horn 
 
 . : 
 
 ■ Wii&M 
 
 a? 
 
 
 - P? ' 
 
 
 | The Oonf ecu. rate monument on 
 
 
 Cap.it cl Hill, ifentgoi-/ r, , 
 
 Ala, 
 
 >V%1 
 
 , . 
 
 ' - : 
 
 
 yVfi •*■*>“ 
 
1861-1900 
 
 Cbe Confederate 
 Monument on Capitol Ibtll 
 
 flDontgomer^, Elabama..., 
 
 puMtsbeb bs tbe Xafcies’ dfcemcrtal association. 
 JEbtteb bg flfcrg. If. /&. porter ©eftenben. 
 
f 7 
 
 /\ 3 1 ^ 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 TO THE BRAVE AND TRUE. 
 
 This little work has been done to save me from heart-break 
 — out of the depths it comes, a slight token of love to my asso- 
 ciates and friends. Its greatest merit consists in the presen- 
 tation of the beautiful. thoughts of others, the gems of oratory 
 that are worthy of a more brilliant setting than these simple 
 pages. 
 
 1. M. P. O. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/confederatemonum01ocke 
 
1861 
 
 1900 . 
 
 THE CONFEDERATE MONUMENT 
 
 ON CAPITOL HILL, MONTGOMERY, ALA. 
 
 CORNER STONE LAID BY PRESIDENT DAVIS, APRIL 26th, 1886, 
 UNVEILED, DECEMBER 7th, 1898. 
 
 “THE SOUTHERN LAUREL WITH HER FRAGILE BLOOM 
 WEEPS BY THE UNKNOWN HERO’S TOMB.” 
 
 N tlie 7th day of December, 1S9S, was unveiled 
 ® The Monument to the Confederate Soldiers and 
 Sailors of Alabama. The noble shaft commem- 
 orates the heroism of mau and of woman. It is the ex- 
 quisite title page to the history of the Ladies' Memorial 
 Association. It is finished after more than thirty years’ 
 labor of love, and has been presented with beautiful and 
 touching ceremonies to the State of Alabama. It adorns 
 the Capitol grounds, standing within one hundred yards 
 from where stood President Davis when he took the oath 
 of office and just outside of the windows of the chamber 
 where the first Congress of the Confederate States as- 
 sembled in the momentous year of 1861. It is a magnifi- 
 cent monument, its cost being forty-five thousand dol- 
 lars, and is more aesthetic and graceful than Bartholdi's 
 statue of Liberty in New York harbor. Its base is 
 thirty-four feet square and consists of four layers of 
 stone, with as many steps. These lead to four pedestals ; 
 on each of these is a statue, an infantryman, a cavalry- 
 man, an artilleryman and a sailor, each representing his 
 branch of the service. 
 
 From out of the common center arises a 70-foot circu- 
 lar shaft, 5 feet in diameter. A bas relief, wrought in 
 
4 
 
 bronze around this shaft represents troops on the march. 
 From this towers the pile of stone, 3 feet in diameter at 
 its base, tapering to an apex of 30 inches, the height 
 broken by two exquisite stone-wreaths of flowers, and 
 surmounted by a Corinthian cap-stonewitli its coronal of 
 pendant olive and acanthus leaves. Upon this pinnacle 
 stands a female figure, also in bronze, typifying “Patriot- 
 ism.” In one hand is held a flag, the other a sword, as if a 
 mother tendered the blade to her sons for her defense. 
 This conception from the brain of one of the best sculp- 
 tors of our country, Mr. Alex. Doyle, has been admirably 
 executed and adds ten feet to the height of the Monu- 
 ment, which reaches fifteen feet above the State Capitol. 
 Gracefully silhouetted against the beautiful skies of the 
 Land we Love, in sunshine or in storm, the noble creation 
 forever reminds Alabama of the men who fell in her de- 
 fense. Truly this is historic ground. The memorial 
 shaft fitly stands by the Cradle of the Confederacy. Here 
 was born the fairest child of the Nations of the World, 
 and here we pause to weep beside her untimely tomb. 
 On yonder spot a single star marks where stood the first, 
 last and only President of the Confederate States of 
 America, and these whispering trees around us, trans- 
 planted from the battlefields, tell the sad story of Rachel 
 among Nations, mourning for her dead. The Memorial 
 Star was placed here by “The Sophie Bibb Chapter of the 
 Daughters of the Confederacy and was the poetic sug- 
 gestion of Mrs. Sallie Hails Janney, the daughter of 
 Capt. Geo. Hails, one whose open hand and heart was 
 ever ready to serve his country or his fellow-man. 
 
 The first call to erect monuments to our fallen heroes, 
 issued by The Southern Historical Society, met a 
 proud response in the heart of woman and the deepest 
 sympathy from the survivors of that unequal struggle. 
 The first meeting for the purpose Avas held in the House 
 of Representatives, Ex-Gov. Tlios. H. Watts presiding. 
 The minutes kept by the Secretary, Hon. B. F. Porter, 
 of Butler county, are preserved in the archives of the 
 State, at Tuscaloosa, Ala. Few remain avIio were pres- 
 ent, Of these, General Jno. W. A. Sanford, of this city, 
 is a notable example of the scholarly patriots whose elo- 
 quence was only equalled by their emotions upon the day 
 of this sorrowful gathering in honor of the dead. The 
 impoverished condition of the people and the dark days 
 
5 
 
 of reconstruction hindered the work and it was finally 
 suspended by these adverse circumstances, during the 
 distressing time of military rule. 
 
 This, however, did not hinder the work of the Ladies' 
 Memorial Association. 
 
 To return to the thrilling period when the Bed Horse 
 came with pitiless hoof and trod the Land of Flowers 
 from the far blue mountains to the sea. Blood was spilt. 
 The first wounded soldiers were met by women, who 
 bound up their wounds and nursed them to health, thus 
 serving as humane recruiting officers in the service of 
 the State. 
 
 One of the best and loveliest of her kind, one whose 
 memory “is fragrant as lilies from afar,” a gentlewoman 
 in every sense of the word, Mrs. Dr. Bellinger, the fit- 
 ting lady of as courtly a knight as ever wore the fleur de 
 Us, gave as a home for these wounded heroes two cot- 
 tages on Bellinger Heights, where she and her dear com- 
 panions met and ministered unto them. There was no 
 organization, but animated by the same sublime spirit, 
 they worked together with untiring zeal. Prominent 
 among these was Mrs. Judge B. S. Bibb, who became 
 known in the annals of the Confederacy as “Aunt 
 Sophie.” The work outgrew the cottages, where many a 
 poor sufferer found comfort and strength for renewed 
 endeavor, or closed their eyes under the pitying touch of 
 gentle hands. Then the Woman’s Hospital Association 
 was organized to meet the greater demands of the troub- 
 lous times, in the same year, 1861. Mrs. Judge Bibb was 
 elected President, and remained in office until the close 
 of the war. With her were associated the best and 
 noblest women of Montgomery. The building on the 
 corner of Bibb and Commerce streets, was fitted up for 
 the Woman’s Hospital and was the scene of their sacred 
 labors. The Hebrew Society, of which our highly es- 
 teemed citizen and present Vice-President, Mrs. C. J. 
 Hausman, was President, became an auxiliary of won- 
 drous influence and co-operated generously in every de- 
 partment of labor and expense, until the fatal year of 
 1865, when the Hospital was closed. The benevolent task 
 assumed such proportions that Mrs. Bibb, the President, 
 whose gentle firmness fitted admirably for the position, 
 applied to President Davis for assistance from the Gov- 
 ernment. This was readily granted and it became a 
 
6 
 
 Confederate Hospital, afterwards reported by the Sur- 
 geon-General to be one of the best managed hospitals 
 within our borders. Prior to that time, supplies bad 
 been given, all free-will offerings, by these worthy ladies 
 and those patriotic citizens of Montgomery and sur- 
 rounding country who brought timely and practical aid, 
 and sympathy to the great undertaking .and continued 
 their generous donations, until alas, the arbitrament of 
 the sword closed its doors. Among these Florence Night- 
 ingales arise a multitude of sweet faces; one of these is 
 Mrs. Eliza Moore, prominent for industry and patriot- 
 ism among those tireless toilers whose needles were as 
 Hashing blades in battle; Mrs. W. B. Bell, gifted as a 
 skillful and patient nurse, whose presence made men 
 murmur the names of mothers, sisters and wives, as these 
 devotees bent over them; and thither went Mrs. Sarah 
 Herron, Bible in hand, to read and pray with the sick 
 and dying. Many such heroines are unrecorded on the 
 roll of fame, but like the unmarked graves, scattered 
 over the land, of holiest meaning, they have made the 
 word Unknown! Five hundred sick and wounded have 
 been nursed there at a time, and the carriage of Mrs. 
 Bibb followed eight hundred to their graves. Many who 
 toiled thus in their womanly way, have passed on with 
 noiseless step to the Veiled Beyond. But their descend- 
 ants may feel that the Monument commemorates the 
 heroism of brave mothers as well as gallant sires. 
 
 The war was over. The soldiers had passed away to 
 their graves, or to the ashes of their homes and these 
 labors now became strictly memorial. During the 
 latter part of the war Mrs. Bibb frequently talked 
 of her plans for an Association when the war 
 was ended, for the careful burial of Alabama 
 soldiers who had fallen upon the various battle- 
 fields and for the erection of headstones over those 
 buried in our cemetery. Among those whose sympathy 
 was invaluable in what was, in those days, a task of her- 
 culean proportions, no co-laborer was more highly es- 
 teemed by Mrs. Bibb than her friend, the devoted Mrs. 
 Dr. W. O. Baldwin, whose zeal was intensified by a great 
 personal sorrow. These were intimately associated and 
 oft took counsel together in regard to these sacred inter- 
 ests, up to the close of their beautiful lives. Within three 
 weeks after the flag of the Southern Confederacy was 
 
7 
 
 furled, in the execution of these long-clierished pur- 
 poses, Mrs. Judge Bibb and others of those noble women 
 who had co-operated so faithfully in ministering to the 
 comfort of those who fought the bravest tight was ever 
 fought, began to solicit contributions from citizens 
 eminent for love of country, for this laudable effort. 
 Our people, with hearts in accord with every movement 
 to honor our illustrious Confederate dead, responded 
 cordially. A meeting was called by the ladies at the 
 Methodist Episcopal church on the 16th of April, 1866, 
 and a Society, the outgrowth of the Hospital Associa- 
 tion, was organized under the name of “The Ladies’ So- 
 ciety for the Burial of Alabama Soldiers.” The follow- 
 ing is a reprint of the record of proceedings. Subsequent 
 meetings were held at the historic old home of the Presi- 
 dent. This document, containing constitution and reso- 
 lutions, was drawn up by request of Mrs. Judge B. S. 
 Bibb, by Rev. S. D. Cox, (who became the First Assis- 
 tant. Secretary,) to be presented at the meeting for or- 
 ganization. Dr. Cox was one whose diversity of talents 
 was only equalled by his patriotism and zeal, in prac- 
 tical service to the Association : 
 
 “CONSTITUTION, RESOLUTIONS, &C., 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Ladies’ Society for the Burial of Alabama Soldiers. 
 
 At a meeting of the Ladies of Montgomery, held pur- 
 suant to notice, at the Methodist Episcopal Church, on 
 Monday, the 16th day of April, 1866, to devise ways and 
 means for raising funds to have the remains of Alabama 
 Soldiers, now lying scattered over the various battle- 
 fields of the war, collected and deposited in public burial 
 grounds, or elsewhere, where they may be saved from 
 neglect, Mrs. Judge Bibb was requested to preside over 
 the meeting, and Mrs. Dr. Baldwin requested to act as 
 Secretary. 
 
 The object of the meeting was explained by the Chair; 
 and, on motion of Mrs. Dr. Baldwin, a Committee of five 
 was appointed by the Chair to consider of and report 
 some plan that might best promote the object of the 
 meeting, and to recommend the names of suitable per- 
 sons as permanent officers of this Society. 
 
 The Chair appointed on this Committee, Mrs. Dr. 
 
8 
 
 Baldwin, Chairman; Mrs. Wm. Johnson, Mrs. Judge 
 Kice, Mrs. Dr. Holt and Mrs. Dr. James Ware, who re- 
 tired and, after consultation, suggested the following 
 names as permanent officers; and, on motion of Mrs. 
 Wm. Pollard, they were unanimously elected : 
 
 Mrs. Judge Bibb, President; 
 
 Mrs. Judge Phelan, Vice-President; 
 
 Mrs. Dr. Baldwin, Secretary; 
 
 Mrs. E. C. Hannon, Treasurer. 
 
 This Committee, after suggesting permanent officers, 
 reported the following resolutions, which were unani- 
 mously adopted : 
 
 1. Resolved, That it is a sacred duty of the people of the South to 
 preserve from desecration and neglect, the mortal remains of the 
 brave men who fell in her cause, to cherish a grateful recollection 
 of their heroic sacrifices and to perpetuate their memories 
 
 2. Resolved. That we earnestly request our countrywomen to unite 
 with us in our efforts to contribute all necessary means to provide a 
 suitable resting place and burial for our noble and heroic dead ; that 
 we will not rest our labors until this sacred duty is performed. 
 
 3. Resolved. That in order to raise funds to carry out the objects 
 expi'essed in the foregoing resolutions, we constitute ourselves a So- 
 ciety to be styled ‘’The Ladies’ Society for the Burial of Deceased 
 Alabama Soldiers,” and that we solicit voluntary contributions for 
 the same ; and that we will hold in this city on Tuesday, the first day 
 of May next, and annually on the first day of May thereafter, and 
 oftener if deemed expedient, exhibitions, consisting of Concerts, 
 Tableaux. Juvenile Recitations, Songs, Suppers, &c., &c , to be regu- 
 lated and determined by Committees to be appointed for that 
 purpose. 
 
 4. Resolved, That to carry oui these plans, an Executive Commit- 
 tee shall be appointed, which shall have authority to appoint sub- 
 committees and agents at their discretion. 
 
 5. Resolved. That the President of this Society, together with the 
 present resident Ministers in charge of the different Churches of 
 this city, and their successors in office, shall constitute a Committee 
 for the purpose of keeping and making proper application of the 
 funds raised by this Society. 
 
 6. Resolved , That any lady can become a member of this Society 
 by registering her name, and by paying into the treasury an annual 
 assessment of one dollar 
 
 7. Resolved, That all Clergymen or Ministers of the Gospel shall 
 be considered honorary members of this Society. 
 
 On motion of Mrs. Dr. Baldwin, the Chair was author- 
 ized to appoint an Executive Committee, consisting of 
 ten — whereupon the Chair appointed the following 
 ladies: Mrs. Dr. Bambo, Chairman; Mrs. John Elmore, 
 Mrs. Wm. Pollard, Mrs. Dr. Wilson, Mrs. W. J. Bibb, 
 Mrs. Hausman, Mrs. Mount, Mrs. Bugbee, Mrs. W. B. 
 Bell, Mrs. Fort Hargrove and Mrs. James Ware. 
 
 On motion, the Society adjourned to meet whenever 
 requested by the President.” 
 
9 
 
 Thus, on a yellow, time-stained record of that sorrow- 
 ful epoch, v, hen every woman wore mourning, in her 
 heart or upon it; when almost every home had its vacant 
 chair; is found thus solemnly associated together for a 
 sacred work, the names of Bibb, Baldwin, Bugbee, Bell, 
 Elmore, Hausman, Holt, Hargrove, Hannon, Johnson, 
 Mount, Phelan, Pollard, Kainbo, Wilson, Ware. Follow- 
 ing these, in the early memorial dawn, comes the inter- 
 esting roil of charter members containing other illus- 
 trious names. 
 
 in the year 1885, Mrs. Bibb requested Gen. Swavne, 
 Agent of the Freedmen’s Bureau, whose headquarters 
 were in this place, to allow the Ladies’ Society to retain 
 the furniture belonging to the Hospital Association, in 
 whose care Federal as well as Confederate soldiers had 
 found shelter. Sixty prisoners of war brought from 
 Shiloh received here the same care as our own soldiers. 
 This request was courteously granted, but most of it had 
 already been removed by the United States Marshal. 
 The remnant was sold for $ 8, and became the nucleus 
 for the fund to be devoted to the sacred work of com- 
 memoration by “The Ladies’ Society.” The name was 
 changed to that of “The Ladies’ Memorial Association,” 
 as more expressive of its purposes. Under the adminis- 
 tration of Mrs. Judge Bibb, headstones were placed 
 over 800 graves, a monument erected in the cemetery, 
 and many Alabama soldiers were buried on various bat- 
 tlefields. Considerable amounts were made and ex- 
 pended for the aid of needy soldiers and their families 
 impoverished by the war. A few hundred dollars re- 
 mained in the treasury, which was held sacred by this 
 band of Southern heroines, to be devoted to the long- 
 hoped for Monument to be erected on Capitol Hill. Ev- 
 ery means suggested by the fertile brains of the ladies 
 were used to increase the fund. Contributions came in 
 from ail portions of the State, from friends and natives 
 of Alabama in distant States. There came one from far- 
 off Nova Scotia, the offering of an Englishman. The same 
 pages record a contribution from a. faithful negro citi- 
 zen, which, like the widow's mite, is valued for its sin- 
 cerity, far beyond the number of figures; also a tangible 
 token of sympathy from the Golden Gate — thus from 
 Maine to Florida, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the 
 electric current passed from heart to heart and by little 
 
10 
 
 and by little, the treasure grew. Tasteful entertainments 
 were given in various places — none of the popular mod- 
 ern dramas have been more successful than the theatri- 
 cals managed by those ladies of wondrous gifts, Mrs. 
 Goodwin and Miss Raoul, assisted by the best dramatic 
 talent of the city. The musical geniuses of the place 
 were brought into service by the performance of an oper- 
 etta, presented by Mrs. Dr. Dudley Robinson, a marvel- 
 ous composer and magician of the piano, whose talents 
 were gladly given to a cause for which her brave broth- 
 ers had given their lives. 
 
 The perfect costuming of the performers were works 
 of tine art, evolved from the mind and hands of Mrs. 
 Geo. R. Doran, whose swift lingers led her busy brigade 
 of volunteer needle-women to achieve marvels of taste. 
 
 When thegolden grain wasagain garnered by the brave 
 men who had “turned their swords into plowshares,” 
 thoughts of fallen comrades inspired man to re- 
 newed effort. “The Monument Committee” was incor- 
 porated Sept. 30, 1885, the incorporators being Gov. E. 
 A. O’Neal, W. S. Reese, W. L. Bragg, Josiah Morris, 
 Wm. B. Jones, W. W. Screws, W.-W. Allen, Jacob Griel, 
 Jno. IV. A. Sanford, H. A. Herbert, J. B. Gaston, Tlios. 
 G. Jones, H. C. Tompkins, J. H. Higgins and D. S. 
 Rice, W. S. Reese, Chairman; T. J. Rutledge, Secretary 
 of the Board of Incorporators. 
 
 From the Daily Advertiser is copied : 
 
 “THE FIRST SUBSCRIPTION.” 
 
 It was meet that it should be so. Among the noble 
 women of Alabama none could have come forward with 
 open hand and heart, and so thrilled the people, as she 
 whose name heads the list of subscriptions to the sol- 
 diers’ monument, Mrs. Judge Bibb. “Aunt Sophy,” as 
 the men and women of the war times call her, from simple 
 love of her, writes a letter. Her head is frosted with 
 the snows of many winters ; her life currents have wasted 
 beneath the suns of many summers; her step totters and 
 her eyes look dimly on the world, and her voice is tremu- 
 lous and low. But her heart is as warm as when she 
 stooped in the noisy hum of day and the silent watches 
 of the night by the dying soldier’s couch and bathed his 
 wounds with a hand as loving as the prayer she sent to 
 Heaven for the cause she mourns. Her sunset is near at 
 
11 
 
 hand, and all its splendors are deeds of goodness and of 
 charity, and many a soldier watches it with a tear in 
 his e}^ and a prayer in his heart, and sends a blessing to 
 her who in sickness and in death was the truest and the 
 tenderest mother a soldier could ever know. 
 
 Mrs. Bibb’s letter, accompanying her subscription of 
 $100, will be found elsewhere. Can a cause lag in the 
 presence of such an appeal ? The women of Alabama 
 cannot read it and be still. 'I do not doubt the monu- 
 ment will he erected,’ she says. And it will. Such an 
 example will be followed and the patriotic men and 
 women of Alabama will see to it that the work is not de- 
 layed, and that her dear old eyes shall rest on this tribute 
 of their love and hers before they close in the sleep of the 
 just made perfect. God bless her! And all her kith and 
 kin, and everything she loves and all her days and every 
 hour!” 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., Oct. 1, 1885. 
 
 “Hon. W. S. Reese: 
 
 Dear Sir : — Allow me to express the intense gratifica- 
 tion I felt when 1 learned through The Advertiser that a 
 corporate organization had been formed for the purpose 
 of erecting a monument in the city of Montgomery to the 
 Confederate soldiers who fell in our defense. 
 
 The names affixed, and the interest manifested by all 
 who shared with our dead heroes, the perils and priva- 
 tions, and the gloom and glory of the war, give assurance 
 of success. It is indeed, a noble call and should be nobly 
 answered. It is most fitting that their comrades who 
 breasted with them the storms of battle should rear this 
 tribute to their memory. The pathos and sublimity of 
 the sentiment which prompts it deeply affects me, and 
 commands the admiration of all who loved our Confed- 
 erate cause. In honoring them we ennoble ourselves. 
 The place selected is significant and impressive. There 
 a nation was born, and there let its grave be hallowed. 
 My heart is thrilled with mournful pride when I recall 
 the scene so full of rapture which transpired in Febru- 
 ary, 1861. There stood our illustrious President, Jeffer- 
 son Davis, God bless him! with uncovered head before a 
 vast throng of patriotic men and women and with rever- 
 ential mien, and voice of concentrated fervor, rang out 
 that solemn pledge, “So help me God.” The picture is 
 
12 
 
 still undimmed by time, and a halo of glory seems resting 
 on that consecrated spot. These associations so sacredly 
 cherished by our people will surely arouse their energies, 
 and the women who ministered to our soldiers in hours 
 of suffering will recall with tenderness and gratitude 
 the self-sacrificing devotion of those whose deeds of valor 
 can never lie forgotten. Their faithfulness during the 
 vicissitudes of war, as mother, wife, sweetheart, daugh- 
 ter, gives promise that they will continue their mission. 
 
 1 feel assured that the women of Alabama will demon- 
 strate their grateful love for those who have left us a 
 heritage so great, that all the mutabilities of time can 
 never destroy it. 
 
 I do not doubt the monument will be erected, and 
 prove a sacred shrine where we may repair, and, forget- 
 ting the bitterness of the past, receive inspiration from 
 the memories invoked to fulfill the obligations of the 
 present and develop the possibilities of the future. 
 
 Your appeal has swept the chords of my heart, and 
 though its vibrations are akin to pain, it gives me great 
 pleasure to respond. 
 
 Please find enclosed check for one hundred dollars. 
 
 Accept my earnest wishes that your efforts in this 
 noble object may be crowned with success, and believe 
 me, Very truly your friend, 
 
 S. L. A. Bibb." 
 
 Among other valuable papers which the writer has 
 been privileged to examine, are found the following in- 
 teresting letters : 
 
 COL. W. S. REESE’S LETTER. 
 
 “Office of the Alabama Soldiers' Monument Assn. 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., Oct. 8th, 1885. 
 Mrs. S. L. A. Bibb , Montgomery , Ala . : 
 
 Your much esteemed favor of the 1st. inst., with 
 enclosed check for $100, as your contribution to the Con- 
 federate Monument Fund, has been duly received and 
 would have been acknowledged earlier, but for the inter- 
 vention of most .urgent business engagements. For this 
 liberal donation please to accept the sincere thanks of 
 myself and the management of the Memorial Fund. 
 Your patriotic letter has awakened a lively interest in 
 this great cause throughout the State and will do much 
 
13 
 
 to aid the final success of this noble work. The effort 
 to keep green the memories of our gallant dead, has no 
 more ardent and devoted advocate in the State than 
 yourself and with such a sentiment as yours pervading 
 the people, success in this grand work is assured. 
 
 Please to accept the assurance of my highest regard. 
 
 Yours very respectfully, 
 
 W. S. Reese, Chairman.” 
 
 THE LETTER OF CAPT. B. H. SCREWS. 
 “Rooms Historical and Memorial Association of 
 Confederate Soldiers. 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., June 2Ttli, 1879. 
 
 Mrs. Sophie Bibb , 
 
 Dear Madam : 
 
 Enclosed you will find the Resolution by which you 
 were proposed to be the first honorary member of the 
 Historical and Memorial Association of Confederate 
 Soldiers of Montgomery County. If anything could add 
 to the compliment which was intended to be paid, it was 
 the rising vote and enthusiastic unanimity with which 
 your election was made. I hope 1 may be pardoned for 
 saying, that your family, distinguished, ( as well as that 
 of your honored husband ) in more than four States, by 
 all the noble and patriotic virtues that exalt mankind, 
 have in you a worthy and illustrious representative. 
 
 It affords me sincere pleasure to convey to you this 
 evidence of the estimation with which you are regarded 
 by the surviving Confederates, and I beg that you will 
 honor the Association by accepting the honorary mem- 
 bership which is hereby tendered you. 
 
 Very respectfully your obedient servant, 
 
 B. H. Screws, 
 
 Correspondiaf/ Secretary H. cC- .1/. Assn, of Confederate 
 Soldiers .” 
 
 These worked bravely for the consummation of this 
 unanimous desire of their hearts. It was under the au- 
 spices of and by invitation of the Monumental Associa- 
 tion, and of the Ladies' Memorial Association, that Pres- 
 ident Davis visited Montgomery, April 26th, 1886, and 
 laid the foundation stone of the Monument. The occa- 
 sion is forever memorable. Mayor Reese spared neither 
 
14 
 
 energy nor means, in the effort to make it worthy of him 
 who remains the grandest man of the age we live in. 
 The City and the State honored the effort which culmin- 
 ated in a brilliant success. It was the proudest day in 
 the life of Jefferson Davis — aye, prouder than the day 
 of his Inauguration as President of a peculiar people, 
 for he was sought and brought forth from his retirement 
 at Beauvoir, Miss., to receive the honors of an imperish- 
 able love. Stripped of every insignia of rank, in plain 
 citizen’s dress, with tears on his furrowed cheeks, he 
 walked to the spot already made sacred by his footfall, 
 surrounded by thousands of his old comrades, in eloquent 
 silence, only broken by the sobs of women, while veterans 
 who had grown grey in faithful service brushed away 
 their poorly hidden tears. When he came again, he lay 
 in Death’s imperial calm, mighty still, a ruler in the 
 realm of love. Deprived of citizenship here, he was 
 translated to the Government which knows not change. 
 
 Shortly after these deeply interesting ceremonies, 
 the Monumental Association, realizing that memorial 
 work belonged peculiarly to woman and believing that 
 the desideratum would be best effected by a transfer of 
 their funds and their hopes into the hands of the Ladies’ 
 Memorial Association, they generously withdrew and 
 deposited the amount of $6,777 into the L. M. A. Treas- 
 ury. 
 
 Mrs. Judge Bibb was denied, by reason of ill health, 
 the pleasure of witnessing the touching ceremonies 
 of laying the foundation stone in 1886, and President 
 Davis, missing the face of his dear old friend from the 
 ranks of the Memorial Association which was grouped 
 on his left, called to see her at the old place on Moulton 
 St., whose hospitable doors had often swung open to 
 the brilliant Cabinet of the Confederate States. 
 There a touching meeting and parting took place, for his 
 race was well nigh run, and on the 9th dav of January, 
 1887, she rested from her labors. Her daughter, Mrs. 
 Martha Dandridge Bibb, so long her coadjutor and in- 
 spired by the same sentiments which have made the name 
 pre-eminent, was the unanimous choice of the Ladies’ 
 Memorial Association to succeed her patriotic mother, 
 and was elected to fill the vacancy at the -first meeting 
 after the death of the lamented President. To this office 
 she has been re-elected from time to time and still with 
 
15 
 
 untiring energy and devotion to its best interests, serves 
 an Association which honors the State of Alabama and 
 the memory of brave men and women. 
 
 The photograph and autograph of Mrs. Judge Bibb 
 were deposited in the corner-stone of the monument, but 
 a nobler tribute than this was paid by an ex- Confederate, 
 who said of her: “Loftier and whiter than she ever 
 
 dreamed of, for her dead heroes, is her own temple that 
 she builded in the hearts of them that loved her.” 
 
 Nobly has the daughter discharged the trust com- 
 mitted to her care. Slowly but surely lias the Monument 
 arisen and stands forth today, the ornament of the State. 
 It was largely due to the energy and magnetic influence 
 of Mrs. M. D. Bibb and other ladies on that committee 
 that the fund for which the Association had so devotedly 
 labored, was increased by the handsome donation from 
 the Monumental Association, and three generous contri- 
 butions from the State. Confederate veterans and patri- 
 otic men and women all over the commonwealth brought 
 generous offerings and thus it became the shrine of the 
 State of Alabama. The Committee haunted the legisla- 
 tive halls of the State with eloquent e 3 ^es and pleading 
 lips, until their toil was guerdoned by success. It is sad 
 to remember that one of these, Miss Jeannie Crommelin, 
 the late beloved Secretary, who gave her best energies, 
 even in failing health, to this last effort, lived not to see 
 the realization of her fondest hopes, but joined the 
 shadowy throng called up to the great unveiling. 
 
 Many thousand persons witnessed the glorious cere- 
 monies which took place December 7th, 1898. The dreary 
 clouds which had heralded December were lifted, earth’s 
 tears were dried, and the matchless bonnie blue floated 
 from line to line of the exquisite dome which rounded 
 above the beauteous figure which drew her harmless 
 sword against the sky. Visitors from all over the South 
 came to witness the unveiling. An impressive program 
 was rendered. Spring flowers transformed the winter 
 day and breathed of those whose spirits smiled on the 
 scene. Floral decorations and chaplets of evergreen 
 adorned the monument and legends of heroic song and 
 story wreathed the gates of the old grounds and the 
 doors of the historic building on Capitol Hill. Seats 
 were arranged for several thousand hearers. Prominent 
 
16 
 
 among these were the Confederate Veterans, Sons of 
 Veterans, The Ladies’ Memorial Association, The 
 Daughters of the Confederacy, The Daughters of the 
 Revolution, and the representatives of the Press. Here 
 let it he said that the aid of the Press of Alabama, in this 
 work, is gratefully acknowledged. The gay attire of the 
 military, the bright badges of the ladies, the pure white 
 robes and Confederate sashes of the maidens who repre- 
 sented the Southern States, lent tropical coloring to 
 the scene and contrasted vividly with the Knights in 
 Grey, the Veterans and the Sons of Veterans, who came 
 with full hearts to hear again the tale that is told of 
 other days, wherein they helped to make history. On 
 the platform erected between the Monument and the 
 Capitol were seated The Ladies’ Memorial Association, 
 members of the Legislature, Gov. Johnson and his staff, 
 the speakers and the actors in this triumphant scene. 
 
 The procession was formed at the now historic corner 
 of Bibb and Moulton streets, Col. A. A. Wiley command- 
 ing, the military escorting the Ladies’ Memorial Asso- 
 ciation and proceeding to Commerce street, from thence, 
 bands playing inspiring marches, to Dexter avenue and 
 to the Capitol, where cheers and booming cannon greeted 
 the goodly cavalcade. The assemblage already gathered 
 reached from the Capitol to the northern boundary of 
 the grounds, and as far as eye could reach, men, women 
 and children, afoot, ahorse, and in carriages, drew near 
 to join the pageant that came with rolling drum and 
 mellow bugle call. Intense interest held the expectant 
 crowd. 
 
 At 12 M. Col. W. J. Samford, of Opelika, the Chair- 
 man, in well chosen and appreciative remarks, intro- 
 duced Rev. Geo. P>. Eager, the Chaplain, whose impres- 
 sive invocation, to the Great Ruler of Events, from the 
 depths of a sincere heart, was pronounced, during rev- 
 erential silence, as follows : 
 
 “Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, Thou hast 
 taught us to cherish our yesterdays, to ‘call to remem- 
 brance the former days,’ even though they be days of 
 darkness, wherein we endured a great fight of affliction. 
 Standing today under the shadow of a great loss, but in 
 the light of Thy love, we realize that it is greatly wise to 
 commune with our past hours. We come to recall our 
 precious and immortal dead who poured out their lives 
 
17 
 
 as a holy libation upon the altar of their country, verily 
 believing that they were doing God’s service. O, come to 
 consecrate this completed and enduring monument to 
 the memory of those whom we loved and cherish for 
 their lofty devotion to duty and fidelity even unto death ; 
 who laid the heart of the (South at the feet of God, with 
 their wounds to tell the story. 
 
 “Help us, O God, to come in faith and with fit speech, 
 remembering that Thou art God over all blessed forever- 
 more, that Thy kingdom ruleth over all, that Thou send- 
 est the darkness as well as the light, and that Thou hast 
 given us ‘songs in the night.’ We pray Thee to imbue us 
 with the spirit that actuated them and made their lives 
 glorious, to help us to cherish the principles for which 
 they died, and teach us in Thine own wise way the les- 
 sons of this hour and occasion. We recognize that Thy 
 wisdom is higher than ours, and that Thy burning and 
 purifying love is ever at work illuminating our ignor- 
 ance, consuming the dross of our earthliness and bring- 
 ing out the gold of character which is our true riches. 
 Thou hast given us the grievous discipline of defeat and 
 tears, Thou hast carried us through a long, hard school- 
 ing in a school where everything was difficult and there 
 was constant clashing with our will. It has been bitter 
 and hard upon us, O, God, and often when we sought 
 light and help, it seemed at such cloudy distances that 
 we could not realize its ministry. But we bless thee, O, 
 Thou God, of infinite wisdom and love, that by faith we 
 have learned at last that all is well because Thou hast 
 done it, that behind a frowning providence Thou didst 
 hide a smiling face. 
 
 “We bless Thee for a reunited country, for the loving 
 hearts, the ministering hands, the loyal souls, and the 
 beautiful voices that remain to us today, true to Thee 
 and to duty; for young and old gathered here today to 
 take loving and tearful and hopeful part in this new con- 
 secration. Be with those who shall speak to us and may 
 they speak such words as shall help us and glorify Thee, 
 and to Thy great name, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, we 
 will give the praise forever. Amen.” 
 
 Col. Samford then touched the key-note which was to 
 bring forth words of burning oratory, following his own 
 most thrilling introduction of the ceremonies : 
 
 2 
 
18 
 
 “Ladies of the Memorial Association , Ladies and Gen- 
 tlemen : 
 
 Borrowing an idea from another, if expression of my 
 appreciation of being selected as Chairman on this oc- 
 casion, were commensurate with the honors conferred on 
 me,. I should need a full measure of gratefulness in my 
 heart, and brilliancy on my tongue. The measure of 
 gratitude is not lacking, but my stammering speech, 
 compels me to ask these good ladies who have thus hon- 
 ored me to be content with the assurance, that I mean 
 all that is expressed by the good old Anglo-Saxon words, 
 I thank you, for having given me this distinction, to be 
 prominently connected with these exercises, that will 
 take their place in the annals of this State, both because 
 of their intrinsic interest and worth and because they 
 transpire on these historic grounds where thirty-seven 
 years ago a chivalrous young government took its posi- 
 tion in line with the great nationalities of earth. 
 
 Born in the throes of revolution, its young proud ship 
 of State was launched on tempestuous political seas, 
 whose angry waves and raging billows rocked its infancy 
 “in the cradle of the deep.” No friendly beacon light 
 streamed across the stormy waters to give warning where 
 maelstroms endangered, and rocks were submerged. 
 Rather instead from storm-tossed waves, there flashed 
 the lurid glare of the lightning of battles, and the deep 
 bellowing thunders of war clouds Tame “sounding o’er 
 the sea.” The dew was not off the grass, on the natal 
 morn of the Confederacy, before this sunny land was one 
 vast martial camp, and war’s frowning visage darkened 
 the land. 
 
 It is not for me, today, to speak of the causes of the 
 great revolution, nor to discuss the statesmanship and 
 policies of that stormy era. But I will take a moment 
 to say, in defense of those whose honor and valor are 
 commemorated by that granite shaft, that they offered 
 their lives, living sacrifices on the altars of country, in 
 defense of that glorious product of this western world, 
 the great right of local self-government, and in defense 
 of the principles of the American Constitution. 
 
 Such sentiments are no detraction from the position 
 of the Federal soldier — the differences are not under dis- 
 cussion now — much less are they disloyal to the senti- 
 ments of a restored union, and to a common flag. That 
 
19 
 
 flag is now the flag of my country and your country, and 
 beneath its shadow the interests and honor of all sec- 
 tions of this grand country repose in security. 
 
 This is not the super-serviceable cant, that considers 
 it necessary to degrade the memory of the Confederate 
 States, in order to exalt the Union— or to defy the New 
 by anathematizing the Old South; sentiments born of 
 that inspiration that “crooks the pregnant hinges of the 
 knee, that thrift may follow fawning.” 
 
 “The Old South” needs no defense, before a Southern 
 audience. For more than a half century of the history 
 of this government, the grand men of the Old South, on 
 the battlefields of chivalry, illustrated the loftiest valor,, 
 and in the parliamentary tourney they magnified states- 
 manship- — while Southern women, worthy mates of 
 splendid men, reigned with queenly dignity in Southern 
 homes and dispensed that royal hospitality that has 
 been the theme of poesy and “the toast of history.” 
 
 To others more competent than I, has been assigned 
 the agreeable duty of speaking of the valor and virtues 
 of the Confederate dead. They will tell of the splendid 
 generalship of the chieftains of the South. How the 
 names of her Lees, her Johnstons, of Davis, of Stonewall 
 Jackson, of Gordon, and a host of other great captains, 
 by the blaze of battle were photographed on the frontest 
 leaf of fame. How Jeb Stuart and Forrest and Ala- 
 bama's own gallant Wheeler and Clanton, and others 
 led their “rough riders” into the very jaws of death and 
 immortality. 
 
 But they will be neglectful if in these memorable ex- 
 ercises, they forget him who carried the knapsack and 
 musket, the bright boy who bowed his head for a father’s 
 blessing, and took his shield from a loving mother’s 
 hand with the Spartan injunction, “with this when the 
 battle is won, or on it from the field ;” the young father, 
 who gently unlocking loving arms of wife and weeping 
 children, turned his back on the happy home, on the vine 
 clad hills, and took up his steady, stately march down 
 the road to duty and to death, and by his glorious cour- 
 age made a faded “grey jacket” a priceless heirloom in 
 the homes of the South. 
 
 Yea, more, the tongues of Southern men will forget 
 their cunning, when we fail to tell that the beauty of 
 roses paled, and “morning sunbeams cast shadows” in 
 
20 
 
 presence of the bloom on the cheek and the light in the 
 eye of the liomespun-clad girls of Dixie. 
 
 Some years ago I had the honor to offer some remarks 
 at the opening of the bazaar, inaugurated by the ladies 
 of the Memorial Association, to further the erection of 
 this splendid monument. For years, without remunera- 
 tion or recompense, other than the consciousness of a 
 noble duty, these noble ladies have been working for this 
 good day. 
 
 Somewhere I have read “that it is more blessed to give 
 than to receive.” That Divine utterance had a sacred 
 illustration when Woman, anointed the head of the 
 Savior, and washed his feet with her tears, and wiped 
 them with her hair. 
 
 Humanity, I speak reverently, can make no nearer ap- 
 proach to it, than woman’s sacrifice on the altar of unsel- 
 fish devotion. 
 
 The gentle footpace, the soft touch, the tender words — 
 oil in grievous wounds — and balm of consolation to 
 breaking hearts, have enshrined the names of Florence 
 Nightingale and Clara Barton in the hearts of humanity. 
 
 So, inspired by generous impulse, these noble women 
 of the Memorial Association have enshrined in granite 
 and bronze, the memory of the Confederate dead; that 
 memory will be green when granite has crumbled and 
 bronze has corroded around the apex of that splendid 
 shaft, kissed by the first rays of the rising sun, there will 
 forever linger a halo, in memory of the loving hands 
 that reared this shaft and of the unselfish devotion that 
 inspired it. They have reared a noble monument to the 
 memory of the Confederate dead, and in doing so, have 
 safely perpetuated their own glorious memory and 
 worth.” 
 
 At the conclusion of this eloquent prologue, Miss An- 
 nie Gorman, one of the sweetest singers of Montgomery, 
 and the daughter of an ex-Confederate, dressed in Con- 
 federate Grey, sang “Dixie,” accompanied by the Second 
 Regiment Band. The old song, so dear to men and maids 
 of long ago, touched many a tender memory of lads who 
 marched away and lassies sweet who waved the snowy 
 kerchief of farewell. When the applause had died away, 
 one arose who was a boy in years, and yet a man of might 
 in those mighty days, and thrilled each heart, as he re- 
 counted and reviewed the times he helped to make glori- 
 ous — Hon. T. G. Jones, the talented Ex-Governor of the 
 State of Alabama, 
 
21 
 
 ORATION". 
 
 The orator of the day was here fittingly introduced by 
 Hon. W. J. Sainford, the Chairman, and said : 
 
 “ Revered Women and Fellow Countrymen : 
 
 Deep and indefinable emotions and throngs of stern 
 and tender memories stir our hearts, and till our souls 
 and minds, as we stand upon this sacred spot, and drink 
 in the sublimity and significance of this august hour. 
 No human tongue can give lit expression to your exalted 
 thoughts. 
 
 Who today can forget that other day, when the man 
 whose only sin was we made him leader, was borne in 
 triumph, by the love of his people, from his home by 
 tlie sea to his old Capital, while the world looked on, 
 and learned that the people for whom he suffered had 
 neither forgotten nor deserted him, in the hour of adver- 
 sity. What orator or painter can depict the thrilling 
 moment when the aged prisoner of Fortress Monroe, 
 erect, unfettered, sustained by the love of his people, 
 amidst the thunder of cannon and the acclaim of the 
 multitude, laid the corner-stone of this monument, erect- 
 ed here by authority of a State, while the troops saluted 
 with rolling drums, drooped colors and presented arms, 
 and veterans and people, heads all bare, did him honor. 
 
 There was one, above all others, who did him rever- 
 ence, then. Who that saw her, at that supreme moment, 
 can shut out the vision of the winsome daughter at his 
 side? This tender shoot of his own vine, the child of his 
 exile and retirement, had not known the people’s hearts. 
 As the full meaning of the scene burst upon her, the 
 glorious face of this fair young girl, lit with filial love, 
 grew brighter and brighter, until a halo shone about her, 
 and she seemed transformed to a seraph, and we forgot 
 that we looked upon a daughter of men. Even yonder 
 dingy old building caught the inspiration, and shone 
 from dome to pit with renewed whiteness, as it reflected 
 back, in the April sun, the purity of that sweet picture 
 of noble womanhood. 
 
22 
 
 Again, there comes -before us the loved form of the 
 man of big heart and great brain, who was Alabama’s 
 Governor during the stormiest years of her existence. 
 We recall libs manly face suffused with tears, as his 
 chief lovingly placing his hands upon him, and told how 
 he had learned to lean upon him, in the sad days at 
 Richmond, “When Alabama took him from me there 
 was none to take his place.” Beside these two stood the 
 chivalrous soldier who, as Governor of this State, hon- 
 ored the people, who honored him for a long life spent 
 in their service. 
 
 They were with us on this platform then. Now ‘they 
 gaze into the face that makes glorious their own,’ amid 
 throngs of angels. God rest them; but we can not keep 
 back the cry — 
 
 “ Oh for the touch of a vanished hand. 
 
 And the sound of a voice that is still. ” 
 
 The monument is partly the gift of the State, and yet, 
 it had not risen here, to sentinel the memory of our 
 dead, but for the love and sacrifice of woman, who dared 
 all the danger and sorrow of the strife, and shared none 
 of its wild joys — woman who never murmured, save 
 when her warrior lost faith — “woman, permitted to 
 bruise the head of the serpent and sweetly infuse 
 through the sorrow and sin of earth's registered curse, 
 the blessing which mitigates all — horn to nurse, to 
 soothe, to solace, to help and to heal.” 
 
 Chiselled on the face of the monument, but more 
 deeply graven on the soul of Time, stand out “186i- 
 1865.” 
 
 We have reared it as an appeal to the ages. We have 
 placed it here as a defender of the patriotism and vir- 
 tues of more than one hundred thousand soldiers. It is 
 a tribute by a generation that is here, to a generation 
 that has gone. It would not be in keeping with its great 
 design, to put forth such a work with bated breath. 
 When we ask the world to look upon the statues we chal- 
 lenge judgment; and we cannot be silent. 
 
 Many a child has read that those whom these statues 
 represent died “in rebellion,” and sometimes — sad to 
 say — has heard it from the lips of men sprung from the 
 loins of the dead soldier, that the motives and sacrifices 
 of the men of “1861-1865,” were the mad folly of mis- 
 guided fathers, who waved hostile battle-flags against 
 the genius of liberty in the New World, and sought to 
 
23 • 
 
 over throw the great principles for which our forefathers 
 battled in the devolution. 
 
 Is this true? Did the Confederate give his land to 
 ruin and his children to slaughter because of his devo- 
 tion to the institution of African slavery? Did he cease 
 to value the principles of Union, or to take pride in the 
 great republic which his forefathers did so much to cre- 
 ate, and in after times, to cherish and defend? Were the 
 principles of the new government, set up here in anywise 
 hostile to the genius of the constitution and government, 
 which Washington set up? Did the man of 1861-1865 
 “rebel?” 
 
 THE SOUTH DID NOT REBEL. 
 
 The impartial voice of history will declare that the 
 Southern States in asserting the Constitutional right of 
 secession, did not enter upon “rebellion,” or create a 
 neAV doctrine, but followed the logic of the history of 
 the Constitution, and interpretations of that instrument 
 by some of the most illustrious of the fathers, main- 
 tained, regardless of section, at different times, by many 
 of the foremost statesmen of the Republic. 
 
 All know that the Revolution wrung from the mother 
 country the solemn recognition of the “thirteen United 
 States of America,” and “each of them,” as “free and 
 independent States.” They and “each of them” then be- 
 came possessed of absolute sovereignty. As “free and 
 independent States,” each acting for its sovereign self, 
 they formed the Confederation, and then by virtue of 
 the same sovereignty, as States, formed the Union. 
 
 We need not detail subsequent history, and the numer- 
 ous debates which have exhausted argument, except to 
 say that the public mind vibrated like a pendulum, be- 
 tween two opinions, at different eras of the republic, as 
 to the power and rights of the States. 
 
 If we may judge by the action of the people of the Uni- 
 ted States, for a considerable period after Washington’s 
 death, a majority of them believed the Constitution “a 
 compact to which the States were parties, and that, as in 
 all other cases of compact between parties having no 
 common judge, each party has an equal right to judge 
 for itself, as well of the infraction as the mode and 
 measure of redress.” 
 
 The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions which pro- 
 
24 
 
 claimed this doctrine, were written respectively by Madi- 
 son and Jefferson; and the latter, though not avowing 
 his authorship, was known to concur fully in them. 
 These resolutions were immediately denounced by some 
 of the States as “inflammatory and pernicious.” Yet, 
 Jefferson, in a bitter struggle between the opposing 
 ideas, two years afterwards, Avas elected President of the 
 llnited States, and. then re-elected in 1804; and his suc- 
 cessor was Madison, upon Avhose motion, a proposed 
 clause in the Constitution “authorizing the exertion of 
 the force of the whole against delinquent States,” Avas 
 unanimously postponed. Madison, who scouted any 
 idea of any government for the United States, “framed 
 on the supposed practicability of using force against un- 
 constitutional proceedings of a State.” 
 
 Even Hamilton had said, “to coerce a State was one 
 of the maddest projects that was ever devised. * * * 
 But can Ave believe that a State will ever suffer itself to 
 he used as an instrument of coercion? The thing is a 
 dream. It is impossible.” 
 
 Massachusetts, not South Carolina, first stood sponsor 
 for the right of Secession. Nearly half a century before 
 the Convention at Charleston, another Convention at 
 Hartford, had proclaimed Secession as a rightful and 
 desirable remedy against Federal grievances. 
 
 The impartial observer in 1861, however deep his op- 
 position to the views of Madison and Jefferson, must de- 
 clare, as did John Quincey Adams, a New England 
 President, when combating them : “Holding the con- 
 
 verse with a conviction as firm as an article of religious , 
 faith, I see too clearly to admit of denial, that minds of 
 the highest order of intellect and hearts of the purest 
 integrity of purpose, have been brought to different con- 
 cl usions.” 
 
 AVAR NOT FOUGHT OVER THE JUSTICE OR MORALITY OF 
 SLAVERY. 
 
 The sectional dissensions, Avhich finally took on the 
 shape of disputes oamt slavery, turned not at all on the 
 rightfulness or morality of the institution; but Avere of 
 a purely political significance. From the beginning, the 
 Southern colonies had been foremost in resisting the es- 
 tablishment of slavery. Maryland, North Carolina and 
 Virginia had often protested against it. Virginia, prior 
 
25 
 
 to 1751, had passed more than twenty-five acts to dis- 
 courage and prevent it. The Georgia colony at the out- 
 set, had declared opposition to the institution. Slavery 
 was established and continued in the Southern Colonies 
 against their wishes, by the avarice of the Crown. 
 
 At the time of the Revolution, the institution was up- 
 held in all the colonies; and though nearly one-sixth of 
 their population were slaves, neither slavery, nor its 
 morality even remotely entered into the principles or 
 causes which produced the separation from the mother 
 country, or the change from the articles of confedera- 
 tion to the new Union. When the Constitution was 
 formed, the only differences regarding slaves, were as to 
 the manner of their representation, and whether an im- 
 mediate stop should be put to their importation. The 
 Constitution protected the institution, and gave it its 
 sanction. 
 
 As the different sections grew in population, com- 
 merce and. industry, and their interests conflicted, each 
 struggled to control the government which affected those 
 interests. The clause in the Constitution, allowing three- 
 fifths representation for the slaves naturally caused the 
 South to seek to save the balance of power in the forma- 
 tion of new slave States, and the North, on the other 
 hand, to prevent it; just as in our times, with slavery out 
 of the way, the admission of a new State is sought or 
 opposed, mainly with reference to its effect upon party 
 or sectional ascendancy. Thus the institution, regard- 
 less of its morality or justice, after a while became the 
 plaything of fanatics, and the foot-ball of politics. 
 
 It is significant, as showing the estimate of the insti- 
 tution in the North, as a moral question, when discon- 
 nected from political ends, that for over a quarter of a 
 century after the acquisition of Louisiana, the mere dis- 
 cussion of abolition caused outbreaks against those who 
 agitated it, in New York, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire 
 and Connecticut. A Northern historian says : “The 
 
 riots, of which the foregoing were specimens, were too 
 numerous and widespread to be even glanced at sepa- 
 rately.” The same writer, himself an early abolitionist, 
 speaking of the responsibility for the existence of the 
 institution, declares : “It were absurd to claim for any 
 colony or section a moral superiority in this regard over 
 any other.” 
 
 No purpose of emancipation was announced until war , 
 
26 
 
 had long been flagrant, and then the matter was handled 
 as a mine in the heart of the Confederacy, to be exploded 
 or not, as might prove most advantageous in the conflict 
 of arms. General Hunter, early in the war, proclaimed 
 emancipation in certain States, and Lincoln, in his own 
 words, “repudiated the proclamation.” In his special 
 message in 1862, asking Congress to pass a resolution 
 that the United States ought to give pecuniary aid to 
 the States “which may adopt gradual abolishment of 
 slavery,” Lincoln urged it “as one of the most efficient 
 means of self-preservation,” upon the ground, that if by 
 means of such action, some of the border States should 
 adopt it, it would deprive the Southern States of all 
 hope of retaining them into the Confederacy. “To de- 
 prive them of this hope,” he says, “substantially ends 
 the rebellion.” 
 
 In another state paper, about the same time, he said . 
 “If I could save the Union without freeing any of the 
 slaves, I would do it. If I could save it by freeing all 
 of the slaves, 1 would do it — if I could do it by freeing 
 some, and leaving others alone, I would also do that. 
 My paramount object is, to save the LTnion, and not 
 either to save or destroy slavery.” 
 
 The first proclamation was an announcement of eman- 
 cipation to be enforced against persons, who thereafter 
 continued in arms against the United States. The avowal 
 that a return to .the Union would prevent the emancipa- 
 tion of the slave, sapped its motive of any just claim 
 to benevolence. The purpose of the proclamation was to 
 conquer, not to free. It was a trumpet blast warning 
 of sterner strife in whose shrill tones were not blown 
 the sweeter notes of philanthropy. When proclaimed, 
 it was justified as a thrust at an armed enemy, and de- 
 clared “to be warranted by the Constitution, upon mili- 
 tary necessity.” It did not include Maryland, Kentucky 
 or Missouri, and expressly excluded portions of Louisi- 
 ana and a third part of the State of Virginia. 
 
 The institution, though in the beginning the North as 
 little as the South had designed it, was shot down in the 
 angry strife between the sections, like the sturdy oak, 
 between the lines, by bullets sped at other marks, in the 
 “bloody angle” at Spottsylvania. 
 
 It is just as absurd to say that the war was fought over 
 the justice or morality of slavery, as it would be to de- 
 
27 
 
 clare that the conflict with the mother country, was a 
 dispute about tea thrown overboard in Boston harbor. 
 
 HOW THE SOUTHERNER VIEWED, SLAVERY. 
 
 The Southerner was as much concerned with the 
 moral aspects of slavery as any of his countrymen. As 
 late as 1831, Virginia, by the narrow margin of one vote, 
 failed to disestablish the institution, — a result due more 
 to assault without, than to support of the institution 
 within the ancient commonwealth. Even under the un- 
 favorable conditions existing in 1861, the number of 
 manumissions in proportion to slaves, was largely on 
 the increase in the Southern States. The ultimate fate 
 of the institution, if it had been left to the South in the 
 earlier half of the century — uninfluenced by assault 
 from without — can only be told by that Providence 
 which left the Southerner no alternative but to maintain 
 the institution against any sudden change, or else con- 
 front in his own home, the gravest problem known to 
 government and civilization. 
 
 Violent or quick disruption of the relation between 
 the races, would involve both in long misery. If the 
 freedman left the country who was to take his place? 
 If he remained, what was to be the outcome? How 
 would the civilization of the white man pulsate with 
 the intermingled aspirations and voice of the black 
 man? Lincoln thought of this, and remedy for it “in 
 room in South America for colonization?'’ The South- 
 erner knew it would be impossible to induce or force the 
 migration of millions of people, not living together in 
 tribal relations in a separate territory of their own, but 
 interwoven with the whole social and economic fabric 
 and scattered over a vast country, under the same gov- 
 ernment, with the white population. This was the mo- 
 mentous problem, involving his hearthstone, his honor, 
 and his posterity, in comparison with which slavery 
 was not to be considered, which alarmed the Southerner 
 for the future of his children and his happiness and 
 peace in the Union. The sections had grown more and 
 more to mistrusf each other. Finally a president had 
 been elected by a sectional majority in the electoral col- 
 lege, who had declared that the country “could not exist 
 half slave and half free.” Then it was, not undervalu- 
 ing Union, but despairing of hope of longer living in 
 peace and honor under the Union of his Fathers, the 
 
28 
 
 Sou herner, in obedience to the instincts of self-preserva- 
 ion and the teachings of a lofty courage, declared that 
 lie would “depart in peace” and that denied him, would 
 stake all upon his sword. That was denied him, and 
 then came the gun at Sumpter, and then the Confederate 
 soldier. 
 
 THE ODDS. 
 
 The hostile sections had a common border of a thous- 
 and miles, stretching from the Atlantic ocean to the 
 western limits of Missouri, everywhere easily crossed by 
 armies. The South had over three thousand miles of 
 sea-coast, without a ship to guard it; while the North 
 had a navy which could attack this coast at pleasure, 
 and often co-operate on rivers with invading armies in 
 grand inland operations. 
 
 The Confederate soldier was fighting for his home, 
 which gave him a decided moral advantage. He operated 
 generally in his own country, which gave him a great 
 military advantage, all the fruits of which he could not 
 reap; since he fought men of the same race, speaking 
 the same language, who often had “men to the manner 
 born” in their ranks. He also had the advantage of 
 moving bn interior lines, which was largely neutralized 
 by wretched transportation facilities, in his sparsely set- 
 tled territory, and his opponent’s command of the sea, 
 and some of our great rivers. In all things else, the Con- 
 federate was at a fearful disadvantage. 
 
 His government was new, without credit, and con- 
 fronting an old, established, power. In men, ships, and 
 all that enters into the equipment, comfort and supply 
 of armies, the odds against him were appalling. The 
 official records show that the North enlisted throughout 
 the four years of the war two million, seven hundred and 
 seventy-eight thousand men, — -while the South, accord- 
 ing to the best 'estimate, could not muster quite eight 
 hundred thousand men. Of the three million five hun- 
 dred thousand combatants engaged in .the struggle, near- 
 ly two million more fought on the one side than on the. 
 other. 
 
 Dependent wholly on agriculture, the South went with 
 naked valor to battle, relying on the devotion and genius 
 of its people to work out, with the scant mechanical ap- 
 pliances in its borders, the great problem of war. 
 
29 
 
 Our fields were white with cotton, and we had onr 
 flocks; but there were not enough factories to make 
 cloth, and the soldier was always ragged, and often 
 naked. Our granaries and Helds in the interior were full 
 of corn and wheat and provisions, and we had our cattle 
 and hogs; but there were no shops or rolling mills to re- 
 place and repair our worn engines and rails, and the di- 
 lapidated railroads could not meet the wants of com- 
 munities,— much less supply the needs of war, whereby 
 the movement of armies was blocked, and soldiers at the 
 front starved, while there was plenty in the rear. Tan- 
 ning establishments were so few, and leather so scarce, 
 that the authorities often had to choose between shoes 
 for the soldier and harness for the artillery and wagons. 
 Even when the former was preferred to the latter, it 
 was often impossible to keep the men shod. Medicines 
 and surgical instruments were early declared contra- 
 band of war, and there was no place in the South where 
 they could be made. It became difficult to obtain the 
 most common surgical instruments, and the Confederate 
 surgeon frequently fought fever and wounds, without 
 opiates, quinine or chloroform. Paper became so scarce, 
 and skilled laborers so few, that the Government could 
 not print even its paper promises fast enough to pay its 
 soldiers. Methods hitherto unknown, were availed of 
 to procure niter. Arms had to be imported or captured 
 from the enemy. Salt largely disappeared, and, toward 
 the end, sugar, coffee, and tea were almost as rare as 
 diamonds. Ind< ed, the blockade soon reduced the ar- 
 mies and people of the South almost to a state of nature, 
 as regards the necessities and comforts of a civilized con- 
 dition. 
 
 The North, on the contrary, was tilled with mines, fac- 
 tories and looms, and had a vast country untouched by 
 the track of the invader, from which to draw supplies 
 and men. A wonderful merchant marine transported 
 from across the seas, everything that the wealth and in- 
 genuity of man could devise for the equipment, comfort 
 and supply of its armies, and the luxury of its people at 
 home. 
 
 THE CONFEDERATE SOLDIER IN BATTLE. 
 
 The exaltation which came to the Confederate with 
 the first passionate rushing to arms, and the delirium 
 which followed the victory at Manassas, gave way to a 
 
30 
 
 higher consecration to duty during the fall and winter 
 months, as there came to his ears notes of the gigantic 
 preparations of the invader, sounding everywhere along 
 our borders. 
 
 An enormous flotilla and powerful army were gather- 
 ing in the West, to repossess the upper Mississippi, and 
 the Tennessee. Another army and Meet were organizing 
 for descent on the coast of North Carolina. Still an- 
 other powerful army and fleet were being collected to 
 assault New Orleans. Nearly 200,000 men, superbly 
 equipped and disciplined, lay around Washington, ready 
 to spring upon Richmond when the roads hardened, 
 while auxiliary armies threatened it from over the 
 mountains and up the valley. Other forces and fleets 
 were in readiness to move on Savannah and Charleston, 
 - — while all the energy of the powerful North reinforced 
 its armies in Missouri and Arkansas to aid in the descent 
 on Mississippi. The Confederacy was to be cut in twain, 
 and its capital and chief cities wrested from it, by a sim- 
 ultaneous concentration of numbers and blows from 
 every quarter. The giant Goliath not more despised the 
 shepherd boy David, with his sling and stone from the 
 brook, than did the North the meager forces which the 
 South could gather to oppose it. 
 
 Early in the spring, the war clouds burst. Donelson 
 was stormed, Nashville and Columbus were evacuated. 
 Sydney Johnston was driven from Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee, Island No. 10 was surrendered, Roanoke and 
 Newbern were captured. New Orleans was lost. An 
 army had started for the heart of Mississippi, Vicksburg 
 was attacked, Charleston and Savannah were threat- 
 ened. The great army of the Potomac forced its way in 
 sight of the spires of Richmond. 
 
 When the year ended, three invading armies had been 
 routed in the Valley. The splendid army which essayed 
 to capture Richmond, beaten in a week of battles before 
 that city, fled down the Peninsula, only to meet defeat 
 again, when united with another army on the Rappa- 
 hannock ; and these two armies reinforced, fought a 
 drawn battle in Maryland, and returning to Virginia 
 again, met a crowning and disastrous repulse at Freder- 
 icksburg. The victor at Donelson had nearly lost his 
 army at Shiloh. The invaders of Mississippi had been 
 compelled to withdraw, and the assailants of Vicksburg 
 
31 
 
 had been beaten off. The victorious Federals in North 
 Carolina had been withdrawn to be engulfed in the vor- 
 tex of defeat in Virginia. A triumphant Confederate 
 army marched through Tennessee and Kentucky, gath- 
 ering and retiring with the richest spoils of war, drove 
 back its assailants in Kentucky, and as the old year 
 faded into the new, delivered a stunning and bloody blow 
 at Murfreesboro. Minor operations on this extended 
 theatre had generally redounded to the glory of the Con- 
 federate arms, and New Orleans only escaped their re- 
 conquering grasp that year, because the navy which 
 held it could not be attacked by land. The world stood 
 amazed and awed at these mighty results. 
 
 Even the posterity of the Confederate soldier does not 
 realize his work to this day. It is said, “the voice of 
 the stranger is like to that of posterity,” and from the 
 stranger in strange lands came wonder and admiration. 
 The most powerful organ of public opinion in Europe 
 declared : 
 
 “The people of the Confederate States have made 
 themselves famous. If the renown of brilliant courage, 
 stern devotion to a cause, and military 'achievements 
 almost without parallel, can compensate for the toil and 
 privations of the hour, then the countrymen of Lee and 
 Jackson may be consoled amid their sufferings. From 
 all parts of Europe, from enemies as well as friends, 
 comes the tribute of admiration. When the history of 
 this war is written, the admiration will, doubtless, 
 become deeper and stronger; and disclose a picture of 
 patriotism, of self-sacrifice, of wisdom and firm adminis- 
 tration, which we can now see only indistinctly; and the 
 details of the extraordinary national effort which has 
 led to the repulse, and almost to the destruction, of an 
 invading force of more than a half a million of men, will 
 then be known to the world.” 
 
 The time allotted me, will not allow more than a 
 glance at the subsequent campaigns. Nor, will descrip- 
 tion be attempted of the brilliant service of our sailors, 
 since that has been committed to another, far fitter to 
 discharge that duty. During the awful struggle for the 
 possession of the opposing capitals during the next two 
 years, the Confederates’ cup of glory ran full. In one 
 of these years he fought a tremendous battle in the heart 
 of the North for Washington, and did not allow his pow 
 
32 
 
 erf ul enemy to come within five clays’ march of Rich- 
 mond, and in the other year lit his bivouac fires in sight 
 of Washington, while he defended his capital and an- 
 other city twenty miles away, in ten months of bloody 
 and successful battle, until the fateful Sunday when the 
 thin line, worn by attrition and starvation, was broken 
 through at last. 
 
 He answered defeat at Vicksburg and Gettysburg with 
 victory at Chickamauga, and pushing back the victor of 
 Gettysburg to Centreville, and defying him at Mine 
 Run; and strove with ill fated and shining valor to re- 
 gain at Franklin what had been lost at Atlanta. In the 
 long struggle from Dalton to Atlanta, he illustrated the 
 stubborn valor of his race. Ragged, starved, outnum- 
 bered, barefooted, without money, in freezing storms, 
 without hope save in the miracles of his valor and the 
 skill of his leaders, he concentrated, after the crushing- 
 disaster at Nashville, what he could of scant numbers, 
 and won victory at Kingston, and Bentonville, in the 
 vain hope to save North Carolina, and repel the army 
 which had struck at the life of Richmond from its rear. 
 Here he struggled to the last at Blakely and Mobile, 
 and vainly gave his blood at Selma. 
 
 ( )ne of Lee’s last dispatches to Richmond gives the sad 
 picture of the suffering of the troops everywhere: 
 
 “Yesterday, the most inclement day of the winter, the 
 troops had to be maintained in line of battle; having- 
 been in the same condition two previous days and nights. 
 I regret to be compelled to state that, nnder these cir- 
 cumstances, heightened by the assaults and fire of the 
 enemy, some of the men have been without meat for 
 three days, and all are suffering from reduced rations, 
 scant clothing, exposed to battle, cold, hail and sleet. 
 
 * * Their physical strength, if their courage survives, 
 must fail under the treatment. Taking these facts, in 
 connection with the paucity of numbers, you must not 
 be surprised if calamity befalls us.” 
 
 The land was filled with graves and mourners, the 
 wounded and sick and despairing. It was harried by 
 armies so that industry was vain, and women and chil- 
 dren cried for bread. The sun seemed darkened, and the 
 air was filled with wails. Yet there still rose above dis- 
 aster, clear-cut and strong, the heroic figure of the Con- 
 federate soldier, — serene, subordinate, unselfish, uncom- 
 
33 
 
 plaining, — battling with odds, assailed by the fears and 
 wants of those at home, — trusting in God, defying fate, 
 and giving all for duty, until the fabric of the Confeder- 
 acy, which he so long upheld on his bayonets, “fell with 
 a crash which resounded throughout the civilized 
 world.” 
 
 THE RETURN HOME. 
 
 Many a time, in dreams, had this soldier marched 
 back home. 
 
 One day, in the long ago, he stood on the outpost be- 
 yond the Rapidan. In front, as far as eye could reach, 
 were hostile pickets; and camp fire smoke, banked up in 
 clouds against the sky, told where, like a panther ready 
 to spring, lay, hidden in the forest, a mighty array in 
 blue. Behind him extended a plain back to the river, 
 all tasselled with corn, and streaked with brooks that 
 sped to the river. Beyond the river, grandly rose long 
 fringes of hills, which sloped to the stream, and broke 
 away behind in the woods. There was smoke of camp 
 fires, there; and across the green slopes red clay in- 
 trenchments frowned along the fords. Far beyond, to 
 the South, lay home, and his eyes turned there. 
 
 What is this he sees? Artillery withdrawn from the 
 fords? Going in battery on the hills? What harm can 
 it do the enemy there? Soon flash out puffs of smoke, 
 followed by the boom of gun after gun. Then he hears, 
 breaking in on the rear, the strains of Dixie, and both 
 drowned by veils fiercer than of men in fight. Then, 
 challenging the gladness of the guns and cheers, as their 
 echoes die away, rings out the martial burst of the “Mar- 
 sel laise.” Then the roar of human voices hushes; and 
 over the distance steals on his ear the sounds of “Annie 
 Laurie,” and then all the bands, with golden tongue, 
 pour out “Home, Sweet Home.” 
 
 When he lifts his wet eyes again, all is bustle and stir. 
 The wagon trains are packing and moving. Battalion 
 after battalion in grey, with shining steel and blood red 
 flags, breaks from the battle line, and disappears over 
 the hills. Every head of column is turned Southward. 
 The hosts in blue are folding their tents, and marching 
 • beyond the Blue Ridge. 
 
 All the beauty and worth of Virginia await the army 
 at Richmond. Now, the Cabinet and Congress are stand- 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 ing at the foot of Washington's monument, but the Presi- 
 dent sits his horse under the spires of St. Paul. The 
 fences around the capitol have been removed. Thous- 
 ands of lovely women crowd the grounds. The signal 
 for the great review is the firing of the heavy guns on the 
 Janies ; and while the streets yet tremble the band strikes 
 up as the column, with Lee at its head, comes in sight, 
 and when tfye sword of Lee salutes the President, the 
 majestic voice of thousands of freemen, grander than 
 the roar of ocean in storm, sends up one long, unbroken, 
 triumphant hallelujah to the skies. Even the bronze 
 figure looking down from the top of the monument, 
 seems, for the moment, to take on the spirit of the im- 
 mortal Washington. Pale and careworn, but erect, ma- 
 jestic and triumphant, the President, with Lee by his 
 side, sits his horse, and for hours watches that proud ar- 
 ray of “tattered jackets and bright muskets” and the red 
 flutter of battle smoked flags. The sun sets. The moon 
 rises, gilding anew the. statues on the monument, and 
 flooding through the trees, in golden lights, lends its own 
 beauty and softness to the mothers and maidens who 
 linger until the last battalion passes out of sound and 
 sight. 
 
 “Oh! these were hours when thrilling joy repaid 
 A long, long course of darkness, doubts and fears — 
 
 The heartsick faintness of the hope delayed, 
 
 The waste, the woe, the bloodshed, and tears, 
 
 That tracked with terror the rolling years. ” 
 
 Next morning the troops start South. The panting 
 locomotive crosses the Chattahoochee, and the Alabama 
 soldier stands again on Alabama soil. Floods and raids 
 have broken the railroads beyond, and the troops must 
 march overland for home. 
 
 The morning bugle call to arms is sweeter now than 
 the fox horn's notes, and familiar scenes bring back the 
 sweet days of “An Id Lang Syne.” The soldier is near- 
 ing home. His company ends its last march in the woods 
 by the school house — almost in sight of the house where 
 he was born. He spreads his blanket near the spring, 
 where he had often played with the boys who would not 
 look on home tomorrow. He can not sleep, but watches 
 the stars go down, and waits the rosy morn which will , 
 hail with its crystal light the blue hill in the distance, 
 and the road winding up its slope to the trees that rustle 
 
above bis chimney. Early lie is on the march. Now, he 
 hears the peals of the village bells, “sweeter than silver 
 chimes by moonlight.” Way off he sees the villagers 
 not[x a ‘9ixi(i„ ippAi mei[| s^oojS pnuq aipp -^no Smrtioo 
 faint, then nearer and clearer, wild like the storm, conies 
 back the grander music of long, unbroken, triumphant 
 cheers, drowning bugle and drum. He is in the village 
 now, marching past his own door. He sees the baby held 
 up high in the sister’s arms, hears the shout of the old 
 man and boy, and drinks in, at the window, the sweet 
 old face of mother, and the shy fond look of one dearer 
 than sister, watching at the gate. The glad breeze lifts 
 above the ranks the torn flag these women gave him, and 
 twines it with the shining bayonets. He marches under 
 the Arch and through lanes of maidens strewing flow- 
 ers, and then the company halts, and stacks arms in the 
 grove, near the church, where they heard the sermon the 
 day they left for the war. Now from the same church 
 walls, the “Te Deum,” and songs of praise to the Lord 
 God of Hosts, to whom all glories are;” swell upward 
 and thrill the conscious air. Then he goes home, and in 
 sweet communion with those around his fireside, thanks 
 God, with overflowing heart, for peace. 
 
 Alas, it is all the phantom of a dream. He has stacked 
 arms, but not before the village church. He has been 
 sleeping the night after Appomattox. 
 
 On his homeward journey, he hears his leader is 
 chained in a dungeon, and the terms of peace, proclaimed 
 by a Southern-born President, in prosecutions for “trea- 
 son,” disfranchisement, and confiscation. Then came the 
 temptation to war, forever, in the hedges, by-ways and 
 swamps, “until death should better him.” There came 
 the calm voice of Lee, — “The South requires her sons 
 more now than at any period in her history. I have no 
 thought of abandoning her, unless compelled to do so.” 
 
 * The weary soldier put aside his thought of vengeance 
 and trudged on home. He found the slave his political 
 master, his home in ruins and his fields in weeds and 
 waste. There was not seed enough to plant a crop, nor 
 work animals enough for the. plough. He saw famine 
 kill what war had spared, and strangers sit in judgment 
 seats, while bayonets made law. He was met and cheered 
 bv woman, and opposing courage and fortitude to op- 
 pression and folly, he despised despair, and taught the 
 world “how sublime it is to suffer and grow strong.” 
 
38 
 
 PICTURE OF THIS SOLDIER. 
 
 Would that I could draw a picture of this soldier, “as 
 lie lived and moved and had his being.” Of the special 
 traits of the infantry, the artillery and the cavalry, and 
 the sailor, I may not speak, since more eloquent lips 
 which you are yet to hear will tell you of them. I can 
 only speak of the characteristics which distinguished 
 them all. 
 
 Home was his ideal, and wife, mother and sister were 
 his “holy of holies.” They planted, deep in his bosom, 
 the instinct that manhood required he should yield to 
 other women, the respect and deference he demanded for 
 those about his hearthstone. He loved his community; 
 for the hospitality of his roof, took in his community, 
 and good offices of neighbors made them a part of every 
 home. 
 
 He was taught respect for authority. The institutions 
 and social customs among which he was reared brought 
 him into association with those he acknowledged as his 
 ‘betters,’ and those who acknowledged him to be their 
 superior. He was thus trained both to obey and com- 
 mand. He came upon the stage at a time of acute politi- 
 cal discussion, when not every man esteemed himself a 
 statesman, and followed almost blindly, as his father 
 did before him, some great leader who appeared to him 
 the most fit exponent of his thoughts; and this habit of 
 peace followed him in war. 
 
 When he entered the army, his company was the repre- 
 sentative of the community, and he of his home. They 
 were with him everywhere- — on the march, bivouac, and 
 battle line. His home and community watched his do- 
 ings and shared his trials. He would as soon have 
 brought disgrace on his own home, or the little village 
 where he expected to return, as to sully his own name, 
 or that of the organization to which he belonged, by 
 rapine, insubordination or any other kind of unsoldierly 
 conduct. He hardly needed Lee’s noble order to restrain 
 him in Pennsylvania. He could not disgrace his home 
 by pillage of another’s home, or degrade his Avife and 
 mother by insulting the wives and mothers of other men. 
 His chivalry taught him to protect the defenseless. Gor- 
 don expressed this feeling when he said to the frightened 
 women of the invaded town of York, who feared insult if 
 his ragged troops were permitted to disperse through the 
 
37 
 
 town: “Have no fear; yon are as safe as if your own 
 
 people were here. My men would not let the man who 
 harmed a woman live to see the sun go down.” 
 
 It is not strange that this soldier who had such home 
 influences, and received letters by every mail telling 
 him of their prayers for him, should think of prayer for 
 himself and his cause. It is a sustaining thought in the 
 hour of battle, that there is an invisible hand which may 
 be invoked to save and to shield. Whether secretly or 
 openly, the soldier who had gone unscathed in many 
 battles, began to pray for himself, and became resigned 
 to the will of a Higher Power. He began to consider 
 himself a mere instrument in the hands of Providence, 
 and by the very exaltation of his faith and consecration 
 to duty, became possessed of a strange moral and physi- 
 cal strength. He had an abiding faith, amounting al- 
 most to fanaticism, that the God of battles would, in the 
 end, send his cause safe deliverance. 
 
 He was always without money; yet was never known 
 to beg for money. His month's pay during the last half 
 of the struggle, would hardly buy a dinner, and towards 
 the last, his government was unable to pay at all. Many 
 of his Revolutionary fathers, under less galling circum- 
 stances, threatened to leave Washington before Trenton, 
 and could be persuaded to strike the blow there, only 
 upon compliance with their demand, for “a bounty of ten 
 dollars, provided it should be paid in hard money,” for 
 already, says the historian, “distrust of the continental 
 currency was beginning to cause its depreciation.” 
 These same Revolutionary soldiers, even after peace, 
 threatened calamities to the Republic on account of ar- 
 rears of pay, which only the wisdom and firmness of 
 Washington could avert. This Confederate had seen 
 value quickly depart from the Confederate note in which 
 he was paid, until it became practically worthless to- 
 wards the end; yet he never remonstrated with his gov- 
 ernment; and no thought entered his brain to stay the 
 arm of Lee or Johnston, until he could have a balance 
 struck and settled. 
 
 There was an intense spirit of comradeship in this 
 man. There quickly grew up an instinctive order of 
 knighthood among such men, in the face of danger, 
 which broke down all these differences of rank and 
 worldly condition, which elsewhere so often prevent the 
 
38 
 
 oneness of armies. If an officer was brave, impartial, 
 and cared for his men, this soldier would follow him 
 anywhere, and never complain of the strictness of his 
 discipline. He was a fine judge of men. He elected his 
 own officers, and i-f mistaken in them, soon found means 
 to Aveed out the inefficient. He did better in his day by 
 the election of officers, than in this day when they are 
 appointed. Gordon and Rodes are examples of the men 
 whom lie selected to lead. 
 
 He Avas a cleanly man, despite his rags. Most of them 
 had sooner parted Avitli a pair of shoes, than a good tooth 
 brush. Who lias forgotten the queer sight of the tooth 
 brush sticking from the buttondioles of his jacket; or 
 how, when the blockade exhausted the supply of these, 
 he became an expert in making brushes from dogberry or 
 sassafras? On the march he had no knapsack. If he 
 had change of clothing, he put it within his blanket, 
 roiled it up, tied it at the ends, put the loop over his 
 head and shoulders. A canteen, and sometimes a frying 
 pan and a jack knife, were all he carried, besides his 
 arms and belt. His pantaloons Avere tied at the bottom, 
 and thrust inside his shoe. His Avoolen hat Avas often 
 his only tent. He was as cheerful as the Indian at the 
 “Feast of Green Corn,” Avhen his only rations were roast- 
 ing ears. There Avas philosophy, as A\ r ell as humor, in 
 the remark of the soldier whom his officer rebuked for 
 breaking rank, and going after persimmons, that “he 
 needed them to pucker up his mouth, so as to fit his 
 rations.” 
 
 He Was full of humor, jokes and jests. Woe be to the 
 unhappy able-bodied civilian who passed his line — he 
 ran the gauntlet of a fire of gibes more galling than a 
 nest of hornets. 
 
 He Avas always respectful to women, the minister and 
 the aged, and would march barefooted in the mud to give 
 the road to a Avoman and child in a buggy, A\ T liile he 
 Avould back an able-bodied man into the fence corner, 
 to get him out of the way. 
 
 He was modest withal, and seldom wrote to the papers 
 of his achievements. When he felt injustice had been 
 done his command, he was apt to believe time would 
 right him, and to say as Jackson did, AAdien his part at 
 Manassas was misrepresented — “My brigade is not a 
 brigade of neAvspaper correspondents.” 
 
39 
 
 There was something pathetic in his devotion to his 
 battle-flag. There were seldom covers for them, and in 
 camp the color bearer sometimes rolled them up for a 
 pillow — but in the battle, it was as the Gross to the Cru- 
 sader, and he would follow wherever any would carry it. 
 
 He was not always up on salutes, and the finer points 
 of tactics or guard duty ; but in the essentials of march- 
 ing, fighting and taking care of himself, he had no su- 
 perior. He knew how to show respect for the officer he 
 loved, and often he would not go forward until his leader 
 went back, in time of danger. His battalion drill may 
 have been somewhat ragged; but his alignment in the 
 charge was magnificent, his fire by file unequalled, and 
 his “rebel yell” the grandest music on earth. 
 
 Who that looked on him can ever forget his bright 
 face, his tattered jacket, and battered hat, his jests, 
 which tickled the very ribs of death — his weary marches 
 in heat and cold and storm? — his pangs of hunger, his 
 parching fever, and agony of wounds — his passing away 
 in hospital or prison, when the weak body freed the 
 dauntless soul — his bare feet tracking the rugged fields 
 of Virginia, and Georgia and Tennessee, with stains like 
 those which reddened the snow at Valley Forge — his 
 soul clutching his colors, while suffering and unpro- 
 tected wife and child cried for him at home — his faith 
 and hope and patience to the end — his love of home, de- 
 ference to woman and trust in God — his courage which 
 sounded all the depths and shoals of misfortune, and 
 for a time throttled fate — the ringing veil of his onset, 
 his battle anthem for uative land rising Heavenward 
 above the roar of five hundred stormy fields? 
 
 his antagonist. 
 
 While we speak of the Confederate soldier, there rises 
 before us the image of his antagonist, whom none that 
 fought him would ever depreciate. He too came at the 
 call of his State, the earthly tribunal before which it was 
 our faith all men should bow. 
 
 He believed, and had been reared to believe, that the 
 future of the Republic demanded but one flag between 
 the seas. Not Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg nor Cle 
 burne’s at Franklin, outshine in vain but glorious valor, 
 the lustre of his assault at Mayres Heights, and his mad 
 charges at Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor. He had 
 
40 
 
 grander courage yet — he did not mock uSi at Appommat- 
 tax. Had these men the power to control the peace, the 
 Southern soldier had been spared the hardest trials that 
 came to him with, the end of armed hostilities. 
 
 WE ARE CONTENT IN THE HOME OF OUR FATHERS. 
 
 The Past asks what of the Future? We can answer 
 — as fearlessly as the dead answered the call on them — 
 we are content in the home of our fathers. Neither 
 fealty to the dead, fidelity to principle, nor any law of 
 honor or interest, impels us to a different answer. It is 
 important, however, to inquire why this is so. 
 
 It is a narrow and dishonoring view, that this content 
 conies from defeat and the parole at Appomattox. A new 
 generation has arisen since then. Paroles bind the gen- 
 eration which gives them ; but neither future genera- 
 tions nor great principles can be paroled. There must be 
 surer and better foundation for this content, now, of 
 millions in a government, from which, a third of a cen- 
 tury ago, they made so many sacrifices to separate, than 
 the memory of parchment which recalls a disaster in 
 arms. 
 
 We are Americans, proud of our country and its flag, 
 because Alabama is lord of her own and vassal to none, 
 and our highest hopes of happiness are bound up in the 
 rule of one government of co-equal States, under the 
 Constitution, for the North American continent. 
 
 Why should it not be so? 
 
 When the Confederate furled his Hag, no strange flag 
 vexed him. The new banner that rose over his home was 
 the old flag of his forefathers. Every battlefield and 
 glory it recalls is bright with the valor and achievements 
 of his ancestors. When we left, we did not claim the 
 flag, and as it comes back to us, now, it stands for no 
 thought at war with our interest, our liberties or our 
 honor, but lifts its folds proudly in the skies of every 
 land, as our protector and defender. Why may we not 
 love it now as the symbol of a re-united land? 
 
 If then not the flag, is it the feeling between those who 
 dwell under the flag, that should keep our hearts apart? 
 Never was there better understanding and more good 
 will between the sections. 
 
 Industry and economic conditions have so changed 
 that Federal legislation rarely presents a sectional as- 
 
41 
 
 pect. Hostility and discord between the sections are 
 weaker than ever before, since the sections are juster to 
 each other than ever before. We have our share of the 
 glories of the Republic. We have thrilled at the thought 
 of a loved Montgomerian, standing under the broad pen- 
 nant of the Secretary of the Navy, in an American flag 
 ship, as it ploughed through the waters of the Chesa- 
 peake and be received the salutes of the navies of the 
 earth. Alabama gave to the country the cavalry leader 
 of the west to win glory at Santiago, at the bead of a 
 division of regulars. We have rejoiced at the fame of the 
 Greensboro youth, Alabama’s Pelham of the seas, who 
 rivaling and recalling the daring of that Alabamian who 
 sank himself and the Housatonic in Charleston Harbor, 
 sank the Merrimac in Santiago harbor, and then rose 
 in sight of the world. We have watched regiments of 
 our own sons, and wafted prayers with them, as they 
 marched off under the Stars and Stripes. 
 
 If slavery was the cause of the war, it has perished in 
 the march of events. Who would bring it back, or war 
 about it now? Its doom was inevitable, as it had served 
 its day in the purposes of the great Creator. That it was 
 fast becoming a very body of death to our advancement 
 and prosperity is not now denied. It made a wide and 
 ever widening gulf between the man who owned and the 
 man who did not own slaves. It promoted false ideas 
 of the dignity and worth of labor by the white man, and 
 the economic policies which it created, impoverished us, 
 and shut us out from the world. It is far better for us, 
 at least, that it is dead. 
 
 It is simple truth, that the institution as it existed in 
 1861 was mildness itself compared with its history else- 
 where. It was not the slavery of men of our own race, 
 which in substance though not in name, often haunts 
 civilization elsewhere. The ancestor of the slave did not 
 lose liberty when brought to his master here. The do- 
 minion was not based more on force than the ignorance 
 and need for protection of the slave. It is an imperish- 
 able tribute to its kindness that throughout a terrible 
 civil war, in which hostile armies traversed a country 
 filled with slaves, they never once rose anywhere in in- 
 surrection against their masters. Whether those who 
 by force of circumstances maintained it, were not as 
 noble as those who, by force of circumstances opposed it, 
 
42 
 
 we may well leave to the calm judgment of posterity, 
 and to the Providence which placed the institution in 
 our midst, with the names of Washington and Jefferson, 
 Madison and Monroe, Marshall and Calhoun, Clay and 
 Crittenden, Davis and Lee, Maury and Manty, and 
 Stonewall Jackson and Stephen Elliott. 
 
 But what of the great principles for which we fought? 
 Have we abandoned them? The great substantial ani- 
 mating principle for which the South struggled was the 
 right of a State to control its own domestic affairs — the 
 right to order its own altars and firesides without out- 
 side interference — the right of local sovereignty for 
 which brave people struggle everywhere, and without 
 which there is no peace. Secession itself was a mere 
 incident in the application of this principle. So great 
 was the attachment to the principles of union, v and so 
 little was the right of secession cherished in itself that 
 its assertion was wrung from the South only by the con- 
 viction of some States, that they could no longer live in 
 the Union in peace and honor, and by the dread alterna- 
 tive presented others, by the call from Washington for 
 troops, to draw the sword for or against their own flesh 
 and blood. 
 
 If the defeated Confederate soldier did not immedi- 
 ately vindicate the right of a State to order its own do- 
 mestic affairs, even at the expense of Union; neither did 
 the victorious Northern soldier vindicate any principle 
 of Union without regard to the just rights of the States. 
 I speak not now of that mere physical Union like the 
 chain which bands Ireland and England, but of that liv- 
 ing, breathing, soul of liberty, which binds co-equal 
 States in unison of happiness, around the common altar 
 of the Constitution. 
 
 The Union of the fathers, like the rights of the States, 
 was dead for twelve long years after the war. Neither 
 came back until the heart of the North, better under- 
 standing itself and the South, abandoned the dream of 
 force, and President Hayes — to whom I am glad to pay 
 this tribute — speaking in the name of Union — declared 
 that the bayonet could not rule, and “the flag should float 
 over States, not Provinces.” With that Union came 
 back, inevitably, as night follows day, recognition of the 
 great principle that the safety and happiness of the 
 American people and the future of Constitutional lib- 
 
43 
 
 erty, depend not more on Union, than on equality of the 
 States, and the right to work out their own destiny 
 around their own firesides ; and that one is not complete 
 without the other. This principle which underlies all 
 real liberty and happiness, stands today, thank God, up- 
 right and unchallenged in the hearts of the American 
 people. Of a truth then we may declare that “the grand 
 army of martyrs which is still marching onward beyond 
 the stars,” which fought at last not for secession or slav- 
 ery, but for the right of a State to govern itself in all 
 that pertains solely to itself, have not died in vain. 
 
 ALABAMA SHOULD WRITE HISTORY. 
 
 - “Honor thy father and thy mother that thy days may 
 be long in the land which the Lord thv God givetli thee” 
 — was written not alone of those whose name and blood 
 we inherit, but as well of generations which have borne 
 the heat and burden of days that are behind us. A 
 people may neglect the command and forfeit the promise 
 as well as the child. Those were brave words of the 
 statesman who said, “society has a soul as well as a 
 body. The traditions of a nation are a part of its exist- 
 ence, — its valor and discipline, its religious faith, its 
 venerable laws, its science and erudition, — its poetry, its 
 art, its wise laws and its scholarship, are as much the 
 blood of its life, as its agriculture, its commerce and its 
 engineering skill.” Bursting granaries, wide orchards 
 and fields, rushing locomotives, the whirr of spindles, 
 the smoke of furnaces and the white sails of commerce, 
 alone, can not make a people great. Without manhood 
 and virtue, love of God and native land, no people can 
 become really great or long remain free. These virtues 
 wither and die, in the land where the child forgets the 
 father, and is unmindful of the heritage of his noble ex- 
 ample and sacrifices. We serve humanity and country, 
 when we remind the children of the Confederate soldier, 
 of his life and achievements. 
 
 Our duty is not ended with the building of this monu- 
 ment, Where may Alabamian find a roll of the men who 
 made history and yet left no name on its pages? Where 
 can he find the names of the great throng who died, with 
 no rank to attract the eyes of the country, and went 
 down to death, uncheered save by the firm beating of 
 their own dauntless hearts. Can he find their names 
 among the archives of the State for which they gave their 
 
44 
 
 lives? They are not there. In historic publications of 
 her heroic sons? — She has written none. Will he find 
 them on the graves of the dead? Some have no head- 
 stones, and many are marked “unknown.” There is but 
 one sacred spot on earth, where these names are kept. 
 Look in the hearts of our noble women, and there you 
 will find them all. But, the gentle lips which said the 
 prayers he could not say, and the white hands which 
 shunned ho toil for him, and the pure souls that rose 
 above him with a courage grander than his own, are fast 
 passing away. Almost alone, for thirty-three years, she 
 has guarded the memory of the dead. Her lips have ut- 
 tered no complaint. Yet one reads in her wistful eyes 
 the thought that the comrades of the dead have not kept 
 full faith with him, when the State for which he died, 
 ruled by his comrades and their children, has not even 
 traced the names of the dead in the chronicles of her 
 history, and leaves her the bodies of her dead sons, who 
 perished in prison, far-off by the lakes, indebted to the 
 chance kindness of the stranger for the handful of earth 
 and the enclosure, that saves them from the beasts of the 
 fields and the birds of the air. Poverty and despair long- 
 pleaded to excuse us, but that excuse is not good now. 
 Let the voice of the people “throng in and become par- 
 takers of the councils of state,” until the peoples’ repre- 
 sentatives take away this reproach. It can not be, as 
 some have urged, that the State which could send over 
 one hundred thousand men to battle and death, may not, 
 under the Constitution for which they fought, rightly ex- 
 pend money for the roll of their names or history of their 
 achievements. It can not be that the State can offer a 
 money reward to a civil officer for catching a malefactor, 
 and can not give a sword as reward to a soldier for lion 
 oring her people in battle. This State were weak, indeed, 
 if so poor in power and right. Long ago the law was de- 
 clared in Alabama that the “whole unbounded power” of 
 man over man, in matters temporal, resides in the gov- 
 ernment of the State, save as expressly or by necessary 
 implication denied by the State and Federal Constitu- 
 tions. There is no want of power. 
 
 THE PASSING OF THE CONFEDERACY. 
 
 That is the masterpiece — the touching Idyl of the 
 “Passing of Arthur.” The king, beaten in his last battle, 
 and drawing near to death, commanded his knight to 
 
45 
 
 take the blade, “which would be known wherever he was 
 sung in after time,” and throw it in the lake. But the 
 knight believing the king's fame would be hid from the 
 world in after times, if “so precious thing should be lost 
 from earth forever,” feigned obedience, and hid the 
 sword among the water-flags. Then came from the king's 
 pale lips, the despairing cry : “Woe is me, authority for- 
 gets a dying king, laid widowed of his power.” Shamed 
 to obedience, the knight threw the blade in the lake, and 
 Arthur, when told of the arm that rose up from the 
 mists and caught it, sure it would never again be seen 
 by mortal eyes, “passed to be king of the dead.” 
 
 Our Arthur passed to the “island — valley of Avilion,” 
 with no cry on his lips or thought in his heart that “au- 
 thority forgets a king, laid widowed of his power;” for 
 here the love of a people touched away the scar of the 
 fetters, and crowned him king again. As the monument 
 whose foundation he laid, crowned in its finished glory 
 with the statues, is about to be committed to the State 
 and Time, we are looking upon the passing of the Con- 
 federacy. No “arm clothed in white samite, mystic and 
 wonderful,” rises out of earth to bear away our treasures 
 from the sight of men, — but here where the Confederacy 
 was born, and in the presence of God and this multitude, 
 we reverently dedicate to the glory of a common coun- 
 try, and unfold for the benefaction of mankind, the 
 priceless treasure of the life and character of the Con- 
 federate soldier.” 
 
 Deafening applause and booming cannon punctuated 
 this brilliant peroration, worthy of Tennyson himself, 
 following which came the scholarly address, too easy to 
 be called an effort, of the gifted General Jno. W. A. San- 
 ford, in English chaste and strong, in language that 
 flowed purely as flow our mountain streams as they mur- 
 mur a beautiful requiem to the lonely picket who 
 dropped where the laurels bloom by the wild sweet brier. 
 
 Gen. John W. A. Sanford had been invited to deliver 
 the oration preliminary to the unveiling of the statue 
 dedicated to the Confederate Infantry. Upon being in- 
 troduced by the Chairman, Gen. Sanford said : 
 
 “Mr. President , Ladies of the Memorial Association , 
 Comrades , Ladies and Fellow Countrymen : 
 
 I congratulate the State of Alabama and I do especi- 
 ally congratulate the Ladies' Memorial Association upon 
 
46 
 
 the early completion of this magnificent monument to 
 perpetuate the memory of the Confederate soldiers and 
 seamen of this grand commonwealth. It forever com- 
 memorates a cordial appreciation of the superb qualities 
 manifested by the Confederate warriors and people, 
 during the war between the States. 
 
 Its corner-stone was laid by the immortal Jefferson 
 Davis and is a suitable memorial of the dead Confeder- 
 acy-. It marks the close of an eventful era not only in 
 the career of the United States, but also, in the history 
 of the world. It defines the limit of a civilization pe- 
 ns liarly Southern and which is the crowning glory of the 
 Christian centuries. 
 
 The people who created it were characterized by many 
 brilliant gifts and laudable qualities. They were distin- 
 guished by pride of race; by a sense of honor that noth- 
 ing could make them forget; by a conviction that cour- 
 age was absolutely essential to all true manliness, and 
 that integrity was a fundamental law of society; by a 
 love of liberty and a spirit of independence that no op- 
 pression or injustice could destroy, and by a generous 
 unstinted and almost indiscriminate hospitality. They 
 cherished an ardent devotion to the rights of the State 
 and an unfaltering allegiance to its authority. They 
 had a chivalrous courtesy, and an extraordinary defer- 
 ence and delicacy in their intercourse with the women 
 of their country, who elicited the admiration of the 
 world by their intelligence and modesty and purity and 
 refinement and manifold fascinations, as well as by their 
 capability of sacrifice and endurance of privation, when 
 their country demanded forgetfulness of self, and forti- 
 tude. Unfortunately, some of the splendid traits origin- 
 ating with and inseparable from the condition of the 
 people and their system of industry, have gone, like the 
 clouds Rachel watched by Laban’s well, never more to be 
 seen by men. 
 
 This statue erected in honor of the Confederate In- 
 fantry, like the entire structure, is not only petrified his- 
 tory, but it is an educational institution consecrated to 
 heroism. It inculcates love of the State, and shows in 
 what estimation they are held, who encounter hardships 
 and dangers for the liberty and power and glory of their 
 country. It will stimulate youths to admire and to culti- 
 vate ennobling attributes, and to emulate, if they may 
 
47 
 
 not surpass the famous deeds and applauded virtues of 
 their ancestors. None understood so well as they, the 
 nature and limitations of our governments, both .State 
 and Federal. They cheerfully yielded to the Union, all 
 of its constitutional rights and powers, and were in- 
 tensely jealous of any encroachment by the general gov- 
 ernment upon the rights of the States, or the liberty of 
 the citizens. 
 
 Southern Statesmanship first proposed the union of 
 the States, and Southern statesmanship dissolved the 
 union of the States. It had been formed to promote 
 peace, tranquility, friendly intercourse and the general 
 welfare of all the states, — and when it failed to accom- 
 plish these objects, the reason for its existence ceased. 
 When Theramenes was reproached for the destruction 
 of the walls of Athens, he replied: “Themistoeles built 
 the walls to secure the rights and liberty of the people, 
 and I pull them down to preserve their rights and lib- 
 erty.'’ So, the Union was formed to advance the general 
 welfare of all the States, and when it failed to achieve 
 this purpose, the Southern States seceded from the 
 Union, to protect their rights and to save the liberty of 
 their people. 
 
 The Federal Constitution, denounced by fanatics as 
 “a covenant with death and a league with Hell,” had 
 long been an insuperable obstacle to the revolutionary 
 schemes of what was the dominant party in 18 ( 10 , then 
 delirious with success and maddened by sectional hatred, 
 but that instrument had also been the means of safety 
 and power to the Southern people. It had originated with 
 Southern statesmen. It had elicited the admiration of 
 the civilized world. Under its provisions the Republic 
 had become powerful. Beneath its influence the South- 
 ern States had flourished. Their benign institutions had 
 developed an uncommon manhood which was greatly dis- 
 tinguished in war by its generalship, and in peace by its 
 control of public affairs. It had been so beneficial to the 
 entire country, that the Southerners especially desired 
 to protect its principles from violation. But when Lin- 
 coln was elected President by a sectional party, Avhose 
 popularity was in proportion to its animosity to them, 
 they apprehended that they would be unable to do so ef- 
 fectually in the Union. They preferred the Constitu- 
 tion without the Union, to the Union without the Con- 
 stitution. They knew that the Union, unrestrained by 
 
48 
 
 the organic law, would be a despotism of intolerable op- 
 pression. They knew also that the principles of the Con- 
 stitution wherever they obtained, and were obeyed, se- 
 cured the rights and freedom of states and of men. 
 Therefore, to preserve them, they dissolved the connec- 
 tion of the Southern States with the Northern States. 
 
 Secession was conservative of the Constitution and 
 was a pacific policy. But war ensued between twenty- 
 three States and territories remaining in the Union, and 
 containing 22,733,223 inhabitants and eleven States that 
 seceded from the Union, and having 8,710,098 people, of 
 whom 3,520,S40 were slaves; between 2,859,132 Federal 
 soldiers, of whom 186,017 were negroes (without whom, 
 says Stanton, “the life of the nation could not have been 
 saved,”) and about 700,000 Confederate soldiers; be- 
 tween commerce and manufactures and mining and fish- 
 eries on one side, and agriculture alone on the other; be- 
 tween the Union with its lust of power and greed of 
 avarice and the Constitution with its beneficient prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 Lieutenant General D. H. Hill states on the authority 
 of a German author that there were 187,000 Germans 
 in the Federal army. “It is presumed that the Irish were 
 as numerous, for they led every advance and covered 
 every retreat.” There were in the Federal army also, 
 Russians, Austrians, Hungarians, Slavs, Maygars, Teu- 
 tons, Scandinavians, Englishmen, Scotchmen, French- 
 men, Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Canadians, 
 Welshmen, inhabitants of the far-off islands of the sea, 
 and some natives of the Northern States. 
 
 The unequal contest endured for four 3 r ears, and dur- 
 ing that time, averted from us the evils and calamities 
 that were inflicted on Missouri, Kentucky and Mary- 
 land, that were loyal members of the Union. Those 
 States suffered the impoverishment and degradation 
 and all the ills of reconstruction during the war, which 
 befell us after the surrender of the armies and declara- 
 tion of peace. Adherence to the Union did not shield 
 those States from the wrongs, insults and oppression, 
 which we suffered by secession and adherence to the Con- 
 stitution. This fact alone, if none other existed, illus- 
 trates the wisdom and justifies the policy of Southern 
 Statesmen. 
 
 The war was sectional in form but the principles in- 
 
49 
 
 volved were confined to no section. Lord John Russell 
 said “The South fought for independence; the North for 
 dominion.” 
 
 The proclamation of the Federal President, calling for 
 seventy-five thousand men to sustain the authority of 
 the Federal Government, was received by us with de- 
 rision. Then from the mountains to the sea, from the 
 Potomac to the Rio Grande, upon every wind that blew, 
 rushed the Southern men to arms. Such unanimity, 
 such enthusiasm, such eagerness to encounter all hard- 
 ships and dangers had seldom been witnessed in behalf 
 of any cause, or principle since the days of Peter the 
 Hermit. They soon astounded the world by the reck- 
 lessness of their courage and the splendor of their 
 achievements. 
 
 The nations stood amazed. The Southerners had been 
 regarded by their friends as lawless, and proud and in- 
 subordinate; and had been represented by their enemies 
 • as indolent, pleasure-loving, self-indulgent and deficient 
 in manliness. But when the hour struck which demand- 
 ed the exertion of grand qualities, their lawlessness sub- 
 mitted promptly to authority; their indolence became 
 intense energy; their love of pleasure found its chief 
 gratification in the defense of their country; their self 
 indulgence was transformed into rigorous self denial. 
 And they soon exhibited to the wondering gaze of the 
 19th century the finest specimens of real, true, genuine 
 manhood, Christian or pagan, the world had ever seen. 
 
 Many of them formed a body of infantry whose char- 
 acter and achievements had been rarely paralleled in 
 the annals of time. No attribute of heroism, which is 
 next to Godliness, was wanting to them. Their intelli- 
 gence and political education enabled them to compre- 
 hend the magnitude of the conflict, and the importance 
 of the principles involved. To this knowledge may be 
 ascribed that invincible spirit which nothing appalled. 
 This caused their unhesitating submission to the des- 
 potic rule of the army ; and induced them, although im- 
 perfectly equipped and scantily clad, to bear without 
 complaint, cold and rain, and sunshine, and storms, and 
 sleet, and hunger and the painful fatigue of long marches 
 in wearisome campaigns, and disease, and wounds, and 
 death. No warriors or martyrs in the history of the 
 world ever displayed a loftier patriotism or sublimer 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 spirit or self-immolation, than did the Confederate 
 soldier. Neither the lays of troubadours in courtly 
 balls, nor rhyme of wandering minstrels described char- 
 acters more peerless, or tell of sterner fortitude, or more 
 magnificent courage. These might well inspire elo- 
 quence or be the theme of song. 
 
 But they possessed other characteristics, no less ad- 
 mirable. Their love of country was as broad as the Con- 
 federacy and as unselfish as a mother’s love. They had a 
 conviction of the righteousness of their cause, that no 
 doubt ever disturbed; a faith in their own invincibility 
 and a confidence in their officers that no disaster could 
 diminish; a manly subordination to discipline, and a 
 fidelity in the discharge of duty rarely equalled; a 
 bravery calm as peace and reckless as fire; a patience 
 that willingly suffered frost and famine, whose fever 
 gave intensity to their purpose, and tireless vigils in long 
 sieges, accompanied by the bursting of bomb shells and 
 incessant rattle of musketry day time and night time, 
 through many tedious months. But it was in the for- 
 lorn hope; in the desperate assault upon the enemy’s 
 works; in the steady movement on his lines, or in the 
 dashing charge against his guns in the open field that 
 their nature most appeared. Then qualities which, like 
 the characters on the sword of the Icelandic chieftain, 
 were invisible in repose, like them, too, in battle and 
 deadly peril, gleamed and glowed with a terrifying re- 
 splendence, and often obtained even in defeat, the ap- 
 plause our enemies won only by success. Neither vic- 
 tory nor disaster could materially affect the fame of this 
 incomparable infantry. It did not change its virtues 
 because Fortune changed her face. 
 
 These are some of the traits of the men, whose lives 
 were as thickly strewn with battles, as the graves of their 
 comrades are strewn with flowers in Spring. They were 
 displayed by this matchless soldiery, when it starved in 
 the trenches at Vicksburg; or besieged Cumberland 
 Gap; or climbed the hills of Chiekamauga; or stormed 
 the breastworks at Franklin; or assaulted the fortifica- 
 tions about Knoxville; or opposed the beleaguering 
 forces at Charleston; or carried the Federal works at 
 Drewry’s Bluff; or held the lines around Petersburgh 
 and Richmond; or stood immovable at Spottsvlvania ; 
 or repelled the invaders at Fredericksburg; or drove 
 
them to the music of the “Rebel Yell” from the field at 
 Cliaiicellorsville ; or charged the heights at Gettysburg ; 
 and in all of the two thousand two hundred and sixty- 
 one battles in which we fought for Southern indepen- 
 dence and constitutional liberty. 
 
 Of this renowned army, the State of Alabama fur- 
 nished one hundred and twenty- two thousand men, as 
 brave as any that ever followed the banner of any cause. 
 Of them thirty-five thousand returned never more to 
 their homes. Some of them repose in graves, marked 
 “Unknown,” in distant cemeteries. The remains of oth- 
 ers are scattered on every mountain height and plain ; 
 upon every hill-top and valley from Gettysburg to where 
 the Mississippi rolls its multitudinous waters to the sea, 
 
 ‘ And ’mid the green boughs, marked by no carved stone, 
 
 Their unremembered bones do waste away. 
 
 In dew and rain, and sunshine, day by day.” 
 
 To them and their comrades, known and unknown, 
 on land and sea, their grateful and bereaved countrymen 
 have erected, and now dedicate this monument, — 
 
 ■‘But some day before his throne, 
 
 We will find where God’s angels dwell, 
 
 They are no more unknown ” 
 
 And there, when amid the resplendent glories of the 
 supernal world shall be called the roll of the mighty and 
 renowned men who suffered and fought and died for lib- 
 erty and tlie advancement of mankind, every Confeder- 
 ate soldier, unrepentant and unabashed, shall answer : 
 “I am here.” 
 
 General Sanford was the fitting escort of Miss C. T. 
 Raoul, who fired the first gun that proclaimed the seces- 
 sion of Alabama. While cheers rent the air, leaning on 
 the arm of the General, Miss Raoul ascended the steps 
 leading to the statue of the infantryman, representing 
 the branch of the service so eloquently word-painted, 
 and touching the cord that held the veil, after a grace- 
 fully improvised apostrophe to the crowned hero in 
 stone, this lady of many talents recited her own fine lines 
 that are inscribed under the statue that stood revealed: 
 
 ‘‘Fame’s temple boasts no higher name, 
 
 No king is grander on his throne. 
 
 No glory shines with brighler gleam. 
 
 The name of Patriot stands alone.” 
 
►Softly then, the band played the sad, sweet song, “My 
 Maryland/’ and Capt. B. H. Screws was presented duly. 
 
 He spoke as follows : 
 
 “.17/ - . Chairman , Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 
 Those who followed glorious young Pelham, that true 
 son of thunder and 1ns terrible artillery over the hills 
 and through the valleys of Virginia, or went with Pick- 
 ett and Kemper and Armstead up against the hurricane 
 of tire, lead and iron, on Round Top, need no monumen- 
 tal marble, to recall the memories of that thrilling era; 
 and those who through the long and bloody hours hurled 
 themselves against the merciless batteries of Rosecrans 
 on the awful field of Chickamauga, withstood the earth- 
 quake throes of Missionary Ridge and Kennesaw, or en- 
 gaged in the death grapple at Franklin, where the war- 
 gods seemed to scorn to use Jove’s counterfeit, and 
 hurled the genuine bolts, need no lettered sculpture to 
 remind them of that struggle of giants. Followers of 
 Lee and Jackson, of Johnston and Hood, of Stewart and 
 Forrest, and Pelham, and Semple, and Rodes, and Lo- 
 max, Clanton, Holtzclaw, Wheeler, Goldthwaite and 
 Clayton, your memories need no refreshing. This monu- 
 ment, these figures, that mute suggestion of the dread 
 artillery, of the grape whose iron clusters grew so luxur- 
 iantly along the ravines and mountain sides of Virginia 
 and Georgia, of Tennessee and Kentucky, and even from 
 Gettysburg to the Rio Grande, and whose juice was the 
 red blood of heroes; that sleeping cannon, recalling the 
 matchless valor of the old South, of the young Confed- 
 eracy, and reviving memories of the days and nights of 
 unyielding defiance, when towns and cities were awak- 
 ened by the terrible music of the bursting bomb, when 
 grain fields were trampled by the hoofs of the invader, 
 and made red with the blood of your countrymen, all 
 this, is but to remind those who come after us, even the 
 generation yet to emerge from the stream of time, of the 
 race from which they sprung. 
 
 Alabama's record during the great war between the 
 States, the most stupendous, the most stubborn, and the 
 most chivalric conflict in all the chronicles of time, the 
 brilliant, dazzling, unrivalled deeds of her heroic sons, 
 the deathless patriotism and sublime submission to pri- 
 vations and hardships of her peerless daughters, consti- 
 tute the brightest diadem in the crown of Alabama’s 
 
53 
 
 wondrous glory. It would require the master mind of 
 him who portrayed the march of the rebel angels across 
 the north plains of Heaven, to tell, in fitting verse, of all 
 they did and dared. Then how inexpressibly dear to us 
 should be the memories of our Confederacy. It sank in 
 sorrow, but not in shame, and far, O! far distant, be the 
 time when we shall cease to cherish these proud, though 
 melancholy recollections. 
 
 The Ladies’ Memorial Association of Montgomery, 
 Heaven bless them ! for more than twelve years, with un- 
 abating zeal, with ceaseless energy and perseverance, 
 overcoming gigantic obstacles with apparent ease, have 
 labored for the consummation of this holy purpose. 
 Their work is finished, the monument is completed. And 
 now, above all others, the survivors of that period of cour- 
 age, of chivalry and of carnage, wish them to be forever 
 assured that their gentle and devoted remembrance of 
 the dead Confederate soldier, touches deeply and falls 
 gratefully upon the hearts of the comparatively few 
 Confederate survivors, and we wish the passing stranger, 
 indeed, all the wide world, to forget not that the first 
 stone of this monumental pile was placed in position by 
 the unsullied hand of the golden-hearted Cliief of the 
 Confederacy — peerless, immortal Davis, out upon the 
 shoreless ocean, his bark has drifted, and we shall see 
 him no more with our mortal eyes, yet 
 
 “Millions unborn his mighty na>ne shall sound, 
 
 And worlds applaud which must not yet be found.” 
 
 We wish that whosoever in all coming time shall turn 
 his eye hitherto, may behold that the place is not undis- 
 tinguished where young Liberty was cradled, where the 
 Confederacy was born, where the atmosphere all the year 
 round is perfumed with the sad, proud memories of 
 1861. We wish that this monument may proclaim the 
 magnitude and importance and grandeur and justice of 
 that event to every class and every age; we wish that in- 
 fancy may learn the purposes of this erection, from ma- 
 ternal lips, and that weary and withered age may behold 
 it, and be solaced by the recollections which it suggests. 
 We wish that Labor may look up here, and be proud in 
 the midst of its toil. 
 
 Let the stilled cannon sleep on through the ages, 
 faithful reminder of a generation of men the like of 
 which we ne’er shall see again. Let this monument 
 
54 
 
 stand, not a record of civil strife, for this great country, 
 let us hope, is sincerely re-united; let it stand as a per- 
 petual protest against whatever is low and sordid in all 
 our public and private objects. Let it stand for rebuke 
 and censure, if our people should ever fall below the 
 standard of their Confederate fathers. Let this still 
 solemn testimonial, dedicated to the memory of 
 brave men, of genuine patriots, continue through all 
 time to meet the sun in his coming; may the earliest rays 
 of the morning glorify and gild it, and parting day lin- 
 ger and play upon its summit. 
 
 And in this presence, at the base of this monument, 
 how shall I struggle with the emotions that stifle the ut- 
 terance of thy name, thou sainted Sophie Bibb/ the min- 
 istering angel of the sick and wounded Confederate, the 
 genius of this movement, the inspiration of Memorial 
 Associations. Our poor work may perish, but thine 
 shall endure. This monument may moulder away; the 
 solid ground it rests upon may sink down to a level with 
 the sea; hut thy memory shall not fail. Wheresoever 
 among men a heart shall be found that heats to the trans- 
 ports of patriotism and liberty, its aspirations shall he 
 to claim kindred with thy spirit. How sweetly, how 
 tenderly, shall we cherish thy memory, thou glorious 
 daughter of Alabama ! 
 
 Now, ladies and gentlemen, permit me to discharge 
 the most pleasing part of my duty upon this occasion; 
 to present the accomplished daughter of a noble mother, 
 whose name is revered in every Confederate camp and 
 venerated by every Confederate survivor, the incense 
 from whose gentle and untiring attentions to the sick 
 and wounded, during those long and eventful years, lias 
 risen with benedictions and blessings to the great white 
 throne on high. The daughter inheriting the mother’s 
 magnificent traits of character, also embodies within 
 herself all those charming and exalted qualities which 
 are the pride and boast of every Southern gentleman — 
 the noblest thing on earth, a perfect woman, Miss Lena 
 Hausman.” 
 
 Prom the first to the last word, the vast audience hung 
 entranced on every utterance of one whose command of 
 language is equalled by few and surpassed by none, as 
 fresh from the hot heart he pours forth prose- 
 poems unrivalled in the portrayal of the bril- 
 
55 
 
 liant deeds of tlie sons of the South, and tells 
 his love for the jasmine-bowered land of his 
 birth, and admiration for the peerless women of a 
 time his words have helped to make immortal. Laying a 
 rich wreath of words at the feet of Mrs. C. J. Hausman, 
 one of the untiring heroines who had wrought through 
 all these years for this realization of innocent hopes, 
 nurtured iu the hearts of geutle comrades, long since 
 fallen asleep, he introduced the graceful Miss Lena 
 Hausman,* whose dignity of presence and clear-cut enun- 
 ciation was fitly emblematic of the service she was 
 chosen to honor. Repeating the couplet for the crown 
 in g: 
 
 •‘The deathless green long set apart 
 For crowns, sprang from a hero’s heart — ” 
 
 She then released the drapery, revealed the statue of 
 Artillery, and recited the inscription on the pedestal, 
 which was written by Mrs. I. M. Porter Ockenden : 
 
 “When this historic shaft shall crumbling lie, 
 
 In ages hence in woman’s heart shall be, 
 
 A folded flag, a thrilling page unrolled, 
 
 A deathless song of Southern chivalry.” 
 
 Appropriately came “Tenting on the Old Camp- 
 Ground,” beautifully rendered by Powell's Quartette, in 
 their usual perfect style. The touching strains, from 
 four splendid singers, most fittingly preceded the intro- 
 duction of the hero of many battles, who has been hon- 
 ored by the nation as the Secretary of the Navy of the 
 United States, Hon. LI. A. Herbert, proudly claimed by 
 Alabama as her own. Who could tell so well the thrill- 
 ing story of the Navy of the Confederate Seas ! The Con- 
 federate soldier came gladly to his old home to pay tithe 
 of golden memories to the Confederate sailor. Old 
 friends with kind and true hearts gave him the hand- 
 clasp of “Auld Lang Syne.” 
 
 Mr. Herbert said : 
 
 “ Ladies and Gentlemen and Ladies of the Memorial As- 
 sociation : 
 
 I thank you ladies for the opportunity given to me, a 
 Confederate soldier, to say a few words for the Confed- 
 erate sailor. A simple recital of the circumstances by 
 which our sailors were surrounded and mention of a few 
 only of their achievements will be more eloquent than 
 any eulogy I could pronounce. 
 
56 
 
 When the Confederacy was born on this hill in 1861, 
 it had in a few days a Secretary of the Navy, a broad- 
 minded, far-seeing, resourceful statesman, Stephen F. 
 Mallory; it soon had many able naval officers, officers 
 who had parted in tears from their comrades in the old 
 navy to follow the call of duty. But the new govern- 
 ment had not a naval vessel for its naval officers to com- 
 mand, not a merchant vessel that could be changed into 
 an efficient man of war, no ship yard, save one at New 
 Orleans, and that li'ad never built or attempted to build 
 a naval vessel ; no shop that could build an engine com- 
 plete, no foundry that could cast a large sized cannon 
 or a cannon ball. The Federal government had its naval 
 vessels, afloat on every sea, it had numerous shipyards, 
 foundries, machinists and machine shops; it had ports 
 open to the world, it had the shipping that did our vast 
 coastwise trade, and the sails of its merchantmen whit- 
 ened all the great waters of the habitable globe. 
 
 All its vessels could be utilized; there were sailors to 
 man them. The task of the Federal government was, 
 with the vast fleets it could command to blockade our 
 ports, to permeate the rivers that ran through our land, 
 to aid its own armies and protect their lines of supply, 
 to cut communications between Confederate armies and 
 destroy Confederate depots of supply. The water was 
 the weak point of the Confederacy; it was the opportun- 
 ity of the Federal government. 
 
 The task before the Navy Department of the Confeder- 
 acy seemed utterly hopeless, but true courage never de- 
 spairs. What was accomplished, if I had time to tell 
 it all, would sound like a tale of fairy land. Confeder- 
 ate genius seemed to have discovered anew the Lamp of 
 Aladdin. 
 
 When Virginia added herself to the Confederacy she 
 brought with her the Tredegar Iron Works, which had 
 never cast a large gun, had never made a naval engine, 
 but had a plant which was a foundation on which to 
 build. Virginia brought also the Norfolk Navy Yard, 
 which was a construction yard, but the few ships at the 
 Norfolk yard which could not be carried away, had 
 been burned, or scuttled and sunk. And yet in less than 
 eleven months, the Confederate navy astonished the 
 world. The sunken Merrimac, now the Virginia, had 
 been raised, covered with deflective armor and on new 
 
57 
 
 lines reconstructed into the grandest fighting machine 
 that up to that day had ever fired a gun in battle. 
 
 On March 8, 1802, the Virginia appeared in Hampton 
 Roads, and with her ten guns confronted the Minnesota, 
 the St. Lawrence, the Roanoke, the Congress and the 
 Cumberland, mounting altogether 174 guns. The Con- 
 gress and the Cumberland were destroyed and every 
 other vessel that could, sought safety in flight. 
 
 That was a glorious day for the new navy of the Con- 
 federacy and a glorious day too it was for the old navy 
 of the United States. As the Cumberland Avent down in 
 the unequal contest, the Stars and Stripes still floated 
 from her mast, and her guns still thundered and sent 
 their useless missiles against the impenetrable sides of 
 the Virginia until they were enveloped in the water. 
 
 While dedicating this monument, which is to tell fu- 
 ture generations the story of Confederate valor, let us as 
 we recall the memories of that combat, recall also the 
 fact that all who are entitled to share in the glories of 
 that day are our countrymen. Buchanan and Catesby, 
 Jones and Littlepage and others who fought the Vir- 
 ginia, and the gallant officers and men of the Congress 
 and the Cumberland — they were Americans all and the 
 memory of the illustrious deeds of the 8th of March, 
 1862, is the common heritage of what is now our com- 
 mon country. 
 
 On the 9th was the fight between the Virginia and the 
 Monitor, a drawn battle, but in its results one of the 
 most decisive naval contests in history. That battle, 
 coupled with the battle of the day before, which showed 
 that no unarmored could stand before an armored ves- 
 sel, decided the construction of future navies. 
 
 Instantly workshops all over the world resounded 
 with the work of building new navies with deflective ar- 
 mor, high power guns, improved machinery. But when 
 we trace effect to cause, it was not the battle between 
 the Virginia and the Monitor that begat modern navies , 
 that was but a link in the chain of causation; it was the 
 Virginia that begat the Monitor. 
 
 The Navy Department at Washington only listened to 
 and adopted the plans of Ericsson for the Monitor, when 
 repeated reports from Norfolk showed that the Virginia 
 with her deflected armor was under way and that in all 
 probability nothing could meet her but another ship with 
 
58 
 
 deflective armor. One experiment begat another, one 
 success was met with another. So it is, my countrymen, 
 that in the genius of Confederate naval officers is found 
 the germ of the Naval armaments that now attract the 
 wonder of the world. 
 
 The Virginia was not the only marvel wrought by 
 Confederate constructors. There were the Louisiana, 
 the Mississippi, the Arkansas, the Albemarle and others. 
 The Albemarle was built in a corn field in North Caro- 
 lina, out of timber some of which was standing whip 
 she was started, and of iron that was hunted up, here, 
 there and everywhere. The Albemarle went down the 
 sound, encountered a fleet of six vessels off Plymouth, 
 sank one of them, the Southfield, drove the others away 
 and aided the Confederate on land to recapture Plym- 
 outh. At another time the Albemarle fought a drawn 
 battle against nine gunboats of the enemy. Eventually 
 it was her fate to be destroyed in the night time by the 
 almost superhuman daring of Lieutenant Cushing of the 
 United States Navy. The Arkansas with all her guns 
 ablaze at the same time, three on each side, two forward 
 and two aft, perhaps the only vessel that ever made a 
 successful fire in four directions at once, ran through 
 the whole fleets of Farragut and Davis and reached 
 Vicksburg in safety. The Tennessee was built on the 
 banks of the Alabama river at Selma, and who is there 
 that does not know of her brave fight against Farragut’s 
 whole fleet after it had passed the fortifications at the 
 mouth of Mobile Bay? • 
 
 If it had been possible for courage and genius to win, 
 with the resources at command, the Confederate would 
 have whipped the fight upon the water, but the task was 
 superhuman. We were not fighting Spaniards then, but 
 men of our own blood, and the odds against us were too 
 great. 
 
 In the United States Home Squadron and Potomac 
 flotilla alone, there were 99 ships at once. The Federal 
 vessels in our western rivers were almost without num 
 ber. The Confederate fighting ships, one after another, 
 were destroyed, many of them as they were nearing com- 
 pletion. So successfully were we building ships at New 
 Orleans, that Admiral Porter, in his naval history, ex- 
 presses the opinion that if Farragut had been three 
 months later we should have driven the Federal fleets 
 
59 
 
 north, raised the blockade and secured from European 
 governments recognition of the independence of the Con- 
 federacy. 
 
 In another branch of naval warfare the genius of Con- 
 federate naval officers was similarly conspicuous. They 
 developed the use of the torpedo to an extent never be- 
 fore dreamed of. More than forty United States vessels 
 were badly injured or totally destroyed by this weapon. 
 There is no better illustration of Confederate devotion 
 and daring than the history of the “Fish,” a little sub- 
 marine torpedo boat, that was built at Mobile. There, 
 in the first experiment, the little craft failed to rise and 
 buried her crew of eight in the waters. The “Fish” was 
 raised and taken to Charleston. Another crew of nine 
 went down with her and only one escaped. There were 
 volunteers again and the third crew went down, only 
 three escaping. Still there were volunteers; a fourth 
 time the little boat went down and failed to rise. Still 
 another crew volunteered and all were drowned. Out of 
 five crews of eight men each, all but foui* men had been 
 lost, but the spirit of the Confederates was not yet 
 daunted. 
 
 Lieut. Geo. E. Dixon of the Twenty-first Alabama In- 
 fantry, begged to be allowed to take out the “Fish” to at- 
 tack the iron-clad Housatonic that lay off Charlestofi 
 harbor. Beauregard consented, but only on condition 
 that the boat should not go under water. The conditions 
 were accepted; the Housatonic was destroyed, but Dixon 
 and all his brave crew went down to rise no more. 
 
 When wrecks in Charleston harbor were being de- 
 stroyed, after the close of the civil war, near the Housa- 
 tonic lay the “Fish.” In it were the skeletons of Dixon 
 and his six companions, every man at his post. 
 
 In that other field of naval warfare, the destruction 
 of an enemy’s commerce, Confederate genius was also 
 resplendent. We had but few cruisers afloat ; more than 
 fifty vessels were searching for them; they had no port 
 of refuge; their own ports were blockaded and yet the 
 Geneva Commission found that three of these cruisers 
 had destroyed ships and cargoes of the value of $15,000,- 
 000. Maffitt in the Florida, and Semmes in the Ala- 
 bama, won immortal fame, and the exploits of Waddell 
 in the Shenandoah will ever be remembered with admira- 
 tion. 
 
60 
 
 When the flag of the new nation was furled forever 
 ui)on land, the Shenandoah was far off in the Northern 
 Pacific among American whalers and the last gun for 
 the Confederacy was fired from her deck June 22d, 1865. 
 The Shenandoah found her way to a British port and 
 surrendered to a British Admiral, Nov. 6th, 1865. 
 
 To sum up the history of the Confederate Navy it is 
 an almost unbroken record of energy and devotion and 
 genius, making a brave struggle and often almost on the 
 point of succeeding against odds that were absolutely 
 overwhelming. 
 
 We build monuments to heroes, prompted by the 
 noblest impulses of the human heart, and that future 
 generations may imitate their example. In performing 
 our sacred duties today let Alabamians rejoice that, as 
 Alabama in the civil war gave Dixon and Semmes and 
 thousands of other brave men to the Confederacy, so 
 now in our war with Spain she has given Richmond 
 Pearson Hobson to the navy and Joseph Wheeler to the 
 army of the United States.” 
 
 At the conclusion of his speech, so loyal to the past 
 and to the present, containing startling facts for his- 
 tory, Miss Janie Eddins Watts, grand daughter of War- 
 Governor W atts, ( who was also the warm friend of Col. 
 Herbert,) was introduced in a short tribute to the worth 
 of her noble sires and patriotic grandmothers, as most 
 fitly chosen for the occasion. As she recited the follow- 
 ing couplet, the crowned figure was revealed : 
 
 “The leaf that wreathes the nation’s bier 
 
 Wears the white lustre of a tear.” 
 
 The statue stood unveiled and the anonymous lines 
 carved on the pedestal were repeated in tones of tremu- 
 lous sweetness : 
 
 “the seamen of Confederate fame 
 Startled the wondering world ; 
 
 For braver fight was never fought, 
 
 And fairer flag was never furled.” 
 
 The band gave a superb rendition of “La Marsellaise,” 
 which thrilled all hearts with its inspiring strains. 
 
 The Chairman then introduced Major J. M. Falkner, 
 who was the choice of the ladies to speak for the cavalry 
 man. An eye-witness and participant in many a thrill- 
 ing event in the lives of the men of flashing blade and 
 knightly plume, Major Falkner brought to the eulogy, a 
 
61 
 
 well-stored memory, an eloquent management of facts 
 and figures, and a heart full of intense admiration for 
 the peerless cavalrymen who were likewise the finest 
 horsemen of the world. Having followed General 
 Wheeler in his fearless ride of four long years, he spoke 
 whereof he knew. He said : 
 
 “ Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 
 It was an inspiration on the part of the good women of 
 the Ladies’ Memorial Association in selecting granite for 
 the statues representing the different arms of the Con- 
 federate service; nothing else could so truly represent 
 the courage, the firmness of purpose, the stability and 
 the determination to dare all things in defense of a 
 cause which they believed to be just, and in behalf of 
 which they risked all they had or hoped for in this life. 
 While this granite shall last, the history of their un- 
 flinching courage will not die. 
 
 I can only speak of the men who came under my own 
 observation, and of the things that I saw myself, and, 
 therefore, will have to content myself in what little I 
 have to say, chiefly with a recital of the operations of 
 Wheeler's Cavalry, having been with it from its organi- 
 zation until the end of the war. 
 
 It may be interesting to some of you to know that the 
 very first cavalry attached to what was afterwards 
 known as the Army of the Tennessee, were from Ala- 
 bama. These consisted of two companies, one com- 
 manded by Capt. Bowie, of Talladega, and one com- 
 manded by my father, then Capt. Jefferson Falkner. 
 These companies were really ordered out to be sent to 
 Ben McCullough in Missouri, but at the request of Gen. 
 Polk, the orders were countermanded by the War De- 
 partment, and we were stopped in transit at Corinth, 
 Miss., and a few days afterwards we went to Union City, 
 Tenn., where we were soon joined by a cavalry company 
 commanded by Capt. Cole, of Louisiana. We remained 
 at Union City, at which point several regiments of infan- 
 try and several batteries of artillery were camped, until 
 the Federal government sent a gun boat as far south as 
 Hickman, on the Mississippi river, thus disregarding the 
 neutrality of Kentucky; we then moved to Columbus, 
 Kyi, the cavalry moving ahead of the trains, protecting 
 bridges, etc. So far as I now remember, these three com- 
 
62 
 
 panies were the only cavalry I saw until about the time 
 of the occupation of Columbus, Ky., at which point other 
 companies and battalions were added from time to time. 
 
 Since the days of the Krag- Jorgensen rifle and the 
 Mauser rifle, it has been said that the whole plan of fight- 
 ing must be changed; that the distance between combat- 
 ants must be greater than heretofore, and that we would 
 have battles taking place where the distance between 
 contending forces is a thousand yards or more. 
 
 What would you think of a body of cavalry today, go- 
 ing out armed only with muzzle-loading shot guns and 
 pistols and sabres, to contend against cavalry armed 
 with Krag- Jorgensen or Mauser carbines? It must not 
 be forgotten that in 1861 the Federal Cavalry were 
 armed with the Burnside carbine and Maynard carbine, 
 and the Colt’s repeating rifle, either of which was cap- 
 able of killing a man more than a mile distant; and yet 
 the majority of the Confederate cavalry, in the begin- 
 ning, were armed only with muzzle loading shot guns, 
 only a very few of them having pistols and sabres in ad- 
 dition. Yet, with these crude weapons the Confederate 
 cavalry did not hesitate to face the superbly equipped 
 Federal cavalry. Knowing that they stood no chance 
 whatever at long range they adopted at once the tactics 
 of hurling themselves into the midst of the enemy and 
 making the fight as sharp and swift as it was possible to 
 do it. By this method of fighting we found that there 
 were few weapons more effective at short range than a 
 double barreled shot gun loaded with buckshot. It must 
 not be forgotten that every Confederate cavalryman had 
 to furnish his own horse, bridle and saddle, and keep 
 himself mounted during the term of his service. The 
 Confederate government furnished none of these things. 
 When one of our horses was killed there was no market 
 so inviting as the camp of the enemy, and there were few 
 dark, rainy nights in which some Confederate trooper 
 did not furnish himself a mount from the camp of the 
 enemy. And I believe it can be said without successful 
 contradiction, that when the war closed in 1865, more 
 than 50 per cent, of the arms, accoutrement and equip- 
 ment generally, of the Confederate cavalry bore the im- 
 print of the United States. 
 
 These men performed the severest duties. Exposed to 
 all kinds of weather, always moving; without exaggera- 
 
63 
 
 tion, there was scarcely a pig path between the Tennes- 
 see and Mississippi rivers, from Cairo, 111., to Corinth, 
 Miss., that was not traversed by the small bands of cav- 
 alry then connected with the army, locating the enemy, 
 ascertaining promptly every move that was made, and 
 not a movement of our own army was made without the 
 presence of this cavalry, always leading the advance, and 
 covering the retreat of our army. They were in hundreds 
 of engagements where men were killed, of which no men- 
 tion is made in history, but in which engagements, as 
 heroic deeds were performed as any of those ever chron- 
 icled in song or story. In the general engagements, as a 
 rule, the cavalry were upon the flanks of our army, and 
 on many occasions assaults were made with a view of 
 turning our flanks, and the cavalry, both on foot and on 
 horse, would contest with the enemy every inch of 
 ground, and history fails to record an instance where 
 the flank of our Army of the Tennessee were ever turned 
 by reason of the cavalry giving away. 
 
 Do you recall the battle of New Hope Church? I had 
 the honor, on that occasion, to carry the news to our gal- 
 lant Kelly, and to the immortal Pat Cleburne, that 
 Hooker’s corps was then in the woods, advancing on the 
 line, then held by Wheeler’s Cavalry, dismounted, with 
 no entrenchments and breastworks whatever. On that 
 occasion the fight was made principally by Cleburne’s 
 Division and Wheeler’s Cavalry, and Hooker’s corps was 
 driven in confusion from the field, and in this battle 
 more men were left dead upon the field than were killed 
 during the entire war between Spain and the United 
 States. 
 
 During the battle of Murfreesboro, Wheeler’s Cavalry, 
 more than once, made a complete circuit of Rosecrans’ 
 entire army, destroying practically every wagon and 
 team that he had, making it absolutely impossible for 
 Rosecrans to make any attempt to follow Bragg for more 
 than twenty-four hours after Bragg had retreated. I 
 was in the city of Murfreesboro, Tenn., myself, with a 
 squad of cavalry the night after Bragg had retreated 
 therefrom. 
 
 I can truthfully say to you from my own observation 
 and experience, that Wheeler’s Cavalry fought every 
 branch of the Federal army, including such armored ves- 
 sels as they had upon the rivers and streams of the coun- 
 
64 
 
 try in which this cavalry was located. For instance, 
 only a short time after the battle of Murfreesboro, Col. 
 William B. Wade, that gallant and noble son of Missis- 
 sippi, Colonel of the Eighth Confederate Cavalry, to 
 which I was attached, contrary to orders, stole our little 
 regiment away, together with two pieces of artillery 
 from Wiggins’ battery, while Wheeler was on a raid in 
 the rear of Nashville, and stationed us upon the banks of 
 the Cumberland, where the snoww as not less than a 
 foot deep. Very soon a transport came along, when 
 only a few shots from the small arms were necessary to 
 effect the capture of the vessel. In the course of half an 
 hour another transport came which was captured in like 
 manner. Then a third came, which, after an attempt to 
 run by us, notwithstanding our fire, was also compelled 
 to surrender. It is needless to say that after each boat 
 was tied to the bank a visit was made by details specially 
 made for that purpose to each one of the boats, where 
 an abundance of supplies, both solid and liquid were ob- 
 tained and enjoyed by the men. Finally a very sus- 
 picious smoke was seen up the river and a gunboat hove 
 in sight, commanded by Lieutenant Van Dorn, who at 
 once took in the situation, increased his speed and pre- 
 pared for action. But he had no sooner come within 
 range of the small arms than volleys were fired into each 
 and every port hole and at the pilot, until they were 
 compelled to surrender, the artillery, at the direction of 
 Colonel Wade, having “fired a salute.” Three of these 
 boats, including the gunboat, were burned, and all the 
 prisoners taken from the several boats were placed upon 
 the largest vessel and sent on their way rejoicing. A 
 short time after this I read what purported to be an ac- 
 count of this action in a Southern paper, the headlines 
 of which characterized Wheeler’s Cavalry as “Wheeler’s 
 Horse Marines.” 
 
 As the war progressed, and as our men became accus- 
 tomed to the ways and tactics of the enemy, who would 
 often-times charge upon our outposts immediately upon 
 seeing the picket, with a view of capturing the grand 
 guard or picket reserves, it became seldom that we 
 would lose one of our men in that way. Although it was 
 impossible to mount their horses and form themselves 
 before the enemy would be upon them, each and every 
 man would mount and fly in different directions, in a 
 
65 
 
 few moments rallying again at the proper place. As 
 evidence that this was not the result of demoralization 
 or cowardice, I will tell you of an incident in which one 
 of our Alabama boys, not exceeding 14 years of age, was 
 the principal actor. In front of Luverne, between Mur- 
 freesboro and Nashville, a party of the First Alabama 
 Cavalry, which was Clanton's old regiment, was on 
 picket duty on the pike. A battalion of Federal cavalry 
 under a gallant officer came up, and upon approaching 
 our picket post he instructed his men that immediately 
 upon firing of our picket for every man to rush in and 
 capture his man, so that when the picket fired they all 
 came with a yell and a dash. This little boy, with no 
 arms but an old Austrian rifle, and riding a little gray 
 pony, dashed down a lane leading due south, toward 
 where my own command was on picket. The Federal of- 
 ficer, thinking he had a safe thing, selected the boy as 
 his man, and pursued him down the lane for two or three 
 hundred yards. Finally the little fellow leaped off his 
 pony and over the fence. The Colonel dashed up and 
 demanded his surrender, but the little fellow, with his 
 old Austrian rifle resting on a rail and with his finger 
 on the trigger said : “I guess I've got you! I guess I’ve 
 got you!” Whereupon he made the Colonel drop his pis- 
 tol and his sword and move off a few yards. He then 
 pulled down the fence and crossed it, putting on the 
 Colonel’s sword and pistol, strapping his Austrian rifle 
 on his back and proceeded to march his prisoner to head- 
 quarters. 
 
 Looking back through thirty-three years, in the light 
 of all I have seen and read, I do not believe that any 
 country in the world’s history, before or since, has pro- 
 duced a braver or nobler set of men than those who con- 
 stituted the Confederate Cavalry. There is, first of all, 
 our own glorious Wheeler, Bedford Forrest, J. E. B. 
 Stewart, Hampton, our own gallant and chivalrous Kel- 
 ly, our own W. W. Allen, Fitzhugh Lee, Martin, Humes, 
 Van Dorn, Robinson, Chalmers, Hagan, Adams, Arm- 
 strong, Ashby, Brewer, Williams, John H. Morgan, 
 Basil Duke, Iverson, Wade, Clanton, John T. 
 Morgan, Roddy, Bufford, Wailes, Prather, our own Tom 
 Brown, Terry and Wharton, Charley Ball and a host of 
 others, good and true men, of whose heroic deeds it 
 would be pleasant to tell you, but time will not permit, 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 I did not mention tlie name of poor Clay King. He de- 
 serves a better fate. Let me tell you one instance show- 
 ing the gallantry of this man: At Booneville, Miss., 
 
 while we were led by General Chalmers, with th ( 4 Eighth 
 Confederate on the left, Clanton’s First Alabama in the 
 center and Wert Adams on the right, we charged upon a 
 force under General Sheridan at Booneville, Miss. Clay 
 King’s battalion was left to protect our rear. We had 
 driven the Federal Cavalry away while they were feed- 
 ing their horses on wheat, and Clay King permitted his 
 men to take the bits out of their horses’ mouths and let 
 them turn into the fence corners and feed, while the 
 other forces were fighting in the front. While in this 
 position a column of Federal cavalry charged them in 
 the rear. King then caused his men to mount, without 
 bits in their horses’ mouths, and charged the enemy and 
 drove them back. 
 
 Happy am I at the recollection of having been asso- 
 ciated in those days with such men as the gallant McEl- 
 derrv, who fell, with many others, at Varnell Station, 
 near Dalton, in as gallant a charge as was ever made in 
 war. There was Knox Miller, Charley Pollard, Tim 
 Jones, Tom Hannon, David T. Blakey, Warren Keese, 
 Barron, Crommelin, Anderson, Chambliss, Moore, John 
 Clisby, George Allen, Clay Reynolds, Powell, King, Bob 
 Snodgrass, Ed. Ledyard, Pete Mastin, John Leigh, Jim 
 Judkins and hundreds of others whom 1 remember with 
 pleasure who risked their lives on many bloody fields, 
 and showed to the world what only a Confederate cav- 
 alryman could do; and there are hundreds of our com- 
 rades whose life blood lias made sacred the soil of the 
 South by reason of their having sacrificed their lives in 
 defence of the cause which they believed to be just. 
 
 Wheeler’s Cavalry was the veritable eyes of the Army 
 of the Tennessee. They were here, there and every- 
 where; in the enemy’s camps, counting their camp fires, 
 their stacks of guns; being able to tell with almost abso- 
 lute accuracy the number and character of the troops of 
 the enemy and their location, burning wagon trains and 
 destroying bridges, harrassing the enemy in their flanks 
 and rear, and in every conceivable way; always on picket 
 duty, and always between our main army and that of the 
 enemy. 
 
 Only a few weeks ago I met a gallant officer, who is 
 
67 
 
 now in the Federal army, who was from Georgia, and 
 who told me that when lie was a little boy he saw a 
 charge niade by one of Wheeler’s cavalry regiments, and 
 that he had never forgotten it. This whs the charge 
 made at Cassville, Ga., by the Eighth Confederate Cav- 
 alry, in which they captured about 100 wagons, all load- 
 ed with army baggage, each having from four to six 
 mules. These were brought safely out, and added very 
 much to the equipment of our own army. In the Se- 
 quatchee Valley, according to the best estimate, we cap- 
 tured between 400 and 500 of the enemy’s wagon, but 
 which we were compelled to burn. 
 
 From time to time there has been much criticism of 
 the cavalry. In some instances it was stated that a visit 
 from them was as disastrous as a visit from the enemy. 
 Doubtless in many instances, this was true, for the 
 simple reason that they had no means of subsistence, ex- 
 cept upon the country through which they passed, and 
 ,as they were always moving away from supply trains 
 and the like, there was no other recourse, except to sub- 
 sist upon the resources of the country in which they hap- 
 pened to be for the time being. 
 
 In these various movements of the cavalry away from 
 our own lines, our men were often shot down and we 
 were compelled to leave them upon the field, and they 
 were never seen again. There is not a State through 
 which this body passed that is not hallowed by the blood 
 of our valiant comrades, and made sacred by the fact 
 that their bones were bleached on, or lie buried in its 
 soil. The cavalry participated in every important en- 
 gagement of the Army of Tennessee, commencing with 
 Shiloh, April 6th, 1862, and ending in North Carolina in 
 1865. 
 
 Well do I remember the teachings of the gallant and 
 lamented General Bowen, of Missouri. While we were 
 at Camp Beauregard, some twenty-five miles east of Co- 
 lumbus, Ky., in the winter of 1861, when we were threat- 
 ened with an attack by a very large force of Federals, 
 these three companies that I first mentioned, were ad- 
 dressed by this gallant officer. By order of General Polk, 
 we had been furnished with some old guns, known as 
 “Hall’s carbines;” up to that time we had nothing but 
 pistols and sabres. General Bowen told us that these 
 carbines were worthless, that he had tried to get the or- 
 
68 
 
 der sending tliem to us countermanded, but lie said, “We 
 have a chance to get rid of them, and will do it tomor- 
 row. I will only furnish you one round of ammunition 
 to the man,” said he, “and I wish you to fire that before 
 you leave camp, and then throw your guns away. After 
 that, depend upon your pistols and your sabres, and you 
 will come out victorious.” Acting on his suggestion, we 
 threw the guns away, and from that time the companies 
 composing the Eighth Confederate Regiment were armed 
 only with pistols and sabres, and in the light of our ex- 
 perience, 1 am sure our efficiency was in no way im- 
 paired by not being provided with guns. 
 
 When our army left Columbus, Ky., the cavalry was 
 the last to leave that city ; when we retreated from Cor- 
 inth the cavalry was in the rear. As you doubtless re- 
 member, as a matter of history, we went as far south as 
 Tupelo, and from there we were transferred to Chatta- 
 nooga, Tenn. Thence we led the way for Bragg through 
 Kentucky; we fought over practically all the ground 
 leading back through Cumberland Gap to Knoxville, and 
 at many points, until we got to Murfreesboro. There we 
 located at Stewart’s Creek, and there is not a foot of land 
 between Stewart’s Creek and the outposts of the enemy 
 around Nashville, that was not traversed by this cavalry 
 hundreds of times. When Rosecrans commenced his ad- 
 vance on Murfreesboro, as I now remember, it was six 
 days we fought this army before it came in contact with 
 our infantry. That night, at 12 o'clock, after our horses 
 had been groomed and fed, we left for his rear, and we 
 continued in his rear practically until after Bragg had 
 retreated from Murfreesboro; in fact, Bragg had re- 
 treated, leaving only Cleburne’s Division, with one or 
 two batteries of artillery and a regiment of cavalry be- 
 tween Murfreesboro and the enemy, leaving Wheeler in 
 the rear of Rosecrans. 
 
 Leading back from Murfreesboro to the Tennessee 
 river and in the direction of Chattanooga and Decatur, 
 Ala., every portion of the ground was traversed by 
 Wheeler’s Cavalry, and there are but few places where 
 fights did not occur. But why recount these details? 
 From Chattanooga, leading toward Atlanta, Chicka- 
 mauga, Missionary Ridge, step by step, town by town, 
 in fact, there was not sufficient to make a respectable 
 farm land between Chattanooga, Tenn., or, I might say, 
 
69 
 
 from Nashville, Term., to Savannah, Ga., where Wheel- 
 er’s Cavalry did not have a tight of some kind. From 
 then to the last days in North Carolina, it was day by 
 day, and every day, losing a man here and yonder, but at 
 the close there was no command that presented a more 
 solid front, or stood more firmly together, boot to boot, 
 than those gallant boys who followed the fortunes of 
 Wheeler from beginning to end. 
 
 I believe what I. say of Wheeler’s Cavalry is also true 
 of Forrest, Hampton, Stewart and all those other gal- 
 lant leaders of the Lost Cause. 
 
 At Thompson’s Station, in Tennessee, Wheeler’s Cav- 
 alry had the honor of capturing one who is now one of 
 the heroes of Santiago, our own distinguished General 
 Shatter, and I believe he was promoted for gallantry on 
 that occasion. 
 
 Only a short time before the-end, the gallant Shannon, 
 who commanded what was known as “Wheeler’s Scouts,”, 
 captured in one night about seventy-five men who were 
 doing picket duty for General Kilpatrick, and in this 
 way enabled Wheeler to surprise his camp the next 
 morning. 
 
 Did you ever see a cavalry charge? Imagine a thous- 
 and imps of darkness! a thousand fiends incarnate! 
 drawn up in battle array. In front of them is a line 
 which must be broken. You hear the cannons roar ! The 
 bursting of shell! The crashing of the grape and can- 
 ister! You see the men with sabre drawn, with eyes 
 flashing fire; every horse with head erect and champing 
 his bit, as though he, too, were conscious of what was 
 . about to take place. They start! the trampling of hoofs 
 resembling the roll of distant thunder; first a trot, then 
 a gallop, then they charge with yells and loud huzzas, 
 and, like maniacs, they rush upon the enemy. See the 
 gaps in the lines as the grape and cannister crashes 
 through them ; you see them close up, boot to boot. There 
 is no halting, but with a determination to do or die, they 
 rush their steeds ahead; then you hear the roll of mus- 
 ketry, the rattling fire of pistols, the clank of sabres, the 
 shrieks of the wounded and the groans of the dying; in a 
 moment, the vanquished run madly from the field, pur- 
 sued by the victors, dealing death to their fleeing ad- 
 versaries. These are the times that try men’s souls, and 
 call for heroic action. , 
 
70 
 
 From Shiloh to the last days in North Carolina, such 
 scenes as I have here depicted occurred on many oc- 
 casions, but whether successful or not, the boys who 
 wore the grey, honored it and never faltered, and when 
 the end came there was no better organized command in 
 the entire Confederate Army than Wheeler’s Cavalry 
 Corps. 
 
 Fellow soldiers, this monument is not complete. We 
 soldiers should add to it a statue showing the most 
 queenly woman of which the human mind can conceive, 
 to represent in her divine ministry, the gentle leader of 
 the most queenly women the world ever saw.. These the 
 grandest, greatest, purest, noblest and best of God’s 
 handiwork who went about as did Aunt Sophia Bibb, 
 as ministering angels during that dark period and who 
 never faltered in caring for our sick and wounded, and 
 in giving us courage in every way — to them we are in- 
 debted for this and every other monument which has 
 been erected, and for much of the history that has been 
 written. While our best men were slain in that strug- 
 gle, we saved our jewels, consisting of our women, and 
 our children, and our honor.” 
 
 Major Falkner then escorted to the statue of the man 
 of horse, Miss Laura Martin Elmore, the gentle repre- 
 sentative of more than two fine families, the grand- 
 daughter of the public-spirited John Elmore, whose tal- 
 ents were commensurate with his sterling worth and re- 
 tiring dignity of character. This daughter of Captain 
 Vince Elmore, himself one of the undaunted, an exem- 
 plar of the time, was chosen to crown the equestrian 
 statute with these words: 
 
 “Pause, ye who seek the noblest bier, 
 
 And wreathe the laurel garland here.” 
 
 Then followed her winsome recitation of Francis O. 
 Ticlmor's finest stanza of one of the finest lyrics of the 
 war : 
 
 "The knightliest of the knightly race, 
 
 Who, since the days of old. 
 
 Have kept the lamp of chivalry 
 Alight in hearts of gold.” 
 
 Miss Gorman then sang “The Bonnie Blue Flag,” and 
 young and old joined in the chorus, which was almost 
 lost in tears. 
 
71 
 
 Col. A. A. Wiley, a typical hero of the late Spanish- 
 American war, likewise having seen service as a youth 
 in the more romantic episode of the century, laying aside 
 the uniform of the present in gallant consideration of 
 the memorial occasion, arose as a simple cavalier to 
 represent Capt. J. H. Clisby, Mayor of the city, whose 
 illness prevented his participation in the presentation of 
 the monument, in behalf of the Ladies’ of the Memorial 
 Association, to Gov. Johnston, for the State. The queen- 
 ly offering was gracefully tendered as follows: 
 
 \ 
 
 COL. WILEY'S SPEECH. 
 
 Col. A. A. Wiley said : 
 
 Mr. Chairman , Ladies of the Memorial Association and 
 Fellow-Citizens : 
 
 If there be one privilege dearer to us than the rest, it 
 is to do honor to the dead; to wreathe a bright chaplet 
 about the broken urn as a tender expression of that sym- 
 pathy too delicate for human utterance. 
 
 The history of a nation is in the memory of her sons. 
 Her palladium is in their hearts. The annals of our race 
 record affecting instances of the overthrow of mighty 
 nationalities, whose people have been driven under the 
 galling yoke, led into cheerless captivity or exiled to 
 foreign shores, there in their sorrow and sadness to 
 mourn over warriors slain, cities sacked and liberties 
 crushed. How touching the conduct of Israel’s chil- 
 dren, when, upon the oppressor’s soil, they hung their 
 harps upon the willows and refused to sing, saying: 
 “How can we sing the Lord’s songs in a strange land?” 
 
 Since the hour of man’s first disobedience, when he 
 was expelled from the green depths and scented bowers 
 of an eastern garden he has drawn his best inspirations 
 and holiest asperations from woman. She has adorned 
 his whole career. As she was first, so will she be the 
 last apostle of liberty. To that unselfish influence for 
 good, which the brave, true-hearted daughters of the 
 South have never failed to exert, are we indebted this 
 day for this beautiful monument, so tenderly expressive 
 of love for a cause that was lost, as well as for the loyal 
 men, who were willing to battle, and, if need be, to die 
 in upholding their convictions of duty and right. 
 
72 
 
 In that fearful struggle, our noble Southern women 
 cheerfully sent forth their fathers, husbands, sons, broth- 
 ers and loved ones, to go down for God and country, into 
 the dark valley of death. Like ministering angels they 
 followed in the red path of war to stop the fast ebbing 
 of the crimson life- tide, or to hold a cup of cold water 
 to the burning lips of the wounded and dying. They vis- 
 ited the dangerous hospital to bless and to cheer. They 
 had ever kind words for the weak and despondent, gentle 
 acts for the sick and suffering, sweet tears for the dead 
 and dying, and tender sympathy for the widowed and 
 bereft. Thank God for the glorious women who dwell 
 in this golden Southland! 
 
 We are told by the wise man that “there is a .time to 
 kill and a time to heal; a time to break down and a time 
 to build up ; a time of war and a time of peace.” It is not 
 strange or unnatural that the two sections of this great 
 country should have quarreled and fought. In the order 
 and nature of things discord was inevitable. National 
 discontent results from conflicting interests. With jar- 
 ring interests come clashing opinions, which ofttim.es 
 are irreconcilable except by the arbitrament of the 
 sword ; for a courageous man, or nation of men, uncon- 
 vinced, cannot honorably yield to anything short of 
 physical force; but when that is over, the manly mind 
 forgets and the generous heart forgives. 
 
 The Southern soldier fought to repel invasion, to de- 
 fend his altars, to protect his fireside. Truth is not to be 
 determined by success, nor is justice to be measured by a 
 failure to maintain her cause in the case of unequal odds. 
 The only real liberator is truth ; and she makes none free 
 but those who strive to strike off their own fetters. 
 Heroism derives its lustre from the motive which 
 prompts men to display courage and fortitude in a right- 
 eous cause. Upon the tomb of the slain heroes of Ther- 
 mophyla? is epitaphed this splendid tribute to their valor 
 and patriotism : 
 
 “Stranger, go tell at Lacedaemon 
 
 That we lie here in obedience to her laws.” 
 
 That illustrious Spartan band, who fell at that nar- 
 row mountain pass, were not more sublimely brave in 
 opposing the armed battalions of an invading force, than 
 were the valiant boys in grey, who perished . in with- 
 
73 
 
 standing the overwhelming numbers of hostile intruders, 
 who were driven on madly against us by the fury of sec- 
 tional hate. 
 
 More than a third of a century ago, Jefferson Davis, 
 standing on the front portico of our State Capitol, took 
 the oath of office, and delivered his inaugural address as 
 the first and only President of the Confederate States. 
 Since that memorable event, both he and his people have 
 met disaster and misfortune, felt calamity and sorrow, 
 and witnessed carnage and death. 
 
 'Tis said that the Black Mountain of Bember is situ- 
 ated at the extremity of the burning territory of Lahore. 
 He who climbs it sees before him only barren rocks; but 
 when he has struggled to its top, he beholds Heaven 
 above his head, and at his feet the rich kingdom of Cash- 
 mere. Our grand old Chieftain had toiled up the rugged 
 heights of a terrible conflict, and for many long and 
 dread years had borne, vicariously, the grievous burden 
 which “The Lost Cause” entailed. He came forth from 
 his voluntary retirement to visit his Capitol again. How 
 different his purpose, on that occasion, from what it was 
 when he first heard the glad acclaims of the people hail- 
 ing him ruler of that young, storm-rocked nation, whose 
 brilliant achievements dazzled the world. From the sum- 
 mit of an honorable life, high above the tongue of 
 calumny, he could look down once more upon an eager 
 throng of “fair women and brave men.'’ He did not ap- 
 pear upon those interesting scenes to assume the reins 
 of authority — to sway the destinies of government. No, 
 no ! He came to discharge a sacred duty, — to participate 
 in the interesting ceremonies incident to the laying of 
 the corner stone of this magnificent monument, de- 
 signed to honor those Alabamians who went forth in 
 obedience to the sovereign command of their native 
 State, and died upon “the perilous edge of battle” while 
 the Southern cross was gleaming. 
 
 In a hamlet called Burgh-upon-Sands stands a monu- 
 ment erected to the memory of Edward the First, under 
 whose bold and crafty policy began those civil dissen- 
 sions which drenched Scotland in blood. Upon that 
 fatal spot the hand of Providence overtook him as he 
 was leading from England across the border a victorious 
 army with which to complete the subjugation of Scot- 
 land. But for the associations clustering about it, the 
 
field of Bannockburn would, doubtless, have remained a 
 tameless turf. It was in sight of this tomb — this great 
 landmark of national freedom — that an enterprise was 
 set on foot, second to none, either in honor or impor- 
 tance, since the day the immortal Bruce stabbed the 
 Bed Comyn, and grasped with his yet bloody hand the 
 independent crown of Scotland. 
 
 That monument serves a two-fold purpose. It perpet- 
 uates the injustice inspired by English tyranny, and 
 commemorates the glory achieved by Scottish valor. 
 
 Yon splendid monument, of bronze and stone, reared 
 by the patriotic women of Alabama, on this historic hill, 
 to the memory of the Southern soldier, has likewise a 
 double object ; — one to tell posterity his valor in arms, 
 patience under trial, fortitude under suffering; the other 
 to keep alive forever the glorious principles of liberty, 
 for which Lee fought and for which Stonewall Jackson 
 fell. 
 
 And now, at the close of these interesting exercises 
 and ceremonies, permit me to say, that I am commis- 
 sioned by the Mayor and City Council of Montgomery, 
 in their name and by their authority, formally and sol- 
 emnly, to present this monument, built upon the soil and 
 property of the Commonwealth, in all its grandeur and 
 imposing beauty, to the Chief Executive of Alabama. 
 To your keeping, Governor Johnston, as the guardian 
 and custodian of the best and most sacred interests of 
 the State, I commit this trust. Cherish and protect it; 
 •and with the valuable aid and loving assistance of the 
 Ladies’ Memorial Association keep it in good and safe 
 condition throughout the coming years.” 
 
 ' The Governor, albeit appreciative of the honor ten- 
 dered him, graciously delegated the act of acceptance to 
 his Private Secretary, Mr. Chappel Cory. Out of the 
 abundance of his varied store of knowledge and his pos- 
 session of a rare repertoire of words, choice was made 
 of the simplest manner of expression and brevity became 
 the soul of eloquence. 
 
75 
 
 Mr. Cory said : 
 
 “Mrs. Bibb and Ladies of the Memorial Association , 
 Mr. Mayor , ladies and gentlemen : 
 
 Through your devoted labor and patriotism this me- 
 morial lias been reared upon the grounds of the State, 
 and with this last act of consecration your work is com- 
 plete. It remains now for the State to accept it at your 
 hands, and to guard the sacred trust through the passing- 
 years, an inspiration and a blessing to the people in their 
 generations as they come and go. Deputed by the Gov- 
 ernor to perform this pleasing but solemn duty and 
 speaking in his stead, on behalf of the great people who 
 make the State, 1 accept it for them as a shrine where 
 their patriotism will never forget to pay its worship. 
 Let us remember, according to the inscription on its base, 
 this monument has been secured and consecrated by the 
 women of Alabama a memorial to the heroism of all our 
 soldiers and sailors, of those who are living, of 
 
 those ‘who are dead. That devotion to duty which 
 marked the shining pathway of the Confederate 
 
 soldiers and sailors to their own undying fame, 
 
 is not merely a glorious episode of the past, a thing 
 
 for memory and for epitaphs, but in the persons of those 
 who survive is still a living and a breathing claim on our 
 gratitude and reverence. As the State and people shall 
 honor and cherish them, so shall this pile of stone and 
 bronze be not a tribute which we have gathered to feed 
 our vanity and pride, but a blessed emblem and outward 
 show of what is in our heart of hearts.” 
 
 Again a sad sweet air, “The Last Roll Call,” floated 
 on the breeze and a beautiful tableanx-vivant arose , as 
 if the spirits of 1861-65 had materialized from the 
 mists of the past. Thirteen young girls, representing 
 the thirteen States of the Confederacy, attired in spot- 
 less white, with grey uniform caps, bright crimson 
 sashes and the badges of their various States, as sent 
 by the Governors of the same for the occasion, appeared 
 as follows : 
 
 South Carolina — Miss Jean Craik. 
 
 Mississippi — Miss Maggie Crommelin. 
 
 Florida — Miss Joscelyn Fisher Ockenden. 
 
 Alabama — Miss Rebecca Pollard. 
 
 Georgia — Miss Katie Burch. 
 
76 
 
 Louisiana — Miss Sarah H. Jones. 
 
 Texas — .Miss Mattie Thorington. 
 
 Virginia — Miss Caroline Hannon. 
 
 Arkansas — Miss Mamie Holt. 
 
 North Carolina — Miss Eliza Arrington. 
 
 Tennessee — Miss Mattie Gilmer Bibb. 
 
 Missouri — Miss Alabama Brown. 
 
 Kentucky — Miss Martha E. Bibb. 
 
 These young women were representatives of old fami- 
 lies and were grouped around the tattered battleflag of 
 the Sixtieth Alabama Regiment, in the hands of the cen- 
 tral figure of “The Southern Confederacy,” represented 
 by Miss Sadie Robinson, who was dressed in deep 
 mourning, the only note of color being the thirteen stars 
 that crowned her jet-black hair. VI iss Robinson was the 
 niece of the late devoted Secretary, Miss Jeannie Crom- 
 melin, and standing thus in the strikingly fair circle, she 
 recited Father Ryan’s immortal poem, “Furl that Ban- 
 ner,” in perfect taste and deep feeling, which held all 
 hearers spell-bound. Intense silence reigned until broken 
 by “Taps” blown by Capt. Courtney, on the clarionet, as 
 if the sad parting hymn of dying day. Slowly the picture 
 became a dissolving scene and their fair wraiths of the 
 Southern Confederacy were lost to sight. The Rev. Dr. 
 Eager pronounced the benediction. The Montgomery 
 Field Artillery fired salutes — the unveiling was over. 
 
 It stands revealed, a thing of beauty and grace, the 
 work of Woman, the pride of the State, commemorative 
 of man's truth to his convictions and woman’s gratitude. 
 
 It is gratifying to note that home talent has been 
 largely patronized. True, Alexander 1 )oyle may proudly 
 claim to be the original designer and sculptor, but the 
 Monument was erected by Curbow & Clapp, of our city. 
 When death stopped the work in the hands of this firm, 
 Mr. Oliver Clapp was entrusted with the fulfilment of 
 the contract, and proved worthy of the trust by conscien- 
 tious completion. The stone was supplied from our own 
 quarries by I. L. Fossick, of Sheffield, Ala. The granite 
 statutes were furnished hy the Curbow-Clapp Marble 
 Company, and chiseled by F. Barnicoat, of Quincy, 
 Mass. But the photographs submitted for selection, not 
 exactly meeting the ideals of the ladies, the sketches in 
 spired by their suggestions and furnished for the figures 
 
77 
 
 representing the four branches of the service, were mod- 
 eled by the graceful and skillful pencil of Mr. -J. C. 
 Doud, a Montgomery artist of superior talent on many 
 lines. 
 
 It is finished, but as long as time endures the hearts 
 of Southern women will find work for faithful hands to 
 do in the Annual Memorial offering and in the preser- 
 vation of sacred memories. The Ladies’ Memorial Asso- 
 ciation is already engaged in raising funds for the erec- 
 tion of a Monument to those Alabamians who fought and 
 fell on the field of Chiekamauga. 
 
 The regiment of our own gallant Oates has an iron 
 tablet already there, but we wish to add another. 
 
 The present officers are : 
 
 Mrs. M. D. Bibb, President. 
 
 Mrs. C. J. Hausman, Vice-President. 
 
 Mrs. I. M. Porter Ockenden, Secretary-Treasurer. 
 
 The Executive Committee is: Mrs. J. W. A. Sanford, 
 Sr., Mrs. Leon Wyman, Mrs. T. Arrington, Mrs. T. G. 
 Jones, Mrs. Frank Duncan, Mrs. P. H. Gayle — six noble 
 women. 
 
 During its thirty-four years’ existence the Ladies’ 
 Memorial Association has had two Presidents, Mrs. 
 Judge B. S. Bibb, who served twenty-one years, and her 
 daughter, Mrs. Martha Dandridge Bibb, who has served 
 thirteen, up to present date; four Vice-Presidents, Mrs. 
 Judge Phelan, Mrs. Dr. Baldwin, Mrs. John Elmore and 
 Mrs. C. J. Hausman, the. present incumbent. The trio 
 preceding her have shed additional lustre on the honor- 
 aide names of Phelan, Baldwin, Elmore, names em- 
 balmed not only in the lives of brave men, but the heart- 
 beats of self-sacrificing women. The office now honors 
 and is honored by one whose fine mind and kind heart is 
 warmed by the blood of a race noted for its charities. 
 The Association has had nine Secretaries; Mrs. Dr. W. 
 O. Baldwin, Rev. S. D. Cox, Asst. Mrs. Virginia Hil- 
 liard. Miss Bettie Bell, Miss Mamie Graham, Mrs. Rosa 
 Gardner, Miss Jeannie R. Crommelin, Mrs. I. M. P. Ock- 
 enden. Five Treasurers, Mrs. Hannon, Mrs. Wm. Ware, 
 Mrs. Geo. Holmes, Miss Jeannie R. Crommelin, Mrs. I. 
 M. P. Ockenden. 
 
 It is worthy of mention herein that no officer or mem- 
 ber of this Association has ever made a charge or re- 
 ceived any pecuniary compensation for any labor per- 
 formed. From the first dollar ever placed in the Treas- 
 ury to the last, it has been a work of love. 
 
78 
 
 If the deathless spirits of those who have passed away, 
 return to this earth which has been their Home, we know 
 that when the sound of footsteps had ceased to fall on 
 Capitol Hill at the eventide of that eventful day, fair 
 angels came, following one sweet soul who led them in 
 their ministrations to the suffering in the dark days of 
 the sixties. 
 
 These gathered the flitting breaths of flowers, the won- 
 drous power of words, the sounds of music and of sweet 
 voices; the beautiful influences of loving lives, of blessed 
 smiles; of holy toil, of sublime sacrifice and bore all 
 heavenward to add to the eternal harmonies of the Uni- 
 verse. 
 
 PERSONALS. 
 
 The four young ladies representing the four branches 
 of the service, who crown statues and recite inscriptions : 
 
 Miss C. T. Raoul, for the Infantry. 
 
 Miss Raoul is of distinguished French and American 
 lineage, a. lady of rare scholarly attainments and su- 
 perior talents as a linguist and a writer of prose and 
 verse. The inscription on the base of the pedestal which 
 upholds the statue of infantry is from her own versatile 
 pen. She has been selected for the pleasing task, not for 
 her revolutionary descent nor for her marked genius nor 
 for her many services to the Ladies’ Memorial Associa- 
 tion, but because she wears the proud distinction of hav- 
 ing fired the first gun which announced the secession of 
 Alabama! 
 
 Miss Lena Hausman: 
 
 The artillery statue has been chosen for this young 
 lady, as a compliment to her great personal worth and in 
 honor of her noble mother. Her father and mother, Mr. 
 and Mrs. C. T. Hausman, were notable during the four 
 years’ struggle for a loyalty to the cause and a generous 
 support which can never be forgotten. On this occasion 
 Miss Hausman represents her mother, the Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Ladies’ Memorial Association. She was 
 President of the Hebrew Hospital Association during 
 the war and displayed the same loyalty and devotion 
 that characterizes her work in the Ladies’ Memorial As- 
 sociation, which she has loved to serve in any and every 
 
79 
 
 way her great heart has found, in her official capacity, 
 or as a working member. Devoted to the Confederacy, 
 she maintained an unflagging interest in the time-hon- 
 ored Association. Mrs. Hausman is widely known as 
 one of the most charitable ladies of the many of whom 
 Montgomery can boast. It is indeed fitting that her 
 daughter, a noble scion of a noble race, should represent 
 her, on this day of rejoicing in the completion of a work, 
 
 where hers has been a faithful hand. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Miss Janie Eddins Watts, who represents the Navy, 
 which “startled the wondering world,” is the daughter 
 of Mr. and Mrs. T. H. Watts. Her father inherited the 
 name as well as legal ability of his distinguished father. 
 Her mother is a patriotic daughter of Mrs. M. J. Eddins, 
 w ho w as for years the President of the Ladies’ Memorial 
 Association of Tuscaloosa, and after long and devoted 
 service, is still faithful to Confederate memories. The 
 benevolent and kindly heart of Gov. T. H. Watts has 
 ceased to beat, but this selection of his grand daughter 
 proves that in Southern hearts, his memory is cherished. 
 He entered the service of the Confederacy as Colonel of 
 the gallant Seventeenth Alabama, and became the mag- 
 netic leader who, alredy noted at the bar, was called from 
 this active field service to the high position of Attorney- 
 General of the Confederate States, This he filled with 
 extraordinary ability and in turn relinquished at the 
 call of his State to become the famous war Governor of 
 Alabama. He was one of the most popular men and 
 ablest lawyers the State has produced. He w r as called 
 by Judge B. F. Porter, Chairman of the Committee of 
 the Southern Historical Society, formed at Richmond, 
 Va., to become President of the Society, for the preser- 
 vation of material for Southern History and the memory 
 of those who fell in the service of the State, which posi- 
 tion he occupied until its labors were suspended under 
 military rule. As a tribute to this noted grandsire w T ho 
 was the intimate friend of President Davis and stood 
 with General Gordon by his side, when he laid the cor- 
 ner stone of the Confederate Monument, it is peculiarly 
 appropriate that this graceful representative of so 
 prominent a family, and the Vice-President of the Girls’ 
 Memorial Association should be chosen from among his 
 fair grand daughters to honor the name she bears. 
 
80 
 
 Miss Laura Martin Elmore, for the Cavalry, is the 
 daughter of Major and Mrs. V. M. Elmore, who are 
 equally devoted to Confederate memories. Her father 
 was one of the bravest of the brave, of the regiment of the 
 lamented Col. James H. Clanton. His mind is a store 
 house of thrilling incidents in the lives of his brave 
 leader and heroic comrades. The Elmores have been 
 notable not only for intellectuality, professional ability 
 and social worth, but for hearty co-operation and faith- 
 ful service in Confederate history. On this occasion, 
 Miss Elmore is called specially to represent her lovely 
 grandmother, Mrs. John Elmore, who was one of the 
 Vice-Presidents of the L. M. A., notable in a large circle 
 of admiring friends, for her intellectual gifts and per- 
 sonal charm, which contributed so greatly to the suc- 
 cess of the Association in its labors to preserve the 
 sacred memories she cherished. Her services can never 
 be forgotten. Miss Elmore's maternal ancestor, Capt. 
 George Hails, went heart and soul into the support of 
 the cause of the struggling Confederacy and not only 
 made a proud record for himself and descendants, as a 
 fearless soldier, but his magnificent generosity was un- 
 limited in contributions to every effort which promoted 
 the welfare of the South or the comfort of the suffering. 
 Her paternal grandfather, John Elmore, was a man of 
 wonderful legal ability, varied talent and sturdy patriot- 
 ism. Her great-grandfather, Capt. Robert Hails, was 
 an officer in the Legion of Light Horse Harry Lee, dur- 
 ing the Revolutionary War. With such ancestral records, 
 it is most appropriate that this winsome representative 
 should be chosen to honor Mrs. John Elmore, one of the 
 first Vice-Presidents of the L. M. A. 
 
 The fair fourteen vestal maidens who represented the 
 Southern Confederacy and the thirteen virgin States — 
 I he thirteen stars of the Confederate Flag borne by the 
 Confederate States in the order in which they seceded: 
 
 “THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY.” 
 
 Miss Sadie Robinson, who recited “The Conquered 
 Banner,” by the poet-priest of Alabama, Father Ryan, is 
 of prominent families of French Huguenot extraction, 
 and represents on this red-letter day, her aunt, Miss Jen- 
 nie Ross Crommelin of noble blood and noble heart, the 
 
qi 
 
 ui 
 
 late beloved and accomplished Secretary and Treasurer 
 of the Ladies' Memorial Association, whose devotion to 
 its every interest ended only in death. Herself of revolu- 
 tionary descent traceable to the days when New York 
 was a village and Alabama, the haunt of the Indian, she 
 had much for which to be proud, but no more modest 
 Southern lady has ever given time, means, talents and 
 devotion to the Association. Her proudest desire was to 
 honor the cause for which her brave brothers, John and 
 Henry Crommelin, fought, as boy soldiers, and to see 
 the Monument finished for which she had toiled so many 
 years. It will be seen that Miss Robinson thus pays tri- 
 bute at the shrine of her country, to the memory of her 
 gallant uncles and to the memory of her aunt, Miss Jen- 
 nie Ross Crommelin. This family, one of the first of the 
 Huguenots who came to this country, has been eminent 
 for adherence to principle from Colonial and Revolu- 
 tionary times down to the present day. To the Confedera- 
 cy they generously contributed out of their abundant 
 means and her uncle, our excellent ex-Mayo r John Crom- 
 melin, who entered the service, before he was of age, 
 fought to the bitter end, when the flag of the South was 
 sadly furled. No member of our Association has ever 
 been truer, with willing hands and graceful pen than 
 Miss Jeannie Crommelin, whose memory will be kept 
 forever green by her loving associates. 
 
 * * * 
 
 “First gallant South Carolina,” is represented by Miss 
 Jean Craik, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Geo. W. Craik. 
 Her father is a Kentuckian. His family served their 
 country during the Revolution and has been ever true to 
 the principles handed down from generation to genera- 
 tion. Her paternal ancestor, Dr. Craik, was the family 
 physician of General Washington. 
 
 She is the granddaughter of Dr. and Mrs. Wm.O.Bald- 
 Avin. The latter, who Miss Craik specially represents, 
 Avas the first Secretary of the Ladies’ Memorial Associa- 
 tion, Avliose faithful and able services are fondly remem- 
 bered. No one has been more true. Her devotion to the 
 cause was intensified by the sad fate of her young and 
 gifted son, Capt. Wm. O. Baldwin, who entered the army 
 from school, served Avith desperate heroism and fell on 
 the breastworks of Franklin while gallantly leading his 
 company. Mrs. Baldwin did everything in her power to 
 6 
 
82 
 
 promote the influence of the Association. Although in 
 feeble health for many years, her interest never waned 
 and she remained unto death, faithful to the sacred mem- 
 ories, perpetuated by the organization which she adorned 
 by her superior qualities of mind and character. Her 
 maternal ancestor, Judge Abram Martin, of a family of 
 Martins, distinguished for a high order of talent and for 
 patriotic zeal, held important position and won a wide 
 reputation as a jurist. In herself, Miss Craik, “the bon- 
 nie Jean,” albeit so young, gives evidence of traits of 
 character which make her a most fitting selection to per- 
 sonate the courageous and independent little State of 
 South Carolina, whose badge she wears. But this honor 
 is tendered her in special memory of her grandmother, 
 our Secretary, whose efficient .service, lofty worth and 
 untiring devotion, is so affectionately cherished by her 
 old associates and friends of the Ladies’ Memorial Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Close in her wake came Mississippi, which is person- 
 ated by Miss Maggie Crommelin. She is the daughter 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Crommelin. Her father entered 
 the service of the Confederacy in early youth and made 
 a proud record as a soldier which has been equalled, not 
 surpassed by his worth as a citizen. Her mother, as the 
 beautiful Miss Lucy Metcalf, has rendered highly valued 
 assistance to the Ladies’ Memorial Association. Her 
 aid, beginning in early girlhood and continuing up to the 
 present time, is greatly prized. Her maternal, as well as 
 paternal uncles, already noted herein, were conspicuous 
 for gallantry. William and John Metcalf were models 
 of courage in the defense of the principles for which they 
 so bravely fought. Thus patriotism must needs be the 
 heritage of one who descends from two such families as 
 the Metcalfs and Crommelins. Naturally gentle in heart 
 and pleasing in manner, this heroic strain makes her a 
 worthy as well as lovely personator of Mississippi, so 
 long the home of our beloved President Davis — a State 
 which loved and suffered much, whose badge could not 
 be more worthily worn than by sweet Maggie Crom- 
 melin. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The Land of Flowers, fair Florida, has sent her State 
 seal and kindly greetings to Miss Joscelyn Ockenden, 
 
83 
 
 whose earliest memories are of its pearly lakes and ever- 
 green groves. She is the personification of youth and 
 health and may well be sought to represent De Leon’s 
 land of promise and perpetual life. She is the daughter 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Albion Ockenden. On the paternal side, 
 her father is a grand nephew of the brave young Capt. 
 Wolfe, the hero of the heights of Abraham, scenes of 
 whose tragic life and death in the bloody conflicts of 
 American history, are recorded in bronze in Westminster 
 Abbey. Her middle name comes from her ancestor, Ad- 
 miral Fisher of the British Admiralty. Not to represent 
 these historic sires has she been chosen, but accepts the 
 honor for her mother, the daughter of Judge and Mrs. 
 B. F. Porter, who founded in their own home, the Sold- 
 ier's Best, from which grew the private hospital which 
 became the Confederate Hospital in Greenville, Ala. 
 Judge Porter, as learned as kind, was Colonel command- 
 ing the post; organized the Soldier's Aid Society, and 
 Mrs. Porter served four years as matron, establishing 
 “The Wayside Table,” which was daily spread at the 
 station, from the beginning to the end of the war, free of 
 charge to the Confederate soldiers. Three sons were 
 given to the army, one of whom found death in the last 
 ditch at Franklin, and another from service on an erand 
 of mercy; the third was captured while running the 
 last train of supplies for the Confederate army. No 
 family gave more to the sacred cause nor was more wide- 
 ly known for benevolence and love of native land. 
 Joscelyn Fisher Ockenden, as Florida, pays this tribute 
 to her mother's people. The Porters and Henrys of But- 
 ler are closely connected, the latter being related to 
 Patrick Henry, of Virginia. 
 
 * * -Jf 
 
 Miss Rebecca Pollard, the fair representative of our 
 beloved State of Alabama, is the daughter of Capt. and 
 Mrs. Charles Pollard. Her father entered the war at 
 19 years of age, was a youthful and gallant soldier 
 throughout those stormy days. His brother, John Pol- 
 lard, was slaiu while in fearless conflict with the foe. 
 Her mother is the daughter of Major Sam Marks, who 
 was not only one of the bravest of soldiers, but he and 
 his family in all its different branches, gave with almost 
 princely munificence to the support of the cause they 
 served from the first gun to the last. Major Marks 
 
84 
 
 equipped a company at his own expense. Many a suffer- 
 ing soldier and needy family shared the bounty of this 
 brave veteran and his family. The Pollards were like- 
 wise noted for those sterling traits which placed them 
 among the best citizens. Mr. Charles Pollard was Presi- 
 dent of the first railroad in Alabama. The Pollard and 
 Marks branches are fitly joined in the fair maiden of 
 their name and blood, who has been selected by an asso- 
 ciation which loves to honor womanly virtue, good and 
 generous citizenship, as well as valiant patriotism. Mr. 
 C. T. Pollard was aid-de-camp on the staff of General 
 Allen, fought through the war and surrendered only 
 when all was lost. Her uncles were equally brave, one 
 entering the army at seventeen. Could we choose a bet- 
 ter representative to wear the colors? 
 
 * * * 
 
 The progressive State of Georgia is most worthily per- 
 sonated by Miss Katy Burch, whose parents and grand- 
 parents are identified with the history of the State to 
 whose prosperity they have largely contributed. Her 
 mother has been a proud member of the Ladies’ Memorial 
 Association for years. But she comes to honor those 
 who have passed away. She is the granddaughter of 
 Hon. A. B. Clitherall, who was Private Secretary to 
 President Davis and afterwards Secretary of the Con- 
 federate Congress, a man of distinguished legal ability 
 and varied talents. In this fair galaxy she is the repre- 
 sentative of her maternal relative, Mrs. Eliza Moore, the 
 patriotic grandmother of Mrs. Gov. T. G. Jones, one of 
 l he most devoted of women. She was a useful member of 
 the Ladies’ Aid Society during the war, which was es- 
 tablished for furnishing the soldiers with necessaries 
 and comforts where she and other noble ladies worked 
 with deft and willing fingers. Her maternal grandmoth- 
 er, Mrs. Clitherall, has been an honored member of the 
 Association for many years. This talented young girl 
 worthily represents a brilliant family, which gave brave 
 
 men and fair women to the cause still served devotedly. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Louisiana’s historic star will be worn by a young and 
 lovely patriot, Miss Sarah H. Jones. She is the daugh- 
 ter of Col. and Mrs. W. B. Jones. Her father fought 
 bravely from the beginning to the end and bears the hon- 
 orable scars of battle on many a hard-fought field and 
 
85 
 
 lias been true to Confederate memories, with touching 
 loyalty. After the disastrous end came, he became as 
 active in the restoration of order. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Monumental Committee, and was one of the 
 first subscribers of $100 to the Monument. Her mother, 
 the daughter of Mr. Wm. Kay and his good wife, has ren- 
 dered highly valued help to the Ladies’ Memorial Asso- 
 ciation. They have reared a family which could not be 
 otherwise than true to those great principles which be- 
 come a priceless heritage, greater than gold and lands. 
 
 She will charmingly personate a great Southern State. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The badge of the Lone Star State of Texas is bestowed 
 on Miss Mattie Thorington, the daughter of Judge and 
 Mrs. Wm. Thorington. Her father was one of the brave 
 young cadets who left the University of Alabama to fight 
 for the South and continued in service until all was over. 
 He now occupies the high position of Dean of the State 
 University. Her grandfather, Col. Jack Thorington, 
 commanded a regiment in the famous Hilliard’s Legion, 
 was eminent for legal lore and devoted love of country, 
 which has been an inheritance in the family. Her ma- 
 ternal grandfather, Judge Wm. P. Chilton, was a pro- 
 found lawyer and jurist. Texas will be proud of this 
 selection in her honor, for Miss Thorington inherits the 
 beauty, intellect and patriotism of her gifted kinsmen 
 and women. Mention must here be made of her relative, 
 Mrs. Sarah Herron, whose, work in the Ladies’ Hospital 
 won from Mrs. Sophie Bibb the title of Florence Night- 
 ingale. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The old Dominion is worthily represented by Miss 
 Caroline Hannon, the daughter of the late beloved Capt. 
 and Mrs. Thomas Hannon. . No braver and truer 
 man ever fought for native land than her fath- 
 er, one of the veterans whose devotion to its 
 memories was unsurpassed. Her mother was Miss 
 Sarah Gilmer, whose ancestry has been noted in the 
 history of Virginia, Georgia and other States. Her rela- 
 tive, Gov. Walker Gilmer, was Governor of Virginia and 
 Secretary of the Navy, a member of the cabinet of Presi- 
 dent Tyler. Her grandmother was first Treasurer of the 
 L. M. A., devoted to its interests and work, one of the 
 gentlest Christian characters in Montgomery, beloved 
 
86 
 
 bv every one who knew her. These ceremonies would be 
 incomplete without honoring her in the lovable person 
 
 of Miss Caroline Hannon. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Arkansas — Miss Mamie Holt, who thus honors this 
 great State, is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Edward 
 Holt. Her father was a brave Confederate officer. Her 
 mother is the daughter of noble Mrs. Dr. Bellinger, who 
 gave two buildings on Bellinger Heights for the accom- 
 modation of soldiers. These were used for a hospital 
 until larger quarters were needed and the Ladies’ Hos- 
 pital was established in the city. Her gentle ministra- 
 tions ended not there ; she was noted for her devotion to 
 Confederate charities and all “the sweet courtesies of 
 life,” which made her a fitting wife for the courtly Dr. 
 Bellinger, whose heart was ever true to his country. The 
 family is of an artistocratic line of Huguenot extraction, 
 prominent in colonial times and in the history of the 
 Confederacy. A touching incident is related of her 
 grandfather, which is eloquent of his sentiments. He 
 exclaimed, on meeting President Davis : “Let me clasp 
 the hand that was manacled for us!” 
 
 Such are the ancestors of Miss Holt, who is the repre- 
 sentative of her gentle grandmother. 
 
 * * * 
 
 North Carolina is appropriately presented by Miss 
 Eliza Arrington, the fair daughter of Judge and Mrs. T. 
 W. Arrington. Her father was the gallant Colonel of 
 the Thirty-first Alabama, whose kindliness of nature 
 won the lasting friendship of his men. He was judge of 
 the City Court, in which office he served up to the close 
 of his life. Her mother has always been a useful and 
 most devoted member of the L. M. A. Miss Arrington is 
 the granddaughter of Judge George Goldth waite, who 
 was Adjutant-General of the State, a man of remarkable 
 intellectuality. Having been educated at West Point, 
 lie was an efficient and indefatigable officer of State and 
 was the first United States Senator elected after the war. 
 He also served the Confederacy as Assistant Secretary 
 of War. Miss Arrington is thus appropriately chosen to 
 wear the badge of North Carolina, whence came so many 
 distinguished relatives. To her youth and sweetness of 
 character is united patriotic virtues. Four of the 
 Goldthwaite brothers fought for us. Mr. Robert Goldth- 
 waite still wears the wounds of honor. 
 
87 
 
 Tennessee is most fitly represented bv Miss Mattie 
 Gilmer Bibb, the daughter of Dr. and Mrs. W. G. Bibb. 
 Her father is one of our most popular and successful 
 physicians. Her mother is the daughter of Goy. J. D. 
 Porter of Tennessee. She is the granddaughter of Mrs. 
 Martha Dandridge Bibb, President of the Ladies Memo- 
 rial Association, and of Col. Jos. B. Bibb, of the Twenty 
 third Alabama, who fought from the beginning to the 
 end of the war with unparalleled devotion to a cause 
 which he loved better than life itself, for which he died 
 of wounds received in battle. Such was his conspicuous 
 gallantry that when the regiments were consolidated 
 with his, an application was immediately forwarded by 
 his commanding General for his promotion to Brigadier- 
 General. He was only prevented from receiving this ap- 
 pointment by the close of the war. On his ancestor, John 
 Lewis’ tomb in Virginia, is inscribed : “He gave five 
 
 sons to fight the battles of his country.” The Lewises 
 and Gilmers have remained true to the principles hand- 
 ed down to them by noble sires. Her grandsire, “Win. B. 
 Gentleman,” is thus quaintly recorded in the records of 
 the House of Burgesses and the convention of 1775-76, 
 a member of the Committee of Liberty. She is also the 
 great granddaughter of Mrs. Sophie Bibb, the gentle 
 heroine who still lives in the hearts of Confederates, who 
 was President of the Ladies’ Hospital, which, in the 
 words of her personal friend, President Davis, was the 
 best managed hospital in the Confederacy. On the ma- 
 ternal side Mattie Gilmer Bibb is the granddaughter of 
 Gov. James D. Porter, who was Adjutant-General on the 
 staff of General Cheatham, distinguished in Confederate 
 service, was Governor of Tennessee two terms, First As- 
 sistant Secretary of State during the first administra- 
 tion of Cleveland and Minister to Chili during the sec- 
 ond. Since his return Governor Porter has devoted his 
 brilliant pen to presenting the history of the Confeder- 
 ate soldiers in Tennessee, and is a prominent factor in 
 the distribution of the Peabody Fund. His proudest 
 and tenderest memories are of a dear young brother, 
 Lieut. C. T. Porter, who gallantly served and died in the 
 Confederate Navy. Such is the blood that courses in the 
 youthful frame of Mattie Gilmer Bibb, who will wear 
 the badge of Tennessee with winsome grace. 
 
83 
 
 Kentucky is personated by the beautiful President of 
 the first and only Girl's Memorial Association, which 
 has ever been organized. Martha E. Bibb is of distin- 
 guished ancestry. She is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Peyton Bibb. Her mother is a highly cultivated lady of 
 literary taste and abilit}'. Her father was one of the 
 heroes of Chehaw, the kinsman of Judge George M. Bibb, 
 who so ably represented the State she honors, in the Uni 
 ted States Senate, and was made Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury. She is the niece of Lieutenant Richard Bibb, who, 
 inspired by youthful patriotism, left the University of 
 Alabama, while a cadet, entered the First Alabama, 
 served with signal gallantry that received rapid promo- 
 tion to lieutenantcy, and alas, was killed fighting brave- 
 ly while the bloom of young manhood was yet on his 
 beardless face! Governor Bradley sent a badge and the 
 seal of Kentucky, with the request that it be worn by the 
 handsomest lady in the galaxy. Miss Martha E. Bibb 
 had already been selected for the fair State of her hon- 
 ored kinsman, and the Governor’s badge could not be 
 worn more gracefully than by her, who is one of the fair- 
 est of fair Alabamians. 
 
 Missouri is personated by Miss Alabama Brown, the 
 daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Whiting Brown. She is the 
 granddaughter of Col. Thomas Brown, who was killed 
 at Woodsonville, Ky., and afterwards brought to Mont- 
 gomery for reinterment. The sword taken from his 
 body by a Federal officer was returned to the family and 
 contains the mark of the precious blood of the Southern 
 patriot. Her paternal ancestress, Mrs. John Whiting, 
 gave woman’s faithful service to the Confederacy. Her 
 grandmother, Mrs. Walter Jackson, who she represents 
 as one of the first members of the Ladies’ 
 Memorial Association, was devoted to its pur- 
 poses as long as she lived. Her memory is lovingly cher- 
 ished by its members, and a large circle of friends. She 
 also represents Mrs. Virginia Whiting Hilliard, who 
 was an accomplished Secretary of the Ladies’ Memorial 
 Association, until her removal to Tennessee. Missouri 
 has a comely and fitting maid to wear her badge and 
 star. 
 
89 
 
 These personals would be incomplete without special 
 mention of Mrs. Sophie Bibb, whose ancestry is closely 
 connected with the colonial and Revolutionary history 
 of the United States, and whose own life was so much a 
 part of the annals of the Confederacy that it cannot be 
 passed over silently, when we unveil a Monument to the 
 Confederate soldiers of Alabama. She was the grand- 
 daughter of General Thomas Lewis, the intimate per- 
 sonal friend and neighbor of Washington, whose family 
 was so prominent in colonial history and whose wisdom 
 and talent assisted in organizing the present government 
 of the United States. This noble descendant of four 
 Governors and the illustrious families which have served 
 so bravely from the formation of our colonies, in the 
 records of Virginia, Georgia and other States, had the 
 proud satisfaction of seeing the Bibbs and Gilmers rally- 
 ing around the flag of the Confederacy. She was a sister 
 of Gov. Geo. E. Gilmer, of Georgia, a near relative of 
 Gov. Walker Gilmer, of Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. 
 Tracing her lineage to the Washingtons, Lewises and ’ 
 Gilmers, she might well have been proud, but no sweeter 
 and more womanly character graces the long list of the 
 brave women of the civil war. Her patriotic devotion 
 was intense, and she was probably the best known wo- 
 man in the Confederacy, from having under her tender 
 care soldiers from all parts of the South, who still rever- 
 ently speak of her with affectionate gratitude. When 
 she could no longer work for the Confederacy, she de- 
 voted herself to the removal of the dead of Alabama from 
 distant battlefields and erecting headstones over them. 
 This accomplished, in her faithful heart was the desire 
 to erect a monument to their memory, for which was 
 founded the Ladies’ Memorial Association, of which she 
 was the honored and beloved President until death 
 stilled her loving heart! She was best beloved for her 
 sweet womanliness and Christian consideration for the 
 feelings of others and can never be forgotten in the 
 South. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Mrs. Martha Dandridge Bibb, widow of Col. Joseph 
 B. Bibb, who was one of the bravest of Southern patriots 
 up to the time of his death and left that love of country 
 as a legacy to his sons whom he proudly taught the true 
 construction of the Constitution, and the right of seces- 
 
90 
 
 sion for which he and his comrades fought. Mrs. M. D. 
 Bibb is eminent for patriotic zeal, as an inheritance from 
 the mother she so fondly loves and who she succeeded as 
 President of the Ladies 1 Memorial Association. The 
 work so ably performed by Mrs. Sophie Bibb and the 
 purpose to which she devoted her declining years could 
 not have been more faithfully executed than they have 
 been through all these years by her gifted daughter. She 
 has been untiring in her work for the Memorial Associa- 
 tion, and the perpetuation of the holy memories to which 
 the Confederate Monument is consecrated. She duti- 
 fully attributes her success in the work to the blessed 
 memories of her sainted mother. But there is more, for 
 she has brought to this labor of love, rare executive abil- 
 ity and magnetic charm which has contributed largely 
 to obtaining three appropriations from the State and im 
 parted enthusiasm to her associates in the cause, without 
 whom she declares she could have done nothing. The un- 
 veiling of the Confederate Monument is one of the proud 
 est days of her life. 
 
91 
 
 THE ROLL OF THE LADIES’ 
 MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 CHARTER MEMBERS. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Mrs. Judge B. S. Bibb, President. 
 
 Mrs. Judge J. D. Phelan, Vice-President. 
 
 Mrs. L>r. W. O. Baldwin, Secretary. 
 
 Rev. Dr. S. D. Cox, Assistant Secretary. 
 
 Mrs. E. C. Hannon, Treasurer. 
 
 Executive Committee — Mrs. Dr. Samuel Eambo, Mrs. 
 John Elmore, Mrs. Wm. Pollard, Mrs. Dr. Wilson, Mrs. 
 tV. J. Bibb, Mrs. Mount, Mrs. C. J. Hausman, Mrs. 
 Judge F. Bubgee, Mrs. W. B. Bell, Mrs. Fort Hargrove, 
 Mrs. James Ware. 
 
 OTHER MEMBERS. 
 
 Mrs. Gov. Benj. Fitzpatrick, Mrs. Gov. T. H. Watts, 
 Mrs. Gen. W. W. Allen, Mrs. Gen. J. Clanton, Mrs. Gen. 
 Holtzelaw, Mrs. Col. John Giudrat, Mrs. Col. Jack Tlior- 
 ington, Mrs. Col. J. B. Bibb, Mrs. Col. Warren Reese, 
 Mrs. Col. Lomax, Mrs. Col. Virgil Murphy, Mrs. Col. W. 
 C. Bibb, Mrs. Judge Geo. Goldth waite, Mrs. Judge Sam- 
 uel Rice, Mrs. Judge T. J. Judge, Mrs. F. M. Gilmer, 
 Mrs. Samuel Jones, Mrs. Dr. Bellinger, Mrs. Dr. W. C. 
 Jackson, Mrs. Dr. S. Holt, Mrs. Dr. G. W. Petrie, Mrs. 
 Dr. Semple, Mrs. Dr. Keyes, Mrs. Dr. Hill, Mrs. Dr. 
 Thomas Taylor, Mrs. Eliza Moore, Mrs. Eliza Ponder, 
 Mrs. Leon Wyman, Mrs. Wm. Johnson, Mrs. John Whit- 
 ing, Mrs. Benj. Micou, Mrs. Amanda Snodgrass, Mrs. 
 Eliza Brown, Mrs. J. Cox, Mrs. Dan. Cram, Mrs. S. E. 
 Hutcheson, Mrs. J. Dubose Bibb, Mrs. A. Gerald, Mrs. 
 Samuel Reid, Mrs. Lou McCants, Mrs. James Terry, 
 Mrs. Henry Weil, Mrs. Sarah Herron, Mrs. Henry Lee, 
 Mrs. Gallatin McGehee, Mrs. Sam Marks, Mrs. Virginia 
 Hilliard, Mrs. Wm. L. Yancey, Miss Louisa S. Bibb, Miss 
 Mary Phelan, Miss Priscilla Phelan, Mrs. Geo. R. Doran, 
 Mrs. S. P. Hardaway, Mrs. James Stewart, Mrs. P. H. 
 Gayle, Mrs. Richard Goldthwaite, Mrs. Tucker Sayre, 
 Mrs. Wm. Ray, Mrs. A. Strassburger, Mrs. John Cobbs. 
 
LATER MEMBERS. 
 
 Mrs. Gen. J. W. A. Sanford, Mrs. Col. Emmet Seibels, 
 Mrs. Col. T. Arrington, Mrs. Gov. T. G. Jones, Mrs. Gov. 
 R. E. Ligon, Mrs. Frank Elmore, Mrs. Vince Elmore, 
 Mrs. Gen. Allen, Mrs. W. Hubbard, Mrs. S. Hubbard, 
 Mrs. Dr. A. M. Oliver, Mrs. Mollie Oliver, Mrs. A. Cam- 
 eron, Mrs. M. Fountain, Mrs. Geo. Holmes, Mrs. A. H. 
 Holmes, Mrs. Robert Moulton, Mrs. Mills, Mrs. J. W. 
 Durr, Mrs. John G. Winter, Mrs. E. P. Morrisette, Miss 
 Maude Winter, Mrs. W. M. Shoemaker, Mrs. Frank Dun- 
 can, Mrs. T. B. Bethea, Mrs. James Hardie, Mrs. M. A. 
 Benjamin, Mrs. Graves, Mrs. Clifford Lanier, Mrs. 
 Benjamin Harrison, Mrs. Paine, Mrs. E. R. Andrews, 
 Mrs. J. H. Lakin, Mrs. Win. Smith, Mrs. Lucy Matthews, 
 Mrs. Charles Lynn, Miss Fanny Matthews, Mrs. A. P. 
 Watt, Miss The. Raoul, Mrs. Dr. Dudley Robinson, Mrs. 
 Hugh Henry, Mrs. Capt. Henry, Mrs. Dr. J. C. Lee, Mrs. 
 Major Clisby, Miss Ross, Miss Alice Hereford, Miss Jen- 
 nie Hereford, Miss Bettie Bell, Mrs. Katie Shepherd, 
 Miss Rosebud Moss, Miss Morrisette, Miss Sallie Mor- 
 risette, Mrs. Gardner, Mrs. E. 1*. Alexander, Mrs. M. O. 
 Baldwin, Miss Mary Baldwin, Miss Cecile Baldwin, Mrs. 
 B. J. Baldwin, Miss Alma Baldwin, Mrs. Martin Bald- 
 win, Master A. M. Baldwin, Miss Katheriue Baldwin, 
 Miss Jeannie R. Crommelin, Mrs. Henry Crommelin, 
 Miss Mollie Crommelin, Mrs. J. I). Beale, Miss May 
 Crommelin, Miss Nellie Jackson, Mrs. Murphy, Mrs. Dr. 
 Johnson, Miss Caroline Beale, Miss May Banks, Miss 
 Stuart, Miss Clanton, Miss Mamie Graham, Mrs. Frank 
 Noble, Mrs. B. F. Noble, Mrs. W. R. Noble, Mrs. Joel 
 White, Mrs. W. W. Screws, Mrs. Dr. Hawthorne, Mrs. 
 F. P. Glass, Mrs. Mary E. Bibb, Miss Mary James, Mrs. 
 W. L. Chambers, Mrs. J. Goetter, Mrs. Ezekiel, Mrs. 
 Stoelker, Mrs. Crenshaw, Mrs. Patterson, Mrs. Craik, 
 Miss Mary Martin Craik, Miss Juliet Craik, Miss Jean 
 Craik, Miss Cecile Craik, Mrs. Virginia Clay Clopton, 
 Mrs. M. Gindrat, Miss M. Whipple, Mrs. W. Waller. 
 Mrs. Dr. Waller, Miss M. L. Smith, Miss Lillie Lee Bell, 
 Mrs. John Chisholm, Mrs. Charles Chisholm, Mrs. A. T. 
 Goodwyn, Mrs. Dr. Moses, Mrs. J. T. Moses, Mrs. Judah 
 Moses, Miss Julia Moses, Mrs. LI. C. Moses, Mrs. R. 
 Moses, Mrs. T. A. Moses, Miss Grace Moses, Mrs. Col. 
 Malcolm Graham, Mrs. Carraway, Mrs. Smythe, Mrs. 
 Win. Pickett, Mrs. Capt. Cox, Mrs. Jordan, Miss Mamie 
 Hilliard, Miss Gunter, Miss W. Cox, Mrs. Wm. Garside, 
 
93 
 
 Mrs. Payne, Mrs. Dr. Wilson, Mrs. Col. Troy, Mrs. Alex 
 Troy, Mrs. E. Banks, Miss Lettie Tyler, Miss T. Tliom, 
 Miss Williams, Mrs. T. G. Foster, Mrs. R. Tyler, Mrs. 
 John F. North ington, Mrs. Belle Whatley, Mrs. Lynch, 
 Mrs. W. H. Clanton, Miss Fannie Grattan, Miss Fannie 
 Griffin, Miss Lizzie Cary, Mrs. C. Williams, Mrs. H. A. 
 Herbert, Miss Leila Herbert, Miss Ella Herbert, Mrs. F. 
 Buell, Mrs. Thomas Chilton, Miss Fannie Lockett, Mr. 
 Dunham, Mrs. Dunham, Mrs. Reuben Nix, Mrs. T. Talia- 
 ferro, Miss Lucy Micou, Miss Clara Boykin, Mrs. S. Led- 
 yard, Mrs. E. T. Ledyard, Mrs. D. Ledyard, Mrs. Dr. R. 
 Jones, Miss 31. Montgomery, Mrs. Teague, Mrs. T. II. 
 Watts, Jr., Mrs. Ed. Trimble, Miss Janie Eddins Watts. 
 Mrs. Win. Trimble, Mrs. Julius Trimble, Miss S. 
 Trimble, Mrs. E. A. Graham, Mrs. J. H. Walker, Mrs. 
 Dr. Henry, Mrs. Mashburn, .Mrs. G. Chappell, Mrs. Wm. 
 Irvine, Miss Sue Ponder, Mrs. A. 31. Knox, 3Irs. W. R. 
 Jones, 3Irs. Devotie Noble, 3Irs. Sutherlin Noble, 3Iiss 
 3Iary Elmore, 31iss Laura 3Iartin Elmore, 3Iiss Carrie 
 Jackson, 31 rs. Wm. Gunter, 3Iiss Nellie Gunter, 3Iiss 
 Katie Gammell, 3Irs. J. C. Hurter, JIrs. J. G. Harris, 
 Jliss Belle Allen, 3Iiss Ruth Allen, 3Iiss Willie Allen, 
 31 iss Hattie Allen, 3Irs. 3Iinnie Reese Richardson, 3Iiss 
 Laura Reese, Jliss Carrie Reese, 3Irs. W. F. Vandiver, 
 Airs. James Stewart, 3Irs. T. G. Bush, 3Iiss Mary Led- 
 yard, 3Irs. E. Kirk, Mrs. J. 33 r . Kenney, 3Irs. J. Strat- 
 ford, 3!rs. Henry Booth, Jliss Claudia Lewis, 3Irs. D. 
 Weil, 31rs. J. 3V. Kennedy, JIrs. Harry Jloise, Jliss Rut- 
 son Hatchett, JIrs. J. Abercrombie, Mrs. A. 31. Henry, 
 Jliss Rebecca Scott, Jliss Katie Scott, Jliss Fanny 
 Blount, Jliss Sue Everhart, JIrs. Vinnie Ream Hoxie, 
 JIrs. F. H. Jlerritt, JIrs. F. G. Taylor, JIrs. I. 
 Poliak, JIrs. Gillette, JIrs. Cowan, JIrs. Joseph 
 Goode, JIrs. Wm. Holt, Jliss Willie Jlerriwether, JIrs. 
 R. J. Browder, JIrs. F. Browder, Jliss Lily Browder, 
 JIrs. Amelia Forney Wiley, JIrs. F. 31. Billing, JIrs. E. 
 IT. Clopton, JIrs. H. C. Davidson, JIrs. R. P. Dexter, 
 JIrs. R. C. Farriss, Mrs. H. 31. Hobbie, JIrs. L. B. Hal- 
 lonquist, JIrs. IT. C. Houghton, Mrs. F. L. Lucas, JIrs. 
 W. C Pope, Jliss Kate L. Stevens, JIrs. A. J. Thornton, 
 JIrs. John C. JIcKenzie, JIrs. L. Bunkley, Jliss E. Bul- 
 lock, Jliss Gussie Cheney, JIrs. F. Frankfurter, JIrs. 
 Josiah Jlorris, JIrs. E. S. Shorter, JIrs. JJh E. Richard- 
 son, JIrs. John Savage, Mrs. M. A. Thomas, JIrs. H. L. 
 
04 
 
 Frazier, Mrs. Alex Clitherall, Mrs. Frank Taylor, Mrs. 
 
 E. Chandler, Mrs. Joseph Hall, Miss Carrie Hall, Miss 
 Laura Hall, Mrs. Hines Hall, Misses Louise and Laura 
 Hall, Jr., Mrs. J. K. Hardaway, Mrs. Wade McBryde, 
 Miss Stringfellow, Mrs. Harry Stringfellow, Mrs. John 
 
 F. Whitfield, Miss Beth Allen, Miss Brooke Hatchett, 
 Mrs. G. Allen, Mrs. Evie Pierce, Mrs. M. C. Scott, Mrs. 
 John A. Adams, Mrs. IJ. 1). French, Miss Katie Burton, 
 Mrs. Dick Williams, Jr., Mrs. W. G. Williamson, Miss 
 Mary Ella Thorington, Mrs. Sol. Palmer, Mrs. T. W. De- 
 Yampert, Mrs. Hudson Norton, Mrs. Ann G. Scott, Mrs. 
 IL E. Spong, Mrs. B. E. Bolling, Mrs. P. A. Travis, Mrs. 
 George Dreher, Mrs. I). Clements, Mrs. Roswald, Mrs. 
 Price, Mrs. W. W. Walker, Mrs. B. Wolff, Mrs. A. M. 
 Allen, Mrs. McNeil, Mrs. Carrie Hall Handy, Miss E. 
 Baldwin Williams, Mrs. W. C. Maxwell, Mrs. F. H. War- 
 ren, Mrs. Robert Brown, Mrs. Peyton Bibb, Mrs. Ed 
 Jones, Mrs. W. H. Gessner, Mrs. R. F. Ligon, Jr., Mrs. 
 Mary Billing Thompson, Mrs. M. Perdue, Mrs. Dr. M. 
 Wood, Mrs. Geo. Archer, Mrs. W. E. Williams, Mrs. 
 Borg, Mrs. Robert Alexander, Mrs. H. M. Matthews, 
 Miss B. Moses, Miss R. Moses, Mrs. F. Baltzell, Mrs. 
 Steiner, Mrs. J. B. Cummins, Mrs. Geo. Taylor, Mrs. C. 
 P. Ball, Mrs. A. G. Perdue, Miss Mary Englehardt, Miss 
 Lucy Jones, Miss Mattie Rives, Miss Mamie Bethea, Miss* 
 Alma B. Maxwell, Miss Jean Craik Maxwell, Mrs. W. 
 E. Elsberry, Miss Sadie C. Robinson, Mrs. Kate Watts 
 Collins, Mrs. John Watts, Mrs. W. T. Campbell, Mrs. 
 H. P. Screws, Mrs. C. T. Pollard, Mrs. Capt. Powell, 
 Mrs. F. Pitman, Miss Mattie IT. Tompkins, Mrs. E. 
 Glazier, Mrs. Florence Tarrant, Mrs. Bryan, Mrs. Mc- 
 Grath, Mrs. Mitchell, Mrs. W. T. Robertson, Mrs. Craig 
 Smith, Mrs. Sallie H. Janney, Mrs. A. G. Forbes, Mrs. 
 Emma Glover, Mrs. C. Reading, Mrs. T. W. Hunter, 
 Mrs. Harrell, Mrs. E. Randolph, Mrs. W. Osbourne, Mrs. 
 James Farley, Mrs. J. Campbell, Mrs. Spencer Marks, 
 Mrs. Dr. Pollard, Mrs. Dr. Rives, Mrs. W. Jones, Mrs. R. 
 Felder, Mrs. T. Oliver, Mrs. Dr. Oliver, Mrs. J. Rhea, 
 Mrs. Major Wallace, Mrs. Foreacre, Mrs. Ann H. 
 Holmes, Mrs. Geo. Holmes, Mrs. Capt. Bragg, Mrs. Neu- 
 mann, Mrs. Myers, Mrs. Blakey, Mrs. G. E. Allen, Mrs. 
 Armstrong, Mrs. Burke, Mrs. J. Pierce, Mrs. R. S. Wil- 
 liams, Mrs. Jeannie Smith, Miss Gussie Woodruff, Mrs. 
 E. Woodruff, Mrs. D. Semple, Mrs. Dr. Hearn, Mrs. E. 
 
95 
 
 R. Dillard, Mrs. T. O. Glasscock, Mrs. C. Gilmer, Mrs. 
 W. R. Pickett, Mrs. E. Harrison, Mrs. E. Reynolds, Mrs. 
 Dr. Law, Mrs. Willie Taylor, Mrs. J. A. Reeves, Mrs. 
 John A. Kirkpatrick, Mrs. F. G. Taylor, Mrs. B. M. 
 Washburn, Mrs. A. J. Thornton, Mrs. A. Taylor, Miss 
 Joscelyn Ockenden, Mrs. J. W. A. Sanford, Jr., Mrs. 
 Blakey, Mrs. Jonas, Mrs. Maj. Hester, Mrs. J. Powell, 
 Mrs. William Mieou, Mrs. J. M. De Cottes, Mrs. Gen. 
 Wm. C. 0(\tes, Mrs. Col. A. A. Wiley. 
 
 The present officers are: 
 
 Mrs. M. D. Bibb, President. 
 
 Mrs. J. C. Hausman, Vice-President. 
 
 Mrs. I. M. P. Ockenden, Secretary-Treasurer. 
 
 Total, 463 members. 
 

CO c 
 
 973*765 A316G 
 
 P17548 
 
P 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 mm 
 
 1 1 1 » 
 
 «P5 
 
 ll 
 
 ilili 
 Ml 
 
 
 .m 
 
 
 3:0^ 
 
 !S^J; 
 
 ' r. ■ 
 
 •:,■ :•- . r.r- 
 
 ' V :- 
 
 d090US20a 
 
 JWiP