> ♦ % • • ■• {• ^ ■; TT'S'.^. - ' 1^, •vr DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PERKINS LIBRARY Uuke University Kare Dooks A General TREATISE O F Htijhandry and Gardening. CONTAINING Such Obfervations and Experiments as are New and Ufeful for the Im- provement of Land. WITH An Account of fuch extraordinary In- ventions, and natural Produdtions, as ma)^ help the Ingenious in their Studies, and pro- mote univerfal Learning. Vol. III. With Variety of curious C u TT s. By RICHARD BRADLEY, Fellow of the Royal Society. LONDON: PriTjted for T.Woodward, at rk Half-Moon agaitijl St. Dunflan's Church, Fleet- Street 5 avd ]. P E E L E, at Locke's Head fw Pater- Nofter Row. M.DCCXXIV. A General TREATISE O F Hiijhandry and Gardening, CONTAINING Such Obfervations and Experiments as are New and Ufeful for the Im- provement of Land. WITH An Account of fuch extraordinary In- ventions, and natural Productions, as may- help the Ingenious in their Studies, and pro- mote univerfal Learning. With Variety of curious CuTTS. For the Months of April and M ay, The Second Year. ^j/ RICHARD BRADLEY, Fellow of the Royal Society. LONDON: Printed for T. Woodward, at the Half-Moon againji St. Dunftan's Church, Fleet - Street -, and J. P E E L E, at Locke's Head in Pater- Nofter Row. M.DCCXXIV. 'el t . ,X0. T,H E , J3^))(^ R i&A f% O kOIiTR A B ii B- Ji^'^i f;!^: '..i'./'^' * 5 / Robert W alpole,^^ ^ , iFirfi Lord-Commiffioner of •^ i i'^^/^.rcafuryy Chancellor ".i ^O • in Ji^muo) liu'I L ;i V, u. Jliv; 3 In :::- BR Reafbns'which enCou- rage me to hope for Your ., Protcflion of the foUpwing „.gap€|?3^ arOrioun^d upon Your gene- A 2 rous 8303fiii 5f » (r*> <-^ ,-^ ^ The Dedication. tous CharaSer, which declares You ihe Patron of every Thing wfaiph tends to the Advantage or Improve- ment of Your Country j and it is no fmall Happinefs, that after great Expence and Study, I have an Op- portunity of prefentjng a Gentleman of Your polite Tafte with fome New Difcoveries, which 'will gin Time in railing Plantations, and fill our Gardens with Fruit it , every Seafon of the Year ; which I hope will afford You fome Amiiferaent in Your Leifure Minutes, efpecially fince Your Genius has led You to purchafe one of the fineft CoUefti- ons of plants in the Kingdom. o a This, ^Sir, is Engagement enough for me tc>' offer the fcllowiftg ^ ' Sheets The Dedication. Sheets to Your PerufaJ, and that I may have the Honour of declaring to the World that I am^ with the greateft Refpeft, s I R, Tour Mofl Obedient Humble Servant 9 K. Bradley^ ''^ 'AX .•u («> Oh) : ji.7 ,m.. ^^iii bhoV/ aril rr 1 1 e Vs!\'TT^?. «:\ '. 'tidoT •Y .H J a A i! H . Jl .A"^ Vr,.N^ P R E F A C E. S this Work wears a different Title J from my former Monthly Treatife of Hujbandry and Gar- dening, it is necejfary Ijhoitld fay a Word or two by way of Preface concerning it. When I undertook ths la ft Tear's Memorandttms, relating to the Im' provement of the landed Eftates, the Obfer- vations were chiefly my own ^ and my Intent was then not only to render them ufefid^ but to eftablifj a general Correfpondence among all the curious Men in Britain, in Order to raife thefe Arts to a much higher Pitch than ever they were before. This Undertaking has had that good Fortune, that fever al curious Societies of ingenious Men, are now become correfpondent with one another, and by their affifting each other in making Expert- tnents and Ohfervations •, we have Room to expect many extraordinary Difcoveries,whicb may he brought into general PraUice, and prove greatly ufefd to the Puhlick. This no Per fan ftngly could have ever brought to pafs , for neither could a fmgls Purfe go throw fuch a Defign^ ?wr one alone endure PREFACE endttre the Fatigue of perfwading a "People to fi€p out of their common Road^ tho* it would ht never fo much for their Advantage, As B^tperiments in the f e Arts ^ require fome Time to give Evidence of their Worth, fo it could not be eXpeBed that all the Queries which wete proposed and fent to me the lafl Tear^ could be anfwerd in the Compafs of Time^ in mhich my monthly Papers were publifiing. Since I have now prevaiVd upon the Cu- rious infeveral Counties in England, to ejia- hlijh Societies^ and hold Correfpondence with one another , whereby whatever is found of puhtick Ufe^ may be ivferted in fuch a Regi- fier^ to the Honour of the Difcoverer^ and for the Welfare of every Particular. Jnfuch an Undertakings it will appear that I Jhall aci rather as a Secretary, than as a Dire&or, by communicating what Difcoveries come to my Hands, from one Society to the refty and Jhall take what Care I can^ to bring them abroad correEl and perjeU, I take this Opportunity of acknowledging my Obligations for many Remarks and inge- nious Difcoveries, communicated by feveral noble and curious Perfonages, which were inferted in my monthly Papers for the laji Tear, The Letters which yet remain in my Hands unanfwerd, will be explain d in this Work, asfoon as the Experi?nents made up- on them are perfe&ed, the; i^y. / THE Monthly Regifter F EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS 1 N Hujbandry and Gardening. For the Month Grape, whofe Berries are equal on the Bunches. The Malm fey. The Royal Mufcadine. The Burgimdj Grape. All thefe may be planted againft a Paling of Five Foot high, made after the following Manner. The Stakes to fupport thisPaling,muft be fet about Six Foot diftance from one another^ to which we are to nail whole Deal Boards of Twelve Foot long, well jointed to one another, and plow'd on the Edges, fo as to let in Lathes, that thereby the Steam of the Dung, which is to lye at the Back, may not get among the Plants, for where fuch Steam comes it caufes a Mildew. The Deals if they are not quite an Inch thick, will be apt to fcorch the Trees upon the iirft Application of the hot Dung, or if they are much thicker, the Artificial Heat apply 'd to their Backs upon the Time it begins to decline, will not be powerful enough to warm them thorough, and then the Dung muft be oftner refre(h*d. Thus ^ Experiments and Obfervations Thus a Paling of 60 Foot lohg^ will anfwerto Five Deals in length, and if it be fomewhat above Five Foot high, will take up in all Thirty Deals. ' When this is up, we may mark out a Border on the South-Side of it, about Four Foot wide -^ and on the Outfide of the Border, we mud faften to the Ground, in a ftreight Line, fome Scant- lins of Wood about Four Inches thick, to reft the Glafs Lights upon, which are tollopeback to the Paling, for fhelter- ing the Fruit, as Occafion requires , he-i- tween thefe Glafs Lights muft be Bars cut out of whole Deal, about Fouf Inches wide, fo made, that the Glafs Lights may reft in them.' Thefe Bars muft always remain fix*d, as in a France for a hot Bed. But the Figure will ex- plain the Manner of this Frame more eafily to us. If we had a mind that the Glafs Lights fhould not flope fo much as they muft' by this Fall from the Upright, we may have a Line of whole Deals on the Top of the Paling, to projeft their whole Breadth over the Trees, and fo to let' the Tops of the Glafs Lights fall in aii Inch or two under them. At each End of this Frame muft be a Door Ihaped to the Profile of the Frame, to ifi Husbandry and Gardening, 7 to be open'd, either the one or the other^ as the Wind happens to blow. If X Frame of this Nature be made in the Summer Seafon, we may Plant it the fame. Summer, with the Sorts of Fruit I havemention'd, except only the Grapes ^ for I have not yet experienc*d whether Vines will bear transplanting in the Summer, as I have done other Trees: Peaches,. Plums, Nedlarines, A- bricots, Apples, and Goolberries, I have fuccefsfully remoVed when their Fruit has been full grown upon them, and we have Inftances enough of Pears, that do very well, which have been tranfplanted aboutMidfummer 5 there is now one at Mr. Faircbild*s, Hoxton. I find by fhe Planting thefe Trees in Summer, that they make very good Roots before Winter, and are fo weli ftorqcl with Sap againft the following Spring, that they fhew no Sign of their' Removal , but bear extream ly, and make very good Wood. And efpecially I think it neceffary to take thisAdvantage, if we defign to force them fooncr than ordinary to BloiTom ;, becaufe,unlefsthe Roots are well furni(h*d, the Fruit can- not be fufficiently nourifh'd. Befides, by this Summer Planting, the Trees feldom or never throw away their Strength in Autumn Shoots, or make any attempt to- 8 Experiments and Obfervations towards it, rill the Frofts in September and OBober flop their Defign. If we fhould perceive their Defire to (hoot at Autumn we (hould by no Means be tempted to encourage fuch Shoots, cither by covering the Frames with the GlaiTes, or laying hot Dung to the Back of the Paling- for it would induce the ElofTom Buds to open Imperfed, and fo loofe their Promife of Fruit the follow- ing Spring •, but we muft allow them Time for the Juices to digeft, before we begin to force them. I find by Experience that we hurt our Trees, if we apply our Heat before 'No- vember, And Ifind likewife, that about the Middle of that Month, or towards the End, is Time enough to bring us ripe Cherries, both Duke Cherries, and thofe caird May Cherries, in February • And at the fameTime likewife, the Heat may be ufed for Abricots, fo as to make the Mafculine Abricot as large in Ye- brnary asDake Cherries, and ripen them the Beginning of April, Abricots, tho* forced in this uncom- mon Seafon, will thrive and profper well for many Years ^ but Cherries do not feem to bear this Alteration in Na- ture fo well as the Abricots, however I have known them hold Seven Years in good Plight. Some in Husbandry and Gardening* 9 Soa>e of the forward Sorts of Plums have been try'd, and ripen about thd End of ApriU arid I judge that the Anne-Peacb would be ripe about that Time, or a Week later j arid Mr. Fair-^ child's early Nedarine, °which is a great Bearer, would, iri my Opinion, t'iperi much about the fame Time as the Maf- culine Abricot, if they were to be botii forced together, and the Brugniori Nedarine would foon follow. The Goolberries, which are of tllem- fslves apt to bud out.early, would, un- doubtedly, by this Means, be brought very forward, that is, to have Greeri Fruit fit for Tarts in January and Febru- ary^ and might probably ripen about the End of March, or Beginning of April at fartheft ^ and altho' there is a Way of preferving Green Goofberries all the Year about, yet we find fo great a Dif- ference between the Preferv*d-Goo(ber- fies, and thofe frefh gather'd from the Trees, that the Price of the latter is. Eight or Ten Times more than that df the former, when Greeri Goofberries firft appeared in the Markets , they were ibid this Year, on the Third D;iy of April, for Eight Shillings per Quaft;. but if they had had the Affiftance of a little Heat, they \v-ould have beerii much .larger in February , and. higher C Savour 'd 1o Experiments and Obfervations flavourM, and confequently would have been more efteem*d. The Curran like wife, which tends to (hoot forward, might, by that Heat which brings the Cherries in February^ be forc*d to ripen its Fruit in April or fooner ^ for naturally the Heat or Tem- per of Air which ripens the May Duke- Cherry, brings the Curran fo forward in its Fruit, that it is hardly Three Weeks later than the Cherry, in ripening its Fruit. We might alfo Plant a Row or Two of Strawberries, clofe to the Back of this Frame, and they fhould be of the Scarlet Kind. We may exped from thefe, Strawberries ripe at the End of February or Begmnlng of Mar ch* The Vines likewife which I have men- tioned, may be brought to Bloflbm in February or March, and have ripe Fruit in May, Among this Fruit we might here and there have a monthly Rofe-Tree, and the Border might be planted with Early Tulips, Hyacinths, Junquils, and Nar- cifTus Polyanthos, and then the month- ly Produdion of this Frame would be in December Hyacinths, and fome Tu» lips. JANU- in Husbandry and Gardening. 1 1 JAI^UART. Hyacinths, Tulips, and Green Goof- berries, Cherry BlofToms, Strawberry BloiToms, Abricot BlofToms, Peach Blof- foms, Plum BlofToms, and the young Rofe Buds beginning to appear. FEBRUART. Some of the later Tulips, Junquils, NarcifTus Polyanthos, Rofes, Green Goofberries, Green Abricots, ripe Cher- ries, Green Peaches, Green Plums, and towards the End, a few ripe Strawber- ries. Likewife we may then exped the Vines to put out their BlofToms, and th» Currans to be pretty large. MARCH. Tulips, Rofes, Junquils, NarcifTus, Duke Cherries, Strawberries, Green Goofberries, Green Abricots, Green Plums, and about the End perhaps, if the Weather be favourable, fome Cur- rens, beginning to turn, and forae fmall Green Grapes. APRIL. Rofes, Strawberries, the Mafculine Abricot ripe, fome Duke Cherries yet remaining, ripe Goofberries, ripe Cur- rans, and about the End, fome Early C 2 Plums I a Experiments and Objervations Plums, and the Early Nedarinesj and peaches fo forward as to ripen at the Etid of this Month-, and alfd the Crapes fo much forced as to ripen the next Month, and about the End to be in full Perfedion. But I come now to fpeak of the Method of Planting, Pruning and Ordering thefe Fruit Trees, that they may give us thefe Rarities in the Months I have promifed them : And iirft. Of the Planting them. We are to. underftand, that contrary to what we have faid of Planting Trees igairtfl Walls, thefe Trees mufl: be planted clofe to the Paling^ for tho* I advife to plant Wall-Trees with their Roots at a little Diftance from the Wall, for their better Nourifhment^ the Cafe here is very different :, for the Roots ygrWl run under the Pales, and draw Nourifliment equally from the Earth about them ^ but the Foundations of Walls lye too deep in the Ground to fufPer the Roots of Fruit Trees to draw Nourifhment froiji xhe Wall Side. Again, Jn fuclV a FraAie we ne.ed not Plant o^fTrets at greater Diftance than Four or Five Foot^ or at proportionable Diftances, according to the Shooru they jiave upon them , if they had been trained in Husbandry and Gardening* i j trained in Efpalier, or againft Walls, Two or Three Years beforehand, it would not be amifs, becaufe of filling our Frame more fpeedily with bearing Wood. For my Part, I Ihould not fcru- ple removing Trees that had flood Seven or Eight Years againfl Walls, rather than want thofe that are Bearers for thefe forcing Frames, or if they were of a much greater Age, they may be fafely tfanfplanted by a New Method. The Goofherries, Currans, and Rofes, will ferve to till up the fmall Spaces at the Bottom of the Paling, while the Cherries, Abricots, Peaches, Nedarines and Plums, employ the higher Parts of the Pales. When we come to Pruning thefe Trees, we mav follow the fame Method of Pruning the feveral Sorts as is re- commended in my Month of Fehruary^ in my preceeding Papers j but the Time of Pruning and Nailing muft not be the fame, for this Reafon : In the Forciag Frames, our Spring begins in November-^ but in the common Cafe of Stone-Fruit againft Walls, the Spring does not begin till the End of January^ or in Febnmry^ and there we leave our Trees unprunM, till the Spring begins to ftir, leaft the Frofts fhould damage them, and alfo fhat they might not be wounded till they 14 Experiments andObJervatidns they had Strength enough, and a fa- vourable Temper of Air to grow freely, and help their wounded Parts. Now as the Cafe is with the Trees againft the Paling where the Spring begins in Ih- vember^ and the Air will be fo temper'd by Art to fet the Trees a growing, and no Frofls can come at them, I have found it necefTary to Pruire fuch Fruit- Trees about a Week before I began to apply any Heat, and put up all the GlalTes as foon as they were pruned. In the Nailing the Trees to the Pale, •very Branch and Shoot (hould lye as clofe as may be to the Pales, for there will be a Months DifFerence between the Ripening of the Fruit which touches the Pales, and that which lyes Two Inches from them, nor in thefe Frames does the Fruit which grows next the Root, always ripen firft ^ I have feen the Tops of the Trees have BlolToms and Fruit, a Month or Six Weeks fooner than the Bottom ^ fo me times a Branch has been full of BlolToms, when Ten or a Dozen more, growing upon the fame Tree, have not ftirr'd till the Fruit of the firft Blower has been al- moft ripe, and yet the Tree has done very well ^ fo that 'tis not uncommon for fuch Trees to have Fruit ripening .upon them near Three Months. Now, in Husbandry and Gardening, i j Now, as for the Goofberries, we fhould pick out fuch Plants as will fpread , and befides laying as many Shoots to the Paling as we can conve- niently, we may leave others at a di- ftance from the Pales, to follow the firft in Fruit. Iobferv*d before, we may have them bear the firfl Year, as well as if they had not been tranfplanted, if they are taken up in the Summer, and ma- naged after my new Method. The Currans may be order'd in the fame Manner, as well as the Rofes. But we mull note, That the bell Sort of Rofe for this Purpofe, is the Clufter monthly Rofe, and thefe Rofes Ihould always be top'd about the End of July or Beginning o^ Juguft^ to make them fling out a great Quantity of Flower Buds, when we apply the Heat to the Pales. We now come to confider the Manner of laying the hot Dung to the Back of the Pales, and what Proportion of Air thefe Plants require while we are forcing them. The Dung which is defign'd for this Ufe, ought to be tofs'd up in an Heap fome Days before it be lay*d to the Back of the Pales, that it may yield a Heat every where alike, and be conflant. When it is fit to apply to the Pales, we rauft 1^ Experiments and Olfervafions mutl: lay it Four Foot wide at the B^fe> and let it flope to Two Foot at the Top, the Height in all fhould be at firft with- in Four Inches of the Top of the P^les, and in SixWeeksTimeit will fink to about Three-Foot, and then we muft apply fom« frefh^ the firft Heat doing littl®^ more than Swelling the Buds of the Trees, and bring them to a Green Co- lour, or, at inoft, barely fhewing the Colour of the BlofTom Buds, but this happens to be fooner or later, as the Froft has had lefs or more Influence over the Buds. It helps very much to forward the BlofToming of thefe Trees^ to cover them with the Glafe Lights, when the Frofts happen , for tho' the Frofts will not deftroy thcBlofToms, yef the more the Froft comes at them, the dryer they will be, and the harder they will be to open* It muft be obferv'd like wife, that no Opportunity of Showers be deny'd them, if the Weather be tol- ierable mild, till the Buds begin to ftir^ but, after that, let the GlafTes remain over them conftantly, till the Suii be- gins to have fome Power^ Ifi the mean while, let the Doors at each End be openM when the Sun fhines Warm, andi the Wind is not too Hiarp j and if this does not happen during the Space of Fourteen Days, then open the Doors at in Husbandry and Gardening. 1 7 both Ends, and put up Matts of Bafs or Canvas, over the Door-ways, to corred the Winds, and caufe the Air to circulate in the Frames. About Three Changes of Dung will go near to bring our Cherries ripe in February^ allowing each Parcel to remain a Month at the Back of the Pales ^ but if April proves cold, as it has done this Year, we rauft continue our forcing Heat till the Weather in May is fettled, for our Plums, Peaches, Nedarines, Abricots, and Grapes ^ but while thefe laft Fruits are growing, as they will be in March and Aprils open fome of the GlafTes in the Mornings when the Sun is warm and theWinds ftill, and give them fuch gentle Showers as happen to fall -^ but never let the Rain come at them when they are inBlolTom, for it is plain from Experi- ence, that when the Rain falls upon the BlolToms, before they are fet for Fruit, thev will rarely come to Good. Now where Forcing Frames of this Kind are kept, the Dung, when it has loft its Heat, maybe laid into Heaps, to rot,, for the Benefit of ftubborn Grounds. And we fliould obferve that, when we plant thefe Frames,, we fhould plant fuch Fruits as come forward, together, and the latter Fruits, by themfclves : For when the forward Fruits have done bear- ing, it would be prejudicial to them to D give i8 Experiments and Ohfervations give them any more Heat, as they mufl have, if they are fet promifcuoufly a- mongthe late Fruits, which perhaps may require artificial Heat till Maj/. To render this Sort of Frame ftijl more pleafant and ufeful, we fhould have one, which befides the Fruits already mentioned, (hould have its Border chiefly difpofed for bringing forward Peafe, Beans, Cabbage-Lettice, young Sallads, Kidney-Beans, fome Artichokes, Cauli- flowers, and Nafturtium Flowers, and E^rly Mipth. I have feen fome of the Second Dwarf Peafe which were fit to gather about the Tenth of January^ being clofely planted to the Pales, and kept clofe to them with a Packthreed^ and I have heard of fome that were fow'n about the Middle of September^ and were only glafs*d in the Nights, to keep them from Frofts till the Beginning of November ^ and then the hot Dung being apply'd, they had Fruit ready to g3ther about Chrifimiis, The Beans next to this Row of Peafe were fit to gather about the Middle of February^ and the Minth was very good from November J till there was enough in the Natural Borders. In an open Part of fnch 1 Border there has been good Cab- bige Lettire, about the Middle of Fe-^ bynnry^ they were of the brown T>iitch Kind 5 and thofe Lettices which were cabbaged in Husbandry and Gardening. 1 9 cabbaged inOSIoher. have kept very found till January^ chiefly the Imperial Let- tice. When the Peafe are gone, which will be about the End of January^ we may refrefh the Earth, and fet Kidney Beans of the Btiterfea Kind j which will begin to run by that time Beans are gather'd, that IS, about the End of Febntary, and about the firftWeek in April, will be fit to gather, and continue to bring frefh Fruit from Day to Day till the End of May. The Nafturtiums being fown about 2^ovenibe}\ or at the End of OBohe)\ will Blofibm about the End of ApnU or Beginning of >///;'. And i^rtichokes, by this Afliftance, will perhaps be fit to cut about the Beginning of February -^ but thefe, I think, take up too much Room to reward our Pains. The Produce then of this Frame, will be in l^ovemher^ Cabbage-Lettuce, Minth, and young Sallads. In D EC EMBER. Minth, young Sallads, Cabbage-Let- tuce of feveral Sorts, and Green Peafe, In JANUART. Minth, young Sallads, Cabbage-Let- tuce, and Green Peafes D 2 In 20 Experiments and Obfervations In FEBRVART. MInth, young Sall^ds, Cabb.ige-Ler- tuce. Beans, fome Green Collyflowers and Artichokes. In March wc have thefe continued, and about the End of April^ we have Kidney-Beans and Nafturtium Flowers, Befides the Fruits, as in the other Frames. To brinp; Cherries in December^ it has been pra(rtircd to pull ofFall theBloffoms of a Tree as foon as they were Budding out in the Spring, and the Tree kept very dry from Rains, all the Summer:, and about the End of July, or in Angujl^ give it gentle Waterings, by little and little-, fo that about the End of Septem- ber it has been full in Flower ^ we muft: then keep the Glafl^es over it, and about the End of O&ober^ if the Weather be cold, or Beginning of l^ovember^ 3pply the Dung to the Back uf the Pales, and givefreih once a Month j fo we may ex- ped: ripe Cherries in December, If we have Two of thefe Frames, they {hould (land about Twenty Foot a-part, for the greater Freedom of the Air, and that the Sun may have the Opportunity of warming the Ground in the Front of the back Frame. The Morellu Cherry, which is apt to come late, will hang a long time upon the in Husbandry and Gardening. 2 1 the Tree, even till the End of OEloher^ and I believe, if we were to Ihelter fuch. Trees from the Frofts with Matts or GlalTes, the Fruit might remain a Month longer upon the Tree, and perhaps till December^ for it is not apt to rot as other Cherries do •, this Cherry likewife is very apt to BlofTom twice in a Year, the firft about the End of AprzU and the fecond BloiTom, about the End of July. Now 'tis likely that the Cherries which I have feen upon thefe Trees in OBoher^ were the Fruit of the fecond BlolTom. A curious Member of the Royal Society^ William Tempefl, Efqj had a Cherry of this Sort, if I miftake not, ripen'd in Novem" her from the fecond Bloffoms. I would advife therefore, the taking off all the Spring BloiToms from a Tree or Two of this Sort, to make it BlofTom the better for a Crop of Winter FVuit •, 'tis the mod hardy of all the Cherries. It is obfervable, that Currans will re- main good upon the Trees till O&ober^ if the Bufhes are well matted up as foon as the Fruit is coloured j but it muft be a very dry Seafon when the Matts are put on. I am of Opinion, That we have many Sorts of Fruits which will hang upon the Trees all the Year about, and be fair to the Eye all that Time, if they are kept from the Frofls. Mr. Fairchild has now one of the Nonpareile Apples, upon / zz Experiments and Obfervations upon a fmallTree, in a Pot, which feems capable of holding c^ood till the BlofToiiis of this Year have ripen'd their Fruit. We ftiould likewife provide fome Beds pf Strawberries, chiefly of the White and Scarlet Wood Kinds, to bear Fruit in September and OUoher ^ and the Hautboy- Strawberry likewife, will bear Fruit at that Time of theYear ^ but all thefe muft have their BlolToms pinch'd off in the Spring, as foon as they begin to appear, and the Plants kept dry, till about the Middle oijuly^ and then gently refrefti'd with Water. This Method will certain- ly make them bear as I fay;, but they Ihould be fbelter'd from the frofty Nights in September^ with Matts upon Hoops, to make them hold bearing rill towards the End of O^ober, Yrova Two Beds, each 35 Foot long, and Four Foot wide, I have had near a QjJart of Strawberries a Day, from this Autumn BloiToming. But I come now to mention what Helps we may expect from hot Beds, towards the Furniture of the Table in the Winter Months j and that, with good Manage- ment, may be very confiderable : As Kidney-Beans, Afparagus, Cucumbers. . ! As for Kidney-Beans -, I once fow'd fome about the Middle of July^ and they hegan to bear Fruit about the End of September , but not being (helter'd from. theFrofts, which were pretty fharp about the in Husbandry and Gardening. 25 the Middle of O&ober^ the Plants were loft. A fecond Tryal was made by a Friend, who fet foine of the Dwarf- Kidncy-Beans at the End of July, in com- mon hot Bed Frames ^ but did not put on any GlalTes till the fmall Froft at the End of Augitfl bei^an, and then only cover'd them a Nights. Thefe began in OUoher^ about the 15th, to have Scans uron them, and, without any artificial Heat, he gqther'd Beans till the Middle of J^ove^nber, The following Year, I had Bafkets made a little open on the Sides, and about Ten Inches over, fuch as I have prefcrib'd for Cucumber Plants in my new Improvements ^ in fome of thefe I fet Beans the End of July, and, in others, 1 j^Linred fome about the Middle of Jiiguft, vind d1 iced them in Frames, for the Conveniency of covering them when the Fro^s h ga i. About the Middle of O&oher I h.id a not Bed made, to yeild a very gentle Heat, and fet my Bafkets of Phnts upon it. The Beans planted \x\July, had Fruit much about the fame Time :, but thofe fet in Angufl^ did not BloiTom till the Beginning of 'Nove^nhery and, about the End, had Fruit fit to ga- ther :, and all this while the others yeilded Plenty of Beans. About the End of Vovemher^ I had a frelh hot Bed niade, and put into it only the Kidney-Beans railed in Angufl^ and gathered 24 Experiments and Obfervations gathered good Fruit from them till near Chrtjimas^ and I believe they would have continued good till January^ if they had been taken care of ;, fo that I think we need not doubt of this Rarity at an eafy Rate, if it is cultivated with Judg- ment. It might be well, to confider the feve- ral Sorts of hot Beds which 1 have treat- ed of in my new Improvements, and in my monthly Papers for the preceeding Year, and particularly of the hot Bed made of Tanners Bark, in the Obferva- tions concerning the Ananas by Mr. Telende. Afparagus, and the Manner of Forcing it in Winter, I have treated of in my former Works, fo that we may have it from Novemher till Jpril that it comes naturally. This Year indeed the Seafon was fo much forwarder than ufual, that I faw Afparagus growing in the Natural Beds in the firft Week of March, which was a Month earlier than ever I have feen it come up aboutLow^o?* without Forcing. We have had a late Demonftration that Cucumbers may be brought to bear Fruit in January, by fuch Management as Mr. Thomas Fowler gave them ^ and it is as evident to me, that they may be brought to bear Fruit in every Month in the Year, with Care and good Judgment ■, but it muft be a Man of true Spirit and Ingenuity that in Husbandry andCardeningl '25 that undertakes it, and he muft not want NecelTaries ;, and indeed thofe Necefla- ries, confidering the Value of fuch Pro- <3uftions, are but trifling , but were they made never fo expenfive, yet they will not do without a brifk Genius, to ufe them according to Art. The Reafon why I fay that Cucumbers may be fit for the Table every Month in the Year, is from what I obferv*d the laft Year. The common natural Cucumbers iaft tolerable good till the End of Auguji^ without Spotting, tho* they run upon the Ground ^ and if we take Care to let fome Cucumber-Vines run up Sticks a- giinft Walls, they will have very fair jf'ruit till the End of OBoher^ without Spots, but efpeciallyif they are cover'd in the NigHts from Frofts \ and in 'November and December^ Mr. Fowler^ Gardener to Sir 'Nathaniel Gould^ among his Cucumber Plants, of various Ages and Degrees of Growth,hadFruitret,whichhecouJdhave brought to Perfedion, if he had thought proper ^ but this he only did by the by, for Experiment Sake : His Aim, as he told me when he firft began, was to cut Cucumbers on Nem-Tears-Daj/ ^ which he very judicioully brought to pafs. And in February and March, we have had Cu- cumbers cut in feveral Places befides, this Year ^ and, for the other Months, there is no Doubt of having them in Plenty, £ While fr^ Experiment's and Ohprvations -;• AVhile I am fpeaking of hot Beds, I -cannot avoid anentioniiig a very curious Contrivance of an ingenious Gentleman, Samuel MolyneiiXy^ic^^ which will, in jny Opinion,, be of great Ufein Gardei^- Jng, and take up very little Room : Therie muft be a Frame made of Wood, in the Manner of a h'otBed Frame, fuppofeabout a Yard long, and Two Foot over, with a Glafs Light to cover it, and wier'd at Bottom, fo as to hold a fufficient Depth pf Earth, for the Nourifliment of tKe Plants it will contain. We are then to provide a Box of the fame Length and Breadth, of about Ten Inches deep, to be lill'd with Sand, for the Frame to ftand upon, the Bottom of this Box to be a thin Iron Plate. Thirdly, We muft caufe a Box to be made of Iron plate, proportionable to the Box of Sand, fo deep that a Lamp may burn in it , and at one End of this Box tl^ere may be an Outlet for the Smoak, to be ufed as we fee Occafion. Upon this Iron Box^which may be made to move upon Wheels or P-oUers, we are to fet the Box of SancJ, fnd upon that the Frame of Earth 5, 1 fuppofe the Iron Plate at the Bottoni of the Box of Sand, may ferve for the Top of the Iron Box where the Lamp is %Q burn* '' ' " ^ ' /" ' '''' ' ' '^ ' ' The Pyl \yhich may ht ufed for |:h^ Lamp, will coft abpuf Six-Pence per -vv in Husbandry and Gardening^^ ij Qii3rt, and a Quart of Oyl dividerl into Eight Parts, will laft burning fo many Times Twelve Hours. If we confider that fuch a Body of Sand will hold an Heat for Eight or Teti Hours when it is once warm'd through, we need not keep the Lamp always burning, fo that perhaps then a Quart of Oyl may ferve a Fortnight •, but there may be a Thermometer placed in the Earth, withiti the Frame, to fhe wus when theLamp may burn, or when it may be put out, and a little Experience will inform us of the juft Quantity of Oyl nccelTary to be ex- pended. In my Opinion, Heat may ba tegulated to any Degree we defire, by this Invention , if it is too moderate we ^ay take away fome of the Sand, and if too violent, we may add more. BefideSj Ve may move this hot Bed from Place to Place, that is, it may ftand Abroad in fair Weather, and beihelter'd in a Green- houfe, when the Weather is very Iharp and frofty. But in the moving of it from Place to I'lace, I think it advifable to fix its Face always to the South, and not for the Sake of getting a little Sun to change it fometimes to the Eaft and Weft, for it is the Nature of Plants always to (land ftill, and never to change their Face from the Point they were firft direfted to-, and this has been fo much regarded by the ^ - £ a old 'a 8 Bxperiments and ObJerOatms old Planters, that they direft us, when we plant Trees, to fet always that Side of the Tree which flood towards the South, as exaftly as may be, to point the fame Way \ and even among the fmaller Plants, I think *tis reafonable to do as much, for they are under the fame Law of Nature, There are Two or Three Things more I (hall mention relating to this Garden, before I fpeak of the Walls which are to enclofe it : The firft is, the Method of bringing Beans to bear early with fafety, and without the Ufe of hot Beds. When we fet our Beans for a forward Crop, we Ihould put a good Quantity of them in- to fuch Places as may be cover'd with iuch Frames as are ufed for hot Beds, "when the Frofts begin ^ and by that Means, if all thofe that ftand abroad fiiould be deftroy'd by Severity of Wea'- ther, we may plant out thofe which have been preferv'd under the Frames, in their Places, and they will profper very well, and bear Plenty of Beans, if they have not been too much confined, or have not been drawn too much under the Glafles \ for then they would be tender in the Shank, their Joints wide, and their Fruit weak, and few in Number. I have try*d this with good Succefs-, and whether the Plants of Beans have been fliejter'd or not, they may be tranfplanted very well in in Husbandry and Gardening. 2 9 in the Spring, tho' they are Four or Five Inches high, and even in May, if we cut them down within Two Inches of the Ground, a Week before we tranfplant them. The next Thing is. To fow Cucum- bers the Beginning of iif^, in Drills, the Seeds may be fet about Ten Inches afunder, and the Drills may be a Foot a-part. When the Cucumbers have made their fecond Leaf, fet a Line of Brufli- Wood Stakes about Five Foot high, be- tween the Lines of Cucumbers, and they will run up thefe Stakes of their own Accord, and bring very good Fruit till the End of September^ and even in OBober* We may note, that Cucumbers, thus raifed, without tranfplanting, if they have the Liberty of running up Stakes, will not be fubje(^ to the Rot or Canker, as I have experienced. Laftly, We fhould have in this curious Garden, Conveniencies for railing of the Ananas or Pineapple ^ which I have de- fcrib'd in my monthly Papers of the pre- ceding Year. Thus having gone through what I pro- pofed in defcribing the Frames for forc- ing of Fruits, Flowers, &c. out of their wonted Seafons, I come in the next Place to inform my Reader of the Method of Building the Walls which fliould part- ly enclofe this Garden, and may be fo ordered. fb Experiments and Obfetvations orderM, that we may forward the Fruit$ planted againft them as we fhall fee coi>- venient j and I Ihall be the more parti^ ctilar in my Defcrption of thefe, becaufe it is not every where in England that we can find hot Dung enough for hot Beds^ and there are many Countries where Goals are in fuch Plenty, that the Ex- pence of warming Walls of feveral Hun- dred Foot long will fcarely amount to Thirty Shillings per Annum , for the fmallefl: Coal, fuch as" is generally count- ed good for nothing, except mending the Highways, will do for this Ufe. • The Walls I fpeak of fhould be expofeid to the South Sun, for the Walls lying to the Eaft, Weft, and North Afpeds, as they are not fufficiently in the Sdn's Way to bring Fruit forward. To they may be built after the common Manner. The Walls then whicli lye to the South-Sun, fhould be built Eight Foot high, with Fireplaces at the Back, at Twelve or Fourteen Foot diftance from one another. From each of thefe Ihould run a Flue of Nine Inches- fquare, pa- rallel with the Border, about Four Foot and half from the Center of the Fire- place, and then rife in an upright, about a Foot and half, and be return*d to- wards the Peer over the Fireplace parallel tothefirft, and rife toan upright as before, to be return'd back again in courfe with the • in Husbandry and Gardening, -j i the firft. And thefe Turnings of /the Flue muft be continued till it comes ne^r the Top of the Wall, and lets it fmoke out at a Chimney over the .Fire place. Wfe are to note, That thefe Sortof Flues in^y be carried both from the'.iright and Itft of a Fireplace, and by that Means tl^ Fires being about Twelve Foot diftan^e from one another, the whole Wall may be regularly warm*d at once, if we think proper, or about Ten or Eleven Foot of Wail may be warm'd at a Time by one Fire only. The Border on the South-Side may be rais'd fo high as that the Earth might lye againft the Bottom Flue, to be warm'4 the better. This Wail fliould be Two Bricks thick, for the better forming the Flues, as well as for its Strength-, and for the better re- gulating the Flues, and for the greater Eafe of the Builder, there ftiould be made on purpofe Tile-Bricks of Eighteen Inches and Quarter long, Nine Inches and a Quarter broad, and Two Inches and a Quarter thick ^ which will at once covec the Flues, and reach the whole Thick- nefs of the Wall, Now confidering the Space which will be vacant in the Flues, -fuch a Wall A\till hardly take up more Bricks than a Wall of a Brick and Half Wheo "? 2 Experiments and Ohfervattons When this is done, we mufi: provide Frames and GlafTes, in the Manner of thofe ufed againft the Paling I have al- ready treated of, only with this Difference, that if we have a mind to force a (ingle Tree, only that Part where the Tree is, may be cover*d with GlafTes, and (hirt up. The Border may be Four or Five Foot wide-, and if the GhfTes were to be fet upright, and a Covering of Sloping Glafs from thofe to the Wall, one might then have Room to walk within-fide. By 'the Help of this Contrivance, we may -have every Thing mentionM in the for- cing Frames, as above ^ and one might add Carnations too, to be kept blowing all the Winter, and the 5/»/7«?/Z>Jeflamine, -and if they were nailM againfl the Waifs, •would open their Flowers very large. ^ But thefe Walls would likewife be ex- treamlyufeful, to forward our late Kinds of Grapes and Pears, and with good Ma- 'Tiagement, might in a manner place us in as warm a Climate as Thirty Degrees ^Latitude. And befides, here our Crops of Fruit would never fail us, if the Trees were in a BloiToming Condition, and were well prun'd, and the Advantage that might be gain'd by the extraordinary Number of Fruit, and its fuperior Ex- cellence, would very foon return the Ex- pence of the Glafs Frarpes, and theTrouble of making FircSo TI]5 in Husbandry and Gardeningl j j^ The Pears which we Ihould cultivate againft fuch a Wall ihould be thofe which are brought to Table in theWinter, as the Col mar, Bon Chretien, &c. which want Sun at our Autumn, to give them their true Flavour , fo that if we force them to BlolTom about Six Weeks or Two Months fooner than ufual, we may be fure to have their Fruits as excellent as they are any where in Europe, So the Grapes which might be help'd by thefe Walls, are all the Sorts of Fron- tiniacks, the Raifen Grape, and every otherSort of hte Grape, even the Canary Grape, only by bringing them toBlolTom in March -^ there would then be Summer enough for their Growth and good Ripen- ing :, but againft this Wall alfo, we mull not forget to have fome of the forward Sorts of Grapes, to ripen about the End of May^ as they they have done already in England^ by fuch Means. To conclude, Iftiallinfert a Method of making a hot Bed by Means of Fire, for the Service of thofe Gardeners who have but little Opportunity of getting hot Horfe-Dung. This I learn'd from Mr. Benjam'm JVhitmill, a curious Gardener at Hoxton. He prefcribes, to make a Frame of Brickwork of any Length, but as wide only as a common hot Bed, to haveaFire- place at one End, to pafs into a Flue which fhall v/ind from Side to Side till it F reaches 2 4 Experiments and Observations reaches the other End, and dlfcharges its Smoke by a Chimney •, the Top of thefe Flues may be covered with Square Tiles^ vr fuch Tile-Bricks as I have mentioned before ^ and when the intermediate Spaces between the Flues are fill'd with cbarfe Sand, cover the Whole witit Square Tiles, and raife the Wall about Ten Inches above tlie Pavement, fo that \ve may cover the Pavement as deep with Sand, if we fee Occafion ^ then upon this Sand place fuch Frames as are com- monly ufed for hot Beds, with Wire at the Bottom, to hold the Earth in them, and that the Earth may receive the Heat of the Sand. And, I am of Opinion, it may be as ufefiil as any hot Bed, and be more lafling and lefs troublefome. We may fee the Method of the Flues for the great Wall, in FiG, IL Since I have written this, I have learned, from the curious Mr. Duhis at Mncharny foinewhat more tiTan I have yet related, concerning the Production of Peafe in the Winter : That Gentleman informs me, that he gather'd Peafe this Winter, from about Sis Plants which were fow'n in a Pot late in the Autumn, and that had flood expos'd abroad for fome Time, and fhelterM, during the rude Seafon, in the ;Confervatory ^ they were of the Second* Dwarf-Pea Kind, which bear plentifully, and were trained upon Sticks^ the Peafe gnher'd in Husbandry and Gardening^ 3 y gather'd atoneTime yeilded, when they -were fhell'd, about half a Pint, which tqrn'd to good Account confidering the Room "they fill'd. And I think it would be an agreeable Amufement for ftich as have Confervatories, to cultivate, either this Sort of Pea, or the fmalleft Dwarf, in Pots, fo as to have them all theWinter long without extraordinary Trouble. I forgot to mention, That this curious Garden (hould have one Part of it dif- pcsM for Mufliroom-Beds, after the Maijr ner they are propagated about ?aris. A Letter To Tr^owel, of the Middle-Tem- ple, Efq-^ cojicerning the Growth ofTnUps-^ ivhhfome Hints co?iCcrnifig the Cir dilation of S.'7p^ 5cc. tendi7jg to dif cover a Method of Breaking Breeding Tidips^ or snaking the Plain Flowers become Strifdf SIR, Have lately had an Opportunity of Viewing and Confidering fe- veral Colledions of Breeding Tulips, and have gathered a few •Remarks concerning them, which hitherto has been but little obfetv'd,, thp' I believe V '''^*'■•-'-••;■#, ')•-■. '^' the ^6 Experiments and Obfervations the Breaking or Striping of Tulips, very much depends upon them. firji^ We are to obferve that a Tulip does not preferve its Root Two Years to- gether, but the Root that was taken out of the Ground laftYear, is quite loft this Year, in the Leaves, Stem, Flower, and Seed^ and while thefe Parts are growing, and by that Means diminifhing the Root they fpring from, the Juices which circu* late through them, are framing a frefh Root, bordering upon the Place where the firft v/as ^ fo that when thePlant has performed all its Summer Work, there remains no old Root at all 5 but the Flower-Stem flicks to the Side of the new made Root.- You may be fure this Root is new, becaufe the Stalk ftands on the Outfide of it, and every one knows that the Flower-Stalk always comes out of the Middle of the Root that was planted. ' While Tulips are under feveral Degrees of Growth from the very iirft putting forth of the Leaf, the Root declines daily, and a new Root is forming itfelf and daily encreafing ^ and when the Flower and Seed is fully perfeded, the old Root is entirely wafted, and the new one is fully compleated. To difcover this, I took up feveral Tulip Roots in diiferent Degrees df Growth, and in Proportion to the Times they in Husbandry and Gardening, ^-y they feverally required to perfect their Seed •, I obferv'd the new Roots were greater or fmaller, as there was lefs or more of the old Root left. Before the Flowers were coloured, I found the old Roots were but half decay'd, and the Cloves in thofe Roots on the Outfide began to dry. When they were in full Bloom, the Cloves which were remaining were all inclining to dry, and there were Three, and fometimes but Two in Number, in the old Root ^ and then the young Roots were very ftrong. While the Tulips were in this State, \ took up feveral Roots of the large Red breeding Tulips with Black Bottoms, the Roots and Stalk of one of them, which I fplit throu2;h the Middle, I have deline-' ated, for the better explaining of this Relation. FiG» III. A is part of the old Root with its decHning Cloves, from the Bot- tom of which fprings the Flower Stalk B- This Flower Stalk is partly fix*d to a hard Subfiance, like the Kernel of aa Hazle-Nut at C, and partly at the Bottom, of the new-framing Root D, which is likewife of a Subftance like the Kernel of a Nut •, and from thence the Cloves of the Root take their Rife. E fhews the point of the new Root from whence the Fibres J g Experiments and Obfervations Fibres will fpring the next Year, a? C does the fame Part where grow the Fi- bres of this Year, and here is plainly a Correfpondence between all the Parts, both of the new and old Roots ^ but *tis the old Root which only receives the im- mediate Nourifhment from the Earth by. its Fibres. When we fplit the Flower-Stem of si Tulip, we find a great Number of Vefr iels running through the Stem till they come at the Flpwer, and are then branched into the Petals or Flower- Leaves, and diftribute Nourifhment into the Stamina^ the Apices^ and Fiji ilium of the Flower ^ but where the Flower- Leaves are let on, the Stalk becomes larger, and is of much harder Subftance than in other of its Parts. Again, when we examine a whole Tulip Plant in Flower, and firfl: cut the Stalk horizontally, within an Inch of -the Root, we find theSap-VefTels muchclofer fet together than they are towards the Top of the Stem. Thefe Veifels as they rife from the Root.branch themfelveSjintq the Leaves which grow upon the feveral Parts of the Stalk. I infer from thefe Obfervations: Firfl\^ That all thefe Parts, w'^. the Flower- Stem, the Leaves, the Flower, and the Seed, ^re all perfeded from the very Root . ' ' ' that in Husbandry and Gardening* 59 tliatwe put into the Ground, and prove more or lefs luxuriant, only as the Soil is more or lefs favourable to the Tulip j the N'ourifliment the Tulip receives from fuch Soil, is taken in by the Fibres. Secondly^ That by the Wafting of the old Root, and the Growth of the new one, which both cOrrefoond immediately with the Flower-Stem, it is plain that the Sap circulates through the Whole, for the new Root has no Fibres to nourifh it and make it grow from the Earth, and therefore can be nourifh 'd only from fome VelTels in the Stem upon the Re- turn of the Sap' which goes up from the old Root, and this Return of Sap muft be conftant, as the Growth of this new Root is conftant -^ for was this new Root to be nourifh'd only at fet Times, it would lofe in the Intervals what it gain'd at the Times of its Nourilhment , but Experience ftiews us the contrary. Thirdly, This new Root grows till the Flower and Seed is perfeded, and then the old Root is quite decay*d, theFiower- Stalk drys, and parts from the new Root without Difficulty, which it will not do while the Stalk is green, and the Juices flowing in it. Fourthly, We are to obferve, that it is from the new Root we are to exped the Change or Alteration in the Stripes of the Flower j and tho* the Root we put int© 40 Experiments and Obfervations into the Earth for Blowing this Year, fhould bring a plain Flower, yet, by the Want of Nourifhment which may happen to it by being planted in Brick, Lime, or Stone Rubbifh, the Parts which are framed in the new Root may be fo mo- deli'd as to bring its Flower into Stripes the next Year. Therefore when we plant plain Tulips in Rubbifli, to make them break into Colours, we muft not expecl to fee anyAlteration the firfl: Year, for it is the new Roots, that are form'd in the Rubbifii Soil, that muft blow, to Ihew the EfFed of Planting in fuch a Soil. The old Roots had already in them their Properties fix'd before we put them into the Ground, which could admit of no Alteration but of Blowing taller or lower, as they had more or lefs Nourifh- ment from the Soil they were planted to blow in. But it may be perhaps, that fome of the Tulip Roots which we planted laft September^ might bring ftrip'd BlofToms this Year ^ but then we have good Rea- fon to fuppofe, that thofe Stripes were regulated in the Roots that were made the Year before. It is obTervable, that fome Tulips al- ready broke or come to ftripe, will one Year abound in the dark Colours, and the next Year will come finely mark'd, as that Tulip which is cail'd the Vulcan wili in Husbandry and Gardening. 4 i will do. I conceive therefore, that while a Tulip blows with a very large Share of the dark Colours, the new Root has im- bibed a large Share of thofe Juices which will afford the brighter Colours, and fo on the contrary 5 for in thofe Tulips which are call'd Breeders, I obferve that the Mafs of Colour in their Flowers, be- fore they break, is a Compound of feve- rai Colours which fimply appear in their Stripes when they come to break •, and, that thefe Breeders cannot break into any Stripe of Colour but what is of one or more of the Colours which make the Compound Mafs in their plain Flowers." As for Example : The Bagget Primo, which is counted one of the beft breeding Tulips, brings its plain BloiToms of a pale Purple, wherein is a large Share of White, a moderate Share of a deep Lake Colour, and a fmall Share of Blue. Thefe Three Colours rightly blended together, will make exadly the Colour of the Flower of this Bagget, And when this Flower comes to break and ftripe, which happens from thefe Colours being feparated, then the Stripes are always of thofe Colours which were ufed to make the Compound Colour in the plain Flower of that Sort* When the Lake is quite alone, it fhews its Gaiety -, when mix'd with a great G Share 4 1 Experiments and Objervations Share of Blue, 'tis much darker j when with a great Share of White, of a Flefli Colour^ and the Blue and White brings a Sky Colour, and fo the Stripes will produce as much Variety as can be made, from mixing thefe Colours in different Proportions with one another. The Rea- fon why thefe Colours come to be fepa- rated, feems to be from the Structure of the Veffels which are form'd in the new Root, fome being made in fuch a Manner as to receive only fuch Juices as will yield one Colour, and another fuch as will yield another Colour, ju ft like the VefTels in Animal Bodies j fome yielding Red, as in the Veins j fome White Li- quor, fuch as Milk in the Breafts , and others, fuch as are of the Colour of Urine. Now I fay, it is as plain, that there are VefTels in Plants for the Circu- lating and Secreting of Juices, as that there are VelTels in Animals which diftri- bute and feparate Juices in every Part of their Bodies. It alfo feems neceffary that this Circu- lation of Juices fhould be continued in the Tulip till it has perform'd all its Offices, fuch as perfeding its Flower- Stalk, its Leaves, its Flower, &c. for the better adapting the new form.ing Root to the fame Mode of Growth, and imprint- ing in it every Natural Perfedion of the Original it took its Rife from , therefore Ifup- in Husbandry and Gardening, 43 I fuppofe it is, that the new Root con- tinues Growing all the Time that the old one is performing its Offices, that the Principles of every Part may circulate through it. But the next Breeding Tulip which I fhall take notice of, is that which is call'd the Beau Regard^ which is of a much paler Purple than the Bagget Prmo, its Mafs of Colour is compofed of a very fmall Share of Blue, a great deal of White, and about as much of the deep Lake Colour as of Blue. This Flower, when it comes to ftripe, fhews the Co- lours feparately, that the plain Flowers are compofed of, as the Bagget Prima has done before. The Breeder which is call'd Van Porter^ has its plain Flowers of a reddifli Purple, where the Lake prevails more than the Blue, and there is lefs White than Blue , the various Colours which may be pro- duced from thefe Three Colours, may be expeded in thofe of this Sort which be- come ftripM. The great D«rc/b Red Breeder, with the Black Bottom, has its plain Flowers of a dirty Red Colour, tho* compofed of Two Colours, which are feparately as beauti- ful as can be imagined, a fine Yellow, like that of Gamboge, and a Carmine Colour, make this unpleafant Mafs of Colour ^ but when this Flower Itripes, and the G 2 Colours 44 Experiments and Objervdtions Colours arefomewhatfeparated, the Va^ negations are extreamlyfine. The Butch Red Breeder with a Yellow Bottom, is of a darker Colour than the former , the Colours which compdfe the Mafs, are fuch as make the former ^ but in this there is a little Black intermix'd, and when it breaks, its Stripes partake only of the Colours in the Mafs, eithet fimple or compound, like the others be- fore-mention'd. We obferve fometimes that the White is very prevailing in a Flower when it breaks •, and fpotted only here and there with other Colours, which were blended in the Mafs of the plain Breeder •, one may then not unreafonably fuppofe that the new forming Root polTefTes thofe Juices which m^ke the darker Colours, and will fhew them in its Flower the following Year. Having now gone through my Obfer- vations concerning the Growth of Tulips, I (hall recommend to your Tryal a Thought or two, how to make the Colours feparate in plain Tulips, and bring thofe Stripes which make them fo'much admired : And that the Colours of the Flowers circulate with the Juices all over the Plant, feems certain to me, becaufe of thofe Green Leaves which are now and then, upon certain Occafions, ting*d with Scarlet, Yellow, and other Colours, in Husbandry and Gardening* 4 5 Colours, only common to the Flowers on whofe Stalks they are found. And that thefe Colours, or their Rudiments, like- wife circulate through the new Root in fdme Proportion is evident, becaufe that Root produces Flowers partaking of the fame Colours of the Flower produced by the old Root. As the VeiTels which correfpond be- tween the old Root and the Flower, and from the Flower to the new Root, are all of them in the Flower-Stem, I am of Opinion, if we could pinch fome of them without wounding them all, or arreft the Sap, fo that it (hould not circulate with its wonted Freedom, then, I fup- pofe, that the new forming Root, would, by fuch Checks, be brought to feparate its Colours in fuch Manner as to produce Stripes of thofe (imple Colours that com- pofed the Compound Colour in the Mafs. One Way of doing this may be, by bind- ing the Flower Stem pretty hard with Packthread, a little before the Flower opens, for this Binding will, in my Opi- nion, either prefs or wound fome of the Sap VelTels fo much, that the Courfe of Sap will "be prevented in them, and the new forming Roof, by that Want, will, become varied from the old Root ^ or if by a fine Lancet one could cut a few of them, it might perhaps have a good Effcd ^ but whether they would not 45 Experiments and Objervations not heal or clofe again, I am in fome Doubt. The VelTels I would advife to be cut, lye juft within the thin Skin of the Flower Stem -^ but I think the Pinching of them with Packthread is the furer Way. There has been many Trials made, to alter the Colours and Properties of Tu- lips, as the Steeping the Roots in Liquors of feveral Colours, and the putting into the Cloves of the Roots, the Powders of feveral Colours, and the Planting them in colour'd Earth : But thefe Trials have all prov'd vain, as well as that of Draw- ing colour'd Silks of feveral Sorts, thro igh the Roots, to ftripe their Flowers. The Experiment which J propofe, cannot hurt any of your Roots. We may alfo obferve, that now and then we fhall find a Root form*d upon the Flower-Stem, an Inch or Two above Ground, which feems to difcover that in that Flower Stem are Principles of all the Parts that belong to a Tulip Plant, and thofe could not all be in that Part, unlefs the Sap circulcated throughout the whole Plant. I (liall conclude this Letter with an Obfervation made by Charles Dubois^ Efq^ who, in his Gardens at Mitcham, fhew'd me a ready Proof of the Saps Circulation in the great Garden Spurge, which im- mediately upon cutting off a little Shoot, the in Husbandry and Gardening^ 47 the wounded VefTels in the Stalk, emit fo large a Quantity of milky Juice, that it continues dropping for near Two Mi- nutes, till the Air and Sun thickens it fo much, that it flops the Mouths of the wounded VelTels. And that this Sap flows through VelTels which have their Rife in the Root, and have a Correfpon- dence with others which return, it is evi- dent in the Leaves of the Plant without the Help of a Microfcope j but efpecially if we cut one of the Leaves a-crofs with ScifTers, the Milk will immediately (hew itfelf at the Mouths of thofe VefTels which are wounded. The Apoc'iJium or Dog s-Bane-Trihe , which have milky Juices, will alfo ifhew us the fame Thing, efpecially thofe that have the largefl Leaves, and are the quickefl Growers , and, I am apt to think, that fome of them have Leaves tranfparent enough for us to difcern the Milk circulating through them, as we do the Blood in the webb'd Part of a Frogs Foot, or Fifhes Tail ^ but the Leaf we examine muft be growing upon the Plant while we make the Obfervation, and the Microfcope fix'd in fome Frame to be kept ftcddy ;, we may alfo ufe a Lamp, to help the Difcovery. The VefTels which ferve to convey this Juice through the Leaves of Plants, may be eafily obferv'd on the Back of the Fig- Tree 4 8 Experiments and Obfer vat ions Tree Leaf, where we fhall find that they are all branched into one another ^ anj what Sap flows through one, correfponds with all the reft •, fo that the Juice which comes into theVelFels in theLeaf, through fome of the Pipes or VefTels in the Foot- ' Stalk, circulates through all the VefTels in the Leaf, as well downwards as up- wards, as the following Experiment will demonflrate. ' If we cut or ftamp a fmali Hole, between any Two of the capital VefTels in the Leaf, we fhall find the White Sap flow from the wounded Vef- fels on one Side, or about half the Cir- cumference of the Hole we have cut ^ but rarely will it ifTue from the other VefTels that are wounded, becaufe the Communication is broken ^ but if we make feveral of thefe fmall Holes in a Leaf, without cutting the larger Veftels, we fhall find the VefTels in fome, flinging out Juice towards the Root of the Leaf, and fome flowing with Juices from the Foot-Stalk towards the upper-part of the Leaf, fo that the Sap is running through all the Branches of the VefTels, whether up or down, at the fame Time ^ and the Plant is encreas'd in Bulk, by taking in- to all its Parts fuch Shares of the Circu- lating Juices as each is appointed to re- ceive. I am, SIR, Tour moji Humble Servant^ Richard Braci-ey. An in Husbandry and Gardening. 49 An Account of Ranimculas raised from Seeds by Mr, William P o t t e r. Gardener^ at Mitcham in Surry. In a LETTER to J.S. Efq-^ S I R, Hen I laft had the Happinefs of your Company, you defired I would, asOccafionoffer'd, fend you an i\ccount of fuch Curio- fities as occurr'd to me in the Way of Gardening, and I have now the good Fortune of acquainting you with one of the moft furprifing Produdions of Na- ture that I have ever met with, either at Home or Abroad, and I doubt not but it will be the more acceptable to you, as you are a Lover of Flowers. I was lately at Mitcham in Sf4rry, to view a Colledion of Seedling Ranuncula's raifed there by Mr. William Potter, a Gar- dener, having firft heard of their Excel- lence from feverai of our beft Judges, who had feen them in the Strength of their Bloom. I confefs, among all that I have ever feen of the Ranunculus Kind, H I have 50 Experiments and Obfer vat ions I have yet never met with any that, were fo agreeable to me, either in Beauty of Colours, Variety of Make, or Largenefs of Bloflbm •, and'' tho' there are many Hundred diftind Sorts of them, Jam yet puzzled to fay which of them pleafed me beft : There are many of them which have all the Properties that we could exped in a good Flower ^ and the others are fo widely different from whatever has been feen in E?igla?ici, that they (hine in fuch Properties as my Knowledge of Flowers could never give me Hopes of expediing ^ in a Word, they are Nonpa- reils^ and deferving of a much better Charader than I am capable of giving them. Their Colours are of all Sorts, in fe- veral Degrees, from the clearefl White to the darkefl Purple, but the x'Vzure-Blue is only wanting, to carry them through all the Colours, to the deepeft Black. Some of thefe Flowers are of one Colour alone, others with their Petals or Flower- Leaves fl;rip*d with various Colours which mark quite through, as the Carnations do, which are calT'd Flakes, Some are powder*d or pounc'd with the gaieft Co- lours, like the Carnations callM Picketees, Others again, are ting'd on the Edges with Varieties of Colours , and fome have their Centers ftain'd with Colours direct- ly oppolite tothofe of their other Leaves. As in Husbandry and Gardening. 5 1 As for th€ Make or Figure of thefe Flowers, there are fome fhap'd Jike the Ranunculus, callM the Turh Turhant^ and fuch Sorts as We have ufually culti- vated in our Gardens, extreamly double, and blow very tall j others take the Form of Rofes of feveral Kinds, and have their Flower Leaves of that Shape, and dif- pios*d in that Manner. Some again, are fhaped like the African Marygold, and others like the French Marygold, even refembling thefe in their Colours. Some flower like Double Anemonics, and others like the fineft Double Poppies, bringing BlolToms as large as Peonies. Some are of a Star-like Figure, and others turning their Leaves back, fo as to form the Fi- gure of a Globe. And there are many of fuch odd Figures, that I know not what to compare them with. The greateft Part of thefe Flowers blow near Two Foot high, and branch liberally from the Root ^ fo that it is not rare for one Root to bring near Forty Flower-Buds to BlolTom with good Strength ; The Manner of their Growth, and bringing their BlolToms, is much like that of the great Yellow Ranuncula's of the Meadows, , which hold in Flower near Three Months, and are very hardy. Many of thefe are Semi-Doubles, which bear Seeds that ripen well, and H 2 come 5 2 Experiments and Oh[ervatton$ come out of the Ground with little Trouble ^ and fome of thefe are extra- ordinary, for having their Seed bearing Veffels of a bright Yellow Colour. But *tis an endiefs Work, to mention every remarkableDifferenceinthem -^ you (hould fee them, to admire them enough. Tho* the Original of thefe Flowers came from Verfta^ I find the Offspring are very hardy, and refift the Frofls, even better than our old Sorts of Ranuncula's, and will iiourifli any where, if the Ground be rightly prepared for them. The Natural Soil in Mr. Fotter\ Garden is pretty light, with a gravelly Bottom \ but his Flowcr-Beds are made with the following Mixture, which he gives me Leave to mention, that every one may have the fame Succefs that he has had, in Blowing this Sort of Flower : It confifts of rotted Leaves, rotted Wood, Cow- Dung, Horfe-Dung, and fome of the Surface of the Natural Earth ^ which he gathers altogether, by the Side of a Wood, into an Heap, and lifts very fine for his Beds, after it has lain together for fome Time. And when thefe are prepared, he plants his Roots, about Michaelmas^ fo as to bury the Bud of jhe Root about Two Inches and half deep. When they begin to come out of the Ground, we may (belter them in frofty Weather with Mats , and, as they begin to in Husbandry and Gardening. ^ ^ to rife, cover the Bed with a frefh Coat of the aforefaid Earth, about half an Inch thick, which will greatly ftrengthen the Roots, and efpecially help the new forming Roots or OfF-fets : But this mufl be done carefully, without injuring the Leaves or their Stalks ^ for every bruis'd or broken Stalk injures the Root, till the Plants come to flower, and even then too, if the BlofToms are frequently crop'd. There is one Reafon in particular, for the Coating the Beds with a little frefh Earth, which is, that the Ranunculus Root which is put into the Ground, always produces its OfF-fets near an Inch above it, and as they grow, the Mother-Root de- cays •, and even thefe new Roots help the good BlofToming of the Plant, becaufe they join with the Flower Stalk, and help to nourifh it, as well as receive Nourifhment from it^ and therefore this frelh Earth helps both them and the Flowers. Now, when I conllder that your Soil is very flrong and binding, Ifhall take the Freedom to offer you a little Advice from my own Pradice, in a Soil which was fo ftifF that it was judg'd fit for no- thing but making of Bricks, and even upon fuch a Soil I had extraordinary Succefs, in the Culture of Ranuncula's, tho*itis fuppos'd by many, that a Clay Country will not blow a Ranunculus, or 54 Experiments and Observations orevenfufFer it to live, altho* the Beds are prepared with proper Soil. I confefs, was the common Method of preparing Beds in fuch a Soil to be followed, we muft exped the Roots to be deftroy'd, or to produce very weak Flowers -^ for the ufual Way of making thefe Beds, is to dig deep Trenches in this Clay Ground, and fill thofe Trenches with good light lifted Mould, which Pradice I find to be wrong, for if we once dig Trenches in Clay Ground, they ferve only to receive and hold all the Water that falls , fo that the fine Earth which is put into them, becomes a perfed Bog, which cor- rupts and chills the Roots, altho' they are planted fomewhat above where the Sur- face of the Clay reaches^ yet this muddy and {landing Water, at the Bottom, has furely an unwholfome Vapour which rifes from it, and the Earth, in the upper part of the Bed, is kept fo continually moid by the Wet below, that a Ranun- culus cannot, by any Means, endure it^ and I have experienc'd, that the befl Drains that can be made from thefe Sort of Beds cut in Clay, will not fufhciently drain them of the Wet they receive, even tho' the Ground lies upon a hanging Level. I therefore find it advifable, in fuch Ground, only to take off the fuperficial Soil which covers it, three or four [nches deep, without CHtering the Clay, in Husbandry and Gardening. 55 Clay, and then lay a little Coat of Sea- Coal Afhes, or for want of them, feme Lime Rubbifh, and upon any of thefe, to raife my Bed about Nine Inches or a Foot thick, with good prepared Earth, fuch as I have mention'd above, or as I ufed to do about one third Part fandy Loam, as much old Melon Earth, and the reft rotted Wood and Leaves, but thefe rauft be well mix'd together, and lifted before we ufe it. But I have had very good Succefs likewife in making my Beds for Ranuncula's of Mould that I have taken out of great Woods, I mean the Parings of the Surface, which has been chiefly rotted Leaves and Wood, that has lain there, I fuppofe, many Years.- The Reafon I chofe that Soil, was, becaufe I obfervM the common Ra- nunculus call'd Pilewortj grew and pro- fper'd in it wonderfully. And a Gardener at jBo?i, who made his Ranunculus-Beds of old Tanners Bark, had his Ranuncula's profper fo well in it, that he had feldom lefs than Eight or Ten Roots Encreafe, foi: everyone he put into the Ground. I muft obferve likewife, rhat the Paths or Alleys between thefe Beds, fhould be fiird up with Sea-Coal Afhes, or Lime, or Brick-Rubbifh, or Sea-Sand, to draw the fuper-abundant Moifture from the Beds, and keep the Ground about them as dry as may be j or cKe, if thefe are difficult 5^ Experiments and Obfervations difficult to be had, we may lay the Alleys with Grafs-Turf, which will likewife help to keep the Beds dry in the Winter, which the Ranuncula*s require. The railing the Beds thus, upon the Top of the Clay, will fufFer the Wet that falls, to pafs away without incommoding the Plants, and you may then exped: a good Shew of Flowers. I have known this Kind uf Flower blow extreamly well under a South Wall. As any extraordinary Things in this Way fhall occur to me, I fhall fend you an Account of them: But I have detained you longer than ordinary upon this Oc- caiion, becaufe I imagine you will have Part of this Colledion in your Garden, the next Seafon. lam, S I R, Tour mojl Hionhle Servant, Richard Bradley. THE Monthly Regiiler OF EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS Htijhandry and Gardening: For the Month eut ofF any of the Branches, or woiuiid any ofiiche Veffels,. if poftible, that' the Sap might circulate more free- ly, aftd the Tree might Temain. in better Spirit^.tili k lias renew'd its Roots,which in Husbandry and Gardening. 6$ of Neceffity muft be wounded at Tranf- phnting. Now, as the Cutting and Wounding of fome Roots of a Tree, and even among them fome of the Capital ones, can- not be avoided, I thought it convenient to contrive a Mixture of Gums, to plaifter over the wounded Parts of the great Roots, and prevent the Air and Wet pe- netrating too much into the VefTels of the Roots ;, and at the fame Time, if the Root was very large, to mark its Corre- fponding Limb or Branch in the Head, to be cut off about a Fortnight afterwards, in the fame Proportion, and to be then plaifter'd in the fame Manner as the Root was done before. I find this Plaiftering of the wounded Parts of a Tree to be of great Ufe for bringing large and vigorous Shoots, and preserving the Tree from Canker or the Rot, which will attack it by little and little, if the Mrxrure of Gums is not apply'd as foon as any Lim.b or Branch is cut off. Nor muft we have lefs Care to be fud- den in the Removal of our Tree from one Place to another ^ for if the Roots grow the leaft dry, we may prefently difcern a Failure in the Top Branches which correfpond with them •, and that will require Time to redrefs, the more they fail, the longer Time they require for 70 Experiments and Obfervations for thei-r Recovery. And for this Reafon 1 it has been thought impofTible to removQ I a large Tree to any confider^ble DiH'ance, tho' now I am fatisfied of the conrr^iry^ having by Accident met with a Prepa^ ration, with which, if we anoint the Roots of a very lara:e Tree, we may let it lye out of the Ground one Day, in the hotteft Summer, .and it will not drop or flag a Leaf ^ common Soap will do for 7'wo or Three Sorts of Trees ^ but I find it is not agreeable to all, being fubjcd to canker the 'Roots oi jnany. In this Way of Planting there is one Convenience, which is not in the com- mon Way, and that is, that here we are not to. take any Earth about the Roots, which will make their Tranfportation more eafy. The fmall ones, fuch as Currans, Goofberries^ and fuch like, to- gether with all the flow'ring Shrubs, when their principal Roots, which hap- pen to be cut, are drefs'd with the Mix- ture of Gums, which mufl be done while the Tree is taking up^ thefe muft have their Roots immediately plungM into a VeiTel af Water, in order to convey them frefh .to the Place where they are to be planted, and :theti filling the Hole with Water and fine Earth well ftirr'd toge- ther,, plant your Trees in tha^ Pap, and continue adding more Earth and Water, 'tiU in Husbandry and Gardening. 7 1 'till the Holes are -fill'd. We mufi- then fix our Plants very well with- Stakes, efpecl'illy if thevare tall or large Trees, and as the Pap begins to harden, it mufl be carefully watch*d, to prevent Crack- ing, which it will furelydd, if the Top of it is not fl:irr*d or broken a little with a Spade, and a little fre0i W'ater and Earth pour'd over the whole, and then cover'd with Fern, or fuch like , but green Turf is much the bed:.'' •■ I have for feveral Years paft made the Experiment upon Gooiberries. and Cur- rans, in the Manner I mention, in the Months, May^ June^ Jidy, 2nd Angitjiy and they never fail'd to ripen, and carry their- Fruit very well the fame Year, and grow vigoroully. Again, one Good which attends this Way of Planting is, that Plantations of this Kind do not require ^nyVVaterings after they are once fbttled^ for they prefcntly renew their' Roots, which thofe Trees planted about the Winter Months will do but indiffe- rently the«firft Year, and fometimes not at all. - - ii ^- To remove f mall Plants from Place to Place, we may put their Roots in Blad- ders of Water, or iof Earth, and- Water, and 'carry th6m Two or Three Days Journey with Safety • but if the Journey be long, I rather chufe Earth- and Water finely mix'd, than fimple Water', and a Bladder 7 2 Experiments and Obfervdtiofis Bladder may be tied clofe to the Stem of the Plants, without being in danger of breaking, as a Vial would do. By this Method, and the AITiftance of the prepared Gums, and a vifcous Pre- paration, I have removed Peach-Trees, Nedarines, Pear-Trees, Plum-Trees, and Cherry-Trees, with Fruit upon them, both Green and Ripe, Tome of which Trees had been train*d againft Walls up-? wards of Six Years •, and tho' fome of : them were carried above Fifteen Miles, they grew perfedly well, and preferv'd their Fruit. So that by this Means any Gentleman that had a Mind to furniih the Walls of his Garden, might chufe his Fruit-Trees with the Fruit upon them^ and have them remov'd to his own Gar- den at a Minutes warning : And befides the Satisfaction of knowing every Tree brought Fruit to his liking, he would have the Pleafure to have gain'd Six or Seven Years of Time in one Day , but it -muft be confider'd that fuch Trees will demand a good Price-, for whoever parts with them, may at that Inflant, in. point of Plantations, be reckoh'd to have iloft Six Years of his Life, or to be Six Years older than he was before. ' By this Method of TratifpkntingTrees, there is yet one Advantage, that if a tj-entleman has planted la fine Colled ioa of Fruit in his Gardens, and fy?, We have Plants which appear bloch'd with Yellow in their Leaves, only in the Spring and in the Autumn Seafons, but thofe Marks difappear by the Strength they gain in the Summer ; Rue^ "Ihymey tot-Marjoram^ and Stonecrop^ are often of this Sort. This Diftemper is fomewhat like the Scurvy, Itch, and fuch like Cutaneous Diftempcrs^ vvl^ich generally appear about the fame Seafons. Secondlyy We have Plants that are continually Hotch'd with Yellow in the Spongy Part of their Leaves, whilft the Sap-Velfels are of a pleafant healthful Green ; of fuch Sort, is the Blotch't Ala- terms^ the Orange-Minty and fome others : To give thel'e Strengh, by Means of rich Manure, or inarch them into healthful Plants, the Diftemper will be overcome, and the Yellow Colour be chang'd into a lively Green : This is fomewhat like the jaundice in Animals, Xhirdlyy We have Plants whofe Juices are fo ill- veteratcly poifon'd, that their Diftemper is conti- nu'd from. Generation to Generation ; the Leaves of fome are maculated, or fpotted, others edged, others blotched, and others ftriped, fuck as the Sycamore,, concerning the Circulation of Sav $CC. 95 Sycamore, Bani-Crefs, Self-heal^ Borate, Archnnvcly Vfater-Betony, and Striped, Sallary ; all which bring ftriped Plants from Seed, I think their Cafe is not much unlike what we obferve in fuch Animal Bo- dies as are afflided with fuch Hereditary Diftem- pers, as the Evil, the Leprofy, or the Pox, fome- times happen to prove. We muft obferve, how- ever, that all the Seedling Plants I fpeak of, are not affeded alike, forae are more ftriped, fome lefs, and now and then fome few will come health- ful, and be entirely green in their Leaves. Sure- ly fuch Plants, whofe very Seeds do not efcape being infecled, could never be, if there was not as due a Circulation and Secretion of Juices in them, as there is in Animal Bodies. I fuppofe 'tis hardly poflible to eradicate fuch Diftempers in Plants, without a conliderable Length of Time, and a vaft deal of freih Nouriiliraent thrown into them. This Knowledge leads us partly to the Cure of Diftempers in Plants, and alfo will inftrud us a great deal in the Pruning them, and the Seafons for it ; nor does it inform us lefs of the Cautions to be taken in the Removal of Plants, or of ftrengthening our Flower-Roots for future Blow- ing ; for it has been experienc'd, that in Plants of the lower Race, when they are cut down near the Root, at a Time when the Sap is in its higheft Vigour, fuch Plants have always been weak the following Year, and have fometimes perilli'd. The curious Mr,Fairchild obferv'd, that one Summer fee had a Bed of Striped Lillies which were rifmg to flower, were in the Height of their Sap cut off by Lightning, and the next Year fcarce one in an Hundred was ftrong enough to blofTom j and the fecond Year, not above four in the whole Bed were ftrong enough to bloffom ; fo if we make any great Amputation upon any Tree of our own Growth, when the Sap is in its full Vigour, it will weaken and endanger the Tree. But 94 An Anfwer to fame Ohje&ions, 8\C, But I (hall now conclude, ^vith acquainting my Heaicr that as this is aij Addirion to my Monthly Papers for April and Ma^}^ finre the firft Edition was fold off, fo any one who has the former Edi- tion of theTe Months, may, by fending their Book CO ihe Publiiher, have this Part added to it, with- out atiy Expence j and Jikewife I ihall take this Opportunity of laying before 'the Publick, what they are to expedt in my fucceeding Papers for yune and Jidy^ which are now in the Prefs. In the firft Place, I have given the necelTary Direftions for the Management of a Kitchen Garden, for a Family of lix or feven Perfons, and from that Number ro twenty or thirty in Family, wherein the Produce of one, two, or any Number of Rods of Ground will be fet down, whether fet with Beans, Peafe, Arrichoaks, or other ufeful Herbs for the Kitchen, a Thing much wanted, but never before made publick. To this will be added, an Account of many ufeful Experiments, with a Pra- 61ical Method of making Cyder with about half the Quantity of Apples generally made Ufe of j alfo fome new Obfervations relating to Summer- Houfes, Grotts, and Fountains; with an Account of an extraordinary Roman Pavement, lately dif- cover'd in GouceficrpArc. FINIS. A ^ ^^ A ^ THE Monthly Regifter OP Experiments and Obfervaticms I N Hmhandry and Gardening j FOR THE Months of June and July^ 1722. Sff a i: T ' inji Cil ••U' ^: iDidU ^Vv*j UiL^ i-^iiiJ ^^\*i4^U^aCJ, 3 H T 5^01 A General TREATISE O F Hiijhandry and Gardening. CONTAINING Such Obfervations and Experiments as are New and Ufeful for the Im- provement of Land. WITH An xAccount of fuch extraordinary In- ventions, and natural Produdions, as may help the Ingenious in their Studies, and pro- mote univerfal Learning. With Variety of curious C U TT S. For the Months of June avd J u lY; The Second Year. By RICHARD BRADLEY, Fellow of the Royal Society. LONDON: PiititedforT^WoomvAR-D, at f/;e Half-Moon agaiiijl St. Dunitan's Church, Fleet-Street ; avd J. P E E L E, at Locke's Head in Pater- Nofter Row. M.DCC.XXIV. ■■H m 1, T O Sir NICHOLAS CAREJV, F BEDDINGTON, 1 N The County o£ SURREY, Bart. SIR, AM encouraged to Introduce thefe Pa- pers into the World under Your Patronage, from the Extraordinary Regard You " The Dedication. You fliew for the they treat of. YOUR Delightful Gar. dens atBEDDiNGToisr would ajtione be enough to draw up- on You the Admiration of that Part of Mankind who ftudy the Ufeful Pleafures and Tranquility in Life. AND when we take a View of thofe Wonderful Or a n g e-T r e e s which Your Noble Anceftors firfl made Familiar to our Eng" lijh Climate, and obferve their Profperity, and behold the agreeable Structure you have rais'd The Dedication. rais'd for their Prefervation, This, Sir, loudly proclaims Your Genius worthy of the Ancient and Venerable Fa- mily You are defcended from. '- ^^ A S the Defign of the Work which I now lay be- fore the World, is, To In- troduce among us fuch Plants from Abroad, as may be Ufeful and Delightful to our Nation ; fo I am alTured, That nothing can be more prevailing over the Minds of my Readers, than to Intro- duce it under the Protedion of The Dedication, m of a Gentleman who has fo I Capital an Inflance of the Probability of what I pro- pofe, and who is fo Generally Admired for every Action of his Life. I am. Sir. with gre^t Refpe£l;> , Tour mofi Obedient '^^ ' ,v '- Humble Servant. Richard Bradleit. Id THE Monthly Regifter O F EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS I N Husbandry and Gardening. For the Month c/ J u N E, 1722. RULES for Methodizing and Ajforting a Parcel of Ground for the Ufe of a Family of Seven or Eight Perfons ; or from that l^umber to Twenty or Thirty in Family, MONG the Many I have converfed with of all Nations, and all Degrees, I find one Humour generaUy prevails in Point of Gardening; which is, That the more profitable a Garden is, the more it is admired ; and the End of making and keeping a Garden, B is, 2 ExpeyimentSy Sec. 2;/ is, befides the Advantage it will bring to the Mafter of it, the Pleafure of hav-* ing every Fruit and Herb brought freuij to his Table. In the Courfe of my Obfervations, t have found this Defign carried to a great Length in fome few Places 5 but, on the other Hand, great Numbers have failed in the Execution of their Defign, either by over-cropping their Grounds, or by wrong proportioning their Quantities of ' Herbs or Fruit, or by negleding to con- trive a due SuccefHon of their Crops. The Overcropping or Stocking of a Ground, in the firft Place, robs it of its Strength, and where Plants grow too clofe together, whether their Roots or Tops are to be eaten, they are always fmall and ufelefs, the beft Seeds of Cabage-* Letuce will produce Plants of no Value, if they want Room ; the Seeds of the largeft Roots will produce nothing of mo- ment, if they do not fland at a right Diftance one from another, which the Houghs ufed in the Gardens about London^ will, in fome meafure, help to teach us. The Blades of the Houghs for Turneps, are about five or fix Inches wide, while thofe for Onions, are but two Inches: But thefe Inftruments I chiefly mention, . beaufe they are feldom ufed in the Coun- tries remote from London-, for \w\xQn the firft I Husbandry and Gardenmg, 3 firfl: has gone through the Plants, though the Blade is but five or fix Inches wide, yet the Turnep Plants remain generally about feven or eight Inches afunder, from the irregular coming up of the Seeds; and fo the Onions will, after Houghing, ftand about four or five Inches afunder, which is full near enough, if we expeQ: to have them good, and well- rooted ; and even at fuch a Diftance, they will very well allow a good Draught to be made, during the Summer- Seafon, which will ftill help the remaining Plants to enlarge their Roots. So Cabage-Letuce, to have them good, fhould ftand a Foot apart, if we plant four or five Rows in a Bed ; but it they are planted in a fingle Row, we may fet them nearer together ; for every Plant which we exped to bring a large Head, muft have Room for the Air to circulate freely round it ; for if that is not allowed, the Plants will never fpread, but run upright, and their Leaves will be watery and infipid. The Roots either of Turneps or Onions, which commonly Apfle above Ground, are always larger, as they have more Room and more Air about them ; and then the Leaves are fhort, and the Juices are employ'd principally in the Roots. So in Carrots and Parfnips, though they run downwards into the Ground, yet as B 2 their 4 Experiments^ &c. m their Green Tops fpread more or lefs, their Roots are fmaller or larger. The fecond Miftake, is, The wrong Proportioning the Quantities of thefe EC- culent Herbs and Roots in a Garden, by which means we fuper-abound in one Thing, while we are in want of another ; and happens chiefly from our judging i wrong of the Nature and Dcfign of the ^ Things we plant or fow, or of their Ufe at the Table, or ihe Time which every §ort will la ft good. We are to confider, that Peafe will re- quire more Room than any other Thing in a Garden, conlidering their Table Ufe ; for the Fruits of many Plants muft go to make a Difb, and then a Crop of Peafe feldom lafts longer good than Three Weeks or a Month ; but then, becaufe we muft have many Plants, we are not to croud them clofc together; for then we (hall have a fmaller Quantity of Fruit ; and befides, the firft Gathering when the Lines of Plants are too clofe together, tireaks and bruifes the Plants, fo that they do not even bring a Quarter-Part of their Crops to Perfeftion. I have expc- rienced, that ten Rods of the Ronceval, and Dutch Admiral Peafe, have yielded more Fruit when their Lines have been fet wide enough afunder, and have been well Stick'd, than three times the Quan- tity Husbandry and Gardenings 5 tity of Ground has done, where the Rows were as many more in Number, and twice the Quantity of Seed put into each Row : And befides, thofe that had Room enough, have brought good Peafe for above ten Weeks together, by being water'd now and then, and the Peafe gather'd carefully from them, without bruifing the Plants. But though we might reckon ten Rods of fuch Peafe to be enough for a Family, yet when we come to pro- vide Carrots or fuch-like Roots, two or three Rods will prove much more advan- tageous than the ten Rods of Peafe ; for in the Roots there is little or no Wafte ; but there muft be many Plants of Peafe to yield as much profitable Eating, as one Carrot or Parfnip will do. I fuppofe a Carrot Root that requires about eight Inches Square of Ground, will fill the Space of a Pint ; and the profitable Part of the Peafe that require a Yard Square of Ground to grow upon, will hardly be more than half as much, confidering what Air they mufl: be allowed ; and fo every Thing in a Garden, according to the pro- fitable or ufeful Part of it, fhould be con- fider'd. Again ; We ought to know, what Herbs or Roots are chiefly ufed or coveted in any Family, and proportion our Stock of pvery fort accordingly ; for otherwife, though 6 ExperhnentSj Sec. ' m though our Garden be fully cropt, yet if the favourite Herbs or Roots are not in full (Quantity to the Mafter's Will, the Blame will fall upon the Gardener, and thus, much of the Garden, though it be fully cropt, becomes ufelefs. Therefore, it would not be amifs, for a Gardener to enquire at his firft coming into a Place, what Herbs or Roots will be chiefly ex- pected or ufed in the Family^ that they may be the^ pbje Bean, will yield about fix Gallons, or about two third Parts as much m Meafure, as a Rod of Ground planted with Pl^wdfor-BQcins ; and thofe among the Afparagus-Beds, will yield as many more, and efpecially be- caufe thefe Plants have more Air. So may we compute the Whole to amount to about twelve Gallons, which will very well afford us good part of Sixty Days Diet, befides fome Difhes from After- Ctops : While we have thefe in Ufe^ let us fpa re thofe Roots and Herbs which will hold good in that Seafon. The pro-i per Directions for managing thefe Crops^ I have laid down in my New Improve- ments, D Ground i8 Experiments y Sec. in Gtound for Peafe, 8 Rods. r H A V E obferved in my Introducfiorf to this Chapter ^ that the Pea requires more Room than any other Thing in a Garden, and have given fome Reafons why it is fo ; therefore I allow in this Garden, 8 Rods of Ground for Peafe, befides the Advantage we may have of fhifting the Peafe in the Ground I allow for Carrots, which is I Rods, fo as to fet an early Crop of Peafe upon it; for the Carrots muft be taken out of the Ground when they have done growing, and laid by in dry Sand. So then we fliali have eleven Rods of Ground for Peafe, befides a Row, if we pleafe, clofe under a South-Wall to be Stick'd up : Though they will hot rife ve- ry high, yet they will bear better, and ripen fooner, than if they were to lie up- on the Ground* But fuppofe we begin with the Carrot- Pkce, for an early Crop of Peafe; fow the Lines double and the Peafe four or five Inches apart, and the Lines about ten Inches afunder to be ftaked up ; but the Allies between the double Lines, muft be about two Foot Wide, fo that we may have fix double Rows in a Rod, or in three Rods, about eighteen double Rows, of fixteeo F005 a ad a half long. Now were Husbandry and Gardening. 19 w^re all thefe Peafe to ftand the Weather, which is very doubtful, if we put them in before the End ai November, then there would be about One hundred Plants it\ a double Row ; and a fingle Plant of this fort will bear, if it be Stick'd up, about twenty Cods, which will carry from about five to feven Peafe apiece, whofe Peafe, when they are about the Bignefs oi the following Letter ["(31 5 ^^^^ ^^^ ^ Strike Quarter of a Pint, Wine-Meafure, from One hundred Cods ; that is a Pint from Four hundred Cods, or a Quart from Eight hundred Cods; fo that we mull have Forty Plants, to produce a Quarf: of Peafe for the Table, of the Bignefs I mention ; or if we allow for Hazards, and fuppofe Fifty Plants to yield a Quart, then a double Row of Plants will yield about two Quarts; and the three Rods pf Peafe, or the eighteen double Rows, will yield Thirty -fix Quarts, ornineGai. Ions, Strike Wine-Meafure: But if we meafure them by the Heap'd Winchefter' Quart, and allow for the Lofs of thofe which will grow too old for eating green, we cannot well reckon above five Gallons of clear green Peafe for the Ufe of the Table; lo that we may have gbout a Dozen or Fifteen good Diihes of Peafe from this Parcel. D 2 The ^o E)(fperimentSy Sec, in The other Ground we allot for Peafcj which is eight Rods, fliould be divided into three Parcels, 'viz. Three Rods for the Sugar Pea, to be fown in February, after the manner of the former, which will follow the earlieft Crop in ripening, and yield about five Gallons of clear Peafe, Wmchefler-MeaiuvQ, befides feveral Quarts for Seed or Winter Ufe ; though it is cuftomary to fow them in fingle Rows, and then the Allies between the Lines, inuft be about two Foot and a half afunder. We are next to fow three Rods of large Peafe, fuch as the Sfanijb-Mooretto^ or the 'p^ounceval or Dutch Admirals. Thefe fnuft be planted in double Rows in April^ the Lines of Peafe to be a Foot apart, and We muft allow half a Foot on the outfide of every double Line, to place our Stakes, which Stakes muft be bufhy, fuch as the Boughs which are generally cut for Ba- vins, called Brufla«Wood. Thefe ought to be full feven Foot long, fo that they be allow'd above half a Foot to be in thje Ground, and that the two Lines be tyed together on the Top, fo a$ to be full 6)^ Foot high. The Figure of this Staking, at the Ends of every double Row, will almoft reprefent the Letter [V] revers'^i and every double Row of Stakes will rneafure near two "Foot at the Bottom. Between every two double Rows oi Stakes, i Husbandry and Gardening, 2 1 Stakes, we muft leave a PafTage of four Foot wide, fo that then there will be about fix Foot from the Outfide of the firft double Row, to the fecond double Row. So in three Rods we may have five double Rows of thefe Peafe about Thirty-three Foot long each. By this means, if they are Staked early enough, and water'd in a dry Time, and, above all, carefully gather'd, or as I ufed to dired, /. e. To cut ofF the Peafe with Scizzars ; after this manner, they will laft bearing a long Time, and produce near twice as many Peafe, as thofe that are order'd the common Way. About Fifty Cods will yield of clear Peafe, as many as will fill a Qjjarter of a Pint, Strike Wine-Meafure ; or Four hundred Cods will yield a good Wine-Quart ; and a Plant preferv'd in Health, will bear about Thirty Cods : But fuppofing therrt to bear only Twenty Cods apiece, then a double Row of Thirty- three Foot long, allowing the Peafe to fland at leaft fix Inches apart, will yield, when they are taken out of the Shells or Cods, about feven or eight Quarts, and the whole about Thirty-five Quarts, or fomewhat more than nine Gallons, Strike Wine-Mea- fure, or for eating Green, about feven Gallons WiftcheJisr-MQ^i^ure, ~i \ There 22 Experiments^ &c, in There remain yet two Rods to be fown with the fame fort of Pea in May^ for a late Crop which will afford us above four Gallons of clear Peafe, Winchefier- Meafure : So that the Produce of eleven Rods of Peafe, thus order'd, will be about Twenty-one Gallons of clear Green Peafe for eating, befides a good Quantity for Seed. Such a Quantity may ferve to af- ford us, at leaft, Fifty large MefTes, to be gathered between May and the End o{ September \ and if there (hould be more than we can difpenfe with while they are -Green, we may ufe them dry in the Win- ter, for boiling ; and the Rounceval Pea efpecially is extreamly good. It would be well to plant one Rod of this Piece, with the fort of Pea which is common in Holland^ which the People eat Shells and all, as we do Kidney-Beans. Ground for Kjdney-Beans^ 2 Rods. THOUGH I allow but two Rods of Ground for Kidney-Beans, we are to underftand, that they will afford as much profitable Fruit, as four Rods of Broad- Beans, for in thefe there is no Wafte; and from the Time of the firft Crop's beginning to bear, about the Middle of Jitne^ they continue Good 'till the End of Hettembery with a little Care. In Husbandry d.iL[d Gardening, 2j In fetting of thefe, the Lines fhould be 'fingle, and abou: three Foot diftant from each other, whether they are to run up Sticks, or if they are of the new Dwarf- fort, which does not climb at all; for they will fpread more than a Foot and a. half, and therefore fliould be fet abour fix or eight Inches afunder in the Lines, and have Liberty to fpread in the Allies: Befides, Room muft be left fufficient to walk between the Rows. We may fet a Rod of each Sort, one in Jpril, and tho other in May, efpecially the climbing Sort, the lateft of the two ; for the Dwarf-fort is the moft hardy, and bears very plen- tifully. If they are well managed, we may reafonably expeQ: from the two Rods, above three BuChels of Be^ns fit for eating, and they will be an agreeable Change among the Summer-Crops. Ground for Collj- Flowers, 2 Rods. I ALLOW two Rods of Ground for Colly-Flowers, which we mud plant a- bout three Foot afunder, that they may fpread their Leaves, and bring large Flow- ers, which they will not do, if they ftand clofe together : So in the two Rods to be planted three Foot afunder, we fhall have about Sixty Plants, or about ten every Week, 24 Eyperifiients^ &c. in Week, while they laft. The Method of ma- naging them for the Spring and Autumn Crops, is in my Kjilendar* Note^ Thefe 2 Rods are for the Spring Crop, to ferve part of M^?)' and Jtwe-, and when they are off, the fame Ground may ferve to plant out our Sellery for Blanching. The Rows for Sellery muft be better than two Foot apart, and the Plants fix Inches afunder : From whence we may draw Sellery from Anguft 'till February, Or if we think that this Spot of Sellery will be too much, plant part of it with Endive for Blanching ) but if we ufe it Stew'd at the Table, or in Soup, we muft find fonie other Spot to plant more of it ; tor thefe Ways of u{u?g it, deftroy a great deal. ^: t- Ground for Cahages and Brocdlr, 5 Rods, I RECKON there cannot well be lefs than three Rods of Ground employ'd for Cabages, and efpecially if we have a h'ttle Warren of that fort mention'd in my laft Year's Remarks. The Cabage^ Plants ftanding at two Foot Diftance, WcUl give us about Twenty Rows of fixteea Foot and a half long, or One hundred and Eighty Plants; which, befides the regu- lar Cabages they will produce, willfur-r nidi us with a large Store of Young SproutSj Husbandry and Gardening, 25 sprouts, even exceeding the Cabages themfelves in Goodnefs. I alfo allow two Rods of Ground for Brocoli, which being planted at abouc a Foot Diftance from one another, this Spot of Ground will carry about Two hundred and Fifty Plants, whofe Bufinefs being chiefly to fprout, the Plants do not require to Hand at fo great Diftance as the Cabages. 'Tis the Flower-Stalks of this Brocoli, that are ufed at the Table* They muft be taken juft when they are fhooting to bloITom, and the outer Coat or Skin of them pil'd off; they boyl ia about three or four Minutes, and ea^ as well as Afparagus. Ground for Savoys^ or Savoy Cabages^ 2 Rods, THOUGH we are provided with three Rods of Cabages, we may ye£ allow two Rods of Ground for SavoySj which m the Winter, and towards the Spring, will afford us a very agreeable Variety. Thefe muft be planted at the fame Diftance as Cabages, and then the two Rods will bear about One hundred Twenty Plants, the Offal of which will help to feed our Warren. When we plant Our Ground for Cabages and Savoys, we might fow i% with Spinach and Ra- E difhes, i6 Experiments^ &c. in diflies, which would be fit for the Table, before the Plants began to fpVead. Ground for Carrots^ 3 Rods. S U C H a Piece of Ground will afford us a large Quantity of Roots, either to be drawn in the Summer, or for Winter- Ufe, and in them there is no Wafte; for what we can fpare, the Hogs will eat, and the Green Tops will be of Ser- vice to the Rabbets. So that in one fliape or other, they will all come to the Table. Thefe, if they (land at a right Diftance, will be in Number about Four hundred upon a Rod, or about One thou- fand Two hundred upon three Rods of Ground. Befides, we may fow with them fome Sorts of Cabage - Letuce, which will be fit to eat before the Car- rots begin to grow large. Note^ Ca- bage-Letuce will boil very well. Upon this Piece of Ground, when the Carrots are off, it is, that I have propofed fowJng our early Crop of Peafe, or i^ we were to fuppofe this Piece of Carrots to bring only a Thoufand Roots, they will laft a Family of fix or feven very well for fix Months, to be drefs'd every Day. i Ground Husbafidry and Gardening. 27 Ground for Par f nips ^ 2 Rods, THIS Ground muft be fown when we fow our Carrots ; but the Root mull: not be taken up 'till November, and thein be lay'd in the Houfe. We may have about Six hundred Roots in the two Rods, if the Seed be good, and if they are more than we can ule in the Kitchen, our Swine will feed extreamly well upon them. Thefe are for our Ufe in the Winter and Spring, and, if managed according to my DireQ:ions in my New Improvements^ will laft good 'till June, Ground for Potatoes ^ 3 Rods. THREE Rods of Ground, well plant- ed with Potatoes, will yield us about fix Bufheis of Roots ; but we muft not ex- peQ: any other Crop upon it while the Potatoes are growing. Such Land as is efteemed the worft, will do well for thefe Roots : And confidering how much Profit they bring to a Family, I wonder they arc not more generally propagated in the ppprer Parts of our Country, E a GroufiA Fi ^8 Experiments^ See. m Ground for Onions^ 3 Rods, THESE three Rods may be employ'd the firit Year of making our Garden, for a Crop of Peafe for Seed, or for boyl- ing in the Winter ; for the firft Year, we fhall have a fufficient Quantity of Onions upon our Afparagus Beds. This Piece being employ'd for Peafe, will yield in a Summer about five Gallons of clear Peafe, after they are threfh'd ; and when it is ufed for Onions, it will bring about three Bufhels in a Summer, But in this, as in other Parcels of Ground, which I liave mark'd, we muft obferve. That every Crop we fow in it, be of a different Tribe from what has been before, and fo fjiift the Crops on each Spot of Ground every Year. Qroiirsdfoif Tamers, Summer-Ctop^ 2 Rods, I ALLOW two Rods of Ground for a Summer Crop ofTurneps; for though our Garden will be well Itored in Sum- mer with many Varieties, we fhould by no means be without fome Turneps, to change now and then with our other Gar- cJen-DiOies. They will, moreover, be of good Help to our Warren, and their Of- fals will likewife afTift to feed our Swine, fo tlusiaiiilry and Gardening. 29 fo that nothing will be loft. . Thefe Tur- neps will ftand at about the fame Diftance as the Parfnips ; fo that in the two Rods we may reckon about Five or Six hundred Roots. When the Turneps are off, this Piece may be fown with Spinach for Winter. Let us now fee what Profit w^e may expeO; from our Sixty Rods of Ground, full cropt, as Ihave directed. The Ac- count is as follows. TABLE go Experiments^ &c. in TABLE OF THE PROFITS ARISING From the af ore-mention d Sixty Rods of Ground^ planted as aforefaid' Number of Rods of Ground. Profits of the faid Rods of Ground. i Rods for the Hot-Bed Quar- ler, will carry 4 Frames, and 3 Ri'dges { 2 of which fliould be for Melora, and one for / Mebns in one Frame, about . ; Melons on tl^e two Ridges, or7 16 Holet . . . . r 10 6» In all Melon* 70 be for Melong, and one for / -■ Cucumbers. The Produce of \ Cucuroberi in 2 forward Framet, abt. 69 thefe will be alfo anmjal Wowers, Sellery, and Colly. Second Crop of Cucumben upon ^ ^w_er Plants, ^t. , . . one Ridge of 8 Holes, reckoning ^^g^^ 20 Fruic on each Hole, which is a ^ very fmall Number . . . . . j Ifi il] Cu^unberf : . 230 4 TsOit f itry'4 0Tir« Husbandry and Gardvnmg* 31 4 Rods brought over. B a Rods are allow'd ^r Pickling Cucumbers, fet in Holes four Foot afundcr, or in Lines to run up Stakes, may contain about 3 2 Holes, or u Lines of PUnts 5 befidcs Cabage- Letuce and Radiflies, which will foon be off . Rods of Ground for young Sa- lads, pricking out of Plants, befides Fenel, Dill, and Ro- cambole fCuc [tioun Cucumbers 30 on each Hole, will {amount to in this Piece , ■].. D i Rod for Horfe Radiib, Sker* rets, and Efchalots . . . We may fafely reckort 1000, if I they are well managed. Vo ung Salads of Crefles, CherViC^ young Radifli, young Turnep, or Rape, young Muftard, young Le- tuce, Taragon, Purflane, Nafter* tium Indicum ; and in the Winter,? ^j brown Dutch Letuce, half Ca-/ '** baged. From hence, and the other double-cropt Parts, we may gather a Salad every Day in the Year, Saladi Half a Rod of Horfe-Radifli,? will afford Root* about . . . f Quarter of a Rod of Skerreti,-* will contain Plants about 150, and f 'tis common to have 3 and 4 Roots / ^*^ on each Plant, io we may reckon J IS* Another Quarter planted with"! Efchalots, will produce about ^ Pounds Weight J J^ C Minth, Sage, Peneroyal, Hyfop," I Winter Savory, Sweet Marjoram, „ J /./-. jr »> L 1. I Burnet, Clary, Parfley, Thyme.f 4 Rods ofGround for Pot-herbs I So„el, Rofemary, Burrage, Ange-^ wUl produce Cijca, Lavendar, Baum, fome fort( I or other to be gather'd every Day^ I in the Year. Parcels . ,- , (' Afparpgus, after the Rate of 700 ■> F 1 ptr Week, and lafting good for 9 S I Weeks, will bring about. Hundreds J ' kodt of Afparagui in full/ It i6S Crop, will produce |7 Rod|C>rry'49ycr; I Or the firfl Year about two I Bufliels of Onioni, if they are (jiealthful ^(parsgut carry'd over ] ' ^ f* 52 E^perifJientSy Sec. in 17 Rods brought over. Hundreds of Afparagus brought over 06 F v«j /-AT rtr^iojT One Hot-Bed, which may bcT ^ ^?? of AfparagusforHot-bed \ .^^^^^ ^-^ ^ ^^^ ^^ r^^> ^^„ J, , Ufe, Will produce . . , .^trap, will produce abt. Hundreds J Hundreds of Afparagus in all Q Or Buds, in Number . , « Rods for Artichokes, will f-Qp j ^lo^g^" „ ^g^js gbouj . ; , j^ pioduce, bifides Spinach andi' RaSfhts in tht Spring . . C Aod of Suckers or fmall Flowers, abt. i j H i Rods of Rafpberries planted in f* From the Ten Rows of Rafp. Ten Rows, will produce, be-Y'^^"'? Plants, we may gather fides Colewort Plants, &e. /.bout . . Gallons Rafp-T !ier a> ^ i Changeable Crops. f From 3 Rods of broad Beans, > I if they ?re fet wide enough afun- I [der, we may expeft of Bearts, clear f I lof the Shells . . . Gallons . . . . ^ 4 Rods for Beans are prind-/ prom i Rod of Spanifh Beans,7 "■ pally fet afide for Summer- Vlear of their Shells f ^ To which we may add the liken Quantity ofSpaniJh Beans from the C 4 ,A^ar3gus Quarter J In all, we have Gallons 3» r 4« r. Three Rods of the Sugar Pea, will yield of Peafe clear K Gallons ar Pea,^ of theS t Eods of Ground for Peafe ; principally fet apart for that Ufe in Summer; As alfo ofyGalluns Peafe fown upon the Carrot- \ Quarter . . Shell, about Three Rods of Rounceval, ofl Dutch Admiral Peafe, will yield of i Peafe clear of the Shells.abt. Gallons J Two Rods Spanijh Moorttto, clear of the Shells, will yield } jij Rods Carry'd ote^; To thefe we may add the Pro.' duce of three Rods early Peafci fown upon the Carrot Quarter,' which will yield about . . Gallons . In all the Meafure of Peafe clear! — ^— of the Shells, will be about Gal- > a r Ions, ^Kw*^<^;;^e|fure , , .j-ir^ Husbandry and Gardeiihig, 3 3 J 6 Rodsbrougbt over. L a Rods for Kidney-Beans M r The Produce of Two Rods "J ,< of Kidney-Beans, will be about >» 4 <.Bufl»cls J This Piece will afford us about ^ Sixty good Colliflowers in Maj S 60 and Jtmt .... Flowers ... .J Rods are allow'd for Colly- The blanched SeUery which 7 Flowers, for the Ufe of the j ™y Si-ow "P'^n 2 Rods, witi afford s 4J9 Spring, and the fameG'ro«ndf'n Plants about ..... • 3 __^ to be afterwards trenched ,\ „,., ^ ^ oij'^"^ for bunching of Sellery . . ^^^f^'^fj^y^^r^^f^V""-? n^ *" ' or if ufcd in Soups, or Stew d .will '^ not laft above 3 o Djys , for a dozen ^ Plants will make but a little StieWi at the Table, in thofe Drcfles \ N 3 Rods for Cabages -^ The three Rods for Cabages T will aiFovd us about ..... =1 Heads - • -S 180 x8tf The Sprouts of the fame will amount in Quantity to about as much as the Neat Cabages : So that to reckon them as Cabages "Fhen in all, bcfides the Offals T — -* for Rabbets, there will be to the j» 363 <^ntity of ...... .^- o tlodi for Brocoli Plants \ Redi fi)f Savoy Cabagei 47 R9ds Carr>'(i dvef^ '' Two Rods cf Brocoli will con- tain about Two hundred and Fifty Flams, from whence, when they are in their fproucing Perfeftion, we may gather about eight or ten J Sprouts apiece, as big as Afparagus : ^20q# ^The belt is to take them when their Sprouts are pointed with the Flower Buds a little before they would blolTom. So we may ga- ther about .... Sprouts .... We may reafonably tx^^'k from thefe Two Reds, of goodS tso ' Heads, about J But as th^fe come towards' Winter, their Sprouts will be but Ifew. However, their Goodnefs * J makes amends, We (hall reckon (the Sprouts of thefe equal io ' I Fifty full Heads !ti aii . ; ; ; « » ; ; ia 170 34 Experiments^ 5cc. };/ 47 Reds brought over. 3 Rods foT Carrots . i Kcds for 3 Rods fur R Parfnips s Totatccs {w compute that this Piece will 7 bring or good Carrots about . . > * f* On thi« Piece of Parfnips, wen , ; .2 may expcft, Roots, about Five \ lot • . J {Thefe Three Rods of Ground i will yitld us of Good Potatoc. % Roots, about ... Bu flit. Is ... .J do 3 i <00 T Rods muft be allow'd for> Onions after the firft Year -, but as the firft Year we fliall , - , , .... have a Crop of Onions upon Thefo three Rods w.ll bring ^ the Afparagus Beds, we fhall, ^"« o^*:'""- f"fe, after ThraJhing, S. during that Time, fow it ('about • • • Gallons . . .^ vith Peafe for Winter-boil- V This Piece of Ground for Tiir- 2 Rods for a Summer Crop of) ^^ j .^^jh contain, of Roots, abt, Turneps .^pj^g ^^ } 6o» 60 Rods the Total. HAV- Husbandry and Gardemng. 35 HAVING taken a View of the principal Crops to be raifed in this Parcel of Ground, we rauft obferve, That as foon as any of them are otf abouc 'Jalyy we niuft then provide for the Winter ; .fuchas Carrots, Spinach; and fuch others as we may chiefly defire ; and if we fhould happen to have more Ground va- cant than we could well Crop at this Seafon, it fhould be trench'd up, to lie open the "Winter, for Spring-fervice. From hence we may obferve, how a Piece of Ground of Sixty Rods may be difpofed for a Kitchen Garden, and what will be the Produce of it, if the forego- ing Diredions are exadly followed : I have likewife endeavour'd, in the parcel- ling it, tofetdown theQiiantity of every Sort, either of Herb, or Root, which may be produced upon each Parcel ap- pointed ; but I defire my Reader will have this Regard to a Calculation of this Nature, that bad Seed, or bad Seafons, miy fometimes bring him fhort of his Expectations j and when 1 fuppofe a Num- ber of Roots upon a Rod of Ground, they may not all, perhaps, b^e fit to briog to the Table. And again, we muft ob- ferve that every particular Gentleman has a Tafte to himfelf, which may make him defire either more or lefs of each Sort 56 Experiments^ Sec, In Sort of Herb, than I have appointed. It will then be necelTary for him to con- lider well of what he likes beft, before the Work is undertaken, and from thefe Tables to collect what Quantity he may reafonably ex peel; or defire from this or tliat Proportion of Ground, and then judge how to parcel his Garden, fo as to reap his Defire fiom thence ; for, I fup- pofe, one great Reafon why fo many com- plain of their Gardens and Gardeners, is the want of tliis Confidcration, and of giving their Gardeners a l^ill of what Things they moft delight in ; for without fuch Inliru61ions, it is the Bufmefs of a good Gardener, when he has a Ground under his Care, to have fomething of every Sort, and perhaps thofe Things which he has happen'd to cultivate in the greateft Quantities, may prove the leaft acceptable to the Mafter, and then fo much Ground, is, in effeft, loft to the Owner ; or if there fliould happen to be the largeil: Share of the Ground cultiva- ted agreeable to the Owner's Defire, ^^ • vyhatever is not fo, is fometinies efteenrcl as fo much Lofs, unlefs we allow fuch a Parcel of Land for the Entertainment of, thofe of our Acquaintance, who differ, from us in their Talle of Garden-pro- ( duce. But Hiishaiidry and Gar^n'tng, 37 But let us confider a little further of this Matter, with regard to the Number in Family, who are to partake of the Pro- duct of our Garden, and befides the lin- gular Tafte of the Owner, which muft be firft regarded, let thofe Things be cul- tivated which are ufeful in the Family- Diet ; for w^hoever has feen the Fruiter- ers Bills for Herbage and Roots to Fa- milies, which are pretty Numerous, will find that a Garden docs not a little con- tribute to fave in the Expence of Houfe- keeping : It is not very rare to fee Bills from Fruiterers and H'erb-fhops, of one Winter's (landing, to amount to Sixty, Eighty, an Hundred, and fometimes an Hundred and Fifty Pounds, where the Fa- milies are large ; and then let us judge whether that Article is not worth Confi- deration ; or whether a Garden of our own, well-ordered, will not Jje advan- tageous to us : And befides the Crop we have in the Winter, our Summer Crop is ftill much more profitable. When I firft calculated the foregoing Tables, my Defign was to difpofe of Sixty Rods of Ground for a particular Friend, that he might guefs, as near as polTible, how his Family of about 7 or 8 might be ferv'd by fuch a Quantity of Ground with Things ufeful for the Table; and, without regarding any particularTafte of his, I was defired 38 Experiments y &c. in defired to introduce as many Sorts of Things as I thought NecefTary and Ufeful ; and I think, as I have difpos'd it, there •will hardly be a want of any Herb or Plant throughout the whole Year, even tho' he docs not declare his particular Fancy till after all is planted ; for other- wife, as I hinted before, fuch a Spot of Ground adapted to the Mind or Cuftom of a Family, fo that it fhould contain onj| jy fome particular Things; Such a Ground^ I fay, might be made to fupply 10 or 12 in Family, Peafe excepted, provided it is not Ihaded with Standard Trees, for when thofe are found in fuch a Piece of Ground as this, altho' they are not plant- ed very clofe together, yet fuch Herbs, Plants, or Roots, as are under or near their Shade, never thrive or come to good, tho' the Seeds were of the befl: kind. The Reafon why I except againfl: Peafe in fuch a Piece of Ground, when it is to furnifh 10 or 12 in Family, is, Becaufe they, in the firfl Place, take up more P.oom than any Plant belonging to the Kitchen Garden; and, in the next Place, a Crop of Peafe, when it becomes fit for the Table, foon grows beyond the Table ufe ; they grow old prefencly, and become fit for nothing but to fave for Seed. Indeed fome of the SpunifJ} Moret- to or RouNcevals, will bring good Crops, and Husbandry and Gardening. 39 and laft a long time, with good Manage- ment; or we may fet fome of the fmalleft Dwarf Pea fe, fo as to bring their Crops at different Times from thofe planted in the Neighbourhood. From what has here been faid, I fup- pofe, it will not be difficult for any one to judge of the Produft of any Quantity of Ground, and to dired how much of each Sort of Herb, Plant, or Root, (hould be raifed in a Yeaj- for the Ufe of a Fa- mily of 6, of 10, 20, or any greater Number of Perfons : And belides, we may yet expeft no fmaH Benefit from fome Fruits which may be trained m Efpaliers, and from Goofeberries and Currans, which may be planted in pro- per Places in the fame Garden ; but wc mufl: always have a Regard to place fuch Plants at good Diftance from one anofiher, fo as to have the Air and Sun free and open where we raife any of the Herbs or Roots which we fow Annually, otherwife they will run upright, and never SET to any Subftance. I cannot well conclude this Piece, with- out putting my Reader in Mind, That in Auguft and September it will be a proper Time for him to examine the Fields for Mufhrooms: In order to provide himfelf with that fort of Earth which is found about their Roots, and is full of fine White 40 ExperhnentSj &c. in White Threads, and fometimes has little White Knots appearing here and there in it ; for this Earth contains what is ne- cedary fortheProdudion of Mulhrooms, and muft be kept dry till we apply it to our Mufhroom Beds. I generally put it in a Paper Bag, and keep it in a Room where there is a Fire; for if it meets with Wet, or Moifture, it rots, and when our Mufhroom Beds are made according to Art, every bit of fuch. Earth half an Inch Cube, will furnifh a Quantity of Mufh- rooms which will fpread their Roots near two Foot. The French Gardeners fave large Quantities of this Sort of Earth every Year, and keep it in large Clods m a. dry Room till they ufe it in their Beds ; and tho' it is kept fometimes for iz Months, yet when it comes to be bu- ried half an Inch in the Beds, which are moderately warm, and has been waitr'd for a few Days, it fprings out Mufli- rooms. I have a Profped this Seafon of getting a large Quantity of this kind of Earth, which I hope will be a means of prevailing with fome of our Garden- ers to begin this Piece of Gardening, which will furnifh us at every Seafon of the Year with this valuable Curiofity. We are to note, That a common flat Hot-« Bed will not ferve to raife Mufhrooms upon to turn to any Account j for tho' we Htishandry and Gardenmg, 41 we find them often upon Old Melon-Beds, yet their Growth there is uncertain ; But a Mufhroom-Bed, properly made, will give us a Crop in a Month or Six Weeks after making ; Which I fhall explain as fully as pofTible, as foon as I have try'd fome icw Experiments that are now at Work. There is one Thing which I cannot pafs by in this Place un-obferv'd ; which is, That after we have taken Pains to eftablifh a good Garden, we find ourfelves often at a Lofs to know how to ufe the feveral Pa"tsof its Furniture either to ourPleafure or Advantage; and for want of fuch Skill, the better Half of our Produ£l is com- monly thrown away : 'Tis therefore lam induftrious to ulher into our World, that ufeful Piece written Originally by Monfieur Chffmel, and printed at Paris, called DjBi- ona¥re Oeconomiq^ue^ or by us, The Osconomkal^ or Family'Diciionary ; which is carefully improved from fome of the beil: Writers of other Countries, as well as the Curious of our own Nation ; fo that I do not know any Book extant, which is more publickly Ufeful, or privately Beneficial, that treats of the fame Subjects. The Undertaker of thefe Two Large Volumes being now very much advanced in the Work, by Subfcription, I am flill the more for- ward to take this Notice of it. G I have 42 Experiments^ &c. m I have now no more to fay, relating to the Siibje£l of the foregoing Month^ and (hall therefore proceed to give my Reader a very curious Letter, communj- iCated by an Ingenious Gentleman. J T II E THE f Monthly Regifter O F EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS I N Husbandry and Gardening. For the Month of J v ly, 1722. To Mr. Bradley^ &c. SIR, I N C E you are arrived to that Perfe8:ion, as to be able here at Home to make Climates anfwerable to any whatever aflign'd Abroad,' and produce Equatoreal Heat in the Latitude of Fifty-one and a half; and fince by that means we fhall be able to pro« pagate in England whatever Fruits, Plants, or Flowers, which being either ijfeful/ k - . G 2 Guriou?^ ^*44 Fxper'nnejits^ Sec. iti Curious, or Profitable, are produced in j the warmer Climates ; and which, I doubt not, but in time it will be thought j a National Intercft to have naturalizM ; here : I believe, it will not be improper for SeamcQ to cultivate a Correfpondence with you, fince thereby we may perhaps point out fomething but little, if not ia- tirely unknown to our EngltfJj Gardens. ,-' Indeed, Two Things have prevented Sea-faring Perfons from bending their Thoughts this way : Fird, A Perfuafion that Vegetables produced in thofe hot Climates, could not live with us; which Impediment you have now removed by your Stoves, Hot-beds, t^c The Second is, That we being but little acquainted with the Vegetable World, know not which are Rarities, which not; which you have already got, and which are intirely unknown to you. Which Diffi- culty I hope you will alfo remove by pub- lifliing a Catalogue of foch Exoticks as you have already : and alfo, what others you would chiefly wifh to be brought over to you ; as likewife the Methods of doing it with mod Likely hood of Succefs. In the mean time, I fball venture to mention to you fome Things which I thought moft remarkable, when I us'd the Sea; not doubting your candid Acceptance of my Well Meaning, however imperfed my Per- Husbandry and Gard&nhig. 45 Performance may be. And the firft thing I fhall take Notice of, is, The Palm-tree of Guinea, the Juice of which is not only a pleafanc Drink, but alfo reckon'd fo efFeftual againft the Stone, that I have heard the old Guwea Surgeons give their Opinion, That it would as eafily difTolvc the Stone in the Bladder, as Water does Loaf-Sugar. And I can fpeak on my own Experience, that it is a moft excellent Diuretick, and fo effedually cured me of the Gravel, that I have not been troubled with it thefe 23 Years fince; Palm Ojl is alfo exceUentinfeveral Cafes^ as Aches, Sprains, Bruifes, Swellings, and alfo often taken inwardly by the Negroes 'j but for what Diftempers I had not Language enough to inform my felf. Their Tamm is of the Potato-Tribe, but vaftly larger ; it is more mealy, is of a larger whiter Grain, which fiiines like that of double-reiin'd Sugar, and is ex- treamly nourifliing. The CocO'Nut is pleafant to the Tafte, and the Milk or Water contain'd in it Diuretick ; but the Tree being very tall, and a flow Grower, will hardly be worth our attempting here. The Water-Melons are a moft curious Fruit, and deferve our greateft Applica- tion ; There are two Sorts, the Red and the White, but the Red are beft. They are 46 Expetiments^ &c. in are eaten commonly cut out in Slices, but the Pulp malhed, and eaten with Madera Wine and Loaf Sugar, is incom- parably fine. I come now to our We fi -Indie Sj where they have a Red Potato^ which is as fweet as a Parfnip: And 2i\:Barbadoes they make of it a very pleafant Drink, which they call Mobhy, which I believe would take mightily with our Quality here in Sum- mer ; for it cools, and muft be good againft Confumptions, as all the Potato-Tribe are : and, to take off the Windnefs of its being bottled, 'tis generally drank with Wine. TbeBarl?adoesChwa'Ora?9ge far exceeds the Lishfi in the Richnefs of its Juices. They have alfo a Fruit of the Orange Tribe called a Shaddock ; 'tis from four to eight times as big as an Orai7ge : 'Tis a moft noble Fruit to look at, and not unpleafant to the Tafte ; befides, the BlofTom is very large, fweet, and fine, like the Orange; There are Two Sorts of it, the Red and White 5 the Red is the preferable. The Guava is a. very good Fruit, fo is PUfjtaw ; but the Bonana is very fine, and could it be produced here, would anfwer the Coft and Trouble. The Litne is very good againft the Scurvy, and fome prefer the Punch made of it, before that of Limons • 'Tis hardy, and whereas ic grows Husbandry and Gardening. 47 grows well in the Ifland Majorca, where they have fometimes much Snow, I doubt not but it would thrive with us, and make a moft beautiful Ever-green Hedge. I wonder the Sag^r Cane has never been attempted in our Stoves, upon the Ac- count of its being the fined of Pickles. The Mafjgc oi Malabar would be of great account in our Gardens, and would be prized more for the Delicioufnefs of the Fruit, than the Excellency of the Pickles. And fmce I am upon the Subjecl ot Pickles, I have heard that our large white Plumb has been attempted with Succefs that way. And that the fmall Capers oi Ma. jorca, are thought to exceed the large Ones of Toulon, The Indian Corn is what I believe would very well deferve our Cultivating here; for if an Acre of Reeds is worth two Acres of Corn, here you would have Reeds and Corn too, and the Corn (befides feveral otherUfes) is fo excellentfor fatteningHogs, that it makes their Fat hard as Brawn, and not flabby, as ours generally is; The Reeds make a lafting and impenetrable Thatch, fmall Fences, ^c. and the Pro- duce is prodigious. The Cranberry would alfo be very well worth your Care ; it would bear our Winter abroad extremely well, and would re- 48 Experiments^ &c. in require the Stove only in Summer, when your other Exoticks are all abroad. I much admire that none of our Quality have elTay'd to make the Virginia Nightinf gale and Mocking-bird Natives of this Ifland ; for tho' that Country is hotter in Summer than ours, yet they have fome Winters colder. A Friend of mine, who had a Grove near his Houfe, had one got loofe, who continued in the Grove 'till January ^ that fomc Boys came a Shooting that way, after which it was never heard of. If we were but induftrious this way, our Woods would in a fhort time Rival our Operas ; and our Songfters from America, put thofe from Italy out of Countenance. I fhoulcj not even doubt, but that the Jamaica Nightingale, with his moft fweet Note, might be Naturalized here ; fince the Turtle-Dove,which is a Nativeofthe hotter Climes, does very well wild in our Woods, as I have often obfervM between Peters^ field and Portfmouth. 'Tis a Pity, nobody has efTay'd to make the Prickle-pear o( Jamaica ufeful : I am perfuaded it would make a beautiful and lafting Dye. if any ingenious Perfon would fet heartily and ia good earncft about it. When I contemplate on that eternal Verdure, which reigns over all that Part of the Torrid Zone that I have been in, I / am Husbandry and Gardening. 49 am amazed from whence it is, that Na- ture fupplies thofe vaft Trees and other Vegetables, with Moifture fufficient to maintain them, not only with Life, but in flourifhing Beauty, without one Drop of Rain for Six Months together ; a parch- ing Sun daily exhaufting them, and the Earth fo dry, as to be cleft feverai Yards deep ; Should I conjedure 'tis from the vaft Dews that tall every Night, it would thence undeniably follow, That there is a Circulation of the Juices in Vegetables ; and that the Branches affift the Roots, as well as the Roots the Branches : But this is a Piece of Philofophy not yet univerfally eftabliOi'd, and which I muft leave to your Greater Genius and Experience to inlarge upon. Being, with all Submiflion. SIR, Tour Mojt Humble Servant^ O^ob. 4th 1711. S. G. To Dr. Bradley, R.S.S. The foregoing Letter, has Four Things in it, which I efteem to be highly con- fiderable in Point of Gardening, and its Ufe. The Firft is, Of Climates, and of their being Artificially made with us. The Second is, To find out the beft Me- thods of Importing Foreign Plants to this H King- 50 Experiments^ &c. m Kingdohi. Thirdly^ The Neceffity of making known to the World, the Ufes and Virtues of fuch Exotick Plants, as are brought to us. And, Lafily, What is extremely worth our Confideration ; which iS) That Plants have a confiderable Share of Nourifhment, which they draw from the Air, by way of their Leaves and Bark, as well as from the Earth and Water by means of their Roots. As to the firft Part of this, which in- timates, That we have in fome meafure initiated the warmeft Climates of the World here inE;?^/^;;^,by Artificial Heats ; It is true, we have now in Pradice feveral Ways, which have been lately try'd for the ProduQiion of Heats of almoft every Degree neceffary for the Welfare of Plants of Foreign Countries, and the laft Year has given me the Pleafure of finding, that thofe Methods I have recommended in my former Papers, have had fuch good Suc- cefs, that more Gentlemen have taken that Part of Gardening upon them, in the laft twelve Months, ttran has been known for many Years before. 'Tis evident too, That where we can, by fuch means, render Exorick Plants any ways ufeful, tho' there is fome little Expenceor Trouble in bringing it about, yet a little ex- traordinary Trouble, when it is crown'd with reafonable Profit, will not be grudged by I Hushandry and Gardening. 3 1 by the Undertaker. The late Inftance of bringing the Ananas or Pine-Apple to Per- fetlion in England^ by the Ingenuity of of Mr. Telende at Sir Matthew Decker's^ has fo far gained upon the Curious, that already many of our Nobility have undertaken the fame Improvement ; and 'tis not to be doubted, but a Year or two more, will make this Undertaking much more General; And then I have good Hopes of feeing my Defires com- pieated, of introducing all the Weji-lndian as well as Eajt -Indian Fruits among us. But there is one Caution I muft give my Reader by the bye, concerning the Ufe of Tanners-Barky which is the principal In-^) gredient contributing at prefent to the railing thefe Plants of the Hot-Countries, and the Hints I fhall offer, will, I hope, prevent fome few Miftakes, which are now likely to happen to fome of the Prac- titioners, who too raChly judge o^Tann or Tanners-i?ark, thinking that it it capable of warming a large Body of Air above it, in the fame Degree that the Body of Bark is warm'd below by Fermentation. Thole who have not fallen into this Error, I fup- pofe, have ftridly follow'd the Dimen-, lions and Method of Mr. Telende'^s Hot- Beds ; that is to fay. They have made the Frames for their Hot-Beds 0^ Tanners-hark, ej^aclly of the fame Dimenfions of thofc H 2 at 52 ExperhnentSy Sec. in ^ at Sir Matthew Decker\ at Richmond, and, befides allowing the fame Quantity of Bark to each Bed, take Care likewife to have Repofitories for their Pine- Apples in the Winter, of fuch fort as Mr. Telende fets the Plants under his Care into, in the Wintcr-Seafon, which is regulated by Fire only : And this I find neceffary for the Winter is, becaufe, as the Bark has not a Power of itfelf to warm a large Quantity of Air above it, fo the Plants that are fet into it in the Winter, tho' it will warm their Roots and fet them growing, yet the Leaves or Parts above Ground being re- ft rain'd from Growth by the greater Cold of the Air above, cannot receive the Nourifhment into them that the Roots receive from the Earth ; for which Rea- fon, where the Bark is ufed in Winter, we fhould have fome other Artificial Warmth to regulate the Air above, and difpofe the Leaves or Branches of fuch Plants as have their Roots plunged in the Bark, to receive Nourilhment from them, or elfe put the Air above into fuch a State as may help to feed the Plants. I fuppofe, that this can be only done by Firci or, in other Terms, an Air warm'd by means of Fire, and then the Space above the Bed of Bark^ may be more extenfive than otherwifc can be allow'd. Where thefe two Warmths concur, it is not to be doubted Hushandry^nd, Gardening. 55 doubted but any Plant of the warmeft Clime may grow there, and we muft remark, That in Mr. Telends\ Frames there is fuch a Proportion of Air for the Plants above the Bed of Bark, that the Sun in Summer can fufiiciently warm it, for the Maintenance of the Ananas ; but in the Winter we muft have Recourfe to other Help, fuch as that of Fire ; for the Sun is not then ftrong enough to warm the Air above the Bark, This Bark is likewife of extraordinary Ufe for making Plants ftrike Root quick- ly ; and as there is little or no Steam rifes from it, fo the Leaves of fuch Plants will not be endangered, as oftentimes thofe are which are fet upon Hot-Beds made of Horfe Dung. We muft obferve too, That the Bark, when it is juft taken out of the Vats^ is fubjed to heat with Violence, and grow moldy on the Top, and then fpeedily lofe its Heat ; but the beft Bark is that which has been out of the Vats about a Fortnight before we ufe it, and that will heat gently and gradually, and continue hot a long Time. But this by the bye. The Second Thing to be confidered, is, The Method of Importing Plants and Seeds from Foreign Countries with Safe^ ty ; and how fuch Gentlemen who go a- broad may judge of the Plants they meet with 54 Expenme?jtSy Sec, in with in Foreign Parts, whether they may be acceptable to us, or not. As to the bringing over of Seeds and Plants, I have been pretty Large upon that Head in my New Improvements and other Writings of Gardening ; but I fhall take occafion here, to mention Two or Three New Particulars which are necefTa- ry to be obferved in thofe Cafes : I have al- ready faid, That 'tis the beft way to gather the Seeds in their Shells and Cafes, and fo to bring them to us ; for befides the Help fuch Cafes will be to preferve the Seeds during the Voyage, they will help to inform us of what Clafs or Order the Plants are of which they were taken from ; or if we have occafion to bring over Plants in Boxes of Earth, we may fow fome of the Seeds in thofe Boxes of Earth, efpe- pially thofe of the Tree-kind, becaufe by that Time they come to us, they may be in fome Forwardnefs to grow : But if we have not this Convenience, we may fol- low the Method fent me by a very curi- ous Gentleman, whofeNamelknownot, but as it carries a Face of good Reafon with ir, as far as that can guide me, it has my Approbation, and it is this ; When the Seeds are gathered, and as welldry'd as the Warmth of the Air of the Place can do, or a warm Pocket will do in three or four Days, then put them into a Glafs Bottle, Husiandry and Gardenhig. 55 Bottle, or glazed Veffel, clofely ftcpp'd, rather with a Stopple of the fame Sort than with a Cork ; for a Cork is apt to rot by change of Air: and then we muft take care to have this Stopple well cement- ed with Pitch, or Bees- Wax and Rozin ; the faid VefTel muft then be placed in a larger Jar, or VefTel of glazed Earthen- ware, and the intermediate Space be- tween both, be filled with common Salt, even fo as to cover the Stopple of the Seed- Bottle with Salt. By this Means, I judge, thatit will be impoffible for any of the Seeds to be injured in their Paflage through dif- ferent Climates ; for yet I cannot dilcover, that any Sort of Infecl can live in a Body of common Salt ; or where Salt is the Medium juftly regulated between the Air and the Body, then fuch Body cannot putrify fo as to be render'd a proper Nidus for any Infe6t to lay its Eggs m : We have many Inftances of Flefh that has not putrified after it has been well pre- pared with Salt, and it is as rational to think, that Seeds or Plants may be as well preferved by it, when we confider the Waysof Pickling fome Sorts of Fruits, which by only putting Salt to them, they are preferved many Months, when of themfelves they would rot and be dc- flroyed in a few Days. This 56 E^cperirnents^ &c. in ^ This Salt alfo correds the extraordi- nary Heat of the warmer Climates, and by its being thus made the Wall, as I may call it, between the hot Air and the Seeds, fo through its Fixation and Coldnefs, ic is not to be fuppofed, that the exceflive Heat of the hotteft Climates can pene- trate through it, fo as to occafion any con- (iderable Decay in the Seed : And we may confider likewife, That as this Salt is firft fixed by extraordinary Heat, fo we can- not fuppofe, That while the Seeds are pafling through the hot and dry Climates, the Salt can fuffer any great Change or Alteration ; and fo it is as natural to fup- pofe, That the Seeds which are under its Shelter, cannot be much altered ; and we Xvell know, that a Climate about the La- titude of ours, is rarely difpofed to melt Salt, fo that under fuch Shelter we can hardly find any Seeds to be brought to us that will not be in good Perfedion. And this has led me often to admire at the Principles in Nature, that difpofe fome Bodies to fix themfelves from Liquids by Violent Heat, and others, which are in their Principle as Liquid, to be only fixed by Entrance of Cold. 'Tis a Subjeft worth Confideration, and will greatly help to the Defign which we have now before us j but my prefent Opportunity will not aU low me to inlarge upon it, only by the bye lihall Husbandry and Gardvnhig* 57 1 riiall obferve, that fome Plants do not grow in the Summer Months, but only have a vegetative Motion m the Winter ; and others are only in Motion in the Sum- mer, and upon the leaft Approach ot Cold) are fixed, and lofe their Vegetation. But to return to my Subjed ; We are next to confider of the beli Means for the Tranfportation of the Plants themfelves, and that may be done, in a fhort Voyage^ without any Earth about the Roots, if they are Trees of any Subftance, that is to fay, of an Inch, or an Inch and Half Diameter in the Stem ; but they muft be very clear of Wet before they are pack'd up, otherwife there will be a Ferment about their Bark which will deftroy them* I have known fome Trees, which have grown after they have been without Earth for Ten Months, Orange Trees efpeci- ally ; and a Willow Twig, which I ufed to carry in my Hand for more than Ten Months, is now, after Five Years flicking in the Side of a Bank, become a good Tree. But for Tranfporting of Plants, which require Earth to grow in while they un- dergo a long PafTage, I can give no better Directions than what I have lately obferv- ed in a Letter of Mr. Mark C^nesbj, a ve- ry ingenious Gentleman, written from Carolina to Mr. Fairchtld^ concerning the I . Car* 58 E)^perhnents^ 5cc. m Carriage of Plants by Sea, which he has had good Experience of, as appears from the many Varieties of Virgwia Plants which of late Years he has fent over to England \ and is as follows* To Mr.FAIRCHILD. S I R, 7 Desire ivhen you [end, Plants hy Shipping to ■*■ remote Parts, to fend them tn Tubs, and not in Baskets ; for Baskets contribute much to the Mifcarriage, Winter is the beji Time ; 08:ober // it could be, and to fut the Tubs in the Bailafi, which keeps them moijl and mO' derately warm. So managed, I have had beji Succefs with Plants from England ; for on the Quarter-Deck they are often wetted with Salt Water, and require the great e{i Tendance from had Weather, and even with the greateft Care they mifcarry, as they did with me. It is fo hot in the Hold in Summer, that they fpend their Sap at once, and dye, fo that that is not a Time to fend any Thing, Mark Catesby. I had almoft forgot one Thing, relat- ing to the Carriage of Seeds from one Place to another, which this Gentleman ufually practifed with Succefs, /. e. That he Hushandry and Gardening, 59 he always ufed to put the Seeds in the Shell of a Gourd, and feal theqn up, and by that means I have not known them to mifcarry, m feveral Parcels which he has fent from Virginia to 'England,, Now we are come fo far, it is neceffary that we.obferve, that a Catalogue, how- everneceffary it is, of thofe Plants which will be acceptable to us, wiU fill up a larger Volume than I propofe \^ thefe Monthly Writings; and then too we are in want of many of the Names, given them by the People of the Countries where they grow, and to call them only by the Names given them by our Boiamfis^ would not be intelligible to any but fuch as have ftudied Botany ; fo that at prefent, I know no better Way than advifing m general all thofe Gentlemen who ufe the Sea, and are difpofed to colled cither Plants or Seeds Abroad, to let them be chiefly of fuch Sorts as are ufeful in theii* Timber or in their Wood for Dying, or in ti^eir Roots, Fruits, i3c, for Phyfick or Diet. Indeed fo far we may venture to prefcribe, in particular, that the Guava brought over to us in Plants, fuppofe of an Inch Diameter in the Stem, and like- wife the Tamarind, in the fame State, might be made to profper with us ; and fo too the Plantains and Banana's of the IVefi-hdiss fhould be brought to us ia I 2 Planrs 6o Experitnents^ &c. in plants of fome Strength, if we exped to have the defired Succefs with them ; the Cinnamon-Tree alfo from Ceylon^ the Timento from Jamaica^ and any other Spice-Trees rather in Plants than in Seeds ; or if the frefh Seeds of the Nutmeg cOuld be gathered, they may be planted in a Tub of Earth about Two Inches deep, or coated with Clay about Two Inches thick, or dipt in Bees-Wax. Ginger without curing, if the Roots are mode- rately dried in the Pocket or the Sun, will come well to us : The Mango is like- wife very defirable, and I doubt not, but the Stones, if they are preferved in Clav, or Bees- Wax, or Earth, may be eafily made to grow here with our Stoves. I am perfuaded, by fome Experiments made by William Parker of Healing, Efq; i that all Plants which have Rezinousjuices, will bear our Climate without Shelter; for that curious Gentleman has alread)^ tried a vafi: Variety of thofe Kinds in the open Ground, and fome of them, v^hich are Natives of the warmer Climes, areas unconcerned at our Winters, as if they were Natives of our own Climate; and I have found, that the Plants of China and Perfta do very well with us. As iot Melons, Water-Melons, Gourds, or Pump- kins, and Squafhes, we have already, I believe, molt of the Sorts, though there are HiishaJidry and Gardenmg^ 61 are few among us that ufe their Fruir, except of the firft Sorts. 1 The Gentleman who has been fo kind to fend me the Letter which has occafion'd thefe Obfervations, mentions a Thought of his concerning the Naturalizing the Lime^ or Wild Lemon, as fome call it, in our Climate. I find, that this fort of Plant is apt to bear Fruit plentifully with us, and to ripen its Fruit well, which is a certain Sign of its Welfare in our Latitude, and all the Orange or Lemon Race are hardy enough to ftand the Winter with us, in common Green-houfes ; and even fome are hardy enough to ftand abroad in our moft Southern Quarters. The greateft Adventure of this kind that ever was attempted in Englatid^ was that famous Introdu£lion of the Orange- tree and Myrtle by Sir Francis Carew and Sir Walter Raleioh, who whilft they refided in Spain in Qijeen Elizabeths Time, chofe thefe Fruits for our general Entertain- ment, and firft made them familiar to our Climate in the Year 1585, when thefe Great Men difcover'd the building of the Spaniflj Armado againft us. Tradition ia* I forms us, thefe Orange-trees were imme- diately brought to Bedington in Surrey^ one of the Seats belonging to the ancient Fa- mily of the Carews. They were then m Cafes, and there was at firft no other Safe- j. guard 62 Experiments J &c. hi guard for them in the Winter, than fettjng them into a Pit in the Ground, and cover- ing them in fevere Weather with Boards and Straw ; and they were thus preferv'd for leveral Years, 'till at length it was judged prafticable to plant them in the natural Ground, where they have remain'd in extraordinary Health and Vigour, by giving them only a little Shelter in the Winter by means of a Frame of Timber, which could be taken to pieces at Pleafure. But now the worthy Gentleman Sir M- cholas Careiv^ who at prefent is the PofTef- for of that fine Seat, has exceedingly a- dorn'd thefe beautiful Trees, by building a new Confervatory for their Defence in Winter, which is fo elegantly contrived, that tho' the Trees in themfeJves may be efteem'd one of the Wonders of our Coun- try, their new Place of Shelter gives them fo great a Luftre, that it feems as if the fame curious Defign which was begun by the Learned PredecefTors of this Family, is flill fupported and maintained by their worthy SucceiTor : And this is the more valuable, as it is remarkable, That few Great Families have the fame Spirit kept up for Two Generations ; what is fet up by the Father, is deftroy'd by the Son ; what is bought by one, is fold by the o- ther, i^c, i^f, Thefe J Husbandry and Gardening. 63 Thefe Orange-trees were the firft that ever were known to be brought into£^^- land^ and the firft likewife that were fet in the natural Ground ; and from the ex- traordinary Produce of Fruit in thefe, I doubt not but that we have been encou- raged to undertake the Culture of this Noble Tree, and have now made it to be fo familiar with our Englifh Soil and Cli- mate : And we have likewife an Inftance of the good Growth of the Lemon, and its bearing Fruit, even in the natural Ground, at a Gentleman's at Peter/ham near Rich- morid •, But this, as I am told, has fome little Shelter in the Winter to defend it from the fevereft Frofts. However, in De'vonfhire there are fome Oranges which grow abroad without ir. I have, in fome of my Monthly-Obferva" tiofjs, taken Notice of the famous Orange- Trees at Bedtngton, foon after I was firfl: furprized with their Beauty : But as to their Dimenfions, I can now more par- ticularly explain my-felf, from the Ac- count I have got from Mr. Henry Day the ingenious Gardener who now has the Management of them. " The Orange- " Trees, fays he, at Sir Nicholas Care\v*s "at Bedff7grof7, are Fourteen Foot high *' from the naked Ground ; for in thefe ** there is not the Advantage of any Ad- *[ dition, fuch as a Pot, Tub, or Cafe £0 64 Experiments y &c. iti " to be reckon'd in their Height : The ) 1 E X.P E R I ME N T S, d^^*, .. Hufljij^idry and Gardenings 7iT' ? Firft, Co7}i:ernvi,g the. Order of l^ature^^ urid . the Ufe of that KnowkJi^e in the propa^^- :: ting and cultivating of Plants ^ with Re-^ marks upon the Difpofttwn of Gardens iii geyiBrah ; J S J defign this fhall conclude my Monthly Writings, fo I think it neceifary to give nhy Reader a Word or two par- ticukrly concerning them. When I firft fet put iii this Way of Writing, I had two Views, the firfl: was, to iriftrud the Operators iri Husbaijidty' arid Gard'niris. ia the Ratidrial 2 Experiments^ i^c. in Part of thefe Arts, by bringing them ac- quainted with the Nature af J^hi^igSy-afl^L. how Bodies, or Parts of created Matte;ri had a Dependence upon one another : lf| order to which, I began to explain the A.'^ nalogy that there is between Plants and Animals, -that thereby Ave migi*t 'tfee cbific i tf know how to enter into that untrodden Path of the Vegetative Life, or how Ve- getation is perform'd •, which naturally jfed me to confider the Anatomy of Plants, and which at length brought me to broach that New Dodrine, that the Sap of Plants circulates as truly as the Blood does in Animal Bodies, which I have in thefe Works corifirmM beyond Contradidion, by many convincing Experiments. At the fame Time when I conQder'd the State of Plants to be fo far analogous to that of A- nimals, J was as naturally led to think that Plants had a Mode of generating, in order to continue their feveral Species to the World ^ and this laft after much La- bour I think I have as clearly demonftra- ted, as it is plain that a Plant is fubjeft ta the Laws of Nature. Secondly, I endeavour'd, as much as in me lay, to render the Bufinefs of Hufban- dry and Gard'ning eafy and intelligible to all Lovers of thofe Studies ; and that they might take the greater Delight in thofe Works, I have fpar*d no Pains ta make thofs Diveifiona ufeful and profita- vi ble ; Hushandry and Gardening, ^ ble ^ and! 'flatter my felf that the De- figii of ;iny Writing /has. had that good EfFcd, as to encourage- th^ making tiiany very confiderable Pla^^tations, " whfi'ch o- therwife would not have been thought of, and fo far 1 hope I may be fa id to have done fome Good to the Publiok : Aind-J hope the Method which I have proposed for ftoring a Garden at once with bearing Fruit-Trees, will afford fome Pleafure as well as Profit to thofe Gentlemen who do not think of planting their Gardens 'till they have Occafion to retire to them, and ufe them, and fo are generally forced to wait fouf or riive Yearsrfor Fru-it ;, but the Way I propofe, will .immediately furni(h them. ;. i ■ . :■.'''■ But give m,& leave to fpeak.a little fnore fully to my iirft Defign, i.:^. of the ratio- nal Part of Gard'ning, aiid how neced^ary it is to confuk Nature ip other Things as well as Vegetables. If ; we would truly underftand the Nature of Plants, for to judge of a piant only by the Outfide, rwill only inform ys that n has, Roots, Woodji Bark, Pith, Buds, Leaves, ':Fia\^'ers,-, -ant Fruit '^ bat for what Ufe tliefe feverai Parts are defign'd by Naturej-c^in only ht found out by ex-amining other naturai-Bd- dies, and confuriting how far one is zw\\^ gous to the otlier ^ and fo by Comparifon be brought to fach Judgment ^s leads us to Experiments, and. thofe Experiments B 2 declare ^ Experiments^ isfc. in d'eclare how far we are right or wrong in our Judgment. We (hould know alfo how far every Element is concern'd in the Welfare of a Plant ^ and when we rhave gone ^6 far, we are next to think of ■the Parts of a Plant, and how far they 'each of them agree with the Parts in Ani- ^mal&, which we know the Ufe of ^ and 'then, when we have difcoverM how far the Parts of one and the other are agree- able, we are naturally brought to the Dif- covery of their Ufes, viz, what Parts are appointed to receive the Nourifhment, fuch as the Roots, which do the Office of the Mouths in Animals ^ the Veffels or Channels which convey the Juices thro'- out the Body, as the Arteries and Veins in Animals :, and fuch Parts as are made •for the Secretion of the Juices, like the fecretory Du(5ls in Animals, &c, but then fay fome, tho* there is a Circulation of Jaices in Animals, that is fet on Foot by the Motion of the Heart, yet there is no fuch Pump as the Heart in Plants, and therefore there can be no Circulation of Juices : Well then, there are Mufcirlar Parts in Animals, but there are no fuch Parts in Plants, nor are the Nerves \xi Plants, nor Eyes, nor Ears. Let us then conllder why Plants are agreeable to Ani- mals in fome Things, and not in all. In Anfwer to which, we muft eonfider that Animals have local Motion, and Plants have Husiandry md Gardening. f have not ^ therefore all the Parts that are^ necelTary to conveyAnimals only froinPiace to Place, would be unneceflfary to Plants, which are doom'd by Nature to ftand aU' ways in the fame Place. Now, as Ani- iflals are fornetimes in coid Places, and fometimes in hot, fo the H^eart is neceifary to keep their Juices in Motion. The Muf- c-uiar Parts and Tendons ar-e neceifary to. give them Strength in their Motion, and% their Nerves to give thfetn the Senfe of Feeling; •, their Eyes to guide them on* their Way, and their Ears a-s well to fore-' warn them of approaching Danger, as to receive the Word of Command from their Mailers'^ but every one will certainly al-: low that a Plant can have no Occafion for thefe Parts, for the Reafon given before : The Motion of the Juices in a Plant is carry'd on by other Powers, fuch as Rari- fadion and Condenfation of the Air, as in fome of my Works I have (hewn, and this particularly depends upon the Know- ledge uf the four Elemetits, and their-' Powers. In this Piac^ I cannot help taking No- tice of the extraordinary Wifdom of the Creator, and how much his Omnifciencc is to be admir'd in the Contrivance of the Six Days Work, as Mofes has deliver'd it to us. If we confider th^ Order that the feveral created Bodies were made in, w^ ihall find, from the Knowledge we B 3 have 6 . - Experiments y ^c- : m ' * have now of- Things, that the feveral.Bo- (iie5;Could not have fubGfte-d.if they had not been created in the very: fame Order th3.V Mofis haSfdeJLver'd to us \ fo great a Philofopher was Mofes, (if he \x^as not in- fpir'd) that I cannot find h.Qw. his Account, of the Creatiati cdn be inen4fed,, any more; than contradif3:-ed. I (hall beg tyiy. Readers Patience therefore, while we; examine it, and.reafon ^ little upon i^ ,.• - .v. \.W'6::are firft"i:tOi;con(ider the Cb^os out • of which the , World was made',: as a con- fufed Heap of .Matter, without Form, be- ing nothing butaideep miry,Abyfs, co- ver'd with WaterSr and invelloj/d in Dark- nefs 5 howev;er;,;.t-lai'S Mafs.^ as confufed a&'> it ivas, contain'd. a vait ,Cap.ability of' Things, which ,onjy wanted, to, be deter- min'd and fettledi by an qixmifQient and. omnipotent Power,, by whOfe TOfdom, the feveral rich Qualities which lay hidden and confounded, vvjitb 0;ne 'another, were feparated, prQ.portipn'd, and ranged in Order, as relateiin.the Six.Days Works. The Firjl Day, The Light was feparated from the Darknefs. The Second Daj>y The Firmament was made, to feparate the Waters from the Waters. Husbandry and Gardening^ 7 The Third Bay, The Waters under the Firmament were gathered together in one Pkce, and the dry Land ap.pear'd j the Earth then brought forth Grafs and Herb yielding Seed, and the Fruit- Tree yielding Fruit after his Kind^ whofe Seed was in it felf. *\:The Fourth Day, The Sun and Moon were made to rule the Day and the Night, and to divide the one from the other, and for Signs, and for Seafons, and for Days, and for Years •, and alfo in this Day's Work the Stars were made. The Fifth Day, The Fifhes were created, -to be Inhabitants of the Waters, and to increafe and multiply abundantly there, and likewife every winged Fowl after his Kind, to multiply in the Earth. The Sixth Day, Were made every Beaft of the Earth after his Kind, and Cat- tle after their Kind, and every Thing that creepeth upon the Earth after his Kind, and laft of all Man was created to have Dominion over the Fi(h of the Sea, and over the Fowl of the Air, and over every Thing that moveth upon the Face of the B 4 ^Eairth ; j5 r-sEkpermmti^isfc, in^ ' Earth ^ and God ^ave him likewife every Herb bearing Seed, and every Tree in the- which is the Fruit* of a , ^ i: Tree yielding Seed. " • Thus the Heax'-ens and Earth Were fi- xiifli'd^'and all the Ornaments (^ffhrnn, as Trees, Flowers, Herbs, Sun, Moobv and Stars, Fifhes, Fowl, Beafh of the Field, and'-^every creeping Thing, ati^' at laft Mankind,' the chie^ ^of all. ^m ^'^'^y But let us now enquire how neCelTary it is that this Order, and no other, ihould be kept in the Creation of Things. -Would it have been ;rarionai to have foutid the Beafts of the Field before the Grafs of the Field, or the Fowls of the Air before the Herb with its Seed, ar before there were Fifh, which is' the chief Food of fome Fowls, and even of fome Quadrupeds? or could there be Herb or Grafs without the Land had been fepa rated from the Wa- ters ? or could there be Filh without the Waters had been diflinguifh'd from the Land > or could the. Plants have fubfifled unlefs the Waters had been feparated from the Waters, one Parr to be above the Fir- mapnent, to fall in due Time in refrefhing Showers for the Nourifhmenr of Plants } or could any of thefehave fubiitted' with- out a Body of Air made feparate from theothey Elements P.as. fuch was the Fir- ij^ajLe;nt, which 'kept the Waters which f'rfnii^i/ ' -\- ' compofed Husbandry and Gardening: 9 -compofed the Clouds, from falling all at once upon the Earth. And befides, What Poflibility could there be of any living Creature's finding its Food in folemn Dark- nefs, or even of moving from Place to Place, without Hazard or Defpair ? or when they had feen the Neceflaries for theMaintenance of their Life, how fhould they know how and when to ftiift their Qjiiarters in fearch of their Food, without the Diftindion of Seafons, which are regulated by the Courfe of the Sun and Moon, whofe Influence we fiild governs the Flights of Birds, as the Stork, the Woodcock, ^r. from one Country to another, as fure as the appoint- ed Seafon is felt by them. Nor are the Fifli lefs fenfible af the Times when they are to have their Rendezvous at certairf Places, as we obferve in the PalTage of MackareJ, Herrings, d^c, and Plants like- wife, of feveral Kinds, are fo dired:ed by thefe great Powers, that we find them ear- lier or later in their Appearance, accor- ding as the Sun influences them more or left. But if it be objeded, that Plants muft of Neceility have the Appearance of the Sun to preferve them, Experience will prove the contrary ^ for Plants of any particular Climate, will live in the fame Climate without the Prefence of the Sun. Nor can I think, as fome do, that Animals were not originally made to prey upon one another j for if that had not been the '''-'"'' firft lo %xp€rimenHy i£fe, in firft De(ign : If the World had remaiit*d jn a St*te of Innocence, the Increafe of Animals woujd have becn:fo great and n^t inerous, that- the Eatth and Waters eou Id not have cot|tain'd th^m j nor does thjQ Wifdom of the Creator.. appear lefs in th* appointing th^ vaft Variety of Herbs and Plants upon. the Eiarthi, diAindly different ift their FigureSj and intheie Natures \ for as he ordainM fo great: a Variety of. Fifti, Fowls, Beafts; and Infecls, , or creeping ■yhings^ of different Forms,: and different Natures •, 'tis as neceiTary to fuppofe their ieveral ^oo4s /hould likfei^ife be ofj.diff^- rent Natures from on& a[iK)ther ^ nay, it is. apparen|:ly true frona Ohfervation, in fuch as diet upon Plants only ^,. the Goar will e^t Herts which are poifonous to otheif- Creatures, as well as others will eat thofe which are difagreeable to the Goat ', the Green-Bird will eat the Seed:S of the Mqt zereon, which would ppifpn a Man, wa% he to eat half fo many as one of- thofe Birds will do at one Time. The different Forms of Plants were likewife nepeifary, that every Animal might rightly diftin- guifh its proper Food from the reft : And every Infed too was no lefs regarded in tlie Creation \ for as all Infeds feed upon PlanxSi it is neceiTary likewife that the Fi- gures of Plants Ihoiild be different from one another, r to be diftinguifh'd by them •, and fo the Ifife^s too, were necelTarily diftin- Husbandry and Gardening. v i fliflinguifli'd from one- another, as they-r were to ferve as Food for young Birds, being tender and eafy of Digeftion, before their Crops or Maws are capable of di- gefting Grain or Seed ^ but when the Birds were created perfect, they had no need o€ thefe Infeds to feed upon , fo that the Creation of Infeds was not necelfary till the h^ Day's VVork, which we fuppofe was before there were Increafe of Birds to require them for Food. Nor do I think; irlie Waters are lefs prod u dive of Varieties. of Plants than the Land : What numerous Diverfities may we obferve even upon the. Sea Shores^ and what Plants of curious- Figures do we meet with in Rivers and. Lakes, .which ferve for the Food and Shel- ter of: Fifti ; :and as Plants were the only- created Bodies that are wanting of locals Motion, how wife is the Defign of placing their Seed in themfelves' -^ for how elfe could they increafe ? Far if we take a Siarr- vey of all the other created Works upon Earth, we find they are endow'd withi local Motion, and that the coupling of> the Male with the Female is necelTary, in: in order to increafe or multiply their Spe- cies •, but thefe can follow one another, from Place to Place, the Male to find out the Female, or the Female to difcover the Male--) but Plants are fix'd and confined j, tiierefore, unlefs they had in themfelves^ the Male and Female Powers, we could not ii Experiments, istc. in not expect their Contintiance ^ and it is likely that from this Paifage in Mofes wri- tittgs, came the -firfl: Thought of Plants having a Power of generating, tho' it wa's( not underftood by what Means, nor was; S^€ Explaination of it attempted by any that I know of, *till I firfl made Experi- inents upon it in Holland, whicli when I found to anfwer my Exped'ition, ferv'^d very tnuch to improve the Difcovery of ttie$Jip*s Motion. But as Plants aire made <5^"different Forms, and halve different Viftties, as well as Animals and Infects dilFer from one another ;, how neceifary is it that they fliduld be made Inhabitants of diifFerent Climates •, therefore, with what Wifdbm was the Sun's Courfe di reded as itis at prefent, to regulate the Climates to the Service of 'ail the feveral Kinds*, but there is no End of admiring the Beauty and Order of this excelleht Work, which is fo wifely difpds'd; to contain every Thing neceflary, and is fo fubjed to Ordt^r^ that no ftridly new SpLCics can be pror duc'd, or can any different Creatures whofe Parts and Nature are near enough the fame to couple with one another, bring forth a Body which fhall have Power to> increafe or multiply. • Before I leave this Subjed, I think it apropos enough to give my Reader a Word or two concerning Crcirion, as I iind it in Y)l Mere's ConjeSIii,j Cabalifti'ca, In the "''^-\ ' Philo- Hvlsbandry and (jarderiing. t j Philofophick Cabala Chapter 2d, the Dodlor reafons thus, That thofe Things which in his Literal Cabala he calls the Garnifhing of the Heaven- and the Earth, namely, the Sun, Moon, Stars, Animals, Vegetables, &c. in his Philofophical Coii- ftrudlion, he fays, They are not only fo, but the Generations of them ^ he fays. Plants and Animals were the Generations, EfFeds, and Produftionsof the Earth, the Seminal Forms and Souls of Animals^, inli- nuating themfelves into the prepared Mat- ter thereof I, and Suns, Planets, or Earths were theGenerations orProdudions of the Heavens, Vigour and Motion being impart- ed from the World of Life to the immenfe Body of the Univerfe. So that what he before, in his Literal Cabala^ cali'd mere Garniftiings, he now fays, are indeed the Produdions or Generations of the Hea- vens and of the Earth. So foon as they were made, ( he goes on) That he does not take upon him to define the Time wherein God made the Heavens and the Earth :, for he might do it at once, by his abfolute Omnipotency ^ or h% might, when he had created all Subftance, as well ma- terial as immaterial, let them ad one upon the other, fo, and in fuch Periods of Time, as the Nature of the Produdion of the Things themfelves required. Thus far the Dodor's Philofophicai Reafoning how the Creation of Things was brought to pafs : f Ihali ji4 Eptperlments^ ^c, in}J> 'fhall proceed to oflFer fome Particulars rela- ting to the defigning and laying out of Gar- :dens ', wherein I fhall endeavour to fhew, that the more agreeable to Nature our Gar- dens are made. To much more Beauty do they contain, and come nearer that elegant and polite Tafte which at prefent is want- ing in Gardens. Now we have taken this Ihort View of Nature and its Order, we may judge how Ihocking and deteftable mult every Thing be, that is contrary to it ^ its Beauty is Freedom, and its Gaiety familiar ;, and no- thing can be agreeable to the Mind, that is not concordant with it. Thofe who makfe the defigning and laying out of Gardens their Buiinefs, (hould chiefly confider this, and alfo inform themfelves that Nature is full of Variety, and that it is the great Variety in Nature that captivates the Mind, and draws Admiration, and efpecially that the more Variety there is in a Garden, fo much the more it refembles Nature, and of Gonfequence is the more beautiful and pleafing , for good Judg;es will judge of Gardens as they do of Pidures, the more free and lively Ex preflion is always pre- ferred before the more (tiff and formal* In the Difpofitian of a Garden, therp fiiould always be avoided the too ftiff Re- gularity, as well as the too wild and ex- travagant •, an eafyand familiar Diftribu- tion of Art and Nature, of Rule and Li- berty, Husbandry and Gardening. j f berty, will always beft recreate the Min lefs difagreeable to command -the Profped of a Garden aU at once ^ and that general- ly happens from the Love our Defigners have for difpofing of Gardens in regular Figures, and. from their ftudy'd Contri- vance of making one Part uniform with the other •, and then 'tis no Matter what the Expence may be, but the Ground muft be levell'd. Indeed, I cannot fay but fucji a Regularity looks very well in a Draughty but when it comes to bework'd, the Sigh? of itftupifies and dulls the Senfes as bad ais the conftant Noife of aMill, or turning round for half an Hour would do : Ani befides, this ftudy'd Regularity has another bad Confequence, and that is, ;aJl Trees, however ftateiy. they be, ib^j Jiappen tg' iland ft 5 Experiments, isfc, in ftand upon the appointed Ground, muft bd taken away, to give Place to this folemrt StifFnefs. I fliould not be fo very particu- lar on this Head, if I could find a Garden without fome Fault ot other of this Kind^ for then there would bean Example which might fave me this Trouble : However, I am not to be underftood that we have no Gardens in Englanci that ate agreeable, for we have many that have their Beauties as well as their Faults : But I mean, there is not one that carries the good Tafte quite through 5 which perhaps may happen from the Defigns of them being made by Men of different Genius : We (hall in one Part fee fomething of a becoming Grandeur, well difpos*d and adapted to the Extent and Defign of the Place ^ and on the other Hand we obferve fomething as mean and poor fpirited, and difproportionable ^ nar- row Walks of a Mile in Length, and wide Walks and Views of a hundred Feet in Length ^ and one Thing more is as fre- quently to be obferv'd, and is no lefs ira-^ proper, that is, in the difpofing of Pots of curious Exoticks, when they are fet abroad in the Summer Seafon •, many of the Alloes, Fecoides, Sedums, &c. whicli never make large Plants, and whofe BeaU'< ties will bear the niceft Examination, are often fet on the Ground, by the Side of a Verge of Grafs, of Gravel, perhaps tent or twenty Feet Diftance frora one another y! Husbandry and Gardening. 1 7 fo that the Defign of them is loft, and they make no Appearance worthy our Regard \, and this Difpofition is probably one Reqfon, why thofe Curiofities are not more frequently propagated : For to what End is anv Thing brought into ^ Garden, unlefs it is made agreeable to fome of the Senfes^ fo Auriculas, Carnations, and o- ther curious Pot Flowers, tho' they are never fo tine in their Kind, may be diftri- buted in a Garden with fo little Judg- ment, as never to command the leaft Ad- miration ^ but when they are fet toge- ther on Benches or Stands, the Variety and Mixture of their Colours leads us to admire them, and they then make a good Part of the Ornament of a Gar- den 5 if it be fmall, fuch Stands of Plants may very properly terminate the Walks. It is likely that thefe Miftakes may proceed from four Things. Fir/?, From the natural Genius of the Dcfigner, which perhaps is low and mean, and not daring enough to ftudy Gran- deur-, or, Secondly, From the Want of Opportu- nity of obferving thofe Things, which are great and noble, both at Home and in other Countries \ or. Thirdly, From the Want of converfing with Men of Taft and good Judgment-, or. Fourthly^ c iZ' Experiments^ i^c. in Fomthly, From the Want of Condudt", to apply properly the feverai Materials' he has got together. Neither do I think, that when he is polTefsM of all thefe Ne- cefTaries, to make a good Defigner, he can ever render his Draught upon Paper in-' telligibl-e enough, to give us thofe Ideas, which v/e ought to have of a Garden before it is made ^ for tlio* indeed it iS' true, that by (hading of a Draught, one may in foine Sort reprefent Hollows, Slopes, TerralTes, &c. fo that the Work- in en may underftand hx)w to work from it ^ yet the Gentleman for whom it is« made, can never rightly frame an Idea from fuch a Draught, of what it will be, and how it will appear when it comes ta- be finiOi'd : Therefore in fuch a Cafe, T would always advife a Model to be made of every Garden, before it fhould be de- termin'd entirely, whether it fhould be made or not \ for in a Model, we may obferte the Rifings and Sinkings of the Ground, the Terralfes, the Hedges, and' every other Part as it will appear to the Eye ^ when it is made, welhall difcoverby fixing fome Point at a little Diftance from the Model, what Parts may be feen at one View , and then, by Ihifting the Point, difcover other Objed:s which were not difcover'd to us before ^ and fo if by fliifting our Points roundabout the Model, keeping the Eye always to the fame Bus ban dry and Gardening: 19 Height, we find new and entertaining Ob- jeds from every Point, then one may al- low fuch ^^efign to be good ^ and be- fides, as fuch a Model will be made by a Scale, and every Part of the Ground, as well as every Hedge, or Plant, or Urn, Statue, or Water Work, &c, will be of irs intended Proportion -^ fo whatever of- fends the Eye in the Model, muft ne- celTarily offend in the Work itfelf ^ but a Draught will not Difcover either the Beauties or the Faults -^ and really con- lidering how cheap a Model might be made of a Garden, and how much Money it might fave a Gentleman in Alterations ^ befides, its Beauty which might render it as agreeable as a Pidure in an Houfe, after we had made the proper Ufe of it j I wonder no Body has yet had Models of Gardens made •, if it is becaufe it has not been yet thought on, or becaufe it is not known where fuch Ihings can be made - I (hall inform my Reader, that I have in- ftruded one in the Method of making them, and embellilhing them in a proper Manner :, who may be heard off at Mi^ FairchiU's at Hoxton : But efpecially the moil beautiful Gardejis, may be made where the Ground is the moll: irregular and uneven, where there are Hills and Pits \ thefe unlevel Spots didate to Men of Tafte thofe Varieties, which by dif- creet Management, will afford the greatefl C 2 Beauties 20 Experiments^ i^c. in Beauties in a Garden, and by no Means ftiould be level'd, unlefs fome Part near the Houfe. Where fuch Ground as this is not met with, it is impoffible to have any juft Idea of the Beauties it may pro- duce without a Model. What an extraor- dinary EfFed has the Irregularity of the Ground in Mr» Blathrvaifs Gardens near the Bath , and how much has the Gravel- Pit been admir'd in Ke?ifington Gardens, and fo in every Place where the Hills and Hollows are order'd with Judgment, they always have an extraordinary EfPed* In fuch Places, if there happens to be the Command of Water, and the Work is larger, it fhould be difpos'd a la Ruflka ^ and upon the higher Parts which are moft remote from the Houfe, fhould be plac'd Obelifks y and if a Summer-Houfe be re- quired, let the Foundation of it and ground Room be ruftick Work, in Imita- tion of a Rock, and the Chamber above be built in the Manner of a Grecian Tem- ple, which would have an extraordinary EfFed : All this difpos'd in Wildernefs or Bofquette-Work, which fhould have here and there fome open Places, where fome of the Fables of j^fop, may be repre- fented by Beafts and Birds, as big as the Life eafi: in Lead, and painted of their natural Colours ^ and if there is Con- veniency, \tt them play Water at one an- other ^ alfo where Water may be com- manded. Husbandry and Gardening, 2 1 inanded, it may be us'd to give Motion to Figures, which will ftill contribute to entertain. This Bofquette-Work, fhould Jikewife be interplanted with all Sorts of wild Wood-Flowers, as Primrofes, Cow- flips, Harebells, &c. which will extream- iy add to its Beauty. In (hort, whatever feems the moft natural, or poflefles more of natural Beauties, is the grand Tafte 9 and whatever poffefles, formal Regulari- ty generally carries a StifFnefs along with it , which is the Mechanical Tafle. I own that the Thought of introducing ii5 this Wildernefs Work, fome of the Fables of JE,fop, which chiefly are rcprefented by Birds and Beafts, I took from the Ver failles Gardens, where even tho' the Ground is level, they have an extraordi- nary EfFeft ^ but in fuch a Ground as I have been fpeaking off, they will have a much better Appearance, as in its own N-ature it is more rural : In fuch Places too the Thoughts are more given to Con- templation, and fuch Moral Pieces as the Fables of uEfop^ may give us Opportuni- ty of improving our Tallent that Way, as the beautiful Appearance of natural Things, may lead us to admire the Wif-^ dom of the Creator. A very ingenious' Gentleman, whofe Taft in thefe jVlattei*sJ'. is much the beft I have met with, gav^"; me the Hint of placing Obelifks in fucli Gardens , for as he obferves, good StatUtS C 3 arc i I Experiments^ ^c, in are hard to come by, and a fingle Statue here and there has fo poor an Appearance, that we had better have none at all \ but as grand Gardens cannot be quite void of Ornaments of this Nature •, this Gentle- man advifes the erecting of Obelifks, which he would have dedicated to great Men, who have done Service to their Country, by fixing Infcriptions upon the Pedeftals of each Obeli Tk •, and en pa If ant I muft take Notice too of a concurring Remark, which another curious Gentleman mad€ upon this Defign, v/hen 1 told him of it , that he thought, there (hould likewife be fome Obelifks put up in Memory of fuch Perfons, who had wrong'd or abus'd their Country •, but whether this be or be not put in Pradice, it is fure, nothing can have a finer EfFed in fuch Work as I have been fpeaking off, than thefe Obelifks. But from this Grandeur of Defign in Imitation of Nature, we mufl contrive to come nearer artful Regularity ^ as we come nearer the Houfe, and that muft be done gradually, and nof too fuddenly, for too fudden Breaks from one Thing to another, are fhoeking, and efpecially when the Difference is fo great, as between natural Freedom and formal Rule -^ therefore when we leave the Wildernefs we have been fpeaking off, we may terminate fome of its Walks next the Farterre or Area^ which fhould be always next the Houfe, witl^ Hmbandry and Gardening. z 5 with Portico's, or Triumphal Arches in Latice-VVork, or as the French -call it Treiliage , which Works being painted with a verdegris Green, and gilt in the principal Parts, have a very good Appea- tince. The -Regularity of thefe Works, and the natural Order of the Forrefl: Plants, which (hiew theinfelves beyond them from theHoufe, make a very agree- able Profped. I had omitted to mention, that in the Difpofition of our Bofquette we lliould choofe fome hollow Part to place our Orange-Trees in, fo that the Walks or Places the Trees are to (land upon, may move gently downwards in the Manner of a Screw j and efpecially tiking Care to leave Walks about the whole, and above the Traes, fo as to look down upon their Heads, for then we ob'* ferve all their Beauties •, but this by the by 5 let us return to that Part of the Gar- den, where we leave the grand Part to gain gently ^ the Parterre^ fuppofe at the fame Diftance from the Houfe, where we place the Portico's of Latice-Work •, over againftthe Middle of the Houfe, we ered: fomething with Yews or other Ever-greens, in the Form of an Amphitheatre, and place a Line of Statues upon Pedeftal?# If we can have them good to lland Paral- lel with the Line, on which the Portico's and Amphitheatre is plac'd. In the Bo- fon^ of the Amphitheatre, may now be a C 4 yegola? 24 Experiment Sy i^c, in regular BalTon with a Jet^ and within the Line of Statues towards the Houfe, one may contrive a little Wildernefs Work to be bound with low ever-green Hedges, and include only the fmallcr or moft dwarf flowering Shrubs : This will make the Break from Nature to Art the more eafy •, till now next the Houfe, we have a Piece of Ground more apparently regu- lar and adorn'd with Ever - greens, Urns gilt, or otherwife, Cloina Jars, and fuch like, which is the Beauty of the Drttcb Gardens. The Regularity in this Part, if it is not crouded, is not araifs, be- caufe it joyns with a Building which ought to be regular j and befides, as the bounds of this Area or Parterre, (bould be no more than what may all lye under the Eye, from the grand Appartments of the Houfe, it lliould have Symetry ancj Order in it-, but efpecially, it fhould not be eonfin'd by any Walls, if pofiible, or at leaft, the Walls fhould be hidden by fome Means or other. J fliould efleem it likewife, one of the grcateft Faults, to fence in the grander Part of the Work with high Walls ^ for all Occafion fhould be taken, to make fuch Works appear with- out End 5 of which, the Gardens of Ver- failles are a very fine Example : But tho' k is impoflible, that any one lefs than a Prime Monarch, could ever be Mafl-cr of fo great and noble a D^fign as Ver- ' ■ ' ' failles \ Husbandry and Gardening, 2 5 failles \ yet from thence, a Man of true Tafte, may extreamly improve his Genius, and render many of its Beauties conform- able to fmaller Defigns, as well as it wonld quite confound and deftroy one of no Tafte, or of an indifferent Genius. As for fine Fruit, it is by no Means proper in fuch a Garden as I fpeak ofF^ that fhould always have its Station in the Kitchen Garden ;, nor would I have my Reader after perufing the Conjedures above, believe that there is not a Pofli- bility of making an elegant Garden, under an hundred Acres, for the grand Goufl, may be as well fhewn in a fingle Acre, as in a thoufand ^ as fure as the Gentle- man will always fhine, let his Circum- ftances be never fo narrow. Defcription of a Mill for making Cyder ^ with twelve Btifiels of Jpples to each Hogshead. Invented hy Edmond Browne £>/Rodborough, Efq-^ in Glouceflerlhire ; and now in FraBice among tJye hihahitants of that Part of the Cou7ity, Need fay very little in Commendation _ of the above-mention'd curious Gen- tleman*s Invention, for making an Hog- fhead of Cyder with twelve Bufhels of ^*"'^ -; . ' ; .-^ ■ ■ ■ ■' Apples^ I >^ Experiments, ilfc, in Cnce it is fo well known, that the Com- raon Allowance of Apples for an Hog- fhead, is twenty, and fometimes two aud twenty Bufliels ^ fo that by this Method, there IS at leaft, one third Part gain'd up- on all the Cyder - Ground in Eng^land '^ which vaft Improvement, very juftly de- mands the Thanks of every true Lo- ver of his Country, to the worthy In- ventor. J^xplaination/}fthe Mill for Grinding Apples* Fifr. I. Rjsprefents the Binn or Trough whereinto the Apples are pour'd, in Or- ^er to their being tumbl'd down between the Rollers to be ground. This Binn is furnilh'd with a TongiK a that enters in- to the Box. Fig, If. The better to guide the Apples to the Rollers, and the Tongue is lodg'd upon a Reft, placM within at the Mouth of tlie Box, in fuch a Manner, as that the End of it may hang diredly over the Top of the Roller b. Fig. IV. but fo as not to touch it , the Perfon that grinds at the Handle d of the Mill, Fig. IV. is with his left Hand to feed the Mill, and govern the Apples that they may tumble into the Rollers, in a jufl: Proportion and not choak. Fig. II. Is a Box to be fail*ned down (by its Frame A) with Screws or Keys upon ths Pieces h and i of the Mill, Fig* IV. to f fi n ft V tl P IK n y V a tl fi t( tl i* tl a a cr ii n \ It Husbandry and Gardening. 27 to protect the Rollers, and confine the Apples. The Top Board of this Box ^, is to befurnifhM on the Infide with Teeth or Furroughs, reprefented by the prick'd In dentin gs k k. The Ufe of thefe Fur- roughs, is to crufh a larger fiz'd Apple (at its Entrance) againft the Roller h, F?g. IV, that it may not refufe to be taken in between the Rollers I? and c. This Top Board (hou Id therefore be elevated, to fuch an Angle with the Frame of the Box , as that it may be at a proper Heigh th from the Roller ^ •, and alfo fo near to the Roller c, as juft not to touch it j thereby to prevent any Parts of the Apples, from getting over and beyond the Roller c. Fig, IIL Reprefents a Roller drawn K> a larger Scale, (with 13 Teeth) the Dia- meter I m is y Inches, the Thicknefs / ?j 4 Inches j. The whole being of caft Brafs or Bell-Metal, except a Cavity thro' it, reprefented by the hexagonal Figure o,p^ q^ r^f, t. and which is fiil'd up with Wood, wherein the Iron Axis«« is plac'd. The angular Figure of this Wood, prevents its loofening or turning round within the Metal. Fig. IV. Is the Mill join'd in all its Parts *, wherein a is the Binn, fupported behind by a Refl iv^ 2s is the Box fcrew'd on by its Frame y^, to the Pieces h and i .* If you fup- p.ofe the Side of this Box tranfparent. the Rollers 2% Experiments, i^c, in Rollers h and c^ which are of equal Bignefs, and reprefented by dotted Lines,will be feen thro' It. The Roller A, tiirnM by the main Axis whereon the Wheel hangs, drives the Roller c, which runs in Brafs Collars, lodged in little Blocks of Wood, moveable to and fro, in hollow Mortices or Channels made on Purpofe in the Pieces h and ?. The Defign of placing this Roller on thefe moveable Blocks, is to give it Liberty to recede more or lefs, as there is Occalion, from the Roller h. The Quantity of this Recefs is adjufted by the Wedges d d^ which pafs thro' Mortices made for them, and whofc Sides are contiguous to the Ends of thefe Blocks. Whilft the Apples are whole \ye give the Rollers the more Liberty, by railing thefe Wedges -^ but when we grind 'em over again the fecond Time, after the firft prefling, we confine the Rollers more, by forcing the Wedges down. The Rol- lers are to be plae'd, as that, when they have the mod Liberty, they may but juft run free between the Pieces h and ;, and the Sides of the Frame of the Box, and two crofs Bits of Wood lodg'd and fafl'ned in the Infide of the fame Frame, about the Place B and C, to the Intent that no big Pie- ces of Apple may drop through unground. T reprefents a hollow Conveyance, ox Mouth, plae'd under the Rollers, to deli-' ver the ground Apples into the Receiver or Tub A.— the Handle jg at v/hich a fe-. cond Husbandry and Gardening. 29 cond Perfon turns, is placed fo as to be elevated when the other is deprefs'd, that the Force may be the better at all Times equally exerted. The Pieces h and i' be- ing pretty long, it is proper, in order to fteady *em, and prevent their fwerving, to conned them together by crofs. Stays, or Bits of Wood about the Places E and F. The Handles e and / are hollow wooden Tubes riding on Iron Spikes. The Height of the Frame of the Mill from G to the Ground, is about three Feet. My Method of making Cyder. After grinding, I fqueeze my Apples x^ery hard with a ftrong Screw Prefs, wrought with a Capftern, in Hair Cloths, reev'd or drawn into the Form of a circu- lar Bag, by means of Strings or Loops, four or five Bnfhels at a Time, in as many Bags, with a round Board two Inches thick, put between each Bag. Thefe Boards are made of Inch Plank nailM to- gether crofs-grain*d. When the Apples are one Time fqueez'd, I order the Cakes or Cheefes to be rubbed to Pieces, and ground and prefs *d over again •, and if this were to be repeated even a third Time, it would anfwer the Pains, for it would procure Liquor enough to pay the Wages of two Men for a Day -, that is to defray the Charges of the Labour of your Cyder making* 5 Experiments^ ^c. in making. Twelve Bafliels of Apples heap'd (which is the ufual Way of meafuring Apples) will by this Method moft com- monly yield more Juice than will fill a Beer Hogfliead : About two Thirds of the Liquor runs out at the firfl prefling, the remaining Third at the following ones. An Account of a Warren, and its Profits^ from Mr. William Gilbert, Mafter of the famous Warren now upon Au borne Chafe. /jUborne Cbafe^ which of long Date has -^ been allow'd to produce the beft Rab- hits in England, is fituate in North Wiltjhire ^ the Warren Part was once of vaft Extent, but is now reduced to about yco Acres, and tho' the Ground which is now in Warren is commonly judged to be one of the moft barren Parts of England^ from the exceeding fhortnefs and fmallnefs of its Grafs, yet we are alTur'd that thofe Parts which have been plough'd up, of the fame Kind, at the ReduSion of the Warren, produc'd the moft luxuriant Crops of Corn that has been known to grow in the Kingdom, which happen'd, as is fup- pos'd, from the Soil being render'd fine by the working ot the Rabbits, and alfo from the Husbandry and Gardening, j i the krge Share of Vegetative Salts, pro- ceeding from the Dung and Urine which by plowing were regularly mix'd, and thereby render'd fruitful* The Soil is Chalk, partaking a little of a reddifh fandy Loam fomewhat ftoney, with an hard Rock at the Bottom. The Surface which is hardly more than two Inches in Thicknefs, partakes more of the Loam than of the Chalk-, and upon the niceft Obfervations, I could not find any other Herb growing upon it than Nettles, Ragwort, and Silver-v/eed, and thofe only where the Grotind had been difturb'd in fome Places. 1 alfo obferv'd the Elder to thrive very well in this Warren •, and I fuppofe that many other Kinds of Trees and Herbs might be made to grow there, if they were cultivated, as I (hall endea- vour to prove by and by, from Exam-? pie. 'Tis remarkable however, that the Rab- bits of this Warren, as it is now, are very fat in the dryeft Summer:, and even in rhe moft fevere Winter, their Kidneys can hardly be difcover'd for the Fat upon them •, this lad I imagine may depend partly upon the Fodder which is given them in the fevere Seafon, and when the Snow is on the Ground, as well as upon the Finenefs of the Grafs they feed upon in the Summer : The Fodder given to the Rabbits in the Winter, befides the fine Hay 'it Experiments, isfc. in Hay of that Country, is chiefly the Hazle, whofe Bark they devour very greedily ^ and as I obferv'd before, the fine Grafs which they feed upon in the Summer, ig very nourifhing to them, and keeps their Bodies in good Plight, from a Virtue in it which prevents the Rot among them ^ fo I fuppofe that the fine Hay of that Coun- try, and the Hazle Bark, contribute no lefs to their Welfare, by furnilhing them with Nourifhment not over abounding with Moiflure : And in the Failure Grounds about this Warren, which are like it in Soil, it is obfervable, that the Sheep never are fubjed to the Rot in the wetteft Seafon -^ and tho' one could hardly think the Grafs was long enough for their Bite, yet many Cows are kept upon that Ihort Turf, and receive fo much whole- fome Nourifhment from it, that their Milk is much richer than that of the Cows in the Vale,where the Grafs is luxuriant,infomuch that upon Trial, two Gallons of the Milk of x.\it Auhourn fed Cattle upon (hort Grafs, always yields more Cream than three Gallons of Milk ©f the Cows itdi in the Vale upon long Grafs : So that the Cheefe made from the Aubourn Cows, is much richer and fatter than what is made from the Cows of the Vale, as I find by Expe- rience : Indeed, the Cows which feed up-: on this (hort Grafs, hardly yield three; fourths of the Qjiantity of Milk that thdi; Cows Husbandly and Gardening. 3} Cows of the Vale ufually do, bat then the Goodnefs of it is fo far beyond the other, that if it was bat half the Quan- tity, the Price of the Cheefe made of fuch Milk will fufficieritly recompence the Want of Meafure ^ but efpecially if the fame Method was to be taken here in making the Cheefe as is ufed at St}lto?i, which is efteem'd the bed in E?ic^land •, the Receipt of which I have publilh'd in my Monthly Papers for the Month of March, 172 1. From thefe Examples we may conclude, that there is in this Sort of Grafs an ex- cellent rich (Xaality, which affords an ex- traordinary Nourifhment for Cattle, and renders them healthful and wholefome for our Ufe , for as they are well nou- rifh'd, and prefervM in Health, by fuch Food, fo we may reafonably judge, that the Flefh of fuch Animals, and their Milk likewife, which is free from Diftemper, rauft be nourifliing to Mankind, who makes 'em fo great a Part of his Diet. And now I have done with the Soil, as far as it concerns the Rabbits and their Food, it will be nt^celTary to hint that this Warren is wall'd about fo that they have not the Liberty of fearching their Food elfewhere ^ therefore 'tis only what they get in the Warren which brings them to that Perfection, which gives them their fupcrior Value over other Rabbits. D Of J 4 Experiments^ ijfc. in ^HumiMmi^m^m^'^^^.m of the Number of Rabbits neceffary to Stock a Warren , and of the Value of good Rabbits, MR. Gilbert^ who is the prefent Mafter of Aiibourn Warren, and has all his Life-time been bred up in that Way, tells me, that it is neceffary always to keep &000 Rabbits for a Stock, in about 700 A- cres of fuch Ground ;, and judges, that one Year with another, the Increafe from fuch a Stock is about 24000 Rabbits ^ but thefe are fubjed to many Accidents, by Poachers, by Weezels, Polecats, Foxes, and Diftempers, tho* the greateft Care be taken of them by watching, fetting of Ginns, or in their Food. To view the Warren in its prefent State, one would fuppofe that the Food there would hardly maintain half fo many •, but. yet we find by his Method of Management, that he lofes few of them, and his Warren is al- ways in better Cafe than others, and his Rabbits of a greater Price ;, they are known from others by being (horter legg*d, and fliorter body*d, and thicker-, and are high- ly admirM for the extraordinary Sweetnefs of their Flefh, which is as far fuperior to that of other Rabbits, as the Down Mut- ton Husbandry and Gardening, 5 5 ton excelfe the Flefh of the larger Kind of Sheep fed in long Grafs. The Time when he firft begjins to kill them in Quantity for the London Markets, is about Bartholomew-tide , and from that Time to Michaelmas^ delivers them at hon- don for nine Shillings per Dozen, free of Charges \ but from Michaelmas to Oorifl- mas has Ten Shillings and Six-pence foi? each Dozen, deliver'd in London^ himfelf being (till at the Expence of Carriage, which amounts to Twenty Shillings per Hundred, which is Six Score. The Rea- fon, he tells me, why the Price of Rab- bits is lefs between Bartholomew-tide and Michaelmas^, than between Michaelmas and Chriflmas, is, becaufe the Skins are not perfed 'till Michaelmas^ and then they are not worth above a Penny a-piece, and then the warm Weather will not fuffer the Rab- bits to keep fit for eating above two or three Days :, but from Michaelmas to Chr'ift^ mas the Skins are in Perfcdion, and are worth near Six-pence a-piece, or about Five Shillings per Dozen, and the Weathei? will fuffer the Rabbits to keep perfed for four or five Days after killing. This ex-* plains to me a Difficulty which otherwife I could never have farmounted ^ for it is: commonly pradis'd in London^ to fell the Rabbits without their Skins for Ten-pencer or Twelve-pence apiece 'till about Michael- fnas 5 and from that Time to Chrif^.mas^ D 2 when ^6 Experiments^ ^c, in tvhen the Poulterers paid dearer for them, they have been bought for Eight Pence, and Seven Pence apiece, and even fome- times for Six Pence -^ but it appears by this, that *tis the Value of the Skins, which is the chief Occafion of the Different Pri- ces. He acquaints me farther, that when a Skin is in Seafon, the Wooll or Fur is not all of the fame Finenels, the coarfer Sort is worth perhaps three Pence per Poundy the next about five Pence, and the finefl:, which is in the Poll of the Neck, is worth about three times as nauch ^ but when the Skin is not in Seafon, I am told that 'tis fo hard to feparate the little good Wooll from the bad, that the Trouble is almoft as much worth as the Wooll it felf ^ and therefore it appears, that the Wooll of a Rabbit in Seafon is worth full as much as the Flelh of the Rabbit, and we have then Rabbits cheaper in London. But in Hertfordfih-e there is a Warren, where all the Rabbits are of that Kind which have the Silver Hair, as they call it, and their Skins are worth Twelve-pence apiece, when they are perfed: So that for their Skins alone it is worth while to keep 'em, if the Flefh were thrown away.^ And one Reafon why I fuppofe the Anhourn Rabbits may be valu'd in an ex^ raordiniry Manner,, is becaufe their Wooll is finer than others, from the Nature of their Food, which will Husbandry and Gardening, 5 'y will contribute to the Finenefs or Small- nefs, 1 fuppofe, as a barren Land will al- ways produce Plants confiding of much fmaller Parts. To Dr. Bradley, &cr' London^ Sept, 6, 1723. Br. Bradley, THY unweary'd Endeavours to pro- mote Publick Good, deferves the Thanks and Encouragement of every Lo- ver of his Country, and induces me to contribute my Mite to fo laudable an Un- dertaking, being an Obfervation I've late- ly made. Many good Eftates and fine Seats that lie on the Sea Coafts, are ren- der*d very unpleafant and Incommodious, by their cxpofednefs to the Fury of the Weather : Some Attempts have been made to redrefs this Grievance, chiefly by ma- king Plantations of Trees •, yet in many Places this hath not fucceeded, which I am perfuaded principally proceeds from a wrong Choice of Trees, for fuch Expo- fures. In my Journey along the Sea-Coafts of Soitth-Wales^ I obfervM the Great Ma- ple, o^c what's commonly call'd the Syca- D 3 ipore. 5 8 Experiment s, ^c, in more, compleatly to anfwer the Defign of fuch expofed Plantations, it growing up- right, {landing Firm, and arriving to a great Magnitude, tho' in the moft expofed Situation. A particular Inllance of the great Service, Benefit and Beauty of this (I may fay) defpifed Tree, is at Morgam^ a Seat of the Lord ManfeVs, near the Sea, where his Garden and fine Orangery is on one Side proteded by a (lately Grove of this Tree, and on another Side by a beautiful Row. The Gardiner told me, that after feveral Eifays, this Tree was only found to fucceed beft, and even to thrive in a Tempeft. I (hall fubmit tb thy better Judgment, if this will be worth communicating to the Publick : And am. Thy fine ere Friend, P. CoUinfon. The curious Author of the foregoing Letter has therein given us, as it were, a Plant that we had not before ^ fcr what is any Thing to us, without we know its Ufe } and hitherto, this Sycamore has al- ways been efteem'd a meer Weed, it has never carry 'd any Value : The Difcovery now of its \J{t is lik^ finding out a Man of Husbandry and Gardening^ 3 9 of Merit and Learnino;, who has lain conceal'd for a long Time, and bringing him from his private Way of Life, to be an Inflrument of publick Benefit , and furely, fuch Difcoveries ought to bring Honour to the Difcoverer. I fuppofe that the Gentlemen about the Weft of Englafid near the Sea, may reap great Advantage, by planting Groves of thefe Trees for Shelter, as well as thofe who live in the Ifle of fTi^bt, where the wefterly Winds are very Violent and injurious •, and be- fides, thefe Trees are extraordinary quick Groves, and come up from Seed the fame Spring we fow them. ^^^^^^^^^'^^^^^^S^ Nen? Confiderations concerning the Pot' ting of Orange-Trees, T.HERE is one Remark which I have not hinted at before in my Works, and greatly concerns the Potting of Orange- Trees j and that is, when our Mold is light, the Tree may have a larger Pot, than when the Mold is more loamy or heavy ^ for in the Bufinefs of potting o£ Orange-Trees, it is to be confider'd, that my general Direftions for giving fmall Pots to thera, is with a Regard to the wa- D 4 tering '^o Experiments^ iffc, in tering them by unfkilful Hands ^ for when Water lyes long at the Root of an Orange- Tree, which it will do if the Earth be heavy, it chills the Root and deftroys the Plant j fo commonly, when Trees are in hr^e Pots, but efpecially in Tubs, they fufFer by watering ;, and then it is prefent- ly faid, they are over potted, and the Remedy is, to ftiift the Tree into a leiTer Pot : But if an Orange-Tree be planted in a light Mold, it will bear a bigger Pot, and yet indifcreet Waterings will do it little Harm -^ for the Water does not lye cold and chilly about the Root, but paffes freely and the Plant thrives , again, there is a great deal to be faid concerning the Difference between Pots and Tubs for Orange-Trees •, that is, as far as they con- cern the Health of Orange -Trees ^ for Example, Tubs are near as broad at the Bottom as they are at Top, and hold Wa- ter much longer in their Bottoms, than a Pot will do, and therefore often hurt the Root;, and then again, if an Orange- Tree happens ro out grow the Tub or Cafe it is in, then the Roots ftrike into the Wood cf the Tub, and are forc*d to be torn and broken when we (hift them : Thirdly, when it is Time for ihifting them, it is difficult to difengage the Root from the Tub : And LaJIly, the Tubs feldom laft longer than four Years without rot- ting, or becoming unfit for Ufe ^ and fome^ Husbandry and Gardening. 41 fometimes through the Rottenefs of a Tub, a Tree is forc'd to be fhifted at a wrong Seafon, even fo as to endanger its Growth • but a well turnM Pot is not fubjed to thefe Inconveniencies ^ befides, how much cheaper a Pot is than a Tub or Cafe ! The Pots which I approve off, to be the beft in their Shape and Make, befides their Cheapnefs ^ are made and fold by Mr. Thomas Bond, Potter, at his Work-Houfe in the Mouth of the Creek next the Thames at Deptford -^ who with a great deal of Ingenuity, makes all Sorts of Urns, Vafes, and footed Flower-Pots, printed or work'd in Ba]fo relievo after any Mo- del •, which, when they are painted, are not inferiour to any, that are either carv'd or caft in Lead, for the Ornament of Peers^ or Walls. Some 4 1 Experiment Sy &c, in •mSt J& "^ ^ & J& -^ ^ ^ '^^ <^ '•$» ^ ^? S I Ry ri'w ,fr)ifiw , .•'%b YOU defire to know liow I wbrft -yii, cv^ ctia ,■*=& w-taa t-sso >:^ii ^V^ cJib i.'Ji^ ,^^ .«,« . Ji? Mr. Bradley. SIR, FROM Farmers we may colled the common Pradice in Hulbandry of their refpedive Countries \ but it is from Gentlemen, who have given their Timei and Thoughts to Improvements, that we can hope for the mod ufeful Advices, founded upon the Experiments they have made, from their Reafon and Knowledge of natural Philofophy. My Letter of Yefl:erday*s Date, was not gone hilf an Hour, wh^n a Gentleman who his in EHiite in Do^fafhire, and who has amus*d himfelf for fome Years, in the. Eushandry and Gardening. 49 the Way I propofe to do, came in to mci I prefently acquainted him with my De- (ign, and our Difcoiirfe run intirely upon Hufbindry, till late in theEvening, he ha- ving been To kind as to flay and dine with me. I fhall only trouble you with the Opi- nion he gave me, for the managing one of the Fields, which is moft worn out. In the firft Place, he advis'd the plowing of it, as foon as there fhall fall Rain enough to fofcen it ;, the Ground being now too hard for any fuchThing*s being attempted \ and in this firft plowing, he advifes the throwing down the Earth, from the Top of the Ridges, into the Furrowes. As we have generally Rains in September^ he pro- pofes to plow it a fecond lime, when the firft drj/ Weather (hall come after the Rains, and at this fecond plowing, he defires that they may go deeper than he fuppofes ever the late Tenant has gone ^ fo that two or three Inches of frefh Ground may be thrown up , upon which, he is for throwing a little Lime, wliich he fays- will, with the Help of tlie Froft in Win-.' rer, make it fall down line ^ and in Cafe I cannot eafily go deep enough with one Plow, becaufe of the StifFnefs of the Clay, he recommends the having two, the one to follow the other in the fame Furrow ^ this will be the more nccelTary, becaufe Qf his defiring this plowing may be. crofs : E the 50 Experiments, iifc. in the Ridges ^ but Men muft be fet to work prefently, to make Drains to carry ofF the Water, and particular Care muft be taken, to keep Water from ftanding upon fuch Land in the Winter. When the Weather is dry in Febntary or March, he defires it may be plow*d a third Time, the com- mon Way the Ridges run •, but ftill to throw it down, in Order to the bringing of it more to a Level. Prefently after this plowing, he propofes, to endeavour to make it fine, by harrowing, and im- ploying of Men, with proper Tools to break the Clods. This being done, he is for plowing of it prefently again, if pof- fible, before any Rain comes •, otherwife, it will rife in larger Clods than ever. This fourth Plowing, likewife crofs the Ridges, and deep as the fecond, that it may be open to the Sun all Summer. In the proper Seafon, he is for plowing of it the fifth Time, and fowing of it with Wheat, ha- ving firft dung'd it well. He gave me Diredions for preparing of the Dung ^ of which, I fhall acquaint you, before I fini(h this Letter. By this Method, he fays, I (hall have a Depth of Mold equally good , but I muft not plough to the Bottom of the good Mold when I come to fow, whereby the Seed which falls into the Furrow, \vill have good Earth below it for Nou- rifliment , whereas, the common Farmers by Husbandry and Gardening, 51 by negleding this, lofe a great Part of it, by its faliieg upon the cold barren Clay in the Bottom of their Furrows. He gives me Encouragement, to expect a great Crop of Wheat by this Method, even from what is now the pooreit. When the Wheat is cut down, he advifes the plowing of it, and letting it \yit all Win- ter, and in the Spring to fow it with Barley, and Rye Grafs, which is caird with them everlafling Grafs. In Order to prepare it for the Barley and Grafs» he advifes the plowing of it twice ^ firft very deep, after which, to break the Clods, harrow it till very fine, then plov/ it a fecond Time, laying it as flat as you can-, fow it firft with the Barley, and with the Grafs, before the lad harrow- ing is finifhM. He acknowledges that this will put me to a great Expence :, but af- ftjres me that the Crops of Wheat and Barley, and the vaft Crops of Grafs, which I may exped for a great many Yea rs, with- out being at more Expence, will fully anfwer my Trouble. He gave me the following Diredions, for making a large Dung-Hill, in or near the Field. To choofe a plain Spot of Ground, and there to dig a Pit lloping down to the Middle, then to throw in Horfe or Cow Dung about two Foot, then to throw upon it the Earth dug up, about two E 2 Foo: !">♦• 52 Experiments, iffc, in Foot thick, upon which, he defires me to put fome Lime , after which, Dung again, and Earth upon that, with Lime as before. The Earth from the clearing of the Ditches, the Road, or the Rubbilh from the repairing of the Houfe, he tells me are all good Mixtures. Thus I may repeat the Dung, Earth and Lime, till it is large enough for the Field for which it is defign*d, or while I can have Dung enough, carefully to cover it with Turf, or fome fuch Thing from the Sun. To prevent too much Wet coming upon it from higher Grounds, which may be done by making a Furrow with a Plow round it, to divert fuch Water coming upon it^ and likewife, to take care that the Moi- fture don't run from the Dung-Hill. To make the Dunghill broad rather than too high, and to let all this Mixture lye and ferment together, till I am ready to plow the laft Time for the Wheat. If I Ihall find any Grafs rife from the Earth, he advifes the trenching of it next Spring , which he fays, will mix it well together, and kill the Seeds or Roots of the Grafs. / am^ Sir^ Tour mofi June 23, 1723. humble Servant^ G. D. Anfwer Husbandry and Gardening: 53 Anjwer to the foregoing Letters^ with the Method of improving the faid Land, To Mr. G. D. TH E Account you have fent me of your Farm is fo much to the Pur- pofe, that I think myfelf ahnoft as capa- ble of judging of it as if I. had feen it: The Defcription you give me of the Soils fufficiently explains to me, that they may veryeafily be made to enrich one another^ and as they are the principal Points upon which depends your Improvement^ I fhall begin with examining the Particulars, VIZ:. 1 Heath Soil, which is light and open, •^ 1 ,bnLo«C . ; -• Gravel or Gravelly Sandy Soil, open. Yellow Clay, the lea ft binding or heavy. Blue Clay, the moft binding. • . I ' : lowVp 3 When 54 Experiment Sy l!fc. in When we have thefe four Soils in an Eftate, it is my Opinion you cannot com- plain, for in the ftifF Soils there is an ex- cellent prolifick Virtue , they abound in vegetable Riches, but by. Means of anoy-^ \y Quality, or rather a vifcous Quality, which is in them, the Parts are fo clofe- ly bound together, tha\ they cannot ad unlefs they are open*d ^ and thefe ftrong Soils in wet Seafons ruih Corn, though they produce good Grafs y while the light Soil brings good Crops of Corn, and are not without tolerable Crops of Grafs at iuch Seafons. Ii) dry Seafons Corn will come to goocj Ferfcd:ion, tho* the Straw is (hort, upoii lighter Land, and Grafs will be very little worth •, therefore I never prefcribe Graf§ to be fown upon light Land, unlefs it be fach as is commonly caird Cloyer Grafs j or if the Grouiid be gravelly, then we may fow St. Foin, which will bring a good Crop,efpecially if the Seafon be not too dry. When I fpeak of thefe Soils in this Manner, I fuppofe them always upon a plain Piece of Ground, but when there are Hills, there isd grisatdealof Difference, for the Clay flings off the Water ^ and tho' the fandy Hills' receive Wet, or drink it up when it falls, yet it fooner exhales, and the Crops fooner drop than 'thofe upon fandy or light Earthy ori the Plain, the Peclivity of the Hills anfwer the End of • \' a Drain Husbandry and Gardening. y 5 a Drain, and a Hilf is more exposed to the Heat of the Sun, fo that Hills feldom give us any rich Produce, but as I ob- ferve, are wafli'd by the Rains gently in- to the Vallie«, and thereby p;ive them a rich Manure ^ fo that the Vallies bring partly from hence good Crops of every Sort : I allow too, that Vallies have com*' monly the Advantage of being water*d upon Floods, which oftentimes happens, and from the fine Part of the Earth which comes among the Waters, tiie Vallies are ftill better fertilized, befides the Benefit the Wateritfelfbeflows upon the Earth : It is therefore no Wonder that your Ground next the River which lies low, and it may be, is fometimes overilo w'd, will bring good Grafs : We have an Example of that Kind in the Field which lies near the Thames^ adjoining to the Walk which leads to Lord Ranelavgh's, by Chelfea, even in the dry eft Years. I come next to Particulars, liow one Sort of Soil fhould be fertiliz'd and im- proved by another ^ your Clay Ground as it happens to be more or lefs ftifF and heavy, (hould have more or lefs of your gravel or fandy Soil laid upon it, for the Sharpnefs of the Sand or Gravel will open the Parts of the Clay, and after tv/o Plowings will render that ftifF Soil mel- low, and fit to receive Grain -, I have feen an extraordinary Crop of Barley and Clo- E 4 vex j^ Experiments^ ^c. in Clover upon Land order'd after this Manner, infoinuch that the Clover has been cut three Times the next Year after Sowing, and the Year it was fown, as foon almofi: as the Barley was off the Ground.it was of great Ufe to feed and fatten Cattle. ) fia','> When fuch Ground has lain three Years, turn it up and manure it with your black Heath Soil, that is with fuch of that Soil as is tender, andopenM by the Roots of the Heath •, and iris likewife of great Ufe to burn the Heath*, and lay the Heath- Alhes with the Hearh Soil, upon your ftifr Land, this will enrich the Ground ex- treamly •, for however Heath Ground is fuppos'd barren, yet by Experience I find it to be of excellent Ufe, w!:en 'tis mix'd with Clay, for the Produdion of Corn. 'Tis to be noted, that where the Soil is very ftiif, it fhouid be cover'd at Jeaft 2 Inches thick with the fharp Sand or gra- velly Soil, but it will keep longer fertile, if it is cover'd at hril four Inches thick, and efpecially if it be often plow'd, for every Plowing breaks and opens the Clods of Earth, and mixes the {harper Soils with the Clay , and that this Plowing may ftill turn better to Account, and that the Soil may be kept longer in Strength, the Crops in u ft be often cha ng'd. • ; r :: - , . ; , < \ As for Example, when we have cut Bar-1 ley that has not had Cloyer fow'd with-. It, Husbandry and G^rdemng, 57 it, we muft plow our Ground for fowing of Turnips, which muft be hough'd after they have appeared above Ground three Weeks, to ftand at the Diftance mentioned in my new Improvement of Planting and Gardening, under the Title of Turnips, and manag'd as is there direded, if there are Markets for them^ or elfe one Hough- ing will ferve if they are for feeding Cat-' tie, fuch as Cows, Oxen or Sheep ^ which, if they eat them upon the Spot, will ftill enrich the Ground, and with their Dung, and the rotten Leaves and Scraps of the Turnips, muft be plow'd in early in the Spring, and then if you find the Earth too much inclined to clod, lay uponitfome of your Heath Soil, or ftiarp Sand or Gravel, either fingle, or both together, to be a*- gain plow'd with a Breaft Plow, which is a Sort of Plow much us'd in Gloucejlev' jhire, Worcefterflnre^ and the Counties ad- joining ^ and this Plow will break the Clods, and mix the ftifF and mellow Soil together, fo that 'twill be fit for Peafe the fame Spring, and in fowing of them we muft obferve, that if there is a Market to fell them while thev are green, then they muft be fown in Rills fomewhat more than two Foot apart, or if they are de- (ign'd for Seed, then they may be fown like Grain, to ftand about. iive or fix Inches apart. . . N. B. This 5 8 Experiments y i!fc, in N. B. This Bread Plough does not open the Ground above four Inches deep. When the Peafe are ofF turn up the Ground with the common plow, and lay the Ground in Ridges for Wheat •, you will then find it mellow and open, and you will have no Occafion to ufe either Dung, Lime, or Chalk, it will bring you fuch a Crop as will very well fatisfiethe Pains and Care you have been at, and as I have prov*d in feveral Places, even excells thofe Lays which have been fallowM, and ma- nur'd with Lime, Chalk, or Dung. Ih this Way of drefling and managing of Land, one great Part of Expence is fa- ved, there is no Time loft, nor does the Soil lofe its vegetative (Quality, but if many Sorts of Cora were to be fown up- on it, fo as to follow one another, the Ground muft necefTarily be worn out for Corn, but not for other Things of a contrary Nature, fuch as Turnips, Peafe, Beans, &c, which draw from the Earth a quite different Nourifhmenr. And when a due Regard is had to change the Crops in the Manner beforemention*d, repeating now and then the Manures as above, the Ground will conftantly im- prove : It may at any Time be laid down for Grafs, by fowing it with Rye Grafs, and Clover, after 'tis made as level as the Ground vvrill allow, or elfe there is a Sort of Fr^Wj Grafs with a purple Head, that is Husbandry and Gardening. 59 is a Fortnight forwarder, tp cut for Hay than any other I havefeen^ tl;e Farmer? about London know it by the Name of French Grafs. And now I have faid fo much concern- ing the Produce of a Piece of Ground or- der'd according to ray own Diredions, it may be that the feeding of Cattle may })emore profitable than Grain, but that de- pends chiefly on the Markets. A Lady in tfott'tnghamjhire who has Pafture enough foe nine Cows, employs their Milk to make Cheefe, which is very like that which i% fo famous at Stilton: In one Summer fhe made fixty Cheefes of twenty Pound Weight each, which were fo rich, that at firft Hand, they were fold for fixty Pounds, which is Twelvepence per Pound: The Receipt for making fuch Cheefes is in one of my former Monthly Books, As for the Grounds of a contrary Na- ture from thofe mentioned before, they are to be reliev'd by the-ftronger or ftiifer JLand -^ fo that when Carriages are em- ploy*d to bring the lighter or more cafy $oil to the (Irong or heavy Ground, they may carry fome of the ftrong Soil to the light Ground, but this need only be done upon fiich Land as you defign for Corn, Grafs, Peafe, Turnips, and luch like, for the Lands as they now are, may be ren- dered fit for fome very ufeful Crops by common ^o I Experiments^ iff c, in common Plowing only, ^ with out any Mi" iiure. Your Heath Ground newly turn'd up after two Plowings, is fit to plant Saf- fr6n upon, which will turn to very good Account j it may bring you twelve Pounds an Acre, one Year with another, if you li^ve Hands near you to gather it , for not only the Goodnefs, but the Qpantity of the Saffron depends upon its: being ga^ ther*d early in the Morning. ^ vv^ "•'Thefe Heath Grounds will likewife without manuring bring very good Pota^ toes, which is a Root fo ufefui to the, IPopr, that L am furpriz'd 'any things fo Valuable has yet hardly reach'd the Country. • The ftifFefr Soils without manu- Ting will bring excellent Beans, which may be fav'd for feed to *a good Profit, efpecially the broad Windfer Bean : I have feeq fome Grounds which have been dug for Brick Earth that were-'flark Clay, and flpon one plowing were planted with this Sort of Bean,- that brought an extraordi-C iiary Crop. ■_ . -i., I '•If you have any Deligni of making: Bbds 'of proper Manure forybur light or heavy Land, it may be done for the light Land' in the following Manner :. Sink a Trench a compleat Spit ' deep in the Ground, and- lay' therein -fome of your Clay Soil- then over that, ^ut a Covering 6FChilk or Lime, with fome Heath Mold, and Husbandry and Garden'mg. 6 ^ and repeat the fame over. again, *till you. think the Heap is enough for the Groun4 you defign, and turn this over about Midr fummer before you ufe it j but if you de-, fign an Heap of Manure for your Cla)^ Ground or ftiff - Soil, then make a Layer of your Sand. or Gravel fkreen'd, and upon that, fome of your Heath Soil, and fo re- peat thefe Stratum fup^r Stratum *till youL have a fufRcient Quantity for your Ufe \ and in this Cafe, what Rubbifh you can get from the Repairs of your Houfe, will do well to mix with it: This muft be turn'd once before you ufe it^ but when all this is done, I cannot help hinting, that the greatefl Part of the Farmers are in the Wrong, when they fuppofe that Land cannot be eftetm'd fertile, unlefs it produces good Wheat or Grain \ and fo td' prepare all their Manure on Purpofe for fiich Crops and nothing elfe ^ or that there can be no rich Manure for Land, but what iscompos'dof Dung, or Lime, or Chalk, If one can make as much or more Pro;fit by other Plants as one can by Wheat, or other Corn, it is as reafonable to fow or propagate thein, as it is to fow' Wheat or other Grain j and I am fure there- is no Soil in the World which will not' bring fome Crops which may be asprofi-: table as Wheat. Your Clay Ground when 'tis firfl turn'd up (thu' I do not make it' an "\ 62 EjcperimentSi &c. in an liiftance of what I have juft now faid) will after a little breaking the Clods, bear a rich Crop of Flax, and with a little Gate in manuring thisftiff Soil with the Heath Soil, and the Heath Alkes, and a little Lime, it Ml be rendered fit to bear good Hops, for the Management of which 1 would recommend to you a little Trea- tife, c^ird the Hop Garden, lately publifli*d, and dedicated to me, by a Gentleman who bellifhment and improvement of your Eftate: For though you may think perhaps as mmv Gentlemen . do, that Trees are a lon'^ w'lile befv»r^ theygrov/, to be of anyV^-las:, yet you will find if you^ were Husbandry and Gardening. 6$ were to buy the young Trees and Plants which you will have Occafion for from the Nurferies, they will amount to a con- fiderable Sura of Moneys befides the Ha- zard of their growing by their being two or three Days out of the Ground, between the Tune of taking them up, and re- planting them : But, as I hinted above, I have not given any Diredions for the propagating Alder, I fhall here do it in few Words : We mud: in O^oher, pro- vide a fufficient Number of Cuttings of the Shoots of the laft Year, about two Foot in Length, and fet them fo deep in the Eirth, that about three Buds or Knots may be buried in the Ground ^ it will be bert to plant thefe Cuttings in the Places where you dcfign them to ftand, and you will have a good Fence in three Years Time, by the End of which Term, the dry Hedge will be decay'd. The Trees for Timber, or which may be of Ufe upon your Soils, are the Oak, which will do well upon your blue Clay, and the Chefnut, upon the fame Soil, if it is not too fpringey j upon your gravel- ly Soil, the A(h and Elm ^ the Walnut will profper well upon fuch Clay Soil as is the leaft heavy ;, and the Scotch Firr will thrive extreamly upon ygur Heath Soil, and indeed fo will the Pine, and Pi- nafter, which in twenty Years Time, will make Trees worth about ten Shilings per F Tree, 66 Experiments^ iffc. in Tree, as I have feen not only valu'd but fold at that Price, and at the fame Thne fome of thirty Years Growth were fold for twenty five Shilings per Tree. Particu- lar Diredions for the raifing and ordering thef e Trees are fet down in my new Im- provements, and in fome of my former MonthiyTreatifes^but concerning thetranf- planting of Trees,and efpecially upon your fliffSoil, I muft apprize you of a danger- ous Method taken too frequently by the Gard'ners, which ends in the Deftrudion of the Trees, perhaps in three or four Years after they are tranfplanted, tho' they have made a good Appearance for the two firft Years, and were thought to be in a thriving State. When the Gardeners I fpeak of, meet with a ftrong heavy Soil, which they fup- pofe to be unfit for the Tree they defign to plant, the firft Thing they do, is to dig a Hole or Pit in the Ground where the Tree is to ftand, and to fill up that Hole with fine prepared Mold, and plant their Tree therein, which for a little while will grow, but when the Rains fall, the Water lodging in thofe confin'd Pla- ces, grows flagnant, and chills and rots the Roots of the Tree until the End. is Death ^ but to avoid this, I prepare little Hills of the Moid which is to be found upon the Surface of fuch Clay Ground, and when it is beat fine with the Spade, - and Husbandry and Gardening. 6j and has had Time to fettle, I then plant my Trees upon the Hills in a thin Mad which quickly fettles about the Roots, and keeps the Air from them, fo that none fail : If we make fucli Plantations in Sep- tember^ even while the Leaves are green upon the Trees ^ if the Trees are large,, we mufl; take Care to ftake them well a- gainfl: the Winds, or if they are very fmall, that Expence may be fav'd. In this Way of planting, the young Fibres of the Roots are unconfin'd and have Liberty to make their Way where they befl: like : But in the Holes which are dug in the Clay or cold Gravel, the Trees, if they fhould live 'till their Roots reach fuch Soil, yet being confinM as one may fay from fucking of more wholefoipe Food, they are poifon'd, and canker till they die. But if we raife our Trees from Seed, in order to make Woods, then I find it befl to fow fuch as the Oak, Afh, Chefnut, and fuch like, with French Furze, v/hicli fkreens the young Plants from the Injuries of the Wearher, and makes them fhoot with clean upright Stems : An Example of this we have between Oxford and Abmg- don. When I confider farther of your Farm, I cannot omit giving you a Word or two concerning the propagating of Poultry. In my difcourling on this Subjed, I cannot better inform you of theiMethods F 2 v/hich 6S ExperifHentSy iffc, in which fbould be taken for the Welfare o? SL hrge Stock of Poultry, than by firft laying before you the Errors which fome have fallen into, who had large Numbers of Fowls bought on Purpofe to make Ad- vantage of them in breeding and fattening them for the London Markets* It is now about two Years fin ce fome Gentlemen in Partnerlhip, provided a large Piece of Ground at Hoxton, enclos*d with a Wall, for the entertaining about eight hundred Fowles, befides Ducks, Tur- keys, and Pheafants ^ there was a confide- Table Sum of Morvey laid out in building Houfes for their Shelter, and for fattening^ them, and for the Hens laying, and fet- ting •, and tho* there was great Skill us*d in the contriving of thefe NecelTaries for the educating, preferving and encreafing of the Poultry, yet it feems, that for Want only of due Regard to the natural Con- ftitution o-f thefe Fowls, they were at- tacked by a violent Diftemper, which carried off the greatefi: Part of them, and by which likewife, the very Eggs were rendered fo imperfec]:, or I may fay, were fo' poifond, that hardly one in twenty were prolifick ^ I confider'd this Cafe more particulo-rly, becaufe a Defignofthat Nature well carried on, might turn to very good Account, efpecially where it has the Advantage of the Neighbourhood of the London Markets. What I firft took Notice of as a wrong Step, and what I COD- 'Husbandry and Gardening, 69 .conceive was the prime Caufe of diforder- ing of the Fowls, was the Clofenefs of the Houfes where they were confin'd in the isfight Time •, for though there were Win- dows in the Front of Lattice- Work, yet they were fo fmall, that they could not admit of Air fufhcieiit to keep the Houfe fweet, nor fuftain the Life of fo many -Creatures together, which are naturaJIy difpofed to breath a free open Air, To have remedy'd this, in the firft Place I would have advis'd, that the Front and End of the Houfe fhould be made of open Lattice-Work, in order to admit a greater Fund of Air;, and likewife that the Floor of fach a Houfe fhould lie up- on a Declivity, tlie better to wafh away the Dung into fome Refervoir appointed for it without the Houfe ^ for this Dung is fall of Salts, and a great Enricher of Ground to be ftrow'd thin upon it, and even the Water which carries it into the Refervoir, is of good Ufe to fprinkie upr- on Land jaft before a fecond Plowing. By opening thus the Houfe to the Air, and keeping it fweet and clean, I am con- vinc'd that the Fowls would not be fo inclin'd to droop, as they are when con- fin'd in a clofer Place. In the next Place we mufl condder, that when we attempt to feed fuch a Number i>{ Fowls with Brewer*s Grains, they fhould be always frelh, i. e, not mor« ih^n 24. Hours old, for whep they tura F 3 four, '70 Experiment Sy i!fc. in four, they purge the Poultry with that Se- verity, as weakens them ah-noft beyond Recovery, as I have experienc'd. But the laft and great Error which con- tributed the mofi: towards the Deflrudion of this Undertaking, was the wrong pro- portioning the Number of Cocks to the Hens, for there were not above ten Cocks to accompany about 6co Females ^ and the Diflemper which was occafion'd by this inequality, prov'd to be no lefs than a Pox, which was attended by very violent Symptoms ;, the Cocks were fo ftrain'd in their too much Exercife with the Hens, that it was not uncommon to fee them 5 or 4 Minutes in Company with a Hen without at lafl performing' the O^ct of Generation, and the Hens tir'd byfuch an uncommon Procedure, had their Parts en- Ham'd to a very great Degree, and foon after there iffu'd from their Noflrils a pur- rulent Matter, which after continuing fe- veral Days, ended their Lives. It is not to be wonder'd at, ' if the Hens in this •dangerous Condition, (hould lay Eggs un- impregnated^ or if they had the Cocks Tread in them, that they fhouid bring fuch Chickens as \fere unhealthy, "and in- capable of being brought to any tole- rable Perfection. It is therefore nccelTary, when we de- fign to breed Poultry, to allow one Male to feven or eight Female?, which I find by Experience I Husbandry and Gardening, 71 Experience to be a right Proportion, and where there are more Females to one Cock, the Eggs are uncertain in their hatching, and many are Joft : As for the Objedion, that many Cocks will not livs together, it is only where they have not Hens enough ^ but where the Hens are according to the Proportion mentioned a- bove, 1 have known above a Dozen Cocks agree very well in one Farm-Yard. I fhall conclude thefe Diredlions for the Farm, with taking Notice, that the En- largement of your Stock of Water by making a Fi(h-Pond or two, will turn to Account as well for the Cattle as for the Fifli it will produce ^ and if you are dif- pos'd to have as many Eatables upon your own Ground, as may be requir'd for the Service of your Houfe, I believe you will find confiderable Advantage from fuch a Warren as I have direded in my Monthly Works. lam, Sir^ Tour mofi humble Servant R. Bradley. F 4 A Method 1 72 Experiments^ iffc. in 'A Method of improving Ground in Wor- cefterfhire, Gloucelterfhire, ar any of the Coal Countries, TO introduce this Method among fuch Perfons as are willing to improve their Lands for Corn, in fuch Places where Coals arc found in Plenty, it will be necelTary to obferve two Things. Firft^ That the Land in fuch Countries is generally llrong Clay, and moft fre- quently is that Kind which is callM blue Clay. Secondly, That Pit-Coal, when it burns to Afties, is generally reduc'd into Iharp Particles, as rude to the Touch as the fharpeft Sea Sand , and therefore there cannot be any thing more proper to di- vide or open the Parts of the ftiff Clay, than fuch Coal-Alhes \ but concerning the Salts which are found in Afties of all Sorts, I (hall not here take Notice of them, nor their Ufe in Vegetation ^ I have already in my former Works mentioned fomething relating to them. A Gentleman, who fome Years ago bouglrtan Eflatein Worcefterfiire, was,asT am inform'd, the firll that made Ufe of ,' ■ !.. *. ■ Z \ . :: ■ CoaU Husbandry and Girdeningl 75^ Coal-Afhes to mend his Ground in that County ^ he had Courage enough to with- ftand the Ridicule of the Country People, 'till his Crops openM their Eyes ^ and fince that, his Method is become the common Pradice with extraordinary Succefs: But before I enter upon his Method of pro- ceeding, it may not be amifs to obferve, that the Farmers of WorceflerJJyire were us'd to praclife that Way with their Land before hisTime,which is ca I I'd Devonfiirehig^ which is by cutting off the Turf or Surface with a Breaft-Plow, and laying it in Heap? over large Faggots of Furze, and fetting the Furze on Fire in Order to reduce the Turf to Aihes ^ by this Means a great Part of the Turf is burnt, but the whole Heap is never fo entirely mellow'd by fucli Fires, but that fome Turfs are left un- touch'd, fo that they muft be afterwards broken to Pieces by fome Inftrument: This they afterwards fpread over their Land, and plow*d it in to fow Cora upon. ' The Gentleman I fpeak of which began the Improvement, had upon his Eftate fe- Vera! Coal-Pits, and a Parcel of Land over-grown with Furze-Bufhes, fo that he wanted not for Materials to burn his Turf without extraordinary Charge, and fo thoroughly, that one of his Heaps would make twice as much good Mold, as thq Farmers had in oneof theirso }j4 Experiments^ isfc. in J He had feveral Coal-Mines iipoh his -Eftate, and found there great Heaps of the fitiqller dufty Coal, round the Open- ings or Mouths of the Pits -^ this he re- folv'd to ufe upon his Land, in Order to burn it to better Purpofe than his Neighbours did with Furze alofte ^ an'd th'erefore inftead of making large Faggots c»f Furze, he only made fmall Brufhes, big enough to fet the Heaps of Coal and Earth on Fire ^ thus having preparM a fufficient Number of Brufhes, he cut up the Turf, and made his Heaps of Earth and Coal in Lines, about four Feet Di- itance from each other, and to every Hea|) put one Brufli only ^ when thefe Heaps tvere well confum'd, he began to plough along the Sides of thefe Heaps, till he had ploughed to a fecond Row of Heaps, arid then fpread one Row of Heaps upon the frefh plough*d Land, and fo on till he had ploughed over his whole Ground ^ then vrith a breaft Plough/ he mix'd this fine Mixture with the Earth, and fow'd Wheat upon it, which prov'd fo extraordinary a Crop, that all the Farmers in his Neigh- bourhood follow'd his Example ^ and by this Pradice, his Land which was at his firft coming to it, worth hardly los, per Acre, is now worth 2 /. per Acre. Coniidering that the fmall dufly Coal is efteem'd as nothing v/orth, and thrown away in the Coal Countries at prefent^ this Husbandry and Gardening. 75 this Hint may not be dis-ferviceable to the Farmers in fuch Places. Some Ohjervations and Confiderations up" on the dry Summer^ this prefent Tear I -y 2 3 5 and of Watering, and its life. THE Summer of this Year 1723, has been fo remarkable for its extraor- dinary Drynefs, that I think it very ne- ceiTary, to give my Reader fome Memo- randams which I have made concerning it : For as there has not been in the Me- mory of Man any Thing like it, fo its Confequences too are as novel to us j which to be well confider'd, will very much help our Thoughts in many Affairs, relating to Gardening and Hufbandry. In the firft Place, 1 obferve that many Miles about London^ there was not any Rain fell from January to the End Jime^ that was fufficient to moiften the Earth an Inch deep , the little that did fall, did hardly fo much Service, as the Dew which generally falls in a Night in the Month of May ^ and the Months of February and March were fo hot and dry, that in many of the fliif Lands, the Hufbandmen could not plow for Barley, but were forc'd to leave 7^ Experiments^ isfc. in leave their Ground untilTd, till the Rains {q\\ in July^ the Time of fowing Turnips. There was very little Grafs, unlefs it was in fuch Grounds, as fortunately lay near the River Thames^ and were over- fiow'd by it at the high Spring Tides* Every particular of the Gardens, which depended only upon the natural Ground, ripen'd their Fruits above three Weeks before their ufual Time, Afparagus wa$ cut upon the natural Beds, about the tenth of March '^ and it .was common to fee Cherries ripe upon common Walls, at the End of April •, and Stra.wberries were brought to the Markets the firft Week ia May ^ Peafe and Beans were fold at cheap Rates, about the eighth and tenth of May, and were all clearM and cut up by the Beginning of June^ which us'd to be the Time, when the plentiful Crops us'd to come firll: to the Markets ^ Grapes wer«s in Bloflom in Mr. FairchiWs Garden, the twentieth Day of May, and thtjuly Grape, fweet Waters, and fome others of the for^ ward Kinds,were all ripe and gather'd before Jnly was out ;, I mean fuch as were againfl: South Walls ;, and then his great Variety of other Sorts, which us*d to begin to ripen about the Middle o^ September, were ripe and gone about the Middle of An- gufl f, the Grapes this Year were perfed- ly good ^ buf befides Grapes, Melons, Mulberries, Appjea and Pcai:s, v/e hayq not Husbandry and Gardening. ff not had any Fruit worth eating this Year* The Cherries were extreamly finall, and ill tafted, .but abundance of them, and fo Peaches, Nedarines and Abricots, which were this Year every where in vaft Abun- dance, had their flefh tough, and their Juices four, tho' they had all the Cha- rafterifticks of full Ripenefs ^ the Trees were fo loaded with *em, that they were fold by the laft Retalers about the Streets, for three Half-Pence and Two-Pence per Dozen. The Badnefs of this Sort of Fruir, was partly owing to the over abundant Crop, which requir'd more Juices to feed them and fill their Vefrcls, than the Tree could have drawn from the Earth, if there had been a fufficient Quantity of Rain fallen;, but as there was none at all, during the Time of their Growth, fo they flill were the greater Sufferers : TheVeilels which compofe the Fruit, had not above a third Part of the Juices in them, which the Fruit requir'd to fill them, and render it as large as it ought to be •, and there- fore it was impoflible fuch Juices could be fo well digefted, as if the VefTels had been full, to have defended themfelves from being dry'd or bak'd by the Sun. Indeed in one cr two Places, Vv^here fome few Peach Trees happened to be (haded, and watered with Skill, I faw fom'e to- lerable good Fruit ^ but then the Trees ^ad but a moderate Share of Fruit upon tbem^ 7^ Experiments, iffc, in ^hem ^ and fo in feveral Places, that where the Fruit came the neareft to its natural Size, there it came the neareft to its na- tural Flavour. I ob fervid like wife, that the Drought was fo violent this Summer, as even to make large Trees, that had been planted many Years, appear as if they were dy- ing and paft Recovery j and I much fear'd, that hardiy a Peach Tree would have been fav'd, notwirhftanding, I obferv'd they were generally water'd : But the Waterings that I faw, were clofe to the Stems of the Trees, which can be of very little Benefit ^ for the Roots which feed a Tree, lye always the moft remote from the Stem of the Tree , they are the fmalL Fibres of the Roots, only, which receive- the Nourjfliment, and it is them which fliould be water'd when a Tree has Occa- fion for it. But then we are to confider again, that when theextraordinaryDrought requires watering the Plants, the Sun is always hot and fcorching, and exhales the Water which we apply to the Roots, before the Tree or Plant can get any confi- derable Nourifhment from it •, and in fuch Seafons, an Hour's Sun will go near to leave a Plant as dry as it was before wa- tering : Now where thefe fudden Changes happen to Plants, not only Reafon, but Experience teaches us that they will not thrive, but even are fometimcs loft, and often HiisbaYhdry and Gardening, f^ often drop th-eir Leaves^ 'tis therefore, I would advife the fhading of fuch Fruit? Trees, as are the inoft warmly exposd; during the violent Heat of the Day, and^ not only that Part of the Tree which t« above Ground ;, but that Part of theGroun-dV likewife, where are its fibrous Roots, foi may th® Waterings we give our Trees' be more ufeful, by keeping the Grouni. about the Tree moift for a confiderabie* Time ^ and I find, likewife, that the lar-- ger the plat of Ground is that is water'd; fo much the better do the Plants thrive* that are about it, the Vapour rifing froni' it moiftening the Air, and that moifl Air- is imbib'd by the porous Part of the- Plants, and nouriflies them and their Fruits, almofl as much as their Roots :> for this' Reafon, likewife, I find it has been fuccefs- ful, to wafh the Trees about the Even- ing with an Hand Engine. But to return to my Obfervations of this extraordinary Year. The Colledions of Auricula's were in the Heiglit of their Bloom at the End of March ^ and by the End of April -^ the Colledions of Tulips were out of FPower , both which Flowers bloflTom'd fooner by a Month than ufual^, fo likewife the Hawthorn, whofe Flow- ers us'd to be rare enough at M^y Day, were blofTom'd and all gone long before - that Tinie, This 8o Experiments^ isfc, in This dry hot Seafon, had likewife ail- other extraordinary EfFed:, in producing prodigious Numbers of Infeds, fuch as Chafers, Ladycows, Wafps, &c, the firft were in fuch great Flight about Maryhone^ that it was very troublefome walking thereabouts, and for the Ladycows, there were fuch vaft Numbers of them in St- James's Park, that the Ground was al- moft cover'd with them, nor were they much lefs numerous in many of the Streets of Wdjifni?ifter, and feveral Places in Lon- don. About Al^on the Wafps were fo nu- merous, and had fo many Nefts in the common Fields, that the Farmers could iiot Plow for them, till they were part- ly deftroyM by the violent Rains that fell in Jidyy iDefore the End of which Month, moft of the Wheat about London was got in, and was extraordinary good, tho* the Straw was fhort. At the beginning of Augufl^ I obfervM the Katkins upon the Arbele, and upon the Hazle, and fome likewife, were as remarkable upon the black Sallow. I may take Notice that this Summer alfo, there were hardly any Kidney Beans to be had j and that the Seafon was fo bad for Cab- bages, that in July they were fold for one Shilling, and for one Shilling and Six- Penc* a-Piece •, there were very few but what were made by rolling or tying up, as I Ihall defcribe by and by. In Augnjl^ alio. Husbandry and Gardening. 8 1 alfo, feveral Pear Trees and Apple Trees were in fall Bloom, which I fuppofe was the EiFedof the extraordinary Drought; and it may not be amifs to obferve that I have experienc'd, that one Way to make Trees blolTom in Autumn, is to keep them as dry as poflible in Summer, and to top the young Shoots about the Middle of June-^ by this Means Trees are difpos'cl to bring ripe Fruit about Chri/imas, if they have the Benefit of good Stoves; from all the foregoing Remarks, 1 conclude, that the Seafons were a Month forwarder" than ufual ^ and for that Reafon, I exped that all our Winter Pears, will be this Year as good as they generally are iil France, An Account of the Manner of making Cabbages^ or of blanching Coleworts. SINCE the blanching of Herbs has been commonly pradlicM in Britain fot many Years ^ it is to be wonder*d that no Method has yet been taken among our famous Gardeners, to accelerate the ripen- ing or whitening of Cabbages, efpecially, (ince thofe which come forward , are known to be fo profitable in the Markets, G that ii Experiments^ ^c.\in: that pnq ifingle pabbage, will bring as much' ]MqD€y,'^s four or ,.2ve^ ^^4^^. ^ome late in the Year, "^'ij^^'/; V-:! la'-B ' Mr. Ki^js of ^ittfjiT-Tielcis tdh rae, that it has been a, P^ractice /or many Years in foine private Gardens about Worceflerflnrey Siaffor(iJInre, &c, to fold up the Leaves- of Colewortp' or flrbng Cabbage Plants, and to tye them togetl^er 5, by wfiich Meansv in a Fortnight's Time, the inner Parts will become white, and eat as well as any Caljibage ; he. has pradiced this in his own Garden .)vith To good SuccefSjthat froip him atlaft^moftof the Gardeners about the N'eat fioafes, are fallen into that Methoc},; and have reaped good Sums of .liloney. from, it. In the dry Years, efpecially, this will turn fo extraordinary Account^ for then oar Plants, tho* tliey come from the beii' Seed, will be apt to run, or at bed will make but thiri an-d indifferent Heads, but her€ there is not a Leaf l6ft •^' a-nd how-' ever/ the flragling Leaves of the .Plants may be judg'd ufeiefs before they are ty'd up, they then become exceeding fweet andv agreeable by blanching :, Iput in the*Pradi(?cr of this Method, two Things muft lie c^ye- ' fully regarded., ," ,^/.' .' ^ '. /. ,■ .'', Firji, That the Leaves of the Pknts we-, defigri to tie up, mufl: be very dry j for if there' ftlould be. any Dew or Aloifture'upon thern, tlieyiyill rot and mildeAv^-, wherj .- Husbandry and Oardening* 8j ' tBey come to be (hut m^ from the Air: And Secondly^ we mufl: fold each Leqf carefully over one another, in the exa^t Order they grow, beginning at the Centre 'till all the Leaves are folded;, and then bind them whh. Bafs crofs ways, from the Top of the Crown to the Stalk, in fuch a Manner as the Leaves may not burft the Bands, which they will be apt to do about a Fortnight after they are ty'd ^ and indeed we lliould not do more Plants in this Way at one Time, than'we 'fuppi)fe we can ufe in about ten Days after they are blanch'd, for they will grow unfhape- ly, and lofe of their Sweetnefs: It is to be remarked, that a^ fdon as we have tied Up thefe Plants, they (hculd be well-wa- ter'd at the Roots, which will fix the fold- ed Leaves in tha Order we have plac*d them, and accelerate their Whitening, ■which at nlofl: will be in a Fortnight* J thitlk too, that by tying up fome Cole- wort Plants in the enrly Seafort of the Year, they.\^ouid eat much better for be^ ing blanchM, but that is according to every one's Palate. I might have itien- tion'd in my Remarks on the dry Summer, that though few Trees were blighted iii . the Spring by fcorching Winds, or fmall Infects, yet the Herbage was ver}^ much annoy'd by the Caterpillar, which fevere- ly attack'd the few Cabbages we had, fo that even of the few, atleaft-one half vvei:e G 2 fpoilU 84 Experiments', i^c. in fpoil'd. Mr. James Brujfard^ Gardener to his Grace the Duke of I>evo?ifiire, at Chatf- worth^ has lately at my Requeft, fent me the following Account of his Method for curing blighted Trees, and Plants infefted with Caterpillars, which I think may o- blige the Reader. Ta Mr.BRADLEY, Gr^. SIR, 1 Received yours, and (hould be glad tof inform you of any thing worth in- ferring in your Books ^ as for preventing of Blights, I cannot fay any thing to that, but I have recover'd feveVal Fruit-Trees, as Cherries, Dwarf-Apples, and Plumbs \ as aifo Cabbages, and other Garden-Stuff of that Kind, (after the Fruit and Plants were blighted, and began to wither) by a Water made with Tobacco-Stalks j I wa- tered the Trees with the faid Water, and in a very fhortTime the Leaves and Fruit began to recover, and grow to their full Perfedion. This Tobacco-Water hath re- cover*d thofe that were water'd with it, and thofe that were not, it isaQiieftion whether they will live to bear another Year. I have Husbandry and Gardening. 8 5; I have had two Years Experience of this Water with great Succefs, and find it an- fwer beyond any Thing that I ever made Ufe of. I chiefly found this out by a Man that chew*d Tobacco, who fpit upon a Newt, and a Toad, and thereby deftroy'd them, from whence I fupposM it a great Deflroyer of all Sorts of Vermin. I made two Hogflieads of Water, by in- fufing fix or feven Pounds of Tobacco- Stalks, tho* one may add more as Occafion ferves. I am now trying another Ingre- dient, which I find to be a great Deflroyer of Infeds, which Sii\ if it (hould prove effedaal, I (hall be glad to oblige you with. . I am, Sir, Tour mo ft Humble Servant James Bruffard The Ufe of Tobacco in fuch Cafes, has long been pradisM with Succefs, to der flroy the Infeds that infefl Plants, by flrewing Tobacco-Dufl upon them, and by making a Fumigation of it under Trees ^ fo I doubt not but the Infufion of Tobacco Stalks in Water will aiifwer the End full as well, and may be done with lefs Trouble ; But I fhall take this Opportuni- G 3 ty 8<^ Experiments^ ^c, in ty before I leave the Subjed of the deflroy- ing of Infeds, to introduce a very curious Letter I have lately receivM, which has already met with theApprobntionof fo ma- ny ingenious Gentlemen thar 1 have fhewn it to, that I am perfwaded, my Readers would lofe a confiderable Entertainment if I was not to make it publiclc. cvsb ct^ v.'^ '.s^ ofeib cM) tM -. Portfires, which, are like wife to be had atj the Engineers; '3 re.: to be plac'd at con-r. venie,nt Diftances from one another, and, fo to fire thejr quick Matches a.t different . Times, as they fee Occafiprj ^; for every^^, quick Match immediately fe^s Fire to thcJ-i Crackers, which will upon their going ofF,^ drive the Rats that are in that Place froiUj their Cells, and perhaps if the Dogs mifs of them, they may take to .fame other Hole, but then he who is next- to it fets Fire to that quick Match, and fo the Crack-' ers fend them o.ut.again, as wellas thofe that were in before ^.andby keeping on this con-., tinu'd Confufion among them, .thej quit J their Station, if arjy be left alive, and ne- ver retvirn to the fame Place. ^5 ExperimentSy i!fc* in A Catalogue of new Graffings this Teaf izi^by Mr. Fairchild at Hoxton. 1 F O R the further Improvement of Gar-^' _. dening by increafing of Plants, even^ fuch as will neither grow by cutting or„ Layers, or of fuchas onecannot readily get^ any Seed of: Mr. FairchiU has try'd fe-^ veral Experiments this and the laft Year,' in Graffing by Approach or Inarching^ which are both new and curious : The following is an Account of fuch as have"^ taken, and are in a profperous Condi- ^ tion. 1. The Terebinthus upon the Piflachio. 2. The CeJar of New-EnglafiJ upon the Vtrgiiiian Cedar, 3. The Cedar of Ltbanus upon the La- rfx or Larch-Tree, which is the more ex- traordinary, feeing the Cedar is ever-gi^een, and the Larix drops its Leaves. 4. The Cafena*Sy one Sort upon ano- ther. 5. The Spanijh Bar ha Jovis upon the common Sort. ^. The Tellovp Indian Jejfamine upon the Englifi jellotP Jejfamine. 7. The Husbandry and Gardening, 97 7. The Oleanders upon one another, fo that he has three or four Sorts upon one Plant. 8. Gerayi'mm with variegated Leaves, up- on a G^r^wiz/w with a fcarlet Flower, from whence it is reafonable to fuppofe, all the Arborefcent Kinds of Geraiiimns will take upon one another. 9. The Spurge Laurel upon the Mezere- on, the firft ever-green, the other not •, in January, this makes a pretty Shew, to fee the beautiful Bloiloms of the Me!::^ereonin' tcrmix'd with the variegated Leaves of the Spurge Laurel. 10. The Lilac upon the Verfian Jejfa- m'me-^ fo like wife the white, purple, and blue Lilacs may be graflPed cr budded up- on one another. 11. The Carolina Haw upon the common Hawthorn. 12. The RedCurran upon the Black Cur- ran, but the lafte of neither Fruit is chang- ed, nor any Property alter'd, no more than any other Particular Fruit lofes its Properties by being engraflPed upon a wild Stock. 13. Curran upon the G 00 fberry-le av"* d Cur- ran. 14. Live Oak of Tirgijiia upon the com- mon Efiglifi Oak. 15. Ilex upon the common Englijh Oak. 16. Holm-Oak upon the Englijh Oak. H 17. Cork" 9 8 Experiments^ ilfc. in 17. Cork-Tree upon the Englijh Oak, and fo maybe grafFed all Kinds of Oaks upon one another. x8. The Ayiti'Enphorb'mm, upon the Sene- cio^ Afrhc, Jrborefc, d\c, 19, The Variegated Tree Seditm upon the common Tree Sedum, and likewife feveral other Kinds of Sedmn upon the Tree Sedum. QO. Cotjiledofis of feveral Kinds upon the Tree Sednnu 21. Vines upon Vines. Befides thefe Graffings, which anfwer the End of propagating curious Plants with little Trouble, there is one Thing ve- ry remarkable which happened in Mr. Faircbihrs Garden, from the budding or inoculating fome of the Paflion-Tree, whofe Leaves were fpotted with yelloW, into one of that Sort of Paflion-Tree which bears the long Fruit •, now, though the Budds did not take, yet in a Fort- night's Time after budding, the yellow Spots began to (hew themfelves about ^ Foot above the Inoculation, and in a fhort Time after that, the yellow Spots ap- peared on a Shoot which came out of the Ground from another Part of the Plant: Is not this as plain a Proof of the Sap's Circulation, as the Inftance of the Jef- famine mention'd before, or the Inocula- tion of the Small-Pox, is an Inftance of the Circulation of the Blood? For my Part, I Husbandry and Gardening. 99 Part, T can*t fee how any Objedion can be made agciinft the many evident Proofs that has been given of it, as well in the Cafe of reverfing of Plants, and rejavenizing them, asin feveral others mentioti'd in my' former Works ^ but indeed I am not in- fenfible that when I write, my Works fall into the Hands of two Sorts of People, the one, who, defiring to beinform'd, are curious and inquifitive, and would wil- lingly learn, and the other, who finding thcmfelves Men by the Number of their Years, are either afham'd of afking Que- Itions leaft they fhould feem ignorant, or elfc think that their Age is a fufficient War- rant for their Obftinacy, and Talking of Nonfenfe : For the firft, I have that Cha- rity and Generofity, that I fhall always, as far as my Time v/ill permit, think myfelf well employ'd in inftruding them-, but for the latter who are fure they know enough already, and refolve againft Im- provement, they are only fit to accompa- ny one another. But there is one Qjieflion which is at great flumbling Block to thofe whoare but Beginners in the Knowledge of Circula- tion of Juices,and that is. How long Cir- culation is performing ^ (to ufe their owii Terms) In Anfwer to which, they muft underfland that the Motion of the Juices is conftant, and that whatever impedes it, H 2 or lOO Experiments^ tfc. in or quickens it beyond its conftant Courfe, tends to weaken the Plants •, for the Se- cretions are not then rightly made, befides, the Motion of Juices is not in every Plant like, in fome quicker, and in others (lower, for the Circulation of Blood in one Animal, is not perform*d with the fame Rapidity, that it is in another, as we find by the Beats of the Pulfe j the Motion of the Pulfe of a Snail, or of its Heart, as one may obferve by taking off the Shell, is fix or feven Times flower than the Beats of the Pulfe in an Human Body •, and the Pulfe of an Human Body is more than that flower than the Pulfe of a Squirrel^ fuppofing all three to be in an equal State of Health. Now, as this Circulation muft be continual from the very firft of Life to the Moment of Death , fo we muft con- fider too, that the Food or Nourifliment received every Day, adds to the Juices that were in the Body before, which muft ei- ther encreafe the Bulk of the Body, or elfe be the Occafion of a Difcharge of Jui- ces from that Body, or both together ^ fo that were it poflible to fix upon any one Drop of Juice in a Body which ooe might fuppofe was the Leader of the reft through all the Channels, 'till itgain*d the Place it firft fet out from , what with the new Nourilhment that would be received into the Body, and the Parts that would be fecreted from this Drop, in its Pafiage, fuch Husbandry and Gardening, i o i fuch Drop as well as all the reft would be fo chang*d and altered, as to be no more the fame it was at firft -^ but if by the QjJe- ftion they a(k, they mean. How lon^ the infeded Matter inoculated will be before it (hews itfelf in the remote Parts of the Plant } Then we anfwer, that it is parallel with the Cafe of inoculating the Small- Pox on Human Bodies, which is fooner or later in (hewing the Poifon, as the Body is in more or lefs Vigour, when the In- oculation is made ^ or elfe from the Force or Power of the Poifon inoculated, which fometimes is not ftrong enough to engage the whole Body of Juices, and then doesnot ap- pear at all, or very late j it is fometimes 3 Days, fometimes 5 or 6, and fometimes ten Days or more, before the Inoculation of the Small-Pox has difpers'd itfelf over the Body, and infeded the Blood enough to fhew itfelf ^ and 10 Plants, we find that in the Cafe of the Pailion-Tree abovemen- tionM, it was a Fortnight before the yel- low Spots appeared, and in fome Plants, it is longer. It is remarkable that the yellow Spots began firft to ftiew the-mfelves in the new Branches, which as it appears are of very- quick Growth, fhooting about three Inches and half per Day ^ 1 having meafur'd one Shoot of a Paflion Tree, which in its Growth, from the Beginning of May to the End of September^ was thirty two H 3 Foot loi Experiments^ l^c, in Foot in Length ^ and it is in thefe quick Growers that I find the Variegations, af- ter Inoculations fooneft fliew themfelves. To Mr. Bradley, R R. a SIR, AS you defire to know what new Cu- riofities I've got ^ this is to acquaint you that I have a new Sort of PafTion Xree, that bears Fruit very well upon fmall Plants in Pots , I have now feveral of them full of Fruit, and I have never feen any before like them -^ as for Graf- fings which I have new this Year, there is the Laurel upon the Plum, and the Laurel upon the Peach ^ what I think the moft extraordinary, is the Fig upon the Mulberry. The Pailion Tree and the Vine, is joyn'd together by the Way,which I call touching, and I believe it will hold j I have feveral Sorts of Myrtles grafFed up- on one another, but thofe you have feep before j ^ I am. Tour humble Servant, J^extofty Autgufi ^ 20, 1723. Benjamin Whitrnillf Gardener. Obfer- Husbandry md Gardening. 105 Ohfervations and Experiments upon va- rious Sub'jeEis in Gardening ; begin" ning with extraordinary Remarks up' on MufiroomSj and the Manner of their artificial Frodu6lion, I. V lOtv/ithflanding the Value which 1^ is fet upon the Champignon ov) Mufhroom, by Men of polite Tafte, and the extraordinary Price which thofe of the beft Sort will bring in the Market , I have not been able to perfwade any of our Market Gardeners, to make that Branch of Gardening their Study or Practice ^ nay, even tho' ihey have been invited to it by Perfons of Honour, who would take all oiF their Hands that they could raife. In the Autumn Seafon indeed, it is common to fee them appear naturally upon old hot Beds that have been ill made ^ and then it is almoft as frequent, that we are told thofe Beds were made on Purpofe to produce them :, but thefe Beds are inconftant giving a few for a fhort Space, and leave us the greateft Part of the Year without them -, whereas, if the Beds are rightly difpos'd and orderM ^c> H 4 cg/dihg I04 Experiments^ iffc. in cording to Art, we may have them at Pleafure in any Seafon. I have already obfervM in fome of my former Works, that the French Way of making Mufhroom Beds, (I mean the Me- thod which is us*d about Faris, where we may continually find feveral Acres of thefe Beds) is to make each Bed at twice, and that we mud only ufe pure Stone Horfe Dung •, each Parcel to be tofsM up fifteen Days in a dry Place before we ufe it, and kept during that Time free from Wet *, which muft unavoidably be ob- ferv'd, or we cannot hope for good Suc- cefs, and there feems to be good Reafon for it •, for by this making of the Bed at twice, the Bed partakes of two different Heats at the fame Time , the firlt Part by that Time it has been made fifteen Days, begins to decline in its Heat, and then the frefh Dung coming to be lay'd upon it, increafes in its Heat as the firft Part declines, which affords us much fucli another changeable Variety as we find in the Seafon, when Muflirooms appear of their own Accord ^ and it is fuch Irregu- larity of Seafon,. that gives Life to the Seed or Spawn of the Mufhroom already in the Ground. It is to be obferv'd like- wife, that when the Bed is quite made, we muft not cover it above an Inch thick with fine Earth •, for if it is more than that, if the Mufhrooras chance to come up. Husbandry and Gardening. i o 5 up, they will be fmall and watery, ef- pecially, if the Earth be fomewhat ftifF-, indeed if the Earth be extream Light and open, if it be lay*d a fmall Matter thicker than an Inch, it will not do much Harm, I have obfervM that the French Gar- deners,when they make Beds every Month, they put Pieces of the Mufliroom Earth, as large as Walnuts into the Earth which covers the Bed, juft in the Line where the two Makings of the Bed joyn ^ for *its in fuch a Place where the Mufhroom Earth, 7. e, that which is full of the little white Strings and Bulbs of the Mufhrooms, meet with the declining and encreafing Heat, which is fo neceiTary to make them fpread and grow ^ and moreover, the Horfe Litter which covers the Bed, contributes to retain the Vapour which rifes from the Bed, and imitates in fome Meafure, what we call a Fog , and befides, only admits a glimmering Sun to reach the young Buttons of the Mufh- rooms ^ for too much Sun, dries the young Muflirooms and flops their Growth, and too little, fuifers them to rot , therefore it is neceffary the Litter we cover our Bed with, (hould be clear'd from all Dung, and be laid upon the Bed very light and free. I am the more particular in thefe Obfervations , becaufe fome Beds have b^en made for the Produftion of Mufh- rooms io6 Experiments^ isfc, in rooms after my Dlredlions, as has been faid;, that wanted every one of the Par- ticulars I have here reafon'd upon •, and at laft when it was found that no Mulh- rpoms appear'd, the Fault was laid at my Door. But befides thefe Errors of making the Beds at once, and with old Dang ;, when I came to fee them, they were made flat a Top, which is a Pofitioa that a Mulhroom does not like, it holds the Water to much, and they become rot- ten thereby ^ but upon the Side of a Slope, as in the Bed I dired, is the Si- tuation they delight in. We ought alfo in two or three Days after we have plan- ted our Bed with Mufhroom Earth, to be very careful to examine it Day after Pay 5 for if a Mufhroom (hould come up and rot upon the Ground, it will breed Maggots or Worms, that will deftroy all the young Spawn or Buttons in the Ground, and then our Labour is all loft ^ and be- ndes, this Examining our Beds every Day, will keep the Littier light and open up- on the Beds, and fo promote the Mufh- room Growth. To examine the Courfe of the Mufh- room Fibres, we fhall find at proper Di- l^ances, Knots or Knobs joyning to the Strings of the Roots, each Knot about the Bignefs of a Pin's Head, running juft un- der the Surface, in the Manner of Pota- toe Roots : which Knots in a few Days, if Husbandry and Gardming* 107 if the Bed has any Heat, will come to be Muftirooms fit to gather j and we muft^ by no Means let any of them remain up- on the Bed after they begin to fpread, for then they will breed Worms that will deitroy all the young ones ^ fo in the Gathering them, we mufi have no lef^ Care to take all the broken Parts of thp Mufhrooms away, and particularly every broken Stalk, for they firft are attacked by the Worm ^ fo likewife when we ga- ther them or pull them out of the Ground, if we find any fmall fpawn about the Roots, we are to feparate it from the Root, and plant it immediately in fome Part of the Bed where there are the feweft Mufh- rooms, ufing this Spawn very gently, fo as not to bruife it ^ and in a few Days, ia Proportion to the Heat of the Bed, it will grow and produce Mufhrooms. When we plant any of the Mufhroom Earth about Autumn upon old decay'd Beds, I ^(i4 It will be about ten or fifteen Days before they appear , but when we find once that the Roots fpread, and be- gin to be full of Knots, then we may break ofF fome Pieces of that Earth, and plant them at a Foot Diftance •, and by fuch Means, in a little Time, the whole Bed will be cover'd with them -^ after this j^lanner from one Single Root, I have in about fifteen Days Time had a whole Bed full, tho' the Bed was quite without Heat j but •^*.»f io8 Experiments^ iffc, in but then it was at a Seafon when they came up naturally, but when that is not, we cannot hope for good Succefs in plan- ting them, without fuch an hot Bed as I have direfted. From what I have here mentioned, it ap- pears that the Mulhroom increafes by the Root, and may be tranfplanted as well as another Plant, but whether it has Seed or not, is yet a Qpsry : But that the Diredions I have given concerning the Manner of thefe Beds, may ftill be be- ter underftood, I have prev^aiFd upon the ingenious Mr. FaircbiU of Hoxton, to make one which is now well furnifli'd with Mufhrooms •, as alfo at Mr. Benjamin Whk- tnjlsy Gardener, near the fame Place, which has the like Succefs ^ fo that now I have fulfiird, what 1 promis'd in fome of my former monthly Papers, viz. to give full Inflrudions for the making Mufhrooii? Beds. Ccn- Husbandry and Gardening. 109 Concerning a Pear Tree that bears Fruit twice a Tear ; at Mr. Chapman'x, a curious Nurfery Man^ near Pitfield-' Street, Hoxion. II. ' I ^HERE are fome Inftances of X Trees which naturally bear Fruit twice, and now and then three Times in a Year : The mofl remarkable are the Fig, the Glaftonbnry Thorn, and the Vine ^ but the twice bearing of thefe in one Year, depends fo much upon a favourable Seafon, that it is very rare for them ia Ejigland to ripen the Fruit of both their Seafons ^ the Attempt however of bearing Fruit twi?e in a Year, may well enough ferve to inform us, that their native Coun- tries lye between the Tropicks , where there are two Seafons in each Year, which equally does the Office of Summer, and for that Reafon it is natural to Plants of fuch Climates to be difpos'd to bloflbm, and bear Fruit at both thofe Seafons , and I have obfervM in another Place, that all' Trees and Plants, let them come from where they will, do manifeftly prefervc their own natural Seafons of Growth, what- 1 1 o Experiments, tsfc, in whatever Difterence there happens to be between their own and this Chmate, tho* they are often Sufferers in the Attempt by cold Weather, unlefs they be houfed : But in Mr. Chapman s Pear Tree, there feems to be fomething rather more parti- cular, for that never fails in the worft of Years to ripen t\vo Crops of good Fruit, which only difPer in the Time of their ripening, and not otherwife, as has been conjcdur'd ^ unlefs it be, that the Fruit of the fecond Crop, is fbmewhat fmaller than the other. The preceding Year, Mr. Chapman pre- fented me with a Branch, whereon there was feveral of the firft Fruit almoft full grown, and feveral of the fecond Crop were juft then fet, and both thefe were found upon one (ingle Shoot, growing from Buds which were alternately phc'd upon the Shoot \ and alfo, 't^ras obfer- vable that Shoots of this Kind were found in every Part of the Tree, and not any diftind Shoots which brought only Fruit of one Crop, or fingle Shoots which brought forth only of the other Crop ; for that would appear to be no more, than what is commonly done by Grafting, u e. to have Branches feparate upon the fame.Tree which brings Fruit that ripens at different Seafons. Indeed I find this extraordinary Summer, that a Sort of white Fig in Mr. Fairchild's Garden, ripen'd two Crops of Figs Husbandry and Gardening, \ 1 1 Figs very well even fo as to gather of the fecond Crop ripe on the tenth of Septem- ber-^ and at the fame Place, I obfervM a Sort of Vine which had a fecond Crop of Grapes, almoft ripeabout the Middle of Sep- tember^which. I fuppofe might partly happen from an extraordinary Pruning Mr. Fair^ child gave them this Year, as well as the extraordinary Seafon ^ tho' without eitheif of thefe, they would have attempted a double Crop, but then, without thefe Hdps^ they would not have ripen d. 1 fuppofe, fuch Plants as feem fo natu- rally to bear twice a Year, are liiade up of VefTels of different Kinds, which confequently contain Juices of diflPerent Kinds, the one Sort taking a longer or fhor- ter Time to digeft the Juices, than the o- ther •, and therefore this Doubling the Sea- fons in bearing may be brought to pafs: The Veifels which lead to the Buds that bloifom in the Spring, have their Juices fufficicntly ripen'd then, for the com- pleating the Blollbm ^ whilfl: thofe Veifels which lead to the Buds which bloifom in July, are crude and immature, and require fome Months more to ripen them for Fruit bearing. Mr. Chapvtaji tells me, that he propa- gates this Tree which is call'd the Twice Pear, by Graffing, and that thofe he has graffed from it, are like it in every Re- fpeft j but then^ as this is done by Graffing, we 1 1 1 Experiments y i!fc, in we mud confider that aGrafFhas 3 or 4 Buds to it, and fo may have all the Qualities in it, that are found in the old Tree, or if there was but one Bud of it to (hoot, perhaps the Veffels of a different Sort that muft be in the Wood of the Graff, may find Means to (hew their Difpotition hereaf- ter *, for every VefTel in a Plant has fome Correfpondence with the reft : But I have Reafon to queftion whether a (ingle Bud of this Tree being inoculated on a Stock, will afFord any more than fuch Juices or VefTels as are neceffary to bring BlofToms of one Seafon without ever offering to blo(rom in another : And if by trying this, we find that one Inoculation will only blofTom in July^ and another will on- ly blolTom in April, it will difcover a great Myftery in the Nature of Plants. I may take Notice in this Place, that there is a Pear-Tree in Norfolk, which brings Pears of very different Kinds, the one a Sum- mer, the other a Winter Pear, and yet both thefe Sorts are found upon one Twig, and even proceeding from the fame Bud, nay and fome of the Pears partaking both of the Summer and Winter Kind , like the Apple in Devofiflire, which I have treated on in my Papers of the foregoing Months ; wherein I have alfo propos'd a Method of Graffing by Approach, call'd Touching, and have given a Cut of it. I believe it is by fome fuch Means that in Marlborough Fo- reft Huibandry and Gardening'. 1 1 3' reft, there is now the Hazle joinM with the Hawthorn, fo as to make one Tree, but whether they are To united, and their Juices are yet fo well mixt, as that they flow together in the fame VeiTcIs, cannot be fo well refolv'd, as by graffing a Branch of the Plant which partakes of both, up- on an Hazle, or upon a White-thorn, up- on either of which it will take, if the Vef- fels of both are united •, unlefs indeed we were to cut one entirely from its Root, then we fhould foon fee how much it de- pended upon the other. This leads me to confider the numerous Graffings mentioned by theAntientSj and as I think nothing can feem more different in Nature, than the Hazle and Hawthorn, which by Touch- ing are thus united or grown into one ano- ther ^ fo I have more Room to think that what they have ofFer'd to us about graf- ting Plants of feeming contrary Natures, upon one another, is not fo irrational as at firft it appearM to me ^ not confidering that they might ufe fuch a Graffing as this which I call Touching, and is but lately reviv'd with us. By the fame Means Mr. Whitmil abovemention*d,h3S this Year join- ed the Fig with the Mulberry^ but Time will (hew how far this Graffing will be fuccefsful. I A Re- I 114 ExpermentSf is^c. in A Remedy for Orange-Trees, and other Trees that are troubled mth the flip' ping of their Bark. Ill, A Curious Gardener fends me Word, l\ that he has large Orange- Trees, which from Time to Time fling ofF their Bark in Flakes of about a Foot long ^ the Difteraper (hews itfelf by a Speck of Gum iiTuing out of the Bark, and in a fhort Time after, the Bark iiies from the Wood, and at the fameTime, great Numbers of fmall black Infects are difcover'd between the Wood and Bark. What is the Remedy } The Method I propofe to remedy this Evil, is firft to cut the diftemperM Bark from the Wood, 'till there is nothing to ; be difcern'd in the Wound but Health and Frefhne^s, without any Spots ^ then wafh the bare Wood with Water, wherein To- bacco-Stalks has been boyl'd, let the Wa- ter at that Time be a little warm. To prepare the Water, take about one .• Pound of Tobacco-Stalks, and boyle it foe i this Ufe in a Gallon of Water, about a Quarter of an Hour: It is a fovereign Re- medy againft Infeds, and efpecially thofe in Husbandry and Gardening. 1 1 5; in the Bark of Trees, as well as thofe ia the Skins of Animals. When this is done, take fome Camphh-e^ beat very fmall, and apply the Powder ro the naked Wood, two or three, inches a- bove and below the Jncifion, which may be done by dipping a linnen Cloth \n melted Bees- Wax and Rozin , and whii^ it is warm, ftrewing the Powder upon ir, and then immediately applyirg rhe Plai- fter to the Place, and bindin?; it on with Bafs upon the diftemper'd F^;rr, this will deftroy even the Eggs of thofe in'tds, md- when it has been on about a Year, take it off, and then you may ufe Cow Drn^ if you plea fe to lupply the PI ire. 1 he • two Ingredients which 1 mention in this Cafe, have deftroy'd many Kinds of n- feds thatinfeft Plants;, and from the Ex- perience 1 have had of the-n, I doubt not but this Prcfcription will have a go6d Ef- fed upon this Diftemper of the Orange- Tree ^ when this is done, we may water the Heads of the Trees now and then with aninfufion of Tobacco-Staiks in Wa- ter. Obfeyvationt p6 Experiments^ isfc, in ococoooooocooooococooooo Obfervations concerning Vineyards and their Produce, rvith fome Account of the Vineyard near Bath, IV. Q INC E I find that what I have al- »^ ready faid in my former Writings, has had fo much Influence over fome Englijh Gentlemen, as to difpofe them to under- take the planting of Vineyards with us ^ I {hall in this conclufive Piece give my Rea- ders fome Obfervations I have lately made concerning their Improvement. I (hall begin with taking Notice of fome Particulars relating to the cele- brated Vineyard near Bath^ which has made fo muchNoifein the World : In the iirft Place as to the Situation, it lies upon the Side of a fteep Hill, facing the South, the Ground very rocky or flony : In this Place, the Vines are planted in Lines a- bout fix Foot afunder, and are treated much after the Manner that Vines are manag*d about Germany, The Sorts of Grapes here planted, are the White Muf- cadine,and the Black Clufler-Grape,which, however, they are not of proper Wine-ma- king Grapes, and are not the moft early in ripening. Husbandry and Gardening. 1 1 7 ripening, yet there was made (ixry-fix Hogflieads of Wine four Years ago, from this Vineyard, which contains fix Acres of Ground : But in the Year 1721, there was made, as I am infurm*d, not above 3 Hogflieads, and the Jaft Year, 1722, when I was there, July the 26th, the Vines were then hardly in Bioirom,fo that little could be expeded from them that Year j but as there was then upon them a great deal of good bearing Wood, I fuppofe this Year they may produce a good Crop, efpecial- ly confidering the extraordinary Summer we have had : It was indeed no fmall Sur- prize to me to find the Vineyard Grapes at Bath^ in that fine Situation, fo hte in BlofTom, when there had been ripe Gripes above ten Days before at Mr. Fairchilci*s at HoxtOTty which ftands upon a ftrong Clay, and in a flat Country •, and in Mr, Warners Vineyard at Rotberhith, the Grapes were then near fully grown, tho* they had not the Help of fo favourable a Situation j but as this was plainly fo in Fad, it was evident, that the Difference muft proceed from the Sorts of Grapes, as well as from the Management of them ^ and when we come to compare the Quan- tity of Wine which the Bath Vineyard pro- duced in one Year, i. e, fixtyfix Hogflieads, with the Quantity of Wine produced in Mr. Warner\ Vineyard, we fliall flill find how much the Sort of Grape fliould be confider- 1 3 ed. 1 1 2 Experiments^ ^sfc, m ed, that we defign to make Wine of: For il is experienced, thitfome Kinds of Grapes will yield near Hilf as inuch more Juice ^s others, though we carry the f^me Meafure of each to the Prefs, and as I take it, the . Blick Cluf^er-Grape yields the leaft Juice of any :, and then, if we compute an Hog- (head of fiich Wine worth ten Pounds, as the B^tb Wine was fold for^ then the fixty fix HogQieads at Bath, would be worth {ix hundred and (ixty Pounds , but if the Grapes had been of a more juicy Kind, then the fame Quantity of Grapes would have produc'd fo much more Wine, as would have made it worth nine hun- dred and ninety Pounds, which is a vaft Diifcrence ♦, tho' ind ed no one would dif^ like an Acre that will . ield him yearly above an hundred Poiind, as the Bath Vineyard would do with the above Quan- tity, if it would bear as conflantlyas Mr. Warner^ Vineyard, which has not yet mils'd But that we may flill make the Compa- rifon more juftly between thefetwo Vine- yards, 1 fh^ll give my Reader an Obfer- vation or two which I made this Year at Mr. Warne/Sy which lam perf waded, will give him a very agreeable Satisfadion. I obfervc in the hrfl Place, that an hun dred Stands of Vines,two Plants to a Stand, in their firft Year of bearing a Crop, at Mr* Warners^ iiiade ninety-iive Gallons h' of Husbandry And Gardening. 1 19 of Wine, and the fmallefl: Bearer among thofe Vines this Year, had upwards of feventy-five Bunches of Grapes, but many of them above an hundred Bunches apiece-, and yet the bearing Part of each Vine did not feem to fill much more Space than a Bufhel Meafure ^ after this Rate, then, an hundred Vines manag'd after Mr, War- ne/s Way, at the loweft Reckoning, f. e. 75 Branches to each Vine, will produce 7500 Bunches of Grapes^ but then we muft confider what Proportion of Weight each Bunch will bear to one another, for there were fome fmaller, and fome larger fo that I (hall compute only 60 Bunches upon each Vine, atone Qjjarterof a Pound VVeight each Bunch, and then an hundred Vines will produce fix thoufand Bunches of a Quarter of a Pound each, or about fifteen Pound Weight of Grapes upon each Vine. But that we might knoiy what might be the Produce of thefe Grapes in - Wine, I took an Opportunity to vifit Mr.^ Fairchihi, who has fuch Variety of Sorts of Vines for Vineyards, and with him try'd the following Experiment : We ga- tlierM a Bunch of Grapes of the fame Sort with Mr. ]Varner\ from a Standard Plant', the Bunch happei^'d to weigh juft one (iuqrter of a Pound, and prefling it as hard as we could between two flat Pieces iii Wood, the Qjiantity of Juice which ' I 4 we 120 Experiments^ i^c. in we exprefs'd from it, weighed two ounces and an Half, and meafur'd above Half a Qparter of a Pint, which makes ten Oun- ces of Juice from one Pound of Grapes, is after the Rate of 4- in Juice, and 4. in Hulls;, now allowing JVIr. Warne/s Vines to bear 60 Bunches apiece, of one Qjjar- ter of a Pound each, and each Pound of Grapes to produce ten Ounces of Wine •, then a fingle Vine bearing 15 Pound Weight of Grapes, will yield of Wine 9 Pints or Pounds; and tt Parts of a Pound, which makes one Gallon, one Pint, one Quarter, and Half Qjjarter of a Pint, fo then the Produce in Wine of onchunjred Vines, will be one hundred and feventeen Gal- lons, one Pint and Half, Let us examine in the next Place how many Vines a Vineyard regularly planted, maycontaininanAcreor rather,how many Vines there fhould properly be in a Vine- yard of fix Acres, which is the Dimenfion of the Vineyard near Bath, and then let us compute the Quantity of Wine fuch a Number of Vines will produce, according to the foregoing Calculation. Firfty Out Lines of Vines (hould run North and South, and fland fix Foot from pne another, unlefs upon a Hill that is very fleep, and then they may run Eaft and Weft j for as the Lines of Vines will ftand one above another, they will then Ijavt the greater Share of the Sun, for Husbandry and Gardening. Hii they need not be kept above four Foot high \ but however the Lines run, there (hould be two Vines planted together ia an Hole, and from the Centres of thefe Holes where the Vines (land, we ihould al- low fix Foot •, fo then our fix Acres will take up of Vines to plantthem about 14500 Plants, or a fingle Acre about 2416 Plants, which if they are well prun'd and order- ed, and no Frofts or Blight happen to take them, will produce of Wine, according to the above Reckoning, 16^65 Gallons of Wine in one Year, or a fingle Acre after that Rate, will produce in one Year, 2832 Gallons of Wine, which is 44 Hogfheads, 60 Gallons. The Account then ftands thus, at the Rate of 10/. per Hog- fhead, each Hogfliead containing 63 Gal- lons: 269 Hogfheads 18 Gallons,the Pro- duce of fix Acres, at ten Pounds each Hog- fhead, amounts to 269c/. or 44 HogOieads, 60 Gallons, the Produce of one Acre, at Ditto^ amounts to 450/. Tho* I have been as exad as poflible in this Calculation, yet that there may be no Room for Objedion, let us fuppole only ten Pounds of Grapes to each Vine, and we may then make about 30 Hog- fheads of Wine, from an Acre. But then we are to confider fomething of the Expence of planting and keeping thefe Vines^the Ground,we plaritthem upon cannot 12 2 Experiments^ .tfc» in cannot be worth above twenty Shillings j5^r Acre, to reckon it at the highefl j for the Side of a Hill, rocky, or Chalk, or Gra- vel, or indeed any dry Soil will do, as I have before mentioned -^ and then there will be no Expence for dunging or manu- ring the Land, as* may be found in my new Improvements, &c. in the Chapter of Vines: Only to a Vineyard, there muft be allow'd an underftanding Man, to prune, and dired, whofe Wages, Ifuppofe 20, or 2$ L per Annum, and in a Vineyard of fix Acres, he cannot have lefs than two or three Men under him to do the hbouring Work at the proper Seafons ^ but as Labour- ers have different Wages in different Coun- tries^ 1 Ihall not pretend to fet their Price, no more than the Rates of Wines which for this Ufe, I find are about twelve or fourteen Sorts, fome of which, bear much more Juice in Proportion to the Bunches they are prefsM from, than thofe I have mention*d. While 1 am writing this, a Gentleman who does me the Honour of 3 Vifit, thinks the Wages of the Garde- ner who is to be employed as Mafter of the Vineyard, too much j but in anfwer to that, I only fay, that if 1 exped Succefs in any Work where an Artift fhould be employ-, ed, I would always chufe a good one, and fuch an one will very well merit good Wages, becaufe 'tis from . his real Judg- ment, that the Mafter will receive profit •, wliereas Husbandry md Gardening, i z j whereas on the other Hand, if we employ a Man of no Underflanding, who may al- ways be difcoverM by his pretending to know every thing •, though fuch a Maa will ferve us for nothing, we (hall be Lo- fers by him^ for unguided Management in a Garden, brings all to Confufion, an4 robs us of that Pleafure which would be every Way profitable to us. However, as the Pruning of Vines for Vineyards has not falkn into every one's Way to fee the Method of, I have prevail'd upon Mr. Fairchild to put about eight or tea Sorts of Vineyard Grapes into proper Or- der, for an Example to thofe who are curi- ous to fee and obferve the Manner of the Vineyard Manigement. In this Calculation, I have been as mo- derate as pofTible in my Account of the Profits, and have given feveral Allowan- ces on that Side, which perhaps I need not have given, and though I have had an ObjedJon made to the Wages I give the Artift for being too much, yet confidering what Expence and Study an Artift re^ quires to perfed him in his Art, as well as that he muft be born with a fovereign' Genius, which no Man can give •, furely the Man, who by his fuperiour Power of thinking, which is the Refult of all thefe, ought not to be upon the common Level of a Labourer ^ I don't fay this, to create Pridg or Self- Conceit in the Perfons I am fpeak- • 24 Experiments, isfc. in fpeaking of, for if they (hould happen to be fo weak as once to fall into that Snare, they will immediately place themfelves in the Rank of thofe who ought to be their Labourers-, but 'tis for the Advancement of Art I do it, which notwithftanding the Policy of the Englijh, is notevery Day promoted or encourag'd. In the Manage- ment of Vineyards, it has been generally thought, that the French are infallible in that Particular, but it is an Error which I believe a little Reafon will fet to Rights. Iq the firft Place we are to confider, that all who profefs Gardening with us, are not Men of the fame Judgment^ fome will improve a Garden, while others will de- ftroy it •, and there are too many of the. la ft Sort : Juft fo it is with the Vine-Dref- fers in France^ where there is one that un- derftands his Bufinefs, there are twenty that know nothing of the Mattery neither is it every Province in France^ that has Vineyards, nor are all the People there Vine-DrelTers, no more than all the People in England?xoft^QVS of Gardening j there- fore it would be very unreafonable to conclude, that every Frenchman of Courfe muft underftand the Management of a Vine, becaufe there are Vineyards in France-^ as well as to think that every £»- ghjhman muft underftand a Garden or an Apple-Orchard, becaufe we have Gardens and Orchards in England : And then again, in Husbandry and Gardening^ 1 1 $ in the making of Wine in France^ there are as many different Ways of Manage- ment, as there are different Ways of ma- king Cyder in England ^ fo that unkfs one could know which would be the mofl a- greeable, 1 think better to pafs by giving any (ingle Receipt, for to give them ail would be an endlefs Piece of Work. It may be objeded perhaps, that the Wine made in England, may not always be worth lo Lper Hoglhead, though that at Bath, has been fold for that Price j but if it was only to be fold for Half as much, I think there would be little Reafon to com- plain of the Improvement, and the Charge of Vaults, Wine-Prefs, and Cafks, might ftill very well be paid out of it , or if the Wine was thought too fmall, the befl Bran- dy is always made of fuch Grapes as pro- duce fmall Wine, as is very well known to mofl People of Curiofity, that have been in France, As for rich Wines indeed, fuch as the Tokay^ Mufcadell, Frontigniac, and fome o- thers j I would not propofe the making them in England, without the Benefit of Walls, for they will not ripen in the open Ground -^ but it is certain, for eating Grapes, I have hardly tafted better in any Part of Europe, where I have been, than of thefe Sorts at Mr. Fair child's Garden, which had only the Benefit of common Walls to ri- pen them j fo that whoever has an Oppor- tunity il6 Experiments^ isfe. in tunity to give them that Afliftance, mky undoubtedly make good Wines from them * and truly, confidering the vaft Qjjantity of Juice they contain, and the Richnefs of the Wine they may produce, I know not but they might pay the Landlord very well. Of the Caper ^ and the Manner of pick' ling it. V. A S lam the firft who have made the t\ Caper familiar with our Climate, 1 think it neceflfary to give my Reader a Word or two concerning it, which yet I have not mentioned in any of my Works, and that efpecially relating to the Method of gathering the Capers, and the pickling them for Ufe. I have faid before that the Capers which we eat are the BlolToms of the Caper-Bu(h before they open, or the Flower buds of the Caper, thefegrow along the Shoots of the Plant, and would be very tedious to gather Bud by Bud, but their Way is to ftrip them off the Twigs, Leaves and all, and fift them thro* an open Sieve, which lets only the Blof- fora Buds pafs j when this is done, we let the tiushandry and Gardening, 127 the Buds lie a Day or two in Heaps^ and then putting them into very fharp Vinegar, let them remain in it eight or nine Days, and after this, fliift the Buds into another VelTel of frefh Vinegar, to fteep as before, and they will then be fit for \J{q. Mr. Fairchild has fent for a Quantity of the Seeds of this Plant, fo that I hope a few Years will give us Plenty of Capers of our own Growth. . i 7 0} an extrordinary Cajcade of Water^[!,. which mil represent Flajhes of LighHo ning '\t • CO I Vl.TN Difcourfe the laft Year with a Gen- J tleman of Oat/^W, concerning the Eiti- 1 bellifhments proper for Gardens, heinfor-\ med me of a Curiofity in Water-Works^ • which I think muft be very diverting, and i particularly, if we (hould once come to:: follow xht French Fafhion of illuminating ': Woods and Gardens for AiTemblies of i Balls, it is to have a Water-Fall in Sheets ' over an Arch, and by placing Candles or • Torches within the Arch, the Dafhing of the Water appears like Flalhes of Fire, which muft have fuch an extraordinary EfFed, i J 8 Experiments^ isfc, in Effed, as I cannot pafs over without No- tice. Some Thoughts concerning the Preferva* tion of Timber. VII. 'np' HE general Complaint of the X Decay of Timber in Great Bri- tain^ notwithftanding feveral Ads of Par- liament have been made for the Preferva- tion of it, has led me to bend my Studies more particularly to the Improvement of that ufeful and necelTary Commodi- ty. I obferve,that vvhereWoodsarecutdown, there are notalwaysleft a fufficient Num- ber of Standils, or young Timber-Plants togrow up in their Room, as an Adl of Q. Elt&aheth direds^ and in other Places where there happens to be a due Number left (landing, thofe are cut down as foon as they become of any fmali Ufe, and o- thers which are no better than Twigs, are left to fupply their Place •, and this Me- thod being as I am informed, pradis'd Time after Time, is one Reafon why Tim- ber decays, and our future Hope of it is loft. It Husbandry and Gardening, i 29 . It is likewife obfervable, that young thriving Trees are frequently cut down by the Rabble, notwithflanding the Penal- ties to be infilded upon the AggrefTors, di- reded in fome late Ads of Parliament ; but we do not find any of thefe Perforis ever convided of their Crimes, and there- fore the Evil ftill continues ^ the Parties concerned will not arraign one another, they wink at each others Faults, and fo the Timber is ftill deftroy'd. From hence I conceive, there can be no other Way propbs'd for the Improve- ment and Prefervation of Timber, than to make it the Intereft of every one to plant and preferve it, and that 1 hope to do in the following Articles. The Poor hrft, who make the greatefl Body in the Nation, are, through their Neceflities, driven fometimes to m ^ke free with their Landlord's Woods and Coppices for Fire-Wood, without being feniible of the Damage they do in cutting down the young thriving Plants or fprouting Trees in the Vigour of their Growth, to make them become Pollards ^ thefe People, as they have no Trees of their own, cannot be fupposM capable of judging any further of the Deftrudion they make, than bare- ly that what they take is of no more Value than the Price of a common Faggot, or the fame Quantity of Wood fold in the Marketj though perhaps the Damage done K to 120 Experiments^ i^c. in to the Owner of the Wood may be five hundred times as much, for one may fpoii twenty young thriving Trees to make up a Faggot of a Penny Value. I have obferv'd in my Travels about England, that in many Places Wood is fo fcarce that Firing is of more Value than Bread ^ though here are large Commons, yet the Country People have got a Notion that the Ground is barren, and will not bear Wood of any Sort, but as we are affur'd by Experience, that there is no fuch Ground in England^ and that every Sort how furly foever, will naturally nourifli fomeTree or other ^ fo it would be for the Interefl: of the People inhabit- ing fuch Places, to lay up a Parcel of their common Land for Wood, one Part for Firing, and another for Timber, which (hould be wholly for the Ufe of the Commoners, or Poor, and another Par- cel for the fole Ufe of the Lord of the Mannor;^ unlefs where it is aForeft Land, and fuch Places where the King has a Right of Timber, and in fuch Cafe, the King's Part (hould be planted with the reft, without Expence to his Majefty. There is a Piece of Ground which has a promifing Crop of Oaks upon it, near Oxford^ which are fo well guarded with Furze, that Cattle are turnM into it, and do the Crop of Oaks no Harm ^ nor is there anyNeceflity of weeding the tender Plants, they Husbandry and Gardening* 13 1 they thrive better without itj, though it was once a Paradox to me, that Plants could be crouded together, without injuring one another; but it is now plain, that Plants of different Tribes, draw not only different Sons of Food from the Earrh, but (helter one another from hardWeather^ fo by this Method we fave the Expence of fencing in our Plantations, and weed- ing them, which has been hitherto reckon- ed the greatefl Part of the Expence •, and befides this, we have in three or four Years a Crop of Furze, which will be fit for the Poor to begin with while their more profitable Crop is growing, either for Pol- lard or Timber-Trees-, and the Furze on- ly, will have no fmall Welcome in fome Parts of En^la7jd, where Firing is fo fcarce, that even the common Weed call'd Rag- weed is cut anddry'd for Firing. It is to be underftood, that the greatett Part of thefe Woods are to be raisM from Mafl or Seeds, which ftill contributes to h{[cn the Expence. And that every Attempt of this Kind may prove fuccefsful, I think there (hould be a proper Officer appointed to ex.imine the Soil, and allot for it the Sort of Tree that would grow beft in it, and with the Juftices of the Peace, or proper Inhabi- tants in each Place, appoint the feveral Parcels of Land for fuch Purpofe ; and if neceffary, a fmall Rate made in fuch K 2 Parifh I'll Experiments J i:fc, in Parifti for defraying the Expence^ rather than to let the Poor give any thing towards it. I fuppofe when this is done, it will be as well the Interefl: of one, as the other of the Commoners in the Parifti, as well as Lord of the Mannor, to preferve the Plan- tations from any Damage or Infult, and all together will take Care of the King's Part, which might be fo fettled, that in Cafe there could not be found a certain Number of Trees in Profperity for the King's Ufe, the Parifh ftiould be oblig'd to make them good in Money;, and fo the fame to the Lords of Mannors, in Cafe their Number, dv. of Trees were defi- cient. By this Means I conclude that the Coun- try may be flor'd with Timber and Fire- Wood, the Poor benefited, the Eftates of the Gentry improv'd, and the Crown en- rich'd, without Expence or Trouble to the Publick. As for the Improvement of private E- flates, Mr. John Clarke, an eminent Mer- chant, tells me, that in all the Leafes he grants to his Tenants, he has a Claufe to oblige the Tenant to plant a certain Num- ber of Trees yearly, or at the End of 21 Years to pay him 20 s. for every one that is wanting, by which the Tenant is necelfari- ly made the Guardian of his Plantation, and will plant and preferve his Trees more efFedually Husbandry and Gardening, i j j effe6laally than any Servant upon Hire will take the Pains to do. It may not be improper to hint, that where we have large Trads of Ground which are over-run with Furze, we might in fuch Places, employ People to plant A- corns juft under the green Part of the Furze, or near the Roots of them, that when they come up the Cattle may not annoy them , the Perfons whofe Proprie- ty that Land is, will certainly find their Advantage by it. Qbjervations on the Management of the Anana or Pine^Apple, fince Mr, Te- lende X Method was publi/ffd, and of the extraordinary Growth of the Sen- fitive Plant, Humble Plant, and o» thers from the warmer Parts of the Weft-Indies. SINCE I publifli'd Mr.T^/^w^^'s Account _ of maniging the Pine-Apples, I find that his extraordinary Succefs has en- couraged a great many to undertake the Culture of that delicious Fruit j and tho* K 3 the IJ4 Experiments^ ^c, in the Stoves which have been built by fe- veral Gentlemen for that Purpofe, vary in fome little Matters from the Stove at Sir Matthew Decker^ at Richmond: Yet I do not find any of them that have beeit try'd, but what produce fome extraordi- nary EfFe(3: or other, which leads us more into the Knowledge of the Humour of that curious Plant, as well as others which are Natives of the fame Climate. The new Frame at the Phyfick Garden at Chelfea, wherein only the Ufe of the Tanners Bark has been try'd this Sum- mer 1723, by Mr. Miller the curious Gar- dener there •, is an Inftance, that it is not impoflible to bring Plants of the Latitude of 18 or 20 Degrees to the utmoft Perfe- dion. About the Beginning of Attgnjiy I obferv'd the Senfitive Plants there about feven Foot high in BlofTom, and the Hum- ble Plants were then preparing to put forth their Flowers. The Plants calFd the Flower Fence, fo much efteem'd in 'Jamaica for the Beauty of its BlolToms, and fome others of the fame Country, are faid to be in greater Strength than they were obfervM in Jamaica^ confide- ring the Time of their Growth from Seed, which were put in the Ground the Spring of the fame Year ^ fo that now I hope my former Conjedures and Defigns, will be rewarded in feeing all the moft excellent of the Indian Fruits brought to Per- Husbandry and Gardening. 135 Perfection in Engla7ul ^ for where fuch is the Succefs of a Frame dedgn'd for Sum- mer Ufe, I have no Room to defpair. But as for the Pine-Apples, which I de- fign more particularly to treat of in this Place;, we have Inftances of their being brought to extraordinary Perfection at the Garden of the Right Honourable Speiicer Compton^ Efq^ Speaker of the Houfe of Commons, at Chifwkk ^ and at that curi- ous Gentleman*s Mr. John tVarner*s at Ro- therhhh ^ whom I had formerly Occafion to mention on Account of his excellent Vineyard : There are feveral Stoves now built by curious Gentlemen on this Ac- count f> but as they have not yet been prov'd, I (hall forbear to mention them particularly, only to take Notice, that that which was erected this Summer in the Gardens of Williajn Parker, Efqj near Croy- don in Surrey, commands the Admiration of all the Judges that have feen it, for jufl Achiteclure, and good Contrivance ^ the Defign of it, befides the keeping of tender Plants during the Rigour of our Winters, and the reltoring of lick Plan:s which is common to moft Stoves, is like- wife to ripen fome Fruits which have been ripen'd in other Stoves here, as well as in Hollandy and to make new Experiments on others that have not been try*d *, 'tis therefore endeavour'd to make this Stove capable of being heated differently in dif- K 4 ferent 1-^6 Experiment Sy isfc. in ferent Parts of it, in Order to imitate in fome Sort different Climates, which may be regulated according to different Heights of the Thermometer : For thefe Purpofes it is {"o contrived, that in the Summer Time it may be ufeful by Means of Tanners Bark only, and in the Winter, both Tan- ners Bark and Fire may be us'd together, or Fire alone, I obferve in a Stove which Mr. Fatrchild has built this Year in his Garden at Hox- toUf for Pine-Apples, and the moR: tender Plants 5 that he has rais'd his Fire Flues above the Surface of the Floor of the Stove, which carries very good Reafon a- long with it -^ for firft as thefe Flues are not bury*d in the Earth, there is no Dan- ger of their railing Damps in the Houfe ^ but on the contrary, if any Damps would rife there by any other Means, the dry Heat which will proceed from fuch Flues, will reflify it, and render it fit for Plants, by quickening its Motion *, for the more rarify'd is any Fluid, the quicker it is in its Motion , fo the lefs rarify'd is fo much flower, or nearer Stagnation, and may be- come fo denfe by extream Cold, as to have no Motion at all, and become entirely fixM ^ and the Juices of a Plant are always more or lefs fluid, as the Temper of the Air is more or lefs hot or cold or dry or ,- inoifl ^ the Particles of Air are quicker ^1 in their Motion than the Parts of Water ^ ^ and Husbandry and Gardening. 1 3 7 and yet the Air of our Atmofphere, is no more than the refin'd Parts of Water rarify'd by Heat, which upon meeting with Cold, are condens'd in fuch Man- ner as to be again refolv'd into Watery and this Water again, by more extream Gold is fix'd in Ice ^ but then from that fix'd State, it may again be refolv'd in- to its firft Condition by Heat : And this I think ihould be particularly confider'd by every Gardener^ for unlefs he can judge well of the State of Air, and how to corred or change it from one State to another, he can never work in this Way with any Certainty. And for the better pointing out to every one, the exad De- gree of Heat, necefTary to be obferv'd in a Stove, for maintaining of the Pine-Ap- ple, it is, that the Thermometer is fo fer- viceable tous^ but I do not mean thofe which we meet with at every Place, for they are by no Means to be trufted, un- lefs they were all regulated by qpe Standard : For I have feen in one Place, above 40 Degrees Difference in fome Ther- mometers with printed Scales, at the ve- ry fame Time, fo that no right Judgment could be made from any of them ^ nor perhaps (hould we have redify'd this Er- ror, if it had not been for Mr. Telende*s Succefs in raifing the Pine-Apple, who markM his principal Point of Heat on a Thermometer which he had in his Stove-, and '1^8 Experiments, i!fc. in and by which he has regulated his Heat ever (ince, and from thence, and feveral new Obfervations made by the Curious, we are now furnifh'd with ufeful Ther- mometers of one Standard, carefully re- gulated by the ingenious Mr. Fowler^ Ma- thematical Inftrument M.iker in Swhhins Alley near the Royal Exchange, As the Degree of Heat by this Means may be always known \ fo we are next to ob- ferve what is chiefly the Cafe of the Bark Heat, u e. the Heat occafion'd by Tanners Bark, which has not been touch*d upon before in any of my Works. In the Beds of Tanners Bark that are made for the Winter, I find that all the Heat they produce is confin'd within them- felves, they yield no perceptible Warmth above their Surface, as the hot Beds do that are made of Horfe Dung ;, fo that they are capable only of warming the Roots of Plants, whofe Pots are plung'd into them j and therefore fhould always have an ar- tificial Heat by Fire, to warm the Air above, for elfe the tender Plants that are plung'd in the Bark in the Winter Time, will rather mifcarry than come to good j for it is not to be fuppos*d that the Growth of the Root can be advantageous to the Plant above Ground, when the cold Air keeps the Juices in the VelTels of the Branches and Leaves in a frozen Pofture j fo that they cannot move, tho' the Vegetation of the I Husbandry and Gardening, i j 9 the Root pufhes with never fo great a ' Force 5 and it is certainly the Cafe where there is only Heat below, and none above, as Experience fhews us, that Plants Ian-* ^uifh : As there is not Sun enough in the Winter to keep the Juices above Ground in Motion, fo without the Help of Fire for that Purpofe, they will not thrive ^ but where thefe two concur, (I mean the Heat below, and the Heat above) then Plants do not fail of Succefs, even of fucli as is very furprizing •, witnefs what I have faid before of the Wejl-Indtan Plants, under Mv. Miller^ s Care at Chelfea Phyfick- Garden, which have been cultivated from the Spring to September, only by the Aili- flance of the Tanners Bark, and the Sum- mer's Sun. We are next to confider in what other Circumftances the hot Beds of Tanners Bark and Horfe Dung diifer from one another. f/>/?, from the Obfervations I have made ever fince 1 began with Garden- ing ^I never knew the greateft Artift in the Management of the hot Beds made with Horfe Dung, raife the Senfitive Plants above two Foot high in one Summer, nor any of the other Wefl-India7i Plants above a fourth Part fo tall as they are at Cbelfe/t^ and fome other Places in the Beds of Tan- ners Bark •, and this may be for two Rea- fons, the one becaufe the Heat in the Bark is moderate, gentle, and of long Laft- J40 Experiments^ isfc, in Laft ^ and the other, becaufe it is likely the Bark partaking of a large Share of Richnefs from one of the ftrongefl Vege- tables, the Oak, gnd from one of the ftrongefl: Animils, the Ox: 1 fay thefe two powerful Ingredients fermenting gen- tly in the Bark, may be a Means of nou- rifhing the Plants, whofe Roots are plung'd into it 5 for tho' the Roots are in the Pots, yet we are alTar'd, that either fuch Nou- jilhment may be received by the Holes at the Bottom of the Pots, or elfe the Moi- fture in the Body of the Bark, may eafi- Jy be imbibM by the Earth, of which, the Pot is composed, which every one knows is porous enough to receive any Humidi- ty or Moifture j if this be fo, then the Roots may have as much NouriQimept as they want , for as I fay'd before, thpre is nothing evaporates from this Body of Bark that is in the leaft to be difcover'd, fo that the Roots have all the Benefit of thisRicl;- nefs to themfelves ; Now, where fo much Nourifhment is received by the Roots or Mouths of a Body, it is necefTary in Na- ture, that there fhould be fome Difcharge either by the Growth of the Body, which is by explaining the Parts of a Plant, or filling the VefTels fuller of Juices, or elfe fome other Way, which will happen as the Temper of Air is, where the fame Body refides , fo is it necefTary to confult the Jj t/ie T^/7n^ a/- a J^tcn^t:. nniA a '/i^nf/i/zrr ^^ 'lanmr-j in,, iha/^ an t/if /f^ej^ /j ny^e*'£ t/te l-//^ ij Ae/jf , A t/ir IreruA, B . B .7'/i4' i H^rrrrn/ . - . e . . >" a-BallMira^e /rrt t/i£ ^op a/ eax/i end. II lillillllllliililllllinilllllllll -ft^-m.. -^ne^i^j , . , , ^ 7^ikd/rrL> r'n f/i^ e^T^ ■ Ii^.I. i^t'^.ir. - /ij . I/T. ■^i^.I. I/^.if: ^ 'The . Jlo^^j'^ ile/oT ,. J'.4/ar*^J<^ Husbandry and Gardening, 141 the Quality of the Air, as well as the Dyet of a Plant for its Welfare. But when we have pafs'd this Confide- ration, we may confider a little more of the Building : 1 Ihall only fay that in the Frames which are now built for the ttn- ditx TVeJl- Indian Plants^ there is near tea Times as much Air inclos'd in the Sum- mer Time, where nothing but Bark is us'd, as I have mention'd in Mr. Telende*s Account, and yet the Pine-Apples are in extraordinary Health. It therefore de- pends very much upon the Workman who builds the Frame or Stove, to underftand what he is about ;, and particularly how to difpofe the Fire-place and Flues, to know how to provide the proper Regulators for the Heat, and the Quantity of Space fuch a Place fhould fill ^ befides, the Particular of difpofing the Glalles in the Front, which adds extreamly to the Welfare of a Plant ^ and this Want of Knowledge being the frequent Occafion of Mifcar- riages, I think my felf oblig'd to inform the Curious, that Mr. George Edeny at the Brick' layers-j^rfrts m Miles\-La?ie ntar the Mo tiw nient, is a Workman of extraordinary Ca- pacity in thefe Affairs;, having built fe- veral Stoves and Frames for this Ufe, af- ter the moft confiderate Defigns of the Curious *, and indeed there is fo much Nicety requir*d in the difpofing of the Fire Flues in the Walls and other Parts, that 14^ Experiments, isfc. in that it is very necelTary to employ an un- derftanding Workman : As for the Defign of a Stove of this Sort, I have prevail'd with Mr. Rogers of Shoe-Lane^ a very in- genious Archited, to compofe a Draught agreeable to the Ufe required, and to the Rules of Architedlure, which I (hall here prefent ipy Reader with. It is necelTary to obferve by the by, that the Ufe of the Thermometer is chiefly in the Winter ;, when we make our Fires, or give artificial Heats, then we are to keap the Spirit up to Pine-Apple Heat, or thereabouts, rather above than under that Point-, but in the Summer Time the na- tural Heat of the Sun when it is confin'd in a Frame, will be fo much, that the Spi- rit would be up at the Top of the Tube ^ but yet, that Heat in Summer with the Addition of the Tanners Bark to the Roots, is no more than necelTary for the ripening of the Fruit, as the artificial Heat in the Winter is necelTary for the Growth of the Plants. For the Ufe of fuch as may propofe the propagating, or Culture of the Pine- Apple in more fouthern Parts , the necelTa- ry Direftions are given in the following Letter, which I drew up on Purpofe for Mr. John Clark, an eminent Merchant at Oporto 5 which with that ingenious Gentle- man's Anfwer to it, may be of good Ufe to help our Obfervations, and teach us to judge Husbandry find Gardening, 143 judge of the Difference of Climates ^ and that the Management of a Plant in one Climate, fhould be different from the Management of it in another Latitude, To Mr. John Clark, Merchant^ Oporto. Lo7ido7i, Jan, 28, 17 2|. SIR, TH E worthy Gentleman your Father acquaints me, that you have a De- fign of propagating the Anana or Pine- Apple in Portugal J the Method of doin^ which with us you will find in a month- ly Book, publifh'd by me^ and which J fuppofe Mr. Clark has fent you. But as your Climate has much the Advantage of ours in ripening Fruit of any Sort, fo you muft furely have extraordinary Succefs , tho* there muft be fome Alteration in the Way of Management. In the firft Place, your Sun is fo hot in the Summer Months, that the GlalTes of your hot Bed Frames would fcorch and burn your Plants, if they were to be co- ver'd in the hot Time of the Day ^ therefore I rather recommend Frames of Canvas to cover the Plants in the Times of the Sun's great Heats, and the Glalfes only to be put 144 Experiments^ i^c, in put over the Plants about an Hour before Sun fet, to cover them a Nights, and keep a Body of warm Air in the Frame, till the Warmth, of the following Diy ap- proaches I, fo likewife in your hot Wea- ther, the Plants will require mere fre- quent Waterings than with us, but not more at a Time than we would allow them ill our Climate. Your Seafon of Spring,! fuppofe is about fix Weeks before us, and as much good Time for ripening of Fruits after us : But I would gladly know from you, how far •I am right in my Conjeclures concerning your Spring and Autumn Seafons j and alfo when your great Rains fall, which will help to inform us how to cultivate Plants that come from the Country where you are. ;; yi We have got a Thermometer for you, whereby your Heats may be regulated ^ but it is rather to dired your artificial Heat in Winter than in Summer ^ for your Summer Heats will fling the Spirit fo very high in the Glafs, that 'twill be beyond Regulation ^ and as the Summer Sun is a natural Heat, fo it needs not be any otherwife regarded, than by keeping it from fcorching the Plants. But I (hall fpeak a little more fully of the Ufe of this Thermometer, which I have chiefly contriv*d for the Ufe of Plants \ and yours is the firll that has been finifh'd. This Husbandry and Gardening, 145 This Inftrument fhews the Degrees of Heat or w.irm Air necelTary for Plants which grow near the Equinoftiai Line, and from thence is mark'd upon the Scale the feveral Degrees or Proportions of warm Air reqair'd for Plants which are Natives of Climates in feveral Degrees of Lati- tude, as far as 40, which is as much or more than we have Occafion to ufe in or about the Latitude of London, which is 51 Deg. 30 Min. for we find by Experi- ence, that the Plants of Virginia, whofe Latitude in the mod Northern Point, is about 38 Degrees, will live abroad, and defend themfelves againft the Rigour of our Frofts. So like wife we have many Examples of Plants .from the North of CciroUna, whofe Latitude is about 54 De- grees, that will generally bear our Win- ters without Shelter. But from about 34^ Degrees to about 26 or 27 Degrees, we muft Shelter them every Winter in a common Green-houfe, fo that no Froft may invade them. x\fter this, as we come nearer to the TropHcks, or the Line, we muft be dili- gent to give the Plants the feveraj De- grees of Watering natural to the refpedive Climates ;, and for that End we Ihould learn when the Seafons are that the Rains fall in Countries of different Lati: tudes. Nor fliould we too inadvertently attempt to harden Plants, but rather feek L to t4^ Experiments^ ^c. in to increafe their Strength by making th^m' grow and increafe in their Bodies ^ for in the common Way of making them hardy, though they yet live with us, they lofe their natu-ral Intent of bearing Fruit, and fo become ufelefs. In the Culture of Pknts therefore, it is not enough only to give them fuch a Share of Warmth, or Shelter, as will fearely keep them aMve ^ but we muft give them fuch Heit at proper Seafons, as may equaf, if pofTibk, that of their native Country, whfch in a particular Manner fhould be regarded in the Culture of fuch Plants as grow between the Tropics ^ but that has remain'^d an Uncertainty, *tifi Mr. Telende^ Gardener to Sir Mdtthew Decker at Richmorul m Sttrry^ luckily dif- cover*d the Degree of warm Air in t^evh and St, ChriJloph^r\ where the Fine-Ap- ples chiefly delight themfeh^cs, even fo jiiftly, as to bring that delicious Fruit to Ferfedion with us • and as they fuccecd under the Influence of the Heat he gives- tbem, fo we may be fare every other Plant growing in the fame Degree of Latitude, maybe made to profpcr with us, whether they come from the North or South Side of the Line. It is neceifiry likcwife to obferve the Courfe of the Sun, in the Culture of Plants which come from any of thofe Latitudes marked i-n the Thermometer, and Husbandry and Gardening. 147 and apply to them the ftrongeft Heats of their refpedive Coantries, at the Time when the Sun is neareft thofe Places which they were brought from , and when we receive Plants from Countries where the Sun palTes over twice in a Year, our arti- ficial Heats ftiould at fuch Times be chief- ly fupported. Thus, Sir, I have mention'd what I think will be necefTary for your Ufe at this Time, with regard to the Thermo- meter \ but when 1 know the State of your Climate, can fay more : In the mean while, tho* I am unknown to your Per- fon, I am no Stranger to your Merits, and conclude. Tour tnojl Humhle Servant To Command^ Richard Bradley.' mU^^d^t^^^mm^mmm^mmami^»tta^mmimilit»mamSttmltmt^tlm La Mr. i/\)a • Experiments^ iffc, in GQQQ(OO Q(O OQOQ^lQOOQO)QQ(^?t^O<00 Mr. Clarke of Oporto'^ Jn-- fuer to the foregoing Let^ ter. To Mr. Bradley, F.R.S. ^^ ' . London. SIR, Oporto, April 1 6, 1/2 3» I Am extremely obliged to you for your Favour of the 28th of January, and the Advice you give me concerning the Culture of the Anana's : I have had much Trouble to preferve the two Plants my Father fent me, through the little Care Mafters of Ships generally take in bring- hig Plants •, and befides, I have had a vio- lent Fit of Sicknefs for three Months paft, fo that I have not had the Opportu- nity to mind their Propagation fo well as, to exped Fruit from, them this,Seafon, but am fully bent upon all Diligence for to have it the next. The Anana is a Plant very common in the 'Portuguese Colonies in Brazil, that f^W^ Sea-faring Perfons'. and Fadors and have been there, are unacquainted with it. Doubtkfs,, Husbandry and Gardening, 149 Doubtlefs, the Thennometer you have c.ontriv'd, to (hew the proper Degrees of Heat natural to each Plant, will render their Culture prodigioufly eafy ^ I impa- tiently exped that which you have been pleafed to iinilh me, for which I give you my hearty Thanks- VVe are fituated here witliin a League of the 5ea, in a Hilly, Rocky Country ^ few Grounds are improv'd, but what are humid, or elfe have little Springs of Wa- t^r near them, to moiflen in Summer Time. In our Wine Country, which is about Sixty Miles diftant, Eaftward, the Heat and Cold is more exceffive than with us, by reafon the Mountains are much higher and fteeper. The Summer Weft- ern Sea-Breezes do not reach that Coun- try 5 and the Reverberation of the Sun from thofe Rocky Hills, heat the Air to fuch a Degree, that the Night in the Summer Seafon is as hot as the Day. We have our Spring fooner about a Month than in your Climate, and the fame Continuance of good Weather lon- ger in Autumn,. The Winter Air is very Iharp and piercing to Plants, tho' we feel little or no cold Weather ;, but I fuppofe the Reafon is, that our Air is more fubtle and not fo condens'd as yours is, I h 've known in Winter a continual Rain for lix Weeks, but fome Years we efcape without any. Our worft Months are L 3 from I 50 Experiment Sy iffc, in from the Middle of December to the Mid- dle of February ^ for in the latter End we reckon Spring begins. I obfervM in one of your Monthly Pa- pers, the Experiment of Cutting or Lay- ing the Branches of a Tree in the Ground, and the next Seafon railing the Roots into the Air, which will do the Office of the former Branches : It is the Pradice here to do fo in the Increafe of tlie Fig-Tree, becaufe they find it very tedious before it will bear from Suckers : Their Method is laying the Top Boughs of any Branch into the Ground, and in the new Seafon fawing off the Branch, and flaking it ag npright as poflible ^ which Top Stump in the Air will (hoot vigoroufly, and quickly give Fruit. I am told, that the China O- range may be ufed fo, and then, they fay, the Fruit of the new-made Tree is with- out Kernels. A Fryar has promifed to graff me this Seafon the Carnation upon Fennel •, he fays, the Flower will be entirely green, as well as the Plant -, and he afTures me, the Colour will keep two or three Years the fame, and after that, changes to the Colours coinmon to that Flower : He adds, that in this Country the beft Stock for ^raffing Stone Fruit upon, is the Peach, for its Flavour is communicated into the Fruit of the GrafF^ as likewife, if you graff a Peach upon a Mulberry, the Fruit will Huslandiy md Gardening. 1 5 1 will have, the Purple Dye to the Stone, and the pleafant acid ;Fiavour. If I can make any Gbfervations here worth your Notice, I fhair communicate them to you with Pleafure. The Natives are the leail curious in Gardening of any Nation in Eu- rope : Any thing uncommon is in the Con- vents, .where they feldom Part y/ith it* / aWy Sir, ^Oit. thofe which run lengthways through the Body of it, and others which are interwoven among them, of a more tender Nature, that run crofs-ways. The firft are like thofe Strings which remain in Flax or Hemp after they are drefs'd, wherein is the Strength of the Plant ;, the other is compos'd of thofe Veffels which are beaten off, when the, Hemp or Flax is pounded ;, and thefe two 5orts of VefTels are found in all Plants whatever , fo that the lirft Sort of Vef* fels, viz. the long ones, are to be pre- ferv'd as much as poffible for the Strength of I'imber. The f/je-. II. fliews by many ftraight Lines running from A to B, the long VefTels which I fpeak of, which as long as they remain entire, and together, are like the Bundle of Rods in the Fable, not to be broken , but let any one judge, '^ ' ' wher %^6 Experiments^ i^c. in when many of thefe Strings are cut, as appears by the Com pa fs- work mark'd out between A and B. whether the Arch to be cut out of fuch a Piece of Wood, would not bt very weak, in Comparifon ©f a Piece of Wood bent as J have men- tion'd, or as we may obferve in Fig. Ill, where we may fee thefe VelTels of Strength reaching quite through the Piece which is bent to an x\rch ;, furely then, fuch ari Arch, when it does peri(h, rauft decay all at once, becaufe all Parts are alike in Strength ^ and confidering how much the Lives of great Numbers of Men depend upon the Strength of thofe Ships they go to Sea in, the ftrongeft Way of building Ships is to be preferr'd. But there are two Objedions to this bending of Tim- ber \ the hrft is, That it will not always ftand bent to the Bow we firft brins it to. But we find no Reafon for fuch an Ob- jection, becaufe that we find large Pieces of fuch bent Timber that have only been confined 'till they have been cold, have then had their Braces taken off, and they continu'd perfedly bent, as they were when they were braced without the lea ft Guard to keep them from flying out : The Reafon is, becaufe, as I obferv'd be- fore, there remains only the Refinous Jui- ces in the Timber, after it is heated to the Purpofe ^ fo thofe Juices, which har- den extremely when the Wood comes to be Husbandry and Gardening, i%i be cold, cannot give Way again, 'till they *re melted, or inade fluid, by an Heat equal to that which difpofed the Timber firft to be bent. 'Tis as if we were to dip a Piece of Rope in melted Rozin, which will bend while the Rozin is warn) ^ but when once it is throughly cold, .it becomes fliff and hard, jud cannot be re- folved into its firft Capacity of eafy bend- ing, 'till the Rozin is ag4in warm'd, and becomes fluid. The fecond Objedion is, That by bend- ing of Timber, thefe Velfcls, which I fay fupport the Strength of it, are forae (irain'd, and fome broken, and that there are none of them left in the Strength they had before. If it were fo, how is it then, that in laying down Branches of Trees in the Ground to take Root, which bend them much more than I have mention'd : How then does it happen, that thefe Brati- ches grow in all their Parts, as well as they did before we bent them ^ or if we bend the young Twigs of a Tree fo much as to tye them in Knots, even then they do not refrain their Growth ^ and it is every where allow'd, that the Veifels we fpeak of, convey Sap to every Part of the Tree, and if they were broken, the Current of the Sap muft be flopp'd, and all Growth muft ceafe •, fo it is evident, thefe Veifels are neither broken nor wear ken'd. ^ I have 15? Experiments^ tfc. itt I have only to add, that df all the Ex- periments concerning the faving of Tim- ber, and rightly applying it to Ufe, t know none whifch ever contributed fd tnuch to the good of our Country ^ for in the AfFair of Ship-building only, where the bending of one F^lant ufed to employ four or five Men^ari whole Day, befides a great deal of Expence in Firing *, by Cap- tain Cumberland's Method, i6 Plailks carl be bent in a Day by two Men, with left Expence of Firing than one fingle Plank ufed to do before •, befides preferving it of its full Thickriefs, and fquare Edge, which is of very great Advantage in the Cauking of Ships. To William Parker of Heal- ing, Ef^; concerning the Culture of Foreign Plants in England. SIR, WHEN I had the Pleafure of fee- ing your curious Garden at Heal- ing, I obferv'd fo many foreign Plants which were naturalized to our Climate, that I could not help refleding how ufc- ful an Example your Method might be to the Gentlemen of our Country, who above Eiishandry and Gardening, 1 59 above ail others, hive Opportunity of trading to foreign Parts, and efpecially to' -^merica^ where abundance of ufeful and^ profitable Trees and Plants are Na^ tives. \h Mary-Land^ Virghii/i^ and Caro- lina we have difcover'd many Plants which the late Dutchefs of Beaufort, the late Dr. Compton Bifhop of hondon, Samuel t.eynardfon, Efq:, and fome other Virtuofi of the tirfl Rank, made familiar to the £n^I}JIj Climste : But hitherto no Gentle- man has attempted to difpofe of fo great Varieties of foreig;n Plants in the open Air, with fo good Succefs as you have done. I remember an Obfervation yoa was fo kind to acquaint me with, which I think very extraordinary, -['i^s. that a- irong your Experiments in fctting foreign Trees abroad in your Garden, you found that fuch Plants as had Refinous Juices, would bear our VV^inters, tho' they were Natives of much warmer Climates than any I have mcntionM ^ and indeed there are Witnelfes enough in your Garden of that Sort. If we were to follow this Ex- ample rightly, 1 fuppofc in a few Years our Woods and Groves would be adorn'd wit'h many rich and ufeful Trees, which at prefcnt, through the Fear we have of venturing fuch Curiofities abroid, are hardly eflcem'd worthy our Notice, or at lead negleded as ufelefs Things in our Climate ^ for tho' we can, with the great- eft !i6o Experiments y i5fc, in eft facility preferve them during the Win- ter Seafon in Houfes, yet, as the End of the Trees I mean, is chiefly to make good Timber, or to yield fome Benefit from their Berries, or Fruits, which they will not produce *till they are of a much lar- ger Size than we can manage in a Houfe , fo it has been hardly thought worth our while to cultivate them at all, confider- ing the great Expence we muft be at to no purpofe, but for the Sake of Curiofity only. I hope however, the Example you have now fct us, will overcome thefe Dif- ficulties. Indeed, that Houfes of Shelter are necelfary to preferve fuch Plants du- ring the Winters, for the firft two or three Years, *rill they have got Strength, is undeniable;, and as foon as they come ta fuch a State, as to be a little acquainted with our Climate by being barden'd by Degrees, to fet them abroad in Groves as you have done, is as necelfary -^ and they will then thrive apace, and give us not only the Pleafure of obferving their Va- riety, but alfo give us a promifing Profped of receiving Benefit from them. The llex^ tho' the Value of its Timber has for a long Time been well known, befides its being a mod beautiful Evergreen. Yet,, tho* we have had Examples of 40 Years Handing, that it would profper well in the open Air of our Climate, very few ot none have offer'd to cultivate it in any Qiiantity Husbandry and Gardening, \6i Qjjantity with iis^ *till T enter'd upon it ; and fince that Time, which is within the Compafs of fix Years, many Miihons of them have been raifed here from Acorns brought from Italy, Spain, and Vir^inia^ as well as great Numbers of Cork Trees, which grow very well with us. But if there are fome Trees abroid, in the Cli- mates I fpeak of, whofe Virtues are not yet known j my Opinion is, that even thofe fhould not be negleded , for as there was nothing created in vain, fo I fuppofe that thefe will fome Time or other difcover themfelves to be of ufe, as well as thofe have done which are now ufeful to us. The Acer Alajits, or Great Maple, vulgarly call'd the Sycamore, has been efteem'd of no ufe, *till a very inge- nious Gentleman, Mr. Coilhifon, in his Travels through Wales, obfervjd it grow well, and make an excellent Tree of De- fence againft the powerful Weil: Winds : But you will fee more of it in his Letter to me, which I Ihali foon publifh, with other curious Obfervations and Experi- ments. But fince the Arrival of your Coffee-Trees, and the great Defign you are carrying on, of bringing forward the delicious Fruits of the warmer Pirts df the World, by Stoves, or Hot-houfes,- i ihall, in Obedience to your Comraandf, give you an Account of the Management of the Coffee-Trees, as I obferv'dic at the M Phvfick- \6z BxpermentSf iffc, in Phyfick-Garden at Ainfterdam , and I fhall add to it fome Remarks 1 have got toge- ther concerning the Spring-Seafons in the feveral Climates of the World, to fave you the Trouble of calculating in parti- cular for every Plant you receive from abroad , for without that' be done, we may give our Plants Heat at a wrong Sea- fon, and weaken them, pethaps, beyond recovery. The CofFee-Trees at Amjierdam, which profper fo well there, that they bring BlolToms, and ripen Fruit every Year, are kept conftantly in a Glafs-Cafe, which, as near as I can guefs, is about 1 5 Foot long, and about 12 Foot wide, the Height about 20 Foot, the Front is all Glafs , under the Floor is an Oven for Fire, which leads into Flues , that after their PafTage here and there, end in a Chimney as our other Stoves do. They ufe no Tan- ners Bark in this Houfe, nor give the Plants any Air all the Summer, but thro' little Cafements about a Foot fquare, placed about the Middle of the great Windows or Pannels of Glafs ;, and even thefe lit- tle Cafements are feldom open*d, becaufe there is a Door, which opens out of this Glafs-Cafe into a large Green-houfe, which they commonly keep open in the Summer Time- It is a Cuftom there likewife, twice or thrice in a Summer to clean the Leaves of Husbandry and Gardening. \^^ of the Plants with wet Spunges, which takes ofF the Duft that flops the Pores o£ the Leaves •, and I look upon this to be of confiderable Ufe, becaufe I fuppofe the Leaves receive fome Nourifhment froiii the Air, which circulates about them^ and confequently the whole Plant is bene- fited by it, I obferved that the Gardener there gavd them frequent Waterings, a little at a Time, and their Earth was very light y but efpecially the Summer when the greert Fruit was toward ripening, he gave theni more Water than at other Times, /. e» in Juyie. It is obfervable, that when the Fruit is ripe about the Beginning of Jtdy^ it mufl be gather'd, and immediately the Seeds muft be cleared from the Pulp, and fet in the Ground, otherwife they will not fprout : This particularly the Gar- dener ^t AmJieyJafH, Mr. Cor?ielius, obferves diligently , and tho' I fent fome Berries frefh gather'd, by the PofI:, which were riot above four Days in the PalDige to Lon- don, to a very great Artift, they could not be made to grow j therefore, I think it much the bed Way to have the Coifee- Seeds you exped, came over in Earth, by Way of Rotterdam, or Helvoet-Sluis, which will be much fooner with you than by Way of the Tex el from A7nfterdani ^ for fometimes I have known a Ship has been two Months in the Parage from JjnJIer- M a dam 'i 64 Experiment fy i^e, in Jatn to London, by Way of the Texel^ anJ the Seeds would be quite fpoil'd in th-at Time, for in- the natural Earth only, I have feen fomc Coffee Pknts above Ground within^ three Weeks after the Seed was put into- the Ground. And fo the CoGoa- Kuts, of which the Chocolate is made, fhould be either nifed inr Cafes in the Countries where they grow, or elfe the Nuts planted in thofe Places a due Depthr rn Boxes of Earth, fo that they may come lip in the PaiTage, if it is their Nature to Be quickly hatcfi'dyor appear aboveGround, ©r otherwife we mud not exped them ta do any good vnth us , for I am told, thait in the very Country where they ripen, they will not grow if they are kept out of the Ground three or four Days after they are gather'd. What I fay of the Coffee-Berries being fpoil'd by being fo? fo long in Earth as two Months from Amfterdafri to London^ will only happen if tjiey were to be put promifcuoufly into a Body of Earth, not if they were planted an Inch or two deep in it. As for the Time of making the Fires in the Stoves, they begin in O&oher^ and^ continue it conftantly, 'till the Weather is warm enough in the Spring for the Plant 5 I fuppofe this continued Fire m the Stove's is neceiTary to continue the Growth of the Plants, when the Juices are once flowing j for to warm the Houfe one Husbandfy cind Gardening, iSj$ .one Day, and let it cool the next, will certainly check the Growth of a Plant ^ and this Method, which we have , taken too often in out EngJiJh Green-hcufes, has, in my Opinion, greatly contributed to de- jftroy many a j2;ood Plant. And then a- gain, the Pradice which has been fo com- mon with us, to fet Plants of all Climates together in one Houfe, and give them all Heat at the fime Time, lias been another Means of deftroying Plants •, but as your Stove is.<:ontriv'd in fuch a Manner, as to be feparated one Part from the other, by a Partition •, fo I judge, your Heat may be governM fo as not to be every where at the fame Time alike, ^ind therefore may brino; Plants of different Climates to per- jfedion. >':V-" , ,^'^ The Gardener of tht Amflerdam Gar- deps Teems to have fome Regard to this, as I obferve from his dividing his Stoves into many Parts ^ and I find in each, only the plants which come from one Coun- try. The CofFee-Tree, which grows natural- ly in the Kingdom of Tau^iaji in Ardhia Foslix^ is found from the Latitude of i8 to 20 Degrees North ^ and the Dutch now have it growing at Batavia, 7 Deg. South Latitude, and at Simnain^ 8 Deg. North. So I doubt not but in any of our Settle- ments between the Tropics, we might have Coffee in as great Perfection as in its M 3 Native 1 66 Experiments^ isfc, in Native Country ^ and even towards the Southermofl: Parts of Carolt7ia , for it is experienced in your Garden near Croydon^ which is near the fame Latitude with London^ viz, 52 Deg. and \ North Lati- tude, the ordinary Plants of Countries a- bove 16 Degrees more Southward, thrive very well, without Shelter ^ fo that I fee no Room to doubt of the good Succefs of the CofFee-Tree, if it is only mov'd jo or II Degrees more North than its Native place, efpecially fince both Taima?i and Carolifia are North Latitude, and confer qatntly the Time of the Sun's Progrefs towards them is the fame, tho' the Spring of the firft is a little fooner than the other ^ I yet am of Opinion, that the Places which lie without the Tropics only five or fix Degrees, have always Warmth ^nough to keep Plants that grow naturally about five or fix Degrees within the Tro- pics. This being all I can remember of the Coffee-Tree, and its Culture in the Gar- dens at Amfterdam^ I Ihall proceed to give you a Lift of all the principal Places j«James, from whence we may exped to receive Plant?, and mark to each of them their Degree of Latitude, whether North 6r South, which I (hall think very well worth my while to have put in the Order you will iind it, if it may prove ufeful to you. Alphabetical Husbandry and Gardening^ i^y OOOOOOOOOC0OOOOOOOOOOOOO Alphabetical LIST of the l^ames of Places in the feveral Parts of the Worlds mth their Degrees of Latitude^ &c. A ACadia^ from 49 to 45 North. -^ Azores I{les» from 39 to 37 North. Algiers^ and the greateft Part of Barhary Coaft, from 37 to 35 North. Alexandria^ 31 North. Aden, 12 North. Atnboina^ 3 South. Antegoa, 17 Norths Amaz,ons Country, from 18 South to the Line. Angola^ II South. Buenos Aires, 35 South. Parbadoes Ifle, 13 North. Brazil, from 35 South to the Line. Bermudas, 33 North. Bahama Ides, from 28 to 22 North. Bayador, 26 North. Byfagos, 11 North. Baudera Bafiee in the South of Perfia, 28 North, M 4 Borneo i68 Experiments^ iffc. in Borneo Illes, from 6 North to the Line, and two Degrees South. Banda^ the Nutmeg Ifland, 4 South. Bencola^ 4 S9Uth. B^t^'v'i^^.j S(iiuth# . Bombay, 1 9 North* Bej^gale, 23 North. C Canada^ from 50 to 38 North. Car (Vina (J^ortlo) from 36 to 33 North. Carolina (Soutlo) from 33 to 30 North. Caleforn'ia, from 44 to 23 j North. G//'^/, from 22 to 19 North. Car'ihhee Jllands, from 20 to ^C) North. Ca\)e Verd lllands, from 18 to 12 North. Canary Ifland s, from 30 to 28- North. Corfica^ 42 North. Cand'ia, -35 North. Cyprus , 35 North. Cawhaya^ 2-3 Norths Connandelj from 16 to 8 North. Camboyda^ 14 North. Ceylan^ from 10 to 6 North. Conchinchina^ from 20 to 10 North. China ^ from 41 to ao North. Chufan^ 30 North. Ceram Ifle, 3 South. C«;'/7/>72 Ifle, 12 North. Cartbagena, 1 1 North. C^/'^ ^'^rw, 64 South. C^i/^<« Ifles, 42 South. C^i/i from 44 to 24 South, Cape St. Aiigufiin, 8 South. . Ca^e Husbandry and Gardening. v6^ Cape Frio, 23 South, Ca_pe of Good Hope, or C/7pe Bona Efperan" %a, 34 South. Cafres, 25 South. Congo, 7 South. Florida, from 38 to 24 North. France, from 50 to 42 6c i North. Fort Vsntnra, 28 North. Formofa Jjle, from 25 to 22 North, Fort St.David^ 12 North. Fort St. George, 13 North. Ferdinand Ifles, 53 South. G Gibrnlter, 36 North. Greece, from 41 to 36 North. Guinea (Upper) from 18 North to the Line. Gambia, 13 North. Gold Coaft in Guinea, 8 North. Golconda, 18 North. Gombroon, 27 North. Guinea (Lower) from 17 South to 3 North. H Hifpaniola, from 20 to 18 6c | North. Honduras Bay, from 20 to 17 North. Hungary, from 50 to 46 North. Horn Cape, 64 South. Hottentots Country, from 34 to 30 South. Jamaica, 18 North. Italyy from 45 to 39 North. Ifpahan in P^r/^, 33 North. 176 Experiments, ilfc, in Japon or Japan IJles, from 40 to 20 North. fava from 8 to 6 South, ^ L Lrjhon, 39 North. Lima, 11 South. M Mona IJle, famous for odd Plants, 15 Nor. Molucca IJles, from ic South to 3 North, Macafcay, from 5 South to i North. Madagascar, from 26 to 11 South. Mofambique^ 14 South. Maryland, 39 North. Mexico (New) from 38 to 28 North. Mexico, from 28 to 16 North. Madera IJles, 32 North. Minorca, 40 North. Majorca, 40 North. Morocco, 32 North. Malaca, from 10 North to i South, Mindanao, from 9 to 7 North. Mogodor, 35 North. Malabar^ from 12 to 3 North. Mindoro, 13 North, Maldive IJles, from 8 North to 3 South, Madura IJle, 7 South. Montabay^ 2 South. MiJJiftppi River Mouth, 28 North. Montferat, 16 North. Magellan, from 54 to 34 South. Mat am an, 18 South. Monomotapa, 17 South. N Newfoundland, from 50 to 48 North, Husbandry and Gardening': 1 7 1 l^ew-England, from 44 to 40 North, New-Tork, from 41 to 40 North. I^ew-Spahi, from 17 to 7 North, Naples, 41 North. ]J«'^ 26, J. Corn, 7, J. Cucumbers, 9, J. Clary, II, J. Cole worts, 14, J. Cocoa-2^nt, 4$, J. China-Orange, 46, J» Cranberry, 47, J. Coffee-Tree, 66, J. Cy^^r- 7^/7/, ^/r.Brown'j, 25, Au. Cycler, how made, 29, Au. Ctftpj i« y/;^rr Gr/?yjr ^' i^6?ij 0/ Ground in Kitchen Garden, t>ndive^ I0jj» O 3 JEfchalots^ INDEX. 'Bfchalots, pag. II, J. l^xtraord'inary ThenOTtiena in the Summer^ 1723, 79. Au. F fniH, the Wav to force H, 3, A. Frames for forcing Fruity .5, A. ftrr Trees J 6$, A. flowers in April, 81, A. French Beans, 22 J. jFiy/j, a new Sort from Germany, 70, J» Flowers in June and July, 76, J. Faults in Gardens, l6 Au. Fodder for Rabbits^ 52, Au. Farm of 400 Acres worn out, 44 Au. Farm of 400 Acres to improve, 53, Au. Fur&e, its Vfe, 67, Au, Forpls, their Management, 68, Au. fiei'Tree to make it bear. 1 50, Au. G Goojberries, to force them, 1 5, A. Grapes to force them, 5, A. Gums J a Mirt74re for Plants, 75i A. Ground fr Kitcheii-Gardens for 8 in Fa^ niih, I, J. ijuava, £if6, J, Gardens, how they jJoould he difpos'^d, 14, Au. Grandeur in Gardens, 15, Au. Grand Gouft in Gardening, 18, Au. Great Maple, its Ufe, 37, Au. Grafs, 63, Au, Gerraniitm, 97, Au. H fljacifiths, 10, A. HoS' I N D E X. Hot-Beds, 24, 26, A. Heath Ground improvdy 60, Au» ■ , Hops, 62, Au. Ha&ky 113, Au. '\ Hot-houfeSf 135, Au. Hot' beds ^ 139, Au. Jonquills, 10, A. Indian Corn, 47, J. hnporting of Plants^ 53i J- Improvement of La?id in Dorfetfhire, 48, AiU Ilex^ ^y, Au. Inoculation of Plants, 10 1, Au. K Kidney-Beans J 18, 23, A. Ms Lettuce, 19, A. Lillies ftriped, 93? A. Lavender y 1 1, J. Latitudes^ 43> J» Lime, 46, J. Leaves of Plants nourijh their Roots ^ 71, J. Lylac, 97, Au. Leajes of Land ^ tf/ a Claufe for preferving Timber, 132. J^atitudes of the principal trading Places in the Worldj 167, Au. M Millet, his Way of forcing Fruit, 3, A» Minth in Wi?iter^ I9jA. Mary golds, 13, J. Mujlorooms, 3 9, J, Mobby, 46, J. IJSr D.E X Mango, pag. 47, J. Mails, 47, J- Mocking Bird, 48, J. Me a fur e of large Orange-Trees, 6^, J. Mjrtle, its Meafitre at Badington, 6^y^V:\\ Mi flakes in Gardens, 17, Au. ■- a; Models of Gardens necejfary, 1 9, Au. Milk rich in fljort Grafs, 32, x\u. >..v'.^<)iK>\' Mtf [broom*, extraordinary Dire&ions conciTff^ ing their Management, 108, Au. ", Mulberry upon the Fig,' 115, Au. N "^eBarines, to force theWy 4, 1 ?, A. Jlarciffids, 10, A. J^ajlertium, 1 9, A. J(umber of Rabbits to flock a Warren^ 34, Au^ Naturalizing of Plants, 1 59, Au. Over-cropping of Ground, 2, J. Onions^ 5, 13, 28, J. Opuntiay 48, J. Orange Trees in the natural Ground, 61, J, Office of the feveral Farts of Plants, 4, Au. Order of created Bodies, 5, Au. Ornaments for Gardens, 2C, Au. Oaks, 67, Au. . Oleatiders, ^y, Au. P Peaches, to force them, 4, A. Polyanthus, TO, A. Pruning of Trees, 14, A. J p< Pea fe forward, 18, 54, 59, A. 19, J. P^^rj, to ripen, 32, A. " - I N D E X. Phm-Trees remov'd, pag. 72, A- FarfenipSy Si 27, J, Penroyalt ii, !• Potherbs^ iij J- Potatoes y 27, J. Produce of 60 y^^r^J, 34, J. P aim-Tree, 45^ J* Plantain, 46, J. Prickle-Pear, 48, J. P/^nrj /w^T^ ^^ D^WJ, 49, J." Piemento, 60, J. Parterre, how to be difpos^d, 23, J» Potting of Orange-Trees, 34, Au. Poplars, 64, Au. * Planting in Clay, how, 66^ Au, Pajfion-Tree, 99, Au. a Queries concerning Mofes'j Account oftha Creation, 8, Au. R Rofes, II, A. Ranuncula*s, 49, A. Radifies, 10, J. Rofemary, 11, !• Rafpberries, 14, J. Rounceval'Peafe, 20, J. Rhubarb, 65, J. Rookery, how to make one, 70, J. Rational Part of Gardening, 3, Au. Rabbets at Aubourn, f^^ ?^/?, 31, Au. Rabbets, their Value, 34, Au. S Strawberries^ 10, 22, A, ' ballads I.N D B X. Sallads^ 1% A, Sap's Circitlation in Tulips y ^6$ A* Salary, 9, J. Savoys, 10, 25, J. Skerrets, 1 1, J. Sweet- Marjoram^ 1 1, J, Sage, II, J. Spinach, 14, J. ' j SpanTfi-Bean,i7,J, Spanifi'Morettp, 20, J, Siigar-Cane, 47, J. Storks, to introduce them p Englafid, ^9, J. Sedums^ 73» J« Short Grafs rich i 32, Au. Skins of Rabbets, their Value, 35, Au. Sycamore, itsUfe, 37, 161, Au. Spurge-Laurel, ^y^ Au. Slipping of the Bark, cured in Trees y 11^, Au^ Senfitive- Plants, 134, Au. T Trees tranfplatited in Summery 7, 63, Af Tulips, I©, 35, A. Old Trees rejuvenizd, 68, A. Trees removd with Safety y 70, A. g Turneps, 3, 28, J. Tanner s Bark, its Ufey 51, J, Tamarind, 6^, J. Thermometers, 67, J. 130, Au. Timber-Trees, 65, Au. TobaccOy its Ufe in Blights, 84,^ Au. Terebinthus, 96, Au. .,;,.,\* Timber, how to preferve ity I28/Au, y?^, 177. Timber^ INDEX. Titnher, to make it f oft and pliant^ 152, Au. Table of Latitudes^ 1 97, Au. V Vivifying Liquor for Grai?i, 78, A. Virginian Nightingale, 48, J. Vale/s rich, 54, Au. Vinyards in England, their Frojit, 116, Au. Value of Englilh T^ine, 125, Au. W Walls for ripening Fruit, 28, xA.. Winter Savory, 1 1, J. Windfor Bean^ 17, J* Water Melon, 45, J- Water Plants to gather, 64, J. Wheat, 58, Au. Willows, 64, Au. Watering, its life, 75, Au. Wafps Jling cured, 95, Au. Wafps defiroyd, 94, Au. Water-Rats defiroyd, 95, Au. (Au. Wine made out of an Acre of Vineyard, 1 1 7, Water, a furprizing Cafcade, 127, x\u. Tamm, 45, J* FINIS. The Reader is defir'd to amend the Er- rors of the Prefs, which may have efcap*d Correftion, by Reafon of the AuthorV Refidence in the Country. ^^m \'V'A\\*' ■f.'h ,^cr ■i '\(N ?\T\vr^ .1 i t .. 3rh'^: J- 1 I /I I ' ' C I W I Date C >ue i 635 B811& V.3 563361 Bradley 635 B811G v.3 563361 i '-^r inf.ftAi »« ^ .-^''i ^y *ii «r# eiS •ft -' i. S.^ "sraiejfJJ