family, 
 Revenue, Councils and Prerogative. Title is he- 
 reditary, peculiar to itself, limited by Parliament, 
 still hereditary. For duties see the limbs. For 
 Royal Family, see the branches. Councils — Par- 
 liament, Deo Regi Patria, God, the king, and the 
 people. Peers of the realm — Nee regi nee populo 
 sed utroque, Neither the king nor the people, but 
 both. Judges of the Court — Legi regi fidelis, 
 Faithful to the king and the law. Privy Council — 
 De bon vouloir servir leroy, To serve the king with 
 
II 
 
 right good will. Prerogative is either incidental 
 or direct. Incidental prerogatives are exceptions 
 in favor of the king. Direct prerogative regards 
 his character, authority and Revenue. His charac- 
 ter is perfection, sovereignty and perpetuity. Em- 
 blems of each are the allseeing eye, crown and 
 sceptre, and Phoenix on her funeral nest. Autho- 
 rity is either foreign or domestic. Foreign consists 
 in receiving and sending ambassadors, making trea- 
 ties, declaring war, and making peace, granting 
 letters of marque and reprisal, and granting safe 
 conducts. Domestic authority extends to the veto 
 power, generalissimo of fleets and armies, fountain 
 of justice, fountain of honor, arbiter of commerce, 
 head of the church. 
 
 Things are either real or personal. Personal 
 things are called chattels which are either real or 
 personal. They are viewed as to their nature, or 
 how title is acquired. Their nature extends to 
 number and connexion of owners, the quantity of 
 interest and time of enjoyment. They are held 
 only in severalty, joint tenancy and in common, 
 which differs from real property. Quantity of in- 
 terest is either in possession or in action. Posses- 
 sion is absolute or qualified. Time of enjoyment 
 in possession and remainder by devise. Title is 
 acquired by occupancy, forfeiture, prerogative, suc- 
 cession, custom, marriage, judgment, gift or grant, 
 bankruptcy, contract, testament and administra- 
 tion. 
 
 Real property is to be considered under four 
 different heads, viz. kinds, tenure by which it may 
 be held, estate which may be had therein, and title, 
 Kinds are either corporeal or incorporeal heredita- 
 
12 
 
 ments. Incorporeal are advowson, tithes, &c. Ten- 
 ures are either Feudal, ancient English, or modern. 
 English tenures. Feudal tenures were abolished 
 by 12th Charles 2d, also Knight service which was 
 sunk in free and common soccage tenure. Pure 
 villenage was changed to ancient demesne, and 
 villein soccage into copyhold. Modern Englisq 
 tenures are free and common soccage; — copyhold, 
 ancient demesne and knight sergeantry. Common 
 soccage includes Borough English, petit sergean- 
 try, gavelkind, and any tenure when the service is 
 certain. Estate which may be had therein must 
 be considered under three heads ; time of enjoy- 
 ment, quantity of interest, and number and connec- 
 tion of owners. Time of enjoyment is either in pos- 
 session or expectancy. Expectancy is in remain- 
 der or reversion. Remainders are vested or con- 
 tingent. Contingent refer to uncertainty of per- 
 son or event, among which are also classed exec- 
 utory devices. Number and connexion of owners 
 is in severalty, joint tenancy, entirety, coparceny 
 and in common. Quantity of interest is either 
 freehold, less than freehold, and estates upon con- 
 dition. Freeholds are either of inheritance or not 
 of inheritance. Of inheritance fee simple or limit- 
 ed. Limited fees are qualified, conditional and 
 feestail ; not of inheritance, conventional or legal. 
 Conventional, per auter vie, i. e. for another's right, 
 and for one's own right. Legal is tenancy by try 
 courtesy, tenancy in tail after possibility of issue 
 extinct, and tenancy in dower. Less than freehold 
 is for years, at will and at sufferance. 
 
 Estates upon condition are implied or expres- 
 sed, Expressed is either precedent or subsequent. 
 
13 
 
 Subsequent is either vivum vadium, mortuum vadi- 
 um, statutes, merchant and staple, and elegit. 
 
 Title is either in naked possession, apparent 
 right of possession, actual right of possession, or 
 right of property, which is acquired by purchase or 
 descent. Descent is lineal or collateral. Pur 
 chase is any other mode of acquisition except de- 
 scent, as escheat, occupancy, prescription, forfeiture, 
 and alienation. Escheat is where the inheritable 
 blood in the possessor is supposed to become ex- 
 tinct by crime or death, and it reverts back to the 
 lord of the fee. Prescription is where incorporat- 
 ed hereditaments may be acquired — it is peculiar 
 in descent, cannot arise by record, must lie in 
 grant and by tenure in fee. Forfeiture when from 
 certain offences the title to property becomes de- 
 stroyed. Alienation is by record, custom, deed 
 and will. The requisites of a deed are proper 
 parties, sufficient consideration, &c. Parts of a 
 deed, premises, <fcc. These deeds may be avoided, 
 ab initio, for want of requisites, also by matter ex 
 post facto, as any alteration, breaking off or defac- 
 ing the seal, &c. Different kinds of conveyances. 
 The green branches on this limb refer to those 
 deeds which have their effect from the statute of 
 uses, 27th Henry 8th, and the balance are deeds 
 of common law. 
 
 Private Wrongs are such injuries as are offer- 
 ed to individuals in person or property and are 
 termed civil injuries. They are redressed by act 
 of the parties, by operation of law, and by suits in 
 court. Act of the parties is by the injured party 
 or by both parties. By the injured party in de- 
 fence of self or household, recaption, entry, &c, 
 
14 
 
 Both parties by accord and arbitration. Opera- 
 tion of law is retainer and remitter. Suits in court 
 comprehends the proceedings in courts, names of 
 the courts, and wrongs cognizable by courts, 
 whether ecclesiastical, common law, military and 
 maritime courts. Wrongs cognizable by the ec- 
 clesiastical are in their nature pecuniary, matri- 
 monial and testamentary. Military are grievan- 
 ces in matters of honor and adjusting armorial 
 bearings. Maritime are causes arising at sea. 
 Common law are encroachment, &c. refusal, &c. 
 wrongs from crown to subject, from subject to 
 crown, and from subject to subject. They are of- 
 fered to persons or things. When offered to per- 
 sons it affects their relative or absolute rights. 
 Relative wrongs are such as the husband may re- 
 ceive through the wife, the parent through the 
 child, master through the servant, and guardian 
 through ward. The birds bring the name of the 
 writ by which it is redressed. When flying they 
 denote remedies for injuries committed with force. 
 When perched, remedies for injuries that are the 
 consequence of some illegal act. Absolute are 
 such injuries as are offered to rights of that kind, 
 and are laid down in the branches, as injury to 
 life, which is a public wrong, also limb and body. 
 To limb and body may be offered five injuries, the 
 four last of which are indictable. Injuries may be 
 offered to health and reputation. Things are 
 as before laid down, real and personal. Injuries 
 to real property are ouster, trespass, nuisance, 
 waste, subtraction, disturbance. Ouster is tak- 
 ing possession to the exclusion of the owner, 
 and is either of the freehold or chattels real. 
 
15 
 
 Ouster of the freehold is by abatement, intrusion, 
 disseisin, discontinuance, and deforcement. In- 
 jury to personal property is either in possession 
 or in action. In possession is injury by depriva- 
 tion of possession or by damage done while in pos- 
 session. Deprivation of possession is by illegal 
 taking or illegal detaining. Injury by damage 
 done to property is directly or by consequence of 
 illegal acts. Personal property in action is either 
 express or implied. Express contracts are promi- 
 ses, covenants, and debts. Implied contracts are 
 either positive or presumptive. Positive are such 
 as judgments, penalties, <fcc. Presumptive are 
 work and labour done, goods sold, &c, which the 
 law presumes are to be paid for. 
 
 Pursuit of Remedies by action by Common 
 Law are, 1st, by Original Writ ; 2d, Process, Plead- 
 ings, Issue, Trial, Judgment, Appeal, and Execu- 
 tion. Original Writ is optional or peremptory. 
 Process is first by Summons, then if it fails, Attach- 
 ment, Capias ad Respondendum, Testatum Capi- 
 as, Exigent, Writ of Proclamation, Capias ut Laga- 
 tum. In the Court of King's Bench, first is by bill 
 of Middlesex, which if it fails is followed by a lati- 
 tat. In Exchequer the first process is Quo Minus. 
 Pleadings. The first is the Declaration and the 
 Defence, then the Plea which is either dilatory or 
 to the action. Dilatory plea is intended for delay, 
 and questions the correctness of the remedy, and 
 is either to the jurisdiction of the Court, to the 
 disability of the Plff. and in abatement ; to the ac- 
 tion is confession or denial. Denial is general is- 
 sue or special Plea. After Plea is Replication, 
 rejoinder, surrejoinder, rebutter and sur rebutter, 
 
16 
 
 and when you come to what is asserted on one 
 hand and denied on the other it is said to be at is- 
 sue. Issue is either on matter of fact or on mat- 
 ter of law. The latter is called a demurrer. Is- 
 sue on matter of fact is tried by jury. Trial is 
 either by record, inspection, certificate, witnesses, 
 or by jury. Judgment is either interlocutory or 
 final. Appeals are either by w r rit of attaint, writ 
 of deceit, audita querella, or writ of error. Exe- 
 cution is process whereby judgment is enforced, 
 and is special, &c. 
 
 Public W?~ongs, are contemplated under differ- 
 ent heads. The general nature of crime and pun- 
 ishments, who capable of committing, their several 
 degrees of guilt, several species of crimes and their 
 punishments, the means of preventing their perpe- 
 tration, and mode of inflicting punishments by 
 Courts. The nature of crimes and misdemeanors : 
 the first are heinous offences, the last are offences 
 of less malignity. 
 
 All persons are capable of committing crimes 
 except when they labour under a defect of under- 
 standing, where there is understanding but not 
 called into action, and when the action is con- 
 strained, and the King may be included by virtue 
 of prerogative incidental : of principal and accessa- 
 ry, it is plainly laid down. Several kinds of crimes 
 and misdemeanors are against God and Religion, 
 the law of nations, the commonwealth, the Gov- 
 ernment, and individuals. These offences are all 
 laid down in their various branches, and all that 
 are green are by statute. In ascertaining the pun- 
 ishment for these crimes consult the index. Some 
 you will find with two or three arrows : you have 
 only to add all the punishments together. 
 
* 
 
20035