DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 DURHAM, N. C. 
 
 Rec'd. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/armylettersof1861121defo 
 
Vol. L 
 
 No. I. 
 
 mm 
 
 issued 
 
 ... OF 
 
 ONE DOLLAR 
 A YEAR. 
 
 TEN CENTS A 
 COPY. 
 
 "Personne." 
 
 F. G. de FONTAINE. 
 
 War Corresoondent, &c. 
 
 T 39 
 
 War Record Publishing Company, 
 
 COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
 189S. 
 
1 OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I. ..Montgomery, Ala. The Provisional Government; an humble be- 
 - ginning; jmvate funds pay the first public check; Capt. Deas 
 and his Treasurv warrant; Capt. Raphael Semmes carves the first 
 ' - official seal. ' 
 
 II. Montgomery, Ala. - Why the Stars and Stripes v^'ere ignored; not 
 the flag of the Revolution; first raising of the flag by Judge Clith- 
 erall, of Alabama; what the emblem signifies. 8-10 
 
 III. Cummings Point, Charleston Harbor. Castle Pinckney, Fort 
 
 Moultrie and Fort Sumter; the Washington Light Infantry; Fort 
 Sumter occupied; troops mount the walls of Castle Pinckney; 
 vSuUivan's Island and I'ort Moultrie seized. 10-15 
 
 IV. Charleston, S. C. Official visit to fortifications; Col. Maxcy 
 
 Gregg's regiment reviewed; how the boys live in camp; the fluid 
 \ countersign. 15-18 
 
 vY.^ Charleston, 5. C. I'ractical patriotism; banks take the State loan; 
 
 Henjamin Mordecai presents $10,()()0 in gold; planters give slaves, 
 and foreign citizens send cannon; on the march. 18-20 
 
 VL Charleston, S. C. Resignations from the Cabinet; Star of the 
 West fired on; Confederate Government assumes control; Gover- 
 nor Pickens notified that P'ort Sumter will be provisioned. 21-24 
 
 VII. Charleston, S. C. Aprii, 11, — P'ormal demand for surrender; ar- 
 rival of troops; old men on guard; Charleston at night. 24-26 
 
 VII!. Charleston, S, C. Aprii. 12. — Fire opened on Sumter; scenes in 
 Charleston during the battle; at the batteries; distinguished vol- 
 unteers. 27-32 
 
 IX. Charleston, S. C. Aprii, 18. — Second day's bombardment; Fort 
 Sumter on fire; painful suspense; the flag shot away; an eiTand 
 ■ ■ . of mercy; Col. Wigfall and the wliite flag; the surrender. 83-36 
 
 X. ^ Charleston, S. C. April 14. — The P'ort evacuated; appearance of 
 the fort; experience of the garrison; injuries to the Confederate 
 batteries. " 36-40 
 
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 Copyrighted, 1896, by the 
 
 WAR RECORD PUBLISHING COflPANY, 
 
 COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
f (o l ? 
 
 ARMY LETTERS 
 
 OF 
 
 "Personne." 
 
 Vol. I. COLUAIBIA, vS. C, 1896. No. i 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The republication of the War Letters of "Personne" is 
 begun in response to requests from many persons who recall the 
 interest aroused by them during our struggle. 
 
 It is true that between 1 861 -1865 the conditions were, dif- 
 ferent from those which exist now. Then, the fighting of 
 the Confederacy were away from home: boys scarcely crossed 
 the threshold separating youth from maturity, when they too 
 eagerly joined their fathers and brothers in the field: eyery 
 thought of woman followed her loved ones there, while the aged 
 head of every household impatiently awaited the mails .that 
 brought home "Xews from the Front."" 
 
 Although thirty-five years have elapsed since those exciting 
 days, their memories still live in a thousand camps of Confed- 
 erate \''eterans and are not likely to be forgotten by their Sons 
 and Daughters. To this large class, these letters will appeal 
 with renewed interest. 
 
 There is another reason why they should be reproduced. 
 So far as is known, only two copies of them are in existence 
 and by the present generation the}' never have been read. 
 
 T 
 
 P2. t 7 3 3 
 
Written amid exciting and rapidly recurring events, from 
 fields of action in South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, 
 Mississippi, Tennessee and Pennsylvania, they are imbued with 
 the warlike atmosphere that pervaded the South during its great 
 contention, and by reason of tlieir fulness of detail they reflect all 
 the cliarm of contemporary interest. Enjoying the freedom of 
 headquarters, the friendship of generals in command and a wide 
 acquaintance with the officers and men, the author was thus 
 afforded special facilities for witnessing the drama in all its 
 varying phases, and in familiar language he told the story of 
 camp and field, of the wayside and the hospital, long before 
 it was written with the cold lormality of the professional his- 
 torian. 
 
 To the V^eterans and Matrons of the Confederacy, these 
 letters will therefore recall many stirring scenes. To their Sons 
 and Daughters, as well as to the general reader, they will open 
 new chapters in the history of the strife, illustrative of man's 
 heroism, woman's devotion, and the humour, poetry and pathos 
 of the time. 
 
 Particularly to the young people of the rising generation — 
 those who are yet attending scliool and college — this historical 
 record will impart much inforn:ation that is not to be found in 
 the books. Above all, it will make them proud of the fathers 
 and mothers who, in the hours of their country's travail, learned 
 ''how to sufifer and grow strong." 
 
 F. G. De Fontaine. 
 
THE GEXESIS OE THE COXEEDERACl 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., February 28, 1861. 
 
 CO WITNESS and record the birth of a government, to 
 watch the swift stream of events hurrying on and moulding 
 without fierce revolution, a new Conieaeracy of States, is 
 an experience — a sentence written in the story of a man's life, 
 never to be forgotten. 
 
 During the last thirty days momentous things have 
 been done that will take their place in history. On the 4tli inst. 
 the delegates from South Carohna, ^Mississippi, Florida, Ala- 
 bama, Georgia and Louisiana, met in Congress and organized a 
 Provisional Government. On the 8th a Provisional Constitution 
 was adopted. On the 9th, Jefterson Davis and Alexander H. 
 Stephens were elected President and \'ice President of the Con- 
 federation, and on the i8th, they respectively took the oath of 
 office and were inaugurated. 
 
 The first Cabinet appointment was that of Hon. C. G. Alem- 
 minger, of Charleston, as Secretary of the Treasury. He was 
 also the first official called upon to provide "the sinews of war," 
 which he bravely did. out of his own pocket. Following this ap- 
 pointment were those of Leroy Pope Walker. Secretary of War; 
 Robert Toombs, Secretary of State; Stephen R. IMallory, Secre- 
 tary of the Xavy; John H. Reagan, Postmaster General, and 
 [udah P. Benjamin. Attorney General. Some of these gentlemen 
 as yet, have no business in hand, and Mr. Toombs humorously 
 corn-plains that so far, he has "carried his office around in his 
 hat." 
 
 That the government literally started from the bare ground, 
 may be inferred from the first official line sent to the printers, 
 annoimicing that the doors were open and "we are ready for 
 business." The notice is as follows: 
 
 "Alontgomery. Ala.. Feb. 20th. 1861. 
 
 "The office of the Secretary of the Treasury of the Con- 
 federate States, can be found in the Commercial Building, corner 
 of Commerce and ^Market Streets, ^vlontgomery, where he or 
 the undersigned can be found between the hours of nine A. 
 and three P". M. 
 
 "H. D. Capers. Clerk." 
 
 3ylr. Capers, who is the Pri\-ate Secretary of Mr. ^lemmin- 
 ger, relates that on repairing to the office designated in this 
 notice, he found a room without furniture of any kind — only 
 bare walls and a dusty floor. Capturing- a little negro on the 
 street, he installed him at once as an office boy. proceeded tc 
 ''clean up," and in the course of the day secured on his own 
 
 3 
 
credit, a desk, table, chairs and other appHances for the conduct 
 of business. 
 
 He now had an opportunity of looking around the execu- 
 tive headquarters, of which he was thus far the sole occupant, 
 and says that if the architect had anticipated the organizatioi of 
 a government on short notice and had been required to prv>vide 
 for its accommodation, he could not have planned so small a 
 building and arranged its rooms more conveniently for the sev- 
 eral heads of departments. On the lower floor with entrances 
 from two. streets, was formerty a banking office with a large 
 vault attached and rooms in the rear. On the flo'^r above, the 
 arrangement of the cabinet offices is best illustraced by the fol- 
 lowing diagram: 
 
 FIRST CONFEDERATE EXECUTIVE OFFICES. 
 
 Commerce Street, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' ! ' 
 
 'vC 
 
 _ 1 ■ 
 
 ^ i 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 - \ 
 
 1 On 
 
 
 \ 
 
 -1 
 
 ■i 1 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 '-) 
 
 -C 
 
 i 
 
 ! O 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 ' Open Court. 
 
 
 1 . : 
 
 i \ 
 
 1 ' ' ' 
 
 1- - ' 
 
 1. Chief Clerk State Department. 
 
 2. Secretary of State. 
 
 3. President's office. 
 
 4. Private Secretary of President. 
 
 5. Secretary of Treasury. 
 
 6. Assistant Secretars' of Treasury. 
 
 7. Chief Clerk Treasury. 
 7 1-2. Entrance. 
 
 8. Register of Treasury. 
 
 4 
 
9" Secretary of War. 
 
 10. Adjutant General and Chief Clerk. 
 
 11. Attorney General, 
 
 12. Secretary Xavy. ' 
 Dr, Capers, who by the way, is the son of Bishop W. T. 
 
 Capers of the Zvlethodist Episcopal Church South and enjoys- 
 the distinction of being the first departmental employe of the 
 new government, relates an incident that shows how small were 
 the beginnings of the Confederacy and how meagre were its 
 resources in the face of a great emergency. 
 
 ■'I had just entered on the routine duties of the morning,''- 
 he says, "when a bri^k step in the hall and a sharp rap at the 
 door, indicated the presence of some one on an earnest mission. 
 To the provincial reply "come in." there entered a tall, sol- 
 dierly looking person with the air of one accustomed to com- 
 mand. He at once inquired for the ofBce of the Secretar}^ of 
 the Treasury. Being informed that he was then in the place, 
 he threw a half sceptical glance around the room and stated that 
 he desired to see the Secretary at once and on very important 
 btisiness. I answered that ]\Ir. ]\Iemniinger being engaged at 
 the Capitol would not be at the of^ce during the morning, but 
 tliat I might possibly be of service as his representative. There- 
 upon, he announced his name and lianding me a note, at once 
 unfolded his mission. 
 
 "I am Captain Deas sir, late of the United States army and 
 have been instructed by the President whose letter of introduc- 
 tion to the Secretary I have handed to you, to provide blankets 
 and rations for one hundred men who have reported to him for 
 duty in the army. I want the mone}- sir. to carry out the order 
 of the President." 
 
 "Here was a dilenuna. I assured the Captain that nothing 
 would give me m.ore pleasure than to comply with his wishes, 
 but, drawing a lean purse from my pocket I added: 'Owing to 
 the circumstances of the past two weeks. I regret to say sir, that 
 my finances are quite low and this five dollars which you see, is 
 all the money I will vouch for as being in the Treasury depart- 
 ment of the Confederate States at this moment." 
 
 "At first, the dignified ofiicer seemed to resent my facetious 
 sally, but when informed that I was scarcely three days old in 
 a department service that began its career with my presence, his 
 brow relaxed and he enjoyed the joke. Something had to be 
 done however, to m.eet this first requisition and enable the gal- 
 lant Captain to execute his first order. proceeded at once 
 to interview ]\Ir. ^lem.minger. 
 
 "Congress was in secret session, but being permitted to 
 communicate with my chief, he promptlv "^ent me with a note 
 
 3 
 
of introduction to Mr. Knox, the President of the Central Bank 
 of Alabama and then and there based upon the personal obli- 
 gation of the Secretary of the Treasury, was opened the first 
 credit for the Confederacy. 
 
 "Captain Deas and myself parted at the jank with the un- 
 derstandmg that he would make the purchase and send the 
 bills to me for payment. That evening I visited the troops in 
 whose behalf this exercise of executive authority had been ini- 
 tiated and found them to be a company of one hundred men 
 from Georgia under the command of an officer who bore the 
 historic name of George Washington Lee." 
 
 In making mention of this Georgia company it must not be 
 forgotten that the four companies which constituted the military 
 escort of the President on the occasion of his inauguration, like- 
 wise tendered their services when required by the government. 
 
 These are the Columbus Guards, Lieut. Ellis, commanding; 
 Independent Rifles, Capt. Farris; Eufala Rifles, Capt. A. Baker, 
 and German Fusileers, Capt. Scheussler. 
 
 While the first expenses of the Confederacy were thus paid 
 with the private funds of a single individual, the tender from 
 many other sources is without stint. The generosity of both 
 persons and corporations in this respect and the desire to aid the 
 cause even in the humblest manner, appear to be unbounded. 
 Transportation companies are offering the use of their fines free 
 of cost; presidents of railroads have announced their intention 
 to reduce the rates for mail service and for the conveyance of 
 troops if such shall be necessary, and patriotism in its most un- 
 selfish aspect is everywhere manifested by people of high and 
 low degree. 
 
 Many strange faces are on the streets of Montgomery that 
 might be suspiciously regarded because they have been so often 
 seen on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington; but they repre- 
 sent a very considerable number of gentlemen whose social and 
 political sympathies have prompted them to resign prominent 
 positions in the United States treasury and other departments 
 and to their individual services is due the fact that within a week 
 from the date of his appointment, Mr. Memminger was able to 
 perfect the details for the establishment of a credit for the Con- 
 federacy. One of these officials, Mr. Charles T. Jones of the 
 Register's Bureau, in addition to accurate knowledge and long 
 experience has brought with him copies of the forms in use in 
 all of the several bureaus at Washington. 
 
 Conspicuous among the strong faced men who have been 
 drawn hither and one of the first to report to the President for 
 duty, is Capt. Raphael Semmes, lately an officer of the United 
 States Navy. In view of the fact that we have no Navy Depart- 
 
 6 
 
ment, it is evident that his activity lias a distinct purpose m some 
 direction not yet revealed. Recently, he returned from New 
 Orleans, where he learned that a vessel belonging to the New 
 Orleans and Havana trade could be purchased, and with the ap- 
 proval of the Executive, he has arranged for her transfer to the 
 Confederate service. Eventually, she may be transformed into a 
 privateer, plans for the purpose being already in hand. 
 
 The story is told in the Treasury Department that there 
 being no seal to afhx to the ship's register and no artist to make 
 one, the old sailor himself took the matter in hand, procured a 
 large wooden type from the Montgomery Advertiser office and 
 with the assistance of Dr. de Leon of the army and the private 
 secretary of Mr. IMemminger, improvised a seal Avith pocket 
 knives. They have spent many patient hours in "scooping out" 
 a satisfactory design, but it is now complete and although crude, 
 very fairly represents a palmetto tree, (a compliment to South 
 Carolina,) surrounded ^.vith six stars, beneath which are cut the 
 words "Treasury Department" and above whicli are the words 
 ''Confederate States of America." As a further compliment it 
 IS said that the newly purchased vessel will be named "Sumter." 
 There are already intimations in the air, of letters of marque, 
 bold privateersmen and gallant exploits on the ocean and this 
 device may yet be heard from. The recent proclamation of the 
 President inviting applications for commissions to roam the seas 
 has already had a stirring effect. 
 
 It is apparent even now, that there is a dearth of suitable en- 
 gravers for the preparation of the bonds, certificates and Treas- 
 ury notes that have been authorised by the Congress, but stren- 
 uous efforts are being made to^ procure them in other cities; 
 meanwhile government supplies of paper and other articles are 
 still ordered from the North. We can't be altogether independ- 
 ent in a moment. 
 
 Personne. 
 
 7 
 
THE FIRST CONFEDERATE FLAG. 
 
 Montgomery March 5. 
 HREE days ago, the seven delegates from Texas affixed 
 tneir nanies to tlie Provisional Constitution, thus formally 
 adding another star to the constellation of the Confederacy. 
 Yesterday, just one month since the organization of the govern- 
 ment, they witnessed the hrst raising ot its flag. 
 
 Since the meeting of Congress, designs for a Confederate 
 flag have" arrived m numbers sufficient to All a big packing box. 
 They have come from far and near and are of all shapes, sizes 
 and colors. Of the letters received with them, some are ad- 
 dressed to the President, others to Alexander H. Stephens and 
 Robert Toombs and many to William Porcher Miles, Chairman 
 of the Committee on Flags, but all breathe a spirit of enthusi- 
 astic loyalty to the new government. 
 
 Under date of February 10, a South Carolina lady writes 
 that she has "given three dear boys to the country" and hopes 
 ''the young republic will honor the rnemory of Washington by 
 dating its organization from the twenty-second of February and 
 calling it the Washington Republic." She closes by saying that 
 the Southern Confederacy has the sympathy of every Southern 
 woman — wife, mother and maid — and that she glories in being 
 a woman of the South. Another letter proposes that the new 
 government shall be called AUeghania. A desire to retain as 
 much as possible of the old flag is manifested in many of the 
 letters. One writer says, "We have fought well under our glo- 
 rious banner; can we fight as well under another? Never! Alter, 
 improve it as you will, but for Heaven's sake, keep the Stars and 
 Stripes." It is a notable fact that the Southern Cross is intro- 
 duced in a large number of the designs and ranks with the pal- 
 metto tree and "lone star" as a distinctive figure. 
 
 Yesterday, the committee having the matter in charge, 
 through its chairman, William Porcher Miles, presented its re- 
 port, and inasmuch as it may not be immediately published in 
 full and is of general interest, I send you a summary. It states 
 that "the immense number of models submitted may be divided 
 into two great classes, first, those which copy and preserve the 
 principal features of the United States flag with slight and un- 
 important modifications, and second, those which are very elal^o- 
 rate, complicated and fantastical. The objection to the first class 
 is that none of them could, at any considerable distance, be read- 
 ily distinguished from the one which they imitated. And it is 
 superfluous to dwell upon the practical difficulties that would 
 flow from the fact of two distinct and probably hostile govern- 
 
 8 
 
ments both employing the same or similar flags. It would be a 
 pohtical and military boiecism. 
 
 "As to the glories ot the old flag, we must bear in mind that 
 the battles of the revolution about which our proudest memories 
 cluster, were not fought beneath its folds; and although in the 
 war of 1 812 and the war with i\Iexico, the South won her share 
 of glory, the impartial page of history will commemorate the 
 fact more imperishably than in a piece of striped bunting. When 
 the colonies achieved their independence of the Mother country, 
 they did not desire to retain the British flag or anything similar 
 to it. Yet under that flag they had been planted, nurtured and 
 fostered; they had repelled and driven back the savage and car- 
 ried it into the wilderness as the standard of religion and civiliza- 
 tion. Under it the youthful Washington won his spurs in the 
 memorable expedition of Braddock and Americans helped to 
 plant it on the Heis;hts of Abraham, where fell the immortal 
 Wolfe. 
 
 ''But our forefathers when they separated themselves from 
 Great Britain — a separation not on account of their hatred to the 
 English Constitution or of English institutions, but in conse- 
 quence of the tyranny and unconstitutional rule of Lord North's 
 administration and because their destiny beckoned them to in- 
 dependent expansion, cast no lingering regrets behind them. 
 They were proud of tlieir race and lineage, proud of their her- 
 itage in the glorious genius and language of old England, but 
 they determined to bu'ld up a new power among the nations 
 of the world. They did not therefore "keep the old flag." We 
 think it good to imitate them in this com.paratively little matter 
 as well as to emulate t'rem in the more important ones. 
 
 "It must be admitted however, that something was conceded 
 by the Committee to what seems so strong a desire to retain at 
 least a suggestion of t]-e "Stars and Stripes." A flag should be 
 simple, easily made ard capable of being made up in bunting. 
 It should be readily d'Ft'rguished at a distance, the colors, well 
 contrasted and dural)le, effective and handsome. That which 
 the Committee subn it cop-bines these requisites. It is entirely 
 different from any natioral flag. The three colors of which it 
 is composed, red white ard blue, are true republican colors. In 
 heraldry, they are en bler atic of the three great virtues of Valor, 
 Puritv and Truth. >'^vrl men assure us that it can be recog- 
 nized and distinguisl- rd r\ a great distance." 
 
 "Your Comn^ittee ^^^erefore recomm.end that the flag of the 
 Confederate States o'' .'^p-erica, shall consist of a red field with 
 white spaces extenc^"^^"- ''horizontally through the center and 
 equal in width to ore-'' '^^^ tl^e width of the flag. The red spaces 
 above and below arc ''^ of the same width as the white, the 
 
 9 
 
union blue extending down through the white space and stop- 
 ping at the lower red space ; in the center of the union, a circle of 
 white stars corresponding in number with the States in the Con- 
 federacy." 
 
 It may prove an interesting historical incident that this first 
 flag was raised by Judge Alexander B. Clitherall of Mont- 
 gomery. By reason of his connection w-ith the Provisional Con- 
 gress, he was enabled to obtain in advance of its publicity, a de- 
 scription of the design agreed upon and with the aid of a number 
 of ladies, he promptly fashioned a flag for use. Then, repairing 
 to the roof of the Capitol, he awaited halHard in hand the signal 
 from the legislative hall below^ that should announce the vote of 
 approval. But an instant elapsed after it was known, when the 
 graceful folds of the standard were waving in the breeze. The 
 Congress w^as at once informed; the news spread through the 
 city, a throng assembled in front of the capitol and as the call 
 of the sturdy Alabamian still standing at his post, a picture of 
 patriotic animation, rang out clear and distinct as a trumpet, they 
 responded with a mighty shout in "Three cheers for the Con- 
 federate flag." 
 
 Per SONNE. 
 
 IMPORTANT EVENTS REVIEWED. 
 
 Cumming's Point, Charleston Harbor, March 5. 
 
 STANDING today by the Iron Battery on Morris Island 
 looking across the water at grim and silent Sumter, then 
 glancing around to various points where the Palmetto flag 
 marks the presence of earthwork or of camp, and then up yon- 
 der, nearly four miles away, to the ancient city so rich in memo- 
 rials that long antedate the birth of the United States, a train of 
 thought moved backward to the peaceful summer of i860 — six 
 short months ago — and dwelt upon the strange things that have 
 since produced these anxious days of 1861. 
 
 Fort Sumter was then unfinished and unarmed, although 
 under an appropriation made by Congress in June, 1859, a force 
 of laborers in charge of an engineer ofificer was engaged in com- 
 pleting its interior. 
 
 Castle Pinckney, a round brick fort, grass-grown and de- 
 cayed, standing on a spit of land at the mouth of Cooper River, 
 was of little more use than to af¥ord shelter to an ordnance ser- 
 geant, his family and the twenty-two guns that fringed its para- 
 
 10 
 
pet for which he cared and that made the harbor scene pictur- 
 esque. 
 
 Fort iMoultrie, occupying the site of the old palmetto fort 
 that repulsed the British fleet under Sir Peter Parker on the 28th 
 of June, 1776, was not only dear in name and association to every 
 South Carolinian, but had long been an attractive spot to the 
 people of Charleston. The garrison consisted of two companies 
 of the First United States Artillery under the command of Lieut. 
 Colonel John L. Gardiner, and the music of the regimental band 
 enlivened many a social gathering in which the officers and their 
 families fraternized with their friends from the city, with never 
 a thought of war. The fort was armed with fifty-five guns, but 
 Hke Castle Pinckney it had fallen into a condition of disuse and 
 was practically abandoned to the spirit of hospitality. 
 
 These three forts and an arsenal in Charleston containing 
 22,000 stand of small arms besides heavy ordnance, munitions 
 and supplies, protected by a military storekeeper and fourteen 
 enlisted men, comprised the sole property of the United States 
 in or around Charleston harbor. 
 
 V\lth the election of Abraham Lincoln all this was changed 
 and the deliberate purpose of the State began to take shape; 
 AMien the result was announced Gov. Gist promptly called a 
 special session of the Legislature to meet on the 5th of Novem- 
 ber. Then came the first public surprise. Two days afterwards, 
 on the /th of Xovember, the Grand Jury of the United States 
 District Court, through their foreman, Hon. Robert Gour- 
 din, formally refused to further perform the duties of their office, 
 declaring that "the verdict of the Xorthern section of the 
 Confederacy, solemnly announced throug'h the ballot box on 
 yesterday, has swept away the last hope for the permanence and 
 stability of the Federal government." The resignations of Judge 
 A. G. Magrath. of ]\Iajor D. H. Hamihon, the U. S. ^Marshal of 
 the District and of other officials, including that of ^Ir. \\\ F 
 Colcock, Collector of the Port, immediately followed. 
 
 On the 15th of Xovember, Col. Gardiner was superceded 
 in command by ^lajor Anderson, and the Federal authorities 
 further aggravated the red hot feeling by pressing to completion 
 the defences of the several forts. The simple incident of trans- 
 ferring forty muskets from the Arsenal to Castle Pinckney and 
 Fort Sumter created an intense excitement that was only allayed 
 by their immediate return. 
 
 On the 6th of December, the election of delegates, to the 
 Convention took place; on the 17th the Convention assembled 
 in Columbia and every Charlestonian recalls the scene on the 
 20th when it was announced that the Ordinance of Secession 
 
 1 1 
 
had been signed and South CaroHna had become a free and 
 independent State. 
 
 MiHtary organizations prepared for action. As early as Oc- 
 tober 20th, Capt. Charles H. Snnonton of the Washington Light 
 Infantry, having suggested that they should be ready to take 
 the field, one of his officers promptly submitted a resolution that 
 the services of the organization should be offered to the State 
 as an independent battalion of light troops of not less than 200 
 men. The services were accepted and about the middle of 
 November, they began duty as a guard at the Arsenal. 
 
 Gov. Pickens was inaugurated on the i6th of December. 
 On the following day, he despatched Major D. H. Hamilton of 
 the 1st South CaroHna Volunteers to demand of the President 
 of the United States in Washington, the possession of Fort Sum- 
 ter. Mr. Buchanan asked for time and for diplomatic reasons, 
 the letter was withdrawn on the 20th. As if things were 
 moving too slowly, the Governor then came in person to 
 Charleston and estabhshed a police of the harbor under Captain 
 Simonton, who with a portion of his command was ordered to 
 cruise daily and nightly between the forts and prevent, by force 
 if necessary, the removal of the Federal troops. Subsequently, 
 he was relieved from this duty by the Charleston Rifles com- 
 manded by Capt. J. Johnson, Jr. 
 
 And now occurred one of the most sensational of the many 
 events that have long kept the pulse beating with feverish heat — 
 the abandonment of Fort Moultrie and the occupation of Fort 
 Sumter. It has transpired that the plan of Major Anderson was 
 to accomplish this movement on December 25, when public at- 
 tention was likely to be diverted by the festivities of Christmas, 
 but rain fell and the design was interrupted. Its eventual success 
 has until now been a source of chagrin. 
 
 The preparations wxre made in secret and known only to 
 the principal officers. The first step was to remove the large 
 number of women and children of the garrison with the ne- 
 cessary supplies. For tliis purpose, two lighters were provided 
 and by noon their passengers and cargo were embarked. Under 
 orders they were to proceed in the direction of Fort Johnson, 
 then an old barrack on the western shore; not to land, but to 
 await the firing of two signal guns from Fort Moultrie that 
 would announce the arrival of the command at Fort Sumter. 
 
 The movement of troops began shortly after dusk. The sea 
 was still and the moon shining brightly. The principal means of 
 transportation were the boats in use by the engineer department 
 and of these, three six-oared barges and two four-oared boats 
 were in readiness at the beach below the fort. The troops en- 
 tered quietly and so disposed of themselves as to attract the 
 
 12 
 
least attention, Major Anderson going in the first boat and car- 
 rying the garrison flag. A small steamer passed by, but she was 
 engaged in towing a vessel towards the bar, and failed to notice 
 the important movement that was taking place. Three trips 
 were made, and as the last boat deposited her load, the two signal 
 guns indicated to the officer in charge of the women and children 
 on the lighters that the evacuation was complete and he must 
 steer for Fort Sumter. It was now eight o'clock in the evening. 
 Sentinels were stationed at the gates and on the ramparts; ah 
 noise was forbidden and when the State guardboat resumed her 
 usual patrol shortly afterwards, it was without a suspicion that 
 Major Anderson and his troops had transferred their sleeping 
 apartments and their dreams to new quarters. 
 
 The details of the work however, were not yet con'ipleted. 
 Several officers and men having been left in Fort Moultrie for 
 the purpose, they proceeded on the following day (27th) to 
 destroy its armament. "The guns were spiked, the gun carriages 
 set on fire and the flag stafif cut down. Major Anderson had 
 fully achieved his purpose. 
 
 To the workmen of Fort Sumter, this incoming of the garri- 
 son was a surprise. Many of them sympathised with our cause. 
 They wore our palmetto cockades and other State emblems, and, 
 unwilling to be drawn into a conflict with our people, returned 
 to Charleston. In the city, when the news became known, the 
 wildest excitement prevailed. The smoke of the burning gun 
 carriages being visible, the rumor spread that Fort Aloultrie was 
 in flames and every boat carried a great throng of people who 
 lingered around the abandoned work all day. Gov. Pickens at 
 once despatched Col. J. J. Pettigrew and Major Ellison Capers 
 of the First S. C. Rifles to ]\lajor Anderson to make official in- 
 quiry concerning his action and to peremptorily demand his 
 return to Fort Moultrie. The interview was formal and the 
 language curt. ''Make my compliments to the Governor," said 
 Major Anderson, "and say to him that I decline to accede to his 
 request; I cannot and will not go back." ''Then sir," replied 
 Col. Pettigrew with a cold bow, "my business is done." And 
 that settled it. But for how long? It is what these impatient 
 men around me are anxious to find out. 
 
 The Governor lost no time. By his order, Col. Pettigrew 
 with the Washington Light Infantry, Carolina Light Infantry 
 and the Aleagher Guards proceeded to take possession of Castle 
 Pinckney. The gate being closed and barred, a party of sol- 
 diers scaled the walls, mounting ladders they had brought for 
 the purpose. As Col. Pettigrew who led the ascent, stepped 
 upon the parapet, he was met by Lieut. R. K. Meade of the gar- 
 rison, to whom lie stated that he had been commanded to take 
 
cliarge of the work in the name of the State. Lieut. Meade re- 
 plied that he did not acknowledge the authority of the govern- 
 ment to take possession of the work. He likew^ise declined to 
 accept the receipts for the property that were tendered and re- 
 fused to give his parole, as he did not consider himself a prisoner 
 of war. Thereupon, he left Castle Pinckney for Fort Sumter. 
 
 Lieut Col. Wilmot G. DeSaussure now assembled 200 men 
 of the First Artillery, S. C. M., went to Sullivan's Island and 
 took possession of Fort Moultrie with its armament of 56 tempo- 
 rarily disabled pieces of ordnance and a large supply of ammuni- 
 tion. The final seizure of United States property occurred on 
 the 30th, when the custodian of the Arsenal surrendered to Col 
 John Cuningham of the Seventeenth S. C. M. and a detachment 
 of his command. The State thus acquired mihtary stores valued 
 at $400,000. ,On the same day, Fort Johnson was occupied by 
 State troops under command of Capt. J. Johnson, Jr., and thus 
 a large supply of fuel was secured. 
 
 A crisis seemed to be so rapidly approaching that Major 
 Anderson at this juncture, sent Lieut. Snyder from the Fort to 
 make formal inquiry whether notice would be given of any con- 
 templated attack in time to remove the women, children and 
 other non-combatants to a place of safety : also whether the per- 
 sonal ef¥ects of the officers, yet remaining at Castle Pinckney and 
 Fort Moultrie would be returned. One can imagine the expres- 
 sion of the high bred, hospitable Pickens as he assured his visitor 
 with courtly politeness that "women and children were always 
 protected in South Carolina;"' that the kindest regard would be 
 paid to the ladies of the officers' families, and that the private 
 property of tlie officers might, if so desired, be removed to the 
 city where it would be duly cared for and respected. He added 
 liowever, that for the present, no other communication would be 
 alknved between Fort Sumter and the city except to receive 
 .and carry the mails, his ol^ject being to prevent possible collision 
 and perhaps bloodshed. 
 
 Governor Pickens now acted with great energy. Col. 
 AA'alter (iwynn, his chief engineer, and Col. Gabriel Manigault 
 were ordered to choose a suital)le location on Morris Island 
 and erect a 1)atter} to bear upon the main channel. Major P. F. 
 Stevens connnanding the Citadel Academy with a detachment of 
 fortv cadets and two twenty-four poUnders, subsequently occu- 
 pied it and since firing on the "Star of the West," it has borne 
 that name. Anotlier 1)attery was erected on Sullivan's Island to 
 guard the ha.vhov and prevent reinforcements, and Col. R. S. 
 Ripley formerl}' of the old ami}' was appointed to the command 
 of Fort Moultrie, Col. DeSaussure being relieved in order that 
 he might attend to his civil duties in the Legislature. 
 
Events are now crystallising rapidly, ]\Ien and material are 
 moved hither and thither without any attempt at concealment. 
 Troops are organising throughout the State in preparation for 
 emergencies that may arise, and officers trained in the art of 
 war at West Point and elsewhere, are giving to the State their 
 best services. While I write, according to the report of Hon. 
 D. F. Jamison, Secretary of War for South Carolina, 1394 men, 
 mfantry, artillery and a detachment of dragoons under the com- 
 mand of Brig. Gen. Dunnovant are encamped on Sullivan's 
 Island; here, on ^lorris Island are 1356 men of all arms under 
 the command of Col. Maxcy Gregg; at Fort Johnson there are 
 100 enlisted men imder Captain George S. James, and 31 soldiers 
 are at Castle Pinckney .under command of Lieut. Blanding, 
 making a sum total of 3027 troops in fighting trim subject to 
 the order of Gen. Beauregard. 
 
 The harbor approaches bristle with guns. Sounds of drum 
 and bugle echo from camp and battery throughout the day and 
 strains of martial music from the bands mingle in the stillness 
 of the night with the soughing of the waves as the\' break upon 
 the beach. 
 
 And so ends a panoramic view of the leading incidents that 
 have made the past six months memorable. How will they end? 
 These earnest men of South Carolina are not here for amuse- 
 ment. They and the people behind them stand waiting "with 
 vizor down and lance in rest," answer to the question — Shall 
 there be peace or war? 
 
 Pkrsoxxe. 
 
 AX OFFICIAL visrr. 
 
 Charleston, April i, 1861. 
 E]\IBERS of the State Convention }'esterday made a tour 
 ^ I I among the camps and batteries on ^lorris and Sullivan's 
 Islands and witnessed some of the handiwork that has fol- 
 lowed the signing of the Ordinance of Secession. 
 
 They were the special guests of Gen. Beauregard, but there 
 were also present many of the distinguished men of the city and 
 State, while numerous ladies made the occasion doubly inter- 
 esting-. The party was sufficiently large to require the use of 
 two steamboats, the Carolina and Gen. Clinch and when em- 
 barked, it was easy to observe that the assemblage was of an 
 unusually representative character. 
 
 It is a common saying that every one in South Carolina . 
 
 15 
 
knows every one in the state who is worth knowing, but to the 
 majority of those present, the host of the day, Beauregard, was a 
 stranger. Not so, very long however. Attired in the simple un- 
 dress uniform of his office, the graceful courtesy of the Creole 
 gentleman and soldier was not slow in breaking through the 
 crust of whatever reserve might have existed and the excursion 
 sped on its way merrily to the inspiring music of the Palmetto 
 Brass band. 
 
 Ex-Gov, Gist, Surgeon General R. W. Gibbes. Gen. 
 Schnierle and staff of the State militia, Gen. William E. Martin, 
 Colonels Lucas, Chisholm and Carroll of Gov. Pickens' staff and 
 scores of other gentlemen well known to our people also aided 
 in lending the charm of true sociability to the occasion; and, as 
 it began auspiciously, so throughout, it was most heartily en- 
 joyed. 
 
 Owing to an adverse current no attempt was made to land 
 at Fort Johnson, and the visitors contented themselves with 
 looking at a respectful distance upon the big ten-inch mortars 
 planted in the batteries there. Crossing to the opposite side of 
 the harbor, the party landed on SuUivan's Island and were re- 
 ceived by Col. Pettigrew and staff and an escort of officers from 
 the Rifle Regiment. The various batteries were inspected, the 
 working of the heavy guns shown and the efficiency of the men 
 demonstrated. 
 
 The arrival at Fort Moultrie was announced by a salute 
 of thirteen guns. Then, Col. Ripley and his officers conducted 
 the visitors over the v/ork. It w^as remarked by those who are 
 familiar with the place that since its abandonment by Major An- 
 derson, the fort has undergone many important changes and ap- 
 parently has been brought to a state of military perfection that 
 now only awaits the final test. Praise for this result is due to 
 Major Walter Gwynn, the chief engineer of Governor Pickens' 
 staff, and to his assistant engineers, Captain James F. Hart, 
 George W. Earle and John Mitchell, Jr. 
 
 The party now proceeded to Morris Island where they were 
 met by Lieut. Gov. Harlee, Col. Maxcy Gregg with his staff, 
 of the First Regiment of Volunteers, Major P. F. Stevens of the 
 Citadel, Col. W. D. DeSaussure, Capt. W. A. Warley. and by 
 Capt. Cuthbert and Lieut. G. Lamb Buist of the Palmetto 
 Guards, which company by the way, has been assigned to the 
 duties of the Iron Battery and to two heavy batteries immedi- 
 ately in the rear. The Washington Artillery, Capt. Walter; the 
 Marion Artillery, Capt. J. C. King; German Artillery, Capt. 
 Nohrden; Columbia Artillery, Capt. A. J. Green, and the com- 
 mand of Capt. Warley are in charge of the other batteries ranged 
 along the island and bearing on the channel. I mention these 
 
 i6 
 
names and others because they are Ukely to have a place in the 
 picture when the curtain is unrolled. 
 
 For the entertainment of the visitors, Gen. Beauregard or- 
 dered artillery practice by the several batteries, the target being 
 a buoy in the ship channel about 1600 yards distant. After the 
 firing, the General, President Jamison of the Convention and the 
 delegates and guests proceeded to the beach where Col. Gregg's 
 regiment was drawn up in line and all present had an opportu- 
 nity of seeing as fine a looking body of men representing the 
 flower of the State as ever shouldered arms. Gen. Jamison 
 availed himself of the occasion to address the officers who 
 were assembled for the purpose in front of the regiment and to 
 thank them and the men for their prompt response to the call 
 of dut\- and for the important servnces they have already ren- 
 dered. 
 
 On leaving Morris Island for the city, the boats steamed 
 within a hundred yards of Fort Sumter. White flags were waved 
 from the decks, the band played "Dixie" and the officers and 
 men of the garrison appeared on the ramparts; but whatever 
 they felt, they certainly made no visible sign of any hospitality 
 that might have been latent behind the walls of the grim old pile. 
 
 Aside from drill and other duties, the boys encamped on 
 the islands enjoy themselves as much as if they were on a pic nic. 
 Many of the tents are supplied w^ith every obtainable luxury that 
 can tempt the palate. Plantations yield daily stores of provis- 
 ions, time honored cellars contribute the choicest liquors, and 
 mothers, wives and sweethearts send loads of home-made delica- 
 cies to tickle the soldier-palate. Enough slippers and smoking 
 caps are lying around to furnish all the dominies in South Caro- 
 lina. Evidently, these sandhills are esteemed dry places that 
 require frequent irrigation and the consequence is that from 
 reveille until "taps," the boys run a gamut of juleps and punches 
 to the full Hmit of capacity. 
 
 If you want to cross a line where a jolly sentinel stands on 
 guard, you must always have a fluid countersign. "Halt! Who 
 goes there? " "Friend with a bottle," is the usual response. 
 "Advance bottle and uncork!" Then follows a symphony of 
 gurgles and you are permitted to cross the Rubicon. Every tent 
 is an "open house " to the inmates of every other and the spirit 
 of convivialitv stands at 100 in the social thermometer. On the 
 mess table, you will find never failing bottled hospitality; under 
 it, is a demijohn of old rye or cognac : within arm's length may be 
 a mess chest full of mollifying stores of English cheese, crackers, 
 pates de fois gras, potted meats and other things good to the 
 taste, and I have seen many a miniature vault below the floor 
 of a tent, which, when tapped disclosed a mine of madeira, shern' 
 
 17 
 
and champagne. The hardship is insignificant, the discipHne not 
 severe and the fraternization between the officers and men makes 
 their camp Hfe one long holiday. 
 
 Personnp:. 
 
 PR A C TIC A L PA TRIO TISM. 
 
 Charleston, April 8, 1861. 
 
 a STRANGER visiting South Carolina at this time would be 
 impressed by the unanimity of purpose and the patriotic 
 disinterestedness of both individuals and institutions.. Im- 
 mediately after the act of Secession, the Legislature provided for 
 the exigencies of the State by authorizing a loan of $400,000 
 bearing an interest of 6 per cent. The banks promptly took up 
 this loan at par and thus afforded an immediate supply of ready 
 funds. At that time, South Carolina stood alone; yet proposals 
 for a six per cent loan by the government of the United States, 
 were met by offers ranging from ten to thirty-five per cent dis- 
 count and the urgent demands of their Treasury could only be 
 supplied by Treasury notes at 12 per cent interest. The contrast 
 is significant. 
 
 On the 28th February, the Provisional Congress authorized 
 a loan of $15,000,000 for the support of the government and to 
 provide for the public defence. On the 17th of the last 
 month Mr. Memminger, the Secretary of the Treasury, offered 
 five millions of this loan to the public for investment. The se- 
 curity is a duty of one-eighth of a cent per pound or about 62 
 cents a bale on all cotton exported and the eagerness of the 
 people to secure a bite of this cherry, has been such that more 
 than eight millions of dollars are already subscribed and not a 
 bid under par. Several gentlemen offered, provided fifty others 
 would join them, to take the entire issue. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that the Provisional Government 
 has assumed all expenses for the defence of Confederate territory 
 and will take from the State all the ordnance, arms and muni- 
 tions of war which it may see fit to transfer, the Bank of the 
 State has given assurance that it will, by advances prevent any 
 and all temporary embarrassment of the State treasury. Thus, 
 money goes hand in hand with patriotic duty. 
 
 Many donations have been made to the State treasury; the 
 donors in several instances refusing to reveal their names. The 
 first and most notable of these gifts was the donation of ten 
 thousand dollars in gold by iNIr. Benjamin jMordecai, of this city. 
 
 t8 
 
Hundreds of planters have contributed the labors of their slaves 
 and personally superintended them in the erection of fortifica- 
 tions; a number have given, valuable slaves to companies organ- 
 ized for service "in order that the boys might have somebody 
 to wait on them." Mr. Charles K. Prioleau recently presented to 
 Charleston a rifled Blakely gun as "a gift from a Carolinian now 
 resident in Liverpool." Another consignment just arrived in 
 New Orleans from Mr. James Smith of Glasgow, Scotland, con- 
 sists of a six-pounder gun, twenty-five Quitman rifles with 
 sword bayonets, and a large amount of round shot and cannis- 
 ter and, not to do the thing by. halves, the patriotic Scotchman 
 has paid the freight across the ocean. These are but a few of the 
 public and private examples expressive of the feeling of the 
 people. 
 
 The first Treasury notes authorized by the Confederate 
 Government have just made their appearance and under the 
 circumstances are both creditable and promising. The amount 
 issued is only $1,000,000, but as they bear interest at a fraction 
 of three and five-eighths per cent or one cent a day on every 
 hundred dollars and are receivable in payment of all dues to the 
 government, the supply is not likely to equal the demand. The 
 face of the notes bears the following inscription: 
 
 A. S500. 
 Twelve months after date 
 THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA 
 Will pay the bearer 
 FR'E HUNDRED DOLLARS 
 With interest at five cents per day. 
 Montgomery, April 4. t86i. S500. 
 
 Receivable in payment of all dues except export duties. 
 
 Volunteering is everywhere active. More men are anxious 
 to take the field than are actually needed. The very boys are 
 said to hunger for soldier clothes. In several districts, military 
 organisations are so large that the officers have had to draft men 
 to stay at home. In one company are sixty stalwart riflemen 
 any of whom can hit a squirrel's eye at a hundred yards. Nearly 
 one-half are married men; not more than ten or a dozen have 
 any interest in negro property and the three lieutenants and the 
 orderly sergeant are all grandfathers. The Evening News of 
 this city, edited by Col. John Cuningham, has been forced into 
 temporary suspension. The editor announces that the largest 
 number of his compositors are now on duty at the front; the 
 clerks and pressmen have been summoned to join their res- 
 
 Alex. B. Clitherall. 
 
 Register. 
 
 E. C. Elmore, 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 19 
 
pective commands on the islands, and it is impossible to issue a 
 daily paper. 
 
 Companies, battalions and regiments are arriving by every 
 train, all fiery with the war fever. In response to the call for 
 more men, they seem to have left their homes hurriedly — some 
 of them without due preparation — just as the Lexington farmer 
 we read about in the Revolution, left his plow standing in the 
 field ; but the light in their brave eyes is not to be misunderstood. 
 They are here for business. Not much discipline is in evidence; 
 the organization is imperfect and the boys march as independ- 
 ently as if they were driving cows, but they are sturdy and pur- 
 poseful and in a month from now will be soldiers, perhaps vet- 
 erans of a battle. 
 
 A regiment that went by this morning, will bear description, 
 for in respect to dress, human eyes probably never rested on a 
 more unique or motley throng. It was a tangled compound of 
 frock coats, working clothes and Sunday suits, with a liberal 
 sprinkling of shirt sleeves. There were trousers of every hue 
 and shape from gay cassimere to the patched emblems of better 
 days, the nether extremities lost in the tops of boots or snugly 
 gathered within the stockings. The head-gear consisted of 
 slouched hats, caps, stovepipes and last year's old straw hats 
 that on parade presented an outline indescribably ragged. A 
 blanket or patched bedquilt, a home-made knapsack and a can- 
 vas bag in which the rations were carried, completed the outfit. 
 It looked comfortable, but it was certainly extemporised and a 
 trifle irregular. A belt held the inevitable revolver, and a rifle, 
 musket or double barrelled shot gun was carried carelessly over 
 the shoulder. A few of the men with esthetic tastes added a 
 violin or accord "on to their armory and some were practical 
 enough to bring their private cooking utensils which dangled 
 behind in picturesque fashion as they marched. One sweet- 
 toothed volunteer liad a jug of molasses with him, but the writer 
 does not voucli f^r the statement that another started from home 
 with a cow wl irii he proposed to milk for the benefit of the 
 r-e-e-gement. 
 
 These inc'f''-^"ts however, are not to be laughed at. They 
 illustrate the rM*.- '-'tv of the figliting stock on which we may de- 
 pend. They ' that the people have seized the reins and are 
 in terrible earr^- t. 
 
 Personne. 
 
 20 
 
E VEXTS CR YS TA LIZIXG. 
 
 Charleston, April lo, 1861. 
 
 a CRISIS is so rapidly approaching that it is not amiss to 
 recite some of the incidents that may prudently now be 
 made public and will probably throw fresh light upon 
 the present condition of altairs. 
 
 Our first commisssioners sent to \\^ashinton to confer with 
 the Federal authorities in reference to the evacuation of the forts 
 and other matters growing out of the act of Secession, were 
 R. \V. Barnwell, James Adams and James L. Orr, but while they 
 were in communication with the President, Anderson made his 
 sudden and unexpected move from Fort ^loultrie. This news 
 at once changed the relations of the parties and the character of 
 the question that then bid lair to approach a definite solution. 
 Notwithstanding the fact that the removal took place without 
 the orders and contrary to the expressed policy of Mr. Buch- 
 anan, he resisted all importunities to restore the status and the 
 Commissioners could do nothing but turn their backs on Wash- 
 ington and a hopeless task. . 
 
 On the following day, Dec. 30, Hon. John B. Floyd, Secre- 
 tary of War, resigned from ]\Ir. Buchanan's cabinet because as 
 he wrote, 'T can no long-er hold the ofiice under my convictions 
 of patriotism, nor with honor, subjected as I am to a violation of 
 solemn pledges and a plighted faith." 
 
 Senator Louis T. A\'igfall of Texas at once telegraphed to 
 Hon. yi. L. Bonham, "Holt succeeds Floyd; it means war! Cut 
 ofT suppHes from Anderson and take Sumter as soon as possi- 
 ble." The next morning, still another startling message was re- 
 ceived here: "Sink vessels in the channels of your harbor!" 
 
 The resignation of Hon. Jacob Thomson, Secretary of the 
 Interior, followed on the 8th of January. Even then, orders for 
 reinforcement had been issued, for that very night, January 9, 
 the Star of the A\'est arrived of? Charleston bar with 250 troops 
 on board and at dawn, attempted to steam up to Fort Sumter. 
 Our httle two gun battery m.anned by Citadel Cadets, first, sent 
 a warning shot across her bows without eftect, then opened fire 
 in earnest, one shot striking near the rudder and another about 
 two feet above the water line. WHien within range of a mile and 
 a half. Fort ^^loukrie also opened fire, whereupon the steamer 
 went about and headed for the Xorth. 
 
 Major Arderson sent word tl^at he would consider this an 
 act of war nrless disavowed prd wonlrl rot permit any vessel 
 to pass witl^hi range of h''s nn^s. Gov. P^'ckens retorted that 
 the Preside^M well iinrVr^toorl t^?t iFe sendino- of anv reinforce- 
 ments would l)e regarded as ?n ?rt of hostility; that the occu- 
 
 2 I 
 
pancy of Fort Sumter was in itself an act of positive hostility and 
 under the circumstances, the act of that morning was perfectly 
 justified by him. Anderson replied that he would refer the 
 whole matter to Washington. 
 
 In view of the seriousness of the situation, the Governor 
 now called together his board of ordnance and engineers, to re- 
 port a plan for operating against Fort Sumter, for defending the 
 harbor and preventing reinforcements. They did so and the 
 construction of batteries was promptly begun. 
 
 On the 1st of February, the women and children of the fort, 
 42 in number, w^ere, by consent of the authorities, embarked on 
 a lighter, transferred to one of the New York steamers and sailed 
 for that city. The fort fired a good-by gun and the men lined 
 the parapet and cheered the wives and little ones as they passed. 
 That a kind feeling towards Major Anderson and his officers 
 personally, existed at this time, is illustrated by the ofTer of Gen. 
 Jamison as Secretary of War, to furnish the garrison with a daily 
 supply of fresh meats and vegetables. To this generous tender 
 however, Anderson replied that if he were allow^ed to procure 
 his supplies by contract as he had previously done, he would 
 be glad to do so, but if it was only a matter of civility, he must 
 decline. 
 
 Early in March, the Confederate government assumed gen- 
 eral control, and acts w^ere passed to provide for the public de- 
 fence in every portion of the seceded States. Pursuant to its 
 orders Beauregard arrived and on the 6th took command of all 
 the troops, regulars, volunteers and militia, at once inaugurating 
 movements and changes that infused fresh life into every depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Three Commissioners representing the Confederacy, 
 Messrs. Martin J. Crawford, A. B. Roman and John Forsyth, 
 have been in Washington since the middle of February with a 
 view to the recognition of the independence of the seceded 
 Southern States and to conclude treaties of amity and good will 
 between "the two nations," but so far with no result. Only 
 those in authority know what has really been done, yet that 
 serious if not definite information has been received, is apparent. 
 We, who daily witness the movement of great guns, the arrival 
 of troops and other significant military prepartions more than 
 surmise that they mean War. 
 
 We do know that of late, the faces of the officials, botli civic 
 and military, wear a look of anxiety. There are strange hurry- 
 ings to and fro between headquarters and the telegraph office 
 and mysterious messengers from Washington have brought im- 
 portant tidings. News that was wont to become public property 
 in a few hours is now withheld or entirely suppressed ; the Exec- 
 
 22 
 
utive council is in frequent session and men who hold conhden- 
 tial positions are grave as if with the knowledge that something 
 is about to happen. 
 
 Beauregard, usualh' affable, has become reserved and 
 thoughtful. To the physiognomist, there is much in the alert 
 look, firm lip and massive chin of the Creole General that tells 
 of hidden power; much in the full brow and shapely head that 
 indicates resources not yet called upon; but now, even a stolid 
 exterior does not conceal the fire of some mighty purpose that 
 flashes from his eyes. 
 
 A few days ago a telegram \\as received from Hon. A. G. 
 Alagrath to the folloAving- eff'ect: "Positively determined not to 
 withdraw Anderson. Supplies go immediately, supported by a 
 naval force under Stringham, if their landing be resisted.'' The 
 movements of ships and troops are daily published by the Xorth- 
 ern newspapers, and we know already that the Powhatan, 
 Pawnee, ^Minnesota and other vessels have been put in commis- 
 sion or are about to sail with reinforcements. How well our 
 government at ^Montgomery is kept informed of the events oc- 
 curring- in Washington and Xcav York is described by a corres- 
 pondent of the Philadelphia Inquirer in a letter before me, only 
 two days old. He says: "The ^Montgomery government keep 
 a corps of active, industrious, h-nx-eyed agents in this city to 
 telegraph CAxr}- moA'cment of the Federal government with refer- 
 ence to the movements of troops and war vessels. A dispatch of 
 one thousand words containing the substance of all the evening- 
 papers published yesterday was forwarded to [Montgomery and 
 the receipt thereof acknowledged before six P. ]M.'' 
 
 A letter received from [Montgomery states that a similar 
 condition of anxious unrest prevails there. The Cabinet are in 
 daily session sometimes until after midnig-ht. "All the military 
 forces of the Confederacy have been called upon to be ready for 
 any emergency and requisitions have been made on several of 
 the States for 3000 additional twelve months volunteers. Xo 
 train arrives without bringing several hundred soldiers who are 
 immediately transported to Pensacola. Xight after night the 
 volunteers are drilled in the monotonous routine of tactics, but 
 no murmur escapes them except a longing for a fight. Most of 
 the companies have been fully equipped at their own expense 
 and are prepared to bear the burden of their subsistence from 
 their pri^-ate incomes. They are generally composed of young 
 men of large means who are sacrificing every interest of a per- 
 sonal character for the privilege of serving their country. One 
 company is now in the suburbs of the city, having arrived with- 
 out orders and they have settled themselves in camp and declare 
 they will not return to their homes until the war department 
 
 ^3 
 
gives them a chance at the enemy." The letter concludes: 
 "Amid all this excitement, it is a cheerful commentary on the 
 times that the Montgomery Blues, a corps identified with the 
 Florida and Mexican wars, are announced to contend in a rifle 
 match for a silver goblet from the hands of Maggie Mitchell, 
 the 'Pet of the Petticoats.' " 
 
 That the situation will be unmasked within twenty-four 
 hours is no longer problematical. It is even now an open secret 
 that on the 8th inst. the official mail of Major Anderson was 
 seized by order of the Governor, in which were letters of the 
 highest importance in reference to the proposed scheme for sup- 
 plying and reinforcing Fort Sumter. 
 
 On tlie same date, Lieut. Talbot arrived from Washington 
 in company with Mr. R. W. Chew of the State Department bear- 
 ing a written miessage from tlie President of the United States 
 to Gov. Pickens that "an attempt would be made to supply 
 Fort Sumter with provisions only, and that if such attempt be not 
 resisted, no effort to throw in men, arms or ammunition will be 
 made without further notice, or in case of an attack upon the 
 fort." 
 
 In reply to the message, both gentlemen were invited to 
 return at once to Washington and the excitement and disappro- 
 bation of the people at the hotel and elsewhere, among whom 
 the object of the mission had been bruited, made their immedi- 
 ate departure desirable. They were accordingly escorted by an 
 aide of the Governor and one of Gen. Beauregard, to the station 
 near midnight. For obvious reasons they met with detentions 
 along the route and so far as we know, they have not reached 
 Washington yet. 
 
 There is abundant reason now for activity of the liveliest 
 kind, and it is everywhere manifested. 
 
 Personne. 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE. 
 
 Charleston, April ii, 1861. 
 ^^T^ ODAY is one that will not soon pass from the memory of 
 \J the inhabitants of Charleston. Sonietliing in the very air 
 told them of strange impending events. Often as public 
 feeling has been aroused, never has the tifle risen so high. Busi- 
 ness is practically suspended and men are congregated in the 
 newspaper offices or around the bulletin boards eager for every 
 item of news permitted to find its way over the wires, or to 
 
 24 
 
escape from the noAV closely guarded lips of the civil and military 
 officials. 
 
 Since early dawn, the vessels in port have been hastily get- 
 ting- out of the harbor and putting to sea. Our little fleet of 
 dispatch and guard boats are busily plying between the harbor 
 and the bar, looking for signs of the naval squadron that is with- 
 out doubt on its way here, and are frequently- signallmg to ap- 
 pointed stations. Officers are hastening hither and thither in 
 small boats, carrying their final instructions to the different 
 batteries and commands on the islands, and steamers are con- 
 veying men and material to their respective destinations. 
 
 The Floating Battery has been towed to a point on the end 
 of Sullivan's Island nearest the city and firmly anchored behind 
 the stone breakwater; a position in which its guns will cover the 
 whole of the left flank of Fort Sumter and command the anchor- 
 age for boats if any should attempt to communicate with the 
 work in that way. 
 
 A formal demand has been made for the surrender and evac- 
 uation of Fort Sumter. Those who were present shortly after 
 the hour of noon today, saw. a boat push off with a a- hite flag 
 flying. In the stern sat three gentlemen; two. Col. James 
 Chesnut, recently the United States Senator from tliis ^tate and 
 Capt. Stephen D. Lee, aides of Gen. Beauregard, officially repre- 
 senting the Confederate Government, and the third. Col. A. R. 
 Chisholm, an aide of Gov. Pickens, officially representing the 
 State. 
 
 The boat arrived at Fort Sumter about half p?-r iliree; the 
 officers were received by Lieut. Jeff C. Davis wi>o conducted 
 them to Major Anderson and the object of the visit was declared. 
 They bore a letter from Beauregard demanding tiie evacuation 
 of the work and stating the terms on which it might take place. 
 These were, in general, a tender of facilities for the removal of 
 the command, together with all company property and private 
 property ; the flag to be saluted by A.nderson on taking it down. 
 
 The officers of the garrison were summoned, the matter 
 submitted to them and after a conference lasting an hour or 
 more, • the demand was refused. Re-entering their boat, our 
 officers returned to the city. The result was reported at once 
 to the Confederate authorities in Montgomery, and late this 
 evening, acting under their instructions, Col. Chesnut and Capt. 
 Lee went again to the fort (this time accompanied by Roger A. 
 Pryor of Va.) with a second message. The answer has yet to be 
 received. 
 
 iNfeanwhile, the news of these events spread rapidly through 
 the city and crowds flocked to White Point Garden, believing 
 that the bombardment was about to begin. All arms bearing men 
 
belonging to the different military organisations, who are on 
 leave of absence have been ordered to report to their respective 
 rendezvous and even the firemen are under orders to assemble 
 for immediate duty. Volunteers, singly and in squads, continue 
 to arrive and citizens of Georgia, North Carolina, and other 
 Southern States, have hastened hither to be present at the 
 expected battle. 
 
 Among the companies from the country which reached 
 Charleston this afternoon were the "Minute Men of Abbeville," 
 under the command of Capt. James Perrin. Such was the haste 
 of preparation to leave home, that their uniforms of red shirts 
 and black trousers, were made by the ladies in a single day and 
 that day, Sunday. 
 
 The students of the South Carolina College, keyed up to 
 fighting humour, arrived in a body with one of their classmates, 
 John H. Gary of Edgefield acting as Captain. The young fellov/s 
 had asked permission to join the forces in Charleston and when 
 It was refused on the ground that their services were not then 
 needed, they openly rebelled and left Columbia in spite of the 
 President and Faculty. Good boys! 
 
 As evening approached, the restlessness of the community 
 became almost painful. A call has been made for volunteers to 
 perform patrol duty during the night, for no one knows what 
 trouble the negro element may occasion, and the young men 
 being in camp, the fathers and the grandfathers responded and 
 with their private arms, a thousand strong, are assembled at the 
 rendezvous on Citadel Green. It seems, in fact,, as if every one 
 has sought his place in the picture. The rank and file are repre- 
 sented by all pursuits and professions. From the pulpit, court 
 and schoolroom; from library and workshop; from the country 
 farm and teeming town, thousands are here, waiting to defend, 
 if necessary, the honor of their Alother — the State. A\^ithout 
 imiformity of dress, wearing no insignia save the emblematic 
 palmetto tree, crescent or cockade ; marching with irregular step 
 that would cause a smile but for the solemn purpose written in 
 the eye — graybeards and youth, grandsires and children — such 
 are the people who are about to take part in or witness the 
 mortal combat of the morrow. 
 
 Charleston is slumbering lightly. There is no noise, no 
 confusion, no commotion. The machinery of battle has all been 
 prearranged and, save the slow footsteps of the mounted guard, 
 or the tread of wakeful pedestrians, silence reigns undisturbed. 
 The gas-jets are burning low in a thousand chambers and many 
 a pillow is w^et with the tears of gentlewomen praying in the still 
 watches of the night for the safety of the loved ones sleeping at 
 the guns. Personne. 
 
 26 
 
FIRST GUXS. 
 
 Charleston, April 12, 1861. 
 ^^F^ HE BATTLE is on! The object of the second and last 
 (J visit to Major Anderson, by Col. Chesnut and Capt. Lee, 
 was again to press upon him the fact that the Confederate 
 authorities did not needless!}^ desire to bombard Fort Sumter, 
 and that if it were true that he would, as he had declared on the 
 former visit, "be starved out any way in a few days," he might 
 indicate the time at which he would evacuate the work, provided 
 he would agree not to use his guns against us unless ours should 
 be employed against Fort Sumter. 
 
 To this proposition, after a discussion with his officers, last- 
 ing nearly three hours, Anderson replied that he would evacuate 
 the fort on the 15th inst. and would not in the meantime open 
 his fire, unless some hostile act against the fort or the flag of his 
 government compelled him to do so, and should he not receive 
 prior to that time, controlling instructions from his government, 
 or additional supplies. Both the Confederate authorities and 
 Anderson himself, knew perfectly well that at that moment the 
 Federal fleet was approaching the bar and would probably 
 endeavor to establish communication with the fort before the 
 time signified. 
 
 Without further parley, and acting under the instructions of 
 their chief, the Confederate messengers now handed to Major 
 Anderson, the following note: 
 
 'Tort Sumter. April 12. 1861. 
 
 3:30 A.M. 
 
 ''bir: By authority of Brig. Gen. Beauregard, commanding 
 the provisional forces of the Confederate States, we have the 
 honor to notify }'ou that he will open the fire of his batteries on 
 Fort Sumter in one hour from this time. 
 
 have the honor, &c., 
 
 "Chesnut. 
 "Lee." 
 
 These officers at once repaired to Fort Johnson and in 
 accordance with previous instructions, orders were given to lire 
 the signal gun at the hour specified. Daylight had not yet come, 
 but every officer and pri^-ate in the entire circle of batteries was 
 at his post. The bells of the distant city, strike one-two-three- 
 four and a group of serious faced men gather aroimd the guns 
 that are to sound the tocsin of civil war. AA^atch in hand, they 
 await the approach of the half hour, and as the last second of the 
 last minute is marked on the dial-plat-e, Capt. George S. James, 
 the commander of Fort Johnson, pulls a lanyard : there is a flash 
 of light and a ten inch shell traces its pathAvay towards Fort 
 
Sumter with a long thin Hne of fire. Rising high in air and 
 curving in its course, it burst almost directly over the work. A 
 second shell was quickly fired by Lieut. Wade Hampton Gibbes. 
 
 But a brief silence intervened, wdien a gun opened from the 
 Iron-clad Battery on Cumming's Point, and to Edmund Ruffin 
 of Virginia, a venerable man who had been elected an honorary 
 member of the Palmetto Guards, was accorded the distinction of 
 firing its first shot. Hardly had the echoes passed away, when 
 all the mortars in the neighborhood opened and in a few minutes 
 Fort Sumter was the center of a circle of fire. 
 
 The position of the several fortifications may now be briefly 
 described. At Cumming's Point between 1,200 and 1,300 yards 
 from the fort are three distinct batteries; one known as the 
 "Trapier" battery, consisting of three ten inch mortars, manned 
 by the Marion Artillery under the command of Capt. J. Gadsden 
 King; another which may be designated as the "Point" battery, 
 consisting of three ten inch mortars, two 42 pound guns, and 
 one 12-pound rifled Blakely presented to Charleston by Mr. C. 
 K. Prioleau of Liverpool. In the center is the Iron clad or 
 Stevens' Battery, mounting three eight inch Columbiads. It is 
 so named, because it has been constructed under the direct 
 supervision of Clement H. Stevens Esq., one of our Charleston 
 bank ofiicials, but it might with equal propriety have been called 
 the AA'illiam Gilmore Simms Battery, since the peculiar device 
 was suggested by the distinguished author, in a series of letters; 
 first, to Lion. W. Porcher Aiiles, when a member of the Con- 
 vention, and subsequently to the Confederate Congress. These 
 letters being referred to Gen. Jamison, as Secretary of War, that 
 gentleman instructed Gen. Trapier to undertake the work and it 
 was continued as above mentioned, by Mr. Stevens. 
 
 The efTectiveness of the Iron Battery consists in a roof of 
 railroad iron — the rails beiuQ" alternatelv inverted — risino" from 
 the sand at an angle of about forty three degrees, supported by 
 heavy wooden beams and flanked by layers of sandbags. The 
 muzzles of its heavy guns protrude through iron skylights or 
 shutters that are caused to rise automatically before and after 
 each discharge. The mortars in the Point and Iron batteries are 
 under the general supervision of Major P. F. Stevens of the 
 Citadel and manned by the Palmetto Guard under Capt. G. B. 
 Cuthbert. 
 
 Opposite and north of Fort Sumter on Sullivan's Island and 
 1,800 yards distant, is Fort ^Moultrie with an armament of thirty 
 guns, but of these only nine bear directly upon Fort Sumter. 
 They are specifically designated as the "Sumter battery" and are 
 commanded by Lieutenants Alfred Rhett and John Mitchell Jr. 
 They are among the guns spiked by Major Anderson when he 
 
 28 
 
abandoned the fort and are the heaviest of its ordnance. Four 
 hundred yards nearer the city is a Dahlgren battery with one 9 
 inch gun, a battery of two 10 inch mortars and an enfilade bat- 
 tery of two 24 and two 32 pound guns, the latter under the com- 
 mand of Lieut. Jacob A'alentine one of the veterans of the 
 Mexican war. Both are under the general direction of Capt. J. 
 H. Hallonquist. Anchored at the end of Sullivan's Island and 
 still nearer the city, is the Floating Battery, a mere mud-flat 
 fortified with a front wall of palmetto logs faced with iron. Its 
 two 32 and two 42 pound guns are under the command of Capt. 
 Jolm Randolph Hamilton, an ex-officer of the United States 
 Navy. 
 
 The scenes of this April morning in the city of Charleston, 
 will never be accurately portrayed. Xor tongue, nor pen, nor 
 canvas can tell the story. Let the reader imagine a population 
 startled from its slumbers by the boom of an angry gun. In an 
 instant, lights have flashed from every house, and in the twink- 
 ling of an eye as it were, an agitated throng are rushing towards 
 the water front of the city to catch their first view of battle. 
 
 Grave citizens whose dignity under ordinary circumstances 
 is unimpeachable, are at the top of their speed, dressing as they 
 run and throwing out explosive "hoorays" as if they must have 
 a safety valve for their enthusiasm or be suffocated. There are 
 men .^^7;;^- coat and vest, women saiis crinoline and children in 
 their night gowns. The "Battery*' or fashionable promenade, is 
 a mixture of dcshahille without regard to looks and the mysteries 
 of the feminine toilette are revealed with a recklessness that 
 ignores all the formula of feminine attire. And so. with faces 
 pale, hair unkempt and eyes sharpened by the strange fascination 
 of the scene, the multitude stand peering through the breaking 
 dawn and reading the progress of the fight by the flashing of the 
 guns. 
 
 All our batteries had opened, or to use the quaint remark of 
 Col. Ripley as he fired his first shot, "rung' their breakfast bell 
 for ]\Iajor Anderson" and for nearly two hours they pounded at 
 the walls of Fort Sumter without eliciting a response. Scarcely, 
 however, had objects on the low coast become well defined amid 
 the shadows of the morning, when, as if wrathful from enforced 
 delay, from parapet and casemate, suddenly burst a storm of iron 
 hail. The cr}" rang through the crowd and Avas caught up and 
 carried into the city. "Fort Stmiter has opened fire!'" 
 
 The battle now raged with fury and the fiery messengers 
 followed each other with spiteful haste. Short, sharp spurts of 
 flame told of bursting shells in and around the beleaguered 
 fortress, while splashes of spray or clouds of crumbled brick 
 
 ^9 
 
marked the ugly force of round shot on its face. To the idle 
 spectator no display of pyrotechnic skill could have been more 
 picturesque. 
 
 At dawn, a shower of rain dispersed much of the throng 
 assembled, but at sunrise, thousands again congregated who, 
 with fever undiminished watched the progress of the fight. The 
 elegant mansions in the neighborhood commanding a view of 
 the water front, were also filled with observers while in the road- 
 way of the broad plaza were hundreds of carriages and the horse- 
 men who had hurried to the scene from towns and villages miles 
 away. 
 
 A single mcident w411 suffice to illustrate the sentiment that 
 pervaded the entire community. 
 
 Among the spectators was an old gentleman nearly seventy 
 years of age. Long before dayHght, he had made his way to one 
 of the wharves and secured a point of observation. I found him 
 still there in the afternoon on my return from Morris Island and 
 in response to his question told him that "so far no one there 
 was hurt." "Thank God for that," he said, and then added, "Sir, 
 I have five sons on Morris Island and they are all that attach me 
 to this life, but I would not utter a murmur while standing- over 
 their graves if they died fighting for old South Carolina today.'"' 
 
 Despatches were brought by small boats in rapid succession 
 and Gen. Beauregard considerately caused his own special bulle- 
 tins to be posted for the benefit of the public. The following will 
 give an idea of the character of the news thus received: 
 
 "Sullivan's Island, 9 A. M. The Floating Battery has been 
 struck eleven times, but the balls failed to penetrate, Major An- 
 derson .is concentrating his fire on the Floating Battery and the 
 Dahlgren Battery of Capt. J. R. Hamilton. No houses on fire. 
 One of the barbette guns in Fort Sumter has been dismounted. 
 A steamer supposed to be the Nashville hove in sight, but upon 
 hearing the firing, put back to sea." 
 
 Camp Bomar, 11 A. M. No fleet in sight yet. Buildings 
 and parapet at Fort Sumter badly damaged. Fort jMoultrie and 
 the Floating Battery receiving- Anderson's special attention. 
 
 Morris Island, 11 A. M. The Iron battery more than fulfills 
 Moultrie and the Floating and Enfilade batteries directed their 
 expectations. Shot glance from it like marbles thrown on the 
 back of a turtle. One gun disabled by injury to a trap door, but 
 we repaired damages and resumed firing-. 
 
 Cumming's Point, 2 P. M. Several steam vessels are off 
 the bar; one of them supposed to be the Harriet Lane. The Iron 
 battery has made considerable progress in breaching the South 
 and Southwest walls of Fort Sumter. No one hurt. 
 
 Floating Battery, 3:30 P. i\I. Flave been struck many times 
 
 30 
 
but balls have not started a bolt. Several narrow escapes, but 
 all well. 
 
 Fort Moultrie, i P. Damages so far trifling. ]\Ien in 
 high spirits; obey orders like veterans. Lieut. Hallonquist's 
 Alortar battery and the Enfilading battery doing splendid 
 service," etc. 
 
 Major Anderson began to use his barbette guns about half- 
 past six o'clock, but the rain of missiles from every side quickly 
 drove the men to the casemates where the}^ remained. To pre- 
 vent any . further attempt to fire from the parapet, both Fort 
 aim chiefly to the guns there located. The result was that long 
 before dark, nearly every gun was disabled, the carriages shat- 
 tered and the parapet rendered practically defenceless. 
 
 About seven o'clock in the evening, the brisk firing of the 
 day was succeeded by a comparative calm and in obedience to 
 orders from headquarters, shells were thrown from the various 
 fortifications during the remainder of the night only at intervals 
 of twenty minutes. ]\Iajor Anderson made no response and his 
 men exhausted by their work in the smoky atmosphere of the 
 casemates, evidently sought rest in sleep. 
 
 Among our fortifications, enthusiasm might have been wit- 
 nessed in its most fiery do-or-die stage. The lust of battle 
 glowed in the face and sparkled in the eyes. j\Iany of the men 
 never before had heard a shotted gun, yet with a mixture of 
 chivalry and rashness that was in itself inspiring, they would 
 spring to the crest of an earthwork after each fire to watch the 
 effect of their aim and cheer for Major Anderson as the respon- 
 sive missiles came shrieking back. 
 
 It was a curious blending of humanity that one saw, but 
 you could not fail to be impressed by the fact that as a whole, 
 it represented the people of South Carolina. In their shirt 
 sleeves, with heads bare and faces smoke-begrimed, working the 
 heavy guns, Avere gentlemen you met only a few days before in 
 their business or social haunts — man}" of tliem elegant in manner 
 and types of wealth and leisure. Here was a clergyman or his 
 deacons ; there^ a bank president or wholesale merchant ; yonder 
 a group of sturdy mechanics fresh from the workbench, while a 
 little further on, protected by a friendly traverse, you might have 
 stumbled against a cluster of rich old planters who, with their 
 negroes helped to build these very fortifications, gathered around 
 a lunch-basket in the discussion of cold chicken and punctuating 
 their comments in draughts of time honored old iMadeira from 
 silver goblets. The best in their cellars was not tbo good to 
 grace such a momentous occasion. And so, scattered through 
 the several commands, were representatives of all callings — 
 judges, journalists, legislators, lawyers, public officials, citizens 
 
 31 
 
of town and country and every one proud to serve as a soldier 
 in the ranks. 
 
 The aggregate weaUh of several of the companies may be 
 estimated in millions, while Washington, Rutledge, Laurens, 
 Lowndes, Rhett, Calhoun, Ravenel, Pickens, Pinckney, Hamil- 
 ton, Preston, Butler, iViiddleton, Manigault, Mazyck, Miles, 
 Porcher, Horry, Huger, Gaillard, Gadsden, Gourdin, Barnwell, 
 Greene, Elliott, Izard, Moore, Grimke, Whaley, Yates, Snow- 
 den, Pleyward, Drayton, Earle, McPherson and other names 
 illustrious in the history of the State were heard answering to 
 the roll-call — "Here!" 
 
 Thomas Sumter, the grandson of the "Game Cock of the 
 Revolution," after wdiom the fort was named in 1833, was a 
 private in the Palmetto Guards. Ex-Gov. John L. Manning, 
 grandson of Gen. Laurence Manning, one of the heroes of 
 Eutaw, was also a private in the ranks. The venerable Edmund 
 Ruffin of A'irginia, likewise claimed a place in the picture, and 
 because he he had travelled from Virginia for the purpose, was 
 permitted as before said, to lire the first shot against Fort Sumter 
 from the Iron Battery. 
 
 Out of the many, here is one of the personal incidents that 
 occurred during the day. It illustrates the patriotic pride and 
 good humour rliat everywdiere prevailed. During the heaviest 
 of the firing from Fort Sumter, Col. Lamar, who was making a 
 tour of the batteries on Morris Island, found one of the men 
 needlessly exposed, but stoHdly maintaining his position at a 
 gun which being pointed seaward was of no manner of present 
 use. Kiio\\ing the man (who was from Edgefield District), he 
 called out: "Hello there, Lloyd, what in thunder are you doing 
 by that gun in the midst of this fire? Jump into your rat-hole, 
 man, quick!" But Lloyd remained inmiovable and looking 
 askance at the excavation thus humanely recommended to his 
 attention, he slowly replied: "Not now, Colonel, the durned 
 thing- might cave in you know, and then, some day after the 
 battle may be they'd dig me out and be sure to say: 'Well, if 
 here ain't Lloyd Mitchell, who run away from Major Anderson 
 and stuck himself in a rat-hole! Sarved him right!' No sir-ree, 
 Colonel, they put me by this gun and I'll stand by it or bust! 
 Durn yer rat-holes when thar's plenty of daylight." 
 
 During the night, fires were kept brightly blazing in the 
 harbor for the purpose of detecting the launches of the distant 
 fleet sliould they attempt to relieve the garrison. The yellow 
 glare of the lightwood flames illuminated the darkness for miles 
 around ; the rain fell in torrents and the wind howled wierd-like 
 and drearily among the sand hills of the Islands. So ended the 
 first day. ' Persoxne. 
 
 ^2 
 
FIG H Tlx G AMID FIRE. 
 
 April 13th,, 1 861. 
 ITH the drawing aside of the curtains of the night, day- 
 break came, clear, balmy and refreshing, the storm 
 clouds had disappeared, the earth was cool and moist and 
 the air laden with the perfume of April rain and blossoms. The 
 flags of each of the combatants were still fiying with stately 
 defiance and the first sunbeams were heralded by the thundering 
 tones of heavy artillery again engaged in strife. 
 
 The efifect of yesterday's bombardment on Fort Sumter 
 could now be plainly seen. The south and east facades to which 
 the fire from Cumming's Point had been directed and the 
 northern facade which had been the mark of Fort ^loultrie, the 
 Floating Battery and neighboring works, were thickly pitted. 
 The edge of the parapet was cut away, several of the guns were 
 dismounted or knocked from their position and many of the 
 embrasures v\-ere so battered that the regularity of their outline 
 could scarcely be distmguislied. 
 
 Firing was renewed at an early hour, but in anticipation of 
 a possible movement of the fleet, that from Sullivan's Island was 
 for the moment confined to the mortars and enfilading battery 
 and to a few guns from Fort ^Moultrie. Fire from Cumming's 
 Point was maintained at regular intervals and the work of the 
 heavy columbiads in the Iron battery was concentrated in an 
 endeavor to effect a breach in the walls as well as to destroy 
 the granite defences of the main gate. On the other hand. Fort 
 Sumter opened early and spitefully, with special attention to Fort 
 jMoultrie, almost every shot grazing the crest of the parapet and 
 crushing through the quarters. The guns bearing upon Cum- 
 ming's Point were not served for some time, the chief compli- 
 ments being paid by ]\Iajor Anderson to Ripley on Sullivan's 
 Island and shot answered shot angrily. 
 
 The air was filled with the surly whir of missiles. From 
 exploding shells burst miniature clouds white as cotton bolls 
 and in the perspective scarcely larger, that unfolding, took fanci- 
 ful shapes and drifted upwards to join their fleecy companions in 
 the sky. Again, the wharves, housetops and steeples of the city 
 were thronged with eager-eyed spectators, their attention divided 
 between the active combatants and the distant offing where, it 
 had become known, a fleet of vessels and more than a thousand 
 men, sent to the rescue of Anderson, lay idly on the Avaters and 
 made no sign of help. 
 
 About eight o'clock. Col. Ripley began to throw hot shot 
 from Fort 3.Ioultrie, and shortly afterwards, on the southern 
 portion of Sumter, was seen a tall, steadily ascending column of 
 
smoke. At first, it was thin and pale, but every moment it grew 
 darker and darker until, shooting out from the base of the black 
 pillar, great yellow tongues of flame lapped the tops of the bar- 
 racks and officer's quarters. In the city, the spectators at first 
 thought that Major Anderson was signalHng the fleet; but the 
 impression was quickly succeeded by the startling shout — 
 "FORT SUMTER IS ON FIRE!" 
 
 The suspense was now painful. The cannonade from the 
 fort, before fierce and rapid, became slow and irregular, like the 
 dying gasps of a stricken warrior. The great assemblage con- 
 templated the strange spectacle with a feeling of awe and in 
 bated breath and solemn silence, testified its sympathy for the 
 gallant soldiers now contending with an element more implacable 
 than man. 
 
 At nine o'clock, the flames appeared to be abating, but at 
 ten, another column of white smoke suddenly arose high above 
 the battlements followed by an explosion. It was evident that 
 the fire had reached a magazine. Then, from the island, we 
 could see the quarters falling in; the blackened chimneys top- 
 pling above the walls and gradually the flames sinking behind 
 the parapet. We knew, however, that Anderson and his men 
 were still alive, at least some of them, for during all this trying 
 period, there came at intervals a shot to one battery or another, 
 as if to say, ''You have killed me, but I'm dying game!" 
 
 Such was the impression made by this display of dogged 
 courage under circumstances so desperate, that at every flash 
 from the muzzles of his guns, our soldiers would leap to the 
 crests of the earthworks and send up cheer after cheer for the 
 gallant defender of Fort Sumter. A signal of distress was made 
 to the fleet in the offing, but there being no response from that 
 quarter, it was left to Beauregard to tender the merciful assis- 
 tance for which the call had been made. Captain Stephen D. 
 Lee and Colonels William Porcher Miles and Roger A. Pryor 
 were accordingly dispatched on this errand. 
 
 Between one and two o'clock, a shot from Sullivan's Island 
 severed the flag staf¥ and brought down the stars and stripes. 
 Ten or fifteen minutes elapsed before the flag reappeared and 
 doubt arose whether Major Anderson intended to raise the flag 
 at all. During this interval, ex-Senator Wigfall of Texas, a 
 volunteer aide of Beauregard, with that peculiar independence 
 which has marked his entire career, accompanied by Private 
 Gourdin Young of the Palmetto Guard, pushed off from Morris 
 Island in a rowboat and showing a handkerchief on the point of 
 his sword, went to Fort Sumter. Before he reached his destina- 
 tion, however, the flag was again flying. Some of our batteries, 
 
 34 
 
therefore, still continued their lire, those in command not being 
 aAvare of the miof!icial and miauthorized mission in progress. 
 
 Arriving at the ledge of rocks around the base of the fort, 
 Col. Wigfall was met by Lieut. Snyder and conducted to ]\Iajor 
 Anderson. A parley ensued. The former announced that he 
 Avas an aide to Gen. Beaureg-ard, and, observing the condition of 
 affairs — the flag down and the garrison in a great strait— he had 
 come to receive a surrender and oft'er such assistance as might 
 be required. He likewise remarked to ]\Iajor Anderson that he 
 had nobly done his duty in conducting the defence and to pro- 
 long the contest would be to unnecessarily risk the lives of his 
 command without commensurate results. 3.Iajor Anderson 
 replied that his flag had been hoisted again, but that the Con- 
 federate batteries did not seem to respect the truce. 
 
 Cpl. AMgfall stated that the batteries on Cumming's Point 
 had ceased firing and those on Stillivan's Island would follow 
 the example as soon as they Avere apprised of the truce ; but, he 
 added, "they will continue to fire as long as the United States 
 flag is flying." ]\Iajor Anderson then desiring to know what 
 terms he came to oft'er, Col. Wigfall replied, "the terms that have 
 alread}- been offered you by Gen. Beauregard, who is a gentle- 
 man and a soldier and knows how to treat a brave enemy. The 
 precise nature of these. Gen. Beauregard will arrange with you." 
 ''Then."' replied ^Major Anderson. "I have no other resoiu'ce; we 
 are all in flames and my men will shortly stiffocate." 
 
 Col. Wigfall now left the fort, when the flag was taken • 
 down, a white flag raised and the firing entirely ceased. On his 
 return to Cumming's Point, the impulsive Texan who had thus 
 assumed such a vast responsibility, was received with great en- 
 thusiasm, but his unauthorized act led to annoying complica- 
 tions. 
 
 The boat containing Captain Lee and Colonels Pryor and 
 i\Iiles who had started to offer assistance, turned back to the 
 city on the reappearance of the flag, believing that ]\Iajor Ander- 
 son intended still to press the fight, but now, seeing the white 
 flag raised, they again pushed on to the fort. Announcing 
 that they had come directly from Gen. Beauregard, they were 
 informed of the A'isit of Col. Wigfall, ''as an aide to and by 
 authorit}' of Gen. Beauregard." Major Anderson was promptly 
 told that Col. Wigfall being absent from headquarters had not 
 seen Beauregard for two days. Xaturally vexed at the awkv-ard 
 position in which he had been placed, ]\Iajor Anderson ex- 
 pressed much regret at his action, and proposed to resume the 
 fight, but he finally consented to reduce to writing the terms 
 proposed by Col. AVigfall and those upon which he would evac- 
 uate the fort. This note was brought to Gen. Beauregard by 
 
 35 
 
Capt. S. D. Lee; and thereupon, Major D. R. Jones, Assistant 
 Adjutant General, and Col. Charles Allston Jr. were forthwith 
 despatched to more formally arrange the terms of capitulation. 
 These are identically the same as those offered on the iith of 
 April, namely: 
 
 First, That all proper facilities shall be offered for removing 
 Major Anderson and all his command, together with company 
 arms and property and all private property. 
 
 Second. That the Federal flag, so long and bravely de- 
 fended shall be saluted by the vanquished on taking it down. 
 
 Third. That Major Anderson shall be allowed to fix the time 
 of surrender, to take place, however, sometime tomorrow (Sun- 
 day.) 
 
 It ought to be added that the steamer which carried to Fort 
 Sumter the above named officers, also conveyed Chief M. H. 
 Nathan of the Charleston Fire Department and the Palmetto 
 Fire Engine company for whom there is probably a great deal 
 of work yet in store, as the conflagration is still slumbering in 
 the fort and the magazines are in danger. 
 
 And so, has happily ended the most eventful day in the 
 history of vSouth Carolina. No one has been hurt; no tears save 
 those of rejoicing need be shed and our people are sleeping to- 
 night free from the weight of anxiety that for weeks has op- 
 pressed them like a nightmare. 
 
 Personne. 
 
 THE FA LLEN FOR T. 
 
 Charleston, April 14, 1861. 
 
 CHE FORMAL capitulation and evacuation of Fort Sumter 
 took place today, and your correspondent has had an op- 
 portunity to observe the effect of the bombardment, listen 
 to the experience of some of the officers and men and witness 
 the ceremonies of departure. 
 
 Preparations began at an early hour. At five o'clock Capt. 
 Hartstene accompanied by several members of Beauregard's 
 staff, and by Lieut. Snyder of Major Anderson's command, pro- 
 ceeded in the steamer Clinch to the fleet off the bar where it was 
 arranged that the garrison should take its departure in the 
 Steamship Isabel at noon. 
 
 Permission to salute his flag having been accorded to him, 
 Anderson made arrangements to fire one hundred guns. The 
 firing was in progress and the flag still flying from the rampart, 
 when by the premature discharge of a gun, the arm of one of the 
 
 36 
 
gunners was blown off. The ignited fragment of a cartridge bag 
 fell upon a pile of cartidges awaiting use, when they too ex- 
 ploded with fatal results, one man being killed, another mortally 
 wounded, and three others seriously injured. The occurrence of 
 these accidents not only delayed the departure of the command, 
 but induced ]\Iajor Anderson to be satisfied with a salute of fifty 
 guns instead of one hundred. Amid the echoes of the last dis- 
 charge, the Stars and Stripes slowly descended, and amid the 
 cheers of crowds on the shores, steamers and other craft assem- 
 bled, the Battle-Drama closed. 
 
 ^Meanwhile, Rev, W'm. B. Yates, the Sailor's Chaplain, w-as 
 sent for to perform the burial rites for the stranger soldier who 
 had passed unscathed through the battle only to be stricken 
 down while hopefully awaiting a happy reunion with wife and 
 children. The mangled remains were laid in a hastily prepared 
 grave in the middle of the parade ground, the earth was heaped 
 up, a volley fired, the drums beat a muffled roll and the garrison 
 sadly turned away forever from their dead comrade. 
 
 During these proceedings, which occurred betw'een 12 and 
 I o'clock, Gov. Pickens, with his aides, and Messrs Jamison, 
 Harlee and IMagrath of his executive Council, Gen. Beauregard 
 and aides. Chancellor Carroll, Judges Wardlaw and Glover, and 
 a number of invited guests were on their way to Fort Sumter, 
 but as it became evident that the evacuation was not complete, 
 Beauregard, with, a delicacy of feeling that is both honorable 
 and characteristic, ordered the boat to Sullivan's Island, where 
 the party remained until the ceremonies in Fort Sumter w^ere 
 finished. 
 
 At 4 o'clock the garrison, dressed in full uniform and car- 
 rying their arms, marched out to the tune of ''Yankee Doodle." 
 Major Anderson unshipped the upper part of the flagstaff and 
 carried it with him as a memento of the fierce bombardment. 
 
 Mrs. H. B. Bonnetheau of this city and a s^'^ter of Lieut. 
 Jefferson C. Davis enjoy the distinction of being the first civilians 
 to enter the fort today. ^liss Davis having been at school here, 
 it was deemed advisable that she should return to the North 
 wdth her brother, and accordingly, under the escort of Col. A. R. 
 Chisholm of Beauregard's staff, the ladies went Sumter in 
 order that she might embark with him on the I.-abel. Mrs. 
 Bonnetheau was permitted to witness the ceremonv of saluting 
 the fiag, and consequently saw the accidents that followed and 
 the burial of the dead soldier. As a souvenir of the occasion, 
 she received a fragm.ent of the riddled flag which the brave 
 commander refused to lower until stern necessitv was upon him. 
 
 It is a noteworthv fact that when the Isabel steamed away, 
 the soldiers at the batteries on Cumming's Point lined the 
 
 37 
 
beach, silent and with heads uncovered, while Anderson and his 
 command passed before them. It was not in their hearts to 
 utter one exultant sound over the defeat of brave men. 
 
 The work was now temporarily garrisoned by Company B 
 of the Regular Artillery, commanded by Capt. Hallonquist and 
 Lieutenants Alfred Rhett, Mitchell and Blake and by the Pal- 
 metto Guard under Capt. Cuthbert, all being under the com- 
 mand of Col. Ripley. The Confederate flag was raised upon 
 the rampart by Capt. Samuel Ferguson, the aide of Gen. Beau- 
 regard, the flag of the State being raised at the same time by 
 Col. J. L. Bearing of Gov. Pickens' staff. The latter flag was 
 presented to the State autlionties l)y several ladies with the 
 injunction: "This flag shall only be unfurled on the walls of 
 Fort Srmiter." 
 
 Major Anderson looked deeply despondent. He is a man 
 in the prime of life, and apparently not more than flft3^-six 
 years old, yet these recent events seem to have added ten more 
 to the score. Born in Kentucky, a graduate of West Point of 
 the class of 1825, promoted for gallantry in the war against 
 the Seminoles, an instructor of artillery in the Alilitary Acad- 
 emy in 1835, 1836 and 1837, an aide de camp to Gen. Scott in 
 1838, distinguished in the Mexican War and severely wounded 
 in the assault on Molino del Rey, he is a fine specimen of the 
 American officer and gentlem.an; and no one more keenly than 
 Gen. Beauregard, his associate in other fields of action, sympa- 
 thises with the old soldier in the bitter mortification of the hour. 
 
 The personal appearance of Major Anderson, his officers 
 and men, attested the terrible character of the ordeal through 
 which they had passed. Deprived of sleep for many hours, 
 .fatigued by their labor at the guns and prostrated by their 
 struggle with an element which raged beyond control, the}'' 
 looked worn, haggard and exhausted. The Federal com- 
 mander stated that the preservation of life during the battle 
 was owing- chiefly to the smallness of the garrison. Had there 
 been two hundred more men, not less than one-half must have 
 been killed. Fie also observed that the provisions on hand 
 vvould have lasted but two days more, when an unconditional 
 surrender must have taken place or many lives have been sacri- 
 ficed in an attempt to provision and reinforce the fort; and that 
 in view of all the circumstances, notwithstanding the unfortu- 
 nate termination of the battle, he "felt proud in the conscious- 
 ness that while performing his duty to the utmost, he had not 
 taken the life of a human being." The officers of the distant 
 fleet had made arrangements for supplying the fort on the 
 night of the 12th, but owing to the storm and other unforeseen 
 causes, the plans had miscarried. 
 
 38 
 
The appearance of Fort Sumter baffles description. Ex- 
 ternally eA'ery facade upon which our batteries played is thickly 
 pitted by the spattering balls. The effect of the direct shot 
 was an indentation of the walls, and the marks may be counted 
 by hundreds. Lieut. Foster counted 600. The edges of the 
 parapet are loosened and ragged, and great masses of brick 
 and stone work that have been torn away mingde with the 
 fragments of shot and shell at the rocky base. Within, the 
 blackened walls of the quarters and barracks are yet smoking. 
 The parade ground is strewn with fragments of bursted iron 
 and smouldering cinders. At cA'cry turn, the eye rests upon 
 ruin. The flagstaff, marked in a number of places by the 
 passing shot, is partly hidden by the debris, and busy hands 
 haA'e already begun to secure its splinters as relics. Imbedded 
 in the Avail of the magazine is a round shot: within the maga- 
 zine itself, is another, AAdiich passed completely through the Avail 
 and fell among the grains of pOAvder spilled upon the floor by 
 the men; Avhile the massive iron door Avas struck by the 
 fragment of a shell Avith such force as to bend and make it 
 useless. 
 
 On the parapet, CA'ery step is impeded by shattered gun 
 carriages, crumbling masses of brick Avork and dismounted and 
 broken guns that look as if they had been tossed about by angry 
 Titans. The crashing of shot, the bursting of shells, the roaring 
 of the flames and the falling of the Avails made a pandemonium 
 amid Avhich must haA^e rcA^elled the demon of destruction. 
 
 From one of the officers it is learned that during the fire 
 eA'ery man labored zealously to check its progress. Orders 
 Avere giA'en to remoAX the pOAvder from the magazine, but so 
 rapid Avas the spread of the flames that only fifty barrels could 
 be taken out and distributed in the casemates. By tweh'e 
 o'clock all the Avood Avork of the officers' quarters and the bar- 
 racks on the south and Avest face Avere in process of destruction. 
 The smoke rose in an immense A'olume and the garrison AA-as 
 at last forced to take refuge in the casemates. Even here, they 
 Avere folloAved by blazing cinders Avhich set on fire boxes, beds 
 and other articles that had been secured. It finally became 
 dangerous to retain the poAvder taken from the magazines; 
 accordingly, all but five barrels Avere throAvn from the em- 
 brasures into the Avater. The air Avas like the blast of a 'seething 
 furnace, the smoke stifling, and officers and men in common lay 
 panting on the heated floor Avith Avet handkerchiefs upon their 
 faces to saAX the remnant of Avell nigh exhausted lives. 
 
 The injuries to the Confederate batteries are comparatively 
 unimportant. The nondescript iron or StcAxns' Battery Avas 
 struck many times, but the balls glanced off and Avent shrieking 
 
 39 
 
over the sandhills. The Floating Battery with its iron front 
 also faithfully withstood the battle-storm. It received 163 shots 
 and fired 490. Fort Moultrie, on the other hand, bears evi- 
 dence of the careful attention paid to it by Anderson's artillery 
 in return for some forty rounds of hot shot and sundry other 
 iron compliments which the occasion called forth. Lieut. John 
 Mitchell Jr., a son of the Irish patriot, was one of the of^cers 
 here until his transfer to Fort Sumter today. 
 
 The barracks are almost entirely destroyed and beds and 
 bedding in many instances are torn to shreds. The Confederate 
 flag received three and the Palmetto flag four wounds that some 
 day may make them memorable. Is it a coincidence that the 
 number of the seceded States is seven? One shell entered the 
 quarters of Col. Ripley and burst on the bureau, spoiling every 
 architectural feature and demolishing every article of use in 
 the apartment. Those who are familiar with Col. Ripley's su- 
 perb command of pyrotechnic phrases in various languages 
 may imagine with what force his verbal explosion followed the 
 other. 
 
 The outside walls of Fort Moultrie have been struck by 
 more than 100 balls, while the battered roofs, ragged apertures 
 large enough to admit a horse, the wreck of furniture and the 
 mixture of splinters, rafters and pulverised ceilings represent 
 everything terrible in gunpowder — except death. 
 
 The troops, firemen and others whose duties are there will 
 remain in Fort Sumter until further orders. The last steamer 
 brought back to the city all the visitors who have lingered 
 among the stirring scenes of an eventful Sunday. In starting on 
 our return, we saw on the rocky ledge at the base of the fort, 
 an old man. With canteen and blanket strapped around his 
 shoulders, leaning thoughtfully upon his rifle, his fine figure 
 crowned by long silver hair that told of seventy-four years of 
 active life, the aged patriot stood there in the twilight, a faithful 
 personification of the spirit of the Southern Volunteer. It was 
 the venerable Edmund Ruf^in of Virginia — he who had jour- 
 neyed hither from the Mother of States to fire the first gun for 
 South Carolina. 
 
 40 
 
THE PHRASE, ••Campstool/' is, vre 
 hope sufficiently expressive to indicate 
 that this portion of our serial is de- 
 sig-ned to be a gathering place for remin- 
 iscence. It "vrill be a kind of postscript to 
 "Army Letters," and all who possess an- 
 ecdotes of the war worthy of preserva- 
 tion, are in^■ited to make it interesting. 
 Many an old scrap-book will prove a 
 mine of information. 
 
 * * * 
 
 WE CAXXOT pay more direct compli- 
 ment to the citizens of Columbia, among 
 whom we have renewed home ties and 
 established the present publication, than 
 by reproducing, from old war memoran- 
 da, the roster of the Governor's Guards, 
 who, with the Columbia Greys, Captain 
 Wallace, afterward Colonel of Kershaw's 
 Regiment, now the efficient Postmaster 
 of Columbia, started for Charleston on 
 the afternoon of April 11th, 1861, in obedi- 
 ence to orders by telegraph to join their 
 regiment — the Second, commanded by Col. 
 J. B. Kershaw. Those who survive, will 
 remember that they were escorted to the 
 depot on that occasion hy the honorary 
 members of the Richland Rifle company. 
 Captain Radcliffe; the Emmett Guards, 
 Lieutenant Brennan; the College Cadets, 
 Capt. John H. Gary, and the Independent 
 Fire company, Captain Mackey. 
 
 The roll of the members of the Greys 
 is not at hand, but the officers and mem- 
 bers of the Guards who responded to the 
 call of duty are as follows: 
 
 W. H. Casson, Captain. 
 
 M. A. Shelton, First Lieutenant. 
 
 P. Brown, Second Lieutenant. 
 
 F. Gaillard, Third Lieutenant. 
 
 J. S. Leaphart, First Sergeant. 
 
 P. H. B. Shulex', Second Sergeant. 
 
 S. L. Leaphart, Third Sergeant. 
 
 J. C. Reid, Fourth Sergeant. 
 
 John A. Elkins, Fifth Sergeant. 
 
 R. Brown, First Corporal. 
 
 William Barton, Second Corporal. 
 
 J. T. Wells, Third Corporal. 
 
 J. A. Ruff, Fourth Corporal. 
 
 E. C. Plumer, Fifth Corporal. 
 
 J. Mcintosh, Sixth Corporal. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 M. J. Anderson. Charles Hambur^ 
 W. E. Asbury. s. L. Kali. 
 
 A. P. Abbott. John Haunwell. 
 
 A. G. Anderson. M. Johnston. 
 Thomas Altee. l. W. Jennings. 
 
 W. C. Brown. g. C. Jones. 
 
 C. C. Banks. j. D. Kinman. 
 
 J. P. Brazill. j. j. Keller. 
 
 J. H. Bartlett. b. H. Knight, 
 
 G. T. Cooper. j. c. Kenneth. 
 
 J. W. Cavis. George Lever. 
 
 J. W. Cooper X. S. Long. 
 
 J- Clark. H. H. Loomis. 
 
 J. H. Casson. T. P. McCarier. 
 
 Julius Driesen. J. p. Matthews. 
 
 William Douglas, A. McKeehee. 
 J. T. Durin. B. W. Means. 
 
 J. H. Davis. George Meetze. 
 
 John Davis. G. B. W. Mon 
 
 J. B. DuBose. gomery. 
 A. E. Edwards. W. M. Myers. 
 
 G. R. Field. W. McCasson. 
 
 X. H. Fleming. D. J. McDonald. 
 
 J. W. Gaither. R. C. Myers. 
 
 James Grepn. F. W. McMaster. 
 
 M. B. Green. H. X'oll. 
 
 Charles Goodwin. Joseph Xewman, 
 C. F. Hoeffer. J. L. X'ott. 
 
 WilMam Hennies, W. Parker. 
 J. W. Hall. J. M. Plumer. 
 
 41 
 
W. J. Randolph. 
 J. F. Roberts. 
 J. D. Roberts. 
 J. Raleigh. 
 E. J. Richbourg. 
 James Sims. 
 S. E. Senn. 
 W. C. Shultze. 
 W. D. Starling. 
 S. Stricliland. 
 E. R. Stokes. 
 
 J. D. Stubbs. 
 W. G. Stubbs. 
 H. A. Strickland. 
 A. L. Solomons. 
 J. H. Shivernell. 
 J. Thurston. 
 J. F. Farrar. 
 N. L. Turner. 
 W. H. West. 
 S. L. Williams 
 W. T. T\ alter. 
 
 OLD MEMORIES will also be revived 
 by the announcement that "the main 
 bod3' of the Sixth Regiment, South Car- 
 olina Volunteers, Col. James H. Rion, 
 composed of some of the flower of the 
 population of Chester and Fairfield Dis- 
 tricts reached Columbia today (April 11, 
 1861), in time to take a train for Charles- 
 ton. 
 
 "The following companies comprise the 
 Regiment: 
 
 "Buckhead Guards (Fairfield), Capt. E. 
 J. Means: Calhoun Guards (Chester), 
 Capt. J. F. Walker; Catawba Guards 
 (Chester), Capt. G. L. Strait; Chester 
 Guards (Chester), Capt. O. Hardin; Boyce 
 Guards (Fairfield), Capt. J. N. Shedd; 
 Pickens Guards (Chester), Capt. J. M. 
 Moore: Little River Guards (Fairfield), 
 Capt. J. M. Brice: Chester Blues (Ches- 
 ter), Capt. E. C. McClure; Cedar Creek 
 Rifles (Fairfield), Capt. J. R. Harrison; 
 Fairfield Fe.ncibles (Fairfield), Capt. John 
 Bratton. 
 
 "These companies average about ninety 
 g'ood and true men. 
 
 "Capt. Alexander R. Taylor's crack 
 company of Mounted Riflemen will leave 
 for Charleston on Friday." 
 
 ROSTERS of Confederate soldiers are 
 Rolls of Honor. Monuments in a hun- 
 dred Southern cities pay tribute to the 
 memory of the men who "went down to 
 their graves in bloody shrouds," but no 
 tablet of bronze or marble can be more 
 expressive in its silent story than the 
 plain, unvarnished records of the killed 
 and wounded. No voice can be more 
 tenderly eloquent than that of some 
 scarred and wrinkled veteran, who, ris- 
 ing tremulously in his seat when the 
 roll is called, can only answer for his 
 
 missing comrade, "Dead on the field of 
 battle." 
 
 What a suggestive list is the following! 
 Four 5'ears of bloody history pass in grim 
 review. The Richland Rifles, Company 
 C, volunteered "for three years or the 
 war," joined the First Regiment, S. C. 
 v.. Col. Maxcy Gregg, and from Manas- 
 sas to Appomatox its killed and wounded 
 fell on every field. Out of 106 members 
 who left Columbia in 1861, 17 were killed, 
 44 wounded and 34 died. Several are still 
 "missing," and those that remain may be 
 counted on one's hands with the thumbs 
 turned down. 
 
 COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. 
 
 Capt. John Cordero, dead. 
 
 Lieut. James McMahon, promoted. 
 
 Lieut. Henry C. Heise, wounded three 
 times: became acting captain and sur- 
 rendered company at Appomattox. 
 
 Lieut. Ralph E. B. Hewetson, made 
 quartermaster, with rank of captain; 
 dead. 
 
 Lieut. J. T. Proctor, lost leg at Fred- 
 ericksburg 
 
 NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. 
 
 First Sergt. Lawrence A. Smith, killed 
 at Second Manassas. 
 
 First Sergt. Theodore Smith, killed. 
 
 First Sergt. James R. Hamilton, wound- 
 ed twice: promoted from ranks. 
 
 Second Sergt. Francis M. Baughman, 
 promoted to third lieutenant; living. 
 
 Third Sergt. John L. Root, wounded; 
 living. 
 
 Fourth Sergt. James H. Taylor, made 
 regimental color bearer; killed. 
 
 Fifth Sergt. Rufus N. Richbourg, 
 wounded twice; promoted to lieutenant. 
 
 Corporal John W. Cordero, wounded at 
 Fredericksburg-; died in hospital. 
 
 Corporal Lewis J. Levy, promoted. 
 
 Corporal John L. Shotwell, dead. 
 
 Corporal Osgood A. Mood, dead. 
 
 Musician Samuel Steed, dead. 
 
 Musician William Rose, living. 
 PRIA^ATES. 
 
 Abbott, Ancrum P., killed. 
 
 Abbott, John, wounded. 
 
 Baughman, Charles W., wounded; died 
 in prison. 
 
 Baughman, Henry L., wounded, Gettys- 
 burg. 
 
 Barefield, Archibald, dead. 
 Ballew, James S., wounc^ed; died in hos- 
 pital. 
 
 Beard, William A., wounded; dead. 
 Bennet, Charles E., killed Frazer's 
 Farm. 
 
 ■Byers, Samuel R., unknown. 
 Bunch, Samuel F., dead. 
 Berrj-, Edward, dead. 
 
 42 
 
Barker, Alfred L., wounded at Peters- 
 burg-. 
 
 Bourke, John A., wounded at Freder- 
 icksburg. 
 
 Brewer, Daniel, wounded; dead. 
 
 Bowling, Wash, unknown. . 
 
 Busby, Jake, discharged, disability. 
 
 Carter, J. B., wounded; dead. 
 
 Corley, Simpson, discharged; disability. 
 
 Clancey, Arthur R., acting color bear-^.r 
 when wounded. 
 
 Dallas, Judson C, wounded. 
 
 Doherty, Charles, unknown. 
 
 Dent, John T., discharged; disability. 
 
 Dunnovant, Thomas J., dead. 
 
 Edwards, Adam E., wounded. 
 
 Fanning, John, dead. 
 
 Eraser, James, lost arm. 
 
 Friday, James C, unknown. 
 
 Garwood, Robert B., unknown. 
 
 Glaze, David, dead. 
 
 Glover, John R., dead. 
 
 Gurley, Franklin H., dead. 
 
 Graham, Charles, wounded, Gaines' 
 Mill. 
 
 Hurt, , wovmded, Wilderness. 
 
 Healey, John B., unknown. 
 Howell, Charles B., unknown. 
 Hornsby, William D., wounded, Chan- 
 cellorsville. 
 Hook, Samuel C, wounded, Gaines' Mill. 
 Hornsby, James H., wounded. 
 Hubbs, F. J., killed. Second Manassas. 
 
 Hussey, George P., discharged, inabil- 
 ity. 
 
 Hendrix, Daniel J., unknown. 
 Johnston, Thomas C, dead. 
 Jackson, dead. 
 
 Keckley, George M., promoted; dead. 
 
 Key, John, wounded; dead. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, dead. 
 
 La Borde, Oscar A., promoted lieuten- 
 ant Regular Army C. S. A. 
 
 Lee, Jesse, wounded, Sharpsburg; dead. 
 
 Lucas, William H., wounded, Gaines' 
 Mill. 
 
 Mathias, John T., wounded, Petersburg, 
 dead. 
 
 Monteith, Nathaniel H., dead. 
 
 Monteith, Ainsley H., appointed cuar- 
 termaster: wounded, Chancellorsville. 
 
 Monteith, Walter S., transferred cav- 
 alry. 
 
 Mott, John, unknown. 
 McCaw, James, wounded. 
 Mayrant, R. P., Sr., dead. 
 
 Nipper, , unknown. 
 
 O'Donnell, Charles, killed, Fredericks- 
 burg. 
 
 Odom, Alfred, killed, Chancellorsville. 
 Petsch, James B., unknown. 
 Poat, Charles, killed. Second Manassas. 
 Pollock, Clarence J., killed, Spottsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Powell, Edgar A., dead. 
 
 Rawlings, Charles A., wounded; died 
 in hospital. 
 
 Renno, John A., detailed Army P. O. 
 
 Riggs, Benjamin S., wounded, Freder- 
 icksburg. 
 
 Ruff, Paul M., wounded, Ox Hill. 
 
 Ruff, Walter G., killed. Five Forks. 
 
 Snellgrove, Joshua A., killed. 
 
 Sanders, George W., transferred Mary- 
 land line. 
 
 Stratton, Samuel E., detailed C. S. 
 Treasury. 
 
 Saunders, August S., dead. 
 
 Stiles, William, dead. 
 
 Smith, Thomas, dead. 
 
 Smith, Joseph F., dead 
 
 Smith, Theodore L., promoted; killed. 
 
 Scott, E. W., transferred Marj^land line. 
 
 Swygert, Robert H., wounded. 
 
 Shepherd, John H. H., killed. Wilder- 
 ness. 
 
 Smith, J. E., unknown. 
 Squier, John C, wounded and deaci. 
 Tallant, Patrick A., killed, Second Ma- 
 nassas. 
 
 Tolleson, AYilliam, unknown. 
 Vogel, William H., wounded, Wilder- 
 ness. 
 
 Wilson, Benjamin, dead. 
 Wilson, William, unknown. 
 Walsh, Thomas, unknown. 
 Wiggins, Eugene, dead. 
 
 THE peculiar position of Maj. Anderson 
 in Fort Sumter is described in a letter 
 from him to a lady correspondent who 
 had written to him on the 5th of April, 
 1S61, expressing her sympathy with his 
 position and deploring the fact that the 
 Governmeiit had not tendered him A'olun- 
 tary aid. He says: "Justice compels me 
 to take upon myself the blame of the 
 Government's not having- sent to my res- 
 cue. Had I demanded reinforcements 
 while Mr. Holt was in the War Depart- 
 ment, I know that he would have dis- 
 patched them at all hazards. I did not 
 ask them because I knew that the mo- 
 ment it should be known here that addi- 
 tional troops were coming, they would 
 assa^ult me and thus inaugurate civil 
 war. 
 
 "My policy, feeling— thanks be to God- 
 secure for the present in my stronghold, 
 was to keep still, to preserve peace, to 
 give time for the quieting of the excite- 
 ment which was at one time ver3' high 
 throughout this region, in the hope of 
 avoiding bloodshed. There is now a pros- 
 pect that that hope will be realised; that 
 
 43 
 
the separation which has been inevitable 
 for months will be consummated without 
 the shedding- of one drop of blood. The 
 ladies, then, must not blame the latter 
 part of Mr. Buchanan's administration, 
 nor the present one, for not having sent 
 me reinforcements. I demanded them 
 under Mr. Floyd. The tinie when they 
 mig-ht have been sent has passed weeks 
 ag-o; and I must ask you in praising me 
 not to do injustice to my brother offi- 
 cers, a vast majority of whom would, 
 placed- in the same circumstances, have 
 acted at least as well as I have done." 
 
 IT WILL, be a gi'atifying announcement 
 to lovers of choice literature that the 
 poems of Henry Timrod, "the poet lau- 
 reate of the South," as he was aptly 
 designated by Lord Tennyson, bid fair 
 to be reproduced in a manner worthy of 
 the great genius of the author. An edi- 
 tion published years ago has long since 
 been exhausted, and it is safe to say 
 that wherever a copy of the book exists, 
 it is regarded as a library gem. Long- 
 fellow, Whittier, Bryant, Holmes and all 
 that coterie of brilliant writers who have 
 added fresh lustre to American letters, 
 quickly recognised the writings of Henry 
 Timrod as the work of a mas'-er hand, 
 and had ho lived among them, his grave 
 would not now be marked by so humble 
 a monument that it is almost obscured 
 by the shadows of its neighbors. 
 
 The new edition will be published for 
 those only who subscribe five dollars, 
 payable on delivei\v; but it will still be 
 a rare work, since the edition will be 
 limited and the name of every subscriber 
 will be printed in each volume. Natural- 
 ly, in view of the price, it will appear 
 in the highest style oi the publisher's art 
 and as regards paper and binding, be 
 intrinsically worth the sum paid. In an- 
 other twenty years, following the ex- 
 ample of other choice books, it may be 
 worth ten times the amount. 
 
 The promoters of this enterprise em- 
 brace a number of influential citizens of 
 Charleston, among whom are J. C. 
 Hemphill, editor of the News and Cou- 
 rier, and ex-Mayor W. Ashmead Courte- 
 nay, and their sole object is to provide 
 means for the erection of a handsome 
 
 monument that in some suitable public 
 place shall endure as a permanent tribute 
 to the memory of a man who has written 
 the grandest lyrics and sung the sweet- 
 est songs of the South. 
 
 IT IS long since the incident occurred, 
 and the actors in it have crossed the 
 Great Divide, but it will bear repeating. 
 Col. Louis T. Wigfall of Texas, who im- 
 mediately prior to the war was a United 
 States Senator, had the reputation of be- 
 ing a bold, impetuous man who never 
 minced his words in speaking and whose 
 veneration for officials, no matter what 
 may have been their station, generally 
 stood at the zero point in his social ther- 
 mometer. During the progress of the 
 struggle, it was at one time feared that 
 for certain personal reasons, Mr. Davis 
 might remove Gen. Beauregard from 
 command. Meeting the former on one oc- 
 casion, Wigfall said to him: "I hear, Mr, 
 President, that 3"ou talk about sending 
 Beauregard to the rear. Don't you do it! 
 Let him alone 1 When a man gets to be 
 so popular that the men of the country 
 name their steamboats and the women 
 keep him in the family by naming their 
 babies after him, don't touch him — keep 
 your hands off!" 
 
 Wigfall was also ready witted. While 
 en route across the country to his home 
 in Texas, he fell in with a party of 
 LTnion soldiers. Without his uniform he 
 would pass anywhere for a well-to-do 
 planter, and, not being suspected on this 
 occasion, he entered freely into conver- 
 sation with them. Nonchalantly he asked 
 what they would do with old Wigfall if 
 they should catch him. "W^e'd hang him, 
 sure," was the reply. "Serve the rascal 
 right!" instantly responded Wigfall, "and 
 if I were with you, I— I rather think I 
 might be pulling at one end of the rope 
 mj'self." 
 
 THE STORY of the Avar will never be 
 fully told until we get the details from 
 the lips and pens of the private soldiers. 
 Volume after volume written by the gen- 
 eral officers on both sides have made us 
 fairly familiar with the strategy and tac- 
 tics of the struggle; with the movements 
 
 44 
 
of divisions, the g-allantry of brig-ades and 
 the brave dash of regiments and battal- 
 ions; but of the individual heroism of 
 the men in the ranks, the adventures of 
 the scout, the encounters on the skir- 
 mish line, the life on picket and tne 
 thousand and one incTaents tnat the boys 
 liked to talk about around the camp- 
 fire, the simple narratives are too few. 
 
 Among the veterans who met in the 
 recent reunion at Richmond was one- 
 only an humble sergeant, mark you, who 
 fought almost breast to breast with the 
 enemy in the "Battle of the Crater" at 
 Petersburg. But from that time until 
 ihe present he has made that one battle 
 a study, and the result is a map (now 
 in the Confederate Museum at Richmond) 
 on w^hich is indicated every gallery, tra- 
 verse, bomb-proof, mine and counter- 
 mine and the positions of batteries and 
 troops. 
 
 When he went over the field with sev- 
 era.1 of his comrades, even the owner of 
 the farm on which the heat of battle 
 was the hottest was unable to point out 
 more than the salient features of the lo- 
 cality, all others Jtiaving been obliterated 
 by the changes of thirty years. With the 
 aid of the map in question, however, the 
 old became once more new, memories 
 were revived, errors corrected and the 
 actors in the fight w^ere enabled to re- 
 locate themselves in their former places. 
 In recalling this circumstance, the vet- 
 eran sergeant related numerous incidents 
 connected Avith the battle that came un- 
 der his own immediate observation and 
 have never appeared in print. 
 
 "Why don't you put this storj- on paper 
 for the benefit of historj- and the pleas- 
 ure of your children?" inquired the writ- 
 er. "Oh, I'm going to do so one of these 
 days," was the reply. "I've got it all in 
 my head, and when I have time I mean 
 to write it out." 
 
 That's what's the matter, old soldiers; 
 you have had these grand reminiscences 
 in your heads for thirty years, and with 
 careless indifference to the future that is 
 almost criminal, you are permitting them 
 to remain there untouched and unrecord- 
 ed. You are getting old, tremulous and 
 forgetful. "One of these days" may not 
 come to 3-0U until, with failing voice and 
 shaking limbs, you will realise it has 
 come too late — that the silver cord is 
 
 already loosened and the golden bowl is 
 broken. 
 
 * * * 
 
 HAS IT occurred to the instructors of 
 the youth of the South that they may be 
 largely instrumental in presei'ving much 
 of the valuable personal history connect- 
 ed with our late struggle for independ- 
 ence? In a country where so many thou- 
 sands of households furnish themes for 
 "compositions" in the stories of priva- 
 tion or adventure that are told around 
 the domestic fireside by the grandfath- 
 ers and grandmothers who still survive, 
 what more interesting narratives can be 
 Avritten by the young people than theirs? 
 And with a useful object in view, how 
 eagerly will the pupils devote themselves 
 to the task of preserving the records 
 that no one else has written. Home sto- 
 ries with hearts in them are a thousand 
 times more eloquent and potent than cold 
 essays, and the boy or girl who can tell 
 them in a simple and unconstrained man- 
 ner will soon learn the use of correct 
 speech in all the affairs of life. 
 
 FEW serial publications are more wel- 
 come in Southern households than the 
 Confederate Veteran, printed in Nash- 
 ville, Tenn. Every month for three years 
 it has kept the present in close touch 
 with the past. Every month we may 
 read some familiar and long unmentioned 
 name: every month, perhaps, look upon 
 the photograph of some long unseen face. 
 It is a faithful record likewise of the liv- 
 ing and the dead, who in their da.y and 
 generation were among the heroes and 
 heroines of the war. The choice of such 
 a work as the organ of nearlj- a thou- 
 sand Camps of Confederate Veterans and 
 of the Sons and Daughters of Veterans, 
 is in itself a distinguishing mark of 
 merit. May ils fiag remain long un- 
 furled. 
 
 DURING the construction of the Iron 
 Battery on Cumming's Point, Gen. Jami- 
 son, accompanied by ex-Gov. Allston and 
 William Gilmore Simms. its designer, 
 A-isited the spot, when Goa'. A. remarked 
 that he would not care to trust himself 
 
 45 
 
behind such a curious defence— that it 
 could not possibly be safe. The distin- 
 g-uished author quickly demonstrated the 
 dilference between the wooden walls of a 
 frigate or the upright stone walls of a 
 fort and the iron-plated incline of a wall 
 at an ang-le of forty-five degrees and 
 more than twelve inches thick. It is of 
 course now known that this nondescript 
 fortification became the model of the de- 
 fences on the Merrimac and other Con- 
 federate ironclads, and has since led to 
 a reA'olution in naval architecture, but 
 few persons are aware that its inventor 
 was the disting-uished Southern novelist. 
 
 IT IS due to the memory of Maj. An- 
 derson to publish a portion of the letter 
 which he wrote on the 29th of December, 
 1860, to his most intimate friend in 
 Charleston, Hon. Robert N. Gourdin. It 
 is dated from Fort Sumter. After relat- 
 ing- the circumstances of the removal of 
 the g-arrison from Fort Moultrie, 'he says : 
 
 "I reg-ret that the Governor has deemed 
 it proper to treat us as enemies by cut- 
 ting off our communication with the city 
 and permitting me only to send for the 
 mails. Now this is annoying- and I re- 
 g-ret it. I can do without g-oing- to the 
 city, as I have supplies of all kinds to 
 last my command five months, bu.t it 
 Vv^ould add to our comfort to be enabled 
 to make purchases of fresh meats and so 
 on, and to shop in the city. 
 
 "The Governor does not know how en- 
 tirely the commerce and intercourse of 
 Charleston by sea are in my power. I 
 could, if so disposed, annoy and embar- 
 rass the Charlestonians much more than 
 they can me. With my guns I can close 
 the harbor completely to the access of 
 all large vessels and I might even cut off 
 the lights so as to seal the approach en- 
 tirely by night. I do hope that nothing- 
 will occur to add to the excitement and 
 bad feeling that exists in the city. No 
 one has a right to be angry with me for 
 my action. No one could tell what he 
 would have done unless in the same tight 
 place. I know that if my action was 
 properly explained to the people of 
 Charleston, they would not feel any ex- 
 citement against me or my command." 
 
 THE Muse of History will not be cheat- 
 ed of her pr^rog-atives. In order to learn 
 definitely who was the actual author of 
 the Ordinance of Secession of South Car- 
 olina, and thus settle a mooted point 
 among- the Daug-hters of the Confed- 
 eracy, among- whom she is a distin- 
 guished member, Mrs. W. C. McGowan 
 of Abbeville, S. C, recently wrote a let- 
 ter of inquiry on the subject to Chief 
 Justice Mclver of this State, who was 
 one of the Committee of Five appointed 
 to draft that famous instrument. His 
 reply states: "There is no doubt that 
 Chancellor Francis H. Wardlaw prepared 
 the draft of the Ordinance of Secession, 
 which is a model of simplicity, brevity 
 and clearness. The fact is known lo me 
 personally and has been mentioned to 
 me more than once by Chancellor John 
 A. Ing-lis, who is supposed by some to 
 have been the author of that Ordi- 
 nance." Chancellor Ing-lis was the 
 Chairman of the Committee to which 
 were submitted the various drafts by 
 members of the Convention, but the one 
 prepared by Chancellor Wardlaw was se- 
 lected as the best, and, being- reported 
 to the Convention, was adopted without 
 change." 
 
 READERS of the present number of 
 "Army Letters" will be attracted by the 
 unique and artistic design on the cover. 
 It will probably acquire additional inter- 
 est from the fact that it was prepared 
 by a Confederate veteran. Major Alex. Y. 
 Lee, now one of the leading- architects 
 a nd consulting- eng-ineers of Pittsburg, 
 Pa., and engag-ed in the construction of 
 the National University at Girard, Pa. A 
 graduate of the Citadel Academy of 
 Charleston, he was for a long- time Ad- 
 jutant of the Palmetto Battalion of 
 Light Artillery and finally transferred to 
 the engineer corps. His old comrades 
 will doubtless be g-lad to learn that his 
 lines have fallen in pleasant places. 
 * * * 
 
 THE FOLLOWING incident may be 
 aptly termed "The Tale of a Towel," that 
 useful article, in the absence of any 
 other, being- employed as the flag: of 
 truce under which negotiations were be- 
 gun that resulted in the cessation of fir- 
 
 46 
 
ing- and the final surrender at Appo- 
 matox, The bearer of the flag was Major 
 Robert M. Sims of Long-street's staff, 
 subsequently the Secretary of State of 
 South Carolina and now the representa- 
 tive of this publication. 
 
 The circumstances related by him are 
 as follows: Gen. Lee's army arrived at 
 or near Appomatox C. on the evening 
 of April 8, 1865. Gary's Cavalry Brigade 
 and some other mounted troops already 
 had been in sharp encounter with the 
 Federal cavalry at the railroad depot, 
 but without definite result. Our forces 
 were so disposed that night and very 
 early the next morning as to throw Gor- 
 don's corps in front with a view to an 
 attack at daylight and the opening of the 
 way for the further advance and pro- 
 gress of the main army under Gen. Long- 
 street, which had been placed in line 
 across the road upon which it had 
 marched and upon which Gen. Grant was 
 rapidly approaching. 
 
 As had been agreed upon, Gen. Gordon 
 attacked the enemy soon after sunrise, 
 but was quickly overwhelmed by infant- 
 ry and cavalry in front and on his flanks. 
 Several applications were made to Long- 
 street for reinforcements which the lat- 
 ter could not give. Thereupon, Longstreet 
 sent Major Sims to say to Gordon that if 
 he thought proper under the circum- 
 stances, he could send a flag of truce to 
 Gen. Sheridan, then in his front, and ask 
 for a suspension of hostilities u-ntil Gen. 
 Lee could be heard from, the latter hav- 
 ing gone down the road to meet Gen. 
 Grant. 
 
 Gen. Gordon having no staff imme- 
 diately available, Major Sims at his re- 
 quest rode over to the enemy's lines: but 
 he bore as queer a flag of truce as ever 
 convej^ed a message across a field of bat- 
 tle. It was an ordinary crash towel that 
 he happened to have in his haversack 
 and for which he had paid forty dollars 
 in Richmond, only a few weeks before. 
 Gen. Custer, who received the message, 
 was anything but gracious and curtly 
 told Major Sims that he would listen to 
 nothing but an unconditional surrender. 
 The Major thereupon returned accom- 
 panied by a Federal staff officer and 
 made his report. The incidents that fol- 
 lowed are matters of history. 
 
 That towel, however, has become a 
 relic. After serving various purposes 
 other than those for which it was orig- 
 inally intended, it passed into the hands 
 of an officer of Custer's staff by whom 
 it was presented to Mrs. Custer, who, it 
 is said, cut it in two pieces and still re- 
 tains one half;' a memento of one of the 
 proudest daj^s in her husband's life, and 
 equallj^ the saddest day in the history of 
 every "ragged reb" who fought with Lee, 
 The remaining half is supposed to be in 
 the possession of Lieut. Col. Whittaker, 
 at that time an officer on Custer's staff. 
 
 IN THESE days of memorials, monu- 
 mental buildings and the unveiling of 
 statues that celebrate our near-by he- 
 roes, is it not worth while to consider the 
 part performed by the women patriots 
 of the Southern Confederacy and bestow 
 also upon them some recognition of the 
 magnificent services they rendered in the 
 hour of our travail? 
 
 Did woman ever undergo hardship with 
 more unmurmuring fortitude than the 
 delicately reared mothers, wives and 
 daughters of the South at that time? 
 
 Was the Spartan matron of old mora 
 heroic than she who in those later days 
 of heroism, buckled on the equipments of 
 husband, son and father, and with pray- 
 erful faith sent her loved ones forth to 
 battle for their country and their homes? 
 
 Is there not something sublime in the 
 sacrifices made by Southern women who, 
 while suffering at home, encouraged their 
 kindred in the field, and when that field 
 ran wet with the blood of the men of the 
 South, went tnemselves to the front in 
 order that their gentle hands might as- 
 suage the pain of wounds, or sympathise 
 in the agony of dissolution? 
 
 The story of these women, never yet 
 has been written — probably never will be 
 in all its depth and breadth. But why 
 should not a granite shaft, a memorial 
 home or hospital somewhere perpetuate 
 their memorj'? Why should not the vet- 
 erans and sons and daughters of vete- 
 rans signalise by some monumental trib- 
 ute the heroic record of these matrons of 
 the South and the love they bore their 
 land? 
 
 Let us get together and raise the fund 
 
 4/ 
 
necessary. Make it a ten cent subscrip- 
 tion, so tliat it will be within the power 
 of every one to contribute. Let even the 
 children work by organising five cent 
 clubs and turning over their income to 
 the local committee that may be appoint- 
 ed for the purpose, and so honor the 
 memory of their mothers and grand- 
 mothers who gave to the cause as much 
 of heroism and sacrifice, as much of 
 patriotic devotion, as the soldiers who 
 faced the cannon's mouth or the bay- 
 onet's point. 
 
 HENRY WATTERSON, now the bril- 
 liant editor of the Louisville Courier 
 Journal, was in war times equally bril- 
 liant as the editor of one of the liveliest 
 sheets printed in the Confederacy. Known 
 as the "Chattanooga Rebel," it was al- 
 ways welcomed alike in the camp and 
 tlie sanctum. Nearly every issue con- 
 tained an item worth repeating. Here is 
 a sample: 
 
 "Pat dreamed that the spirit of Stone- 
 wall Jackson knocked at the gates of 
 Paradise. 
 
 "Who comes there?" inquired the good 
 St. Peter. 
 " 'Jackson!' was the reply. 
 " 'AVhat Jackson?' 
 " 'Stonevv-all!' 
 
 " 'Come right in, sir. ye needn't stop 
 for purgatory; take a front seat; I know 
 yer.' " 
 
 * -■!■• * 
 
 WHILE Watterson was in Atlanta, the 
 Federals shelled the town severely and 
 people got out of range as fast as their 
 legs could carry them. Watterson was 
 among the number. One of his Kentucky 
 friends observing that he was making a 
 bee line for the quarters of John S. 
 Thrasher, the associated press agent of 
 the Confederacy, who was then living on 
 the outer edge of the town, called oat to 
 him, "Why Harry, whar you goin' in 
 sech a hurry? T thought you was a 
 aide de camp." 
 
 "So I was," shouted back the witty ed- 
 itor quick as a flash, "but right now, I'm 
 aide-decamper." 
 
 The truth is, he was carrjnng an order 
 to a distant detachment from Gen. Hood, 
 
 on whose staif he was temporarily serv- 
 ing. There was no cooler man in the 
 army when facing danger, than this self 
 same Henry Watterson, though he was 
 "only a newspaper man." 
 
 FEW PERSONS of the present genera- 
 tion can realise how thoroughly the 
 spirit of '76, permeated the South in 1861- 
 65. From our "Army Note-Book," pub- 
 lished at the time, we copy the following 
 incidents by way of illustration: 
 
 "Mr. James Argo, of Pulaski County, 
 Georgia, has fourteen sons and sons-in- i 
 law in the ranks of the Pulaski Volun- \ 
 teers. The old gentleman himself was a j 
 soldier in the war of 1812, and stationed 
 at Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Gen. Joseph Graham of Lincoln County, 
 North Carolina, has left a name renown- 
 ed in history as a revolutionary hero. His . 
 mantle has fallen on his descendants. 
 His youngest son, ex-Governor William 
 A. Graham, has five sons in the army. 
 His sister, the youngest daughter of Gen. 
 Graham, and the wife of Rev. Robert H. 
 Morrison, has two sons and four sons-in- 
 lav/ in the service. 
 
 The Shuler family, originally from 
 Orangeburg District, South Carolina, ex- 
 hibit a representation of fifty-one names 
 in the Confederate service. The Easter- 
 ling family have in the Confederate ser- 
 vice sixty-three representatives, all hail- 
 ing from South Carolina. 
 
 In Cleveland County, North Carolina, 
 Mrs. Hamrick, a widow, has but seven 
 children, all sons. At the first call of her 
 State, the noble mother contributed six 
 to the field, and she would devote the 
 seventh but that he is too small to 
 shoulder a gun." 
 
 A CORRESPONDENT writes: "A sol- 
 dier who had the good luck to obtain a 
 leave of absence to visit North Carolina, 
 telegraphed Gen. Bragg, then command- 
 ing the Army of Tennessee, that he had 
 been married a week and desired an ex- 
 ten tion of his furlough. In the course of 
 the day, the lover was delighted with the 
 following response: 
 
 "Your leave is extended for thirtj' days. 
 
 48 
 
I refer you to Deuteronomy, 20th chapter, 
 7th verse, and 24th chapter, 5th verse.' 
 
 "The Bible was called into requisition, 
 and upon reference the following- quota- 
 tions were developed. 
 
 " 'And what man is there that hath be- 
 trothed a wife and hath not taken her? 
 Let him go and return unto his house, 
 lest he die in the battle and another man 
 take her.' Deut. 20, 7v. 
 
 The second reference disclosed: 
 " 'When a man hath taken a new wife, 
 he shall not go to war, neither shall he 
 be charged with any business; but he 
 shall be free at home one year and shall 
 cheer up his wife which he has taken.' 
 Deut. 24: 5v." 
 
 * * * 
 
 THE Chattanoog-a R.ebel always had a 
 fund of camp stories. Here is one of 
 them: 
 
 "At the battle of Murfreesboro, the 
 Yankees captured a young- rebel who 
 wore a g-unnj'-bag with a hole in it for 
 a shirt. 'Couldn't your g-overnment af- 
 ford to give you a shirt?' said his captor? 
 'Shirt, the d— 1,' indignantlj* replied he of 
 the gunny-bag, 'do you expect a man to 
 have a thousand shirts?' " 
 
 WHEN OXE remembers how much the 
 fathers and mothers of the Confederacy 
 were called on to endure in the four 
 years of war— trials that could not be de- 
 scribed in a thousand volumes, it is not 
 a wonder that the Sons and Daughters 
 revere their memories and are proud of 
 their birthright. Rev. Peyton Harrison 
 was a patriotic minister of Cumberland 
 County, Aarginia. At Manassas, one of 
 his boys, the flower of the flock, fell at 
 the head of his company. The old man 
 bowed his head to the stroke and said. 
 "God's will be done: ' At Fort Donel- 
 5on, another son. Rev. and Capt. Dab- 
 ney Carr Harrison, a joint heir with his 
 brother Pej-ton, to their father's love, 
 fell while gallantly leading his men in 
 defence of that position. Closely follow- 
 ing this bereavement, the father received 
 news that his daughter had succumbed 
 to grief at the loss of her brothers and 
 breathed her last at Brandon, on James 
 River. But the old man still evinced the 
 
 undying spirit of the true patriot. When 
 sympathised with, he exclaimed: "I have 
 two more sons left to devote to our 
 cause; if, in the providence of the Al- 
 mightj-, they too are taken, I will 
 shoulder a musket myself." 
 
 * * * 
 
 WHILE Capt. Stephen D. Lee, Roger 
 A. Pryor and W. Porcher Miles, aides of 
 Gen. Beauregard, were in Fort Sumter 
 arranging the terms of its capitulation, 
 an incident occurred which is thus re- 
 corded by the surgeon of the garrison, 
 afterward Gen. S. W. Crawford: 
 
 '"The aides of the Confederate General 
 had been introduced into the only case- 
 mate that was habitable and w^hich was 
 occupied as quarters by Capt. Foster and 
 the surgeon of the fort. Col. Roger A. 
 Pryor, one of the aides, had taken his 
 seat near a table at the he^d of the camp 
 bed occupied by the surgeon. The latter 
 had been seriously ill and was under the 
 course of a strong medicine that stood 
 in a large bottle upon the table. With- 
 out reflection, Col. Pryor poured out a 
 large portion of the medicine and drank 
 it. Discovering his mistake, he appealed 
 at once to Maj. Anderson, who, in an an- 
 gle of the casemate, was writing down 
 the terms upon which he would agree to 
 evacuate the work. The surgeon was at 
 once sent for, when Col. Pryor rapidly 
 recounted the circumstances. The sur- 
 geon said to him: "If you have taken 
 the amount of that solution you thmk 
 you have, you have likely poisoned your- 
 self.' "Do something for me, doctor, 
 right off,' he said, 'for I would not have 
 anj-thing happen to me in this fort for 
 any consideration.' The surgeon took 
 him to his improvised dispensary down 
 the line of casemates, where he was 
 shortly after relieved and returned to 
 the city." 
 
 IX THE YEAR 1S34, M. Michael Chev- 
 alier, the distinguished political econo- 
 mist of France, was sent to the United 
 States by M. Theirs, then Minister of the 
 Interior, speciallj^ commissioned to in- 
 spect the public works of the country. 
 Extending his sojourn and enlarging the 
 scope of his observations, he spent two 
 
 49 
 
years in visiting- all parts of the Union 
 and studying the characteristics of its 
 social organizations and the working of 
 its political machinery. His observations 
 and impressions were published in a 
 series of letters which were deemed of 
 sufficient value to justify their transfer 
 to a book. As the book is not now of 
 easy access, we make from one of his 
 letters, written from Charleston, May 23, 
 1S34, the following extract, showing the 
 manner in which he viewed the people 
 of the South at that time. 
 
 "The Southerner of pure race is frank, 
 hearty, open, cordial in his manners, 
 noble in his sentiments, elevated in his 
 notions. He is a worthy descendant of 
 the English gentleman. Surrounded from 
 infancy by his slaves to relieve him from 
 all personal exertion, he is rather indis- 
 posed to activity and is even indolent. 
 He is generous and profuse. The prac- 
 tice of hospitality is to him at once a 
 duty, a pleasure and a happiness. Like 
 the Eastern patriarchs, or Homer's he- 
 roes, he spits an ox to regale the guest 
 whom Providence sends him and an old 
 friend recommends to his attention; and 
 to moisten this repast, he offers Ma- 
 deira — of which he is as proud as of his 
 horses— that has been twice to the East 
 Indies and has been ripening full twenty 
 years. 
 
 He loves the institutions of his country, 
 yet he shows with pride his family plate, 
 the arms on which, half effaced by time, 
 attest his descent from the first colonists 
 and prove that his ancestors were of a 
 good family in England. When his mind 
 has been cultivated by study, and a tour 
 in Europe has polished his manners and 
 refined his imagination, there is no place 
 in the world in which he would not ap- 
 pear to adva,ntage, no destiny too high 
 for him to reach. He is one of those 
 whom a man is glad to nave as a com- 
 panion and desires as a friend. 
 
 Ardent and warm-hearted, he is of the 
 block from which great orators are 
 made. He is better able to command men 
 than to conquer nature and subdue the 
 soil. When he has a certain degree of 
 the spirit of method, and I will not say 
 will— for he has enough of that— but of 
 that active perseverance so common at 
 the North, he has all the qualities need- 
 ful to form a great statesman." 
 
 WHEN the stoppage of the mails for 
 Fort Sumter was determined upon and 
 Anderson was so informed. Judge Ma- 
 grath was sent to Postmaster Huger to 
 notify him of the fact, and a staff offi- 
 cer was sent on the 9th of April to de- 
 mand their delivery to him in the name 
 of the Governor. The bag containing 
 Maj. Anderson's mail was handed to him 
 and taken to headquarters. It was there 
 thrown upon the table around which sat 
 the Governor's a.dvisers, including the 
 Governor himself and Gen. Beauregard. 
 
 It was opened and passed over to Judge 
 Magrath to examine. This he declined,- 
 saying: "No, I have too recently been a 
 United States Judge and have been in 
 the habit of sentencing people to the pen- 
 itentiary for this sort of thing. So, Gov- 
 ernor, let Gen. Beauregard open them." 
 Gen. Beauregard replied: "Certainly not; 
 Governor, you are the proper person to 
 open these letters." Governor Pickens 
 then took up one of the letters in an 
 official envelope and turned it over ner- 
 vously, saying; "Well, if you are all so 
 fastidious about it, give them to me." 
 
 He held the letter some time, when 
 Judge Magrath said: "Go ahead, Gov- 
 ernor, open it." The Governor then tore 
 open the letter so nervously as almost to 
 destroy it. Nothing but the official mail 
 was opened. Private letters were not 
 disturbed, but sent to their destination. 
 
 It was this mail that revealed the pur- 
 pose of the visit of Capt. Fox to Maj. 
 Anderson. He had gone there under a 
 pledge of honor, but had actually report- 
 ed, a pian for the reinforcement of th^ 
 garrison by force, against which Maj. 
 Anderson had protested. 
 
 THERE is one class of readers whos- 
 eyes v/ill rest upon these notes to whom 
 we desire to make a special bow — the Ad- 
 vertisers. They have only to look ovei" 
 the fair pages of our Magazine to be im- 
 pressed by the fact that from the very 
 nature of its contents, it is likely to find 
 an abiding place on the library table of 
 every Southern home. It is not less pro! - 
 able that thousands of Northern people 
 curious to learn what transpired behind 
 the wall that separated the twO' sections 
 of the country^ will equally welcome its 
 monthly appearance. Hence, what i? 
 
 50 
 
written herein will naturally have a 
 wide and permanent circulation. Let all 
 advertisers, therefore, remember these 
 simple maxims: 
 
 A good advertisement always brings in 
 more than it takes out. 
 
 An advertisement doesn't knock off 
 work when the store is closed. 
 
 Persistent advertising is the corner- 
 stone of success. 
 
 No advertisements are bad, but some 
 advertisements are better than others. 
 
 When a wise woman has money to 
 spend she consults the advertising col- 
 umns of the newspapers and afterward 
 consults her husband. 
 
 Advertising is a plaster which mer- 
 chants put on the world to draw business 
 out of it. 
 
 Advertisements are like birds— it isn't 
 always those that have the finest feath- 
 ers that are the best singers. 
 
 An advertisement is the only perpetual 
 motion yet discovered. 
 
 A lazy business man need never expect 
 to get any rest by advertising for it. 
 
 Advertising is the best fertiliser for the 
 soil of business. 
 
 REFERENCE has been made in the 
 preceding pages to Commander, after- 
 wards Admiral Raphael Semmes. On re- 
 ceiving his commission in the Confeder- 
 ate Navy in February, 1861, he was or- 
 dered to the North to procure war ma- 
 terial and vessels suitable for cruisers. 
 Even at that early day, it was he who 
 impressed upon Mr. Davis the importance 
 of an active fleet of vessels capable of 
 preying on the immense commerce of the 
 enemy. 
 
 Unable to find a desirable ship in the 
 mercantile marine of the North, Semmes 
 proceeded to New Orleans. There he 
 found the steamer Habana, a packet en- 
 gaged in the Havana and New Orleans 
 
 trade, purchased and fitted her out as a 
 man of war, carving with his own hands, 
 in the manner described, the seal attach- 
 ed to her commission, and under the 
 name of the Confederate States steamer 
 Sumter, began the warfare on the sea 
 that subsequently made his name 
 famous. After running the blockade at 
 New Orleans, and a chase by the U. S. 
 Steamer Brooklyn, for forty miles off the 
 coast, the Sumter's cruise lasted from 
 June 30, 1861, to January 18, 1862, in which 
 brief time, she made eighteen captures 
 and fully demonstrated the wisdom of 
 the move. 
 
 The Sumter being condemned as unsea- 
 worthy by a board of survey at Gibral- 
 ter, most of her officers were ordered to 
 report for duty on the "290," or as she 
 was afterwards known, the Alabama. 
 
 * * * 
 
 THE ALABAMA'S actual destructive- 
 ness to the commerce of the enemy, is 
 graphically described in a work written 
 by Lieut. Arthur Sinclair, one of her of- 
 ficers, entitled, "Two Tears on the Ala- 
 bama," the second edition of which has 
 appeared during the present year. He 
 says that "fifty-seven vessels of all sorts 
 were burned, the value as estimated by 
 the Geneva award, being $6,750,000, but 
 that this is out of all proportion to the 
 actual number of her captures or their 
 money value. A large number were re- 
 leased on ransom-bond, having neutral 
 cargo and hundreds of neutrals were 
 brought to and examined." 
 
 In the two years of her cruise, the Ala- 
 bama sailed seventy-five thousand miles, 
 or thrice the distance around the globe, 
 everywhere setting her pursuers at defi- 
 ance and accomplishing to the letter the 
 mission upon which she was sent. 
 Further reference will be made to her 
 wonderful history hereafter. 
 
 51 
 
AGENTS WANTED. 
 
 An active representative of this Magazine is wanted in 
 every city and town. The commissions are ample, the re- 
 turns monthly. Active men or women should make from 
 six to twelve hundred dollars a year, with no other outlay 
 than the price of a single copy. The large cities through- 
 out the South are unoccupied fields and handsome incomes 
 await the early harvesters. Address 
 
 WAR EECOEB PUBLISHING COMPAHY, 
 
 Columbia, S. C. 
 
 The State, 
 
 Daily, 
 
 Sunday and 
 Senii= Weekly, 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 s. a 
 
 A Newspaper 
 
 For ttie Merchant, 
 Ttie Farmer, 
 Ttie Student, 
 
 For All People 
 
 The Workman, 
 
 Who wish to be in touch with everybody and everything. 
 
 Published by THE STATE COMPANY, General Printers, 
 
 BOOKS, BRIEFS, WEDDING and BALL INVITATIONS, 
 
 ARTISTIC PRINTING OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, 
 
Vol. I. No. 2, 
 
 1861 
 
 Issued 
 
 ONE DOLLAR 
 A YEAR. 
 
 1865 
 
 nonthly 
 
 TEN CENTS 
 A COPY. 
 
 "PERSONNE." 
 
 (F. G. de FONTAINE, 
 
 War Ccrrespondent, &c.) 
 
 War Record Publishing Company, 
 
 COLUMBIA, 5. C. 
 1897. 
 
COLUMBIA, S. C, 
 THE STATE CO. PRINTERS. 
 1897. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 VIRGINIA AND TENNESSEE OUT OF THE UNION. 
 
 LINCOLN'S CALL FOR 75-0O0 TROOPS. AND THE 
 manner in which it was received by the different States. 
 
 APPROPRIATION BY NORTHERN STATES. 
 
 THE PROCLA^IATION ADDS STRENGTH TO THE 
 Confederacy. 
 
 PRESIDENT DAVIS CALLS FOR 32.000 VOLUNTEERS. 
 Alabama, \'irginia. Georgia. South CaroHna. ^Mississippi. Florida and 
 Louisiana respond. 
 
 BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN PORTS AND :\IAIL 
 stopped. 
 
 SCENES V'HICH TRANSPIRED ON THE DEPARTURE 
 of the A'olunteers. 
 
 V'HOLE FAVILIES JOIN THE AR^IY. : 
 
 BOYS for:\I co:\Ipanies. 
 
 THREE HUNDRED NEGROES OFFER TO FIGHT UN- 
 der white officers. 
 
 ^lEN OF WEALTH CONTRIBUTE LARGELY OF THEIR 
 means. 
 
 PROPOSAL OF A LOAN OF FIVE BULLIONS OF DOL- 
 lars by Provisional Congress answered by a subscription of eight mil- 
 lions at par. 
 
 THE PURCHASE OF COTTON AND SHIPS URGED BY 
 the government. Our sins of omission in this respect. Excitement 
 in New York and Vashington. ]\Ioney pouring in for the Federal 
 government. Riot in Baltimore. 
 
 FIRST BLOOD SHED 19TH APRIL. 1861. 
 
 GENERAL SCOTT SENDS 30.000 MEN TO BALTIMORE. 
 Burning of the Norfolk Navy Yard. \'irginians take possession. 
 
 THE CONFEDERATES TAKE POSSESSION OF HAR- 
 per's Ferry. Fortress ]\Ionroe threatened. 
 
 APPREHENSION IN WASHINGTON. 
 
 PEN PICTURES OF PRESIDENT DAVIS AND CABINET 
 in ^Montgomery. Presidential ^Mansion. Characteristics of the South- 
 ern Volunteers. ^Motley uniforms of A'olunteers. 
 
 VALUE OF GEN. LEE TO THE CONFEDERACY. RICH- 
 mond a vast military camp, florals of the Northern army. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF MANASSAS JUNCTION. -THE POW- 
 hattan and Black Horse Cavalry and the Grayson Dare Devils. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF HARPER'S FERRY. 
 
 LACK OF DISCIPLINE A^IONG TROOPS. CONTRA- 
 band goods. 
 
 THE GUARD HOUSE. THE PLACE OF JOHN BROWN'S 
 defense. 
 
 P2. 1 r 40 
 
MRS. BRADLEY T. JOHNSON OF MARYLAND BRINGS 
 500 Mississippi rifles, cartridges and money into the Confederacy. 
 
 ELLSWORTH PULLS DOWN THE CONFEDERATE 
 flag and pays the penahy with his Hfe. Jackson killed. 
 
 FIRST FIGHT BETWEEN LAND BATTERIES AND FED- 
 eral steamers. 
 
 ARRIVAL OF BEAUREGARD. 
 
 REMOVAL OF SEAT OF GOVERNMENT FROM MONT- 
 gomery to Richmond. 
 
 DISAFFECTION OF Vv^EST VIRGINIA. 
 
 BATTLE OF BETHEL. INSTANCES OF DARING. 
 Bravery of North Carolinians. 
 
 GOOD FIGHTING AND PERSONAL BRAVERY AMONG 
 the enemy. 
 
 A GUARD OF HONOR FOR THE REMAINS OF THE 
 Federal Major, Winthrop. 
 
 BRAVERY OF THE MISSES CLAPTON, OF HAMPTON, 
 Va. Henry A. Wise organizes a legion. 
 
 A GLOOMY' PICTURE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA CONVENTION. 
 
 CAPTURE OF THE PRIVATEER SAVANNAH. 
 
 ENGAGEMENT AT VIENNA. 
 
 BALLOONING BY THE FEDERALS. 
 
 ATTACK AT NEW CREEK DEPOT. 
 
ARMY LETTERS 
 
 OF 
 
 ''Personne." 
 
 Vol. I. COLUMBIA, S. C, 1897. No. 2 
 
 IXTRODUCTIOX. 
 A\'ashington, D. C, Xovember 10, '96. 
 
 My Dear Sir: 
 
 I observe that you are about to undertake the repub- 
 lication of the War Letters of '"Personne/' and congratulate 
 you on that determination. 
 
 It is true that between 1861-1865 tiie conditions were dif- 
 ferent from those which exist now. The fighting men of the 
 Confederacy Avere then away from home. Boys scarcely 
 crossed the threshold separating youth from maturity when 
 they too eagerly joined their fathers and brothers in the field. 
 The thought of CA'ery woman followed them there, while the 
 aged head of every household, himself unable to bear arms, 
 impatiently aAvaited tlie mails that brought news from the 
 front. It was natural, under the circumstances, that your let- 
 ters should be among the welcome arrivals in our Southern 
 homes. 
 
 Although thirty-five years have elapsed since those ex- 
 citing days,, much of the fraternity of feeling then existing still 
 remains — perpetuated in the camps of A'eterans and in the 
 Associations of the Sons and Daughters of the Confederacy. 
 To this large class those letters will appeal. 
 
 There is another reason why. in my judgment, they 
 should be reproduced. I am informed that there are only 
 
 61 
 
two copies in existence, the original files of the newspapers in 
 which thy appeared having been destroyed; hence, they never 
 have been read by the present generation, and will revive 
 many interesting incidents in connection with our struggle 
 that do not appear in current histories. 
 
 Written amid the exciting and rapidly occurring events 
 on fields of action in South Carolina, Georgia, Mrginia, Ten- 
 nessee, Mississippi and other States, I can readily imagine 
 them to be imbued with the warlike atmosphere that pervaded 
 the South during its great contention, and that by reason of 
 their freshness of detail they will reflect all the charms of con- 
 temporaneous interest. 
 
 Enjoying the freedom of headquarters, the confidence of 
 generals in command and a wide acquaintance with the officers 
 and men, you were in position to witness the drama in many 
 of its most thrilling phases, and in familiar language you told 
 the story of camp and field, of the w^ayside and the hospital, 
 long before it was written with the cold formality of the pro- 
 fessional historian. 
 
 To Veterans and Matrons of the Confederacy, therefore, 
 your letters will recall many stirring scenes, beginning with 
 the birth of the government. To their sons and daughters, as 
 well as to the general reader, they will open new chapters in 
 the history of the strife, describe its battles and brave men's 
 heroism and preserve the pathos, poetry and humor of the 
 time. To the young people of the rising generation — those 
 who are attending school and college, they will be specially 
 instructive, and above all should make them proud of the 
 fathers and mothers who, in those hours of travail, learned 
 how "to suffer and grow strong." 
 I am verv truly vours, 
 
 WADE HAMPTON. 
 
 F. G. de Fontaine, Esq. 
 
PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND PRESIDENT DAVIS 
 
 HROUGHOUT the South the news of the fall of Fort 
 
 ^ In the Border States the tardy movements of the 
 people were accelerated into prompt action, Texas had 
 already entered the ring, as one of her orators in Congress 
 said, "Like a knight in armor with visor down, and lance in 
 rest;" and on the 17th of April proud old Virginia added her 
 star and motto — ''Sic Semper Tyrannis' — to the Confederate 
 escutcheon. The City of Alemphis, unwilling to await the 
 action of Tennessee, legislated herself out of the Union, and 
 appropriated fifty thousand dollars for her defence. 
 
 The attack on Sumter commenced on the 12th. The 
 fort was surrendered on the 13th and evacuated on the 14th. 
 That night President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling 
 for seventy-five thousand troops "to suppress said unlawful 
 combinations, and redress wrongs already long endured." The 
 manner in which it was received by the several States indi- 
 cates the controlling- sentiments of the hour. The Governor 
 of Rhode Island replied by tendering the services of a thou- 
 sand infantry and a battalion of artillery. ^Massachusetts in 
 two days gathered, equipped and sent to Washington three 
 regiments. The New York Legislature appropriated three 
 millions of dollars. \^ermont, Connecticut, New Jersey, Ohio 
 and Indiana likewise responded immediately. 
 
 On the other hand, A'irginia replied by passing her Ordi- 
 nance of Secession. Governor Ellis, of North Carolina, tele- 
 graphed to l\lr. Lincoln: "I regard a levy of troops for sub- 
 jugating the South as in violation of the constitution, and a 
 usurpation of power. You can, therefore, have no troops from 
 North Carolina." Governor Clairborne Jackson, of Missouri, 
 answered: "Your requisition, in my judgment, is illegal, un- 
 constitutional, revolutionary, and in its objects inhuman and 
 diabolical." Governor Isham B. Harris, of Tennessee, re- 
 plied: "This State will not furnish a single man to the Fed- 
 eral Governm.ent, but fifty thousand, if necessary, for the 
 defence of her Southern brethren." The Governor of Ken- 
 tucky telegraphed on the same day: "Kentucky will furnish 
 no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister South- 
 
 CALL FOR TROOPS. 
 
 Sumter was everywhere received with joyful demon- 
 strations. Seven States were now out of the Union. 
 
 63 
 
ern States," while Governcr Rector, of Arkansas, is reported 
 to have telegraphed, with more iorce than suavity: ''Yours 
 received calling for a regiment of volunteers. Nary one; see 
 you d d first." 
 
 The consecjuence of l\lr. Lincoln's proclamation in the 
 South was a contribution of strength tO' its cause. It added 
 to the Confederacy, Tennessee on the 6th of May, Arkansas 
 on the 1 8th of May, and North Carolina on the 20th of May. 
 Missouri came in on the 28th of October and Kentucky on the 
 20th of November. 
 
 On the 15th of April— one day after the requisition by 
 President Lincoln— President Davis issued a proclamation 
 calling for thirty-two thousand volunteers, and on the 17th 
 of the same month he issued another authorizing letters of 
 marcjue and reprisal. The blockade of Southern ports was de- 
 clared on the 20th, and the mails to the South were stopped 
 on the 2 1 St. (It may be added, parenthetically, that the 
 Northern States have nine thousand three hundred and thirty- 
 four miles of coast and the Southern States twenty-three thou- 
 sand eight hundred and three miles of coast. In the latter 
 there are sixty harbors more than in the North). 
 
 The two sections now stood face to face in hostile array. 
 In five days after the call of President Davis, twenty-one or- 
 ganized and equipped companies responded from Alabama 
 alone. Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida and Louisiana 
 likewise reported large bodies of soldiers prepared for service. 
 In South Carolina thousands were already in the field. The 
 former pursuits of the people were abandoned. Students has- 
 tened home from colleges and schools to arm, and men of all 
 professions and trades shouldered their fire-locks and took 
 their places in the ranks. Fathers stood "shoulder to shoul- 
 der" with their sons; m.others w^ould not restrain the enthusi- 
 asm ol their boys; sisters buckled on the armor of their broth- 
 ers and bid them God-speed in tears and yet in faith. Whole 
 families joined the army. From that of Judge Lumpkin, of 
 the Supreme Court of Georgia, went four sons, two sons-in- 
 law, two grandsons and six nephews. Hundreds imitated the 
 example, and if today the records could be reached, they 
 would show how many and man}- a sire and matron are 
 treading down the slope of life ak^ic, only awaiting to rejoin 
 the spirits of those whose young lives were quenched on the 
 battle-fields of the South. 
 
 64 
 
Tlie scenes which transpired on the org-anization and de- 
 parture of the vohuiteers for the different fields of action were 
 in their character ahnost melo-dramatic. 
 
 \\'hen the troops from 3.Iontgomery. Ala., Avere about 
 leaving the city, a lady passnig along one of the principal 
 thoroughfares was met by a soldier, who, doubtless, feeling 
 that "touch of nature which makes the whole world kin," po- 
 litely raised his hat and said: "Farewell, my good lady, I am 
 going off to light for you." Her instant rejoinder was: "And 
 I intend to remain here to pray for yoii.'^ The remark was 
 heard by a group of gentlemen standing near, and as she 
 passed on every head was uncovered in deference to the noble 
 woman who had so fervently pledged herself to invoke the 
 benediction of Heaven. 
 
 In Aslieville, X. C, ]\Ir. R. H. Hughes, a veteran of sev- 
 enty years of age, volunteered. "You are too old," was the 
 reply which greeted his application. "I may be too old to do 
 much service." was the noble response, "but I can, at least, 
 stop a bullet from hitting some younger man." 
 
 One fati:er, as he parted witii his son, was heard to say: 
 ''John, good-by: an honorable discharge or die" — a laconicism 
 worthy of a Spartan. Another, at a public meeting in Ala- 
 bama, said: "One of my two boys is now in the ranks. AMien 
 he falls I will send the other: and when lie dies by disease or 
 the sword. I will myself supply his place, and leave it in my 
 will that in case of my death, my wife and datighters shall fur- 
 nish a substitute till the end of the war"" 
 
 Even clergymen left their peaceful calling for the sterner 
 duties of the camp and bivouac, and boys from ten to four- 
 teen years of age formed into companies and drilled in antici- 
 pation of the hotir when their services would be recjuired. In 
 Petersburg. \'a., three hundred free negroes offered to fight 
 under white officers or dig fortifications, while not less enthu- 
 siastic slaves in every State clamored vith their masters for 
 permission to follow them to tlie field. It was not until after 
 the emancipation proclamation of Abraham Lincoln that any 
 of this faithftil class deserted the allegiance to which they had 
 been attached. 
 
 ]\Ien of Avealth contributed largely of their means. Ben- 
 jamin ]\Iordecai. a citizen of Charleston, presented to Sotith 
 Carolina ten thousand dollars in gold. Gen. G. Harding, 
 of Tennessee, said to Governor Harris: "Sir. whatever I 
 
 65 
 
have and possess, including my own person, I now tender to 
 you." Mr. John Overton, also of Tennessee, then worth up- 
 wards of five millions of dollars, wTote to the same Governor: 
 "Check on me to the extent of my estate to uphold the honor 
 of Tennessee." James C. Bruce, Esq., of Halifax County, Va., 
 one of the wealthiest citizens of that Commonwealth, of¥ered 
 to place at her disposal his "entire pecuniary means, and, if 
 necessary, to melt his silver plate to lay upon the altar of his 
 country." Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, expended im- 
 mense sums in importing arms and equipments from Eng- 
 land. Hon. Plowden C. J. Weston, an Englishman by birth, 
 and for many years a princely rice planter on the Waccamaw, 
 in South Carolina, equipped several companies with arms, 
 horses and clothing, and then entered the ranks as a private. 
 These are but a few of the hundreds of instances of this char- 
 acter W'hich might be related. 
 
 Proposals for a loan of five millions of dollars, authorized 
 by the Provisional Congress, w-ere answered wdthm a few days 
 by a subscription for eight millions at par. Even the slaves 
 invested their savings in these bonds. Every facility vv^as thus 
 atTorded to the government by the citizens of the Confederacy 
 for successfully carrying forward the gigantic undertaking in 
 which it was engaged. 
 
 Xeither the North nor the South, however, yet compre- 
 hended the full magnitude of the crisis. Preparations were, 
 therefore, inadequate to the achievement of great results. Al- 
 though the citizens of the Confederacy were in a mood to bear 
 any amiount of taxation, it was deemed unnecessary to incur a 
 great debt. President Davis took counsel of military men as 
 to the number of troops likely to be required m the emer- 
 gency, and wdien General Plenningsen, an old Hungarian 
 officer, of Nicaragua!! fame, estimated that a standing army of 
 one hundred thousand men would be necessary to maintain 
 the attitude of the South, the idea was ridiculed. Prudent 
 statesmen urged the government to purchase all the cotton on 
 liand, when it could be had for seven or eight cents per pound, 
 and so make it a power, but months passed before this great 
 element of strength was even partially employed, and by that 
 lime the price was doubled. Government was likewise un- 
 successfully pressed to purchase ships abroad and supply its 
 W'ants before the establishm.ent of a blockade, and individual 
 enterprise was left to take the initiative in this respect and as- 
 
 66 
 
sume the risks. Our sins at this time were sins of omission. 
 The facts mentioned show a lack of foresight that might have 
 been incident to any administration stirrounded by the same 
 novel circumstances. Energetic in some features, in others 
 events have proved it to be tardy, cautious and inert. 
 
 In the Xorth. the newspapers of the day recorded a cor- 
 responding degree of war enthusiasm. From ptilpit and hus- 
 tings, counting room and factory, the one cry was "Union.'' 
 Tlie important fact appeared to be suddenly appreciated that 
 the South was the great tributary of Xorthern wealth, and 
 the secession movement, if successful, would forever dam its 
 current. Hence those gigantic preparations which were to 
 make the war ""short, bloody and decisive:'" and. in the lan- 
 guage of ]\Ir. Seward, "to whip the South into submission in 
 ninety days." The furore foimd vent in a curiously patriotic 
 eruption of flags. Dangling from the button holes of men, 
 interwoven with the head-dresses of women, floating from 
 public and private masts, waving from windows, and wrapping 
 even the sacred desk — the "stars and stripes" became at once 
 a badge of loyalty and a shield of protection. Every man 
 whose sympathies were doubted, and every newspaper which 
 had espoused the cause of the South, was forced by angry 
 mobs to show colors or accept a fearful alternative. 
 
 By the 17th of April scA'eral bodies of troops were in 
 readiness to march to A\'ashington. The city of Xew York 
 never witnessed n:ore exciting scenes than attended the de- 
 parture of the Seventh, Seventy-first, Twelfth and other "crack 
 corps" belonging to the local militia. "Every window, door- 
 vay, balcony and housetop along Broadway was alive with 
 human beings. The piers, landings and heights of Brooklyn, 
 Hoboken and Jersey City were crowded, and thousands of 
 boats saluted the steamers which conveyed the troops. Flags 
 dipped, cannon roared, bells rang, steam whistles saluted, and 
 a million of people sent up cheers of parting.'" 
 
 On the following Simday n:any of the congregations min- 
 gled patriotism and piety in dicir form of worship. It is re- 
 corded that at the Broadway Tabernacle the pastor preached 
 a serm.on on "God's time of threshing," and the choir sang the 
 ^larsellaise. Dr. Bethune selected as his text: "In the name 
 of our God we will set up our banners." In Dr. Bellows' 
 church the choir sang the "Star Spangled Banner." and the 
 congregation vigorously applauded. Dr. T. D. Wells (old 
 
 67 
 
school Presbyterian) preached from the -words: "He that hath 
 no sword let him buy one." Dr. Osgood's sermon was on 
 the theme: "Lift up a standard to the people." 
 
 Nor was money from private and public sources wanting. 
 Substantial aid was given to the Federal Government by 
 quickly absorbing its loans. The New York Chamber of 
 Commerce donated twenty-one thousand dollars for the equip- 
 ment of troops. For a similar purpose the New York bar 
 raised twenty-five thousand dollars on the spot, and the city 
 corporation voted one million of dollars for the defence of the 
 government. The example was followed in all of the Southern 
 States and cities. 
 
 Several events also occurred in quick succession well cal- 
 culated still more to aggravate the popular mind. 
 
 RIOT IN BALTIMORE. 
 
 The secessionists of Baltimore had resolved that no 
 Northern troops should cross their soil for the purpose of in- 
 vadmg Virginia. Accordingly, on the 19th of April, when the 
 Sixth Massachusetts Regiment arrived in the city cn route to 
 Washington, they were met at the depot by a large and ex- 
 cited concourse, and the track w^as barricaded w^ith anchors, 
 logs and iron bars. Thus obstructed, the Northerners deter- 
 mined to brave the gathering storm and make the passage to 
 tlie opposite depot on foot. Tlie column was formed and the 
 advance commenced, when a mass of men bearing a Confed- 
 erate flag swept dovv'U upon the troops, forcing them back in 
 confusion. Finally, however, with the aid of the police, order 
 was partially restored, and with the mayor at its head, the reg- 
 iment again moved forward. Yells, groans, hisses and angry 
 exclamations, accompanied by a shower of stones, now filled 
 tlie air. The soldiers struggled with the tumult, which every 
 moment increased in violence, but without avail, and on reach- 
 ing the corner of Gay street, presented arms and fired. The 
 scene that followed beggars all description. People ran in every 
 direction in search of weapons. The gun stores were emptied of 
 their contents. Individuals dashed impetuously into the ranks, 
 wrested the muskets from the soldiers and felled them to the 
 ground. Officers and men were knocked down with fists, 
 canes and stones, while those who had knives or revolvers 
 used them freely, inflicting desperate wounds. For a few mo- 
 
 68 
 
menis the tight raged territicah}". but at last the Federals 
 broke into a run. The pursuit by the infuriated mob con- 
 tinued until they arrived at the Washington depot. Once or 
 twice the soldiers halted and delivered a scattering volley, but 
 the balls went far above the heads of the crowd into the second 
 and third stories of the neighboring buildings. At last, taking 
 refuge in the cars, the Xortherners were comparatively safe, 
 but the demonstrations of the mob were still fearful. 2\Lcn 
 inebriated with rage, their clothing torn, hair dishevelled and 
 e}-es glaring with hungry passions, pressed up to the windows 
 of the cars, and reaching in, brandished knives or discharged 
 revolvers. The cry arose, "tear tip the track — tear up the 
 track,'" and thousands rushed beyond the depot to consum- 
 mate the purpose. Fortunately for the Federals, it was easier 
 to obstruct than to destroy, and the police who. under ^larshal 
 Kane, acted bravely throughout the alt air, removed the ob- 
 stacles from the rails as fast as they were laid on. The train 
 then moved slowly out of the depot. As it did so the troops 
 fired a volley into the crowd, wounding several and killing 
 an estimable merchant of Baltimore Avho was standing at a 
 distance. The total number of casualties on both sides Avas 
 betvs-een forty and fiity. of whom seven or eight were shot 
 dead. 
 
 It may be remarked as a singular coincidence that the 
 first blood shed in the old Revolution was at Lexington, 
 Mass., on the 19th of April. 1775. and the first blood of the 
 recent Revolution was shed in the City of Baltimore on the 
 19th of April, 1861, just eighty-six years afterwards. . 
 
 Thus terminated one of the most singular collisions which 
 marked the early history of the war. It was no partial up- 
 heaval of the masses, but one which merged all class distinc- 
 tions, and put to silence all party dift'erences. The mob em- 
 braced the best citizens of Baltimore as well as the worst, and 
 for several days afterwards volunteers from the country, on 
 iiorseback and afoot, contintied to arrive in the city for the 
 purpose of taking part in the further organized resistance 
 which was contemplated. All the bridges on the railroad to 
 the Susquehanna were now destroyed by the ]\Iarylanders, 
 and from twenty to thirty thousand Xorthern troops detained 
 at Havre de Grace by the interruption of this line of travel. 
 
 In the evening after the fight a great mass meeting was 
 held in one of the ptiblic squares and addressed by several 
 
 69 
 
speakers, who openly proclaimed the doctrine of secession, 
 and urged the people to "awake from the lethargy of shackled 
 repose." 
 
 The Governor of the State, Thomas H. Hicks, was also 
 present, and to conciliate the public seritiment condemned 
 the coercive policy of the administration, closing his speech 
 with the remark: 'T will suffer my right arm to be torn from 
 my body before I raise it to strike a sister Southern State.'' 
 
 In less than one month from that time Governor Hicks 
 affiliated with the Federal authorities, and Maryland became 
 powerless as an ally of the South. Before the conclusion of 
 the war the right arm of Governor Hicks was "torn from his 
 body" by an accident. 
 
 Affecting to yield to the display of public feeling, Presi- 
 dent Lincoln gave assurances to the Marylanders that no 
 more troops would pass through Baltimore, and for a consid- 
 erable time thereafter they were transmitted to the capital by 
 the way of Annapolis ; but as soon as General Scott could per- 
 fect his arrangements the city was invested and occupied by 
 an army of thirty thousand men. The administration now 
 called upon the State to supply its quota of troops to the army, 
 and the Governor issued his proclamation accordingly. The 
 brave people submitted. They were hemmed in but not con- 
 quered, and thousands of young men voluntarily expatriated 
 themselves that they might fight under the banner of the Con- 
 federacy for a cause which it was not their privilege to defend 
 on their own soil. 
 
 Another important event which occurred at this time was 
 the evacuation and burning of the navy yard at Norfolk, Va. 
 Information had reached Washington that Southern troops 
 were hastening towards Norfolk, and, in compliance with 
 the orders thereupon issued. Commodore ]\IcCauley, on the 
 20th of April, applied the torch and commenced the work of 
 destruction. The Federal men-of-war, then in the harbor, 
 were the line-of-battle ship "Pennsylvania," the steam frigate 
 ''IMerrimac," the frigates "United States," "Raritan," "Colum- 
 bia," ''Delaw^are," the sloop "Germantown," and the brig 
 ''Dolphin." Of these the "United States" and the "IMerrimac" 
 alone were saved, the latter being partially burned, and rebuilt 
 in the shape and with the name of the famous iron ram "Mr- 
 ginia." The "Pawnee" and "Cumberland" w ere in active ser- 
 vice, and consequently made their escape. The granite dry- 
 
 70 
 
dock. l3uilt at immense expense, and the finest in the world, 
 was doomed, btu not destroyed. Forty barrels of gunpowder 
 were introduced into its chambers, a train laid and a slow 
 match applied, but a Portsmouth lad. who saw the act, seized 
 a favorable opportunity, and in turning over a plank on which 
 the powder was in part laid, thus "broke the connection" and 
 foiled the design. 
 
 From stibsequent revelatioris it appeared that one of the 
 officers of the navy }'ard. while cji route to Norfolk. OA'crheard 
 a conversation on the cars, m which it was stated that the place 
 was to be attacked that night. The preparations were there- 
 fore hurried. The gtms, of which there were a great niunber. 
 were inefiiciently spiked, and the torch applied so hastily that 
 in some mstances it did not ignite. The barracks were fired 
 before the appointed time. and. adding to the confusion, was 
 the presence outside of the gates of a throng of armed men, 
 who were momently expected to make a demonstration. The 
 Federals were also, doubtless, hurried in their work by the 
 idea that large reinforcements to the A^irginia camp were ar- 
 riving every hotu" — an idea which was stimulated by the pro- 
 digious clatter of an empty railroad train, which was run for- 
 wards and backwards with frequent shrieks from its steam 
 whistle, as a iiisc dc giicrrc. 
 
 The na^-y yard was ignited at 12 o'clock at night. The 
 flan:es at first btirned low. and made little headway: btit as 
 morning progressed, they had caught -one object and another 
 in their fiery embrace, imtil at four o'clock the entire horizon 
 was tremulous with the flickering lights and shadows that 
 played upon the sombre backgroimd of the night. From two 
 large ship-houses and from the masts and spars and hulls of 
 stately vessels, the flames were leaping in sheets and jets, in 
 eddying currents, until they seemed to touch the very clouds, 
 while above all. high in air. hung a lurid canopy of smoke 
 flecked with a myriad of fiery stars. 
 
 The next morning tlie A'irginians took possession of the 
 place. By this capture the South obtained public property to 
 the value of fifteen millions of dollars, including fifteen him- 
 dred heavy guns of various calibre, improved machinery for 
 their manufacture, ammunition and other warlike material of 
 which the country was greatly in need. The command of the 
 station was now assigned to Commodore F. Forrest, of the old 
 
 71 
 
navy, who had promptly tendered his services to Virginia on 
 her secession. 
 
 The same scene was repeated in a modified form at the 
 Harper's Ferry Armory, in Virginia, where the Lieutenant in 
 command, learning that a body of State troops were advan- 
 cing, set fire to the works and escaped. The flames being 
 quickly extinguished by the townspeople, here also the Con- 
 federate Government came in possession of a large amount of 
 the most valuable tools and machinery for the manufacture 
 of small arms. 
 
 Up to this time Fortress Monroe, although the strongest 
 work in the United States, could have been taken with com- 
 parative ease, and there were bold men in Richmond, Va.^ 
 who offered to lead an expedition for the purpose; but from 
 causes which it may not be proper to explain at the present 
 moment, these proffers were declined by the State authorities^ 
 and the golden opportunity passed. On the very day of the 
 evacuation above described, the Federal Government had 
 thrown into the fortress a reinforcement sufficient to hold it 
 against any odds that wc could then oppose. 
 
 It was now apparent that Virginia was to be the "dark 
 and blood}^ ground" of the struggle, and at the North it was 
 feared that Washington would be captured at once unless 
 quickly garrisoned. 
 
 Thither, therefore, troops from that section were massed 
 in large numbers. Still all was confusion at the capital. Pub- 
 lic buildings were turned into barracks or fortified. The pres- 
 ident was protected by a guard. Men were regarded with sus- 
 picion, and oaths of allegiance to the Federal Government 
 exacted from the highest to the lowest in authority. The Vir- 
 ginians were already gathering within cannon shot, and but 
 for the defensive policy adopted by the South, Washington 
 might have been possessed at an early day. 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., was at this time the temporary capital 
 of the Confederacy, and a writer of the day gives us a picture 
 of tlie president and cabinet: 
 
 "The official departments," he says, "are embraced in a 
 single brick building. Here are grouped the president's office, 
 the Treasury, War, Navy and State Departments, and the 
 office of the attorney-general. The secretaries generally de- 
 vote themselves to business from nine o'clock in the morning 
 until ten o'clock at night. The files and records, of course. 
 
 - 72 
 
amount to but little as yet. Hon. Robert Toombs said a few 
 days since he did not want a clerk, as he "carried the State 
 Department in his hat.' 
 
 "The Treasury Department has been very successful in its 
 operations. The bids for the loan are at and over par. The 
 labors of organizing- a new system are obviously great, and 
 to these ^Ir. ]\Iemminger devotes himself with unremitting in- 
 dustry. 
 
 '"He has put the salaries of clerks of the very highest 
 ability at twelve hundred dollars a year, and that. too. in one 
 of the m.ost expensive places in the South. For services in 
 your banks and mercantile houses men would be paid two 
 
 thousand dollars or two thousand live hinidred dollars per 
 annmn. 
 
 "Tn the War Department, under Gen. Pope Walker, the 
 government has the services of Colonel Cooper, the late able 
 and experienced Adjutant-General of the Cnited States Army. 
 The aitditor of the army accounts is Col. H. S. Taylor, 
 one of the most experienced of the Treasury experts at Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 "One of the best men in the cabinet is the P^ostmaster- 
 General. Judge Reagan, of Texas. He is a good lawyer and 
 parliamentarian, a man of unwearied labor and perseverance, 
 conscientious and imbued with the exact notions of govern- 
 mental expenditure. For his assistants he has chosen two 
 valuable clerks, lately in the government service at \\'ashing- 
 ton, ^lessrs. St. George Oftutt and Clements. 
 
 "The president seems to be fully up to his position. He 
 evidentl}- is oppressed with the strongest personal sense of his 
 great responsibility. He works nearly the whole day. Con- 
 stant vigilance and thought upon public aftairs. the work of 
 defending the South from invasion, of putting the new Confed- 
 eracy upon a firm and lofty position among the powers of the 
 world, all combine to make him thoughtful and grave. He 
 wisely leaves details to his assistants, while he occupies him- 
 self with the more important questions of state and the defence 
 of the country. 
 
 "Xothing can exceed the simplicity of the presidential 
 mansion. A small garden and an open gate brings you to the 
 door, where, without hardly the formality of a card, a negro 
 servant conducts you to the presence of the president or his 
 lady. Xo guard of bayonets, no soldier stands sentinel over 
 
 73 
 
the waking or sleeping hours of Jefferson Davis. He walks 
 or rides about the city quietly, with every proper mark of res- 
 pect from the community, but w^ithout annoyance from imper- 
 tinent intrusion, or the remotest apprehension of personal vio- 
 lence. Leaving out of view his routine of official duty, 'his 
 daily life is not different from the routine of that of any gen- 
 tleman in this city. The government thus approaches the old 
 republican fashions of our ancestors." 
 
 Personne. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTHERN VOLUN- 
 TEER. 
 
 AT THE period of which we write — May, 1861 — two 
 distinct military organizations were being created in 
 the South — the regular and the volunteer or provis- 
 ional army. The former belonged to the general 
 government. The latter was the offspring of the people. One 
 was intended to be permanent, the other was temporary, its 
 existence depending on the duration of the war. The regular 
 army, however, w^as more or less, so to speak, merged in the 
 provisional organization. Its officers were transferred to the 
 volunteers and advanced to high grades. The men were not 
 unlike those of every regular service in civilized nations, and 
 restrained by the same rigid discipline. 
 
 In the present chapter, therefore, we shall dwell chiefly 
 upon the characteristics of the Southern volunteer. 
 
 It has already been sho\vn with wliat a spontaniety of sen- 
 timent men of all classes and conditions responded to the call 
 *'to arms." In the North, the first outpouring was enthusiastic 
 but effervescent. In the South, it was the result of a principle, 
 deep-seated and hereditary — not born of the hour, but the 
 growth of years. L'nselfishly and without ambition, men sur- 
 rendered luxurious homes and entered the ranks as private 
 soMiers, to labor, and toil, and march, and fight; and endure 
 hunger, thu'st and fatigue with no other object than to defend 
 the home, and what laconically may be described as "South- 
 ern Rights;" to prevent invasion and maintain the constitution 
 of their fathers. 
 
 Thousands among them were men of culture; men of 
 gentle birth and training ; men of wealth and high social posi- 
 
 74 
 
lions; men who gave tone to the community in which they 
 lived; men who were wiUing to sacrifice every comfort for 
 conscience sake, and. if necessar-y, add crimson Hfe to the pa- 
 triotic offering. Still other thousands were composed of the 
 splendid yeomanry of the country embracing citizens of every 
 nationality. Prominent among these were the Germans, Irish, 
 Scotch and French, and the records of the war will show that, 
 as a mass, they faithfully espoused the cause of the South. 
 
 If they were not physically superior, the early associations 
 and habits of Southern men adapted them more quickly than 
 Northern troops to the A'icissitudes of the bivouac and battle- 
 field. Familiarity with the use of arms; accustomed to the 
 woods; inured to the fatigues of the hunt; habits of command; 
 recklessness of life; an impetuous nature, quick to conceive 
 and bold to execute : and intense individuality and mercureal 
 temperament — these Avere some of the characteristics which 
 gave the Soiuhern soldier an earl}- advantage, and won for 
 him even a tribute from his enemy. 
 
 The following extract from a letter ptiblished in a Xew 
 York paper at the beginning of the war illustrates wliat has 
 been said of this noble material. It is dated "Grenada, ]\Iiss., 
 May, 1861; 
 
 "Take a note of the company just about me. Its captain 
 and first lieutenant are prominent members of the bar, and one 
 • of them a late L'nited States consul to Cuba. In it you will 
 find physicians and planters fifty years of age, and boys of 
 sixteen, men of family and wealth. 
 
 "The company next west is captained by an acting judge, 
 and members in its ranks are doctors, la\vyers, merchants and 
 planters, some near fifty and some worth hundreds of thou- 
 sands of dollars. Step into the neighborhood below me. Do 
 you see that old man there with a head as white as ever men's 
 heads are, and with a countenance that betrays a will no earth- 
 ly power can bend, yet mild, with a Sharp's rifle in his hand 
 and a blanket on his arm read}' to march to the defence of his 
 country? That man is a minister of the Gospel, who for fifty 
 years has bowed at the footstool of sovereign mercy. His 
 three sons, his only son-in.-law — an eminent lawyer — and the 
 only grandson old enough, are all mingling in the strife. 
 
 *''A few days since, as the first lieutenant, orderly sergeant 
 and a few others of the company about me were moving into 
 muster, with colors flying and drum in hand, they passed a 
 
 75 
 
plantation where were two lads plowing in the field. When 
 they saw the Confederate fiag waving in the breeze they 
 stopped their horses, and mounting, dashed up the road to 
 join. The old man, who Vv-as walking across the field towards 
 the house, hastened back, and the negroes threw up tneir hats 
 and shouted, 'Hurrah for the stars and bars.' While convers- 
 ing, a rifle crack was heard at the house. The lieutenant, 
 knowing there was not a white male member of the family 
 who was not present, asked 'who could be shooting over there 
 at the house.' Why,' said the owner, 'it's the old woman 
 gettin' ready for war.' And such are the facts all over the 
 South." 
 
 Much of the early efficiency of the Confederate army was 
 due to the character of its officers. Those who resigned from 
 the old army — the graduates of W>st Point — were promoted 
 to high commands, and tiius a military system was established 
 which inmiediately began to show fruits. The raw material 
 was bent into valuable shape, the wayward independence of 
 the men was toned down by constantly enforced obedience, 
 and in a measurable degree subordination was acquired at an 
 early day. 
 
 Another class of officers to which the Confederate army 
 was indebted for not a little of its excellence, was composed 
 of the graduates of the South Carolina Military Academy and 
 Virginia Military Institute. Each of these gave to the service 
 many accomplished soldiers, who subsecjuently won distinc- 
 tion as general officers. 
 
 The veterans of the Mexican war, likewise, found and 
 filled worthy places in the army ; and representing, as they did, 
 the martial spirit of another struggle, and bringing to the field 
 a valuable store of nnlitary experience, quickly secured the 
 confidence of the private soldiers. 
 
 A fourth, and by no means inconsiderable class of officers, 
 were members of Congress and of the several Legislatures and 
 public men throughout the South. Ex-governors of States, 
 judges and local officials might be counted by the score. 
 
 The uniform prescribed by the Confederate Congress 
 was of grey, but owing to the paucity of material, not more 
 than one in ten of the early regiments were clad according to 
 the regulations. Many companies adopted portions of the 
 Zouave uniform, others appeared in snuff colored attire, while 
 several regiments from Louisiana afifected blue. The Wash- 
 
 76 
 
ington Artillery, of Xew Orleans, a battalion of gentlemen 
 representing the best family stock of that State was, probably, 
 at this time the most substantially, beautifully and regularly 
 uniformed connnand of its size in the service. 
 
 The great body of troops from the interior appeared in 
 the ranks just as they left home, and human eyes never rested 
 on a more motley throng. There was no mark to designate 
 the respective regiments, and only an intimate knowledge of 
 the physiognomical or other personal peculiarities of the 
 troops of the different States enabled one to discover whence 
 they came. 
 
 The dress was a tangled compound of frock coats, swal- 
 low tails and jackets, with a liberal sprinkling of shirt sleeves : 
 pants of every hue ana shape, from the gay cassimere to the 
 patched emblems of better times, whose nether extremities 
 were lost in the tops of boots or gathered within the stockings; 
 while a headgear of slouched hats, caps and stove pipes, pre- 
 sented an outline on parade indescribably ragged. The outfit 
 was completed by a dmgy blanket, or in lieu thereof a patched 
 bedquilt, a home-made knapsack and a canvas bag in which 
 to carry rations. A belt around the body held the inevitable 
 revolver and bowie-knife, while thrown carelessly over the' 
 shoulder was a rifle, musket or double barrelled shot gun. 
 Xot imfrequently added to this miscellaneous inventory was 
 a violin, guitar or accordeon, and some of the old hunters and 
 campaigners of the woods were even practical enough to 
 bring their private cooking utensils, which dangled in pictur- 
 esque profusion from behind as they marched. 
 
 In one instance a sweet-toothed volunteer brought with 
 him a jug of molasses; and it is related of another that he 
 started from home with a cow which he proposed to mulk for 
 the regiment. 
 
 Until the establishment of the blockade many of the 
 camps were supplied vrith every luxury that could tempt tne 
 palate. Plantations \ ielded their richest stores of provisions; 
 time-honored wine cellars contributed the choicest liquors, 
 while thoughtful mothers and sisters remembered in liberal 
 offerings of the "good things from home," their kinfolks in 
 the camp. If there are two things m the world for which a 
 genuine Sotitherner has a weakness, the}- are innumerable 
 drinks and good cigars. \Miile these lasted they were en- 
 joyed; and from rci'ciUc until the evening "taps," the gamut 
 
 77 
 
of punch and juleps was run incessantly in the hospitable 
 camp of the boys, with a true "da capo" movement. In at- 
 tempting to evade a sentinel surreptitiously, no man was safe 
 without his fluid countersign. 
 
 "Halt! Who goes there?" "A friend, with a bottle," 
 was the response. "Advance bottle and draw stopper;" where- 
 upon the Rubicon was crossed. Every tent was an ''open 
 liouse" to the inmates of every other, and the spirit of ''hail- 
 fellow-well-met, take-a-drink," everywhere prevailed. On the 
 mess table was the never failing bottled hospitality in the 
 shape of "plantation bitters" or "Bourbon cocktails;" under 
 the table a demijohn of "old rye" or XX Cognac; within 
 arm's length was the mess chest, rich with mollifying stores 
 of English cheese, lemons, crackers, sardines and condiments; 
 while not unfrequently a miniature vault below the floor pf 
 the tent had only to be tapped to disclose a mine of Madeira, 
 sherry and champagne. 
 
 Such were the early experiences of the soldier. The hard- 
 ships amounted to comparatively nothing, the discipline was 
 not severe, and the fraternization between the officers and men 
 contributed to make their then life one long holiday. With 
 the closing of the blockade, however, the departure of the 
 troops from the neighborhood of home, and the driving of the 
 tent pins in the soil of A'lrginia, luxuries took their place 
 among the things to be remembered. The army began to ex- 
 perience something of the vicissitudes of war. 
 
 En route to V^irginia the various depots were thronged 
 with ladies, who paid homage to the passing soldiers with 
 sliowers of flowers thrown into the windows of the cars. The 
 old men, young boys and negroes stood in the background 
 decorated with secession rosettes or miniature flags, and 
 shouted lustily for the soldiers and the soldiers shouted in 
 return. Occasionally one of the boys would step out on the 
 platform and commence a speech, or mounting to the top of 
 the car with his fiddle saw out "Dixie;" and it was not unfre- 
 quently the case at every principal station, every voice on the 
 train was united with its fellows in rolling out some sonorous 
 Southern song. "Going to war" was then a pastime. 
 
 By the middle of May affairs in Virginia had assumed a 
 warlike aspect — the points threatened being Norfolk, Harper's 
 Ferry and Manassas, at all of which our troops were rapidly 
 congregating. Fully fifty thousand men were under arms and 
 
 78 
 
rapidly acquiring discipline. Gen. Braxton Bragg was in 
 command at Pensacola investing Fort Pickens; General Beau- 
 regard Avas still at Charleston, and Gen. Robert E. Lee en- 
 gaged in organizing the forces in A'irginia. Gen. Joseph E. 
 Johnston had likewise resigned from the United States army 
 and was prepared to take the held. It is a singular coinci- 
 dence that Generals Lee and Johnston entered A\'est Point 
 together, graduated in 1829; advanced step by step to iiigh 
 positions m the old sen'ice. were wounded in the same battle 
 in ^lexico. and together joined the fortunes of their native 
 State and were entrusted with its most responsible offices. 
 Their fathers were also friends and comrades in arms. Judge 
 Johnston having served with Light Horse Harry Lee in the 
 old Revolutionary army. 
 
 PEX PICTURE OP GEXERAL LEE. 
 
 The value of General Lee to the Confederacy was attested 
 by Gen. Winfield Scott when he said: "The flower of the 
 army has departed. I would rather receive the resignation 
 of every general officer than that of Colonel Lee."' 
 
 The city of Richmond and its environs at this time Avere 
 like a vast military cam.p. Prom nearly every house fluttered 
 the Confederate flag. It bridged the streets, decorated loco- 
 motives, waved from the tops of omnibuses, and the headgear 
 of dray horses. Soldiers were at every turn. The hotels were 
 thronged with officers. You elbowed the most distinguished 
 men of the South in the crowd, and \'anity Fair itself could 
 not have presented a more variegated array of color and dress. 
 The streets resoimded with the roll of drums, and the rumble 
 of army wagons conveying supplies to the camps. The 
 churches were turned into sewing rooms, where hundreds of 
 ladies daily assembled to manm'acture garments for the tm- 
 provided troops. The busy note of preparation outrivalled 
 even that preceding the attack on Fort Sumter. 
 
 A Federal demonstration was expected, but from what 
 quarter no one could anticipate. Alexandria. Fairfax and I\Ia- 
 nassas were mere outposts. Still, soldiers were congregating 
 from every quarter; Mrginia herself was pouring* forth her 
 sons in the proportion of six hundred out of every thousand 
 voters, and to organize these was the work of General Lee, 
 then Commander-in-Chief of the forces of the State. 
 
 79 
 
A description of the great soldier as he appeared at that 
 time, and before he became the central figure of the struggle, 
 may not be uninteresting. 
 
 "You may see the General," wrote the author of these 
 papers, "almost any day when his duties are finished, in con- 
 versation with one or more of the public functionaries who 
 are now making iheir headquarters at the Spotswood Hotel. 
 Personally, he is in many respects a second General Beaure- 
 gard, bound in a larger volume. He has a broad, expansive 
 forehead, which loses itself in locks of iron grey hair; a keen, 
 expressive dark eye, that would become a quiet parson or a 
 Quaker in its usual light, but seemingly capable of penetrating 
 a two-inch board when stirred to angry excitement; and a 
 grave, kind face. The nose is of the semi-Roman order, well 
 bridged, broad, and as an organ expressive, while the mouth, 
 though partially hidden by a heavy mustache, indicates decis- 
 ion, generosity and caution. The manners of General Lee are 
 exceedingly affable, and yet restrain anything like an approach 
 •to familiarity. Indeed, they combine so nicely the bonhommie 
 of the true gentleman with the rigid dignity of the soldier that 
 you can scarcely tell where the one begins and the other ends. 
 He dresses in plain black clothes, wears an old felt hat with 
 the miost democratic irregularity, and is the last man in Chris- 
 tendom who would be taken by a stranger as the Commander- 
 in-Chief of the Army of V^irginia." 
 
 A remarkable coincidence between the present and the 
 past peculiar to the South was the frequent occurrence of rev- 
 olutionary names, (jeneral Lee, as already mentioned, was the 
 son of Light Horse Harry Lee. His aide, Col. J. A. Wash- 
 ington, was the lineal descendant of the father of his country. 
 The great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Major Randolph, 
 conmiandcd a battery, and, subsequently, became the Secre- 
 tary of War. The grandson of Patrick Henry was a captain, 
 while the descendants of Chief Justice Marshall, Clay, Cal- 
 lioun, Kershaw, Twiggs and other great men in American 
 history, were more or less prominent in their connection with 
 tlie Confederate army, navy or civil government. 
 
 The Northern army at this time gathering in and around 
 Washington was much superior in morale to any of the suc- 
 ceeding organizations. It was composed, in the main, of the 
 thousands of young men who for years had eng-aged in holiday 
 parading in "crack" companies and regiments, and who. 
 
 80 
 
doubtless, believed that three months of sen-ice in the field 
 would terminate the threatened struggle. A considerable pro- 
 portion, however, consisted of working men and foreigners, 
 while a not a few of the wilder and more irrepressible class 
 found cheerful companionship in such organizations as Billy 
 Wilson's Zouaves. The best and bravest of the Northern com- 
 mands were composed of Irish and Scotchmen, as for instance, 
 the Sixty-ninth and Seventy-ninth Regiments of Xew York 
 State ]\Iilitia — at least, they gave Southern troops more 
 trouble in the field. ]\Ian}- of the Federal regiments were com- 
 pletely and even luxuriously equipped, one from Rhode Island 
 under command of the young Governor of the State, now 
 Senator Sprague, being noticeable in this respect. Others, on 
 the contrary, appeared to have been hurried to the front with- 
 out much preparation. The Twentieth Xew York Regiment, 
 Colonel Pratt, was a good type of this class. It was stationed 
 at Annapolis Junction, ]\Id., on the line of the Washington and 
 Baltimore Railroad, to prevent the ]^Iarylanders from tearing 
 up the rails and converting the road into an iinproinptu bone 
 grinding establishment. The men were chiefly from Orange, 
 Ulster and Westchester Counties, and the uniform was a mix- 
 ture of gray and blue, with round gray felt hats, on which were 
 ruciely inscribed with charcoal, the name and number of the 
 regiment. 
 
 The commanding officers of these organizations were, m 
 many instances, selected from the old army, and not a few law- 
 yers, local politicians, and men ambitious of promotion sought 
 and filled the subordinate places. Subsecjuently, large num- 
 bers of these civilians Avere advanced to high grades. It is a 
 curious circumstance that scores of the prominent public men 
 of the North, who before the war had been profuse in their 
 pledges of fealty to the South, were among the first to take 
 up arms against her. Among these may be mentioned the no- 
 torious B. Y, Butler. John Cochrane, Thomas Francis 
 I\Ieagher and Dan. Sickles. 
 
 It will not be denied that there existed all over the coun- 
 try at this period a vast amount of intolerant zeal — a species 
 of national wildncss which found vent on both sides of the Po- 
 tomac in measures meant to compel every man to "define his 
 position" and stick to it. 
 
 The following incident will illustrate the diseased condi- 
 tion of the public mind : 
 
 8i 
 
When Gen. Gideon S. Pillow, of Tennessee, was raising 
 a brigade of volunteers for the Confederate army, he sent an 
 invitation to Parson Brownlow, of Knoxville, to act as his 
 chaplain. Tlie reverend gentleman replied, in his usually em- 
 phatic style: "When I liave made up my mind to go to h— 11, 
 I will cut my throat and go direct, and not travel around by 
 way of the Southern Confederacy." 
 
 Public interest was now concentrating on ^lanassas and 
 Harper's Ferry, and troops were being hurried to these points 
 in anticipation of an early advance from Washington. 
 
 The first of these localities may be described in a sen- 
 tence: Mix together a hotel, half a dozen farm houses half a 
 mile apart, some clumps of woods, an abundance of meadow 
 land which spreads away with undulating surface, add a rail- 
 road track or two, and in a rainy day mud ad Hbititiii, and you 
 have the Alanassas Junction as it was seen through Confeder- 
 ate eyes in May, 1861. Temporarily, it was the headquarters 
 of General Cooke, commanding some of the Virginia State 
 troops. Major Boyle, a well known physician from Wash- 
 ington, D. C, was the Provost Alarshal, and his lady was 
 sharing with him the privations of life in camp. It is related of 
 her that when the mob assailed her residence for the purpose 
 of making her husband a prisoner, the noble woman sent word 
 that she was "alone in the house, but would fill a coffin with 
 the first man who opened the front door." Thereupon the 
 crowd desisted from further demonstration. oNIrs. Boyle, how- 
 ever, revolver in hand, remained on guard all night. 
 
 The Powhattan and Black Horse Cavalry, two fine com- 
 panies, composed of the flower of the neighboring country 
 gentlemen, with their best horses, were bivouacking at Manas- 
 sas. They afterwards became celebrated for many a daring 
 deed in that section of the vState. One of the Alabama regi- 
 ments which passed through Manassas, oi route to Harper's 
 Ferry at this time, was composed of eleven hundred and sixty 
 men, whose aggregate wealth was estimated at fifteen millions 
 of dollars. Two hundred servants accompanied the command. 
 
 Speaking of the characteristics of the volunteers gather- 
 ing in A^irginia, there should not be left out of the category a 
 company called the Grayson Dare-devils. Every member was 
 six feet or upwards in heiglit, and a superb rifle shot. Origi- 
 nally, the company consisted of one hundred and thirty-five 
 men, but tlie captain informed them that only one hundred 
 
 82 
 
would be allowed to go to Riehmond. To decide which of 
 them should enjoy that privilege they tired at a mark running, 
 and those who struck nearest the centre were allowed to come. 
 As a general thing, nearly all of the Mrginians and Georgians 
 w ere tall, broad-chested, noble looking fellows. In one com- 
 pany of the latter, with which the writer travelled from the 
 South, were upAvards of forty-five men six feet in height. 
 
 Persoxxe. ■ 
 
 DESCRIPTIOX OF HARPER-S FERRY. 
 
 TAKE a map of A'irginia and ^laryland, place one 
 hnger tipon the Potomac River and another upon the 
 Shenandoah, trace these streams imtil they unite, 
 and at the Junction you have Harper's Ferry. As- 
 cend an eminence which rises abruptly near this angle, until 
 it attains a height of say live hundred feet, and you will enjoy 
 the luxury of being astonished at one of the most magnificent 
 pictures in the gallery of American scenery. On every side 
 is spread out the changeless masonry of creation — fields swell- 
 ing into hills, hills into moimtains. and mountains mingling 
 with the Alps and Andes of vapor that hang above their sum- 
 mits. To tiie left— high over the little town at your feet — is 
 the Potomac, dragging its slov\- length along at the base of 
 an almost perpendicular clifi". perhaps a thousand feet high. 
 A canal is just visible at its base, looking, in the distance, 
 like a winding ribbon of brown. These are the ^Maryland 
 Heights, and though it would seem at this distance as if noth- 
 ing but a bird or an echo could live among the massive ledges, 
 moss-bound clefts and dense forests that throw their shadows 
 down, the A~irgin:ans have filled its nooks and crannies with 
 artillery, and its woods with men. It is a wild, weird spot, 
 V\-here one m.ay take pictures of the rough faces of the rocks, 
 as fancy will sometimes paint a scene upon a frosty pane. 
 
 On the right the Shenandoah is to be seen making its 
 way from among the hills, imtil it reaches the point opposite 
 the town where it is folded in the embrace of the more mas- 
 culine P'otomac. The united streams now pass on down a 
 broad aisle between mountains which some mighty convulsion 
 of nature has seemed to separate for the purpose, until the tor- 
 
 83 
 
tuotis windings are lost to view among the grand old rocky 
 patriarchs with which the an" is piled and terraced. 
 
 Turning to the rear, the eye rests upon one of the loveliest 
 landscapes in the country — a scene wrapped, as it were, in a 
 perpetual Sabbath. Far in the distance, rising from the misty 
 perspective of the picture is the Shenandoah. A thousand 
 miniature islands dot its surface, like gems of green in a set- 
 ting of silver. Its bed is a succession of rocks which lie in 
 almost mathematically arranged strata, and as the stream 
 glides over the brown tips that jet above the surface, it leaves 
 behind a bosom freckled with long trails of foam that glisten 
 in the sunshine. On either side mountains descend to the 
 water's edge. Here and there a road, winding among the 
 hills, is observable; and occasionally there is a clearing with 
 its little cottage, but so far, far aw^ay that it resembles a mere 
 patch of white upon a field of green„ Nearer tO' Harper's 
 Ferry is the town of Boliver — now interesting principally be- 
 cause of a picturesque exhibition of tents — the canvas homes 
 of our volunteers. 
 
 The railroad by which we arrive at Harper's Ferr}- from 
 Manchester, skirts, for a considerable distance, the borders of 
 the Shenandoah, and from the time you touch the borders of 
 the town until you reach the depot, you pass continuous rows 
 of government work shops, and the residences of the opera- 
 tives and citizens. All these are substantial brick edifices. 
 They are located on a narrow strip of level land, about three 
 hundred yards wide, which connects the base of the mountain 
 Avith the margin of the river. Arriving at the depot, which is 
 the point or promontory of the town, there begins another 
 row of w^orkshops that continue in a similar manner on the 
 Potomac side of the triangle. 
 
 The public and many of the private residences are, at 
 present, used as barracks by the soldiers. The headquarters 
 of the commandant of the post. Col. T. J. Jackson ("Stone- 
 wall"), are in a mansion on an eminence which commands a 
 view of the surrounding scenery. Several thirty-two pounders, 
 under the command of Captain Fauntleroy, an officer of the 
 old navy, arc in position here. 
 
 From "Jefferson Rock,'' a large flat boulder which rests 
 upon the edge of a mountain like a knob on the cover of a 
 tureen, the scene is beautiful beyond description. In the dis- 
 tance are soft landscapes, masterly old earth monarchs, broad 
 
 84 
 
black clilTs with noble rivers running like a necklace at their 
 base, great continents of cloud and shadow, while far below, 
 in almost a perpendicular direction, through a vista of running 
 ' vines and flowers, upholstered with tangled mosses and hoary 
 rocks. is to be seen the mimic life of the valley, the spider-like 
 threads of the railroad, pigni}- cars, puppet lines of soldiers, 
 dwarfed houses and baby gardens — a veritable Lilliput in dis- 
 guise. 
 
 Of the troops here, eleven hundred and sixty are Alabam- 
 ians, fifteen hundred are }vlississippians and five hundred are 
 Kentuckians. The remainder is composed of a sprinkling 
 from every State south of IMason's and Dixon's line. There 
 are also present a goodly number of Baltimore boys, who have 
 straggled hither by twos and threes, some on foot and some 
 in the cars — for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is still open 
 — to take their place in the approaching contest. ^lany of 
 them represent the oldest families of the State. 
 
 The Alabamians are safely ensconsed among the moun- 
 tams on the ^Maryland side. The regiment embraces some of 
 the wealthiest and most influential citizens — lawyers, doctors, 
 ministers, merchants, editors, printers and planters, together 
 with a strong infusion of the hardy sinew of the country dis- 
 tricts. The ]\Iississippians are of much the same character. 
 
 Among the latter is a gentleman who has lost his right 
 arm above the elbow. Although rejected as unfit for service, 
 he determined to follow the troops of his State and to take 
 part with them in every conflict as an independent fighter. He 
 was an officer in the ^\Iexican war, and the aim of his rifie is 
 still unerring. He pays his own expenses and possesses a con- 
 siderable fortune, all of which he proposes to give to the 
 cause. 
 
 The Kentuckians are a class by themselves. Tliey are 
 generally large, well formed, robust fellows, accustomed to the 
 hunt, and expert marksmen. You can always identify them 
 by a certain careless grace and don't-tread-on-my-coat-tail 
 sort of air that is unmistakable. AMien the Kentuckians first 
 arrived, being Avithout arms, it Avas proposed to give them 
 muskets, but these Avere refused. The boys said thev "didn't 
 knoAv hoAv to shoot soger tools, and if they couldn't haA^e rifles 
 they'd rather throAv rocks." The regiment is probably one 
 of the Avorst drilled at Harper's Ferry, but the fault is entirely 
 their own. They cannot see the use of discipline ; will not be 
 
persuaded to learn, and as for forcing one of them into any- 
 thing hke a soldierly bearing, why you might as well attempt 
 to harness a hurricane. 
 
 An officer who visited their encampment remarked to a 
 little group that he regretted so fine a looking body of men 
 were not better drilled. "What's the good o' that?" said one 
 of the boys. ''We come yere to wade in anywhar, and when 
 we see a good shot, you may bet your life, stranger, wer'e 
 gwine to shoot." "Look yere," continued the beef-eater, 
 "hyars our drill," and taking out his bowie-knife he fastened it 
 to a tree with the edge of the blade outwards. Then, marching 
 off a distance of sixty or seventy yards, he aimed his old-fash- 
 ioned rifle and split a bullet on the blade. "You see, stranger, 
 if we ain't much on sogering, we are powerful good at drawing 
 a bead." 
 
 It is said, perhaps more humorously than truthfully, that 
 the Kentuckians were requested to leave Maryland Heights, 
 because they were trenching on State sovereignty, but that 
 Colonel Duncan resorted to the novel expedient of leasing the 
 ground he wished to fight on from the ozmierl 
 
 The necessity of discipline is not generally recognized by 
 our raw volunteers ; but the wisdom of the president in the se^ 
 lection of officers who have received a military education is 
 already manifest. As an instance of the not uncommon ver- 
 dancy which exists, it is related that as a picket guard were 
 being detailed for duty, one of the men stoutly protested 
 against the arrangement, saying: "Now, what's the use of 
 gwine out thar to keep everybody off. We've all kim down 
 hyar to have a fight with the Yankees, and if yer keep fellers 
 out thar to scare 'um off, how in thunder are we gwine to have 
 a skrimmage? Taint no use, no how." 
 
 A visit through the various barracks occupied by the 
 volunteers is well worth the trouble. Wherever they are lo- 
 cated, whether in private houses or in the denuded workshops, 
 they have dropped into their places with a read}" adaptability 
 to circumstances. Men worth their hundreds of thousands 
 sleep side by side with the poorest comrade, sharing with him 
 the privation of the hour. Gentlemen who never slept off a 
 mattress before, here stretch out upon the hard boards with 
 a knapsack for a pillow and blanket for a quilt. For the first 
 time in their lives, probably, they bring their own water, grind 
 their own coffee, wash their own linen, and perform a thou- 
 
 86 
 
sand functions which at home had been the,- task of servants. 
 
 The guardhouse is the small edifice in which old John 
 Brovv U — whose soul is supposed to be marching on — made 
 his defence. Its outer walls are thickly scarred with the marks 
 of rifle balls. The loops through vvhich he fired still remain, 
 and no attempt has been made to alter the historic interest 
 of the place, save in the application of a coat of whitewash 
 throughout the interior, for the purpose of ef¥acmg the stains 
 of blood which bespattered the walls. 
 
 Preparations for the supply of arms and ammunition are 
 actively progressing. ]\Itich powder has been brought from 
 Alaryland. Recently two Irishmen from the vicinity of Balti- 
 more drove a load across the country in a four-horse team. 
 To conceal it from view the powder was covered with iron ore. 
 Whenever ''a strange sail" hove in sight the tw^o Emeralders 
 suddenly showed signs of being on the j oiliest kind of 
 "drunk," and so remained until the danger was passed, when 
 they pushed forward with all speed. 
 
 Another ruse was successfully practiced by a lady on her 
 way South from Philadelphia. Strapped under her crinoline 
 she brought with her as many revolvers as she could conven- 
 iently carry. It was not until she reached Harper's Ferry that 
 she dared to relieve herself of the cumbrous load and pack the 
 articles in her trunk. 
 
 Among other ladies who have made themselves conspicu- 
 ous in the patriotic work of stipplying our men with arms is 
 Mrs. Bradley T. Johnson, of Frederic, Md. She brought with 
 her to Harper's Ferry five hundred Mississippi rifles, five htm- 
 dred dollars in cash, three thousand and two hundred cart- 
 ridges and ten thousand percussion caps. Several swords and 
 flags have "run the blockade" in the same manner. 
 
 Among the troops recently arrived is a battery of artillery 
 commanded by Rev. Mr. Pendleton, of Lexington, a graduate 
 of West Point. Cadets from the State Institute are also here 
 drilling the troops, and it is no uncommon spectacle to see 
 these beardless youths instructing aged men in the art of war. 
 
 There is reason to believe that it is not the design of Gen. 
 Joseph E. Johnston; who is in command, to hold Harper's 
 Ferry. It is only important with reference to present strat- 
 egic purposes, and a flank movement by the Federals, which 
 will, unquestionabh", soon be made, will result in an evacua- 
 tion. 
 
 87 
 
The following notes, taken at the time, will give the 
 reader an idea of the situation during the early days of the 
 struggle: 
 
 Manassas, May 24th. — Virginia is at last invaded. From 
 five to eight thousand Federal troops last night occupied Al- 
 exandria. So rapid were their movements that nearly an 
 entire company of our cavalry were captured. One man alone 
 resisted, and he paid the forfeit of his life. A Confederate flag 
 waving from the top of the Marshall House, had long been 
 visible at the presidential mansion in Washington. Lincoln 
 having expressed his, indignation thereat. Colonel Ellsworth, 
 of the Zouaves, a young man who attended the president 
 during his tour to Washington, promised to lay the obnox- 
 ious bunting at his patron's feet. John W. Jackson, the pro- 
 prietor of the hotel, on the contrary, had declared that while 
 he had strength to defend it, that banner should never be 
 taken down by an enemy's hand. On entering the town Ells- 
 worth, with a squad of his Zouaves, at once made his way into 
 the hotel, ascended to the roof, secured the flag, and wrapping 
 it around his body, started to return. It was not yet morn- 
 ing, and Jackson, who had been aroused from his slumber oy 
 the noise, armed himself with a double-barrelled gun, and, 
 half dressed, emerged from his room. In a moment he stood 
 face to face with Eflsworth and his attendant soldiers. "This 
 is my trophy," said the Federal commander. "And you are 
 mine," instantly replied the brave Jackson, accompanying the 
 words with a discharge of both barrels of his weapon full 
 into the breast of Ellsworth. The next moment Jackson him- 
 self received a bullet through the brain and a bayonet thrust 
 through the body, and sank a sorpse by the side of his 
 victim. 
 
 (Before dismissing this incident it is proper to add that 
 the tidings of the event, when made known, aroused the 
 heartfelt sympathy of the entire Southern people. In every 
 State liberal contributions were subscribed as a tribute to the 
 family of the dead hero, and his memory has been cherished 
 not merely as that of a brave man who died defending his 
 own hearthstone, but a martyr who calmly and without pas- 
 sion laid down his life to maintain a principle which the heart 
 of the nation had enunciated). 
 
 Manassas, May 27th. — The troops now here are under 
 the command of Gen. M. L. Bonham, of South Carolina, and 
 
 88 
 
embrace the two South Carohna Regiments, under Colonels 
 Gregg and Kershaw, and several \drginia Regiments. The 
 work of entrenching has already commenced on Bull Run, a 
 narrow stream, fordable only at certain points. The enemy 
 are also entrenching on the various eminences in the subtu'bs 
 of Alexandria, and their pickets are posted several miles out 
 of town. Gneral ^McDowell is in command of the Federal 
 forces, and Gen. Ben. F. Butler has been assigned to the 
 vicinity of Fortress 3^Ionroe. These two points now promise 
 to be of the greatest military interest, being the main avenues 
 to the interior of the State. 
 
 ARRR\\L OF GENERAL BEAUREGARD. 
 
 ]\Ianassas, June i. — Two events mark this day. First, a 
 night dash by Lieut. Charles Tompkins, of the regitlar ser- 
 A'ice. with a bodv of dragoons, into Fairfax Cotirthouse — a 
 mad, rash, fruitless sortie upon an outpost, in which the 
 enemy left behind a dozen or more, killed, wounded and pris- 
 oners. Our only loss was in the death of Capt. John 0. ^\Iarr, 
 of the "\\'arrenton Rifles, one of the rising young men of Mr- 
 ginia. Second, our first fight between a land batter}- and 
 Federal steamers. Four of the latter made a demonstration 
 on Captain AA'alker's position at Acjuia Creek, and after firing 
 five himdred and ninety shots retired. Fortifications are in 
 course of construction along the banks of the Potomac for 
 the purpose of blockading the river. 
 
 General Beauregard has arrived, assumed command, and 
 issued a stirring proclamation to the people of Loudon, Fair- 
 fax and Prince \Mlliam Comities, "in tlie name of the Con- 
 federate States, the sacred cause of constitutional liberty and 
 in behalf of civilization and humanity." 
 
 Our scotits and guerillas have already commenced work. 
 One of these commands, about forty Mrginians from 
 Fauquier County, all admirably equipped and mounted. 
 Being acquainted with every cowpath in the country, scarcely 
 a day passes in which parties of curious and adventurous Fed- 
 erals are not encountered and punished. The motto of the 
 captain is — quaintly enough — '"Xever allow yourself to be 
 killed. Death is disgrace — to kill an enemy, glory, li a 
 successful stand cannot be made, retreat; but when you re- 
 treat, pick ofi: a foe." 
 
 89- 
 
REMOVAL OF SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Richmond, June 5. — The seat of government has been 
 moved from Montgomery to this city, and every hour dem- 
 onstrates the importance of the change. President Davis, for 
 the time being, has taken the place of a general-m-chief. Al- 
 though a v^-^eek has not elapsed since his arrival, evidences of 
 his energy are apparent on all sides. He has sent such 
 thrilling words to the South that every train of cars brings 
 to Virginia a regiment of men. He has revised old and made 
 new plans; weakened this position and strengthened that; or- 
 dered new reconnoisances ; commenced fortifications at points 
 before unthought of; set troops in motion to the remotest 
 limits of the Confederacy; held cabinet consultations, and 
 found time to make speeches to the public and receive the 
 congratulations of entluisiastic thousands. In short, he has 
 inspired confidence in every heart and infused fresh life into 
 every department of the political and military structure. Jef- 
 ferson Davis is indeed proving himself emphatically "the 
 man for the times" — a clear-headed, hard-working patriot — 
 the incarnation and embodiment of the struggle about to com- 
 mence. 
 
 The city is overflowing- with strangers. Hotels and pri- 
 A^ate houses fail to accommodate the multitude, and lucky is 
 that man who can afford to decline the hospitality which puts 
 three in a bed. All is hurry and bustle. The community 
 could scarcely be more lively if it were a confederation of 
 steel springs. 
 
 Among the arrivals of the last week are the New Orleans 
 Zouaves, who have been stationed at Pensacola, six hundred 
 and thirty strong; the most picturesque, ugly, indescribable 
 looking set of dare-devils ever seen in this portion of America. 
 The majority of them are Frenchmen, muscular, wiry, active 
 as squirrels, brown as Malays, full of aquafortis, and possess- 
 ing much of the clan of the genuine French "Zou Zou." 
 They are by far the most dangerous looking body of men yet 
 brought into the field. Their uniform is similar to that of 
 their GalHc namesakes, consisting of embroidered blue jack- 
 ets, red baggy breeches and white gaiters, the whole sur- 
 mounted by a red fez skull cap, which rests jauntily on the 
 back of their shaven heads, and ends in a blue tassel dangling 
 between the shoulder blades. Their great desire is to meet 
 
 90 
 
th "pet lambs" of Colonel Ellsworth. They will, probably be 
 sent to Yorktown. 
 
 Richmond, June 7. — Tidings have been received here of 
 anotlier surprise of our troops. Since the beginning of the 
 struggle the nonhwestern portion of \^irginia has been divided 
 in sentiment and purpose. Settled principally by men from 
 Ohio, Pennsylvania and Xew England, who, though owning 
 slave property, sympathized with the Union or endeavored 
 to preserve a neutrality, there has sprung up between this 
 class and the genuine Mrginians, loyal to their State and 
 birthright, living in that region, a controversy, in which the 
 latter represent a comparatively helpless minority. This po- 
 litical antagonism has been eagerly seized upon by the leaders 
 who, cooperating with the Lincoln government, have con- 
 trived to make the northwestern counties a base of operations. 
 AMieeling was occupied as early as the 21st of ^lay, and on 
 the 30th — only one week ago— a force of Confederates were 
 obliged to evacuate Grafton before the advance of three thou- 
 sand Federals, who thereupon took possession. Our troops 
 v*ere luider the command of Colonel Porterfield. who had 
 been instructed to call for volunteers from that section to 
 the number of fi^'e thousand. But the nortliAvest was in a state 
 of revolution and they were not to be had. Few among the 
 companies organized for home defence were will ng- to take 
 up arms in favor of the South. After considerable exertion, 
 liowever, five hundred infantry and about one hundred and 
 fifty cavalry were assembled, and these constituted the entire 
 army of V\>st A'irginia. Here intelligence was brought to 
 him by two young ladies, named 3.1iss }^Iary ]\IcLeod and 
 Miss Abbie Kerr, who, imattended. rode a distance of twenty- 
 five miles lor the purpose, tliat the enemy were about to pur- 
 sue and attack him again. 
 
 For some reason, however, the command did not move 
 at once, and the Federals, three thousand strong, advanced, 
 and from the opposite side of Taggart's A'alley River, opened 
 on the Confederate camp early the next day (Monday, 
 Tune 3d). 
 
 The startled troops formed as quickly as possible under 
 the circumstances, and took position by companies on either 
 side of the road. A charge of the Bath Cavalry, under Cap- 
 tain Richards, held the enemy in temporary check, but the 
 resistance was of little avail, and after a running fight from 
 
 91 
 
behind bushes, fences and other covers, in which the locaUty 
 abounded. Colonel Porterfield retreated to the village of Bev- 
 erly, thirty-two miles distant. The casualties of the Confed- 
 erates were seven killed, fifteen or twenty wounded, and a 
 loss of one hundred and fifty rifles. Among the Federals, 
 Colonel Kelley was desperately wounded. 
 
 The young ladies above referred to remained in the town, 
 at the house of an acc[uaintance. Suspecting from the man- 
 ner of the latter that there was some one concealed on the 
 premises, they made a search and found up stairs the Confed- 
 erate soldier who had shot Colonel Kelley, hiding from the 
 enemy. His escape was at once decided upon, and after dis- 
 guising him in some old clothes, they put a bucket of soap 
 suds in his hands and bade the man follow, which he did, 
 until safely beyond the limits of the town. 
 
 The gentleman by whom the above narration was made, 
 adds that no one not on the spot can appreciate the terrorism 
 that prevails in Northwest Virginia wherever the Union sen- 
 timent is rampant. Men of respectability who have occupied 
 places of trust and honor in the State are being driven from 
 their homes ; neighbors are turning against each other, and life 
 is unsafe even within the sanctity of the family circle. 
 
 But the spirit of the true Virginian is not dead yet. My 
 informant, before reaching Staunton, passed a barefooted old 
 gentleman nearly seventy years of age, who, accompanied by 
 his family, was driving his cattle, sheep and household effects 
 to a place of safety. 
 
 A conversation ensued during which the brave old man 
 made tlie following remark: "Sir, I am sixty-eight years of 
 age, and I am now conveying n)y wife and children to the 
 eastern part of the State, where they will be secure from dan- 
 ger. When this is done I shall return, and, if necessary, the 
 last act of my life shall be in behalf of Virginia. My home 
 may be laid in ashes, but God willing, / sJiall die defending my 
 fence.'' 
 
 Personne. 
 
 92 
 
BATTLE OF BETHEL. 
 
 WE RESL'^IE our narrative of the early days of 
 the Avar, and quote from the diary then pre- 
 pared. It may be added, paientheticahy, that 
 this plan is deemed more acceptable to the 
 reader than any other, because, carrying the mind, as it were, 
 into' the living present, the freshness of the event and the as- 
 sociations of the hour are preserved. 
 
 Yorktown, A^a.. June ii. 1861. — The first important en- 
 gagement of the war took place yesterday at Bethel Church, 
 eleven miles this side of the village of Hampton, on the road 
 leading from YorktOAvn to ihe latter place. Hampton and 
 Newport Xews, both near Fortress ^LDnroe, were occupied 
 by the Federals on the 25th of ]\Iay. Since that time the latter 
 have made frequent excin"sions into the interior. About two 
 weeks ago three hundred entered Bethel Church, remained a 
 day or tAvo, and on retiring left the Avails of the sacred edifice 
 covered Avitii tlie most profane and licentious inscriptions. 
 The otticer in command of tiie post. Col, J. Bankhead ^lagru- 
 der, a distinguished officer of the old army, determined to put 
 an end to this system of predatory Avarfare, and accordingly, 
 on the / th inst.. ordered from YorktOAvn the First Xorth Car- 
 olina Regiment, Col. D. FL Hill, and four pieces of rviajor 
 Randolph's HoAvitzer BattaHon to take possession of the 
 place. The character of the ground may be briefly described. 
 
 A short distance in front of the old church, the only 
 building near, is a branch of the Black River, running at right 
 angles to the road, and encircling our right flank. On our 
 left Avas an open old field filled Avith stumps, and beyond a 
 dense Avood Avhich coA'ered both banks of the stream. The 
 ground on either side of the- latter Avas in spots miry and 
 almost nnpassible. Across the branch Avas an immense field, 
 fringed in the rear Avitli heavy Avoods, out of Avhich the enemy 
 could deploy and command our position. On the road near 
 these Avoods. about six hundred yards from the church. Avas 
 a small dAvelling. In anticipation of an attempt to force the 
 bridge an earthAvork Avas throAvn up near the road in front of 
 the church, and the guns of the battery so planted as to SAveep 
 every avenue of approach. Across the creek, on a slight emi- 
 nence to the right, another small fortification Avas erected to 
 protect a single gun. 
 
 93 
 
Skirmishes took place on the 8th and 9th inst. between 
 small bodies of our men under command of Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel Lee, Major Lane, Captain McDowell and Lieutenant Rob- 
 erts, and at three o'clock yesterday morning information was 
 brought of the advance of the army in force. Colonel Magru- 
 der arrived at the scene of action and assumed command on 
 Monday. Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart, of the Third Virginia 
 Regiment, having joined the North Carolinians with one 
 hundred and eighty men, was now stationed on the hill on the 
 extreme right beyond the creek. A company was also detailed 
 to the same position to protect a howitzer under Captain 
 Brown. Captain Bridges, of Company A, First North Caro- 
 lina Regiment, was posted in a dense wood on the left of the 
 bridge. Major Montague, with three companies, defended 
 the right, his line beginning at the church. Our total force 
 numbered about twelve hundred. The enemy were under the 
 command of General Pierce, of Massachusetts, and consisted 
 of the First, Second and Third New York Regiments, com- 
 manded by Colonels Duryea, Tompkins and Town send, the 
 Fourth Massachusetts, First Vermont, and Seventh and Ninth 
 New York Volunteer Regiments, numbering altogether about 
 forty-five hundred men. 
 
 The columns of the Federals were seen approaching 
 at nine oVlock, and at a quarter after nine Major Randolph 
 opened on them with his artillery. Their ranks broke in con- 
 fusion, but quickly rallying, a vigorous fire was opened on 
 us from a battery stationed near the small dwelling, to which 
 allusion has been made. The Federals now deployed under 
 cover of the woods, with a view to turn our right flank, but 
 were promptly repelled. Under the cover of the woods an- 
 other attempt, by a force estimated at fifteen hundred, was 
 made to get in the rear of Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart. The 
 latter was accordingly ordered to fall back. Previous to this 
 a priming wire had broke in the howitzer commanded by Cap- 
 tain Brown, which rendered it useless, and the retirement of 
 our forces for a moment abandoned the work to the enemy, 
 who instantly occupied it with their Zouaves. We had not 
 yet lost a man, but it was one of the most critical periods of 
 the action. At this juncture Captain Bridges was ordered to 
 leave his position in the swamp and reoccupy the work at any 
 hazard, which was gallantly done in the face of a galling fire, 
 the Zouaves running as our troops dashed forward at a 
 
 94 
 
double-quick. Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart, by order of Colo- 
 nel ^lagruder, also reoccupied the entrenchments, and a fresh 
 howitzer having, been carried over, the fight again raged. 
 
 The Federals, finding that they could make no impression 
 on our right, now turned their attention to the left, their ob- 
 ject evidently being to get over the creek and carry our en- 
 trenchments there by assault. To accomplish this design and 
 deceive our men the enemy had put on our distinctiAX badge 
 of a white band around the cap, and those in advance repeat- 
 edly cried out: "Don't fire, don't Hre." They likewise began 
 to cheer as if they had acconiphshed the purpose of their dem- 
 onstration. The North Carolinians, however, met them with 
 the steadiness of veterans and picked off officers and men with 
 an almost unerring aim. As if disdaining the protections of 
 entrenchments, they would stand upon the parapet, and while 
 the bullets were whizzing around them, calmly single out their 
 mark and fire. In the language of the official report, "they 
 were all in liigh glee and seemed to enjoy it as much as boys 
 do rabbit shooting." 
 
 At the head of the assaulting column was Major Win- 
 throp, an aide-de-camp of -General Butler, and the fearless 
 manner in which he exposed his life, while cheering on his 
 scattered troops, elicited the admiration of the Confederates. 
 Standing on a stun:p within fifty yards of our entrenchments, 
 and waving his sword above his head, he gallantly offered 
 himself as a target to our riflemen. "There's your mark, bring 
 him down,'' said a colonel, and the next moment a rifle ball 
 pierced his heart. With the fall of this officer, the fight — 
 which, at this point, lasted for thirty minutes — ceased, and 
 the discouraged enemy commenced their retreat. The house 
 in front, AvhicJi had served as a hiding place, was now set on 
 fire by a shell. 
 
 The Federals, having thrown out a strong detachment 
 to protect their rear, pursuit could not be immediately com- 
 menced: but as soon as the woods were cleared. Captain Dou- 
 thatt, with one hundred cavalry, followed. The enemy in their 
 haste, strewed the road with haversacks, canteens, knapsacks, 
 overcoats, etc.. and even the dead were thrown out of the 
 wagons. The pursuit was only ended by the tearing up of 
 a bridge in their rear, which eftectually barred further prog- 
 ress. 
 
 During the fight manv instances of personal gallantry 
 
 95 
 
occurred. Prominent among these was the case of a young 
 man named Henry L. Wyatt, of North CaroHna, who, with 
 four others, vohmteered to advance beyond our hues, and set 
 the sn. ill dwelling on fire. Starting on his perilous mission in 
 advance of his comrades, he arrived within thirty yards of 
 the house, when he was shot through the head. This was our 
 only loss in killed during the engagement. Seven were 
 slightly wounded. 
 
 The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was re- 
 ported to Colonel Magruder by the bearer of a flag of truce 
 as being two hundred and thirty-four. A considerable num- 
 l^er of the enemy's dead were buried on the field by our men. 
 The great disparity in the casualties is due to the fact that our 
 troops were com.paratively well protected by entrenchments; 
 but they nevertheless labored under the disadvantage of being 
 frequently unable to see the persons of the enemy, who were 
 nearly all the time effectually concealed in the thick growth 
 through which they advanced to the attack. Our men were 
 thus often compelled to- receive a fire that could not be efTect- 
 ually returned, a test which, tlthough severe in its applica- 
 tion to raw volunteers, was bravely and brilliantly endured. 
 
 The object of the enemy in making this demonstration, 
 as appears from the statement of an intelligent deserter, was 
 to capture our small force and march on to Yorktown. In 
 the language of one of the prisoners, they thought they ''were 
 able to whip^- the North Carolinians with corn-stalks," and 
 when they came upon the field the ''ki-yi's" of the Zouaves 
 and derisive laughter could be heard running through their 
 lines. The first volley from the North Carolinians, however, 
 dispelled the hallucination. There were individual instances 
 among the Yankees of good fighting and personal bravery. 
 
 The death of Major Winthrop, although an enemy, is 
 almost universally regretted, and every honor has been paid 
 to his remiains due to a dead hero by a chivalrous antagonist. 
 Information of the event was promptly communicated to Gen- 
 eral Butler, and when the body was removed, under a flag of 
 truce, to Fortress A'lonroe, a guard of honor w^as tendered by 
 Colonel Magruder to accompany the remains to Hampton. 
 The act was not called for by the circumstances, but it illus- 
 trated the admiration which a Southern man has for a brave 
 foe. 
 
 The scene after the battle, to one unaccustomed to spec- 
 
 96 
 
tacles of this nature, vras frightful. In the swamp through 
 which the Xew York Zouaves advanced to assault our lines, 
 there were bodies dotting the black morass from one end to 
 the other, and the gay uniforms contrasted strangely with the 
 pallid faces of their dead owners. One boyish, delicate look- 
 ing fellow was l}'ing in the swamp Avith a bullet hole through 
 his breast. The left hand was pressed on the wound from 
 which his life-blood had poured; the other was convulsively 
 clenched in the weeds that grew arotmd him. Lying on the 
 ground was a Testament, that had fallen from his pocket, 
 dabbled with blood. Inside the cover was the printed inscrip- 
 tion: "Presented to the defenders of their country by the 
 Xew York Bible Society."' A United States flag was also 
 stamped on the title page. 
 
 The number of Confederates actually engaged was less 
 than five hundred. It was apprehended diu'ing the engage- 
 ment that the enemy would attempt to make a detour around 
 our lines, so as to bring them between two fires. And a por- 
 tion of our force was therefore detailed to prevent the execu- 
 tion of this design. Had it not been for the lack of men, the 
 Federals would have been promptly pursued, and the victory 
 rendered even more decisive than it was. 
 
 It is worthy of record that the Fayetteville Light Infan- 
 try, one hundred and fifteen strong, of the First Xorth Caro- 
 lina Regiment, was organized in 1793, under the administra- 
 tion of General AA'ashington. and has in its ranks several de- 
 scendants of its revolutionary members. Another company, 
 the Lafayette Light Infantry, one hundred and ten strong, 
 performed its first feat in arms, near Yorktown in the Revolu- 
 tion. Another companv from Buncombe County, was led by 
 Captain 3vIcDowell. a lineal descendant of one of the heroes 
 of King's "\Iountain. S. C. Another company from Orange 
 County, was led by Captain Ashe, whose ancestors fought in 
 the battle of Savannah. This Revolutionary stock is freely 
 distribtited through the Regiment. It is a significant fact 
 that before going into battle the whole Regiment engaged 
 in prayer. 
 
 Richmond, June 14th. — The news of the recent repulse 
 of the Federals at Bethel Church has fallen on the Xorth like 
 a thunderbolt. The first tidings were of victory ; and the X^ew 
 \ork "Flerakl'' in glowing capitals, announced the capture of 
 one thousand rebels, and two batteries respectivelv mounting 
 
 97 
 
seven and fourteen guns. But since the receipt of the details 
 of the defeat and loss, the press is boiling with unusually delir- 
 ious rage. 
 
 The effect upon the South is encouraging. While the 
 importance of the engagement is greatly magnified, it has 
 lifted a weight from every heart. Heretofore we have experi- 
 enced little else than a series of surprises. When Anderson 
 walked from Fort Moultrie into Sumter, it was a "surprise." 
 When troops remforced Fort Pickens, it was a "surprise."' 
 When Fortress Monroe was reinforced, it was a "surprise." 
 When Ellsworth and his Zouaves marched into Alexandria, 
 it was a "surprise." The landing at Newport News was a 
 "surprise." The occupation of Grafton was a "surprise." 
 And, lastly, the attack at Phillippa was a "surprise." In the 
 language of the New York "Flerald," "the glory of the reduc- 
 tion of Fort Sumter is more than eclipsed by the flight of the 
 rebels from every entrenchment that has been approached by 
 a Federal force." But the victory at Bethel Church has 
 turned the gloomy current into livelier channels, and with an 
 army organization rapidly attaining excellence, there are no 
 longer fears for the result. Thus far, we have witnessed sim- 
 ply the arrangement of the men upon the chess-board. The 
 strategy of the game is yet to commence. 
 
 Trophies of the late fight abound in the windows of Rich- 
 mond, broken muskets, swords, caps, haversacks, knives, 
 forks, daguerreotypes, letters, etc. The most valuable of these 
 is a case of surgical mstruments which the proprietor left be- 
 hind while measuring off the ground on a lively pair of legs. 
 The unusual spectacle attracts crowds of curious spectators. 
 
 An incident is current, characteristic of the spirit of the 
 ladies in these troublous times: 
 
 Two daughters of the late Judge Clopton, of this State, 
 had a servant hired at Fortress Monroe, and could not obtain 
 possession of her by letter. They accordingly determined to 
 apply in person. Being rovv^ed over to the fortress, they 
 sought admittance. The sentinel refused. They insisted; 
 whereupon they were told they would be fired upon. "Fire, 
 then!" was the bold response, as the ladies entered the fortress. 
 A conversation ensued inside, during which they told the 
 officers they had heard that the Hampton people would not be 
 permitted to throw up entrenchments, but that it should be 
 done if the ladies had to do it, and they would head a com- 
 
 98 
 
panv' for the purpose. The officers remarked that if the ^Misses 
 Clopton Avere specimens of the rest of their sex. the men of 
 Hampton must be unconquerable. 
 
 Ex-Governor Henry A. \\'ise, of Mrginia. is at present 
 in the city organizing a legion to operate in the Xorthwest. 
 Several hundred have already joined his standard, and as he 
 advances nito the country thousands more Avill gather around 
 '■the old man eloc[uent."' If there is a true patriot — a genuine 
 lover of his State and country, ready at any personal sacrifice 
 to secure its welliare, it is this venerable man, who at times — 
 even nov" — is so feeble that he has to be carried from point to 
 point upon a cot while he rallies the people to the work. Few 
 persons possess more wonderful power over the masses than 
 Henry A. \\"ise. There is something in the flash of his un- 
 dimmed eye. the trembling of his long, bony fingers as he 
 raises them m solemn adjuration, and the round, full tones of 
 a A oice that never hesitates for a strong word in the right 
 place, which thrills every listener with a strange fervor. This 
 effect was strikingly produced the other evening, Avhile ad- 
 dressing a crowd who had assembled to serenade the presi- 
 dent. "'The time of deliberation."" he said, "has given place 
 to the time of action. You liave to meet a foe who have an- 
 nihilated the old constitutional bond of union, annulled your 
 laws, abolitionized your borders, as the Xorthwest Avill show, 
 invaded the sanctity of your homes, and undertaken to teach 
 you the moral duties of men." 
 
 ■"The armies of the enemy are even now hovering around 
 the tomb of AA'ashington, and where is the A'irginian heart 
 that does not beat with a quicker pulsation at this last and 
 boldest desecration of his State? You want war — blood — lire 
 to purify you! Tlie Lord of Hosts has demanded that you 
 pass through the baptism, and I call upon you to come up to 
 the altar. Collect yourselves together — elevate yourselves to 
 the high and sacred duty of patriotism. The man who dares 
 to wait until soir.e ir.agic weapon is put in his hand, who will 
 not be content with flint or steel, or even a gun without a 
 lock, is worse than a renegade — he is a coward. Get a spear 
 — a lance — a pruning knife — anything that will cut. ]\Iake 
 your blades from old iron, though it be the tires of your cart 
 wheels, and burnish them into the shape of bowie-knives. If 
 possible, secure a double-barrelled gun and a bagful of buck- 
 shot. Take the field VN"ith these. If the guns of the enemy 
 
 99 
 
reach further than yours, reduce the distance. Meet them foot 
 to foot, eye to eye, body to body, and when you strike a blow, 
 strike home." 
 
 Richmond, June 15. — A copy of the New York "Daily 
 News,'' of a late date, just at hand, contains the following 
 frank confession of some of the consequences of the war in 
 the metropolis: 
 
 "Neither the flaunting of bright banners, the continuous 
 rattle of drums and ear-piercing fifes, nor all the bravery of 
 gay trappings and din of martial instruments, with which the 
 demon is wont to bedazzle the hearts and deepen the reason 
 of his victims, will suffice to conceal from the truth-investi- 
 gating eye the terrible reality that our wealth and our pros- 
 perity are taking quick wings to fly away. The professional 
 man in his office, the merchant in his counting-house, the 
 tradesman at his desk — aye, even the poor working girl in 
 her attic and the day laborer on the street, tell you but one 
 tale of terror. Everything that has appertained to our days of 
 glory is withering, and the hopes of all but those who are apt 
 to profit by the wrong tremble and sicken as they take birth. 
 Could the light of God penetrate to the hearts of His crea- 
 tures, and make visible the tears and secret repinings, how^ 
 soon would our people awaken from the frenzy wdiich some 
 evil agency, armed with an liour's control, now exercises over 
 them. 
 
 "We will not ask our readers to visit with us the homes 
 of usual poverty and toil, but simply direct their steps even on 
 the balmiest of these spring days along Broadway alone. 
 
 "Starting from the Astor House, let your eye range to 
 each side of the street as you pass up towards Union Square, 
 and before you have gone the distance of three blocks, you 
 will have to realize some proofs of what we have above stated. 
 
 'Tn every direction 'this house to let' or 'store for rent,' 
 'this property for sale,' 'seUing ofif at less than cost,' 'assignee's 
 sale,' etc., stare you in the face, flanked by hosts of less im- 
 portant but similar announcements. Nor are these offers con- 
 fined to old or inferior buildings, but hang like placards on 
 an effigv over the door posts of some of the newest and most 
 elegant structures on our proudest avenue. From the Astor 
 House to the corner of Fourteenth street you may this morn- 
 ing count one hundred and eighty-nine of these commercial 
 epitaphs, and if you slip quietly into many a handsome estab- 
 
 100 
 
lishment, where plate glass vies with gilding" for the adorn- 
 ment of happier days, yon may be told in a whisper that busi- 
 ness is dead and the place will soon close. 
 
 ''If one-third of the business sites along the gayest por- 
 tions of Broadway be already hanging" out the signal of dis- 
 tress, Avhat may we expect when the progress of slaughter 
 shall bring increased levies of men and money, and scatter 
 terror and mourning in every household!" 
 
 PEN PICTURE OF PRESIDENT DAA'IS. 
 
 Richmond, June 17th. — ^The parlors of the president at 
 the Spotsvood Hotel this evening haA'e been the theatre of 
 a pleasant interchange of courtesies between the chief magis- 
 trate and the members of the Mrginia Convention. The latter 
 assembled at the capitol. and with the venerable Ex-President 
 John T}'ler, and Hon. John Janney, the President of the con- 
 ventiori at the head of the procession, proceeded, arm in arm, 
 to the hotel. There were present, besides his Excellency 
 Jefferson Davis. Hon. Robert Toombs, Secretary of State, 
 Hon. Air. I\Iallory, Secretary of the XaA"y, Hon. Air. Alem- 
 minger. Secretary of the Treasun*, and Air. W'm. AI. Browne, 
 Assistant Secretary of State. 
 
 As the gentlemen respectively advanced they v\-ere intro- 
 duced by Air. Eubank, the Secretary of the Convention, and 
 in ten minutes the apartments were filled by a hundred or 
 more of the "solid men" of Mrginia, each one happy in that 
 happiest of all reflections, that he was "looking his very 
 best.'"' 
 
 The president always looked dignified, but never, to my 
 mind, is he so nnich in his element as when, in the centre of 
 a colloquial assemblage he emits those brilliant scintillations 
 of thought with which his fertile mind is pregnant. This was 
 especially the case tonight. Xot only was each gentleman 
 compHmented by a kind and different greeting from that re- 
 ceived by his neighbor, but after the formalities of the intro- 
 duction were over, the freedom with Avhich he moved hither 
 and thither, dropping an urbane salutation to one, calling up 
 some reminiscence to another, touching gently on the events 
 of the time to a third, relating a brief anecdote to a fourth, 
 and making himself eminently affable with all, did not fail to 
 stamp on the minds of his visitors the most agreeable im- 
 
 lOI 
 
pression. Mr. Davis adorns the social circle as well as he 
 has the forum or the field. Combining the freedom of the 
 friend with the caution of the diplomat, yet giving- full scope 
 to his fine conversational powers, he draws more out and puts 
 more into his auditors with less attendant restraint than one 
 would believe possible. Magnetized by an irresistible smile, 
 charmed with choice language, and yet involuntarily drawn 
 into the expression of your own sentiment, you soon forget in 
 the ready listener before you that you are talking to the Pres- 
 ident of the Southern Confederacy. You remember only the 
 man. Such is the chief magistrate in the parlor. What he 
 IS in the councils of the nation, as a statesman and soldier, 
 the world already knows. 
 
 Personally, he is a man of slight, sinewy figure, rather 
 over the middle height, and of erect, soldier-like bearing. He 
 is about fifty-five years of age. His features are regular and 
 well defined, but the face is thin and marked on cheek and 
 brow with many wrinkles, which are not unfrequently deep- 
 ened into an expression of intense thought and care. One eye 
 is apparently blind; the other is dark, piercing and intelligent. 
 He was dressed in a plain black suit. 
 
 Moving around in the crowd were tw^o- microscopic 
 Davises — Maggie and JefT, Jr. — as handsome a pair of house- 
 hold angels as ever blessed a parent's heart! Maggie is what 
 the ladies would call "a gem." She has large, brown, express- 
 ive eyes, long lashes, which, but for a natural vivacity, would 
 give her an almost pensive cast of countenance, round, rosy 
 cheeks, a sweet little nose and mouth, a dimpled chin, a fine 
 growth of black hair, cut short in the neck, and a clear, rosy 
 complexion. Add to these charms a tiny form, pretty enough 
 to belong to a divinity, and you have a pen and ink portrait 
 of a diminutive specimen of humanity, who would make a 
 jewel of a picture in any kind of a setting, whether she be- 
 longed to a president or a plebeian. 
 
 The oth.er Davis— young JefT — is a chubby, broad-shoul- 
 dered, big-headed, brown-haired, gray-eyed chap, five years 
 old, fat, fair and fresh as a rosebud. He has, evidently, inher- 
 ited much of the firmness of his ancestor. 
 
 The father seems proud of both these bantlings, and as 
 they edged through the crowd and took a place by his side, 
 though engaged in conversation with a number of gentlemen 
 
 1 02 
 
around liim, he still found time to bestow upon them the 
 smiles and caresses of affection. 
 
 Xo ladies were present and no speeches were made, 
 thougli I learn three or four gentlemen were loaded for the 
 purpose. Politicians now-a-da}'s are like Leyden jars, they 
 only want a proper conductor and opportunity to give out 
 their pent up rhetorical sparks. 
 
 The Convention, now assembled here, is one of the most 
 intellectual bodies of men that has met in Mrginia for many 
 years. Their onh- fault is too much talk and too little action. 
 They have reversed the old saying that men were made with 
 two ears, two eyes and one tongue, that we should hear and 
 see more than we should say. 
 
 Intelligence has been received of the capture of one of 
 our privateers — the "Savannah," of Charleston. Captain 
 Baker, and a crew of twenty-five men. The event took place 
 on the 3d instant, about fxfty miles oft* Charleston Harbor. 
 The "Savannah" had already captured two or three ships, and 
 mistaking the United States brig "Pern-," which was dis- 
 guised as a merchantman, sailed within a short distance before 
 the mistake was discovered. After a chase of six hours the 
 privateer was overhauled, and the officers and men carried to 
 New York in irons. The war press of the North demands 
 that they shall be hung as pirates. The "Savannah' was a 
 schooner-rigged vessel of fifty-four tons burden, and formerly 
 employed as a pilot boat. Her armament consisted of one 
 eighteen-pounder amidships, and she bore one of the first let- 
 ters of marcjue issued by our government. 
 
 Richn:ond, June 8. — An engagement took place yester- 
 day at A^ienna (a small station on the Loudon and Hampshire 
 Railroad, running from Alexandria to Leesburg), between a 
 detachment of the Alexandria Artillery, two guns, under the 
 command of Capt. Del. Kemper and Lieut. Douglass Stuart, 
 supported by the Darlington \'olunteers, of Gregg's Regi- 
 ment of South Carolinians, two companies of Virginia Cav- 
 alry, under Captains Ball and Terry, and a body of First Ohio 
 Regim.ent,, under the personal command of Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral Schenck. The latter were approaching Vienna on a train 
 of six cars, the engine in the rear, for the purpose of making 
 some repairs to a bridge, and while slowly turning a curve 
 were opened upon with grape and round shot by our artiller)^ 
 In a moment the panic was complete. The Federalists tum- 
 
 103 
 
bled in the wildest confusion from the cars and scampered 
 right and left intO' the woods. A portion of our infantry pur- 
 sued, but the only captures were the arms, coats, blankets and 
 side weapons, with which the path of retreat was strewn. Six 
 dead bodies were found on and near the cars. Thei loss of 
 the enemy in killed and wounded was eighteen. Being far 
 out of range of our small arms, the entire damage was done 
 by the artillery. After destroymg the cars the entire com- 
 mand returned to Fairfax Courthouse, five miles distant. 
 It is a singular fact that Sergeant Summers, of the Alexan- 
 dria Artillery, was the builder of every car in the train, and 
 at his own request he was allowed to demolish them. 
 
 The Federals have adopted a system of ballooning, under 
 the superintendence of the aeronaut, Professor Lowe, a tele- 
 graph wire connecting the vehicle with the earth. 
 
 General Butler has planted on the Rip Raps, near For- 
 tress Monroe, a huge Sawyer gun, with which he is shelling 
 out batteries at Sewell's Point. Its range is about five and 
 a half miles. The "Merrimac" at Norfolk is being converted 
 into a floating battery. 
 
 Among the amusing incidents of camp life, one is related 
 of Colonel Magruder, who commands at Yorktown. It ap- 
 pears that he loves an occasional social glass, and as the boys 
 are sometimes rather dry they make remarks about it. Among 
 these was a North Carolina private, who had behaved with 
 great gallantry in the battle of Bethel. One morning he was 
 confounded at a peremptory order to appear before the colonel 
 commanding. He was unable to decide whether he was to 
 be shot or reprimanded, till he reached the colonel's tent, and 
 was sternly addressed thus: "Private Stedman, I understand 
 you have said that old Magruder drinks all the liquor in York- 
 town, and won't let you have a drop. You shall say so no 
 longer, sir. Walk in and take a drink — I commend you for 
 your bravery." 
 
 Pvichmond, June i8th. — For several days the city has 
 been in a ferment over the news that our forces have evacu- 
 ated Harper's Ferry. This point has heretofore been re- 
 garded by the public as the Gibraltar of Virginia and the key 
 to the city of Washington and to Maryland. Cognizant of 
 the gradual accumulation there of eight or ten thousand men, 
 the people have patiently Avaited to see the army commence 
 its expected march into the camps of the enemy, but they have 
 
 104 
 
been disappointed. It is this upsetting of individual strategy, 
 and theories which we Americans are so much incHned to 
 concoct, that has produced the mental effervescence going on 
 in the community. 
 
 The change referred to has been in contemplation 
 for a number of weeks, and the result of a carefully studied 
 policy, not of the pressure of a sudden emerg-ency. 
 
 Harper's Ferry lies, as it were, in the small end of a cone, 
 the rear of which could with great ease be occupied by the 
 enemy. It was, therefore, from the first known to be unten- 
 able as soon as the Federals should commence their demon- 
 stration. The approach of General Patterson was looked for 
 zia the great route from Alaryland into the \'alley of Mrginia 
 through i\Iartinsburg and Winchester on the right. Another 
 column under AlcClellan was expected by way of Romney 
 on the left. Reachmg these several points the Federals would 
 have effectually prevented a junction of our two armies. The 
 plan, however, was foiled and the enemy checkmated at their 
 own game. 
 
 The latter column, under command of Col. Lewis Wal- 
 lace, of Indiana, made its appearance at Romney on Wednes- 
 day morning, the 19th inst., not, however, without encounter- 
 ing by the way the resistance of some of the determined citi- 
 zens. One, a shoemaker, with a spirit resembling that of the 
 martial Jackson, took his gun and boldly shot a Yankee dead 
 in the ranks, but was instantly killed in turn. 
 
 A force was at once dispatched to Winchester, by rail, to 
 check any further advance. The sick and heavy baggage fol- 
 lowed in the same direction. On the morning of the 14th, just 
 at day dawn, a terrific sound, like the report of a thousand 
 columbiads, awakened the wearied soldiers from their slum- 
 bers, and from the pomt where the Potomac and Shenandoah 
 rush together there arose a huge volume of black smoke, 
 bound with a spiral column of red fiame. The stupendous 
 railroad bridge across the Potomac was a charred and scat- 
 tered ruin. The bridges at Shepherdstown, twelve miles, and 
 at Williamsport, thirty miles above, were destroyed a day or 
 two- before. At ten o'clock A. ]\I., of the same day, the eight 
 large buildings in the armory yard were fired, and having 
 been previously filled with combustible matter, were soon con- 
 sumed. At twelve J\I., the whole command, accompanied by 
 
 105 
 
tlie general and staff moved on in the direction of Charles- 
 town. 
 
 During the night a courier arrived with news that the 
 enemy had forded the Potomac below Williamsport, and were 
 marching on Martinsburg. Our route was immediately 
 changed at right angles, and the column put in motion for 
 Bunker's Hill, a small village on the Winchester turnpike, 
 twelve miles from Martinsburg, and about the same distance 
 from the former place. 
 
 On the morning of the i6th we were formed in line, with 
 baggage wagons in motion, and everything in readiness for 
 prosecuting our journey towards Martinsburg, when a bearer 
 of dispatches galloped up and stated that the enemy were 
 within three miles (Martinsburg was ten' miles off), in full 
 march upon us, with fifteen thousand men. Not a moment 
 was lost. The baggage vvagons, with all who had broken 
 down during the two previous days, and were unable to do 
 service, were ordered back on the road to Winchester. Cart- 
 ridges were distributed and a line of battle formed. Our 
 whole effective force consisted of nine thousand men, a small 
 body of cavalry, and a few batteries of flying artillery. The 
 scene was well worth witnessing. Many of the sick refused 
 to leave, and took their places in the ranks. A wild, delirious 
 joy irradiated every face, and a shout rent the air. For more 
 than an hour we waited impatiently the enemy's approach, 
 but no enemy came. At last a second messenger arrived, 
 and stated that the Federal troops had retreated to the Poto- 
 mac, and would be on the other side before we could over- 
 take them. No further work was left for us in that direction, 
 so with weary limbs and disappointed hopes we resumed the 
 line of march to Winchester, where we halted on the night of 
 the I 6th. 
 
 On the 19th of June Col. A. P. Hill, of the Thirteenth' 
 Virginia Regiment (since Lieutenant-General), who was in 
 conmiand of a part of our forces, directed Col. John C. 
 Vaughan, of the Third Tennessee Regiment, with two com- 
 panies of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment, under Captains 
 Crittenden and White, and two companies of the Third Ten- 
 nessee Regiment, under Captains Lilliars and Mathas, to pro- 
 ceed to New Creek Depot, eighteen miles west of Cumber- 
 land, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and disperse the 
 force there collected. The Federals, who were posted on the 
 
 106 
 
Maryland side, fled at the first charge, leaving in our hands 
 two loaded pieces of artillery, which they had not time to fire, 
 and a stand of colors. The railroad bridge was then des- 
 troyed, and the expedition returned to Romney, having 
 achieved their purpose in thirty-six hours. 
 
 The effects of these movements of General Johnston has 
 been to break up the combinations of General Scott. The 
 column under Patterson, which descended the ^laryland A'al- 
 ley, on hearing of the evacuation of Harper's Ferry, immedi- 
 ately suspected a demonstration on Alexandria or Washing- 
 ton, and fell back to Hagerstown, ]\Id. The column under 
 Gadwalladcr, as has been seen, recrossed the Potomac, and 
 the force at Romney retreated precipitately on approach of 
 one of our brigades. 
 
 Two or three days after reaching A\'inchester, Colonel 
 Jackson (commandant of the post at Harper's Ferry, previous 
 to the arrival of General Johnston), with five Mrginia Regi- 
 ments and five hundred cavalry under Colonel Stuart, and 
 Rev. Captain Pendleton's Flying Artillery, was detached to 
 W'illiamsport to guard that point. The first brigade of troops 
 at Winchester is composed of the Fourth iVlabama, the Sec- 
 ond and Eleventh ^Mississippi, and the Second Tennessee, and 
 commanded by Brig.-Gen. Barnard E. Bee, of South Carolina. 
 The second brigade is composed of the Fifth, Seventh and 
 Eighth Georgia, and the First Kentucky Regiment, and is 
 commanded by Colonel Barton, of the Eighth Georgia Regi- 
 ment. The tltird brigade is composed of the Second, Tenth 
 and Thirteenth Mrginia, and ^Maryland, and is com- 
 manded bv Colonel Elzie. 
 
 Personxe. 
 
 107 
 
Our Camp-Stool 
 
 CHARLES A. DANA, the ed- 
 itor of the New York Sun, who 
 was Assistant Secretary of the 
 War during the administration of 
 President Lincoln, in presenting 
 his views on the subject of deser- 
 tion from the United States army, 
 says: "Our miUtary system is a 
 sham within a sham, that the rank 
 and file mostly enlist to get food, 
 shelter and clothing till they can 
 find other employment, or to get 
 carried at the public expense to 
 some distant point they wish to 
 reach. Our excessive peace army 
 of 30,000 men is not an army. It 
 is never better than an unassimi- 
 lated mass, one-third of which is 
 strange to the musket, and nearly 
 the whole of which run away and 
 disappear every four years. As a 
 nucleus for such an army as we 
 put in the field to suppress the 
 rebellion it is a little better than 
 worthless. The men who enlist 
 are mostly refugees from idleness, 
 beggary or criminal justice; the 
 army is their poor-house or hid- 
 ing place. They enter it to avoid 
 starvation or arrest. The quality 
 of the Confederate soldiers effect- 
 ually disposes of the plea that it 
 is necessary to keep the regular 
 army as a nucleus. 
 
 "On the Union side was the en- 
 
 tire rank and file of the old army. 
 Of that force the rebels had only 
 officers. The Confederate rank 
 and file was composed wholly of 
 raw men, and, in the first two 
 years of the war, volunteers. Yet 
 what an infantry they were! 
 Those of us who saw them charge 
 in line of battle never approach a 
 Confederate cemetery without 
 taking ofif our hats in homage to 
 the devoted braves who ever 
 walked straight into the jaws of 
 death without blanching. 
 
 "The explanation of the extra- 
 ordinary excellence of the rebel 
 infantry is to be found in the fact 
 that it was made up of American 
 citizens. The present army of the 
 United States is not such." 
 
 APROPOS of the foregoing 
 remarks concerning both the Fed- 
 eral and the Confederate soldier 
 by one whose editorial pride it is 
 to be always just, we reproduce 
 the following extract from the 
 historical sketch of the First Reg- 
 iment of South Carolina Artillery, 
 written by Capt. Charles H. In- 
 glesby, of Charleston. He says: 
 "When the surrender came at 
 Greensboro, N. C, April 27th, 
 1865, there were only eleven offi- 
 
 108 
 
cers and about one hundred and 
 twenty-five men to be paroled. It 
 had gone into the field two 
 months before with forty-five offi- 
 cers and over one thousand men. 
 
 "Sergt. David H. Welch, of 
 Company "E,' a native of Sumter 
 County, S. C, had been the color 
 bearer throughout the whole 
 march and in both fights."' 
 (Averysboro and Bentonville.) 
 "He was as brave and splendid 
 soldier as ever 'wore- the gray.' 
 In the charges the regimental 
 battle flag was always to the 
 front and enabled the regiment 
 to preserve its alignment by clos- 
 ing in and dressing on the colors. 
 When the arms were stacked for 
 the last time to be turned over to 
 the Federals, the flag w^hich Ser- 
 geant Welch had so nobly borne 
 through storms of shot and shell 
 was taken from its staff and the 
 empty staff was placed upon one 
 of the stacks to be presented to 
 General Sherman. After the offi- 
 cers and men had been paroled 
 and the command disbanded, the 
 officers held a meeting. We had 
 honored the flag. The question 
 arose, what shall we do with it — 
 who shall have it? Some one 
 suggested that no one was so 
 much entitled to it as the heroic, 
 brave man who had borne it. 
 With one voice every officer 
 said: 'Aye!' Sergeant Welch was 
 called for. He had gone. Lieut. 
 William F. Colcock was forthwith 
 mounted on a horse, and directed 
 to take the flag, ride after Ser- 
 geant Welch, and in the name of 
 the officers of the First South 
 Carolina Artillery present it to 
 him. 
 
 "I well remember Lieutenant 
 Colcock's report upon his return 
 an hour or two later. He had 
 overtaken Sergeant Welch, in- 
 formed him of this action of the 
 officers and handed him the 
 pledge. The gallant soldier took 
 it into his hands, tenderly kissed 
 it and burst into tears, unbutton- 
 ed his coat, and placed the flag 
 
 next to his heart. He w^as una- 
 ble in his condition to say a word, 
 but his action was more eloquent 
 than would have been any words 
 which he could ha^■e spoken. ' 
 
 THE following incident is also 
 related of Sergeant Welch: 
 
 During the terrific bombard- 
 ment to which Battery Wagner 
 was subjected, a fifteen-inch shell 
 from one of the monitors pene- 
 trated the bomb-proof, its fuse 
 still burning. All the men pros- 
 trated themselves upon the 
 ground, expecting momentarily 
 to be blown into eternity, except 
 Sergeant Welch, who, coolly 
 walking out of the door, snatched 
 a pot of coffee from the fire where 
 it was in process of boiling, and 
 returning, dashed its contents 
 over the lighted fuse, and thus 
 saved the lives of his comrades. 
 
 We read in history of ^Marshal 
 Murat as the "bravest of the 
 brave." but this daring act per- 
 formed by a plain Confederate 
 soldier, placed him at once in the 
 front rank of men whose gallant- 
 ry entitle them to a place on the 
 proudest page of history. It may 
 be mentioned that Welch laugh- 
 ingly apologized to the men for 
 having spoiled their breakfast by 
 throwing away the best part of 
 it — their coffee — though he did 
 not at that instant realize that he 
 had passed into fame as — a Hero. 
 
 THE story of Fort Sumter 
 would not be complete without 
 the narration of an incident or 
 two that ma}' serve the future his- 
 torian in illustrating the spirit of 
 the people. 
 
 While our batteries were yet in 
 process of erection and troops 
 were being massed according to 
 well considered plans of attack, 
 a number of bold young fellows 
 impatient at the delay of the mil- 
 itar}' authorities, organized an ex- 
 pedition which had for its object 
 
 109 
 
the carrying of the Fort by 
 storm. They counted on what 
 they believed to be the weakness 
 of its garrison, the cover of the 
 night and the suddenness of the 
 assauh. 
 
 Cotton bales were to be piled 
 high up on the deck of an ordi- 
 nary mud flat, similar to that 
 which formed the sub-structure 
 of the Floating Battery, and this 
 being towed to an accessible side 
 of the Fort, the assailants pro- 
 posed to make a dash from the 
 artificial height and under cover 
 of a rifle fire cross to the parapet 
 and effect the capture. 
 
 The bold feat might have suc- 
 ceeded — probably would have 
 done so, but not without a sacri- 
 fice of many lives. Fortunately, 
 the purpose of the expedition ^> 
 came known to the State offi"^frs 
 — Beauregard was not then in 
 command — and was promptly 
 frustrated. The leaders of this 
 intended coup de guerre are now 
 congratulating themselves that 
 "all's well that ends well." 
 
 The spirit of the hour was 
 again illustrated in the action of 
 a ten-year-old lad, who, having 
 made his way to Fort Moultrie, 
 was found among the men at the 
 guns as eagerly engaged as them- 
 selves. The officers, of course, 
 quickly put him in a place of safe- 
 ty, but the little fellow was so 
 anxious to be in the thick of the 
 fight that he cried and chafed 
 under the restraint all day. When 
 he reached home that night, he 
 said to his mother: "Mother, 
 whip me if you please, I don't 
 care; I have been in Fort Moul- 
 trie, and when I grow to be a 
 man I can tell how I was one of 
 the fighters in the battle that took 
 Fort Sumter." 
 
 Still another incident is recall- 
 ed. A young wife, the bride of 
 but a few hours, was called on to 
 part with her husband, who had 
 been ordered to join his com- 
 mand on one of the islands. With 
 an affectionate embrace she bade 
 
 him farewell, closed the hall door 
 and swooned. On being restored 
 to sensibility, she exclaimed: "Oh, 
 how ashamed I am to show my 
 weakness at such an hour! Did 
 he see me faint?" Instances of 
 this description might be multi- 
 plied by the score. 
 
 A NIGHT IN CHARLESTON. 
 
 We find in the Cornhill Maga- 
 zine the following graphic ac- 
 count of a night in Charleston, 
 at the time when the bombard- 
 ment was still a novelty to our 
 people: 
 
 On the 2ist August, at half- 
 past 2 A. M., I- was lying on my 
 bed in the Charleston Hotel, un- 
 able to sleep from the excessive 
 heat, and listening to the monot- 
 onous sound of the cannonade 
 kept up on the enemy's position 
 from the batteries on James' Is- 
 land. Restless and weary of the 
 night, I had lighted a candle in 
 defiance of the mosquitoes, and 
 sought to pass away the time with 
 a volume of "Les Miserables." 
 It happened to be the one con- 
 taining the account of the battle 
 of Waterloo, and while deeply in- 
 terested in the description of the 
 rushing squadrons of cuirassiers, 
 I was startled by a noise that, 
 from connection with my reading, 
 resembled the whirl of a phantom 
 brigade of cavalry, galloping in 
 mid air. 
 
 My first feeling was that of 
 utter astonishment; but a crash, 
 succeeded by a deafening explo- 
 sion in the .'er> street on ^^ hich 
 my apartment was situated, 
 brought me with a bound into 
 the centre of the room. Looking 
 from the ^vindow, I saw fire and 
 smoke issuing from a house in 
 which we stowed rhe drugs of the 
 Medical Purveyor. A w.iKhman 
 ^^'as running frantically Juwn the 
 street, and. when he reached tlie 
 corner iust below me, commenced 
 striking with his staff against the 
 euro— a signal of alarm p^-acticed 
 among the Charleston police. At 
 
 I lO 
 
first. 1 thought a meteor had fall- 
 en: but anoihv^r awful rush a^jd 
 whirl right over >he hotel, and 
 another explosio i be.vond, settled 
 an}- doubts I night have had — 
 the city was being siielled. Peo- 
 ple are not ;::iven to laughin.g 
 under such circumstanc':^, b'nt I 
 will defy any ■■ue who \vitncssed 
 what I witnessed on leaving my 
 room, not to be given away to 
 mirtli ;n moderation. 
 
 The hotel was '-'-owded with 
 spectators, who had been attract- 
 ed to the city V,y the .-ale of S'-me 
 blockade cargoes, and the C', '-n- 
 dors were nhed '.vitli the terrified 
 gentlemen, running about in the 
 scantiest costumes and in the 
 wildest alarm. One perspiring in- 
 dividual, of portly dimensions, 
 was trotting to and fro. with one 
 boot on and the other in his hand, 
 and this was nearly all the dress 
 he had to boast of. 
 
 In his excitemen.t and tenor iie 
 had +orgotten th.e number of his 
 room, from which he had hasten- 
 ed at th.e first alarm, and his dis- 
 tress was hidi^rous to behold. 
 Another, in a --cmi state of mi- 
 dit}^ with .1 portion of his gar- 
 ments cm his arm. barked the 
 shins of every one in his wa}- 
 to drag an enormoas trunk to the 
 staircase. On reaciiing the !ia1l 
 I foimd a motley c--owd. some of 
 whom, with the biggest words, 
 were cursing ^he Federal com- 
 manders. Whirr! came another 
 shell over the r.:)of. and down on 
 their faces went every man of 
 them, into tobacco juice and segar 
 ends, and clattering among the 
 spittoons. I need nor s ly tliat 
 this is a class of men from whom 
 the Confederacy hopes nothing — 
 on the contrary, by their extor- 
 tion, practiced on suffering peo- 
 ple, they have made themselves 
 execrated. If a shell could have 
 fallen in their midst and exter- 
 minated the whole race of huck- 
 sters, it would have been of great 
 benefit to the South. The oopu- 
 lation was now aroused, the 
 
 streets filled with women and 
 children, making fqr the upper 
 part of the city, wdiere they could 
 find comparative safety. The 
 volunteer fire brigades brought 
 out their engines, and parties of 
 the citizen reserves were organ- 
 ized rapidly and quietly, to be in 
 readiness to give assistance where 
 reauired. 
 
 The first engine that reached 
 the house struck by the first shell 
 was one belonging to a negro 
 company, and at it thev went 
 with a will, subduing the fire in a 
 marvellously short time. At every 
 successive whirr above them the 
 neeroes shouted quaint invec- 
 tivc? against "cussed bobolition- 
 ists." scattering for shelter until 
 the d^nsrer was passed. Through 
 the "^^treets I went and down to 
 the battery promenade, meeting 
 on my wiy sick and bedridden 
 people, carried from their homes 
 on matt^'esses. ?nd mothers with 
 infants in their ?rms. running 
 they knew not whither. Reach- 
 ing the promen-^de. I cast my 
 eyes toward the Federal position, 
 and presently, beyond James' Is- 
 land, across tl"'e marsh that sepa- 
 rates it from ]\Iorris Island, came 
 a fl-^sh. then, a dull report, and 
 after an interval of some seconds 
 a fria-'^tful rushing sound above 
 me told the oath that the shell 
 had t-^ken. Its flight must have 
 been five miles. 
 
 GENERAL HARDEE AND 
 THE ARKANSAS RAW RE- 
 CRUIT. 
 
 An anecdote is t-old of General 
 Hardee, which sl-ows. in a very 
 amusing light, the kind of ma- 
 terial out of which an army of 
 volunteer soldierv is formed. 
 About the beginning of the war, 
 the General was forming the nu- 
 cleus of an army in Southeast 
 ^Missouri, and being a great dis- 
 ciplinarian, was very active in 
 teaching his men the rules and 
 duties of a soldier's life. It hap- 
 pened one night that a sentinel 
 
 III 
 
had been placed to guard some 
 stores near the entrance of the 
 General's headquarters. Returning 
 home rather late from a tour of 
 inspection, he passed the sentinel 
 a few paces from his door, and 
 not being honored with the usual 
 salute of "present arms," he 
 halted, and in a kind but com- 
 m.anding tone, said: "Don't you 
 know me?" "No, sir," replied 
 the uncouth Arkansian, "who. are 
 you?" "I am General Hardee, 
 sir!" Whereupon the raw recruit 
 advanced a few paces, put out his 
 hand for a shake, and said in a 
 most familiar tone: "My name, 
 General, is Bill Dickerson, and 
 I'm right glad to make your ac- 
 quaintance !" 
 
 FAITHFUL SLAVES. 
 A private letter from the army 
 said: 
 
 Alick is quite well, and begs to 
 be remembered to each and every 
 one at home. During my sojourn 
 in Maryland he was often sepa- 
 rated from me for several days, 
 and often had my horse, and 
 could have ridden into the ene- 
 my's line without the sliglitest 
 difficulty, still he was always on 
 hand when wanted, and seems de- 
 voted to me. I now consider 
 him thoroughly tried and faith- 
 ful. 
 
 One of the most touching 
 things I have seen since my con- 
 nection with the army was the 
 devotion of Major White's ser- 
 vant, an old negro he brought 
 from home with him. The Major 
 was shot at a battery which we 
 charged, and from which we were 
 obliged, from want of support, to 
 fall back. The news had not 
 reached the old man, and the next 
 morning he rode down to the 
 lines where we were to bring the 
 Major's breakfast, and when he 
 learned that the Major was dead, 
 he sat down and wept like a child. 
 After recovering himself, he beg- 
 ged to be allowed to go to the 
 enemy's lines and try to recover 
 
 his master's body; and when I 
 insisted that he should go to the 
 rear, the old man left very reluc- 
 tantly, begging me to use every 
 means to recover his master's re- 
 mains; this, about nightfall, I suc- 
 ceeded in doing, by which he was 
 very much relieved. The next 
 morning he saddled his horse, 
 packed all of his master's bag- 
 gage upon him, and started off on 
 his , homeward journey of nearly 
 a thousand miles. 
 
 TWO SMART DOGS. 
 
 During General Birney's raid in 
 Florida, a bright little girl was 
 found alone at one house, her pa- 
 rents having skedaddled. She 
 was rather non-committal, for she 
 did not know whether the troops 
 were Union or Rebel. 
 
 Two fine dogs made their ap- 
 pearance while a conversation was 
 being held with the child, and she 
 informed one of her Cjuestioner.^ 
 that their names were Gillmore 
 and Beauregard. 
 
 "Which is the best dog?" asked 
 a bystander. 
 
 "I don't know," said she, "they 
 are both mighty smart dogs; but 
 they'll either of 'em suck eggs if 
 you don't watch them." 
 
 The troops left without ascer- 
 taining whether the family, of 
 which the girl was so hopeful a 
 scion, was Rebel or Union. 
 
 GENERAL LEE'S BILL OF 
 FARE. 
 
 In General Lee's tent meat is" 
 eaten but twice a week, the Gen- 
 eral not allowing it oftener, be- 
 cause he believes indulgence in 
 meat to be criminal in the present 
 straitened condition of the coun- 
 try. His ordinary dinner consists 
 of a head of cabbage boiled in salt 
 water, and a piece of corn bread. 
 In this connection rather a comic 
 story is told. Having invited a 
 number of gentlemen to dine with 
 him. General Lee, in a fit of ex- 
 travagance, ordered a sumptuous 
 
 112 
 
repast of cabbage and middling. 
 The dinner was served, and be- 
 hold, a great pile of cabbage and 
 a bit of middling about four inch- 
 es long and two inches across. 
 The guests, with commendable 
 politeness, unanimously declined 
 middling, and it remained in the 
 dish untouched. Next day Gen- 
 eral Lee. "emembering the deli- 
 cate tidbit which had been so 
 providentially preserved, ordered 
 
 his servant to bring "that mid- 
 dling." The man hesitated, 
 scratched his head, and finally 
 owned up: "De fac is, Mass 
 Robert, dat ar middlin' was hor- 
 rid middlin'; we all didn't hab 
 nary spec: and I done paid it back 
 to de man whar I got it from." 
 General Lee heaved a sigh of 
 deepest disappointment and pitch- 
 ed into his cabbage. 
 
 AGENTS WANTED. 
 
 An active representative of this Magazine is 
 wanted in every city and town. The commissions 
 are ample, the returns monthly. Active men or 
 women should make from six to twelve hundred 
 dollars a year, with no other outlay than the price 
 of a single copy. The large cities throughout the 
 South are unoccupied fields and handsome incomes 
 await the early harvesters. Address 
 
 WAR RECORD PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 
 Columbia, S. C. 
 
 THE STATE 
 
 Columbia, S. C. 
 
 m DAILY, SUNDAY 
 
 AND 
 
 SEMIWEEKLY. 
 
 A Newspaper for all people who wish to 
 be in touch with everybody and every= 
 thing. 
 
 Published by THE STATE COMPANY, ""TrlnLs. 
 
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 ARTISTIC PRINTING OF EVERY DESCRIPTION 
 
 113 
 
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