George Washington Flowers 
 Memorial Collection 
 
 DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 ESTABLISHED BY THE 
 
 FAMILY OF 
 
 COLONEL FLOWERS 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
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 Duke University Libraries 
 
 littp://www.arcliive.org/details/volunteerscampfiOOcurr 
 
// 
 
 VOLUNTEERS' 
 
 CAMP a.:n"d field 
 
 BOOK • 
 
 COKTAINING 
 
 USEFUL AND GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE ART 
 
 AND SCIENCE OF TTAR, FOR THE LEISURE 
 
 MOMENTS OF THE SOLDIER. 
 
 BY JOHN P. CmRY 
 
 IlICIIMOND: 
 
 WEST & JOHNSTON, 
 
 145 Main Strbet. 
 
 1862. 
 
Mactarlane & FERoussoy, Privtkrs. 
 Richmond, Va. 
 
THE FLOWERS COLLECTTOW ,,^^_ 
 
 ff 
 
 .a. r\. 
 
 Treasure Room ^7 3.7 4^ 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. -'^^'^^'^' 
 
 The following pages, devoted to the art and science 
 of war in camp and field, were written more for pri- 
 vate instruction for the use of the members of several 
 of the volunteer regiments now preparing for active 
 service, than with any view at the outset for general 
 publicity and circulation. The object of the writer 
 was to give such hints and suggestions from his own 
 experience in campaigning and camping out, as would 
 contribute to the stock of information of those imme- 
 diately under the command of friends who have had 
 but little time to devote to the acquisition of military 
 knowledge and few opportunities for practice on the 
 subjects of which it treats. In so doing, he has en- 
 deavored to furnish the inexperienced volunteer, officer 
 as well as private, with a concise, yet com})rehensive 
 liHud-book on every matter of interest connected with 
 the employment of troops, in camp or on the field of 
 action, whether in ori'ensive or defensive operations : 
 and such hints and suggestions that might not readily 
 occur to them for alleviating much of the hardshipt- 
 and risks incidental to the profession of arms. Among 
 the subjects touched upon in this little volume, will 
 be found useful remarks on field fortifications, in^truc- 
 
 349979 
 
** - INTRODUCTORY, 
 
 lions on nriillery practice and heavy ordnance, descrip- 
 tive summary of explosive substances, cavalry move 
 inents, skirmishers and skirmishing, deployments, ro- 
 connoisances, outposts, surprises, and method of at- 
 tack and defence. There will also be found ample 
 '^iiggestions on the art of Hringat Iouk and short range, 
 jirotecting the body under close fire, cross-firing, de- 
 tails of duty, storming parties, ordei' of battles, stratr- 
 gic movements and night attacks, manner of construct- 
 ing riflo-jnta and temporary barricades, together with 
 an illnstraiion of facing;, marching, and wheeling 
 inoveniontj", propei formation of the company and 
 regiment, and the elementary principles of the manu- 
 al of arm> ; to which are added, the order of encamp- 
 ments an<l a most useful compen«liuiji of camp-cook- 
 ing, making earth ovens, and the treatment of wounds, 
 poison, &c., &c^ 
 
'nirt ^ixA 
 
 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS AND INTRENCHED POSITIONS. 
 ATTACK AND DEFENCE. 
 
 a 49979 
 
FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 The term field fortifications applies to surli works 
 of a temporary nature, that are construc-tecl of earih^ 
 wood, bags of sand, etc., which may be erected durinf; 
 the operations of n eainpaipn, to enable an armed 
 force to resist with confidence and advantajje tlie at- 
 tack' of one snpi^rinr in nnmbers, di?ci|)line, or equip- 
 ments. Permanent fortifications are those of a niore 
 permanent and dnrabl? character. Our sea-coast de- ' 
 fences, built of brick or granite, and mas-ive in tlieir 
 construction, come imder that head, as are any posi- 
 tions, in fact, to be permanently occupied as military 
 works. The meaning of the wonl iMtrcncliment, or 
 lines of intrenchments, signifies field works re- orted 
 to for the purpose of strengtheninf; the positK^n cf an 
 army, or detachment to be employed an<l occupied in 
 defending the approaches to a stationary camp, or 
 city, or to impede the progress of an invading enemy 
 from penetrating within the line of defence or basis 
 of operations. If woods, rivers, mountains, preci- 
 pices, and rolling ground present themselves to the 
 eye of an engineer intrusted wirh the ereciic)n of in- 
 trenchments, the}' are natural obstiides, \\liich maybe 
 strengthened by military art, antl are always consid- 
 ered in the plans to be adopted and marked out for 
 the line of defence. 
 
 • 
 
8 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 Intrcnchment5 arc hnstily thrown up of such perish- 
 able mnierinls as earth, wood, etc., aflbrd. The chief 
 object in Inyinjf them out is to enable the asi^ailed to 
 meet the enemy with success, by first compelling him 
 to api)roHch un<ler every disadvantngc of position, 
 anti tlicn. when lie is cut uj) by the fire of the works, 
 and is exhaiistc<l by his ctibrts to carry them by vigo- 
 rous a!^.«:nultsi, with storming p!irtie«, to assume the of- 
 fensive and drive him back at the point of tlie bayo- 
 net. This object can only be attained by defending 
 the works to the last extremity ; and, unless success- 
 ful, intrenchments would serve no other purpose than 
 to shelter the assailed from the enemy's fire, without 
 .probably accomplishing a single military result. 
 
 The damage receive*! by the enetny making tlie as- 
 sault, from the fire of lrooi)S intrenched, who do not 
 intend to make a vigorous defence, but can see safety 
 only in retreat, would be necessarily trifling. But in 
 encountering the courageous eflbrts of the defenders 
 to hold tlioir position, and repel the assault, the case 
 woidd be far dilferent, and the loss greater on the part 
 of the assailants. 
 
 This principle loads to the rejection of all advanced 
 works thrown U]) in Iront of the principal intiench- 
 mcnts, and to a succession of works one behind an- 
 other, when the object is to afford retreat from the first 
 to the last. Such tnana-uvring as this only encotirages 
 the enemy, aiul demoralizes your own troops. If an 
 advanced work is required for the defence of a point 
 which cannot be defended by the piincipal line of in- 
 trcnt'hincnt<, it should have a reserve force in the 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. \) 
 
 immediate vicinity, and its jrarrison not permitted to 
 retreat and abandon their positions until it is in abso- 
 lute danger of being overpowered, when it shouId*re- 
 tire in good order, iinder cover of the fire of the re- 
 serve. As to retreating from one line fo another, one 
 of two things must happen : either the first line must 
 be evacuated before the enemy enters, or crosses the 
 ditch in front of your intrench ments. in good order, 
 that the garrison may gain their second line in safety — 
 in which case the .first line will beibf little service; 
 or else, if the assailed wait until the assault is made 
 on the parapet of the intrcnchment before retreating, 
 the enemy will enter pell-mell with them into the 
 second line'of defence, which will then be of no pos- 
 sible service. 
 
 The men engaged in the immediate defence of in- 
 trenchments might be overpowered by the repeated as- 
 saults of the enemy, unless they were supported by a 
 reserve. 
 
 Tlie duties of a reserve are to make sorties on the 
 flanks of an attacking column, charge the enemy at any 
 critical moment of disorder, and to cover the retreat 
 of the troops, if ^Iriven from the parapet. All in- 
 trenchments should contain a reserve proporiioned to 
 their importance. 
 
 Tlie result of innumerable actions pjovcs that the 
 defence with the bayonet is the surest method of re- 
 pelling an enemy. A sortie maile upon the flank of 
 the enemy, at the moment when his column is either 
 checked by the lire uf the works, or is in a state of 
 
10 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 confusion when crossio'^ the ditch, will generally 
 prove decisive in repelling his attack. For this rea- 
 son — all iutrenchnicnis should be arranged with i^mnll 
 outlets every fifty or one hundred yards, with a " fly- 
 ing bridge/' to rajse or throw across the ditch at sucli 
 point?, ho as to facilitate sorties. This principle i^ 
 •only applicable, however, to enirngements with large 
 bodies of tro«»ps, defending works open in thc'ir''rear. 
 A small detachment should re?t satisfied with repul- 
 sing the attiick,||nd should not give I'l' ^^'^ advantage 
 of their position, by sallying out to engage the enemy 
 on e<jual terms. A retreat carries with it all the mo- 
 ral efl'ects of a defeat ; it' ins])irits the assailants, and 
 renders the retreating corps timid, and* impairs the 
 confidence of the iroops in their own self-reliance. 
 Adil to this the confu!*ion that must ensue among the 
 best-discij)lined troops, luuler such circumstances, and 
 the injporJance attiiched to the iniuciplr will be fully 
 justified. 
 
 To enable the troops to fight with advantage, the 
 intrciichments should sheller llieni IVoin tlie enemy's 
 fire. 
 
 In delivering his fire, a soldier usually aims direct- 
 ly ti) the front, so that the li^ie ol' lire ami the parapet 
 make nearly a rij^lii aii^'le Mith each oiher. 
 
 An attack is generally opened by a fire of the ene- 
 m}"s artillery, whose object is to silence the fire of the 
 inlren.-hments, and lo tirive the assailed from the i)ar- 
 apet. When they have accom])lislied this result, they 
 tlnc'W out u stuiniing juuiy, wliirli is comi)oscd usually 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. 11 
 
 of a detachment of engineer troops, a column of at- 
 tack, and a reserve, who rush forward, under cover of 
 The fire of their artillery, to the assault. The engineer 
 troops precede the column of atta'.-k, and remove all 
 obstacles that obstruct its pa<=snj;e to the ditch. This 
 they endeavor to fill up with bags of earth, or cross 
 over with pieces of wood. The bayonet should be 
 resorted to by those in the intrenchments, as soon as 
 the enemy succeeds in crossing the ditch. 
 
 The thickness of the parapet is regulated by the 
 material used, the kind of attack, and its probable du- 
 ration. 
 
 Shot will penetrate ordinary earth, when well 
 rammed, the distances la.id down as follows: 
 
 Musket bail, one foot six inches. 
 
 Six-pound shot, three and a-lialf to four and a-half 
 feet. 
 
 Nine-pound shot, six and a-half to seven feet. 
 
 Twelve ' " eight and a-half to ten feet. 
 
 Eighteen and twenty-four potmd shot, thirteen feet. 
 
 In order to insure the safety of thp troops, these di 
 mensions should be increased one-half, so that no shot 
 shall penetrate more than two thirds the entire dis- 
 tance. • 
 
 The width of the ditch at the top should never be 
 less than twelve feet. Its depth may depend upon 
 circumstances. The earth thus thrown up makes the 
 intrenchment, or parapet, more properly speaking. The 
 earth should be well packed, and bundles of wood, 
 stones, &c., ir\terspersed here and there to strengthen 
 
12 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 it and prevent the eartii from crumbling. Sods with 
 the j;rn^8 npwnrils arc excellent for covering the para- 
 pet. On the inside of all earth works, there is a slope 
 or shelf, maile of earth, cxtendinf; out a few feet, 
 called the bancpioite, upon which tlie troops stand to 
 fire over the parapet. The parapet slioidd slope out- 
 wards, 80 as to enable llie n)«*u to deprcf^s their 
 pieces. 
 
 Kvery angle of defence should be ninety dcfjiee', a 
 line of ilefencj? j-Iiruild not exceed oiil> hundred- and 
 sixty yards. 
 
 It should bo I. ill- iii.M-it'd tliai a i i.'sf m.- of mus- 
 ketry is more deadly than one of artillery. The flanks 
 of a line of inifenohnients should be carefully 
 guarded, or protected by a precipice, or river, or re- 
 doubts, water-courses oriuacshcs. 
 
 A reilotdji is an enclosed carJli work, sonieiiincs 
 made square, ollicrs round, and witli two or tUrce 
 pieces of artillery mounted in them. 
 
 A double redoubt, or star fort, is constructed as if 
 two squaie redoubts crossed each other. The ap- 
 prtuiches to a line of iutrem-hmcnts are frequently ob- 
 structed outside of the ditch by trous de hup. or pits, 
 duji in the eartli here and tliere, four n*jd six feet deep, 
 and the ground made as uneven as i)ossible, by pali- 
 sades, inundations, and mines. 
 
 Abatis works are made out of the large limbs of 
 trees. The smaller, branches are chopped otf, and 
 the ends, pointed and interlaced with care, are pre- 
 sented towards the enemy. Small trees, with the 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. 13 
 
 branches facing the enemy, and fastened liorizontally 
 on the ground outside of the ditch with stakes, are ex- 
 cellent obstacles. 
 
 The edge of the inside of the ditch is called the 
 scarp, and the outside the counterscarp. 
 
 Fascines and gabions are bundles of wood and 
 large wicker-work baskets, made of willow and 
 withes. 
 
 The gabion revetment is seldom Jiscl. except for the 
 trenches in the attack of permanent works, where it is 
 desirable to,place the troops speedily undercover from 
 the enemy's grape or case-shot and musketry. 
 
 An enfilading fire is to sweep your flanks with artil- 
 lery or musketry. 
 
 A plunging fire is from artiHery, posted on a height, 
 or rising piece of ground. 
 
 A ricochet shot applies more particularly to a shot 
 fired on the water at a certain angle, so '.hat it will 
 skip, and strike two or three times in succession. It 
 requires a skilful artillerist to fire one on the field, in 
 land operations. They are terribly effective when 
 fired at an advancing column. 
 
 Cross-firing is where the fires (or shot) cross each 
 other, and is the most effective plan, to adopt in work- 
 ing a battery. 
 
 Rilie j)its are small holes dug in the ground, large 
 enouiih to admit one rifleman. They are rarely needed, 
 except in the attack on permanent works, or a long 
 sieg^. Skilful shots are placed in thern to pick off the 
 enemy's artillerists. 
 
 They are easily and speedily constructed. Say a 
 
14 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 man is six foot tall, all that is necessary for him to do, 
 if he wishes to shield himself in a rifle pit, is to dig 
 pt hole three and a half feet deep, and throw up the 
 earth in front facing the enemy's position. In loose 
 gravelly soil he can use his bayonet for this purpose. 
 
 A shirt or two, fastened at the ends and filled with 
 sand, will oftentimes be found a good safeguard from a 
 musket or rifle ball, by the soldier screening himself 
 behind it, from whence he can load and fire at 
 pleasure, without any very great risk. It should also 
 be remembered that it is somewhat difiicuk to sight a 
 person, while lying on the ground, with any degree of 
 accuracy of aim. 
 
 Sods cut with a common knife, and turned from the 
 earth with the bayonet, also offer a shield from a bullet. 
 
 The approaches to a position may quickly be mined 
 by sinking, a foot under the earth, old pork or beef- 
 barrels, filled with combustibles. In the absence of a 
 hose or fnze to stretch underground, or magnetic wires 
 leading to your position, by which to fire the mine, a 
 little gully or a dozen may be constructed from the 
 mine to your post, charged with powder and all traces 
 obliterated by covering with small sods. 
 
 The loss of life in battles, in the open field, is gener- 
 ally more bloody, though not always, than assaults of 
 intrenched positions. The reason is, that in the for- 
 mer case the entire army is usually engaged, but in 
 the latter, only the storming column. The loss of 
 those actually occupied in the attack is always heavier, 
 however, than the average loss of an army in the 
 open field. 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. 15 
 
 A storming column relies mostly on the bayonet for 
 making a successful assault. 
 
 To storm an intrenched position, defended by an 
 equal force, should never be resorted to except in case 
 of absolute military necessity. In such an emergency^ 
 the fgcercise of the greatest military sagacity on the 
 part of the officer planning the attack is required, and 
 the most determined valor of the assaulting party ab- 
 solutely requisite. The chances of success even then 
 are more than doubtful^ unless aid is rendered them 
 by a vigorous bombardment and cannonading on the 
 flanks of the enemy's position, sorties and eflbrts made 
 to withdraw a portion, if not all, of the defenders from 
 the point of approach of the attacking column. Every 
 device and stratagem must be made, by feigned at- 
 tacks, to enable the assaulting column to attaclv'at the 
 proper moment and in the weakest place. Once in- 
 side the intrenched position, reserved columns should 
 instantly be hurried forward to their succor. 
 
 EECONNOISSANCES. 
 
 The term rofonnoissance is a detailed description of 
 any extent of country, with a view of ascertaining its 
 resources for the movements and subsistence of troops. 
 The importance of reliable reconnoissances for all 
 military operations is so great that they should be 
 thorough and complete. It consists of two parts: a 
 map, describing the topographical features of the 
 country, and a descriptive memoir. 
 
 The rcconnoissance of an enemy's position is one 
 
16 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 of a special nature, and none but a skilful officer 
 should be intrusted with it. He seeks information of 
 the force of the enemy, the number of guns; and if 
 intrenched, liis exact position, the extent of ground he 
 occupies and its character. 
 
 In troops marching, he will endeavor to obtain their 
 number. To an uni)ractised eye, a column composed 
 of five hundred men is often estimated at double the 
 number. 
 
 Troops marching in close or open column may be 
 computed by the average number in platoons, the dis- 
 tance apart, and the time occupied in passing a given 
 point, whether by quick or double quick time. A 
 stop watch is necessary, and the* result may easily be 
 
 ascertained. 
 
 * 
 
 It 
 
 EECONNOITEEINa PARTIES. 
 
 Reconnoitering parties, when making observations of 
 the enemy, shovxld observe the following precautions: 
 to leave sentinels or smtijl posts at intervals; to trans- 
 mit intelligence to the advance posts of the army, 
 unless the return is to be by a different uOute ; to march 
 with caution, beware of ambuscades, avoid fighting, 
 and see if possible without being seen-; to keep an 
 advanced guard ; to send well-mounted scout& ahead 
 of the advanced guard, and on the flank of the party; 
 to instruct the scouts that no tw^o should enter a defile, 
 or mount a hill together, but to go one at a time, while 
 one. watches to carry the news if the other is taken, 
 and warn them. 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. 17 
 
 INTEENCHED POSTS. 
 
 Unless an army be acting on the defensive, no post 
 should be intrenched, except to cover the weak part of 
 the lines, or at points which the enemy eannot avoid 
 or in mountain warfare, or to close a defile, or cover 
 winterquarters. 
 
 Any intrenchment that requires artillery is con- 
 sidered a post, and a guard or garrison, and com- 
 mander assigned to it. In dark weather he redoubles 
 his vigilance. He permits no flags of truce, deserters, 
 or strangers to enter. If a flag ought to pass his post, 
 he bandages his eyes that he may not observe his 
 position. He refuses admittance to a relief or other 
 party until he has carefully examined them. In case 
 of an attack, he does not wail for orders, but makes 
 the best defence he is capable of. If unsuccessful, he 
 may spike his guns and rejoin the army under cover 
 of night. 
 
 DEPLOYMENTS, 
 
 A company may be deployed as skirmishers, eitlier 
 forward or by the flank. It is deployed forward, when 
 it is behind the line on which it is to be established; 
 and by the flank, when already on that line. In both 
 cases, it is divided into three platoons; the right and 
 left platoons, denominated, respectively, First and 
 Second platoons, form the line of skirmishers; the 
 centre platoon, the Reserve. A line of skirmishers 
 should, if possible, be alligned ; but, to obtain this 
 
18 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 regialarity, advantages which the ground may present 
 for covering the men, ought not to be neglected. 
 
 The intervals between files of skirmishers should 
 not exceed fifteen paces. 
 
 The captain of a company gives a general super- 
 intendence to the deployment of skirmishers, and then 
 throws himself about seventy paces in rear of the line, 
 taking with him the first bugler, or drummer, and two 
 or three men from the reserve. 
 
 Skirmishers should be selected from among the best 
 marksmen in the ranks. 
 
 They are thrown out after a line of battle is formed 
 to open the engagement; also, on the flanks of" an 
 army in retreating or advancing, co-operating with the 
 rear and vanguards of the same. 
 
 GUERILLA WAEFAKE. 
 
 This, the most barbarous and inhuman mode of war- 
 fare known, and by no means recognized among 
 honorable combatants, is generally resorted to by 
 irregular troops for the purpose of harrassing and an- 
 noying an invading army entering ah enemy's terri- 
 tory. They usually murder for pa^ and plunder, and 
 are not prompted by any spirit of patriotism or honor. 
 It is seldom they wear any uniform or distinguishing 
 mark by which they may be known from peaceful 
 persons, but assume such disguises as may best answer 
 their purpose, such as farmers, laboring men and 
 drovers, so that they may more readily escape detec- 
 tion, by throwing their arms into the nearest ditch in 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. 19 
 
 the event they are hard pressed. If captured with 
 arms in their hands, they justly merit hanging by the 
 roadside ; and as no quarter or mercy is recognized by 
 the guerilla, none should be shown him. If taken, 
 even without arms, it is customary for them to affect 
 the character of non-combatants, and hope by impos- 
 ing upon the credulity of their captors by various pre- 
 tences to be allowed to run at large again, to pursue 
 the same murderous mode of warfare. The greatest 
 care and precaution, however, should be adopted, and 
 the most rigid scrutiny resorted to by the captors in 
 detecting such rascals, so that really innocent non-com- 
 batants may not suffer for the guilty. 
 
 Guerilla warfare consists, mainly, in making night 
 attacks, waylaying strangers, the free use of poison, 
 incendiarism and vandalism, firing upon victin.s from 
 ambush, under cover of hedges and ditclies, aiid in 
 robbery, pillage, and assassination. 
 
 Other infamous means are oftentimes resorted to by 
 them, such as poisoning wells and streams on the route 
 of march ; furnishing poisoned food to a scouting party, 
 or an army, under the cloak of friendship and fair 
 dealing, and in massacring the wounded left after a 
 route on the field of battle. 
 
 If a guerilla is caught, no clemency whatever should 
 be extended to him. 
 
 Light troops and mounted rangers are the most ef- 
 fective in suppressing guerilla bands; and make ex- 
 cellent flankers when a column is advancing or in 
 retreat. 
 
20 PIELD rORTIFICATJONS. 
 
 FUGITIVE- WANDERmOS. 
 
 The chief iault of recruits is in firing too high; but 
 this mufet not be understood that they shouki fire too 
 \o-^ by any means. Only at point-blank range should 
 the piece be aimed directly at the object. If beyond 
 that distance, the muzzle of the piece should be 
 slightly elevated, so as to allow for the falling of the 
 ball by its own weight. In a long flight this always 
 occurs. 
 
 As an illustration: say, at one thousand yards' dis- 
 tance you wish to hit an adversary in the breast, you 
 must aim for his head; and again, if the distance oft 
 is still greater than that, you must aim a little higher. 
 Care, however, must be taken to make a line shot of 
 it, and not aim to the right or left of the object, but 
 directly over it. If a strong wind is blowing from the 
 left of you, aim a little to the right of your object; as, 
 if you aimed directly at it, the force of the wind would 
 carry your ball out of range. If the wind is blowing on 
 your right side, then fire to the left of the object aimed 
 at. 
 
 When firing, the least motion of your arms or body 
 should be carefully avoided, as the slightest movement 
 on the instant of pulling trigger will destroy the aim, 
 and throw the ball out of line. 
 
 Inside of point-blank range, the muzzle of the piece 
 shou\d fall half an inch below the right eye — that is, if 
 your adversary stg.nd3 on as level a piece of ground as 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. 21 
 
 yourself. If not, then aim directly at tlie centre of 
 his breast. 
 
 Cros.s-firing is the most destructive. When a regi- 
 ment is drawn up in line of battle, preparing for action, 
 a piece of artillery posted at each flank can be made 
 immeri.'iely servicteable in either attack or defence. If 
 a column of the enemy approach, the pieces on the 
 right and left flank should converge their fire directly 
 on the front centre of the enemy's column, while those 
 in the ranks fire direct. By thinning out his centre, 
 liis flanks must fall in to fill up the vacuum. A regi- 
 ment should also be instructed in forming V*s and W's, 
 when a terrible cross-fire may be obtained by those 
 on the left flank firing left oblique, and those stationed 
 on the right, to the right oblique, while the artillery 
 stationed at the pivot fires direct. It is almost impos- 
 sible to penetrate this fire. 
 
 USEFUL HINTS AND EXPERIENCES. 
 
 There should be for every 100 men, as useful arti- 
 cles of camp furniture, ten camp kettles, in nests of 
 five, to hold not less than four gallons, and made of 
 Russia iron; also, ten mess pans of same capacity. 
 Each man should have one tin plate, tin cup, knife, 
 fork, and spoon, bearing his own mark. One cook and 
 two assistants are enough for a company, where bread 
 or biscuit is supplied. They make the coffee, bean 
 soup, and cook the meat. Yeast powders should be 
 furnished by the company commander, as it is not an 
 article of the ration. Sugar and coffee rations have 
 
22 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 been increased by the army since the old regulations. 
 Six tents for 100 men are enough, where the Sibley 
 tent is used; one for every five men of the common 
 army tent. Each man shoukl have one heavy " four- 
 point" blanket, which will answer for two on a march. 
 Every man should have one light navy-flannel sack- 
 coat, and pegged shoes, wide, well nailed and large; 
 three pair cotton socks, and each a soft felt hat, of a 
 dark color — dark drab is preferable. Light or red caps 
 should never be worn in action, for they offer a sure 
 mark for an expert corps of riflemen. In a night at- 
 tack on the enemy, or to effect a surprise, dark colors 
 alone should be worn. When on such expeditions, 
 some precaution must be observed not to expose burn- 
 ished arms to the reflection of a light, or, if it can be 
 avoided, even to the moon's rays. The best plan is to 
 carry your arms reversed. Keep clear of the main 
 roads, and take to the fields, or side trails, as you ap- 
 proach your point of surprise and attack. Move along 
 the sides of hills, instead of crossing on top, and fol- 
 low in the shade of trees when the moon is shining, 
 and do not expose yourselves with the horizon in your 
 rear, so that your forms may loom out distinctly against 
 it^for sentinels are supposed to be, in time of war, 
 ever on the alert. 
 
 Wash the body at least twice a week, and the face, 
 chest, and arms daily. 
 
 If in camp, exercise daily by running, jumping, 
 foot-ball, or shinty. 
 
 Keep the bowels free, and avoid eating oily meats, 
 fat, or drinking an excess of coffee. The mind and 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. 23 
 
 body both become dull and sluggish by too much in- 
 dulgence in the latter. 
 
 When overheated and exposed to the sun, you may 
 cool off by sopping the wrists with cold water and im- 
 mersing the arms to the elbow. This cools the arte- 
 ries of the arms, carrying the blood to the heart, and a 
 few seconds after, the entire body feels refteshed. 
 Take but a mouthful of water every few seconds, if 
 you wish to quench your thirst. When overheated, 
 drink then by what we may call sipping it carefully, 
 lest you produce too sudden a reaction in the system, 
 and endanger your life. 
 
 The head may be protected from the heat of the sun, 
 when on a march, by laying a small piece of wet 
 sponge directly over the crown, and keeping the head 
 covered with your hat or cap. 
 
 If you have no sponge, your towel folded and wet, 
 or some wet leaves, will answer the same purpose. 
 
 When firing at an enemy, the eyes should always be 
 carefully shaded. 
 
 Provide yourself also with an india-rubber slip to 
 lie on. 
 
 TO MAKE A TENT COMFORTABLE. 
 
 The best position for a tent to be pitched, is on 
 sloping ground; the opening facing the slope. If it is 
 a single tent, without a " fly," the top may be cover- 
 ed with small branches of trees, attached to the tent 
 pole. When you see a rain storm coming on. wet 
 
24 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 yonr tent and spread the water over the surface with 
 your hands. This prevents the rain from striking 
 through. Intrench your tetit by turning up tlie sod all 
 around it, and pla.-tering the interstices between the sod 
 with mud- It should be about eight inches high. If you 
 wish to rai:?e the interior of your tent a foot higher 
 than thBoutside ground, sod it with sods. If yon de- 
 sire to keep it dry ami warm, dig a hole in the centre 
 a foot deep, witli a small gully or ditch from one side 
 of it, extending to the outside of the tent. Build a fire 
 in the hole, and cover it and the gully with sod care- 
 fully fitted in : cut a small vent in the sod, covering 
 the hole ajid another at the extreme end of the gully 
 on the outside. These will create a draft, the vent 
 outside carry oft' the smoke, the fire kej)t burning 
 slowly, and the interior of the tent' kept perfectly 
 dry and comfortable. 
 
 TO MAKE AN EARTH OVEN. 
 
 This is made entirely of sod, bnild up around an 
 oblong trench in the grovmd in which the fire is built. 
 Pieces of hoop iron, or iron rammers, are placed over 
 the trench to rest the bread, meat, and stews to be 
 baked or cooked. The sides and top of the oven 
 should be carefully covered, the sod on top fastened 
 in their place by pieces of wood imbedded in them, 
 and the interstices carefully closed with mud, mixed 
 with straw or grass. A chimney about a foot high 
 may also be constructed of sod ; and a small vent, 
 
ATTACK AND DEFENCE. ZO 
 
 dwg into the trench in front under the bars of iron, 
 will afford sufficient draft for cooking purposes. The 
 door leading to the oven, may either be a sod, or made 
 as suits tlie pleasure of the soldier. 
 
 The whole can be constructed in fifteen minutes. 
 
 FULMINATINa CAP POWDER. 
 
 Eight and a half parts of powder, fired with per- 
 cussion caps, are quite equal in force to ten parts of 
 gunpowder, fired in the ordinary way by means of pan 
 and flint. 
 
 CONFmED AIR. 
 
 Air in the immediate juxtaposition of combustible 
 material creates terrific force when fired, and is likely 
 to explode the piece. Always be careful then that 
 your cartridge is rammed well home, before discharg- 
 ing your piece. ; 
 
 TO PROTECT THE BODY UNDER CLOSE FIRE. 
 
 When required to come under close fire, the body 
 may partially be protected in front from the chin to' 
 the thighs, by folding your blanket in five or six thick- 
 nesses, and fastening it under your crosg-belts and 
 waist-belts, leaving the end hanging over your stomach. 
 If the blanket is wet, it affords more resistance. 
 
ARTILLERY Al^t ARTILLERY PRACTICE — MUNITIONS OP 
 WAR AND EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES. 
 
ARTILLERY AND ARTILLERY PRAC- 
 TICE. 
 
 The wonderful improvements made in. heavy ord- 
 nance and field artillery, witliin the past thirty years, 
 have caused almost a complete and radical revolution 
 in the old established system of warfare. The six, nine, 
 twelve, eighteen^ and twenty-four pound carronades- 
 together with the Jong twelve and eighteen-pounders 
 that were once considered such formidable weapons, 
 are now spoken of by artillerists with feelings of un- 
 mitigated contempt when contrasted with eight, ten, 
 and thirtecn-inch chamber guns, rifled cannon, and the 
 modern howitzer. But a few years since it seems 
 when all our forts and defensive positions, as well as 
 our men-of-war, were armed with the former guns. 
 Nor were we alone in this position, for all the nations 
 of Europe, were simularly situated. To boast of a 
 battery of twenty-four pound carronades, with a few 
 long eighteens, on the decks of an old fashioned line- 
 of-battle ship, or defiaritly peering out from the case- 
 mates of one of our fortresses, was to consider our- 
 selves well guaranteed for offensive and defensive de- 
 monstrations whenever it became necessary to uphold 
 the dignity of the flag and maintain ourselves among 
 the nations of the earth as a nrst-class military power, 
 ready at all times to display our strength when occa- 
 
so ARdLLERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. * 
 
 sion required. All our naval batiles were fotfghtwith 
 this calibre of guns, and yet we hear complaints that 
 •our ships carried heavier rnettle in several of the ac- 
 tions afloat when we were pitted against the enemy 
 than they did, although, as far as the number of pieces 
 worked in battery on either side were concerned, in 
 many of our naval engagements, they were nearly if 
 n6t quite equal. They urged, in extenuation of the 
 loss on their part, that we threw a heavier weight of 
 tnettle at each broadside than the calibre of their guns 
 w^ould admit, though on several occasions our ibrces 
 bad a less number of guns in action than they them- 
 selves. This only goes to show that, in our early his- 
 tory as a nation, England and France were no better 
 off in this respect than we were. They had not then 
 arrived z.t that perfection in inventing and construct- 
 ing those terrible engines of destruction for which they 
 are now so famous. During the Revolution, and in 
 the war of 1812, no lieayier mettle than six. four, and 
 nine-pounders were used in land operations, except in 
 sdeges, when eighteen and twenty-four pounders were 
 the largest cannon brought into requisition. The former 
 came under the classification of light artillery, used on 
 the field ; and the latter, siege guns. 
 
 By what is known as chamber, guns, one of the 
 modern improvements in ordnance, is that the piece is 
 larger in the interior space at the breech than at the 
 bore. Ti.is space gives greater force to the e^fplosion 
 of the powder when it is fired, and of course must pro- 
 ject the ball to further distance and with more velocity 
 
MUNITIONS OP "VfAR. 31 
 
 than the old models. • They maybe used, to advantage 
 in throwing shells, besides grape, shrapnel, canister, 
 and round and double-beaded shot. In throwing 
 shells, greater accuracy of aim and length of range are 
 obtained than with the common mortar. 
 
 ^11 fire-arms of large calibre come under the gene- 
 ral term of artillery. The term ordnance applies 
 mostly to heavy guns ; but, at the same time, all guns 
 in our service come unc'er the general appellation of 
 ordnance, whether light or heavy. The latter are 
 commonFy manufactured of iron, some cast, wrought; 
 and others <jut of what is known as gun metal, com- 
 posed of tin, iron and copper well fused, though other 
 metals are oftentimes used in connection with iron and 
 tin for the same purpose. Wrought iron guns are far 
 superior to cast iron ones, for the reason that they have 
 fewer flaws in them than the latter description, and 
 are certainly less liable to burst than the others. 
 Large wrought iron guns, however, should be welded 
 in pieces, and only a small amount of heat employed. 
 
 Rifled cannon and howitzers — as light artillery — are 
 manufactured more frequently out of steel and brass, 
 though some are made out of the composition above 
 mentioned. 
 
 HOWITZEKS. 
 
 A howitzer is also a chambered gun, used princi- 
 pally for throwing shells, grape, and canister. They 
 are of three kinds: the mountain howitzer, for carry- 
 ing over rugged countries, lashed to mules, if neces- 
 
32 ARTILLERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 
 
 sary, and is quite light and short in pattern ; the field 
 and boat howitzer, ol" medium size, and the heavy^ 
 long sea-coast howitzer, for permanent works. The 
 mountain howitzer carries usually six-pound projec- 
 tiles ; and occasionally we find one carrying twelve 
 pounds. The former, being lighter, are preferable for 
 mountain warfare. The field and boat howitzers are 
 usually twelve pounders. The soa coast howitzer car- 
 ries much heavier weight of metal, and i: particularly 
 adapted for hurling shells. 
 
 PAIXAN GUNS. 
 
 The Paixan gun is entirely a French invention, 
 named after its originator, who was a general in the 
 French army in 1822. He was the first person to bring 
 into use shell guns, after which they were adopted by 
 the American Government; the old carronades done 
 away with for active service ; the long twelve, eigh- 
 teen, anO twenty-four pounders cast aside, and our men 
 of war and seaboard forts armed with medmm sized 
 and long thirty-tM'os and forty-twos of the Paixan make* 
 
 They are chamber guns, and continue to be in very 
 general use. 
 
 To make ourselves better understood, we would 
 mention that the range of a medium sized gun is not 
 so great as a long piece. 
 
 COLUMBIADS. 
 
 The modern columbiad is nothing more than aslight 
 
MUNITIONS OF WAR. 33 
 
 improvement on the Paixan gun. They are much 
 larger, however, heavier, and longer, and carry eight, 
 ten, and eleven-inch projectiles, which means tliat the 
 .shot or shell is of the same width as the diameter of 
 the bore of the gun. It is usual, moreover, in speak- 
 ing of very large ordnance, instead of saying sixty- 
 eight, ninety-two, and one hundred and twenty pound- 
 ers, to refer to them as so many inch guns, what.ver 
 the diameter of the bore or muzzle may be. 
 
 The columbiad is a most formidable weapon when 
 properly handled by experienced artillerists, and will 
 carry heavier shot at longer reach than the ordinary 
 Paixan, and still more so than that of the sea coast 
 liowitzer. 
 
 DALGHREI^ GUNS. 
 
 TheDalghren gun is named after Captain Dalghren, 
 United States Navy, its inventor, and a gentleman who 
 'may very properly be considered one of the few most 
 experienced gunner in either branch of the service. 
 His thorough knowledge of the power and force of 
 various explosive substances, and of ordnance, on 
 which duty for many years he has been assigned, wiih 
 great credit to himself and honor ro the Government? 
 places him in the front rank of our most distinguished 
 officers. After undergoing a variety of dangerous ex" 
 perimentSjin which his life was constantly in jeopardy, 
 and with the exercise of considerable ingenuity and 
 skill, he succeeded in perfecting his design so well 
 that he produced a gun which many men of military 
 experience consider far superior to any large ord" 
 
34 ARTILLERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 
 
 nance yet introduced to the notice of the general pub- 
 he. 
 
 The peculiarity of the construction of the Dalghren 
 gun is such that the danger of its bursting, except by- 
 an excessive overcharge, is almost a matter of impos- 
 sibility, while the effectiveness and range of its fire 
 are quite equal to the best of other patterns, without 
 their objections. 
 
 As all guns burst at or near the breech, this one is 
 made of enormous thickness at that part to what other 
 cannon are, and gradually tapers smoothly down to the 
 muzzle. The middle of the piece, which offers the 
 least resistance to the explosion of a charge, is not so 
 thick as the muzzle, however, where, in most other 
 ordnance, it is liable to crack open in slight seams 
 after repeated discharges. 
 
 They are also chambered guns, most of them nine, 
 ten, and eleven-inch bore, though we are under the 
 impression that several of still larger calibre have 
 been constructed after the very same model. 
 
 They are enormously heavy, but are mounted in 
 such a simple and durable manner that they may be 
 elevated or depressed, shifted to the right or left, with 
 as much ease and facility as an ordinary cannon. 
 They will throw eleven-inch shells to the distance of 
 four miles, and, what is known among skilful artil- 
 lerists as an eccentric movement, an additional half 
 mile further might possibly be obtained. They are 
 powerful weapons to cope against, even with large 
 sized rifle cannon, and can be worked to great advant- 
 age either in battery or afloat. 
 
MUNITIONS OF WAR. 35 
 
 MOETARS, SHELLS, AND TORPEDOES. 
 
 Mortars are in shape almost like a bell, and are set 
 in what is called a mortar-bed. They are principally- 
 used for throwing shells, but are heavy and unwieldy 
 for manceuvring, and their precision of aim is not so 
 reliable as in chamber guns. They have been in u?e 
 several centuries, but have acquired such terrific de- 
 structiveness from modern improvements in projec- 
 tiles, that they spread death and havoc whenever 
 brought to bear against a city. At one time they were 
 made serviceable on board small vessels, specially 
 constructed to receive them, and denominated "bomb- 
 ketches," for assisting in the shelling of fortified cities 
 and sea-coast defences; but, since the modern im- 
 provements in gunnery, will soon go out of practical 
 use. 
 
 Shells used in both mortars and chamber guns, are 
 hollow-shot filled with various explosive materials, 
 with a small brass screw at one end, through which 
 projects a fuze. This fuze connects with the inside 
 of the shell, and is made of various sizes. Some ot 
 them will burn half a second, others one, two, three, 
 four, or five seconds, depending altogether on the time 
 you wish it to burn. 
 
 The fuze ignites the instant the shell is fired from 
 the gun or mortar, and when burned out explodes the 
 shell. By a little practice an artillerist can soon get 
 the exact range he wishes to hurl the missile at. If 
 the object cannot be reached in two seconds, and if 
 
36 ARTILLERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 
 
 requires four or five seconds for the shell to reach it 
 before it will expknle, then insert a four or. five-second 
 fuze. If you desire it to explode in two and a half 
 seconds, then insert a two aud a half-second fuze. 
 The exact time the shell will require to reach the ob- 
 ject may easily be reckoned by a stop-watch. Time 
 the fliglit of one of the shells aimed at the spot, from 
 the instant the <^\\n, or mortar, is firetl until you see it 
 fall at or within the place. If it is three seconds, then 
 you require a three-second fuze for e\-ery shell fired at 
 the same object thereafter. 
 
 Shells were formerly calle 1 bombs, and hence the 
 word bombardment. Now, however, when they are 
 used against a place, we call it shelling the city, or 
 fortress, as the case may be. 
 
 A shell fired from a mortar describes a parabola 
 through the air before it strikes, and if you are on the 
 look-out you may avoid it. When it falls rjear your 
 presence, drop suddenly at full length on the ground 
 until after it explodes. It will explode upwards when 
 it strikes, and outwards at an angle of several de- 
 grees. 
 
 Shells fired from a gun, unless they are thrown from 
 a long distance, when the piece must neces^ariIy be 
 elevated, are not so easily avoided. If you are near a 
 shell while the fuze is burning, lay down, an(^ throw 
 dirt, sand or water, or 2)iece of cloih at the fuze to put 
 it out, before it explodes the powder. 
 
 Many mortars are made of stone, but the most of 
 them are of iron. The largest in our service will 
 throw 13 and 15-inch shells. 
 
MUNITIONS OF WAR. 37 
 
 There are far more powerful explosive substances 
 than powder, frequently used for chargin<; shells, one 
 of which is fulminate of mercury. When charged 
 with the latter ingredient no fuze is required, as the 
 fulminate would explode the shell by its own concus- 
 sion. It is exceedinirly dangerous to handle, however. 
 The accidental dropping of a shell filled with this 
 substance from the hands, say only a distance of four 
 or five feet, wouhl explode it. Shells may be charged 
 with some degree of safety ])y admitting one-fourth of 
 fulminating powder of mercury to three-fourths of com- 
 mon powder. Torpedoes, six inches long by three 
 wide, made of tin, and filled with fulminating powder 
 and a three or four second fuz» inserted, can be made 
 terribly effective in blowing up brick walls. In a 
 march through an enemy's city, where an ince&sant 
 firing is maintained from the windows and housetops 
 along the route of march, loosen a brick or two from 
 the front of the wall, a few feet from the ground, in- 
 sert one or two of* these torpedoes, light the fuze and 
 get out of the way. These would be sufficiently pow- 
 erful to topple the front of the structure at least to the 
 ground, and expose those inside to instant destruction 
 by the falling of the roof and timbers. Fulminate may 
 also be used in charging hand grenades,, but every 
 care and attention must be observed in handling them 
 when so loaded. There are several other far more 
 dangerous explosive subi^tances than either povvderor 
 fulminate, so terrible indeed in their nature that tb© 
 public mind would stand appalled were they knowa 
 «f I used in warfare. They may be specially used fot 
 
 4 
 
38 ARTILXERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 
 
 oharging shells, grenades, or torpedoes, but as a matter 
 of policy we refrain from mentioning them. 
 
 Percussion powder, of which caps are charged, con- 
 tains about one-half of fulminate to one-half of com- 
 mon powder, mixed to a consistent paste with water. 
 
 Asphyxiating shells, when thrown into a fortress, 
 impregnate the air with a poisonous substance, which, 
 if sufficient in density, would paralyze, if not destroy, 
 the life of every one breathing the atmosphere in 
 close proximity. The shells are charged with a 
 chemical preparation, of which cyanuret of potassium 
 is the principal agent. 
 
 With rifled cannon, throwing conical-shaped projec- 
 tiles instead of round^ncs, shells may be made with 
 two or three chambers, according to the length of the 
 bolt-shaped projectile, and be made to exploile the se- 
 cond and even the third time after the first explosion. 
 
 EIFLED CANNON. 
 
 Decidedly the most effective of modern weapons, 
 more especially for light artillery practice, is the 
 James' celebrated steel rifled cannon. The result of 
 numerous experiments made by the English Govern- 
 ment with this engine of war, is the great range of its 
 fire, precision in which its projectiles reach their mark, 
 and capacity for discharging conical balls and shell. 
 There can be no (juestion abouts its being far ahead of 
 any other light artillery now in use. It has been de- 
 monstrated that it can shell dense masses of troops in 
 Column, using the old brass six and twelve-pounders 
 
MUNITIONS OF WAR. 39 
 
 and howitzers, stationed at a distance of two or three 
 miles, with ease and accuracy of aim, while the dis- 
 charges of the latter would fall far short in silencing 
 thein. No artillery company that is preparing for ac- 
 tive service should be without them. It is a simple 
 matter, however, to rifle the old fashioned brass guns 
 used by some of our com])anies ; but none but an ex- 
 pert should be permitted to complete the job, as there 
 is no little danger, if the rifling or groove is turned too 
 much, the piece may explode at the very first dis- 
 charge. This would be oocasioned by the resistance 
 of the rifling or groove to the flight of the projectile 
 from its bore. The old fashioned pieces which may 
 be rifled should only have enough turn to destroy the 
 windage^ and that would be sufficient for all practical 
 purposes. If too much rifling is allowed, it does not 
 increase their efficiency or range. As long as it is 
 barely enough, as we remarked before, to overcome 
 »the windage, and give the necessary rotary motion to 
 the projectile, is all that is required. For very heavy 
 rifled guns of large calibre, we have our doubts about 
 their being superior to the Dahlgr6n gun. They may 
 send their missiles with far more certainty of hitting 
 the objeat aimed at ; but we scarcely believe to any 
 greater distance than the former. The larger the rifled 
 gun, the greater is its expansion, when, like all other 
 cannon, it becomes overheated after a succession of 
 discharges. Were this continued, even with a reduced 
 charge of powder, the resistance caused by the very 
 rifling to the escape of the yjrojectile is more apt to 
 burst the piece and destroy the lives of the gunners, 
 
40 ARTILLERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 
 
 than guns of as large.calibre tliat are not rifled. A.gain, 
 a rifled cannon also becomes heated quicker than an or- 
 dinary giin. Tliis is a very serious objection in time of 
 active firing; and w^hile w^aiting for a gun to cool off 
 the battle might be lost, unless there were reserved 
 guns ready at hand to take their place in position. 
 
 The Armstrong gun is a rifled cannon, also of Eng- 
 lish invention. It is reported to have a range of five 
 miles; but in other respects the only diflerence be- 
 tvi^een this one and those vv^e have mentioned, is that 
 it is loaded at the breech. " 
 
 To our volunteer artillery companies preparing for 
 an active campaign, we would suggest that, if they 
 have not the improved English rifled cannon, to get 
 their brass pieces slightly rifled ; and also, in prepar- 
 ing ammunition for the charge, to provide themselves 
 with a few conical-shaped shells, incased with a thin 
 sheeting of lead, and filled with two-thirds (or more, 
 on experiment.) of fulminating powder to one of com- 
 mon powder. They require no fuze to ignite them, 
 but will explode like a common torpedo the instant 
 they strike, tearing to pieces everything within reach. 
 Alter a gun becomes heated, water should be poured 
 copiously over it, and the sponge made quite wet when 
 sponging the piece. The charge should be immedi- 
 ately reduced to the second ; and, after a few more 
 rounds are fired, if the piece continues -to grow hotter, 
 coine down to the third charge, and fire less fre- 
 quently, until it cools off. 
 
 Projectiles for rifled cannon are mostly made in the 
 same shape, only on a larger scale as the Minie rifle 
 
MUNITIONS OF WAR. 41 
 
 ball, pointed at one end and with a slight invevtedor con- 
 cave base. It is necessary that they should either be 
 of lead, or iron incased in lead. The explosion of the 
 cartriilge swells the base of the projectiles, so that it 
 fits the groove or screw, sending it forth on its mission 
 with unerring velocity and destructiveness. 
 
 All cartridges for cannon, howitzers, or mortars, 
 should be put up in flannel bags of sufficient size only 
 to hold the actual amount required for the charge. Yatr- 
 rious colors of flannel bags, such as white, red and 
 blue, may be used J the first denoting that they con- 
 tain the first charge; the others, the second and third. 
 
 Great care should be observed in Idkding that the 
 vent is closely covered when the sponge is inserted. 
 After being inserted, it should be turned but once, and 
 then withdrawn. If the vent at the time of sponging 
 is not well stopped, premature explosion is likely to 
 follow the instant the cartricfge is rammed home. 
 
 Coarse-grained powder is used for cannon ; with • 
 fine rifle powder the piece is liable to hang fire. 
 
 In priming, see that the priming wire sufficiently 
 pricks the cartridge, and that the tube or fuze is pushed 
 home. 
 
 In loading, it should be recollected that only one 
 inch of confined air between the cartridge and the pro- 
 jectile, will endanger the bursting of the gun the in- 
 stant it is fired. Confined air, when fired in contact 
 with powder, explodes with terrific force. 
 
 To avoid accidents arising from this evil source, see 
 that the projectile is rammed compactly against the 
 
42 ARTILLERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 
 
 cartridge. This may be accurately determined by the 
 length of the rammer, inserted when the piece is not 
 loaded and when it is, and mark on one end of the 
 rammer the difference by a notch. 
 
 OF THE PIECE. 
 
 The right and left of the piece, as relates to the sta- 
 tion of the men, is determined by the position of the 
 man placed in rear of the gun and looking towards the 
 muzzle. The reverse is the case with the limber, the 
 right' and left of which are always determined, by 
 the right and left of the driver. 
 
 The squad for the service of a field piece is formed 
 in two ranks, in close order, from right to left, as fol- 
 lows : Chief of the piece, covered by the non-commis* 
 ^oned officer ; No. 5 man, covered by No. 6 ; the gun 
 ner of the right, covered 1:^ the gunner of the left ; No 
 3, covered by No. 4 ; and No. 1 , covered by No. 2. 
 
 We give the position of the squad above, that inex- 
 perienced persons may see how they are placed, and 
 omit all the detailed manoeuvres of the gun, as they 
 would occupy more space than we have to spare, our 
 desire being to make our remarks as general as possi- 
 ble. Six pieces, each with its caisson, are here sup- 
 posed to constitute a battery. The pieces maybe six 
 or twelve pounders, or even heavier, or they may be 
 mixed. The pieces and caissons are numbered from 
 right to left. Each chief, in giving the command for 
 a movement, designates his piece by its number. Th& 
 battery is divided into two sections, each section con- 
 
MUNITIONS OF WAR. 43 
 
 sisting of two pieces, with their caissons, numbered 
 from right to left. 
 
 In advancing, each piece precedes its caisson. In 
 retreat, each caisson precedes its piece. 
 
 For manoeuvring, the battery is formed either in 
 line or in cojumn of sections. Column of pieces is 
 never used but in passing a defile, or on a march, or 
 moving into or out of a park. 
 
 A piece with four horses, and its prolonjje extended, 
 occupies forty-four feet, and this interval must be pre- 
 served between the piece in line. A piece is in line 
 when the hordes' heads are towards the enemy and the 
 leading horses of the caisson are forty-five paces from 
 the muzzle (or rear) of the gun. 
 
 A piece is in battery when its muzzle is towards the 
 enemy and the horses to the rear. 
 
 The term "unlimber " is to detach the gun from the 
 front wheels and the horses, so that it may be ma- 
 ncEuvred by the gunners. 
 
 To limber is to again attach it for moving. 
 
 A non-commissioned officer has charge of each piece 
 and each caisson, and directs their movements. 
 
 The caisson contains the ammunition. 
 
 The exercise of casemate guns and gims en barbette, 
 in our fortifications, consists in loading and firing. 
 There is no manoeuvring as in the field. 
 
 An embrasure is the opening in the walls of k fort, 
 through which the guns project. 
 
 Loop-hol^ are small openings through which mus- 
 ketry is fired. 
 
44 ARTILLERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 
 
 A casemate is the stone roof under which the guns 
 stand; the roof, being arched and of great thickness, 
 protects the gunners from shot and shell. The gun so 
 protected is termed a casemate gun. Barbette guns 
 are those which are placed on top of the fortress, with- 
 out shelter overhead from an enemy's fire. The ad- 
 vantage of them over casemate guns is, that they have 
 a greater sweep of fire from right to left. 
 
 A half-plunging fire of guns in batter] on the field 
 may be obtained by posting them on sods six feet 
 square by two and a half deep, with stakes driven 
 around the square, to keep the sods compact and in 
 place. An inclined plane should be constructed in the 
 rear. In an open, level country, this position would be 
 of great advantage, and is but the work of a few mo- 
 ments to cut, lay, and stake the sod. 
 
 The range of an ordinary gun, not rifled, can be in- 
 creased by simply greasing a few inches of the inte- 
 rior of the bore near the mouth with :a piece of pork 
 rind. 
 
 JJ^^The friction primer and the percussion primer 
 are probably the best, tubes for artillery. They seldom 
 miss fire. The essential point is certainty of ignition. 
 
 JI^^The ordinary twelve-pound howitzers weigh 
 from 430 to 750 pounds each. Twenty-four pounders 
 about 1,200 pounds. 
 
 JI^T" When- a crisis arrives at any one point on the 
 field in time of action, the movements of artillery 
 should be such as to concentrate at that point with all 
 possible despatch. » 
 
 Shrapnel is of special form, and sometimes 
 
MUNITIONS OF WAR. 45 
 
 made oblo g. Each case for a twelve-pounder con- 
 tains about HO (4§ pounds) balls. In twenty-four's the 
 number is 175 (10^ pounds) balls. 
 
 S^^ln howiizers the velocity given to shrapnel is 
 one thousand feet per second ; therefore, at that dis- 
 tancte, one second fuze is required. 
 
 ;(-,;:r"The etlective range of ordinary field pieces is 
 1 JMJO yards. 
 
 JH^^ Never destroy your aim by being too hasty in 
 liring. 
 
 Jg^^The mortar was first used afloat in 1679 at the 
 French attack on Algiers. 
 
 Jg@°* Sixteen hundred feet per second is the maxi- 
 mum velocity which it is ever considered expedient 
 to give a cannon ball. 
 
 Jg^*" Balls of a low velocity are retarded by the ac- 
 tion of the air less than those of high velocity. The 
 velocity of a ball depends upon the quantity and 
 strength of powder by which it is projected. 
 
 Jgl@" Gunpowder is composed of nitre, carbon, and 
 sulphur — or saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphiir; 75 parts, 
 in weight, of saltpetre, 15 of charcoal, and 10 sul- 
 phur, make the best gunpowder. 
 
 S^^ Shot are cast from soft iron of good quality. If 
 cast from hard, brittle iron, they are more likely to 
 break than penetrate when fired against hard bodies. 
 
 Jjl@* Moulds for casting shot are sometimes of sand, 
 and sometimes of iron. The former, is preferred, be- 
 cause it produces smoother and less defective shot. 
 
46 ARTILLERY AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 
 
 ♦J8®* The win']a;,'e of a shot is the difference be- 
 tween its diameter and iho diameter of the bore of it* 
 gun. 
 
 Jg^^'Tliero are two kinds of wads in common use' 
 for artillery, the junk wad and the grommet wad. The 
 former isof junk, and the latter of rope. A wad simply 
 to put over a shot and keep it in place had perhaps 
 better be soft. 
 
kxt iWyl 
 
 HINTS ON SURGERir.— ANTIDOTES FOR P0I80N, &C. 
 
FOR ARRESTING THE FLOW OF 
 BLOOD. 
 
 There are two sorts of blood vessels in the human 
 body, the one composed of arteiies, which carry the 
 blooil from the heart to every part of the body, and 
 the other of the veins, wh'.ch returns the same blood, 
 afie^ tlie oxygen has been exhausted from it. Tlie 
 blood in the arteries is a bright red color, and in the 
 veins of a darker hue. 
 
 Fortunately, arteries forcibly torn or lacerated are 
 not apt to throw out blood, owing, says an eminent 
 medical writer, to the vessels being paralyzed to a 
 certain extent by the shock, so that it does not con- 
 tract to force along the curretit of blood, which cmise- 
 (inentiy coagulates and fills up the orifice of the 
 wounded artery. It sliould be remembered that the 
 blood is flowing from the heart, and if, therefore, yon 
 make compression between the wound and the heart, 
 by tying a handkerchief tightly round the limb, you 
 will efTectually check the bleeding for the time until 
 a siirgeon's assistance can be obtained. 
 
 A knot should be made in the handkerchief and 
 placed directly dver the main artery of the limb, 
 bringing the ends around and tying them. Suppose a 
 wound in the foot, leg, thigh, or arm. which bleeds 
 profusely, should accidentally occur to some one in your 
 
 6 
 
60 ' HINTS ON SURGERY. 
 
 presence, if assistance is not rendered at once as above 
 described a life may be lost, when a little care 
 would have saved it. No wound ought to be stuffed, 
 with rags, or any irritating application be made. 
 
 Sometimes the orifice of the wounded vessel may 
 be visible. Compression directly over it with the ball 
 of the thumb, until a surgeon arrives, will arrest the 
 flow of blood. 
 
 Should one not be obtained at the instant, put a lig- 
 ature arotind it in the following manner: Take a large 
 needle and, placing the end in which the eye is* into 
 a piece of wood or cork, so tiiat it will serve as a 
 handle, hold the si)arp end into a fire, or lighted pine, 
 until it can be bent into a hook, then wipe away the 
 blood, so al to render tlie orifice of the bleeding artery 
 perfectly visible, and pass the hook gently through it 
 and draw it gently out, and with a piece of strong silk 
 or linen thread tie it around the edge with §uch a knot 
 as will not slip. The surgeon can easily remove it, if 
 upon his arrival he should think advisable so to do. 
 
 If the orifice is^mall, lacerate the end with a knife 
 or by twisting it, in which state the artery will not bleed. 
 Profuse bleeding from wounds in the scalp, or face, 
 or flesh wounds in other parts of the body may be 
 arrested by lint, or compresses made of folded cotton, 
 Or linen wet in cold water and bound, or held firrhly 
 over the wound. 
 
 Castile soap is suitai)le to wash wounds with, for 
 it is healing and soothing in its tendencies. Avoid 
 touching wounds with all irritating substances. 
 
ANTIDOTES FOR POISONS, iC. 51 
 
 For fractures, bind up the partij and apply cold 
 water freely till you receive surgical aid. 
 
 For gun-shot wounds, outside appli'^ations of lint 
 are excellent till you receive assistance. Wasliing with 
 castile soap is good for blistered face or feet. 
 
 POISO]N^ED WOUNDS. 
 
 Poisoned w^onnds should be speedily exposed, and if 
 the wound be on either of the extremities a handker- 
 chief or cord should be placed around the limb be- 
 tween the wound and the heart, drawn tightly and tied. 
 The wound sliould be sucked by the person himself, or 
 some'one present, taking care that there be no sores or 
 scratch in the mouth of the person by whom it is done. 
 
 As soon as possible, the wound should be cut out, 
 but this should not be atte^npted by an unprofessional 
 person. The wound should be touched in every part 
 by caustic of some sort, or, what is better, seared over 
 with a hot iron. 
 
 For a rattlesnake, moccasin, or copper-head snake 
 sting, drink whiskey to excess, or if you can procure 
 the cedran-b&an make a tea out of it, and drink a half- 
 pint of it every half-hour. In six hours you wall be 
 entirely cured. Suck and sear the wound also, as above 
 described. 
 
 K^ SECTS IN THE EAR OR NOSE. 
 These may be ejected by a stream of warm water, 
 
52 HINTS ON SURGERY. 
 
 coi(] will answer at a pi noli, thrown in by means of a 
 small syrinire, or squirted by^a companion tbroiiirh a 
 teei\ or any small tube. The insect should not be 
 picked at, as it will cause irritation and swelling. 
 
 ANTIDOTES FOR POISOIS^ 
 
 The first thing that is to be done where it is ascer- 
 tained a pois^on has been swallowed, is to endeavor to 
 eject the substance from the stomacdi. An emetic may 
 be instantly made of warm wafer and mustard. Ex- 
 cessive drinking of strong coffee afterwards is a good 
 antidote. Milk and the whites of eggs are also excel- 
 lent antidotes. 
 
 Poisoned oak, or vines, touching the skin, create irri- 
 tatioii and discharges. They may be cured by appli- 
 cations of sulphur, mixed to the consistency of a paste 
 with milk, and spread over the surface fresh every 
 day till healed. In the absence of sulphur, gunpow- 
 der and water are a pretty good substitute. 
 
 SIGIS'S OF PEAL DEATH FROM SUSPENDED 
 ANIMATION. 
 
 Ap[)arciit death is nut uiificqL^ent from accidental 
 blows or fall's, from drowning, vapor of charcoal, or 
 from narcotic poison. 
 
 Fatal results have taken })lace from want of know- 
 ledge, no doubt. 
 
53 
 
 One of the most certain signs of death, is stillness 
 of the corpse; but it happens sometimes that this sign 
 manifests itself during life. When a member is stifi 
 from tetanus, convulsions, &c., it is difficult to c'^ange 
 its position; aiyA when it is done, it soon returns to its 
 former state. In the stiti'ness of death, this is not the 
 case, the member remaining as lifst placed. Stiffness, 
 from iainting fits- takes place at once — sTiffness of a 
 corpse not till some time after death, when there is no 
 longer heat in the body. The more sudden the death, 
 the slower rigidity takes place. 
 
 If an individual who is thought to be dead is cold 
 and soft, while there shoultl be a certain degree of 
 stiffness, his interment ought not to be hastened. Be- 
 fore deciding, a muscle of the arm or thigh ought io 
 be laid bare, and electrified by a galvanic hattery. If 
 it gives a sign of contraction, life is extinct. 
 
 The sign of death most certain is well-marked putre- 
 faction ; but it does not belong to the unprofessional to 
 decide; the physician alone can establish this fact. 
 
 The state of the face has been regarded as a sign of 
 real death, viz.: forehead wrinkled and drv, eyes sunk, 
 nose pointed, temples shrunk, ears drawn back, lips 
 hanging, cheeks sunk, &c. Taken by itself, this sign 
 is of no value, for it has been observed in i:)ersons 
 twenty four or forty-eight houps before death, and often 
 it is wantijig in jiersons who have died suddenly. 
 
 Absence of the cyculation, of feeling the beating of 
 the heart and pulsation of the arteries, have been re- 
 garded as infalliable means of deciding if tire indi- 
 vidual is dead; but it is fully proved that a person 
 
54 HINTS ON SURGERY. 
 
 ^may live many hours wilbout its being possible to per- 
 ceive the least movement in tbe parts spoken of. 
 
 An individual has been considered as dead when he 
 ceases to breathe. Many expedients have been resorted 
 to, but experience prove tliat none of these signs are 
 sufficient to establish the reality of death. 
 
 It has been tliouglft that the individual is dead when 
 he is cold, and lives if he preserves warmth. This 
 sign is of the least vnlue, for drowned persons who 
 can be restored are ordinaril}'^ cold, while those suffo- 
 cated preserve heat even a long time after death. 
 
 Incisions, burns, blisters, &c., sometimes employed, 
 ought to be considered secondary, as experience proves 
 that in certain diseases the sensibility is so destroyed 
 that the patients do not feel any pain, even for several 
 days after these applications. 
 
 The conclusion is, that no one of the signs enumer- 
 ated is sufficient for pronouncing a person dead. 
 
 That death ought to be regarded as real in an indi- 
 vidual who combines all these signs. 
 
CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 
 
CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVE- 
 MENTS. 
 
 It can hardly be expected that the militia or volun- 
 teer cavalry are to be instructed in all the varied 
 movements and details as practi^^ed by re.uuiar caval- 
 ry. The large sums of money required by volunteer 
 mounted regiments to maintain themselves on aTiy 
 thing like an efficient footing, and in the care, equip- 
 ments, and furnishing forage for their animals, deter 
 many persons from joining such organizations. In 
 time of peace, moreover, their services are seldom re- 
 quired, except it may be to quell a riot or suppress a 
 violent mob, which can be accomplished as effectu- 
 ally by infantry with the bayonet. Probably more for 
 these reasons than any others, we hear of but few 
 formations of cavalry regiments, as compared with 
 the number of infantry and rifles organized in the 
 more densely populated States The States adjoining 
 the frontiers of the Indian country frequently muster 
 into their service mounted rangers for the purpose of 
 suppressing Indian depredations, and to follow up the 
 sava'j;es into their fastness, in the absence of regularly 
 equipped troops of the Government. These rargers, 
 however, never find it necessary, in carrying on this 
 system of M-arfare, to perfect themselves in nil the 
 minutiae and movements as prescribed by army rcgu- 
 
58 CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 
 
 lations. They are mounted more particularly for ac- 
 tive pursuit, and armed with all sorts of weapons that 
 may come to hand, and ride as best suits the conve- 
 nience of each ranger, without regard to system or 
 drill. 
 
 With the regular cavalry the case is far different. 
 They are compelled to go through a thorough course 
 of instruction. They must learn to mount and dis- 
 mount with ease ; to sit a horse naturally, and to have 
 the stirrups sufficiently short to enable them to com- 
 mand their horses, and to rise in them to strike when 
 it may be necessary to use the sword or lance. 
 
 The manoeuvres ar» simple with the sword or 
 lance, and can easily be learned. The exercise with 
 the sword is reduced to a very few motions, as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Draw — Swords. — At this command carry the right 
 handover the reins ; run the hand to the wrist through 
 the sword-knot; grasp the sword and draw it six 
 inches out of the scabbard. 
 
 Draw the sword briskly, carry it to the right 
 shoulder, point upwards • drop the hand on the upper 
 part of the right thigh, the little finger on the outside 
 of the gripe, and the back of the blade in the hol- 
 low of the shoulder. This is the position of Carry — 
 Sword. 
 
 Slope — Swords. — Loosen the grasp of the handle, 
 advancing at the same time the sword hand, .with the 
 wrist turned up, so as to allow the back of the sword 
 to rest on the shoulder in a sloping position. 
 
 I 
 
CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 59 
 
 Carry — bwoRDS. — Draw the haml to its position 
 so as to allow the sword to resume its, perpendicu- 
 larity. 
 
 Raise — Swords — as front rank. — Raise the sword 
 
 hand (right hand) perpendicularly and bring it as high 
 
 as tlie chin, blade to the left and fingers opposite the 
 
 face, which is tjie position preparatory to give point. 
 
 Raise the wrist to the height of the eyes — the arm 
 
 half extended— the edge turned towards the tight, and 
 
 the point a little lower than the wrist. 
 
 * 
 
 Js rear rank. — Raise the sword, the arm half-ex- 
 tended, the wrist a little above the head, the edge up- 
 wards, the point backwards, and about one foot above 
 the wrist. These are the positions of the sword by 
 the two ranks just before the charge, and at the shock 
 Vhen the men are to give poinr, or cut and use their 
 swords as they see fit, after breaking the line of an 
 enemy. 
 
 Carry — Sv\'ORDa. — Bring the sword to its original 
 position on the right thigh. 
 
 Return — Swords. — Raise the sword perpendicularly ; 
 the flat to the front, edge to the left, the thumb to the 
 height of the chin and about siz inches Irom it. Car- 
 ry the wrist near and opposite to the left shoulder, 
 drop the point, turn the head to the left, return the 
 sword to the scabbard, bringing the head again to 
 the front and the right hand to its position by the 
 thigh. 
 
 Pistol and carbine should be used by every man as 
 may be most convenient to him. 
 
60 CAVALRY AND ICAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 
 
 In cavalry, the same as in infantry, a rank is any 
 number of. i^en, side by siile in a line. 
 
 Cavalry are said to be niarcliing hy files, when each 
 front rank man has his rear rank man following him, 
 the whole in one single string. 
 
 By Twos. — When each front rank hvo has its rear 
 rank two following, it being a column of two abreast. 
 
 By Fours. — When each front rank four has its 
 rear rank four by its side, being a column eight 
 abreast. 
 
 Sections of fours. — When each front rank four has 
 its rear rank four following, it being a column four 
 abreast. 
 
 ^ Platoon is the fourth part of a squadron. Pla- 
 toons in squadron are numbered 1st. 2d, 3d, 4th, from 
 the right. ^ 
 
 A Troop (horse company) is the half bf a squad- 
 ron, two troops making one squadron. Troops are 
 right and left in each squadron, 
 
 A S(juadron. — Two or more squadrons compose a 
 corps, or brigade, numbered 1, 2, 3, &c., from the 
 right. 
 
 A Division. — Two or more brigades compose a divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Close order. — The ordinary distance at which the 
 rear rank is formed behind the front rank is one yard, 
 or pace. 
 
 Open order. — The increased distance* taken by the 
 rear rank on some occasions of parade^ is six yards, or 
 paces. 
 
CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 61 
 
 Front. — The distance toward^ which the line laces 
 when formed — the extent from flank to flank— thai 
 is, the breadth. The extent of front of a squadron js 
 to be calculated at about as many yards as it contains 
 files. 
 
 Depth. — The distance from front to rear. 
 
 Distance. — The distance between one brigade and 
 another in column. From one liorse to another, when 
 marching in file, twos, fours, or sections of fours — 
 the distance should be one yard. From one squad- 
 ron to another in close column, ten yards. The depth 
 of two ranks, taking the length of the fullest-sized 
 cavalry horses at eight feet, and the distance between 
 tiie ranks at three feet, is to be reckoned at about nine- 
 teen feet. 
 
 IntervaU are spaces between squadrons and bri- 
 gades in line; those between squadrons should not 
 exceed ten paces, and those between brigades not 
 over fifteen paces. 
 
 PACES. 
 
 There are three paces in cavalry tactics — the walk, 
 the trot, and the gallop. The walk should be made at 
 the rate of tliree and a half to four miles ^n hour, the 
 trot at eight and a half an hour, and the gallop at 
 eleven miles an hour. The gallop is not considered 
 applicable to general purposes of manoeuvre, though 
 it may bei used for very simple formations. 
 
 The rate of charge should not exceed the speed of 
 
 6 . 
 
62 QAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 
 
 the slowest horses, except in cases of great emergen- 
 cy, when the fastest will push for the front rank, and 
 hurry forward with their comrades. 
 
 To preserve uniformity of movement, the trot and 
 gallop should commence gradually and by the whole 
 body at the same time. 
 
 The term pace, by which distance and intervals are 
 measured, is one yard. 
 
 COMMANDS 
 
 are of two kinds — those of caution and those of exe- 
 cution. They should be given in a firm and clear 
 voice, and repeated by the chiefs of subdivisions. 
 
 MOUNTING. 
 
 Stand to Horte. — The position of the man is on the 
 ieft side of the horse, square to the front, toe on a line 
 with the horse's fore foot; right hand back upwards, 
 holding the rein of the snafile over the curb, six inches 
 from the ring of the bit, left hand hanging down by 
 the side. 
 
 Prepare to Mount. — Face to the right, take the curb 
 rein in the IqTt hand, run down the left hand'to the 
 neck of the horse', still holding the bridle, and seize 
 with the fore-fingers of the left hand a lock of the 
 mane about a foot from the saddle ; seize the stirrup 
 strap with the right hand, place the left foot in the 
 • 
 
CAVALRY ANB CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 63 
 
 stirrup, ahd shift the right hand to the cantle (back) 
 of the sadille, taking a firm hold. 
 
 Mount. — At this command, spring with the right 
 foot, and support the body with the left foot in the 
 stirrup, throw the right leg over the horse's back, seat 
 ■yourself in the saddle, and place the riglit foot in its 
 stirrup, without the aid of hand or eye. 
 
 POSITION 0:N^ H0E8EBACK. 
 
 The body should be baianced in the middle of the 
 saddle, head up and square- to the front, left hand 
 holding the reins, back of the hand uppermost, on a 
 line with the elbow ; the right hand hanging by the 
 left thigh; legs hanging straight dowrf from the knee, 
 near the horse's sides, and the toes raised slightly 
 from the insteps, and as near the horse's sides as the 
 heels, 
 
 DISMOUNT. 
 
 Prepare to dismount^ is the first command. Dismount, 
 the second. Bring the right leg clear over the horse's 
 back, and dismount, and stand to horse. 
 
 POSTS OF OFFIOEES AND OTHEES IN 
 COLUIVIN. 
 
 Cohimns of twos or fours. — Right in front. 
 The colonel abreast with the centre of the brigade, 
 eight yards from the left flank of the column. The 
 
64 CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 
 
 lieutenant-colonel, and major on the same flank, the 
 first abreast witli the centre of the two first squad- 
 rons, au'l the last abreast with the centre of the two 
 last sqna<lrons. 
 
 The adjutant on the same fiank, abreast with the 
 leaMinir files. The sergeant-major in rear of the col- 
 umn, except when the left is in front, when he is on 
 the riL^ht flank, abreast with the leading files. The 
 chiefs of sqnadrons on the left flank, ojjposite to the 
 centre of their commands; the jnniors on the vii'ht 
 flank. The chiefs of the leading companies of squad- 
 rons in front of their commands, and the chiefs of the 
 other companies on the left of their leading files. 
 
 The file-closers on the riglit flank of the column, 
 abreast with the flies they cover when in line. The 
 trumpets should be six yard* in advance of the offi- 
 cers at the head of the column, 
 
 THE CHARGE, OR ATTACK OF CAVALRY. • 
 
 The charge' is regulated l^y the principles of the di- 
 rect march, but is more animated and impetuous. It 
 should commence wi.b a brisk trot, then a gallop, 
 constantly increasing in velocity as the men approach 
 the eremy. To render it effective, the attack must be 
 made with a rush artd a bold, determined front. There 
 are three modes of charging, viz : in a line parallel or 
 oblique to the front of the enemy, by echelon, and in 
 column. 
 
 The charge should be sounded, by all the trumpets. 
 
t 
 CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 65 
 
 As the men near the enemy, ihey rise in their stirrups^ 
 lowering the bridle hand, (left hand,) but keep com- 
 mand of the horses, as well as the line of their rank, 
 and thus throw theniselves upon the enemy; the front 
 rank with their swords pointed forward, immediately be- 
 fore the shock, and the rear rank with the sword 
 raised: The enemy being routed, the commanding, 
 officer orders the trumpeters to sound the rally, when 
 each man pulls up and joins his standard. As it is 
 important that the enemy should not have time to 
 rally, the flank platoons of each squadron, or sonoe 
 others, are sent in pursuit. To recall them the rallrfi 
 is again sounded, when they return to their respective 
 squadrons. The charge ought always to be anticipa- 
 ted, if possible, as tliere is imminent danger of being 
 overthrown by receiving a charge at a halt. A skiKul 
 ^commander is always on the alert on the field of bat- 
 tle, to guard against surprise while at a halt. Were 
 he taken so by a column of the enemy's cavalry, it 
 would be almost impossible to resist it. Where cav- 
 alry are operating against each other, a charge should 
 always be met by a charge. If a smaller number are - 
 about being attacked, a good plan is, to put their 
 horses to an easy gallop, --.jake a feint at receiving the 
 charge of the enemy by ,a counter-charge,, and when 
 within, say twenty or thirty yards of the front rank of 
 the enemy, deliver your fire from your small-arms, 
 each shot converging towards the ce7Ure of the ene- 
 my's column. The next movement is to replace your 
 fire-arms, instantly seize your swords, divide the com- 
 
66 CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 
 
 mand into three or four attacking parties, wheel to the 
 right and left, so as to avoid the shock of the enemy 
 in front, and attack him determinedly on each flank. 
 The movement must be executed with great quick- 
 ness. You are supposed to be^at an easy gallop when 
 you deliver your fire, while the enemy is rushing to- 
 wards you with their ho/ses on the full jump. The 
 very instant you fire, hurry to the attack on his flanks, 
 before he can stop the momentum of his speed and 
 face about to repel you. Keep playing on his flanks 
 in this manner, by retreating and repeating the move- 
 ment, and if you do not succeed in defeating him, 
 owing to his superior numbers, you may at least in- 
 crease your own effectiveness one-third more than you 
 could hope to do by receiving the shock in front. Of 
 course such a movement as the one we allude to is based 
 upon the supposition that the horses of the enemy, as 
 well as your own, are nearly, if not quite equal in 
 speed. You are supposed to have greater command 
 over your own horses at any easy gallop than your 
 enemy, who is charging directly on you at top speed. 
 You could, therefore, wheel to the right or left quicker, 
 and get to his flanks before he could pull up and 
 change his direction to follow you. If his front rank 
 pulled up too suddenly, they would be in danger of 
 being overridden by their rear ranks, and plunged into 
 hopeless confusion. If the speed and mettle of your 
 animals are still greater than the enemy's, then the 
 advantages are more in your favor for a successful 
 issue. 
 
CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 67 
 
 Chiefs of squadrons charge at the head of their re 
 spective squadrons. The colonel at the head of such, 
 squadron as he may think his presence most necessa- 
 ry. The lieutenant-K.'olonel and major at the head of 
 other squadrons of their wing. Adjutants, sergeant- 
 majors, and general guides keep their places as in 
 line. The trumpets in the rear of the centre, with the 
 trumpet-major at their head, unless the colonel shall 
 see fit to have him near his person. AH orders are 
 given through the trumpeters. 
 
 When using pistol or carbine, the fire should be de- 
 livered as close as possible to the enemy's line, and 
 without taking time to reload, the pistol should be re- 
 placed in its holster, the carbine swung round to the 
 back, and the sword, which s?iould be kept dangling 
 by the right wrist, meanwhile be instantly seized, and 
 used for either cut or thrust. 
 
 When a charge is unsuccessful at the first onset, the 
 retreat may be sounded, that the squadrons may reform 
 and fall back under cover of the artillery, in good or- 
 der, or to prepare for a second or third attack, as the 
 commander may desire.- If they cannot succeed in 
 penetrating the enemy's line, they should retire ma- 
 nceuvring. 
 
 BREECH-LOADING WEAPONS. 
 
 Breech-loading carbines, or rifles with the Maynard 
 primer, (tape cap,) are handled and loaded with far . 
 more facility on horseback than the old-fashioned 
 
68 CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 
 
 musketoons formerly used by cavalry, or pieces of any 
 sort which are loaded at the bore. 
 
 The former can be loaded and fired at least four or 
 five times to one of the latter. With the patent pri- 
 mer, too, the annoyance, and oftentimes, delay, while 
 mounted and your horse in motion, of placing a.cap 
 on the. nipple of your piece, are avoided, and the dan- 
 ger of losing the cap obviated. There is iio drawing 
 of rammer, ramming home cartridge, and returning 
 rammer, with breech-loading weapons, and the prefer- 
 ence therefore should always be given them, when 
 they can be obtained, for mounted service. The 
 American Government has adopted them for its regu- 
 lar cavalry, as we believe also the leading govern- 
 ments of Europe for tfte same corps of their armies. 
 The revolving rifle comes under the head of breech- 
 loading. The only difference between it and the car- 
 binej^, that the revolving rifle has a chamber to it 
 similar to the common revolver, and carries six, and 
 some of them even more charges at once, which must 
 be discharged successively before being replenished ; 
 whereas the carbine, or Sharp's rifle, can only contain 
 one cartridge at a time. We would recommend the 
 latter, with Maynard primer, for mounted co^s, as 
 they are less liable to get out of order. Another thing 
 which should be taken into consideration, is, that 
 breech-loading small-arms are not so apt to burst as 
 those loaded at the bore. The cartridge is always 
 "home" the very instant it is placed in the piece, and 
 the lever, which opens the small aperture at the 
 breech to admit it, is closed. There are only two 
 
CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 69 
 
 motions required in loading. At the first, handle car- 
 tridge — load — ^jerk back the lever, and insert the car- 
 tridge in the Ijreech ; and at the second command, 
 ready, close the lever with tlie forefinger of tjie right 
 hand, which, as it comes back to its position, cuts the 
 end of the cartridge, and then with your thumb cock 
 the [)iece — a cap appears over the nipple as you pull 
 back the cock, and you are all ready for immediate 
 firing, ' 
 
 TRAINED HORSES FOR CAVALRY. 
 
 To prevent your horse shying, or becoming unman- 
 ageable by bolting, or rearing, or pitching in the face 
 of an enemy's fire, he should be thoroughly broken 
 and trained. He should be taught all the simple 
 movements of tl)e troop, and to obey them if possible 
 at the sound of the trumpet ; a.ho familiarize liim by 
 firing blank cartridges over his head, in front of his 
 face and alongside of his cars, 'and to wheel to the 
 right or left with you by a pressure of your knee on 
 his sides. These can all be accompli^ied with very- 
 little trouble by any person of ordinary intelligence. 
 Many a trooper's life has been saved on the field of 
 battle by the sagacity of his horse, in obeying the calls 
 of the trumpeters, and numerous instances are on re- 
 cord where riderless they have charged with the 
 squadrons they belonged to into a mass of infantry, 
 and by indidging in the most vigorous kicks and art 
 of biting, placed many of the enemy hors d^combat. 
 In some portions of Europe, cavalry horses are trainee^ 
 
70 CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 
 
 to wheel and kick with both liind feet, and follow it 
 up by a succession of kicks directly at tlie front of an 
 enemy's square. 
 
 They .should also be trained to leap a piece of artil- 
 lery while being fired, a hedge or a ditch, to mak6 
 them entirely serviceable in time of action, and be 
 ready for all emergencies that might arise; attention 
 and proper care sliould also be paid to their grooming, 
 and see that their forage is not musty and damp. 
 They should never be picketed or "hobbled," if it can 
 be avoided, on wet or marshy land, or to stand ex- 
 posed to cold winds without being blanketed, or to the 
 heat of the sun in warm weather, when a shady place 
 under a tree is near at hand. After a long march, a 
 little dung applied to the bottom of their hoofs, and 
 permitted to remain there for a few hours, will have 
 a tendency to draw off inflammation about the frog 
 and pastern joint, and greatly relieve your animal. 
 It may be retained in its place by a piece of rag or 
 canvas; and when these cannot be obtained, it would 
 be^well to wash their legs in the nearest stream. 
 
 SABKE CUTS. 
 
 There are seven cuts with the sabre — one with the 
 right hand, even with the left shoulder, edge of the 
 blade to the front, and throw the arm by the right hip 
 backwards; second, turn the hand and sweep the 
 blade back again, cutting halt downwards ; third and 
 fourth, the same movement on the left side of you, 
 the sabre directed from above the right shoulder, turn- 
 
v 
 CAVALRY AND CAVALRY MOVEMENTS. 71 
 
 ing the body half round to the left; the other cuts are 
 made to the right and left, at direct right angle with 
 your body. » 
 
 The great St. George cut is performed by carrying 
 the right hand to the left shoulder, and sweeping the 
 sabre swiftly aro.und to the right, extending the arm 
 full length, half turning the body to the right at the 
 instant, and describe a half-circle with the point of 
 your sabre. 
 
 The force of a blow with the sabre is greater within 
 eight inches of the point, than half-way to the guard. 
 
 SKIRMISHING. 
 
 • 
 
 The principal duty of a mounted skirmisher, is to 
 gain time, while the main body to which he is attached 
 can prepare for action, and to watch the movements 
 of the enemy, to keep him in check, and to prevent 
 him from approaching so close to the main body as to 
 annoy them in any nianner, until they are ready to re- 
 ceive his attaq^. On service, regularity in skirmish- 
 ing, and correctness of distance cannot always be 
 maintained, on account of the movements of the ene- 
 my and the nature of the ground, and sometimes other 
 unforeseen circumstances. On ordinary occasions a • 
 few mounted men may be sufficient for this duty, yet 
 it is not an unfrequent occurrence to call into requisi- 
 tion entire squadrons to act as skirmishers. 
 
 They should always move out and return at a galr 
 lop, and keep their horses in motion, to avoid becom- 
 ing a mark to the enemy. 
 
f Mt giitk 
 
 ORDER OF ENCAMt'MENl* FOR ARTILLERY, CAYALRT, AND 
 
 INFANTRY, AND GENERAL DETAILS OF 
 
 CAMP DUTY, COOKING, &C. 
 
ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 FOE INFANTEY. 
 
 The troops are on all occasions to be encamped in 
 the order of battl^. 
 
 The ffont of the camp of a regipient of 1,000 men 
 in two ranks will be 400 feet.' 
 
 The conapajiies will encamp in the street perpen- 
 dicularly to the line in which they were drawn up — 
 facing to the color line. * 
 
 Each street in a large encampment should have 
 some designated number or name posted up, on a flag, 
 or some conspicuous place, "to the right and left of the 
 line, that it may be more readily known. 
 
 The width of the main street should not be over 
 forty f^et nor less th?inj}fleen. 
 
 The interval between the ranks of tents is two 
 paces; between the files of tents of adjacent compa- 
 nies, tivo paces. 
 
 Between regiments, twenty-two paces. 
 
 The color line is ten paces in front of the front rank 
 of tents. 
 
 The kitchens. are twenty paces behind the rear rank 
 of company's tents. 
 
 The non-comrnissioned staff and sutler, twenty paces 
 ia tlie rear of the kitchens. 
 
76 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 The company officers, twenty paces further in rear. 
 . The field and staff officers, twenty paces in rear of 
 the company officers. 
 
 The company officers are i^i rear of their respective 
 companies. 
 
 The colonel and lieutenant-colonel are near the 
 centre of the line of field and staff. 
 
 Tlje adjutant, a major, and surgeon. on the right. 
 
 The quartermaster, a major, ari^ assistant-surgeon 
 on the left. • • . ' • 
 
 The advanced post of the police guard is about tico 
 hundred paces in front of the .colour line, and opposite 
 the centre of the regiment,or on "the best ground. 
 
 The "prisoners' tent /ot«r -paces in rear .of police 
 guard. * 
 
 In a regiment of the second line, the adva.nced post 
 of the polices guard is two hundred paces in rear of the 
 line of Its field and staff. 
 
 Thehorses of.the staff officers, and of the baggage 
 train, are twenty-five paces' in rear of the tents of the 
 field and staff. ■ ' 
 
 The wagons are parked on the same line; and the 
 men of the train camjiednear them. 
 
 The. sinks of the men are on? hunted aud fifty jpnces 
 in front of the color line. . 
 
 Those of the officers, one hundred 2^aces in rear of 
 the train. . .. ' 
 
 . The sinks should always be hid from public view, 
 by encircling them with bushes^ or other blinds,* a 
 
^ CAMP or CiAVALRY. 77 
 
 portion of the earth dug. out of. them ought every day 
 to be. thrown in to cover. the filth," 
 
 When convenient, the sinks of the men may be 
 placed in rear, or on^a flank. 
 
 CAMP OF CAVALRY. 
 
 In the cavalry service, each company has one file of 
 tents — the tents opening on the- street facing the left of 
 the caiiip. • . 
 
 The liorses of each company are placed in a single 
 file, facing the opening of the tents, and are fastened, 
 to pickets planted firmly in the grou;id, frorrt three to 
 six paces from the tents of the troops. 
 
 Tlte interval between the file of tents should be 
 such that, tlie regiment being broken into column of 
 cohip^nies, .each company should be on the Extension 
 of the line'on which flie horses are to be picketed." 
 
 The streets separating the squadrons are wider than 
 those betweeti the companies, hy the interval separa- 
 ting squadrons in line;- these intervals are kept free 
 from any obstructiov^ throughout the camp. 
 
 The horses of the rear rank arc placed on the left of 
 those of .their file leaders. 
 
 .The horses of the lieutenants are placed on the 
 right of theiu platoons, . 
 
 Those of tlie captains, on the right of the company. 
 
 Eachhorsp occupies the space of two paces. 
 
 The number of. horses in the company fixes the 
 
78 oHder of encampment. 
 
 depth of the camp, and the distance between files of 
 tents. . ■ ■ 
 
 The forage is placed between the tents. 
 
 The kitchens -are twenty paces in front of each file of 
 tents. 
 
 The non-commissioned officers are in the teats of 
 the front rank. 
 
 Camp followers, teamsters, &c., are in the rear rank. 
 
 The p(jlice guard in the rear rank, near the centre 
 of the regiment. 
 
 The- tepts of the lieutenjints are thirty paces in rear 
 of the file of their company. 
 
 The tents of the captains, thirty paces in rear of the 
 lieutenants. 
 
 The colonel's tent thirty paces in rear of the cap- 
 tains, near the centre of the regiment. * 
 
 The lieutgnant-colonel on his fight, the adjutant on 
 his left ; the major's on the same line, opposite the 
 second company on the right and left; the surgeon on 
 the left of the adjutant. 
 
 The field, and staff" officers have their horses on the 
 left of their tents, on the same liiife with the company 
 horses. ' ■ ■ 
 
 Sick horses are placed in one line, on the' right or 
 left of the camp. The men who attend them have "a 
 separate file, of tents ; the forages and wagons in rear 
 of'this file. 'The horses of the trai.u and of camp 
 followers are in one or more files, extending' to the 
 rear, behind'the right or left -squadron. The advance 
 
* CAMP OF ARTILLERY. 79 
 
 police guard is tivo htuidr.ed- Yiacas in front, opposite 
 centre of regiment, the horses in one oj two files. 
 
 Sinks for the men 150 paces in front. Officers, 100 
 paces in rear of the camp. 
 
 CAMP of" artillery. 
 
 Artillery is encamped near the troops to which it is 
 attacked, 69 as to be protected from attack, and to con- 
 tribute to the defence of the camp. 
 
 Sentinels for the park are furnished by the artillery, 
 and when necessary by the other troops. 
 
 For a battery of six pieces the tents are in three 
 files, one for ea<;h section; distance betweenthe ranks 
 of tents 15 paces, tents opening to the iront. 
 
 The horses of jeach section (two guns) are picketed 
 iji one file, 10 paces to the left of the file of tents. 
 
 In the horse-artiUery, or if the number of horses 
 rrialces.it necessary, the horses are in two files, on the 
 right and left of the 'file of tents. 
 
 • The tents of the officers are in the outside files of 
 company tent^25- paces in rear of the rear rank — the 
 captain on the riglit, the lieutenants on the left. 
 
 The park is opposite to the centre of the camp, 40 
 pace's jn rear of the officers' tents. The carriages in 
 files, 4 paces apart; distance between ranks of car- 
 riages sufficient for the horses when harne^^sed to them. 
 The park guard is 25 paces in reer of the park. 
 
 Sinks forr'the-men 150 paces in front. 
 
 Officers, 100 paces in rear. 
 
80 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. • 
 
 The harness is kept in the .tents of. the men, ready 
 for immediate xrse. 
 
 BIVOUACS. 
 
 A bivouac means sleeping on. the* earth without 
 tents. A fire for each platoon is. made, .and the 
 men lie Jiround it, with their arms reacfy, to 'repel a 
 night assault, of the enemy. 
 
 In storrmy weg-ther, a' shelter should be made, if pos- 
 sible,, with stakes driven in the ground, and a slight 
 structure o.verhead, the whole covered in with bushes 
 and branches of small trees. 
 
 CANTONMENTS. 
 
 In cantonments, the cavalry should be placed- under 
 sheltei", whenever the distanci? 'from; the enemy, and 
 from the grouud where the troop's are to .form for bat- 
 tle, permits it. 
 
 A place for assei;ibling is selected by the colonel in 
 case Qf alarm. 1|^ 
 
 Farm-yards, sheds, and barns; wheri in close pro.x- 
 i'mity to a cantonment, may be used for shelter. 
 
 When caValry and , infantry canton together, the 
 latter furnish guards by night, and the foriiier by day. 
 
 Troops cantoned in presence of an enemy should b6. 
 covered by. advanced guards, and natural or artificial 
 obstacles,, such as a river ditch, with .a few -pieces of 
 artillpry posted covering the approaches or ford. 
 
WATCHWORDS. 81 
 
 DEILL AND EXERCISES IN CAMP. 
 
 When tYoops remain in. camp- oi' cantonments foi' 
 several days, they should be exercised daily in drill 
 and mancEUvrijig. for two or three hours. , 
 
 OEDElRS. 
 
 When in. the field, verbal orders and' sealed orders 
 are' parried by officers.^ When- orders "are carried by or- 
 derly sergeants, the place arid titne of departure should 
 be mal-ked on ..them, and place and hour of delivery on 
 t.he receipt which is returned to the officer sending 
 the order. . 
 
 W^ATCHWOEDS. 
 
 The countersign and parole are issued dnily from 
 headquarters^ and; if necessity requires>two and thre.e 
 times a day.. The coiir^tersign is given to the senti- 
 nels and non-commissioned officers of the guard. The 
 parole to the commi^^sionecj officers of guards. The 
 • parole is usually.named after a .general. The coun- 
 tersign, of a regiment or battle, or some simple word. 
 
 Both the parole and countersign slipuld be given to 
 none hut officers^ non-commissioned officers,' and senti- 
 nels«pf the guard. 
 
 If an officer .or private has leave to go beyond the 
 line of pickets, or to 'an outpost, or is sent to carry 
 some order beyond the Imcs, he is usually int,rusted 
 with the countersign, to ena'ble him to pass the guard. 
 
82 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 Thus, if he was returning, aud was hailed by the 
 picket (or guard) with the words halt — who g&ts there? 
 he would instantly respond officer^ (or messenger, or 
 •friend, whatever he may be.) * 
 
 Sentinel. — Advance, officer, with the countersign. 
 
 The officer advances within four' paces; the senti- 
 nel, meanwhile, cocking his piece, brings it to n ready, 
 to guard against surprise. Sentinel lowers his piece 
 to'a charge bayonet, and bids officer to stand. The ■ 
 officer then utters the counteVsign in a low voice. If 
 it is correct, the sentinel. then half»cocks his piece, and 
 brings it to a shoulder, and snys pass, when the officer 
 passes insid'e the line. He is liable. tf) .be hailed two 
 or three times, hotweyer, before he reaches his qugrters, 
 in which case the same ceremony is gone through 
 with each and every time, : " ' 
 
 If the officer advances, and says he has. no counter- 
 sign, the sentinel immediately calls the guard, when 
 the guard api)roach and take the officer into custody. 
 Probably he may be ^ spy, or a deserter from the 
 enemy* His true character, however, must be /dis- 
 covered before he is released. 
 
 If he attempts to run off afte'r he ia^ several times 
 hailed witli who goes 'there?, or fails to answer, the senti- 
 nel is justified in shooting him, -at the same time call- 
 ing for. the guard. 
 
 In no event should the sentinel quit his post while 
 on duty, unless driven in by the enemy,. when he will 
 fire his piece at them, and retire to alarm the camp* 
 post', or garrison. ' . . 
 
 If one of the guard desert, or it. is believed the 
 
POLICE GUARD. 83 
 
 enemy knows the countereign, the officer- of the guard 
 on the spot, will substitute another, and the fact must 
 be immediately reported at head-quarters. 
 
 DETAILS. FOE SEIIYICE. 
 
 Duties performed by detail are of four classes: 
 
 1st. Grand guards and outposts. 2d. Interior guards, 
 
 as of magazines, hospitals, &c. 3d. Orderlies. 4th. 
 
 Police guards. 
 
 POLICE GUAKD- 
 
 A police guard is detailed every day from each 
 regiment, consisting of two sergeants, three corporals, 
 two drummers, and men enough to furnish the required 
 sentinels and patrols. The men are taken from all the 
 companies, accdrdirig t.d their strength. The guard is 
 commanded by a lieutenant. It furnishes ten sentinels 
 at the camp, one over the arms of the guard, three on 
 the color front, three fifty paces in rear of field-officers' 
 tents, and one on each flank, between it and the next 
 regiment. If it is a flank-regiment, one more sentinel 
 is posted on the outer flank. 
 
 ADVANCED POST. 
 
 An advanced post is detached from the police guard. 
 It consists Of a sergeant, corporal, drummer, and nine 
 men as sentinels and guard over the prisoners. Under 
 
84 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 no pretext must they leave the post. Tlieir meals are 
 sent to them. 
 
 pFFICEE OF THE BAY. 
 
 The officer of the day is charged witli th*e order, 
 discipline and cleanliness of the camp, . He orders 
 the calls beaten by the drummer of the guard. 
 
 COLOE SENTINEL. ; 
 
 The sentinel over the colors will permit no one to_ 
 remove them, except in presence of an escort; to let 
 no one toneh them, but the color-bearer, or the sergeant 
 of the police guard, when he is accompanied by two 
 armed men. 
 
 SUSPICIOUS PEESONS. 
 
 The sentinel:^ on the front, flanks, and rear will per- 
 mit no soldier to leave, camp wi.th horse or arms, un 
 less conducted by a non-commissioned, officer. • Sus-. 
 prcious persons, prowling about the camp, will be ar- 
 rested by them, and at ni^ht every one wlip attempts 
 to enter, eveix the soldiers of other corps, if they have 
 not a pass. 
 
 COLOE FEONT. 
 
 Sentinels on the Qolor front will' permit no arms to 
 be removed from the stacks, without orders. The 
 
DETAILS OF CAMP DUTY. 85 
 
 sentinel at the caloiiel's tent will notify him, if any 
 unustml movement takes place about the camp. 
 
 PASSING pUT OF CAMP. 
 
 If any one is to be passed out of camp at ni^ht, the 
 ofiicer. of the guard sends him under escort to the ad- 
 vanced post, and the sergeant of the post has' .him 
 passed over the chain of sentinels. 
 
 AT EETREAT. 
 
 At retreat, the officer of the guard has the roll of 
 his guard called, and inspects -arlns, that they are in 
 Qlrder and loaded, and visits the advanced posts 'for 
 the same purpose. The colors are hauled down by 
 the sergeant of the police guaVd, folded and laid on 
 the trestle'in rear of the arm-s. Tlie sutler's stores are 
 closed, and the kitchen fires put out. 
 
 EOUNDS AND PATROLS. 
 
 Rounds and patrols are made at various times of 
 the iiiglit by the officer and non-commissioned officers 
 of the guard, to satisfy tliemselves of the vigilance of 
 the police guard and sentinels. 
 
 AT REVEILLE. 
 
 Reveille is usually beaten at daiybreak, when the 
 police gugrd' takes arms, the officer of the guard in- 
 
 8 
 
86 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 spects it and the advanced post, and the sergeant re- 
 plants the. colors in place. 
 
 DOUBLE CHAIN OF SENTINELS. 
 
 "When netessary, small ourpostsare stationed about 
 the camp, forming what is called a double chain of 
 sentinels. These posts are under the orders of the 
 commander of the police forc.e. 
 
 CAMPING PARTY. 
 
 When the camping party precedes the regiment, and 
 the new police guard marches with the camT)ing party, 
 the guard, on reaching the camp, forms in line, thirty 
 paces in frojit of the centre of tlie ground marUed for 
 the regiment. 'The officer of the guard furnishes, the 
 sentinels required. 
 
 PICKET OE A REGIMENT. 
 
 The picket of a regiment is a lieutenant, two ser- 
 geants, four corporals, a drummer, and about forty 
 privates. ' • . . 
 
 GRAND GUARDS. 
 
 Grand guards are the advanced posts of a camp, or 
 cantonment, and are composed of'-cavalry and infantry, 
 the cavalry furnishing the ardvaneed sentinels.. It is 
 usually commanded by a captain. If tlie^p is no pass 
 
DETAILS OF CAMP DUTY. 87 
 
 to be observed or defended, the guard is placed near 
 the centre of the ground they are to observe. 
 
 In broken or mountainous countries, wliere the 
 inhabitants are hostile, intermediate posts should be 
 established,* if 'the grand guard is distant from the 
 camp, to keep up communication with the main body. 
 Grand guards watch the enemy in front. The camp 
 must furnish additional guards to protect their rear antl 
 secure their retreat, when attacked. 
 
 VIDETTES. 
 
 Yidettes are mounted ])atrols. Their duty is to 
 watch the enemy, and sliould endeavor in turn not to 
 be- seen. Videttee carry their pistols or carbines in 
 their hands. 
 
 A FLYmG SENTINEL. 
 
 A flying sentinel is one" who moves about on dark 
 or stormy" nights, examining the paths and hollows for 
 an enemy. 
 
 CAVALEY PATROLS, 
 
 The duty of cavalry patrols is to examine a hostile 
 country to a greater distanqe than infantry, and make 
 known to the infantry guard all tltey observe. When 
 patrols are sent beyond tlie advanced posts, the posts 
 and sentinels should be informed. 
 
ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT; 
 
 CAMP EIRES. 
 
 There should be only one camp fire to each platoon. 
 The fires of grand guards shouTd be hid froni view. 
 At outposts liable to surprise, fires should not be-per" 
 mitted. 
 
 BEARERS OF FLAGS. 
 
 Bearers of flags are not permitted to iJass the outer 
 chain of sentinels. Their faces should be turned from 
 the post, or army, and if necessary, their eyes band- 
 aged, that they may not witness the number and force 
 of their adversaries. 
 
 APPOINTMENT OF ADJUTANTS. 
 
 Commanders of regiments appoint their own adju- 
 tants and non-commissioned, staff" of the regiment. 
 
 MARKED AND NUMBERED. 
 
 Every article except arms and accoutrements be- 
 longing to a regiment, should be marked with the name 
 and number of the regiment. 
 
 Such articles belonging to companies, are to be 
 marked" with the leister of the company, in addition to 
 tlie name and number of the. reginient. 
 
DETAILS OP €AMP DUTY. 89 
 
 INSPECTIOlT OF KITCHEN. 
 
 In camps or barracl^'s company officers should in- 
 spect the kitchen da.ily, as to economy in cooking and 
 cleanliness of the utensils. ^ * 
 
 MESS furniture'. 
 
 The only mess furniture of the soldier, is one tin 
 plate, tin cup, knife, fork and spoon, to be carried by 
 himself on the march. 
 
 COMPANY BOOKS. 
 
 The books allowed to each company : one descrip- 
 tive book, one clothing book, one order book, and one 
 mOrnipg report book. 
 
 LAUNDRESSES. 
 
 Four women are allowed to each company as washer- 
 \yoTnen, and receive one ration per day. each, 
 
 ARRESTS. 
 
 None but comnaanding officers have power to place 
 officers under arrest. 
 
 *^11 • pvisonjers witliDut written charges prcfep-^d 
 against them, will be rcteased by the officer ofthe day 
 
90 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 at guard-mounting, unless the coinnmnding officer or. 
 ders their detention. 
 
 MILITARY IIONOKS AND SALUTJIS. 
 
 In saluting a general officer, it should be done by 
 cavalry with sabres'presented, trumpets sounding the 
 march, all the o^icers saluting and standards dropping. 
 By infantry with "drums beating march, arms presented, 
 colors dropping. 
 
 The President is to be saluted with the highest 
 honors. 
 
 Guards turn out and present arms to general of- 
 ficers as often as they pass them. 
 
 To commanders of regiments, garrison ctf camp, 
 their own guard turn out, and present arms once a 
 day, after which they turn out with 'shouldered arms. 
 
 Officers when they pass each other should salute by 
 touching the hat; inferiors always salute superiors 
 first, which the latter should -promptly return. 
 
 FUNERAL HONORS. 
 
 The funeral escort of- a Commandor-in-Chief con- 
 sists of a regiment of infantry,. squadron of cavahy, 
 and battery of six pieces of artillery. 
 
 Major-General. — -A regiment of infantry, squadron of 
 cavalry, and four pieces of artillery. 
 
 Brigadier-'Ganeral*. — :A regiment of infantry, troop of 
 cavalry, and two pieces of artillery. 
 
DETAILS. OP CAMP DUTY. 91 
 
 For a Colonel. — Aregiment. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. — Six companies. 
 
 Major. — Four companies. 
 . Captain. — One company. 
 
 Subaltern .-^Half a company. 
 
 The escort should always be commanded by an of- 
 ficer of the same rank with the deceased. If none be 
 present, then the ne^t infeiior rank. 
 
 That of a Sergeant. — Of fourteen rank and file, 
 commanded by a Sergeant. 
 
 Corporal. — Of twelve rank and file'. 
 
 Private. — Of eight 'rank and' file, commanded by a 
 Corporal. For officers t^iree volleys are fired over 
 their graves. 
 
 PRISONERS OF WAR. . 
 
 A'report of prisoners, and of the number and des- 
 cription of- the killed and wounded of the enen^y, 
 should be forwardSd to the adjutant-general's office. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF TROOPS. 
 
 Arrangei\ient of troops on parade and in order of 
 battle, is; 1st, light infantKy; 2d, infanti'y of the line; 
 3d, light cavalry, 4th, cavalry of the line; 5th,.hejtvy 
 cavj^ilry ; artillery «nd engineers are in the centre of 
 the brigades or corjis to wltich they are attached. 
 Volunteers and militia take position on. the -left of the 
 regular troops of the same arm. 
 
92 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 lyfARCHES. 
 
 Cavalry and infantry do not march together, unless 
 the proximity of the enemy makes it necessary. Bat 
 teries of artillery aad their caissons move with the 
 corps to ^rhich they are attached. The field train and 
 ambulaijces march in rear of the column, and the 
 baggage with the rear guard. When necessary, the 
 orders specify the rations the. men are to carry, in their 
 hav.ersaxjks. .The execution of marching orders should 
 not be delayed. If the commander is not at the head 
 of his troops when they are to .march, the next in rank 
 puts the cohimn in" motion. On the march no one 
 shall. fire a gun or cry halt or niarch without orders. 
 Soldiers are not to stop for water,. the canteens. should 
 be filled before starting. Halts to rest and re-form the 
 troops are frequent during the day, depending on the 
 object and length of the march. • No honors are paid 
 by troops on the march.. or at halts. The sick march 
 with the wagons. ^. ' • 
 
 ORDER OF BATTLES. 
 
 At proper distances from the e'nemy, the troops are 
 formed for the attack in several lines. If only. two 
 can be formed, some battalions in column .are plq.ced 
 behind the wing of the second Hne. The lines may 
 be formed 'of. .troops in colurpn o4-*in order of battle 
 according to the ground and planiof attack. The re- 
 serve is formed of the best troop's of foot aijd horse, to 
 Complete a victory, or make good a retreat. It is 
 
DlETAILS-. OP .CAMP DUTY. 93 
 
 placed in the rear of tlie centre, or chief point of at- 
 tack or defcnQe. The cavalry should be distributed 
 on the wings and at ftie centre' on favorable ground. 
 In. the attack, the artillery is employed to sileifce the 
 eneuTy's batteries in position. In the defence, it is to 
 direct it's fire .on advancmg troops. In either case the 
 fire of artillery should be cencentrated. ". la battles 
 and military (Operations, it is better to assume the of- 
 fensive, and put the enemy on the defensive if possi- 
 ble ; but to be safe in doing so requiies a larger 
 force than the enemy, or more favorable ground. If 
 the attack of an enemy is repulsed, offensive opera- 
 tions against him. must at once be taken. Soldiers 
 must not leave the'ranks to sft-ip, or rob the dead, u'n- • 
 less permission is given. The ambulance depot is 
 generally established at some building nearest the 
 scene of battle. A red flag is flying over it, to guide 
 the ambulance wagons, and- the wounded who can 
 walk to it? After an action the munitions of war left 
 on the field, arfe collected by the ordnance officers. 
 Prisoners of war are, disarmed ahd sent to the rear. 
 The provost-marshal takes charge of prisoners. 
 
 quartermaster's department. 
 
 This department provides the quarters and transpor- 
 tation of the army, storage and transportation for all 
 arfny supplies, clothing, camp and garrison er[uipage, 
 cavalry and artillery horses, fuel, forage, straw,^ and 
 stationery. JBe should, talce triplicate- receipts far all 
 liis expenditures, and account for AU disbursements 
 
94 ORDER OF ENCAJVIPMENT. 
 
 niado by him,"&c., to head-quarters. He pays, also, 
 all the incidental expenses of the army, of the pulrsuit 
 and detection of^ des&rterSj burials of officers and 
 soldiers, of spies and guides, medicines, i&Oi, &c. 
 
 . SUBSISTEE^CE. DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The commissary attends to the subsistence of troops. 
 The rations jn the regulaV army are as follows : Three 
 quarters of a pound of pork or bacon, or one and- i 
 quarter^ounds of fresh or salt beef; eighteen ounpes 
 of bread or flour, or twelve ounces of hard brpad, or 
 one and a quarter pounds corn meal;. and at the rate, 
 •to one hundred rations,* of eight quarts of peas or 
 beans, or in Ijeu thereof, ten pounds ot rice; six 
 pounds coffee; t\yelve pounds sugar ;. fou-r quarts of 
 vinegar ; one and a half pounds of tallow; one pound 
 of sperm candles: four pounds of soap; and two 
 quarts of salt. Sometimes molaSses, pickled onionS, 
 sour krout, fresli vegetables, dried apples or peaches, 
 are substituted for some of the regular rations. 
 
 MEDICAL DEPAETMt:]SrT» 
 
 This department is devoted exclusively to tlic sick 
 and' wounded of the army. 
 
 . PAY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 This department attends to. the' pay and accounts of 
 the oAicers and men. 
 
DETAILS or CAMP DUTY. 95 
 
 DESERTERS. 
 
 Deserters are tliSarmed at tlie advanced posts, and 
 sent to the commanding ofllcer of the guard, who ques- 
 tions tliem concerning, llie weakness of the enemy, 
 the position or strength of his forces. If many come 
 in §t one time, tliey sh6uld b.e received cautious-ly, and 
 only a few together, 'the guard ' standing to arms 
 meanwhile, within a few paces.- They are sent in the 
 morning to the officer of the day, who conducts them 
 before the colonel, or if attached to a brigade, to the 
 brigade-general. 
 
 TO SALUTE WITH THE SWORD OR SABRE. 
 
 At»the distance of six paces from the person to be 
 saluted, raise the sword or sabre perpendicularly, with 
 the right hand, the .poinfup, tlie flat o'f the blade op- 
 posite to the right eye, the guard at tlie height of the 
 shoulder/and the elbow^ supported on the body. Drop 
 the point of the svord or sabre in extending the arm, 
 so that the right "hand may, be brought to the right 
 thigh, nnd remain in that position until the person to 
 whom the salute is rendered shall be passe.d, or shall 
 have passed six paces. 
 
 COLOR SALUTES. 
 
 In the- rank's, the color-bearer salutes by gliding the 
 fight hand along 'the -lance to the height of the eye, 
 
96 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 the heel of .the lance reipaining at the hip. Lower 
 the hince by extending the right crni. • 
 
 rNSPECTION OF TROOPS. 
 
 The inspections t)f troops are generally preceded by 
 a review. The inspecting .officer rie<iiiire3 every man 
 to present a cleanly and soldierly appearaace. 
 
 surgeon's call. 
 
 When the surgeon's call is sounded, the sick able to 
 go out, are coi^lucted by the first sergfeants c/f compa- 
 nies to the hospital. . . " 
 
 DISCIPLINE. 
 
 To obtain the necessary avnounf of skill in firing a 
 gun, or working a battery, a vast. deal of exiercisin^ is 
 necessary, alike for the officers to direct, and the men 
 to execute the movements. A rna'a must rely entirely 
 fpr his_ safety upon the skill and promptitude of his 
 movements for a successful . i^sue. The multifarious 
 and var1e4 contingencies of actual service require 
 that strict discipline should be had at all tiiiies. 
 
 A FLYING COLUMN. 
 
 A flying column is composed of ligtt cavalry, light 
 artillery, and light infantry, or rifles, or either of them. 
 
. DETAILS OF CAMP DUTY. 97 
 
 They effect strategic movements, lay in ambuscades, 
 cut off supplies, and take prisoners after a rout. 
 
 IlSr FIRING. 
 
 Great practice and judgment alone are required to do 
 so accurately. The inclination of the ground should 
 always be taken into consideration. 
 
 PKECEDENCE OF REGIMENTS AND CORPS. 
 
 The precedence of regiments and corps is' as fol- 
 lows: Isr, light artillery ; 2d, light dragoons ; 3d, other 
 regular cavalry; 4th, artillery; 5th, infantry ; 6th, ma- 
 rine coips; 7ih, riflemen; 8th, volunteer corps; 9th, 
 the militia. 
 
 This order of precedence refers to parades. On all 
 other occasions, the several regiments and corps are 
 distributed as the commanding officer may judge best 
 adapted to the service they ate on.. 
 
 DAILY DETAILS AND DUTIES. 
 
 The daily duty is announced in orders. In large 
 camps there is a general officer of the day for each 
 division ; a field officer of the day for each brigade ; 
 a captain of the day for each regim'ent; and such 
 general and regimental staff officers of the day as may 
 be necessary to attend to various details, and to re- 
 ceive and execute oriiers,according to theirTespective 
 stations. In every regiment and garrison, besides the 
 
 9 
 
98 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 officer of the day, there sJiould be detached daily, if 
 the strength of the garrison will permit, "a subaltern, 
 four non-commissioned officers, a drummer, and such 
 fatigue parties as circumstances may require. 
 
 The general of the tlay superintends the regularity 
 and discipline of the camp.^ The field officer of the 
 day superintends the camp" of the brigade. The cap- 
 tain of the day, the cleanliness and regularity of the 
 camp, or quarters of the regiment. 
 
 GUABDS. 
 
 The princip'al guards are: — 1. Outposts and picket- 
 guards. 2. Camp and garrison guards. 3.. General 
 officer's guard. 
 
 TEIMMINGS AND COLOES.* 
 
 The color of the trimmings to the uniforms, as 
 adopted for -the various corps of the army, is as fol- 
 lows : ■ 
 
 For a-rtillerymen — scarlet. 
 
 Infantry — light, or sky-blue. 
 
 Riflemen — emerald-green, or medium. 
 
 Dragoons — orange. 
 
 Aides-de-camp — buff. 
 
 By observing the color of the soldiers' trimmings, 
 one may easily. distinguish to what branch of the ser- 
 vice. they belong. 
 
DETAILS Or CAMP DUTY. 99 
 
 DISTINGUISHINa GOLOES. 
 
 The garrison flag is the American flag. 
 For artillery; — the regimental color is yellow. 
 For iiifantiy — blue. 
 
 Cavairy — small guidons, half red aiid half white — 
 tlie red^ uppermost. .The flag is swallow-tailed. 
 Flag of truce-^white* 
 Surgeons' quarters — usually white. 
 
 CAMP SIGNALS. 
 
 The Reveille — is the signal to rise. 
 
 Peas upon a Trencher^call for breakfast. 
 
 The Troop — call for guard and guard mounting. 
 
 Roast Beef — the signal for dinner. 
 
 Tie Assembly — to fortn companies. 
 
 The Retreat — call for duty, and reading orders. 
 
 The- Tattoo — the signal for retiring, arrd lights put 
 out, after which none are allowed to leave the camp 
 unless by special, permission of theofiicef of the guard. 
 
 €FFICEKS' BAGGAGE. 
 
 When troops are moving, oflicers" baggage is not al- 
 lowed to exceed (mess chest and all personal eflfects 
 included) as follows : 
 •General oflic'ers', 125 pounds. 
 
 Field officers', 3 00 pounds. 
 
 Captains', and other officers of the same and under 
 rank, 80 pounds. 
 
100 ORDER OF ENCASiPMENT. 
 
 PRECAUTIONS. 
 
 If arms are taken apar^ to clean, it must be done by 
 detacliinents successively, 'to guard aj4ainst surprise. 
 
 J^^^ Tlic number killed in war is small c6mpared to 
 the large numbers carried ofi' by disease, exposure, 
 and other casualties incident to vvaf, wlvich' may be 
 guarded against by very simple precautions. 
 
 Jl^* Soups in the morning are preferable to coffee, 
 and for this purpose the meat should be kept slowly 
 stewing over night. 
 
 S^^ When an army is not moving, rations are is- 
 sued for four days at a time, commencing with com- 
 panies to the right of a regiment, and finishing with 
 the left company. 
 
 J8l^°" Sentinels will fire on all perspns deserting to 
 the enemy. • 
 
 Jgi^^ In detached corps, small posts of picked men 
 are at niglit sent forward to watch the enemy and give 
 signal of his approach. 
 
 Jg^*" Sentinels should be relieved eyery two hours, 
 to keep them on the alert while on duty. 
 
 g^"" With raw troops, or when the night is stormy 
 and dark, sentinels should be doubled. 
 
 Jg^^ A sentinel must be sure of the presence of an 
 enemy before he fires; once satisfied of that, he inust 
 fire, though all defence on his part is useless. The 
 safety of the post depends upon his vigilance. 
 
 General officers appoint tl^eir own aids- dc- camp. 
 Evejry soldier should have a company ftum- 
 ber- 
 
• PRE«AUTIONS. lOl 
 
 •Deserters in time of war, if canglit, are pun- 
 ished wilh death. 
 
 Oae sutler is allowed for every regiment. 
 
 Escorts of honor should be composed of cav- 
 alry or infantry, or both. 
 
 S^^ In case of disorder, a sentinel must call out the 
 guard, , . • 
 
 Jg^* Tnexperienced officers are put on guard as su- 
 pernumeraries, for the purpose of instruction. 
 
 General orders of commanders are numbered. 
 
 In signing an official communication^ the writer 
 should annex to his name his rank and corps. 
 
 Official letters should refer to one matter only. 
 AH Communications on official service, should 
 be marked on the cover "official business." 
 
 ]B^^ The formation by divisions is the basis of the 
 
 organization and administration of armies in the field. 
 
 J8^^ Mixed brigades are often formed of infantry 
 
 and light cavalry. They are used for advanced guards. 
 
 Heavy cavalry belongs to the reserve. 
 
 In military operations, brigades and divisions 
 
 are designated by the officers commanding them. 
 
 JJ^^'The grand depots of an army are established 
 where tJie military operations would not expose them 
 to be broken up. 
 
 Jg@* Reconnoissarices should precede the establish- 
 ment or the camp. 
 
 Jg^"" The camping party of a regiment consists of 
 the regimental qiiartermaster and quartermaster ser- 
 geant, a corporal and two men per coijipany. 
 
102 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 Fatigue parties are nsiiaHy, sent. fbr supplies. 
 
 Jl^^ Tlie tents are arranged in ranks and files. 
 
 JI^^The messes of prisoners should be sent to 
 them by-the cooks. 
 
 Jg^° File left ! is the command to wheel, to the left, 
 and_^/c Hght ! the command to the right. 
 
 jg^^ Sergeants, like the rank and file, will always, 
 under arms, appear w^ith bayonets fixed. 
 
 J5^°* Pioneers and drummers may be designated as 
 markers, and used accordingly in the manoeuvres and 
 evolutions. 
 
 Jg^^ Before forming a company, drill the men in 
 squads. 
 
 Jg^^You can see a shell come towards you, but not 
 a cannon ball ; but when you lire a cannon ball, you 
 can see it go from you. • 
 
 TO PEEPAEE YEAST. 
 
 One handful hops, boiled half ajihour in two quarts 
 water. 
 
 10 potatoes, boiled half an hour and mashed ; straia 
 the water from the hops on tlie potatoes, stir in 2 ta- 
 blespoonfuls of salt and 1 pint flour; set it to cool, "add 
 1 pint brewers' yeast, and let it rise G hours ; strain 
 and put into a tight stone jug. 
 
 TO MAKE BEEAlD. 
 
 . 3 quarts flour. 
 1 half cup yeast. 
 
COOKING, &C. 103 
 
 1 tableapoonful of salt, and warm water enough to 
 maljc dougluj jcnead till s;iiQoth ; get the. flour off the 
 sides of the pan, set in a warm place to rise over 
 night; in the forenQon. knead the doughy divide it, put 
 it into pans, leave it to rise an hour, and bake it three: 
 •quarters of an hour. 
 
 MIX'ED BREAD. 
 
 1 part rye meal. 
 
 1 part Indian meal, scalded. • 
 
 1 part wheat flour. 
 
 Half cup yeast; mix and set to rise eight hours ; 
 liake hot 40 minutes. 
 
 BISCUIT. 
 
 2 quarts floitr. 
 
 2 ounces butter. 
 . Half pint boiling water. 
 
 1 teaspoon salt. 
 
 1 pin,t cold milk. 
 
 Half cup ^east. 
 
 Mix well and. get to rise, then mix a teaspoonful of 
 saleratus in a little water and mix into the dough, roll 
 on a board an inch thick, cut into small biscuits and 
 bake 2Q minutes. 
 
 SLAPJACKS. 
 
 Take flour, little sugar and water, mixwith or with- 
 
104 ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 out- little yeast, the latter better if at hand, mix into 
 psCste, and fry the same 3*5 fritters in clean ftit or but- 
 ter. ■ ' ■ 
 SOUE :^JILK BISCUIT. 
 
 • 
 
 1 quart flour, 1 pint sour milk, 1 teaspDonful sale- 
 ratus. Mix in* the milk till it froths, stir* it ijito the 
 flour cold, mix quick and bake in the oven. 
 
 A SIMPLE SOUP. 
 
 Skim fat from mutton or beef steak, put into a pot 
 with two or three carrots, turnips and onions, a cup of 
 rice, the bones and bits of cold meat, pepper and salt- 
 boil four hours, and then take out the bones. 
 
 COLD BEEF, BONES, BITS OE MEAT. 
 
 Put them into a pot with 4 quarts of water, 2 or 3 
 carrots, turnips, onions, a few cloves', pepper and salt. 
 1)oiI four hours, strain and put back into the pot, mix a 
 lablespoonful of flour with water. Stir it in' and boil 
 ten minutes. • 
 
 USEFUL HINTS. 
 
 Drippings of beef and pork are nice to fry in, clari- 
 fied. To clarify^put the drippings into an iron pot ; 
 to a quart of fat allow half a pint of cold water ; let it 
 boil till the water is boiled out, which may be known 
 by its not bubbling. Strain it, and it is ready for use. 
 
COOKING, &C. 105 
 
 KOAST BEEF, 
 
 Roast ten minutes to every pound ; don't salt or flour 
 it till nearly done. 
 
 BEEF GRAVY. 
 
 Take drippings from the meat, put into a pan, and 
 add a cup of boiling water , shake in a little flour and 
 salt. Let it come to a boil, stirring it always. 
 
 A LEG OF MUTTON 
 
 should be roasted ten minutes to the pound. A shoul- 
 der the same, except half an hour less time to boil. 
 
 A BREAST OF VEAL 
 
 takes one and a half hours 'to roast. Lay a few strips 
 of pork across. Stuff" with bread, onions and potatoes, 
 chopped fine and seasoned. 
 
 TO BOIL RICE. 
 
 Wash clean two cupfuls,put it into a pot with two 
 quarts of watev, and bOil it quite tender; drain, but 
 do not stir it. Let it dry before the fire ten minutes. 
 Erery kernel will be separate, dry, and look white. 
 
106 QPDER OY ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 TO MAKE COFFEE. 
 
 Dry it in the oven, with the door open, one or two 
 hours before j-oasting. When ready, set it on the fire, 
 and stir till a light brown. One' cup of ground will 
 make one quart. Ten minutes are long enough to 
 make good coffee. 
 
 TO MAKE TEA. 
 
 Put in the tea while the pot is hot ; turn in just water 
 enough to wet the tea, and let it stand five minutes ; 
 theYi fill it up with boiling water. " 
 
 BEEAD PUDDINa. 
 
 Take a pound of stale bread ; boil a quart of milk, 
 pour it on and let it soak two hours ; (hen rub it fine 
 with the hands. Beat up five eggs and add them; and 
 also -a tablespoon of any kind of sf^e, tWo Qups of 
 sugar, and a little- butter. Bake or boil two hours. 
 
 EICE PUDDING. 
 
 Mix three large spoonfuls of rice in a little cold 
 milk ; stir it into a quart of boiling milk ; let it boil 
 fifteen minuses. When cold, add a little lemon,' su- 
 gar, and bake one hour. 
 
ImI 
 
 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF THE MANUAL. — FORMA- 
 TION OF COMPANY AND REGIMENT. 
 

ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF THE ^ 
 MANUAL. 
 
 POSinOIS' OF THE EECRUIT. 
 
 At the command Attention! stand perfectly square, 
 head e'rect, eyes direct to the front, arms allowed to 
 fall naturally by the side, the thumb and two fingers 
 turned slightly outwanls; heels tos:ether, and toes four 
 inches apart, knees straight, and body inclining a lit- 
 tle forward. 
 
 The recruit should learn to assume this position 
 with ease, and without stiffness. 
 
 Forward — March ! 
 
 At the command March ! he should invariably step 
 with the left foot first, twenty-eight inches each step, 
 considered a pace, without swaying the body or swing- 
 ing the arms. 
 
 Halt ! 
 
 At the command Halt! immediately draw up the 
 right foot to the left, and come to a halt" with the body 
 erect, as in first position. 
 
 10 
 
no ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, &C. 
 
 . Eyes — Right! 
 
 At the word Right! turn the head gently to the 
 right, and fix your eyes on a line with the eyes of 
 those next to yoii in the same rank. 
 
 Front! Assume your former position, with eyes di-. 
 rect to the front. 
 
 Eyes — Left! The same movement, to the left. 
 
 Care should be taken not to swerve or move the 
 body at any of these commands. 
 
 Rest ! 
 
 Draw the right foot a few inches to the rear of the 
 left, leaning the weight of the body on the right foot, 
 and cross the palm of the left hand over the back of 
 the right hand, in front. 
 
 Facings! 
 
 Facing to the right is executed by placing tho hol- 
 low of the ri^ht foot within an inch of the heel of the 
 left foot. , At the command Right — Face ! the recruit 
 will wheel to the right, and then assume an erect po- 
 sition, drawing the heels close together. 
 
 Left — Face! A reverse movement, to the left. 
 
 jibotit — Face ! 
 
 At the word Jlbojit ! the left toe should be placed 
 within an inch' of the right heel ; and at the second 
 command, Facb ! turn the body to the left on the 
 
FORMATION OF COMPANY, &C. Ill 
 
 heels, and face to the rear, bringing the heels again 
 close together. 
 
 CoMiLON Time. 
 
 Common time in marching is at the rate of ninety 
 steps per minnte. ' 
 
 Direct Step. 
 
 The direct step is twenty-eight inches. 
 
 Double Quick Step. 
 
 The double quick step is thirty-three inches, and is 
 made at the rate of one hundred and sixty-five steps 
 per ruinute. 
 
 Doicble quick step — March ! 
 
 At the first command, the recruit will raise his 
 hands closed, the fi.ngers towards the body, to a level 
 with the hips; the elbows to the rear, working free. 
 At the second command, raise the left leg, the toe de- 
 pressed, keeping step with those in the rank, and con- 
 tinue the moveiiient till the command 
 
 Halt! ^ 
 
 Immediately stop, drop the hands by the side, draw 
 the heels together, and assume first position. 
 
 Running. 
 
 The principles are the same as in doubl-e-quicl: step. 
 Care should be taken to preserve the rank unbroken. 
 
112 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, &C. 
 
 Room should be afforded for free use of the limbs, 
 without those in the rear, or to the right or left, push- 
 ing or crowding. 
 
 The breath may be recovered when the recruit is 
 Out of wind, by elevating the arms behind the liead 
 occasionally. Relief may also be had by throvVing 
 the head upwards at times. 
 
 A Squad. 
 A squad consists of three or twelve men. 
 
 A Rank 
 
 is a straight line of a platoon, company, or battalion. 
 
 A File. 
 A line of men, one posted behind another. 
 
 A Platoon. 
 
 Half a company. 
 
 A Section 
 
 is half of a platoon. 
 
 A Company 
 
 consists of seventy-four men, according to army reg- 
 ulations. Company officers and sergeants are nine in 
 number. 
 
FORMATION OF COMPANY, &C. 113 
 
 A Regiment. 
 
 Ten companies compose a regiment, or seven hun- 
 dred and forty men. Each company is namsd in al- 
 phabetical order— viz : Co. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, 
 K. The whole commanded by a colonel. 
 
 A Battalion 
 
 is half of a regiment, or two or five companies. 
 
 A Brigade. 
 
 Two regiments or more compose a brigade, com- 
 manded by a brigadier-general. 
 
 A Division. 
 
 Two brigades to a division, commanded byamajoT- 
 general. 
 
 A Corps d'Armee. 
 
 One or more divisions compose a corps a'armee, com- 
 manded by a major-general, or a lieutenant-general. 
 
 FORMATION OF A COMPANY. 
 
 The company being assembled on its ground, the 
 sergeants, by the command Fall in! cause the rank 
 and file- (corporals and privates) to form in-one rank, 
 faced .to the right, and in t"he order of height from 
 right to left, (head of the rank' to the foot:) the tallest 
 
114 ELEMENTAJIY PRINCIPLES, &C. 
 
 man on the right, (no.w head of the rank,) the next 
 tallest immediately converiiig the first, and so on to 
 the left, or rear of the "i-ank. 
 
 The first' sergeant then gives the word 
 
 I^jit — Face!, At -the word Face! the company 
 faces to the fronts and the second sergeant places hin> 
 self on the left of the rank. 
 
 The order is then given to count off. 
 
 The men then count oil from the right, as one, two ; 
 the third man counts one again, and -the fourth man 
 two, and so on to the left of the rank. 
 
 The number two men compose the rear rank, and 
 number ones the front rank. 
 
 In two ranks form company I At this command num- 
 ber twos will take one step to the rear, number ones 
 standing fast. 
 
 Close — Ranks ! At the word- Ranks ! the men close 
 together. Number two ■axo, then ordered to take one 
 step to the right, which they do by stepping directly 
 behind number one, leaving a space of thirteen 
 inches between their breast and the back of the man 
 in advance. Thus we have the company formed. 
 The captain now divides the company into two equal 
 parts. The first, composing the largest men, is called 
 the first platoon, and the next, with the smallest men, 
 the second platoon. 
 
 Each platoon is afterwards divided into two equal 
 sections. They are numbered frorn right to left — -first, 
 second, third,. and fourth section. The corporals (four 
 in number) are then "placed on the right and left of 
 each platoon, in the front rank, according to height. 
 
rORMA^TION OF COMPANY, &C. 115 
 
 • • 
 
 Batween each platoon sufllclent space should be al- 
 lowed for wheeling to tliQ right or left. 
 
 The officers and sergeants now take their posts as 
 follows: 
 
 Xhe captain in the front rank, on the right of the 
 company, his left«elbow slightly touching the right of 
 the froht rank mail. 
 
 The first lieutenant, two paces in rear of the rear 
 rank,*and equi-distant between the centre of the 
 se;Cjond platoon and the second file from the left of the 
 company. 
 
 The second lieutenant opposite the centre of the 
 second platoon, and two paces in rear of the rear 
 rank. 
 
 The first sergeant, on the right of the rear rank, 
 ccr\-ering the captain ^ Jie is* denominated covering ser- 
 geant^'ox right guide of the company. The second ser- 
 geant, two paces in rear of the second file from the 
 left of tjie company; he is denomipa'ted the left guide 
 6f the company^ In the left company of a battalion, 
 tins sergeant is on the left of th'e front rank ; he is 
 designated as the closing sergeant, and the corporal, the 
 covering corporal. 
 
 The third sergeant, two paces in rear of the second 
 file from the left of the first pdatoon. 
 
 Tlie fourth sergeant, two paces in rear of the second 
 file from the right of the second platoon. 
 
 The fifth sergeant, two paces in rear of the rear 
 rank, an(^ equi-distant between the second lieutenant 
 and the third sergeant. , 
 
116 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, &C. 
 
 The pioneer is posted in the line of file-closers on 
 the right; and tiie music in a line with the front rank, 
 four paces on its right ; the drummer on the right of 
 the fifer or bugler." Absent officers and sergeants may- 
 be replaced, officers by sergeants, and Sergeants by 
 corporals, according to rapk and tSe necessity of the 
 case. 
 
 TO PASS FROM TWO RANKS INTO ONE 
 RANK. 
 
 The order is given, In one rank form company ! The 
 left guide faces to the left. 
 
 March! The left guide steps off and marches in the 
 prolongation of the front rank; the next file steps off 
 at the same time with the guide; the front rank man 
 turns to the left at the first step, follows the guide, and 
 is himself followed by the rear rank man of his file, 
 who turns on tile 'spot where bis file-leader turned. 
 The second file, counting from the left, and succes- 
 sively all the other files, march as prescribed for the 
 first; the front rank mun of each imniediately follow- 
 ing the rear rank man of 'the file next on the left. 
 The captain halts the company as the last man on the 
 right turns into the rank. The file-closers extend 
 themselves with the movement. 
 
FORMATION OF COMPANY, AC. 117 
 
 IN COLUMN BY COMPANY. 
 
 The captain is two paces in front of the centre of 
 his command ; tl^e first sergeant'on the right of the 
 front rank, and is the right guide of the company ; 
 the second sergeant on the left of the same rank, and 
 is the left guide of the company. 
 
 IN COf^UMN BY PLATOON. 
 
 The captain commands the first platoon, the first 
 lieutenant the second platoon; each takes post two 
 paces in front of the centre of his platoon ; the first 
 sergeant is the .guide of tlie first platoon, and the sec- 
 ond sergeant is the guide of the second platoon. They 
 are on yie left of the front rank of their respective 
 platoons, if the column be wght in front; and on 
 the right (the company is reversed) if the left be in 
 front. 
 
 If the column be marching in the route step, the 
 chiefs of platoon take the place of the guides on the 
 directing flaijk, and. are covered by the latter in the 
 rear rank. 
 
 IN COLUMN BY SECTION. 
 
 This cohimn takes place only in column of route, 
 and then only when platoons have a front of ten or 
 more files. The captain commands the first section, 
 tke first lieutenant the third, the second lieutenant the 
 
118 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, &C. 
 
 seeond, and the third lieutenant .the fourth section; — 
 each taking post on the directing flank in the front 
 rank of his section ; the tM'O guides who are thus dis" 
 placed, each falls back to the rear rank of his section, 
 and covers its chief; the remaining lile-elosers place 
 themselves, in the rear rank of their respective sec- 
 tions, all oh the side of direction. 
 
 In cohimn, except in column by sections, the file- 
 closers, not otherwise provided for, are in their proper 
 places behind the rear rank of their respective sub- 
 divisions. 
 
 In close column, or in column at half distance, they 
 close lip to within one }mce of the rear rank. In 
 column right in front, the left flank is th^ directing 
 flank, (ex.cept under jjeculiar circumstances or ma- 
 nosuvres,) The reverse is the case in column left in 
 front. * 
 
 . TO OPEN EANKS. 
 
 The company being at shoulder arms, the left guide 
 IS placed on the left of the rear rank. 
 
 To the rear — Open order! — At the word of command, 
 the covering sergeant and the left guide step off" to the 
 rear, in the back step, four paces, an allign. themselves 
 parallel to the rear rank. 
 
 MARCHl—The front rank stands fast; the rcqir steps 
 off" in the back step, in common time, without counting 
 steps, placing itself on the allignment marived out for 
 it, an.l is alligned by %]\c right on the left guide, by the 
 covering sergeant. The file-closers step off" at tBe 
 
FORMATION OP COMPANY, &C. 119 
 
 Same time with th©' rear rank, and place tjiemselves 
 two paces in the rear of that rank. 
 
 The ranks being properly alligned, the command 
 Frcnit ! is given. 
 
 ALLIGKMENTS T^ OPEl^ RATsKS. 
 
 The ranks are first alligned man by man, as in the 
 squad drill, three men feeing placed' three paces in 
 advance of the right or left of each rank, to serve as 
 a basis, and the command given, By file right (or 
 Ieft)^i)?-css / — The men of each rank move up suc- 
 cessively on the allignment, each man being preceded 
 two paces by his neighbor. The ranks are next al- 
 ligned at once, forward and backward, in both parallel 
 and oblicjue directions, by the commands right (or 
 left) dress! ot right (or left) backward dress! three 
 men, in each case, being placed on a basis. Before 
 closing the ranks, the company should be exercised in 
 the manual of arms, and the loadings in nine and four 
 times and at will. 
 
 TO CLOSE RANKS. 
 
 Close. order— tMarcbI — At the command March! the 
 rear rank closes to the front, the. men in the rear rank 
 stepping briskly up, and covering his file-leader. 
 
 The company should next be instructed in the al- 
 lignments ancl, the manual of arnris in closed ranks, 
 and then proceed to the loadings and firings. 
 
120 
 
 TO FIEE BY COMPAISTY. 
 
 Fire by company! — At this command the captain 
 places himself opposite to tiie centre of his company, 
 four paces in rear of the rank of file-closers. The 
 covering sergeant places himself in that rank, oppo- 
 site to his interval. 
 
 This rule is general for the captain and covering 
 sergeant in all the different firings. 
 
 Coinmence — Firing! — At this command, the captain 
 gives the words company — ready — aim^ire — load! At 
 the word load each man brings back his piece, loads, 
 ahd comes to a shoulder, when the captain recom- 
 mences the fire by the same commands, and thus con- 
 tinues it tin orders to cease ^rrmg-, (or the roll of the 
 drum,) from his superior, i(say colonel, if the company 
 is attached to a regiment, and i^ drawn up in line of 
 battle.) 
 
 The captain may sometimes cause aim to be taken 
 to the right arid left, by giving the words right (or left) 
 oblique between the words ready and aim. 
 
 TO PIRE BY FILE. 
 
 Fire by jUe — Company — Ready — Commence — Firing — 
 At.the words Commence Firing! the right file aims and 
 fires, and the. next file aims at the instant the first has 
 fired, and so on successively. After the first fire every 
 man loads and fires without waiting for the others. 
 (Fire at will.) Each man faces to the front in casting 
 
FORMArioN OF COMPANY, &C. 121 
 
 about, ami after returning rammer sprhigs up his 
 pie(?e witl^ his left hciruj'j ^nd at the height of his chin, 
 and makes a half faoe to the. right.. taking the position 
 of Ready. 
 
 . * . '^ • * ' 
 
 TO FIRE BY THE REAR RAT^TK. 
 
 Face by. the rear rank! — At this command the cap- 
 tain step30i4 and pla^^-efe iiimself p^ar to, and faciiig 
 the right 'file ctf the coni-pany ; the ' covering S&rgeant 
 afi4 file-cIo^ers pass qyickJy throitgh" rlie captain's inter- 
 val^ anN'place4;lfe!^rrse'lie% faced t6 the^reaV, the cover- 
 ing sergeant a pace iDehintf ^\e captafti, and *the fil^e- 
 clos6r9 two paces horn, the fropt ratUc, oppdsiTe to \heir 
 places in kine.- • * ' . • ' ' 
 
 Company about — face!-r-At the woi'd fai:e! given the 
 infant the last file-closer Jias passed tlirougli the^in- . 
 ter\ftal, .the ce.mpany faces' about; the captain places 
 himself* iia''the'interval in the re^r I'ank, (now front,) 
 and the covering se-rgeant "tjover^ .him in the front 
 rank; (now regir.^ The diflerent firings are now exe- 
 cuted in the manher alreadypf escribed. 
 
 .TO RESUME THE. PROPER RANK. 
 
 Face ' hy'^he front tank ! — This is •executed as pre- 
 scribed in the comniandt /a^e by -ilie rear rjxnk-^XJom- 
 pdtiy — ^bout-^TJfQtl . The company having 'faced 
 aboirt, tl>e captain arid*eovering sergeaul; restime flieir 
 places in line. 
 11 
 
122 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES/&C.- 
 
 FOItMATIOX OF A ETCGBrENT IN OEDlEK 
 . . OF- 33ATTLE. . 
 
 The rej^iment is supposed to consist of ten coimpa- 
 nies, to wit: oYie granardier compnnyj one of light in- 
 fantry or rifles, and eight battalion companig's. Since 
 •the introduGtiion of the frfipous zouave movements njn- 
 der tlj-e French njillitary systam, and'the»a.ppliGation of 
 modern .appliaitce's of warfjv^e, nearly afl oiy volun- 
 teer ^'egiments organize as rifle, or light infantry rej^i- 
 ments, instead .of jis- heavy ijifjintjy of the line. 
 Opinions of .miljtary men djfier, ^o\VeYer,'as to which 
 is'the mo.st effective in actual 'combat. In ©ur.opinion, 
 heavy inftintry of the line belongs more properjy to a 
 •past age, and •could scarcely be near as efficient- as a 
 zouave or rifle regiment) well skilled in the sabre 
 bayo'net exercise, and the tactics so recently adopted 
 by the French and Ujiited States governments. The 
 modern system seems to,. riK^e);. with more favor, as jt 
 certainly should among our citizen-soldiers. Jt affords 
 quicker niovements and combinations being made on 
 the held, and therefore is not only realty more serviee- 
 able in time of action, but less liable, to loss by fre- 
 quent shelling f^-om rifled cannon in position at long 
 range, than dense masses anrl slovv-moving bodies of 
 heav-y. infantry Of the line. The latter may repel a 
 charge as well; "but hi mn\in'g a chsCrge, or assaulting 
 an intrencJi'ed* position," til e palm of superiority must 
 be awarded to the former. ' 
 
FORMATION, pF COMPANY, AC. 1^3 
 
 ^ A regiment in crrdor of battle is- posted from right to 
 left, as follows : first company, sixth, fourth, ninthj 
 •third, eighth-, fifth, tentli. seventh and second, accord; 
 ing to tlje.rayk of taptains. . .• > 
 
 Witii a le'ss. number 'of- companies, the same princi- 
 ple will be observed: thfe first Qap;ain^as*igned the 
 command of the right conBpjyiy, t}i,e sebon'd 'captain 
 tlie extreme 4^ft iit)mpany. of the regiiirant, the "thiid 
 captain the rigUt centre con^pany, and so on till the 
 command, is. iijll. TJ^e companies thus ported are 
 designated from rigllt .tp left^=-;^;\«^ company, seound 
 company, and so on to the toi. companies. The r'egi- 
 mental colors sho.ivjd'be posted on the left of the right 
 centre battalion conipany. Tbe fi\M3 companies to the 
 rigln of it are called tTie right icing of the battalion, 
 ■and the five companies to thejeft leftiving. 
 
 The color-iearer should be a sergeant selected by, the 
 colonel, with t\vo ranking corporals on his right and 
 left. The guard is composed of six cbrporaj-s in addi- 
 tion. There should be no display of colors in battalions 
 oC less \han -five companies, and no color guard", ex- 
 cept it niay be Ett the reviews. 
 
 There ^re t\\'o' general .gyAihs to each . battalion, 
 3glected from among the secqncf or thivd sergeants by 
 the colonel- The Tirst one is. cvdlet^Xhe right gerieral 
 guide, posted in re?f>r of-thc jight fiank of the"b"attalion, 
 and tlie second "the {(ifl genen-al guide posted in the Uae 
 of fil§-clo3ers,.in^r-efir;3f 4;lie left-ftank of-the battalion. 
 The field ijiusic is posted twelve jiaces in rear ot left 
 
12.4: ELEMUNTARY. PRIIJCtPIjES; AC. 
 
 centre coniphny, ami bancl fiVc paces in* reaj of th 
 field music. . 
 
 FIELD OrFIOERS AISTD EE&IilENTAL STAJT. 
 
 • ■ ■ • . • " ' *- * 
 
 Trirc fi.eld^offiQ6rs, • coloifel, UeutenaHt-co]on"el< arJd 
 maljor shotikl be. mtmQted on* horseback.; This adju- 
 tant, -when the battalion is _manceiivrir%, will be on 
 foot. • ■ . . 
 
 The colonel's post is thirty ^aces- in the rear, and 
 opiX)site the c.entre of tlie battalion. 
 
 The'lieutenajit-colonel twelve paces in the rcfjr, and 
 opposite- .the centre of the rigtit Ving. 
 
 The major twelve- paces in '{he-rear, and opposite 
 the' centre of. the left wing. . . •• ,' 
 
 The adjutiints and sergeant-major opposite the right 
 and left of the battalion, respectively, and eight pace^ 
 in the rear of the iile-closers.' . ' 
 
 The qitartermaster, sty-geon, and other staiF Officers', 
 in one raTxk, on the'left'of th-e colo.nel and three paces 
 in his rear. ' " , " * " 
 
 The quartermaster-sergeant, 0,n a line with' the frpnt 
 rank of tlie field musift, and.tWo paces .on the rij^ht. 
 
 The'adj^itaiit and sergeant-major will aid the colonel 
 and- major in the. manoeuvres. .' • ' 
 
 111 the absence gf- the'colonti, thtn the lienten^nt; 
 colonel' will take co^mmand. In his* abserw,«, the 
 major, and- the iBajor's- nt^sence" flien the 'senic^r oap*- 
 tain. ' ' - • ' 
 
FORMATION OlP COMPANY, &C. 125 
 
 OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONJ]]:) OF- 
 FICERS. 
 
 Officera and non-comit^issioned oflicers are in the 
 following rank: 
 
 1. Lieutenant-general, . 10. Ensign, 
 
 2. Major-general, 11. Sergeant-major, 
 
 3. Brigade-general, • 12. ' Quartermaster-sergeant 
 
 4. Colonel, of a regiment, • 
 
 5. Lieutenant-coronel, 13. OfdiiancQ sergea;nt,*and 
 
 6. Major, . Hbspital Steward, 
 
 7. Captain, 14. First Sergeant, 
 
 8. First Lieutenant, 15. Sergeaut, 
 
 9 Secpnd Lieutenant-,' 16. Corj^oral. • 
 
 Each grad6 takes precedencjj in rank by date of 
 commission, or appqintment. Brevet rank is a mere 
 hoiiorafy distinction, and does not give precedence. 
 Officers commissioned by* any State take ranl{ hex:t 
 after officers of like grade CQmmissioned by the Fede- 
 ral. Governntent. • " ■ 
 
 Resignations will not take effect until Information 
 of tlieir acceptance is Vnade known. 
 
 PRIlSrCIPLES OF SHOUi;ff)E:SED ARMS. 
 
 The piece in the right hand, tlie barrel resting in 
 the liollo\t of the shoulder, the guard to the fro<rt, tire 
 arm bent*- slightly, and hjp.n.ging.'ea.^y near tiie body, 
 \he thunfib s,nd fore-finger embracing- the gifard, the re- 
 maijiing fingers closed togellier rffed grasping the swell 
 
126 el;ementary. prinqiples, &o. 
 
 of the ^toclc, directly unckr the cock, which rests on 
 the Utile finger. 
 
 Carfi will he taken that the piece be not carried too 
 liigh or too low; tjie right eJ.bow. in fchc rc^nk^'shoifld 
 be close to the body, and sufficient space allowed the 
 
 soldier-to handle his piece vv-ith facility. ' 
 
 t 
 
 Support — AEMg! 
 
 (First iTi'ption.)-^Brhig the piece with the right hancl 
 to the front, j)erp*eiidifcnlarly. between the eyes, the 
 barrel- to the rear ; seize the piece with the lef^*hand 
 at the lovyer banid, raise llxis hand as high -as the c^iip^, 
 and seize tJie .piece .at the.sanipe tim^ \vith the rigjit 
 hand four inches belo\i'' the cock, 
 
 (Second motion.) — Turn the piece with the right 
 hand, the barrel to, the front; carry* the ;piece.tonho 
 left shoulder, and jiass 'tlTe fore-arm, extended on the • 
 breast between th^ right hand and the cock ; support 
 the 'cook against the left fore-arni, and then rest the 
 left .hand on tlie right breaH. » . . 
 
 (Third motion.) — Drop th« ri'ght hand by the side. 
 
 .' .Rest! . • 
 
 At this word, briirg up.quickiy the right hand to .fhe 
 Inyidle of the piece, (smaU of the stock.) 
 
 Whcn,this posjttioft-is assumecl, it will not be requir- 
 ed tp preserve sijehce, or steadiness of posy.ion. . 
 
 When the ins'tiuistor mgy \vish the recr.uit to pass 
 
127 
 
 fram^his ;gDsitioii to that of steediness he \v'ill com- 
 mand • • '. . • 
 
 Attention — 8qu ad, (or Company I) 
 
 At the se'cqnd word, tke recruit will drop the right 
 h#Ud to the sjde,mnd maiiitnin silencfe in the rank. 
 
 Shput^er — Arms ! * . 
 
 Qne time and three motions^ 
 
 (First motion.) — Grasp the piece witlitlje right hand 
 limler and agawist the left foye-arm ; .seiae it witli the 
 left hand at the lower band, the' tlftimb extended- de- 
 tadh the giece slightly from the shouldej, the left fore- 
 arm along tliD stocli. * * 
 
 (ScL-ond-motion.) — Carry the piece verticaljy to the 
 right shoulder with both- hands, tlie rammer to the 
 ifont;. change the pdsitioh of "the right hand so as to 
 ej-ybrac9 th& guard with the thumb andfore-finger, slip 
 tlie left hand to fUe height of the -shoulcler, the fingers 
 OXtQiided aiTu joined, the right ami nearly straight. 
 
 (Third mQtion.)^-Drop the left liand quickly by the. 
 eide. ' . .» . 
 
 Present, — :Arms! 
 O'ne time and iioo'motions. 
 
 : (First motit*!>/) — Wittpthe right hand bring t^e piece 
 erefct before tlie centre of the body, raiwTKjf tt5^ tlrc 
 
128 ELEMENTAIiY PRINCIPI/ES; &C. 
 
 front ; at the same titne seiZes^the piece wjtli thB |ef£ 
 band .lialf way between, the guide-sijflxt and lower 
 bai^l, the tliiiiiib extended along the barrel, arid against 
 the stock, the fore*-ar-ni horizontal, and resting against 
 the body, the hand, as l^igh as Uie elbot\'^ . 
 
 •(Second motion.) — Grasp the snifill of the stock with*, 
 the right hand below ahdf^ainst tho'gU'Wd. " 
 
 Sliohldcr—Auusl 
 
 .One time and two niotiohs. 
 
 (1.) Bring«tlie piece to thq right shouUler, atthe'same 
 time changeihe position*of the right hand 'so as to em- 
 brace thOi griard vy^^fli the -thumb and forefinger ; slip 
 the left'hand to the height of the shoulder, tjie fingers 
 extended and joined, the right arm .nearly straight. . 
 
 (;2.} Drop the left hand .quickly by the side. 
 
 Order — Arms ! . ♦. 
 
 • • • 
 One lime and Pwo mntiQns. 
 
 (1.) Seize the piece promptly at "the word Ordtr ! 
 TiMth.tliQ left hand near the U])per band, and detaflh it • 
 slightly fi;pm the shoulder 'IviUi the right hand ; loosejy 
 the right hand, lower the piece with the left; re-seize 
 the piece with the right harid above the lower baitd, 
 the little ftngei; in rcar,of»the b'arreiiy^e butt ab6ttt 
 four latches from the gij3und. tie right hand supported 
 against ^he hip; drop tire left liand bytlffe.side. 
 'Q2^ Lftt tli£ piece sl*|» throyigh the. right hand, by 
 
FORMATION OF COMPANY, &C. . 129 
 
 openirtg slightly. the fingers, to the'g-rounch The hand 
 low, th^ banal belrw^en the tlifynb Etnd forefinger, ex- 
 teijding along tlfe stock; the oftier fingers extended 
 and joifiedj the. muzzle^ a±)out two inches (To*na the 
 rfgl^^ ^shoulder ; the rammer in front; the^toa(orib^l<) 
 oi» tlici buit against and in a 4in^ with the Joe of th« 
 right foot ; -th'e barrel pGij^endicufar. • 
 
 Ri 
 
 At this command, a-ssume an easy position, stand- 
 ing, of course,- in the rank, 
 
 Attention — Squad, (or Company !)' 
 
 At the second word, resume the position of order 
 arms. 
 
 SJifiu^'^f^t — Ar5IS! 
 One time -and two motjfins. 
 
 (1.) Raise the pieae verticalky with ' the . right hand 
 to the height /pf ^the r*ght breast, ogposite shoulder; 
 elbow close ^to the body; seize tiie piece with- left 
 hand, below the^iglit, a^jd drop quickly the right liayd 
 to«grasp tlie swelfof'the stock- the thumb and forefin- 
 ger enibracing the guard ; press the piece agaiYist the 
 shoukler with thfc left hanfl ; the right arm neaidy 
 ^raighf." • ' . - 
 
 (2.) Dr6p left hand quickly by the side. . . 
 
130 EIiEMENT^RY' principles; AC. 
 
 Load in nine ti?ues — - 
 
 Load 1 
 
 Grasp the piece- with the left hand, as higli as right 
 elbow • bring it vertically opposite niiiMle of the body ; 
 shift tTie right lian(^ "to the upper b'anci ;' place the Jjutt 
 between the feet, the barrel to the fronf ; sei^^ it -with 
 left haiid near the mu*zlef .which should bo. th«etf 
 inches from the body- carry, the right hand to the 
 cartridge-box. • . , 
 
 . i7«/K/yc— Cartridge! 
 
 Seize c'i^rtridge with thumb and two fingers, and 
 place it between the teeth. 
 
 Tear — Cartridge ! . 
 
 Bite the end of the jiajj.er tfi the powder; lipid the. 
 cartridge upright, au'rl-in this position place it in front, 
 and near the muzzle ; keep the' back of the hand to 
 the front. * 
 
 C/i«?-g-«:— CARTRrt)GE !■ 
 
 Empty the powder quiclcly into the barrel ; disen- 
 gage the baU from the paper^vith tlke^right hand and 
 th« .thumbs find first two fingers of tlte left ; tnsert itin 
 the bofe,d:he pointed end uppevi"ftost, ahd-press it down 
 with the right thumb; selz-e l\ie hefta of the rammer 
 witb the thumb and forefinger of the righ>hand«: tl)j5 
 other fiugers.closed, and elbows near thefcoiiy: 
 
FORMATION" OP COMPANY, AD. 131 
 
 Half draw the raminer by extending the' right arm ; 
 Steaj^y it!^ in this position Avith the leA 'thtimb ; grasp 
 tht; rammer with >he right handixear tha- muzzle, the 
 lit(rl» finger Ti*ppermost, tlie nails to tko front, tlie thumb 
 extended alflhg t}fe rftmfner. 
 * CSlear th"e r&mmer by drawing it foVt^i ; turn life ram- 
 
 ■ . ■ ■ k » 
 
 n^ev, the 4ittle end passing near tire? Itft shoulder ; place 
 thelLoad of it on tl\e ball, the baciv of the hand to the 
 front. ' • ■ • 
 
 Ram — Cartridge ! . 
 
 Insert the rammer, and press the ball home. 
 
 Return — Ram'mer ! 
 
 Draw the rammer half way but with the right hand, 
 and steady it in this position with the left thumb; run 
 the right hand-down the rammer again to the muzzle ; 
 extend tlie arm,' turn the rammer; the head near tlie 
 left shoulder; steady it in its "pip,es*' with the left- 
 thumb and forefinger, and force It home ; at the sa»>ie 
 instant, passing the Tsft hand down the barrel to the 
 extent of the arm,.and gteady'yaur pie'fee without de- 
 pressing the shoulder. 
 
 • Prime! 
 
 Onetime and iivo mctions. 
 
 (1.) With the Ifcft hand raise the piece till the hanfl 
 
132 ELEMENTARY PRII?CH>LES;,*A 
 
 is *s Ijigh g,s the eye ; ^gra^ the small of the stockVith 
 the right hand ; half facfe To the right, at the %cvme 
 I'lrfLe plfioe tha hoflo\^ of;the;ri§;jft/oot vyifl^lii §.u in^h 
 of the Ieft1ieeA.j slij riie lefl IranJ down to tjj^e lowey 
 •band, the thtynb along ihc stqcTc : left elbow auaiu^t 
 the '.body; brfng. tjic •piec6 to the right «ide, flie bjitt 
 below the right forearm, the small ofitLe «tock ^gainst 
 the hpdy, and tw/) inchQs Jjelow.tlie right breast, the 
 bai^rel upward-s, aHd.t'he ii^iiKzle on a level, with the 
 right e,y^- • • . ^: ^ • • ;,•*•' . ..', 
 
 (2.) Cockyonr piece with the thumb ; .Oien take a 
 cap from the pouch", place it on the nipple, and press 
 it down with the thumb ; 'fiher which, seize the small 
 of the stock with tiie right liand, . » 
 
 ■ • . Shoidder — Arms! 
 
 (1.) Bring' piece to right shoulder,- ami support it 
 with left hand. 
 
 (2.) Drop left hand qurckiy to the side. 
 
 • Ready! . 
 
 luring tlie butt.toth'e right s,houlder, and lo\Ver the 
 muzzle of the piece*with both hand^; cogk and seize 
 the p^ece at the small of*tlje stock with the riglil hand, 
 the left e'xtendiiig- along the barrel ; ^he muzzle ii^ high 
 as the eye. . 
 
 Keep the right thumb on the head of the cock, and 
 tbe other, fi,n^ers u]Sdei- and. against*the giftifd* , • 
 
FORMATION OP COMPANY, &C. 133 
 
 Aim ! 
 
 Cast your eye along the sij^ht of the piece to the ob- 
 ject aimed at'; carry the right foot twelve inches to 
 the right, inclining the upper part of the body forward ; 
 keep the -right elbow on a line with the shoulder. 
 
 Fire ! 
 
 Press the fore-finger of the right hand against the 
 trigger, &nd fire without lowering or turning the head, 
 and remain in this position. If, after the firing, the 
 instructor should not wish the recruits to re-load, he 
 will order shoulder arms. 
 
 Recover— AB.TA3 ! 
 
 To accvistom the recruit to wait for the command 
 fire! after the order is given to aim, the instructor 
 should command recover — arms ! At the first part of 
 the command withdraw the finger from the trigger ; 
 at the CO mm'and' arms ! assume the position oi ready. 
 
 • The recruit should be frequently practised in the 
 manoeuvre to aim and then recover arms, to familiarize 
 him with th& word of command. 
 
 Secure^— Arms ! 
 
 .(1.) Bring the piece with the right hand to the front, 
 perpendicularly to the front, and -between the eyes, 
 the barrel to the rear ; seize the piece witli the left 
 hand at the lower band, raise this hand as i.igh as the 
 
 12 
 
134 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, &C. 
 
 chin, and seize the piece with the right hand at the 
 small of the stock. , 
 
 (2.) Ti'irn the piece with both hands, the barrel to 
 the front; bring it opposite the left shoulder, the butt 
 against the hip, the left h'and at the lower band, the 
 thumb as high as the chin, and extended pnthe ram- 
 mer ; the piece erect and detached from the shoulder, 
 the left forearm against the piece. 
 
 (3.) Reverse the piece, pass it under the left arm, 
 the left hand remaining at the lower band, the thumb 
 on-the rammer, to prevent it from sliding out, the lit- 
 tle finger resting against the hip, the right hand fall- 
 ing at the same time by the side. 
 
 Arms — AT WILL ! 
 
 Carry the piece at pleasure, on either shoulder, with 
 one or both hands, "the muzzle always up. 
 
 Arms — Port ! 
 
 Throw the piece diagonallj across the'body, the lock 
 to the front, seize it smartly, at the same instant, with 
 both hands, the right at the handle, the left at tVe tail • 
 band, the two thumbs pointing towards the muzzle, 
 the barrel sloping upwards and crossing opposite to the 
 point of the left shoulder, the butt proportionately low-^ 
 ered. The p,alm of the right hand above that of the 
 left, under the piece, and the rKiils of both next to the 
 body, to which the elbows are closed. 
 
FORMATION OF COMPANY^ 4C. . 135 
 
 Carry — Arms! 
 
 (1.) Carry quickly the right hand to the small. 
 
 (2.) Place quickly the left*hand on the butt. 
 
 (3.) Let fall strimlly the right hand intt) its position, 
 and drop with the left* at the same time, the piece into 
 the position <of shoulder arms. • 
 
 Right Shoulder Shift! 
 
 (1.) Supppsing the recruit was at a shoulder arms: 
 detach the piece perpendieularly with the right hand, 
 and seize it with the left between the lower baud and 
 'guide-sight, raise the piece, the left hand at the height 
 of the shoulder and four inches from it; place at the 
 same time the right hand on the butt, the beak between 
 the first two fingers, the other two fingers under -the 
 ^utt plate. 
 
 (2.) Quit the piece with the left hand, raise and 
 place the piecp on the right shoulder with the right 
 hand, the lock plate upwards. 
 
 Let fall, at the same time, the left hand by the side. 
 
 Ground — Arms ! 
 
 (1.) From a shoulder arms. — Turn the- piece "with 
 the right hand, the barrel to the left ; at the same time 
 seize the cartridge-box with the left hand, bend the 
 body, advance the Ifeft foot, the heel opposite the lower 
 band, the knees slightly b^nt, and lay the .piece on tbe 
 ground with the right liand. 
 
136 ELIiMENTARY PRINCIPLES; AC. 
 
 (2.) Rise up and bring the feet together, and drop 
 the hands by the side. 
 
 Raise — Arms! 
 
 (1.) Seize the cartridg,e-box with the left hand. bend 
 the bpdy, advance the left fdot opposite the lower 
 band, and seize the piece.^w>th the right hand. 
 
 (2.) Raise the, piece, bring the feet togetherj-turn the 
 piece with the'riglit hand, the rapimer to the front, at 
 the same time drop the leit hand by the side. 
 
 Fix — Bayonet. 
 
 From a shoulder arms. » 
 
 (1.) Gfasp the piece with the left hand at the height 
 of the shoulder. 
 
 r . 
 
 (2.) Quit the piece with the right hand, lower it with 
 the left hand opposite the middle of the body, and 
 place the butt between the feet, the rammer to the rear, 
 the barrel vertical, the muzzle three inches from the 
 body; seize it with the right hand at. the upper band, 
 and carry the left hand to the bayonet. 
 
 (3.) Dra\v the bayortet, and fix it on the end of the 
 barrel, seize the picce'-with the <eft hand, the arm ex- 
 tended, tlie right hand at the upper band; come to a 
 showlder arms. 
 
 Charge — Bayonet. 
 
 (1.) Raise the' piece slightly with the" right hand, 
 and make a half face to the right, place Vhe hollow of 
 the right foot opposite to, and three 'inches from the 
 
FORMATION OF COMPANY, &C. 137 
 
 left heel, tire feet square, seize the piece at the same 
 time with the left hand a little above the lo-w^ band. 
 (2.) Bring down the piece witli. both hands, the bar- 
 rel uppermos|, tl^e left elbow against the body; aeize 
 the small of the stock at the same time with the right 
 hand, whicli, will be supported against the hip, the 
 point of the bayonet as-high as tlia Sye. 
 
 Trail— Amis] 
 
 From a shoulder arms, 
 
 (1.) The same as the first motion of order arms. 
 
 (2.) Inclrne the muzzle slightly to the front, the butt 
 to the rear, and about four inolies from the ground. 
 The right hand, supported at the hip, will so hold the 
 piece that the rear ra^ik men may not touch, with their 
 bayonets, the men in the front rank. 
 
 Unfix — Bayonet ! 
 
 From a ^loulder arms-. 
 
 (First and second motions.) The same as the first 
 and second motions to fix bayonet, except that the 
 thumjj of the right hand will be pressed on the spring, 
 if a sabre bayonet, and^with the samef hand wrest the 
 bayonet off the edge (or point) to the front, and return 
 it to its scdbbard, and s^ize the piece witli the left 
 hand, the arm extended. The next moyement, shoul- 
 der arms. 
 
138 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, &G. 
 
 To Stack— Ar^s: 
 
 The squad being in two ranks at order arms. 
 
 Stack — Arms ! — ^At the command, thie JCront rank man 
 of every even-numbered file passes his piece before 
 him, seizing it M^ith» the left hand above- the middle 
 band, and places the butt behind and near the right 
 foot of the man next<on the left, the barrel turned to 
 the front. At the same time the front rank man of 
 every odd-niimbered file pEfsses his piece before him, 
 seizing it with the left hand below the- middle band, 
 an^ hands it to the ma,n next on the 'left; the latter re- 
 ceives it -v^'ith the right-hand two inches above the 
 middle band, throws the butt about thirty-two inches 
 to the front, opposite to his right shoulder, inclining 
 the muzzle towards him, and locks the shanks of the 
 two bay6nets, the locli of this, second piece towards 
 the riglit, and its shank. above that of the first piece. 
 
 The rear rank man of every even file projects his 
 bayonet-forward, and introduces it (using both hands) 
 between and render the shanks of the two other bayo- 
 nets. He then abandons his piece to his file-leader, 
 who receives it with the right 'hand under the middle 
 ba,nd, brings the butt to the front, holding up his own 
 piece ahd the stack with the left hand, and places the 
 butt;of this third piece between the feet of the man 
 next on the right. 
 
 The stack thus formed, the jear rank man of every 
 odd file passes his piece into his left hand, the barrel 
 
FORMATION OF COMPANY, . &C, 139- 
 
 turned to tlie front, and sloping tlic bayonet forward 
 rests it on tlae stack. 
 
 Break — Ranks. 
 
 To dispose of the comrh^nd, the order is given to — 
 Break ranl-s— March \ • , 
 
 . To resume — Arms ! 
 
 The equad, on a signal, or order to fall in, re-ibfms 
 in two ranks. 
 
 The next orc^er is to resume arni^, when each man 
 advances and Seizes*hi» piece. 
 
 When companies stack" drms, the sergeants, and 
 also corporals, if in the rank of fife closers, rest their 
 pieces against the stacks nearest to them, respectively, 
 after ranks are broken, and resume their pieces on the 
 signal to re»form ranks; 
 
 The color-guard forms a separate stack. 
 
 Load and Fire at will'! 
 
 When the command is given to load and fire at will, 
 each tecruit will load and fire with qare, but at the 
 samB time wi'th celerity and dispatch. Much depends 
 on beating an enemy to load and fire two or, three 
 times, if possible, to his once. The yecruit, thesiefore, 
 should learn to handle his piece with ease and dex- 
 terity. 
 
140 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, &C. 
 
 IVIARCHINO AISTD WHEELING MOVEMENTS. 
 
 With the limited space p.t command, it would be im- 
 fjiossible to give JfuU and complete directions of the 
 anarching and wheeling movement at present in vogue 
 in the Army of the United States. A competent drill- 
 atia^ter can more readily instruct a body of recruits in 
 evolutions and manoeuvres than for them to endeavor 
 to learn the vi^rious movements from long written de- 
 scriptions, and series of illustrated plates. 
 
 We must content ourselves, therefore, in giving the 
 ■commands only wlaich is absolutely necessary for a 
 recruit to perfect himself in to become a good soldier, 
 without going into extended details. They are to — 
 
 Mark time — March. 
 
 Forward — March. 
 
 To change step. 
 
 To march backwards. 
 
 To march to the front. 
 
 Riglit oblique. 
 
 Left oblique. 
 'To march to the front in double-quick time. 
 
 Quiyk time." 
 
 To face about In marching. 
 
 Squad right about. 
 
 The hiarch by the flank. 
 
 By file left (or right) — march. 
 
 To march by the flank in double-quick time. 
 
 Wheeling from a halt, or on a fixed pivot. 
 
POtlMATION OF COMPANY, &C. l-fl 
 
 Wheeling and cl^angfng direction to the side of the 
 guide, in doublg-quick time. 
 
 Long marches in double-quick time, and the run. 
 To open ranks. 
 
 AUignments in open ranks. * 
 
 ♦•»•■' 
 
 To close ranks. 
 
 To march in line of -battle. 
 
 T(3 halt the company marching ifi line of battle, and 
 to allign it. 
 
 Oblique march u\ line of battle. 
 k j^ To march in double-quick time, and the back step. 
 ' *^ To march in retreat in line of battle. 
 
 To change direction by file. 
 
 To halt the company marching by the flank and to 
 face it to the front. 
 
 In march by the flank to form company, on theright 
 or left by fire into line of battle. 
 
 To break into column by platoon, either at a halt, or 
 whfle marching. 
 
 To march in column. 
 
 To change direction. 
 
 Being in column by platoons, to fprm to the right or 
 left into line of battle, either at ar halt 6x marching^- 
 
 To break rnto platoons and tO'ie-formtlje corripany. 
 
 To break files to the rear and to cause them to re- 
 enter into line. 
 
 To march in column en route, and to execute tlie 
 movements incident thereto. 
 
 Countermarch. 
 
 To advance in line of battle. 
 
 '•■? 
 
142 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLISj**©. 
 
 • 
 Bfeing in column to -breajt''files^ to the rear, and to 
 cause them to re-enter into line. 
 Break into sections. 
 Form platoons. * 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR SHIRMISHERS. - 
 
 To deploy forward. 
 To- deploy by the flank. 
 ■To extend intervals. 
 To«close intervals. 
 fTb relieve skirmishers. 
 To advance ip.line. 
 To retreat in line. 
 To change direction. 
 To march by the flank. 
 To fire at a halt. 
 To fire marching. 
 
 The rally, by sections, by platoons, and on the re- 
 serve. 
 
 To form column to march in any direction.. 
 Tlie assembly. 
 
 OJINERAL CALLS FOR BUGLER.AND DRUM- 
 MAJ.OR. 
 
 1. Attentlgn. 6. Quick lime. 
 
 2. The general. 7 Dauble-quick time. 
 
 3. The-asseinbly. 8. The charge. 
 
 4. To the color. 9. The re^eiUe. 
 
 5. .The recall. lOu Retreat.', 
 
 ^ 
 
TORMATION OF- COMPANY, .S:C. 14S 
 
 11. Tattoo. ^ _ 
 
 12. To extingiysh lights. 
 
 13. Assembly of the buglei'S'." 
 
 14. Assenablygf the guard. 
 
 15. Orders for ordeVly sergeants.,. 
 
 16. For officers to take their placesin line after firing. 
 
 17. Tlie cfispe^rse. 
 
 18. Officers' calL 
 
 19. Breakfast cail. 
 
 20. Dinner call. 
 
 21. Sick call. 
 
 22. Fatigue call. 
 
 23. Church call. 
 
 24. Drill call. 
 
 25. School call. 
 
 CALLS FOR SKIRMISHERS. 
 
 1. Fix. bayonet. 
 
 2. Unfix bayonet. 
 
 3. Quick time. 
 
 4. Double-quick time. 
 
 5. The run. 
 
 6. Depjoy as skirmishers. 
 
 7. forward.' , 
 y. In retreat. 
 
 9. Halt. 
 
 10. By the right flank. 
 
 11. By the left flank.' 
 
 12. Corrimence firing. 
 
 13. Cease firing. 
 
144 . ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, AC. 
 
 14. Change directfon to the right. 
 
 15. Cliange direction to the left. 
 
 16. Lie down. 
 
 17. Rise up._ •'.' 
 
 18. Rally by fours^. - 
 
 19. Rally by sectipns. 
 .20. Rally by platoons. 
 
 21. Rally on the reserve. 
 
 22. Rally on the battalion. 
 
 23. Assemble on the battalion