','f///U,J rV)f the crown Manners and fcienccs. Page 275 THE THE HISTORY O F GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP. LXVI. | Stbemes of I be Cabal Remonf ranees of Sir Wil- liam Temple Campaign of 1674- A Par- liament Pafjive obedience A Parliament Campaign of 1675 Congrefs of Nimeguen Campaign of \fr t 16- — ^-Uncertain conduit of the King A Parliament Campaign of 167 7 '—Parliament 's diftruft of the King Mar- riage of the Prince of Orange with the Lady Mary Plan of peace Negotiations Cam- paign of 1678 Negotiations Peace of Nimeguen State of affairs in Scotland. IF we confider the projects of the famous Cabal, it CHAP, will appear hard to determine, whether the end , Lxvl ' , which thole minifters purfued were more blamable l6? ^ and pernicious, or the means, by which they were Schemes to effect it, more impolitic and imprudent. Though ^ al the Ca " they might talk only of recovering or fixing the Vol. VIII. B king's 2 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, king's authority ; their intention could be no other lxvi. t | ian t j iac Q f maJ^ipg fojflj abfolute : Since it was 1674. not poffibI e t0 regain or maintain, in oppofition to the people, any of thofe powers of the crown abo- lifhed by late law or cuftom, without fubduing the people, and rendering the royal prerogative entirely uncontrollable. Againft fuch a fcheme, they might forefee, t\at every part of the nation would declare themfelves, not only the old parliamentary faction, which, though they kept not in a body, were ftill numerous ; but even the greateft royalifls, who were indeed attached to monarchy, but defired to fee it limited and reftrained by law.' It had appear- ed, that the prefent parliament, though elected during the greateft prevalence of the royal party, was yet tenacious of popular privileges, and retained a confiderable jealcufy of the crown, even before they had received any juft ground of fufpicion. The guards, therefore, together with a fmall army, new levied, and undisciplined, and compofed too of Eng- liihmen, were almoft the only domeftic refour^es which the king could depend on in the profecution of theie dangerous counfels. The aftiftance of the French king was, no doubt, deemed, by the Cabal, a confiderable fupport in the fchemes which they were forming; but it is not eafily conceived, that they could imagine themfelves capable of directing and employing an affociate of fo domineering a character. They ought juftly to have ilifpected, that it would be the lble intention of Lewis, as it evidently was his intereft, to raife in- curable jealoafies between the king and his people ; andthat he law how much a fteady uniform govern- ment in this ifland, whether free or abfolute, would form invincible barriers to his ambition. Should his afliftance be demanded -, if he lent a fmail fup- ply, it would lerve only- to enrage the people, and render the breach altogether irreparable ■, if he furniihed C H A R L £ S II. 3 ftirnifhed'a great force, fufijcient to fubdue the na- C HA p. tion, there was little reafon to trufc his penerotlty, with regard to the ufe which he would make of. this advantage. In all its other parts, the plan of the Cabal, it mnft be conferled, appears equally abiurd and in- congruous. If the war with Holland were attended with great fuccefs, and involved the fubjectiqn of the republic ; fuch ^an acceffion of force mull fall. to Lewis, not to Charles : And what hopes after- wards of refilling by the .greater! unanimity fo mighty a monarch ? How dangerous, or rather how ruinous, to depend upon his afiistance againft domeftic difcontents ? If the Dutch, by their own vigour, and the assistance of allies, were able to defend themfelves, and could bring; the war to aft equality, the French arms would be fo employed abroad, that no considerable reinforcement could thence be expected to fecond the king's enterprifes in England. And might not the project of over- awing or fubduing the people be esteemed, of ltlelf, fufnciently odious, without the aggravation of fieri - ficing that State, which they regarded as their bell ally, and with which, on many accounts, they were defirous of maintaining the greater! concord and ftricleft confederacy ? Whatever views likewife might be entertained of promoting by thefe meafures the catholic resi- gion ; they could only tend to render all the other ichemes abortive, and make them fall with inevi- table ruin upon the projectors. The catholic reli- gion, indeed, where it is eftabiifhed, is better fitted than the proteftant for fupporting an abfolure mo- narchy ; but would any man have thought of it as the means of acquiring arbitrary authority in Eng- land, where it was more detefted than even flavery itfelf? It muft be allowed, that the difficulties, and even inconsistencies, attending the Ichemes of the Cabal, B 2 are 4 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, are fo numerous and obvious, that one feels at fiHl LX VI - an inclination to deny the reality of thofe fchemes, ^ l6 T , + , and to fuppoie them entirely the chimeras of ca- lumny and faction. But the utter impoffibility of accounting, by any other hypothecs, for thofe ftrange meafures embraced by the court, as well as for the numerous circumftances which accompanied them, obliges us to acknowledge (though there remains no direct evidence of k a ) thac a formal plan was 3 Since the publication of this Hilrory, the Author has had occa- fion to fee the moft direcl and pofitive evidence of this confyiracy. From the humanity and candour of the Principal of the Scotch College at Paris, he was admitted to perufe James the Second's Memoirs, kept there. They amount to feveral volumes of fmall folio, all writ with that prince's own hand, and comprehending the remarkable incidents of his life, from his early youth till near the time of his death. His account of the French alliance is as follows : The intention of the king and duke was chiefly to change the religion of England, which they deemed an eafy undertaking, becaufe of the great propeniity, as they imagined, of the cavaliers and church party to popery : The treaty with Lewis was concluded at Verlailles in the end of 1669, or begin- ning of 1670, by lord Arundel of Wardour, whom no hiitorian men- tions as having had any hand in thefe tianfactions. The purport of it was, that Lewis was to give Charles 100,000 pounds a year in quar- terly payments, in order to enable him to fettle the catholic religion in England j and he was alfo to fupply him with an army of 6000 men in cafe of any infnrreclion. When that work was flnifhed, England was to join with France in making war upon Holland. In cafe of fucceft, Lewis was to have the inland province;, the prince of Orange Holland in fovereignty, and Charles, Sluice, the Briile, Walkeren, with the reft of the fea-ports as far as Mazeland Sluice. The king's projeft was firft to effecl the change of religion in England ; but the duchefs of Orleans, in the interview at Dover, perfuaded him to begin with the Dutch war, contrary to the remonftrances of the duke of York, who infilled that Lewi;, after fetririg his own j,t3rpofes, would no longer trouble himfelf about England. The duke makes no mention of any defign to render the king abfolutej but that was, no doubt, implied in the other project, which was to be effected entirely by royr.I authority. The king was fo zealous a papift, that he wept for joy when he faw the profpect of re-uniting hi3 kingdom to the catholic church. • Sir John Dalrymple has fince publifhed fome other enrions particu- lars with regard to tins treaty. Wc find, that it was concerted ani figned with the privity alone of four popifh counfellors of th« king's, Arlington, Arundel, Clifford, and fir Richard Bealing. The fecret . was kept from Buckingham, Afhley, and Lauderdale. In order to rngagc them to take part in it, a very refined and a very >nean artirice was fallen upon by the king. After the fecret conclufron and fignature of the treaty, the king pretended to theft- three mtr.i Iters, thar he wrftied to have a treaty and alliauce wkh France tor mutual iupport, and for a Dutch CHARLES II. " 5 was laid for changing the religion, and fubverting CHAP, the conftitution, of England, and that the king and ^ L ^ VI '_ > the miniftry were in reality confpirators againft the ,674.. people. What is moil probable in human affairs, is not always true ; and a very minute circumftance, overlooked in our fpeculations, ferves often to ex- plain events, which may feem the mod furprifing and unaccountable. Though the king pofTefled pe- netration and a found judgment, his capacity was chiefly fitted for fmaller matters b , and the ordinary occurrences of life -, nor had he application enough to carry his view to diftant confequences, or to di- geft and adjuft any plan of political operations. As he fcarcely ever thought twice on any one fubjeci, every appearance of advantage was apt to feduce him ; and when he found his way obftrudted by un- looked-for difficulties, he readily turned afide into the firft path, where he expected more to gratify the natural indolence of his difpofition. To this verfatility or pliancy of genius, he himfelf was inclined to truft ; and he thought, that after trying an experi- ment of enlarging his authority, and altering the na- tional religion, he could eafily, if it failed, return into the ordinary channel of government. But the a Dutch war ; and when various pretended obftacles and difficulties were furmounted, a (ham treaty was concluded with their confent and approbation, containing every article of the former real treaty, except that of the king's change of religion. However, there was virtually involved even in this treaty, the affuming of abfolute government in. England : For the iupport of French troops, and a war with Holland 10 contrary to the interefts and inclinations of his people, could mean. nothing elie. One cannot fufficiently admire the abfolute want of com- mon fenfe, which appears throughout the whole of this criminal tranf- a Confidering the ftate of the kingdom, full of veteran and zeal- ous foldiers, bred during the civil wars, it is probable that he had not kept the crown two months after a declaration fo wild and extravagant. This was probably the reafon why the king of France and the French minifteis always difluaded him from taking offthe mafic, till thefuccefles oi the Dutch war fliould render that meafure prudent and practicable. fc Duke of Buckingham's character of K. Charles II, B 3 fufpi- 6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. v. 1 . 1 a P. iufpicions of the people, though they burft not forth J^^J^ at once, were by this attempt rendered altogether jr, ;4 . incurable j and the more they reflected on the cir- cumitances attending it, the more refentment and jealoufy were they apt to entertain. They obferved, t'ut the king never had any favourite; that he was. never governed by his miniflers, fcarcely even by his miftrefles ; and that he himfelf was the chief ipring of ail public counfels. Whatever appearance, there- fore, of a change might be affumed, they ftill fuf- - peeled, that the lame project was fecretly in agita- tion ; and they deemed no precaution too great to. iecure them againft the pernicious confequences of fuch meafures. The king, fenfible of this jealoufy, was inclined thenceforth not to trult his people, of whom he had even before entertained a great diffidence ; and, though obliged to make a feparate peace, he ftill kept up connexions with the French monarch. He apo- logifed for deferting his ally, by reprefenting to him all the real undifiembled difficulties under which he laboured ; and Lewis, with the greater! complaifance and good humour, admitted the validity of his ex- cufes. The duke likewife, confeious that his prin- ciples and conduct had rendered him (till more ob- noxious to the people, maintained on his own account a feparate correfpondence with the French court, and entered into particular connexions with Lewis, which thefe princes dignified with the name of friendlliip. The duke had only in view to fecure his fucceiTion, and favour the catholics ; and it muft be acknow- I ■: .Iged to his praife, that, though his fchemes were, in ibme particulars, dangerous to the people, they gave the king no jnft ground of jealoufy. A dutiful liibject, and an affectionate brother, he knew no other rule of conduce than obedience; and the fame unli- mited fubmifuon which afterwards, when king, he exacted of his people, he was ever willing, before he afcended the throne, to pay to \m fovereign. As ftranres of fir W. CHARLES II. 7 As the king was at peace with all the world, and CHAP, almoft the only prince in Europe placed in that LXV agreeable fituation, he thought proper to offer his i6 - + mediation to the contending powers, in order to compole their differences. France, willing to nego- tiate under fo favourable a mediator, readily accepted of Charles's offer ; but it was apprehended, that, for a like reafon, the allies would be inclined to refufe it. In order to give a fan&ion to his new meafures, the king invited Temple from his retreat, and appointed him ambafiador to the States. That Remon- wifc minifter, reflecting on the unhappy iffue of his former undertakings, and the fatal turn of counfels Temple which had occafioned it, refolved, -before he em- barked anew, to acquaint himfelf, as far as poffible, with the real intentions of the king, in thofe popular meafures which he feemed again to have adopted. After blaming the dangerous fchemes of the Cabal, which Charles was defirous to excufe, he told his majefty very plainly, that he would find it extremely difficult, if not abfolutely impoffible, to introduce into England the fame fyftem of government and religion which was eftablifhed in France : That the univerfal bent of the nation was againft both ; and it required ages to change the genius and fentiments of a people: That many, who were at bottom in- different in matters of religion, would yet oppofe all alterations on that head; becaufe they confidered, that nothing but force of arms could fubdue the reluctance of the people againft popery ; after which, they knew, there could be no fecurity for civil liberty: That in France every circumftance had long been adjufted to that fyftem of government, and tended to its eftablifhment and fupport : That the commonalty, being poor and difpirited, were of no account ; the nobility, engaged by the profpecT or poffeffion of numerous offices, civil and militarv, were entirely attached to the court ; the ecclefiaftics, retained by like motives, added the fandion of reli- B 4 p-ion 8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C HAP. gj on t0 tne principles of civil policy : That in Eng- L land a great part of the landed property belonged- 1674, either to the yeomanry or middling gentry ; the king had few offices to beftow; and could nothim- felf even fubfift, much lefs maintain an army, except by the voluntary fupplies of his parliament: That if he had an army on foot, yet, if compofed of Englifhmen, they would never be prevailed on to promote ends which the people fo much feared- and hated : That the Roman catholics in England were not the hundredth part of the nation, and in Scotland not the two hundredth -, and it feemed againft all common fenfe to hope, by one part, to govern ninety^nine, who were of contrary fentiments and difpofitions : And that foreign troops, if few, would tend only to inflame hatred and difcontent j and how to raife and bring over at once, or to maintain many, it was very difficult to imagine. To thefe reafonings Temple added the authority of Gourville, a Frenchman, for whom he knew the king had entertained a great efteem. " A king of 1< England," faid Gourville, " who will be the r io HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C -nrvi P " commanded. After fun-fet, the action was con- ^ 1 ' . tinned by the light of the moon ; and it was dark- 1674. nefs at laft, not the wearinefs of the combatants, which put an end to the conteft, and left the victory undecided. " The prince of Orange," faid Conde, with candour and generofity, exorbitant as fome had reprefented them. The commons took into confideration the fubject of fup- ply. They voted 300,000 pounds for the building of mips ; but they appropriated the fum by very ftridt claufes. They paffed a reiblution not to grant any fupply for taking off the anticipations of the revenues This vote was carried in a full houfe, by a majority of four only : So nearly were the parties balanced. The quarrel was revived, to which Dr. Shiriey's caufe had given occafion. The proceed- ings of the commons difcovered the fame violence as during the laft (effion. A motion was made in the houle of peers, but rejected, for addreffing the king to diffolve the prefent parliament. The king contented himfelf with proroguing them to a very long term. Whether thefe quarrels between the ^id Nov. c Several hiftorians have affirmed, that the commons found, this feffion, upon inquiry, that the king's re\'enue was 1,600,000 pounds a year, and that the neceffary expence was but 700,000 pounds 5 and have appealed to the Journals for a proof. But there is not the leali appearance of this in the Journals ; and the faft is impoffible. 1 houfes x6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRtTAItf. CHAP, houfes arofe from contrivance or accident was not ^ LX ^ l '_ t certainly known. Each party might, according to ,675. their different views, efteem themfelves either gainers or loofers by them. The court might defire to obftruct all attacks from the commons, by giving them other employment. The country party might defire the difTolution of a parliament, which, notwith- ftanding all difgufts, ftill contained too many royalifts, ever to ferve all the purpofes of the malcontents. Soon after the prorogation, there paffed an inci- dent, which in itfelf is trivial, but tends ftrongly to mark the genius of the Englifh government, and of Charles's adminiflration, during this period. The liberty of the conftitution, and the variety as well as violence of the parties, had begotten a propenfity for political converfation j and as the coffee- houfes in particular were the fcenes, where the conduct of the king and the miniftry was canvaffed with great freedom, a proclamation was iffued to fupprefs thefe places of rendezvous. Such an act of power, during former reigns, would have been grounded entirely on the prerogative -, and before the acceffion of the houfe of Stuart, no fcruple would have been enter- tained with regard to that exercife of authority. But Charles, finding doubts to arifc upon his proclama- tion, had recourfe to the judges, who fupplied him with a chicane, and that too a frivolous one, by which he might juftify his proceedings. The law, which fettled the excife, enacted, that licenfes for retailing liquors might be refufed to fuch as could not find fecurity for payment of the duties. But coffee was not a liquor fubjected to excife ; and even this power of refufing licenfes was very limited, and could not reafonably be extended beyond the inten- tion of the act. The king therefore, obferving the . people to be much diffatisfied, yielded to a petition of the coffee-men, who promifed for the future to reflrain all feditious difcourfe in their houfes j and the proclamation was recalled, This CHARLES II. 17 This campaign proved more fortunate to the chap. confederates than any other during the whole war. ^.^i^ The French took the field in Flanders with a nu- 1675. merous army j and Lewis himfelf ferved as a volun- Cai "P a, g» teer under the prince of Conde. But notwithftand- ° * 7S * ing his great preparations, he could gain no advan- tages but the taking of Huy and Limbourg, places of fmall confequence. The prince of Orange, with a confiderable army, oppofed him in all his motions; and neither fide was willing, without a vifible advan- tage, to hazard a general action, which might be attended either with the entire lofs of Flanders on the one hand, or the invalion of France on the other. •Lewis, tired of fo unactive a campaign, returned to Verfailles ; and the whole fummer palled in the Low Countries without any memorable event. Turenne commanded on the Upper Rhine, in oppofition to his great rival Montecuculi, general of the Imperialists. The object of the latter was to pais the Rhine, to penetrate into Allace, Lorraine, or Burgundy, and to fix his quarters in thefe pro- vinces : The aim of the former was to guard the French frontiers, and to difappoint all the fchemes .of his enemy. The moil consummate fkill was dif- played on both fides ; and if any fuperiority appeared in Turenne's conduct, it was chiefly afcribed to his greater vigour of body, by which he was enabled to infpect all the pofts in perlbn, and could on the fpot take the jufteft meafures for the execution of his de- figns. By polling himfelf on the German fide of the Rhine, he not only kept Montecuculi from paffing that river : He had alio laid his plan in fo mafterly a manner, that, in a few days, he muil have obliged the Germans to decamp,, and have gained a confiderable advantage over them; when -a period was put to his life, by a random fhot, which {truck him on the breaft as he was taking a view of the enemy. The confirmation of his army was in- exprefiible. The French troops, who, a moment Vol. VIII. C before, i8 HISTORY OF GRkAT BRITAIN. C H A. P. before, were allured of victory, now confiderect ' '^ themielves as entirely vanquished; and the Ger- j 075. mans, who would have been glad to compound for* a fife retreat, expected no lefs than the total destruc- tion of their enemy. But de Lorges, nephew to Turenne, fucceeded him in the command, and pol- fefled a great fhare of the genius and capacity of his predeceflbr. By his fkilful operations, the French were enabled to repafsthe Rhine, without confider- able lofs ; and this retreat was deemed equally glo- rious with the greateft victory. The valour of the Englifh troops, who were placed in the rear, greatly contributed to fave the French army. They had been feized with the fame paffion as the native troops of France, for their brave general, and fought with ardour to revenge his death on the Germans. The duke of Marlborough, then cap- tain Churchill, here learned the rudiments of that art, which he afterwards practifed with fuch fatal fuccefs againft France. The prince of Conde left the army in Flanders under the command of Luxembourg ; and carrying with him a considerable reinforcement, fucceeded to Turenne's command. He defended Alface from the Germans, who had palled the Rhine, and in- vaded that province. Fie obliged them nrft to raife the fiege of Hagenau, then that of Saberne. He eluded all their attempts to bring him to a battle. And having dexterouily prevented them from efta- biiihing themielves in Aiiace, he forced them, not- withstanding their fuperiority of numbers, to repafs the Rhine, and to take up winter-quarters in their own country. After the death of Turenne, a detachment of the German army was fent to the fiege of JTr'eves : An e ; ttrprife. in which the lmperialitts, tke Spa- niards, the Palatine,, the duke of i. ofraine, and many other princes, pafTionately concurred. The project was well concerted, and executed with vigour. Mareichal CHARLES II. 19 ivlarefchal Crequi, on the other hand, collected ah c . I ly I P; army, arid advanced with a view of forcing the ^ - v — Jy Germans to raife the fiege. They left a detach- 1675. ment to guard their lines, and, under the command of the dukes of Zell and Ofnaburgh, marched in queft of the enemy.' At Confarbric, they fell un- expectedly, and with fuperior numbers, on Crequi, and put him to rout. Pie efcaped with four attend- ants only; and throwing himfelf into Treves, re- folved, by a vigorous defence, to make atonement for his former error or misfortune. The garrifon was brave, but not abandoned to that total defpair by which their governor was actuated. They mu- tinied againft his obftinacy j capitulated for them- i.ivcsi and becaufe he refufed to fign the capitula- tion, they delivered him a prifoner into the hands t>f the enemy. It is remarkable that this defeat, given to Crequi, is alnioft the only one which the French received at land, from Rocroi to Elenheim, during the courfe of above fixty years ; and thefe too, full of bloody wars againft potent and martial enemies : Their victories almoll equal the number of years during that period. Such was the vigour and good conduct of that monarchy ! And fuch too were the refources and refined policy of the other European nations, by which they were enabled to repair their loffes, and ftill to confine that mighty power nearly within its ancient limits ! A fifth part of thefe victories would have fufficed, in another period, to have given to France the empire of Europe. The Swedes had been engaged, by the payment of large lubfidies, to take part with Lewis, and in- vade the territories of the elector of Brandenburg in Pomerania. That elector, joined by fome Im- perialiirs from Silefia, fell upon them with bravery 3nd fuccefs. He foon obliged them to evacuate his part of that country, and he purfued them into their own* He had an interview with the king of C 2 Denmark, *iq HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP. Denmark, who had now joined the confederates, ^_^/j and refolved to declare war againft Sweden. 1675. Thefe princes concerted meafures for pufhing the victory. To all thefe misfortunes againft foreign enemies •Were added fome domeftic infnrre&ions of the com- mon people in Guienne and Britanny. Though foon fuppreffed, they divided the force and attention of Lewis. The only advantage, gained by the French, was at lea. Meffina in Sicily had revolted; and a fleet under the duke de Yivonne was difpatched to fupport the rebels. The Dutch had fent a fqua- dron to afiift the Spaniards. A battle enfued, where de Ruyter was killed. This event alone was thought equivalent to a victory. The French, who, twelve years before, had fcarce- ly a fhip of war in any of their harbours, had railed themfelves, by means of perfevcrance and policy, to be, in their prefent force, though not in their re- sources, the firft maritime power in Europe. The Dutch, while in alliance with them againft England, had fupplied them with feveral velfels, and had taught them the rudiments of the difficult art of fhip- building. The Englifh next, when in alliance with them againft Holland, inftructed them in the method of fighting their mips, and of preferving order in naval engagements. Lewis availed himfelf of every opportunity to aggrandize his people, while Charles, funk in indolence and pleafure, neglected all the noble arts of government; or if at any time he roufed himfelf from his lethargy, that induftry, by reafon of the unhappy projects which he em- braced, was often more pernicious to the public than his inactivity itfelf. He was as anxious to promote the naval power of France, as if the fafety of his crown had depended on it ; and many of the plans executed in that kingdom, were firft, it is faid d , di- verted and corrected by him. a Welwcod, Burnet, Coke. The CHARLES II. 2r The fuccefTes of the allies had been confiderable c /J.y I p * $he laft campaign j but the Spaniards and Impe- , \ ria'iih well knew, that France was not yet fufficiently x6 7 6. broken, nor willing to fubmit to the terms which they refolved to impoie upon her. Though they could not refuie the king's mediation, and Nirne- Congrefs guen, after many difficulties, was at laft fixed on as ^n™ 6 * the place of congrefs ; yet, under one pretence or other, they lull delayed fending their ambafTadors, and no progrefs was made in the negotiation. Lord Berkeley, fir William Temple, and fir Lionel Jen- kins, were the Englifh minifters at Nimeguen. The Dutch, who were impatient for peace, loon appeared : Lewis, who hoped to divide the allies, and who knew that he himfelf could neither be feduced nor forced into a difadvantageous peace, lent ambafTa- dors : The Swedes, who hoped to recover by treaty what they had loft by arms, were alfo forward to negotiate. But as thefe powers could not proceed of themfelves to fettle terms, the congrefs, hitherto, ferved merely as an amufement to the public. It was by the events of the campaign, not the Cam P a >g n conferences among the negotiators, that the articles 7 of peace were to be determined. The Spaniih. towns, ill fortified and worfe defended, made but a feeble refiftance to Lewis ; who, by laying up ma- gazines during the winter, was able to take the field early in the fpring, before the forage could be found in the open country. In the month of April he laid fiege to Conde, and took it by ftorm in four days. Having fent the duke of Orleans to befiege Bou- chaine, a fmall but important fortrefs, he pofted himfeif fo advantageoufiy with his main army, as to hinder the confederates from relieving it, orfio-htino- witnout diladvantage. The prince of Orange, in fpite of the difficulties of the feafon, and the want of provifions, came in fight of the French army ; but his induftry ferved to no other purpofe than to C 3 render a* HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c H A ?• render him fpectator of the furrender of Bouchaine, V _J^ a Boch armies flood in awe of each other, and wero 1676. unwilling to hazard an action, which might be at- tended with the mod important coniequences, Lewis, though he wanted not perfonal courage, was little enterprifing in the field ; and being refolved this campaign to reft contented with the advantages which he had fo early obtained, he thought proper to intruft his army to marefchal Schomberg, and retired himfelf to Verfailles. After his departure, the prince of Orange laid fiege to Maeftricht ; but meeting with an obiiinate refiftance, he was obliged, on the approach of Schomberg, who in the mean time had taken Aire, to raife the fiege. He was incapable of yielding to adverfity, or bending under misfor- tunes : But he began to forefee, that, by the negligence and errors of his allies, the war in Flanders muft neceffarily have a very unfortunate iflue. On the Upper Rhine, Philipfbourg was taken by the Imperialifts. In Pomerania, the Swedes were jb unfuccefsful againft the Danes and Branden- burghers, that they feemed to be loling apace all thofe pofferlions, which, with fo much valour ancj good fortune, they had acquired in Germany. About the beginning of winter, the congrefs of Nimeguen was pretty full, and the plenipotentiaries of the emperor and Spain, two powers ftrictly con- joined by blood and alliance, at laft appeared. The Dutch had threatened, if they abfented them- feives any longer, to proceed to a feparate treaty with France. In the conferences and negotiations, the difpofition of the parties became every day more apparent. 1677. The Hollanders, loaded with debts and ha- railed with taxes, were defirous of putting an end to a war, in which, befides the disadvantages at- tending all leagues, the weaknefs of the Spaniards, the CHARLES If. the divifions and delays of the Germans, prog- nosticated nothing but difgrace and misfortune. Their commerce languifhed -, and what gave them 167-/. (till greater anxiety, the commerce of England, by reafon of her neutrality flourifhed extremely;, and they were apprehenfive, left advantages, once loft, would never thoroughly be regained. They had themfelves no farther motive for continuing the war, than to fecure a good frontier to Flanders 5 but gratitude to their allies ftill engaged them to try whether another campaign might procure a peace, which would give general fatisfaction. The prince of Orange, urged by motives of honour, of ambition, and of animofity againft France, endea^ voured to keep them fteady to this refolution. The Spaniards, not to mention the other in- curable weakneifes into which their monarchy was fallen, were diffracted with domeftic diitenfions be- tween the parties of the queen regent and don John, natural brother to their young fovereign. Though unable of themfelves to defend Flanders, they were refolute not to conclude a peace, which would leave it expofed to every aftault or inroad ; and while they made the moft magnificent promifes to the States, the real truft was in the protection of England. They faw that, if that fmall but important territory were once fubdued by France, the Hollanders, ex- pofed to fo terrible a power, would fall into de- pendance, and would endeavour, by ilibmiflions > to ward ofT that deftruction to which a war, in the heart of their ftate, muft necefiarily expofe them. They believed that Lewis, fenfible how much greater advantages he might reap from the alliance than from the fubjection of the republic, which muft fcatter its people and deprefs its commerce, would be fatisned with very moderate conditions, and would turn his enterprifeg againft his other neighbours. They thought it impoffible but the people and parliament of England, fbreleeing thefe C 4 obvious 2+ HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, obvious confequences, muft at lad force the king r vv i • • ..." l j£ - _ u to take part in the affairs of the continent, in which 1677. their interefts were fo deeply concerned. And they trufted, that even the king himfelf, on the approach offo great a danger, mult open his eyes, and facri- fice his prejudices in favour of France, to the fafety of his own dominions. Uncertain But Charles here found himfelf entangled in fuch the kin t oppofite motives and engagements, as he had not reiblution enough to break, or patience to unravel. On the one hand, he always regarded his alliance with France as a fure refource in cafe of any com- motions among his own fubjects ; and whatever fchemes he mio-ht Hill retain for enlarging his au- thority, or altering the edablifhed religion, it was from that quarter alone he could expect aflittance. He had actually in fecret fold his neutrality to France, and he received remittances of a million of livres a year, which was afterwards increafed to two millions ; a confiderable fupply in the prefent embarraffed date of his revenue. And he dread- ed left the parliament fhould treat him as they had formerly done his father ; and after they had engaged him in a war on the continent, fhould take advantage of his neceflities, and make him purchafe fupplies by facrificing his prerogative and abandon- ing his miniflers. On the other hand, the cries of his people and par- liament, feconded by D;inby, Arlington, and mod of his miniders, incited him to take part with the allies, and to correct the unequal balance of power in Europe. He might apprehend danger from op- pofing fuch earned defires : He might hope for large fupplies if he concurred with them : And however inglorious and indolent his difpofition, the renown of acting as arbiter of Europe would pro- bably at intervals roufe him from his lethargy, and move him to fupport the high character with which he dood invefted. It CHARLES II. 25 It is worthy of obfervation, that, during this chap, period, the king was, by every one, abroad and at ^ , home, by France and by the allies, allowed to be 1677. the undifputed arbiter of Europe ; and no terms of peace, which he would have prefcribed, could have been refuted by either party. Though France after- wards found means to refill the fame alliance, joined with England •, yet was (he then obliged to make iuch violent efforts as quite exhaufted her ; and it was the utmoft neceffity which pulhed her to find refources, far iurpafnng her own expectations. Charles was fenfible, that, fo long as the war con- tinued abroad, he fhould never enjoy eafe at home, from the impatience -nd importunity of his fubje<5ts; yet could he not refoive to impofe a peace by openly joining himfelf with either party. Terms advan- tageous to the allies mull lofe him the friendfhip of France : The contrary would enrage his parliament. Between theie views, he perpetually fluctuated -, and from his conduct, it is obfervable, that a carelefs remits difpofition, agitated by oppofite motives, is capable of as great inconfufencies as are incident even to the greateft imbecility and folly. The parliament was affembled ; and the king 15 th Feb « made them a plaufible fpeech, in which he warned £ c S)' lia " them againft all differences among themfelves ; ex- preffed a refolution to do his part for bringing their confultations to a happy iffue ; and offered his con- fent to any laws for the farther fecurity of their reli- gion, liberty, and property. He then told them of the decayed condition of the navy ; and afked money for repairing it : He informed them, that part of his revenue, the additional excife, was foon to expire: And he added thefe words, " You may at anytime " fee the yearly eftabliihed expence of the govern- " ment, by which it will appear, that, the con- {( ftant and unavoidable charge being paid, there ¥ will remain no overplus towards anfwering thofe " contingencies, which may happen in all king- during this reign, gave fuch 1677. general fatisfaction. All parties {trove who mould moft applaud it. And even Arlington, who had 23d oft. been kept out of the fecret, told the prince, "That of*jj" age that he had given his affent to it. He farther agreed to fend over a minifter inflantly to Paris, in order to propofe thefe terms. This minifter was to enter into no treaty : He was to allow but two days for the acceptance or refufal of the terms : Upon the expiration of thefe, he was prefently to return : And in cafe of refufal, the king promifed to enter imme- diately into the confederacy. To carry fo imperi- ous a meffage, and fo little exceeded from the Eng- lifh court, Temple was the perfon pitched on, whofe declared averfion to the French intereft was not likely to make him fail of vigour and promptitude in the execution of his commiffion. But Charles next day felt a relenting in this af- fumed vigour. Inftead of Temple he difpatched the earl of Fevermam, a creature of the duke's, and a Frenchman by birth : And he faid, that the menage being harm in itfelf^ it was needlefs to aggravate it by a difagreeable menenger. The prince left Lon- don ; and the king, at his departure, allured him that he never would abate in the Jeaft point of the fcheme concerted, and would enter into war with Lewis, if he rejected it. Lewis received the melfage with feeming gentle- nels and complacency. He told Feveriham, that the CHARLES II. 37 the kins; of Ens-land well knew that he misht al- £ H A P. ways be mafter of the peace; but fome of the towns , "^ in Flanders it feemed very hard to demand, efpecially 1677. Tournay, upon whofe fortifications fuch immenfe fums had been expended : He would therefore take fome fhort time to confider of an anfvver. Fever- fham faid, that he was limited to two days flays : Eut when that time was elapfed, he was prevailed on to remain fome few days longer; and he came away at laft without any pofitive anfwer. Lewis faid, that he hoped his brother would not break with him for one or two towns : And with regard to them too, he would fend orders to his ambafiador at London to treat with the king himfelf. Charles was foftened by the foftnefs of France ; and the blow was thus art- fully eluded. The French ambafiador, Barillon, owned at laft, that he had orders to yield all except Tournay, and even to treat about fome equivalent for that fortrefs, if the king abfolutely infilled upon it. The prince was gone, who had given fpirit to the Englifh court ; and the negotiation began to draw out into mefTages and returns from Paris. By intervals, however, the king could roufe him- felf, and (how ftill fome firmnefs and refolution. Finding that affairs were not likely to come to any conclufion with France, he fummoned, notwith- standing the long adjournment, the parliament on the fifteenth of January ; an unufual meafure, and capable of giving alarm to the French court. Temple was fent for to the council, and the king told him, that he intended he fliould go to Holland, in order to form a treaty of alliance with the States ; and that the purpofe of it mould be, like the triple league, to force both France and Spain to accept of the terms propofed. Temple was forry to find this acl of vi- gour qualified by fuch a regard to France, and by fuch an appearance of indifference and neutrality be- tween the parties. He told the king, that the refo- lution agreed on, was to begin the war in conjunc- D 3 tion 3 S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c J ^ ^ p * tion with all the confederates, in cafe of no direct and u ^ : __, immediate anfwer from France : That this meafure 1677. would fatisfy the prince, the allies, and the people of England} advantages which could not be expected from fuch an alliance with Holland alone : That France would be dilbbliged, and Spain likewife ; nor would the Dutch be fatisfied with fuch a faint imitation of the triple league, a meafure concerted when they were equally at peace with both parties. For thefe reafons, Temple declined the employment; and Lawrence Hyde, lecond fon of chancellor Cla- rendon, was fent in his place. 1678. The prince of Orange could not regard without contempt fuch fymptoms of weaknefs and vigour conjoined in the Englim counfels. He was refolv- ed, however, to make the bed of a meafure which he did not approve ; and as Spain fecretly confented that her ally mould form a league, which was feem- ingly directed againft her as well as France, but 6th Jan. which was to fall only on the latter, the States con- cluded the treaty in the terms propofed by the king. 28th Jan. Meanwhile the Englifh parliament met, after fome new adjournments ; and the king was aftoniih- ed, that, notwithstanding therefolute meafures which, he thought, he had taken, great diftruft and jealoufy and difcontent were apt, at intervals, ftill to prevail among the members. Though in his fpeech he had allowed that a good peace could no longer be ex- pected from negotiation, and aiTured them that he was refolved to enter into a war for that purpofe ; the commons did not forbear to infert in their reply feveral harfh. and even unreafonable claufes. Upon his reproving them, they feemed penitent, and ' voted, that they would afiift his majefty in the pro- fecution of the war. A fleet of ninety fail, an army of thirty thoufand men, and a million of money, were alfo voted. Great difficulties were made by the commons with regard to the army, which the houfe CHARLES II. 39 houfe, judging by pad meafures, believed to be chap. intended more againft the liberties of England than ^1^^ againft the progrefs of the French monarch. To i6 7 s. this perilous fituation had the king reduced both himfelf and the nation. In all debates, fevere fpeeches were made, and were received with feem- ing approbation : The duke and the treafurer began to be apprehenfive of impeachments ; Many motions againft the king's minifters were loft by a fmall majority : The commons appointed a day to confider the ftate of the kingdom with re- gard to popery : And they even went fo far as to vote, that, how urgent foever the occafion, they would lay no farther charge on the people, till fe- cured againft the prevalence of the catholic party. In fhort, the parliament was impatient for war when- ever the king feemed averfe to it; but grew fufpi- cious of fome finifter defign as foon as he complied with their requefts, and teemed to enter into their meafures. The king was enraged at this laft vote : He re- proached Temple with his popular notions, as he termed them -, and afked him how hz thought the houfe of commons could be trufted for carrying on the war, mould it be entered on, when in the very commencement they made fuch declarations ? The uncertainties indeed of Charles's conduct were fo multiplied, and the jealoufies on both fides fo in- curable, that even thofe who approached neareft the fcene of action could not determine, whether the king ever ferioufly meant to enter into a war, or whether, if he did, the houfe of commons would not have taken advantage of his necefiities, and made him purchafe fupplies by a great facrifke of his authority E . The king of France knew how to avail himfelf of all the advantages which thefe diftraclions afforded S Temple, vol. i. p. 461. D 4 him. 4 o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. ch A P. him. By his emi Maries, he reprefented to the Dutch, LX '^ the imprudence of their depending on England j ,6 7 s. where an indolent king, averfe to all war, efpecially with France, and irrefolute in his meafures, was actuated only by the uncertain breath of a factious parliament. To the ariftocratical party, he remarked the danger of the prince's alliance with the royal fa- mily of England, and revived their apprehenfions j left, in imitation of his father, who had been ho- noured with the fame alliance, he mould violently attempt to enlarge his authority, and enflave his Campaign native country. In order to enforce thefe motives, of 1678. vvith farther terrors, he hi mfelf took the field very early in the fpring ; and after threatening Luxem- bourg, Mons, and Namur, he iuddenly fat down before Ghent and Ypres, and in a few weeks made himfelf mafter of both places. This fuccefs gave great alarm to the Hollanders, who were no- wife fatisfied with the conduct of England, or with the ambiguous treaty lately concluded ; and it quickened all their advances towards an accommodation. Immediately after the parliament had voted the fupply, the king began to enlift forces -, and fuch was the ardour of the Englilh for a war with France, that an army of above 20,000 men, to the aftonifh- ment of Europe, was completed in a few weeks. Three thouiand men, under the duke of Monmouth, were fent over to fecure O fiend : Some regiments were recalled from the French fervice : A fleet was fitted out with great diligence : And a quadruple alliance was projected between England, Holland, Spain, and the emperor. But thefe vigorous meafures received a fudden damp from a paffionate addrefs of the lower houfej in which they juftified all their paft proceedings that had given difguft to the king j delired to be ac- quainted with the meafures taken by him -, prayed him to difmifs evil counfellors ; and named in par- ticular the duke of Lauderdale, on whofe removal they tions. C H A R L E S II. 4 i they ftrenuoufly infilled. The king told them, that c H A p. their addrefs was fo extravagant, that he was not ^^~1j willing fpeedily to give it the aniwer which it de- 1672. ferved. And he began again to lend an ear to the propofals of Lewis, who offered him great fums of money, if he would confent to France's making an advantageous peace with the allies. Temple, though prefled by the king, refufed to Negotia- have any concern in lb duhonourable a negotiation : But he informs us, that the king faid, there was one article propofed, which fo incenfed him, that, as long as he lived, he mould never forget it. Sir William goes no farther ; but the editor of his works, the famous Dr. Swift, fays, that the French, before they would agree to any payment, required as a preliminary, that the king fhould engage never to keep above 8000 regular troops in Great Bri- tain*. Charles broke into a paflion. " Cod's- and by the ancient law, the king, in fuch an emergence, was empowered to place a garrifon in any houie where he mould judge it expedient. It were endlefs to recount every act of violence and arbitrary authority exercifed during Lauderdale's administration. All the lawyers were put from the bar, nay banifhed, by the king's order, twelve miles from the capital, and by that means the whole juf- tice of the kingdom was fufpended for a year j till thefe lawyers were brought to declare it as their opinion, that all appeals to parliament were illegal. A letter was procured from the king, for expelling twelve of the chief magiftrates of Edinburgh, and declaring them incapable of all public office; though their only crime had been their want of compliance with Lauderdale. The boroughs of Scotland have a privilege of meeting once a-year by their deputies, in order to confider the ftate of trade, and make bye- laws for its regulation : In this convention a peti- tion was voted, complaining of fome late acts, which obftructed commerce, and praying the king that he would empower his commiffioner, in the next k(- fion of parliament, to give his aflent for repealing them. For this prefumption, as it was called, fe- veral of the members were fined and impriibned. * In 1675. E 3 One 54 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap. One More, a member of parliament, having; moved ^_ ,^_ '_! in the houie, that, in imitation of the Englifh par- 1678. liament, no bill fhould pafs except after three read- ings, he was, for this pretended offence, immedi- ately fent to prifon by the commiMioner. The private deportment of Lauderdale was as infolent and provoking, as his public adminiftration was violent and tyrannical. Juftice likewife was univerfally perverted by faction and intereft : And from the great rapacity of that duke, and ftill more of his duchefs, all offices and favours were openly put to fale. No one was allowed to approach the throne who was not dependent on him; and no remedy could be hoped for or obtained againft his manifold oppreffions. The cafe of Mitchel fhows that this minifter was as much deftitute of truth and honour, as of lenity and juitice. Mitchel was a defperate fanatic, and had enter- tained a refolution of aflaflinating Sharpe, archbifhop of St. Andrews, who, by his former apoftafy and fubfequent rigour, had rendered himfelf extremely odious to the covenanters. In the year 1668, Mitchel fired a piftol at the primate, as he was fit- ting in his coach ; but the biihop of Orkney, ftep-r ing into the coach, happened to ftretch out his arm, which intercepted the ball, and was much mattered by it. This happened in the principal ftreet of the city ; but lb generally was the archbifhop hated, that the aflaliin was allowed peaceably to walk off; and having turned a ftreet or two, and thrown off a wig, which dijguifed him, he immediately appeared in public, and remained altogether unfufpedted. Some years after, Sharpe remarked one, who feemed to eye him very eagerly ; and being ftill anxious left an attempt of aflaffination mould be renewed, he ordered the man to be feized and examined. Two loaded piftols were found upon him ; and as he was now concluded to be the author of the former attempt, Sharpe promiled, that, if he would con- fefs CHARLES II. 55 fefs his guilt, he fhould be difmified without any chap. punifhment. Mitchel (for the conjecture was juft) LXVL ^ was fo credulous as to believe him ; but was im- ,6.3, mediately produced before the council by the faith- lefs primate. The council, having no proof againft him, but hoping to involve the whole body of co- venanters in this odious crime, folemnly renewed the promife of pardon, if he would make a full dif- covery ; and it was a great difappointment to them, when they found, upon his confeffion, that only one perfon, who was now dead, had been acquainted with his bloody purpofe. Mitchel was then car- ried before a court of judicature, and required to renew his confeffion ; but being apprehenfive left, though a pardon for life had been promifed him, other corporal punifhment might (till be inflicted, he refufed compliance, and was fent back to prifon. He was next examined before the council, under pretence of his being concerned in the infurrectiofi at Pentland ; and though no proof appeared againft him, he was put to the queftion, and, contrary to the moft obvious principles of equity, was urg&i to accufe himfelf. He endured the torture with lingular refolution, and continued obftinate in the denial of a crime, of which, it is believed, he really was not guilty. Inftead of obtaining his liberty, he was fent to the Bafs, a very high rock, furrounded by the fea; at this time converted into a ftate pri- fon, and full of the unhappy covenanters. He there remained in great mifery, loaded with irons, till the year 1677, when it was refolved by fome new examples to ftrike a frem terror into the perfecuted, but ftill obftinate enthuiiafts. Mitchel was then brought before a court of judicature, and put upon his trial, for an attempt to afTaflinate an archbifhop and a privy-counfellor. His former confeffion was pleaded againft him, and was proved by the tefti- mony of the duke of Lauderdale, lord commiffioner, E 4 lorvl 56 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, lord Hatton his brother, the earl of Rothes, and , L * V1, the primate himfelf. Mitchel, befides maintaining j6 , s# that the privy -council was no court of judicature, , and that a confefTion before them was not judicial, ailerted, that he had been engaged to make that confeffion by a folemn promife of pardon. The four privy- counfellors denied upon oath that any fuch promife had ever been given. The prifoner then defired that the council- books might be pro- duced in court ; and even offered a copy of that day's proceedings to be read ; but the privy- counfellors maintained, that, after they had made oath, no farther proof could be admitted; and that the books of council contained the king's fecrets, which were on no account to be divulged. They were not probably -aware, when they fwore, that the clerk, having engrofled the promife of pardon in the narrative of MitchtTs confeffion, the whole minute had been figned by the chancellor, and that the proofs of their perjury were by that means com- mitted to record. Though the prifoner was con- demned, Lauderdale was (till inclined to pardon him ; put the unrelenting primate rigoroufly infill- ed upon his execution ; and faid, that if aiTaffins re- mained unpunifhed, his life mull be expofed to per- . petual danger. Mitchel was accordingly executed at Edinburgh in January 1678. Such a com- plication of cruelty and treachery {hews the character of thole minifters to whom the king had, at this time, entrulted the government of Scotland. Lauderdale's adminiflration, befides the ini- quities arifing from the violence of his temper, and the ftill greater iniquities infeparable from all pro- jects of perfecution, was attended with other circum- itances, which engaged him in fevere and arbitrary meafures. An abfoiute government was to be intro- duced, which on its commencement is often moil rigorous ; CHARLES II. 57 rigorous ; and tyranny was frill obliged, for want of C HA P. military power, to cover itfelf under an appearance _ 'j of law ; a fituation which rendered it extremely awk- 1678. ward in its motions, and, by provoking oppofition, extended the violence of its opprefTions. The rigours exercifed againft conventicles, inftead of breaking the fpirit of the fanatics, had tended only, as is ufual, to render them more obftinate, to increafe the fervour of their zeal, to link them more clofely together, and to inflame them againft the eftablifhed hierarchy. The commonalty, almoft every where in the lbuth, particularly in the weftern counties, frequented conventicles without refer ve ; and the gentry, though they themfelves commonly abftained from thefe illegal places of worfhip, con- nived at this irregularity in their inferiors. In order to intereft the former on the fide of the perfecutors, a bond or contract was, by order of the privy- council, tendered to the landlords in the weft, by which they were to engage for the good behaviour of their tenants ; and in cafe any tenant frequented a conventicle, the landlord was to fu eject himfelf to the fame fine as could by law be exacted from the delinquent. It was ridiculous to give fanction to laws by voluntary contracts : It was iniquitous to make one man anfwerable for the conduct of another: It was illegal to impofe fuch hard conditions upon men, who had no- wife offended. For thefe reafons, the greater part of the gentry refufed to fign thefe bonds ; and Lauderdale, enraged at this oppofition, endeavoured to break their fpirit by expedients which were ftill more unufual and more arbitrary. The law enacted againft conventicles, had called them feminaries of rebellion. This expreffion, which was nothing but a flourifli of rhetoric, Lau- derdale and the privy-council were willing to under- ftand in a literal fenie -, and becaufe the weftern counties abounded in conventicles, though other- wife in profound peace, they pretended that thefe 1 } - counties 5 8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c h A P. counties were in a flate of actual war and rebellion. ^^ '_, They made therefore an agreement with fome high- , 6/ -s. land chieftains to call out their clans, to the number of 8000 men : To thefe they joined the guards, and the militia of Angus : And they fent the whole to live at free quarters upon the lands of fuch as had refufed the bonds illegally required of them. The obnoxious counties were the moil populous and moft induftrious in Scotland. The highlanders were the people the moft diforderly and the leaft civilized. It is eafy to imagine the havoc and deftruction which enfued. A multitude, not accuftomed to difcipline, averfe to the reftraint of laws, trained up in rapine and violence, were let loofe amidft thofe whom they were taught to regard as enemies to their prince and to their religion. Nothing efcaped their ravenous hands : By menaces, by violence, and ibmetimes by tortures, men were obliged to dis- cover their concealed wealth. Neither age, nor fex, nor innocence, afforded protection : And the gentry, finding that even thofe who had been mod compliant, and who had fubfcribed the bonds, were equally expofed to the rapacity of thofe barba- rians, confirmed themfelves (till more in the refo- lution of refufing them. The voice of the nation was raifed againft this enormous outrage; and after two months free quarter, the highlanders were fent back to their hills, loaded with the fpoils and exe- crations of the weft. Those who had been engaged to fubfcribe the bonds, could find no fecurity but by turning out fuch tenants as they fufpecled of an inclination to conventicles, and thereby depopulating their eftates. To increafe the mifery of thefe unhappy farmers, the council enacted, that none fhould be received any where, or allowed a habitation, who brought not a certificate of his conformity from the parifh- minifter. That the obftinate and refractory might not efcape farther perfecution, a new device was fallen CHARLES n. 59 fallen upon. By the law of Scotland, any man, c I H y I p * who fhould go before a magiftrate, and fwear that ___^_Lj he thought himfelf in danger from another, might 1678. obtain a writ of law-burrows > as it is called ; by which the latter was bound, under the penalty of imprifonment and outlawry, to find fecurity for his c-ood behaviour. Lauderdale entertained the abfurd notion of making the king fue out writs of law- burrows againft his fubjecls. On this pretence, the refufers of the bonds were fummoned to appear before the council, and were required to bind themfelves, under the penalty of two years' rent, neither to frequent conventicles themfelves, nor allow their family and tenants to be preient at thofe unlawful aflemblies. This chicanery was joined to tyranny ; and the majefty of the king, inftead of being exalted, was in reality proftituted ; as if he were obliged to feek the fame fecurity, which one neighbour might require of another. It was an old law, but feldom executed, that a man, who was accufed of any crime, and did not appear, in order to ftand his trial, might be inter- communed^ that is, he might be publicly outlawed; and whoever afterwards, either on account of bufi- nefs, relation, nay charity, had the lead intercourfe with him, was fubjected to the fame penalties as could by law be inflicted on the criminal himfelf. Several writs of intercommuning were now iffued againft the hearers and preachers in conventicles ; and by this fevere and even abfurd law, crimes and guilt went on multiplying in a geometrical pro- portion. Where laws themfelves are fo violent, it is no wonder that an adminiftration fhould be tyrannical. Lest the cry of an opprefTed people fhould reach the throne, the council forbad, under fevere penal- ties, all noblemen or gentlemen of landed property to leave the kingdom : A fevere edict, efpecially where the fovereign himfelf reiided in a foreign country. 60 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, country. Notwithstanding this act of council, L XVI ^ CafTils firft, afterwards Hamilton and Tweddale, j6 7 8. went to London, and laid their complaints before the king. Thefe violent proceedings of Lauderdale were oppofite to the natural temper of Charles; and he immediately iffued orders for difcontinuing the bonds and the writs of law-burrows. But as he was commonly little touched with what lay at a distance, he entertained not the proper indignation against thofe who had abufed his authority: Even while he retracted thefe oppreffive measures, he was prevailed with to avow and praife them, in a letter which he wrote to the privy-council. This proof of "confi- dence might fortify the hands of the miniftry ; but the king ran a manifest rifque of lofing the affec- tions of his fubjects, by not permitting, even thole who were defirous of it, to diflinguifh between him and their oppreffors. It is reported ', that Charles, after a full hearing of the debates concerning Scottifh affairs, laid, " I perceive, that Lauderdale has been guilty of " many bad things againft the people of Scotland ; " but I cannot find that he has acted any thing titudes. It was publicly expofed in the ftreets, and , 'l^} l '_j viewed by all ranks of men j and every one, who 1678. faw it, went away inflamed, as well by the mutual contagion of fentiments, as by the difmal fpectacle itfelf. The funeral pomp was celebrated with great parade. The corpfe was conducted through the chief ftreets of the city: Seventy-two clergymen marched before: Above a thoufand perfons of dis- tinction followed after : And at the funeral-fermon, two able-bodied divines mounted the pulpit, and flood on each fide of the preacher, left, in paying the laft duties to this unhappy magiftrate, he ihould, before the whole people, be murdered by the pa- pafts 5 . In this difpofition of the nation, reafon could no more be heard than a whifper in the midft of the moft violent hurricane. Even at prefent, Godfrey's murder can fcarcely, upon any fyftem, be rationally accounted for. That he was affafiinated by the catholics, feems utterly improbable. Thefe reli- gionifts could not be engaged to commit that crime from policy, in order to deter other magiitrates from acting againft them. Godfrey's fate was no -wife capable of producing that effect, unlefs it were pub- licly known, that the catholics were his murderers; an opinion which, it was eafy to forefee, muft prove the ruin of their party. Befides, how many rnagi- ftrates, during more than a century, had acted in the moft violent manner againft the catholics, with- out its being ever fufpected that any one had been cut off by aflafiination ? Such jealous times as the prefent were furely ill fitted for beginning thefe dan- gerous experiments. Shall we therefore fay, that the catholics were pufhed on, not by policy, but by blind revenge, againft Godfrey ? But Godfrey had given them little or no occafion of offence in ' North, p. 205. taking 7 6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, taking Oates's evidence. His part was merely an J^^_, act of form, belonging to his office; nor could he, 3678. or any man in his ftation, poflibly refufe it. In the reft of his conduct, he lived on good terms with the catholics, and was far from diftinguifhing him- felf by his feverity againft that feci. It is even cer- tain that he had contracted an intimacy with Cole- man, and took care to inform his friend of the dan- ger to which, by reafon of Oates's evidence, he was at prefent expofed. There are fome writers, who, finding it impof- iible to account for Godfrey's murder by the ma- chinations of the catholics, have recourfe to the oppofite fuppofition. They lay hold of that obvious prefumption, that thofe commit the crime who reap advantage by it ; and they affirm that it was Shaftef- bury, and the heads of the popular party, who per- petrated that deed, in order to throw the odium of it on the papifts. If this fuppofition be received, it muft alfo be admitted, that the whole plot was the contrivance of thofe politicians ; and that Oates act- ed altogether under their direction. But it appears that Oates, dreading probably the oppofition of powerful enemies, had very anxioufly acquitted the duke, Danby, Ormond, and all the miniftry ; per- fons who were certainly the moll obnoxious to the popular leaders. Befides, the whole texture of the plot contains fuch low abfurdity, that it is impoffible to have been the invention of any man of fenfe or education. It is true, the more monflrous and hor- rible the confpiracy, the better was it fitted to ter- rify, and thence to convince, the populace : But this effect, we may fafely fay, no one could before- hand have expected ; and a fool was in this cafe more likely to fucceed than a wife man. Had Shaftef- bury laid the plan of a popifli confpiracy, he had probably rendered it moderate, confident, credible; and on that very account had never met with the prodi- CHARLES II. ;; prodigious fuccefs, with which Oates's tremendous c n A p - fictions were attended. ^^ j We muft, therefore, be contented to remain for t ty* ever ignorant of the actors in Godfrey's murder ; and only pronounce in general, that that event, in all like- lihood, had no connection, one way or other, with the popifh plot. Any man, efpecially fo active a ma- gistrate as Godfrey, might, in fuch a city as London, have many enemies, of whom his friends and family had no fufpicion. He was a melancholy man; and there is fome reafon, notwithstanding the pretended appearances to the contrary, to fufpect that he fell by his own hands. The affair was never examined with tranquillity, or even with common fenfe, during the time ; and it is impoffible for us, at this diftance, certainly to account for it. No one doubted but the papifts had afTaffinated Godfrey; but ftill the particular actors were unknown. A proclamation was iffued by the king, offering a • pardon and a reward of five hundred pounds to any one who ihould difcover them* As it was after- wards furmifed, that the terror of a like affaffination would prevent difcovery, a new proclamation was iffued, promifing abfolute protection to any one who fhould reveal the fecret. Thus were indemnity, money, and fecurity offered to the faireft bidder : And no one needed to fear, during the prefent fury of the people, that his evidence would undergo too fevere a fcrutiny. While the nation was in this ferment, the parlia- 2 iit o&. ment was affembled. In his fpeech the king told T he P 31 * them, that, though they had given money for dif- banding the army l , he had found Flanders fo ex- pofed, that he had thought it neceffary ftill to keep them on foot, and doubted not but this mealure would meet with their approbation. He informed 1 They had granted him 600,000 pounds for difbanding the armv, for teiinburfing the charges of his naval armament, and for paying the princefs ot Orange's portion. 2 them, 7 8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c ha P, them, that his revenue lay under great anticipations/ ^ and at beft was never equal to the conftant and ne- i6 7 s. cefTary expence of government ; as would appear from the ftate of it, which he intended to lay before them. He alfo mentioned the plot, formed againft his life by Jefuits ; but faid, that he would forbear delivering any opinion of the matter, left he fliould feem to fay too much or too little; and that he would leave the fcrutiny of it entirely to the law. The king was anxious to keep the queftion of the . popifh plot from the parliament ; where, he fuf- , peeled, many defigning people would very much abufe the prefent credulity of the nation : But: Danby, who hated the catholics, and courted po- pularity, and perhaps hoped that the king, if his life were believed in danger from the Jefuits, would be more cordially loved by the nation, had enter- tained oppofite defigns ; and the very firft day of the feffion, he opened the matter in the houfe of peers. The king was extremely difpleafed with this temerity, and toL'i his minifter, " Though you 1 do not believe it, you will find, that you have ' given the parliament a handle to ruin yourfelf, as c well as to difturb all my affairs; and you will c furely live to repent it." Danby had afterwards ufficient reafon to applaud the fagaeity of his mailer. The cry of the plot was immediately echoed from one houfe to the other. The authority of parliament gave fancYion to that fury, with which the people were already agitated. An addrefs was voted for a folemn faft : A form of prayer was contrived for that foiemnity; and becaufe the' popiih plot had been omitted in the firft draught, it was carefully ordered to be inferted ; left Om- nifcience ihould want intelligence, to ufe the words of an liillorian u . Zeal of the parlia- ment. p 207. In CHARLES II. 79 In order to continue and propagate the alarm, ad- CHAP. dreffes were voted for laying before the houfe fuch y^™^, papers as might difcover the horrible confpiracy j ,$ 7 8. for the removal of popifh recufants from London ; for adminiftering every where the oaths of allegiance and fupremacy ; for denying accefs at court to all unknown or fufpicious perfons ; and for appointing the trainbands of London and Weftminfter to be in readinefs. The lords Powis, Stafford, Arundel, Peters, and Bellafis, were committed to the Tower, and were foon after impeached for high treafon. And both houfes, after hearing Oates's evidence, voted, "That the lords and commons are of opi- ff nion, that there hath been, and ftill is, a damn- tc able and hellifh plot, contrived and carried on by *f the popifh recufants, for affaffinating the king, had been carefully inierted in feveral articles, this appellation could not change the nature of things, or Subject him to the . penalties annexed to that crime. They refufed, there- fore, to commit Danby upon this irregular charge: The commons infifted on their demand ; and a great conteft was likely to arife, when the king, who had al- ready feen fufficient inftances of the ill-humour of the parliament, thought proper to prorogue them. This -otb Dec. prorogation was loon after followed by a diflblution; a Diflb'.u- defperate remedy in the prefent diipofition of the na- tion of the t - oru g uc t j ie difeafe, it mull be owned, the king had Uamenf." reafon to efteem defperate. The utmoft rage had been difcovered by the commons, on account of die popifh plots CHARLES II. 89 plot; and their fury began already to point againft C : 11 ^ P. the royal family, if not againft the throne itfelf. The . v \ duke had been ftruck at in feveral motions : The 1678. treafurer had been impeached : All fupply had been refufed, except on the mod difagreeable conditions: Fears, jealoufies, and antipathies were every day mul- tiplying in parliament: And though the people were ftrongly infected with the fame prejudices, the king hoped, that, by diffolving the prefent cabals, a {et of men might be chofen more moderate in their purfuits, and lefs tainted with the virulence of faction. Thus came to a period a parliament, which had itscharac- fitten during the whole courfe of this reign, one ter * year excepted. Its conclufion was very different from its commencement. Being elected during the joy and feftivity of the reftoration, it confided almoft entirely of royalifts ; who were difpofed to fupport the crown by all the liberality which the habits of that age would permit. Alarmed by the alliance with France, they gradually withdrew their confidence from the king ; and finding him frill to perfevere in a foreign intereft, they proceeded to dilcover fymptoms of the mod refractory and moft jealous difpofition. The popifh plot pufhed them beyond ail bounds of moderation ; and before their diifolution, they feemed to be treading faff, in the footfteps of the laft long parliament, on whofe con- duct they threw at firft fuch violent blame. In all their variations, they had itill followed the opinions and prejudices of the nation ; and ever feemed to be more governed by humour and party-views than by public intereft, and more by public intereft than by any corrupt or private influence. During the fitting of the parliament, and after its prorogation and diilblution, the trials of the pre- tended criminals were carried on ; and the courts of judicature, places which, if poffible, ought to be kept more pure from injuftice than even national aflemblies 9 o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. 1678. Ti ial of Coleman CHAP, affemblies themfelves, were ftrongly infected with the fame party- rage and bigoted prejudices. Cole- man, the mod obnoxious of the confpirators, was firft brought to his trial. His letters were produced againft him. They contained, as he himfelf con- ferred, much indifcretion: But, unlefs fo far as it is illegal to be a zealous catholic, they feemed to prove nothing criminal, much lefs treafonable, againft him. Oates and Bedloe depofed, that he had received a commifiion, figned by the fuperior of the Jefuits, to be papal iecretary of ftate, and had confented to the poifoning, ihooting, and {tabbing of the king: He had even, according to Oates's depofition, advanced a guinea to promote thole bloody purpofes. Thefe wild ftories were confounded with the projects con- tained in his letters; and Coleman received fentence of death. The fentence was foon after executed upon him y . He fuffered with calmnefs and con- ftancy, and to the laft perfifted in the ftrongeft pro- teftations of his innocence. Coleman's execution was fucceeded by the trial of father Ireland, who, it is pretended, had figned, together with fifty Jefuits, the great refolution of murdering the king. Grove and Pickering, who had undertaken to fhoot him, were tried at the fame time. The only witneffes againft the prifoners were ftill Oates and Bedloe. Ireland affirmed, that he was in Staffordshire all the month of Auguftlaft, a time when Oates's evidence made him in London. He proved his aflertion by good evidence, and would have proved it by undoubted, had he not, moft iniquitoufly, been debarred, while in prifon, from all ufe of pen, ink, and paper, and denied the liberty of fending for witneffes. All thefe men, before their arraignment, were condemned in the opinion of the judges, jury, and fpectators ; and to be a Jefuit, or even a catholic, was of itfelf a fuffi- Of Ire- land. y 3d of December. cient CHARLES II: cient proof of guilt. The chief juftice 2 , in par- ticular, gave fanttion to all the narrow prejudices and bigoted fury of the populace. Inftead of being i^z. couniel for the prifoners, as his office required, he pleaded the caufe againft them, brow-beat their witneffes, and on every occafion reprefented their guilt as certain and unconverted. He even went fo far as publicly to affirm, that the papifts had not the fame principles which protectants have, and therefore were not entitled to that common credence, which the principles and practices of the latter call for. And when the jury brought in their verdict againft the prifoners, he faid, " You have done, " gentlemen, like very good fubjects, and very tc good Chriftians, that is to fay, like very good " protectants: And now much good may their t( 30,000 maffes do them :" Alluding to the mafles by which Pickering was to be rewarded for murder- ing the king. All thefe unhappy men went to exe- cution, protecting their innocence; a circumltance which made no impreffion on the fpedtators. The 1679. opinion, that the Jefuits allowed of lies and mental Hthjan. refervations for promoting a good caufe, was at this time fo univerfally received, that no credit was given to teftimony delivered either by that order, or by any of their difciples. It was forgotten, that all the confpirators engaged in the gun-powder treafon, and Garnet, the Jefuit, among the reft, had freely on the fcaffold made confeffion of their guilt. Though Bedloe had given information of God- frey's murder, he ftill remained a fingle evidence againft the perfons accufed ; and all the allurements of profit and honour had not hitherto tempted any one to confirm the teftimony of that informer. At laft, means were found to complete the legal evi- dence. One Prance, a filverfmith, and a catholic, had been accufed by Bedloe of being an accomplice z Sir William Scroggs. in 92 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. S^ A rT* * n tne rnur< ^ er * ar, d upon his denial had been thrown v_ - f -.,'_, into prifon, loaded with heavy irons, and confined 1679. to the condemned hole, a place cold, dark, and full of naftinefs. Such rigours were fuppofed to be exercifed by orders from the fecret committee of lords, particularly Shaftefbury and Buckingham ; who, in examining the prifoners, ufually employed (as is faid, and indeed fufficiently proved) threaten- ings and promifes, rigour and indulgence, and every art, under pretence of extorting the truth from them. Prance had not courage to refift, but conferTed himfelf an accomplice in Godfrey's mur- der. Being aiked concerning the plot, he alfo thought proper to be acquainted with ir, and con- veyed fome intelligence to the council. Among other abfurd circumftances, he faid, that one Le Fevre bought a fecond-hand fword of him ; becaufe he knew not, as he faid, what times were at hand : And Prance exprefling fome concern for poor tradefmen if fuch times came, Le Fevre replied, that it would be better for tradefmen if the catholic religion were reftoi ed : And particularly, that there would be more church work for filverfmiths. All this information with regard to the plot, as well as the murder of Godfrey, Prance folemnly retracted, both before the king and the fecret committee: But being again thrown into prifon, he was induced, by new terrors and new furTerings, to confirm his firft information, and was now produced as a fuflicient evidence. Hill, Green, *and Berry were tried for Godfrey's murder j all of them men of low ftations. Hill was fervant to a phyfician : The other two belonged to the popifh chapel at Somerfet-houfe. Itisneed- lefs to run over all the particulars of a long trial : It will be fufficient to fay, that Bedloe's evidence and Prance's were in many circumftances totally irre- concilable i that both of them laboured under unfur- CHARLES II. unfurmountable difficulties, not to fay grofs ab- furdities ; and that they were invalidated by con- trary evidence, which is altogether convincing. But 1679. all was in vain : The prifoners were condemned and Fe,} - 2lft executed. They all denied their guilt at their exe- cution ■, and as Berry died a protectant, this circum- ftance was regarded as very confiderable : But, in- flead of its giving ibme check to the general credu- lity of the people, men were only furprifed, that a protefhnt could be induced at his death to perfift in fo manifeft a falfehood. As the army could neither be kept up, nor dif- banded, without money, the king, how little hopes foever he could entertain of more compliance, found himfelf obliged to fummon a new parliament. The Newelec- blood, already fhed on account of the popifh plot, tions. inftead of fatiating the people, ferved only as an in- centive to their fury; and each conviction of a cri- minal was hitherto regarded as a new proof of thofe horrible defigns imputed to the papifts. This elec- tion is perhaps the ntft in England, which, fince the commencement of the monarchy, had been carried on by a violent conteft between the parties, and where the court interefted itfelf, to a high de- gree, in the choice of the national representatives. But all its efforts were fruitlefs, in oppofition to the torrent of prejudices which prevailed. Religion, liberty, property, even the lives of men were now fuppofed to be at flake ; and no fecurity, it was thought, except in a vigilant parliament, could be found againft the impious and bloody confpirators. Were there any part of the nation, to which the ferment, occafioned by the popifh plot, had not as yet propagated itfelf; the new elections, by inte- refting the whole people in public concerns, tended to diffufe it into the remoteft corner ; and the con- firmation, univerfaily excited, proved an excellent engine for influencing the electors. All the zealots q{ the former parliament were re-chofen ; New ones 6 were HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. were added: The prelbyterians, in particular, being tranfported with the moll inveterate antipathy 1679. againft popery, were very active and very fuccefsful in the elections. That party, it is faid, firft began at this time the abufe of Splitting their freeholds, in order to multiply votes and electors. By accounts, which came from every part of England, it was con- cluded, that the new reprefentatives would, if pof- fible, exceed the old in their refractory oppofition to the court, and furious perfecution of the catholics. The king was alarmed, when he faw fo dreadful a tempeft arife from fuch fmall and unaccountable beginnings. His life, if Oates and Bedloe's informa- tion were true, had been aimed at by the catholics: Even the duke's was in danger : The higher, there- fore, the rage mounted againft popery, the more mould the nation have been reconciled to thefe princes, in whom, it appeared, the church of Rome repofed no confidence. But there is a fophiltry which attends all the paffions; efpecially thofe into which the populace enter. Men gave credit to the informers, fo far as concerned the guilt of the catholics : But they ftill retained their old fufpi- cions, that thefe religionifts were fecretly favoured by the king, and had obtained the molt entire afcendant over his brother. Chailes had too much penetration not to fee the danger, to which the fuc- ceffion, and even his own crown and dignity, now Hood expofed. A numerous party, he found, was formed againft him; on the one hand, compofed of a populace, fo credulous from prejudice, fo blinded with religious antipathy, as implicitly to believe the moll palpable abfurdities ; and conducted, on the other hand, by leaders fo little fcrupulous, as to endeavour, by encouraging perjury, fubornation, lies, impoftures, and even by fhedding innocent blood, to gratify their own furious ambition, and fubvert all legal authority. Roufed from his lethargy by CHARLES II. 95 by fo Imminent a peril, he began to exert that c "vif ' vigour of mind, of which, on great occafions, he '. was not deftitnte ; and without quitting in appear- 1679. ance his ufual facility of temper, he collected an in- duftry, firmnefs, and vigilance, of which he was believed altogether incapable. Thefe qualities, joined to dexterity and prudence, conducted him happily through the many fhoals which furrounded him ; and he was at laft able to make the ftorm fall on the heads of thofe who had blindly raifed, or art- fully conducted it. One chief ftep, which the king took, towards gratifying and appealing his people and parliament, was, defiring the duke to withdraw beyond fea, that no farther fufpicion might remain of the influence of popifh counfels. The duke readily complied ; but rlrft required an order for that purpofe, figned by the king; left his abfenting himfelf mould be inter- preted as a proof of fear or of guilt. He alfo de- fired, that his brother mould fatisfy him, as well as the public, by a declaration of the illegitimacy of the duke of Monmouth. James duke of Monmouth was the king's natural Dukeef fon by Lucy Walters, and born about ten years Mon " before the reftoration. He poffeifed all the qualities which could engage the affections of the populace ; a diftinguifhed valour, an affable addrefs, a thought- lefs generofity, a graceful perfon. He rofe ftill higher in the public favour, by reafon of the uni- verfal hatred to which the duke, on account of his religion, was expofed. Monmouth's capacity was mean; his temper pliant : So that, notwithstanding his great popularity, he had never been dangerous, had he not implicitly refigned himfelf to the guid- ance of Shaftefbury, a man of fuch a reftlefs temper, fuch fubtle wit, and fuch abandoned principles. That daring politician had flattered Monmouth with the hopes of fucceeding to the crown. The flory of 7 a con- 9 6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN, chap. a contract of marriage, pafTed between the king; and y_ _ ', Monmouth's mother, and fecretly kept in a certain 1679. black box, had been induftrioufly fpread abroad, and was greedily received by the multitude. As the horrors of popery still preflfed harder on them, they might be induced, either to adopt that fiction, as they had already done many others more incredible, or to commit open violation on the right of fuc- ceffion. And it would not be difficult, it was hoped, to perfuade the king, who was extremely fond of his {on, to give him the preference above a brother, who, by his imprudent bigotry, had in- volved him in iuch inextricable difficulties. But Charles, in order to cut off all fuch expectations, as well as to remove the duke's apprehensions, took care } in full council, to make a declaration of Mon- mouth's illegitimacy, and to deny all promife of Duke of marriage with his mother. The duke, being gra- York. re- t jfr ec j j n f reafonable a request, willinelv complied tires to . •* ■ " * Brufleis. with the king's desire, and retired to BrusTels. Mmch 6. g UT the king foon found, that, notwithstanding liament!" tn ^ s precaution, notwithstanding his concurrence in the psofecution of the popifh plot, notwithstanding the zeal which he expressed, and even at this time exercifed, against the catholics ; he had nowife obtained the confidence of his parliament. The refractory humour of the lower houfe appeared in the first ftep which they took upon their asTembling. It had ever been ufual for the commons, in the election of their fpeaker, to confult the inclinations of their fovereign j and even the long parliament in 1 641 had not thought proper to depart from fo eftablifhed a cuftom. The king now defired thac the choice should fail on fir Thomas Meres : But Seymour, fpeaker to the last parliament, was in- stantly called to the chair, by a vote which feemed unanimous. The king, when Seymour was pre- fented to him for his approbation, rejected him, and ordered CHARLES II. 97 ordered the commons to proceed to a new choice. c T ^^ r p * A great flame was excited. The commons main- ^_ _ \ tained, that the king's approbation was merely a 167$. matter of form, and that he could not, without giving a reafon, reject the fpeaker chofen : The king, that, fince he had the power of rejecting, he might, if he pleafed, keep the reafon in his own breaft. As the queftion had never before been ftarted, it might feem difficult to find principles* upon which it could be decided a . By way of com- promife, it was agreed to fet afide both candidates. Gregory, a lawyer, was chofen ; and the ele&ion was ratified by the king. It has ever fince been underftood, that the choice of the fpeaker lies in the houfe ; but that the king retains the power of rejecting any perfon difagreeable to him. Seymour was deemed a great enemy to Danby ; and it was the influence of that nobleman, as com- monly fuppofed, which had engaged the king to enter into this ill-timed controverfy with the com • mons. The impeachment, therefore; of Danby Danhy's was, on that account, the fooner revived j and it im P each ° was maintained by the commons, that, notwith- standing the intervening diflblution, every part of that proceeding ftood in the fame condition in which it had been left by the laft parliament : A pretenfion which, though unufual, feems tacitly to have been yielded them. The king had before- hand had the precaution to grant a pardon to Danby ; and, in order to fcreen the chancellor from all attacks by the commons, he had taken the great feal into his own hands, and had himfelf affixed it to the parchment. He told the parlia- ment, that, as Danby had acted in every thing by a In 1566, the fpeaker faid to Q^ Elizabeth, that without her allowance the election cf the houfe was of no fignificance. D'Ewes's Journal, p. 97. In the parliament 1592, 1 593, the fpeaker, who was fir Edward Coke, auvances a like pofition. D'Ewes, p. 4.C9. Townfhend, p. 35. So that this pretenfion of the commons feems \.o have b?en fomewhat new; like many ether powers and privileges. Vol. VIII, H his 98 HlSf ORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c ha P. n j s orders, he was in no refpec"l criminal ; that his L ~_ '__, pardon, however, he would infill upon ; and if it 1679. ihould be found anywife defective in form, he would renew it again and again, till it fhould be rendered entirely complete : But that he was refolved to de- prive him of all employments, and to remove him from court. The commons were no-wife fatisfied with this concefnon. They pretended, that no pardon of the crown could be pleaded in bar of an impeachment by the commons. The prerogative of mercy had hitherto been understood to be altogether unlimited in the king ; and this pretenfion of the commons, it mull be confefTed, was entirely new. It was how- ever not unfuitable to the genius of a monarchy ftric~tly limited ; where the king's minifters are fup- pofed to be for ever accountable to national affem- blies, even for fuch abufes of power as they may commit by orders from their mailer. The prefent emergence, while the nation was fo highly inflamed, was the proper time for pufhing fuch popular claims; and the commons failed not to avail themfelves of this advantage. They (till infilled on the impeach- ment of Danby. The peers, in compliance with them, departed from their former fcruples, and ordered Danby to be taken into cuflody. Danby abfconded. The commons pafTed a bill, appoint- ing him to furrender himfelf before a certain day, or, in default of it, attainting him. A bill had pafTed the upper houfe, mitigating the penalty to banifhment ; but, after fome conferences, the peers thought proper to yield to the violence of the com- mons; and the bill of attainder was carried. Rather than undergo fuch fevere penalties, Danby appeared, and was immediately committed to the Tower. While a protectant nobleman met with fuch violent profecution, it was not likely that the catho- lic; would be overlooked by the zealous commons. The credit of the popifh plot flill flood upon the oaths CHARLES II. 99 Oaths of a few infamous witnefTes. Though fuch c T? f^ r 1 '- immenfe preparations were fuppofed to have been ', made in the very bowels of the kingdom, no traces 1679. of them, afcer the mod rigorous inquiry, had as p °P- rti yet appeared. Though fo many thoufands, both abroad and at home, had been engaged in the dreadful fecret j neither hope, nor fear, nor remorie, nor levity, nor iufpicions, nor private refentment, had engaged any one to confirm the evidence. Though the catholics, particularly the Jefuits, were reprefented as guilty of the utmoft indifcretion, inibmuch that they talked of the king's murder as common news, and wrote of it in plain terms by the common poft; yet, among the great number of letters feized, no one contained any part of fo complicated a confpiracy. Though the informers pretended that, even after they had refolved to betray the fecret, many treafon able com millions and papers had palled through their hands; they had not had the precaution to keep any one of them, in order to fortify their evidence. Eut all thefe diffi- culties, and a thoufand more, were not found too hard of digefbion by the nation and parliament}. The profecution and farther difcovery of the plot were (till the object, of general concern. The com- mons voted, that, if the king ihould come to an untimely end, they would revenge his death upon the papitts ; not reflecting that tihis feet were not his only enemies. They promifed rewards to new dis- coverers ; not confidcnng the danger, which they incurred, of granting bribes to perjury. They made Bedloe a prefent of 500 pounds; and parti- cularly recommended the care of his fafety to the duke ot Monmouth. Colonel Sackville, a mem- ber, hawng, in a private company, Fpoken oppro- brioufly or thofe who affirmed that chere was any plot, was expelled the houfe. The peers gave power to their commk:ees to fend for and examine H 2 fuch ioo HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, fuch as would maintain the innocence of thofe who \t X ^ 1 - ^ ac * k een con d emne d for the plot. A pamphlet i6 79 . having been published to difcredit the informers, and to vindicate the catholic lords in the Tower, thefe lords were required to difcover the author, and thereby to expofe their own advocate to profecutiorn And both houfes concurred in renewing the former vote, that the papifts had undoubtedly entered into a horrid and treajonable confpiracy againft the king, the ftate, and the proteftant religion. It muft be owned that this extreme violence, in profecution of fo. abfurd an impofture, difgraces the noble caule of liberty, in which the parliament was engaged. We may even conclude from fuch impa- tience of contradiction, that the profecutors them- felves retained a fecret fufpicion that the general belief was but ill-grounded. The politicians among them were afraid to let in light, left it might put an end to fo ufeful a delufion : The weaker and lefs difhoneft party took care, by turning their eyes afide, not to fee a truth, fo oppofite to thofe fu- rious pafiions, by which they were actuated, and in which they were determined obftinately to per- fevere. Sir William Temple had lately been recalled from his foreign employments ; and the king, who, after the removal of Danby, had no one with whom he could fo much as difcourfe with freedom of public affairs, was refolved, upon Coventry's dif- mifiion, to make him one of his fecretaries of ftate. But that philoibphical patriot, too little interefted for the intrigues of a court, too full of fpleen and delicacy for the noily turbulence of popular afiem- blies, was alarmed at the univerfal dilcontents and jealoufies which prevailed, and was determined to make his retreat, as foon as poffible, from a fcene which threatened U Their names were: Prince Rupert, the archbifhop of Canterbury, lord Finch, chance!!, r, earl of Shaftr'fbury, nrefulent, earl of Anglefta, pi:v\ .1.-11, duk . ■-. idc,'<|ukc ct "Monmouth, duke of Newcaftie, duke of Lauderdale, duke ot Oniionu, marquis of v» ir.chefter, marquis of Worccfterj car! of Arlington, carl of Saiiibury, earl of Bridgwater, earl of Sundci land, eai 1 >f Effex, earl of Bath, v.fcount Fauconberg, vifcount Halifax, biilnpot London, lord Roberts, lord Holls, lord r that they affected rather to form a feparate order in the ftate, independent of the civil magiftrate, and accountable only to the pope and to their own order. By the conftitutions, however, of Clarendon, en- acted during the reign of Henry II. they were ob- liged to give their prefence in parliament; but as the canon law prohibited them from aflifting in ca- pital trials, they were allowed in fuch cafes the pri- vilege of abfenting themfelves. A practice, which was at firft voluntary, became afterwards a rule ; and on the earl of Strafford's trial, the bifhops, who would gladly have attended, and who were no longer bound by the canon law, were yet obliged to with- draw. It had been ufual for them to enter a proteft, aflerting their right to fit ; and this proteft, being confidered as a mere form, was always admitted and difregarded. But here was ftarted a new queftion of no fmall importance. The commons, who were now enabled, by the violence of the people and the neceftlties of the crown, to make new acquifitions of powers and privileges, infilled that the bifhops had no more title to vote in the queftion of the eari's pardon than in the impeachment itfelf. The bifhops afferted that the pardon was merely a preliminary ; and that, neither by the canon law nor the practice of parliament, were they ever obliged, in capital cafes, to withdraw till the very commencement of the trial itfelf. If their abfence was confidered as a privilege, which was its real origin, it depended on their own choice, how far they would infill upon it. If regarded as a diminution of their right of peerage, iuch unfavourable cuftoms ought never to be extended beyond the very circumftance eftablifhed by them ; and all arguments, from a pretended parity of reafon, were in that cafe of little or no: authority. The no HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP. The houfe of lords were fo much influenced by i^^^J^ thefe reafons, that they admitted the bifhops' right 1679. to vote, when the validity of the pardon mould be examined. The commons infifted ftill on their with- drawing; and thus a quarrel being commenced be- tween the two houfes, the king, who expected no- thing but frefh inftances of violence from this par- liament, began to entertain thoughts of laying hold of fo favourable a pretence, and of finifhing the feiTion by a prorogation. While in this difpofition, he was alarmed with fudden intelligence, that the houfe of commons was preparing a remonltrance, in order to inflame the nation ftill farther upon the ajthMay. favourite topics of the plot and of popery. He haftened, therefore, to execute his intention, even without confulting his new council, by whofe ad- vice he had promifed to regulate his whole conduct. And thus were difappointed all the projects of the malcontents, who were extremely enraged at this vigorous meafure of the king's. Shaftefbury pub- licly threatened that he would have the head of P r or^. whoever had advifed it. The parliament was foon tion and after diflblved without advice of council; and writs of the par- w ^re lliued for a new parliament, l he king was Hament, willing to try every means which gave a profpect of tothjuly. more compliance in his fubjects; and, in cafe of failure, the blame, he hoped, would lie on thofe whofe obftinacy forced him to extremities. But, even during the recefs of parliament, there was no interruption to the profecution of the ca- tholics accufed of the plot : The king found him- felf obliged to give way to this popular fury. Trial and Whitebread, provincial of the Jefuits, Fenwic, "f Aefile Gavan, Turner, and Harcourt, all of them of the Jefuits, fame order, were firft brought to their trial. Ee- fides Oates and Bedloe, Dugda'e, a new witnefs, appeared againfr. the prifoners. This man had been Reward to lord A (ton, and, though poor, poiTefTed a character fomewhac more reputable than the other 4 two: CHARLES II. in two: But his account of the intended maflacres and ^"iKf" afTaffinations was equally monftrous and incredible. ,_ '_ f He even afferted that 200,000 papifts in England 1679. were ready to take arms. The prifoners proved, by fmeen witnefTes from St. Omers, ftudents, and moft of them young men of family, that Oates was in that feminary at the time when he fwore that he was in London : But as they were catholics, and difciples of the Jefuits, their teftimony, both with the judges and jury, was totally difregarded. Even the reception which they met with in court was full of outrage and mockery. One of them faying that Oates always continued at St. Omers, if he could believe his* fenfes; " You papifts/' faid the chief juftice, " are taught not to believe your fenfes." It mud be confeffed that Oates, in oppofition to the ftudents of St. Omers, found means to bring evidence of his having been at that time in Lon- don: But this evidence, though it had, at that time, the appearance of forne folidity, was after- wards difcovered, when Oates himfelf was tried for perjury, to be altogether deceitful. In order far- ther to difcredit that witnefs, the Jefuits proved, by undoubted teftimony, that he had perjured himfelf in father Ireland's trial, whom they {hewed to have been :n Stafrbrdfhire at the very time when Oates fwore that he was committing treafon in London. But all thefe pleas availed them nothing againft the general prejudices. They received fentence of death; and were executed, perfifting to their laft breath in the moft folemn, earned, and delibe- rate, though difregarded, proteftations of their in- nocence. The next trial was that of Langhorne, an emi- and of nent lawyer, by whom all the concerns of the Je- *- an s* fuits were managed. Oates and Bedloe fwore, that all the papal commiiTions by which the chief offices in England were filled with catholics, palled through his hands. When vc;d:5t was given againft the prifoner, ,12 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, prifoner, the fpectators exprefied their favage joy ^ \ by loud acclamations. So high indeed had the 1679. popular rage mounted, that the witneffes for this unhappy man^ on approaching the court, Were almoft torn in pieces by the rabble : One in particular was bruifed to fuch a degree as to put his life in danger: And another, a woman, declared that, unlefs the court could afford her protection, fhe durft not give evidence*. But as the judges could go no farther than promife to punifh fuch as fhould do her any injury, the prifoner himfelf had the humanity to wave her teftimony. So far the informers had proceeded with fuccefs : Their accufation was hitherto equivalent to a Cen- tence of death. The firft check which they receiv- Wakeman ed was on the trial of fir George Wakeman, the iSth'rf' c T jeen>s phyfician, whom they accufed of an inten- tion to poifon the king. It was a ftrong circum- ftance in favour of Wakeman, that Oates, in his firft information before the council, had accufed him only upon hearfay; and when afked by the chancellor, whether he had any thing farther to charge him with ? he added, ic God forbid I fhould C( fay any thing againft fir George : For I •* know nothing more againft him." On the trial he gave pofitive evidence of the prifoner's guilt. There were many other circumftances which fa- voured Wakeman : But what chiefly contributed to his acquittal, was the connexion of his caufe with that of the queen, whom no one, even during the highcft prejudices of the times, could fincerely be- lieve guilty. The great importance of the trial- made men recollect themfelves, and recal that good fenfe and humanity which feemed, during fome time, to have abandoned the nation. The chief juftice himfelf, who had hitherto favoured the wit- nefics, exaggerated the plot, and railed againft the prifoners, was obferved to be confiderably mollified,, and to give a favourable charge to the jury. 9 Oates affairs in Scotland. CHARLES II. Gates and Bedloe had the afTurance to attack hitn to his face, and even to accufe him of partiality before the council. The whole party, who had 1679. formerly much extolled his conduct, now made him the object of their refentment. Wakeman's acquittal was indeed a fenfible mortification to the furious profecutors of the plot, and fixed an inde- lible ftain upon the witnefTes. But Wakeman, af- ter he recovered his liberty, finding himfelf expofed to fuch inveterate enmity, and being threatened with farther profecutions, thought it prudent to retire beyond fea : And his flight was interpreted as a proof of guilt, by thofe who were (till refolved to periift in the belief of the confpiracy. The great difcontents in England, and the re- State of fractory difpofition of the parliament, drew the at- tention of the Scottifh covenanters, and gave them a profpect of fome time putting an end to thofe op- preflions, under which they had fo long laboured. It was fufpected to have been the policy of Lauder- dale and his alTociates to pufh thefe unhappy men to extremities, and force them into rebellion, with a view of reaping profit from the forfeitures and attainders which would enfue upon it. But the covenanters, aware of this policy, had hitherto forborne all acts of hoitility, and that tyrannical minifler had failed of his purpofe. An incident at laft happened, which brought on an iniurrection in that country. The covenanters were much enraged againfb Sharpe, the primate, whom they confidered as an apoitate from their principles, and whom they ex- perienced to be an unrelenting perfecutor of all thofe who diffented from the ellabiifhed worfhip. He had an officer under him, one Carmichael, no lefs zealous than himfelf againit conventicles, and who by his violent profecutions had rendered him- felf extremely obnoxious to the fanatics. A com- pany of rhefe had waylaid him on the road near St. Vol. VIII. I Andrews, ii 4 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap. Andrews, with an intention, if not of killing him, ^ _ '_, at lead of chaftizing him fo feverely as would after- 1679. wards render him more cautious in perfecuting the 3d May. non-conformifts c . While looking out for their prey, they were furprifed at feeing the archbifhop's coach pafs by; and they immediately interpreted this incident as a declaration of the fecret purpofe of Providence againft him. But when they obferv- ed that almoft all his fervants, by fome accident, were abfent, they no longer doubted, but Heaven had here delivered their capital enemy into their hands. Without farther deliberation, they fell upon him ; dragged him from his coach ; tore him from the arms of his daughter, who interpofed with cries and tears ; and piercing him with redoubled wounds, left him dead on the fpot, and immediately difperfed themfelves. This atrocious action ferved the miniftry as a pretence for a more violent perfecution againft the fanatics, on whom, without diftinction, they threw the guilt of thofe furious afTaffins. It is indeed certain, that the murder of Sharpe had excited an univerfal joy among the covenanters, and that their blind zeal had often led them, in their books and fermons, to praife and recommend the aflaffination of their enemieSj whom they confidered as the enemies of all true piety and godlinefs. The ftories of Jael and Sifera, of Ehud and Eglon, refounded from every pulpit. The officers, quartered in the weft, received more ftrict orders to find out and difperfe all conventicles; and for that reafon the covenanters, inftead of meeting in fmall bodies, were obliged to celebrate their worfhip in numerous aflemblies, and to bring arms for their fccurity. At Rutherglen, a fmall borough near Glafgow, they openly fet forth a declaration againft preiacy; and in the market-place burned feveral acts of parlia- c Wodrow's Hiftory of the Sufferings of the Church cf Scotland, vol. ii. p. 28. ment CHARLES H. 115 hnent and acts of council, which had eftablifhed that c ^^ p * mode of ecclefiaftical government, and had pro- ^ "j , hibited conventicles. For this infult on the fu- 1G79. preme authority, they purpofely chofe the 29th of May, the anniverfary of the reftoration j and pre- vioufly extinguifhed the bonfires which had been kindled for that folemnity. Captain Graham, afterwards vifcount Dundee, an active and enterprifing officer, attacked a great conventicle upon Loudon-hill, and was repulfed with the lofs of thirty men. The covenanters, finding that they were unwarily involved in fuch deep guilt, were engaged to perfevere, and to feek, from their valour and fortune alone, for that in- demnity, which the feverity of the government left them no hopes of ever being able otherwife to ob- tain. They puffied on to Glafgow ; and though at firfb repulfed, they afterwards made themfelves mafters of that city; difpofTefTed the eftablifhed clergy j and iffued proclamations, in which they* declared that they fought againft the king's fupre- macy, againft popery and prelacy, and againft: a popifh fucceflbr. How accidental foever this infurreftion might appear, there is reafon to fufpect that fome great men, in combination with the popular leaders in England, had fecretly inftigated the covenanters to proceed to fuch extremities' 1 , and hoped for the fame effects that had forty years before enfued from the diforders in Scotland. The king alfo, appre- henfive of like confequences, immediately difpatch- ed thither Monmouth with a fmall body of Englifh cavalry. That nobleman joined to thefe troops the Scottish guards, and fome regiments of militia, le- vied from the well-affected counties 5 and with preat celerity marched in quell of the rebels. They had Battle of taken poft near Bothwel-caftle, between Hamilton ] B ° thwel - * badge. d Algernon Sidney's letters, p. 90. I 1 and n6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap. an j Glafgow ; where there was no accefs to them L X '_, but over a bridge, which a fmall body was able to i6 79 . defend againft the king's forces. They fhewed judgment in the choice of their poft; but difcovered neither judgment nor valour in any other ftep of their conduit. No nobility and few gentry had joined them: The clergy were in reality the gene- rals; and the whole army never exceeded 8000 men. sad June. Monmouth attacked the bridge ; and the body of rebels, who defended it, maintained their poft as long as their ammunition lafted. When they fent for more, 'they received orders to quit their ground, and to retire backwards. This imprudent meafure occafloned an immediate defeat to the covenanters. Monmouth paflfed the bridge without oppofition, and drew up his forces oppofite to the enemy. His cannon alone put them to rout. About 700 fell in the purfuit : For properly fpeaking there was no aclion. Twelve hundred were taken prifoners; and were treated by Monmouth with a humanity which thev had never experienced in their own country- men. Such of them as would promife to live peace- ably were difmiffed. About three hundred, who were fo obftinate as to refufe this eafy condition, were fhipped for Barbadoes ; but unfortunately perifhed in the voyage. Two of their clergy were hanged. Monmouth was of a generous difpofition ; and be- fides, aimed at popularity in Scotland. The king- intended to intruft the government of that kingdom in his hands. He had married a Scottifh lady, heir of a great family, and allied to all the chief nobility. And Lauderdale, as he was now declining in his parts, and was much decayed in his memory, began to lofe with the king that influence which he had maintained during fo many years; notwithftanding the efforts of his numerous enemies both in Scot- land and England, and notwithftanding the many violent and tyrannical actions of which he had been guilty. Even at prefent he retained fo much influ- q ence CHARLES II. Ii? ence as to poifon all the good intentions, which the c H A p * king, either of himfelf or by Monmouth's fug- . ' _ '_j geftion, had formed with regard to Scotland. An 1679. act of indemnity was granted; but Lauderdale took care that it mould be lb worded as rather to afford protection to himfelf and his aflbciates, than to the unhappy covenanters. And though orders were given to connive thenceforwards at all conventicles, he found means, under a variety of pretences, to elude the execution of them. It muft be owned however, to his praife, that he was the chief perfon, who, by his counfel, occafioned the expeditious march of the forces and the prompt orders given to Monmouth ; and thereby difappointed all the ex- pectations of the Englifh malcontents, who, reflect- ing on the difpofition of men's minds in both king- doms, had entertained great hopes from the progrefs of the Scottifh infurrection. 13 li& HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN, CHAP. LXVIII. ' State of parties State of the minijlry Meal- tub plot Whig and Tory A neiv 'parlia- ment Violence of the commons Exclufion bill Arguments for and againfi the exclufion Exclufion bill rejecfed Trial of Stafford His execution Violence of the commons - Dijfolution of the parliament — < New parliament at Oxford Fitzharris's cafe Parliament dijfolved — Victory of the royalifis, ■ ?. rx^HE king, obferving that the whale nation LXVIII. J^ concurred at firft in the belief and profecution j6 '_~ > _i of the pcpiih plot, had found it neceffary for his own fafety to pretend, in all public fpeeches and tranfacticns, an entire belief and acquiefcence in that famous abfurdity, and by this artifice he had eluded the violent and irrefiftible torrent of the State of people. When a little time and recollection, as well as the execution of the pretended confpirators, had fomewhat moderated the general fury, he was now enabled to form a confiderable party, devoted to the interefts of :he crown, and determined to oppofe the pretenfions of the malcontents. In every mixed government, fuch as that of England, the bulk of the nation will always incline to preferve the entire frame of the constitution ; but according to the various prejudices, interefts, and difpofitions of men, fome will ever attach them- felves with more paffion to the regal, others to the popular, part of the government. Though the king, after his reftoration, had endeavoured to abolifh CHARLES II. 119 abolifn the diftinction of parties, and had chofen chap his miniilers from among all denominations; no ^'_ '_ fooner had he loft his popularity, and expofed him- 1679. felf to general jealoufy, than he found it neceffary to court the old cavalier party, and to prom if e them full compenfation for that neglect of which they had hitherto complained. The prefent emergence made it ftill more necefiary for him to apply for their iupport; and there were many circumitances, which determined them, at this time, to fly to the affift- ance of the crown, and to the protection of the royal family. A party, ftrongly attached to monarchy, will naturally be jealous of the right of fucceffion, by which alone they believe liability to be preserved in the government, and a barrier fixed againft the encroachments of popular aflemblies. The project, openly embraced, of excluding the duke, appeared to that party a dangerous innovation.: And the de- fign, fecretly projected, of advancing Monmouth, made them apprehenlive, left the inconveniencies of a difputed fucceflion fliould be propagated to all pofterity. While the jealous lovers of liberty main- tained, that a king, whofe title depended on the parliament, would naturally be more attentive to the interefts, at leaft to the humours, of the people; the paffionate admirers of monarchy confidered all dependance as a degradation of kingly government, and a great ftep towards the eftablifnment of a com- monwealth in England. But though his union with the political royalifts brought great acceffion of force to the king, he de- rived no lefs fupport from the confederacy, which he had, at this time, the addrefs to form with the church of England. He reprefented to the eccle- fiaftics the great number of prefbyterians and other fectaries, who had entered into the popular party ; the encouragement and favour which they met with; the loudnefs of their cries with regard to I 4 popery 120 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c h A P. popery and arbitrary power. And he made the t " ^ im \f eftablifhed clergy and their adherents apprehend, 1679. that the old fcheme for the abolition of prelacy as well as monarchy was revived, and that the fame miferies and oppreilions awaited them, to which, during the civil wars and ufurpations, they had fo long been expofed. The memory alfo of thofe di final times united many indifferent and impartial perfons to the crown, and begat a dread left the zeal for liberty ihould en- graft itlelf on fanaticifm, and Ihould once more kindle a civil war m the kingdom. Had not the king frill retained the prerogative of diilbiving the parliament, there was indeed reafon to apprehend the renewal of all the pretenfions and violences which had ufhered in the laft commotions. The one period appeared an exact counterpart to the other : But ftiil difcerning judges could perceive, both in the fpirit of the parties and in the genius of the prince, a material difference j by means of which Charles was enabled at laft, though with the imminent peril of liberty, to preferve the peace of the nation. The cry againft popery was loud ■, but it pro- ceeded lefs from religious than from party zeal, in thofe who propagated, and even in thofe who adopt- ed it. The fpirit of enthufiafm had occafioned fo much mifchief, and had been fo fuccefsfully ex- ploded, that it was not poftible, by any artifice, again to revive and fupport it. Cant had been ri- diculed ; hypocrify detected j the pretenfions to a more thorough reformation, and to greater purity, had become fufpiciousj and inftead of denominating themfelves the godly party, the appellation affected ar. the beginning of the civil wars, the prefent pa- triots were content with calling themfelves the good and the honcft party": A fure prognoftic, that their meafures were not to be fo furious, nor their preten- fions Co exorbitant. e Temple, vol. i. p. 335. The CHARLES II. I2r The kins; too, though not endowed with the in- ^h ap. tegrity and llridl principles of his father, was happy ,_ ^ in a more amiable manner, and more popular ad- 1679. drels. Far from being diftant, ftately, or referved, he had not a grain of pride or vanity in his whole compofition ' ; but was the moft afFable, beft bred man alive. He treated his fubjects like noblemen, like gentlemen, like freemen ; not like yaffals or boors. His profefTions were planfible, his whole behaviour engaging ; fo that he won upon the hearts, even while he loft the good opinion, of his fubjecls, and often balanced their judgment of things by their perlbnal inclination 6 . In his public conduct likewile, though he had fometimes embraced mea- fures dangerous to the liberty and religion of his people, he had never been found to perfevere ob- stinately in them, but had always returned into that path which their united opinion feemed to point out to him. And upon the whole, it appeared to many, cruel and even iniquitous, to remark too rigoroufly the failings of a prince, who difcovered fo much fa- cility in correcting his errors, and fo much lenity in pardoning the offences committed againft himfelf. The general affection borne the king appeared fignally about this time. He fell fick at Windfor; and had two or three fits of a fever, lb violent as made his life be thought in danger. A general confirmation feized all ranks of men, increafed by the apprehenfions entertained of his fuccelfor. In the prefent dilpofition of men's minds, the king's death, to ufe an expreflion of fir William Temple h , was regarded as the end of the world. The mal- contents, it was feared, would proceed to extre- mities, and immediately kindle a civil war in the Jdngdom. Either their entire fuccefs, or entire f Temple, vol. i. p. 44.0. * Diflertation on Parties^ letter vii. h Vol.i. p. 14.2. failure. State of the miniftry. 122 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, failure, or even the balance and conteft of parties, feemed all of them events equally fatal. The king's chief counfellors therefore, EfTex, Halifax, and Sunderland, who flood on bad terms with Shaftefbury and the popular party, advifed him to fend fecretly for the duke, that, in cafe of any finifter accident, that prince might be ready to affert his right againft the oppofition which he was likely to meet with. When the duke arrived, he found his brother out of danger j and it was agreed to conceal the invitation which he had received. ad Sept. His journey, however, was attended with important confequences. He prevailed on the king to dis- grace Monmouth, whofe projects were now known and avowed ; to deprive him of his command in the army; and to fend him beyond fea. He himfelf returned to BrufTels ; but made a fhort ftay in that placer. He obtained leave to retire to Scotland, under pretence dill of quieting the apprehenfions of the Englifh nation ; but in reality with a view of iecuring thai kingdom in his interefls. Though EfTex and Halifax had concurred in the refolution of inviting over the duke, they foon found, that they had not obtained his confidence, and that even the king, while he made ufe of their fervice, had no fincere regard for their perfons. EfTex in difguft refigned the treafury : Halifax re- tired to his country-feat : Temple, defpairing of any accommodation among fuch enraged parties, with- drew almoft entirely to his books and his gardens, who changed minifters as well as. mea- The king, lures with great indifference, beflowed at this time the chief confidence on Hyde, Sunderland, and Go- dolphin. Hyde fucceeded EfTex in the treafury. All the king's minifters, as well as himfelf, were extremely averfe to the meeting of the new parlia- ment, which they expected to find as refractory as any of the preceding. The elections had gone mofUy CHARLES IT. 123 moftly in favour of the country party. The terrors sfi, A p - of the plot had ftill a mighty influence over the ^^^J, populace ; and the apprehenfions of the duke^s 1679. bigoted principles and arbitrary character weighed with men of fenfe and reflection. The king there- fore refolved to prorogue the parliament, that he might try, whether time might allay thofe humours, which, by every other expedient, he had in vain attempted to mollify. In this meafure he did not expect the concurrence of his council. He knew that thofe popular leaders, whom he had admitted, would zealoufly oppofe a refolution, which difcon- certed all their fchemes ; and that the royalifts would not dare, by fupporting it, to expofe them- felves to the vengeance of the parliament, when it fhould be affembled. Thefe reafons obliged him to take this ftep entirely of himfelf ; and he only de- clared his refolution in council. It is remarkable, that, though the king had made profefiion never to embrace any meafure without the advice of thefe counfellors, he had often broken that refolution, and had been neceflitated, in affairs of the greater! confequence, to control their opinion. Many of them in difguft threw up about this time; parti- cularly lord Ruflel, the moft popular man in the nation, as well from the mildnefs and integrity of his character, as from his zealous attachment to the religion and liberties of his country. Though carried into fome exceffes, his intentions were ever cfteemed upright ; and being heir to the greateft fortune in the kingdom, as well as void of ambition, men believed that nothing but the laft necefllty could ever engage him to embrace any defperate meafures. Shaftefbury, who was, in moft parti- culars, of an oppofite character, was removed by the king from the office of prefident of the council ; and the earl of Radnor, a man who pofTeffed whim- fical talents and fplenetic virtues, was fubftituted in his place. It 124 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C \ H ,. A P- It was tne favour and countenance of the parlia- --,.-,' ment, which had chiefly encouraged the rumour of 1679. plots ; but the nation had gotten ib much into that vein of credulity, and every neceflitous villain was fo much incited by the fuccefs of Oates and Bedloe, that, even during the prorogation, the people were not allowed to remain in tranquillity. There was one Dano-erfield, a tellow who had been burned in the hand for crimes, tranfported, whipped, pilloried four times, fined for cheats, out-lawed for felony, convicted of coining, and expofed to all the public infamy which the laws could inflict on the bafeft and moft fhameful enormities. The credulity of the people, and the humour of the times, enabled even this man to become a perfon of confequence. He Meal -tub vvas tne autnor °f a new incident, called the meaU plot. tub plot, from the place where fome papers, relat- ing to it, were found. The bottom of this affair it is difficult, and not very material, to difcover. It only appears, that Dangerfield, under pretence pf betraying the confpiracies of the prefbyterians, had been countenanced by fome catholics of condition, and had even been admitted to the duke's prefence and the king's : And that, under pretence of re- vealing new popiih plots, he had obtained accefs to Shaftefoury and fome of the popular leaders. Which fide he intended to cheat, is uncertain; or whether he did not rather mean to cheat both : But he foon found that the belief of the nation was more open to a popiih than a prefoyterian plot; and he re- folved to ftrike in with the prevailing humour. Though no weight could be laid on his teftimony, great clamour was raiftd ; as if the court, by way of retaliation, had intended to load the prefbyterians with the guilt of a falfe confpiracy. It muft be confefled that the prefent period, by the pre- valence and fufpicion of fuch mean and ignoble arts on all fides, throws a great ftain on the British annals. One CHARLES II. 125 One of the molt innocent artifices, practifed by CHAP, party men at this time, was the additional cere- ^^^^J mony, pomp, and expence, with which a pope- -1679. burning was celebrated in London: The fpectacle *7* Nuv « ferved to entertain, and amufe, and inflame, the populace. The duke of Monmouth likewiie came over without leave, and made a triumphant pro- ceflion through many parts of the kingdom, ex- tremely careited and admired by the people. All thefe arts feemed requifite to fupport the general prejudices, during the long interval of parliament. Great endeavours were alfo ufed to obtain the kind's confent for the meeting of that afTembly. Seven- 1680. teen peers prefented a petition to this purpofe. Many of the corporations imitated the example. Notwithflanding feveral marks of difpleafure, and even a menacing proclamation from the king, pe- titions came from all parts, earneftly infilling on a feffion of parliament. The danger of popery, and the terrors of the plot, were never forgotten in any of thefe addreffes. Tumultuous petitioning was one of the chief artifices by which the malcontents in the lalt reign had attacked the crown : And though the manner of fubferibing and delivering petitions was now fomewhat regulated by act. of parliament, the thing itfelf ftill remained ; and was an admirable expedient for infelting the court, for fpreading difcontent, and for uniting the nation in any popular clamour. As the king found no law, by which he could punim. thofe importunate, and, as he deemed them, undu- tiful folicitations, he was obliged to encounter them by popular applications of a contrary tendency. Wherever the church and court party prevailed, audreifes were framed, containing expreffions of the higheft regard to his majefty, the moft entire acqui- efcence in his wifdom, the moil dutiful fubmiffion to his prerogative, and the deepelt abhorrence of thofe who endeavoured to encroach upon it, by pre- i 2 6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, prescribing to him any time for affembling the par- uiHm> liament. Thus the nation came to be diftinguifhed j68o. hito petitioners and abhorrers. Factions indeed were at this time extremely animated againft each other. The very names, by which each party denominated its antagonift, difcover the virulence and rancour which prevailed. For befides petitioner and abhor- rer, appellations which were foon forgotten, this year is remarkable for being the epoch of the well- Whig and known epithets of WHIG and TORY, by which, Tor >'' and fometimes without any material difference, this ifland has been fo long divided. The court party reproached their antagonifts with their affinity to the fanatical conventiclers in Scotland, who were known by the name of Whigs : The country party found a refemblance between the courtiers and the popifh banditti in Ireland, to whom the appellation of Tory was affixed. And after this manner, thefe foolifh terms of reproach came into public and gene- ral ufe ; and even at prelent feem not nearer their end than when they were firft invented. The king ufed every art to encourage his parti- fans, and to reconcile the people to his govern- ment. He perfevered in the great zeal which he affected againft popery. He even allowed feveral priefts to be put to death, for no other crime than their having received orders in the Romifh church. It is fingular, that one of them, called Evans, was playing at tennis, when the warrant for his imme- diate execution was notified to him : He fwore, that he would play out his fet firft. Charles, with the fame view of acquiring popularity, formed an alli- ance with Spain, and alfo offered an alliance to Holland:- But the Dutch, terrified with the great power of France, and feeing little refource in a country fo diffracted as England, declined accept- ance. He had fent for the duke from Scotland, but defired him to return, when the time of affembling the parliament began to approach. 5 It CHARLES IT. 127 It was of great confequenceto the popular party, chap. while the meeting of parliament depended on the 1/?^ king's will, to keep the law, whofe operations are ,6So. perpetual, entirely on their fide. The fheriffs of London by their office return the juries : It had been ufual for the mayor to nominate one fheriff by drinking to him ; and the common-hall had ever without difpute confirmed the mayor's choice. Sir Robert Clayton, the mayor, appointed one who was not acceptable to the popular party : The common-hall rejected him; and Bethel and Cornifh, two independents, and republicans, and of confe- quence deeply engaged with the malcontents, were chofen by a majority of voices. In fpite of all re- monftrances and oppofition, the citizens perfifted in their choice ; and the court party was obliged for the prefent to acquiefce. Juries however were not fo partial in the city; but that reafon and juftice, even when the popim plot was in queftion, could fometimes prevail. The 23J Jon* earl of Caftlemaine, hufband to the duchels of Cleveland, was acquitted about this time, though accufed by Oates and Dangerfield of an intention to afiaffinate the king. Sir Thomas Gafcoigne, a very aged gentleman in the north, being accufed by two fervants, whom he had difmifTed for difhonerty, received a like verdict. Thefe trials were great blows to the plot, which now began to dagger, in the judgment of moil men, except thofe who were entirely devoted to the country party. But in order ftill to keep alive the zeal againft popery, the earl of Shaftefbury appeared in Wefcmi niter- hall, at- tended by the earl of Huntingdon, the lords Ruf- fel, Cavendifh, Gray, Brandon, fir Henry Caver- ly, fir Gilbert Gerrard, fir William Cooper, and other perfons of diftinction, and prefented to the grand jury of Middlefex reafons for indicting the duke of York as a popilh recufant. While the jury 128 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c *? , A T f ' j ur y were deliberating on this extraordinary prefent- L - L \ ment, the chief juftice fent for* them, and fuddenly, 16S0. even fomewhat irregularly, difmilTed them. Shaftef- bury however obtained the end for which he had undertaken this bold meafure : He mowed to all his followers the defperate refolution which he had embraced, never to admit of any accommodation or compofition with the duke. By fuch daring con- duct he gave them aiTurance, that he was fully de- termined not to defert their caufe ; and he engaged them to a like devoted perfeverance in all the mea- fures which he mould fuggeft to them. As the kingdom was regularly and openly divided into two zealous parties, it was not difficult for the king to know, that the majority of the new houfe ot commons was engaged in interefts oppofite to the court : But that he might leave no expedient untried, which could compofe the unhappy differ- Anewrar- ences among his fubjects, he refolved, at laft, after liamenti a long interval, to aiTemble the parliament. In his fpeech, he told them that the feveral prorogations which he had made, had been very advantageous to his neighbours, and very ufeful to himfelf : That he had employed that interval in perfecting with the crown of Spain an alliance, which had often been defired by former parliaments, and which, he doubted not, would be extremely agreeable to them : That, in order to give weight to this mea- fure, and render it beneBcial to Chriftendom, it vsfas neceffary to avoid all domeftic diiTenfions, and to unite themfeives firmly in the fame views and purpofes: That he was determined that nothing on his put mould be wanting to fuch a falutary end; and provided the fucceilion were preferved in its due and legal courfe, he would concur in any ex- p client for the iecunry of the protellant religion: That the farther examination of the popifn plot and the punishment of the criminals were requifite for the CHARLES II. 129 the fafety both of king and kingdom : And after Lxvnf* recommending to them the neceflity of providing, , u j by fome fupplies, for the fafety of Tangiers, he 1680. proceeded in thefe words : f< But that which I value cf above all the treafure in the world, and which I " am fure will give us greater ftrength and reputa- fC tion both at home and abroad than any treafure ff can do, is a perfect union among ourfelves. " Nothing but this can reftore the kingdom to that , for the prciervation of the proteftant fubjeds againft CHARLES II. againft all invafions and oppofition whatever, and for preventing the duke of York or any papift from fuccecding to the crown. The memory of the co- 1680. venant was too recent for men to overlook the con- fequences of fuch an afibciation : And the king, who was particularly converfant in Davila, could not fail of recollecting a memorable foreign inftance, to fortify this domeftic experience. The commons alio palled many votes, which, though they had not the authority of laws, ferved however to difcover the temper and difpofition of the houfc. They voted, that whoever had advifed his majefty to refufe the exclufion-bill, were pro- moters of popery and enemies to the king and king- dom. In another vote, they named the marquis of Worcefler, the earls of Clarendon, Feverfham, and Halifax, Laurence Hyde, and Edward Seymour, as thofe dangerous enemies ; and they requefted his majefty to remove them from his perfon and coun- cils for ever: They voted that, till the exclufion- biil were palled, they could not, confiftent with the truft repofed in them, grant the king any manner of fu£>ply. And left he fhould be enabled, by any other expedient, to fupport the government, and preferve himfelf independent, they patted another vote, in which they declared that whoever ihould hereafter lend, by way of advance, any money upon thofe branches of the king's revenue, arifing from cuftoms, excife, or hearth-money, Ihould be judged a hinderer of the fitting of parliament, and be re- fponfible for the fame in parliament. The king might prefume that the peers, who had rejected the exclufion- bill, would (till continue to defend the throne, and that none of the dangerous bills, introduced into the other houfe, would ever be prefented for the royal affent and approbation. But as there remained no hopes of bringing the commons to any better temper, and as their farthe* fitting ferved only to keep faction alive, and to L 2 perpetuate I4 8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap perpetuate the general ferment of the nation, he Lxviir. came f ecret ]y to a refolution of proroguing them. 7 fi8i. They got intelligence about a quarter of an hour ioth Jan. before the black rod came to their door. Not to tion°of the l°fe ^ ucn precious time, they pafied in a tumultu- parlia- ous manner ibme extraordinary refolutions. They ■>*«• voted, that whoibever advifed his majefty to pro- rogue this parliament to any other purpofe than in order to pafs the bill of exclufion, was a betrayer of the king, of the proteftant religion, and of the kingdom of England ; a promoter of the French in- tereft, and a penfioner of France: 'That thanks be given to the city of London for their manifeft loy- alty, and for their care and vigilance in the preferv- ation of the king and of the proteftant religion : That it is the opinion of this houfe, that that city was burned in the year 1666 by the papifts, design- ing thereby to introduce arbitrary power and popery into the kingdom : That humble application be made to his majefty for reftoring the duke of Mon- mouth to all his offices and commands, from which, it appears to the houfe, he had been removed by the influence of the duke of York : And that it is the opinion of the houfe that the profecution of the proteftant diffenters upon the penal laws is at this time grievous to the fubject, a weakening of the proteftant intereft, an encouragement of popery, and dangerous to the peace of the kingdom. The king pafTed fome laws of no great import- ance: But the bill for repealing the thirty-fifth of Elizabeth, he privately ordered the clerk of the crown not to prefent him. By this artifice, which was equally difobliging to the country party as if the bill had been rejected, and at the fame time implied fome timidity in the king, that falu- tary act was for the prefent eluded. The king had often of himfelf attempted, and fometimes by irre- gular means, to give indulgence to non-conformifts : But befides that he had ufually expected to compre- 7 hend CHARLES II. 149 hend the catholics in this liberty, the prefent re- CHA p - fraftory difpofition of the fectaries had much incenfed ^_ _ J, him againft them ; and he was refolved, if poflible, X 62i. to keep them frill at mercy. The laft votes of the commons feemed to be an attempt of forming indirectly an aflociation againft the crown, after they found that their afTociation bill could not pafs : The diflenting intcreft, the city, and the duke of Monmouth, they endeavoured to connect with the country party. A civil war indeed never appeared fo likely as at prefent ; and it was high time for the king to difTolve a parliament, which feemed to have entertained fuch dangerous projects. Soon after, he fummoned another. Though he obferved, that the country party had eftablifhed their intereft fo (trongly in all the elect- ing boroughs, that he could not hope for any dif- pofition more favourable in the new parliament, this expedient was ftill a profecution of his former project, of trying every method by which he might form an accommodation with the commons : And if all failed, he hoped that he could the better jufti- fy to his people, at leaft to his party, a final breach with them. It had always been much regretted By the royal - ifts, during the civil wars, that the long parliament had been alfembled at Weftminfter, and had there- by received force and encouragement from the vi- cinity of a potent and factious city, which had zeal- ouQy embraced their party. Though the king was now pofTefled of guards, which in fome meafurfc overawed the populace, he was determined frill far- ther to obviate all inconveniencies ; and he fum- moned the new parliament to meet at Oxford. The city of London mowed how juft a judgment he had formed of their difpofitions. Befides re- electing the fame members, they voted thanks to them for their former behaviour, in endeavouring to difcover the depth of the horrid and bellijh popilh L 3 plot, i 5 o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c h A P. plot, and to exclude the duke of York, the prin- u ' cipal caufe of the ruin and mifery impending over ,68,. the nation. Monmouth with fifteen peers prefented a petition againff. aiTernbling the parliament at Ox- ford, " where the two houfes," they faid, " could " not be in fafety; but would be eafily expofed to < c the fwords of the papifts and their adherents, of < c whom too many had creeped into his majefty's " guards." Thefe infinuations, which pointed fo evidently at the king himielf, were not calculated to perfuade him, but to inflame the people. The exclufionifts might have concluded, both from the king's dnTolution of the lafc parliament, and from his fummoning of the prefent to meet at Oxford, that he was determined to maintain his de- clared refolution of rejecting their favourite bill : But they ft ill flattered themfelves that his urgent necelTi- ties would influence his eafy temper, and finally gain them the afcendant. The leaders came to par- liament, attended not only by their fervants, but by numerous bands of their partisans. The four city members in particular were followed by great mul- titudes, wearing ribbons, in which were woven thefe words, No pcfciy ! no Jlavery ! The king had his guards regularly muttered; His party likewife en- deavoured to make a fhow of their ftrength : And on the whole, the aiTembly at Oxford rather bore the appearance of a tumultuous Poiifh diet, than of a regular Englifh. parliament. March a x. The king, who had hitherto employed the moft gracious exprelTions to all his parliaments, particu- larly the two halt, thought proper to addrefs him- ielf to the prelent in a more authoritative manner. New par- He complained of the unwarrantable proceedings: of the former houfe of commons ; and faid that, as he would never ufe arbitrary government himfelf, neither would he ever fuffer it in others. By call- ing, however, this parliament fo foon, he had fuffi- ciently fhown that no pait irregularities could in- fpire I lament at Ox toid. C H A R L E S IL 151 fpire him with a prejudice againft thofe afcmblies. CHAP. He now afforded them, he added, yet another op- ,_ J_ ^_ Jj, portunity of providing for the public fafety; and to 16S1. all the world had given one evidence more, that on his part he had not neglected the duty incumbent on him. The commons were not overawed by the magi- sterial air of the king's fpeech, They conOfted al- moft entirely of the fame members ; they chofe the fame fpeaker ; and they initantly fell into the fame meafures, the impeachment of Danby, the repeal of the perfecuting ftatute of Elizabeth, the inquiry into the popifh plot, and the bill of exclufion. So violent were they on this la ft article, that no other expedient, however plaufible, could lb much as be hearkened to. Ernley, one of the king's minifters, propofed that the duke mould be banilhed, during life, five hundred miles from England, and that on the king's demife the next heir ihould be conftituted regent with regal power. Yet even this expedient, which left the duke only the bare title of king, could not, though feconded by fir Thomas Lyttle- ton and fir Thomas Mompefton, obtain the atten- tion of the houfe. The paft difappointments of the country party, and the oppofition made by the Court, had only rendered them more united, more haughty, and more determined. No method but their own, of excluding the duke, could give them any fatisfaclion. There was one Fitz-harris, an Irifh catholic, Fltz-har- who had infinuated himfelf into the dutchefs of ris ' SCi:f ' Portfmouth's acquaintance, and had been very bufy in conveying to her, intelligence of any libel written by the country party, or ot any defigns entertained againft her or againft the court. For fervices of this kind, and perhaps too, from a regard to his father, fir Edward Fitz-harris, who had been an eminent royalift, he had received from the king a prefent of 250 pounds. This man met with one L 4 Everard, i 5 * HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. \ p - Everard, a Scotchman, a fpy of the exclufioniftsj, ^jL.^J_, and an informer concerning the popifh plot ; and he r. engaged him to write a libel againft the king, the duke, and the whole adminiftration. What Fitz- harris's intentions were, cannot well be afcertained : It is probable, as he afterwards afTerted, that he meant to carry this libel to his patron, the dutchefs, and to make a merit of the difcovery. Everard, who fufpecled ibroe other defign, and who was well pleafed on his fide to have the merit of a difcovery with his patrons, reiblved to betray his friend : He pofted fir William Waller, a noted juftice of peace, and two perfons more, behind the hangings, and gave them an opportunity of feeing and hearing the whole tranfaction. The libel, fketched out by Fitz- harris, and executed partly by him, partly by Eve- rard, was the moft furious, indecent, and outrageous performance imaginable ; and fuch as was fitter to hurt than ferve any party, which mould be fo im- prudent as to adopt it. Waller carried the intelli- gence to the king, and obtained a warrant for com- mitting Fitz-harris, who happened, at that very time, to have a copy of the libel in his pocket. Finding himfelf now delivered over to the law, he refolved to pay court to the popular party, who were alone able to protect him, and by whom he obferved almoft all trials to be governed and directed. He affirmed, that he had been employed by the court to write the libel, in order to throw the odium of it on the exclufionifts : But this account, which was within the bounds of credibility, he difgraced by circumftances which are altogether abfurd and im- probable. The intention of the minifters, he faid, was to fend about copies to all the heads of the country party ; and the moment they received them, they were to be arretted, and a confpiracy to be imput- ed to them. That he might merit favour by (till more important intelligence, he commenced a difcoverer of the great popiih plot j and he failed not to confirm all CHARLES II, 153 all the tremendous circumftances infifted on by his chap. predeceflbrs. He faid, that the fecbild Dutch war ._ J, was entered into with a view of extirpating the pro- 1681. teftant religion, both abroad and at home; that father Parry, a Jefuit, on the difappointment by the peace, told him, that the catholics refolved to murder the king, and had even engaged the queen in that defign ; that the envoy of Modena offered him 10,000 pounds to kill the king, and upon his refufal the envoy faid, that the dtitchefs of Maza- rine, who was as expert at poifoning as her filter, the counteis of Soiffbns, would, with a little phial, execute that defign ; that upon the king's death the army in Flanders was to come over, and maflacre the proteftants 5 that money was raifed in Italy for recruits and fupplies, and there mould be no more parliaments; and that the duke was privy to this whole plan, and had even entered into the defign of Godfrey's murder, which was executed in the man- ner related by Prance. The popular leaders had, all along, been very defirous of having an accufation againft the duke; and though Oates and Bedloe, in their firft evidence, had not dared to go fo far, both Dugdale and Dan- gerfield had afterwards been encouraged to fupply fo material a defect, by comprehending him in the confpiracy. The commons, therefore, finding that Fitz-harris was alfo willing to ferve this purpofe, were not afhamed to adopt his evidence, and refolved for that end to fave him from the deftruction with which he was at prefent threatened. The king had removed him from the city-prifon, where he was expofed to be tampered with by the exclufionifts ; had fent him to the Tower ; and had ordered him to be profecuted by an indictment at common law. In order to prevent his trial and execution, an im- peachment was voted by the commons againft him, and fent up to the lords. That they might mew the greater 154 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, greater contempt of the court, they ordered, by c^- 1 ^ wa y ofderifion, that the impeachment fhould be 16S1. carried up by fecretary Jenkins; who was fo pro- voked by the intended affront, that he at firft refufed obedience ; though afterwards, being threat- ened with commitment, he was induced to comply. The lords voted to remit the affair to the ordinary courts of juftice, before whom, as the attorney- general informed them, it was already determined to try Fitz-harris. The commons maintained, that the peers were obliged to receive every impeach- ment from the commons; and this indeed feems to have been the firft inftance of their refufal : They therefore voted, that the lords, in rejecting their impeachment, had denied juftice, and had violated the conftitution of parliament. They alfo declared, that whatever inferior court fhould proceed againft Fitz-harris, or any one that lay under impeach- ment, would be guilty of a high breach of privi- lege. Great heats were likely to enfue; and as the king faw no appearance of any better temper in the Pavlia- commons, he gladly laid hold of the opportunity mentdif. afforded by a quarrel between the two houfes; and he proceeded to a diffolution of the parliament. The fecret was fo well kept, that the commons had no intimation of it, till the black rod came to their doors, and fummoned them to attend the king at the houfe of peers. This vigorous meafure, though it might have been forefeen, excited fuch aftonifhment in the country party, as deprived them of all fpirit, and reduced them to abfolute defpair. They were i'a\- fible, though too late, that the king had finally taken his refolution, and was determined to endure any extremity rather than fubmit to thole terms which they had refolved to impofe upon him. They found, that he had patiently waited till affairs fhould come to full maturity ; and having now engaged a national lblved. CHARLES II. 155 national party on his fide, had boldly fet his enemies chap. at defiance. No parliament, they knew, would be ,_ ' f fummoned for Tome years ; and during that long 1681. interval, the court, though perhaps at the head of an inferior party, yet being pofieffed of all autho- rity, would have every advantage over a body dif- perfed and difunited. Thefe reflections crowded upon every one ; and all the exclufionills were ter- rified, left Charles fhould follow the blow by ibme action more violent, and immediately take ven- geance on them for their long and obftinate oppo- fition to his meafures. The king on his part was no lefs apprehenfive, left defpair might prompt them to have recourfe to force, and make fome fudden attempt upon his perfon. Both parties therefore hurried from Oxford ; and in an inftant, that city, fo crowded and bufy, was left in its ufual emptinefs and tranquillity. The court party gathered force from, the difper- fion and aftoniihment of their antagonifts, and adhered more firmly to the king, whofe reiblutions, they now faw, could be entirely depended on. The Viftorybf violences of the exclufioniih were every where ex- | hei °y al - claimed againft and aggravated -, and even the rea- lity of the plot, that great engine of their authority, was openly called in queftion. The clergy efpeci- ally were bufy in this great revolution ; and being moved, partly by their own fears, partly by the in- finuations of the court, they reprefented all their antagonifts as fectaries and republicans, and rejoiced in efcaping thofe perils, which they believed to have been hanging ~ over them. Principles the moft oppofite to civil liberty were every where inforced from the pulpit, and adopted in numerous addrefTes; where the king was flattered in his prefent meafures, and congratulated on his efcape from parliaments. Could words have been depended on, the nation appeared to be running faft into voluntary fervitude, and feemed even ambitious of refigning into the king's i 5 6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. fj y V fr F* king's hands all the privileges, tranfmkted to them, u j through fo many ages, by their gallant anceitors. j63i. But Charles had fagacity enough to diflinguifh between men's real internal fentiments, and the lan- guage which zeal and oppofition to a contrary fac- tion may fometimes extort from them. Notwith- standing all thefe profeftions of duty and obedience, he was reiblvcd not to truft, for a long time, the people with a new election, but to depend entirely on his own ceconomy for alleviating thofe neceffities under which he laboured. Great retrenchments were made in the houfehold: Even his favourite navy was neglected : Tangiers, though it had coft great fums of money, was a few years after aban- doned and demolifned, The mole was entirely deftroyed ; and the garrifon, being brought over to England, ferved to augment that fmall army, which the king relied on, as one folid bafis of his authority. It had been happy for the nation, had. Charles ufed his victory with juftice and moderation equal to the prudence and dexterity with which he obtained it. The firft ftep, taken by the court, was the trial of Fitz-harris. Doubts were raifed by the jury with regard to their power of trying him, after the con- cluding vote of the commons : But the judges took upon them to decide the queftion in the affirmative ; and the jury were obliged to proceed. The writing of the libel was clearly proved upon Fitz-harris : The only queftion was with regard to his inten- tions. He afferted, that he was a fpy of the court, and had accordingly carried the libel to the dutchefs of Portfmouth -, and he was defirous that the jury fhould, in this tranfaction, confider him as a cheat, not as a traitor. He failed however fomewhat in the proof i and was brought in guilty of treafon by the jury. Finding himfeif entirely in the hands of the king, he now retracted all his former impoftures with regard to the popiih plot, and even endeavoured to CHARLES II. i 57 to atone for them by new impoftures againft the chap. country party. Pie affirmed, that thefe fi&ions had J, been extorted from him by the fuggeftions and axti- ic$i. fices of Treby the recorder, and of Bethel and Cor- nifh, the two fheriffs : This account he perfifted in even at his execution ; and though men knew, that nothing could be depended on, which came from one fo corrupt, and lb loll to all fenfe of honour ; yet were they inclined, from his perfeverance, to rely ibmewhat more on his veracity in thefe laft aflfeve- rations. But it appears, that his wife had fome con- nections with Mrs. Wall, the favourite maid of the dutchefs of Portlmouthj and Fitz-harris hoped, if he perfifted in a (lory agreeable to the court, that ibme favour might, on that account, be fhown to his family. It is amufing to reflect on the feveral lights in which this ftory has been reprefented by the oppofite factions. The country party affirmed, that Fitz- harris had been employed by the court, in order to throw the odium of the libel on the exclufionifts, and thereby give rife to a proteftant plot : The court party maintained, that the exclufionifts had found out Fitz-harris, a fpy of the minifters, and had fet him upon this undertaking, from an inten- tion of loading the court with the imputation of fuch a defign upon the exclufionifts. Rather than ac- quit their antagonifts, both fides were willing to adopt an account the inoft intricate and incredible. It was a ftrange fituation; in which the people, at this time, were placed ; to be every day tortured with thefe perplexed ftories, and inflamed v/ith fuch dark fufpicions againft their fellow- citizens. , This was no lefs than the fifteenth falfe plot, or fham- plot, as they were then called, with which the court, it was imagined, had endeavoured to load their ad- verfaries '. * College's trial. 158 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP. The country patty had intended to make ufe of ■*^_ L , Fitz-harris's evidence againft the duke and the ca- 16S1. tholics ; and his execution was therefore a great mor- tification to them. But the king and his minifters were refolved not to be contented with fo flender an advantage. They were determined to purfue the victory, and to employ againft the exclufionifts thofe very offenfive arms, however unfair, which that party had laid up in (tore againft their antago- nists. The whole gang of fpies, witnefles, inform- ers, fuborners, who had fo long been fupported and encouraged by the leading patriots, finding now that the king was entirely mafter, turned fhort upon their old patrons, and offered their fervice to the mini- fters. To the difgrace of the court and of the age, they were received with hearty welcome ; and their teftimony or rather perjury made ufe of, in order to commit legal murder upon the oppofite party. With an air of triumph and derifion it was afked, " Are " not thefe men good witnefTes, who have eftablifh- ' nation. Rewards, therefore, were publifhed in Ire- , ', land to any that would bring intelligence or become 16S1. witneffes ; and fome profligates were lent over to that kingdom, with a commiflion to feek out evi- dence againft the catholics. Under pretence of fearching for arms or papers, they broke into houfes, and plundered them : They threw innocent men into prifon, and took bribes for their releafe : And after all their diligence, it was with difficulty that that country, commonly fertile enough in witnefies, could furnifh them with any fit for their purpole. At laft, one Fitzgerald appeared, followed by Ivey, Sanfon, Dennis, Bourke, two Macnamaras, and fome others. Thefe men were immediately fent over to England; and though they pofieffed neither character fufficient to gain belief even for truth, nor fenfe to invent a credible falfehood, they were careiTed, rewarded, fupported, and recom- mended by the earl of Shaftefbury. Oliver Plunket, the titular primate of Ireland, a man of peaceable difpofitions, was condemned and executed upon fuch teftimony. And the Oxford parliament entered fo far into the matter as to vote, that they were entirely fatisfied in the reality of the horrid and damnable Irifh plot. But fuch decifions, though at firft regarded as infallible,, had now loft much of their authority ; and the public (till remained fome- what indifferent and incredulous. After the diffolution of the parliament, and the fubfequent victory of the royalifts, Shafteibury's evi- dences, with Turberviile, Smith, and others, ad- drefled themfelves to the minifters, and gave in- formation of high treafon againft their former patron. It is fufficiently fcandalous, that intelligence, con- veyed by fuch men, fhould have been attended to ; but there is fome reafon to think, that the court agents, nay the minifters, nay the king himielf k , k See captain Wilkinfon's narrative. M 3 went i66 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap. W ent farther, and were active in endeavouring;, thoug-h L !.*_, in vain, to find more reputable perfons to fupport 16S1. the blafted credit of the Irifh witneffes. Shaftefbury was committed to prifon, and his indictment was prei'ented to the grand jury. The new fherifrs of London, Shute and Pilkington, v/ere engaged as deeply as their predeceflors in the country party; and they took care to name a jury devoted to the fame caufe : A precaution quite neceffary, when it was fcarcely polTible to find men indifferent or attached to neither party. As far as fwearing could go, the treafon was clearly proved againft Shaftefbury ; or rather fo clearly as to merit no kind of credit or Shaftef- attention. That veteran leader of a party, enured buryac- from his early youth to faction 'and intrigue, to quitted. cabals and confpiracies, was reprefented as opening without referve his treafonable intentions to thefe obfeure banditti, and throwing out fuch violent and outrageous reproaches upon the king, as none but men of low education, like themfelves, could be fuppofed to employ. The draught of an affociation, it is true, againft popery and the duke, was found in Shaftefbury's cabinet; and dangerous inferences might be drawn from many claufes of that paper. But it did not appear, that it had been framed by Shaftefbury, or fo much as approved by him. And as projects of an afTociation had been propoled in par- liament, it was very natural for this nobleman, or his correfpondents, to be thinking of fome plan, which it might be proper to lay before that afTembly. The grand jury, therefore, after weighing all thefe circum- ftances, rejected the indictment; and the people, who attended the hail, teftified their joy by the loudeft accla- mations, which were echoed throughout the whole city. About this time a icheme of oppreffion was laid in Scotland, after a manner (till more flagranti againft a nobleman much lefs obnoxious than Shaftefbury; and as that country was reduced to a ftate of almoft total fubjection., the project had the good fortune to fucceed. Th$ CHARLES II. 167 The earl of Argyle, from his youth, had dif- CHAP, tinguilhed himfelf by his loyalty, and his attachment t 1 T'^ to the royal family. Though his father was head of 1681. the covenanters, he himfelf refilled to concur in any A np le ' s of their meafures; and when a commiflion of colo- nel was given him by the convention of dates, he forbore to act upon it, till it mould be ratified by the king. By his refpectful behaviour, as well as by his fervices, he made himfelf acceptable to Charles, when that prince was in Scotland : And even after the battle of Worcefter, all the mif- fortunes, which attended the royal caufe, could not engage him to defert it. Under Middleton he ob- flinately perfevered toharafs and infeil the victorious Englifh ; and it was not till he received orders from that general, that he would fubmit to accept of a capitulation. Such jealoufy of his royal attach- ments was entertained by the commonwealth and protector, that a pretence was foon after fallen upon to commit him to prifon ; and his confinement was rigoroufly continued till the reftoration. The king, fenfible of his fervices, had remitted to him his father's forfeiture, and created him earl of Argvle ; and when a moil unjuft fentence was palled upon him by the Scottifh. parliament^ Charles had anew remitted it. In the fubfequent part of this reign, Argyle behaved himfelf dutifully j and though he feemed not difpofed to go all lengths with the court, he always appeared, even in his oppofition, to be a man of mild difpofitions and peaceable deport- ment. A parliament was fummoned at Edinburgh this fu miner, and the duke was appointed com- miffioner. Befides granting money to the king, and voting the indefeafible right of fucceliion, this parliament enacted a tell, which all perfons, pof- felled of offices, civil, military, or ecclefiaftical, were bound to take. In this teit, the king's fupre- macy was afferted, the covenant renounced, pafijve _ M 4 obeai-. 168 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c h A P. obedience affented to, and all obligations difclaimed L of endeavouring any alteration in civil or ecclefi- 1681. aftical eftablifhments. This was the ftate of the teft, as propofcd by the courtiers ; but the country partv propofed alio to infert a claufe, which could not with decency be refufed, exprefiing the perfon's adherence to the proteftant religion. The whole was of an enormous length, considered as an oath j and what was worfe, a confeflion of faith was there ratified, which had been impofed a little after the reformation, and which contained many articles altogether forgotten by the parliament and nation. Among others, the doctrine of refiftance was in- culcated ; ib that the teft, being voted in a hurry, was found on examination to be a medley of contra- diction and abfurdity. Several perfons, the moft attached to the crown, fcrupled to take it : The bifhops and many of the clergy remonftrated : The earl of Queenfberry refufed to fwear, except he might be allowed to add an explanation: And even the privy council thought it neceffary to pub!ifh for general fatisfaction a folution of fome difficulties attending the teft. Though the courtiers could not reject the claufe of adhering to the proteftant religion, they propofed, as a neceffary mark of refpect, that all princes of the blood fhouid be exempted from taking the oath. This exception was zealoudy oppofed by Argyle; who obferved, that the fole danger to be dreaded for the proteftant religion muft proceed from the perverfion of the royal family. By infill- ing on fuch topics, he drew on himlelf the fecret indignation of the duke, of which he foon felt the fatal coniequenccs. When Argyle took the teft as a privy counfellor, he fubjoined, in the duke's prefence, an explanation, which he had beforehand communicated to that prince, and which he believed to have been approved by him. It was in thefc words : " I have coniidered the teft, " and C H A R L E S IL 169 ft and am very defirous of giving obedience as far c h a r. « as I can. I am confident that the parliament XX '_, *' never intended to impofe contradictory oaths : 16S1. tc Therefore I think no man can explain it but for " himfelf. Accordingly, I take ic as far as it is " confident with itfelf, and the proteilant religion. " And I do declare, that I mean not to bind my- tc felf, in my ftation, and in a lawful way, from "*wifhing, and endeavouring any alteration, which " I think to the advantage of church or ftate, and iC not repugnant to the proteilant religion and my ft loyalty: And this I undciitand as a part of my " oath." The duke, as was natural, heard thefe words with great tranquillity : No one took the lead offence : Argyle was admitted to fit that day in council : And it was impoflible to imagine, that a capital offence had been committed, where occafion feemed not to have been given, fo much as for a frown or reprimand. Argyle was much furprifed, a few days after, to find that a warrant was iffued for committing him to prifon; that he was indicted for high-treafon, leafing- making, and perjury; and that from thefe innocent words an accufation was extracted, by which he was to forfeit honours, life, and fortune. It is needlefs to enter into particulars, where the iniquity of the whole is fo apparent. Though the fvvord of juftice was difplayed, even her femblance was not put on ; and the forms alone of law were preferved, in order to fanctify, or rather aggravate, the oppreffion. Of five judges, three did not fcruple to find the guilt of treafon and leafing- making to be incurred by the prifoner : A jury of fifteen noblemen gave verdict againft him ; And the king, being coniulted, ordered the fentence to be pronounced j but the execution of it to be fufpended till farther orders. It was pretended by the duke and his creatures, that Argylc's life and fortune were not in any danger, and i 7 o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap. an( | t hat t he fole reafon for pufhing the trial to fuch ^_ l y _" lj extremities againft him was in! order to make him 3681. renounce fome hereditary jurifdiction, which gave his family a dangerous authority in the highlands, and obftructed the courfe of public juftice. But allowing the end to be juftifiable, the means were infamous ; and fuch as were incompatible, not only with a free, but a civilized government. Argyle had therefore no reafon to truft any longer to the juftice or mercy of fuch enemies : He made his efcape from prifon ; and till he fhould find a fhip for Holland, he concealed himfelf during fome time in London. The king heard of his lurking-place, but would not allow him to be arretted 1 . All the parts, however, of his fentence, as far as the go- vernment in Scotland had power, were rigoroufly executed ; his eftate confiicated, his arms reverfed and torn. State of af- It would feem, that the genuine paffion for liberty fans in was at t his t j me totally extinguifhed in Scotland: There was only preferved a fpirit of mutiny and fe- dition, encouraged by a miftaken zeal for religion. Cameron and Cargil, two furious preachers, went a ilep beyond all their brethren : They publicly ex- communicated the king for his tyranny and his breach of the covenant ; and they renounced all allegiance to him. Cameron was killed by the troops in an action at Airs-Mofs ; Cargil was taken and hanged. Many of their followers were tried and convicted. Their lives were offered them if they would fay, God/ave the king : But they would only agree to pray for his repentance. This obfti- nacy was much infilled on as an apology for the ri- gours of the adminiftration': But if duly confidered, it will rather afford reafon for a contrary inference. Such unhappy delufion is an object rather of com- miferation than of anger: And it is almoft impof- 1 Burnet, vol. i. p. 522. fible CHARLES II. j 7 r fible that men could have been carried to fuch a de- chap. gree of frenzy, unlefs provoked by a long train of s _ '"_ ' j violence and oppreflion. As the king was mafter in England, and no longer i6gz. dreaded the clamours of the country party, he per- mitted the duke to pay him a vifit ; and was foon after prevailed on to allow of his return to England, and of his bearing a part in the adminiftration. The duke went to Scotland, in order to bring up his fa- mily, and fettle the government of that country; and he chofe to take his palTage by fea. The fhip {truck on a fand-bank, and was loft: The duke e leaped in the barge ; and it is pretended that, while many perfons of rank and quality were drown- ed, and among the reft Hyde, his brother-in-law, he was very careful to fave feveral of his dogs and priefts : For thefe two fpecies of favourites are coupled together by fome writers. It has likewife been afTerted, that the barge might fafely have held more perfons, and that fome who fwam to it were thruft off, and even their hands cut, in order to dif- engage them. But every action of every eminent perfon, during this period, is fo liable to be mif- interpreted and mifreprefented by faction, that we ought to be very cautious in paffing judgment on too (light evidence. It is remarkable, that the fail- ors on board the fhip, though they felt themfelves finking, and law inevitable death before their eyes, yet, as foon as they obferved the duke to be in lafety, gave a loud fhout, in teftimony of their joy and fatisfaclion. The duke, during his abode in Scotland, had behaved with great civility towards the gentry and nobility; and by his courtly demeanor had much won upon their affections : But his treatment of the enthufiafts wasftill fomewhat rigorous ; and in many inftances he appeared to be a man of a fevere, if not an unrelenting temper. It is even aiTerted, that he fometimes affifted at the torture of criminals, and 6 looked HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. looked on with tranquillity, as if he were confides ing fome curious experiment" 1 . He left the autho- TcTz. rity in the hands of the earl of Aberdeen, chancel- lor, and the earl of Queenfberry, treafurer. A very arbitrary fpirit appeared in their adminiftration : A gentleman of the name of Weir was tried, becaufe he had kept company with one who had been in re- bellion ; though that pei fon had never been marked out by procefs or proclamation. The inferences upon which Weir was condemned (for a profecu- tion by the government and a condemnation were in Scotland the fame thing) hung upon each other after the following manner : No man, it was fup- pofed, could have been in a rebellion without being expofed to fufpicion in the neighbourhood : If the neighbourhood had fufpected him, it was to be pre- fumed that each individual had likewiie heard of the grounds of fufpicion : Every man was bound to de- clare to the government his fufpicion agairift every man, and to avoid the company of traitors : To fail in this duty was to participate in the treafon : The conciufion on the whole was, You have converfed with a rebel j therefore you are yourfelf a rebel. A reprieve was, with fome difficulty, procured for Weir ; but it was ferioufly determined to make ufe of the precedent. Courts of judicature were erected in the fouthern and weftern counties, and a ftrift inquifiticn carried on againft this new fpecies of crime. The term of three years was appointed for the continuance of thefe courts ; after which an in- demnity was promifed. Whoever would take the tefl, was inftantly entitled to the benefit of this in- demnity. The prefbyterians, alarmed with fuch tyranny, from winch no man could deem himfelf iafe, began to think of leaving the country j and m Burnet, vol. i. p. 583. Wodrow, vol. ii. p. 169. This laft author, who is much the better authority, mentions only one in. itance, that of Spreul, which teems to have been an extraordinary one. 8 fome CHARLES II. 173 H A I LXIX. fome of their agents were fent to England, in order c T ^ r ^ p * to treat with the proprietors df Carolina for a fettle- ment in that colony. Any condition ieemed pre- 1681 ferable to the living in their native country, which, by the prevalence of perfecution and violence, was become as infecure to them as a den of robbers. Above two thoufand perfons were outlawed on pretence of their converging or having intercourfe with rebels ", and they were continually hunted in their retreat by foldiers, fpies, informers, and op- preffive magiftrates. It was ufual to put enfnaring queftions to people living peaceably in their own houfes ; fuch as, **■ Will you renounce the cove- but this was an extraordinary cafe ; and it was even thought neceflary to ratify 'after- wards the whole tranfaction by act of parliament : That corporate bodies, framed for public good, and calculated for perpetual duration, ought not to be annihilated for the temporary faults of their mem- bers, who might themfelves, without hurting the community, be queftioned for their offences : That even a private eftate, if entailed, could not be for- feited to the crown, on account of treafon committed by the tenant for life -, but upon his demife went to the next in remainder : That the offences, objected to the city, far from deferving fo fevere a punifh- ment, were not even worthy of the fmalleft repre- N 2 henfion, i So HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, henfion. That all corporations were inverted with ^^y^ the power of making bye-laws ; and the fmalleft 3683. borough in England had ever been allowed to carry the exercife of this power farther than London had done in the inftance complained of: That the city, having, at its own expence, repaired the markets, which were built too on its own eftate, might as lawfully claim a fmall recompenfe from fuch as brought commodities thither, as a man might re- quire rent for a houie of which he was pofferTed : That thofe who difliked the condition might abftain from the market ; and whoever paid had done it voluntarily : That it was an avowed right of the fubjecl:s to petition ; nor had the city in their ad- drefs abufed this privilege : That the king himfelf had often declared, the parliament often voted, the nation to be in danger from the popifh plotj which, it is evident, could not be fully profecuted but in a parliamentary manner : That the impeachment of the popifh lords was certainly obirructed by the frequent prorogations ; as was alfo the enacting of rieceffary laws, and providing for the defence of the nation : That the loyalty of the city, no lefs than their regard to felf-prefervation, might prompS . them to frame the petition ; fince it was acknow- ledged, that the king's life was every moment ex- pofed to the molt imminent danger from the popiflr confpiracy : That the city had not accufed the king of obftructing juftice, much lefs of having any llich intention ; fince it was allowed, that evil counfellors were alone anfwerable for all the pernicious confe- quenc j s of any meafure : And that it was unac- countable, that two public deeds which had not, during fo long a time, fubjected to any, even the fmaliclt penalty, the perfons guilty of them, fliould- now be punilhed lb feverely upon the corporation, which always was, and always mud be innocent. It CHARLES II. 181 It is evident, that thofe who would apoiogife for chap. the meafures of the court, mufr, in this cafe, found ,_ ^ their arguments, not on law, but reafons of (late. 16S3. The judges, therefore, who condemned the city, " th J une = are inexcufable; fince the fole object of their deter- minations muft ever be the pure principles of juftice and equity. But the office of judge was at that time held during pleafure ; and it was impofliblg that any caufe, where the court bent its force, could ever be carried againft it. After fentence was pro- nounced, the city applied in a humble manner to the king ; and he agreed to reftore their charter, but in return they were obliged to iubmit to the follow- ing regulations : That no mayor, fheriff, recorder, common ferjeant, town clerk, or coroner, fhould. be admitted to the exercife of his office without his majefty's approbation : That if the king difapprove twice of the mayor or fheriffs elected, he may by commifiion appoint thefe magiftrates : That the mayor and court of aldermen may, with his ma- jefty's leave, difplace any magiftrate : And that no alderman, in cafe- of a vacancy, (hall be elected without confent of the court of aldermen, who, if they difapprove twice of the choice, may fill the vacancy. All the corporations in England, having the Great example of London before their eyes, law how vain P° werof it would prove to contend with the court, and were, mod of them, fuccefiively induced to furrender their charters into the king's hands. Confiderable fums were exacted for reftoring the charters ; and all offices of power and profit were left at the dif- pofal of the crown. It feems (Irange, that the in- dependent royalifts, who never meant to make the crown abfolute, (hould yet be fo elated with the victory obtained over their adverfaries, as to ap- prove of a precedent, which left no national pri- vileges in fecurity, but enabled the king under like pretences, and by means of like inftruments, to N 3 recall 182 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, recall anew all thofe charters, which at prefent v '^^j he was pleafed to giant. And every friend to liberty 1683. mud allow, that the nation, whofe conftitution was thus broken in the fhock of faction, had a right, by every prudent expedient, to recover that fecurity of which it was fo unhappily bereaved. While fo great a faction adhered to the crown, it is apparent, that rdiftance, however juftifiable, could never be prudent; and all wife men faw no expedient but peaceably to fubmit to the prefent grievances. There was, however, a party of mal- contents, fo turbulent in their difpofition, that, even before this laft iniquity, which laid the whole conftitution at the mercy of the king, they had me- ditated plans of refiftance; at a time when it could be as little juftifiable as prudent. In the fpring 1681 r , a little before the Oxford parliament, the king was feized with a fit of ficknefs at Windfor, A con- which gave great alarm to the public. The duke fpiracy. Q f Monmouth, lord RufTel, lord Grey, inftigated by the reftlefs Shaftefbury, had agreed, in cafe the king's ficknefs fhould prove mortal, to rife in arms, and to oppofe the fucceffion of the duke. Charles recovered; but thefe dangerous projects were not laid afide. The fame confpirators, together with EfTex and Salisbury, were determined to continue the Oxford parliament, after the king, as was daily expected, fhould diffolve it; and they engaged fome leaders among the commons in the fame de- fperate meafure. They went fo far as to detain feveral lords in the houfe, under pretence offigning a proteft againft rejecting Fitz-harris's impeach- r Lord Grey's Secret Hiftory of the Rye-houfe Plot. This is the molt full and authentic account of all thefe tranfaftions ; but is in the main confirmed by hi (hop Sprat, and even Burnet, as well as by the trials and dying conteffions of the confpirators : So that nothing can be more unaccountable than that any one mould pretend that this ponfpiracy was an impofture like the popjlh plot. Monmouth's de- claration publi filed in the next rejgn, confefl'es a conlult for extra- ordinary remedies. ment; CHARLES II. 183 ment : But hearing that the commons had broken CHAP, up in great confirmation, they were like wife obliged ,_ L XlX ^_ t at laft to feparate. Shaftefbury's imprifonment and ,683. trial put an end for forne time to thefe machi- nations ; and it was not till the new fberiffs were impofed on the city that they were revived. The leaders of the country party began then to appre- hend themfelves in imminent danger ; and they were well pleafed to find that the citizens were ftruck with the fame terror, and were thence inclined to undertake the moft perilous enterpri fes. Befides the city, the gentry and nobility in fcveral counties of England were folicited to rife in arms. Mon- mouth engaged the earl of Macclesfield, lord Bran- don, fir Gilbert Gerrard, and other gentlemen in Chefhire; lord Ruflel fixed a corrcfpondence with fir William Courtney, fir Francis Rowes, fir Fran- cis Drake, who promifed to raife the wed ; and Trenchard in particular, who had intereft in the dif- affected town of Taunton, affined him of consider- able aftiftance from that neighbourhood. Shaftef- biiry, and his emiflary Fergufon, an independent clergyman, and a reftlefs plotter, managed the cor- refpondence in the city, upon which the confede- rates chiefly relied. The whole train was ready to take fire -, but was prevented by the caution of lord Ruflel, who induced Monmouth to delay the en- terprife. Shaftefbury, in the mean time, was fo much affected with the fenfe of his danger, that he had left his houfe, and fecretly lurked in the city ; meditating all thofe defperate fchemes, which dis- appointed revenge and ambition could infpire. He exclaimed loudly againft delay, and reprefented to his confederates, than having gone fo far, and en- trufted the fecret into fo many hands, there was no fafety for them but in a bold and defperate profecu- tion of their purpofe. The projects were therefore renewed : Meetings of the confpirators were ap- pointed in different houfes, particularly in Shep- N 4 hard's, i8 4 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN, chap, hard's, an eminent wine merchant in the city : The LxIX - pi an of an infurrection was laid in London, Che- ,68^. ibiiT, Devonfhire, and Briftol : The feveral places of rendezvous were concerted ; and all the opera- tions fixed : The ftate of the guards was even viewed by Monmouth and Armftrong, and an attack on them pronounced practicable: A declaration tojuf- tify the enterorife to the public was read and agreed to: And every circumftance Teemed now to render an infurrection unavoidable ; when a new delay was procured by Trenchard, who declared, that the rifing in the weft could not for feme weeks be in fufneient forwardnefs. Shaftesbury was enraged at thefe perpetual cautions and delays in an enterprife which, he thought, nothing but courage and celerity could render effectual : He threatened to commence the infurrection with his friends in the city alone j and he boafted, th.it he had ten thoufand brijk boys, as he called them, who, on a motion of his finger, were ready to fly to arms. Monmouth, RufTel, and the other confpirators, were, during fome time, in apprehenfions left defpair fhould pulh him into fome dangerous meafure ; when they heard that, after a long combat between fear and rage, he had at laft abandoned all hopes of fuccefs, and had re- tired into Holland. He lived in a private man- ner at Amilerdam ; and for greater fecurity defir- ed to be admitted into the magiftracy of that city : But his former violent counfels againft the Dutch common wealth were remembered j and all ghafteflm* applications from him were rejected. He died ry retires f oon a fter j and his end gave neither forrow to an 4ies * his friends, nor joy to his enemies. His furious temper, notwithftanding his capacity, had done great injury to the caufe in which he was en- gaged. The violences and iniquities which he fug- gefted and encouraged, were greater than even faction itfelf could endure 3 and men could not 3 forbear CHARLES II. ig 5 forbear fometimes recollecting, that the fame per- c H ap. fon, who had become fo zealous a patriot, was , _ ' ^ once a mod proftitute courtier. It is remarkable, x683. that this man, whofe principles and conduct were, in all other refpects, fo exceptionable, proved an excellent chancellor; and that all his decrees, while lie pofTefled that high office, were equally remark- able for juftnefs and for integrity. So difficult is it to find in hiflory a character either wholly bad or perfectly good ; though the prejudices of party make writers run eafily into the extremes both of panegy- ric and of fatire ! After Shaftefbury's departure, the confpirators found fome difficulty in renewing the correfpondence with the city malcontents, who had been accuftom- ed to depend folely on that nobleman. Their com- mon hopes, however, as well as common fears, made them at lad have recourfe to each other ; and a regular project of an infurredion was then formed, A council of fix was erected, confiding of Mon- mouth, RufTel, EfTex, Howard, Algernon Sidney, and John Hambden, grandfon of the great parlia- mentary leader. Thele men entered into an agree- ment with Argyle and the Scottifh malcontents ; who engaged, that, upon the payment of 10,000 pounds for the purchafe of arms in Holland, they would bring the covenanters into the field. Indi- rections, likewife, were anew projected in Cheihire, and the weft, as well as in the city ; and fome meet- ings of the leaders were held, in order to reduce thefe projects into form. The confpirators differed extremely in their views. Sidney was paffionate for a commonwealth. EfTex had embraced the fame project. But Monmouth had entertained hopes of acquiring the crown for himfelf. RufTel, as well as Hambden, was much attached to the ancient con- ftitution, and intended only the exclusion of the duke, and the redrefs of grievances. Lord Howard was a man of no principle, and was ready to em- brace 186 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C hap. Drace an y party which his immediate intereft fhould y_ ' ' '_. recommend to hi in. But notwithstanding this dif- 1683. ference of characters and of views, their common hatred of the duke and the prefcnt adminiftration united them in one party ; and the dangerous ex- periment of an infurrection was fully relblved on. While thefe fchemes were concerting among the leaders, there was an inferior order of confpirators, who held frequent meetings; and, together with the infurredtion, carried on projects quite unknown to Kve -houfe Monmouth and the cabal of fix. Among thefe pot * men were colonel Rumfey, an old republican of- ficer, who had diftinguifhed himfelf in Portugal, and had been recommended to the king by mare- fchal Schomberg; lieutenant-colonel Walcot, like- wife a republican officer ; Goodenough, under- fheriff of London, a zealous and noted party-man j Weft, Tyley, Norton, AyiofFe, lawyers ; Fergu- fon, Roufe, Hone, Keiling, Hollovvay, Bourne, Lee, Rumbald. Moft of thefe laft were merchants or tradefmen ; and the only perfons of this confe- deracy, who had accefs to the leaders of the party, were Rumfey and Fergufon. When thefe men met together, they indulged themfelves in the moft defperate and moft criminal difcourfe : They fre- quently mentioned the afTaffination of the king and the duke, to which they had given the familiar ap- pellation of lopping : They even went fo far as to have thought of a fcheme for that purpofe. Rum- bald, who was a makfter, poffefTed a farm, called the Ryehoufe, which lay on the road to New- market, whither the king commonly went once a-year, for the diverfion of the races. A plan of this farm had been laid before fome of the confpi- rators by Rumbald, who fhowed them how eafy it would be, by overturning a cart, to flop at that place the king's coach ; while they might fire upon him from the hedges, and be enabled afterwards, through bye-lanes and crols the fields, to make their CHARLES II. 187 their efcape. But though the plaufibility of this chap. fcheme gave great pleafure to the confpirators, no ^ [^ concerted defign was as yet laid, nor any men, 1683. horfes, or arms, provided : The whole was little more than loole difcourfe, the overflowings of their zeal and rancour. The houfe, in which the king lived at Newmarket, took fire accidentally ; and he was obliged to leave that place eight days fooner than he intended. To this circumitancc his fafety was afterwards afcribed, when the confpiracy was detected ; and the court party could not fufficiently admire the wile difpenfations of Providence. It is indeed certain, that as the king had thus unexpect- edly left Newmarket, he was worfe attended than ufualj and Rumbald informed his confederates with 1 egret, what a fine opportunity was thus unfortu- nately loft. Among the confpirators I have mentioned Keil- Confpira- ing, a falter in London. This man had been en- c }' cI ' fc< *" gaged in a bold meafure, of arrefting the mayor of London, at the fuit of Papillon and Dubois, the outed fheriffs ; and being liable to profecution for that action, he thought it fafeft to purchafe a par- don, by revealing the confpiracy, in which he was deeply concerned. He brought to fccretary Jen- June 12. kins intelligence of the aflaffination plot ; but as he was a fingle evidence, the fecretary, whom many falfe plots had probably rendered incredulous, fcru- pled to iffue warrants for the commitment of lb great a number of perfons. Keiling, therefore, in order to fortify his teftimony, engaged his brother in treafonable difcourfe with Goodenough, one of the confpirators; and Jenkins began now to give more attention to the intelligence. The confpirators had got fome hint of the danger in which they were in- volved ; and all of them concealed themfelves. One perfon alone, of the name of Barber, an inftrument maker, was feized ; and as his confeflion concurred in 1S8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, in many particulars with Keiling's information, the t *'* IX ^ affair Teemed to be put out of all queftion j and a 1683. more diligent learch was every where made after the confpirators. West, the lawyer, and colonel Rumfey, finding the perils to which they were expofed in endeavour- ing to efcape, refolved to fave their own lives at the expence of their companions ; and they furren- dered themfelves with an intention of becoming evidence. Weft could do little more than confirm the teftimony of Keiling with regard to the aflarli- nation plot ; but Rumfey, befides giving additional confirmation of the fame defign, was at laft, though with much difficulty, led to reveal the meetings at Shephard's. Shephard was immediately appiehend- ed j and had not courage to maintain fidelity to his confederates. Upon his information, orders were iffued for arrefting the great men engaged in the confpiracy. Monmouth abfeonded : Ruflel was fent to the Tower : Gray was arretted, but efcaped from the menenger : Howard was taken, while he concealed himfelf in a chimney ; and being a man of profligate morals, as well as indigent circum- Itances, he fcrupled not, in hopes of a pardon and a reward, to reveal the whole confpiracy. Efiex, Sidney, and Hambden, were immediately appre- hended upon his evidence. Every day fome of the confpirators were detected in their lurking-places, and thrown into prifon. Execution Lieuten ant-colonel Walcot was firft brought of the con- t0 j^ s n j a i xhis man, who was once noted for bravery, had been fo far overcome by the love of life, that he had written to fecretary Jenkins, and had offered, upon promife of pardon, to turn evi- dence: But no fooner had he taken this mean ftep, than he felt more generous fentiments arife in him j and he endeavoured, though in vain, to conceal himfelf. The witneiTcs againft him were Rumfey, Weft, CHARLES H. ig 9 Weft, Shephard, together with Bourne, a brewer, chap. His own letter to the fecretary was produced, and LX 1X - t rendered the teftimony of the witneffes unqueftion- l6z . able. Hone and Roufe were alfo condemned. Thefe two men, as well as Walcot, acknowledged, at their execution, the juftice of the fentence ; and from their trial and confeffion it is fufficiently ap- parent, that the plan of an infurreclion had been regularly formed ; and that even the aflafiination had been often talked of, and not without the ap- probation of many of the confpirators. The condemnation of thefe criminals was proba- Trial of bly intended as a preparative to the trial of lord J.°, rd Rui " Rufiel, and ferved to imprefs the public with a thorough belief o( the conspiracy, as well as a hor- ror againft it. The witneffes produced againft the noble prifoner, were Rumfey, Shephard, and lord Howard. Rumfey fwore, that he himfelf had been introduced at the cabal at Shephard's, where RufTel was prefent ; and had delivered them a mefTage from Shaftefbury, urging them to haften the intended infurrection : But had received for anfwer, that ic was found necefTary to delay the defign, and that Shaftefbury muft therefore, for fome time, reft contented. This anfwer, he faid, was delivered by Fergufon ; but was afTented to by the prifoner. He added, that fome difcourfe had been entered into about taking a furvey of the guards j and he thought that Monmouth, Gray, and Armftrong, undertook to view them. Shephard depofed, that his houfe had beforehand been befpoken by Fergufon for the fecret meeting of the confpirators, and that he had been careful to keep all his fervants from approach- ing them, and had ferved them himfelf. Their dif- courfe, he faid, ran chiefly upon the means of furprif- ing the guards ; and it was agreed, that Monmouth and his two friends mould take a furvey of them. The report, which they brought next meeting, was that 1 9 o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, that the guards were remifs, and that the defio-n was T YTV • L 1 '.*_, practicable : But he did not affirm that any refolu- 1683. tion was taken of executing it. The prifoner, he thought, was prefent at both thefe meetings ; but he was fure that at lead he was prefent at one of them. A declaration, he added, had been read by Fergufon in Ruffel's prefence : The reafons of the intended infurredtion were there fet forth, and all the public grievances fully difplayed. Lord Howard had been one of the cabal of fix, eftablifhed after Shaftefbury's flight ; and two meet- ings had been held by the confpirators, one at Hambden's, another at Ruffel's. Howard depof- ed, that, at the firft meeting; it was agreed to be- gin the infurredtion in the country before the city ; the places were fixed, the proper quantity and kind of arms agreed on, and the whole plan of operations concerted : That at the fecond meeting, the con- verfation chiefly turned upon their correfpondence with Argyle and the difcontented Scots, and that the principal management of that affair was entruft- ed to Sidney, who had fent one Aaron Smith into Scotland with proper instructions. He added, that in thefe deliberations no queftion was put, or votes collected ; but there was no contradiction ; and, as he took it, all of them, and the prifoner among the reft, gave their confent. Rumsey and Shephard were very unwilling wit- neffes againft lord Ruffelj and it appears from Gray's Secret Hiftory ', that, if they had pleafed, they could have given a more explicit teftimony againft him. This reluctance, together with the difficul- ty in recollecting circumftances of a converfation which had palled above eight months before, and which the perfons had not at that time any intention to reveal, may beget fome flight objection to their evidence. But on the whole it was undoubtedly * Page4^ proved, C H A R L E S It. i 9 t proved, that the infurrection had been deliberated chap. on by the prifoner, and fully refolved ; the furprifal of S _ LXIX ^ the guards deliberated on, but not fully refolved ; and 16S3. that an affaffination had never once been mentioned nor imagined by him. So far the matter of fact feems certain : But ftill, with regard to law, there re- mained a difficulty, and that of an important nature. The Enghfh laws of treafon, both in the manner of defining that crime, and in the proof required, are the mildeft and moil indulgent, and confequent- ly the moft equitable, that are any where to be found. The two chief fpecies of treafon, contained in the ftatute of Edward III. are the compaffing and in- tending of the king's death, and the actually levying of war againft him ; and by the law of Mary, the crime mult be proved by the concurring teftimony of two witneffes, to fome overt act, tending to thefe purpofes. But the lawyers, partly defirous of pay- ing court to the fovereign, partly convinced of ill confequences which might attend iuch narrow limit- ations, had introduced a greater latitude, both in the proof and definition of the crime. It was not required that the two witneffes fhould teflify the lame precife overt act : It was fufficient, that they both teftified fome overt act of the fame treafon ; and though this evafion may feem a fubtiity, it had long prevailed in the courts of judicature, and had at laft been folemnly fixed by parliament at the trial of lord Stafford. The lawyers had ufed the fame freedom with the law of Edward III. They had obferved, that, by that ftatute, if a man fhould enter into a confpiracy for a rebellion, fhould even fix a correfpondence with foreign powers for that purpofe, mould provide arms and money, yet, if he were detected and no rebellion enfued, he could not be tried for treafon. To prevent this inconve- nience, which it had been better to remedy by a new law, they had commonly laid their indictment for i 9 2 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C h A P. for intending the death of the king, and had prd- i^l^j duced the intention of rebellion as a proof of that 16S3. other intention. But though this form of indict- ment and trial was very frequent, and many crimi- nals had received fentence upon it, it was ftill con- fidered as fomewhat irregular, and was plainly con- founding, by a lbphifm, two fpecies of treafon, which the ftatute had accurately diftinguifhed. What made this refinement ftill more exceptionable was, that a law had parted foon after the reftoration ; in which the confulting or the intending of a rebellion was, during Charles's lifetime, declared treafon ; and it was required, that the profecution fhouki be commenced wit! -in fix months after the crime was committed. But notwithstanding this ftatute, the lawyers had perfevered, as they ftill do pei fevere, in the old form of indictment; and both fir Harry Vane, and Oliver Plunket, titular primate of Ire- land, had been tried by it. Such was the general horror entertained againft the old republicans and the popifh confpirators, that no one had murmured againft this interpretation of the ftatute ; and the lawyers thought that they might follow the prece- dent, even in the cafe of the popular and beloved lord Ruflel. ivuflel's crime fell plainly within the ftatute of Charles the lid; but the facts fworn to by Rumfey and Shephard were beyond the fix months required by law, and to the other facts Howard was a fingle witnefs. To make the indict- ment, therefore, more extenfive, the intention of murdering the king was comprehended in it ; and for proof of this intention the confpiracy for raifing a rebellion was affigned ; and what feemed to bring the matter ftill nearer, the defign of attacking the king's guards. Russel perceived this irregularity, and defired to have the point argued by counfel : The chief juftice told him, that this favour could not be granted, unlefs CHARLES II. T93 irrilefs he previoufiy confetfed the facls charged c " x f x P * Upon him. The artificial confounding of the two L "/ j fpecies of treafon, though a practice fupported by i68>. many precedents, is the chief, but not the only, hardfhip, of which RufTel had reafon to complSin on his trial. . His defence was feeble; and he con- tented himfelf with protefting, that he never had entertained any defign againft the life of the king : His veracity would not allow him to deny the con- spiracy for an infurreclion. The jury were men of fair and reputable characters, but zealous royalifts : After a fhort deliberation, they brought in the pri- fbner guilty. Applications were made to the king for a par- don : Even money, to the amount of a hundred thoufand pounds, was offered to the dutchefs of Portfmouth by the old earl of Bedford, father to i RufTel. The king was inexorable. He had been extremely haraffed with the violence of the country party ; and he had obferved, that the prifoner, be- fides his fecret defigns, had always been carried to the higheft extremity of oppofition in parliament. RufTel had even adopted a fentiment, fimilar to what we meet with in a letter of the younger Brutus. Had his father, he faid, advifed the king to reject the exclufion-bill, he would be the firit to move for a parliamentary impeachment againft him. When fuch determined refolution was obferved, his popularity, his humanity, his juftice, his very virtues, became fo many crimes, and were ufed as arguments againft fparing him. Charles therefore would go no farther than remitting the more ignominious part of the fentence, which* the law requires to be pro- nounced againft traitors. {; Lord Ruffel," faid he, tc ihall find, that 1 am po fie Med of that prerogative, cc which, in the cafe of lord Stafford, he thought cc proper to deny me." As the fury of the country party had rendered it impoffible for the king, with- out the imminent danger of his crown, to pardon Vol. VIII. . O fo i<54 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIK. chap. f many catholics, whom he firmly believed inno- J^^_, cent, and even affectionate and loyal to him; he 1683. probably thought, that, fince the edge of the law was now ready to fall upon that party themfelves, they could not reafonably expect that he would in- terpofe to fave them. Russei/s confort, a woman of virtue, daughter and heir of the good earl of Southampton, threw herfelf at the king's feet, and pleaded with many tears the merits and loyalty of her father, as an atonement for thofe errors, into which honeft, how- ever miftaken, principles had feduccd her hufband. Thefe fupplications were the laft inltance of female weaknefs (if they deferve the name) which fhe be- trayed. Finding all applications vai:a, fhe collected courage, and not only fortified herfclf againft the fatal blow, but endeavoured by her example to ftrengthen the refolution of her unfortunate lord. With a tender and decent compofnre they took leave of each other on the day of his execution. " The bitternefs of death is now pad," faid he> when he turned from her. Lord Cavendifh had lived in the ciofeft intimacy with Ruffel, and de- ferted not his friend in the prefent 'Calamity. He offered to manage his efcape, by changing clothes with him, and remaining at all hazards in his place. Ruffel refufed to fave his own life, by an expedient which might expofe his friend to fo many hardships. yVti'en the duke of Monmouth by rneffage offered to furrender himfelf, if Ruffel thought; that this mea- fure would any-wife contribute to his fafety; "It " will be no advantage to me," he faid, " to have " my friends die with me." Some of his expref- fions di 'cover, not only compofure., but good-hu- mour in this melancholy extremity. The day before his execution he was feized with a bleeding at the nofe. al - Tilis gallant perfon, fon of the earl of Lei- cefter, had entered deeply into the war againft the late king; and though nowife tainted with enthu- fiafm, he had fo far fhared in all the counfels of the independent republican party, as to have been named on the high court of juftice, which tried and con- demned that monarch : He thought not proper, however, to take his feat among the judges. He ever oppofed Cromwel's ufurpation with zeal and courage ; and after making all efforts againft the re- iteration, he refolved to take no benefit of the ge- neral indemnity, but chofe voluntary banifhment, rather than fubmit to a government and family which he abhorred. As long as the republican party had any existence, he was active in every fcheme, however unpromiiing, which tended to promote their caufe : But at length, in 1677, finding it necef- fary for his private affairs to return to England, he had applied for the king's pardon, and had obtained it. When the factions, arifing from the popifh plot, began to run high, Sidney, full of thofe ideas of liberty, which he had imbibed from the great examples of antiquity, joined the popular party; and was even willing to feek a fecond time, through all the horrors of civil war, for his adored re- public. From this imperfect fketch of the character and conduct of this fingular perfonage, it may eafily be conceived how obnoxious he was become to the court and miniftry : What alone renders them blameable was the illegal method which they took for effecting their purpoie againft him. On Sidney's trial they produced a great number of witneffes, who proved the reality of a plot in general; and when the prifoner exclaimed, that all thefe evidences S kid CHARLES II. 197 faid nothing of him, he was anfwered, that this me- CHAP. T YTY thod of proceeding, however irregular, had been , J_ ^ praclifed in the profecutions of the popifli confpira- 1683. tors ; a topic more fit to condemn one party than to juftify the other. The only witnefs who depofed againft Sidney, was lord Howard ; but as the law required two witnefTes, a ftrange expedient was fallen on to fupply this deficiency. In ranfacking the prifoner's clofet, fome difcourfes on govern- ment were found ; in which he had maintained principles, favourable indeed to liberty, but fuch as the bed and moft dutiful fubjects in all ages have been known to embrace; the original contract, the fource of power from a confent of the people, the lawfulnefs of refilling tyrants, the preference of li- berty to the government of a fingle perfon. Thefe papers were afTerted to be equivalent to a fecond witnefs, and even to many witnefTes. The prilbner replied, that there was no other reafon for afcribing thefe papers to him as the author, befides a fimili- tude of hand j a proof which was never admitted in criminal profecutions : That allowing him to be the author, he had compofed them folely for his private amufement, and had never publifhed them to the world, or even communicated them to any fingle perfon : That, when examined, they appeared, by the colour of the ink, to have been written many years before, and were in vain produced as evidence, of a prefent confpiracy againfc the government : And that where the law pofitively requires two witnefTes, one witnefs, attended with the moft convincing circumftances, could never fufficej much lefs, when fupported by a circumftance fo weak and precarious. All thefe arguments, though urged by the prifoner with great cou- rage and pregnancy of reafon, had no influence. The violent and inhuman Jefferies was now chief juftice ; and by his diredli-on a partial jury was eafily prevailed on to give verdict againft Sidney. O3 His i 9 8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C hap j-]j s execution followed a few days after: He com- , X ___, plained, and with realbn, of the iniquity of the i 8? fentence ; but he had too much greatnefs of mind '/ to deny thofe confpiracies with Monmouth and cution." Kuuelj in which he had been engaged He rather gloried, that he now fuffered for that good old caufe, in which, from his earlieft youth, he laid, he had inhited himfeif. The execution of Srdney is regarded as one of the greateft biemifhes of the prefent reign. The evidence agjinit him, it mud be confelTed, was not legal ; and the jury, who condemned him, were, for that reafon, very blameable. But that after fentence paffed by a court of judicature, the king fhould inierpofe and pardon a man, who, though otherwife pollened of merit, was undoubtedly guilty, who had ever been a mod inflexible and moft in- veterate enemy to the royal family, and who lately had even abufed the king's clemency, might be an act of heroic generofky, but can never be regarded as a necefiary and indiipenfable duty. Howard was alfo the fole evidence againft Hambden ; and his testimony was not fupported by any material circumftance. The crown-lawyers therefore found it in vain to try the prifoner for trea- fon : They laid the indictment only for a mifdemean- our, and obtained fentence againft him. The fine impofed was exorbitant; no lefs than forty thoufand pounds. Holloway, a merchant of Briftol, one of the confpirators, had fled to the Weft- Indies, and was now brought over. He had been outlawed 3 but the year allowed him for furrendering himfeif was not expired. A trial was therefore offered him : But as he had at firft conferlcd his being engaged in a confpiracy for an infurrection, and even al- lowed that he had heard fome difcourfe of an afiaf- fination, though he had not approved of it, he thought it more expedient to throw himfeif on the king's CHARLES II. 199 king's mercy. He was execuud, psrfifting in the chap fame confefljon. ; L ' Sir Thomas Armftrong, who had been feized in 1683 Holland, and fent over by Chidley, the king's mi- nifter, was precifely in the fame fituation with Hol- loway : But the fame favour, or rather juftice, was refufed him. The lawyers pretended, that, unlefs he had voluntarily Surrendered himfelf before the expiration of the time affigned, he could not claim the privilege of a trial j not considering that the feizure of his perfon ought in equity to be fuppofed the accident which prevented him. The king bore a great enmity againft this gentleman, by whom he believed the duke of Monmouth to have been fe- duced from his duty : He alfo aiTerted, that Arm.- ftrong had once promifed Cromwel to afiaffinate him ; though it muft be confelTed, that the prifoner juitiried himfelf from this imputation by very ftrong arguments. Thefe were the reafons of that injuf- tice which was now done him. It was apprehended that fufficient evidence of his guilt could not be produced -, and that even the partial juries, which, were now returned, and which allowed themfelves to be entirely directed by Jefferies and other violent judges, would not give fentence againft him. On the day that Ruftel was tried, Effex, a man eminent both for virtues and abilities, was found in the Tower with his throat cut. The coroner's in- queft brought in their verdict, f elf -murder : Yet becaufe two children ten years old (one of whom too departed from his evidence) had affirmed that they heard a great nolle from his window, and that they law a hand throw out a bloody razor ; thefe circumftances were laid hold of, and the murder was afcribed to the king and the duke, who hap- pened that morning to pay a vifit to the Tower. Effex was fubjecl: to fits of deep melancholy, and had been feized with one immediately upon his commitment : He was accuftomed to maintain the O 4 lawful- sco HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c hap. lawful nefs of fuickle: And his countefs, upon a La _ \ ftrict inquiry, which was committed to the care of X6S3. Dr. Burnet, found no reafon to confirm the fufpi- cion : Yet could not all thefe circumitances, joined to many others, entirely remove the imputation. It is no wonder, that faction is fo productive of vices of all kinds : For, befides that it inflames all the paffions, it tends much to remove thole great reftraints, honour and fhame; when men find, that no iniquity can lofe them the applaufe of their own party, and no innocence fecure them againft the calumnies of the oppofite. But though there is no reafon to think that Eflex had been murdered by any orders from court, it muft be acknowledged that an unju (tillable ule in Rufiel's trial was made of- that incident. The king's counfel mentioned it in their pleadings as a ftrong proof of the confpiracy; and it is faid to have had great weight with the jury. It was infilled on in Sidney's trial for the fime purpofe. State of Some memorable caufes, tried about this time, thenation. though they have no relation to the Rye-houfe confpiracy, fhow the temper of the bench and of the juries. Oates was convicted of having called the duke a popifh traitor; was condemned in da- mages to the amount of one hundred thoufand •pounds; and was adjudged to remain in prifon till he fhould make payment. A like fentence was paffed upon Dutton-Colt foF a like offence. Sir Samuel Barnardifton was fined ten thoufand pounds; becaufe in fome private letters which had been in- tercepted, he had reflected on the government. This gentleman was obnoxious, becaufe he had been foreman of that jury which rejected the bill againft Shaftefbury. A pretence was- therefore fallen upon for punifning him ; though fuch a precedent may juftly be deemed a very unufual act of leverity, and iufncient to deftroy all confidence in private friendihip and correfpondence. There CHARLES JI. sor There is another remarkable trial which fhows CHAP. the difpofition of the courts of judicature, and ,_ l.*_j which, though it pafled in the enfuing year, it may 1683. not be improper to relate in this place. One Role- wel, a prefbyterian preacher, was a ecu fed by three women of having fpoken treafonable words in a fermon. They fwore to two or three periods, and agreed fo exactly together, that there was not the fmalleft variation in their depofitions. Rofewel on the other hand made a very good defence. He proved, that the witneffes were lewd and infamous perfons. He proved, that even during Cromwel's ufurpations, he had always been a royalift ; that he prayed conltantly for the king in his family; and that in his fermons he often inculcated the obliga- tions of loyalty. And as to the fermon of which he was accufed, feveral witneflfes, who heard it, and fome who wrote it in fhort-hand, depofed that he had ufed no fuch expreflions as thofe which were imputed to him. He offered his own notes as a farther proof. The women could not fhow, by any circumftance or witnefs, that they were at his meet- ing. And the expreflions, to which they depofed, were fo grofs, that no man in his fenfes could be fuppofed to employ them before a mixt audience. It was alfo urged, that it appeared next to impof- fible for three women to remember fo long a period upon one fingle hearing, and to remember it fo ex- actly, as to agree to a tittle in their depofitions with regard to it. The prifoner offered to put the whole upon this ifilie: He would pronounce, with his ufual tone of voice, a period as long as that to which they had fworn; and then let them try to repeat it, if they could. What was more unac- countable, they had forgotten even the text of his fermon; nor did they remember any fingle paffage, but the words to which they gave evidence. After fo ftrong a defence, the folicitor-general thought not 2 o2 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C hap. no t proper to make any reply : Even Jefferies went zS-li n0 f artner tnan f° me general declamations againft 16S3. conventicles and prefbyterians : Yet fo violent were party prejudices, that the jury gave a verdict again ft the prifonerj which however appeared fo palpably unjuft, that it was not carried into execu- tion. The duke of Monmouth had abfconded on the firft difcovery of the confpiracy; and the court could get no intelligence of him. At length, Ha- lifax, who began to apprehend the too great pie- valence of the royal party, and who thought that Monmouth's intereft would prove the beft counter- poife to the duke's, difcovered his retreat, and pre- vailed on him to write two letters to the king, full of die tendered and moft fubmiffive expreflions. The king's fondnefs was revived ; and he permitted Monmouth 10 come to court. He even endea- voured to mediace a reconciliation between his fon and his brother; and having promifed Monmouth, that his teftimony mould never be employed againft any of his ni nds, he engaged him to give a full account of the plot. But, in order to put the country party to filence, he called next day an ex- traordinary council, and informed them, that Mon- mouth had mowed great penitence for the fhare which he had had in the late confpiracy, and had espreffed his reflations never more to engage in fuch criminal enterprifes. He went fo far as to give orders, that a paragraph to the like purpoie ihould be inferred in the Gazette. Monmouth kept filence till he had obtained his pardon in form: But finding that, by taking this ftep, he was entirely difgraced with his party, and that even though he Ihould not be produced in court as an evidence, his teftimony, being fo publicly known, might have weight w.th juries on any future trial, he refolved at all hazards to retrieve his honour. His emiifaries, therefore. CHARLES II, 203 therefore, received orders to deny that he had ever c H A /*- made any fuch confeffion as that which was imputed '_ '__, to him; and the party exclaimed, that the whole 1683. was an impofture of the court. The king, pro- voked at this conduct, bani filed Monmouth his pre- fence, and afterwards ordered him to depart the kingdom. i he court was aware, that the malcontents in England had held a conefpondence with thofe of Scotland; and that Baiilie of Jervifwood, a man of merit and learning, with two gentlemen of the name ofCampbel, had come to London, under pretence of negotiating the fettlement of the Scottifh prefbyte- rians in Carolina, but really with a view of concert- ing meafures with the Englifh confpirators. Baiilie was lent prifoner to Edinburgh ; but as no evidence appeared againft him, the council required him to fwear, that he would anfwer all queftions which fhould be propounded to him. He refufed to fub- mit to fo iniquitous a condition; and a fine of fix thoufand pounds was impofed upon him. At length, two perfons, Spence and Carftares, being put to the torture, gave evidence which involved the earl of Tarras and fome others, who, in order to lave themfelves, were reduced to accufe Baiilie. He was brought to trial; and being in fo languifh- ing a condition from the treatment which he had met with in prifon, that it was feared he would not furvive that night, he was ordered to be executed the very afternoon on which he received fentence. The feverities exercifed during this part of the prefent reign, were much contrary to the ufual te- nor of the king's conduct ; and though thofe who iludied his character more narrowly, have pro- nounced, that towards great offences he was rigid and inexorable, the nation were more inclined to afcribe every unjuft or hard meafure to the preva- lence of the duke, into whofe hands the king had, irom 204 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN". C h A P. from indolence, not from any opinion of his bro- * J *' ther's fuperior capacity, refigned the reins of go- 1683." verment. The crown indeed gained great advan- tage from the detection of the confpiracy, and loft none by the rigorous execution of the confpirators : The horror entertained againft the afiaffinationplot, which was generally confounded with the project for an infurrecViorij rendered the whole party unpopular, and reconciled the nation to the meafures of the court. The mod loyal addrefles came from all parts; and the doctrine of fubmiffion to the civil magiftrate, and even of an unlimited paffive obe- dience, became the reigning principle of the times. The univerfity of Oxford palled a folemn decree, condemning fome doctrines which they termed re- publican, but which indeed are, moft of them, the only tenets on which liberty and a limited conftitu- tion can be founded. The faction of the exclufion- ifts, lately lb numerous, powerful, and zealous, were at the king's feet ; and were as much fallen in their fpirit as in their credit with the nation. No- thing that had the lead appearance of oppofition to the court, could be hearkened to by the public *. 16S4. The king endeavoured to increafe his prefent popularity by every art; and knowing, that the fufpicion of popery was of all others the moft dan- geiou ; , he judged it proper to many his niece, the lady Anne, to prince George, brother to the king of Denmark. All the credit, however, and per- fuafion of Halifax, could not engage him to call a parliament, or truft the nation with the election of a new reprefentative. Though his revenues were 8 Tn the month of November this year died prince Rupert, in the fix ty- third year of his age. He had left his own country fo aarly, that lie had become an entire Englishman, and was even lufpecled, in his latter d:-.\ s, of a bias to the country party. He was for that reafen much neglected, at court. The duke of Lauderdale died alio this year. extremely CHARLES H. 205 Extremely burthened, he rather chofe to ftrnggle CHAP. with the prefent difficulties, than try an experiment ,- r _.i^ which, by raifing afrefh fo many malignant humours, 163+. might prove dangerous to his repofe. ' The duke likewife zealoufly oppofed this propofal, and even engaged the king in meafures which could have no tendency, but to render any accommodation with a parliament altogether impracticable. Williams, who had been ipeaker during the two laft parlia- ments, was proiecuted for warrants, ififued by him, in obedience to orders of the houfe: A breach of privilege, which it feemed not likely any future houfe of commons would leave unquefbioned. Danby and the popifh lords, who had fo long been confined in the Tower, and who faw no profpecl of a trial in parliament, applied by petition, and were admitted to bail : A meafure juft in itfelf, but deemed a great encroachment on the privileges of that aflembly. The duke, contrary to law, was reftored to the office of high admiral, without tak- ing the ten:. Had the lead grain of jealoufy or emulation been mixed in the king's character ; had he been actu- ated by that concern for his people's or even for his own honour, which his high ftation demanded, he would have hazarded many domeitic inconveniencics rather than allow France to domineer in fo haughty a manner as that which at prefent fhe affumed in every negotiation. The peace of Nimeguen, im- state of pofed by the Dutch on their unwilling allies, had foreign disjointed the whole confederacy; and all the powers engaged in it had difbanded their fupernumerary troops, which they found it difficult to fubfift. Lewis alone (till maintained a powerful army, and by his preparations rendered himfelf every day more formidable. He now acted as if he were the fole fovereign in Europe, and as if all other princes were foon to become his vaffals. Courts or cham- bers affah; 2 c6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, bers were erected in Metz and Brifac, for re-unitihg LX IX - fuch territories as had ever been members of any j6S*. part of his new co.nquefts. They made inquiry into titles buried in the moft remote antiquity. They cited the neighbouring princes to appear be- fore them, and iiiutd decrees, expelling them the conteficd territories. The important town of Straf- bourg, an ancient and a free ftate, was feized by- Lewis : Aloft was demanded of the Spaniards, on a frivolous, and even ridiculous, pretence ; and upon their refufal to yield it, Luxembourg was block- aded, and foon after taken 1 . Genoa had been bom- barded, becaufe the Genoefe had ftipulated to build fome gallies for the Spaniards; and, in order to avoid more fevere treatment, that republic was ob- liged to yield to the moft mortifying conditions. The empire was irifulted in its head and principal members; and ufed no other expedient for redrefs, than impotent complaints and remonftrances. Spain was fo enraged at the infolent treatment which fhe met with, that, without confidering her prefer t weak condition, fhe declared war againft her haughty enemy : She hoped that the other powers of Europe, fenfble of the common dan- ger, would fly to her afiiftance. The prince of Orange, whole ruling paffions were love of war and animofity againft France, feconded every where the applications of the Spaniards. In the year 1681, he made a journey to England, in order to engage the king into clofer meafures with the confederates. He alio propofed to the States to make an augmentation of their forces; but fe- veral of the provinces, and even the town of Am- fterdam, had been gained by the French, and the * Tt appears from fir John Da'rymple's Appendix, that the king; received from Fiance a million of iivres for his connivance at the feizure of Luxembourg, befide his ordinary peulion. pro- CHARLES II. 207 propofal was rejected. The prince's enemies derived c H , A ] the mofl: plaufible reafons of their oppoficion from ^^ the fituation of England, and die known and avowed iSE*. attachments of the Englifh monarch. No fooner had Charles difmiffed his parliament, and embraced the refolution of governing by prero- gative alone, than he dropped his new alliance with Spain, and returned to his former dangerous con- nections with Lewis. This prince had even offer- ed to make him arbiter of his differences with Spain ; and the latter power, fenfible of Charles's partiality, had refilled to fubmit to fuch a difad- vantageous propofal. Whether any money was now remitted to England, we do not certainly know : But we may fairly prefume, that the king's neceffities were in fome degree relieved by France". And though Charles had reafon to apprehend the utmoft danger from the great, and ftill increafing, naval power of that kingdom, join- ed to the weak condition of the Englifh fleet, no confideration was able to roufe him from his pre- fent lethargy. It is here we are to fix the point of the higheft exaltation, which the power of Lewis or that of any n The following pafiage is an extract from M. Barillon's letters kept in the Depot des Affaires crrangeres at Verfailles. It was lately com- municated to the author while in France. Convention verbale arretee le 1 Avril i68r. Charles II. s'engage a ne rien omettre pour pouvoir fane connoitre a fa niajeltoqu'elle avoit raifon de prendre conruinceen lui ; a fe degager pen a peu de Talliance avec l'Efpagne, & a fe mettie en eiat dc ne point etre contraint par fon parlement de faire quelque chofe d'oppofe aux nouveaux engagemens qu'il prenoit. En conle- quence, le roi promet un fubfide de deux millions la premieie des trois annees de cet engagement & 500,000 ecus les deux autres, fe contentant Je la parole de la majefte Biitannique, d'agir a l'egard de fa majette conformement aux obligations qu'il lui avoit. Le Sr. Hyde demanda que le roi s'engagea a ne point attaquer les Pays Bas & ineme Strafbourg, temoignent que le roi fon maitre ne pourroit s'empecher de fecourir les Pays Bas, quand meme fori parlement ne feroit point aflemble. M. Barillon lui repondit en termes generaux par ordie du roi, que fa majeite n'avoit point intention de rompre la paix, & qn'il n'engageroit pas fa majeite Biitannique en chofe contraires a fes verita- lies inteiets. European 2c8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIK. chap. European prince, fince the age of Charlemagne, ^ * had ever attained. The monarch, moil capable 1684.. of oppofing his progrefs, was entirely engaged in his interefts; and the Turks, invited by the mal- contents of Hungary, were preparing to invade the emperor, and to difable that prince from making head againft the progrefs of the French power. Lewis may even be accufed of overfight, in not making fufficient advantage of fuch favourable op- portunities, which he was never afterwards able to recall. But that monarch, though more governed by motives of ambition than by thofe of juftice or moderation, was flill more actuated by the fuggef- tions of vanity. He contented himfelf with inflat- ing and domineering over all the princes and free ftates of Europe -, and he thereby provoked their refentment without fubduing their power. While every one, who approached his peribn, and behaved with fubmiffion to his authority, was treated with . the higheft politenefs ; all the neighbouring poten- tates had fuccerlively felt the effects of his haughty imperious difpofition. And by indulging his poets, orators, and courtiers, in their flatteries, and in their prognostications of univerlal empire, he conveyed falter, than by the profpect of his power alone, the apprehenfion of general conqueft . and lubjection. 1685. _ The French greatnefs never, during his whole reign, infpired Charles with any apprehenfions ; and Clifford, it is faid, one of his molt favoured mi- nifters, went fo far as to affirm, that it were better for the king to be viceroy under a great and ge- nerous monarch, than a Have to five hundred of his own infolent fubjects. The ambition, therefore, and uncontrolled power of Lewis were no di- minution of Charles's happinefs \ and in other re- fpects his condition feemed at prefent more eligi- ble than it had ever been fince his reitoration. A mighty CHARLES II. . 209 A mighty facYion, which had fhaken his throne, chap. and menaced his family, was totally fubdued ; and , „ ^ by their precipitate indifcretion had expofed them- 1685. felves both to the rigour of the laws and to pub- lic hatred. He had recovered his former popu- larity in the nation ; and what probably pleafed him more than having a compliant parliament, he was enabled to govern altogether without one. But it is certain, that the king, amidft all thefe promifing circumfcances, was not happy or fatif- fied. Whether he found himfelf expofed to diffi- culties for want of money, or dreaded a recoil of the popular humour from the prefent arbitrary meafures, is uncertain. Perhaps the violent, im- prudent temper of the duke, by pufhing Charles upon dangerous attempts, gave him apprehen^ fion and uneafinefs. He was overheard one day to fay, in oppofing fome of the duke's hafty counfels, 'a. Vol. VIII. P health, 210 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, health, that his death (truck as great a furprife U LXIX * , into his fubjects, as if he had been in the flower 1685. of his youth. And their great concern for him, owing to their affection for his perfon, as well as their dread of his fuccefTor, very naturally, when joined to the critical time of his death, begat the fufpicion of poifon. All circumflances however confidered, this fufpicion muft be allowed to vanifh; like many others, of which all hiftories are full. During the few days of the king's illnefs, clergymen of the church of England attended him; but he difcovered a total indifference to- wards their devotions and exhortation. Catholic priefts were brought, and he received the facra- ment from them, accompanied with the other rites of the Romifh church. Two papers were found in his cabinet, written with his own hand, and containing arguments in favour of that commu- nion. The duke had the imprudence imme- diately to publifh thefe papers, and thereby both confirmed all the reproaches of thofe who had been the greateft enemies to his brother's meafures, and afforded to the world a fpecimen of his own bigotry, and cba- I F we furvey the character of Charles II. in the different lights, which it will admit of, it will appear various, and give rife to different and even oppofite fentiments. When confidered as a companion, he appears the moft amiable and en- gaging of men ; and indeed, in this view, his deportment mud be allowed altogether unexcep- tionable. His love of raillery was fo tempered with good breeding, that it was never offenfive: His propenfity to latire was fo checked with dif- cretion, that his friends never dreaded their be- coming the object of it : His wit, to ufe the ex- prefiion of one who knew him well, and who was himfelf rafter. CHARLES II. 211 himfelf a good judge z , could not be faid To much c H A p - to be very refined or elevated, qualities apt to ^ '_, beget jealoufy and apprehenfion in company, as 1685. to be a plain, gaining, well-bred, recommending kind of wit. And though perhaps he talked more than ftrict rules of behaviour might permit, men were fo pleafed with the affable communicative deportment of the monarch, that they always went away contented both with him and with themfelves. This indeed is the mod mining part of the king's character; and he feems to have been fenfible of it: For he was fond of dropping the formality of Hate, and of relapfing every moment into the com- panion. In the duties of private life his conduct, though not free from exception, was, in the main, laud- able. He was an eafy generous lover, a civil ob- liging hufband, a friendly brother, an indulgent father, and a good-natured matter \ The volun- tary friendmips, however, which this prince con- tracted, nay, even his fenfe of gratitude, were fee- ble; and he never attached himfelf to any of his minifters or courtiers with a fincere affection. He believed them to have no motive in ferving him but felf-intereft; and he was ftill ready, in his turn, to facrifice them to prefent eafe or conve- nience. With a detail of his private character we mufl fet bounds to our panegyric on Charles. The other parts of his conduct may admit of fome apo- logy, but can deferve fmall applaufe. He was in- deed fo much fitted for private life, preferably to public, that he even poffeffed order, frugality, and ceconomy, in the former : Was profufe, thought- lefs, and negligent, in the latter. When we con- fider him as a fovereign, his character, though not z Marquis of Halifax. * Duke of Buckingham. P 1 altogether 2i2 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c H , \ P " altogether deflitute of virtue, was in the main dari- v " '*" , gerous to his people, and difhonourable to himfelf. 1685. Negligent of the interefts of the nation, carelefs of its glory, averfe to its religion, jealous of its liberty, lavifh of its treafure, fparing only of its blood ; he expofed it by his meafures, though he ever appeared but in fport, to the danger of a furious civil war, arid even to the ruin and ignominy of a foreign conqueft. Yet may all thefe enormities, if fairly and candidly examined, be imputed, in a great meafure, to the indolence of his temper : A fault which, however unfortunate in a monarch, it is impofilble for us to regard with great feverity. It has been remarked of Charles, that he never faid a foolifh thing nor ever did a wife one : A eenfure which, though too far carried, feems to have fome foundation in his character and deport- ment. When the king was informed of this fay- ing, he obferved, that the matter was eafily ac- counted for: For that his difcourfe was his own, his actions were the miniftry's. If we reflect on the appetite for power inherent in human nature, and add to it the king's edu- cation in foreign countries, and among the cava- liers, a party which would naturally exaggerate the late ufurpations of popular afiemblies upon the rights of monarchy; it is not furprifing, that civil liberty mould not find in him a very zealous patron. Harrafied with domeftic faction, weary of calumnies and complaints, opprefled with debts, ftraitened in his revenue, he fought, though with feeble efforts, for a form of government, more fnnple in its ftruc- ture and more eafy in its management. But his attachment to France, after all the pains, which v,e have taken, by inquiry and conjecture, to fathom k, contains It ill fomething, it muft be con felled, myilerious and inexplicable. The hopes of ren- dering himfclf ablbluce by i c.ms's afiiflance feem lb chimerical, CHARLES II. 213 chimerical, that they could fcarcely be retained c H A p - with fuch cbftinacy by a prince of Charles's peine- t — y _ V *_j tration: And as to pecuniary fubfidies, he furely 1685. fpent much greater fums in one feafon, during the fecond Dutch war, than were remitted him from France during the whole courfe of his reign. I am apt therefore to imagine, that Charles was in this particular guided chiefly by inclination, and by a prepoffeffion in favour of the French nation. He confidered that people as gay, fprightly, polite, elegant, courteous, devoted to their prince, and attached to the catholic faith; and for thefe reafons he cordially loved them. The oppofite character of the Dutch had rendered them the objects of his averfion ; and even the uncourtly humours of the Englifh made him very indifferent towards them. Our notions of intereft are much warped by our affections; and it is not altogether wichout example, that a man may be guided by national prejudices, who has ever been little biaffed by private and per- fonal friendfhip. The character of this prince has been elabo- rately drawn by two great mailers, perfectly well acquainted with him, the duke of Buckingham and the marquis of Halifax ; not to mention feveral elegant ftrokes given by fir William Temple. Dr. Wei wood likewife and bifhop Burnet have em- ployed their pencil on the fame fubject : But the former is fomewhat partial in his favour ; as the fetter is by far too harm and malignant. Inftead of finding an exact parallel between Charles II. and the emperor Tiberius, as aflerted by that prelate, it would be more juft to remark a full contraft and oppofition. The emperor leems as much to have furpaffed the king in abilities, as he falls fhort of him in virtue. Provident, wife, active, jealous, malignant, dark, fullen, unfociable, relerved, cruel, unrelenting, unforgiving ; thefe are the lights under which the Roman tyrant has been tranfmicted to P 3 us. 214 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP. us. And the only circumftance in which it can T "V I V u - . '_, juftly be pretended he was fimilar to Charles, is 1685. his love of women, a paftion which is too general to form any ftriking refemblance, and which that deteftable and detefted monfter fhared alfo with un- natural appetites. £//un,tfa Z. ■ul,,„J'u/,/y/ l ,/ as r/irA.r dirmtti, Tri.j ijSg.fy T.CtultU. •Sound. C 215 ] JAMES II. CHAP. LXX. King's firfl tranj actions A 'parliament Argu- ments for and again]} a revenue for life Dates convicled of perjury Monmouth's invajion His defeat — and execution Cruelties of Kirke and ofjefferies State of affairs in Scotland Argyle's invafion defeat and execu- tion A parliament French persecutions • The difpenfing power State of Ireland Breach betwixt the king and the church Court of ecclefiaftical commiffion Sentence againft the bijhop of London Sufpenfion of the penal laws State of Ireland Embajfy to Rome Attempt upon Magdalen College Imprifonment trial and acquittal of the bijhops < Birth of the prince of Wales. THE firft act of James's reign Was to aflemble chap. the privy council; where, after fome praifes lxx. beftowed on the memory of his predecefTor, he ,68*"""^ made profeflions of his refolution to maintain the King's* eftablifhed government, both in church and flate. fi i.'* lranf - Though he had been, reported, he faid, to have imbibed arbitrary principles, he knew that the laws of England were fufficient to make him as great a monarch as he could wifh; and he was determined never to depart from them. And as he had hereto- fore ventured his life in defence of the nation, he P 4 would 2 i6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, would Hill go as far as any man in maintaining all u '_ ' ' _ f its just rights and liberries. 1685. This difcourfe was received with great applaufe, not only by the council, but by the nation. The king univerfally pafTcd for a man of great fincerity and great honour; and as the current of favour ran at that time for the court, men believed that his intentions were conformable to his ex- preiTions. " We have now," it was faid, "the roken." /Vddrefles came from all quarters, full of duty, nay of the moil fervile adulation. Every one haftened to pay court to the new monarch b : And James had reafon to think, that, notwithstanding the vio- lent efforts made by ib potent a party for his ex- clusion, no throne in Europe was better eftablifhed than that of. England. The king, however, in the first exercife of his authority, fhewed, that either he was not fincere in his professions of attachment to the laws, or that he had entertained fo lofty an idea of his own legal power, that even his utmoft fincerity would tend very little to fecure the liberties of the people. All the customs and the greater part of the excife had been fettled by parliament on the late king during life, and consequently the grant was now expired; nor had the fucceffor any right to levy thefe branches of revenue. But James issued a proclamation, ordering the customs and excife to be paid as before; and this exertion of power he would not deign to qualify by the least aft or even appearance of condeicenfion. It was kTSiequakerv addrefs wasefteemed fomewliat fingular for its plain- rets and Simplicity. It was conceived in thele terms : " We are come " to teftify our forrow for tli- death of our good friend Charles, and f l our joy for thy being made our governor. We are told thou ait " not of the perfuafion of the church of England, no more than " we: Wherefore we hope thou wilt grant us the fame liberty which " thou alloweil thyLlf. Which doing, we wilh thee all manner of " happinefs." propofed JAMES IT; 2i 7 propofed to him, that, in order to prevent the ill c H , £ P. effects of any intermifiion in levying theie duties, , _' ^ entries mould be made, and bonds for the fums be j6?5. taken from the merchants and brewers : But the payment be fufpended till the parliament mould give authority to receive it. This precaution was recommended as an expreflion of deference to that affembly, or rather to the laws : But for that very reafon, probably, it was rejected by the king, who thought that the commons would thence be in- vited to affume more authority, and would regard the whole revenue, and consequently the whole power, of the crown, as dependent on their good- will and pleafure. The king likewife went openly, and with all the enfigns of his dignity, to mafs, and illegal meeting : And by this imprudence he difplayed at once his arbitrary difpofition, and the bigotry of his prin- ciples: Thole two great characteristics of his reign, and bane of his adminifh-arion. He even fent Caryl, as his agent, to Rome, in order to make fubmiflions to the pope, and to pave the way for a folemn re ad million of England into the bofom of the catholic church. The pope, Innocent the XI th, prudently advifed the king not to be too precipitate in his meafures, nor rafnly attempt what repeated experience might convince him was impracticable. The Spanim ambaffador, Ron- quillo, deeming the tranquillity of England necef- fary for the fupport of Spain, ufed the freedom to make like remonftrances. He obferved to the king, how bu iy the priefts appeared at court, and advifed him not to afTent with too great facility to their dangerous counfels. '. c Is it not the cuftom in " Spain," faid James, I muft plainly tell you, that (i fuch an expedient would be very improper to " employ with me, and that the bed way to engage ft me to meet you often, is always to ufe me well." It was eafy to interpret this language of the king's. He plainly intimated, that he had refources in his prerogative for fupporting the government, independent of their fupplies ; and that fo long as they complied with his demands, he would have re- courfe to them ; but that any ill ufage on their pare would fet him free from thofe meaiures of govern- ment, which he feemed to regard more as voluntary than as neceffary. It muft be confeiTed, that no parliament in England was ever placed in a more critical fituation, nor where more forcible arguments could be urged, either for their oppofition to the court, or their compliance with it. It was faid on the one hand, that jealoufy of royal Reafons power was the very bafis of the Enslilh conttitution, toia " d 11 • i i-ii • i i i i againit a and the principle to which the nation was beholden revenue for all that liberty which they enjoy above the fub- during je£ts of other monarchies. That this jealoufy, ' e ' though, at different periods, it may be more or lefs intenfe, can never fafely be laid alleep, even under the belt and wifeft princes. That the cha- racter of the prefent fovereign afforded caufe for the higheit vigilance, by reafon of the arbitrary principles which he had imbibed; and ftill more, by reafon ot his religious zeal, which it is impotlible for him ever to gratify, without aiTuming more authority than the conllitution allows him. That power is to be watched in its verv tin!: encroach- ments j nor is any thing ever gained by timidity and million. 222 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c ha P. fubmiflion. That every concefiion adds new force L X X '_, to ufurpation ; and at the fame time, by difcovering i6gj. the daftardly difpofitions of the people, infpires it with new courage and enterprife. That as arms were intruded altogether in the hands of the prince, no check remained upon him but the dependent condition of his revenue; a fecurky therefore which it would be the moft egregious folly to abandon. That all the other barriers, which, of late years, had been erected againft arbitrary power, would be found, without this capital article, to be rather per- nicious and deftructive. That new limitations in the conftitution ftimulated the monarch's inclination to furmount the laws, and required frequent meetings of parliament, in order to repair all the breaches, which either time or violence may have made upon that complicated fabric. That recent experience during the reign of the late king, a prince who wanted neither prudence nor moderation, had fuf- ficiently proved the folidity of all thefe maxims. That his parliament, having rafhly fixed his revenue for life, and at the fame time repealed the triennial bill, found that they themfelves were no longer of im- portance, and that liberty, not protected by national aflemblies, was expofed to every outrage and viola- tion. And that the more openly the king made an unreafonable demand, the more obftinately ought it to be refufedj fince it is evident, that his purpofe in making it cannot pofiibly be juftifiable. On the other hand it was urged, that the rule of watching the very firft encroachments of power could only have place, where the oppofition to it Could be regular, peaceful, and legal. That though the refufal of the king's prefent demand might feem of this nature, yet in reality it involved confequences, which led much farther than at firft fight might be apprehended. That the king in his fpeech had in- timated, that he had refources in his prerogative, which, in cafe of oppofition from parliament, he thought JAMES II. thought hlmfelf fully entitled to employ. That if the parliament openly difcovered an intention of reducing him to dependence, matters mull prefently be brought to a crifis, at a time the moft favourable to his caufe, which his moft fanguine wifhes could ever have promifed him. That if we caft our eyes abroad, to the ftate of affairs on the continent, and to the fituation of Scotland and Ireland; or, what is of more importance, if we confider the difpoiition of men's minds at home, every circumftance would be found adverfe to the caufe of liberty. That the country party, during the late reign, by their vio- lent, and in many refpects unjuftifiable, meafures in parliament, by their defperate attempts out of par- liament, had expofed their principles to general ha- tred, and had excited extreme jealoufy in all the royalifts and zealous churchmen, who now formed the bulk of the nation. That it would not be ac- ceptable to that party to fee this king worfe treated than his brother in point of revenue, or any attempts made to keep the crown in dependence. That they thought parliaments as liable to abufe as courts, and defired not to fee things in a fituation, where the king could not, if he found it neceflary, either pro- rogue or diffolve thofe affemblies. That if the pre- fent parliament, by making great concefTions, could gain the king's confidence, and engage him to ob- ierve the promifes now given them, every thing would by gentle methods fucceed to their wifhes. That if, on the contrary, after fuch inftances of compliance, he formed any defigns on the liberty and religion of the nation, he would, in the eyes of all mankind, render himlelf altogether inexcu fable, and the whole people would join in oppofition to him. That refiftance could fcarcely be attempted twice j and there was therefore the greater neceffity for waiting till time and incidents had fully pre- pared the nation for it. That the king's prejudices in favour of popery, though in the main pernicious, were 224 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C H A P. were yet fo far fortunate, that they rendered the L L ^ -*_, connexion infeparable between the national religion 1685. and national liberty. And that if any illegal at- tempts were afterwards made, the church, which was at prefent the chief 'fupport of the crown, would furely catch the alarm, and would foon dif- pofe the people to an efre&ual refiftance. These laft reafons, enforced by the prejudices of party, prevailed in parliament ; and the commons, befides giving thanks for the king's fpeech, voted unanimoufly, that they would fettle on his prefent majefty during life, all the revenue enjoyed by the late king at the time of his demife. That they might not detract from this generofity by any fymp- toms of diftruft, they alio voted unanimoufly, that the houfe entirely relied on his majefty 's royal word and repeated declarations to fupport the religion of the church of England ; but they added, that that religion was dearer to them than their lives. The fpeaker, in prefenting the revenue-bill, took care to inform the king of their vote with regard to re- ligion j but could not, by fo fignal a proof of con- fidence, extort from him one word in favour of that religion, on which, he told his majefty, they fet fo high a value. Notwithftanding the grounds of fufpicion, which this filence afforded, the houfe continued in the fame liberal difpofition. The king having demanded a further fupply for the navy and other purpofes, they revived thofe duties on wines and vinegar, which had once been enjoyed by the late king; and they added fome impofitions on to- bacco and fugar. This grant amounted on the whole to about fix hundred thou land pounds a- year. The houfe of lords were in a humour no lefs compliant. They even went fome lengths towards breaking in pieces all the remains of the popilh plot; that once formidable engine of bigotry and faction. A LITTL2 JAMES II. 225 A little before the meeting of parliament, Oates c ^ x ^ p ' had been tried for perjury on two indictments. One for depofing that he was prefent at a confult of jefuits in London the twenty- fourth of April 1679 : Another for depofing that father Ireland was of perjury. in London between the eighth and twelfth of Au- guft, and in the beginning of September in the fame year. Never criminal was convicted on fuller and more undoubted evidence. Two- and- twenty perfons, who had been ftudents at St. Omers, molt of them men of credit and family, gave evidence, that Oates had entered into that feminary about Chriftmas in the year 1678, and had never been abfent but one night, till the month of July following. Forty- feven witnefTes, perfons alio of untainted character, depofed, that father Ireland, on the third of Auguft 1679, had gone to Staffbrdfhire, where he refided till the middle of September ; and, what fome years before would have been regarded as a very material circumftance, nine of thefe wit- nefTes were prpteftants, of the church of England. Oates's fentence was, to be fined a thoufand marks on each indictment, to be whipped on two different days from Aldgate to Newgate, and from Newgate to Tyburn, to be imprifoned during life, and to be pilloried five times every year. The impudence of the man fupported itfelf under the conviction, and his courage under the punifhment. He made fo- lemn appeals to Heaven, and protections of the veracity of his teilimony : ' Though the whipping was fo cruel, that it was evidently the intention of the court to put him to death by that punifhment, he was enabled, by the care of his friends, to re- cover: And he lived to king William Vreign 5 when a penfion of four hundred pounds a-year was fettled on him. A confiderable number mil adhered to him in his diftrefles, and regarded him as the mar- tyr of the proteltant caufe. The populace were Vol. VIII. Q^ affected 226 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, affected with the fi^ht of a Dunifhment, more fe- ^ 1 '^ _j vere than is commonly inflicted in England. And 1685. the fentence of perpetual imprifonment was deemed illegal. The conviction of Oates's perjury was taken no- tice of by the houfe of peers. Befides freeing the popifh lords, Powis, Arundel, Bellafis, and Tyrone, together with Danby, from the former impeachment by the commons, they went fo far as to vote a re- verfal of Stafford's attainder, on account of the falfehood of that evidence on which he had been condemned. This bill fixed fo deep a reproach on the former proceedings of the exclufionifts, that it met with great opposition among the lords; and it was at laft, after one reading, dropped by the com- mons. Though the reparation of injuftice be the fecond honour which a nation can attain ; the pre- fent emergence feemed very improper for granting fo full a juflihxation to the catholics, and throwing fo foul a (lain on the proteflants. Mon- The courfe of parliamentary proceedings was in- nouth's terrupted by the news of Monmouth's arrival in mvaion. ^ we ^ ^^ t j iree fh}p S from Holland. No fooner was this intelligence conveyed to the parliament, than they voted that they would adhere to his ma- jefly with their lives and fortunes. They paffed a bill of attainder againfl Monmouth ; and they grant- ed a fupply of four hundred thoufand pounds for fuppreffing his rebellion. Having thus ftrength- ened the hands of the king, they adjourned them- felves. Monmouth, when ordered to depart the king- dom, during the late reign, had retired to Holland; and as it was well known that he Hill enjoyed the favour of his indulgent father, all marks of honour and distinction were bellowed upon him by the prince of Orange. After the accefTion of James, the prince thought it neceflary to difmifs Monmouth and J A M E S II. 227 and all his followers; and that illuftrious fugitive chap. retired to BrufTels. Finding himfelf ftill purfued by im J£^ m * the king's feverity, he was pulhed, contrary to his 16S5. judgment as well as inclination, to make a ram and premature attempt upon England. He faw that James had lately mounted the throne, not only without oppofition, but feemingly with the good- will and affections of his fubjects. A parliament was fitting, which difcovered the greater! difpofi- tion to comply with the king, and whofe adherence, he knew, would give a fandtion and authority to all public meafures. The grievances of this reign were hitherto of fin all importance; and the people were not as yet in a difpofition to remark them with great feverity. All thefe confiderations occurred to Monmouth; but fuch was the impatience of his followers, and fuch the precipitate humour of Ar- gyle, who fet out for Scotland a little before him, that no reafons could be attended to ; and this un- happy man was driven upon his fate. The imprudence, however, of this enterprife did nth June. not at firft appear. Though on his landing at Lime in Dorfetfhire, he had icarcely a hundred followers; fo popular was his name, that in four days he had affembled above two thoufand horfe and foot. They were, indeed, almoft all of them, the loweft of the people ; and the declaration which he pub- liihed, was chiefly calculated to fuit the prejudices of the vulgar, or the moft bigoted of the whig-party. He called the king duke of York ; and denominated him a traitor, a tyrant, an aiTaffin, and a popifli ufurper. He imputed to him the fire of London, the murder of Godfrey andofEffex, nay the poi- foning of the late king. And he invited all the people to join in oppofition to his tyranny. The duke of Albemarle, fon to him who had reftored the royal family, affembled the militia of Devonfhire to the number of 4000 men, and took Qjl poft 228 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, pod at Axminfter, in order to oppofe the rebels? ^J^^ but obferving that his troops bore a great affection 1685. to Monmouth, he thought proper to retire. Mon- mouth, though he had formerly given many proofs of perfonal courage, had not the vigour of mind re- quifite for an undertaking of this nature. From an ill -grounded diffidence of his men, he neglected to attack Albemarle; an eafy enterprife, by which he might both have acquired credit, and have fupplied himfelf with arms. Lord Gray, who commanded his horfe, difcovered himfelf to be a notorious cow- ard; yet fuch was the foftneffs of Monmouth's na- ture, that Gray was ftill continued in his command. Fletcher of Salton, a Scotchman, amanoffignal probity and fine genius, had been engaged by his republican principles in this enterprife, and com- manded the cavalry together with Gray: But being infulted by one who had newly joined the armv, and whofe horfe he had in a hurry made ufe of, he was prompted by paflion, to which he was much fub- jeCt, to difcharge a piftol at the man ; and he killed him on the fpot. This incident obliged him im- mediately to leave the camp ; and the lols of fo gallant an officer was a great prejudice to Mon- mouth's enterprife. The next ftation of the rebels was Taunton, a difaffected town, which gladly and even fondly re- ceived them, and reinforced them with considerable numbers. Twenty young maids of fome rank pre- iented Monmouth with a pair of colours of their handiwork, together with a copy of the bible. Monmouth was here perfuaded to take upon him the title of king, and affert the legitimacy of his birth ; a claim which he advanced in his firft decla- ration, but whofe difcuffion he was determined, he then laid, during fome time to poitpone. His numbers had now increafed to fix thoufand ; and he was obliged every day, for want of arms, to difmiis a great JAMES II. a great many who crowded to his ftandard. He entered Bridgewater, Wells, Fromej and was pro- claimed in all thefe places: But forgetting that ifiijg. fuch defperate enterprifes can only be rendered fuc- cefsful by the moll adventurous courage, he allowed the expectations of the people to languifh, with- out attempting any confiderable undertaking. While Monmouth, by his imprudent and mif- placed caution, was thus wafting time in the well, the king employed himfelf in making preparations to oppofe him. Six regiments of Britim troops were called over from Holland : The army was confiderabiy augmented: And regular forces, to the number of 3000 men, were difpatched under the command of Feverfham and Churchill, in order to check the progrefs of the rebels. Monmouth, obferving that no confiderable men joined him, finding that an infurrection, t which was projected in the city, had not taken place, and hear- ing that Argyle, his confederate, was already de- feated and taken ; funk into fuch defpondency, that he had once refolved to withdraw himfelf, and leave his unhappy followers to their fate. His followers expreiTed more courage than their leader, and feemed determined to adhere to him in every for- tune. The negligent difpofition, made by Fever- 5th July, fham, invited Monmouth to attack the king's army Mon " , ■ -n • i j 1 • • mouth (te- at bedgemoor near bridgeware!-; and his men in feated; this action mowed whet a native courage and a principle of duty, even when unaffifted by difcipline, is able to perform. They threw the veteran forces into diforder; drove them from their ground; con- tinued the fight till their ammunition failed them; and would at iaft have obtained a victory, had not the mifconduct of Monmouth and the cowardice of Gray prevented it. After a con. bat of three hours the rebels gave way ; and were followed with great daughter. About 1500 fell in the battle and pur- fuit. And thus was concluded in a few weeks this Q^3 enter- 2 3 o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, enterprife, rafhly undertaken, and feebly Cott- le - w -'_f dueled. 1625. Monmouth fled from the field of battle above twenty miles till his horfe funk under him. He then changed clothes with a peafant in order to conceal himfelf. The peafant was difcovered by the purfuers, who now redoubled the diligence of their fearch. At laft, the unhappy Monmouth was found lying in the bottom of a ditch, and covered with fern : His body depreffed with fatigue and hunger; his mind, by the memory of pad misfor- tunes, by the profpecl of future difaflers. Human nature is unequal to fuch calamitous fituations ; much more, the temper of a man, foftened by early proiperity, and accuftomed to value himfelf folely on military bravery. He burft into tears when feized by his enemies; and he feemed ftill to in- dulge the fond hope and defire of life. Though he might have known, from the greatnefs of his own offences, and the fe verity of James's temper, that no mercy could be expected, he wrote him the mod fubmifUve letters, and conjured him to fpare the iffue of a brother, who had ever been fo ftrongly attached to his intereft. James, finding fuch fymp- toms of depreffion and defpondency in the unhappy prifoner, admitted him to his prefence, in hopes of extorting a difcovery of his accomplices : But Monmouth would not purchafe life, however loved, at the price of fo much infamy. Finding all efforts vain, he afTumed courage from defpair, and pre- pared himfelf for death, with a fpirit better fuited to his rank and character. This favourite of the people was attended to the fcaffold with a plentiful and exe- effufion of tears. He warned the executioner not cured, to fall into the error which he had committed in 15th July, beheading Ruffe], where it had been neceffary to repeat the blow. This precaution ferved only to diimay the executioner. He (truck a feeble blow on Monmouth, who railed his head from the block, and JAMES II. 231 and looked him in the face, as if reproaching him CHAP. for his failure. He gently laid down his head a L . _j fecond time; and the executioner (truck him again 1685. and again to no purpofe. He then threw afide the axe, and cried out that he was incapable of flnilhing the bloody office. The meriff obliged him to re- new the attempt ; and at two blows more the head was fevered from the body. Thus periflied, in the thirty-fixth year of his age, a nobleman, who, in lefs turbulent times, was well qualified to be an ornament of the court, even to be ferviceable to his country. The favour of his prince, the carefles of faction, and the allure- ments of popularity, feduced him into enterprifes which exceeded his capacity. The good -will of the people ftill followed him in every fortune. Even after his execution, their fond credulity flattered them with hopes of feeing him once more at their head. They believed that the perlon executed was not Monmouth, but one who, having the fortune to refemble him nearly, was willing to give this proof of his extreme attachment, and to fuffer death in his (lead. This victory, obtained by the king in the com- mencement of his reign, would naturally, had it been managed with prudence, have tended much to increafe his power and authority. But by reafon of the cruelty with which it was profecuted, and of the temerity with which it afterwards infpired him, it was a principal caufe of his fudden ruin and downfal. Such arbitrary principles had the court inftilled into all its fervants, that Feverfham, immediately after the victory, hanged above twenty prifoners; and was proceeding in his executions, when the bi- fhop of Bath and Wells warned him, that thefe un- happy men were now by law entitled to a trial, and that their execution would be deemed a real murder. This remonftrance, however, did not (top the fa- 0^4 vage HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. vage nature of colonel Kirke, a foldier of fortune, who had long ferved at T anglers, and had con- 1685. traded, from his intercourfe with the Moors, an Cruelty of inhumanity lefs known in European and in free colonel •■\i-rn_ • ' t» • j 1 Kirke. countries. At his hrlt entry into Bndgewater, he hanged nineteen prifoners, without the leafl inquiry into the merits of their caufe. As if to make Iporc with death, he ordered a certain number to be exe- cuted, while he and his company fhould drink the king's health, or the queen's, or that of chief-juftice Jefferies. Obferving their feet to quiver in rhe agonies of death, he cried that he would give them mufic to their dancing; and he immediately commanded the drums to beat and the trumpets to found. By way of experiment, he ordered one man to be hung up three times, queftioning him at each interval, whether he repented of his crime: But the man obitinately afTerting, that, notwithstanding the pad- he (till would willingly engage in the lame caufe, Kirke ordered him to be hung in chains. One fiery, commonly told of him, is memorable for the treachery, as well as barbarity, which at- tended it. A young ins id pleaded for the life of her brother, and flung herfelf at Kirke's feet, arm- ed with all the charms which beauty and innocence, bathed in tears, could beftow upon her. The ty- rant was inflamed with defire, not foftened into love or clemency. He promifed to grant her requeft, provided that ihe, in her turn, would be equally compliant to him. The maid yielded to the con- ditions: But, after lhe had palfed the night with him, the wanton favage, next morning, fhowed her, from the window, her brother, the darling ob- ject for whom fhe had facrificed her virtue, hanging on a gibbet, which he had fecretly ordered to be there erected for the execution. Rage and defpair and indignation took poffeffion of her mind, and deprived her for ever of her fenfes. All the inha- bitants of that country, innocent as well as guilty, were JAMES II. 233 were expcfed to the ravages of this barbarian. The c H ^ A p . foldiery were let loofe to live at free quarters; and his own regiment, inftructed by his example, and 1685 encouraged by his exhortations, difcinguifhed them- felves in a particular manner by their outrages. By way of pleafantry he ufed to call them his lambs j an appellation which was long remembered with horror in the weft of England. The violent Jefferies fucceeded after fome inter- val ; and fhowed the people, that the rigours of law might equal, if not exceed, the ravages of military tyranny. This man, who wantoned in cruelty, had already given a fpecimen of his character in many trials, where he prefided ; and he now let out with a fa v age jov, as to a full harveft of death and deftruction. He began at Dorcheiter ; and thirty rebels being arraigned, he exhorted them, but in vain, to lave him, by their free confefiion, the trouble of trying them: And when twenty-nine were found guilty, he ordered them, as an addi- tional punifhment of their difobedience, to be led to immediate execution. Mod of the other pri- foners, terrified with this example, pleaded guilty; and no lefs than two hundred and ninety- two re- ceived fentence at Dorcheiter. Of thefe, eighty were executed. Exeter was the next itage of his cruelty: Two hundred and forty-three were there tried, of whom a great number were condemned and executed. He alio opened his commiffion at Taunton and Wells ; and every where carried con- firmation along with him. The juries were fo ftruck with his menaces, that they gave their ver- dict with precipitation ; and many innocent perfons, it is faid, were involved with the guilty. And on the whole, befides thole who were butchered by the military commanders, two hundred and fifty-one are computed to have fallen by the hand of juftice. The whole country was ftrowed with the heads and limbs of traitors. JEvery village almoft beheld the dead 2 3 4 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, dead carcafe of a wretched inhabitant. And all the L LX X ' rigours of juftice, unabated by any appearance of l6gj% clemency, were fully difplayed to the people by the inhuman Jefferies. Of all the executions, during this difmal period, the moft remarkable were thofe of Mrs. Gaunt and lady Lifle, who had been accufed of har- bouring traitors. Mrs. Gaunt was an anabaptift, noted for her beneficence, which fhe extended to perlbns of all profeflions and perfuafions. One of the rebels, knowing her humane difpofition, had re- courle to her in his diftrefs, and was concealed by her. Hearing of the proclamation, which offered an indemnity and rewards to fuch as difcovered cri- minals, he betrayed his benefactrefs, and bore evi- dence againft her. He received a pardon as a re-- compenfe for his treachery ; fhe was burned alive for her charity. Lady Lille was widow of one of the regicides who had enjoyed great favour and authority under Cromwel, and who having fled, after the reftora- tion, to Lauzanne in Swiflerland, was there afiarH- nated by three Irifh. ruffians, who hoped to make their fortune by this piece of fervice. His widow was now profecuted for harbouring two rebels the day after the battle of Sedgemoor; and Jefferies pufhed on the trial with an unrelenting violence. In vain did the aged prifoner plead, that thefe crimi- nals had been put into no proclamation j had been convicted by no verdict; nor could any man be denominated a traitor, till the fentence of fome legal court was pafTed upon him : That it appeared not by any proof, that fhe was fo much as acquaint- ed with the guilt of the perfons, or had heard of their joining the rebellion of Monmouth : That though fhe might be obnoxious on account of her family, it was well known, that her heart was ever loyal, and that no perlbn in England had fhed more tears for that tragical event, in which her huiband had JAMES II. 235 had unfortunately borne too great a fhare : And chap. that the fame principles, which fhe herfelf had ever , X -*_f embraced, fhe had carefully inftilled into her fon, ,625. and had, at that very time, lent him to fight againft thofe rebels whom fhe was now accufed of har- bouring. Though thefe arguments did not move JefFeries, they had influence on the jury. Twice they feemed inclined to bring in a favourable ver- didt: They were as often fent back with menaces and reproaches ; and at lad were conftrained to give fentence againft the prifoner. Notwithstanding all applications for pardon, the cruel fentence was ex- ecuted. The king faid, that he had given JefFeries a promife not to pardon her : An excufe, which could ferve only to aggravate the blame againft himfelf. It might have been hoped, that, by all thefe bloody executions, a rebellion, fo precipitate, fo ill iupported, and of fuch fhort duration, would have been fufficiently expiated : But nothing could fatiate the fpirit of rigour which poflefTed the administra- tion. Even thofe multitudes, who received par- don, were obliged to atone for their guilt by fines, which reduced them to beggary ; or where their former poverty made them incapable of paying, they were condemned to cruel whippings or fevere impriibnments. Nor could the innocent efcape the hands, no lefs rapacious than cruel, of the chief juftice. Prideaux, a gentleman of Devonlhire, be- ing thrown into prifon, and dreading the fevere and arbitrary fpirit, which at that time met with no con- trol, was obliged to buy his liberty of JefFeries at the price of fifteen thoufand pounds; though he could never fo mucn as learn the crime of which he was accufed. Goodenough, the feditious under-fherifF of Lon- don, who had been engaged in the moft bloody and dcfperate part of the Rye-houfe confpiracy, was taken prifoner after the battle of Sedgemoor, and refolved to fave his own life by an accufation of Cornifh, 236 HISTORY- OF GREAT BRITAIN. c H . A , ?# Corniih, the fheriff, whom he knew to be extremely y^J^^L^ obnoxious to the court. Colonel Rumfey joined JC5S5. him in the accufation ; and the profecution was fo hardened, that the prifoner was tried, condemned, and executed, in the fpace of a week. The perjury of the witneffes appeared immediately after ; and the king feemed to regret the execution of Corniih. He granted his eftate to his family, and condemned the witneffes to perpetual imprifonment. The injustice of this fentence againft Corniih, was not wanted to difguft the nation with the court : The continued rigour of the other executions had already impreOed an univeifal hatred againft the minifters of juftice, attended with compaffion for the unhappy fufrerers, who, as they had been fe- duced into this crime by miftaken principles, bore their punifhment with the fpirit and zeal of martyrs. The people might have been willing on this occa- fion to diftinguilh between the king and his mini- iters : But care was taken to prove, that the latter had done nothing but what was agreeable to their mailer. Jefferies, on his return, was immediately, ibr thofe eminent fervices, created a peer ; and was foon after vefteel with the dignity of chancellor. It is pretended, however, with 1ome appearance of authority, that the king was diipleafed with thefe cruelties, and put a ftop to them by orders, as foon as proper information of them was conveyed to him*, Btaieof We mull now take a view of the ftate of affairs aihuisin j n s cot l anc } . where the fate of Argyle had been de- cided before that of Monmouth. Immediately after the king's acceffion, a parliament had been fum- moned at Edinburgh ; and ail affairs were there conducted by the duke of Queenfberry the commif- fioner, and the earl of Perth chancellor. The for- mer had refolved to make an entire furrender of the liberties of his country j but was determined ftill to s Life of lord-keep *r North, p. 260. K. James's Memoirs, p. 14.4, 8 adhere JAMES II. 237 adhere to its religion : The latter entertained no c H A **• O - IVY fcruple of paying court even by the facririce of both. , - T —_/ But no courtier, even the moll proilitute, could go 1685. farther than the parliament itfeif towards a resigna- tion of their liberties. In a vote, which they called an offer of duty, after adopting the fabulous hiftory of a hundred and eleven Scottim monarchs, they acknowledged, that all thefe princes, by the primary and fundamental law of the Hate, had been vefted with a f olid and cibfolute authority. They declared their abhorrence of ail principles and pofitions, de- rogatory to the king's facred, fupreme, fovereign, abiolute, power, of which none, they faid, whether fingle perlons or collective bodies, can participate, but in dependance on him and by commiffion from him. They promifed that the whole nation, be- tween fixteen and fixty, mall be in readinefs for his majefty's fervice, where and as oft as it fhall be his royal pleafure to require them. And they annexed the whole excife, both of inland and foreign com- modities, for ever to the crown. All the other acts of this aflfembly favoured of the fame fpirit. They declared it treafon for any perfon to refufe the telt, if tendered by the council. To defend the obligation of the covenant, fubjected a perfon to the fame penalty. To be prefent at any conventicle, was made punifliable with death and confiscation of moveables. Even fuch as refufed to give teftimony, either in cafes of treafon or non- conformity, were declared equally punifhable as if guilty of thofe very crimes: An excellent prelude to all the rigours of an inquifition. It muft be con- fefled, that nothing could equal the abject fervility of the Scottish nation during this period, but the ar- bitrary feverity of the adminiftration. It was in vain that Argyle fummoned a people, Argyle'a fo loft to all fenfe of liberty, fo degraded by repeated invafan.j indignities, to rife in vindication of their violated laws a 3 8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, laws and privileges. Even thofe who declared for t_ LXX _f him, were > f° r tne g reater P art > his own vafTals ; 1685. men who, if poflible, were dill more funk in flavery than the reft of the nation. He arrived, after a profperous voyage, in Argylefhire, attended by fome fugitives from Holland; among the reft, by fir Patrick Hume, a man of mild difpofitions, who had been driven to this extremity by a continued train of oppreflion. The privy-council was beforehand apprifed of Argyle's intentions. The whole militia of the kingdom, to the number of twenty-two thoufand men, were already in arms; and a third part of them, with the regular forces, were on their march to oppofe him. All the considerable gentry of his clan were thrown into prifon. And two fhips of war were on the coaft to watch his motions. Under all thefe difcouragements he yet made a fhift, partly from terror, partly from affeftion, to collect and arm a body of about two thoufand five hundred men ; but foon found himfelf furrounded on all fides with infuperable difficulties. His arms and am- munition were feized : His provifions cut off: The marquis of Athole prefted him on one fide; lord Charles Murray on another ; the duke of Gordon defeat j hung upon his rear; the earl of Dumbarton met him in front. His followers daily fell off from him ; . but Argyle, refolute to perfevere, broke at iaft with the fhattered remains of his troops into the difaf- fected part of the low countries, which he had en- deavoured to allure to him by declarations for the covenant. No one fhowed either courage or incli- nation to join him ; and his fmall and ftill-decreafing army, after wandering about for a little time, was at laft defeated and dilTipated without an enemy. Argyle himfelf was feized and carried to Edinburgh ; amlexecu- where, after enduring many indignities with a gal- lon, lant fpirit, he was publicly executed. He fufTered on the former unjuft fentence which had been palled upon JAMES II. upon him. The reft of his followers either efcaped or were punifhed by tranfportation : Rumbold and Ayloffe, two Englishmen, who had attended Argyle _ ,687" on this expedition, were executed. The king was fo elated with this continued tide 9 th Nov. of profperity, that he began to undervalue even an A parli*- Englifh parliament, at all times formidable to his men ' family ; and from his fpeech to that affembly, which he had afiembled early in the winter, he feems to have thought himfelf exempted from all rules of prudence, or necefllty of diffimulation. He plainly told the two houles, that the militia, which had formerly been fo much magnified, was now found, by experience in the laft rebellion, to be altogether uielefs ; and he required a new fupply, in order to maintain thofe additional forces which he had levied. He alfo took notice, that he had employed a great many catholic officers, and that he had, in their fa- vour, difpenfed with the law, requiring the ten: to be taken by every one that ponefTed any public of- fice. And to cut fhort all oppofition, he declared, that, having reaped the benefit of their fervice du- ring fuch times of danger, he was determined, neither to expofe them afterwards to difgrace, nor himfelf, in cafe of another rebellion, to the want of their afliftance. Such violent averfion did this parliament bear to oppofition ; fo great dread had been inftilled of the confequences attending any breach with the king; that it is probable, had he ufed his difpenfing power without declaring it, no inquiries would have been made, and time might have reconciled the nation to this dangerous exercife of prerogative. But to invade at once their conftitution, to threaten their religion, to eltablifh a ftanding army, and even to require them, by their concurrence, to contribute towards all thefe meafures, exceeded the bounds of their patience ; and they began, for the firfb time, i to 240 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN* chap, to difplay fome fmall remains of Englifti fpirit and L . '_' _, generofity. "When the king's fpeech was taken into j68 5 . confideration by the commons, many fevere reflec- tions were thrown out againft the prefent meafures ; and the houfe was with feeming difficulty engaged to promife in a general vote, that they would grant fome fupply. But inftead of finifhing that bufinefs, which could alone render them acceptable to the king, they proceeded to examine the difpenfing power ; and they voted an addrefs to the king againft it. Before this addrefs was presented, they relumed the confideration of the fupply ■> and as one million two hundred thoufand pounds were demand- ed by the court, and two hundred thoufand propofed by the country party, a middle courfe was chofen, and feven hundred thoufand, after fome difpute, were at laft voted. . The addrefs againft the dif- penfing power was exprefTed in moft refpectful and fubmiffive terms ; yet was it very ill received by the king, and his anfwer contained a flat denial, uttered with great warmth and vehemence. The commons were ib daunted with this repiy, that they kept filence a long time -, and when Coke, member for Derby, rofe up and faid, "I hope we are allEnglifii- " men, and not to be frightened with a few hard sc words ;" fo little fpirit appeared in that alTembly, often fo refractory and mutinous, that they fent hiin to the Tower for bluntly expieiling a free and gene- rous fentiment. They adjourned, without fixing a day for the confideration of his majefty's anfwer ; and on their next meeting, they fubmifiively pro- ceeded to the confideration of the fupply, and even went fo far as to eftablifh funds for paying the fum voted, in nine years and a half. The king, there- fore, had in effect, almoft without contcft or vio- lence, obtained a complete victory over the com- mons ; and that alTembly, inftead of guarding their liberties, now expofed to manifeft peril, conferred an JAMES II. 24.1 an additional revenue on the crown ; and by rcn- Chap. dering the king yi fome degree independent, con- ^_ *, tributed to increafe thofe dangers with which they i6g 5 . had fo much reafon to be alarmed. The next oppofition came from the houfe of peers, which has not commonly taken the lead on thefe occafions; and even from the bench of bimops, where -the court ufually expects the greateft com- plaifance and fubmifiion. The upper houfe had been brought, in the firft days of the feflion, to give general thanks for the king's fpeechj by which compliment they were underftood, according to the practice of that time, to have acquiefced in every part of it: Yet, notwithstanding that ftep, Comp- ton, bifhop of London, in his own name and that of his brethren, moved that a day mould be ap- pointed for taking the fpeech into confideration : He was feconded by Halifax, Nottingham, and Mor- daunt. Jefferies, the chancellor, oppofcd the mo- tion ; and feemed inclined to ufe in that houfe the fame arrogance to which on the bench he had fo long been accuftomed : But he was foon taught to know his place j and he proved, by his behaviour, that infolence, when checked, naturally finks into meannefs and cowardice. The biihop of London's motion prevailed. ' The king might reafonably have prefumed, that, even if the peers fhould fo far refume courage as to make 'an application againft his difpenfing power, the fame lleady anfvver which he had given to the commons would make them relapfe into the fame timidity ; and he might by that means have ob- tained a confiderable iupply, without making any conceMions in return. But fo imperious was his temper, fo iofty the idea which he had entertained of his own authority, and fo violent the fchemes fuggefted by his own bigotry and that of his priefts, that, without any delay, without waiting for any Vol. VIII. R farther HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. farther provocation, he immediately proceeded to a prorogation. He continued the parliament during 3625. a year and a half by four more prorogations j but having in vain tried, by feparate applications, to break the obftinacy of the leading members, he at lait diflhlved that afiembly. And as it was plainly impoiTible for him to find among his proteftant fub- jecls a fet of men more devoted to royal authority, it was univerlally concluded, that he intended thenceforth to govern entirely without parlia- ments. Never king mounted the throne of England with greater advantages than James; nay, pofTeiTed greater facility, if that were any advantage, of ren- dering himfeif and his pofcerity ablblute : But all thefe fortunate circumftances tended only, by his own miiconducl:, to bring more fudden ruin upon him. The nation feemed difpofed of them- felvcs to refign 'their liberties, had he not, at the fame time, made an attempt upon their religion : And he might even have fucceeded in furmounting at once their liberties and religion, had he con- dueled his fchemes with common prudence and dif- cretion. Openly to declare to the parliament, fo early in his reign, his intention to difpenfe with the tefts, ftruck an univerfal alarm throughout the na- tiorij infufed terror into the church, which had hitherto been the chief fupport of monarchy -, and even difgufted the army, by whofe means alone he could now purpofe to govern. The former horror againft popery was revived by polemical books and fermons; and in every difpute the victory feemed to be gained by the proteftant divines, who were heard with more favourable ears, and who managed the contrcverfy with more learning and eloquence. But another incident happened at this time, which tended mightily to excite the animofity of the nation againft the catholic communion. Lewis J A M E S II. 243 Lewis XIV. having long haraiTed and molefted chap. the proteftants, at laft revoked entirely the edict of I x ' Nantz ; which had been enacted by Harry IV. for ,6s 5 . fecuring them the free exercife of their religion ; which had been declared irrevocable; and which, during the experience of near a century, had been attended with no fenfible inconvenience. All the iniquities inseparable from perfecution were exer- cifed againft thofe unhappy religionifts; who be- came cbftinate in proportion to the oppreffions which they fuffered, and either covered under a feigned con verfion a more violent abhorrence of the catholic communion, or fought among foreign na- tions for that liberty of which they were bereaved in their native country. Above half a million of the moft ufeful and induftrious fubjects deferted France; and exported, together with immenfe fums of money, thofe arts and manufactures which had chiefly tended to enrich that kingdom. They pro- pagated every where the moit tragical accounts of the tyranny exercifed againft them, and revived among the proteftants all that refentment againft the bloody and perfecuting fpiritof popery, to which fo many incidents in all ages had given too much foundation. Near fifty thoufand refugees parted over into England; and all men were difpofed, from their reprefentations, to entertain the utmoft horror againft the projects which they apprehended to be formed by the king for the abolition of the proteftant religion. When a prince of fo much humanity and of fuch fignal prudence as Lewis could be engaged, by the bigotry of his religion alone, without any provocation, to embrace fuch fafiguinary and impolitic meafures, what might not be dreaded, they afked, from James, who was fo much inferior in thefe virtues, and who had already been irritated by fuch obftinate and violent oppofition ? In vain did the king afteft to throw the higheft blame on the perfections in France : In vain did R 2 he ;j 44 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C h A. P. he afford the moft real protection and affillance to the diftreffed Hugonots. All thefe fymptoms of j6 8 5 , toleration were regarded as infidiousj oppofite to the avowed principles of his fe<5t, and belied by the fevere adminiftration which he himfelf had exer- cifed againft the non-conformifls in Scotland. 1686. The fmallefl approach towards the introduction of popery, muft, in the prefent difpofition of the people, have afforded reafon of jealoufy ; much more fo wide a flep as that of difpenfing with the tefls, the lble fecurity which the nation, being difappointed of the exclufion-bill, found pro- vided againft |thofe dreaded innovations. Yet was the king refolute to perfevere in his pur- pofe ; and having failed in bringing over the parliament, he made an attempt, with more fuc- cefs, for eftablifhing his difpenfing power, by a verdict of the judges. Sir Edward Hales, a new profelyte, had accepted a commiflion of colonel ; and directions were given to his coachman to pro- fecute him for the penalty of five hundred pounds, which the law, eftablifhing the tefls, had granted to Difpenfing informers. By this feigned action, the king hoped, power. koth from the authority of the decifion, and the reafon of the thing, to put an end to all queflions with regard to his difpenfing power. It could not be expected that the lawyers ap- pointed to plead againfl Hales would exert great force on that occafion : But the caufe was regarded with fuch anxiety by the public, that it has been thoroughly canvafled in feveral elaborate difcourfes 3 ; and could men divefl themfelves of prejudice, there want not fufHcient materials on which to form a true judgment. The claim and exercife of* the difpenfing power is v allowed to be very ancient in England; and though it feems at firft to have a Particularly fir Edward Herbert's Defence in the State Trials, and fir Robert Alton's Enquiry concerning the Difpenfing Power. been JAMES II.. 245 been copied from papal ufurpations, it may plainly C ha p. be traced up as high as the reign of Henry III. I LX X '_, In the feudal governments, men were more anxious 16S6. to fecure their private property than to mare in the public administration ; and provided no innovations were attempted on their rights and porTeflions, the care of executing the laws, and enfuring general iafety, was without jealoufy entrusted to the fove- reign. Penal ftatutes were commonly intended to arm the prince with more authority for that pur- pofe; and being in the main calculated for promot- ing his influence as firft magiftrate, there feemed no danger in allowing him to difpenfe with their ex- ecution, in ftich particular cafes as might require an exception or indulgence. That practice had fo much prevailed, that the parliament itfelf had more than once acknowledged this prerogative of the crown; particularly during the reign of Henry V. when they enacted the law againft aliens b , and alfo when they pafiTed the ftatute of provifors c . But though the general tenor of the penal ftatutes was fuch as gave the king a fuperior intereft in their ex- ecution beyond any of his fubjects, it could not but fometimes happen in a mixed government, that the parliament would defire to enact laws, by which the regal power, in fome particulars, even where pri- vate property was not immediately concerned, might be regulated and retrained. In the twenty- third of Henry VI. a law of this kind was enacted, prohibiting any man from ferving in a county as fheriff above a year ; and a claufe was inferted by which the king was difabled from granting a dif- penfation. Plain reafon might have taught, that b Rot. Pari. 1 Hen. V. rt. xv. c Ibid. 1 Hen. V. n. xxii. It is remarkable, however, that in the reign of Richard the Second, the parliament granted the king only a temporary power of difpeniing with the ftatute of provifors. Rot. Pari. 1 5 Rich. II. n. i. A plain implication that he had not, of himfelf, fuch a prerogative. So uncertain were many of thefe points at that time. R 3 this 246 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c }\ - A ; p - this law, at leaft, fhould be exempted from the L L'J u king's prerogative: But as the diipenfing power »6S6. ftiil prevailed in other cafes, it was foon able, aided by the fervility of the courts of judicature, even to overpower this ftatute, which the legislature had evidently intended to fecure againft violation. In the reign of Henry VI I. the cafe was brought to a trial before all the judges in the exchequer-cham- ber ; and it was decreed, that, notwithstanding the ftrict claufe above mentioned, the king might dif- penfe with the fcatute: He could fir ft, it was al- ledged, difpenfe with the prohibitory claufe, and then with the ftatute itfelf. This opinion of the judges, though feemingly abfurd, had ever fince pafled for undoubted law: The practice of continu- ing the Sheriff's had prevailed : And moft of the property in England had been fixed by decifions, which juries, returned by fuch fneriiTs, had given in the courts of judicature. Many other difpenfa- tions of a like nature may be produced ; not only fuch as took place by intervals, but fuch as were uniformly continued. Thus the law was difpenfed with, which prohibited any man from going a judge of afTlze into his own county j that which rendered all Welchmen incacable of bearing offices in Wales: and that which required every one ; who received a pardon for felony, to find fureries for his good be- h;. iour. In the fecondof James I. a new confuta- tion of all the judges had been held upon a like queiricn : This prerogative of the crown was again unanimoufiy affirmed d : And it became an efta- biiihed principle in Englifh jurifprudence, that though the king could not allow of what was mo- rally unlawful, he could permit what was only pro- hibited by pofitive ftatute. Even the jealous houfe of commons, who extorted the petition of right from Charles I. made no fcrupie, by the mouth of * Sir Edward Coke's Reports, feventh Report. Glanville a JAMES II. 247 Glanville, their manager, to allow of the difpenfing c H A p « power in its full extent c -, and in the famous trial of u - -*_y ftiip-money, Holborne, the popular lawyer, had 1686. freely, and in the moft explicit terms, made the fame conceflion f . Sir Edward Coke, the great oracle of Englifh law, had not only concurred with all other lawyers in favour of this prerogative, but feems even to believe it fo inherent in the crown, that an act of parliament itfelf could not abolifh it 6 . And he particularly obferves, that no law can im- pofe fuch a dilability of enjoying offices as the king may not difpenfe with •, becaufe the king, from the law of nature, has a right to the fervice of all his fubjects. This particular reafon, as well as all the general principles, is applicable to the quefiion of the tefts ; nor can the dangerous confequence of granting difpeniations in that cafe be ever allowed to be pleaded before a court of judicature. Every prerogative of the crown, it may be faid, admits of abufe : Should the king pardon all criminals, law muft be totally diiTolved : Should he declare and continue perpetual war againft all nations, inevitable ruin muft enlue: Yet thefe powers are entrufted to the fovereigti; and we mull: be content, as our ancestors were, to depend upon his prudence and difcreticn in the exei ciie of them. Though this reafoning feems founded on fuch principles as are ufually admitted by lawyers, the people had entertained fuch violent prepofTefTions againft the ufe which James here made of his pre- rogative, that he was obliged, before he brought on Hales's caufe, to difplace four of the judges, Jones, Montague, Charleton, and Nevil ; and even fir Edward Herbert, the chief juftice, though a man of acknowledged virtue, yet, becaufe he here fup- ported the pretenfions of the crown, was expofed e State Trials, vol. vii. firft edit. p. 205. Pari. Hift. vol, viii, p. 131- f State Trials, vol v. fir it edit. p. 171, 5 Sir Edward Coke's Reports, twelfth Report, p. 18. R 4 to 248 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C h a P. to preat and general reproach. Men deemed a dif- *, penfing to be in effect the fame with a repealing 16S6. power j and they could not conceive that lefs au- thority was neceflary to repeal than to enact any fcatute. If one penal law was difpenfed with, any other might undergo the fame fate: And by what principle could even the laws which define property be afterwards fecured from violation ? The teft act had ever been conceived the great barrier of the eftablifhed religion under a popifh fuccefibr : As fuch^ it had been infilled on by the parliament; as fuch, granted by the king; as fuch, during the debates with regard to the exclufion, recommended bv the chancellor. By what magic, what chicane of law, is it now annihilated, and rendered of no validity? Thefe queftions were every where afked j and men, firaitened by precedents and decifions of great authority, were reduced either to queftion the antiquity of this prerogative itfelf, or to affert, that even the practice of near five centuries could not beftow on it fufficient authority h . It was not con- fidered, that the prefent difficulty or feeming ab- surdity had proceeded from late innovations intro- duced into the government. Ever fince the begin- ning of this century, the parliament had, with a laudable zeal, been acquiring powers and eftablifh- i'ng principles favourable to law and liberty : The authority of the crown had been limited in many important particulars: And penal ftatutes were often :ulated to fecure the conftitution againft the at- tempts of minifters, as well as to prelerve a general peace, and reprefs crimes and immoralities. A prerogative, however, derived from very ancient, and almoft uniform practice, the difpenfing power, flill remained, or was fuppofed to remain, with the crown ; fufficient in an inftant to overturn this whole fabric, and to throw down all fences of the h Sir Robert Atkins, p. 21. con- JAMES IT. 249 conflitution. If this prerogative, which carries on CH A p « the face of it iuch ftrong fymptoms of an abfolute ,__ * '_, authority in the prince, had yet, in ancient times, ,686. fubfifted with fome degree of liberty in the fubject ; this fact only proves, that fcarcely any human go- vernment, much lefs one erected in rude and bar- barous times, is entirely confident and uniform in all its parts. But to expect that the difpenfing power could, in any degree, be rendered compati- ble with thofe accurate and regular limitations, which had of late been eftablifhed, and which the people were determined to maintain, was a vain hopes and though men knew not upon what principles they could deny that prerogative, they faw that, if they would preferve their laws and conflitution, there was an abfolute neceffity for denying, at leaft for abolifhing it. The revolution alone, which foon fucceeded, happily put an end to all thefe difputes: By means of it, a more uniform edifice was at lafl erected : The monftrous inconfiftence, fo vifible be- tween the ancient Gothic parts of the fabric and the recent plans of liberty, was fully corrected : And to their mutual felicity, king and people were finally taught to know their proper boundaries \ 1 It is remarkable, that the convention, fnmmoned by the prince of Orange, Hid not, even when they had the making of their own terms in the declaration of rigbts,vnnt\\ i e to condemn the difpenfing power in general, which had been uniformly exercifed by the former kings of England. They only condemned it fo far, as it bad been ajfumed and exercifed of late, without being able to tell wherein the difference lay. But in the till tf n gits which paffed about a twelvemonth after, the parliament took cue to iecure themlelves more effectually againlt a branch of preroga- tive, incompatible with all legal liberty and limitations ; and they excluded, in politive terms, all difpenfing power in the crown. Yet even then the houfe of lords rejected that claufe of the bill, which condemned the exircife of this power in former kings, and obliged the commons to re!t content with abolifhing it for the future. There nteds no other proof of the irregular nature of the old Englilh govern- ment than the existence of fiich a prerogative, always exercifed and never queftioned, till the acquifition of real liberty difcovered, at lalt, the danger of it. See the Journals. ■I What- 250 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap. Whatever topics lawyers might find to defend v# Jl^ w James's difpenfing power, the nation thought it 16U. dangerous, if not fatal, to liberty, and his refolution of exercifing it may on that account be efteemed no lels alarming, than if the power had been founded on the mott recent and mod flagrant usurpation. It was not likely, that an authoiity, which had been affumed, through fo many obstacles, would in his hands lie long idle and unemployed. Four catholic lords were brought into the privy council, PowisJ Arundel, Bellafis, and Dover. Halifax, finding that, notwithstanding his paft merits, he poSielled no real credit or authority, became refractory in his oppofition j and his office of privy leal was given to Arundel. The king was open, as well as zeal- ous, in the defire of making converts ; and men plainly faw, that the only way to acquire his affec- tion and confidence was by a facrifice of their re- ligion. Sunderland, fome time after, fcrupled not to gain favour at this price. Rochcfter, the trea- furer, though the king's brother- in -law, yet, becaufe he refuled to g.^e this instance of complaifance, was turned ouc of his office: The treafury was put in commiffion, and Bellafis was placed at the head of it. All the courtiers were difgulted, even fuch as had little regard to religion. The dishonour, as well as diftruit, attending renegades, made molt men refolve, at all hazards, to adhere to their ancient faith. State of In Scotland, James's zeal for profelytifm was Scotland, more fuccefsful. The earls of Murray, Perth, and Melfort, were brought over to the court religion ; and the two latter noblemen made ufe of a very courtly reafon for their converfion : They pretend- ed, that the papers found in the late king's cabinet, had opened their eyes, and had convinced them of the preference due to the catholic religion. Queenf- berry, who Showed not the fame complaifance, fell in.tq JAMES IT. 25t into total difgrace, notwithstanding his former fer- C HA P. vices, and the important facrifkes, which he had , LX *'_, made to the meafures of the court. Thefe merits 1686. could not even enfure him of fafety againft the ven- geance to which he flood expofed. His rival, Perth, who had been ready to fink under his fupe- rior intereft, now acquired the afcendant; and all the complaints exhibited againft him, were totally obliterated. His faith, according to a faying of Halifax, had made him whole. But it was in Ireland chiefly, that the mafic was State of wholly taken off, and that the king thought himfelf * ieland ' at liberty to proceed to the full extent of his zeal and his violence. The duke of Ormond was re- called; and though the primate and lord Granard, two proteftants, ftill poffeffed the authority of juf- tices, the whole power was lodged in the hands of Talbot, the general, foon after created earl of Tyr- connel; a man who, from the blindnefs of his prejudices and fury of his temper, was tranfported with the molt immeafurable ardour for the catholic caufe. After_ the fuppreffion of Monmouth's re- bellion, orders were given by Tyrconnel to difarm all the proteftants, on pretence of fecuring the pub- lic peace, and keeping their arms in a few maga- zines for the ufe of the militia. Next, the army was new- modelled; and a great number of officers were difmiffed, becaufe it was pretended that they or their fathers had ferved under Cromwel and the republic. The injustice was not confined ro them. Near three hundred officers more were afterwards broken, though many of them had purchafed their commiilions: About four or five thoufand private foldiers, becaufe they were proteftants, were dif- miffed; and being ftripped even of their regiment- als, were turned out to ftarve in the ftreets. While thefe violences were carrying on, Clarendon, who had been named lord lieutenant, came over ; but he foon found, that, as he had refilled to give the king 252 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, king the cleared pledge of fidelity, by changing . Lxx ' , his religion, he poiTeffed no credit or authority. He 16S6. was even a kind of prifoner in the hands of Tyrcon- nelj and as he gave ail oppofition in his power to the precipitate meafures of the catholics, he was foon after recalled, and Tyrconnel fubftituted in his place. The unhappy proteftants now faw all the civil authority, as well as the military force, tranf- ferred into the hands of their inveterate enemies ; inflamed with hereditary hatred, and flimulated by every motive, which the paffion either for power, property, or religion, could infpire. Even the bar- barous banditti were let loofe to prey on them in their prefent defencelefs condition. A renewal of the ancient maffacres was apprehended -, and great multitudes, {truck with the bed-grounded terror, deferted the kingdom, and infufed into the Engliili nation a dread of thofe violences, to which, after fome time, they might juftly, from the prevalence of the catholics, think themfelves expofed. All judicious perfons of the catholic communion were difgufted with thefe violent meafures, and could eafily forefee the confequences. But James was entirely governed by the rafh counfels of the queen and of his^confeffor, father Peters, a jefuit, whom he foon after created a privy-counfellor. He thought too, that, as he was now in the decline of life, it was neceffary for him, by hafty fteps, to carry his defigns into execution ; -left the fucceflion of the princefs of Orange mould overturn all his projects. In vain did Arundel, Powis, and Bel- lafis, remonftrate, and fugged more moderate and cautious meafures. Thefe men had feen and felt, during the profecution of the popifh plot, the ex- treme antipathy which the nation bore to their reli- gion ; and though fome fubfequent incidents had ieemingly allayed that fpirit, they knew that the fettled habits of the people were ftill the fame, and that the fmalieft incident was fuflicient to re- new JAMES If. 253 new the former animofity. A very moderate In- c H r A p - dulgence, therefore, to the catholic religion would ^_ __ . * j have fatisfied them; and all attempts to acquire 16S6. power, much more to produce a change of the na- tional faith, they deemed dangerous and destruc- tive 3 . On the firft broaching of the popifli plot, the Breach be- clergy of the church of England had concurred in J_ WIXttIl « the profecution of it, with the fame violence and the credulity as the reft of the nation : But dreading church, afterwards the prevalence of republican and prefby- terian principles, they had been engaged to fupport the meafures of the court; and to their afliftance chiefly, James had owed his fucceffion to the crown. Finding that all thefe fervices were forgotten, and that the catholic religion was the king's lble favour- ite, the church had commenced an oppofition to court meafures; and popery was now acknowledged the more immediate danger. In order to prevent inflammatory fermons on this popular fubject, James revived fome directions to preachers, which had been promulgated by the late king, in the begin- ning; of his reign, when no defign ao;ainft the na- tional religion was yet formed, or at leaft appre- hended. But in the prefent delicate and interesting fituation of the church, there was little reafon to expect that orders founded on no legal authority, would be rigidly obeyed by preachers, who law no fecurity to themfelves but in preferring the confi- dence and regard of the people. Inftead of avoid- ing controverfy, according to the king's injunctions, the preachers every where declaimed againft po- pery; and, among the reft, Dr. Sharpe, a clergy- man of London, particularly diftinguifhed himfelf^ and affected to throw great contempt on thole who had been induced to change their religion by fuch pitiful arguments as the Romifh miflionaries could 8 D'Avaux, 10 January 1687, fugged. 254 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. \ P. fuggeft. This topic, being iuppofed to reflect on i_J^' ' tne king, gave great offence at court ; and pofitive 1686. orders were iffued to the bifhop of London, hisdio- celan, immediately to fufpend Sharpe, till his ma- jelly's pleafure fhould be farther known. The prelate replied, that he could not poffibly obey thefe commands, and that he was not empowered, in fuch a fummary manner, to inflict any punifh- ment even upon the greateft delinquent. But nei- ther this obvious reafon, nor the moil dutiful fub- miffions, both of the prelate and of Sharpe himfclf, could appeafe the court. The king was determined to proceed with violence in the profecution of this affair. The bifnop himfelf he refolved to punifh for difobedience to his commands ; and the expe- dient, which he employed for that purpofe, was of a nature at once the moil illegal and mod alarming. Among all the engines of authority formerly em- ployed by the crown, none had been more danger- ous, or even dedructive, to liberty, than the court of high commiilion, which, together with the flar- chamber, had been abolifhed in the reign of Charles I. by act: of parliament; in which a claufe was alio inferted, prohibiting the erection, in all fu- ture times, of that court, or any of a like nature. But this law was deemed by James no obftaclefj and Court of an ccclefiaftical commiffion was anew hTued, bv ecclefiafti- jyhjdj feven k commiffioners were vefled with full million. 2nd unlimited authority over the chinch of Eng^- land. On them were bellowed the fame inquifito- rial powers, pofieffed by the former court of high commilTion : They might proceed upon bare fuf- picion ; and the better to fee the law at defiance, it was cxprefsly inferted in their patent itfelf, that they were to exercife their jurifdiction, notvvithftanding k The perfons rtnmeJ were the archhifhop of Canterbury, Sancroft ; the biflu.j) of Durham, Crew; of Rochefter, Sprat ; the eari of Rochdttr, Sunderland, chancellor JeffViies, and lord chief juftice Herbert. The archhifhop refufed. to a ft, and the biihop of Cheltrr was fiibitituted in his place. any JAMES II. 2 5S any law or Mature to the contrary. The king's de- chap. fign to fubdue the church was now iufticiently , __' ^ known ; and had he been able to eitablilli the au- iose. thority of this new- erected- court, his fuccefs was infallible, A ir.ore fenfible blow could not be given, both to national liberty and religion; and happily the contett could not be tried in a caufe ir.ore iniquitous and unpopular than that againfl Sharpe and the bifhop of London. The prelate was cited before the commiffioners. After denying the legality of the court, and claim- ing the privilege of all Chriftian bifhops to be tried by the metropolitan and his fuliragans ; he pleaded in his own defence, that, as he was obliged, if he had fufpended Sharpe, to a£t in the capacity of a ■ judge, he could not, confident either with law or equity, pronounce ientence without a previous cita- tion and trial: That he had by petition reprefented this difficulty to his majefty ; and not receiving any anfwer, he had reafon to think that his petition had given entire fatisfaction : That in order to fhew far- ther his deference, he had advifed Sharpe to abftain from preaching, till he had juflified his conduce to the king; an advice which, coming from his fupe- rior, was equivalent to a command, and had accord- ingly met with the proper obedience : That he had thus, in his apprehenfion, conformed himfelf to his majefty's pleafure ; but if he fhould ftill be found wanting to his duty in any particular, he was now willing to crave pardon, and to make reparation. All this fubmifiion, both in Sharpe and the prelate, had no effect : It was determined to have an exam- pie : Orders were accordingly lent to the commif- Sentence fioners to proceed: And by a majority of votes the bfft»'"ifif bifhop, as well as the doctor, was fufpended. London. Almost the whole of this fhort reign confifts of attempts always imprudent, often illegal, fometimes both, againit whatever was moil loved and revered 3 by 25 6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, by the nation : Even fuch fchemes of the king's ds LXX ' might be laudable in themfelves, were lb difgraced 1686. by his intentions, that they ferve only to aggravate the charge againft him. James was become a great patron of toleration, and an enemy to all thofe per- fecutina laws which, from the influence of the church, had been enacted both againft the diiTenters and catholics. Not content with granting difpenfa- tions to particular perfons, he affumed a power of ifluing a declaration of general indulgence, and of Penal Jaws fufpending at once all the penal itatutes, by which fuijiended. a con f rmity was required to the eftablifhed religion. This was a ftrain of authority, it mull be conferred, quite inconfiftent with law and a limited conftitu- tion; yet was it fupported by many ftrong prece- dents in the hiftory of England. Even after the principles of liberty were become more prevalent, and began to be well underflood, the late king had, oftener than once, and without giving much um- brage, exerted this dangerous power: He had, in 1662, fufpended the execution of a law which re- gulated carriages: During the two Dutch wars, he had twice fufpended the act of navigation: And the commons, in 1666, being refolved, contrary to the king's judgment, to enact that iniquitous law againft the importation of Iriih cattle, found it neceifary, in order to obviate the exercife of this prerogative^ which they defired not at that time entirely to deny or abrogate, to call that importation a nuifance. Though the former authority of the fovereign was great in civil affairs, it was ftill greater in eccle- fiaftical; and the whole defpotic power of the popes was often believed, in virtue of -the fupremacy, to have devolved to the crown. The laft parliament of Charles I. by abolilhing the power of the king and convocation to frame canons without confent of par- liament, had fomewhat diminifhed the fuppofed ex- tent of the fupremacy j but ftill very confiderable re- mains JAMES IT. 257 mains of it, at leaft very important claims, were pre- c " X ^- P * ferved, and were occasionally made ufe of by the fo vereign. In 1662, Charles, pleading both the rights 1687 of his fupremacy and his fufpending power, had granted a general indulgence or toleration ; and in 1672 he renewed the fame edict: Though the re- monstrances of his parliament obliged him, on both occafions, to retract ; and in the lad infbnce, the triumph of law over prerogative was deemed very great and memorable. In general, we may remark, that where the exercife of the fufpending power was agreeable and ufeful, the power itfelf was little quef- tioned : Where the exercife was thought liable to exceptions, men not only oppofed it, but proceeded to deny altogether the legality of the prerogative, on which it was founded. James, more imprudent and arbitrary than his predecefTor, iflued his proclamation, fufpending all the penal laws in ecclefiaftical affairs ; and granting a general liberty of confeience to all his fubjects. He was not deterred by the reflection, both that this fcheme of indulgence was already blafted by two fruitlefs attempts -, and that in fuch a government as that of England, it was not fufficient that a prero- gative be approved of by fome lawyers and anti- quaries : If it was condemned by the general voice of the nation, and yet was {till exerted, the victory over national liberty was no lefs fignal than if ob- tained by the molt flagrant injuftice and ufurpation. Thefe two confiderations indeed would rather ferve to recommend this project to James j who deemed himfelf fuperior in vigour and activity to his bro- ther, and who probably thought that his people enjoyed no liberties, but by his royal conceflion and indulgence. In order to procure a better reception for his edict of toleration, the king, finding himfelf oppof- ed by the church, began to pay court to the diffent- ers; and he imagined that, by playing one party Vol. VIII. S againft 258 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C a A P. againft another, he mould eafily obtain the victory ^ - -' _t over both ; a refined policy which it much exceeded 1687. his capacity to condudt. His intentions were fo obvious, that it was impoffible for him ever to gain the fincere confidence and regard of the non-con- formifts. They knew that the genius of their reli- gion was diametrically oppofite to that of the catho- lics, the fole object of the king's affections. They were vfenfible, that both the violence of his temper, and the maxims of his religion, were repugnant to the principles of toleration. They had feen that, on his acceffion, as well as during his brother's reign, he had courted the church at their expence ; and it was not till his dangerous fchemes were re- jedted by the prelates, that he had recourfe to the non-conformifts. All his favours, therefore, muff, to every man of judgment among the fectaries, have appeared inlidious : Yet fuch was the pleafure reaped from prefent eafe, fuch the animofity of the diflenters againft the church, who had fo long fub- jected them to the rigours of perfecution, that they every where expreffed the moft entire duty to the king, and compliance with his meafures j and could not forbear rejoicing extremely in the prefent de- preflion of their adverfaries. But had the diffenters been ever fo much inclin- ed to fhut their eyes with regard to the king's inten- tions, the manner of conducting his , fcheme in Scotland was fufficient to difcover the fecret. The king firft applied to the Scottifh parliament, and ' defired an indulgence for the catholics alone, with- out comprehending the prefbyterians : But that affembly, though more difpofed than even the par- liament of England, to facrifice their civil liberties, refolved likewiie to adhere pertinacioufly to their reli- gion ; and they rejected for the firft time the king's application. James therefore found himfelf obli- ged to exert his prerogative -, and he now thought it prudent to intereft a party among his fubjects, be- fides JAMES II. fides the catholics, in fupporting this act of autho- rity. To the furpriie of the harafled and perfecuted prefbyterians, they heard the principles of tolera- 1687 tion every where extolled, and found that full per-- million was granted to attend conventicles ; an of- fence, which, even during this reign, had been de- clared no lefs than a capital enormity. The king's declaration, however, of indulgence contained claufes fufficient to deprefs their joy. As if popery were already predominant, he declared, u 6 hall, ' ho P s - HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. hall, was conveyed to the crowds without, was car* ried into the city, and was propagated with infinite 1688. joy throughout the kingdom. Ever fince Monmouth's rebellion, the king had, every fummer, encamped his army on Hounflow- heath, that he might both improve their difcipline, and by fo unufual a fpectacle overawe the mutinous people. A popifh chapel was openly erected in the midft of the camp, and great pains were taken, though in vain, to bring over the foldiers to that communion. The few converts, whom the priefts had made, were treated with fuch contempt and ignominy, as deterred every one from following the example. Even the Irifh officers, whom the king introduced into the army, ferved rather, from the averfion borne them, to weaken his intereft among them. It happened, that the very day on which the trial of the bifhops was finifhed, James had re- viewed the troops, and had retired into the tent of lord Feverfham, the general ; when he was furprifed to hear a great uproar in the camp, attended with the moft extravagant fymptoms of tumultuary joy. He fuddenly inquired the caufe, and was told by Feverfham, " It was nothing but the rejoicing of " the foldiers for the acquittal of the bifliops." cc Do you call that nothing?" replied he, " but fo ; vol. iv. p. 30. Of JAMES II. 279 of effecting his religious fchemes by oppofing the C T I ^ A T P * progrefs of France, he was not averfe to that mea- u i — v _ [_ , lure; and he gave his fon-in-law room to hope, 1688. that, by concurring with his views in England, he might prevail with him to fecond thole projects which the prince was fo ambitious of promoting. A more tempting offer could not be made to a Refufes to perfon of his enterprifing character : But the objec- ^"£^1 tions to that meafure, upon deliberation, appeared king. to him unfurmountable. The king, he obferved, had incurred the hatred of his own fubjects : Great apprehenfions were entertained of his defigns : The only refource which the nation faw, was in the fu- ture fuccefTion of the prince and princefs : Should he concur in thofe dreaded meafures, he would draw on himfelf ail the odium under which the king laboured : The nation might even refufe to bear the expence of alliances, which would in that cafe become fo fufpicious : And he might himfelf incur the danger of lofing a fucceffion which was awaiting him, and which the egregious indifcretion of the king feemed even to give him hopes of reaping, before it mould devolve to him by the courfe of nature. The prince, therefore, would go no far- ther than to promife his confent to the repeal of the penal ftatutes, by which the non-conformifts as well as catholics were expofcd to punifhment : The teft he deemed a fecurity abfolutely neceffary for the eftabiifhed religion. The king did not remain fatisfied with a finale trial. There was one Stuart, a Scotch lawyer, who had been banifhed for pretended treafonable prac- tices ; but who had afterwards obtained a pardon, and had been recalled. By the king's directions, Stuart wrote feveral letters to penfionary Fagel, with whom he had contracted an acquaintance in Holland ; and befides urging all the motives for an unlimited toleration, he de fired that his reafons T 4 fhould 3 t Sa HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c H A P. fhould, in the king's name, be communicated to BX _' the prince and princefs of Orange. Fagel during ,6?8. a long time made no reply; but finding that his filence v. as conflrued into an affent, he at laft ex- preiled his own fentiments and thofe of their High- neiTes. He faid, that it was their fixed opinion, that no man, merely becaufe he differed from the eftabl tllied faith, fhould ever, while he remained a peaceable fubject, be expofed to any punifhment or even vexation. That the prince and princefs gave heartily their confent for repealing legally all the penal ftatutes, as well thofe which had been enacted againft. the catholics as againft the proteftant non- conformifts ; and would concur with th^ king in any meafure for that purpofe. That the tell was not to be considered as a penalty indicted on the profeflors of any religion, but as a fecurity provided for the cfiabiiiTied worfhip. That it was no punifh- ment on men to be excluded from public offices, and to live peaceably on their own revenues or in- duflry. That even in the United Provinces, which were lb often cited as models of toleration, though all feels were admitted, yet civil orfices were en- joyed by the pi s of the eftabiifhed religion alone. 1 hat military commands, indeed, were fometimes bellowed on catholics ; but as they were conferred with great precaution, and frill lay under , the control of the .ate, they could give no juft reafon for umbrage. And that their High- iious of gratifying the king, and endeavouring, by every means, to render his reign pi and happy, coulel not agree to any meafure which would expofe their religion to fuch imminent danger. When this letter was publifhed, as it foon was, it infpired gi , ige into the proteftants of all nomiriations, and ierved to keep them united in their oppolition to the encroachments of the catholics. On JAMES II. 2 8r On the other hand, the kins, who was not content CHA v - with a (imple toleration of his own religion, but ^^^^^^j was refolved that it fhould enjoy great credit, if x (>n. not an abfolute fuperiority, was extremely difgutled, and took every occafion to exprefs his difpleafure, as well againft the prince of Orange as the United Provinces. He gave the Algerine pirates, who preyed on the Dutch, a reception in his harbours, and liberty to difpofe of their prizes. He revived fome complaints of the Eaft India company with regard to the affair of Bantam r . He required the fix Britiih regiments in the Dutch fervice to be lent over. He began to put his navy in a formida- ble condition. And from all his movements, the Hollanders entertained apprehenfions, that he fought only an occafion and pretence for making war upon them. The p:ince in his turn refolved to puQi affairs Refolvesto with more vigour, and to preferve all the Englifh °PP : ' fetlw proteftants in his interefts, as well as maintain them firm in their prefent union againft: the catholics. He knew that men of education in England were, many of them, retained in their religion more by honour than by principle s ; and that, though every one was afhamed to be the firft profelyte, yet if the example were once let by forne eminent perfons, interett would every day make confiderable con- verfions to a communion, which was fo zealoufly encouraged by the fovercign. Dykvelt therefore was fent over as envoy to England; and the prince gave him inftrudtions, befides publicly remonftrat- ing on the conducl of affairs both at home and abroad, to apply in his name, after a proper manner, to every fee!:!; and denomination. To the church party he fent affurances of favour and regard, and protefted, that his education in Holland had nowife T D'Avaux, 2ill of January 1637. s Burnet. prejudiced 282 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C i?xi Pi P re j u diced him againft epifcopal government. The i_ _, non-conformiib were exhorted not to be deceived i6ss. by the fallacious carefTes of a popilh court, but to wait patiently till, in the fullnefs of time, laws en- acted by protectants, ihould give them that tolera- tion which, with fo much realbn, they had long demanded. Dykvelt executed his commiflfion with fuch dexteritv, that all orders of men caft their eyes towards Holland, and expected thence a deliverance from thofe dangers with which their religion and liberty were fo nearly threatened. Is applied Many of the molt confiderable perfons, both in tobytiie church and fcate, made fecret applications to Dyk- velt, and through him to the prince of Orange. Admiral Herbert too, though a man of great ex- pence, and feemingly of little religion, had thrown up his employments, and had retired to the Hague, where he allured the prince of the difaffection of the feamen, by whom that admiral was extremely be- loved. Admiral Ruffel, coufm-german to the un- fortunate lord of that name, palled frequently be- tween England and Holland, and kept the com- munication open with all the great men of the pro- tectant pa r ty. Henry Sidney, brother to Algernon, and uncle to the earl of Sunderland, came over under pretence of drinking the waters at Spaw, and conveyed ftill ftronger aifurances of an univerfal combination againft the meafures of the king. Lord Dumblaine, ion of the earl of Danby, being mailer of a frigate, made feveral voyages to Holland, and carried from many of the nobility tenders of duty, and even confiderable fums of money £ , to the prince of Orange. There remained, however, fome reafons, which retained all parties in awe, and kept them from breaking out into immediate hoftility. The prince* 1 D'Avaux, ifth and 24th pf September, 8th and 15th of October, 1688. on JAMES II. 283 ©n the one hand, was afraid of hazarding, by vio- chap. lent meafures, an inheritance which the laws en- LXXI - ilired to the princefs; and the Englilh proteftancs, l68 g. on the other, from the profpect of her fucceflion, ftill entertained hopes of obtaining at lalt a peace- able and a fafe redrefs of all their grievances. But when a fon was born to the king, both the prince and the Engliih nation were reduced to defpair, and law no refource but in a confederacy for their mu- tual interefts. And thus the event, which James had fo long made the object of his moft ardent prayers, and from which he expected the firm efta- blifhment of his throne, proved the immediate caufe of his ruin and downfal. Zuylestein, who had been fent over to con- gratulate the king on the birth of his jfon, brought back to the prince invitation from moft of the great men in England, to aflift them, by his arms, in the recovery of their laws and liberties. The bifhop of London, the earls of Danby, Nottingham, De- vonfhire, Doric t, the duke of Norfolk, the lords Loveiace, Deiamere, Paulet, Eland, Mr. Hamb- den, Powle, Lfuer, besides many eminent citizens of London ■, ail thefe perlons, though of oppofite parties, concurred in Hieir applications to the prince. The whigs, fuitably to their ancient principles of Coalition liberty, which had led them to attempt the exclu- °* P 3rnes ' fion bill, eafily agreed to oppofe a king, whofe con- duct had juftified whatever his worft enemies had prognofticated concerning his fucceflion. The tories and the church party, finding their paft fervices forgotten, their rights invaded, their religion threat- ened, agreed to drop for the prefent allover-ftrained doctrines of fubmiffion, and attend to the great and powerful dictates of nature. The non- conform ifts, dreading the carefTes of known and inveterate ene- mies, deemed the offers of toleration more fecure from a prince, educated in thofe principles, and ac- cuftomed to that practice. And thus all faction was 284 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. ; p - was for a rime laid sfleep in England; and rival , ^'^^ parties, forgetting their animofity, had fecretly con- 1688. curred in a (ting their unhappy and mifguided fove'reign. The earl of Shrewsbury, who had red great popularity by deferring, at this time, 1 ion, in which he had been educated, left his regiment, mortgaged his eftate for pounds, and made a tender of his fword and purfe to the prince of Orange. Lord ""Wharton, notwithstanding his age and infirmities, had taken a journey for the* fa me purpofe. Lord Mordaunt was at the Hague, and p_u(hed on the en- terprife with that ardent and co us fpirit, for which he was i'o eminent. Even Sunderland, the king's favourite minifter, is believed to have en- tered into a correfpondence with the prince; and at the expence of his own honour and his matter's in- terefts, to have fecretly favoured a cauie, which, he forefaw, was likely foon to predominate". . The prince was eaiily engaged to yield to the ap- plications of the Englifh, and to embrace the de- fence of a nation, which, during its prefent fears and diflrefies, regarded him as its fele protector. The great object of his ambition was to be placed at the head of a confederal . and by his valour to avenge the injuries, which he himftlf, his country, and his allies, had fuftained from the haughty Le But while England remained under the prefent go- vernment, he defpaired of ever forming a league which would be able, with any probability of iuc- cefs, to make oppofition againft that powerful mo- narch. The ties of affinity could not be fuppofed to have great influence ever a perfon of the prince's rank and temper; much more as he knew, that they were at firft unwillingly contracted by the king, and had never fmce been cultivated by any eilential " D'Avaux was always of that opinion. Sec his negotiations 6th and 20th May, iStli, 27511 of September, i:d of November, 1688. On the whole, that opinion is tha ir.oit probable. favours JAMES IT. 285 favours or good offices. Or fhould any reproach c H .f x p - remain upon him for violating the duties of pri- ■% vate life; the glory of delivering opprelfed nations 16SS. would, he hoped, be able, in the eyes of rcafonable men, to make ample compenfation. He could not well expect, on the commencement of his enter- prife, that it would lead him to mount the throne of England: But he undoubted!-. iw, that its fuccefs would eftablifh his authority in that kingdom. And fo egregious was James's temerity, that there was no advantage, fo great or obvious, which that prince's indifcretion might not afford his enemies. The prince of Orange, throughout his whole life, was peculiarly happy in the fituations in which he was placed. He laved his own country fiom ruin, he reftored the liberties of thefe kingdoms, he fupport- ed the general independency of Europe. And thus, though his virtue, it is confefled, be not the pureffc which we meet with in hiftory, it will be difficult to find any perfon, whofe actions and conduct have contributed more eminently to the general interefh of fociety and of mankind. The time, when the prince entered on his enter- Prince's prife, was well chofen; as the people were then in P re P 3r ** the higheft ferment, on account of the infult whi the imprifonment and trial of the bifhops had pur. upon' the church, and indeed upon all the proteft- ants of the nation. His method of conducting his preparations was no lefs wife and politic. Under other pretences he had beforehand made consider- able augmentations to the Dutch navy; and the fhips were at that time lying in harbour. So additional troops were alio levied; and fums cf money, railed for other purpoles, were diverted by the prince to the ufe of this expedition. The States had given him their entire confidence; and partly from terror of the power of France, partly from dii- guft at fome reftraints laid on their commerce in that kingdom, were fenfibie how necefiary fuci in 286 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, in this enterprife was become to their domeftic hap- ^ X X . ' , pinefs and fecurity. Many of the neighbouring i688. princes regarded him as their guardian and protec- tor, and were guided by him in all their counfels. He held conferences with Caftanaga, governor of the Spanifh Netherlands, with the electors of Bran- denburgh and Saxony, with the landgrave of HefTe- Caflfel, and with the whole houfe of Lunenbourg. It was agreed, that thefe princes fhould replace the troops employed againft England, and fhould pro- tect the United Provinces during the abfence of the prince of Orange. Their forces were already on their march for that purpofe : A confiderable en- campment of the Dutch army was formed at Nime- guen : Every place was in movement; and though the roots of this confpiracy reached from one end of Europe to the other, fo fecret were the prince's counfels, and fo fortunate was the fituation of af- fairs, that he could ftill cover his preparations under other pretences j and little fufpicion was entertained of his real intentions. The king of France, menaced by the league of Augfbourg, had refolved to ftrike the firft blow againft the allies ; and having fought a quarrel with the emperor and the elector palatine, he had in- vaded Germany with a great army, and had laid fiege to Philiplbourg. The elector of Cologne, who was alio bifhop of Liege and Munfter, and whofe territories almoft entirely furrounded the United Provinces, had died about this time; and the candidates for that rich fucceflion were prince Clement of Bavaria, fupported by the houfe of Auftria, and the cardinal of Furftemberg, a prelate dependant on France. The pope, who favoured the allies, was able to throw the balance between the parties, and prince Clement was chofen; a cir- cumftance which contributed extremely to the fecu- rity of the States. But as the cardinal kept pofTef- fion of many of the fortreffes, and had applied to France CHAP. LXXI. 1688. differs of France to the king, JAMES II. 287 France for fuccour, the neighbouring territories were full of troops ; and by this means the prepa- rations of the Dutch and their allies feemed intend- ed merely for their own defence againft the different enterpriles of Lewis. All the artifices, however, of the prince could not entirely conceal his real intentions from the fa- gacity of the French court. D'Avaux, Lewis's en- voy at the Hague, had been able, by a comparifon of circumftances, to trace the purpofes of the pre- parations in Holland; and he inftantly informed his mafter of this difcovery. Lewis conveyed the in- telligence to James; and accompanied the inform- ation with an important offer. He was willing to join a fquadron of French mips to the Englifh fleet; and to fend over any number of troops, which James mould judge requifite for his fecurity. When this propofal was rejected, he again offered to raife the fiege of Philipfbourg, to march his army into the Netherlands, and by the terror of his arms to detain the Dutch forces in their own country. This propofal met with no better reception. James was not, as yet, entirely convinced, that rejtaed. his fon-in-law intended an invafion upon England. Fully perfuaded, himfelf, of the facrednefs of his own authority, he fancied that a like belief had made deep impreffion on his lubjecls ; and notwith- ftanding the ftrong fymptoms of difcontent which broke out every where, fuch an univerfal combina- tion in rebellion appeared to him no- wife credible. His army, in which he trufted, and which he had confiderably augmented, would eafily be able, he thought, to repel foreign force, and to fupprefs any fedition among the populace. A fmall number of French troops, joined to thefe, might tend only to breed difcontent ; and afford them a pretence for mutinying againft foreigners, fo much feared and hated by the nation. A great body of might indeed fee u re him both againft a auxiliaries invafioa from 2 8S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c H A P. from Holland, and again ft the rebellion of his own LXXL fubje&Sj but would be able afterwards to reduce ,688. him to dependance, and render his authority en- tirely precarious. Even the F: afionofthe Low Countries might be attended with dangerous confequences; and would fuffice, in thefe jealous times, to revive the old fufpicion of a combination againft Holland, and againft the proteftant religion; a fufpicion, which had already produced fuch dis- contents in England. Thefe were the views fug- gefted by Sunderland ; and it mnft be confefled, that the reafpns on which they were founded, were ficiently plaufifele; as indeed the utuation, to which the king had reduced himfelf, was, to the lall degree, delicate and perplexing. Still Lewis was unwilling to abandon a fiend and ally, whofe interefts he regarded as clofely con- nected with his own. By the fuggeftion of Skeiton, the king's minifter at Paris, orders were lent to D'Avaux to remonftrate with the States, in Lewis's name, inft thofe preparations which they were making to invade England. The (trier, amity, laid the French minifter, which fubfifts between the two monarchs will make Lewis regard every attempt againft his ally as an act of hoftility againft himfelf. This remohftrance had a bad effect, and put the ,:es in a flame. What is this alliance, they afked, between France and England, which has been fo efully concealed from us ? Is it of the fame nature with the former; meant for our destruction, and for extirpation of the proteftant religion ? If fo, it is high time for us to provide for our own defence, and to anticipate thofe projects which aie forming againft us. Even James was difpleafed with this officioufc ftep taken by Lewis for his fervice. Fie was not re- duced, he laid, to the condition of the cardinal of F'urftemberg, and obliged to feek the protection of .France. Fie recalled Skeiton, and threw him into the JAMES IL 289 the Tower for his rafh conduct. He folemnly dif- c " ^ p * avowed D'Avaux's memorial; and protefted, that u . ' f no alliance fubfifted between him and Lewis, but 1688. ■what was public and known to all the world. The States, however, ftill affected to appear incredulous on that head x ; and the Englifh, prepoiTeiTed againft their fovereign, firmly believed that he had con- certed a project with Lewis for their entire fubjec- tion. Portl mouth, it was faid, was to be put into the hands of that ambitious monarch ; England was to be filled with French and Irilh troops : And every man, who refilled to embrace the Romifh fuperfti- tion, was by thefe bigoted princes devoted to cer- tain deftruction. These fuggeftions were everywhere fpread abroad, and tended to augment the difcontents, of which both the fleet and army, as well as the people, be- trayed every day the moil evident fymptoms. The fleet had begun to mutiny ; becaufe Stricland, the admiral, a Roman catholic, introduced the mafs aboard his fhip, and difmified the proteftant chap- lain. It was with fome difficulty the feamen could be appeafed ; and they ftill perfifted in declaring, that they would not fight againft the Dutch, whom they called friends and brethren, but would will- ingly give battle to the French, whom they re- garded as national enemies. The king had intend- ed to augment his army with Irifh recruits, and he refolved to try the experiment on the regiment of the duke of Berwic, his natural fon : But Beaumont, the lieutenant-colonel, refufed to admit them ; and to this oppofition five captains fteadily adhered. They were all cafhiered j and had not the difcon- x That there really was no new alliance formed betwixt France and England appears both from Sunderland's apology, and from D'Avaux's negotiations, lately published : See vol. iv. p. 18. Eng. tranflations, 17th of September 16S7, 16th of March, 6th of May, 10th of Auguft, ad, 23d, and 24th of September, 5th and 7th of October, nth of November, 1688. Vol. VIII. U tents a 9 o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, tents of the army on this occafion become very ap- ,_ ' '., '_j parent, it was refolved to have punifhed thofe offi- i68». cers for mutiny. The king made a trial of the difpofitions of his army, in a manner ftill more undifguifed. Finding oppofition from all the civil and ecclefiaftical orders of the kingdom, he refolved to appeal to the mili- tary, who, if unanimous, were able alone to ferve all his purpofes, and to enforce univerfal obedience. His intention was to engage all the regiments, one after another, to give their confent to the repeal of the teft and penal ftatutes ; and accordingly, the major of Litchfield's drew out the battalion before the king, and told them, that they were required either to enter into his majefty's views in thefe par- ticulars, or to lay down their arms. James was lur- prifed to find that, two captains and a few popifh foldiers excepted, the whole battalion immediately embraced the latter part of the alternative. For fome time he remained fpeechlefs; but having recovered from his aftonifhment, he commanded them to take up their arms; adding, with a fullen difcontented air, " That, for the future, he would not do them 11 the honour to apply for their approbation." While the king was difmayed with thefe fymp- toms of general difaffection, he received a letter from 23d Sept. the marquis of Albeville, his minifter at the Hague, which informed him with certainty, that he was foon to look for a powerful invafion from Holland, and that penfionary Fagel had at length acknow- ledged, that the fcope of all the Dutch naval pre- parations was to tranfport forces into England. Though James could reafonably expect no other in- telligence, he was aftonifhed at the news : He grew pale, and the letter dropped from his hand : His eyes were now opened, and he found himfelf on the brink of a frightful precipice, which his de- lufions had hitherto concealed from him. His mi- nilters and counfellorsj equally aftonifhed, faw no refource JAMES II.- 291 refource but in a fudden and precipitate retraction C n a p. of all thofe fatal meafures by which he had created LXXI ^ to himfelf fo many enemies, foreign and domeftic. 1688. He paid court to the Dutch, and offered to enter into any alliance with them for common fecurity : He replaced in all the counties the deputy-lieute- The king: nants and juftices, who had been deprived of their ^ium.' 5 commiffions for their adherence to the teft and the penal laws : He reftored the charters of London, and of all the corporations: He annulled the court of ecclefiaftical commiffion : He took off the bifhop of London's fufpenfion: He reinftated the expelled prefident and fellows of Magdalen college: And he was even reduced to carefs thofe bifhops whom he had fo lately profecuted and infulted. All thefe meafures were regarded as fymptoms of fear, not of repentance. The bifhops, inftead of promifing fuc- cour, or fuggefting comfort, recapitulated to him all the inftances of his mal adminiftration, and ad- vifed him thenceforwards to follow more falutary couniel. And as intelligence arrived of a great dilafter which had befallen the Dutch fleet, it is commonly believed, that the king recalled, for fome time, the concefiions which he had made to Magdalen college : A bad fign of his fincerity in his other concefiions. Nay, fo prevalent were his unfortunate prepolTeffions, that, amidft all his pre- \ fent difbreires, he could not fo. bear, at the baptifm of the young prince, appointing the pope to be one of the god fathers. The report, that a fuppofititious child was to be impofed on the nation, had been widely fpread, and greedily received, before the birth of the prince of Wales: But the king, who, without feeming to take notice of the matter, might eafily have quafhed that ridiculous rumour, had, from an ill-timed haughtinefs, totally neglected it. He difdained, he faid, to fatisfy thofe who could deem him capable of fo bafe and villanous an action. Finding that U 2 the tion 292 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, the calumny gained ground, and had made deep L '_* '__ '_, irnprefTJon on his fubjects, he was now obliged to i588. fubmit to the mortifying talk of afcertaining the realitv of the birth. Though no particular atten- tion had been beforehand given to enfure proof, the evidence, both of the queen's pregnancy and deli- very, was rendered indifputable ; and fo much the more, as no argument or proof of any importance, nothing but popular rumour and furmife, could be thrown into the oppofite fcale. Prince's Meanwhile, the prince of Orange's declaration was difperfed over the kingdom, and met with uni- verfal approbation. All the grievances of the na- tion were there enumerated : The difpenfing and iufpending power ; the court of ecclefiaftical com- miffion ; the filling of all offices with catholics, and the railing of a Jefuit to be privy-counfellor ; the open encouragement given to popery, by building every where churches, colleges, and feminaries, for that feet ; the dilplacing of judges, if they refufed to give fentence according to orders received from court ; the annulling of the charters of all the cor- porations, and the fubjecling of elections to arbi- trary will and pleafure ; the treating of petitions, even the moft modeft, and from perfons of the higheft rank, as criminal and feditious ; the com- mitting of the whole authority of Ireland, civil and military, into the hands of papifts -, the afiuming of an abfolute power over the religion and laws of Scotland, and openly exacting in that kingdom an obedience without referve ; and the violent preemp- tions againft the legitimacy of the prince of Wales. In order to redrefs all thefe grievances, the prince laid that he intended to come over to England with an armed force, which might prote£t him from the king'o evil counfellors : And that his ible aim was to have a legal and free parliament afTembled, who might provide for the fafety and liberty of the na- tion, as well as examine the proofs of the prince of Wales's J A M E S II. Wales's legitimacy. No one, he added, could en- tertain fuch hard thoughts of him as to imagine, that he had formed any other defign than to procure i68*. the full and lading fettlement of religion, liberty, and property. The force which he meant to bring with him was totally difproportioned to any views of conqueft; and it were abfurd to fufpect, that fo many perfons of high rank, both in church and ftate, would have given him fo many lblemn invi- tations for fuch a pernicious purpofe. Though the Englifh minifters, terrified with his enterprife, had pretended to redrefs fome of the grievances com- plained of j there ftill remained the foundation of all grievances, that upon which they could in an inftant be again erected, an arbitrary and defpotic power in the crown. And for this usurpation there was no poflible remedy, but by a full declaration of all the rights of the fubjeci: in a free parlia- ment. So well concerted were the prince's meafures, that, in three days, above four hundred tranfports were hired ; the army quickly fell down the rivers and canals from Nimeguen ; the artillery, arms, ftores, and horfes, were embarked j and the prince 21ft of fet fail from Helvoet- Sluice, with a fleet of near five oa ° ber « hundred verTels, and an army of above fourteen thoufand men. He firft encountered a itorm, which drove him back : But his lofs being foon repaired, the fleet put to fea under the command of admiral Herbert, and made fail with a fair wind towards the weft of England. The fame wind de- tained the king's fleet in their ftation near Harwich, and enabled the Dutch to pafs the ftreights of Dover without oppofition. Both fhores were covered with multitudes of people, who, befides admiring the grandeur of the fpe£lacle, were held in anxious fuf- penfe by the profpect of an enterprife, the molt im- portant, which, during fome ages, had been un- dertaken in Europe. The prince had a profperous U 3 voyage, 294 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, voyage, and landed his army fafely in Torbay on i_ '_ v _ '_j the fifth of November, the anniverfary of the gun- i688. powder- treafon. "The Dutch army marched firft to Exeter ; and the prince's declaration was there publifhed. That whole county was fo terrified with the executions which had enfued upon Monmouth's rebellion, that no one for feveral days joined the prince. The bifhop of Exeter in a fright fled to London, and carried to court intelligence of the invafion. As a reward of his zeal, he received the archbifhopric of York, which had long been kept vacant, with an intention, as was univerfally believed, of beftowing it on fome catholic. The firft perfon who joined the prince was major Burrington -, and he was quick- ly followed by the gentry of the counties of Devon and Somerfet. Sir Edward Seymour made propo- fals for an afTociation, which every one figned. By degrees, the earl of Abingdon, Mr. RuiTel, fon of the earl of Bedford, Mr. Wharton, Godfrey, Howe, General came to Exeter. All England was. in commotion. Lord Delamere took arms in Cheihire, the earl of Danby feized York, the earl of Bath, governor of Plymouth, declared for the prince, the earl of De- vonfhire made a like declaration in Derby. The nobility and gentry of Nottinghamfhire embraced the fame caufe; and every day there appeared fome effect of that univerfal combination into which the nation had entered againft the meafures of the king. Even thofe who took not the field againft him, were able to embarrafs and confound his counfels. A petition for a free parliament was figned by twenty- four bifhops and peers of the greateft dif- tinflion, and was prefented to the king. No one thought of oppofing or refilling the invader. But the molt dangerous fymptom was the dif- affection which from the general fpiritofthe nation, not from any particular reafon, had creeped into the army. The officers feemed all difpofed to pre- fer commo tion. JAMES II. 295 fer the interefts of their country and of their religion c Ji£ r p * to thofe principles of honour and fidelity, which are -, -*_, commonly efteemed the moft facred ties by men of 1688. that profeflion. Lord Colchefter, fon of' the earl ® e ^ [on of Rivers, was the fir ft officer that deferted to the army> prince; and he was attended by a few of his troops. Lord Lovelace made a like effort; but was inter- cepted by the militia under the duke of Beaufort, and taken prifoner. Lord Cornbury, fon of the earl of Clarendon, was more fuccefbful : He attempted to carry over three regiments of cavalry j and he actually brought a confiderable part of them to the prince's quarters. Several officers of diftinction in- formed Feverfham, the general, that they could not in confcience fight againlt the prince of Orange. Lord Churchill had been railed from the rank of a page, had been inverted with a high command in the army, had been created a peer, and had owed his whole fortune to the king's favour : Yet even he could refolve, during the prefent extremity, to de- fert his unhappy mailer, who had ever repofed en- tire confidence in him. He carried with him the duke of Grafton, natural fon of the late king, co- lonel Berkeley, and fome troops of dragoons. This conduct was a fignal facrifice to public virtue of every duty in private life; and required, ever after, the moft upright, difinterefted, and public-fpirited behaviour, to render it juftjfiable. The king had arrived at Salifbury, the head- quarters of his army, when he received this fatal intelligence. That prince, though a fevere enemy, had ever appeared a warm, fteady, and fincere friend ; and he was extremely fhocked with this, as with many other inftances of ingratitude, to which he was now expofed. There remained none in whom he could confide. As the whole army had difcovered fymptoms of difcontent, he concluded it full of treachery ; and being deferted by thofe whom he had moft favoured and obliged, he no longer ex- U 4 peeled 296 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, peeled that others would hazard their lives in his ._ __ _ V. fervice. During this diftraction and perplexity, he i6ss. embraced a fudden refolution of drawing off his 25th of army, and retiring towards London : A meafure which could only ferve to betray his fears, and pro- voke farther treachery. But Churchill had prepared a flill more mortal blow for his diftrefled benefactor. His lady and he had an entire afcendant over the family of prince George of Denmark ; and the time now appeared feafonable for overwhelming the unhappy king, who was already daggering with the violent fhocks which he had received. Andover was the firft ftage of and of James's retreat towards London j and there prince George, George, together with the young duke of Ormond*, fir George Huet, and fome other perfons of dif- tinttion, deferted him in the night-time, and retired and of the to the prince's camp. No fooner had this news Ani" fs reached London, than the princefs Anne, pretend- ing fear of the king's difpleafure, withdrew herfelf in company with the biihop of London and lady Churchill. She fled to Nottingham; where the earl of Dorfet received her wjth great refpecT:, and the gentry of the county quickly formed a troop for her protection. The late king, in order to gratify the nation, had entrusted the education of his nieces entirely to pro- tectants ; and as thefe princefies were deemed the chief refource of the eftablifhed religion after their father's defection, great care had been taken to inftil into them, from their earlieft infancy, the (trongeft prejudices againft popery. During the violence too of fuch popular currents, as now prevailed in England, all private confiderations are commonly loft in the general paflion j and the more principle any perfon poffeiTes, the more apt is hej, » His grandfather, the firft duke of Ormond, had died this year, on the jilt of July. on JAMES II. 297 on fuch occasions, to neglect and abandon his do- chap. ■ t-/ T V "V"f meftic duties. Though thefe caufes may account , '_j for the behaviour of the princefs, they had nowife icn. prepared the king to expect fo aftonifhing an event. He burn: into tears, when the firft intelligence of it King's was conveyed to him. Undoubtedly he forefaw in c . onftern: »- this incident the total expiration of his royal autho- rity: But the nearer and more intimate concern of a parent laid hold of his heart; when he found himfelf abandoned in his uttermoft diftrefs by a child, and a virtuous child, whom he had ever re- garded with the mod tender affection. " God help " me," cried he, in the extremity of his agony, " my own children have forfaken me!" It is indeed lingular, that a prince whofe chief blame confifted in imprudences, and mifguided principles, mould be expofed, from religious antipathy, to fuch treat- ment as even Nero, Domitian, or the mod enor- mous tyrants that have difgraced the records of hiftory, never met with from their friends and family. So violent were the prejudices which at this time prevailed, that this unhappy father, who had been deferted by his favourite child, was believed, upon her difappearing, to have put her to death: And it was fortunate, that the truth was timely difcovered; otherwife the populace, even the king's guards themfelves, might have been engaged, in revenge, to commence a maflacre of the priefts and ca- tholics. The king's fortune now expofed him to the con- tempt of his enemies; and his behaviour was not fuch as could gain him the efteem of his friends and adherents. Unable to refill the torrent, he preferved not prefence of mind in yielding to it; but feemed in this emergence as much deprefled with adverfity, as he had before been vainly elated by profperity. He called a council of all the peers and prelates who were in London; and followed their 298 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, their advice in ifiuing writs for a new parliament, \ LX - Xl ^i ar, d in fending Halifax, Nottingham, and Godol- 1688. phin, as commiffioners to treat with the prince of Orange. But thefe were the laft acts of royal au- thority which he exerted. He even hearkened to imprudent counfel, by which he was prompted to delert the throne, and to gratify his enemies be- yond what their fondefl hopes could have promifed them. The queen obferving the fury of the people, and knowing how much fhe was the object of general hatred, was ftruck with the deepeft terror, and be- gan to apprehend a parliamentary impeachment, from which, fhe was told, the queens of England were not exempted. The popifh courtiers, and above all, the priefts, were aware, that they ihould be the firft facrifice, and that their perpetual banifh- ment was the fmalleft penalty which they muft ex- pect from national refentment. They were, there- fore, defirous of carrying the king along with them j whofe prefence, they knew, would Hill be fome re- fource and protection to them in foreign countries, and whofe reftoration, if it ever happened, would again reinftate them in power and authority. The general defection of the proteflants made the king regard the catholics as his only fubjects, on whole counfel he could rely; and the fatal cataftrophe of his father afforded them a plaufible reafon for mak- ing him apprehend a like fate. The great differ- ence of circumftances was not, during men's pre- fent diftractions, fufficiently weighed. Even after the people were inflamed by a long civil war, the execution of Charles I. could not be deemed a na- tional deed: It was perpetrated by a fanatical army, pufhed on by a daring and enthufiaftical leader; and the whole kingdom had ever entertained, and did ftill entertain, a violent abhorrence againft that enormity. The fituation of public affairs, there- fore, no more refembled what it was forty years be- fore, JAMES II. 299 fore, than the prince of Orange, either in birth, chap. character, fortune, or connexions, could be fup- t ^ '^ pofed a parallel to Cromvvel. 1688. The emiflaries of France, and among the reft, Barillon, the French ambafiador, were bufy about the king ; and they had entertained a very falfe no- tion, which they inftilled into him, that nothing would more certainly retard the public fettlement, and beget univerfal confnfion, than his deferting the kingdom. The prince of Orange had with good reafon embraced a contrary opinion ; and he deemed it extremely difficult to find expedients for fecuring the nation, fo long as the king kept pofTef- fion of the crown. Actuated, therefore, by this public motive, and no lefs, we may well prefume, by private ambition, he was determined to ufe every expedient which might intimidate the king, and make him quit that throne which he himfelf was alone enabled to fill. He declined a perfonal conference with James's commiftioners, and fent the earls of Clarendon and Oxford to treat with them: The terms which he propofed, implied, al- moft a prefent participation of the fovereignty : And he flopped not a moment the march of his army towards London. The news which the king received from all "* quarters, ferved to continue the panic into which he was fallen, and which his enemies expected to im- prove to their advantage. Colonel Copel, deputy governor of Hull, made himfelf mafter of that im- portant fortrefs ; and threw into prilbn lord Lang- dale, the governor, a catholic j together with lord Montgomery, a nobleman of the fame religion. The town of Newcaftle received lord Lumley, and declared for the prince of Orange and a free par- liament. The duke of Norfolk, lord lieutenant of the county of that name, engaged it in the fame meafure. The prince's declaration was read at Ox- ford 3 oo HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, ford by the duke of Ormond, and was received the kingdom. 16S8. He lingered, however, forrie days at Rochefter, under the protection of a Dutch guard, and feemed defirous of an invitation Mill to keep polTefllon of the throne. He was undoubtedly fenfible, thatj as he had at firft trufted too much to his people's loyalty, and, in confidence of their fubmifTion, had offered the greateft violence to their principles and prejudices ; Jo had he, at laft, on finding his difap- pointment, gone too far in the other extreme, and had haftily fuppoled them deftitute of all fcrife of duty or allegiance. But obferving that the churchy the nobility, the city, the country, all concurred in neglecting him, and leaving him to his own coun- fels, he ilibmitted to his melancholy fate ; and be- ing urged by earned letters from the queen, he privately embarked on board a frigate which waited Second for him ; and he arrived fafely at Ambleteufe in el'cape. Picardy, whence he flattened to St. Gerrilains. Lewis *3 dDe *« received him with the higheft generofity, fympathy, arid regard ; a conduct which, more than his molt fignal victories, Contributes to the honour of that great monarch. Thus ended the reign of a prince, whom, if we King's confider his perfonal character rather than his public charafter. conduct, we may fafely pronounce more unfortu- nate than criminal. He had many of thofe quali- ties which form a good citizen i Even Jbme of thofe which, had they not been lwallowed up in bigotry and arbitrary principles, ierve to compofe a good ibvereign. In domeftic life his Conduct was irre- proachable, and is entitled to our approbation. Se- vere, but open in his enmities, fteady in his coun- fels, diligent in his fchemes, brave in his enterprifes, faithful, fincere, and honourable in his dealings with all men : Such was the character with which the Vol. VIII. X duke 3 c6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, duke of York mounted the throne of England. In ^* * L , that high Station, his frugality of public money was j6S*. remarkable, his industry exemplary, his application to naval affairs fuccefsful, his encouragement of trade judicious, his jealoufy of national honour laudable : What then was wanting to make him an excellent lbvereign ? A due regard and affection to the religion and constitution of his country. Had he been poffefied of this effential quality, even his middling talents, aided by fo many virtues, would have rendered his reign honourable and happy. When it was wanting, every excellency, which he pofleffed, became dangerous and pernicious to his kingdoms. The fincerity of this prince (a virtue on which he highly valued himfelf) has been much queftioned in thole reiterated promifes which he had made of pre- serving the liberties and religion of the nation. It mull be conferred, that his reign was almoft one continued invafion of both ; yet it is known, that, to his laft breath, he perfiited in aSTerting, that he never meant to Subvert the laws, or procure more than a toleration and an equality of privileges to his catholic Subjects. This question can only affecT: the perfonal character of the king, not our judgment of his public conduct. Though by a Stretch of can- dour we mould admit of his fincerity in thefe pro- fessions, the people were equally justifiable in their refiftance of him. So lofty was the idea which he had entertained of his legal authority, that it left his Subjects little or no right to liberty, but what was dependent on his Sovereign will and pleafure. And Such was his zeal for profelytifm, that whatever he might at firit have intended, he plainly Stopped not at toleration and equality : He confined all power, encouragement, and favour, to the catholics : Con- verts from intereft would foon have multiplied upon him : If not the greater, at leaft the better' part of the people, he would have flattered himfelf, was brought JAMES II. brought over to his religion : And he would in a little time have thought it jufr, as well as pious, to beftow on them all the public eftablifhments. Ri- 1 ei%. gours and perfections againft heretics would fpeedily have followed ; and thus liberty and the proteftant religion would in the iffue have been totally fub- verted ; though we mould, not fuppofe that James, in the commencement of his reign, had formally fixed a plan for that purpofe. And, on the whole, allowing this king to have porTefTed good qualities and good intentions, his conduct ferves onJy, on that very account, as a ftronger proof, how dan- gerous it is to allow any prince, infected with the catholic fu perdition, to wear the crown of thefe kingdoms. After this manner, the courage and abilities of the prince of Orange, feconded by furprifing for- tune, had effected the deliverance of this ifland; and with very little effufion of blood (for only one officer of the Dutch army and a few private foldiers fell in an accidental fkirmifh) had dethroned a great prince, fupported by a formidable fleet and a nu- merous army. Still the more difficult tafk remained, and what perhaps the prince regarded as not the leaft important : The obtaining for himfelf that crown, which had fallen from the head of his father- in-law. Some lawyers, entangled in the fubtilties and forms of their profeflion, could think of no ex- pedient, but that the prince fhould claim the crown by right of conqueft ; fhould immediately afiume the title of fovereign ; and fhould call a parliament, which, being thus legally fummoned by a king in pofTeffion, could ratify whatever had been tranfacted before they aflembled. But this mea- fure, being deftructive of the principles of liberty, the only principles on which his future throne could be eftabliflied, was prudently rejected by the prince, who, finding himfelf pofTeiTed of the good- will of the nation, relblved to leave them entirely to X 2 fheir 3 c8 CHAP. LXXI. 1688. Conven- t'-on fum- raoned. *&<). HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. their own guidance and direction. The peers and bifhops, to the number of near ninety, made an addrefs, defiring him to fummon a convention by circular letters ; to affume, in the mean time, the management of public affairs ; and to concert mea- sures for the fecurity of Ireland. At the fame time, they refufed reading a letter, which the king had left, in order to apologize for his late defertion, by the violence which had been put upon him. This Step was a Sufficient indication of their intentions with regard to that unhappy monarch. The prince feemed ftill unwilling to aft upon an authority, which might be deemed fo imperfect : He was defirous of obtaining a more exprefs decla- ration of the public confent. A judicious expe- dient was fallen on for that purpofe. All the mem- bers, who had fitten in the houfe of commons dur- ing any parliament of Charles II. (the only parlia- ments whofe election was regarded as free) were invited to meet ; and to them were added the mayor, aldermen, and fifty of the common council. This was regarded as the mod proper reprefentative of the people that could be Summoned during the pre- fent emergence. They unanimoully voted the fame addrefs with the lords •. And the prince, being thus fupported by all the legal authority which could poffibly be obtained in this critical juncture, wrote circular letters to the counties and corporations of England ; and his orders were univerfally complied with. A profound tranquillity prevailed throughout the kingdom ; and the prince's adminiftration was Submitted to, as if he had fucceeded in the moft regular manner to the vacant throne. The fleet received his orders : The army, without murmur or oppofition, allowed him to new- model them : And the city fupplied him with a loan of two hundred thoufand pounds. The conduct of the prince, with regard to Scot- land, was founded on the Same prudent and mode- rate JAMES II. 309 rate maxims. Finding that there were many c ] ^ c £ 1 i '° Scotchmen of rank at that time in London, he L _*_^ fummoned them together, laid before them his in- 1689. tendons, and afked their advice in the prefent 7 th J an - _,, . „ , , - n . r 1 • settlement emergency. This aflembly, coniiiting or thirty fScot- noblemen and about fourfcore gentlemen, chofe la "d. duke Hamilton prefident ; a man who, being of a temporifing character, was determined to pay court to the prefent authority. His eldeft fon, the earl of i\rran, profefTed an adherence to king James; a ufual policy in Scotland, where the father and fon, during civil commotions, were often obferved to take oppofite fides, in order to lecure, in all events, the family from attainder. Arran propofed to in- vite back the king upon conditions ; but as he was vehemently oppofed in this motion by fir Patric Hume, and feconded by nobody, the aflembly made an offer to the prince of the prefent adminiflration, which he willingly accepted. To anticipate a little in our narration ; a convention, by circular letters from the prince, was fummoned at Edinburgh on the twenty-fecond of March ; where it was foon vi- fible, that the intereft of the malcontents would en- tirely prevail. The more zealous royalifts, regard- ing this aflembly as illegal, had forborne to appear at elections ; and the other party were returned for mod places. The revolution was not, in Scotland as in England, effected by a coalition of whig and tory : The former party alone had overpowered the government, and were too much enraged by the paft injuries which they had fuffered, to admit of any compofition with their former mafters. As foon as the purpofeof the convention was difcovered, the earl of Balcarras and vifcount Dundee, leaders of the tories, withdrew from Edinburgh ; and the con- vention having pafled a bold and decifive vote, that king James, by his mal-adminiftration and his abufe q( power, had forfeited all title to the crown, they X 3 made. 1689. sad Jan. Englifh conventi- on meets. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. made a tender of the royal dignity' to the prince and princefs of Orange. The Englifh convention was aflembled ; and it immediately appeared, that the houfe of commons, both from the prevailing humour of the people, and from the influence of prefent authority, were moftly chofen from among the whig party. After thanks were unanimously given by both houfes to the prince of Orange, for the deliverance which he had brought them, a lefs decifive vote than that of the Scottifh convention was in a few days pafled by a great majority of the commons, and fent up to the r peers for their concurrence. It was contained in thefe words : tc That king James II. having endea- .. that the receipts of the Exchequer, during fix years, From 1673 to 1679, were about ergnt millions two hurdsed thou land pounds, or one million three hundred fixty-iix thouiand pounds a-year. See likewife, p. 169. moft JAMES II. 325 snoft prudent adminiftration. Thofe branches of c r H ,^ r F - revenue, granted in 1669 and 1670, expired in , '_ ?. ^ 1680, and were never renewed by parliament: 1685. They were computed to be above two hundred thoufand pounds a-year. It mull be allowed, be- caufe afferted by all cotemporary authors of both parties, and even confe(Ted by himfelf, that king Charles was fomewhat profufe and negligent. But it is l'.kewife certain, that a very rigid frugality was requifite to iupport the government under fuch dif- ficulties. It is a familiar rule in all bufinefs, that every man fhould be payed in proportion to the truft repofed in him, and to the power which he enjoys ; and the nation foon found reafon, from Charles's dangerous connexions with France, to re- pent their departure from that prudential maxim. Indeed, could the parliaments in the reign of Charles I. have been induced to relinquifh lb far their old habits, as to grant that prince the fame revenue which was voted to his fucceflbr, or had thofe in the reign of Charles II. conferred on him as large a revenue as was enjoyed by his brother, all the diforders in both reigns might eafily have betn prevented, and probably all reafonable con- ceffions to liberty might peaceably have been ob- tained from both monarchs. But thele afTembiies, unacquainted with public bufinefs, and often actu- ated by faction and fanaticifm, could never be made fenfible, but too late and by fatal experience, of the incelTant change of times and fituations. The French ambalTador informs his court, that Charles was very well fatisfied with his (hare ot power, could the parliament have been induced to make him to- lerably eafy in his revenue b . If we eftimate the ordinary revenue of Charles II. at one million two hundred thou land pounds a-year during his whole reign, the whole computation will rather exceed than fall below the true value. The *> Dairymple's Appendix, p. 14.2. Y 3 convention 326 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. chap, convention parliament, after all the fums which they ^^l^j had granted the king towards the payment of old 1689. debts, threw, the laft day of their meeting, a debt upon him amounting to one million feven hundred forty-three thoufand two hundred fixty-three pounds c . All the extraordinary fums which were afterwards voted him by parliament, amounted to eleven millions four hundred forty- three thoufand four hundred and kven pounds ; which, divided by twenty-four, the number of years which that king -reigned, make four hundred feventy-fix thoufand v eight hundred and eight pounds a-year. During that time, he had two violent wars to fuftain with the Dutch ; and in 1678, he made expenfive prepa- rations for a war with France. In the firft Dutch war, both France and Denmark were allies to the United Provinces, and the naval armaments in Eng- land were very great : So that it is impoffible he could have fecreted any part, at leaft any consider- able part, of the fums which were then voted him by parliament. To thefe fums we mud add about one mil- lion two hundred thoufand pounds, which had been detained from the bankers on fh utting up the Ex- chequer in 1672. The king payed fix per cent, for this money during the reft of his reign d . It is remarkable, that notwithstanding this violent breach of faith, the king, two years after, borrowed money at eight per cent. ; the fame rate of intereft which he had payed before that event 6 . A proof that public credit, inilead of being of fo delicate a na- ture as we are apt to imagine, is, in reality, ib hardy and robuft, that it is very difficult to deflroy it. The revenue of James was raifed by the parlia- ment to about one million eight hundred and fifty thoufand pounds f j and his income, as duke of York, being added, made the whole amount to two mil- c Journals, 29th of December 1660. d Danby's Memoirs, p. 7. e Id. p. 65. f Journ. lit of March j 689. lions JAMES II. 3 2 7 lions a-ycar ; a fum well proportioned to the public c H _A P. nccellities, but enjoyed by him in too independent LXX; a manner. The national debt at the revolution 1689. amounted to one million fifty-four thoufand nine hundred twenty- five pounds g . The militia fell much to decay during theft two reigns, partly by the policy of the kings, who had entertained a diffidence of their fubjecls, partly by that ill-judged law which limited the king's power of muttering and arraying them. In the beginning, however, of Charles's reign, the militia was (till deemed formidable. De Wit having propofed to the French king an invafion of England during the firft Dutch war, that monarch replied, that fuch an attempt would be entirely fruidefs, and would tend only to unite the Engiifh. In a few days, faid he, after our landing, there will be fifty thoufand men at lead upon us \ Charles, in the beginning of his reign, had in pay near five thoufand men, of guards and garri- ibns. At the end of his reign he augmented this number to near eight thoufand. James, on Mon- mouth's rebellion, had on foot about fifteen thou- fand men ; and when the prince of Orange invaded him, there were no fewer than thirty thoufand regu- lar troops in England. The Engiifh navy, during the greater part of Charles's reign, made a considerable figure, for num- ber of (hips, valour of the men, and conduct of the commanders. Even in 1678, the fleet confided of eighty-three mips 1 ; befides thirty, which were at that time on the (locks. On the king's reftoration he found only fixty- three veiTels of all fizes k . During the latter part of Charles's reign, the navy fell ibmewhat to decay, by reafon of the narrownefs of the king's revenue : But James, foon after his acceffion, i Jourrt. 20th of March 1689. h D'Eftrades, soth of October 1666. * Pepys's Memoirs, p. 4. *■ Memoirs of Engiifh aff.iirs, chiefly naval. Y 4 reftored 3 23 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, reftored it to its former power and glory ; and be- ^J^L, fore he left the throne, carried it much farther. 16&9. The adminiitration of the admiralty under Pepys, is ftill regarded as a model for order and ceconomy. The fleet at the revolution confifted of one hundred feventy- three vefiels of all fizes ; and required forty- two tfroufand feamen to man it 1 . That king, when duke of York, had been the firft inventor of fea-fignals. The military genius, during thefe two teigns, had not totally decayed among the young nobility. Dorfet, Mulgrave, Rochefter, not to mention Oflbry, ferved on board the fleet, and were prefent in the molt furious engagements againft the Dutch. The commerce and riches of England did never, during any period, increafe fo faft as from the refto- ration to the revolution. The two Dutch wars, by difturbing the trade of that republic, promoted the navigation of this ifland ; and after Charles had made a feparate peace with the States, his Subjects enjoyed, unmolefted, the trade of Europe. The enly disturbance which they met with, was from a few French privateers who infefted the channel ; and Charles interpofed not in behalf of his fubjecls with fufficient fpirit and vigour. The recovery or con- queft of New York and the Jerfeys was a consi- derable accefiion to the ftrength and fecurity of the Englilh colonies ; and, together with the fettlement of Pennfylvania and Carolina, which was effected during that reign, extended the Englilh empire in America. The perfecutions of the difienters, or, more properly fpeaking, the reftraints impofed upon them, contributed to augment and people thefe colonies. Dr. Davenant affirms m , that the (hipping of England more than doubled during thefe twenty-eight years. Several new manu- factures were eftablifhed -, in iron, brafs, filk, 1 Lives of the Admirals, vol. ii. p. 4-6. m Difcourfe on the public Revenues, partii. p. 29. 33. 36. hatSj JAMES II. 329 hats, glafs, paper, &c. One Brewer, leaving the chap. Low Countries, when they were threatened with a , :j^j French conqueft, brought the art of dying woollen 1683, cloth into England, and by that improvement faved the nation great fums of money. The increafe of coinage during thefe two reigns was ten millions two hundred fixty-one thoufand pounds. A board of trade was erected in 1670 ; and the earl of Sand- wich was made prefident. Charles revived and fupported the charter of the Eaft-India company; a meaiure whofe utility is by fome thought doubt- ful : He granted a charter to the Hudlbn's Bay company ; a meaiure probably hurtful. We learn from fir Jofiah Child", that in 1688 there were on the Change more men worth 10,000 pounds than there were in 1650 worth a thoufand; that 500 pounds with a daughter was, in the latter period, deemed a larger portion than 2000 in the former ; that gentlewomen, in thole earlier times, thought t.hemfelves well clothed in a ferge gown, which a chambermaid would, in 1688, be afhamed to be feen in ; and that, befides the great increafe of rich clothes, plate, jewels, and houfehold furniture, coaches were in that time augmented a hundred folcL The duke of Buckingham introduced from Ve- nice the manufacture of glafs and cryftal into Eng- land. Prince Rupert was alfo an encourager of ufeful artj and manufactures : He himfelf was the inventor of etching. The firir. law for erecting turnpikes was paffed in 1662 : The places of the turnpikes were Wadefmill, Caxton, and Stilton : But the general and great improvement of highways took not place till the reign of George II. In 1663, was pa fled the firfl law for allowing the exportation of foreign coin and bullion. n Brief Obfervations, &c. Is ?i o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c-HAP. In 1667 was concluded the firft American treaty LX XI ' between England and Spain : This treaty was made 16S9. more general and complete in 1670. The two ftates then renounced all right of trading with each other's colonies ; and the title of England was ac- knowledged to all the territories in America, of which me was then poiTefTed. The French king, about the beginning of Charles's reign, laid fome impofitions on Englifh commodities : And the Englilh, partly difpleafed with this innovation, partly moved by their ani- mofity againft France, retaliated, by laying fuch reftraints on the commerce with that kingdom as amounted almoft to a prohibition. They formed calculations, by which they perfuaded themfelves that they were lofers a million and a half, or near two millions a-year, by the French trade. But no good effects were found to refult from thefe re- ftraints ; and in king James's reign they were taken off by parliament. Loud Clarendon tells us, that, in 1665, when money, in confequence of a treaty, was to be re- mitted to the bifhop of Munlter, it was found, that the whole trade of England could not fupply above 1000 pounds a-month to Frankfort and Cologne, nor above 20,000 pounds a-month to Hamburgh : Thefe iums appear furprifingly fmall . At the fame time that the boroughs of Eng- land were deprived of their privileges, a like at- tempt was made on the colonies. King James recalled the charters, by which their liberties "were fee u red ; and he fent over governors invefted with abfolute power. The arbitrary principles of that monarch appear in every part of his admini- ftration. « Life of Ciarendort, p 157. The JAMES II. 33 , The people, during thefe two reigns, were, in a chap, great meafure, cured of that wild fanaticifm, by LX XI - t which they had formerly been fo much agitated. j6s 9 . Whatever new vices they might acquire, it may be quedioned, whether, by this change, they were, in the main, much lofers in point of morals. By the example of Charles II. and the cavaliers, licenti- oufnefs and debauchery became prevalent in the nation. The pleafures of the table were much pur- fued. Love was treated more as an appetite than a paflion. The one fcx began to abate of the national character of chaftity, without being able to infpire the other with fentiment or delicacy. The abufes in the former age, arifing from over- drained pretenfions to piety, had mucn propagated the fpirit of irreligion ; and many of the ingenious men of this period lie under the imputation of deifm. Befides wits and fcholars by profeffion, Shaftefbury, Halifax, Buckingham, Mulgrave, Sunderland, Edex, Rocheder, Sidney, Temple, are fuppofed to have adopted thefe principles. The fame factions, which formerly diffracted the nation, were revived, and exerted themfelves in the mod ungenerous and unmanly enterprifes againft each other. King Charles being in his whole deportment a model of eafy and gentle- man-like behaviour, improved the poiitenefs of the nation ; as much as faction, which of all things is mod dedructive to that virtue, could poffibly permit. His courtiers were long diftinguifhable in England by their obliging and agreeable man- ners. Till the revolution, the liberty of the prefs was very imperfectly enjoyed in England, and during a very fhort period. The dar-chamber, while that court fubiifted, put effectual redraints upon print- ing. On the fuppreffion of that tribunal in 1641, the long parliament, after their rupture with the king, 332 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C HA P. king, aftumed the fame power with regard to the ^ \ licenfing of books ; and this authority was conti- Z fs 9 . nued during all tie period of the republic and pro- tectorfhip . Two years after the reftoration, an act was pafled, reviving the republican ordinances. This act expired in 1679; b;*r was revived in the firft of king James. The liberty of the prefs did not even commence with the revolution. It was not till 1694, that the reftraints were taken off; to the great difpleaiure of the king and his ministers, who, feeing no where, in any government, during prefent or pall ages, any example of fuch unlimited freedom, doubted much of its ialutary effects, and probably thought, that no books or writings would ever fo much improve the general understanding of men, as to render it fafe to entrult them with an indulgence fo eafily abui'ed. In 1677, the old law for burning heretics was re- pealed ; a prudent meafure, while the nation was in continual dread of the return of popery. Amidst the thick cloud of bigotry and ignorance, which overfpread the nation, during the common- wealth and protectorship, there were a few fedate philofophers, who, in che retirement of Oxford, cultivated their reafon, and eitablilhed confer- ences for the mutual communication of their dis- coveries in phyfics and geometry. Wiikins, a clergyman, who had married Cromwel's filter, and was afterwards bifhop of Chefter, promoted thefe philofophical conventions. Immediately after the reftoration, thefe men procured a patent, and hav- ing enlarged their number, were denominated the Royal Society. But this patent was all they ob- tained from the king. Though Charles was a lover of the iciences, particularly chemiftry and mechanics -, he animated them by his example • Scobell, i. 44. 134.. ii. 88. 230, alone, JAMES II. alone, not by his bounty. His craving courtiers and miftrefTes, by whom he was perpetually furrounded, engrotfed all his expence, and left him neither mo- ney nor attention for literary merit. His contem- porary, Lewis, who fell fhort of the king's genius and knowledge in this particular, much ^exceeded him in liberality. Bcfides penfions conferred on learned men throughout all Europe, his academies were directed by rules and iupported by falaries : A generofity which does great honour to his me- mory ; and, in the eyes of all the ingenious part of mankind, will be efleemed an atonement for many of the errors of his reign. We may be fur- prifed, that this example mould not be more fol- lowed by princes ; fince it is certain that that bounty, fo extenfive, fo beneficial, and fo much celebrated, coft not this monarch fo great a fum as is often conferred on one ufelefs overgrown fa- vourite or courtier. But though the French academy of fciences was directed, encouraged, and fupported by the fove- reign, there aroie in England fome men of iuperior genius who were more than lufficient to caft the balance, and who drew on themfelves and on their native country the regard and attention of Europe. Befides Wilkins, Wren, Wallis, eminent mathe- maticians, Hooke, an accurate obferver by mi- crofcopes, and Sydenham, the reftorer of true phyfic ; there flourifhed during this period a Boyle and a Newton ; men who trod with cautious, and therefore the more iecure fteps, the only road which leads to true philofophy. Boyle improved the pneumatic engine invented by Otto Guericke, and was thereby enabled to make feveral new and curious experiments on the air, as well as on other bodies : His chemiflry is much admired by thofe who are acquainted with that art : His hydroftatics contain a greater mix- ture of reafoning and invention with experiment 13 than 334 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, than any other of his works ; but his rcafoning is t LX XL ftiH remote from that boldnefs and temerity which 1689. had led aftray fo many philofophers. Boyle was a great partifan of the mechanical philofophy ; a theory which, by difcovering fome of the fecrets of nature, and allowing us to imagine the reft, is fo agreeable to the natural vanity and curiofity of men. He died in 1691, aged 65. In Newton this ifland may boaft of having pro- duced the greateft and rareft genius that ever rofe for the ornament and inftruclion of the fpecies. Cautious in admitting no principles but fuch as were founded on experiment ; but refolute to adopt every fuch principle, however new or unufual : From modefty, ignorant of his fuperiority above the reft of mankind; and thence, lets careful to ac- commodate his reafonings to common apprehen- fions : More anxious to merit than acquire fame : He was, from thefe caufes, long unknown to the world ; but his reputation at laft broke out with a luftre, which fcarcely any writer, during his own life-time, had ever before attained. While New- ton feemed to draw off the veil from fome of the myfteries of nature, he fliewed at the fame time the imperfections of the mechanical philofophy; and thereby reftored her ultimate fecrets to that ob- fcurity in which they ever did and ever will remain. He died in 1727, aged 85. This age was far from being fo favourable to polite literature as to the fciences. Charles, though fond of wit, though pofTeiTed himfelf of a confider- able ihare of it, though his tafte in converfation feems to have been found and juft ; ferved rather to corrupt than improve the poetry and eloquence of his time. When the theatres were opened at the reftoration, and freedom was again given to piea- fantry and ingenuity ; men, after fo long an ab- ftinence, fed on thefe delicacies with lefs tafte than avidity, and the coarfeft and moil irregular fpecies 4 of JAMES II. 335 of wit was received by the court as well as by the C H A P. • /* t YYT people. The productions reprefented at that time ._ / '^ on the ftage, were fuch monfters of extravagance 1689. and folly ; fo utterly deftitute of all reafon or even common fenfe ; that they would be the difgrace of Englifh literature, had not the nation made atone- ment for its former admiration of them, by the total oblivion to which they are now condemned. The duke of Buckingham's Rehearfal, which ex- poled thefe wild productions, feems to be a piece of ridicule carried to excefs ; yet in reality the copy fcarcely equals fome of the abfurdities which we meet with in the originals a . This fevere fatire, together with the good fenfe of the nation, corrected, after fome time, the ex- travagancies of the fafhionable wit; but the pro- ductions of literature (till wanted much of that correctnefs and delicacy which we fo much admire in the ancients, and in the French writers, their judicious imitators. It was indeed during this pe- riod chiefly, that that nation left the Englifh behind them in the productions of poetry, eloquence, hif- tory, and other branches of polite letters ; and ac- quired a fuperiority, which the efforts of Englifh writers, during the fubfequent age, did more fuc- cefsfuily conteft with them. The arts and fciences were imported from Italy into this ifiand as early as into France j and made at firft more fenfible ad- vances. Spencer, Shakefpeare, Bacon, Johnfon, were fuperior to their cotemporaries, who flourifh- ed in that kingdom. Milton, Waller, Denham, Cowley, Elarvey, were at lead equal to their co- temporaries. The reign of Charles II. which fome prepofteroufiy reprefent as our Auguftan age, re- tarded the progrefs of polite literature in this ifland ; and it was then found, that the immeafurable licen- tioufnefs, indulged or rather applauded at court, a The duke of Buckingham died or. the iiSth of April 1S88. was i6i9- HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. was more deftruftive to the refined arts, than even the cant, nonfenfe, and enthufiaim of the preceding period. Most of the celebrated writers of this age remain monuments of genius, perverted by indecency and bad tafte ; and none more than Dryden, both by reafon of the greatnefs of his talents, and the grofs abufe which he made of them. His plays, ex- cepting a few fcenes, are utterly disfigured by vice or folly, or both. His tranfhtions appear too much the offspring of hafte and hunger: Even his fables are ill-chofen tales, conveyed in an incorrect, though fpirited verification. Yet, amidfl this great num- ber ofloofe productions, the refufe of our language, there are found fome fmall pieces, his Ode to St. Cecilia, the greater part of Abfalom and Achito- phel, and a few more, which difcover fo great genius, fuch richnefs of expredion, fuch pomp and variety of numbers, that they leave us equally full of regret and indignation, on account of the infe- riority or rather great abfurdity of his other writ- ings. He died in 1701, aged 6g. The very name of Rochefter is ofFenfive to mo- deft ears ; yet does his poetry difcover fuch energy of ftyle and fuch poignancy of fatire, as give ground to imagine what fo fine a genius, had he fallen in a more happy age, and had followed better models, was capable of producing. The ancient fatirifts often ufed great liberties in their exprefiions ; but their freedom no more refembles the licentioufnefs of Rochefcer, than the nakednefs of an Indian does that of a common proftitute. Wycherley was ambitious of the reputation of wit and libertinifm -, and he attained it: He was pro- bably capable of reaching the fame of true comedy, and inftructive ridicule. Otway had a genius finely turned to the pathetic; but he neither obferves ftrictly the rules of the drama, nor the rules, (till more efien- tialj JAMES IT. 37r tial, of propriety and decorum. By one fingle piece, c H A t P. the duke of Buckingham did both great iervice to J^^ his age, and honour to himfelf. The earls of Mul- 1689. grave, Dorfet, and Rofcommon, wrote in a good tafte -, hut their productions are either feeble or care- lefs. The marquis of Halifax difcovers a refined genius ; and nothing but leifure and an inferior Ra- tion feems wanting to have procured him eminence in literature. Of all the considerable writers of this age, fir William Temple is almoft the only one that kept himfelf altogether unpolluted by that inundation of vice and licentioufnefs which overwhelmed the na- tion. The ftyle of this author, though extremely iiegligent, and even infected with foreign idioms, is agreeable and interesting. That mixture of vanity which appears in his works, is rather a recommendation to them. By means of it, we enter into acquaintance with the character of the author, full of honour and humanity ; and fancy that we are engaged, not in the perufal of a book, but in converfation with a companion. He died in 1698, aged 70. Though Hudibras was publiihed, and probably compofed, during the reign of Charles II. Butler may juftly, as well as Milton, be thought to belong to the foregoing period. No compofuion abounds fo much as Hudibras in ftrokes of juft and inimi- table wit; yet are there many performances which give us great or greater entertainment on the whole perufal. The allufions in Butler are often dark and far-fetched; and though fcarcely any author was ever able to exprefs his thoughts in fo few words, he often employs too many thoughts on one fubjecl:, and thereby becomes prolix after an unufual man- ner. It is furprifing how much erudition Butler has introduced with fo good a grace into a work of pleafafttery and humour: Hudibras is perhaps one of the mod learned comoofitions that is to be found in Vol. VIII. Z any 37 8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c H A P. any language. The advantage which the royal caufe LX XI - received from this poem, in expofing the fanaticifm j6 s 9i and falfe pretences of the former parliamentary party, was prodigious. The king himfelf had fo good a tafte as to be highly pleafed with the merit of the work, and had even got a great part of it by heart : Yet was he either fo carelefs in his temper, or fo little endowed with the virtue of liberality, or, more pro- perly fpeaking, of gratitude, that he allowed the author, a man of virtue and probity, to live in ob- fcurity and die in want b . Dryden is an inftance of a negligence of the fame kind. His Abfalom fen- fibly contributed to the victory which the tories ob- tained over the whigs, after the exclufion of parlia- ments : Yet could not this merit, aided by his great genius, procure him an eftablifhment which might exempt him from the neceffity of writing for bread. Otway, though a profeffed royalift, could not even procure bread by his writings j and he had the An- gular fate of dying literally of hunger. Thefe inci- dents throw a great ftain on the memory of Charles, who had difcernment, loved genius, was liberal of money, but attained not the praife of true gene- rofity. k Butler died in 1680, aged 68. GENERAL INDEX. JV*. B, The Roman Numerals diredl to the Volume, and the Figures to the Page. A. /JBBET LANDS, the immediate inconveniencies refulting from their alienation into lay-hands at the reformation, iv. 327. Abbeys, their rich revenues, iv. 184. The hofpitality exercifed by them, ib. See Monajieries. Abbot, archbifhop, is fufpended and confined, for refufing to licenfe Sib- thorp's fermon on general loans, vi. 226. Is employed by the lords to moderate the precenfions of the commons, in the petition of rights, 251. Abbots, are excluded from their feats in the houfe of lords, iv. 205. See Monajieries. Abborrers and petitioners, an account of the origin of thofe party diftinc- tions, viii. 126. The former perfecuted, and the latter countenanced, by the houfe of commons, 129. Acadie is yielded to the French by the treaty of Breda, vii. 423. Acca, daughter of ^Ella king of Deira, is married to Ethelfred king of Bernicia, i. 26. Acre, a city in Paleftine, befieged by the Chriftians, ii. 13. Taken by the afliftance of Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, 15. The garrifon butchered, 22. Adela, daughter of king William the Conqueror, her iiTue, fhewing the foundation of king Stephen's pretenfions, i. 3 II I. king of Scotland, efpouies the fitter of Edward I. of Eng- land, ii. 245. His death, ib. Alexii Comntnu:, emperor of Greece, his policy to get rid of the cru- faders, i 309. .Afford, encounter there, between Montrofe and Bai I lie, vii. 51. Alfred, accompanies his father Ethelwolf in his pilgrimage to Rome, i. 71. Aflifls his brother king Ethelred againii the Danes, 74. Suc- ceeds him to the crown, 76. Is anointed at Rome by pope Leo III.. ib. Progrefs of his education, jy. Is worded by the Danes, ib. Fights feveral battles with them, 79. Forced to relinquish his domi- nions in the difguife of a peafant, 80. Anecdote of him during this concealment, ib. Collects fome retainers in a fecret retreat, ib. Sal- lies, and roots the Danes, 81. Enters their camp diigui fed like a harper,. 82. Defeats them again, and admits them to fettle, 83. His civil inftitutions, 84. 91. Forms a naval force, 8,. Routs Haftings the Dane, 87. Routs Sigefert the Northumbrian pirate, 89. His cha- racter, go. State of the nation at the defeat of the Danes, 91. Di- vides England into ciltricis for the eafy execution of juitice, gz. The modes of jultice eltablifheu by him, ib. Appoints juries for judi ial cecifions, 93. His regard for the liberties of his people, 96. His care for the advancement of learning, ib. His ceconomy of his time, 97. How he inculcated morality, ib. His literary per- Z 3 formances, INDEX. formances, 93. His attention to the promotion of arts, manu- factures, and commerce, ib. His great reputation abroad, 99. His children, ib. Alfred, a Saxon nobleman, accufed of confpiring againft king Athelftan, his extraordinary fate, i. 103. Alfric, duke of Mercia, his infamous character and hiftory, i. 131. Treacheroufly faves the Danifh fleet, 132. Another inftance of hi« perfidy, 142. Algiers is compelled to peace by admiral Blake, vii. 254. Alice Pierce becomes the favourite of Edward III. but is removed from court, ii. 483. Allen, John, his character, iv. 17. Is made judge of cardinal Wolfey's legatine court, ib. Is profecuted and convicted of iniquity, 1 8. Alliance, triple, formed againft Lewis XIV. vii. 435. Alli/on, his cruel profecution in the ftar-chamber for flander, vi. 303- .'..-., Allodial and feudal pofTeffions, the difference between, explained, and the preference of the latter in the early ages fhewn, ii. 105, io6# Alnwick, William king of Scotland defeated and taken prifoner there by the Englifh, i. 445. Altar removed from the wall into the middle of the church by the firft Englifh reformers, v. 152. Alva, duke of, concerts with Philip of Spain, Catherine de Medicis, and the cardinal of Lorraine, a maflacre of the French proteftants, v. 93. See Hugonots, and Medicis. Enters into a negociation with the earl of Northumberland for an infurrection in England, 163. Is em- ployed by Philip to opprefs the Flemings, 193. His character, ib. His cruelties, ib. Some money fent for him from Genoa, feized by queen Elizabeth, 194. Revenges himielf on the Englifh merchants, 195. His cruel extortions on the Flemings, ib. Attempts to difturb the Englifh government in favour of Mary queen of Scots, 196. Re- volt of Holland and Zealand, 215. Condemns the prince of Orange as a rebel, and confifcates his pofTeffions, ib. His cruelty on reducing Harlem, 216. Is finally repulfed at Alcmaer, and folicits to be recalled from the Low Countries, ib. Boafts of his infamous con- duct, 217. Amboyna, cruelties pradtifrd by the Dutch toward the Englifh factors there, vi. 185. Why this injury was not properly refented, ib. Ambrofius commands the Britons againft Hengiil, i. 21. Amerciaments, the arbitrary manner of impofing, by the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 136. America, when firft difcovered, iii. 404. Great alterations in the Euro- pean nations in confequence of this difcovery, ib. The different claims made by the European nations to their difcoveries in, vi. 95. Colonies eftabliihed there by James I. 186. Amiens, the ftates of France fummoned there by Lewis XL on the appeal to him by Henry III. and the barons of England, ii. 201. The ap- peal decided in favour of Henry, ib. Treaty of alliance there, be- tween the dukes of Bedford, Burgundy, and Britanny, iii. 128. Ancram, battle of, iv. 249. Angles, who, and where they fettled in Britain, i. 22, 25. Angle/eft INDEX. Anghfey, attacked by Suetonius Paulinus, i. 8. The Druids deftroyed there, ib. Anglia, Earl, hiilory of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 46. Ang/o-Norman government, the executive power of, where lodged, ii. 121. The judicial power how diilributed, ib. The crown re- venue, in what it confided, 125. Talliages levied by, 126. Angus, earl of, marries Margaret, widow of James IV. of Scotland, iv. 5. She gets a divorce from him, and marries again, 123. Is forced to fly into England by the young king, ib. Joins the Englifh army againft James V. of Scotland, 228. Returns to Scotland, and takes part with the earl of Arran againft cardinal Beaton, 232. Con- duces the retreat of the Scots army from the Englifh on the flight of Arran, 248. lnfpires Arran with refolution to face the Englifh again, who are defeated at Ancram, 249. Commands the van at the battie ofPinkey, 303. Anjou, duke of, brother to Charles IX. of France, defeats and kills the prince of Conde at the battle of Jarnac, v. 186. Defeats Coligni at Montcontour, 188. Is propofed as a hulhand to Elizabeth queen of England, 189. Is elected king of Poland, 210. Takes pofleflion of the crown of France, on the death of his brother Charles, ib. See Henry 111. of France. • , the duke of Alencon created duke of, v. 2:9. Sends over Simier to prolecute his fuit with queen Elizabeth, ib. See Simier. Pays Elizabeth a private vifit, 240. Articles for his marriage prepared, 241. Is fent in the fervice of the States to the Low Countries, 242. His operations there, 243. Comes over to England, ib. Receives a ring from Elizabeth, 244. 1'he queen breaks off* the match with him, 247. Is expelled the Netherlands, returns home and dies, ib. Anlaf heads the Danifh pirates againft king Athelftan, i. 105. His ftra- tagem to gain intelligence in Athelftan's camp, ib. Athelftan's pru- dent conduct on the occafion, 106. Annates, an act of parliament palled by Henry VIII. againft levying, iv. 107. Anne, filter of the emperor Winceflaus, and queen of Richard II. her ineffeclual fuit to the duke of Gloucefter in favour of Sir Simon Bur- ley, iii. 22. » princefs, lady of Beaujou, her character, iii. 335. Vefted with the government of France during the minority of Charles VIII. ib. The adminiitration difputed by Lewis duke of Orleans, 336. Mo- tives of her embafly to Henry VII. of England, 337. — — of Cleves, is fent over to be married to Henry VIII. of England, iv. 202. Henry fees her privately, and is difgufted with her, ib. Is neverthelefs married by him, 204. Is divorced from Henry, 209. Her infenfibility under this treacment, 210. Refufes to return home, ib. ■ lady, daughter of James duke of York, married to prince George of Denmark, viii. 204. Deferts with her hulhand to the prince of Orange, 296. Is declared fucceflbr to the crown on failure of the iflue of her filler Mary, 319. Anfelm, a Norman abbot, appointed archbifhop of Canterbury, by Wil- liam Rufus, i. 301, Oppofes the violences of the king, 302. Preaches Z 4 fuccefsfully INDEX. fuccefsfully againfl the then fafhionable modes of drefs, 303. EfpouTeS the prett (ion« of Urban to the papacy, ib. In what manner he fur- nished his quota of loldiers demanded by the king for his expedition' againft Wales, 304 R -'tires to Rome, and his temporalities con- fiVcatfd, ib. Afiifts at the council of Bari, ib. Recalled by Hen- ry I. 317. Refufes homage to him, 318. Aflifts at a council to debate en the king's intended marriage, ib. Acquires the king's confidence, 320. Procures sn accommodation between the king and his brother Robert, 321. Refutes to confecra»e the bifnops inverted by Henry, 328. Retires to Rome, and his revenues again confiscated, 329. Returns to his monaflery in Normandy, ib. Compromife with, ib. 333. > _ » Ancient hiftory, caufes of the uncertainty of, pointed out, i. 1. 19. Antonio', Don, prior of Crato, folicits afiillance from England to afiert his pretentions to the crown of Portugal, v. 34.8. Obtains a fmall fleet, 349. The expedition fails, 350. Antwerp, joyful reception of the Englifh merchants there, on the re- newal cf commerce with Flanders by Henry VII. iii. 378. A revolt of the proteftants there, againft the catholic worfhip, v. 192. The infurgtnts fuppreffed by the prince of Orange, ib. 'Appeals, from inferior to fuperior courts, how appointed by the laws of Alfred, i. 93. From the barons courts, how regulated by parlia- ment, in the reign of Henry III. ii. 223. To Rome, forbid by par- liament, iv. 112. From chancery to the houfe of peers, firlt came into practice, vi. 110, note. Apfrentices cf Lcvdcn petition the long parliament, vi. 47c. Archangel, a paiTage to, difcovered, and a trade opened with Mufcovy, v. 478. Arcembcldi, a Genoefe bifhop, farms the fale of indulgences in Saxony, of Magdalen, pope Leo's filler, iv'. 34. Appoints the preaching of them to the Dominicans, ib. See Indulgences and Luther. Archy, the king's fool, iofes his place for exercifing his wit en arch- biihop Laud, vi. 313. Ardres, interview between Henry VIII. of England, and Francis I. of France, in a plain near, iv. 22. Grand tournament held by them there, 24. Argjl,', earl of, with his fon lord Lorn, enters into the afTociation of re- formers called the Congregation of the Lord, v. 22. Attends the queen-regent in her attempt to fupprefs the proteftant riofs, ty. Signs the new covenant of the Congregation, 50. Enters into a con- fpiracy againft Mary at Stirling, 90. Js forced to fly into England, 91. Is invited back by Darniey, 97. Is reconciled to the queen, 98, •— j earl of, his character, vi. 336. Subfcribes to the covenant, ib. Deferts his army at the approach of Montrofe, vii. 49. Refufes any intimacy with Charles II. on his arrival in Scotland, 186. Submits to the commonwealth, 207. Is tried and executed, 368. • , earl of, (ee Lorn. Is again condemned for leafing-making, viti. 169. Efcapes to Holland, 170. Engages in the duke of Mon- •pnouth's conlpiracy, 185. Urges Monmouth to rebel againft James II. 228. Invades Scotland, 237. Is taken and executed, 23S. Arians. t INDEX. jfrians, two burnt during the reign of James I. vi. 163. Arlington, Bennet earl of, made fecretary of ftate by Charles II. vii. 391. Becomes one of the cabal miniftry, 458. His character, 460. Js fent to Holland, to treat with Lewis XIV. concerning peace with the dates, j( Armada, the invincible one of Spain, preparations for the equipment of, v. J3 .. Sails from L ; * n, is fcattered by a ftorm, 339. Its itreng'h wh-n repaired, 34.0. Makes an unfuccefsful attach on the Englifh Meet, 342. Is attacked a. id difconcerted at Calais by the Englifh admir. Sj:Is northward on its return home, and is destroyed by a ftorm, 344. Arniagnacs and Burgundians, thefe p^-rv denominations in France ex- plained, and the troubles occasioned thereby, iii. 94. J04. Armies, (landing, the firft rife of, iii. 405. When firft introduced into England, vii. 360. Number of ftanding forces kept up from the re- ftoration to the revolution, viii. 326. Arminiani/m, is perfecuied in the United Provinces, vi. jy. Reflec- tions on the opinion of, 166. Is attacked by the houfe of com- mons, 274. Armorica. See Britanny. Arms, coats of, cuftom of ufirg them firft introduced into Europe during the crufades, ii. 38. Armjirong, Sir Thomas, is feiz'?d and executed without trial, for engaging in the duke of Monmouth's confpiracy, viii. 199. Army, feudal, its difadvantages, ii. 265. Becomes difufed in favour of a mercenary one, 266. • , parliamentary, firft raifed, and the command given to the earl of Lffex, vi. 490. See its operations under the refpeclive general?, EJJix, Fairfax, Manchefier, &c. Mutiny of, vii. 85. Forms a military parliament, 87. Seizes the king, 88. Chufes Cromwel general, c,o. Is marched to St. Alban's, 91. Enters into a nego- tiation with the parliament, 96. Accufes the prefbyterian leaders in parliament of high treafon, ib. Removes to Reading, after obtain- ing it's demands, 97. Marches back to Hounflow-heath, where the fpeakers of the two houfes arrive, and implore its protection, 101. Arrives in London, and reinitiates the fpeakers, 103. Scl of, for fettling the nation, ic8. Is reduced to obedience bv Crotn- wel, 109. Subdues the fcattered parties of royalifts, 120. For its future operations, fee Crcmzcel, Is difbanded at the relloration, 355- —■ — , Scots. See Lcven, earl of LeJJey, Montrcfe, and Scotland. Arran, James earl of, his pretenlions to the adminiftration of Scotland during the minority of Mary, daughter of James V. iv. 232. Op- pofes and confines cardinal Beaton, ib. Contracts the infdnt-queen to prince Edward of England, Z33. Evades the demand of the llipu- lated hoftages, made by Sadler the Englifh ambail'ador, 234^ At- tempts to feize the young queen, but fails, and enters into an ac- commodation, 235. Renounces the reformed religion, 240, At- taches lumfelf to Beaten in oppofition to Lennox, 24!. Forces J ennox to fly to England, 245. His feeble oppofition to the Eng- lifh INDEX, Jifh incorfions, 248. The Englifh defeated at Ancram, 240. Ravages the borders of England, ib. Refufes to concur in the exe- cution of Wifhart the reformer, 297. Engages the duke of Somer- set at Pinkey, 303. Receives fuccours from France, 310. Obtains a penfion from France, and is created duke of Chatelrault, 3 \z. See Cbatelrault. Aryan, James Stuart of Ochiltree, made earl of, v. Z47. The king taken from the power of him and Lennox, by an affociation of Scots nobility, 248. Is confined to his own houfe, 249. Is recalled to court on the king's eicape, 255. His violent tyrannical conduit, 2^6. Is degraded from his authority, and deprived of his title and ellate, ib. Arras, congrefs at, between Charles VII. of France, and the dukes of Bedford and Burgundy, iii. 161. Arrey, commiilions of, iffued by Charles I. in eppofition to the militia under parliamentary auchority, vi. 488. ArWvilk, jimes de, a brewer ar. Ghent, becomes a leader of the popu- Jace againit the Flemiih nobility, ii. 395. Is employed by Ed- ward III. of England to bring the Flemings to affiit his pretentions to the crown of France, 396. His death, 437. Arthur, prince of the Silures, is the prince fo celebrated by the Britifh bards, i. 24. , poirhumous fon of Geoffrey, third fon of king Henry II. of England, inverted in the duchy of Britanny, under the guardianship ©f his grandfather, i. 456. Is declared fucceiTor by Richard I. on his entering into a crulade, ii. 40. His title afferted by the barons r ...... „.,„„„ „r e ....... .. .-_ court, to inquire into the conduct of Mary queen of Scots, v. 139. Was the firll who introduced coaches into England, 484. -, earl of, is fent with an army to reduce the Scotch covenanters, vi. 339. Afcbam, envoy from the Engliih commonwealth to Madrid, murdered there by banifhed royalifts, vii. 250. A/cue, Anne, cruelly tortured by Wriothefely, chancellor, for denying the real prefence in the eucharilt, iv. 257. Is burnt with other he- retics, ib. AJhley^ lord, one of the cabal miniilry, his character, vii. 458. Is made earl of Shaftelbury. See Sbaftejbury. AJke, Mr. raifes an infurreclion in the north of England, againft Henry VIII. under the name of the Pilgrimage of Grace, iv. 171. Takes Hull and York, 172. Is joined by the archbifhop of Yoik and lord Darcy, ib. His negotiations with the duke of Norfolk, fent againft him, 173. His adherents feparate, 174. Is executed, J "5- . . ... Aj/affiits, whence the origin of the term derived, their prince, and his dangerous authority and principles, ii. 18. Cauies Conrade marquis of Monferac to be afiaihnated, 19. AJJembly, general, of the church of Scotland, addrefles queen Mary on occalion of the riot at the houfe of Alifon Craig, v. 52. Ex- horts Mary to change her religion, 88. Appoints a fail to i'rse king James from the danger of evil counfellors, 247. Is fummoned by James, 248. Votes any fettlement between James and his mother a molt wicked undertaking, 250. Appoints a fail on the day fixed for entertaining the French ambaffadors, ib. Is induced to fubmit to the king's authority, and admit the jurifdiction of biihops, vi. 89. Admits the ceremonies enjoined by the king with great reluctance, 90. The bifhops negledl to fummon it, 322. One fummoned under the influence of the covenanters, 333. Meets at Glafgow, and abolifhes epifcopacy, 334- Conceflions obtained of the king, 343. Meets by their own authority together with a convention of itates, 540. Concurs in delivering up the king to the Engliih par- liament, vii. 79. — of divines at Weftminfter, new regulation of religion by, vii. 32. Votes the divine right of prelbytery, 70. Its power reftricted by parliament, ib. AJlley, lord, general for Charles I. is defeated by colonel Morgan, vii, Atbelftan, natural fon of Edward the elder, his reign, i. 102. Con- spired againft by Alfred, one of his nobles, 103. Appoints Sithric the I N D E X. the Dane king of Northumberland, 104. His wars againft Sithric's- fons.apd the Scots, ib. His character, 107. Mhel-ixold, favourite of king Edgar, his treacherous behaviour to his- mailer in the affair of Elfrida, 124. Killed by Edgar, 125. Albert on moor, battle of, between Iok the parliamentary forces, vi. 535. Athole, earl of, forms a confederacy of Scots nobles, to protecl prince James from the attempts of Bothwel, and to punifh the murderers of his father, v. 11S. Bothwel efrapes, and Mary refigns herfelfinto trieh?nds of the confederacy, 1 19. Dudley, lord, heads an infurredion in the weft, againft Henry VII. iii. Defeated at Blackheatb, and executed, 376. , Sir Thomas, fpeaker cf the houfe of commons, made lord chan- cellor on the refignation of Sir Thomas More, iv. j 10. mentation, court of, erected for the management cf the revenues of fupprefled monafteries, iv. 150. Augjburg, a German league formed there againft Lewis XIV. viii. 277. _ . ■ Augujline, a Roman monk, fent by pope Gregory to preach chriftianity in Britain, i. 33. Afiifted in lis million by queen Brunehaut, ib.- Is favourably received by Ethelbert king of Kent, 34. His character and fuccefsful million, 35. Cafes of con fcience propofed by, to the pope, 36 Created archbifhop of Canterbury, 37. • friars church, granted to Alafco and his followers, iv. 347. Augujfus Cafar di >rs from enlarging their empire, i. 6. Avard reitoring the proteftant religion, and refufe officiating at the coronation, 8. The nomination of, annexed a to INDEX. to the crown, with other powers relating to them, 12. Degrade! for refufing the oath of fupremacy, 15. Begin to be flighted in parlia- mentary proceedings, vi. 384. A meeting of twelve, prefent a pro- tection to the king and peers, againft their injurious treatment, 465. Alt impeached by the commons, fequeftered from parliament, and confined, ib. The bill againft their votes palled, 479. Epilcopal authority abolbhed, vii. ''9. The furvivors re-admitted to their feats, at the reftoration, 362. Are reftored to their feats in parliament, 372. How excluded from fitting in the houfe of lords, on capital trials, viii. 109. Their right of voting in the Life of the earl of Danby con- tended by the commons, ib. Four catholic biihops confecrated, 262. Six, with the prirna-e, committed to the Tower for petitioning James II. againft the declaration of indulgence, 269. Are tried, 270. Acquitted, 27 I. Bijboprics, fix new ones erected by Henry VIII. iv. 183. Black, min'fterof St. Andrew's, his opinion of kings, and manner of craving for the quee'i, vi. 87. « beck of the exchequer, its origin, ii. 267, note. Blackbeatb, batt!e of, between the lord Daubeney and the Cornifh rebels, iii. 375. Blake, admiral, his rife and abilities in the navy, vii. 204. Purfues and harafles prir.ee Rupert's fleet, ib. Quarrels with Tromp, the Dutch admiral, in Dover road, 212. Engages Tromp, ib. Falls upon the Dutch herring bufles, 213. In conjunction with Bourne and Pen, de- feats De Witte and De Ruyter, 214, Is worfted by Tromp and Da Ruyter, ib. Er.giges Tromp for three davs, and defeirs him, 215. Defeat- Tromp in an engagement of two days continuance, 235. Attacks and feiz°s a fquadron of French (hips, 249. Kis fuccefies in the Mediterranean, 253. The Spanifh galleons ..ken and deftroyed by part of his Iquadron, 257. Burns a Spanifh fleet. in Santa Cruz harbour, 258. His death and character, ib. Blood, the circulation of, when and by whom difcovered, vii. 347. ■ of Chrifl, a relique lhewn at Hales ill Giouceflerfnire, the artifice of, expofed, iv. 1 — , a difbanded officer, efcapes to Eogland, after the defeat of hi3 intended insurrection at Dublin, by the duke of Orniond, vii. 447. Seizes Ormond at London, with intent to bang him at Tyburn, 469. Forms a defign of feizing the regalia, but is taken in the" attempt, 470. Obtains the king's pardon, with the grant of an eflate, 471. Blore heath, battle of, between the earl of Salifbury and lord Audley, £i{. 203. Boadicea, her fuccefles againft the Romans, i. 8. Defeated, 0. Bocher, Joan, or Joan of Kent, the doctrines propagated by her, iv. 324. King Edward VI. very unwilling to confent to her execution, ib. Is burnt, ib. Backing, Dr. canon of Canterbury, engages in the impofture of the holy maid of Pient, iv. 135. Confefles \\\t fcheme, and is punifhed. 1^7. Bockland, and Folkland, in the Saxon tenures, explained, i. 229. Bohemia, the blind king of, killed at tiie battle of CreCy, ii. 4- 3. His crelt and motto aflumed by prince Edward, ib. The ftarcs of, take A a 2 arms INDEX. arms againft the houfe of Auftria, vi. 101. Offer their crown to Fre- deric eleclor palatine, 102. Frederic defeated by the duke of Ba- varia, 104. The reformed religion feverely oppreffed there, 112. See Frederic. Bohun, Humphrey de. See Barons. Bdeyn, lady Anne, her character and family, iv. 78. Attra&s the notice of Henry VIII. 79. Is prepoffeffed againft cardinal Wol- fey, 91. Contributes to his difgrace, 93, Is inclined towards the doctrines of the reformation, 100. Is created marchionefs of Pem- broke, and married to Henry, in. Birth of the princefs Elizabeth, 113. Favours the reformers, 129. Is brought to bed of a dead fon, and lofes Henry's affections, 154. The king becomes jealous of her free behaviour, 155. Is calumniated by her fifter in-law the vif- countefs of Rochford, ib. Is committed to the Tower with fome of her attendants, and her brother Rochford, 157. Confeffes fome in- nocent levities, ib. Her letter to the king, 454.. Is tried by a jury of peers, 159. Condemned, 160. Her marriage annulled, ib. Reafon given by the parliament for annulling her marriage, 163. Is executed, 161. Reflections on her fate, ib. Is attaimed by parlia- ment, and the princefs Elizabeth illegitimated, 164. Bombay, the fort of, yielded to Charles II. as part of the dowry witk the princefs Catharine of Portugal, vii. 378. Boniface of Savoy made archbifhop of Canterbury, by Henry IIL ii. 163. The king's repartee to him, 178. Boniface Vlll. pope, his character, ii. 284. Prohibits, by a bull, all princes from levying taxes on the clergy, without his confent, 285. At whofe folicitation this bull was procured, ib. The differences beween Philip of France and Edward I. of England referred to his decifion, 297. His award between them, ib. Writes to Edward to engage him to defift from his attempts againft Scotland, 307. Bonnzr, made bifhop of Hereford, iv. 189. Firft oppofes, but after- wards acquiefces in the fteps toward reformation by the protector and regency, during the minority of Edward VI. 292. Is deprived of his fee and confined, for aflerting the real prefence, 322. Is re- lenfed by queen Mary, 374. Is employed by Gardiner to perfecute the reformers, which he performed with brutal cruelty, 413. De- grades arebbiihop Cranmer, 429. Is ill received by queen Elizabeth at her acceflion, v. 3. Bonvi neceflity for this meafure, 268. The commons infill on his difcontinuing this prerogative, ib. His embarraffment at this de- mand, ib. His religious fentiments, 273. His quarrel with the com- mons augmented on the fubjeft of tonnage and poundage, 275. Dif- fo'ves the parliament, 276, Imprifons fome of the members, ib. Makes peace with France and Spain, 279. Affifts Guftavus, king of Sweden, in his invafion of Germany, 281. His domeflic character, 282. Promotes the popular leaders, 284. Characters of Strafford and Laud, 285, Orders by proclamation no one to propofe the calling of another parliament, 29^. Levies money irregularly by his regal authority, ib. Entourages the magnificent repair of St. Paul's , v cathedral, INDEX. cathedral, 29c;. Revives monopolies, 296. Enlarges the powers of the council of York, and court of ftar-chamber, 297. Renews his father's edict for recreations en Sunday, 299. Takes a journey to Scotland, ib. Levies fhip-mor.ey over the whole kingdom, 301. Arbitrary fentences of the ftar-chamber, 303 — 505. Equips a fleet to attack the Dutch herring-fifhery, and obtains a fum for licence to fifh, 306. Stops the emigration of Puritans to America, 308. Trial of John Hampden for refufing to pay fhip-money, 313. Reafcn of his attachment to church authority, 320. Declares a general re- fumption of crown-lands in Scotland, 321. Introduces the canons and liturgy there, 325. Tumults at Edinburgh on this account, 327. Enforces the liturgy by proclamation, 329. Revolt of the Scots, and the covenant framed and univerfally fubferibed, 330. Sends the marquis of Hamil'on to treat with the covenanters, ib. Frames a covenant on his part, which, is rejected, 332. Epifcopacy abolifhed in Scotland by the general affembly, 334. Refufes the propofal of a neutrality as to the low countries, 335. Sends the marquis of Hamilton with a fleet and army againft the Scots, 339. Joins an army under the earl of Arundel, and marches to Berwick, ib. Receives propofals for a treaty from the covenanters, ib. His re- flections on the propofal, 340. Concludes an imprudent pacification with them, 341. How induced tu this meafure, 342. Difbands an army, 344.. Affembles a fourth parliament, after an interval of eleven years, 345. Lays before it an intercepted letter from the Scots malcontents to the king of France, ib. His pleas for fupplies, 346. Defires the good offices of thep.ers with the commons, 348. His conceflions to the commons, 349. Diflblves the parliament ab- ruptly, 353. His arbitrary proceedings againft obnoxious members, 354. Publishes a declaration of his reafons for diffolving the par- liament, 355. His fchemes for fupplying himfeif with money, 356. Prepares another armament againft the Scots, 3^7. Names cora- miflioners- to treat with the Scots at Rippon, 358. Summons a gre?t council of the peers at York, 359. The treaty of Rippon adjourned to London, 360. Prorrsifes the earl of Strafford protection, 367. Meeting of the long parliament, ib. Impeachment of Strafford, ib. Of Laud, 369. Of Finch, 371. Votes of the commons regarding grievances, 372. His obfervations to parliament on their proceedings, 381. Endeavours to regain confidence by complying to the difpofition of parliament, 392. Receives limited grants for tonnage and pound- age, ib. Pafl'cs the aft for triennial parliaments, 393. Changes his miniftry, 394. Counterfi^ns the petition of the army, 411. In- terpofes with the lords in favour of Strafford, 413. Strafford's letter to him, 414.. Gives his aiTent to Strafford's attainder by commifiion, ib. Pafles the bill for not proru»uing, adjourning, or diffolving the parliament without their own con fen t, 416. Pafles the bill for abolifhing the high-commiflion court, and ftar-chamber, 420. Goes to vifit Scotland, 422. A committee of both houfes appointed to attend him, 423. Laws paiTV ' by the Scots parliament, 4^6. En- deavours to conciliate the affections of the Scots, 428. Is obliged by the Englifh commons to icduce the Irifh army, 431. Is thwarted in his intention of fending the dilbanded men into the Spanilh fervice, INDEX. , fervke, 432. Sir Phelim O'Neale forges a commiffion from him for the Irifh maftacre, 443. Communicates his intelligence of the Irifh infurrettion to the Scots parliament, ib. Informs the Englifh parliament of it, 444. Returns to London, and is prefented with the remonftrance and petition of the commons, 456. Anfwers the remonilrance, ib. Impeaches lord Kimbolton and five commoners, 467. Orders the impeached members to be delivered up, 514. Goes himfelf to the houfe to demand them, ib. Orders a common, council of London to be affembled, which be attends, 470 His treatment by the Londoners, 471. Retires to Hampton-court, 472. Remarks on his conduct, towards parliament, 473. Meffages between him and the parliament, 474. PafTes the bills fent to him, 477. The commons prepare to defend their meafures by arms, 478. Evades a/Tenting to the bill appointing the lieutenants of counties by the commons, 480. His reply to their folicitations to pafs it, 482. Removes to York, 484. Is encouraged by the principal nobility and gentry, 485. Refufes to pafs the militia bill, and iffues pro- clamations againft the proceedings of the commons, ib. Anfwers their memorials by the affiftance of Lord Falkland, 487. Iffues corn- millions of array, in oppofition to the militia, 488. Is refufed ad- mittance to Hull, 489. The county of York levies a guard for him, ib. Receives military (lores from Holland, 490. His anfwer to the propofitions of agreement fent by the parliament, 492. Eretts his itandard at Nottingham, 493. State of parties at the commence- ment of the civil war, 494. His revenue flopped by parliament, 496. Is prevailed upon to make overtures for a treaty, 499. • His declarations before his army, 503. Prince Rupert defeats a party of Effex's army, 505. Marches from Shrewfbury to meet Effex, 506. Battle of Edge hill, ib. Takes poffeflion of Oxford, 508. Marches toward London, ib. Receives an addrefs from the parliament for a treaty, ib. Defeats two regiments at Brentford, 509. Returns to Oxford, ib. Demands of the parliament in the negotiation there, 510. Reading taken from him by the earl of Effex, 512. Cornwal reduced to obedience to him by Sir Ralph Kopton, 515. His ge- nerals defeat the parliament commanders, at Brad;?-down and Strat- ton, 516. Sends prince Maurice and the marquis of Hertford into the weft, 518. Lord Wilmot, fent with cavalry to ihe weft, defeats Sir William Waller on Roundway-dovvn, 515. Receives a rein- forcement brought over by the queen, 522. Briftol taken by prince Rupert, ib. Publifhes a manifefto, and renews his proteftation, 524. Joins the camp at Briftol, ib. Bpfieges Gloucefter, 525. Raifes the fiege on the approach of Effex, 531. Battle of Newbury, 532. Eftablifhes a garrifon in Reading, 533. Applies to Ireland for affift- ance, 536. His reply to the cffer of mediation made by the Scots commiliioners, 538. Orders Ormond to conclude a ceffition with the Irifh rebels, 546. Receives trcops from Ormond, ib. A vindi- cation of his innocence as to the Irifh rebellion, 580. Endeavours to form a parliament at Oxford, in oppofition to that at London, vii. 3. Circulates privy feals for loans, 4. Solicits a treaty, ib. Declares the parliament at London not to be a free one, or in- titled to authority, 5. Writes to the parliament, which rejects his offers, INDEX. offers, ib. Prince Rupert is defeated at IVIarfton-Moor, 12. York and Newcaftle taken from him, 14. Appoints Ruthven, earl of Brentford, general under him, 15. Roues Sir William Waller ac Cropedy-bridge, 16. Reduces Effex's army in the well, ib. Is de- feated at Newbury, 17. Makes frefh propofals for a treaty, 30. Sends commiffioners to Uxbridge, 31. His offers with regard to church government, 33. His offers with regard to the militia, 35. The licentious difpofition and practices of his troops, 54. Relieves Chefter, 55. Takes Leicefter, 56. Battle of Nafeby> 57. Is de- feated, 58. His cabinet of letters feized, and publifhed by the par- liament, ib. Recals prince Rupert's commiffion on the lofs of Briftol, 61. Is again defeated at Chefter, ib. Retires to Oxford, ib. Lord Afhley defeated, 65. His fortitude under his difafters, ib. Is re- fufed a treaty by the parliament, 66. His commiffion to the earl of Glamorgan with regard to Ireland, 6j. Glamorgan's conduct, ib. Juftifies himfelf in this affair, ib. Retires from Oxford, and puts himfelf into the hands of the Scots army before Newark, 73. Is put under a guard by them, ib. His treatment by the preachers, 74. Is obliged to order his garrifons to furrrender, 75. Receives frefh pro- pofals from the parliament and the Scots, 76. Is delivered up to the Englifh commiffioners, 80. Is conducted toHoldenby, ib. Is feized by cornet Joyce, and conveyed to the army, 88. The indulgence of the army toward him, 97. The army enters into treaty with him, for the fettlement of the nation, 99. His offers to Cromwel and Ire- ton, 100. Is brought by the army to Hampton-court, 104. His confinement increafed, 106. Flies to the Ifle of Wight, 107. En- trufts himfelf to Hammond the governor, who lodges him in Ca- rifbroke caftle, ib. Negotiates again with the parliament, til. Ths parliament votes againft all farther treaty with him, 113. Is clofely confined, 114. The Scots commiffioners treat with him for arming Scotland in his favour, 116. A fleet in ths river declares for him, 119. Treats with commiffioners of the parliament, lent for that purpofe, 122. The points debated between them, ib. Is again feized by the army, and confined in Hurft-caftle, 130. Is brought to London to be tried, 135. His trial opened, 136. His fpeech againft the authority of the court, 137. Is condemned, 139. Re- flections on this event, 140. His behaviour after fentence, 142. His execution, 144. His character, 146. His children, 152. in- quiry into the authenticity of zhe Icon Bajilike, 153. Character of this work, and its fuppofed influence in producing the reltoration of his fon, 154. His love for the fine arts, 341 . His pictures and furniture fold, 34.2. His dea h hew firft refolved upon, 519. Vindicated from the charge nf infincerity, 523. Charles, prince of Wales, fon of Charles I. is fent by his f.-.ther, general into the weft, vii. 60. Retires over to Paris to his mother, 63. Takes command of a fleet which declares for the king, 119. Is proclaimed king by the Scots, 159. Is obliged to remove from Holland, 172. Defires the Scots commiffioners to attend hi.Ti at Breda, 173. The terms propoftd to him there, ib. His treatment on landing in Scotland, 183. The declaration he ib forced to publiih, 184. Is obliged to fign twelve articles of repentance, 18;. Veu»-Vlll. B b Oces INDEX, Goes to the Scots camp, but ia ordered by the clergy to leave if, 1 8 ;. Is crowned at Scone, 192. Is reproved by a committee of minifter- for his gallantries, 193. Is detected in an attempt toefcape, ib. la permitted to join the camp, 194. Marches into England, 195. Is routed by Cromwel at Worcefter, 196, Secretes himfelf ac Bof- cobel, 197. Travels in difguife to Briftol, 198. Takes refuge with colonel Windham, ib. Embarks at Shoreham in Suflex for Nor- mandy, 200. Encourages an infurreftion of the royalifts againft the protector, 243. Is forced to retire from France, 249. Forms a league with Philip of Spain, and keeps a court at Bruges, 278. His reception by the French and Spanifti minifters, at the treaty of the Pyrenees, 306. Sends a letter to Monk, 311. His letter delivered to parliament, 327. He is proclaimed, 328. Charles II. is reftored by parliament, vii. 32. The refpeft fhewn to him by foreign powers on this event, 329. Lands at Dover, 330. His character and perfonal qualifications, 349. Forms his miniftry 350. Settlement of the (late, 352. The late king's judges ordered to furrender, on exclufion from pardon, 353. Pafles an aft of in- demnity, ib. His revenue fettled, 354. Reilores epifcopacy and the liturgy, 362. His reafons for reiloring epifcopacy in Scot- land, 366. Reilores the bifhops to their feats in parliament, 372. All military authority furrendered to him, 373. The .regulation of corporations granted to him, 374. His motives for marrying Ca- therine of Portugal, 378. Sells Dunkirk to the French, 385. Iffoes the declaration of indulgence, 387. Is attached to the catholic religion, 388. Becomes difgufted with Clarendon, 392. Is ruled by his miftrefs the Duchefs of Cleveland, z£. His character and conduft, 393. Demands, and obtains, a repeal of the triennial aft, 395. Sends Sir Robert Holmes to attack the Dutch fettle- ments, 399. Obtains a fum from the city of London for the Dutch war, 400. Declares war againft the United Provinces, 402. Endeavours to engage France to unite againft the Dutch, 404, Denmark declares againft him, 406. Pafles the five-mile aft, 407. Makes advances toward a peace with the States, 417. Treaty of Bredd, 422. Banifhment of Clarendon, 427. Concludes the triple alliance, 435. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 437. Is forced to pafs the bill againft the importation of Irilh cattle, 448. As alfo the aft againft conventicles, 456. Charafter of his cabal miniftry, 453. The counfels in'Iille I into him by, 461. Is prevailed on to defert his triple alliance, and to league with France, by his fifter the duchefs of Orleans, 464. Is influenced alfo by his French millrefs, the duchefs of Portfmouth, ib. Pardons Blood for his attempt on the regalia, and promotes him, 472. Bellows a peerage and the trea- furer's ftaffon Sir Thoman Clifford, for his expedient of minting up the exchequer, 475. A fecond declaration of indulgence, 476. Sufpenfion of the navigation aft, 477. Martial law revived, ib. Declares war againft the Dutch, 478. His reflections on the fuc- ceffes of Lewis in the Low Countries, 492. His demands from the State.', 494- His fpeech to parliament, 500. His declaration of indulgence oppofed by the commons, 503. Recals the dcc\:\ Prorogues the parliament, 512. Afks advice of; xelp. INDEX. refpecting making peace with the Dutch, 5 13. Peace concluded,- v'&i Proof of his entering into a fcheme for reftoring poperv, viii. 4, nne\ Duplicity of his conduct on this occafion, ib. Sir-William Temple's free remonltrance to him, 7. Is unable to obrain a fnpply foe taking off anticipations of his revenue, 15. Suppress corref-fyfadei by proclamation, 16. Recalls the pioclairaticn, u.-. abius raifed fituation at the time of the congreis of Nimeguen, 24. His fpeech to parliament, 25. Is exhorted by parliament to guard a'^airrii the growing power of France, ^7. Requefts fupplies, and pledges his honour for the proper application of t u em, 28. Is addreiTed -by the parliament to form an alliance with the states again!! France, 311 .Adjourns the parliament, ib. Secretly figns a treaty with France, and obtains a penfion from that court on promife of his neutrality, ^32. Receives the prince of Orange at Newmarket, 33. Concludes a rqarrf riage between him and theprincefs Mary, 35. Concerts theterjis of peace with the prince, ib. Sends the terms to Paris, 36. His in- structions to Sir William Temple, with TernpL's reply, 37, Corr- cludes an alliance with the Stages, to oblige France to peace, 38. The parliament ftill diilrultful of him, 39. Receives a paflionate ad- drefs front the commons, 40. Concludes a treaty with the States to oblige Lewis to an immediate evacuation of the towns in Flanders, 42* His conduct in regard to the treaty of Nirneguen, 47. His obfervatiort on the complaints made of Lauder tale's adminiitration in Scotland, 60. Is warned of a popifh plot, 63. Publifh.es p r oclamations for the- difcovery of the murderers of Sir Edmondbu'-v Godfrey, 77, Plis fpeech to parliament, ib. Ridicules the no >ifh plot privately, 83. Protects his queen from the accufation of Oates and Bedloe, 85. Re- fufes to pafs the militia bill, ib. 'His private contract with Lewis, for the peace of Nirneguen, discovered by Danby's letters, in the houfe of commons, 86. DiiToIves the parliament to fcreen Danby, 88. Is obliged to fummon a parliament again for money, 93. Deiires his brother to retire beyond fea, 95. Declares the illegitimacy of the duke of Monmouth, 96. Afferts the prerogative of rejecting the fpeaker choien by the common.-, 97. The pretention compromifed, ib. Afferts his intention of protecting Danby againfl the refencmentof the commons, 98. Chufes a new council by the advice of Sir Wiiliara Temple, 101. A lift of the new council, 102. Propofes to parlia- ment limitations on a popifh fucceiTor to the crown, 103. Habeas corpus act pafTed, 107. The parliament takes advantage of his ne- ceffities, ib. Prorogues, and after diflaly.es the parliament, ito. The popularity of his benaviour, 121. Is prevailed on by the duke of York to deprive Monmouth of his command, and lend him abroad, 122. Is ftrongly petitioned for a parliament, 125. His ipeech to the new parliament, 129. Evades pahV.g a repeal of the tuirty-fifth of Elizabeth, 148. Diffolves the pari ament, and fummens another to meet at Oxford, 149. His fpeech ro the new parliament, 150. Dif- folves it, 154. Perfecutes the diiTenters, 175." Iffaes a writ of qu*> warranto againfl «i»e city of London, 17S. Conditions on which he reitjred the charter, 181. Mik"s profic by the Surrender ot corpo- ration charters, ib. How he efcapeu the Kye-hcufe plot, il;6. His motives for not fparing lord RufiVl, 193. Marries the lady Anne to B b 2 prince INDEX. prince George of Denmark, 204.. Particulars of a private agreement between him and Lewis XIV. 207, note. Is conjectured to have in- tended an alteration of his political meafures, 208. Dies, 209. His private character, 210. His political character, 21 1. Compared with the emperor Tiberius, 213. The royal fociety inftituted by him, 332. Why unable to encourage literary merit, 333. Charles the Simple, king of France, refigns Neuftria to Rollo the Dane, and gives him his daughter, i. 138. — the Fair, king of France, trie grounds of his difpute with Ed- ward II. of England, ii. 350. Secretly countenances the confpiracy of his filler queen Ifabella, againft Edward, 352. — , dauphin of France, is feduced by Clnrles king of Navarre, ii. 4^0. Repents, and betrays Charles into the hands of his father John, 451. His government renounced on his father's captivity, and all affairs thrown into confufion, 462. Rejects the difhonourable treaty concluded by his father at London, 465. His prudent difpofition on Edward's invafion, ib. Succeeds to the crown on his father's death, 472. The full acts of his reign, ib. Acknowledges the young count de Mountford, duke of Britanny, 473. Is engaged by the count de Tranftamare to invade Peter king of Caitile, 475. Summons prince Edward to Paris, 480. Invades the Englifh provinces in France, 481. VI. of France, his fixation compared with that of Richard II. of England, iii. 92. Diibrders the kingdom became fubject to, from the devolving of the regal power on the duke of Orleans and Burgundy on his infanity, 93. See France-, Burgundy, and Orleans. Dies, 118. VII. of France, his character, and iituation at the death of his father, iii. 125. His di lire lied iituation after the battle of Verneuil, 132. How recovered from his defpair on the fiege of Orleans, 141. Determines, on the fuccefs of Joan D'Arc, to take the field, 151. Marches into Rheims, and is crowned there, ib. His volunteer army difbands, 153. Makes peace with the duke of Burgundy at Arras, 161. His advantages in the war with the Englifh, 165. Concludes a truce with the Englifh, 169. His prudent employment of this in- terval, 175, Renews the war, 176. Takes Rouen, and recovers the province of Normandy, 177. Recovers Guienne, ib. Dies, 223. VIII. king of France, encourages the Flemings in their oppo- fnion to his father-in-law Maximilian, king of the Romans, iii. 334. Invades Britanny by invitation of the barons, 336. Marries the duchefs of Britanny, 349. Returns the daughter of Maximilian, to whom he had been contracted, ib. Makes peace with Spain, and his cefiions to that court, 354. Receives Perkin Warbec, and pa- tronizes him, 358. Invades Italy, 36S. IX. of France, his mother Catherine de Medicis appointed regent during his minority, v. 42. See Msdicis. League of Bayonne for the extirpation of the Hugcnots, 93. Is forced to an accommodation with the prince of Conde, 186. Concludes a fecond accommodation with the proteftants, 188. His diffimulation toward the proteflant leaders, 204. Marries his lifter to the prince Navarre, 205. Orders the poifoning of the queen of Navarre, ib. Mafl'acre of Paris, ib. The maflacre of the Hugonots extended to the provinces, 206. Extorts a recantation of the proteitant religion from the young king of Navarre, and prince 3 of INDEX. cfConde, ib. Calumniates the proteftants at foreign courts, to pal- liate thefe barbarities, ib. His death and character, 210. Charles, grandfon of Ferdinand cf Arragon, fucceeds him in the king- dom ofSpain, iv. 12. Is chofen emperor of Germany, 18. • V. emperor of Germany, his character compared with that of his competitor Francis I. of France, iv. 19. His extenfive domi- nions, ih: Motives of his vifn to Henry VIII. 21. Pays his court to cardinal Wolfey, ib. A fecond interview between him and Henry, at Gravelines, 24. His grants to Wolfey, 25. Makes war againft France,, ib. His exorbitant demands from Francis, 26- Concludes an alliance with the pope and Henrv, againft Francis, /<£. Comes over again to England, 40. Renews his court to Wolfey, ib* Is inftalled knight of the garter, ih. The duke of Bourbon revolts againft Francis, and enters his fervice, 50. Invades France, and takes Fontarahia, 52. A new treaty between him and Henry for the invafion of France, 54. Iniades Provence, 55. Battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis, 57. His hypocrify on this occafion, 58. His exorbitant demands for the ranibm of Francis, 64. Carries Francis to Madrid, 65. Vifits him, ih. Reftores Francis by the treaty of Madrid, 66. His hypocrify on the news of the taking of Rome by the Imperial troops, 70. War declared againtt him by France and England, 73. Challenges Francis to fingle combat, ib. Intimidates the pope, 82. Peace of Cambray with Francis, 98. Sultan Solyman conquers Hungary, and befieges Vienna, 99. Makes advances toward an accommodation with Henry, 143. His unfuc- cefsful invafion of France, 145. Concludes a truce with Francis for ten years, 176. Afks of Francis permiffion to pafs through France to the Netherlands, 203. Is honourably received and conducted through, 204. His ungrateful infincerity towards Francis, 21 1. Ir- ritates Henry againft Francis, and concludes an alliance with him, ib. 236. His remark on Henry's fuppre/fion of the monafteries, 237. Reduces the duchy of Cleves, 239. BeiiegesLandrecy, ib. Is forced to abandon the fiege, 240. Invades France in concert with Henry, 245. Takes St. Difier, 247. Concludes a feparate peace with Francis, /"<£. His conduct relating to the council of Trent, 294. His artful and treacherous behaviour toward the princes of the protectant league, ib. His reafons for declining an alliance with the protector Somerfet on the part of Edward VI. 354. Is reduced to grant an equitable peace to the proteftants, by Maurice, elector of Saxony, 382. Makes an unfuccefsful attempt on Metz, ib. Propofes his fon Philip as a hufband to queen Mary of England, 383. His reafons for flopping cardinal Pole on his journey to England, 384. Sends over a large fum to bribe the Englifh parliament, 394. Inftrucls cardinal Pole to exhort Mary to moderation toward her proteftantfub- jects, 411. Refigns all his hereditary dominions to his fon Philip, 425. Retires to a monaftery in Eftremadura, ib. His employment in his retreat, 426. His character, compared with that of pope Paul IV. 427. »■ , king of Navarre, fome account of, and his character, ii. 440, Procures Charles de la Cerda, conftabie of France, to be aflaffiaated, and his behaviour on that occafion, 450. John, king of France, B b 3 purchafes N D E X. purchnfesa peace with him, ib. Seduces the dauphin, Charles, who betrays him into the hands of his father, 45 i. Is thrown into prifon, ib. E/capcs, 464. Charles X of Sweden, his fuccefs in the north, vii. 246. Befieges Copenhagen, but is forced to defift, by an Englifh and Dutch fleet, 3°+' . , * de Blois, marries the niece of John III. duke of Britanny, and is acknowledged i'ucceflbr to that duchy, ii. 416. Befieges the counreis ue Mountfort in Hennebonre, 418. Is forced to raife the (iege by the arrival of fuccours from England, 420. Is taken pri loner by the countefs de Mountfort, 438. Is flain in Britanny, 473- Charmoutb, battle there between the Englifh and Danes, i. 68. Charter of liberties granted to the Englilh by Henry I. i. 314. Review of this charter, 317. Renewed by Stephen, and confirmed by Henrv II. ii. 78. The great charter, called Magna Charta, granted by John, 84. The principal heads of this charier, 85. Remarks upon it, 87. 141. Securities for the fulfilment of it, 89. Anew one granted by Henry III. 146. The differences between this charter, and the Magna Charta of John, ib. A confirmation of it by Henry, 147. A chart* r of foreits granted by him, ib. The great charter renewed and confirmed by a parliament at Oxford, 155. A folemn confirmation of the great charter by Henry, 179. The two charters confirmed by parliament at home, and by Edward I. in Flanders, 292. Are confirmed by him in the fulleft manner on his return, with farther fecurities, ib. A free and full confirmation of tbem by Edward I. 294. Above twenty parliamentary confirmations of the great charter, granted by Edward III. 488. Char/res, the city of, befieged by the prince of Conde, v. 186. Chateau Gail lard on the frontier of Normandy, defcribed, ii. 51. Is befieged and taken by Philip of France, 52. Cbatelrault, the earl of Arran, created duke of, iv. 312. Refigns his authority as regent of Scotland to the queen dowager, 439. Inter- pofes and effects an accommodation between the queen regent and the Congregation of the Lord, v. 31. Joins the Congregation, ib. Is dis- contented at the marriage of Mary with the lord Darnly, 89. Enters into a confpiracy againft Mary at Stirling, 90. Is forced to take re- fuge in England, 91. Is pardoned on condition of retiring to France, 92. Arrives in London during the conference at York, but is de- tained by Elizabeth till Murray's return, 145. Lays down his arms on the detection of Norfolk's confpiracy, 203. Chaur.try, what, iv, 252, note. Cberingtcn, battle there, between Waller and Hopton, vii. 8. CJjejUr, her, firft erected into a bifhopric, iv. 183. Child, Sir Jofmh, his account of the great increafe of wealth after the reft- ration, viii. 329. Chivalry, the paificn for, when firft introduced among the Englifh, ii. 140. The romantic princ! r les of, deduced, ib. How improved during the times cf the crufades, 141. Chrifl church, Oxford, hiftory of its firft foundation, iv. 279. Chrijliant^j, its firft introduction among the Anglo Saxons, i. 30. Churcha INDEX; Church, the power of the, in the times of the -An»1o-Norman kings, ii. 139. TY.p authority of, detached from the ftate, by the ill judged policy of William the Conqueror, ib. Eftimate of its revenues in the reign of Henry IV. iii. 81. Propolal formed by tr.e commons to con- ver trum to civil purpoies, ib. For i's reformation from popery, fee Reformation. An examination of its principles of reformation, v. 149. Rejections on the revolution of its doctrines concerning the abfolute decrees of God, vi. 166. Churchill, captain, diftinguifhes himfelf in the French army sgainft the Impr-ialiils, viii. 18. Joins the prince of Orange, on his invaiion of England, 29;. Circuits, .bv itinerant jufHces, eftablifhed by Henry IF. i. 450. Cities in England, the ftate of, at the time of the Norman conqueft, \. zng. See Corporations. Civil laws, a view of the ftate of, as modelled by the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 140. Civil fociety, the advantages of, in comparifon of barbarous ages, i. 222. Claims^ a court of, erected for the divifion of lands in Ireland, vii. 4+ 6 ' ... Cldnricarde, earl of, forms a combination among the Irifh catholics, and driven the nuncio Rinuccini out of the ifland, vii. 163. Invites Ormond back from France, ib. Is obliged to fubmit to the parlia- ment, retires, and dies, 207. Clarence, Lionel duke of, fecond fon of Edward III. a brief view of his life, ii. 486. , Thomas duke of, fon of Henry IV. iii. 83. Attends his bro- ther Henry V. to France, no. Defeated and flain at the battle of Bauge, 114. • , George duke of, fecond brother to Edward IV. leagues with the earl of Warwick, iii. 230. Marries his daughter, ib. Confufed accounts of their fubfequent operations, 234. Raifes men in con- junction with Warwick, but delpairing of fuccefs difbands them, and flies to France, 236. Secretly reconciled to his brother Edward, Z39. Deferts with his forces from Warwick, 249. Hindered from marry- ing the heirefs of Burgundy, by his brother Edward, 260. Profe- cution and execution of two of his friends, Burdet and Stacy, 261. Confined and tried for his reflections on thefe proceedings, 262. Drowned in a butt of malmfey, 263. Reflections on the unfortunate fates of his children, ib. Clarendon, fummary of the conflitutions of, i. 393. Subfcribed by t:ie bifliops, 395. Abrogated by pope Alexander, 396. — -, Hyde eari of, and chancellor, his character as an hiftomn, vii. 347. Perfuades- Charles II. to difband toerepuolican armv, 360. His character and influence with the king, ib. His daughter married to the duke of York, 3&1. Is impeached in the houfe of lords by the earl of Briftoi, 392. Caufes of th° decline of his cred.t with the king, ib. The caufes of his fall inquired into, 423. The great feal taken from him, 425- I s impeached by the commons, ib. 530. Retires to Calais, and writes from thence to the houie cf lords, 426. B b 4 U INDEX. Is bammed, and compofes his hiftory of the civil war, 427. Review of his life and conduct, ib. CJaj/ole, Mrs. daughter of Oliver Cromwell, her char?cter and death, vii. 283. Clement V. Pope, the order cf knights templars abolifhed by him, ii. 3 6 4- . VII. of the family of Medicis, eit-c~led to the papacy, iv. 48. Grants to Wolfey the legatine commiflion for life, 49. Gives Francis I. of France a difpenfation from fulfilling the treaty of Madrid, 68. Rome facked by the Imperial troop?, and himfelf taken pri- foncr, 69. Is applied to by Henry VIII. for a divorce from Catharine of Arragon, 79. Caufes of his hesitation in that affair, 81. His character, 82. Is intimidaced by the emperor, ib. Grants a corn- million to Campeggio and Wolfey, to try the king's marriage, 85. Evokes the caufe to Rome, qi. Receives queen Catharine's appeal, 1 10. Is inftigated by the conclave to proceed to extremities againft Henrv, but only threatens him, 114. Isdifgufted with Charles, and leagues with Francis, ib. Motives which prevented an accommoda- tion with Henry, 115. Pronounces fentence agaiml Henry precipi- tately, which he afterwards repents, 116. His authority renounced by the Englith convocation and parliament, 119. Dies, 140. ■» , prince, of Bavaria, is chofen elector of Cologne, viii. 286. — , Jacques, afiaffinates Henry III. of France, v. 357. Clementines and Urbanifts, the fourcc- of thole dift.indt.ions, iii. 57. Clergy f review of the ufuroations of the, in the reign of Henry II. L 382. Their artifices to obtain money, 390. Claim an exemption from the civil magiftrate, ib. Enormities committed by, ib. How they evaded the celibacy enjoined them, ii. 64. Reflections on their cafe, ib. By what titles they obtained feats in the ancient feudal parlia- ments, 1 14. Of ufe as mediators in difputes between the kings and their barons, 157. Italian, an eftimate of the value of their bene- fices in England, in the early part of the reign of Henry III. 170. Deprived of all protection from the laws, by Edward I. on their re- fufal to grant him fupplies, 286. The bad circum fiances to which they were reduced by this exclufion, ib. Are reduced to compliance, 287. A view of the fupplies granted by, to Edward I. 323. Why afliduous in promoting the ftudy and obfervance of civil law, iii. 299. Not to beg without a licence, at the time of Henry VII. 403. All obliged to take the oath offupremacy, by act of Elizabeth's parlia- ment, v. 76. Their difpofnion toward Romifh ceremonies and church authority, under the countenance of bifhop Laud, vi. 292. The right of taxing their revenues refigned to parliament, vii. 401. Parochial, obtain the right of voting at elections, 402. See Church and BiJbo i s. . — ■ , reformed in Scotland, their grofs behaviour to Mary, en her ar- rival in Scotland, v. 49. Are ruled in this, by John Knox, ib. The real caufe of their ill humour, 94. S-ee Kncx, Reformation, AJJembly* Congregation of the Lord, EccleJiaflicalCommiffion, and Scotland: of the church of Home, their authoricy and union dangerous to the civil magillrate^ iv. 32. But the encouragement of the fine arts in ibme INDEX. fome meafure owing to them, 33. See Indulgences, Luther, and Reformation. Clermont, a council called there by pope Martin II. ut refolve on a holy war, i. 295. Clet icfaliimA ychifciud by the queen from attending the houfe, ib. Yelverton's free fpeech on the occafion, ib. Farther de- bates on this matter, 176. Strickland rettored to the houfe, 177. Are checked by the lords in debating of matters of religious reformation, ib. Speeches on the queen's prerogative, occasioned by Bell's motion againft an exclusive patent granted to a trading company at Briftol, 173. B-il feverely reprimanded by the council for his temerity, 180. Are reproved by the lord keeper at the clofe of the feffion for their jreedom, 181. A bribe given to a mayor for an election, with the probable reafen for it, 183, note. Addrefs the queen for the duke of IMorfolk's execution, zc\q. Apply to the queen for the trial and exe- cution of Mary queen cf Scots, 201. Pafs two bills for regulating ecclefiftitical ceremonies, but are checked by the queen, ib. Speech of Peter Wentworth in favour of liberty, 225. Behaviour of the houfe on this occafion, 227. Oppofe encroachments of the upper houfe, 228. Appoint a general fair, at the motion of Paul Wentworth, 236. Are reprimanded by the queen for it, ib. Apply to the bifhops for farther reformation, 261. Complain of the court of ecclefiaftical commiffion, ib. Are prohibited by the queen from intermeddling with ecclefiaftical affairs, 34.5. Are checked in their endeavours to re- gular purveyance, 347. The queen's haughty reply to the requefts cf Sir Edward Coke, fpeaker, 363. Peter Wentworth refumes the fubject of the fucceffion, 364. He and feveral others lent to prifon, ib. Treatment of Morrice for oppofing abufes of ecclefiaftical power, 366. Yelverton a lawyer chofen fp?aker, 385. Grant fupplies to thequeen, ib. Difpute about forms with the lords, 386. Extraordinary afler- tions of the regal prerogative in the debates concerniug monopolies, 441. The abject acknowledgments of the houfe, on the queen's promife to cancel the moll oppreffive of the patents, 442. Grant the queen an extraordinary fupply, 443, Review of the practice of INDEX. of the chancellors, in ifiuing new writs to fupply the places of mem- bers, whom they judged incapable of attending, vi. 15. Votes of the houfe on this occafion, 16. Inquiry iato the qucftion, whether an outlaw can be chofen a member, 17. Reitore Sir Francis Good- win to his feat, which had been vacated by the chancellor on account of his outlawry, 18. Refufe a conference with the lords on this af- fair, 19. Are commanded by the king to confer with the judges, ib. Spirited debates on this fubject, ib. A committee of, inquire into the monopolies of trade, 23. Attempt to free the nation from the burden of ward imps and feudal tenures, 24. And from purveyance, ib. Are unwilling to grant any fupplies to the king, 26. Rejedt a bill from the lords, for entailing the crown lands on the king and his fucceflbrs, ib. Grant fupplies, 40. Are averfe to the union between Eng'and and Scotland, 41. Frame a petition for rigour toward popifh recufants, and lenity toward fcrupulous prcteftant clergymen, but are checked by the king, 43. Order their journals to be regu- larly kept, 44. Refufe to fupply the king's neceliities, 47. Re- flections on their conduct, 48. Their views extend to eftabliih tha conltitucion on freer principles than formerly, 51. Attempt to check the regal prerogative in ecclefiailical affairs, 53. Rcmonftrate againft the high commiflion court, 54. Are alarmed at reports of the king's influencing elections, 72. Difpute the king's power of levying money by his prerogative, 7;. Are diflblved in anger, and fome of the members imprifoned, ib. Grant fupplies to afiiit the Elector Pa- latine, 107. Make a representation of grievances tG the king, 108. Impeach the lord chancellor Racon, 109. Remonltrate to the king in favour of the Elector Palatine, and agair.fl the Spanifn match, 112. Are reproved by the king, 113. Remonltrate again, 114. The king's fpeech to their committee, 1 15. Proteii aganit the king's de- nial of their privileges, 116. This proteilation tore out of their journal by the king, ib. Are diflblved, and the refractory members puniihed, ib. The arguments uiged by both parries concerning the difpur.es between the king and them, 118. Vote fupplies for a Spaniih war, 143. Impeach the earl of Middlefex, 144. Inquiry into the caufe of the fmall fupply granted by them in the nrft parliament oi Charlesl. 20J. Their leaders and their views, 204. Continue ob- ltinatein denying farther fupplies, notwithfinnding the king'* remon- strances, 207. Are difguiied at the afliltance fea-t againit Rochelle, ib. Complain of the growth of -popery, 210. A fupply voted, but its palling i::to a law poitponed, 213. Impeach the duke of Bucking- ham, 215. The two members who managed tfeis impeachment im- prifoned by the king, 219. Remonitrate againit conferring trulls on catholics, 220. Ate diflblved, but publilh, a remonftrance pre- vious to their diflblution, 222. A character oi this houfe in the third parliament, 239. Sir Francis Seymour's ipeech, 241. Sir Roberc Philip's fpeech, 242. Sir Thomas Wer.tworth's fpeech, 244. Five fubhdies voted, 24;. The famous petition of right taken under con- sideration, 248. Farther expostulations by the king, 251. The pe- tition of right palTed by them, 253. Impeach Manwayring, for aflerting in a fermen the real pierogativeof levying taxes independent of parliament, 255. Attack the commiS£jn for levying money, 257. PrefeiU INDEX. Frefeht a remonfirance againft the duke of Buckingham's conduct, 25'S. li fit on the king's difcontinuing levying the duties of tonnage and poun age, 268. Attack Arminianifm, 271. An allufion made nfe of by Roufe, a member, 274. Firft appearance of Oliver Cromwell, ib. Cail officers to account for levying tonnage and poundage, ib. Sir John Elliot reads a remonfirance again ft thefe duties, ib. The fpeaker forcibly held in the chair till a remonftrance is framed and palled, 275. Are diffolved, ib. Members punilhed, 276. The com- plexion and reafomngof the houfe in the fourth parliament, now fum- mor.ed after eleven years interval, 346. The fubftance of Pym's ipeech, 348. Enter into the confideration of grievances, ib. Refent the interpofidon of the lords, ib. Summary of the arguments urged by the court and popular parties, 349. Are abruptly diffolved, 353. Straff rd impeached by, in the long parliament, 369. Impeach arch-oifhop Laud, ib. Impeach the lord keeper Finch, 371. Vote feveral proceedings of lieutenants and deputy. lieutenants of counties illegal, and the parties exercifing them delinquents, for afleffing fhip- money, 372. Sheriffs voted delinquents for ajrefling fhip-money, 373. The officers who levied tonnage and poundage fined, ib. The ftar- chamber and high commifiion courts condemned, ib. Accufe the judges for their determination on Hambden's trial, ib. Expel mono- polies and projectors, 374. Remarks on their proceedings, 375. Re- verfe the fencences of the ftar-chamber on Prynne and others, 377. The rapid progrefs of their regulations, 380. Agree to pay the Scots army, 3 Hi. Begin to attack epifcopal authority, 385. Karafs the clergy, 387. Vote a removal of all catholics from the army, 389. Make limited grants of tonnage and poundage, 392. Frame a bill for triennial parliaments, which is palled, 393. Pafs a bill of at- tainder againft Strafford, 409. Form a proteftation, and order it to be figned by the whole nation, 412. Are offended at the king's in- terpolicion for Strafford, 413. Difband the Englifh and Scots armies on the king's journey to Scotland, 423. Infill on the reduction of the Infh army raifed by Strafford to reduce the Scot?, 431. Oppofe their being hired by the Spaniards, 432. Their zeal for the prefby- terian difcipline, 445. Credit the report of the irifh maffacre being ordered by the king, 447. An account of the famous remonftrance framed by them, 44.9. Pafs the remonftrance, and publifh it without fending it up to the lords, 451. Reafoning of the parties on both fides with regard to it, ib. Prefent 'he remonftrance to the king on his return, 456. Pafs the bill for prefiing ''bldiers for Ireland, 458. The interpofnion of peers in elections declared to be a breach of pri- vilege, 459. Their proceedings againft the bifhops, 460. Declare to the lords an intention of rejecting their authority, if oppofed by i, 461. Excne apprehenfioni in the people, 462. Impeach th^ bifhops, who fign a proteftation, ^55. Five members impeached by the king, 467. The impeached members are demanded, 468. Are demandea by the king in perfon, 469. Adjourn the houfe on this occ?fion, 470. Order a committee to fit in Merchant-Taylors- HaH, 47 1 . The accufed members take their feats, 472. MefTages between them and the king, 4.74. Encourage petitions from the common people, 475. Impeach the attorney-general, and profecute their I N D E X. - their plan of the militia, 478. Form a magazine at Hull, and jrp- point Sir Jshn Hotham governor, 479. Appoint governors of Portfmouth and the Tower, ib. Warn the kingdom to prepare for a defence againft papifts and ill-affected perfons, ib. Appoint all the lieutenants of counties, and reftore their powers, ib. Prefs the king by meflages to pafs the bill, 481. His reply, 482. Their vote on this reply, 483. Carry the militia bill into execution without the king's concurrence, 485. Vote all to be traitors who affift the king, 4S9. Raife an army, and appoint the earl of EiTex general, 490. For thofe tranfactions wherein both houfes concur, fee Parliament. Carry an impeachment of the queen up to the lords, vii. 10. Pafs the felf-denying ordinance, 27. Choofe Henry Pelham fpeaker in the room of Lenthal, on his going to the army, 102. Their violent accufation againft the king, 114. Pafs a vote for bringing the king to a trial, 134. This vote being refufed by the lords, they pafs an ordinance for bringing him to trial by their own authority, ib. Vote the houfe of lords ufelefs, and abolifh monarchy, 151. Re- admit fome of the fecluded members, 158. Name a council to carry on the adminiftration of govern^ lent, ib. Enlarge the laws of high treafon, 167. Diflblution of, by Cromwell, 219. Retrofpedt of their proceedings, 220. Character of Barebone's parliament, 228. In the protector's parliament, refufe to acknowledge the houfe of lords fummoned by him, 277. The new houfe of, after the final diflblution of the long parliament, meet and choofe Sir Harbottle Grimftone fpeaker, 327. Receive a letter from Charles II. and ap- point a committee to anfwer it, ib. The king proclaimed, 328. Vote prefents to the king and his brothers, ib. Pafs a vote againft the indignities pradtifed by the Dutch toward the Er.glifh trade, 396. Impeach the earl of Clarendon, 425. Oblige the king to pafs the act againft the importation of Irifh cattle, 448. Addrefs the king for a proclamation againft conventicles, 453. Obftruct the tolerating maxims of the court, ib. Refent the lords taking cognizance of Skinner's cafe, 454. As alfo with their alterir-o- a money bill, 468. Coventry act, on what occalion pafled, 469. Vacancies fupplied by writs from the chancellor, annulled, 502. Grants to the king, ib. Frame and fupport a remonfxrance againll the declaration of indul- gence, JC3. Remonftrance againft the duke of York's in. ended mar- riage, and the ftandirg army, 511. Motions carried, on the ex- pected prorogation, ib. Inquire into grievances at the next meeting ib. Prepare to impeach Buckingham and Arlington, 513. Their difcontented meafures, viii. 11. Quarrel with the lords en the cafe of Fag and Shirley, 14. Refufe the king a fupply to free his revenue from anticipations, 15. Grant fupplies for the navy, 26. Their reafons for putting no confidence in the king's promiles, 29. Are reproved and adjourned for the addrefs recommenahg an alliance with the States againft France, 31. Continue diltruliful of the king's intentions, 3S. Make a paffionate addrefs to the king, 40. Vote the diibinding of the army, 43. Impeach the earl of Danby, 87. Conteft the choice of a fpeaker with the king, 97. The depute compromifed, ib. Dauby attainted, 98. Refume the fearch after the popiih plot, 99. Pafs the bill of excluiion againft the duke of Yoik, I N D E X. York, 105. A bill brought in to exclude all members pofT<;~ng lucrative offices, 106. Vote the king's guards, and ftanding army, to be illegal, ib. Refume the impeachment of Danby, 108. Dif- pute with the lords on the right of the bifhops' votes in Danby's cafe, ib. Perfecute the abborrers, and protect the petitioners, 130. Revive alarms about the popifh plot, 1 31. The exclufion-bill relumed, 134. The arguments ufed for and againft the exclufion-bill, 135. Pafs the exclufion-bill, 139. Prefent an addrefs to the king, concerning abufes in government, 140. Their violent proceedings, 146. Im- peach Fitz-harris, in the parliament at Oxford, 15;. Grant a reve- nue to James II. during life, 224. Addrefs him concerning his exer- cii= of a difpenfing power, 240. In the convention parliament vote the throne to be vacant, 310. Their conference with the lords, 3J4. See Lord; and Parliament. Ccmmonivcaltb tf England, commencement of, viii. 151. State of, af- ter the battle of Vvoreeiter, 201. Its confufed management of eccle- iiaftica! affairs, 202. Maintains a formidable power abroad, 203. Ad- miral Blake difperfes prince Rupert's fleet, 204. Sir George Ayfcue reduces the colonies, 205. Scotland reduced by Monk, 207. At- tempts a coalition with the United Provinces, 209. Determines on a war with them, 210. Engagement between Blake and Tromp, 212. See Blake, Jfyfate, &c. Their advantage at fea owing to the ihip-money levied by Charles, 215. The long parliament diflblved by Cromwell, 219. State of parties at this time, 226. Is termi- nated, by Cromwell being chofen protector, 232. Is reftored by the refignation of Richard Cromwell, and re-aiTernbling the long parlia- ment, 298. The parliament expelled, and a committee of fafety appointed, 303. State of foreign affairs, 304. Diflblution of the long parliament, 320. Charles II. reflored, 328. A review of man- ners, me, treafurer, made earl of, vii. 512. His character, viii 11. Receives information of the popifli plot, 63. Communicates it to th- houfe of lords, 78. His letter to Montague am ballad or at Paris, produced before the houfe of commons, 86. Is impeached by the commons, 87. 'His defence of himfelf, 88. His ment revived b) the following parliament, 97. Is committed to the Tower, 98. Is admitted to bail, 205. Is freed by the houfe of lords, on the acceflion of JamesIL 226. Concurs in an invitation to the prince of Orange, 283. His condudl in parliament on the ab- dication of J lines, 313. Danes, tne n;uure of their firft piratical inroads into England, i. 69. A body of them take up their winter quarters here, 70. Sack Winchefter, 74. Seize Yurk and other places, 75. Defeat Alfred, and continue their depredations, 78. Reduce tne Saxons to defpair, 79. Routed by Alfred, 82, 83. Admitted to fettle, and baptized, 84. Revolt, 87. Renew their invafions, 131. Receive tribute from king Ethel- red, 133. Their piratical conduct accounted for, 137. Settle in Normandy, INDEX. Normandy, ib. Retain their ancient rude ferocity in England, 140. Ever ready to betray the Englifh to their foreign countrymen, 141. A^naffacreof, ib. Deftroy the Englifh fleet, 143. Set Canute, and Denmark. Danegeity oecafion of impofing that tax, i. 153. Remitted, 353. 469. Dangerfield, the author of the meal-tub plot, his character, viii. 124. D'Aquila, Don John, commands the Spanifh troops in an in^a^on of Ireland, v. 436. Is forced to capitulate to Mountjoy the deputy, Darcy, lord, joins Alice's infurreclion in the north, iv. 172. Is impri- foned en the fuppreffion of it, 174. Is execu'ei, 17^. Darnly, lord, (cm of the earl of Lenox, is propofed as hulband for Mary queen of Scotland, v. 85. His pedigree, ib. Is married to her, 89. Is infulted from the pulpit by John Knox, ib. His character, 94. Refents the queen's neglect of him, 95. Becomes j< 1 if David Rizzio, ib. Enters into a plot with the chancellor M for the deilruction of Rizzio, 97. Caufes Rizzio to be afT^fllnated in the queen's prefence, 98. Avows his orders for this action, ib. Is prevailed on by Mary to difavcw all concern in Rizzio's murder, and is then left by her in difdain, 99. Is reduced to defpair by her neglect, 105. His illnefs attributed t^ poifon, 106. The q-jeen's apparent reconciliation, and tendernels of him, ib. Is blown up with gunpowder, in a lone houfe where he was lodged, 107. A confederacy of nobles formed to punifh his murderers, 1 18. Darvel, Gatherin, a Welih Romilh idol, brought to London, and employed to burn friar Foi eft, iv. 180 Daubeney, lord, general of Henry Vllth's army againft the Sc^t?, or- dered to march againft the Cornifh rebels, iii. 3-4. Engage-, them at Blackheath, ib. Taken prifoner by them, but rcicued, jj6. Defeats them, ib. D' ' Aubivney , count, his family and character, v. 231 Is fenr bv the duke of Guiie, to detach James of Scotland from the Englifli intereft, ib. Infinuaies himfelf into favour with James, and is created earl of Lenox, 232. See Lenox. David king of Scotland, invades England 'n favour of the emprefs Matilda, i. 357. Routed, ib. Confers knighthood on Hen-y fun of the emprefs, 367. — , eldeft fon and heir of Lewellyn prince of Wales, does homage to Henry III. and delivers his brother Griffin into his hands, ii. l^o. Is taken piiibner by Edward I. and tried, and executed as a traitor, 242. Davis's ftraits difcovered, v. 477. Dax lord lieutenant to Ire- land, 404. Orders Effex to diiplace the earl of Southampton, 405. Is difpleafed with hi? conduct, 409. Her behaviour to him on his unexpected journey to court, 410. Her forrow on his illnefs, 411. Sends lord Mountjoy to Ireland, in the room of Effex, 413. Caufes Effex to be examined before the privy council, 414. Rerufes to re- new his patent for the monopoly of fweet wines, 41S. Is informed that Effex ridicules her perfon and age, 420. Is informed of Effex's rebellious it hemes, 425. Her irreiolution with regard to the exe- cution of Eff-x, 429. Contents to his death, 430. Meditates a new fyftem of policy for Europe, in conjunction with Henry IV. of France, 433. Is induced to pay her foldiers in Ireland with bafe money, 435. Her enormous grants of monopolies, 439- Is induced to reftrain them, 441. The ahje& acknowledgments of the houfe of commons, on her promile to cancel the mcit oppreffive of the pa- tents, ib. Falls into a profound melancholy, 445. Inquiry into the caufe, ib. The couniefs of Nottingham conieffes her treachery to Effex, 44.6. Her unconquerable grief on this occaiioa) ib. Dies, 417. Her character, 44S. Review of her adminiltration, 45 1. Her arbi- trary exertion of her prerogatives, 452. Star chamber, 453. Court of high commiffion, 454. Martial law, 455. Orders vagabonds to be puniihed by martial law, 456. Her indignation againll Hayward, an author, averted by the pleafantry of Bacon, 457, Her method of oppreffing turbulent iubjecb, 459. Her aroitrary exaction of. loans, 460. Victualled her navy by means of her prerogative of purveyance, 461. Her arbitrary ufe of embargoes, 462. Difaliowed the Jegif- lative power of parliament, ib. Her tyrannical proclamations, 46;. Oppreffiye and cruel aits of power by her and her miniilry, 464. INDEX. 464. Bad /late of morals, and remifs execution of juftice, during her reign, 469. Her revenues, 472. She threatens to deprive the bifhop of Ely of his fee for not fulfilling an engagement concerning the exchange of feme land, ib. note. Her curious letter to him on that fubject, ib. The true reafon of her parfimony, ib. Debts owing to her by foreign princes, 473. Her extraordinary charges, and pre- fents to Effex, 474. Amount of the fupplies fhe received from par- liament, ib. Her credit efvablilhed in the city of London, 476. Her commercial regulation?, 477. Her improvement of the navy, 480. Her oftentation in drefs, 488. Her extraordinary learning, 490. Re- ports to her prejudice, which were communicated to her by Mary queen of Scots, 506. Her fpeech in the camp at Tilbury, 516. Remarks en her partiality to the earl of Leicefter, 5 17. The gallant ftyle in which her courtiers ufed to addrefs her, and fpeak of her, 526. Harrifon's account of her navy, 533. Elizabeth, princeis, daughter of James I. is married to Frederic, elector palatine, vi. 63. •— , princefs, daughter of Charles I. his charge to her, befere his execution, vii. 142. Dies of grief, 151. Elliot, Sir John, reads a remonftrance framed by him, in the houfe of commons, again ft tonnage and poundage, vi. 275. His fentence by the court of King'sbench, 276. Dies, 277. Eljlon, friar, interrupts Dr. Corren, preaching before Henry VIII. and juftifies friar Peyto's abufe of the king, iv. 134. Is cenfured by the council for it, ib. Ely, Longchamp bifhop of, appointed joint guaroian of the realm, with the bifhop of Durham, by Richard I. during his abfence oa the crufade, ii. 6. His character and preferments, 7. Arreib his coadjutor the bifhop of Durham, and extorts a resignation of the earldom of Northumberland from him, 16. His oltentatious aflumption of the fole adminiftration of governments ib. Forced to fly beyond fea, by prince John, 17. Intrigues with Philip of France, ib. Embargoes, the arbitrary finifter ufe of, by cj'ieen Elizabeth, v. 462. Emma, filler of Richard duke of Normandy, married to Ethelred king of England, i. 135. Ethelred dies, 146. Marries Canute his fuc- ceflbr, 150. Flies to Flanders, 155. Confined to the monaflery of Winchester, by Edward the Con ft ifor, 161. Empfctty a lawyer, and the inflrument of the opprefiions exercifed by Henry VII. his character, iii. 3S7. His mode of practice, ib. Ex- tract from his'private Memorandums, 396, vote. Summoned before the privy council of Henry VIII. 411. His fhrewd apology for his concucl, ib. Committed to the Tower, 412. Tried, ib. Exe- cuted to pleafe the people, ib. England; fee Britain, and the feveral kingdoms which compofed the Saxon heptarchy. See alfo its princes under their respective names. When United into one kingdom, i. 59. 66. Divided into faires, &c. 92. Pays tribute to the Danes, 133. Conquered by the Normans, 193. Review of the Saxon government in, 197. Brief flate of, at the of Henry II. 373. Review of, at his death, 464. The ope- ration of the interdict it was laid under on account of king John's oppo- sition INDEX. fition to pope Innocent III. ii. 62. The executive and judicial powers, where lodged under the Anglo-Norman government, 121. A general view of its fituation at the time of Henry III. 193. The bad internal police at that time, 227. Intentions even then formed for making off the papal yoke, 2^9. The firft beginnings of popular government in, 272. The fource of the long antipathy between the natives of, and thofe of France, 397. A great plague in, 448. The popular fentiments of papal power over, in the reign of Edward III. 493; State of its exports and imports in the year 1354, 495. An inquiry into the nature of the homage paid to the kings of, by thofe of Scot- land, 501. Why generally fuccefsful in its contefts with France, in. gS. Reflections on the ancient hiftorian.s of, 296. Externum of the regal authority by Henry VII. 396. An inquiry how far the difpo- fition of the people co-operated with the deiigns of Kenry VIII. in renouncing all fubjection to the church of Rome, iv. 125. The lefTer monafteries fupprefied, 150. The authority of the bifhop of Rome totally renounced by parliament, 164. Articles of faith framed by the convocation, 166. The reformation promoted by the acceffioa of Edward VI. 2S7. Battle of Pinkey, 303. Grievances of the people at the infancy of the reformarion, 326. Infurredtions, 329, Articles of marriage between queen Mary and Philip of Spain, 387. Reflections of the people on this match, ib. Cruel persecution of reformers, 411. 430. Is engaged by Philip in his war with France, 432. Calais taken by the duke of Guife, 435. Death of queen Mary, 446. State of the navy during her reign, 448. Laws re- flecting trade, ib. An embaiTy fent by the czar of Mufcovv, 449, The mean nafty manner of living among the EngJifh at this time, 450. Great alteration in this refpect, 462. Accefiion of queen Elizabeth, v. i. The protectant religion reftored, io. Peace of Cateau Cambrefls, 17. The pl2gue brought over from Havre de • Grace by the earl of Warwic, 80. Ufeful manufactures introduced by the Flemifh refugees, 194. A treaty concluded by Elizabeth' with the revolted Hollanders, 220. A voyage round the world, per- formed by fir Francis Drake, 234. Seminaries founded abroad for the education of English catholics, 236- ' Eftablifhment of the court of eccefiaftical eommifsion, 262. Preparations for refilling the Spaniih invincible armada, 334. The armada deftroyed, 343. Enormous grants of monopolies by Elizabeth, 439. Death of queen Eliza- beth, 447. Review of the ftate of, during her reign, 451. Com- pared with the Turkiih government, 459. Bad ftate of morals, and remifs execution of juftice, during her reign, 469. Firft eftabliftiment of the Eaft India company, 477. An exclufive patent granted by John Balilides, czar of Mufcovv, of the whole trade with that country, to the Engliih, 478. This privilege taken away by the czar Theodore, ib. Commencement of the trade with Turkey, 479, State of the navy in this reign, 480. Number of the people, 482. The fi.- ft law for the relief of the poor, when palled, 484. The current fpecie in, at the end. of queen Elizabeth's reign, 485. Re- view of manners at this time, ib. State of literature, 490. Accef- iion of James VI. of Scotland to the crown, v\. 1. Great alteration cbfervable in, at this time, by the progrefs of letters and improve- • ■ ment INDEX. ment in arts, 21. Almoft all the foreign trade of, monopolifed by exclufive companies, 23. Peace concluded with Spain, 27. The hoftile laws refpecting Scotland abolifhed, 41. Crown and people, how affected by the difcovery of the Weft Indies, 47. Death of James I. 153. Miscellaneous remarks on this period 01 hiftory, 157. Colonies eltablifhed in America, 186. Characters of its early writers on the revival of learning, 190. Peace concluded with France and Spain, 279. The prefent happy ftate of its foreign affairs, ib. The long parliament fummoned, 365. Reflections on the commencement of the civil war, 485. State of parties when the king ere6led his ftandard at Nottingham, 494. Battle of Edge-hill, 506. Briftol taken by prince Rupert, 525. Battle of Newbury, 534. Battle of Marfton-moor, vii. 11. Second battle of Newbury, 17. Meeting of the affembly of divines at Weftminfter, 32. Battle Of Nafeby, 57. Briftol taken, and prince Rupert difmiffed, 61. The preSby- terian discipline eftablifhed by parliament, 69. Trial of the king* 1 36. Execution of Charles I. 143. Confuied ftate of the nation after this event, 156. Battle of Worcefter, 196. Con fu fed ftate of religion, 202. Its foreign exertions at this time, 203. See Common- wealth of England. Engagement between Blake and Tromp, the Dutch admiral, 212. War commenced with the States, 213. See Blake, ji/cue, Pen, &c. The advantages now gained at fea owing to the (hip-money levied by Charles, 216. The long parliament ter- minated by Cromwel, 219. State of parties at this time, 226. A new parliament fummoned by Cromwel, 227. Cromwel chofen pro- tector, 232. See Protettorate. Peace with the Dutch, 236. Is di- vided into twelve military jurisdictions, under fo many major-generals, 244. Tunis bombarded by Blake, 2^4. Jamaica taken by Pen and Venables, ib. The foreign and domtftic administration of Cromwel, 258. Death of Oliver Cromwel, 286. Acceflion of Richard Crom- wel, 293. He refigns, 297. The long parliament reitored, 298* The parliament expelled by the army, and a committee of Safety appointed, 303. State of foreign affairs, 304. The long parliament again reftored, 313. the long parliament ciffolvcd, 320. Charles II. _ proclaimed, 328. A review of internal circumftances at this period, 330. Dunkirk fold to the French, 386. Motives which produced the Dutch war, 397. New York taken, 399. Alteration in the method of taxing the clergy, 401. War declared againll the States, 4?z. Greac plagua of London, 408. Fire of London, 415. Peace of Breda, 422. Triple alliance, 435. Treaty of A'x-la-Chapelle, 437. Charles contracts a private league with Louis XIV. 464. War with Holland, 479. Peace with Holland, 513. The princeSs Mary married to the prince of Orange, viii. 35. The popiih plot, 63. A quo warranto iffued againft the city of London, 178. Conditions on which the charter was reftcred, 1 3 1 . Moll of the corporations furrender their charters, ib. Death of Charles II. and acceiiion of his brother James 11. 209. The duke of Monmouth defeated at Sedgmoor, 229. The court of high commiffion revived by James, 254. Declaration of indulgences publifned, 256. A Solemn em- bally to Rome, 261. Cafe of Magdalen-college, 265. The Eng- lifti make applications to the orince of Orange, 282. The prince of IN D EX. of Orange's preparations, 285. His declaration publifhed, 290. Lands at Torbay, 294.. The king deferts his kingdom, and embarks for France, 305. The convention-parliament called, 308. State of parties at this critical time, 310. The crown fettled on the prince and princefs of Orange, 319. Reflexions on this revolution, ib. Remarks on the adminiftration of the Stuart family while they en- joyed the government, 320. State of finances fince the reftoration, 321. State of the navy between the reftoration and revolution, 32;. Scare of commerce, 328. Great increafe of wealth, 329. State of manners, 331. Royal fociety inftituted, 332. Account of learned men at this period, 333. Entails, a ftatute patted by Edward I. to allow, ii. 321. A law of Henry VII. to empoweY the cwners of eftates to break them, iii. 400. Important effects of this ftatute, ib. Ejifcopacy, is abolifhed in Scotland, vi. 334. Is abjured in England, vii. 32. Is reftored in England, 361. Is tacitly reftored in Scot- land, 366. Era/mus, his account of the mean nafty manner of living among the Englifh, iv. 448. Ercombert, fon of Eadbald king of Kent, his piety celebrated by Bede, 1 39- Ermenfrcy, bifhop of Sion, fent by pope Alexander, as his legate, to William the Conqueror, i. 256. Summons a council at Winchefter, ib. Degrades Stigand archbifhop of Canterbury, 257. Erne, two engagements on the banks of, between Edward Baliol and the pari of Mar, ii. 384. Erudition of a Chriftian man, a treatife fo called, publiftied by Henry VIII. iv. 223. Subfcription to this work enjoined by parliament, 238. Efcbeats, the great advantages made of them by the Anglo-Norman. kings, ii. 128. Efcus, the fon of Hengift king of Kent, his character, i. 28. EJfex, hiftory of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 51. — * — , Cromwel earl of. See CronvweL *«■ , the young earl of, attends his father-in-law the earl of Leicefter, in his expedition to the United Provinces, v. 273. Joins Sir Francis Drake fecretly in his expedition againft Portugal, 350. Commands a body of forces fent to the affiftance of Henry IV. of France, 360. Commands the forces fent againft Cadiz, 379. Takes Cadiz by aflaulc, and plunders it, 380. His esgernefs to profecute farther ad- vantages, 381. Is appointed to command afecond armament againft Spain, 382. Is by a ftorm forced to alter his deftination to the intercepting the Indian fleet, ib. MifTes all but three fhips, 384. Is made earl marfhal of England, ib. Inftances of his lofty fpirit and rafh conduct, 390. His refentment on receiving a blow from Eliza- beth, 391. Solicits the government of Ireland, 403. Is fent to Ireland under the title of lord lieutenant, 404. His formidable army and extenfive powers, ib. Difobeys the queen in promoting the ear! of Southampton, 405. Is milled in his firft movements by the L:ih council, 406. His unfuccefsful expedition into Munfter, 407. Kis treaty with Tyrone, 408. His fudden journey to London, and r N D E X. and conference with the queen, 409. Is committed to cuflody, and Falls ill, 410. Is examined before the privy council, 414.. His de- fence, ib. The fentence pronounced againft him by the lord-keeper, 415. Bis patent for the monopoly of Sweet wines refufed to be re- newed by the queen, 418. His intrigues againlr. the queen, 419. Indulges his ill-humour in fatirical reflections againlr. her, 420. Con- certs a plan for obliging the queen to declare James of bcotland her facceSfor, 421. Maintains a correspondence with James, 422. En- ters into a conspiracy at Drury-houfe, 423, • Js fummoned to the trouncil, 424. Sallies out with his friends into the city, 42-. Meet- ing with no countenance, he returns and Surrenders, 427. h tried and condemned, ib. 428. Makes a full confeflion to the council, 429. iscxecuted, 430. His character, 431. The countefs of Not- tingham's treachery towards him discovered, 446. Amount of the queen's gifts to him, 473. His letter on receiving the blow from Elizabeth, 524. EJJex, Devereux, the young earl of, marries the lady Frances Howtrd, vi. 67. Her obftinate averfion to him, ib. The fecret motive of his difguSt, ib. Is divorce! from his lady, 70. Encourages the oppo- fition of the commons to Charles I. 462. Is made general of the parliament's army, 490. The feparate bodies of forces all aSfemble under him at Northampton, 503. A body cf his forces aefeated by prince Rupert, 505. Marches from Worcester to meet the king, 506. Battle of Edge-hill, ib. Arrives at London, 509. Is joined oy the city trained-bands, ib. Takes Reading, 512. Is joined by fir William Waller, 515. His army furprifed by prince Rupert, and Hambden killed, 521. Retires toward London, 522. Exhorts the parliament to peace, 53c. Marches to the relief of Gloucester, 531. Obliges the king to raife the fiege, ib. Battle of Newbury, 532. Returns to London, 533. Is applied to by the royal party, but refnb all perfonal treaty with them, vii. 5. His forces in Corn- wal reduced by the king, 16. Collects his army again, and, in conjunction with Manchelter and Cromwel, defeats the king at New- buiy, i'. Refigns his command in confecuence of the Self-denying ordinance, 28. Dies, 81. ■ , earl of, is made treafurer on the removal of the earl of Danby, viii. 102. Refigns, 122, ib. Enters into the duke of Monmouth's con- spiracy, 1S2. is apprehended, 188. His extraordinary death, 199. Ejiates, the entailment of, allowed, ii. 321. Are admitted to be broke, iii. 400. Important confequences of this latter law, ib. Etching, the art of, by whom invented, viii. 329. Etbelbert, aflbciated with his father Hermenric in the kingdom cf Kent, u 29. Hi; wars, by which he acquired a fuperiority in the heptarchy, ib. ifes a chriftian princeSs, daughter of Caribert king of Paris, 31. His Speech to Auguitine the monk on his arrival, 34. Is converted to chriilianity, 35. Publishes a body of written laws, 57. Dies, 38. Etbelburga, wife of Edwin king of Northumberland, converts her huf- band to Christianity, i. 43. Etbeldred, b*other to WolShere, king of Mercia, his hiftory, 1. 47. Ethelficdct, fitter of king Edward the Elder, fome account of, with her character, i. 102. Etbelredy INDEX. Etbeldred, brother and fucceflbr of king Edward the Martyr, haraflbct by the Danes, i. 131, 132. 141. Revenges the treachery of A Ifric duke of Mercia, by putting out his fon's eye?, 132. Becomes tri- butary to the Danes, 123. Marries Emma, Sifter of Richard II. duke of Normandy, 135. CauSes a maSfacre of the Danes, 14:. His fleet deftroyed by the Danes, 143. Confequent diftrefs and conSuSion, ib. Retreats to Normandy, ib. Returns, 144. His death, and an ac- count of his children, 146. 150. Ethehvald, coufin-german to king Edward the Elder, rebels againft him, i. 90. Joins the Eaft Anglian Danes, 100. Killed in battle, 101. Ethel-wolf, ion of Egbert, king of England, harafled by the Danifh in- vasions, i. 60. Gains a vidory over them at Okeley, 71. Under- takes a pilgrimage to Rome, ib. Marries the daughter of the em- peror Charles the Bald, ib. Shares his kingdom with his^bn, 72. Grants to the clergy their claim of tythes, ib. Leaves his^ingdora between his two elder fons, 74. Ethered, fon of Ethelwolf, fucceeds his brothers, E:helbald and Ethel- bert, in the kingdom of England, i. 74. £i£bondcn to treat of an accommodation, 378. The Intercurfus magnus, or great treaty of commerce, concluded, ib. All Englifh rebels excludeJ from, by this treaty, ib. A neutrality ftipulated with, by Henry VIII. iv. 97, See Netherlands and United Provinces. Fleetwood^ his fpeech in the houfe of commons on the regal prerogative in granting patents, v. 178. — — — — , colonel, marries Ireton's widow, and obtains the government of Ireland, vii. 267. Oppofes his father-in-law's accepting the title of king, 274. Eilranges himfelf from the protector, 283. Cabals againft Richard, 295. Is appointed lieutenant-general by the long parliament, now reftored, 299. His commifiion vacated, 303. In- liances of his fanaticifm, 313. Flejh meat, the ftatute prices of, in the reign of king Henry VIII. Florence, revolts from the authority of the family of Madicis, iv, 83. Is again fubdued to their fovereignty, 90. Flouden, battle of, between the earl of Surry and James IV. of Scotland, iii. 438. Falkland, in the Saxon tenures, explained, i. 229. Fontarabia, fruitlefs expedition to, by Henry Viif. iii. 419. Is taken by the emperor Charles V. iv. 52. Fontrailles, a French officer, his gallant expedition for the relief of Ter- rouane, befieged by Henry VIII. iii. 434. Ford, lady, taken prifoner by James IV. of Scotland, whofe affedtions ftie gains, iii. 437. Foreigners, their fuperiority to the Englifh in arts, in the time of Henry Vlil. iv. 274. An iniurre&ion againlt them in London, ib. Ediit of the Star-chamber again It, 275. Forejis, fevere laws renewed againft offenders in, by Richard I. ii. 36. The oppreflive nature of thefe laws, 136. A charter cf, granted by Henry III. 147. Confirmed by Edward I. 292, 293. The perambulations of, made, and the boundaries of, fixed, 293. Forma pauperis, fuits in, firft granted to the poor, iii. 398, Forejl, friar, burnt for herefy in Scotland, iv. 215. E e 3 Forte/cue, I N D E X. Forte/cue, Sir Faithful, deferts from the earl of EiTex to the king, at the battle of Edge-hill, vi. 506. Fotherirgay-cajlle, Mary queen of Scots tried there, v. 294. Is exe- cuted there, 319. Formigni, battle of, the only a&ior. fought in defence of Normandy by the Englifh, iii. 177. Fox, Richard, his character, iii. 339. Becomes confident to Henry VII. ib. Called to the privy-council, and made bifhop of Exeter, 320. His translation to Winchefter, and made privy feal, ib. Admonishes Henry VIII. againlf. his pleafures and extravagances, 410. Intro- duces Wolfey to him, 428. Supplanted in Henry's confidence by him, ib. His advice to Henry, on his retiring, iv. 4. - . -, bifhop of Hereford, is fent by Henry VIII. to treat with the Ger- man proteftants, iv. 142. Is zealous for a thorough reformation, but dies, 189. , George, his enthuiiaftic difpofition, vii. 333. Founds a new feci, who are denominated Quakers, ib. France, is invaded by the Normans, i. 67. 137. Polio the Dane ob- tains the province of Neullria, and marries the daughter of Charles the Simple, 138. Character of the Normans, 182. 316. See Nor- mandy and William. State of, at the acceffion of Henry II. of Eng- land, 371. The barons of England offer the crown to the uauphin Lewis, ii. 94. Lewis goes over to England with an army, 95. Re- turns, 151. The province of Normandy ceded to Lewis IX. by Henry III. of England, 190. Mutual depredations committed by the Ihips of, and thofe of England, occafioned by a private quarrel, 260. The province of Guieone how recovered by, 263. Guienne reflored, 297. New difputes with England concerning, 350. Cruel treatment of the Knights Templars there, 362. An inquiry into the foundation of the Salic law, 3S9. Edward III. of England affumes the title of king of, 397. Edward's victory over the fleet of, 403. Normandy invaded and overrun by Edward, 426. Philip defeated at Crecy, by Edward, 433. State of France at the death of Philip, 449. Is invaded by Edward, and his fon the Black Prince, in tv\p parts, 452. John taken piilbner at Poi&iers by prince Edward, 458. Confufed ilate of,, on the king's captivity, 461. The populace re- nounce all government, and commit cruel depredations on the nobles, 463. Is invaded by Edward with a great army, 466. Peace of Brctigni, 469. John releafed, 470. He returns to London, and dies, 471. State of the kingdom at this period, 4^2. Is infefted with bands of robbers, the remains of Edward's army, 473. The regency of Charles VI. fend afliftance to the Scots to invade Eng- land, iii. 12. The French return home difgufted, 13. Prepare tp invade England, but hindered by a florm, ib. Motives to this in- vafion, ib. State of, at u\t commencement of Henry V.'s war with that kingdom, 92. Companion between the fituation of Charles VI. and Richard II. of England, ib. Diltracled by the contentions of the Burgundians and Armagnacs, 94. The fhare the univerlity of Paris, the fraternities of butchers and carpenters, bore in thefe broils, 95. Continuation of the diilra&ions in, 104. General confufion re- newed I N D E X. newed by the aflaffination of the duke of Burgundy, 109. Treaty of Troye, no. Reflections on this treaty, III. Duke of Bedford appointed regent, 116. Charles VI. dies, and Charles VII. crowned, Il8. State of France at the acceffion of Henry VI. of England, 124. Amazing tranfaclions of Joan d'Arc, 142. Charles VII. crowned again at Rheims, 151. Reflections on che management of the war, 165. A truce concluded with, 169. State of France at this juncture, 175. Renewal of the war, 176. Normandy recover- ed, ib. Guienne alfo, 177. Acceffion of Lewis XI. 223. Sends forces 4o the affillance of Henry VI. ib. State of, at the time of Henry VII. of England, 334. 352. The government entrulted to the princefs Anne of Beaujeu, during the minority of Charles VII. 335. The administration difputed by Lewis duke of Orleans, 336. Briunny annexed to, by the marriage of Charles with the ducheis of, 349. War with, by Henry VII. 353. Peace concluded, J54; In- vaded by Henry VJfl. 433. Peace concluded with Engbr.*, 443. Lewis XII. marries Henry's filler, 444. Die?, ib. Accelfion of Francis, ib. See Francis I. Interview between Francis I. and Henry VIII. of England, iv. 22. War declared agamit, by England, 40. The powers of Italy join the alliance of the emperor againlt, 49. Battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis, ^7. Treaty of Madrid, and reftoration of Francis, 66. War declared againft the emperor, 73. The emperor challenges Francis to fingle combat, ib. Peace cf Cambray. 98. James V. of Scotland married to Mary of Guife, 201. Accelfion of Henry II. 295. Mary the young queen of Scot- land, fent there, and betrothed to the daupnin, 312. England en- gages in the Spanifh war with, 433. Montmorency defeated by the Spaniards at St. Quintin, 434. The general confirmation at this event, ib. The duke of Guife recalled from Italy, 4.3c. Calais taken from the Englifh, ib. The dauphin Francis married to Mary the young queen of Scotland, 440. Peace of Chateau Cambrefls, v. 16. The Guifes engrofs all the authority of government, 40. Rigorous perfecution of the reformers, 41. Summary view of the civil wars in that kingdom, 68. Battle of Dreux, 72. A mafl'acre of the Hugonots concerted, 94. See Medicis, Catherine de, Lorraine, cardinal of, &c. Battle of Sr. Dennis, and fiege of Ch.^.rtres, 186. The court agrees to an accommodation with the protelIan:s, ib. Battle cf Montrontour, 1 88. Maflacre of the Hugonots at Paris, 205. Death of Charles IX. 2:0. Accelfion of Henry III. ib. Battle of Coutras, 355. Aflaffination of the duke of Guife and his brother, 356. The king afl'affinated, 357. Acceffion of Henry IV. ib. Henry renounces the. proteftant faith, 370. Henry IV. aflaffi- nated by Ravailac, vi. 56. Character of the early writers in, 191. Reduction of Rochelle, 266. Its conduct toward England, during the troubles of, vii. 247. Improvement of, under Lewis XIV. and Cardinal Mazarine, ib. The ihips of, feized by the Eng n n, Z49. An alliance concluded with Oliver Cromwel, 278. Treaty of : lie Pyrenees with Spain, 305. Joins the Dutch in the war with Eng- land, 409. Treaty of Breda, 422. War -vith Spain, 431. War with Holland, 479. How it became formidable by lea, viii. 20. peace of Nimeguen, 46. Ambitious fchemes, and haughty behav..ur E e 4 of INDEX. of Lewis XIV. 206. Revocation of the edift of Nantz, and its confe- quences, 242. A league formed againft, by the prince of Orange, 278. Francis I. of Angouleme, fucceeds to the crown of France on the death of Lewis XII. iii. 444. His character, ib. Defeats the Swifs at Marignan, iv. 10. Sends Bonnivet, his ambaflador, to England, 13. His flatteries to Wolfey, 15. Is unfuccefsful in his pretentions to the Imperial crown, 18. His character contrafted with that of the emperor Charles V. his competitor, 19. Is vifited by Henry in a plain near Ardres, 22. The ceremony of their meeting regulated by cardinal Wolfey, ib. His frank difregard of the formality ob- served between him and Henry, 23. Which is returned by Henry, ib. Grand tournament held by them, 24. Is attacked by the em- peror, 25. An ineffectual congrefs with the emperor, under the me- diation of Wolfey, at Calais, 26. The pope, emperor, and Henry, conclude an alliance againft him, ib. War declared againft, by Henry, 41. Repulfes the earl of Surry's invafion, ib Is worfted in Italy, 42. The powers of Italy unite with the emperor againft him, 49. The duke of Bourbon revolts agatnft him, and enters the em- peror's lervice, 50. The duke of Suffolk invades Picardy, 51. Sends the admiral Bonnivet to invade Milan, 53. Bonnivet defeated, 54. Pafles the Alps in perfon to invade the Milanefe, cc. Befieges Pavia, 56. Is defeated and taken prifoner by the Imperialifts, 57. His letter to his mother, 58. His propofals to Charles lor his liberty, 65. Is carried to Madrid, and falls lick, ib. Is vifited by Charles, ib. Recovers his liberty by the treaty of Madrid, 66. Evades -the execution of the treaty, 68. Meets Wolfey, and concludes frelh treaties with Henry, 71. Declares war againft the emperor, 73. Is challenged by Charles to fingle combat, ib. Peace concluded with Charles at Cam bray, 98. His interview with Henry at Boulogne, III. Leagues with the pope, 115. Endeavours an accommodation between the pope and Henry, ib. Renews his friendlhip with Henry, 141 Marries his daughter Magdalen to James V. of Scotland, 146. Apologifes to Henry for this match, who refufes to fee his ambafla- dor, ib. Concludes a truce with Charles for ten years, 176. Re- fufes Henry's prcpofals toward marriage with Mary of Guife, 201. Sends her to Scotland, ib. Other propofals of marriage fruitlefs, ib. Allows the emperor an honourable paflage through France to the Netherlands, 203. Promifes to aifift cardinal Beaton in Scotland, 236. Over-runs Luxemburg, and takes Landrecy, 239, Forces Charles to abandon the fiege of Landrecy, 240. Is invaded by Charles and Henry, 245. Concludes a feparate peace with Charles, 247. Equips an armament for a defcent on England, 250. Makes peace with Henry at Campe, 253. Francis, dauphin of France, is married to the young queen of Scotland, iv. 440. Affumes the title and arms of England, in right of his queen, v. 19. Becomes king by the death of his father, 20. See the next article. II. of France, excites the enmity of Elizabeth by afluming the title of king of England, v. 20. Treaty of Edinburgh, 36. Is wholly governed by the Guifes, 40, Dies, and is Succeeded by his brother Charles IX. 42. Francis, INDEX. Francis, father, is recommended by James II. to Cambridge for a de- gree, but is refufed, viii. 264. Francifcans and Dominicans, reflections on the infh'tution of thofe two religious orders, ii. 229. Frank Almcigne, the nature of this tenure of lands explained, ii. 266. Franks, females excluded from the fucceffion to the fovereig .1 authority, by the ancient ufages of that people, ii. 390. Frederic I. emperor of Germany, engages in a crufade, i. 458. ii. 7. Dies, ib. »- II. emperor, the pope's fentence of excommunication publifhed againft him, by Henry lit. of England, his brother-in-law, ii. 164. • , king of Naples, his kingdom conquered jointly by France and Spain, and feized by the latter, iii. 414. ■■ , elector palatine, is married to the princefs Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, vi. 63. Is offered the crown cf Bohemia, by the Hates of that kingdom, 102. Is defeated at Prague, and takes refuge in Holland, 104. Is put under the bann of the empire, 112. His elecloral dignity transferred to the duke of Bavaria, 123. Is perfuaded to fubmiflion by James, 124. Is totally diipoffrffed of his patrimonial dominions, 151. His nephew reilored in part by the treaty of Weftphalia, vii. 246. French language, its prevalence in England after the Norman invafion, i. 259. The ufe of that language in law proceedings abolifhed, ii. 498. Fretteval, Philip of France routed there, and his records taken by Richard I. ii. 30. Fridivit, in the German law, what, i. 217. Frobijher, Sir Martin, undertakes a cruize againft the Spaniards, v. 362. Is killed at the taking of Morlaix, 374. Three trials made by him for the difcovery of a north- weft psfTage, 477. Froijfart, the hiftorian, his character and reprefentation of the duke of Gloucefter's fchemes againft Richard II. iii. 30. Numberlefs miftakes of, invalidate his teftimcny, ii. 511. Fu/k 9 count of Anjou, protects William, fon of Robert duke of Nor- mandy, i. 33$. Marries his daughter to William, eldeft fon of king Henry I. of England, 336. Marries her afterwards to William, fon of duke Robert, 340. Marries his fon Geoffrey to the daughter of Henry I. ib. ■ , curate of Neuilly, his bold counfel to Richard I. ii. 6. Richard's reply to him, ib. G. f^AINSBOROW, battle of, between Oliver Cromwel and Cavendifh, vi " 535> Galilao^ a comparifon between, and lord Bacon, vi. 194. Gama, Vafquez de, his fir fl paffage to the Eaft- Indies, round the Cape of Good Hope, iii. 404. Gardiner, bilhop of Winchefter, joins the duke of Norfolk in oppoilng the reformation, iv. 129. Acts covertly againft the religious innova- tions, 189. Foments a cruel perfecution of heretics, 212. Propofes certain Latin terms to be retained in the Engiiih verfion of the Scrip- tures, INDEX. tures, 224. Is fent ambaiTador to the emperor, 254. DifTuades Henry from farther alterations in religion, ib. Endeavours to procure an impeachment of queen Catherine Par, for herefy, 258. Oppofes the iteps toward reformation, taken by the protector and regency during the minority of Edward V. 290. Writes an apology for holy water, ib. His remonftrances againfr. religious innovations, 292. Is com- mitted to the Fleet, and harfhly ufed, ib. His objections to the ho- milies, 293. Is committed to the Tower for denying the fupremacy of the regency during a minority, 322. Refufes to fubferibe articles propounded to him, 344. Is deprived and clofrly confined, ib Is releafed by queen Mary, 374. His generous affiltance to Peter Mar- tyr, 378. Is made chancellor, and promotes the Spanifh match, 383. His moderate ccunfel on the occafion, ib. His fpeech at the open- ing of a new parliament, 395. Debates with cardinal Pole, about the expediency of punifhing heretics, 405. Procures Rogers, pre- bendary of St. Paul's, to be burnt for herefy, 411. Engages Bon- ner and others to perfecute the reformers, 413. Dies, 421. Gardening, and garden ftuff, when firft introduced into England, iv. 273- .. Garnet, a Jefuit, engages in the famous gunpowder-plot, vi. 32. Is executed, 37. Is regarded in Spain as a martyr, ib. Garter, inftitution of that order of knighthood, ii. 447. Traditional account of the occafion of it, 448. Gafcoigne, judge, imprifons prince Henry, afterwards Henry V. for in- fulting him in his office, iii. 86. His kind reception by Henry, when king, 87. Gafcony, a defcent made on that province by invitation of fome fa&ious lords, without effect, iii. 198. Gafton de Foix, nephew to Lewis XII. of France, his character, iii. 423. Is killed in a viclory he gained over the Spanifh and papal armies, ib. Ga-vajion, Piers, his character, ii. 328. His afcendency over prince Ed- ward, ib. Is banifhed by Edward I. 329. Is recalled by Edward II. ib. His preferments, ib. His vanity, ib. ; and contempt of the Englifh, ib. Is left guardian of the realm, on the king's journey to France, 330. A confederacy formed again!! him by Thomas earl of Lancafter, ib. His banifhment demanded by Lancafter in parliament, ib. Returns, 332. Banifhed again by the council of ordainers, 334. Is recalled by the king, ib. Is taken prifoner by Pembroke at Scar- borough, 236. Is feized by the earl of Warvvic, and beheaded in Warwic caftle, ib. Gaucour, lord, is governor of Orleans, when befieged by the earl of Sa- lifbury, iii. 138. Gavelkind, origin of, i. 228. In the Irifh cufloms, how regulated, vi. 59. Is abolifhed there, ib. Gauls, their ancient manners defcribed, i. 3. See France. Gaunt, John of. See Lancafter. • , Mrs. her cruel fate, viii. 234. Genoa is bombarded by Lewis XIV. and forced to fubmit to terms pre- ferred by him, viii. 206. Geoffrey, fon of Fulk count of Anjou, married to the daughter of Henry I. i. 34.I1 INDEX.' Geoffrey, brother of king Henry II. invades Anjou and Maine, I. 377. Accepts a penfion in lieu, ib. Dies, ib. , third Ion of king Henry 11. inverted by his father with the dutchy of Britanny, i. 434. Inftigated by his mother Eleanor to revolt agaitiit him, 436. Is reconciled to him, 447. Rebels again, 459. Is (lain in a tournament, ib. His fon Arthur inverted in the dutchv of Britanny, ib. bee Arthur. »- , natural ion of H r mrv II. is the or.lv child who retained his duty to him, i. ^63. When arch bifhop of York, /wears fidelity to his brother Richard I or, his departure on the crufade, ii. 6. Is im-» prilbnc-d by Longch ;mp, 17. ■ ■ -- , archdeacon of Norwich, his behaviour in the court of exche- quer, or, hearing of" the excommunication of kin.;- John, ii. 67. How killed by John, ib. Geography, firange inrtances of the ignorance of ihe EngUih in, at the ti ne of Edward III. ii. 499. Gerard, and his heretical followers^ cruel treatment of, in the reign of Henry II. i. 422. — — — , Baltazar, affaffinates the prince of.Orange, v. 267. — , and Vowel, two royalirts, executed for a confpiracy againft the protector, vii. 237. Germans, ancient, a charafrer of, i. 16. Their government, 16. 197. Their manners, 17. Flock over inro Britain, 22. Nature of their religion, 30. Are the firil founders of the feudal law, and on what principles, ii. 102. The nature of their ertablilhments explained, 10 3' ... Germany, how divided under the feudal fyrtem, i. 1S2. Henry IV. - emperor, permits his vaiTals to afliit the Norman invafion, 185. The free nature of the feveral ftates in, 197. The Anglo-Saxon criminal law traced from, 215. The commencement of the reformation in, by Martin Luther, iv. 3^. Progrefs of the reformation among the princes of, ib. A peace favourable to the protectants, procured from the emperor by Maurice elector of Saxony, 382. See Charles V. and Maurice. The crown of Bohemia offered to the elector palatine, vi. 102. See Frederic Battle of Prague, 104. The elector pala- tine put under the baon of the empire, 112. His electoral dignity transferred to the duke of Bavaria, 123. Succeffes of Guftavus king of Sweden there, 283. The long wars in, terminated by the treaty of We'tphalia, vii. 246. A league formed at Augfburg, under the influence of che prince of Orange, againll Lewis XIV. viii. 278. Ghent, the treaty called the pacification of, v. 219. Is taken by Lewis XI V. viii. 42. Gib/on, a Scotch preacher, curfes J3mes VI. in his pulpit, v. 2S0. Gijj'ord, a prieft, is employed by Walfinghatn to forward the correipond- ence between Mary queen of Scots and Babihgton, v. 287. Carries the letters to Wallingham, ib. Gilbert, Sir Humphry, his fpeech in the houfe of commons, in defence of the regal prerogative, v. 179. Githa, mother of Harold, excites an infurrection at Exeter, again rt Wil- liam the Conqueror, i, 244. Retreats tp Flanders, ib. 2 Glamorgan, INDEX. Glamorgan, earl of, his commiffion from Charles I. with regard to Ire* land, vii. 67. Concludes a fecret treaty with the council of Kilkenny, ib. Is committed to prifon by the lord lieutenant, 68. Vindication of the king from the charge of authorifing this fecret treaty, 516. Glafs, the manufacture of, when firft brought into England, viii. 329. Gkndour, Owen, his infurreclion in Wales, iii. 67. Takes the earl of Marche and his uncle prifoner, ib. G/ouceJier, when fir ft erc&ed into a bifhopric, iv. 183. —, Robert, earl of, natural fon of Henry I. fwears a conditional fealty to king Stephen, i. 355. Confequences of this example, ib. Retires abroad, and defies the king, 357. Returns with the emprefs Matilda, 359. Defeats Stephen, and takes him prifoner, earl of, confederates with the earl of Leicefter againft Henry 182. Joins the royal party, 195- Dies, ib. — ■— •, Gilbert, earl of, fon to the former, joins the earl of Leicefter, ii. 195. Refufes with Leicefter to abide by the arbitration nf Lewis of Fiance, 202. Commands a body cf troops at the battle of Lewes, 204. Takes Henry prifoner, 205. Is jll-treaied by Leicefter, 207. Retires from Leicefter's parliament, 212. Afufts prince Edward in efcaping fcm the cuftody of Leicefter, 213. Rebels again, 219. Henry's lenity toward him, ib. Attends prince Edward on a crufade, ib. Marries the daughter of Edward I. 257. Is fined for violences com- mitted on Bohun earl of Hereford, ib. His fon killed at the battle of Bannockburn, 340. — , duke of, uncle to Richard II. his character, iii. 2. Supplanted in his influence over the king by Robert de Vere earl of Oxford, 14. Prevails on the houfe of commons to impeach Michael de la Pole earl of Suffolk, 15. Deprives Richard of his regal power, by the appoint- ment of a council of fourteen to continue for a year, 17. Raifes forces againft the king, 19. Defeats Robert de Vere, duke of Ireland, 20. His arbitrary proceedings againft the minifter, ib. Rejects the queen's humble folicitation in favour of Sir Simon Burley, 23. Is removed from the counci!-bo;rd, 24. His cabals againft the king, 27. Sent over to Calais by the king, 29. Appealed againft in the houfe of peers, 31. Proceedings againft his party, ib. Murdered, 32. His Humphry, duke of, brother to Henry V. left by him regent of England, during the minority of Henry VI. iii. 1 16. Conftituted by parliament guardian of the kingdom only during the duke of Bed- ford's a bfe nee, 124. Enters into a precipitate marriage with the countefs of Hainault, 133. Fatal confequences of that meafure, ib. Reconciled to the bifliop ofWinchefter by the duke of Bedford, 134. Frefh difputes with him, which throws the Englifh affairs into con- fufion, 163. Hisduchefs tried for witchcraft, 171. Murdered, 172. His character, 173. — , Richard, duke of, brother to Edward IV. reported tohaveftab- bed prince Edward, fon of Henry VI. iii. 250. Commands in an inva- fion of Scotland, and rakes Berwic, which is yielded by treaty, 265. Left regent of the kingdom by his brother Edward IV. during the mi- nority of hia fen, 267. His character and views, 268. Arrefts the earl INDEX. car! of Rivers, the young king's guardian, 270. Made prote&or of the realm, 272. Orders the death of the earl of Rivers, ib. Marks out lord bladings for deftruftion, 273. His extraordinary beha- viour in council, 274. Concerts the immediate murder of lord Haltings, ib. Declares his brother's marriage invalid, 276. De- clares his brother illegitimate, 277. Procures Dr. Shaw to eftablilri thefe points in a fermon at St. Paul's, ib. Ill luccefs of this fcheme, 278. Accepts the crown offered by the duke of Buckingham as a popular tender, 280. Orders the murder of Edward V. and the duke of York in the Tower, ib. See Richard III. ChuceJIer, duke of, youngeft fon of Charles I. his father's difcourfe to him before his execution, vii. 142. Is fent abroad by Cromwel, 151. A prefent voted to him by parliament on his brother's reitera- tion, 328. His death and character, 358* Godfrey of Bouillon, created king of Jerusalem, i. 312. — , fir Edmonbury, murdered, viii. 74. The general confufion on this event, ib. His extraordinary funeral, 75. His death not to be accounted for, 76. Green, Berry, and Hill, tried and executed for this murder, 92. Godwin, earl, his bravery under Canute in Denmark, i. 15 1. Re- warded by obtaining his daughter in marriage, ib. Murders Alfred fon of king Ethelred, 155. His method of appeafing Hardicanute for this aft, 157. Marries his daughter to king Edward the Con- felTor, 159. His exorbitant power, 162. Raifes an army again ft Edward, 164. Flies to Flanders, 165. Makes defcents on the Englifh coait, ib. Received to favour, 166. Gondomar, the Spanifh ambafTador, remonstrates aga/nfl: fir Walter Ra- leigh's expedition to Guiana, vi. 94, Offers the fecond daughter of Spain for prince Charles, 100. Goodivin, fir Francis, his feat in parliament vacated on account of out- lawry, by the chancellor, vi. ;8. Is reftored to his feat by the houfe, 19. Difputes on this occafion, ib. How compromifed, 20. Gordon, lady Catharine, a Scots lady, married to Perkin Warbec, Hi. 371. Taken prii'oner by Henry VII. and generoufly treated, 380. Gorges, fir Ferdinando, returns from Dieppe with his fhip, contrary to orders, vi. 208. Goring, enters into an aflbciation with other officers to petition king and parliament againff popular innovations, vi. 410. Betrays the lecrec to the commons, 411. Is made governor of Portfmouth by the commons, 479. Declares for the king, and is reduced by the par- liament's forces, 501. His letter to the king intercepted by Fairfax, vi:. 60. GoJJiping, among women, a proclamation againft, iv. 274. Government, the feudal frame of, introduced by the Norman conqueff, i. 253. The firfi: beginnings of the popular frame of, in England, ii. 273. Amiciit all its fluctuations, the will of the monarch never abfolute and uncontrollable, iii. 30J. That of England, in the time of queen Elizabeth, compared with that of Turkey, v. 459. Re- marks on, with reference to the cafe of king Charles 1. vii. 148. •— — — , ecclefialticai, a review of, daring the reign of James 1. vi. 163. Gourdoriy INDEX. Gourdon, a Norman archer, wounds Richard I. with an arrow, which occafions his death, ii. 33. His noble reply to Richard, 34. His cruel fate, ii. , Adam de, his troops vanquifaed, and himfelf taken prifoner by prince Edward, fon of Henry HL ii. 217. Is taken into favour by that prince, ii. Gournay and Mautravers, the keepers of the depofed king Edward II. cruelly murder him, ii. 359. Their fares, :i. Gonver, barony of, commotions excired againft the barons, by the feizure of, from John de Mowbray, ii. 34.5. Gcwry, earl of, enters into an aflociation for feizing the young king James from the power of Lenox and Arian, v. 248. is tried and executed, 256. Graham, captain, is repulfed in an attack on a conventicle at Loudon- hiil, viii. 115. Granvelle, cardinal, his arbitrary conduct in the Low Countries occa- fions a revolt of the Flemifh proteftants, v. 192. Granville, fir John, fends Dr. Monk to negotiate for the king, with his brother the general, vii. 311. Comes over to Monk himfelf, and prevails with him to declare his intentions, 322. Prefents the king's letter to the hcufe of commons, who appoint a committee to anfwer n > 3 2 7- ... . Gratian and Vivian, nuncios to pope Alexander III. attempt in vain to reconcile Henry II. and Becketarchbifhop of Canterbury, i. 410. Gravelixes, battle there between count Egmont, the Spanifh general, and de Thermes, the French governor of Calais, iv. 444.. Interview there between the emperor Charles V. and Henry VIII. iv. 24. Gray, lord, is fent by queen Elizabeth with forces to the affiftance of the proteliant malcontents in Scotland, v. 35. Befieges and takes Leith from the French party, ii. Affiits the earl of Ormond in re- ducing the Spanifh general San Jofepho in Ireland, v. 233. His cruelty in this affair, 234. , the lady Elizabeth, her hiftory, iii. 226. Captivates Edward IV. ii. Married to him, 227. Honours conferred en her family, 229. Her father and one of her brothers murdered by the Yoikfhire infur- gents, 233, Orders the earl cf Rivers to levy an army to efcort the voung king Edward V. to London, 269. Perfuaded to the con- trary by the duke of Gloucefter, ii. Retires with her children into the fanftuary of Weftminfter, on the duke of Gloucefter's aneiting the earl of Rivers, 270. Forced to deliver up the duke of York, 271. Pier marriage declared invalid by Gloucefter, 276. Contents to a marriage between the princefs Elizabeth ar.d Henry earl of Richmond, 288. Confents, after, to her marriage with Richard III. 291. The princefs married to Henry VII. 320. Suppofed to be privy to the infurreclion of Lambert Simnel, 324. Seized and con- fined, 326. Dies in confinement, 327. — — , lady Jane, Dudley, duke of Northumberland, propofes to Ed- ward VI. to alter the fucceflion in her favour, iv. 360. Is married to the lord Guilford Dudley, 361. Is appointed to the fuccefiion by a deed of fcttlement, 364. Pier amiable character, 368. Is un- willing to accept the offer of the crown, 369. Is proclaimed, ii. 1$ INDEX. Ts deferted by the council and the people, 371. Returns to private life, 372. Is taken into cuftody with all the heads of the party, ib. Sentence pafTed upon her, 373. Is executed on account of a new confpiracy of her father's, 392. Her noble behaviour and dying de- clarations, 393. Cray, lady Catharine, is married to lord Herbert, fon of the earl of Pembroke, iv. 361. Is divorced from him, and privately married to the earl of Hertford, v. 61. Is committed to the Tower by queen Elizabeth on this account, where me dies, 62. Great Harry, the firft fhip properly of the royal navy, built by Henry VII. iii. 406. Greek language, how imported and cultivated in Europe, iii. 406. Greenland, when difcovered, vi. 183. Greenville^ fir Richard, vice-admiral of the Englifh fleet under lord Thomas Howard, his fhip the firft Englifh fhip of war taken by the Spaniards, v. 361. Circumftances of his death, 523. Gregory the Great, pope, fpecimens of his talents in punning, i. 32. His ignorant intemperate zeal againft paganifm, 33. Sends Auguftine the monk into Britain, ib. Writes to Ethelberr. king of Kent, 35. His folution of the cafes of confcience propounded by Auguftine, ib. His injunctions to him, 37. » VII. pope, his ambitious character, i. 267. His difputes with the emperor Henry IV. 268. His ufurpations over other princes, 269. Prohibits the marriage of priefts, 271. Projects a confederacy againft the Mahometans, 294. See Crufades. VIII. pope, engages the emperor and kings of England and France in a new crufade, i. 458. IX. pope, a character of his decretals, ii. 229. XI. pope, iflues a bull for taking Wicklifre into cuftody, iii. 53. The feat of the papacy fixed at Rome after his death, 57. Grejbam, fir Thomas, procures queen Elizabeth a loan from the com- pany of merchant adventurers in London, v. 476. Builds the Royal Exchange, 483. Grey, lord Leonard, executed for treafon, iv. 213. Griffin, fecond fon to Lewellyn prince of Wales, rebels againft his father, and drives him to obtain the protection of Henry III. againft him, ii. 196. Is taken prifoner by his elder brother David, given up to Henry, and committed to the Tower, ib. Lofes his life in attempting an efcape, ib. Grim/lone, fir Harbottle, is chofen fpeaker of the parliament which re- ftored Charles II. vii. 327. Grindal, archbifhop, is perfecuted in the Star-chamber for favouring the puritans, v. 262. Groine, the fhips and troops there, defeated by fir Francis Drake, v. 349. Gualo, the pope's legate, affifts at the coronation of Henry III. and re- ceives his homage to the fee of Rome, ii. 145. Excommuwicates thofe barons who adhere to Lewis, 149. Punifhes the clergy who had countenanced the invafion of Lewis, 152. Pandolf reinftated in the office of legate in his ftead, 153. Guslf and Ghibbelin, the rife of thefe factions in Italy, i. 269. Guiana, fir Walter Raleigh's firft expedition to, v. 377. Is taken pof- feflion INDEX. feftcn Of by fir Wdter Rale'^h for the Englifh crown, vl. 95. Is afterward taken pofleffion of by the Spaniards, ib. Raleigh's fecond ex- pedition to, ib. St Thomas plundered by Raleigh, 96. See Raleigh. Guido, legate from Rome, is ordered to excommunicate the earl of Lei- celler, and the barons in rebellion ag3i'nft Kenry III. ii. 2zg. Dares ru-t -.no2.e himfeif, but fends the bull, which is tore and flung into the fea, ib. Eecomes pope, 210. Guienne, province of, is with Poidtou mortgaged to Wil! ; am Rufus, i. 306. Edward I. deprived of that province by the artifice of Philp of France, ii. 263. Ineffectual actempts of the Englifh to recover, 264, Again unfucceisfully attacked, 283. Reftored to Edward I. by treaty with Philip, 297. Homage done for it by Edward II. 330. ■ , William duke of, his preparations to engage in the crufade, 1, 307. Marries his daughter to the emprefs Matilda's fou Henry, 367. Guinea ate, battle of, iii. 435. Guife, duke of, repulfes the emperor Charles V. in his attack upon Metz, vt. 382. Is recalled from Italy, on the defeat of St. Quintin, 435. Takes Calais from the Englifh, ib. Henry arrives at his camp, 444. Infligates the claim of his niece Mary of Scotland to the crown of England, v. ig. He and his family engrofs all the authority of the French government, 40. His influence leffened by the death of Francis II. 42. Strengthens himfeif againft the proteftants by an alliance with Philip II. of Spain, 70. Commands under Montmorency at the battle of Dreux, 72. Befieges Orleans, 78. Is aflaffinated by Poltrot, ib. — • ■ — , duke of, fon of the former, defends Poictiers, befieged by the admiral Coligni, v. 187. His character, ib. Maflacre of Paris, 205. Becomes difcontented with the conduct of Henry III. 212. Forms the famous catholic league againft the Hugonots, ib. Sends the count d'Aubigney, of the houfe of Lenox, to detach James of Scotland from the Englifh intereft, 231. Revives the league, 268. Defeats the German auxiliaries of the Hugonots, 355. Is with his brother aflaiiiuated by the king's order, 356. Mary of, widow of the duke de Longueville, marries James V. of Scotland, iv. 201. Death of her hufband, 230. Is brought to-bed of the princefs Mary, ib. Attaches herfelf to car- dinal Beacon to oppofe the pretentions of the earl of Arran, 232. Is promifed fupport by Francis, 236. Goes to France to folicit afliitance again It the earl of Arran, 438. Her converfation with Ed- ward VI. in her return through England about his marriage with her daughter, ib. Obtains from Arran a refignation of his office as regent of Scotland, 439. Is attended by D'Oifel a Frenchman to auift her in the admlnillration, ib. Gains the good-will of the Scots by her prudent conduct, 440. Endeavours to engage the Scots to take part in the quarrel with France againft England, ib. Her daughter, the young queen Mary, married to the dauphin of France, ib. Protects the Englifh reformers who fled from the perfections of queen Mary, v. 21. Is petitioned by the aflb- ciation of reformers called the Congregation of the Lord, 25. Her motives for temporifing between the religious parties, ib. Is in- duced to a more rigorous conduct, by orders from France, ib. Af- fembles an army to lurprefs the proieftant riots, 27. Enters into aa accommodation Index. Accommodation with the Congregation, 29. Is received into Perth, ib. Improbable violence of expreilion charged upon her, ib. Is forced to retire and fortify herfelf in Dunbar, 31. Remonfirates with the Con- gregation, ib. Grants them a toleration, ib. Receives reinforce- ments from France, ib. Is deprived of the regency by the Congre- gation, 32. Her death and character, 36. Gunilda, a Danifti princefs, her death and prophefy, i. 141. Gunpowder, when invented, iii. 406. Gunpowder-plot, a hiilory of, vi. 31. The confpiracy difcovered, 34, The confpirators punifhed, 36. Gurtb, brother to king Harold, his advice to him on the Norman in- vaiion, i. 190. Killed at the battle of Haftings, 194. Gujiavus, king of Sweden, his character, and exploits in Germany, vi. 280. Is killed at the battle of Lutzen, 282. Guthrum, the Danilh chief, and his army, baptifed, i. 84. H. TJABE AS Corpus acl palled, viii. 107. The perfonal fecurities afforded by this ftatute, ib. Haddington, taken by the duke of Somerfet, and fortified, iv. 310. Is befieged by the Scots and French, ib. Is difmantled, 332. Hainault, Jane countefs of, procures a truce between Edward III. of England and Philip de Valois of France, ii. 406. ■ , Jaqueline countefs of, her characler and that of her huiband the duke of Brabant, iii. 133. Leaves her hulhano and puts herfelf under the protection of the duke of Glouceiler, ib. Enters into a precipitate marriage with him, ib. Fatal confequences of this mea- fure, 134. Her contract with Gloucefter annulled by the pope, 135. Hales, Sir James, pofitively refufes to fign the patent for the iucceiiion of lady Jane Gray, iv. 364. Is imprifoned for oppoiing queen Mary's fchemes, and kills himfelf, 376. '•———, Sir Edward, is profecuted on the teft act with a view to efla- blifhing the difpenfing power in the king, viii. 244. Hallido--wn hill, battle of, between Edward III. and Sir Archibald Douglas, ii. 387. Halifax, marquis of, his characler, viii. 17c. His motive for endea- vouring a reconciliation between the duke of Monmouth and the king, 202. His reception by king James on his acceffion, 218. Tne privy feal taken from him, 250. Joins in the invitation to the prince of Orange, 283. Is chofen fpeaker of the houfe of peers on the king's flight, 302. Hambden, John, attempts to go over to America, but is prevented, vi. 309. Is tried by all the judges in England, for refusing to pay ihip- money, 314. The confequences of this trial, 317. His lenience cancelled, 380. Is appointed one of the committee to attend the king to Scotland, 423. Is impeached by the king, 467. Is killed in a fkirmifh with the royalilb, 520. His characler, 521. —— — — , John, grandfon of the former, enters into tne duke of Mon- mouth's confpiracy, viii. 185. Is tried and fined for niifdemeanour only, 198. Joins in the invitation to the prince of Orange, 283. Vol. VIII, F f -Hamilton, INDEX. Hamilton, Patrick, controverts the popi(h doctrines in a conference at St. Andrew's, iv. 214. Js burnt, ib. - , primate of Scotland, tries and condemns Walter Mill there- former to the flames for herefy, v. 23. Extraordinary zeal of the people of St. Andrews againlt this act of cruelty, 24. — —— , marquis of, is fent by Charles I. to treat with the Scots cove- nanters, vi. 330. His fruiclefs attempts at a compromife, 331. Is fent with a fleet and army againft the covenanters, 339. Is created a duke, vii. 43. His conduft with regard to Montrofe, ib. His fin- cerity in the king's caufe, how rendered problematical, 45. Is im- prifoned by the king, 46. Recovers his liberty, and raifes a Scots army in the king's favour, 117. Enters England, 126. Is defeated and taken prifoner by Cromwel, 127. Is tried as earl of Cambridge, and executed, 152. • , duke, becomes head of a party formed againfl: the duke of Lauderdale, and applies to the king, viii. 52. Again reprefents the oppreffions exercifed by Lauderdale, to the king, 60. Hammond, governor of the ifle of Wight, receives Charles I. into Carilbroke caftle, vii. 107. Is ordered to confine the king clofely, Hampton court palace, built by cardinal Wolfey, and prefented by him to Henrv VIII. iv. 64. The conferences concerning Mary queen of Scots adjourned thither from York, v. 139. A conference of divines fnmmoned there by James I. to debate on points of faith and reli- gious difcipline, vi. 10. The fuhjecls difputed, 13. The event of this conference, ib. Hdnfe- fauns, the inhabitants of, encouraged to fettle in England, iv. 549. Their privileges taken away, ib. Difputes between the mer- chants of, and queen Elizabeth, v. 479. Harcla, Sir Andrew, defeats Thomas earl of Lancafter, at Borough- bridge, ii. 348. Is made earl of Carlifle, 349. Is executed for a treafonable correfpondence with the Scots, ib. Hat court, GeofFry de, his hiftory, ii. 426. Perfuades Edward III. of England to invade Normandy, ib. Is made marefchal of the Englifh army, 427. Hardicanute, fon of Canute king of England, put in pofTeflion of Den- mark, i. 154. Obtains by treaty, with his brother Harold Harefoot, a part of England, 155. Succeeds to the whole, 156. Lofes the afFe&ions of his fubjects, 158. Dies of intemperance, ib. Harfieur befieged and taken by Henry V. of England, iii. 98. Harlem, its vigorous defence againft the Spaniards, and its inhabitants maflacred in revenge, v. 216. Harold, fon of earl Godwin, fucceeds to his father's pofleflions, i. 167. His contelts with Algar, governor of Eaft-Anglia, ib. Obtains the dukedom of Northumberland, 169. Shipwrecked on the coaft of France, 173. Swears to William duke of Normandy, to re- nounce his own pretenfions to the Englifli crown, and forward thofe of William, 174. Evades his oath, 175. Checks the de- predations of the Welfh, ib. Deferts his brother Tofti, recom- mends Morcar to fuperi'ede him as duke of Northumberland, and marries INDEX. marries Morcar's filler, 177. Makes open pretentions to the crown, ib. Succeeds quietly at the death of Edward the Confeflbr, 179. juftifies himfelf to duke William's ambaffkdors, 180. His prepa- rations to oppofe the Norman invafion, 187. Defeats Tofti with his Danifh armament, 188. Difad vantages of this victory, 190. Dif- pofition of his army the morning of battle, 193. Battle of bladings, ib. Killed by an arrow, 194. His body carried to duke Wiliiam, but reltored, 195. Harold Harefoot, fon of Canute, fucceeds to the crown of England, i. 15}. Shares it by treaty with his younger brother Hardicanute, Kjj. His body dug up and thrown into the Thames by Hardicanute, 156. Harrington, a character of his Oceana, vii. 347- His death, ib. Harrifon, colonel, conduits Charles I. to London in order to his trial, vii. 135. Is appointed one of the king's judges, 136. Detains Fair- fax in prayer till the king is executed, 145. Becomes an enemy to Cromwel on his ufurping the fupreme authority, and is deprived of his commiffion, 260. Is tried and executed, 350. Harvey, Dr. difcovers the circulation of the blood, vii. 347. Is ex- pofed to reproach for this fignal difcovery, and his practice diminiflied greatly on that account, ib. His death, 348. Hajiings, battle of, between William duke of Normandy, and Harold king of England, i. 103. •- , the Danifh chief, ravages Kent, i. 86. Routed by Alfred, and departs, 88. *■ , lord, not joining in the duke of Gloucefler's fchemes, is marked by him for deltruction, iii. 273. Extraordinary murder of, 275. ■ , Sir Edward, raifes men for the lady Jane Gray, and carries them to the afliftance of queen Mary, iv. 370. — , lady Anne, refufes to become empreis of Mufcovy, v. 478. Hatfield, a fynod called there by Theodore archbifhop of Canterbury, againft the Monotheiites, i. 64. Hatton, Sir Chriftopher, his exhortation to Mary queen of Scots, to fubmit to trial, v. 293. Is made chancellor, though r.o lawyer, 330. Haukes, Thomas, burnt for herefy, iv. 415. Havre de Grace, is delivered up to queen Elizabeth, by treaty with the prince of Conde, v. 71. The earl of Warwick takes the command of it, 72. Is befieged by the French, 79. The garrii'on infected by the plague, ib. Is furrendered by capitulation, 80. Haxey, a member of parliament in the reign of Richard II. anecdote of, iii. 450. Haytvard, an author, incurs the refenrment of queen Elizabeth, v. 457. Is faved by the pleafantry of Sir Francis Bacon, 458. Hazelrig, Sir Arthur, is prevented from tranfporting himfelf, with other puritans, to America, vi. 309. Is impeached by the king, 467. Is named one of the council of (tate after the king's execution, vii. 158. note. Is created a peer by the protector, but chufes to take his leat with the commons, 277. His character, 314. Heathy archbifhop of York, appointed chancellor on the death of bifhop Gardiner, iv. 421. Notifies the death of queen Mary to the pirli.i- ment, v. 2. F f 2 Htlie, i N D E X. tJchc, lord of la Fleche, dilturbs William Rufus in his Norman pofTef- lions, i. 305. Is befieged by William without fuccefs, 306. • , de St. Sean, why made tutor to William fon of Robert duke of Nor- mandy, i. 335. Carries his pupil to the court of the duke of Anjou, ib. ncngijl and Horfa, Saxons and brothers, popular account of their de- fcent, i. 18. Land with a body of Saxons in Britain, 20. Horfa killed, ib. Hengift fubdues the Britons, ib. Calls over his brother O&a, and founds the kingdom of Kent, 22. Is fucceeded by his fon Efcus, 28. See Kent. Henrietta, princefs of France, comes over to England, and is married to Charles I. vi. 199. Her French attendants difmiffed by the infti- gation of Buckingham, 234. Her character, 283. Obtains contri- butions from the catholics, to afiifl the king againft the Scots cove- nanters, 338. Is threatened by the commons with an impeachment, and prepares to fly, 477. Goes over to Holland, 480. Sends mili- tary ftores over to the king, 491. Brings over a reinforcement to the king at Oxford, 522. Is impeached by the commons, and retires to Exeter, vii. 9. Flies to France, 63. Her diftrefled fituation there, 248. Vifits her fon on his reftoration, 258. Henry, ycungeft fon of William the conqueror, his future greatnefs pre- dicted by his father, i. 280. Raifes an infurreftion in Normandy, 289. Reduced by his brothers, 290. Seizes England on the death of William Rufus, his brother, 313. « I. grants a charter of liberties, i. 314. Lodges a copy in every county, 315. Difregards his promifes, ib. Review of this charter, 316. Weds Matilda, daughter of Malcolmlll. king of Scotland, 318. Invaded by his brother Robert, 319. Treaty between them, 321. Severe treatment cf his barons, 322. Attacks Normandy, 323. His difpute with the pope concerning inveflitures, 325. Sends three bi- fhops to him, 328. The pope's infolent anfwer to, 329. Compromife between, 332. Goes over to defend his Norman dominions, 336. His admonitions to the Englifh bifhops fent by him to the council at Rheims, 337. Defeats Lewis king of France, ib. Lofes his eldeil fon William, 338. Marries Adelais daughter of Godfrey duke cf Lorraine, 340. Marries his daughter Matilda to Henry V. emperor of Germany, ib. Marries her aftervvares to Geoffrey fon of Fulk count of Anjou, ib. Review of his government, 341. Goes to Normandy to vifit his daughter Matilda, 344. Caufes the nobility to fwear fealty to her, ib. His death and character, 345. Particulars of a charter given by him, granting to London the privileges of a corporation, 347. , Ion of the empreis Matilda, and grandfon of king Henry I. born, i. 344. Brought over to England to affift his mother, 365, Is knighted by David king of Scotland, 367. Inverted with the dutchy of Normandy, ib. Marries Eleanor daughter of William duke of Guienne, 368. His fucceflion to the crown of England confirmed by Stephen, ib His continental polTeiTions at his acceflion, 373; — II. The hrfl aci of his government, i. 376. Goes over to quiet his brother GeoiFrev, ib. Punifhes the incurlions of the Welfh, 577. Vifi s the king of France, and contracts his infant fon Henry to Mar- garet daughter of France, 378. Hisacquifuions on the continent, /£. Compounds INDEX. Compounds the perfonal fervice of his Norman vaflals for money, 380. His wars in France, ib. .Accommodates bis difFerenr.es with Lewis by the pope's mediation, 381. Oppofes the encroachments of the clergy, 383. His grateful remembrance of Theobald arch'oifhop of Canterbury, ib. Creates Thomas a Beckft chancellor, 384. In- ftance of his familiarity with him, 385. Makes him archbiihop of Canterbury, 386. Provoked by his arbitrary conduct, 388. Calls an affembly of the clergy, to acknowledge a fubmiffion to the civil Jaws, 391. Determines to check the clerical ufurpations, 392. Conflitutions of Clarendon, 393. Applies to the pope for a le- gatine commifiion, which is rendered abortive by the pope, 306. Procures Beckec to be fued for forr.e lands, 397. Calls a council at Northampton, at which Becket is condemned for contempt, 398. Makes another demand on Becket, 399. Sequeilers the revenues of Canterbury on Becket's flight, 404. Inhibits all appeals to the pope, ib. Sufpends the payment of Peter's pence, 406. Endeavours at an alliance with the emperor Frederick Barbaroffa, ib. An ac- commodation prevented by the inflexibility of Becket, 40^. Obtains a difpenfation for the marriage of his third fon Geoffrey with the heirefs of Britanny, ib. Several ineffectual attempts of reconciliation with Becket, ib. Detaches Lewis from Becket by his fair conduct, 411. Is reconciled to Becket, ib. AfTociates his fon Henry with, him in the regal dignity, ib. His exclamation on hearing the con- tinuance of Becket's arbitrary behaviour, and the confequences, 416, His perplexity on the murder of Becket, 419. His fubmiffions to the pope on the occafion, ib. Impofes a tax for the holy war, 422. Goes on an expedition to Ireland, 423. Solicits a grant of that ifland from Rome, 426. How prevented from the immediate execu- tion of it, 427. Goes over to Ireland, and finds it already fubdued by Strongbow and his aflbciates, 429. This conqueft improperly fe- cured, 430. Recalled from Ireland by the menaces of the legates Albert and Theodin, to anfwer at the inquiry into Becket's murder, 432. His conceilions to them on that occafion, ib. Receives abso- lution, 433. Reviewof his prefent flourifhing fituation, ib. Affigns portions to his fons, 434. His eldefr. fon Henry revolts againft him, 436. as do Geoffrey and Richard, at the inftigation of queen Eleanor, ib. Confines his queen, ib. Appeals in vain to the pope againft his fons, 437. Employs a body of Brabanc.ons, 438. Deceived by kino- Lewis of France, before Vernouil, 440. Quells the difturbances in Britanny, ib. An ineffectual conference with Lewis, 441. His con- duct in this critical fituation, 442. Returns to quell the commotions in England, and does penance at Becket's tomb, 444. Raifes the fiegeof Rouen, 447. Makes peace with his fons, ib. Exacts homage of William king of Scotland, taken prifoner by his forces, and of all the Scots nobies, for his ranfom and crown, 448. Reforms the ad- miniftration of juftice in his dominions, 450. Demolifhes the new erected caltles of his nobility, ib. provides for the defence of the kingdom, ib. Punifhes the murderers of Thomas a Becket, 451. Mediates a peace between Philip king of France, and his family, 454. His fon Henry revolts again, but fubmit?, ib. His grief for his fon Henry's death, 455. His fon Geoffrey rebels again, 456. Is guardian F f 3 to INDEX. to Geoffrey's pr.fthumous Ton, 456. Engages in a crufade, 45S. Raifes a tenth of moveables to carry it on, ib. War between him and Philip of France, cccafioned by another revolt of his fon Richard, 43;. Difadvantageous peace, 462. His grief at finding John a party in Richard's revolt, ib. Dies, ib. His character, 463. Mifcellaneous tran factions in his reign, 464. Manners of his court, ib. His vigi- lance in correcting cliforders, .;66. Inftance of his reputation for juftice, 467. Commutes perional fervice in war, 468. Remits Danegelt, 4.69. His ilTue, 470. Henry, eldetl (on of Henry II. contracted in his infancy to Margaret, daughter of France, i. 378. AlTociated with his father in the king- dom, 412. Flis repartee to his father at his coronation, 435. Is crc-A ned again, together with his queen Margaret, ib. Expence of . their coronation robes, ib. note. Revolts againft his father, 436. Leagues with Lewis king of France, 439. Befieges Vernojil in con- Junction with him, 440. Is reconciled to his father, 447. Revolts again, but fubmits, 454. Dies, 45 5 . • III. his acceflion, ii. 145. Is crowned at Gloucefter, ib. Swears feaky, and does homage to the pope, ib. The earl of Pembroke chofen protector during his minority, ib. Grants a new charter of liberties, at the inftance cf Pembroke, 146. Grants a renewal of the great charter, in a parliament at Oxford, 155. Is declared by the pope of age for government, ib. Rochelle taken frcm him by Lewis VIII. of France, 157. His conteii with his brother Richard earl of Corn- wall, concerning the reftkution of a manor in that county, 158. Flis character, ib. Removes Hubert de Burgh from offices, 160. Makes Peter, bilhop of Winchefter, his chief minifter, ib. His imprudent encouragement of the Poictevins, 161. Combinations among the barons on this occafion, ib. His plea for not obferving the great charter, 162. Difmiftes the bifhop of Winchefter and his foreigner;, at the menace of Edmond the primate, ib. Marries Eleanor daughter of the count of Provence, 163. His bounties to her relations, ib. Publifhes the pope's fentence of excommunication againlt the emperor Frederick, his brother-in-law, 164 His maternal half-brothers come over to England to vifit him, ib. Bellows riches and honours upon them, ib. Difgufts among the people on thefe grants to foreigners, 165. Denied by parliament, he procures loans from the Londoners, ib. Declares war againit Lewis IX. and makes an unfuccefsful expe- dition to Guienne, 166. His remark on the wealth of the Londoners, 167. His contefts relating to the election of the archbiihop of Canter- bury, 168. Complains to the council of Lyons of the pofleffions of Italian clergy in England, 170. Is threatened with excommunication for oppofmg the pope's claims, 171. Accepts the offer made by the pope, of the kingdom of Sicily for his fecond fon Edmond, 172. the iieav y debs he was involved in on this occafion, ib. Is refuied aids to diichnrge it by parliament, ib. The commotions among the clergy on account of the levies for the crufade againlt Sicily, 17-:.. Is threatened with excommunication for non-payment of the pope's demands, 1-4. His incapacity for quieting the discontents of the baron?, 175. The bold remonllrances of his parliament to him, 177. Endeavours to prevail on them, under the vow of a crufade, r-;. His farcaltical repiy I N D E X. reply to a drpu ration of prelates, 179. Obtains a fupply on a folerrm confirmation of the great charter, ib. His filler married to Simon de Mcntforc, earl of Leicefter, 180. • His difputes with that nobleman, 181. His barons aflernble in parliament, drelTed in armour, 18 j. How addrefled by Roger Bigod, earl of Norfolk, ib. The fovereign authority veiled in a council of twenty-four barons by the parliament at Oxford, to redrefs grievances, 184. Is forced to banilh his ma- ternal half-brothers, 1S5. Makes a treaty with Lewis IX. of France, and cedes Normandy to him, 190. Applies to the pope, and obtains ablblution from his oath to obfcrve the provifions of Oxford, 193. His proceedings againft the council in confequence of this abfolution, 194. Calls a parliament, which authorifes him to refume the go- vernment, ib. Refers the differences between him and Leicefter to the determination of Margaret of France, 195. Is applied to for pro- tection by Lewellvn prince cf Wales, againft his rebellious fon Griffin, 196. GrifHn delivered up to him by his elder brother David, who does homage to him, ib. Griffin's fon Lewellyn focceeds, who re- news the homage, 197. Lewellyn invades the borders, ib. Is re- duced to comply again with the provifions of Oxford, 199. Is in- fluenced by the barons taking prince Edward prifoner, ib. His dif- putes with the bsrons referred to the arbitration of Lewis of France, 2C0. Lewis decides in his favour, 201. The barons refufe to abide by the decifion, and take arms, ib. He raifes an army againft them, 202. Mutual hoftilities, 203. Is defeated and taken prifoner in the battle of Lewes, 205. How he obtained his liberty, 206. Stipula- tions between him and Leicefter, 213.. His narrow eicape from death at the battle of Evefham, 215. Confequences of this battle, 216. His lenity toward the rebel barons, 217. His fon Edward engages in a crufade, ib. He calls him home again, 220. Dies, 221. His character, ib. His piety, 222. His children, ib. Laws enacted during his reign, ib. State of commerce in his reign, 224. The high intereft of money, 225. Extortions practiced upon the Jews by him, 226. Bad internal police of the country in his reign, 227. Excufe made by the officers of his houfliold for their robberies, 22S. Henry IV. (See Hereford and Lancajier.") Remarks on his title to the crown, iii. 61 . i umultuous aflembly of the parliament, 62. Quells an infurre&ion of the degraded lords, 63. Attaches himfelf to the church, and pafTes a law condemning heretics to the flames, 65. The firft execution of this kind in England, ib. Truce with France re- newed, 66. Iniurrettion in Wales, ib. Marches againft the Scots, ar.d feizes Edinburgh, 68. Defeats and kills young Piercy at Shrewfbury, 71. Executes the rebellious archbifhop of York, 73. Takes prince James of Scotland prifoner, and educates him in Eng- land, 75. Foments divisions in France, 76. Parliamentary tranf- actiens of this reign, 77. Concefiions made to the houfe of commons, 78. His difficulties in ellabliftiing the lucceffion of his family, 79. Attempts to adopt the Salic law, but is oppofed by the commons, zb. Advifed by his commons to feize on the temporalities of the church, 80. His death, 82. His character, ib. His marriages and children, 83. Cutting out any pericn's tongue, or putting out his eves, made felony by an aft of the fifth of his reign, ib. Annual F f 4. expence INDEX. expence of his houfehold, 84. State of commerce during his reign, ib. Henry V. eldeft fon and fuccefTor to Henry IV. the caufe of his youthful extravagancies pointed out, iii. 85. His fudden reformation on his acceflion, 87. His regard to the friends and memory of Richard II. ib. Averfe to the profecution of lord Cobham, 89. Confers with him, ib. Cobham plots againft him, is feized and executed, 90. His large demands on France, 96. Detects the confpiracy of the earl of Cambridge, lord Scrope, and Sir Thomas Grey, 97. The con- fpirators executed, ib. Invades France, and feizes Harfieur, 98. Battle of Azincour, 100. Compared with thofe of Crecy and Poictiers, ib. 103. Invades France again, 106. Treaty with the queen and Burgundy, 107. Takes Roiien, 109. Treaty with the young duke of Burgundy, no. Articles of, ill. Reflections on this treaty, ib. Marries the princefs Catharine, 112. Returns to England for fupplies, 113. Carries the young Scots king to France with him, 114. His forces under the duke of Clarence defeated by the Scots auxiliaries at Bauge, ib. Takes Meaux, and other places, 115. His fon, afterwards Henry VI. born, ib. Falls fick, and pre- pares for death, 116. The trufts he left during the minority of his infant fon, ib. Dies, 117. His character, ib. Miscellaneous tranf- actions in his reign, 118. His fcanty revenues, 12c. — — VI. comes to the crown an infant, the adminiftration regulated by parliament, iii. 123. His education committed, by parliament, to Henry Beaufort, bifhop of Winchefter, 124. Crowned at Paris, 154. His character on arriving at manhood, 169. Married to Mar- garet of Anjou, 170. Normandy recovered by the French, 176. Guienne loft, 177. Pretentions of the duke of York to the crown, 1 8c. Diflipation of the royal revenues during the minority, 184. His title 10 the crown how defended, 191. How anfwered by the parti- fans of York, 193. Lift of nobility who adhered to the Lancafter prince in pcfteflion, 195. Marches an army to oppofe the duke of York, 197. The duke retires after a parley, ib. Unfuccefsful attempt en the province of Gafcony, 198. Prince Edward born, ib. His imbecility of mind increafes, 199. Taken prifoner by the duke of York at the battle of St. Alban's, 200. Re-inftated in his regal au- thority, 202. A formal reconciliation between the partifans of York and Lancafter, ib. Taken prifoner at Northampton, 205. The duke of York's right of fucceffion determined by the lords, 207. I3 re- taken by queen Margaret at the battle of St. Alban's, 210. Depofed by the election of Edward IV. 212. Reflections on this event, ib. Mifcellaneous tranfactions of his reign, 213. Retires to Scotland after the defeat atTouton, 219. Act cf forfeiture and attained pafted againft him, 222. Receives afuftance from Lewis XL of France, 223, Imprifoned in the Tower, 225. Reftored by the earl of Warwick, 243- Again in the power of Edward, 247, His death, 2co. • VII. his acceflion, iii. 307. Accepts Richard Ill's crown found in Bcfworth-field, ib. His title to the crown of England, 308. His im- politic prejudices againfts the houfe of York, 311. Commits the young earl of Warwick to the Tower, 312. His joyful reception in his journey to London, 313. Renews his promife cf marriage with the princefs 4 Elizabeth, INDEX, Elizabeth, 314. Defers it till after his coronation, ib. His coro- nation, ib. Creation of peers, ib. Inftitution of yeomen of the guard, 315. His prior attainder, how qualified, ib. His cautious entail of the crown, 316. Procures a papal fanflion of his right to the crown, 317. Attainders of the York party, 31S. Reflections on, ib. The duties of tonnage and poundage granted him for life, ib. Proclaims a pardon to thofe who took arms againft him, on. furrender, 319. Titles of nobility conferred by him, ib. His choice of miniflers, ib. Married to the princefs Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. 320. Makes a progrefs into the north, 321. Difperfes an infurredtion at Worcefter, ib. Birth of prince Arthur, 322. His government unpopular, 323. Revolt of Ireland under Lambert Simnel, 325. Muilers troops againft him, 328. Defeats the earl of Lincoln, Simnel's general, at Stoke, 330. Entertains Simnel as a fcullion, ib. His rigorous profecution of Simnel's partifans, ib. Crowns his queen, 331. State of foreign affairs at this period, 332, Makes a truce for feven years with the Scots, 333. His politic mo- tives for not aflifting-the French in their defigns on Britanny, 339. His offers of mediation, how anfwered by the duke of Britanny, 340. Obtains a fupply from parliament to aflift Eritanny, 343. Infurre&ion in the north on levying it, ib. SupprefTed, 344. Sends lord Wil- loughby de Broke to Britanny, 345. His vexation on the marriage of Charles of France with the duchefs of Britanny, 350. Levies a benevoler.ee on his people, ib. Promifes his parliament to claim the crown of France, 351. Carries over an army to France, 353. Makes peace with France, 354, Caufes the murder of Edward V. and the duke of York to be afcertained, on account of Perkin Warbec's im- pofture, 360. His policy in fearching into the confpiracy, ib. Gains over Sir Robert Clifford to betray Parkin's fecrets, 361. Publishes Perkin's fecret hiftory, ib. Remonilrates to the archduke on the occafion, and prohibits all commerce with the Low Countries, ib. Executes Perkin Warbec's fecret adherents, 362. Detefts and exe- cutes Sir William Stanley, 364. Oppreffes his people by arbitrary fines, 365. Careffes lawyers, and curbs his nobility, ib. Paffes a law to indemnify all who aft under the authority of the king for the time being, 366. 'Sends Sir Edward Poynirgs over to reduce the malcontents in Ireland, 367. Poynings' memorable ftatute, ib. Leagues with the Italian Hates againft France, 368. Obtains a fub- fidy from parliament, 372. Inlurreclion in Ccrnwal on occafion of levying it, 373. His prudent difpofirion to oppofe the Corniih in- surgents, 375. Defeats them at Blackheath, 376. Employs Hialas, Ferdinand's ambaffador, to negotiate a truce with Scotland, 377. Con- cludes a treaty of commerce with the Flemings, 378. Perkin War- bee lands in Cornwal, and bc-fieges Exeter, 379. The fiege raifeJ, and Perkin's followers difperfe, 380. His generous treatment of Perkin's wife, ib. Conduces Perkin in mock-triumph to London, 381. Publifhes Perkin's confrflion, 382. Executes the young earl of Warwic for concerting an efcape with Perkin Warbec, 383. Reflections on this execution, ib. His excufe for it, ib. His interview \yith the archduke Philip at Calais, 384. The pope fends a nuncio to engage hjrr. in a crufade againft the Turks, ib. Makes a conditional prorrule to attend INDEX. attend him, 385. Is chofen proteclor of the knights of Rhodes, ib. Marries Arthur prince of Wales, to Catherine of Arragon, ib. The prince dies, 386. Marries her to his fecoBd fon, Henry, ib. Mar- ries his eldeft daughter Margaret to James IV. of Scotland, ib. His remark on this connection, ib. Death of his queen, ib. His pre- fent fituation, 3S7. His avarice, and oppreffion of his people by his two minifters, Empfon and Dudley, ib. Their modes of extortion, ib. His great wealth acquired by thefe means, 389. His political attention to the ftate of Europe, 390. Ls vifited by Philip king of Caftile, forced by a ftorm on the coaft of England, 391^ The ad- vantage he took of this occurrence to obtain poffeifion of the earl of Suffolk, whom Philip protected, 392. Commits Suffolk to the Tower, 393. AfRances his daughter Mary to Charles archduke of Auftria, 394. His remorfe for his opprefiiqns, and his deeds of atone- ment, ib. Yet continues his extortions, ib. His death and cha- racter, 395. More abfolute in his conduct than any former king, 396. The people's fubmiflion accounted for, ib. His laws calcu- lated for the good of the nation, 397. Star-chamber, the authority ©f, eftablifhed in this reign, ib. Suits in forma pauperis, firft given, 398. Benefit of clergy abridged, ib. Paffed frequent laws againft retainers, 399. Anecdote of his behaviour to the earl of Oxford on account of, ib. Empowers his nobility and gentry to break the an- cient entails of eftates, 400. Depreffes old families, and careffes new ones, 401. Commerce rather hurt than advanced by fome of his laws, ib. Inftances, ib. Remarks on the comparative prices of commodities and labour at that time, 402. Review of other com- mercial regulations, 403. America, and the new paffage to the Eaft Indies, difcovered in this reign, 405. Great alterations in the European nations in confequence of thefe extraordinary events, ib. How he loft the honour of the firft difcovery of America, ib. Se- baftian Cabot fent out by him on difcoveries in America, ib. New- foundland difcovered by Cabct, 406. The firft fhip in the royal navy, called the Great Harry, built by Henry, ib. Circumftances which tended to the promotion of literature about this time, ib. The na- tion rejoiced at his death, 40b'. His dying injunction to his fon, to proteft againft his marriage with Catherine of Arragon, iv. 75. Henry, fecorsd fon of Henry VII. created prince of Wales on the death of his brother Arthur, iii. 386. Forced by his father into a marriage with Catherine of Arragon, Arthur's widow, ib. —~ VIII. the general iatisfadion of the people at his acceffon, iii. 408. His perfonal qualifications, ib. How he acquired a literary education, 409. His choice of minifters, ib. His tafte for gaiety and pleaiure encouraged by the earl of Surry, 410. Difiipates his father's treafures, ib. Mu/ic and literature his favourite purfuits, ib. Thomas Aquinas his favourite author, 41 1, Puniihes the initruments of his father's oppreflions, ib. Motives to the confummation of his mar- riage with Catherine of Arragon, 413. Takes part with pope Ju- lius II. againft France, 418. Supplies granted by parliament for a war with France, 419. Deluded by Ferdinand of Spain intoafruit- lefs expedition to Guienne, to facilitate his conqueft of Navarre, ib. A naval engagement between Sir Thomas Xnevet and the French, 6 422. INDEX. 422. A poll-tax to carry on the war againft France, the proportions how rated, 424. Receives a veiTel of proviiions, a prefent from the pope, 425. Difputes with Scotland, ib. Concludes an alliance with Maximilian and Ferdinand againft France, 426. Wolfey intro- duced to him by Fox, bifhop of Winchefter, 428. The maxims inculcated by Wolfey, ib. Admits him to his privy-council, 429. Raifes an army and fleet againft France, 430. Invades France in perfon, 433. The emperor Maximilian ferves under him, and re- ceives pay, ib, Befieges Teroiiane, 434. Defeats the French at the battle of Spurs, 4.35. Teroiiane capitulates, ib. Takes Tour- ra y» 437* Makes Wolfey bifhop of Tournay, ib. Returns to England, ib. Defeats the Scots at Flouden, 440. Makes peace with Scotland, ib. Enraged at Ferdinand's alliance with France, 442. Peace with France negotiated by the duke of Longueville, ib. Terms of the treaty, 443. The princefs Mary, Henry's filler, married to Lewis, who dies quickly after, ib. His difguft againft Francis I. of France, iv. 11. Is perfuaded by Wolfey to de- liver up Tournay, 13. Forms pretenfions to the empire, but is too late, 18. His political advantages leffened by the defects of his temper, 20. Is vifued by the emperor Charles V. 21. Goes over to Ardres to vifit Francis, by Wolfey's perfusfion, who regulates, the ceremonial of their meeting, 22. Inftance of his delicacy towards Francis, ib. His return of Francis's familiarity and confidence, 23. Grand tournament held by them, 24. Vifits the emperor and Margaret of Saxony at Gravelines, ib. His endeavours to me- diate a peace between the emperor and Francis fruftrated, 26. An alliance concluded by Wolfey, between him and the emperor, with the pope, againft Francis, ib. Trial and execution of the duke of Buckingham, 27. Writes againft the opinions of Luther the reformer, 36. Receives the title of Defender of the Faith from the pope, ib. Is fharply anfwered by Luther, ib. Is again vi- fued by the emperor Charles, whom he inftalls a knight of the garter, 40. Declares war againft France, ib. Operations againft Scotland, 43. His father's treafure being oiflipated, impofes ar- bitrary taxes, 46. Summons a parliament, ib. Levies the grants before the ftipulated time, 48. His arbitrary behaviour to Edward Montague, a member of the houfe of commons, ib. note. Sends a force under the duke of Suffolk to invade Picardy, 51. A new treaty between him and the emperor for the invafion of France, 54. Concludes an alliance with Louife, the regent of France, on the captivity of Francis, 58. Sends Tonftal, bifhop of London, am- baflador to the emperor, 60. Levies taxes, by Wolfey's advice, without his parliament, 61. Difcontents of the people on this exertion of the prerogative, 62. Wolfey makes him a prefent of Hampton-court palace, 64. Joins the holy league againft the em- peror, 68. His treaties with 1 rancis, 70. Declares, with France, war againft the emperor, 73. Account of his fcruples with regard to his marriage with Catherine of Arragon, 75. Has a fon by lady Catherine Blount, 77. Confults his prelates, who confirm his fcru- ples concerning his marriage, ib. Becomes enamoured with the lady Anne INDEX. Anne Boleyn, 79. Applies to the pope for a divorce, ib. The motives of the pope's hefitation in that affair, 80. Lays the pope's conduct before his minifters, and their advice thereupon, 81. The cardinals Wolfey and Campeggio appointed by the pope to try his marriage, 85. The trial opened, 87. The court abruptly prorogued by Campeggio, 90. Deprives Wolfey of the great Seal, 92. Or- ders Wolfey to depart from York-place, and confifcates his move- ables # there, ib. Orders him to be profecuted in the flar- chamber, 93. Pardons him, 95. The commons grant him a difcharge of his debts, 97. Sends Francis I. of France a generous acquittal of a debt owing to him, 98. A view of his inducements to break off all ccnne&icn with the court of Rome, 99. The firft introduction, of Dr. Cranmer to him, 101. Engages Cranmer to write in favour of his divorce, ib. An examination into the general queftion of marriage within affinity, with reference to this cafe, ib. He obtains the decifion of many univerfities in favour of his divorce, 102. En- gages his nobility to write to the pope concerning it, 103. Refufes the pope's fummons to appear at Rome, ib. Is concerned at Wol- iey's death, 106. Persecutes his clergy on the flat ute ofprovifors, which is compounded with him by the convocation, ib. The con- vocation acknowledges his Supremacy, with an artful refervation, ib. Jffues a pardon to the laity from the ftatute of provifors, 107. Paffes an act againft levying annates, ib. The commons reject a bill to Secure his right of wardfhips, &c. and his conduct thereupon, io3. Explains his fcruples about bis marriage to Sir Thomas Aud- ley, Speaker of the houfe of commons, 109. His interview with Francis at Boulogne, 111. Celebrates his marriage with Anne Bo- leyn, ib. Paffes an act againft all appeals to Rome, on Suits cog- nizable in eccleSiaftical courts, 112. Publishes his marriage with Anne Boleyn, ib. His marriage with Catherine declared invalid by archbifhop Cranmer, 113. Birth of the princefs Elizabeth, ib. Creates her princefs of Wales, ib. Degrades Catherine to the quality of princefs-dowager of Wales, ib. Accident which produced his final breach with the pope, 116. The papal authority excluded from the regulation of monafteries, and election of bifhops, by parliament, 1 17. The Succcflion to the crown regulated by parliament, 118. Is declared fupreme head of the church, by parliament, 120. Was the moft abso- lute prince in Europe, 127. His hatred toward the reformers ac- counted for, 128. His courtiers, how difpoSed with regard to the re- formation, 129. His paffions made uSe of, by both parties, 130. Is abufed perSonally by friar Peyto from the pulpit, 134.. Orders Dr. Corren to preach before him, who juftifies him, ib. Detects and pu- nifhes the holy maid of Kent, and her affociates, 137. Fifher, biihop of Rochefter, executed for denying his Supremacy, 139. Trial and execution of Sir Thomas More, 14c. The court of Rome enraged againft him on account of thefe executions, ib. Is defirous of a re- conciliation with pope Paul HI. ib. Is excommunicated by the pope, 141. Renews his friendship with Francis, and propofes mar- rying the princefs Elizabeth to the duke of Angouleme, ib. Remits money to the German prcteftants, 142. Invites over the principal German. INDEX. Cerrrian divines, 142. Death of Catherine of Arragon, and her dying letter to him, 143. His reply to the emperor's advances toward an accommodation, 144. Is difgufted with Francis for marrying his daughter to James V. of Scotland, 146. Appoints Cromwel his vicar-general, 148. A vifitation of the monasteries, ib. Many mo- nafteries furrender their revenues, 150. Their doors opened, ib. The lefier monafteries fupprefTed by parliament, ib. Becomes jealous of queen Anne, 155. His jealoufy Strengthened by the calumnies of the vifcountefs of Rochford, ib. Becomes enamoured with the lady Jane Seymour, 156. Orders the queen and fome of her actendants to be confined, 157. The queen's letter to him, 158. Trial of the queen, 159. Marries the lady Jane Seymour the next day after Anne Boleyn's execution, 162. Receives the princefs Mary into favour on her compliance with the acknowledgment of his fupremacy, ib. The princefies Mary and Elizabeth illegitimated by parliament, 163. Articles of faith framed by convocation, and corrected by him, 166. Remarks on his fkill in conducing the alterations in religion, ib. Difcontents excited among the people by the difperfed monks, 170. An infurrection againft him, headed by Dr. Mackrel, 171. Prevails on the infurgents to defert their chief, who is executed, ib. An in- furrection, termed the Pilgrimage of Grace, raifed in the north, by Mr. Afke, ib. His manifesto againlt them, 174. The infurre&ion fupprefTed by the duke of Norfolk, 1715. Prince Edward born, and the death of the queen, 176. Negotiates with the German pro- tectants, but without effect, 177. Allows only fingle copies of the bible to be chained in fome churches, with restrictions as to the reading of it, ib. SupprefTes the larger monafteries, 178. Pillages the fhrine of Thomas a Becket, and burns his bones, 182. Makes liberal grants of the revenues of the religious houfes, 183. Erects fix new bifhoprics, Weftminlter, Oxford, Peterborough, Briftol, Chefter, and Gioucefter, ib. The rage exprefTed againft him by the court of Rome, on his fuppreffion of the religious houfes, 184. Procures cardinal Pole to be difmifTed from his legatine charge in Flanders, 186. Executes fome noblemen who had entered into a confpiracy with Pole, 187. Declares againft the authority of the council of Mantua, 188. Is obstinately attached to the doclrine of the real prefence, 189. Enters into a formal difputation with Lam- bert concerning the eucharift, 191. Sentences Lambert to the flake, 192. PafTes the bill of fix articles, for abolifhing diverfity of opinions in religion, 194. The parliament grants the force of laws to his proclamations, 196. Propounds a queftion to the judges re* fpedting the power of parliament in attainders, 198. The abbey- lands confirmed to him by parliament, 199. Grants a general poi- feffion of the bible, 200. Solicits the duchefs-dowager of Longue- ville in marriage, 201. Is refufed by Francis, on account of her previous contract to the king of Scotland, ib. Demands Anne of Cleves of her father, 202. Sees her privately, and diflikes her, ib. Marries her, neverthelefs, from political motives, 204. His difguft increafes, ib. Complains to parliament of the diverfity Of religions, 205. Creates Cromwel earl of Effex, and knight of the garter, ib. Obtains of parliament a diflclurion cf the order of St. John of Je- rulalem, INDEX. rufalem, or lenights of Malta, 250. Requires, and with difficulty obtains, grants from parliament and convocation, 206. Fixes his affections on the lady Catherine Howard, 207. Is influenced by the duke of Norfolk to commit Cromwel to the Tower, 208. Crom- wel's moving letter to him, ib. Is divorced from Anne of Cleves, 209. Concludes an alliance with the emperor, 211. Marries Ca- therine Howard, ib. Perfecutes the reformers, 212. Makes a progrefs into the north, 213. Exhorts the king of Scotland to feize the church revenues, 216. James evades a promifed interview with him, 217. Is informed by Cranmer of the queen's diffblute con- duct, 218. The queen attainted, with her affociat.es, 219; and executed, 221. Diffolves divers colleges, hofpitals, and other found- ations, and feizes their revenues, ib. Extorts a furrender of chapter- lands from divers bifhops, ib. Ireland erected into a kingdom, and added to his titles, ib. note. Mitigates the penalties of the fix: articles, fo far as regards the marriage of prieits, 222. Appoints a commiflion to eftablifh a religion for the nation, ib. Writes and publishes his Inflitution of a Chrijiian Man, 223. Publifhes the Eru- dition of a Cbrijlian Man , 224. Prohibits the lower claffes of people to read the fcriptures, ib. Reviews and alters the mafs books, 225. Suppreffes the interludes in ridicule of the former fuperftitions, ib. Publifhes a manifeilo, previous to his war with Scotland, 227. Sir Robert Bowes defeated by the Scots, 228. Battle of Solway, 229. Death of James, 230. Propofes a marriage to the Scots nobles, be- tween prince Edward and the infant queen of Scotland, 231. This marriage contracted by treaty with the earl of Arran, 233. Is dif- gufted with Francis, 235. Leagues with the emperor againft Francis, 236. Obedience to his Erudition of a Chrijiian Man enforced by parliament, 238. Marries Catherine Par, 239. Influences parlia- ment to reftcre the princeffes Mary and Elizabeth to their right of fuccefiion, dependent on his will, 242: His regal fry le fettled, 243. Is releafed by parliament from his debts, contracted by a general loan, ib. Requires new leans from his people, and raifes the value of fpecie, 244. Extorts a benevolence from his people, ib. In- vades Scotland, and burns Edinburgh, 245. Concerts an invafion of France with the emperor, ib. Paffes over to France, and leaves the queen regent, 246. Takes Boulogne, 247. Charles makes a feparate peace with Francis, ib. Returns to England, 248. Subfidies granted him by parliament and convocation, 251. Obtains a par- liamentary grant of univerfity revenues, which he declines, ib. The grofs flattery of parliament to him, 252. His fpeech on proroguing it, ib. Sends the earl of Hertford with forces over to Calais, 253. Makes peace with France and Scotland, ib. His high encomium on the duke of Suffolk at his death, 255. Protects Cranmer againft the cabals of his catholic courtiers, ib. The queen's tender care of him jn his illnefs, 258. Orders her to be impeached for herefy, 259. Her prudent caution in evading this danger, ib. Abufes Wriothefely on his coming to take the queen to the Tower, 260. Commits the duke of Norfolk and earl of Surry to the Tower, 262. Trial and execution of Surry, 263. Expedites the proceedings againft Nor- folk, 264. Orders him for execution, ib. Dies, 265. His beha- viour INDEX. viour at his death, 265. The fucceflion, how fettled by his wi11,/£. Hii character, 266. The number of parliaments fummoned by him, 26?. His rigorous and contradi&ory ftatutes againft herefy and treafon, 269. A recapitulation of his ftatutes, ib. His military laws, z-o. Tonnage and poundage arbitrarily levied by him, 272. State of commerce in this reign, 273. His laws to reftrain the decay of tillage, and throwing lands into pafturage, 277. His attention to the advancement of literature, 279. Lift of the regency appointed by his will, during the minority of Edward VI. 282. Henry, prince of Wales, eldeft fon of James I. his death and character, vi. 6z. , bifhopof Winchefter. See Wincbejier. • II. of France, his character , it. 295. His conduct toward th« proteftant league in Germany, ib. Makes an ineffectual attempt on Boulogne, 333. His treaty with England for the furrender of Bou- logne, 342. Agrees to a marriage between his daughter Elizabeth, and Edward VI. ib. Invades Germany, in favour of Maurice, elector of Saxony, 382. The emperor repulfed from Metz, ib. Montmorency defeated at St. Quintin, 434. Calais taken, 435. Requires the queen-dowager of Scotland to take part in his quarrel againft England, 440. Concludes the marriage between the dauphin and the young queen, Mary of Scotland, ib. Peace of Cateau Cambrefis with Spain and England, v. 16. Solicits the excommu- nication of queen Elizabeth, 19. Orders the dauphin and his queen to aflume the title and arms of England, ib. Is killed at a tourna- ment, 20. III. of France, his character, and firft views on his acceffion, v. 211. Grants a peace to the Hugonots, 212. Declares him- felfas head of the cathoiic league, but is fufpecled by both parties, ib. Lofes the gcod-will of his fubjeds, 213. Sends a fplendid em- baffy to Elizabeth, on the intended marriage between her and his brother the duke of Anjou, 241. Declares war againft the Hugo- nots, 268. Is defeated by Henry of Navarre, 355. Is driven from Paris, ib. Orders the duke of Guife and his brother to be aftafiinated, 356. Is affaffinated himfelf, 357. IV. of France, his acceilicn, v. 357. Receives aid from queen Elizabeth of England, to oppofe the catholic league, ib. Po/Tefles himfelf of the fuburbs of Paris, 358. Battle of Yvree, ib. Is dif- concerted by the duke of Parma, ib. Receives frefti affiltance from Elizabeth, 359. 361. Motives of his changing his religion, 369. Renounces the proteftant faith, 370.- Declares war againft Spain, 374. His reprefentations to his allies, refpecling peace with Spain, 387. Concludes a feparate peace, 389. He and queen Elizabeth, unknown to each other, entertain the fame thoughts of eftablifhing a new fyftem of policy in Europe, 434. His paflionate admiration of the picture of queen Elizabeth, 527. Concludes a treaty with James for the fupport of the United Provinces, vi. 7. Is affaffinated by Ravaillac, 56. IV. emperor of Germany, his difputes with pope Gregory VII. about the right of inveftitures, i. 267. Henry r N D E X. Henry VI. emperor of Germany, obtains 'poffeffion of Richard I. of England, arrefted by the archduke Leopold, ii. 23. His ignomi- nious treatment of him, 24. Produces and accufes him before the diet at Worms, 26. Richard's fpirited anftver, ib. Is threatened by the pope with an excommunication for detaining him, 27. Con- fents to releafe Richard on a ranfom, 28. Richard's narrow efcape out of his hands, ib. Heptarchy, Saxon, in Britain, eftablifhment of, ii. 26. See Kent, Northumberland, Eaft Anglia, Mercia, Effex, Suffix^ Wejfex. Herbert, attorney-general, impeaches, by the king's order, lord Kim- bolton, and the five commoners, vi. 467. Is impeached by the commons for it, 478. Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun earl of, confederates with Leicefter and other barons againft Edward I. ii. 182. Is a party in forming the provifions of Oxford, 183. Is gained over by prince Edward to the royal caufe, 200. Refutes to ferve in the expedition againft Gafcony, and his quarrel with the king on the occafion, 289. Refufes to attend the king to Flanders, ib, A new conftable appointed in his room for that fervice, 290. He and the earl of Norfolk prefent a remon (trance to him at his departure, ib. They obtain from parlia- ment a confirmation of the charters and indemnity for themfelves, which are confirmed by the king abroad, 291. Joins in the con- federacy of Thomas earl of Lancafter, againft Piers Gavafton, 335- , Henry duke of, accufes the duke of Norfolk in parlinment in, Richard II. 's time, iii. 35. Duel between them flopped by the king, 36. Banifhed for ten years, ib. Succeeds his father in the dukedom of Lancafter, 37. See Lancaffer, and Henry IV \ Herejy, an act paffed in the reign of Richard II. enjoining fherifFs to apprehend the preachers of, iii. 54. Repealed, 55. The repeal fuppreiTed by the clergy, ib. The law of the fix articles for abolifh- ing, paffed, iv. 194. See Articles. , perfons burnt for, William Sautree, iii. 65. A Lollard, 81. James Bainham, iv. 132. Thomas Bilney, 133. Lambert, 19;. Four Dutch anabaptifts, ib. Dr. Barnes, Jerome, and Gerard, 212. Abel, Fetherftone, and Powel, 213. Patrick Hamilton, in Scot- land, 214. Anne Afcue, Nicholas Belenain, John LafTels, and John Adams, 258. Wifhart the Scots reformer, 297. Joan Bocher, and Van Paris, 324. Rogers prebendary of St. Paul's, 411. Hooper bilhop of Gloucefter, 412. Sanders, ib. Taylor parfon of Had- ley, ib. Philpot archdeacon of Winchefter, 413. Ferrar bifhop of St. David's, 414. Ridley bifhop of London, and Latimer of "Worcefter, ib. Hunter an apprentice, 415. Thomas Hawkes, ib. A woman at Guernfey and her infant, ib. An exprefs commiffon iffued more effectually to extirpate it, 419. A proclamation ren- 'dering the poffeffion of heretical books capital, ib. An eitimate of the number of perfons burnt, ib. Archbifhop Cranmer burnt, 430. Walter Mill, in Scotland, v. 23. Two Arians, by James I. vi. 163. A madman, ib. Heretics, old law for burning of, repealed, viii: 332. Hc-sward, INDEX. Htretuari, an Eafl Anglian nobleman, affemUes his followers, and fhelters himfelf in the ille of Ely, i. 250. Reduced by William the Conqueror, and received into favour, 261. Herict, in the Anglo-Saxon law, what, i. 225, note. Hzrries, lord, is fent by Mary queen of Scots, then in England, ro Elizabeth, to exprefs her readincfs to jullify herfelf as to her hulband's murder, v. 132. His fluctuating conduct in this negociation, 133. Is appointed by Mary one cf the commiflicr.ers in this caufe, 134. Refules to anfwer Murray's allegations againlt Mary, at Hampton- court, 140. He and his afTuciates break up the conference, 143. Elizabeth's reply to them, 144. Herrings, battle of, between Sir John Faftolfr and the count of Dunois, iii. 140. Hertford, earl of, fon of the protector Somerfet, is privately married to the lady Catharine Gray, v. 61. Is with his lady committed to the Tower, 62. Is profecuted in the flar-chamber, ib. Is released on his wife's death, ib. ———, marquis of, anecdotes of his life, vi. 502. Is made governor to the prince, ib. Raifes forces for the king, and is named general of the weflern counties, ib. Is ient with prince Maurice into the well, 518. Battle of Lanfdown, ib. Hexham, battle of, between Montacute, brother of the earl of War- wick, and the Lancaitrians, iii. 224. Heyle, ferjeant, his extraordinary alfenion of the legal prerogative in the houfe of commons, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, v. 532. Hialas, Peter, fent ambaflador from Ferdinand, king of Arragon, to Henry VII. to negociate a marriage between Prince Arthur and the Jnfanta Catharine, iii. 377. Negociatcs a truce between Henry and James IV. of Scotland, ib. Hides, Dr. his account of a Saxon fodilitium or compnft, i. 206. High commifiion, or ecclefialhcal commilGon, origin of that court, v. 262. Its great power and arbitrary exertion cf it, 263. Its powers extended by the queen, 265. 454. The commons remonftrate agiirlt this court, vi. 54. One eftablifhed in Scotland, 89. A review of the offences cognizable by this court, 15S. Its authority modeled by Jamesl. ib. Is abolifhed in Scotland by the general aflembly, 334. Is abolimed in England by parliament, 420. Is revived by king James II. viii. 267. Highlanders, and Irifli, the fame people, i. 473. Came originally from the Irifn, ib. Highways, the firft toll mentioned for repairing, ii. 496. The firft general law for the repair of, by parifh duty, iv. 449. Hijlorians, monkiih, a character of, i. 28. Hijiory, ancient, caufes of its uncertainty pointed out, i. 1. 18. Hobbes, a character of his philofophy and politics,*vii. 346. His death, ib. Hobby, Sir Philip, is employed by the protedor Somerfet to folicit an alliance with the emperor Charles V. but fails, iv. 333. His account of his negociation, 3^4. Ho/gate, archbifhop of York, is imprifor.ed on the acclTtcn of queen Mary, iv. 376. Vol. V1I1. G g Ho/ tan J. INDEX. Holland. See Netherlands and United Provinces. Hollingjhcd, his account of the manner of living among the common peopie juft preceding his time, iv. 449. Curious remarks by him of the growth of luxury, . Ecllis, forcibly detains the fpeaker of the houfe of commons in his chair, until a remonftrar.ee is paffed againft tonnage and poundage, vi. 275. His fentence by the court of king's-benth, 276. Is impeached by the king, 467. I'ropofes the declaring the generals of the parlia- mentary army trnitors, vii. 131. is made a lord by Charles II. 350. lor at Pari?, endeavours to make the French take part with t' • again ft the Dutch, 404. Is fenc ambaiTador to treat with the Dutch at Breda, 4 19. .Agrees to favour the intrigues of :e, but refufes to accept a bribe, viii. 43, note. liqlhtuay, a merchant of Briftol, is executed for the duke of Monmouth's conspiracy, viii. 190. es, Sir Robert, his expedition againft the Dutch fettlements, vii. 395. Burns a fleet of Dutch fhips in harbour, 414. His at- tempt en the Dutch Smyrna fleet, 478. tand. See Cru/adiS. Hc"> : -'don, battle of, between the Piercies and the earl of Doughs, iii. 6>f. V. Ues\ twelve, publiftied to be read to the people, iv. 291. Bifhop Gardner's objections to them, 293. The fiavilh principles incul- cated in them, v. 468. Honorius, pope, his avaricious demands on the clergy, ii. 169. v, biibop of Gloucefter, is imprifoned on the acceffion of queen Mary, iv. 376. Is cruelly burnt for herefy, 412. An account cf his fcruples at cenfecration, and the compromife he obtained, v. 150. Hops, the planting of, much increafed in the reign cf James I. vi. 183. Kopton, Sir Ralph, reduces Cornwal for Charles I. vi. 515. Is de- feated at Torrington, vii. 62. Hom-eaJIle, battie of, between the earl of Manchefter and the royalifts, vi. 535. - forbjd to be exported by Henry VII. iii. 401. itality, caufes and effects of the decay of, in England, v. 487. am, Sir fohn, is by the houfe of commons made governor of Hull, vi. 479. Refufes the king admittance into Hull, 489. Is detected in zn intention of giving up the place, and is, with his fen, fent up to London and executed, 535. See Piercy. Sir Edward, admiral, fon of the earl of Surrey, deftroys Barton the Scots pirate, iii. 425. Ravages the coaft of France, 431. Is killed in an engagement in Conquet harbour, ib. His ideavf naval courage, ib. vote. — , lord, commands the main body of the Englifh army at the battle of Flouden, iii. 438. Created earl of Surrey, 440. -, lady Catharine, becomes the object of the affections of Henry VIII. on his dift;uft again ft Anne cf Cleves, iv. 207. Is married to Henry, 211. Is acciifed to the king of incontinency, 218. Her con- fefiion, INDEX. feflion, 219. Is attainted by parliament, 22c. Beheaded with the vifcountefs of Rocheford, 221. Howard, lady Frances, is married to the carl of Eff'x, vi. 67. Receives him from his travels with obftinate uifguft, ib. Contrails a familiarity with Carre vifcount Rochefter, ib. Procures the difgrace of Sir Thomas Overbury, 68. Is divorced and married to Carre, then earl of Somer- fet, 70. Procures Overbury to be peifoned, ib. Is found guilty of Overbury's death, -7. Is pardoned, 70. Dies in obfcurity, ib. , lord, one of the cabal of fix, his evidence againft lord RuiTel, viii. 190. Gives evidence againft Algernon Sidney, 197 ; and againft Hambden, 198. Hubert, archbifhop of Canterbury, and chief jjftici2ry, punifhes Fitz- Olbert, a licentious lawyer, ii. 37. Affiits John, in his claim to the fucceilion on Richard's death, 41. Summons a fynod by his legatine authority, 56. Dies, 57. ■ , a fervant of earl Bothwel, is executed for the murder of Darn- ley, and charges queen Mary with being acceflary to it, v. 142. de Burgh, chief justiciary, is chofen joint protector of the realm with the bifhop of Winchetter, on the death of the earl of Pembroke, ii. 152. Takes Rockingham caftle on the e?.ri of Albemarle's rebel- lion, 153. Executes Conftantine Fitz-Arnulf and his afibciates for a rebellious riot in London, ic.-j.. Obtains of the pope a bull, declaring Henry III. of age for government, 155. His character, 159. His removal from the miniitry, and fubfequen: viciflitudes, 160. Hudibras, the event on which that poem was founded, vil. 332. Cha- racter of that performance, viii. 337. Hudfon's Bay company, its charter when firft granted, viii. 329. Hugonots, or French proteftants. See Condi ; Coligni; Navarre, An- thony king of; Guife; Medicis, Catherine de ; Montmorency, Sec. Battle of Dreux, 572. Battle of St. Dennis, and fiege of Chartres, 1S6. The court agrees to an accommodation, ib. A Scheme formed for feizing the prince of Conde and the admiral Coligrii, ib. Battle of Jarnac, and death of Conde, ib. Battle of Moncon;our, 188. ' Charles marries his fitter to the prince of Navarre, 205. The queen of Navarre poifoned, ib. MafTacre of Paris, ib. Are calumniated at foreign courts to palliate thefe barbarities, zo6. Take arms again, 209. Make peace with Henry 1H. 212. The catholic league formed againft them by the duke of Guife, ib. War declared againft them again, 268. Afliftance fent to the king of Navarre by Elizabeth, 355. The Englifh ihips fent againft Rochelle deiert, vi. 20S. The Dutch aflift the French in reducing that town, 209. R^chelle reduced, 263. A toleration continued to them, ib. Are perfecuted and driven out of France by the revocation of the edict of Nantz, viii. 243. Hull, a. magazine formed there by the parliament, and Sir John Ho- tham appointed governor, vi. 479. The king refufed admittance into, 489. Hume, lord, procures the regency of Scotland to be conferred on the duke of Albany, iv. 6. Is traduced to the regent, 7. Makes war againft the regent, and is put to death, 8. G g 2 Hume, INDEX. Jlume, Sir David, affaffinates Darcy, warden of the marches in Scot> land. iv. 8. , lord, joins a confederacy of Scotch nobles, to protect prince James againit the attempts of Botlnvel, and to punilh the murderers of Darnley, v. 119. Surrounds Mary and Bothwel in Borthwic cattle, who efcape from him, ib. •, lord, iigns a protection againft the liturgy in Scotland, vi. 329. Hunter, an apprentice, burnt for herefy, iv. 415. Hu/bandry, remarks on the regulations to promote it, enabled by Henry VII. iii. 403. Bii/s, John, burnt }ur herefy by the council of Confiance, iii. 119. Hyde, Sir Edward, is made chancellor, and created earl of Clarendon, vii. 351. §ee. Clarendon. J- JAMAICA, the ifland of, taken from the Spaniards by Pen and J Vcnable?, vii. 25 5. jfainesl. of England, an examination into his preter.fions to the crown, vi. 1. His fuccefiion admitted by Elizabeth on her death-bed, 2. Forbids the refort of people to him on his journey to London, 3.' His profufe distribution of titles, ib. His partiality to his country- men, ib. Receives embafiies of congratulation, 6. Concludes a treaty with France, for the fupport of the United Provinces, 7. A cenfpiracy againft him detected, 8. Summons a conference of divines at Hampton-court, on points cf faith and religious difci- pline, 10. Why averfe to the puritans, 11. His behaviour at the conference, 13. His reply when folicited in favour of prophefyings, 14. Summons a parliament, ib. Orders that no out-law fliall be chofen, 18. Orders the commons to confer with the judges con- cerning the eleclion of Sir Francis Goodwin, an out-law, 19. Com- promiles the affair with them, ib. His miftaken notions of govern- ment and regal prerogative, 22. Calls in and annuls all patents for monopolies, 23. Public- fpirited attempts of -the commons, 24. Is defiious of an union between the two kingdoms, 25. The com- mons backward in granting fupplies to him, 26. Prorogues the par- liament, 27. Concludes a peace with Spain, ib. His eagernefs for a ceffaticn of -hoftilities, 28. Why ignorant of foreign politics, 29. Is \ in executing the penal laws again ft papilts, 30. Hiltory of the gunpowder confpiracy, 31. Receives ebfeure hints of it, 34. His ifpeech to parliament on this occafion, 38. His religious fentiments [ iairied, ib. Remarks on his fpeech in favour of the projected union of the two kingdoms, 40. Affumes the ftyle of king of Great Britain, -4 : . Checks the commons in an intended petition ag;iinit popifh recu- s, and for lenity towards the puritans, 43. Lays open his necellities Itp. parliament, but is mortified with a refuial of fuitable fupplies, 46. Caufesof the prefent poverty of the crown, 47. How induced to ar- bitrary exertions of his prerogative, 49. A fpint difcoverable among the ipir.mcns for reforming the conltitution on free principles, 5 1. Owml proclamations I N D £ 1*. proclamations not to be equal to laws, but pleads precedents and utU lity for them, 52. Enters into a treaty for relinquishment of ward- fhips and purveyance, 54. His pleafant conceit on the occafion, ib. note. Procures Vorltius, an Arminian profeffor of divinity, to be ba- nifhed from the United Provinces, 57. How induced at length to alter his opinion of the abfolute decrees of God, 166. Founds a col- lege at Chelfea for the refutation of papifts and puritans, 167. His plan for the civilizing Ireland, 58. Death and character of Henry prince of Wales, 62. Marries the princefs Elizabeth to the elector palatine, 63. His rapid promotion of Robert Carre, a young Scots gentleman, 64. Undertakes his education, ib. Unites the families of Howard and Devereux by marriage, 66. Is prevailed on to pro- cure the divorce of lady Effex, 69. Creates Carre earl of Somerfer, 70. Raifes money by the fale of titles, 71. Calls a parliament, ib. DifTolves it in anger, and imprifons fome of the members, 73. In- itances of his indilcretion in political convention, 74. Young George: Villiers introduced to him, 76. Makes Villiers his cup-bearer, ib. Is informed of the fecret of Sir Thomas Overbury's death, 77. Orders a Uriel inquiry into the affair, ib. Pardons Somerfet and his lady, 78. His conduct in this inftance extenuated, 79. Creates Villiers duke of Buckingham, ib. and lord high admiral, ib. Delivers up the cautionary towns to the Dutch for money, 80. His motives to this compofition explained, ib. Propofes to vilit Scotland, 83. His former endeavours to eflablifh epifcopal authority in Scotland, 84. Propofes to the Scots parliament a law, for the government of the church to bevelled in him and the bifhops Sg. Is forced to drop the ad, 90. Summons a meeting of Scots biihops and clergy at St. An- drews, ib. Is referred by them to a general affembly, ib. Reluctance of the general affcmbly in admitting the ceremonies enjoined by him, ib. Allows, by proclamation in England, fports and exercifes on the Sunday, 92. Releafes Sir Walter Raleigh, and grants pcrmiffion for his expedition to Guiana, 94. Executes Raleigh on his return, 99. Why he refufed to acknowledge the elector palatine as king of Bohe- mia, 103. The nation difcontented at bis inactivity in the elector's caufe, 104. Obtains fupplies from parliament, 107. His reply to the representation of grievances, 108. Fall of the chancellor Bacon, 109. Prorogues the parliament, 110. Recals his patents for mono- polies, and redrefTes grievances, 111. The commons'remonftrate to him in favour of the elector palatine, and againit the Spaniih match, 112. Reproves the houfe for this meafure, 1 13. They repeat their remonftrance, 114. His behaviour to the cornmittep who prefetu it, 115. Tears the proteltation of the commons out of their journals, 116. DifTolves the parliament, and punifhes the leaders of the oppo- fition, ib. The remarks of both parties on thefe difputes between him and the parliament, 118. Negociates with the emperor in favour of the elector palatine, 122. Periuades him to fubmillion, 124. His want of fpirit ridiculed abroad, ib. His efforts to conclude the Spanilh match, ib. His confent obtained for prince Charles's journey to Spain, which he repents afterwards, 130. Is bullied by Buck- ingham into compliance, 131. Conceflions in favour of the catholic religion made by him in the marriage treaty, 13c. Yields to Buck- G g 3 ingham's INDEX. ingham's oppcfnion to the match, 137. AfTents to Buckingham** in- fincere reprefenta:ion of the affair to parliament, 141. Agrees to a war with Spain, 142. Endeavours to juftify the earl of Middlefex, impeached by the commons, 144. Begins to eftrange himfelf from Buckingham, 146. Receives intimations of Buckingham's fchemes from the Spanifh ambafiador, 147. Sends forces to affifr. the Dutch againlt Spain, 149. Enters into a treaty for the marriage of Charles with the princefs Henrietta of France, ib. Undertakes the recovery of the palatinate, but to no purpofe, 151. Dies, 153. His cha- racter, ib. Character of his queen, 154. The number of peers created by him, ib. His moderation in caufes tried before the court of high commifllcn, 158. Two Arians burnt in this reign, 163. A review of manners during this reign, 166. Difcouraged the gentry living in town, 169. Ii:!bances of his liberality, 173. His attention to the navy, 180. His averfion to tobacco, 1 88. His character as. a writer, 196. His reaion for expelling Toby Matthews from the houfe of commons, 51:0. His notions of the regal power, from his bock of The true laivs of free monarchies, 553. Inquiry into his con- duit in the cafe of Sir Walter Raleigh, 555. Remarks on his admi- niilration in general, 560. Is acknowltdged by parliament to have allowed more freedom of debate than any of his predeceflbrs, 566. The general notions cf the Engiilh government at this time, ib. Teflimcny of the advantages derived from his peaceable difpofitions, 568. fatr.es II. his acceflion and fir ft: profeflions, viii. 215. Orders by pro- clamation a continuance of the cuftoms and excife, 216. Goes pub- licly to mafs, 217. Sends an agent to the pope, ib. His reception of the exclulionifls, 218. His attachment to Mrs. Sedley, 219. Summons a parliament, 220. His fpeech to parliament on the fub- ject of his revenue, ib. Receives a giant of his revenue during life, 224. Monmouth's rebellion fuppreffed, 229. His undifguiied and peremptory language to parliament, 239. Prorogues, and after dif- folves it, 242. Remarks on his imprudence with reipeft to religion, ib. His refolute exertion of the difpenfing power, 244. Endeavours to eftablifh it by the cafe of Sir Edward Hale?, ib. Difplaces four judges, 247. Brings four popifh lords into the privy council, 250. His violent meafures for the eflablifhment of popery in Ireland, 251. Revives the court of high commidion, 254. Iffues a declaration of general indulgence, and fufpends the penal laws again!! noncon- formity, 256. Sulpends all penal laws in ecclefiafticsl 2fTairs, and grants a general liberty of cenfeierice, 257. Pays court to the dif- ienters, 258. Sends a folemn embsffy to Rome, 260. Four catholic biihops confecrated, 262. DiiTolves the parliament, ib. Recom- mends a Benedictine to a degree at Cambridge, 264. His contell with Magdalen-college, 265. Repeats his declaration of indulgence, and orders it to be read in churches, 267. Commits fix bifhop?, with the primate, to the Tower, for petitioning againft the declara- tion of indulgence, 269. Orders GifYord, doctor of the Sorbonne, to be elected prefidenc of Magdalen-college, 273. Birth of the prince cf Wales, ib. Applies to the prince of Orange for his concurrence it; his Khenies, 279. Shews his dilpleafure againlt the Dutch, 281. 3 ls I N D E X. Is informed by Lewis XI V. of the prince of Oran Difavov.'3 Lewis's memorial to the States in fa army and navy become eifaffected and mucinous, ib. Retra«lb his meafures, 291. The prince of Orange lands at Yorbay, 294. His chief officers and foldiery defert him, 295. Ij deferted by prince George cf Denmark, and the princefs Anne, 296. His coruteroation at his misfortunes, 297. Iffues writs for a new parliament, as. commiffioners to treat with the princefs of Orange, 293. Sends away the queen and prince, and Mies, 301. Is feized by the popu- lace, and brought back to London, 303. Embarks for France His character, ib. 'James, fon of Robert king of Scotland, afterwards James I. taken pri- foner and educated by Henry IV. of England, iii. 7c. His faiher dies, ib. Carried to France by Henry V. 114. Reiored by the duke of Bedford, 128. Murdered, 129. ■ II. of Scotland, general view of his conduct, iii. 220. How killed, ib. •——III. of Scotland, his character, iii. 532. Enters into a feven years truce with Henry VII. 333. Murdered, 352. IV. of Scotland, fucceeds on the murder of his father, iii. 3C2, Receives Perkin WarbeCj and marries him to a Scots lacy, 371. In- vades England in conjunction with Perkin, ib. M.ikcs a truce with Henry VII. and fends Perkin away, $jl, Marries Margaret, deleft daughter of Henry VII. 386. Sends a fleet to a&ft the Trench againil Henry V1I1. 426. Ravages Northumberland, 437. Lofes his lime with lady Ford, ib. Defeated, and fuppofed to be killed at the bat- tle of Flouden, 439. V. of Scotland, is withdrawn by his mother Margaret from the power of the duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, iv. 7. Flies frcm, the power of the earl of Angus, 125. Takes the government i^oto his own hands, ib. Refufes to concur with his uncle Henry of Eng- land in fhaking off the yoke of Rome, 124. A flits Francis sgainlt theemperor, 145. Is married to Francis'5 . .!en, 1/6. Death of queen Magdalen, ib. Is betrothed to the duchefs dc of Longueville, whom Henry notwithstanding folicits in marriage, 201. She is fent to Scotland, ib. Is perfuaded by Hrnry to join him. in his religious innovations, 216. His clergy diffuade hjrn, ib. Henry publishes a manifesto againft him, 227. Sir Robert Bowe^ defeated by the lords Hume and Huntly, 228. Is cifcoacertcd in his operations by the di faff? ft ion of his nobility, 229. Removes lord Maxwell, and appoints Oliver Sinclair general of his army, ib. Battle of Solway, ib. His death and character, 2:0. - , prince, fon cf Mary queen of Scotland and her hufbaod lord Darnley, born, v. 100. Is protected, by an alTociauon cf ncbilky, from the attempts of Bothwel, to get him into his power, 1 18. Kia mothed forced to refign the crown, 124. See the next article. r- VI. of Scotland, proclaimed and crowned, an infint, v. 125. His partyopen'y efpoufed by queen Elizabeth, 202. 209. Ths earl of Morton reiigns the regency to him, 231; Count d'Anbigney is fent by the duke of Gdiia to detach him from the Engtffh in terete, ib. G g - - e#ies INDEX. Creates d'Aubigney earl of Lenox, 232. Is feized by an aflbclation of the nobility from out of the hands of Lenox and Arran, 248. ."•'juimons a parliament and convention of eftates, ib. Receives an embafly from Elizabeth, 249. Is induced todiflemble his refentment at his detention, 250. Makes his efcape, and fummons his friends to attend him, 254. Walur.gham fent by Elizabeth to difcover his true character, 255. Summons a parliament, 256. Writes a copy of verfes in praife of Sir Philip Sidney, 277. Efcapes from the arti- fices of the Engiilh ambaflador, Dr. Wotton, 279. Concludes a league with Elizabeth for their mutual defence, ib. Ltcentioufnefs of his clergy, 280. Remonftrates to queen Elizabeth againft theexe- cution of his mother, 321. Elis behaviour on this event. 323. Pre- pares to aflilt Elizabeth againft the Spanilh invafion, 336. Marries a daughter of Denmark, 352. Goes over to Norway to fetch his bride, 353. Philip of Spain excites confpiracies againft him, 371. Drives the catholic lords who combined againft him out of the kingdom, 373. Negotiates to enfure his fucceflion to England, 421. Sends an em- bafly to Elizabeth on the fupprefiien of ElTex's infurreclion, 432. Is appointed heir to the Englifh crown by Elizabeth, 447. Seejamesl. cf England. Jane Gray, lady. See Gray. "Jaqueline, counrefs of Hainault. See Hainault. Jamac, battle of, between the duke of Anjou and prince of Conde, v. 186. Icon Bajilike, of Charles I. an inquiry into its authenticity, vii. 153. A character of the work, 15.4.. Ic'a, the Saxon prince, arrives in Britain, conquers Northumberland, and founds the kingdom of Bernicia, i. 25. Jejferits, lord chief juftice, procures the conviction of Algernon Sidney, viii. 1S7. Elis cruelty towards thofe who had engaged in Monmouth's rebellion, 253. Is rewarded with the chancellorfhip and a peerage, Is appointed one of the commiflioners on the revival of the court of high commiffion, 254, note. Declines in favour by his ad- herence to the proteftant faith, 264. Is killed by the mob, 502. Jepbfon, colonel, makes a motion in parliament for giving Cromwell the title of king, vii. 269. Jergeau, the ear] of Suffolk befieged and taken prifoner there, iii. Jerome of Prague burnt for herefy by the council of Conftance, in. 119. Jem/alem, conquered by the Mahometan Arabs, i. 293. Mattered by the lurks, ib. Their depredations on the Chriftian pilgrims the full rife of crufades, ib. See Cru/ades. Taken by the crufaders, 311. Godfrey of Bouillon made king of, 312. Jejuits, the motives of the eftablifhment of that order, v. 237. Character of, ib. Campion and Parlons fent into England, 238. Campion executed, 239. Five executed for the popifh plot, viii. 110. TV-tom-, a charader of chat people, ii. 3. How they came to praclife ufury, ib. Forbidden by an edict to appear at the coronation of Richard I. ib. \ mailacre of, ib. The great oppreffions exercifed ag.iinft them under the Anglo-Norman kings, 136. A mailacre and plunder of, encouraged by INDEX. by Fit2-Richan?, mayor of London, ii. 198. Extortions practifed upon them during the reiga of Henry III. 225. The pretences mads life ©f to opprefs them, 226. Are accufed of adulterating the coin, and cruelly ufed by Edward I. 236. Baniihed by him, and robbed and perfecuted at the cinque-port towns, 237. Images, when they began to be worfhipped, i. 65. Inprifonment, arbitrarily inflicted by officers of ftate during the reign of queen Elizabeth, v. 456. 465. See Petition of right. Ina, king of Weffcx, his wife and glorious reign, i. 54. Bequeaths his kingdom to Adelard, his queen's brother, 55. Incident in Scotland, an account of, and its effects, vi. 428. Inc/ofures, obfervations on the law of Henry VII. againft, Hi; 403. Aa infurreclion in Northamptonshire, for the destruction of, vi. 44. Independents, rife and character of that party, vii. 18. Is the firft Chrittian feet which admitted of toleration, 20. Adopt republicaa principles, 21. Form a party in parliament againft the prefbyterians, ib. Reduce the parliament under fubjedtion to the army, 104. Affront the Scots commiffioncrs on their departure, 115. Obtain the entire command of the parliament, by the violent exclufion cf the prefbyterian members by the army, 131. Indies. See Eafl and Weft. Indulgence, the declaration of, published by king Charles II. vii. 3S-. Repeated, 4.76. Recalled, 504. A general declaration of, publifhed by James II. viii. 256. is repeated, and ordered to be read in churches, 267. Indulgencies, from what motives the fale of them promoted by pope Leo X. iv. 33. The produce from, how applied by him, 34. Li- centious conduct of the venders of them, ib. The fale cf, preached againft by Martin Luther. See Luther and Reformation. A large cargo of, taken on board two Spanilh lhips, v. 302. Not productive of a total diffolution of morality, 45 1 . Indujiry, inquiry ino the caufes of the low Hate of, in the time of Henry VII. ii:. 403. Infantry, Swifs, their advantages over the heavy-armed cavalry in ufe at the time of Henry VIII. iii. 432. Innocent 111. pope, his character, and ftate of the papacy, at his promo- tion, ii. 56. Levies a fortieth of ecclefiaftical revenues for the relief of the Holy Land, ib. His conducl: on the double election of Regi- nald and John de Gray to the fee of Canterbury, 58. Sets both cf them afide, and appoints cardinal Langton to be primate, 60. His myfterious prefent to John to pacify him, ib, L^ys the kingdom under an interdict on account of John's opposition, 62. Excommu- nicates the emperor Otho, 65. Publishes a crufade againft the Albi- genfes, ib. Excommunicates John, 67. Abfclves John's fubjects from their allegiance to him, 68. Offers John's kingdom to Philip of France, 69. His private instructions to Pandclf, his legate to Philip, 70. Takes off his interdicts, 76. Inclines to favour John again!! his barons, 81. Is applied to by John, complaining of his being forced to grant the grrat charter by his barons, 9!. Annuls the charter by a bull, 92. Innocent INDEX. Innocent IV. pope, calls a general council at Lyons, to excommunicate the emperor Frederic, ii. 170. His claims of eccleiiauicdl revenues, ib. Ofivrs the kingdom of Sicily to Richard earl of Cornwall, who refufesit, 171. Inoiofa, the Spanifh ambaffador, gives James I. a paper, difcovering the fchemes of the duke of Buckingham, vi. 147. Injiituticn of a Chrijlian Man, a treatife fo called, wrote and publifhed by Kenry VIII. iv\ 223. hiiercurfus magnus, or great treaty of commerce, concluded between England and the Flemings, iii 578. Intereji of money, when firft regulated by law, iv. 278. Declared illegal by parliament, 354. The rates of, how limited in England and France in the time of queen Elizabeth, v. 483. The rates of, in the reign of James I. vi. 172. In-jejlhures, difpute between pope Gregory VII. and the emperor Henry IV. concerning, i. 267. Between pope Pafcal II. andHenryl. of England, 326. Artifices of the popes, to annex the privileges of, to the papacy, ii. 59. Joan D'yJrc, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, her hiftory previous to her public actions, iii. 142. Becomes in fpired with a defire to aflilr. Charles Vll. oppreffed by the Englifh, ib. Applies to the governor of Vaucou'eurs, who fends her to the king, 143. Offers to raife the liege of Orleans, ib. Examined by the theologians and parliament, 144. Entrufted with the command of a convoy to fupply Orleans, 145. Enters Orleans with fafety, 146. Another convoy enters un- molefted, ib. Drives the Englifh from one cf their polls, 147. Mailers two others, 14S. Wounded, ib*. The befiegers retire, 149. Takes Jergeau, whither the earl of Suffolk had retired, by affault, ib. The probable ihare fhe had in thefe enterprifes, 150. Attends the coro- nation of Charles at Rheims, 1:2. General terror which the reports of her railed, ib. Inclines to return home, bu; is detained by Du- nois, 154. Goes to the afiiitance of Campeign?, and is taken pri- soner, ib. Review cf her conduct, 155. Tried for forcery, 156. Interrogatories put to her, 157. Condemned, ib. Recants her pre- tenfions to infpiration, 158. Burnt, ib. "John, fourth fen cf king Henry II. his father's kind intentions in his favour, i. 434. Sent to reduce Ireland without effect, 453. His father's grief on finding him a party in his brother Richard's revolt, 462. The bounty of his brother Richard I. to him, ii. 2. Marries /\vifa, daugh r er of the earl of Gloucefier, ib. Summons a council at Pleading, in his brother Richard's abfence, to oppou: the tyranny of Longchamp, bifhop of Ely, guardian of the realm, ij. Is fed uced from his allegiance by the ofTcis of Philip of France, ib. Abets Philip's invafion of Normandy, 24. Claims the kingdom cf Eng- land, as heir to his brother, whom he reported to be dead, 25. Re- turns to France, and openly acknowledges his alliance with Philip, ib. All his pciFeffions in England forfeited on account of this trea- lbn, 29. The laconic letter fent him by Fhilip on Richard's re- lease, 30. ;rous conduct to Philip, previous to his Ad- mitting to his brother, 31. Retrofpecl of his meaiures to fecure the fucce.Tion, I N D -E X. fjccefiion, while hi. as abfent in PaleiUae, 40. His ac- ceflion to the crown en Richard's death, 41. Concludes a peace with Philip, 42. Procures a divorce from his wife, and efpoules Ifabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, who had been married to the count de la Marche, 43. His nobles rsfufe to attend him to quell the commotions in France, without a confirmation of their privileges, ib. But are intimidated by him, 44. Incenfes the Norman barons againft him, ib. Violates his engagements to Philip, 45. Takes young Arthur, duke of Britanny, prifoner, with the count de la Marche, and other Norman barons, 46. His conference with Ar- thur, 47. Kills him, ib. Generally deteded for this cruel aft, '. Is fummoned before Philip to anfwer for this murder, and, on non- appearance, fentenced to forfeit all his royalties in France, 49. Be- fifges Alencon, but obli;, .'don it by the addrefs of Philip, ib. Refigns himielf to a itupid inactivity, 50. Flies ever to England on the taking of Chateau Gaiilard, 53. The poffeMion of Normandy recovered by the French, 54. Oppreffes his barons for deferting him in Normandy, ib. Makes ineffectual preparations for recovering Normandy, cj. Makes a difgraceful expedition to Rochelle, ib. Re- marks on the tendtn.'y of his behaviour, ib. His conduct on the clandcftine eleftion of Regina'd to the fee of Canterbury, 57. Pro- curer. John de Gr. j ./, blthop of Norwich, to be elected, 58. Appeals to the pope on the orcalion, ib. His rage on the pope's fetting afide both comprtiror?, and appointing cardinal Largton to ths primacy, 61. Expels the monks of Chriit-church, ib. Is threatened with 3n interdict, 62. Kis oppofition and incapacity to fupport it, ib. The kingdom in'.":--: . d the immediate confequences of it, ib. His retaliation, 64. I Ji 3 cruel treatment of William' de Braoufe's wife and fon, 65. Is t xcommunicated, ib. His treatment of Geoffrey archdeacon of Norwich, 67. Kis bifhops withdraw themfelves out of the kingdom, 68. Is deferted by his nobility, ib. Propofes a conference with Langton, but his terms rejected by him, ib. His fubjecls abfolved from their allegiance to him, ib. His kingdom effered by the pope to Philip of France, who prepares an armament to take po.TtUion of it, 69. Affembles his vaffals at Dover, to oppoie him, 70. Is prevailed on by the legate Parrdolf to iubmit to the pope, ib. Refigns his kingdom to the pope, 71. His mean homage to Pandolf, 72. His cruel refentment to Peter of Pomfret, 73. Propofes an invafion of France, but is defer ted by his baron?, 74. His abject fubmiffions to Langtcn and the prelates who returned with him, 75. The exorbitant claims of reftitution by his clergy, 76. The interdict taken off, ib. Makes a fruitlefs expe- dition to France, 77. His barons confederate for a renewal of their charter of liberties, 79. Their formal demand thereof, 80. Yields the right of inveltitures to his clergy to attach them to him, ib. Appeals to the pope againll his barons, 81. Refufes to grant their demands, ib. They commence holtilities againll him, 82. He figns the great charter of Englifh liberties, 84. Makes farther concelfions to them, 89. Twenty-five barons appointed confervatcrs of this charter, 90. Takes fecret meafures to oppofe his barons, and ap- plies to the pope, 91. Receives forces from abroad, with the popt's cull INDEX. bull againft the great charter, gz. Befieges and takes the caftle cf Rochester, 93. His cruel treatment of the garrifon, and devaluation, in the open country, ib. The barons offer the kingdom to Lewis, fort of Philip of France, 94. Is defeated by the French foldiers on the arrival of Lewis, 95. Dies, 97. His character, ib. His children, 98. Granted the firlt charter to the city of London, 99. His cruel extortion of money from a very rich ]ew, 226. "John, king of France, fon of Philip de Valois, puts the conftable d'Eu to death, ii. 450. Seizes Charles king of Navarre, and imprifons him, 451. Is defeated and taken prifoner at Poicliers, by prince Edward, 458. Is nobly treated by Edward, 459. Is carried to Lon- don, 460. Concludes a difhonourable treaty with Edward, which is difclaimed by the dauphin, 465. Recovers his liberty by the treaty ofBretigni, 469. Ratifies this treaty at Calais, 470. Returns to England and dies, 471. w - , Don, of Auftria, is appointed governor of the Low Countries, on the death of Requefens, v. 219. Is forced to agree to the treaty called the pacification of Ghent, ib. Breaks this treaty, and feizes Namur, 220. Projects a marriage with Mary queen of Scots, ib. Gains an advantage over the Flemings at Gemblours, 222. Is poi- foned, as fuppofed, by Philip, ib. III. duke of Britanny, marries his brother's daughter, as his heirefs, to Charles de Blois, ii. 415. John of Gaunt. See Lancafer. 'John/on compared with Shakefpeare as a dramatic writer, vi. T92. Jones, colonel, contributes to the defeat of Charles I. at Chefter, vii. 61. • — — , Inigo, is profecuted by the parliament, foralfilting in rebuilding the cathedral of St. Paul, vii. 341. Jofeph, Michael, inltigates an infurreclion in Cornvval againft Henry VII. iii. 373. Defeated and executed, 376. Journals of the houfe of commons, when they firft began to be regularly kept, vi. 44. Joyce, cornet, feizes king Charles I. at Holdenby, and carries him to the army, vii. 88. Ireland, an expedition againft, undertaken by Henry II. i. 423. State of, at that time, 424. Its diltinft fovereignties, 425. Granted to Henry II. by pope Adrian III. 426. See Dermot, Strongbox, and Fitz Stephens. Improper condudl of the Englifh with regard to, 430. Piers Gavalton made lord-lieutenant of, by Edward II. ii. 331. Is grievoufly oppreffed by the Englifh, 342. Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, makes an unfuccefsful expedition to, ib. Annual expence of, to England, in the reign of Henry V. iii. izi. Attached to the houfeofYork, 325. Revolts under the pretenfions of Lambert Sim- nel, ib. Sir Edward Poynings fent over to reduce the malcontents in that kingdom, 367. His memorable ftatute, ib. Ineffectual at- tempts upon, by Perkin Warbec, 370. Erected into a kingdom by parliament, iv. 221, note. Is invaded by the Spanifh general San Jofepho, v. 233. The cruelty of lord Gray on reducing the in- vaders, 234. The imperfect dominion of England over, 395. Cruel treatment of the natives, 396. Hiftory of Shan Oneale, 398. Account of the earl Thomond, 400. Tyrone rebels, 401. De- feat INDEX. feat of the Englifh under Sir Henry Bagnal, 402. The earl of Eflex fent over, 404. His ill fuccefs, 406. Treaty between EfTex and Tyrone, 408. EfTex fuddenly goes over to England, 409. The truce broke by Tyrone, 412. Tyrone driven into the morafles by Mountjoy, 413. The Englifli troops there paid with bafe money, 435. Js invaded by the Spaniards, 436. Tyrone and the Spaniards reduced, 43S. Tyrone furrenders to the deputy, 445. The civi- lization of, undertaken by James I. vi. 58. An explanation of the Brehon law, ib. Gavelkind and taniftry, 59. Thefe cuftoms abo- iiihed, and the Englifh laws introduced, ib. Colonies planted in Ulfter, on its falling to the crown by attainders, 60. The plan of civilization confirmed by Charles I. 429. The Englifli proteftants there adopt the puritanical opinions and popular pretenfions of the Englifh houfe of commons, 430. The men raifed by Strafford to ferve againft the Scots reduced, 432. Are withheld from entering the Spanifh fervice, ib. A confpiracy formed to expel the Englifh, 433. MafTacre of the Englifh in Ulfler, 436, The rebellion and cruel treatment of the Englifh extended through the other provinces, 440. The fugitives received in Dublin, 441. The Englifh of the pale join the Irifh infurgents, 442. The rebels defeated in feveral encounters by Scots troops fent to fupprefs them, 543. The diflrelled itate of the kingdom by thefe devaftations, 544. A ceflation con- cluded with the rebels by the king's order, 546 Glamorgan's treaty with the council of Kilkenny, vii. 67. A new rebellion excited by Rinuccini, the pope's nuncio, 162. The nuncio is driven out of the ifland, 163. The ganifons reduced for the king by Ormond, 164. Cromwel is chofen lord lieutenant by the council of ftate, ib. His rapid fuccefTes there, 165. Is reduced by Ireton, 206. A view of the adminiflration there, under the protectorate of Oliver Cromwel, 268. The native Irifh confined to Connaught, 44^ Court of claims erecled to reilore confifcations and arrears to royalifts, 446. An intended infurreilion fuppreffed by Ormond, ib. The cattle of, prohibited from being imported into England, 448. Succeffion of lords lieutenants, viii. 161. Ormond fent over again, 162. Violent meafures of king James in favour of popery, 252. Tyrconnel made lord lieutenant, ib. The corporation charters annulled, and new ones granted, fubjed to the king's will, 260. The offices of govern- ment, there riiied with catholics, ib. Ireland, father, tried and executed with Grove and Pickering, for the pcpifii plot, viii. 90. Ireton, fon-in-law to Oliver Cromwel, is wounded and taken prifoner at the battle cf Nafeby, vii. 57. His character, no. Propofes to Cromwel a meeting to confider of fettling the nation, and bringing the king to a trial, ib. His fpeech in parliament againft farther treaty with the king, 112. His cruelty on taking Colchefter, 128. Is ap- pointed one of the judges to try the king, 136. Is left commander in chief in Ireland by Cromwel, 1S7. His fuccefTes there, 205. 'lakes Lirneric, and dies of the plague, 206. His character, ib. Ifabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, is taken by her father from her hufband the count de la Marche, and married to king John, u. .;.}. Her children by John, 98. Marries the count de la Marche on I N D E X. on John's death, 164. Her children by him !*-nt to Eirgfhftd to vifit their brother Henry ill. ib. Henry's bounty of riches and honours to them, 165. They are ban ifhed, 185. JJabella, daughter of Philip king DJf France, contracted to prince Edward of England, ii. 297. Is married to him when king, 330. Her character, and averfion to Piers Gavafton, ib. Is infulted, and fome of her retinue killed bv lord Badlefmere, 347. Goes to Paris to mediate between her huiband and her brother Charles the Fair, $tfl Her expedient to this end, ib. Becomes acquainted with Roger Mortimer, 352. Her intimacy with him, ib. Engages in a confpi- racy againft the* king, ib. Affiances her fon to the daughter of the count of Holland and Hainault, 354. Lands with an army in Suf- folk, ib. Is joined by the barons, ib. Her declaration, ib. The city of London declares for her, 3^5. She calls a parliament which depofes Edward, 356. Is confined, on the execution of Mortimer, 379- • , daughter of Charles VI. of France, married to Richard II. of England, lii. 26. Returned to her father, 66. ■— , queen of Caflile, and wife of Ferdinand king of Arragon, dies, Hi. 390 Her daughter Joan married to Philip archduke of Auftria, ib. Italy, its defenceless ftate when invaded by Charles VIII. of France, iii. 368. View of Italian politics at that period, ib. League formed againft France, ib. The ftate of, at the acc.ffion of Henry VIII. iii. 413. The powers of, confederate with the emperor Charles V. againft Francis I. king of France, iv. 49. The French driven out of, 54. The confederate ftates of, become jealous of the emperor, ib. They league with Francis againft him, 68. Character of the writers of, on the revival of learning, vi. 191. Judges, itinerant, why firft appointed, ii. 124. Their anfwer to the queftion propounded to them by Henry VIII. refpecling attainders, iv. 198. Patents given them, during good behaviour, by Charles I. VI. 421. Four difpiaced by James II. preparatory to trying the cafe of Sir Edward Piales, viii. 247. 'Judgment of God, in the Anglo-Saxon law, what, i. 223. Julius II. pope, his character, iii. 415. Joins in a league with the emperor, and the kings of France and Spain, againft the Venetians, ib. Declares war againft the duke ofFerrara, 416. Interdicts the council of Pifa, 418. The Swifs in' his intereft crive the French out of Milan, and remftate Maximilian Sforza, 423. Dies, and is fuc- ceeded by Leo X. 424. See Leo X. — — 111. pope, his joy at the return of England to its obedience to the church of Rome, iv. 400. His com million to cardinal Pole with re- fpect to church-lands, 401. — — Agricola. See Jgricola. — — Cafar. See Cajar. Juries, origin of the appointment of, for judicial deciHons, i. 93. Junfprudenre, revival or the Roman, and its advantages over thofe modes which preceded its revival, iii. 299. Why it did not become the mu- nicipal law of England, 300. Jurors anciently punifhed by fine and imprifenment for finding a verdict contrary to the dire&ion of the judges, v. 45 S. 7 ur y> INDEX. Jury, a lift of the puritanical names of, at the time of the common- wealth, vii. 230, note, jfujlice of peace, the firlt inftitution of that office, ii. 319. "Jujliciary, chief, that office when aboliftied, ii. 320. Jujlinian's PandeSs^ the accidencal finding of, how far advantageous to the revival of civil policy, iii. 299. Jutes, where they fettled in Britain, i. 22, note. Juxon, is made bifhop of London and high treafurer, vi. 300. Re- figns, 395. Attends Charles I. at his execution, vii. 143. K. 77'ENDRED, king of Mercia, refigns his crown, and ends his days in penance at Rome, i. 4S. Kenric, the Saxon, defeats the Britons fighting againft his father Cer- dic, i. 23. Kent, hiftory of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 28. , earl of, brother to Edward 11. engages with queen Ifabella in a confpiracy againft his brother, ii. 353. Purfues Edward to Briftol, 355. Is enfnared by the arts of Mortimer, condemned, and exe- cuted, 377. , maid of. See Barton, Elizabeth. Ket, a tanner, excites and heads an infurreftion in Norfolk againft in- cloiures, iv. 331. Is defeated by Dudley earl of VVarwic, and exe- cuted, ib. Kildare, earl of, made deputy of Ireland under the duke of Richmond, iv. 122. Is called over to anfwer for his condud, and dies in prifon, ib. His fon, with five uncles, executed for joining the Irilh rebels, ib. Kilkenny, council of, a ceffation agreed with, by the earl of Ormond, vi. 546. Glamorgan's treaty with, vii. 67. Concludes a peace with Ormond, and engages to affift the king, 161. Kilfytb, battle of, between the earl of iVlontrofe and the covenanters, vii. 63. - Kimbclton, lord, takes part with the commons, in their difputes with Charies J. vi. 462. is impeached by the king, 467. King of England, a fummary view of his power as a feudal prince, ii. 10S. ishcuraiiy favoured by the common people, 112. Heard caufcs often pcrfonally in their court, 123. All who acl under the autho- rity of him for the time being, indemnified from future attainder by llatute, iii. 366. Cbfervations on this law, ib. Extent of his power at the time of Henry Vll. 396. Kirkaldy of Grange, commander of the caftle of Edinburgh, dec-lares for queen iviary, v. 202. Is reduced by the Englilh, and executed by his countrymen, 203. Kirke, colonel, his favage cruelty after the battle of Sedgmoor, viii. 232. Kirkfatrick, the creft and motto of that family, whence derived, ii. 316. Kne'vet, Sir Thomas, engages the French admiral Primauget off the coaft of Briianny, and the two admirals blown up, iii. 423. Knights, formerly ci^inguifhed in battle only by the enfigns on their fmeld?, ii. 38. Knights INDEX. tj/ees, the number of thcfe efiablifhed by William ths Coaqugtor, ii. zc6. How the number decreafed, ib. Knights ofjhires, to alM in parliament, when they firil began' to be ap- pointed, ii. 184. Zee Commons. Knolles, Sir Robert, invades France from Calais, but is defeated by Du Guefclin, ii. 4^2. Knox, John, the Scots reformer, remarks on his account of the murder of cardinal Beaton, iv, 298, note. Arrives in Scotland fiom Geneva, v. 26. Inspires the people with zeal againil popery, ;'£. Riot there- upon, ib. Becomes chief director of the Congregation of the Lord, 30. Inftigates the people and preachers to infulc queen Mary on her ar- rival, for her adherence to the catholic religion, 4b. His inforent fpeeches to Mary on her kind overtures to him, 49. Defends the outrages committed in the queen's chapel, 53. Infuits lord Darnley on his marriage with Mary, 89. T ABOUR, the price of, attempted in vain to be reduced by parlia- ment, in the reign of Edward III. ii. 496. And commodities, je- marks on the comparative prices of, at the time of Henry VII. and now, iii. 402. Lac:, Roger de, conitable of Chefter, his gallant defence of Chateau Gaillard for John againlt Philip of France, ii. 51. His generous treatment by Philip when the place was taken, 52. Lambert^ a fchoolmallcr, controverts the reA presence, iv. 190. Is ac- cufed, and appeals to Henry VIII. ib. Henry enters into a formal difputaticn with him, 191. Is filenced and fen te need as a heretic, 192. Is burnt with great cruelty, ib. . , is difappointed of the lieutenancy of Ireland, by the intrigues of Oliver Cromwel, vii. 165. Follows Charles II. out of Scotland into England, 195. Battle of Worcelter, 196. Cromwel appointed protector by his means, 232. Oppofes the motion lor giving Crom- wel the title of king, 270. Is deprived of his commifTions, and re- tires with a penfion, 275. Engages in the cabal of Wallirjgfg/d- boufe, 295. Supprefles an in.'urre&ion of royalilts, and takes Sir George Booth prifoner, 302. Forms an aiTociation among the offi- cers againil the parliament, ib. Is cafhiiered, 303. Expels the par- liament, ib. Kftablifh.es the committee of fafety, 304. Marches northward to meet Monk, 311. Is committed to the Tower, 3.14. Efcapes, 326. Is taken by ingoldfby, ib. Is excepted from rh of indemnity on the reftoration, 353.. Is tried, 381. Is reprieved and confined in Guernfey, 384. Lambeth, a council fumrr.oned there by Anfelm archbifhop of Canter- bury, to enquire into the lawfulnefs of Matilda's marrying Henry I. 5. 318. Lancafte^ Edrnond earl of, fent by Edward I. to accommodate differ- ences' with Philip king of France, ii. 261. Makes an unfuccefsful attack upon Guienne, 203. Dies, ib. — , Thomas, earl of, his character, opulence, and power, ii. 330. Head: a confederacy of barons aga ; nft Piers Gavaltcn, 331. Comes to parliament INDEX. parliament with an armed retinue, and demarids the bariifhfnent of Gavafton, 331. Is made hereditary fteward, 332. Forms another con- federacy againft Gavafton, 334. Raifes an army againft the king. 335. Puts Gavafton to death, 336. Infifts on a renewal of the or- dinances after the defeat of Bannockbum, 343. Combines with the barons to ruin the Defpenfers, 344. Oppofes the king with an army, 348. Is defeated by Sir Andrew Harcla, and executed, ib. His cha- racter, 349. Laneajier, earl of, brother and heir to Thomas earl of, joins the confpi- racy of Ifabella and Mortimer againft Edward II. ii. 353. Edward delivered into his cuftody, and confined in Kenilworth-caftle, 356. Is fufpected of favouring the king, who is therefore taken out of his hands, 358. Is appointed guardian to the young king, 372. ■ , Henry earl of, is engaged in fruitlefs negotiations for peace between Edward III. and king Johh of France, at Avignon, ii. 450. Isfent with an army into Normandy, 454. Is created duke of Lan- cafter, 467* Endeavours an accommodation between Edward and John of France, his prifoner, ib. *— — — , John of Gaunt duke of, fon to Edward III. accompanies his brother in his expedition to Caftile, ii. 476. Marries the daughter of Henry duke of, 477. Efpoufes for his fecond wife the daughter of Peter king of Caftile, 478. His army in France harafled and de- flroyed, 482. The adminiftration of government committed to him by his father, 483. His great authority during the minority pf Richard II. iii. 4. Confequence of his pretenfions to the crown of Caftile, ib. His unfuccefsful attempts in Britanny, 6. His palace at the Savoy burnt by the rabble, 9. Disappointed in hopes of ob- taining Caftile, 13. Returns home, 24. Obtains a grant of the duchy of Guienne, 25. Relinquifhes it, ib. Dies, 37. Succeeded by his fon the duke of Hereford, ib. See Hereford. Henry duke of, his character, iii. 37. Comes over on the em- barkation of Richard II. for Ireland, 38. Increafe of his army, 39. Seizes Briftol, and executes fome of Richard's minifters without trial, ib. Obtains pofleffion of the king's perfon, and aflembles a parlia- ment in his name, 40. Procures his depofition, 46. His challenge of the crown, ib. Reflexions on his oftenfible pretenfions, 47. Calls a parliament by his own authority, 48. See Henry IV. ■, James, his fuccefsful captures from the Spaniards, and expe- dition to Brazil, v. 376. Commands the firft fleet fitted out by the Eaft India company, 477. Land. See Feudal fyftem. Landais, Peter, a corrupt minifter of the duke of Britanny, bribed by Edward IV. to perfuade his mailer to deliver up Henry earl of Richmond, iii. 286. Enters into a negotiation with Richard III. to betray Richmond, 292. Put to death by the nobles of Bri- tanny, 335. Landreey, befieged by the emperor Charles V. iv. 239. Charles forced to abandon it by the fuccpurs of Francis, 240. Lanfranc, a Milanefe monk, made archbifhop of Canterbury, i. 258. His character, ib. Crowns William Rufus, 286. Dies 288. Langhorne, his trial for the popifh plot, viii- ill. Vol. VIII. H h UngfJi, INDEX. fide, battle of, between Mary queen of Scots and Murray the regent, v. 128. Langtcn, cardinal, appointed archbifhop of Canterbury, by pope Inno- cent III. in oppofition to Reginald and John de Gray, ii. 60. Re- jects king John's pr.>pofal towards an accommodation, 63. Returns to England, and receives the king's fubmifliops, 75. His character, 78. btimulates the barons to an aflertion of their liberties againft the opprefficns of John, 79. Refufes to publifh the pope's bull of ex- communication againit the barons, 92. Is cited to Rome, and fuf- pend^d, ib. Lan/doivn, battle of, between the royalifls and parliamentarians, vi. 513. Lafcelles, accufes queen Catherine Howard cf incontinence to archbifhop Cranner, iv. 218. Confirms his charge to the lord pi ivy feal, ib. Lbtimer, bfhop, ref:gns his bilhopricon the palling the law of fix article?, and is imprifoned, iv. 195. Is again imprifoned on the accefTion of queen Mary, 376. Is fent under a guard to Oxford to debate on tranfubf'antiation, 385. Is burnt for herefy, with bifhop Rid- ley, 414. Laud, bifhop of London, his character, vi. 2S4. Introduces r.cw cere- monies into thechurch, 285. Is offered acardinal's ha?, 2S6. Becomes odious to the puritans, 287. His behaviour in the ccnfecration of St. Catherine's church, ib. Introduces pictures into churches, 290. Exalts the regal authority, 291. Is made archbifhop of Canterbury, ^co. His ungrateful profecuticn of William bifhop of Lincoln, 310. Is attacked by the populace in Lambeth palace, which he is obliged to fortify, 3^. Is impeached by the houfe of commons, 369. Is committed to eaftody, 370. Is tried, vii. 38. And executed, 39. Retrofpect of his conduct and character, 40. 5 15. Levderdaie, duke of, diffuades Charles II. from rigorous meafares towards Scotland, vii. 364. Perfuades the kingtoadmit prefoytery there, 366. Obltrufts the union >cf the two kingdoms, intended by the king, 457. Is one of the cabal minillry, 458. His character, 4-9. His being employed, voted a grievance by the houfe of commons, 512. Is fent down as commiiTi'jrier to the Scots parliament, viii. 50. Becomes chief minilter for Scotland, 51. His violent and cibitrary admi- nistration, 52. His private conduct, 54. Brings down Highland clans to ravage the country at free quarter, 58. His death, 204. "Laurentius, fuccefTor to Augultine, how he brought back Esdbald to the chrtfrian religion, i. 3d. Lautrec, marfhal, the French general in Italy, defeated by the Impe- rialifts at Bicocca, iv. 42. Raiies the fiege of Bayonne, attacked by the emperor Charles V. 52. Law, the firfl written code of, in England, i. 37. . thefludyof, anciently confined to the clergy, ii. 123. ■ ii * civil, the early reception and ftudy of, in our univrfitie?, iii. 299. Motives for its reception, ib. Why it did not obtain to be the municipal law of England, 300. - the common, firfl rife of, i. 95. • criminal, among the Anglo-Saxons, a view of, i. 215. m. feudal, the original of, traced, ii. ioi. Its introduction to England, 10S. The feudal government in England delineated, ib. 3 La-ivs t INDEX. •Laws and proclamaiions, difference of, explained, vi. t;*. League, catholic, formed in France by the duke of Guife again ft the Hugbnots, v. 2 1 2. Is revived, 268. Is headed by the duke of Mayer. ne on the death of Guife, 357. Declines on the convention of Henry IV. 374. • and coven-Tit, folemn, h framed sr >gh, at the per- fuafion of Sir Henry Vane, vi. 540. Is received by the Englifh par- liament, 541. Is renounced by the Scots parliament, vii. 368. I3 burnt in England by the , ,71. earning, the decline of, from the Auguftan age to the ages cf mnnkiih barbarifrh traced, iii. -..98. When the loweit point of uepreflion may be dated, ib. Gradual recovery of, ib. Gircumftances which tended to the revival and advancement of, in the fifteenth century, iii. 406. The (late of, in cjueen Elizabeth's reign, v. 491. Remarks on the [late of; in Greece, vi. 189. Account of the revival of, in Europe, 190, In England, 191. Legates a latere, their power and office defcribed, i. 478, note. Legantine court, erected by cardinal Wclfey, iv. 16. Its opprefiions checked, 17. Legitimacy of birth, difpotes between the civil and ecciefiaflical courts, concerning, in the reign of Henry III. ii. 222. Memorable' reply of the barons to the prelates on this occaiion, 223. Leirejier, is ftormed by Charles I. and taken, vii. 56. Is retaken by Fairfax after the battle of Nafeby, 59. • , earl of, his infolerit behaviour fruftrates the conference be- tween Henry II. of England, and Lewis Vii. cf France, i. 441 . Invades Suffolk, 44^. Taken prifoner by Richard dc Lucy, guardian of the kingdom, ii. , Robert earl of, takes the command of Rouen on his return from the crufade, and repulfes the attack of Philip of France on that city, ii. 25. -, Simon de Montford, earl of, his hiftory, ii. 180. Marries the filler cf Henry III. widow of William ear! of Pembroke, ib. His difputes with the king, 181. Joins with the barons againit him, ib. Enters into a confederacy with them, 182. Is placed at the head of the council of twenty-four, chofen by the parliament at Oxford, to regulate the government, 184. Their regulations, ib. He procures the banifhment of the king's half brothers, 1S5. Protefts againft Henry's ceffion of Normandy to Lewis IX. 191. Henry refers the differences between them to Margaret queen of France, 195. Con- federates with other barons againil Henry, 196. He leagues with Lewellyn prince of Wales, who inv des the borders, 197. Imprifons the hilhop who published f hc pane's abfolution, ib. Levies war on the king, ib. Takes pn ice Edward prifoner, 109. Reftores him on treaty with the i^ing, 200.' His fon fent to the afiembly of the ftate's of France at Amiens, on the appeal made to Lewis, 201. Re- jects the arbitration of Lewis, and renews the wa r , ib. His mefTj;;e to the king how anfwered, 204. Defeats Henry at Lewes, and ta es him prifoner, 205. Propofes another appeal to arbitration, 206. His imperious behaviour on this victory, 207. Ruins the trade of the nation, and encourages piracy, 208. Is menaced with excom- H h 2 manication, INDEX. tnunieation, which he braves and defeats, 210. Calls a parliament, forms a houfe of commons, and appoints members to be fent by the boroughs, /'£. Reflections on this memorable event, 211. Employs this parliament to crufh his rivals, 212. His treatment of prince Edward, whom he detained in cuflody, ib. Edward efcapes from him, 214. His fon Simon defeated by prince Edward, ib. Himfelf defeated and killed at Evelham by Edward, 215. Review of his character and conduct, ib. His wife and children baniihed, 218. His fons afTbflinate their coufin Henry d'Almaine at Viterbo, ib. Leicefisr, Thomas earl of, a curious view of his annual expences, ii. 370. .-■■ -, lord, RcbertDudley, created earl of, and propofed as a hufband by queen Elizabeth to Mary queen of Scots, v. 82. His character, 83. Is fufpected of murdering his wife, to make way for his expectations of obtaining Elizabeth, ib. Declines the propofal of Mary, ib. Is appointed one of the commiffioners to inquire into the conduct of Mary, 139. Writes a letter to Mary recommending the duke of Norfolk to her for a hufband, 159. Difcovers Norfolk's defigns to Elizabeth, 160. Reports that oimier, the duke of Anjou's agent, acquired an afcendancy ever Elizabeth by incantations, 239. His marriage discovered to the queen by Simier, 240. Attempts the life of Simier, ib. Forms an aflbc'ition of courtiers for the pro- tection of the queen againft all violence or confpiracy, 759. Com- mands the forces fent over to the United Provinces, 273. His tranfactions there, 275. Returns to England, 277. Advifes the poifoning of queen Mary, 290. Returns to Holland, where his conduct is complained of, 328. Is recalled by the queen, 329. Com- mands a body of forces at Tilbury, to oppofe the Spanifli invafion, 335. Dies, 360, Inltance of his magnificent manner of living, 487. Leigbton, is feverely fentenced in the liar-chamber, for libelling the king and queen, vi. 295. Recovers his liberty, and obtains da- mages, 378. Leifjic, battle of, between Guftavus king of Sweden, and the Imperial general Tilly, vi. 281. ■Leitk % is fortified by the regent of Scotland, v. 31. Is reduced by the Englim, 36. Is fortified with great zeal by the covenanters, "' 337- Xenox, Matthew Stuart earl of, is fent by Francis, with a promife of fuccours to Cardinal Beaton, and the queen dowager of Scotland, iv. 235. Entertains hopes of marrying the queen dowager, 240. Patronifes the proteftant intereft in Scotland, 241. Applies to Eng- land for afliflar.ee, ib. Is forced by Arran to fly to England, and marries Henry's niece, 245. Is invited to Scotland with his fon lord Darnley, v. 86. Implores juflice for the murder of his fon, 108. Is cited to make good his charge on Bothwell, ib. Protefts againft the precipitate trial of Bothwell, who is acquitted, 109. Claims the re- cency, as grandfather to the young king James VI. 124. Appears be- fore the commiilioners at Hampton-court, to implore vengeance for the murder of his fon, 140. Is chofen lieutenant or governor of Scot- land, on the death of Murray, 168. Is made regent by Elizabeth's allowance, 169. Delivers up the Earl of Northumberland to Eliza- beth, 200. Is feized, and put to death, by queen Mary's party, 202. 5 Lenox, INDEX. Lenox, count d'A.ubigney created earl of, v 232. Caufes the earl of Morton to be tried and executed, ib. 1 h« king taken out of his hands by an aflbciation of nobility, 248. Retires to France, where he dies, 249. The kindnefs of James to his family, ib. Lent, the f aft of, eftabliihed in the kingdom of Kent, i. 39. Lenthal, is chofen fpeaker of the long parliament, vi. 365. His anfwer to the king's perfonal inquiry after the five members, 470. Goes to Hounilow-heath, with the fpeaker of the houfe of lords, to defue pro- tection from the army, vii. 101. Is reinftated, 103. Is chofen fpeaker in parliament under the prote&orate, 240. Refurnes his place as fpeaker, at the reftoration of the long parliament, 298. Is prevented from going to parliament by Lambert, who puts 2n end to it, 303. Continues fpeaker at its fecond reftoration, 313. L'Hofpital, chancellor of France, his pleas to elude the reftitution of Calais to queen Elizabeth, v. 147. Leo X. pope, his character, iii. 424. Sends a veflel with wine and hams to Henry VIII. and his court, 425. Excommunicates Lewis.XII. of France, and all who adhere to the council of Pifa, 426. Takes off the excommunication from Lewis, 441. His motives to the fale of indulgencies, iv. 33. Remarks on his conducl on this occafion, ib. The produce from the fale of, how applied by him, 34. Bellows the title of Defender of the Faith on Henry VIII. 36. Dies, 39. Leofric, duke of Mercia, his conteft with Harold, fon of earl Godwin, i. 167. Leolf, the robber, kills king Edmund at a feaft, i. 108. Leonard's hofpital in Yorkfhire, tumult occafioned by an ancient privi- lege enjoyed by, iii. 232. Leopold, archduke of Auftria, arrefts Richard I. of England, in his re- turn from Paleftine, ii. 23. Lefley, Norman, fon of the earl of Rothes, diftinguilh.es himfelf at the battle of Ancram, iv. 249. » ', bifhop of Rofs, is appointed by Mary queen of Scots one of her commifiioners in the caufe between her and Murray the regent, v. M4. Refufes to reply to Murray's allegations at Hampton-court, 140. He and his aflociates break up the conference, 143. Elizabeth's reply to them, 144. Complains to the Englifti council of their infincerity to- ward Mary, 172. Engagesin the duke of Norfolk's confpiracy, 196. Is imprifoned, 199. — , earl of Leven. See Leven. ' +< , David, defeats the earl of Montrofe at Philiphaugh in theforeft, vii. 64. Commands the Scots army againft Oliver Cromwell, 188. Follows Cromwell in his retreat to Dunbar, 189. Is ordered to at- tack Cromwell, and is defeated, 190. Levellers, their plan for government after the death of Charles I. vii. 155- Leyen, Lefley earl of, marches with a Scots army to the affiftanceof the Englifh parliament againft Charles I. vi. 542. Joins Sir Thomas Fair- fax, vii. 8. Afiifts in thedefeat of prince Rupert at Marfton-moor, 10. Marches northward and cakes Newcaflle by ftorm, r4. Reduces Car- H h 3 liQe. INDEX. lifle, 61. The king puts himfelf into the hands of the army when before Newark, 73. Surrenders the king to the parliamentary com- miflioners, 80. Levi/o/:, Sir Richard, commands a fleet In an expedition to the coaftsof Spain, v. 443. Attacks the harbour of Cerimbra, and takes a rich carrack there, 444. Lsivellyn, prince Oi T v 'lyn, prince of Wales, applies to Henry III. for protection againfl hi ; r ebp;iicu-; ion Griffin Ji. ic,6. Renews his hoftilities on the death of Griffin, ib. Is fucc«-;*Jeci by Gfiffin's fon Lewellyn, ib. to Griffin, fucceeda his grandfather in rhe principality of Wdles, ii. 197. Renews the homage to Henry, ib. Confederates with Leicciier, and invades England, 197. Is pardoned, butcabals with the barons again, 239. Is iomrnoned by Edward I. to renew his homage, ib. Is Gibdued by Edward on his non-compliance, 241. Is defeated ana killed by I Mtimer on occaiion of new difputes, 24.2. K s [,- 1 tried as a traitor, and executed, ib. lea of; between Henry III. and his barens, headed by the earl of Leicelier, ii 204. "Ihe treacy called the M'/e of, 206. Lewis the Grofs, king of France., dillurbs Normandy, i- 336. En- deavours to reftore William ion of cuke Robert, ib. Defeated by Henry I. 337. Was the raft eftabUiuer of corporations, and with what view, ii. 1 18. VII. king of France, betrothes his filler Conftantia to Euftace, eldeft fen of btephen king of England, i. 354. Divorces Eleanor ..'■5 of Guienne, 367. Affiances his daughter Margaret to Henry, eldeft fon ol Henry II. of England, 37.8. Anecdotes of a conference between him and Henry II. in relation to Becket archbilhop of Can- terbury, 4 jo. Difgufted at his daughter Margaret not being crowned with prince Henry, 413. Exhorts the pope to excommunicate king Henry, 420. Encourages the revolt of prince Henry againft his fa- ther, 438. Befieges Vernouil, in conjunction with prince Henry, 440. Flis fraudulent behaviour to king Henry here, ib. Has a con- ference with henry, 441. DilappointeJin another treacherous fcheme againft Rouen, 447. Deceives Henry again, ib. Peace concluded between him and Henry, ib. Becomes fuperititious, and makes a pilgrimage to Becket's ihrine, 453. eldeft (on of Philip of France, married to Blanche of Caftile, niece of John king of England, ii. 42. The barons of England offer him the kingdom, 94. Arrives in FnglanJ wi h ::n army, 95. Lofes his influence among theEngiifhbaronsbyhisimprudtr.ee, gS. The barons who adhere to him excommunicates by the pope's legate, 149. They defert him, ib. The city of Lincoln taken from him by the cari of Pembroke, 150. The French fleet coming to hisalTiftance, defeated by the Engiiln, ib. Concludes a peace with Pembroke, and goes back to France, 151. Succeeds his father Philip in the king- dom of Franc, 1 ; 7. •— VIII. invades Pciclou, and takes Pvochel'e, ii. 157. ■— IX. of France, his character, ii. 189. His concuft towards the Engiilh, 190. Obtains a ceftion of Normandy from Henry li I. ib. Henry refers the differences between him and Leicelier to his queen Margaret '■i INDEX. Margaret, 195. Another reference made to bis arbitration, 200. De- cides in favour of Henry, 201. Engages prince Edward in a crufade, 219. Dies at Tunis in Africa, 220. His character, ib. Lewis XI. king of France, his character, and ambitious views, iii. 231. Protects the e;iri of Warwick. 237. Leagues with him and queen Margaret, 238. A (fills Warwick with a fieet, 240. Buys peace of Edward IV. at a tribute during his life, 251. interview between them, 255. Fardv.-. transactions between them, 2^5. Ranfoms queen Margaret, 258. Reflections on liis conduct toward the duke of Burgun J v and his daughter, ib. Concludes a peace with Maximilian kiniJ of lie Romans, and marries the dauphin to his daughter Mar- garet, 334. .... — — Xil. of France, fubdues the duchy of Milan, iii. 334. Engages Fer -inana of Soa:n to aflift him in fdzing Naples, 414. Outwit. r>d by him, ib. joins in a league againfl the Venetians, 415. His nephew Gallon de Foix defeats the Soanilh and papal armies, but is killed, 423. I - conquefls in Italy, ib. Excommunicated by pope Lev \. 527. Sends relief to Terotiane, befieged by Henry V III. 434. Concludes a treaty with Ferdinand, and offers his daughter for one of his grandfons, 441. Empowers the cuke de Longueville, prifoner in England, to conclude a treaty with Henry, 443. Stipu- late- co pay the arrears of the penfion due to England, ib. Marries Henry's filter, -nd dies quickly after, 444. XIV. fucceeds to the crown of France, an infant, vii. 247. Meets Philip of Spain at the Pyrenees, and eipoufes his daughter, 305. Joins the Dutch in the war with England, 409. His perfon and cha- jsiter defenbed, 429. Forms pretentions to the duchy of Brabant, in right of his queen, 430. His rapid con queds in the Low Countries, 431. His haughty behaviour to the courts uf Europe,?^. The triple alliance formed againll him, 436. His art in bringing Charles II. over to the French huereft, 464. His fudden irruption into Lorrain, 466. Declares war againfl Holland, 479. Marches a large army to the Dutch frontiers, 480. Flis rapid fuccefTes in the Low Countries, 487. Enters Utrecht, 48S. His demands from the Ducch deputies lent to implore peace, 491. Is oppofed at lait by the prince of Orange, 499. Enters into treaty with Charles II. to reltore popery in England, viii. 4. note. Operations of the prince of Conde and rnarfhal Turenne, 9 Serves as a volunteer under the prince of Conde, 17. Takes Conde by ftorm, 21. His reception of the earl of Feverfham lent with the terms of peace to him, 36. Takes Ghent and Ypres, 40. Treaty at Nimeguen concluded, 45. His prof- perous fituation by this treaty, 47. His haughty and arbitrary treatment of the European powers, 205. Revokes the edict of Nan tz, 242. A league formed againfl him by the prince of Orange, 278. Informs James of the 'prince of Orange's fchemes, 257. Receives James kindly on his abdication, 305, His great regard for literature, 333* n , Dr. a Welfh phyfician employed to negotiate a marriage between the princefs Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. and Henry earl of Richmond, iii. 288. Leydcn is befieged by the Spaniards, v. 217. H h 4 Liberty % I N D E X. Liberty > civil, the revival of arts favourable to, iii. 302. Inftarrce fhew- ing the barons to have been fenfible of this, ib. note. A regular plan formed by the commons at the commencement of the reign of Charles 1. for the eftablilhment of, vi. 204. Lidingtcn, Maitland of, is fent. by the proteftant afTociation in Scotland, called the Congregation of the Lord, to requeft affiftance of .queen Elizabeth, »v. 32. Is again fent to thank her, and requeft farther aid, 39, Is made fecretary of ftate by queen Mary, 47. Is fent to Lon- don with Mary's compliments to Elizabeth, and to require a decla- ration of her fucceifion to the Englilh. crown, 57. Enters into a con- federacy of Scots nobles, to protect prince James, and punifh the murderers of his father, 118. Aflifts at the conferences concerning Mary, before the Englifhand Scots commiflioners, 13 c. Encourages the duke ci Norfolk in the hopes of efpoufing Mary, 138- Takes part with Kirkaldy of Grange in favour of Mary, and is fuppofed to have killed himfelf en the fuppreflion of the party by Elizabeth, 203. Lilburne, .his cruel profecution in the ftar-chamber, and refolotion in, fiiffering, vi. 312. Recovers his liberty, and obtains damages, 378. Is imprifor.ed by the parliament for his feditiou* writings, vii. 167. Is acquitted on trial by the new ltatute of treafons, 202. Is again tried and acquitted, during the protectorate, 238. Lilla, an officer of king Edwin's army, his extraordinary fidelity to him, i: * 2 ' Lilliballero, on what occafion this fong was made, viii. 300. Limeric\s befieged and taken by Ireton, vii. 206. Lincoln, the city of, taken from Lewis by trie earl of Pembroke, ii. 150. Is taken for the long parliament by the earl of Manchefter, vii. 10. • , John earl of, his family and character, iii. 327. Retires tQ the court of the duchefs of Burgundy, 328. Commands Simnel's army, and is killed at the battle of Stoke, 330. Lincolnjhire, infurre&ion headed there by Sir Robert Welles, in the reign of Edward IV. iii. 235. The infurgents defeated by the king, -nun 3c6. Lindefay, earl of, is fent to the relief of Rochelle, but is unable-to pafs the mole, vi. 266. Signs a proteltation againft the liturgy, 329. Commands under the king at the battle of Edge-hill, 506. Is mor- tally wounded, and taken prifoner, 07. Lijh, Dudley lord, commands the fleet of Henry VIII. in an invafion of Scotland, iv. 244. , lady, the cruel profecution of, viii. 234. Literature, the ftate of, in queen Elizabeth's reign, v. 491. Liturgy, one framed by a committee of bifhops and divines, iv. 320. In what refpe&s it differed from theold mats book, 321. Isreviffed, 348. Is authorifed by parliament, 354. Is fupprefled by the reiloration of the mafs by queen Mary, 386. Is reftored by queen Elizabeth, v. 13. Is abolifhed by the affemblv of divines at Wettrninlter, vii. 32. Is again admitted at the reiloration, 362. Leans, arbitrarily exacted by queen Elizabeth from her fubjecls, v. 460. A general one required by Charles I. vi. 222. Perfons confined for refufal, 227. Other oppjtfiion: exercifed againft them, 230. Lcchk-vin- INDEX. Lccbleirin-c&ftle, Mary queen of Scocs confined there, v. 120. She makes her efcape from thence, 1 27. Lockhart is made governor of Dunkirk by Oliver Cromwel, vii. 279. His fcruples when applied to by Monk to join in reftoring the king, Lollards, the followers of Wickliffe the reformer, their tenets, iii. 52. Favoured by the duke of Lancafter, 53. One burnt for hcrefy, 65. Another, 81. Profecution of Lord Cobham as their head, 89. His tranfa&ions and execution, 90. The points of reformation aimed at by them, 91. The doctrines of Martin Luther embraced by them, iv. 35. See Herefy y and Reformation. London, a flourifhing Roman colony there, deftroyed, and the inhabitants mafiacred by the Britons, i. 8. Burnt by the Danes, 71. Rebuilt by Alfred, 85. Submits to William duke of Normandy, 234. The liberties of, confirmed, but the inhabitants difarmed by him, 238. A fynod fummoned there, 267. Another, 343. Charter granted to, by king Henry I. 347. The citizens fummoned to a council to re. cognife the pretenfions of the emprefs Matilda, 363. Computation, pf the number of its inhabitants at this time, 364. Revolts againft Matilda, 365. Mafiacre of Jews there at the coronation of Richard I. ii. 4. Its firft charter of incorporation when granted, 99. Tumults excited there in favour of the barons by Fitz-Richard the mayor, 198—202. The citizens rife in favour of queen Ifabella, and mur- der the bifhop of Exeter, 355. They put Baldoc the chancellor in Newg3te, and kill him by bad ufage, 356. Great deftru&ion there by the plague, 448. John king of France brought prifoner to, 460. Its charter feized by Richard II. iii. 26. The chapter-lands of that fee feized by Henry VIII. iv. 222. An infurreftion of apprentices and others there to oppofe the encouraging foreign artificers, 274. Queen Mary's title acknowledged by the magiitrates of, in opposition to lady Jane Gray, 372. Twenty thoufand die there of the plague brought from Havre de Grace, v. 80. The royal exchange built by Sir Thomas Greftiam, 483. The number of foreigners in, at this time, ib. Great plague there in James's reign, vi. 14. The num- ber of its inhabitants at this time, ib. Is the centre of all the com- merce of the kingdom, 23. The continued concourfe of the gentry there difcouraged by James I. 169. He renews the edicts againft increafing buildings in, ib. Brick-buildings in, by whom introduced, 179. Another plague in, 206. Refufes a loan to the king, 224. Ship-money levied on it by Charles, ib. Refufes another loan to the king, 356. Petitions for a parliament, 3^9. The treaty with the Sects at Rippon, adjourned to, 361. Petitions for a total alteration of church-government, 384. The king comes to the common- council, 470. The city petition parliament, as alfo tne porters and apprentices, 471;. Takes part with the parliament agiinlt the king, 495. Its trained bands join the earl of EfTex, 509. S°nds f >ur re- giments of militia to EfTex, 531. Its militia oraered out by the par- liament to defend it againft tne army, vii. 95. Petinons the parfia- ment againft the change of its militia, which the populace oolige it to grant, 101. The common-council refufe an afiefiment to -he long parliament on its reftoration, and declare for & free ■■ .la- ment, INDEX. merit, 31S. Lends money to Charles II. for the Dutch war, 400^ Great plague cf, 400. Is burnt, 415. Good effects, of this cala- mity, 416. Difputes between the citizens and bir Robert Clayton, lord mayor, about the election of fherifrs, vin. 127. Difputes be- tween the citizens and Sir John Moor on the lime occafion, rjo. A vv:it of quo 'warranto lifted againft the city, 178. Conditions on. which the charier was reftored, 1S1. The mayor, aldermen, and a deputation of the common-council, furnmoned to the convention parliament, 308. London-bridge, when firft finished cf {tone, ii. 99. Longchamp, bifhop of Ely. bee Ely. Long beard. See F:tz OJbert. , Longue earl of. See Mortimer. Marcbe, count de la, his wife Ifabella taken from him by the count of Angouleme, her father, and marrred to John i::ng of England, ii. 43. Excites commotions again ft John in the French provinces, ib. Is taken prifonerby John, 46. Marries Ifabella on John'sdeatb, 164. Margaret of Av.jcu, her character, iii. 170. Married to Henry VI. of England, ib. Joins the cardinal cf Winchefter's faction againft the duke of Gloucelter, ib. Sufpected of having fome hand in Giou- cefier's murder, 173. Delivered of a fon, 198. Raifes an army in the north of England, and defeats and kills the duke of York, 209. Her army under the earl of Pembroke defeated by Edward duke of York, at Mortimer's crofs, 210. Defeats the earl of Warwic at St. Alban's, ib. Regains pofTefiion of the king, ib. Retires before the army of Edward duke of York, 211. Confequences of the licen- tioufnefs of her troops, 217. Her army routed at Touton, 2:8. Retires with Henry to Scotland, 219. Endeavours to engage the Scots in her intcrelt, 220. Solicits afiiftance in France, 223. De- feated at Hexham, 224. Her extraordinary adventure with robbers in a foreft, 225. Goes to her father's court, and retires, ib. En- ters into a league with the earl of Warwic, 238. Marries her fon Edward to the lady Anne, daughter to the earl of Warwic, ib. Re- turns to England on the reftoraticn of her hufband, but arrives not till after Warwlc's defeat, 244. Ranibmed by Lewis of France, 258. Her character, ib. . jf Norway, by what title fhe fucceeded to the crown of Scot- land, ii. 246. Guardians appointed during her infancy, ib. Treaty of marriage between her and prince Edward of England, ib. Dies on her paflage to Scotland, 247. , daughter to Henry Vli. married to James IV. of Scotland, iii. 3S6. Marries Douglas earl of Angus, on the death of James IV. iv. 5. Is divorced, and marries another nobleman, 123. Marignan, battle of, between Francis I. of France, and the Swifs, iv. 9. Markhanty 1 N D E 3C i.Iarlbam, Sir George, his oppreffive treatment by the court of ftar- chamber, vi. 305. Mnrkbri.'g'e, laws enafled by the parliament fummoned there by Henry III. after the barons wars, ii. 223. Marre, Donald earl of, appointed regent on the death of the earl of Murrav, ii. qS}. Is defeated and killed by Edward Baliol, 384. Marriage with kindred, nn examination of the queftion concerning, with • reference to that of Henry VJII. with Catharine of Arragon, iv. 101. als court abolifhed by the long parliament, vi. 422. Murftonmoor, battle of, between prince Rupert and Sir Thomas Fair- fax, vii, 11. Martial law , the arbitrary indiscriminate exertion of, previous to, and during the reign of queen Elizabeth, v. 454. Ma- tin II. pop?, fummons a council at Flacentia, to confult about refcuir.g the holy land from the Turks, i. 294. Calls another council at Clermont, 295. ■ V. pope, elected by thecouncil of Conftance, iii. 118. Writes Henry VJ. a fevere letter againft the ttatute of provifors, 214. Martyr, Peter, deiires leave to withdraw from England at the acceflion of queen M-tv, iv. 3-7. Is generoufly afiifted by bifhop Gardiner, 378. Indignities ufed to his wife's body, ib. Martyrs. See Ihrefy. Mary of Anjon, queen to Charles VII. of France, recovers her huf- band from his dejection on the fiege of Orleans, iii. 141. — , princefs, Mer to Henry VIII. married to Lewis XII. of France, who dies quickly after, iii. 443. Marries the duke of Suf- folk, 445. ■ , pnr.cef?, daughter cf Henry \ III. betrothed, an infant, to the dauphin of France, iv. 14. Is after betrothed to the emperor Charles, 26. Is contracted by treaty with the duke of Orleans, 71. The flates of Caitile oppofe her marriage with the emperor, 76. The biihop of Tarbe, ambafiador from France, objects to her mar- riage with the duke of Orleans, ib. Is excluded from the fuccelficn by parliament, 118. Is taken into favour on her compliance with the acknowledgment of her father's fupremicy, 162. Is illegitimated by parliament, 163. Is reftored to her right of fucceffion by parlia- ment, 242. Adheres to the mafs during the fteps to reformation in her brother's reign, and, by the emperor's means, obtains a tem- porary connivance, 325. Her chaplains imprifoned, 346. Is re- monftrated with by the council, ib. Continues obltinate in the catholic faith, ib. A difcufficn of her title to the fucceffion, 366. Her narrow efcape from falling into the hands of Northumberland on her brother's death, 368. Her meafures to fecure poffeffion of the crown, ib. The lady Jane Gray is prcclsimed at London, ib. The nobiiity and people flock to her, 370. The lady Jane deferted, and her title universally acknowledged, 371, 372. Caufes the lady Jane and her party to be apprehended, 372. Releafes the duke of Norfolk and other prifoners from the Tower, 374. Affects popularity, ib. Her bigotry, 375. Imprifons the protefbnt bifhops, 376. Caufe of her profecutir.g Cranmer for treafon, ib. The mafs celebrated before the parliament, 379. All Edward's ftatutes on religion repealed, ib. Delibe>°-ucs INDEX. Deliberates on the choice of three hufbands propofed to her, 380. Caufe of her firfl declared animofity to her filler Elizabeth, ib. De- clares her intention of reconcilement to Rome, 381. Invites over cardinal Pole in quality of legate, ib. The emperor Charles V. pro- pofes his fon Philip to her for a hufband, 383. Diflblves the parlia- ment for oppcGng the Spanifh match, 385. Subflance of the marriage articles, 386. Remarks of the people on this alliance, 387* Infur- rcdlions on occafion of it, 388. Treats hfcr filler Elizabeth harlhly, 390. Orders the execution of lady Jane and her hufband, 392. Her cruel conduct with refpecl to fir Nicholas Throgmorton, 394. Difarms the people, ib. Her fond anxiety for the arrival of Philip, 397. 1$ married to him, 398. Is unable to get her hufband declared pre- fbmptive heir to the crown, or to get him crowned, 401. Imagines Lerfelf pregnant, 402. Diflblves the parliament, 403. Refolves to exert the laws againfl herefy with rigour, 411. See Htrefy. An ex- prefs commiflioii iflued, more effectually to extirpate herefy, 416. A proclamation againfl heretical books, 419. Sends afolemn embafly to pope Paul IV. 420. Refolves to comply with the pope's demand of full reflitution of all church-property, 42 1 . Is deje&ed at her hufband's reglefl, and going to Flanders, 422. Her oppreffive extortions from her fubje&s, 423. Is oppofed by Pole and others in herdefign of en- gaging the kingdom in Philip's quarrel with France, 432. Philip re- turns to prefs her to that meafure, ib. How this was effected, ib. Raifes money arbitrarily for this war, 433. Calais taken by the duke of Guife, 435. Obtains grants from parliament, 441. All fales or grants of crown lands by her, for feven years to come, confirmed by parliament, ib. Thanks her filler for referring the king of Sweden's propofal of marriage to her confideration, 442. Prepares a great fleet for a defcent on Brittany, which fails, 443. Her health de- clines, and the caufe of her illnefs, 445. Dies, ib. An eflimate of her character, ib. Mary t daughter of James V. of Scotland, born, iv. 230. Becomes queen by the death of her father, ib. Is contracted by prince Ed- ward of England, 233. Is fent to France, and betrothed to the dauphin, 312. Is married to the dauphin, 440. Aflumes the title and arms of England on the acceffion of queen Elizabeth, v. 19. Treaty of Edinburgh, and fettlement of the adminiflration by this treaty, during her abfence, 36. Refufes her affent to the parlia- mentary reformation of religion, 39. Refufes to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 40. Her hufband Francis II. dies, 42. Refufes the defire of the Englifh ambaflador, of ratifying the treaty of Edinburgh, or to renounce her pretenfions to the crown of England, 43. Is ill treated by the queen -mother of France, and refolves to return to Scotland, ib. Her reientment on being refufed a pafTage through England, ib. Arrives in Scotland, 45. Shews great regret on leaving France, /£. Her character and accomplifhment.s, 47. Bellows her con- fidence on the leaders of the reformed party, ib. Lofes her popularity by her adherence to the catholic religion, 48. Is expofed to infults from this caufe, ib. Endeavours to gain the favour of John Knox, the reformer, who contrives to infult her, 49. Her life rendered un- kappy through his infolent conduct, 50. Her future errors deducible in part I I N t) I X. part from trih caofe, jfz. I? petitioned by the church on account of a riot at a"bawdy-houfe, ib. Outrages committed on her chapel, 53. Makes an ill-judged claim to Elizabeth, of being declared net fuc- Ceflbr, t;6. Elizabeth's reply to her, ib. An apparent reconciliation tak^s place between them, 81. Elizabeth evades an interview with, her, ib. Divers matches concerted for her by her uncles, 82. The carl of Lcicelter propofed to her by Elizabeth, ib. Is piqued nt Elizabeth's duplicity in this offer, 84. Sends Sir James Mel'vil to London to accommodate their uaferences, ib. The lord Darnley ropofed to hfr as a hufband, 85. Is advifed by Elizabeth to invite im, and hi:, father the earl of Lenox, to Scotland, 8j. Elizabeth. irsconii'Teitlv againft the match, 87. Reflections on her fituation in. being of a different religion from her people, ib. Is exhorted by'tha general nfTembly to renounce the Romifh religion, 88. Is married to lord Darnley, 89. A confederacy formed againft her at burling, 00. Drives the rebels into Argylefhire, 91. Forces them to retire into England, ib. Elizabeth's deceitful conduct on this occaficn, ib. Pardons the leader.^ of the confpiracy, 92. Is advifed to rigour by her uncle the cardinal of Lorraine, 03. Summons a parliament to attaint the rebel lords, 94. A character of her hufbano Darnley, ib. Incurs his refentment on her negleft of him, on difcovery of his weakrrefs r.nd vices, 9^. Her attachment to David Rizzio, ib. Rizzio afi'adinated in her prefence by Darnley's order, 97. Is de- tained prifoner in her palace, 98. Is reconciled to the banifhed lords, ib. Her art in procuring her liberty, 99. Collects an army, and drives the confpirators into England, ib. Grants them liberty to return home at the interceffion of Bothwel, ib. Makes Darnley difavow all concern in Rizzio's murder, and then leaves him in dif- dain, ib. Is brought to bed of a fon, ico. Sends Sir James Melvil to Elizabeth with the news, ib. Melvil's account of Elizabeth's be- haviour on this intelligence, ib. Her intimacy with Bothwel, 105. An apparent reconciliation between her and Darnley, 106. Darnley blown up with gunpowder in a lonehoufe, 107. Isfufpecied to have concerted this murder with Bothwel, ib. Is petitioned by the earl of Lenox for juftice againft Bothwel, and others whom he charged with the murder, icS. Calls a parliament, and eftablifh.s the proteftant religion, leg. Bothwel recommended to her for a hufband by the nobility, 110. Is feized bj Bothwel, to afford her the plea of vio- lence, 111. Grants him a pardon for all crimes, ib. Acknowledges herfelf free, and orders the banns to be publifhed for her marriage with Bothwel, now mz.cic duke of Orkney, 1 13. Craig, the miniflcr who is ordered to publifh the banns, firmly remenftrates againft it, ib. Is married to Bothwel, 115. Js exhorted againft it both by her French relations and fclizabeth, ib. The people murmur at the.'e grofs proceedings, ib. A confederacy of nobility formed againft her, wlio take arms, 118. Js reduced to put herfelf into the heeds of the confederates, 119. Is conducted to Edinburgh amidil the re- proaches and infults of the people, ib; Is ler.t to the ca^e of Loehkvih, 120. An eir,bnfTy fent by Eliza beta, in her favour, 1 c 1 . Four different tchemes framed for the trea*ment of her, by her fuij<-cts, 123. Pretenfions to the regency, 124. Is forced to rehgn ihccro*; 1 , Vol. VIII. I i and INDEX. and concur in a fettlement of the adminiftratlon daring her Ton's mi- nority, 124. Efcapes from Lochlevin caftle, 127. An aflbciation formed, and an army railed, in her favour, ib. Receives offers of alfillance from Elizabeth, ib. Is defeated by Murray at Langfice, 128. Retires to England, craving protection from Elizabeth, ib. Is required by Elizabeth to clear herfelf from the murder of her hufband, 131. Sends lord Herries to declare her readinefs to fubmit her caufe to Elizabeth, 132. Appoints commiffioners on her part, 134. The conferences opened at York, ib. The fecret reafon of the weak allegations made againft her by Murray, 137. Elizabeth transfers the conferences to Hampton-court, and adds other com- miiiioners, 139. Murray accufes her more explicitly, and her com- mifiioners refufe trvanfwer, 141. Her letters and fonnets to Bothwel produced, 142. Is direflly charged with the murder by Hubert, Bothwel's iervant, at his execution, ib. The refult-of the conference laid before the Englifh privy-council, 144. Elizabeth'9 reply to her commiflioners, ib. Is removed frcm Bolton to Tutbury, under the cuftody of the earl of Shrewfbiuy, 146. Refufes to make any con- ceffions, ib. A marriage with the duke cf Norfolk propoled to her, 156. Receives a letter from the earl of Leicei^er, recommending this match, 159 Returns a favourable anfvver, ib. Is removed to Coventry, ai;d more ltric'tly guarded, i6z. Writes to Murray, but receives no anfwer, 166. Her party ilrengthened by the death of Murray, 168. Receives terms for a treaty from Elizabeth, which me agrees to, 170. Elizabeth evades this treaty, and convinces her of her infincerity, 172. Enters into the duke oT Norfolk's confpiracy, 197. Elizabeth remonhrates with her on her conduct, 200. Her party in Scotland fupprelTed by the influence of Elizabeth, 203. Her confinement rendered ltncler by the apprehenfions of Elizabeth, 222. Writes a pathetic letter to Elizabeth, 250. Her propofal of ac- commodation, 253. Counterfeit letters writ in her name by the Englifh. miniilry to difcover her partifans, 257. Is committed to the cuftody of Sir Amias Paulet, and Sir Drue Drury, 258. DehVes leave to fubferibe Leiceiter's EiTcciation for the queen's protection, ib. Enters into Babington's confpiracy, z88. Is conveyed to Fotheringay- caftle, 291. Her papers fuzed, ib. Her anfwer to the information of her approaching trial, 292. Is prevailed on to fubmit to trial, 294. Is proved to have confpired againlt her fon James, 295. The commiffior.ers adjourn to the ftar-chamber, London, and fentence her to death, 299. Her laft letter to Elizabeth, 303. Her beha- viour on being ordered to prepare for execution, 311. Is exe- cuted, 319. Her character, ib. Proofs of the authenticity of her letters to Bothwel, A96. The ccuntefs of Shrewsbury's fcandalous reports of queen Elizabeth communicated by her to the queen, 506. Her refcntment agr.inft ]ber fon for deferring her caufe, 509. Enquiry into the evidences of her engagement in Babington's confpi- racy, 510. Mary, lady, daughter of James duke of York, is married to the prince of Orange, viii. 34. Concurs in the fettlement of the crown of England on the prince, her hulb^nd, 318. Mafs-hok reviewed and altered by Henry VIII. iv. 225, Private mafles aboliihed INDEX. ftbolilhed l>y ?& of parliament, 307. The mafs revived by queen Mary, 376. Is finally abolifhed by queen Elizabeth, v. 12. Majfey^ governor of Gloucefter, for the parliament, his character, vi. 52c. Is befieged by the king, ib. His vigorous defence, 530. Is relieved by the earl of EiTex, 531. MaJIers, Richard, vicar of Aldington, in Kent, concert? the impofture of the holy maid of Kent, iv. 135. ConfelTes the artifice, and is pu- nifbed, 137. Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III. king of Scotland, married to king Henry I. of England, i. 318. — — — , daughter of king Henry I. betrothed to the emperor Henry V. of Germany, i. 340. Married afterwards to Geoffrey, fon of Fulk, count of Anjou, ib. Brought to bed of Henry, 344. Receives the oath of fealty from the Englifh and Norman nobility, ib. Lands in England to aflert her pretenfions againft Stephen, 359. Stephen taken prifoner, 361. Receives homage of the barons, ib. Gains over Henry, bifhop of Winchefter, 362. Cultivates the favour of the clergy, ib. Her character, 364. Befieged in Winchefter, 365. Flies, and exchanges Stephen for her brother Robert, ib. Matrimony ordered to befolemnized by the civil magiftrate, vii. 229. Matthews, Toby, cafe of his expulfion from parliament, ftated, vi. 550. Maurice, bifhop of London, crowns Henry I. 1. 313. — — , elector of Saxony, the grounds of his quarrel with the emperor Charles V. iv. 382. Raifes an army of proteftants againft him, ib. Reduces Charles to grant a peace favourable to the proteftants, 383. - , prince, fon of the elector palatine, comes to England with his brother Rupert, and offers his afliftance to Charles I. vi. 505. See Rupert. Is fent by the king with a reinforcement of cavalry into the weft, 518. Is fhipwrecked, vii. 209. , prince of Orange. See Orange. Mautra-vers and Gournay, the keepers of the depofed. king Edward IL murder him cruelly by Mortimer's orders, ii. 359. Their fates, ib. Maximilian, king of the Romans, his pretenfions to the government of the Low Countries, how founded, iii. 334. Marries Anne duchels of Britanny, 346. Who is afterwards forced into a marriage with the king of France, 349. Makes peace with France, and obtains a reiH- tution of his daughter's dowry, 355. His conduct as emperor, 415. Joins pope Julius II. in the league of Cambray againft the Vene- tians, ib. Calls a council at Pifa, in conjunction with Lewis, in oppofuion to the pope, 418. Detached from the French intereft by pope Leo X. 424. Concludes an alliance with Henry VIII. and Ferdinand againft France, 426. Serves under Henry, and receives pay from him in his French expedition, 433. Detaches himfelf from Henry, and allies with Spain and France, 441. His ineffectual invafion of Milan, and treaty with France and Venice, iv. 11. His death, and the competition for the imperial dignity, 18. Mayenne, duke of, becomes head of the catholic league, on the affeffi- nation of his brother the duke of Guile, v. 357. "Mazarine, cardinal, fucceeds Richlieu in the French miniftry, in • the infancy of Lewis XIV. vii 2^7. Temporifes with Cromwel, 249. His i i 2 compliment INDEX. compliment to Cromwel, 28^. Concludes the treaty of the PyrenneM with Spain, 305. Refufes to fee Charles II. of England, 306. Meal tub plot, viii. 124. Meaux befieged and taken by Henry V. iii. 1 15. Medina Sidcnia, duke of, is appointed to the command of the Spanifh Invincible Armada, v. 339. His inftruction, 340. Difobeys his orders, in failing to attack the Englifh fleet, 341. Is worfted, and fails to Calais, 343. Is attacked and difconcerted by the Englifh admiral, ib. Sails northward on his return, and his fleet deftroyed by a ftorm, 344. Medicis, Catherine de, her influence in the court of France leffened by the enormous authority ufurped by the duke of Guife, and his bro- thers, v. 40. Is appointed regent on the death of Francis II. during the minority of Charles IX. 42. Her ill ufage of Mary queen of Scots, makes Mary think of returning to Scotland, 43. Remarks on her plan of internal adminiftration, 68. Is forced to embrace the Guife party againft the prince of Conde, 69. Confents to an ac- commodation with the proteftants, 78. Comes to an agreement with Elizabeth, 80. Concerts, with Philip of Spain and the cardinal of Lorraine, a maflacre of the French proteftants, 93. See Hugcnots. Maflacre cf Paris, 205. Melnjil, James, aflaffinates cardinal Beaton, iv. 298. His behaviour applauded in Knox's hiftory, ib. note. • , Sir Jamt?, is fent ambaflador, from Mary queen of Scotland, to queen Elizabeth, v. 84. His inftruclions for negotiation, ih. His account of his convention with Elizabeth concerning his miftrefs, ib. His character of Elizabeth on his return, 85. Is fent again to Elizabeth, to notify the birth cf prince James, 100. His account of Elizabeth's behaviour on this occafion, ib. Robert, is fent by the proteftant aflbciation in Scotland, called the Congregation of the Lord, to requeft affiitance from queen Eliza- beth, v. 32. Propofes to Mary a marriage with the duke of Norfolk, 156. Members for Counties, the firft fteps towards fending them to parliament, ii. 184. See Commons. Merchants grant impefttions on merchandize to Edward I. in their pri- vate capacity, ii. 277, note. Merchant-adventurers, the fociety of, when firft formed, ii. 324. Mercia, the Saxon kingdom of, its extent, and by whom founded, i. 47. Its hiftory continued, ib. Mertcn, a fynod called there, to eftablifh ecclefiaftical privileges, ii. 192. The refolutions of, annulled by the pope, ib. Metz ineffectually attacked by the emperor Charles V. iv. 382. Michelfon, the Scots prophetefs, forne account of, vi. 337. Middlefex, earl of, treafurer, his character, vi. 144.. Is impeached by the means of Buckingham, ih. His fine remitted, 145. Middltton, earl, is fent commiffioner, on the reltoration, to call a par- liament in Scodand, vii. 36. His arbitrary conduct, 439. His cornmifljoh given to lord Rothe?, 442. Milan, duchy of, fubdued by the French, iii. 384. Maximilian Sforz* reint'ated in thatduchy, 424. is attacked by Francis I. of France, iv. 9. 3 Surrendered INDEX. Surrendered to Francis by Sforza, for a penfion, 10. The French driven out, 42. Is invaded again under the admiral Bonnivet, 53. The city blockaded, ib. Bonnivet obliged to retire by the defertion of his Swifs troops, 54. Is conquered by the ImperiaHfts under the duke of Bourbon, 69. The inveftiture again granted to Francis Sforza, 98. The emperor renounces all claim to, 248. M^ldmay, Sir Walter, alferts the royal prerogative in high terms to the houfe of commons, v. 223, 229. . Military fervice, the origin and nature of, explained, ii. 102. Changed into pecuniary fupplies, 247. Militia, the firll eftablifhment of, by Alfred, i. 85. Regulated by king Henry II. 450. Feudal, the inconveniences attending their fervice, to the kings who fummoned their attendance, ii. 265. How their perfonal fervice became changed into pecuniary fupplies, ib. The confequences of this alteration, 270. Law of queen Mary for the re- gulation of, iv. 448. State of, during the reign of queen Elizabeth, v. 482. State of, in the reign of James I. vi. 178. A bill framed by the commons, and pa/Ted, taking it into their own hands, 479. King Charles's reply when prefTed to pafs it, 482. Is carried into execution without his concurrence, 485. Eftabbihmen: of, by par- liament on the reftoration, vii. 391. State of, between the reitoration. and revolution, 321. Mill, Walter, is burnt for herefy at St. Andrews, v. 24. The extra- ordinary zeal of the people in his favour, ib. Millenarians, or fifth-monarchy men, are for abolifhing all government, after the death of Charles I. vii. 155. Milton, John, his opinion of the monkifh hiftories of Britain, i. 28. His character as a writer, vii. 343. His Paradife Loft, how refcued from oblivion, 344. Remarks on the fate of the author, ib. His death, 345. Mind, human, hiftory of, iii. 297. Mitchel, a Scots fanatic, fires a pillol at the archbiuiop of St. Andrews, viii. 54. His extraordinary treatment and execution, 55. Mife of Lewes, the treaty fo termed, ii. 206. Mona. bee Anglcfea. Monarchies, hereditary and elective, a comparative view of, under the feudal fyftem, ii. 112. Monajleries, subjected entirely to the king's regulations, by the parlia- ment of Henry VIII. iv. 117. Reflections on their tendency, 147. Commiflioriers appointed to vifn them, 148. Great abufes charged upon them, 149. Several furrender their revenues, ib. All nuns and friars, who required difmiffion, fee at liberty, ib. The le/Ter fupprefled by parliament, 150.. Difcontents among the people ex. cned by the difperfed monks, 169. The greater monalleries fup- prefTed, 177. Reports of their fcandaious abufes published to bring the memory of them into contempt, 178. Their reliques expofed, particularly the blood of Chriil, 180. And rood of Grace, ib. The number of them fnppreffsd, and the amount of their revenues, 182. The hofpitality exercifed by them, 184. The furrender of, fonfirmed by parliamen:, 199. The abbots of Colchefter, Reading, J > 3 and INDEX. and Glaftenbury, executed for treafon, 199. A curious pafiage from Coke's Inflitutes, relating to the fuppreflion of, 456. Money, the value of, among our Saxon anceftors, i. 226. Reflections on, 228. Theinterefl: it bore in the reign of Richard I. ii. 36, note. Remarks on the higheft interefl it bore in the thirteenth century, 226. A view of the ftate of, in the reign of Henry V. iii. 121. The rate of, in the time of Henry VII. 389, note. The intereft of, when firft fixed by law, iv. 278. The intereit of, how limited in England and France at the time of queen Elizabeth, v. 483. Moneyage, an explanation of the tax levied by the Anglo Norman kings under that name, ii. 127. When abolifhed, ib. Monk, general, commands for the parliament in Dundalk in Ireland, where his garrifon mutinies againfl him, and delivers the place up to Ormond, vii. 164. Is left by Cromwel to complete the reduction of Scotland, 195. Reduces Stirling-caftle, and fends the records of Scotland to London, 207. Takes Dundee, and puts the inhabitants to the fword, ib. Reduces the kingdom toobedience to the common- wealth, ib. Commands at fa under Blake, in an engagement with the Dutch, 215. Defeats the Dutch fleet under Tromp, who is killed, 234. His family and hiftory, 307. His behaviour to his brother, who came to engage him in the royal caufe, 311. Marches into England, 312. Advances without orders, 315. His meflage to the parliament, from St. Alban's, 316. Arrives in Weftminfter, ib. His reply to the thanks of parliament, ib. Executes the orders of the parliament in apprehending the refractory citizens, 318. Or- ders the parliament to diflblve, and call a new one ; and unites with the citizens, 319. Communicates his intentions to Sir John Gran- ville, 322. Advifes Charles II. to leave Spain for Holland, 323. Secures the commanders in Ireland in the king's interefl, 325. The king proclaimed, 328. Receives the king at Dover, 329. lscreated duke of Albemarle, 350. See Albemarle. Monks, Eritiih, great daughter of, by Adelfrid king of Northumber- land, i. 41. Saxon, characterifed, 110. Their addrefs in working miracles, 127. SttMonaJieries. Monkijh hiiiorians, character of, i. 28. Monmouth, James duke of, his birth and character, viii. 95. His ille- gitimacy declared by the king in council, 96. Defeats the Scots covenanters at Bothwel-bridge, 115. Is deprived of his command, and fent abroad, by the influence of the duke of York, 122. Comes over without leave, 125. Prefents a petition againfl: calling the parliament at Oxford, 150. Engages in a confpiracy againfl the king, 183. Abfconds upon the difcovery of it, 188. Is pardoned, ;02. Is baniihed, 203. Invades England on the accellion of James II. 227. Is attainted by parliament, ib. Inftances of his mifconduct, 228. Is defeated at Sedgmore, 229. Is executed, 230. llor.cfcl.fs, enormous grants of, by queen Elizabeth, v. 439. The per- nicious tendency of thefe grants, 459. Debates in the houfe of com- mons concerning, 528. Chief part of the national trade engrofled by exdailre companies and patents in the reign of James I. vi. 23. An act pafTe4 INDEX. paffed againft, 143. Are revived by Charles I. 296. The patents for, all called in and annulled by James 1. vi. 23. Monotholites, cheir hereiy condemned in a fynod at Hatfield, i. 64. Mon/on, Sir William, commands under admiral Sir Richard Levifon, in an expedition to the coaft of Spain, v. 443. Montacute, brother of the earl of Warwick, defeats the Lancastrians at Hexham, iii. 224. Gains a battle with the infurgents in Yorkshire, 233. Created a marquis, 235. Leagues with his brother Warwick againft king Edward, 239. Encourages his men to change fides, and drives Edward from his own camp, 241. Montagu, Edward, a member of the houfe of commons, the arbitrary fpeech of Henry VIII. tohim, iv. 451. Montague, Sir Edward, chief juilice of the common pleas, is ordered by Edward VI. with other judges, to prepare a deed for the fuccefiion of lady Jane Gray, iv. 362. Is abufed by Dudley duke of Northum- berland, for refufing, 363. His expedient for the lecurity of himfelf and the other parties, 364. < , is fent with a fquadron to the Baltic, to mediate between Sweden and Denmark, vii. 304. Quits his ftatioa to aiTiil Sir George Booth and the royalifts in their intended rifing, which fails, 321. Obtains, with Monk, the joint command of the rL-et, ib. Carries the fleet to Holland, to bring Charles II. over, 329. Is created earl of Sand- wich, 350. See Sandivicb. , ambaffadorat Paris, fecretly negotiates with France, and treache- roufly receives a large bribe from Barillon, the minirter of that court, viii. 43, note. Returns without leave, and produces Danby's letter to the houfe of commons, 86. Montargis, befieged bv the earl cf Warwick, iii. 137. Raifed by the count of Dunois, ib. Montcontour, battle of, between the duke of Anjou and the admiral Co- ligni, v. 188. T-lonteagle, lord, receives intimation of the gunpowder plot, vi. 34. Communicates it to lord Salifbury, ib. Montecuculi, the Imperial general, joins tue prince of Orange, and obliges Lewis XIV. to abandon his conqueft in the Low Countries, vii. 510. Montfo: d, Simon de, appointed a general of the crufadepubliihed by pope Innocent III. againit the Albigenfes, ii. 67. For his fon, fee Leicejier. Montmorency, conftable, commands the French army, againft the Spanilh under Phillibert duke of Savoy, iv. 434. Is defeated, and taken pri- foner at the battle of St. Quintin, ib. His fentiments of the marriage of the dauphin with the queen of Scotland, v. 32. Joins the duke of Guile againft the prince of Conde, 68. Takes Rouen from the proteitants, 71. Is taken prifoner by the proteftants at the battle of Dreux, 72. Is releafed by treaty, 78. B^fieges Havre-de- Grace, 7Q. Takes it by capitulation, 80. Is killed at the battle of St. Dennis, 186. Montre. His birth and character, 69. Is examined before the council, ib. Incon- fiftencies of his narrative pointed out, 73. Obtains a penfion, 7-. His evidence againfl lord Strafford, 140. Is heavily fined for calling the duke of York a popiih traitor, 200. Is convicted and fentenced for perjury, 225. Oath, ex officio, arbitrary adminiflration of, by the court of ecclefiaflical commifiion, v. 263. Odo, bifhop of Baieux, uterine brother to William the Conqueror, left joint adminiirrator of the kingdom with William Fitzofborn during his brother's abfence in Normandy, i. 239. Afpires to the popedom, 278. Seized by William, and confined during his reign, 279. En- gages in a confpiracy againfl William Rufus, 287. Oj'a, king of Mercia, his defcent, i. 48. Succeeds Ethelbald, ib. His wars, ib. His treacherous murder of Ethelbert king of the Earl Angles, ib. His pious deeds of expiation, 49. Impofes the tax of Peter's pence, ib. Endows a rich monaflery at St. Alban's, ib. Enters into an alliance with Charlemagne, 50. Makes a rampart againfl the Welch, ib. note. Okey, colonel, one cf the king's judges, is feized in Holland, brought home, and executed, vii. 380. His character, ib. Ola-ve the Dane, his character, i. 1^4. Confirmed by Englilh bifhops, and canonized by the church of Rome, ib. Old man of the mountains. See Ajfajjins. O'dcajile, Sir John. See Cobham. O'Neale, Hugh. Sec Tyrone. - , Owen, enters into a corfyiracy with Rinuccini, the pope's Jegate, againft the lord lieutenant Qrmond, vii. 162. Enters into a correfpqndence INDEX. eorrefpondence with the parliamentary generals, i6.j. Is reduced by CromweJ, 170. O'Nea/e, Sir Phelim, engages in Roger More's confpiracy to expel the Englifh from Ireland, vi. 433. His cruel maflacie of the Englifh in Ullttr, 437. Forges a commiflion from the king for his infarrection, 443. Is taken and executed by Ireton, vii. 206. • , Shan, his hiftory and character, v. 398. Opdam, the Dutch admiral, is killed in an engagement with the duke of York, vii. 403. Orange, prince of, taken prifoner by the French on the defeat of the duke of Britanny, iii. 342, Gained over, and releafed, to perfuade the young duchefs to a marriage with the French king, 348. ■ , William prince of, is condemned as a rebel, and his poffeffions confiscated by ths duke of Alva, v. 215. Unites the towns of Holland and Zealand into a league againft the Spanifh government, 216. Sends an embaffy to implore the affiftance of Elizabeth, 217. Con- cludes the treaty called the Pacification of Ghent, 219 Concludes a treaty with queen Elizabeth, 220. Is affaflinated by Gerard, 267. •, Maurice prince of, fucceeds the earl of Leicefter in the go- vernment of the United Provinces, v. 329. Battle of Tournholt, 376. Renews the war with Spain on the expiration of the truce, vi. 147. , William prince of, is married to the princefs Mary of England, vi. 424. , William prince of, is educated by John de Wit, vii. 482. His character, ib. Is appointed general and admiral of the United Provinces, 483. Is made Stadthoider, 494. Unites the Dutch to oppofe the conquefts of Lewis XIV. 498. Is joined by the Imperial general Montecuculi, and obliges the French to abandon the Low Countries, 510. His obftinate battle with the prince of Conde at Seneffe, viii. 9, Is unable to prevent the Iofs of Bouchaine, 21. I3 defeated by the French at St. Omers, 27. Comes over to England to marry the princefs Mary, 33. The marriage concluded, 34. Concerts with Charles the plan of peace, 35. Attacks the French army the day after figning the peace at Nimeguen, 46. Remarks on his conduct with refpect to Englifh affairs, 277. Forms a league againft Lewis XIV. 278. Refufes to concur in the defigns of James II. 279. His reply to the king's folicitations by Fage!, 280. His inftruclions to Dykevelt, his envoy to England, 281. Appli- cations made to him by the Englifh, 282. Is formally invited over to England by the principal men, 283. The motives which induced him to liften to the overtures of the Englifh, 284. His preparations to oppofe king James, 285. His declaration publiflied, 292. Em- bark?, 293. Lands at Torbay, 294. Declines treating with the commifiior.ers, and marches for London, 299. Orders the king, on his return after his firft flight, not to approach London, 303. Is defired by the peers to a Hume the government, and to iummon a convention, 308. Summons the convention, ib. Summons a con- vention at Edinburgh, 309. Receives an offer of the crown of Scot- land, 310. His conduct during the meeting of the convention par- liament, 317. His declaration to a meeting of peers, ib. The crown fettled on him and uie princefs, 310, i):da'.r.:rs t INDEX. Ordmiatrt, a council of, formed in the reign of Edward" II. by parlia- ment, co govern ;he nation, ii. 333. Ordinances framed by, ib Aim particularly ac Piers Gavafton, and banifh him, 334. Ordeuh in the Anglo-Saxon Jaw, the feveral fpec.es of, 1. 224.. Ordinance^ the lelf-dcnying one, parted by the long parliament, vii. 27. Orkney, earl Bothwr] mide duke cf, v. 113. The oanns ordered to be publifned between him and queen Mary, ib. Is married to her by the biihop of Oikr.cy, i r^. Endeavours to get prince James into his power, 118. Raifes an army to oppofe a confederacy of noblei formed againft him, ib. Flies to the Orkneys, and fulfills by pi - racy, 119. Lfcapes to Denmark, where he dies miierably in prifpn, 120. , biihop of, marries Mary queen of Scots to Bothwel, v. ii£. Is appointed one of the commiiiioiiers ir; her caufe, en the part ai the king and kingdom, 13,1.. Orleans, my of, believed by the ear; of Salifbury, iii. i-;S. Succeeded by the earl of' Suffolk on his death, no. Cannon fiift fuccefsfuliy applied at this fiege, :h. Battle of Herrings, 140. The duke of Burgundy recalls bis troops from the liege, ib. Diilrefs of the to>vn and garrifon, 141. Joan c'Arc enters it with a convoy, 146. A fe- cond convoy enters unmolefted, ;'.'. The Englifti repul&d from feveral of their polls, 148. Amazement of the beiiegers, ib. The fiege raifed, 1 4.9. Zzz Joan d'Jrc. Is beiieged by the duke cf Guife, yd. Guile aflalTiLated theve, ib. ■— , Lewis duke of, difputes the adminiitration of affairs with the duke of Burgundy, on the infant ty of Charles VI. iii. 93. Recon- ciliation between them,i£. Ail Affiliated by the duke of Burgundy, ik. For his natural Ion, fee Dunois. - , duke of, taken prifoner at the battle of Azincour, iii. 102. Obtains a neutrality for his demefne?, 140. Ranfoms himfdf, 168. , Lewis duke of, difputes the administration of France during the minority of Charles Vii ! . with the psincefs Anne of Beaujiu, iii. 336. Obliged to fly to the court of Britanny, ib. Commands the duke of Britanny's forces again ft the invalion of France, ib. Taken pri Toner by the French, 342. Releafed,' to promote the kir;g of France's fuit to the dochefs of Britanny, 349. Succeeds to the crown of France, 384. See Lewis XII. Ormefoy, left judiciary of Scotland on the return of earl Warrenne to England, ii. 298. The Scots irritated at his opprefhons, ib. Flies to England, on the appearance of William Wallace, 299. Qrmond, earl of, reduces the Spanifh general San Jofepho in Kerry, v - 2 33- , earl of, his fucceffes sg^tnft the Irifn rebels, vi. 544. En- gages the juftices and council to adhere to the king againii the par- liament, ib. Concludes a ceifation with the rebels by the king's order, 546. Sends over troops to affilt the king, 547. Glamorgan treats v\itli the lrifh rebels without his knowledge, vii. 67. Refigns Dublin, and all other places, by the king's order, to the parlia- mentary forces, 76. Concludes a peace with the council of Kil- kenny, and engages it to afiill the king, 161 • Narrowly efcapes V'01.. V'ili. K k irom INDEX. frm a eonfpiracy formed againft him, 162. Retire 1 ; to France, i&ej* Returns b*ck, ib. Reduces the parliamentary garrifon?, 165. Be- sieges Dublin, 169. Is defeated by a fally from the city, ib. Again, leaves the ifiand, fji. Comes to England to concert a con fpiracv againft. the protector, 2S0. Is forced to fly, 281. Is made ltevvard of the houfehold, and created a duke, 351. Is made lord lieutenant of Ireland, where he fupprefTes an intended infurreilion, 447. Re- moniirates againrt the Englifh a& prohibiting the importation of Irifh cattle, ib. Is feized by Blood, but refcued, 470. Is again fent lord lieutenant of Ireland, viii. 162. His adminitlration vindi- cated, by hia fon Oflbry, againft lord Shafttfbury, 163. Is recalled by king James, 251. O/ric, king of Dei'ri, and Eanfrid, king of Bernicia, apoftatife to pa- g3nifm, and both perifn in battle, i. 44. Oftend, fhcrt account of the fiege of, by the Spaniards, v. 444, ncte. Oj/bry, lord, fon of the duke of Ormond, his bold fpeech to the dnke of Buckingham, vii. 470. Commands in the fleet under prince Ru- pert, 507. Jultifles his father's adminiftration in Ireland againrt lord Shaftefbury, viii. 163. Gfvcald, king of Northumberland, recovers the difmembered parts of his kingdom, and reftores the Chriftian religion, i. 44. Gives the Britons a final defeat, ib. Slain by Penda, king of Mercia, 45. Hillory of his fucceflbrs, ib. Oitcrburne, battle of, iii. 25. Otivaj, the poet, his unhappy fd.e, viii. 338. Overbuy, Sir Thomas, affifts young Carre, the king's favourite, with good advice, vi. 66. His imprudence in the affair of lady EfTex, 68. Is committed to the Tower, by the deceitful contrivance of Rocheiter, 69. Is poifoned, by order of Somerfet and his lady, 70. His re- marks on the Englifh navy, 181. Outlatvf, whether eligible to parliament, vi. 17. Oxford Urnverfty, by whom firfl founded, i. 96. The parliament, afterward called the mad parliament, aflembles there, ii. 183. The pro villous of, enacted, 184. See Barons. Lectures on civil law, when tirll read there, iii. 299. When firft erected into a bifhopric, iv. j S 3 . The parliament removed thither by Charles I. on account cf the plaque at London, vi. 206. This parliament difiblved on the plague appearing there, 212. Negotiations there for 3 peace between »he king and parliament, 5 io. The king endeavours to form a par- liament there, in oppofition to that at London, vii. 3. — , earl of, invites Henry VII. to an entertainment, iii. 399. ied by the king for his retainers, 400. jyAP.K, alderman, makes a motion in parliament for giving Cromwel the title of king, vii. 270. Pa°et, fecretarv, retnor.ilrates to lord Seymour the impropriety cf ca- balTlhg'ij^ainfl his brother the protector, iv. 314. Informs the pro- radices, ind advjfcs him to return from Scotland-, to guard INDEX, guard againft them, 314. Adheres to Sornerfet In his dlfirefs, 3^7. Advifes Mary to the apanifh ailiaoce, 383. Palatinate of the Rhine See Frederic. The Englifh undertake the recovery of it, vi. 151. The attempt fails, ib. Treaty of Weft- phalia, vii. 246. Palejline, ftateof, at the arrival of the crufaders, Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, ii. 14. Palmer, Mrs. See Cleveland. • , Sir Thomas, is employed by Northumberland f»s a fpy upen Sornerfet, iv 351. His accufaiion againit Sornerfet, ib. Is appre- hended for joining the party of the lady Jane G. ay, 372. is exe- cuted, 373. Pandolf, legate from pope Innocent III. to Philip, in his expedition againit king John of England, his private inductions, ii. 70. Pro- pofes an interview witb John, ih. Procures his fubmiiTlon to the pope, 71. Receives the resignation of his kingdom, and homage from him, ib. Excommunicates the earl of Albc;n-rje and his adhe- rents, 1^3. Papacy, the feat of, how fixed in Italy, iii. 57. Papal authority, the popular fentiments of, in the reign of Edward HE ii. 493. Renounced by Henry VIII. iv. 119. Set Reformation. Par, Catharine, married to Henry VIII: iv. 239. Is made regent during Henry's abl'ence in France, 246. Her narrow efcape from id) peach men t for herefy, 258. Her prudent evafion of this danger, 259. Marries lord Seymour loon after Henry's death, 3 14. Dies in child bed, 3 15. Paris, mafTacre of the Hugonots in that city, on the eve of St. Bartho- lomew, v. 205. See Francs. Parker, archbiihop, his character, v. 262. • , bilTiop of Oxford, is violently appointed prefident of Majda- len-jhall, by James JI. viii. 266. Parliament, Engliih, a view of, in its feudal form, ii. 114. By what titles the clergy obtained feats in, ib. The importance of the barons in, 115. The commons not originally a part of, 116. Compofed wholly of military tenants, ib. When ufnallv aifembied, 121. That fummoned at Oxford in the minority of Henry HI. grants, in his name, a renewal and confirmation of the great charter, ice. Re- fufes fupplies to Henry, 165. 172. The fpiritei remonftrances of, to the king, en his demand of a fupply, 177. Grants a fupply on a folemn confirmation of the great charter, 179. Aflembles, die/Ted in armcur, 183. That termed the rr.ad one, meets at Oxford, ib. A fupreme council of twenty-four chofen by, to regulate the govern- ment, ib. The firft efforts toward lending reprelen/atives of coun- ties to, 184. Regular fellions of, appointed by the council of barons, ib. A committee appointed by the council of twenty-four of equal authority with, to aci in the intervals of the feflions, 18". One called by Henry, which authorifes him to refume the govern- ment, in confequence of the pope's abfolution, 194. One fummoned by Leicefter after the battle of Lewes, which appoints a council oi nine to adminirler government, 2.08. Again fummoned by Leiceitcr, and the houfe of commons regularly formed, 210. Approve the ordinances, of the reforming barons, after ih,? civil war- w>re E k z ended. I N D E X. ended, 223. Other laws enadled in the reign of Henry III. ib. The firlt fammonedby Edward I. reforms the admin iftration of juftice, 2^5. The barons prohibited coming to, except fummoned by writ, 269. Grants fupplies to Edward for a French war, 284. Is awed into a confirmation of the two charters, by the earls of Norfolk and Here- ford, while the king is in Flanders, 292. A fummary view of the fupplies granted to Edward I. 323. The banifhment of Piets Ga- vafton demanded by Thomas earl of Lancafier, 331. Procures the government to be verted in a council of twelve, 333. Partes a fen- tence of forfeiture and perpetual exile againft the Defpenfers, 346. Depofes Edward II. 357. A council of regency formed by, to ad* during the minority of Edward III. 371. Ratifies Mortimer's treaty with Robert Bruce, 376. Condemns Mortimer to death, 379. Aflirts the king in his endeavours to reitore Edward Baiiol in Scotland, and its advice to him, 386. Grants Iupplies to artirt the precenfions of Edward to the crown of France, 396. Is fummoned by prince Ed- ward during his father's abfence in Flanders, but no fupplies ob- tained, 400. Remarks on the prefent power of, ib. Its conditional grants to the king, 40L Resolutions of, on his aiTumed title as king of France, 402. Frames an aft for redrefs of grievances before the making the required grants, 412. Is prevailed on to repeal thid aft, 414. Advifes the king to break the truce with Philip, and make:; grants for the renewal of the war, 423. The coniideration it arrived to, in the reign of Edward III. 487. Its frequent endeavours to abo- lifh purveyance in this reign, 489. Attempts in vain to reduce the price of labour, 496. Settlement of government eftablifhed by, during the minority of Richard II. iii. 3. Is dificlved, and the increafe of its authority fhewn, 4. Irrrpofes a poll-tax, and the alarming confe- quences of it, 6. Its peremptory deputation to the king, 15. Its undue compact with the duke of Gloucclter and his party, 19. Pro- ceedings againrt the miniftry, 20. The irregularity of their conduff, 23. Influence of the king over, and their compliance with his me.i- fures, 449. Adjourned to Shrewfbury, 33. Grants Richard the duti?-; cm wool and leather for life, with other fubfidies, ib. Before their dirtblution vert the parliamentary authority in a committee of twelve lords and fix commoners, 34. Names of the commilBoners, ib. note. Heads of the accufation prefented to, againrt king Richard, 41. De- pofes him, 46. Act againrt: herefy, 55. Repealed,*'/?. The repeal fupprefild by the influence of the clergy, ib. Confufions in, at the accelfion of Henry IV. 62. Oppofes his attempt to exclude females from the fuccertlon, 80. Advifes the king to feize the temporalities of the church, ib. Renews the fame advice to Flenry V. 92. Grants to Henry, after the battle of Azincour, 103. 113. Caufes which contributed toencreafe its influence in government, 1Z3. Ap- points a new arrangement of adminiftration during the minority of Henry VI. ib. Refufes iupplies to the duke of Bedford, regent of France, 153. One called at St. Edmund's Bury, 172. Makes the duke of York protedor during pleafure, 199. Refumes all the grants to the crown fince the time of Henry V. 201. That of Coventry, remarks on, 214. The title of Edward IV. recognized by, 221. At- tainders reverfed, ib, Aft of forfeiture and attainder pafled againft Henry INDEX. Henry VI. and his queen, and their party, 222. Summoned, at the reftoration of Henry VI. 243. New fyftem of attainders and reverfals, ib. Summoned by Edward on his restoration, 25 i. Their grants to the king toward a French war, 25}. Reflexions on the inconfiitency of their proceedings, 263. One fummoned by Richard III. recognizes his authority, creates his fon prince of Wales, and makes grants, 290. Attainders reverfed on the coming in of Henry VII. 315. Expedient for qualifying the king's prior attainder, ib. Entail of the crown, how managed, 316. Attainders of the York party, 318. Grants a fupply for the afliltance of the duke of Britanny, 343. Grants fupplies to the king for a war with France, 353. Pafles a law to indemnify all who act under the authority of the king for the time being, 366. Grants Henry another fubfidy, 372. Its obfequioufnefs to his oppreflive mea- fures, 389. Chufes Dudley, the minifter of his extortions, fpeaker, ib. Star-chamber authority confirmed by, 397. The king's fuit for murder limited within a year and a day, 398. Benefit of clergy abridged, ib. Statutes againft retainers, and for other falutary pur- pofes, 399. Law permitting the entailment ofeftaies to be broke, 400. Review of other laws palled by Henry VII. 401. The firft of Henry VIII. attaints Empfon and Dudley, the miniiters of the extor- tions of Henry VII. 412. Redrefles fome abules in the l?te reign, ib. note. Grants fupplies for a war with France, 419. Impoies a propor- tional poll-tax, 424. Grants of, to Henry, by the influence of cardi- nal Wolfey, and of Sir Thomas More, iv. 47. PafTes an act againft levying annates, 107. Continues to abridge the papal authority, in the regulation of monafteries, and election of bifliops, 1 17. The fuc- ceflion of the crown regulated, 118. Declares the king fupreme head of the church, 120. Attaints Sir Thomas More, and bifhop Fifher, 121. Unites England and Wales, ib. Pafles an aft of attainder againft the accomplices of the Holy Maid of Kent, 137. The lefier monasteries fupprefted by, 150. Farther progrefs made in the union between England and Wales, 151. The grofs flattery of the fpeaker of the commons to the king, 163. Reafon afligned for annulling the king's marriage with Anne Boleyn, ib. The princefs Mary and Eliza- beth illegitimated, and the fucceflion fettled on the king's iiTue by Jane Seymour, ib. All authority of the bifhop of Rome renounced, 164. Pafles the bill of fix articles, for abolifhing diverfity of opinions in re- ligion, 194. Enacts thatroya! proclamations fhall have the force of Jaws, 196. Yet pafles a flatute declaring that the king's proclama- tions fhall not infringe the laws or cuftoms of the realm, ib. Confirms the fuirender of the monalteries, 199. Diflblves the order of St. John of Jerufalem, or knights of Malta, 205. Giants, with reluctance, fupplies to Henry, 206. inftanceof its fervile compliance with Henry's caprices, 459. Condemns Dr. Barnes for herefy, 212. Attaints queen Catharine Howard and her aflbciates, 219. Pafles an act to fe- cure the virtue of Henry's future wives, 221. Ireland erected into a kingdom by, 459. Ratifies the future deciiions of the commiflioners appointed by the king to eitablifh a religion, 222. Prohibits the read- ing of the bible to the lower clafles of the people, 224. Grants fupplies for a French war, 237. Enads that offences againit the king's procla- mations fhall be judged by a council of nine, tb. Enforces obedience K k 3 to INDEX. to thp Erudition of a Chrijlian Man, publifhed by Henry VIII. 238. Reflores the prince/Us Mary and Elizabeth to their right of fucceflion, 242. The il vie of the king's regal title fettled, ib. The king's debts contracted by a general loan rem'uted, 24.3. Another oath of the king's fupremdcy impofed, ib. The law of the f}< articles miti- gated, ib. Grants another fubiidy, 251. Beftows en the king all the univeriity and hofpital revenues, ib. The abject flattery bellowed on the king, 252. Henry's fpeech to, on proroguing it, ib. At- tainder of the duke of Norfolk, 263. A recapitulation of the ftatutes pafled by Henry VIII. 269. Remarks on the ftatute granting him the duties of tonnage and poundage, 272. One furnmoned by the duke of Somerfet, protector, 306. The wholefome laws pafTed this feffion, ib. Lord Seymour condemned, 319. Celibacy recom- mended to the clergy, but their marriage permitted, 321. Heavy taxes laid on money and trade, 462, note. Deprives the protector of all his offices, and fines him, 34c. Paries a fevere aft againft rioters, ib. Intereft for money declared illegal, 3-4.. The new liturgy au- thorifed, ib. Acts palled, againft treafon, and making provifion for the poor, ib. The Latin mal's celebrated in, at the acceflion of queen Mary, 379. The fpecies of treafon limited, ib. The queen's legi- timacy eltablifhed, ib. All Edward's ftatutes of religion repealed, ib. The duke of Norfolk's attainder reverfed, 380. Is diflblved, for op- pofing the Spanifh alliance, 385. A large fum fent over by the em- peror Charles V, to bribe the new one, 394.. Gardiner's fpeech at the opening of, 395. The caution cf, with refpecr. to the pretenfions of Philip, ib. JsdiiTolved, 397. A new one furnmoned, which re- veries the attainder of cardinal Pole, 399. Implores forgivenefs of the pope, for their defection from the church of Rome, 400. Its caution to prevent the refumption of church lands, ib. Revives the fan- guinary laws againft heretics, 401. Tenths and firft fruits reitored to the church, 422. Subfidies granted by a new one, 441. All fales or grants of crown -lands by the queen, for feven years to come, con- firmed, ib. Law for regulating the militia, 448. The firit law for repair of the highways by a general parifh duty, 449- The joydif- covered at the acceffion of queen Elizabeth, v. 2. A new one called, by whom the title of the queen is recognifed, 9. The newly erected monasteries fupprefled, ig. All ltatutes of Edward VI. concerning religion, reitored, n. The nomination of bifhops given to the crown, ib. The mafs abolifhed, and liturgy reitored, 12. The queen's royal power overall her dominions ftrongly afferted, and the afTer tion of the papal authority fubjecled to the penalties of treafon, -fj. Laws againlt prophefying and witchcraft, 77. Supplies granted to the queen, fy. Elizabeth's fpeech at the eiffolution of, 103. A new one furnmoned, after an interval of five years, 17?. Is prohi- bited, by the qurep.'? order, from meddling with any matters of ftate, ib. Reflections on fief haughty treatment of, and her declared no- tions of the proper objects of its attention, 181. Laws pa fled this, ieffion of, 183. A fpirited fpeech of Peter Wentworth, a commoner, in favour of liberty of fpeech in, 225. Petitions the queen for church reformation, inftead of proceeding on the bill introduced for that purpofe, 228. Supplies granted by, to the queen, 235. ^ aws $ againft I -N D E X. *gairrft popery, ^6. Confirms the affociation for the protection of the queer,, 2;S. Appoints a regency, in cafe of her violent death, . 2-59. A lev ere law againlt Jefuits and popilh prielts, ib. Elizabeth's fpeech, on the application made by the commons for farther religious .reformation, 204. .Ratifies the ientence againft Alary queen of Scots, and petitions for her execution, 301. Grants fupplies to thequeen, on the defeat of the Spanim armada, 34.5 . Paffes a levere law againlt rccu fun ts, $'j'o. Votes fupplies, 367. The queen's fpeech to, ib. Its iegulative power checked by Elizabeth, 463. Tyrannical fbuutes palled by, 40.10. One fummoned by J imes I. vi. 14. Appoints ccmmiflioBers at the king's defire, to treat of an union between the two kingdoms, 25. Becomes jealous of the regal prerogative in ec- -cleiiaihcal affairs, 53. Buckingham lays before it an infincere ac- count of the treaty for the Spaniih match, which the king and prince vouch, 141. The king's fpeech relative to a war wich Spain, 142. An act againfl: monopolies, 143. One fummoned by Charles {. on his accefuon, 199. Its ill humour, owing to difgult againlt. Bucking- ham, 201. O.her contributing caufes, 202. Js adjourned to Ox- ford on account of the pl2gue, 206. The king lays his neceffities before it, ib. Refufes fupplies, 207. Diffolved, on the plague ap- pearing at Oxford, 211. A fecond called by Charles, z 12. A third fummoned, 239. The king's threatening addrefs to ic, 240. The petition of right paffed, 253 ; which is followed by a grant of fupplies, 256. Jsdiliblvtd, 276. Is fummoned after eleven years interval, 345. The king's pleas to procure fupplies, 346- is abruptly dif- lolved, 353. Meeting of the long, 307. An a6t for triennial par- liaments palled, 394. Attainder of Strafford, 414. Aft againfl; ad- journing and proroguing the parliament without its own confent, 416. The liar-chamber, and high commiffion court, abolifhed, 4Z0. Other arbitrary courts fuppreffed, 422- Adjourns, and appoints a committee of both houfes to lit during the recefs, 423. Appoints a committee to attend the king to Scotland, ib. Makes a prefent, with acknowledgments, to the Scottifh army, which are now dilbanded, 425. A day of thankfgiving appointed for the natioual pacification, tb. Applies to the earl of Effex for a guard, 429. Votes the king's interfering in a bill depending in, to be a breach of privilege, 458. .Reflections on the uncertainty of parliamentary privileges, 459. Pe- titions or addreffes received from divers bodies of the common people, promifing to protect its privileges, 475. Js petitioned by a body of women, 476. The bifhops votes taken away, 477. Threatens the queen with an impeachment, ib. Paffes the militia b'.ll, 479 Raifes an army, and appoints the earl of Effex general, 490. Obtains loans of the people, ib. Sends conditions of agreement to the king, 492. Steps all remittances of revenue to the king, 496. Their fleet inter- cepts fupplies from the queen to the king, ib. Its haughty reception of the king's overtures, 500. Votes an addrefs for a treaty after the battle of Edge-hill, 518. Its demands in the negotiation ac O.xford, 519. For the operations of its forces againlt me king, fee Ejfex, Waller, Fairfax, Cromvoel, &c. The military operations condu^t"d by a committee of both houfes, 526. The lecret meafures and defpotic authority of this committee, ib. Applies to Scotland K k 4 for INDEX. lor afliftance, 536. Sends commiffioncrs to engage the Scots to cor* federate with them, ^40. Receives and enforces fubfcription to the iolemn league and covenant, 5^.1 . Remits money to Scotland, to raife an army, 54.2. Meafures taken to fupprefs the Irifh rebellion, 54.3. A COmmittC of, lent to Ireland, is excluded the council by the influence of Ormond, 544- Lays an excifr on beer, wine, and other commodities, vii. 4. Publifhes an ordinance for re renching a meal a wetk, toward 'he public fervice, ib. Js wrote to by the king, but rejects his offers of treaty, 6. The independents form a party in, 21. Differences between Manchefter and Cromwcl, 22. Pafi'es the fejf denying ordinance, 27. Receives propofals frum the king for a treaty, 30. Sends fommifllontrs to Uxbricge, 31. Summons an affemblv of divines at Weftminftef, for regulating religion, 3;. De- mands of the commiifioners at Uxbridge, ys to religion,/^. Demands as to the militia, 35. Demands with regq.-d to Ireland, 36. Other demands made to tiie kii>g, 37. Return of the commiiiioners, ib. Execution of Laud, 38. Pubhihes the king's letters taken at Nalebv, £$. Refufes a treaty with the king, 66. Iffues ord' rs for fecuring him, if he came to London, ib. Reproaches the king with Gla- morgan's tranfaclkms >n Ireland, 6^. liitabiifhes the prefbyterisn dif.ipline, 6<). Kut refufes to.-.dmit the divine right of it, 70. Re- trains the power o: -.^communication, ib. Is i r> f o m-d by the Scots cf the king's arrival in their army, 73. Sends frefh prOpofaL to the king, 76- i teats with the Scots for delivering up the kin^, ~%. He is delivered to the commiiiioners fent for him, 80. Propoies a re- duction of the army, 85. The a'my begins to mutiny again ft itsau* thoritv, 8;. Sends propofais for their going to Ireland, 8t>. Votes to difband all who refufe that fervice, S3. Difcovers Cromwel's fchemes, and prepares an accufation agaitti't him, 90. Its opprellive acts render it odious to the people, g\. A review of its civil admini- stration, 92. Orders out the London militia to defend it agatnit the armv, 95. Enters into a negotiation with the army, 96. Appoints Fail fax genernl in chief of all the forces, igo. Is obliged to vote ac- cording to the inductions of the army, ib. L forced by the populace to reverie a vote for the change of the London militia, 101. Their Speakers apply to the army for protection, ib. New fpeakers choien, and defence prepared for, 102. The old ipeakers reinftated by the armv, 1 c 3 - Negotiates again with the king, 1 1 1. Votes agf-.infr any ran her negotiation with the king, 113. Declares the Scots enemies, 12c. Endeavours to regain its liberty during the abience cfihe army, and fends to treat with the king, 1.21. The points debated between mem, 122. Difavcws any concurrence in the fcizure of the king by the army, 130. la furrounded by the armv, 131. Proceeds to a couclufion of the treaty with the king, ib. The prefbyteriau mem- bers excluded, and confined by Colonel Pride, ib. T he remaining members reverfe the former proceedings, 132. See Ccmvioiis. Its proceedings after the battle of Worceder, 201. Lrecb a hi^b, court of juftice to try orfences againif. the commonwealth, 202. bee Common-zveaUb. Frames the navigation aft, 211. Grants • letters of reprifal againft the United Provinces, ib. Refufes to admit the apology of the Dutch for T*roinpe's conduct, and commences INDEX. commences war with the States, 213. SeeBIaks, Ay/cue, &c The army remonftrates for a new one, 217. is violently diflblved by Cromwel, 219. Reflections on its proceedings, 220. A new one fummoned by Cromwel, 227. Characterof it, 228. Regulations in government and religion propofed by, to. Orders marriage to be fo- Jemnized by the civil magiftrate, 229. Rtfigns its authority to Crom- wel, 231. One fummoned by the protector, 238. The equitable plan of election, ib. Is reproved by the protector for difputing his authority, 241. Is forced to recognize his authority, and is then dif- folved, ib. A new one chofen by the protector, 268. Votes a re- nunciation of the royal family, 269. A motion made by Jephfon for beftowing the crown on Cromwel, ib. The fame motion made in, form by Alderman Pack, ib. This motion agreed to, and a com- mittee appointed to perluade the protector's acceptance, 270. Con- firms his pn sectoral authority, on his refufal of the title of king, 275. Is again affcmbled in two houfes, as formerly, 277. Is dif- i'olved, 278. One called by Richard Cromwel, 294. Votes againft the council of cfHcers, 296. Is diflblved by their influence, 297. The long one leftored by the council of officers, 298. Difcovers a defign formed for reftoring cne king, which is lupprefled, 302. Calhiers Lambert, and veils thecommanu of the army in commiftion, 303. Is expelled by Lambert, ib. Is again reltored, 3 1 3. Reduces the armv to obedience, 314. Is defired by Monk to fend the regiments out of London, 3 16. Monk arrives, and is thanked, ib. His reply, ib. Its authority difputed by the people, particularly by London, 317. Orders Monk to march into the city to feize the refractory citi- zens, 318. Is ordered by Monk to fix a time for diflblution, and for calling a new one, 3 19. The fecluded members take their feats, and after fome neceiTiry votes iflue writs for a new one, 220. The new one meets, and Sir Harboftle Gnmitone chofen ipeaker, 327. See Commons. The houfe of lords re afiembles, 328. See Lords. Charles II. proclaimed, ib. A committee appointed, to invite the king over, ib. Act of indemnity palled, 353. Settlement of the revenue, 354.. Irs caution in difbanding the army, 331;. Is diflblved, 358. The new one pafTes an act for the fecurity of the king's perfon and government, 371. Refigns all military authority to t'ie king, 373. Corporation act palled, 374. Act of uniformity palfod, ib. Grants the king four fubfidies, being the Jaft grant of that nature, 391. Militia regulated, ib. Repeals the triennial act, 395. Grants fupplies for the Dutch war, 401. 408. Five-mile act, 408. Regu- lates the building of London, 416. Votes a fupply to the king, 417. An acl of incapacity and banifhment paflcd againft Clarendon, 427. Prohibits the importation of Irifh cattle, 447. Supplies granted, 456. Act againlt conventicles palled, ib. Coventry act, 469. Meets, alter two years prorogation, 500. Speeches of the king and the chancellor Shaftefrjury to, ib. 501. Teft act pafled, 505. Is pro- rogued on the difcontent of the commons, 512. Its legality difputed, a/ter a twelvemonth's recefs, viii. 20. Exhorts the king to guard againft the growing power of France, 27. Addrefles the king to form an alliance with the States againit France, 31. Is adjourned, ib. takes the popifh plot into confideration, 78. Anew tcft-act pafled, 6^. 6 Is I N D' E X. Is diffojved, SR. Character of this Jong one, Sg, A new ore furn- jsoned, 03. Habeas corpus aft palled, 107. Is prorogued, arc? afterwards difToived, to Hop proceedings againtt Danby, no. The k:ng's Speech to the new one, 128. The perfecuting Itatute, 35 Eliz. repealed, and dilTenters eafed, 145. The king evades giving his affent to this bill, 148. Is didolved, and a new one iummened, 149. Meets at Oxford, 150. Is fudcenly diffolved; J 5 i. One called by James II. 220. His fpeech to, on the ie.llement of a revenue on him, ib. Arguments urgsd lor and agamft the grant of a revenue during life, 221. The grant during life voced, 224. An act of attainder paffed sgainll the duke of Monmouth, 226. The convention fummoned by the prince of Orange, 308. Settles the crown on the prince and princefs of Orange, 319. Parliament or Scotland, recognizes the title of the maid of Norway to the crown, ii. 246. Refers the pretenfions of Baliol and Bruce to the award of Edward I. of England, 249. Is fummoned by the queen dowager in an abbey near Haddington, and determines to fend the young queen Mary to France, iv. %\\. Summoned by the Congregation of the Lord, in which the catholic religion is fuppreli'ed, and the pre fbyterian difcipline elbablifbed, v. 33. The queen in France refules to ratify the proceedings of, ^9. -Is fummoned by Mary, to attaint the banifhed lords, 94. How this fch erne failed, ib. '1 he proielrant religion ellahlifT.ed, with the queen's fanclion, 110, note. Is fummoned by the regent Murray, condemns Mary to pri- son for the murder of her huiband, and ratifies the fe ttlement of the crown on her fon James VI. 125. Appoints commiflioners to nego- tiate a treaty with Elizabeth, 171. Prohibits the clergy from med- dling with the affairs of government, 256. A law propofed to it by J tines, fctr the external government of the church to be veiled in him and the bifhops, vi. 89. The bill dropped by the oppofition of the clergy, 90. One held by Charles 1. 300. Its proceedings toward ratifying the a£ts of the aflembly, Hopped by prorogation, 344. Aboltfhes the lords of articles, 426. The creation of peerages limited, 427. Triennial parliaments eltablifhcd, ib. Its conlent made neceifary in the appointment of officers of ftate, 42,8- Its coo! behaviour on being informed by the king of the Irifh maiT-tcre, 444. .\>: j ods commiluoners to treat with the Englifh parliament, ib. Op- es the delivering up the king to the Fmglilb parliament, vii. So. One fummoned by Charles It. after the defeat at Dunbar, 192. One called on the reparation, which annul? all laws palled fmce the year 16:3, 365. The covenanc annulled, 368. Proceedings of, 439. Act of indemnity, ib. Act againft conventicles, 44a. One fum- moned before Lauderdale as commiihoner, viii. co. Severe law againtt conventicles, 51. Enacls a contradictory telt-a&, 167. lis abject fervility to fimes II. on his acceilion, 237. Rejects tne king's application for indulgence to catholics, 258. The convent on fum- moned by the prince of Orange, offers the crown to him and the princefs, 309. ? 2 ^ Pefcara, marquis of, the Imperial general, invades Provence, and be- fu-ges Marfeilles, iv. 55. Pifer the Hermit, underukes to refcue the holy land from the Turks, and applies to pope Martin II. i. 294. Leads a vail multitude on this enterprise, 297. , of Pomfiet, a hermit, his cruel treatment by king John, for a prophecy concerning him, ii. 73". « of Savoy, uncle to queen Eleanor, inverted with the honour of Richmond, and the wardihipof earl Warrenne, ii. 163. , king of Caftile; fee Cc.jlile. — — des Pooches; lee Winibtjtit.. PctcS t INDEX. Peter's Pence, occafion of impofing that tax, i. 49. The payment of, iufpended by Henry II. 406. Peters, Hugh, chaplain to Oliver Cromwel, a frequent text of his, vii. ill, vote. Is tried and execn ted, 458. , father, a Jefuit, and confelibr 10 king James II. is made a privy counfellor, viii. 252. Peterborough, «hen nrft ereded into a bifhopric, iv. 1S3. Dean of, his behaviour to Mary queen of Scots at her execution, v. 316. Petition of right, this famous bill taken under confideration by the houfc of commons, vi. 246. Is palled bv the commons, 256. Failed by the lords, 253. The king's evafive manner of pafiing it, ib. Re- ceives the king's full a/lent, 256. The petition at large, 572. Petitioners and Jbborrers, an account of the origin of thofe party dif- tinctionr, viii. 126. Peyto, a fryar, infolently reproaches Henry VIII. from his pulpit, iv. 134. Is in turn abufed by Dr. Corren, ib. Is reproved by the council, ib. Philip, king of France, affumes the government on his father Lewis Vllih's illnei*, i 455. Henry II. of England mediates a peace be- tween him and his family, 454. Engages in a crufade, 458. Sti- mulates young Richard to revolt againft his father, 459. His army, with that of Richard I. intended for the crufade, rendezvous at Vezelay, ii. 7. Reiterates his promifes of friendship with Richard, S. Takes the mad to Genoa, and embarks his army, ib. Is obliged to winter at Medina, ib. His character and that of Richard compared., ib. His difpures with Richard at Mefiina, io. Their differences accommodated, 11. Arrives in Palelline, and affifts at the iiege of Acre, 13. I" '.fpoufes the pretenfions of Conrade marquis of Ivlont- ferrat, to the kingdom of Jerufaiem, in oppofition to Guy deLufig- nan, 15. Returns to Europe, ib. Is prevented from invading Normandy, but (educes prince John from his allegiance, 17. Makes the death of Conrade the pretence of his enmity to Richard, ig. His hoftile meafures on hearing of the captivity of .Richard, 24. Invades Normandy, ib. Eefieges Rouen, but is repulfed by the earl of Leiceller, 25. His laconic letter to prince John, 30. Is routed, and his records taken by P.ichard, ib. Concludes a truce with Richard, 31. Concludes a peace at Louviers, which is foon broke, 32. Makes a truce with Richard for five years, 33. Takes Arthur duke of Bri- fanny under his protection, 40. Concludes a peace with John, 47.. The Norman barons appeal to him againlt John, 45. His difputes with John, ib. Marries his daughter to Arthur duke of Britanny, ih. His iuccefles again!! John, 46. Is appealed to by the Britons on the murder of Arthur by John, 49. Summons John to appear before him, and, on his non-appearance, fentences him to the for- feiture of all his royalties in France, ib. Takes various places from John, and, by his addrefs, raifes the fiege of Alenjon, ib. 50. Be- sieges and takes Chateau Gaillard, on the frontiers of Normandy, 5 i. Takes Falaife, and the governor Lupicaire inliife with him againli John, 53. Acquires the poffeffion of Normandy, 54. With the other provinces, ib. Accepts the effrr of the kingdom of England made by pope Innocent III. 69. Prepares an armament to acquire pof- fclfioa r n r> e & feflion of it, tb. His rag? on the treaty between John and PandoTf the pope's legate, 73. iiis fleet deitroyed by the earl of Salisbury, 74. His reflexions on the oiler of the kingdom of" England by the barons to his fon Lewi?, 95. Demands holtages of the barons for their fidelity, ib. Sends forces over with Lewis, ib. His conduit refpecting this enterprise of his fon, 131. Dies, and is Succeeded by his Ion Lewis, 1 57. Philip, king of France, cites Edward I. as duke of Guienne before him, to anfwer for fume differences at fea, ii. 262. Gains the pro* vince of Guienne, by artifice, from the Englifh, ib. Defeats their attempts to recover it, 264. Forms an alliance with John Baliol king of Scotland, 265. Edward forms alliances againtt him, 284. His fuccefTes in Flanders, 296. Concludes a truce with England^ and Submits his differences to pope Boniface, /£. Beftows his filler on Edward, and his daughter on prince Edward, 297. •> the Fair, of France, his cruel treatment of the knights templars, ii. 362. — ■ de Valois, how he became entitled to the crown of France, in 391. Receives homage for Guienne from Edward III. of England, 39Z. Prepares to oppofe the hoftile pretenfions of Edward to his crown, 398. His fleet destroyed by Edward, 403. Relieves Tournay, befieged by Edward, 404. His reply to Edward's defiance, 405 . Concludes a truce with Edward, by the mediation of Jane countefs of Hainault, 407. Efpoufes the pretention? of Charles de Blois to the duchy of Britsnny, 416. Confines the count de Mountfort in the tower of the Louvre, 417. Concludes a truce with the countefs and Edward, 421. His furprife and movements on Edward's inva- fion of Normandy, 427. His precipitate behaviour in following Edward to Crecy, 4^3. Flis memorable defeat there, 434. The great number Slain at the battle, 436. Concludes a truce with Ed- ward, 443. His death and character, 449. , len of the emperor Charles V« is propofed by his father as a hufoand to Mary qcyen of England, iv. 383. Siibftattce of the mar- riage articles, 387. Reflections of the Englifh on this match, ib. Caution ^nd referve of the parliament with refpetl to his pretenfions, 396. Arrives in England, and is married, 398. DiSgulls the Eng- lifh by his haughtineSs and referve, ib. Is denied the ceremony of coronation, 401. His attempts to acquire popularity, 402. His morives for protecting the lady Elizabeth, ib. His artifice to elude the charge of promoting the cruelties exercil'ed againSt the Englifh reformers, 416. Leaves England, and retires to Flanders, 422. His father makes a formal reSignation of all his hereditary dominions to him, 425. Ungratefully negiects paying his father's penfion, 426. Endeavours to engage England in his quarrel with France, 429. Comes over to England to preSs the queen on that meaiure, 432. RaiSes an army under Fhillibert duke of Savoy, 434. Battle of St. Quintin, ib. Takes the town, ib. Joins the army under the duke oS Savoy, but declines engaging GuiSe, 44}.. Enter into ne- gotiations for peace, ib. Death of queen Mary, 445. Receives a kind embaffy from Elizabeth, v. 3. Makes pfopofats of marriage to her, ib. She refufes his propofal of adhering to the Spanilh alliance I N D E X. alliance against France, 17. Peace of Gateau Cambrefis with Prater, ii$. Exerts his good oilices at the court of Rome to prevent the ex- communication of Elizabeth, 19. His character delineated, 64. Vows to fpend his life in the extirpation of herefy, 65. His cruel perJecution of Conltantine Ponce, his father's confesTbr, ib. IsTues rigorous orders for the profecution of heretics, 66. Commencement of his open enmity to Elizabeth, 67. Forms an alliance with the duke of Guife for the fupprefling of herefy, 70. Concerts a malTacre of the French Hugonots with Catharine de Medicis and the cardinal of Lorraine, 93. Leaves the duchefs of Parma governelsof the Low Countries, 192. The Flemilh protectants revolt, ib. Determines to overthrow the Flemiih privileges, 193. Remonstrates to Elizabeth again her giving countenance to the Flemifh exiles, 214. Revolt of Holland and Zealand, zic.. The revolted Hollanders affociate under the prince of Orange, 216. Recalls the duke of Alva at his own request, ib. Elizabeth aims to accommodate matters, zig. Sends Don John of Auitria governor of the Low Countries, ib. The pacification of Ghent concluded, ib. Invades Ireland, 233. Re- monstrates against the depredations of Drake, 233. Founds a femi- Dary at Doiiay for the education of Englilh catholics, 236. His power and naval strength, 272, Projects an invafion pf England, 3^0. Fits out the invincible armada, 333. His instructions to its com- mander the duke of Medina Sioonia, 340. His behaviour on the destruction of the armada, 345. Excites disturbances in Scotland, 371. Makes peace with France, 388. Dies, 393. His character. vi. 6. Philip til, of Spain, character of him and his minister the duke of Lerma, vi. 6. Concludes a peace with James I. 27. Acknowledges the independency of the United Provinces, and concludes a truce with them for twelve years, 44. , IV. of Spain, the honourable reception he gave prince Charles, vi. 133. His conduct on understanding Buckingham's Icherr.e to prevent the marriage, 139 • , arenduke of Austria, and fon of Maximilian, is educated in the Low Countries, iii. 334. His friendly interview with Henry VII. at Calais, 384 Marries Joan, daughter of Ferdinand king of Ar- ragon, and Ifabella queen of Castile, 390. Forced by a storm on the coait of England, pays Henry a vifit at Wind for, 391. Obliged by Henry to furrender the earl of Suffolk, whom he had protected, 393. Arrives in Spain, and dies, 394. His fon Charles affianced to the princefs Mary, Henry's daughter, ib. P t bilippa, daughier of the count of Holland and Hainaulr, is afrunced to prince Edward, fon of Edward. 11. ii. 354. Raifes an army ro reprels the Scots in Edward's abfence, and trices their king David, prifoner, 449, 4,46. Goes over to Edward's camp a: ( Intercedes with Edward for the deputies of Calais at its furrender, Philips, Sir Robert, his fpeech in the third parliament of Charles I. vi. 242. Pbillibcrt, duke of Savoy, commands the Spiniih army against France, iv. 434. Besieges $t. Quintiq, ib. Dtjfea Mont- morency, ! K D E X. morerscy, and takes him prifoner, ib. Philip arrives at his camp, but declines any action with the duke of Guife, 444. Tbilpot, a reformer, archdeacon of Winchefter, inftance of his zeal againft Arianifm, iv. 415. Is burnt himfelf for herefy, ib. PiJIs and Scots harafs the Britons, i. 12, 13. Piercy, furnamed Hotfpur, taken prifoner by the Scots at the battle of Otterburne, iii. 26. See Northumberland. » , Thomas, created earl of Worcelter, iii. 33. Rebels againft Henry IV. 69. Taken prifoner at the battle of Shrew/bury, and exe- cuted, 71. •■ , of the houfe of Northumberland, engages with Catefbyin the famous gunpowder-plot, for blowing up king and parliament, vi. 31. Hires a vault under the parliament houfe, and conveys thirty- fix barrels of gunpowder into it, 33. flies on the difcovery of the fcheme, 36. Is killed, ib. Pilgrimage of Grace, an infurrection raifed againft Henry Will, in the north of England under that name, iv. 171. Pilkington, fhenrf of London, profecuted by the duke of York for fcan- dalous expreffions, viii. 178. Pinkey, battle of, between the duke of Somerfet and the earl of Arran, iv. 303. Pi/a, a council fummoned there, in oppofition to pope Julius JI which removes to Milan, and after to Lyons, iii. 417. interdicted by the pope, 41 S. Pi/lor, his fpeech in the houfe of commons, on kneeling and making the fign of the crofs, v. 174, 175. Pius V . pope, excommunicates queen Elizabeth, v. 172. Plague, a great one in the rime of Edward ill. ii. 448. h brought into England by the earl of Warwic from Havre de Grace, v. 80. One at London, vi. 14. Another, 206. At Oxford, 211. On board the fleet, T 12. Great one at London, vii. 400. Plot, gunpowder, hiftory of, vi. 31. Popiftt, a hiftory of, viii. 63, 09. See Oates, Coleman, and Bedlce. Meal-tub, 124. Rye-houie, 186. Poitliers, battle of, between Edward, fon of Edward If I. and John king of France, ii. 456. Is befieged by the admiral Coligni, v. 187. Is defended by the young duke of Guife, ib Pole, Arthur, and his brothers, nephews of the cardinal, are con victed of a confpiracy againft queen Elizabeth, but pardoned, v. 6}. «— — , Edmund de la. See Suffolk. - , Sir Geoffrey de la, enters into a confpiracy with fome Englifft noblemen, and his brother the cardinal, iv. 187. Difc overs the confpiracy, and is pardoned for it, ib. • , Michael de la, chancellor of England, and earl cf Suffolk, fome anecdotes of, iii. 15. Impeached by the commons,;'^ Rejec- tions on his cafe, 16. Deprived of his office, 17. , Reginald de la, his defcent, iv. 185. Is made dean of Exeter, ib. Declines any concern in the divorce of Henry VIII. from queen Catha- rine, ib. Inveighs againft the conduct of Henry in religious alterations, 186. Is invited to England by Henry, ib. Is created a cardinal, and lent legate into Flanders, ib. Is fufpected of afpiring to thecrown, ib. Eoteia INDEX. Enters into a confpiracy wi:h fome Englifh noblemen, who are dif- covered and executed, 187. His relations profecuted by the king, 19S. His mother attainted by parliament, ib. And executed, 214. Is propofed as a hufband to queen Mary, 3S0. Why it did noc take effect, 381. Is invited to England in quality or' legate, ib. Is flopped in his journey by the emperor, and why, 384. His at- tainder reverfed, and his blood reftored by parliament, 399. Arrives in England, and invites the parliament to reconcile themlelves to the fee of Rome, ib. Gives the parliament and kingdom abfolution, 400. Debates with bilhop Gardiner on the expediency of punifhing heretics, 405. Is made archbiihop of Canterbury on the burning of Cranmer, 431. His politic behaviour, ib. Oppofes the queen's defign of engaging the kingdom in Philip's quarrel with France, 432. His death and character, 446. Polerone, in the Eall Indies, taken by the Dutch from the Englifh, is agreed to be reftored by treaty, vii. 236. The Englifh again ex- pelled, 419. Is refigned to the Dutch, 422. Poll money, firft levied by parliament, and the alarming confequences of it, iii. 6. A proportional tax impofed by parliament to affift Henry VIII. in his war with France, 424. Poltrot all a fii nates thedukeof Guife, at.the fiege of Orleans, v. 78. Ponce, Conflantine, confeffor to the emperor Charles V. is cruelly treated by Philip of Spain for herefy, v. 65. Poor, an act paffed for railing charitable contributions for them, iv. 356. The firft legal eftablifhment for the fubfiftence of, when made, Popedom, its fmiaticn at the time of the Norman invafion, i. ;§j. See Papacy and Reformation. Popular government, the firft beginnings of, in England, ii. 272. Population, cbfervations on the propereft means of promoting, iii. 403. Porters of London petition the Long parliament, vi. 475. Porto Rico, an attempt againit, by Francis Drake, v. 378. Port/mouth, ducheis of, miftrefs to king Charles II. how introduced to him, vii. 465. Portugal, the kingdom of, revolts from the crown of Spain, vii. 251. The princefs Catharine of, married to Charles II. of England, 37JJ. Pojl-majler, inftance of that office at the time of queen Elizabeth, v. 484. Pojl-houfe, at what fum farmed, in the protectorate of Oliver Cromwel, vii. 340. Pojlcffue is eftablifhed by parliament, vii. 358. Poultry, the eftablifhed prices of, at the beginning of the reign of Charles I. vi. 177. Poynings, Sir Edward, fent over to Ireland by Henry VII. to reduce the malcontents there, iii. 367. PafTes the memorable ftatute which bears his name, ib. Difappoints Perkin Warbec in his d-figns upon that kingdom, 370. Made comptroller by Henry VIII. and chofen of his privy concil, 409. Prague, battle of, between the duke of Bavaria and Frederic elector palatine, vi. 104, Vol VIII. L I Preaching* I N D E X. Preaching, the abufe of, reitrdned, and twelve homilies publi&ed to read to the people, iv. 291. Farther reftrictions of, to prevent the people being difcracVd by opjofite do&rines, 309. Prejeant, a French admiral, kills Sir Edward Howard in an engage- ment in Conquet haibcur, iii. 45 1 . Invades the coaft of Suffex, and lofes an eye, ib. Prelates, obnoxious ones, how treated by the court of Rome in the time of Richard II. iii. 56. Their unritnefs for being intruded with the great offices under the crown, in the papal times of England, 403. Caufes which favoured their promotion to them, 404. Prerogative, regal, the notions entertained of, in the time of Elizabeth, v. 440. Inquiry into the ancient prerogatives of the crown, 453. Apology for the arbitrary exertions of, by James 1. vi. 49. The commons manifeft an intention of limiting it, ci. A review of the various articles of, claimed until the time of Charles I. 160. Prif-ytery, is eftublilhed in Scotland by parliament, and the catholic religion fuppreffed, v. 38. Cruel infults fhewn to queen Mary for her adherence to the catholic religion, 48. The caufes of the morofe feverity of the prclbyterian clergy traced, 55. The mtaning of that term explained, vi. 333, note. Diftinftions be- tween prelbvterians and independents, vii. 19. Is eftablifhed in England, 69. Is fupprelied on the refloration of Charles II. 362. And by the act of uniformity, 374. The prclbyterian clergy ejeded, 3S5. Pre/s, liberty of the, its commencement, viii. 332. Preftcn, battle of, between Cromwel and the Scots under Hamilton and Langdale, vii. 127. Pride, colonel, violently excludes and confines the prefbyterian mem- bers of the long parliament, vii. 131. Procures a petition' to be figned by the officers, again!! the cilice of king, on the offer of that title to Cromwel, 274. Priejls and Jefuits, a fevere law againft them, v. 259. Primaugtt, a French admiral, engages Sir Thomas Knevet off the cca'.t of Britanny, and is blown up with him, iii. 423. Pyime miniiler, reflections on the natuje of this office hitherto unknown in Europe, ii. 343. Primogeniture, the advantages cf adhering to, in thefucceffion of princes, ii. 39. Not u'ndepftood in the earlier ages of the Englifh hiitory, ib. Printing, the art of, by worm firil introduced into England, iii. 268, note. — , the invention of, one cf the caufes of the quick pregrefs of the reformation, iv. 37. Reltricuons laid on the prefs by Elizabeth end James I. vi. 165. Proclamations, royal, declared by parliament to have the force cf laws, iv. 196. Reflections on this itatute, ib. Offences againft them, by whom to be judged, 237. This law repealed, 307. Thoie of queen Elizabeth enforced more rigoroufly than laws, by the ftar-chamber, v. 463. King James's plea for the utility and r.eceffity of iffuing them, vi. 52. Differ from laws, ib. Profb:cying, among the puritans, explained, vi. 14. King James's lenuments concerning, ib. Proteclorate, INDEX. Proteclora'e, the fupreme government altered to this form, and Oliver Cromwel chofen, vii. 232. The outlines of this form of" government explained, ib. Peace made with the Dutch, 236. The nation di- vided into twelve military jurifdi&ions, under fo many major- generals, 244. See Cromnvei, Oliver, and Richard. Protejiants, how the German reformers acquired that name, iv. 99. See Reformation. Provijions, reflections on legal reflriclions laid on the prices of, ii. 365. The prices of, in the reign of Edward II. ib, Prcvifors, the ftatute of, when full enacted, ii. 492. Enacted anew, iii. 56. Prynne, the principles advanced in his Hyftrio Majlyx, vi. 297. His fevere fentence for it in the ilar-chamber, 299. ' A repetition of his cruel ufage for another oifence, 307. His fentences reverfed by the commons, 377. Puffendorf, the Swedifh agent at Paris, informs de Wit of the fchemes of the Englifh. miniftry, vii. 463. Puns recommended to orators by Ariftotje, vi. 190. Puritans, an account of their obftinate fcruples at the infancy of the reformation, v. 150. Are depreffed by queen Elizabeth, but coun- tenanced by her miniilers, 155. 223. The court of ecclefiaftical com- miffion initituted for the fupprefiion of, 262. A fevece law palled againft recufants, 366. Petition king James for relief againft the feverities exercifed againft them, vi. 11. Conference at Hampton- court, 10. 13. Their pretenfions, 163. Their influence in pro- moting the diflatisfaction of the firit parliament of Charles I. with him and Buckingham, 203. The fpecies of, pointed out, 274* Tranfport themfelves to America, until flopped by the king, 310. Under countenance of the parliament, begin to attack the profefled religion, 385. See Nonccnformijls. Purveyance, the hard/hips of, i. 342. Frequently endeavoured to be abolilhed by parliament in the time of Edward III. ii. 489. The nature of that prerogative of the crown explained, v. 346. Parlia- mentary attempts to regulate it, checked by queen Elizabeth, 347. Was made ufe of by her to victual her navy, 461. Lord Bacon's fpeech againft, v. 519. The commons attempt to free the nation from the burthen of, vi. 24. An ineffectual treaty for the relinquish- ment of, 54. Puzas, Hugh de, bifliop of Durham. See Durham. Pym, the fubject of his fpeech at the opening of the fourth parliament of Charles I. vi. 347. His fpeech againft the earl of Strafford in the long parliament, 367. His conduction Strafford's trial, 407. Is appointed chairman of the committee of the lower houie, fitting during the recefs, 423. Is impeached by the king, 467. His death, and the regard paid to him by the parliament, vii. 6, Pjretinees, treaty of, between France and Spain, vii. 306. L I 2 $UJKERS $ INDEX. CL QUAKERS, the origin of that feft, vii. 332. Whence they derived °V»their name, 334.. Their riotous zeal occafions their perfection, ib. Their fingularities, 335. Their addtefs to James II. on his acceflion, viii. 216, note. Queen dowager of France takes refuge in the court of Charles I. vi. 390. Is infuhed on account of her religion, ib. Is requefted to depart by the commons, 391. Queens of England j fte each under their refpeclive names. Quo warranto, a writ of, iffued againft the city of London, viii. 178,, The pleadings in behalf of the city, 179. Conditions on which the charter was reftored, 181. R. JDJINS, extraordinary, in the time of Richard III. which defeat the purpofes of the duke of Buckingham againft. him, iii. 2H9. Rainfoerotv, admiral, is put afhore by his fleet, which declares for tha king, vii. j »o. Raleigh, Walter, gnes over to France a volunteer in the fervice of the Hugonots, v. i'88. His firit expedition to Guiana, 377. Publifhes ' a lying account of that country, ib. Goes under lord Effingham in the expedition again!! Cadiz, 379. Attends EfTex in another expedition, . and takes Fayal, 383. Falls fick while Eflex is in difgrace, on the ap.rihenfion of his coming into favour again, 411. His letter to Cecil on the queen's difpleafure, 526. Is difmiiTed from his em- ployment, vi. 5. Enters into a confpiracy againft James, 8. Is fei tenced to death, but reprieved, g. Is grofsly abuled on trial by Sir Edward Coke, 10. Writes his Hillory of the World, during his long confinement in the Tower, 93. .Spreads reports of a gold mine in Guiana, ib. Is reieafed, and obtains permiflion for his expedition there, 94. His fen killed by the Spaniards on landing, 96. Is dis- appointed in the mine, and plunders St. Thomas, ib. Is carried back prifoner by his men, 97. Is executed, 99. A character of his Hiftory of the World, 195. His conduct at Guiana enquired into, 554. Ral'b de Guader, earl of Norfolk, reafon of his confpiring againft Wil- liam the Conqueror, i. 263. Peace concluded between them, 267. Randolf, the English ambalTadcr in Scotland, his character of the Scots rekrrners, v. 5^. Js fent by Elizabeth to interpofe in favour of the . earl of Morton, 232. Forms a party in oppolition to the earl of Lenox, ib. Rri-jaillac aflaflinates Henry IV. of France, vi. c6. Ravenna, battle cf, between the French under Gallon de Foix, and the Sjanifh and papa! armies, iii. 423. Read, an alderman of London, enrolled hy Henry VIII. as a foot fol- u;er, for refuting a benevolence to him, iv. 244. Reading, I N D" E X. Reading, a council fummoned there tooppofethe tyranny of Longchatnp bifhop of Ely, ii. 17. ]s beiieged and taken by the earl of Efiex, vi. 511. A garrifon Htabliihed in, by the king, 533. Real prefence, why the clergy were io much attached to the doctrine of, in the infancy of the reformation, iv. 322. The point of, debated in convocation, 385. The debate adjourned to Oxford, ib. Inftance of queen Elizabeth's attachment to that doctrine, v. 153, note. Recognition, aft of, pafied in the moft ample terms, by the parliament in favour of James 1. v. 55^. Records, judicial, how preiuved among the Saxons, i. 214.. Recufants, a, fevere law enacted again!! tiiem, v. 366. Redava/d, king of the Eaft-Angles, protects young Edwin, againft Adel- frid, king of Northumberland, i. ^1. Defeats and kills Acielfrid, 42. Confpired againft, and killed, 43. Reformation, the firft commencement cf, in Germany, by Martin Luther, iv. 35. His doctrines fpread among the Lollards in England, 36. Henry VIII. writes againll Luther, and receives the title of Defender of the Faith from the pone, ib. Luther aniwers Henry clolely, ib. To what caufes the quick progreis of, may be afcribed, ^j. The pope declared to be Antichnit, and let at defiance by the reformers, 38. How the reformers favoured the civil power in their cencts, ib. The firft fteps toward, in England, 95. Progrefs of, 107. How far forwarded by the appeal to private judgment, 126. Tindal makes a tranllation' of the fcriptutes, 1 30. A transition prepared by order of convocation, 154. All authority of the bifhop of Rome renounced, 164. Articles of faith prepared by the convocation, 166. How far protectant principles were favoured in thefe ar;ic!es, ltated, 167. Stippreflion of religious houfes, 150. 178. The law of fix articles pafied, 194. The bible granted to every family, 200. Hofpitals, colleges, and other foundations difiblved, and their revenues feized by the king, 221. The chapter-lands of Canterbury, York, and London, extorted from thofe fees, 222. The Litany, and part of the public fervice, allowed to be celebrated in Englilh, 254. The acceifion of Edward VI. favourable to, 287. The twelve homilies publilhed, to be read to the people, 291. Laws pafied favourable to, 307. The cup reftored to the laity, and private mafies aboliihed, ib. Penalty on denying the king's fupremacy, ib. A new communion- fervice framed, 309. Liturgy framed by a committee cf bifhops and divines, 320. Gardiner, and other bilhops, deprived of their bifhoprics, 345. The general antipathy, at this time, to popery, 347. The iuurgy reviled, 348. Articles of religion framed, ib. The liturgy authorifed by parliament, 354. The catholic religion reftored by qusen Mary, 376. All Edward's ftatutes relating to reli- gion repealed, 379. The reformers periecuted, 4.1 1. See Herefy. Cecil's arguments to induce queen Elizabeth to refiore it, v. 5. The queen's prudent caution in performing it, 7. The newly erected monafteries fupprefied, 10. The qe-een declared governefs of the church, ib. All Edward's ftatutes concerning religion confirmed, II. A folemn deputation, 12. The mafs aboliihed, ib. The Engli.'h liturgy reftored, 14. The bilhops degraded for non compliance, ib.. L 1 3 Progreis INDEX. Progrefs of, in Scotland, 22. Rife of the aflbciation called the gregation of the Lord, ib. Riot of proteftants in Edinburgh, on the feftival cf St. Gyles, 24. Riots of Knox's congregation at Perth, 27. See Congregation of the Lord. The catholic religion fupprefied in Scotland, and the prefbyterian difcipline eftablifhed, 38. Struggles in favour of, in France, 40. Cruel infolence of the Scots reformers, to their queen Mary, 48. Civil wars of France, 68. See Conde ; Medieis, Catherine de ; Hugoncts, &c. Is eftablifhed in Scotland by parliament, with the queen's fanction, no. A character of the plan cf, eftablifhed in England, 149. Reflections on the conduct cf re- formers, 189. Cruel feverity cf the emperor Charles V. toward the FUniifh proteftants, 191. The Flemifh proteftants revolt, 192. Ma/T.icrecf theHugcnois at Paris, 206. The catholic league formed in France againft the Hugonots, 212. A review of Elizabeth's con- c-jct in religious matters, 222. Severe laws palled againft popery;, 235. Popery finally fupprefied by the ftrict law againft Jefuits and popifn priefts, 259. Regicides, trial and execution of, vii. 356. 380. Reginald, fub-prior of Chrift's-church, Canterbury, his clandestine eledion to that fee on the death of Hubert, ii. 57, Is fent privately to Rome for confirmation, ib. His imprudent conduct, ib. Rehcarfal, a character of this fatirical play, vii. 333. Religious ejiablijbmsnts, the foundation of, iv. 31. ■ boufes, the number of, fupprefied by Henry VIII. iv. 182. The amount of their revenues, ib. See Monaferies. Reliques, the artifices of, expofed on thedifiblution cf monafteries. iv, iSc. Remonjirance, an account of that framed and pafied by the commons in the long parliament, vi. 419. Reafoning of the people on both fides with regard to it, 451. Is anfwered by the king, 4^7. Renaud, a Frenchman, takes theearl of Suffolk prifoner, and is knighted by him, iii. 149. Reprefentati~oes to parliament, the firft fteps towards chufing them for counties, ii. 184. See Commons. Requefer.s, commendator of Caftile, fucceeds the duke of Alva in the com- mand of the Low Countries, v. 217. His character, ib. Undertakes the fiege ot Leaden, ib. Dies, and his troops mutiny, which ruins the Spai in the Low Countries, 219. Retainers, the term explained, iii. 399. Frequent laws pafied againft, by Henry VII. ib. Story told of Henry relating to, ib. The prac- tice of, how deftrcyed, ib. 400. f the .Anglo-Norman kings of England, in what it confifted, ii. 125. Crown lanas, ib, Tailliages, 126. Scutage, 127. Dane- gelt and moneyage, ib. Efcheats, 128. Wardships, 129. Fines, amerciaments, and oblates, 130. State of, ordinary and extraor- y, at the time of Henry V. iii. 120. Amount of, in queen Mary's time, iv. 433. State of, in the reign of James I. vi. 171. State of, in the protectorate of Richard Cromwel, vii. 330. State of, between the refturation and revolution, viii. 324. li'zenues, rociefuiliical, the alienation of, prohibited, v. 12. Revoluiionin i683, compared with the depofition of Richard II. iii. 46. Reynold INDEX. Reynolds excites an infurrection in Northamptonshire, to deftroy in- clofures, vi. 44. Ribaumont, Euftace-de, his encounter with Henry III. at Calais, ii. 444. Yields himfelf prifoner, and is generouily treated, and fet at liberty by him, 445. Rhee, ifle of, attacked by th? duke of Buckingham, vi. 236. Rheims, Charles Vll. attended by Joan d'Arc, marches in there, and is crowned, iii. 151. Rhodes, the knights of, chufe Henry VII. of England, protector of their order, iii. 385. Richard, fecond fon of Henry II. inverted by his father with the duchy of G'-ienne, and county of Poiclu, i. 434. lnitigated by his mo- ther Eleanor to revolt again ft his father, 436. Is reconciled to his father, 447. Refufes homage to his elder brother {or his duchy, 434. The difference compromifed by their father, ih. becomes intitled to the fuccefiion by his brother Henry's death, 453. Rffufes his father's affigr.ment of Guienne to his brother John, ib. Refigns it to hi<= mother Eleanor, ib. Is encouraged to rebel again, by Philip of France, 458. Excommunicated by Albano, the pope's legate, 460. Peace concluded with his father, and be is contracted to Alice, filter of Philip of France, 462. His remorfe on feeing his father's body, 463. His acceflion, ii. 1. I. difcountenances his former evil advifers, and cardies his fa- ther's minivers, ii. 2. Releafes his mother, and makes her regent until his arrival in England, ib. Prepares for a crufade to the Holy Land, 3. Jews prohibited by an edict from appearing at his coro- nation, ib. A maffkere of, on that occafion, ib. His expedient to raife money for the crufade, 5. Sells the vaffallage of Scotland, ib. His reply to Fulk, curate of Neuilly, 6. In whole hands he placed the adminiftration, during his abfence on the crufade, ib. Meets Philip of France, with his army, at Vezelay, 7. Renews his engage- ments of friendlhip with Philip, 8. Embarks his army at Marfeilles, ib. Is obliged to winter at Meffina, ib. His character, and that of Philip compared, 9. The occafion of his attacking the Sicilians, and taking Medina, 10. His difputes with Philip, ib. Sets afide his contract with Alice, and propofes to marry Berengaria, daughter of Sanchez, king of Navarre, 12. Is attended on his crufade by his bride, and his filler Joan, queen dowager of Sicily, ib. Some of his vefiels wrecked and pillaged on the coail of Cyprus, ib. Conquers and imprifons Ifaac, prince of Cyprus, 13. Efpoufes Berengaria there, ib. Arrives in Paleftine, and aflitts at the liege of Acre, ib. Engages to fupport the pretenfions of Guy de Lufignan, to the king- dom of Jerufalem, in oppofuion to Conrade, marquis of Montferrat, 14. Troubles in England during his abfence, 15. Confers the kingdom of Cyprus on Lufignan, on condition of his quitting his pre- tenfions to Jerufalem, 19. Defeats Saladin, 20. Is obliged to abandon the intention of befieging Jerufalem, ib. Concludes a truce with Saladin, for three years, three months, three weeks, three days, and three hours, 21. His cruel treatment of his prifoners, 22. 1$ arretted on his return, by Leopold, archduke of Aullria, 23. Is de- livered ud to the emperor Henry VI. who imprifons him in irons, ib. LI 4 Is INDEX. Is carried to, and accufed before the diet at Worms, 26. His fpirited reply, ib. Ranfoms himfelf, 28. His ranfom, how levied, accord- ing to the feudal fyftem, ib. Obtains his liberty, and efcapes a feccnd arreft by the emperor, zg. h again crowned at Winchefter, ib. Goes over 10 Normandy, to revenge himfelf on Philip's perfidy, 29. Defeats Philip at Fretteval, 30. Concludes a truce with him, 31. His brother John fubmiis to him, ib. Makes peace with him at Louviers, which is quickly broken, 32. Takes the bifhop of Beauvais prifoner, and fends his coat of mail to the pope, ib. Concludes a truce with Philip for five years, 33. Is wounded in befieging Vi- domar, count of Limoges, ib. The gallant reply of Gourdon the archer, who fhot him, 34. His fenfibility of the retort, ib. Dies, ib. His character, ib. Reflections on his reign, 35. Mifcellaneous affairs, 36. Richard U. his acceffion, iii. 1. State of parties at that juncture, 2. Form of government fettled by parliament during his minority, 3. Council appointed, ib. The adminiftration, how conducted, 4. His embarrafTments at his acceffion, 5. War with France, ib. Popular infurrections, 6. Has a conference with Watt Tyler, 10. His prudent behaviour at the death of Tyler, ib. Reflections on this affair, 11. Heads the army again ft the Scots, 12. Burns Edin- burgh, Perth, and Dundee, ib. Returns to England prematurely, ib. His attachment to Robert to Vere, earl of Oxford, 14. Awed by his parliament, 15. Deprived of his regal power by a council of fourteen, appointed by his uncle Gloucefter, 17. Fails in the en- deavour to influence the election of the houfe of commons, 18. Con- sults the judges, on the validity of his commiffion to the council of fourteen, ib. Their opinion, ib. Violent proceedings againft his min.ftry by the duke of Gloucefter, 20. His and his queen, Anne, their ineffectual concern at the execution of Sir Simon Burley, 23. Exerts himfelf, and removes archbifhop Fitz-.Alan from his onice ©f chancellor, 24. Removes Gloucefter and Warwick from the council, ib. Truce with France, and "marriage of Richard to lfabella of France, 26. Seizes the charter of London, and the cha- racter of his adminiftration, ib. Declares Mortimer fucceffor, 28. Hurries Gloucefter over to Calais, and awes his faction, 29. Pro- ceedings againft his party, 31. Procures Gloucefter to be murdered at Calais, 32. Creation of peers, 33. Removes the parliament to Shrewfbury, ib. Their grants to him, ib. Prevents the duel be- tween the dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, and banifhes them, 36. Oppofes the fuccefficn of Hereford to the dukedem of Lancafter, 37. Embarks for Ireland, 58. Leaves the duke of York guardian of the realm, 39. Returns to oppofe the invafion of the duke of Lancafter, ib. Seized by the earl of Northumberland, and confined in Flint- caftle, 40. Heads of accufation preferred againft him in parliament, 41. Companion between this period of h;ftory, and the revo- lution in 1688, 46. Depofed by parliament, ib. Murdered in Pomfret-caftle, ' 49. His character, ib. Comparifon between, and Edward III. 50. Mifcellaneous tranfactions during this reign, 52. Companion between his fituaticn, and that of Charles VI. of France, 92. 9 Richard INDEX. "Richard III. the first, acts of his administration, iii. 282. Prelections on his feizure of the crown, 283. Appoints the duke of Buck- ingham conitable, ib. Procures his execution, for rebelling againft him, 289. Obtains a parliamentary fanftion of his fovereignty, 290. Suppofed to poifon his wife Anne, to make room for his marriage with the princefs Elizabeth, 291. Marches to oppofe the invafion of the earl of Richmond, 294. His fufpicions of his own party, ib. Battle of Bofworth, 295. Killed, ib. His cha- racter, 296. Richemont, Arthur count de, taken prifoner at the battle of Azincour, iii. 102. Releai'ed on his parole, 127. Evades his parole on the death of Henry V. ib. Obtains the duke of Burgundy's filter by the regent's intereit, 128. Engaged in the Englifh intereft, ib. Attends the con- grefs at Arras, 161. Ricklieu, cardinal, prime minifter cf France, his character, vi. 232. Ri- vals the duke of Buckingham in his addreiTes to the queen of France, 234. Throws a moleacrofs the harbour of Rochelle, to complete the blockade, 263. Supplies the covenanters in Scotland with money, 337. The conc'lufton of his administration, and death, vii. 247. Richmond, Henry earl of, carried into Britain by the earl of Pembroke, on the eftabllfhment of the York family in Edward IV. iii. 25 1 . His pedigree, 285. Meafures taken for his fafe cuftody by Edward, 286. Edward difappoinred in a fcru-me for getting him into his power, 287. Overtures for his marriage with the princefs Elizabeth, 291. Makes unfuccefsful attempts for a deicent on England, 292. His party exhort him to another fpeedy attempt, ib. Lands at Milford- haven, 293. Battle of Bofworth, 295. Richard III. killed, ib. See Henry VII. •-———, duke of, natural fon of Henry VIII. made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, iv. 122. Dies, 163, note. Ridley, bifhop of London, pleads with Edward VI. in behalf of the prio- cei's Mary, iv. 347. Is imprifoned on the acceflion of queen Mary, 376. Is fent under a flrong guard to Oxford, to debate on tranfub- itar.tiation, 385. Is burnt fcr h-jrefy, together with bifnop Latimer, 414. Right. See Petition of Right. Rmuccini, is, by the pope, fent nuncio to the Irifh catholics, vii. 161. Excites the Irifn to break the pacification concluded with Ormond, 162. Is driven out of Ireland, 163. Riots, a {cvere Itatute paffcd againft, iv. 340. Rippon, treaty of, between Charles I. and the Scots covenanters, vi. 35 S. Is acjourned to London, 361. Rivers, earl of, unc.e to Edward V. eotrufted with the care of his perfon, iii. 268. Pi is character, ib. The firlt who introduced the art or print- ing into England, ib.note. Arretted by the duke of Glouceiter, while conducting the young king to London, 270. Murdered in Pom- fret-caitie, 272. Rizz-io, David, Jome account of his introduction to the court of Mary, queen of Scotland, v. 95. His promotion and character, ib. Excites tiiejealoafy ofDarnley, the queen's hufband, 96. Incurs the hatred of the INDEX. the proteflants, ib. A con (piracy formed againft him by the chancellor Morton, 97. Is ailafunated in the queen's prefence, 98. Robbery, inftance of the general practice of, at the time of Henry III. ii. 227. Robert III. king of Scotland, his character, iii. 75. His fon taken pri- foner by Henry IV. of England, ib. Dies of grief, ib. »' ■, eldeft fon cf William the Conqueror, his character, i. 272. 286. Revolts againft his father, 273. Extraordinary rencounter between him and his father, 274. Reconciled to him, 275. Returns to England, and repulfes the Scots, ib. Succeeds to the duchy of Normandy, 286. Mortgages his dominions to his brother, and enters the crufade, 299. His reputation in the crufade, 312. How he loft the kingdom of Eng- land, ib. Returns, and invades England, 319. Enters into an ac- commodation with his brother Henry I. 321. DiftrefTed by his re- miflhefs, 322. Rochelle, Pennington ordered to 3 flirt in the reduction of, deferts, and fails back to England, vi. 208. Afquadron fentby the Dutch againft, 209. Buckingham brings a fleet and forces to aflift the town, and is igno- rantly refufed admittance, 235. The blockade effected by throwing a mole acrofs the harbour, 263. Is forced to furrenderat difcretion, 264. Rochford, lord, brother to queen Anne Boleyn, is accufed by his wife of intimacy with his filler, iv. 155. Is confined by the king's order, 157. Is tried, together with the queen, 159. Is condemned, 160. •— — — , vifcountefs of, calumniates queen Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII. iy. 155. Conducts the fecret amours of queen Catherine Howard, 220. Is beheaded, together with the queen, 221. -, the caflie of, taken from the barons by king John, and the com- mon men of the garrifon hanged, ii. 93. Rockejler, earl of, a character of his poems, viii. 336. Rockingham, a fynod fummcned there by William Rufus, to depofe An- felm archbifhop of Canterbury, i. 303. Rocroy, defeat of the Spaniards there by the prince of Conde, vii. 251. Rodolpbi, a Florentine merchant in London, is employed by the pope to negotiate with the catholics in England, v. 195. Is engaged by the Spanifh ambaflador to diflurb the government, in favour of Mary queen of Scots, 196. The duke of Norfolk enters into his fcheme, 197. Goes to Rome to mature his defign, ib. Roger, earl of Hereford, caufe of his confpiring againft William the Conqueror, i. 263. His eilate forfeited, and himfelf confined for life, 266. , archbifhop of York, crowns prince Henry, when aflbciated with his father Henry II. i. 412. Sufpended at Becket's inftigation, 413. Complains to the king, and the confequences of this complaint, 415. Circum (lances of a quarrel between him and Richard archbifhop of Canterbury, 469. Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's, burnt for herefy, iv. 41 2. Rollo the Dane, his hiflory, i. 136. Makes inroads into France, 137. Settles in Neuftria, and marries the daughter of Charles the Simple, 138. His prudent government, 139. See Normandy, Roman!} INDEX. Romans, their fir ft arrival in Britain, i. 6. Subdue it all except Caledo- nia, 10. Abandon it, 12. Refufe affiftance to the Britons, 13. Rome, reflections on the policy of the court of, i. -530. The venal prin- ciples of the court of, at the early period of Henry III. his reign, ii. 168. Church of, when at the fummit of its power, 229. A character of the decretals of pope Gregory IX. ib. Remarks on the new orders initituted by, ib. Our literary obligations to the ancient clergy of, iii. 297. The bad principles on which the church of, is founded, iv. 31. Its encroachments on civil authority, ib. Favourable however to the reftoration of the arts, 33. Confe- quence of the fale of indulgences by pope Leo X. 35, See Luther and Reformation. Its authority renounced by the Engliih convo- cation and parliament, 119. Reflections on this event, 121. See Reformation. City of, taken and facked by the Imperial troops, iv. 69. Rood of Grace., a miraculous'crucifix, the artifice of, expofed at Paul's crofs, by Kelfey bifhop of Rochefter, iv. 180. Roper, Sir Anthony, is fined by the ftar-chamber, for convening arable land to paiture, vi. 303. Rofe, red and white, party diftiuclions of the houfes of Lancaiter and York, iii. 217. Remarks on the con fu fed hillory of the wars be. tween, 234. Rofeivel, a prelbyterian preacher, his profecution for treafonable words, viii. 201. Rofni, marquis of, minifter to Henry IV. of France, comes over to Do- ver to confer with queen Elizabeth, v. 433. Difcovers Elizabeth to have entertained the fame views with Henry, of dlabliihing a new fyftem of policy in Europe, 434. Is fent ambafTador from Henry IV. of France to king James, on his acceffion, vi. 6. Propofes to James a league againft the houfe of Aulbia, 7. Concludes a treaty with. James for the fupport of the United Provinces, ib. Rouen, beiieged and taken by Philip of France, ii. 53. The king of Na- varre mortally wounded at the fiegeof, v. 71. Is taken by Montmo- rency, and the ganifon put to the fword, ib. Roundheads, the appellation of, when, and to whom given, vi. 464. Roundivay-do-Mn, battle of, between lord Wilmot and Sir William Wal- ler, vi. 5 19. Rentiers. See Brain-teens. Roxborougb, James Ii. of Scotland killed at the liege of, iii. 220. Royal Society, the firft inltuution of, viii. 332. Rufus. See William Rifts. Rump parliament, the reuoration of the long one fo termed. See Parlia- ment. Runnemede, the great charter of Englifh liberties ligned there by king John, ii. 84. The principal heads of this charter, 85. Remarks upon it, 88. See Charter. Rupert, prince, fon of the elector palatine, offers his fervice to Charles I. and commands a body of horfe for him, vi. 50c. Defeats a party of Eflex's arm„y at Worcelter, ib. Defeats the left wing of Efux's army at E jge hill, 507. Surprises EiTex, and carries off booty and pri- fcoers, 520. Is lent weftward to join the Ccrnirh troops, 522. Takes 1 Briftol, INDEX. Briftol, 523. Obliges the parliamentary forces to retire from Newark, vii. 9. Marches to the relief of York, it. Engages rafhly in the battle of Marfton-moor, where he is defeated, ib. Urges the battle of Nafeby, 56. Retires to Briftol, 60. Capitulates; is difmiffed by the king, and leaves England, 6i. Command? the fquadron which deferted to Charles II. and is haraffed by admiral Blake, 204. Takes refuge in France, 205. Commands under the duke of York againir. the Dutch, 402. Joins Albemarle during his engagement with Tromp and de Ruyter, 412. Obtains the command of the Englifh fleet, 506. Engages the Dutch on their own coaft, ib. Another action, ib. Another at the mouth of the Texel, 508. Is appointed one of the privy-council, viii. 102. His death, 204. Was the inventor of etching, 326. Rujfell, lord,fupprefles an infurrettion in Devonfhire, excited tooppofethe reformation, i\\ 330. Is created earl of Bedford, 339. See Bedford. » , lord, privately favours the French intrigues, but refufes to accept any prefent from that court, viii. 43, note. Is made one of the privy- council to Charles II. 102. Refigns, 123. His character, ib. Enters into the duke of Monmouth's confpiracy, 182. Is fen t to the Tower, 188. Tried, 1^9. is condemned, 193. Is executed, 195. Ruthven, lord, affifts with others in affaihuating David Rizzio, v. 97. . , governor of Plymouth for the parliament, is defeated by the royalilts on Bradoc Down, vi. 518. Rutland, earl of, created duke of Albemarle by Richard II. iij. 33. De- graded, 48. Confpires againft Henry IV. and betrays his aflbciates, 63. Summary view of his treacherous behaviour, 64. Killed at the battle of Azincour, being then duke of York, 102. Ruyter. See De Ruyter. Rye- bou/e -plot, hiitory of, viii. 186. COf, Don Pantaleon, brother to the Portuguefe ambalTador, hanged by Cromwel for alTaflination, vii. 237. Sadler, Sir Ralph, ambaffador from Henry VIII. to the court of Scot- land, concludes a treaty of marriage between prince Edward and Mary, the infant-queen of Scotland, iv. 233. His retinue infuhed, at the inftigation of cardinal Beaton, 234. His demand of the ftipulated hoilages, evaded by Arran, the regent, ib. Orders the Scots prifcners on parole to return to England, ib. Is made counfellor to the regency of Edward VI. 282. Afliits in relloring the advantage to the Englifh, at the battle of Pinkey, 304. Is appointed one of the commiflioners for determining the caufe between Mary queen of Scots, and Murray, the regent, v. 134. Safety, committee of, elected, vii. 304. General Monk's artful beha- viour to, 312. Saladin, king of Egypt, his character, ii. 457. Recovers Paleftine from the crufaders,;^. Acre taken from him by the Chriltians, 15. Is de- feated by the Chriltians under Richard I. of England, 20. Concludes a truce with Richard, 21. Review of his conduct in this war, ib. Dies, 22. Inftance of his rjhilofophy, ii. Solid INDEX. Salick lanu of fucceflion to the crown of France, the foundation of, traced, ii. 389. Attempted to be introduced into the Englilh go- vernment by Henry IV. iii. 79. Revoked at the inftauce of the houfe of commons, 80. Salijbury, an infurredlion of royalifts there, under the protectorate, who proclaim Charles II. vii. 243. , earl of, natural brother to king John, commands the Englifh fleet againft Philip of France, and deltroys his ihips in their harbour, ii. 74. • , countefs of, miftrefs to Edward III. the dropping of her garter fuppofed to be the occafion of instituting the order of the garter, ii. 448. , earl of, befieges Orleans, iii. 138. Killed before the town, , 39« earl of, inltances of generalfhip in, at the battle of Blore- heath, iii. 204. Taken by queen Margaret at the battle of Wake- field, and beheaded, 209. ■ ■ , countefs of, mother of cardinal Pole, is attainted and con- demned by parliament, but reprieved, iv. 198. Executed, 213. » i , fecretary Cecil created earl of, by James I. vi. 5. Caufes which procured his promotion, ib. Procures the difmiffion of his former afibciates, ib. Communicates to the king the hints he re- ceived of the gunpowder-plot, 34. Is made treafurer, 46. Ex- poftulates with the parliament on the king's neceflsties, ib. Invents the title of baronet, to fupply James with money by the fale of it, Sallee is deftroyed by an Englifti fleet, vi. 306. Sanchez, king of Navarre, inftance of his confidence in the juftice of Henry II. of England, i. 467. His daughter Berengaria married to Richard I. ii. 12. Sandilands, Sir Jamee, is fent from the parliament to queen Mary in France, to obtain a ratification of their proceedings in reforming re- ligion, v. 39. Bandivkh, earl of, fails in attempting to feize the Dutch Eaft India fleet, in the Daoilh harbours, vii. 406. 16 killed at the battle of Solebay, 485. Sanquhar, lord t executed for aflaflinaiion, vi. 6f . Santa Crocf, marquis of, h appointed to command the Spanifii Armada, v. 333. Dies, 339. Santn Cruz, a Spanifli fleet burnt in the harbour of, by Admiral Elake, vii. 257. . . . SavilJe, Sir John, a zealous commoner againii the court, is promoted and ennobled by king James I. vi. 1 17. ;y, a conference there, between twelve biflicps and twelve prefl;y«= terian miniflers, vii. 369. , Philibert duke of. See Philibert. ..;•/, William, xzSiar of St. Ofytbe, the £rfi perfcn burnt in Eng- land for herefy v iii. 65. .lnx'jKto national character of, i, ;?. Arrive in Britsin under Hengift and Horfs., 19. Subdue Britain, and fettle there, 2c. Their con- qu^Ihlngriuin, very iuiiMii : . to the roun.tr;-, ?6. Throw back all the INDEX. the Britiih improvements into ancient barbarity, ib. After fubduing the Britons, war agaiofl each other, 27. Difficulty of continuing their hiftory, and why, 28. Brief view of their idolatrous religion, 31. Made but flow improvement in arts in England, 60. Their bigotry and fupcrftition, 61. Their gradual ecclefiaftical fubje&ion to the fee of Rome, traced, ib. Their theological difputes, 63. Reduced to defpair by the ravages of the Danes, 79. Admit the Danes to fettle with them afcer defeating them, 83. Their monks characlerifed, 110. Their affected authorities, 113. Oppofed by the fecular clergy, 114. Review of the Saxon government in Eng- land, 198. The fucceflion of their princes, how regulated, iga. Account of .their Wittenagemot, or national council, 201. Earl and Alderman i fynonimous appellations among, ib. note. Their go- vernment ariltocratical, toward the time of the Norman conqueft, 204. State of popular liberty among, 208. Several orders of men among, ib. Their courts of juftice, 212. State of legislation among, 214. Their criminal law, 215. Their military force, 225. Tubli; revenues, ib. Value of money among, 226. Their manners in- quired into, 229. Finally fubdued by William duke of Normandy, 193. 231. See Harold, and William. Their laws compared with the civil law, iii. 300. Saxony, Maurice elector of. See Maurice. Scandal and reproach, inftances of the fevere punifhment of, by the court of liar-chamber, vi> 303. Scone, the famous ftone there, on which the kings of Scotland were anointed, carried to London by Edward I. ii. 282. Robert Bruce crowned there, 317. Edward Baliol crowned there, 385. Scotland, and Scots, the Scots and Pi&s invade Britain, i. 13. King Conilantine defeated by Athelltan king of England, 104, 105. King Duncan killed by Macbeth, 168. Macbeth killed, and Malcolm re- ftored, ib. King William taken priloner by Henry II. does homage, with all his nobility, for his ranfom, 448. The vaiTaiage of, fold by Richard I. to raife money for his crufade, ii. 6. Remarks on the an- cient hiftory of, 245. Alexander III. king of, marries the fitter of Edward 1. ib. Dies, 246. Is fucceeded by Margaret of Norway, ib. Guardians appointed during her infancy, ib. A treaty of mar- riage negotiated between her and prince Edward of England, ib. She dies on her paflage to Scotland, 247. Competitors for the crown of, 248. 255. Their claims referred to the decifion of Ed- ward I. of England, 250. An inquiry into the nature of the homage done by the kings of, to thofe of England, 25). The parliament of, and the competitors for the crown, attend the fummons of Edward to Norham, ibuth of the Tweed, 253. Edward afferts his right to difpofe of the crown, as liege of the kingdom, ib. The fortrefles in, delivered up to Edward, 256. The barons and prelates fwcar fealty tohim, 257. Edward decides in favour of John Baliol's right to the crown, 258. Baliol fwears fealty to Edward, and is put in poil'ellion of the kingdom, ib. The Scots, and their new king, provoked at Edward's adls of ufurpation over them, 259. Afiign a council to carry on the adminiftration, and aflemble an army to oppole the forces of Edward, zb'o. Berwic taken by Edward, and the g&rrilbn I N D E X. garrifon put to the fword, 281. The Scots defeated by earl War- renne, and the caille of Dunbar furrendered to Edward, ib. Roxbo- rough taken, ib. Edinburgh, and the whole country, fubdued, 28Z. Baliol fvvears fealty to him, ib. Baiiol carried prifoner to London, and committed to theTcwer, 283. Earl Warrenne left governor of, ib. The Scots abandoned by Philip of France, in conlequence of his treaty with Edward, 297. Warrenne, returning to England, leaves the adminiftration in the hands of Ormefby and Creflingham, 298. Their oppreflions of the Scots,' ib. The Scots rife againfl the Englifh, under William Wallace, 299. Gain a victory over War- renne, 301. Wallace made regent, 302. The regency given to the fteward, and Cuming of Badenoch, on Wallace's resignation, 303. The Scots army defeated by Edward at Falkirk, 304,. Apply to France for fuccour, but are refufed, 306. Engage pope Boniface in their intereft, 307. John de Segrave, left guardian of, by Ed- ward, who is defeated by the Scots, 309. Is again fubdued by Edward, 310. Young Robert Bruce arrives in Scotland, and fpirits up the nobility to a revolt, 314. Bruce is crowned at Scone, 317. He reduces the Englifh in Scotland, and is acknowledged by the whole country, 337. Bruce defeats Edward at Bannockburn, 340. The independency of, eftablifhed by this victory, 341. He invades England on the death of Edward II. 372. The nature of the war made by the Scots, and their army, defcribed, 373. Death of Ro- bert Bruce, and acceffion of his fon David, 381. State of, at this period, 383. The earl of Marre appointed regent on the death of Murray, ib. Marre defeated and flain by Edward Baliol, 384. He is crowned at Scone, 385. Is routed by Sir Archibald Douglas, and flies to England, ib. Douglas defeated by Edward III. of England, and Edward Baliol reftored, 388. He is acknowledged no longer than protefted by the prefence of the Englifh king, ib. King David defeated and taken prifoner by queen Philippa, 440. Is ranfomed, 461. An exprefs inquiry into the nature of the homage paid by the kings of, to thofe of England, 501. The Scots obtain afliftance from France to invade England, and their conduct in thefe incurfions, iii. 12. Difoblige their allies, who return home, 13. Invade England again, but are worried, 67. Battle of Homeldon, 68. Piince James taken prifoner by Henry IV. and educated in England, 75. Carried to France by Henry V. 114. The Scots army in France re- fufe to obey their young king while in captivity, ib. James 1. reftored, 129. Murdered, ib. Affairs of, during the reign of Henry VI. and beginning of Edward IV. 219. State of, in the time of Henry VII. 332. James IV. receives and aflilts Perkin Warbec, 371. Marries Margaret, eldefl daughter of Henry, 386. The Scots routed ac the battle of Flouden, and James killed, 439. His queen Mar- garet marries Douglas earl of Angus, iv. 5. The duke of Albany called over to the regency, 6. The ftate of, as it appeared to Al- bany on his arrival, ib. Confufions in, on Albany's going over to France, 8. Reafons in favour of alliances with France or England contrafted, 43. Extraordinary cafe of Patrick Hamilton burnt for herefy, 214. Friar Forreft burnt, 215. The reformation fpreads in, 216. Henry declares war againft, 227. Sir Robert Bowes defeated by INDEX. fcy the lords Hume and Huntley, 288. Battle of Solway, 221, Death of James V. 230. The infant queen Mary, contracted to prince Edward of England, 233. Invaded by Henry VIII. and Edinburgh burnt, 245. The Engliih defeated at Ancram, 249. Is included in the peace of Campe between Henry and Francis, 25;. Hiftory of Wifhart the reformer, 295. Cardinal Beaton affaflinated, 297. Its misfortunes at this time, owing to a fucceflion of minorities, 299. The duke of Somerfet prepares to profecute the war with, ib. His manifefto, 300. The Scots prepare to repel Somerfet, 302. Battle of Pinkey, 303. The young queen Mary fent to France, 312. The earl of Arran refigns the regency to the queen dowager, 439. The young queen Mary married to the dauphin, 440. Englifh reformers protected there from the profe- cutions of queen Mary, v. 21. Account of the affociation called The Congregation of the Lord, 22. See Congregation, and Guije, Mary of . Treaty of Edinburgh, 36. Settlement of the admini- ilration during the queen's abfence by this treaty, ib. The catholic religion fuppreffed, and the prefbyterian difcipline eflablifhed by parliament, 38. Qneen Mary arrives, on the death of her hufband, 45. The queen expoled to infults for hev adherence to the catholic religion, 47. The poverty of the reformed clergy there, 54. The ecclefiaiHcal benefices how affigned by the privy council, 55. Mary married to the lord Darnley, £9. A confederacy formed againft Mary at Stirling, which is encouraged by Elizabeth, 90. The rebels driven into England, 91. Murder of Darnley, 107. The protefLmt religion eftabllmed by parliament, with the queen's fandtion, no, note. Mary married to Bothwel, 115. Reflections of the people on thefe events, ib. Mary imprifoned in Lochleyin caftle, 120. Mary forced to refign the crown, and her fon James VI. crowned, 124. Arrival of Murray the regent, 125. The fettle- ihent of the crown and adminiftrarion confirmed by parliament, ib. Battle of Langfide, 128. Mary flies to England, ib. Her caufe examined before Englifh commiffioners, 135. 144. Murray the regent afiaffinated, 167. The earl of Lenox appointed rpgent, 168. He is put to death by Murray's party, and the earl of Mar chofen, 202. Morton made regent on the death of Mar, ib. Dlf- contents and faftions againlt Morton, 230. Morton tried and exe- cuted, 232. A confpiracy of nobles formed, who feize the young king James, 248. James efcapes from them, 254. Earl of Arran degraded, 256. A defenfive alliance entered into between James and Elizabeth, 270. Queen Mary fentenced to death by Englifh commiffioners, 299. And executed, 319. The hoftile laws between and England, abolifhed, vi. 4!. The natural confequences of their king fucceeding to the crown of England, 82. View of the ftate of religion there, 84. James obtains the jurifdi&ion of bifhops to be acknowledged, ib. - The eftablifhment of epifcopal authority acd ceremonies oppofed, ib. The nature of the excommunication pro- nounced by the ecclefiallical courts in, 86. Behaviour of Black , mi- ni Iter of St. Andrews, 87. Seditious principles of the clergy there, 88. Some of the refractory miniilers punifhed on his acceffion to the crown of Eng'and, ib. The general aflembly fubmit to regal ur\d epi'"- ; i. 64. Tbouloufe, count de, defpoijed of his dominions for protecting the Afbvr ge»fes; \\. 67. Thomas a Bccket, his hiflory previous to his preferment, I, Ap- pointed chancellor, 384. His magnificent way of life,' ii. Goes ambafTador to France', 3S5. Inftance of the king's familiarity with him, 336. Promoted to Canterbury, ib. His affumed fanctity on thi» cccafion, tb. His attacks oh the earl of Ciare, and William of Eynf- iord, 388. Oppofes the king in a national fynod, 492. Is prevailed on to fuhferibe the constitutions of Clarendon, 19 j. His furrow for his compliance, 396. Sued for fome lands, and ins beha\ iuur there- upon, 397. Condemned for* contempt at the council of Northampton, 398. Cor, fu its with his fuffragans about a fubfequent demand of money made en him by the king, 400. His extraordinary vifu to- the king, 401. Appeals to the pope, and leaves the kingdom, 403. His reception in France, 404. Hisreprefentations abroad, 406. Excom- municates Henry*s minlfters, 407. Obtains a Iegantine commiffion, ib. Ineffectual treaties of pacification between him and the king, 41c. Is reconciled to him, 411. Oppofes the coronation of prince Henry when affociated with his father, 412. Sufpends the arch- bifhop of York, and excommunicates other bifhops who afiilt at the co r onation, 4] 3. Murdered at the altar, 417. His character, and that of the age he lived in, ib. Canonized by pope Alexander, 421. Pilgrimages to his fhrine, ib. King Henry does penance at it, 444. His murderers how punifhed, 452. The extraordinary devotion paid to his flirine, iv. 181. The fhnnc pillaged, asd Becket's bones burns by Henry VI 11. 182. Thorn INDEX". VTbomond, earl of, his hiftcry, v. 400. Throgmorton, Sir Nicholas, is tried at Guildhall, on account of Suf- folk's confpiracy, but acquitted, iv. 393. His jury cruelly treated, 394. His brother Sir John convicted, ib. Is releafed from confine- ment by Philip, 402. Is made ambafiador to Paris, and fends over intelligence of the hoftile meafures of the French court, v. 33. Re- news his application to Mary queen of Scots to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 42. Mary's fpirited declaration to hiin on being denied a paflage through England to Scotland, 4^. Is employed by Eliza- beth to encourage an mfurrectioo in Scotland againft Mary, 90. His prudent management in this affair for his own fecurity, 92. Is fent ambaffador to Scotland, on the captivity of Mary, 121. The tenor of hiscommiffion, ib. Is ordered not to affift at the coronation of the young king James VI. 125. Tibriot, John, earl of Worcefter. See Worcejier. 9' illags. See Agricu' 9"2we, how meaiured by king Alfred, i. 97. itindal flies to Antwerp, from the power of Henry VIII. iv. 130. Makes a tranflation of the Scriptures. 131. Is artfully fupplied with money to perfect it, by Tonflal bifhop of London, ib. tobacco, when firftintroduced intoEngland, v. 275. Toleration > not a prieftly virtue, iii. 119. The popular arguments for and againft, occafioned by the debates between cardinal .Pole and bifhop Gardiner on that fubjeft, iv. 406. The chief caufe and origin of it, vi. 165. Tomhn/on, colonel, the fpeech of Charles I. to, at his execution, vii. 9'oxgue. Dr. his characler, and his intelligence concerning the popifn plot, viii. 6$. Is recommended by the houie of commons for church- preferment, 132. Tonnage and poundage granted by parliament to Henry V. for life, Hi. 104. Granted in like manner to Richard III. 290. To Henry VII. 318. The duties of, arbitrarily levied by Henry VIII. iv. 272. Remarks on the ftatute granting thefe duties to him, ib. The long pofTeflton of the duties occafions them to be confidered by the princes as their proper right and inheritance, vi. 50. A ihort hiftory of thefe grants, 268. Are levied by Charles I. after the expiration of the grant of them, 269. The fpeaker of the commons forcibly detained until the paffinga remonftrance againft them, 278. A limited grant of, made by the commons, 394. Are granted to Charles il. for life, vii. 354. Tonjtal, bifhop of London, is fent by Henry VIII. to Madrid, am- baffador to the emperor Charles V. iv. 60. Buys up ail Tindal's firft incorreft tranflation of the fcriptures, and burns them, 131. His fcheme in fo doing, ib. Is appointed one of the regency during the minority of Edward VI. 2^2. Is difmifTed the council for oppofing • the reformation, 293., His character, 3^6. A bill of attainder pafTcd againft him by the peers, but rejected by the commons, 357. Is ' reftored to his fee bfT/urharn by queen Mary, 375. Torture arbitrarily infli&ed by the officers of ftate during the reign of ouceri Elizabeth, v, 457. . Tory t 1 N D E X. Tory, the origin of that name, as a party distinction, viii. 126. The views of that party in oppofing James II. and their plan for fettling the government on his abdication, 310. 7p/?/', brother to Harold duke of Northumberland, his fubjedts rebel againft him, i. 176. They juftify themfelves to Harcld, who went to fupprefs them, ib. Superfeded by Morcar, ib. Retires to Flan- ders, 177. Prepares to difturb Harold's government, 180. His depredations on the Englifh coafts, 187. Defeated and killed by Harold, 188. Tournay, in Flanders, is befieged by Edward III. ii. 405. Taken by Henry VIII. iii. 437. Wolfey put in pofleffion of the bifhopric, ib. Is delivered up to France, iv. 14. Tourr.holt, battle of, between prince Maurice and the Spaniard?, v. 376. Tours, truce concluded there between England and Charles VII. of France, iii. 169. Touton, battle of, between Edward IV. and the Lancaftrians, iii. 218. Trade, regulation of, among our Saxon anceftors, i. 222. A board of, when erected, viii. 323. See Commerce. Tranftamare, Henry count de, engages Charles king of France to in- vade his brother Peter king of Caitile, ii. 475. Becomes poffefted of Caftile by the flight of his brother, 476, His foldiers defert to prince Edward, 477. Is defeated by Edward, and Peter reftored, ib. Murders Peter, and regains the kingdom, 478. See Caftile. Tranfubfiantiation, the point of, debated in convocation, iv. 385. The debate renewed at Oxford, ii. Traquaire, earl of, goes to London to inform Charles of the tumults in Scotland, in oppofnion to the canons and liturgy, vi. 328. Pro- rogues the Scots parliament, 347. Intercepts a letter from the mal- contents to the king of France, 345. Treafon, high, the cafes of, limited by law, in the reign of Edward III. ii. \%-]. The vigorous a:id contrary ftatutes againft, enacted by Henry VIII. and his parliaments, iv. 269. A fevere law againft, palled by the lords, but altered by the commons, 355. The fpecies of, reltri&ed by parliament, 379. Statutes of Elizabeth concerning, T. 183. Treafurers, % sn account of thofe during the reign of James I. vi. 156. During that of Charles I. vii. 153. Trent, the council of, aflembled, iv.- 293. Is transferred to Bologna, 294- Trejilian, Sir Robert, gives his opinion againft the validity ofRichard II/s jcommiflion to Gloucefter's faction, iii. 18. Executed for it, 21. Tre-ves taken from the French by thelmperialifts, viii. 19. Trials by battle allowed by Henry II. to be evaded by appeal to a jury, Triple alliance formed againft Louis XIV. vii. 435. Trinity college, Cambridge, when, and by whom founded, iv. 279. Tromf, the Dutch admiral, quarrels with Blake in Dover road, vii. 212. Engages Blake, ib. He and De Ruicer defeat Blake, 214. Engages Blake for three days, and is worfted, but fecures the mer- chant fhips under his convoy, 215. Engages Blake for two days, and is defeated, 235, Is killed in an engagement with Monk, ib. 4 <. Tramp , 1 N D E X. Trcmp, fon of the former, fuftains an engagement againft the duke of York, after the death of Opdam, vii. 403. He and De Ruiter en- gage the duke of Albemarle four days, 410. Is defeated at the mouth of the Thames, 412. His commiflion taken from him, 414. Troye, treaty at, between Henry V. and Philip duke of Burgundy, iii. 110. Articles of, fpecified, ib. Reflections on this treaty, 1 1 1. Tudor, Sir Owen, marries Catharine, widow of Henry V. iii. 118. Taken prifoner at the battle of Mortimer's Crofs, and beheaded, 210. Remarks on the adminiftration of the princes of that houfe, vi. 561. Tunis is bombarded by admiral Blake, and the mips in the harbour burnt, vii. 254. Turenne, marfhal, his fuccefles in Alface, vii. 10. Prevents Montecu- culi from pafiing the Rhine, 17. Js killed, ib. Turkey, commencement of the trade with, by a company eftablifhed by queen Elizabeth, v. 479. Turnpikes, the firft law for the erecting oT, when pafled, viii. 329, Tyler, Wat, and Jack Straw, heads of the infurreclion in the reign of Richard II. aflemble their adherents on fBlackheath, iii. 8. Tyler has a conference with the king in Smithfield, 9. Is killed by Wal- worth, mayor of London, to. Tyrconnel, earl of, his character, and violent oppreflion of the pro- teftants in Ireland, viii. 251. Is made lord-lieutenant, 252. Pro- jects a reverfal of the aft of fettlement, 260. Tyrone, earl of, his character, v. 401. Enters into a correfpondence with Spain, and heads an infurredticn of the native Irifh againft the Engliih, 402. Defeats the Englifh under Sir Henry Bagnal, ib. His conference and treaty with the earl of Eflex, 408. Breaks the truce on the return of Eflex to England, 412. Is driven into the morafTes by lord Mountjoy, 413. Joins the Spaniards who invade Ireland, 437. Is defeated by Mountjoy, 438. Surrenders himfelf to Mountjoy, 445. Is pardoned, ib. Tyrrel, Sir James, murders Edward V. and the duke of York in the Tower, by order of Richard III. iii. 280. Proves the murders by order of Henry VII. on account of Perkin Warbec's impofture, 360. .Executed for another crime, 390. » , Walter, accidentally kills William Rufus with an arrow, i. 307. Joins the crufade for penance, ib. Tythes, the large pretenfions the Saxon clergy formed under that name, i# 73- Ty things, the fubdivifions of counties into, by Alfred, for the regular adminiftration of juftice, i. 92. V. 7/ r ACARIVS reao's public lectures in civil Jaw at Oxford, under the protection of Theobald archbifhop of Canterbury, iii. 299. Vagrants are punifhed by queen Elizabeth by martial law, v. 455. Valence, bifhop of, maternal uncle to queen Eleanor, tnade chief mi- nifter to Henry III. ii. 163. Valentine I N t> E Xi Valentine forcibly detains the fpeaker of the houfe of commons ia chair, until the pafling a remonftrance againft tonnage and poundage, vi. 278. His Jentence by the court of king's bench, ii. Van Ghent, the Dutch admiral, is purpofely infulted by an Englim yacht, vii. 4$ ,. Is killed by the earl of Sandwich at the battle of Sclebay, 485. Vane. Sit Harry, fecretary, his imprudent manner of urging the king's c the houfe of commons, vi. 352. Notes Strafford's fpeech in councij, found among his papers by his fon, and made uie of to condemn Strafford, 407. His doubtful depofuions concerning this paper, 408. * , Sir Henry, the younger, how he procured the condemnation of the earl of Strafford, vi. 407. Is fent by the parliament with offers to negotiate a confederacy with the Scots, 540. His character, ib. Procures the folemn league and covenant to be framed, ib. Becomes a leader of the independents, vii. 21. His fpeech in parliament preparatory to the felf-denying ordinance, 25. Is fent with other comrniflioners to the ifle of Wight, to treat with the king, 121. His remarks on the king's abilities, 122. Is named one of the council of Hate after ihe king's death, 158. Is fent with other com- rniflioners to fettle the affairs of Scotland, now reduced by Monk, 208. Encourages difcontents againft the protector, 242. Is confined by the long parliament on it's reftoration, 314. His general conduct and behaviour, ib. Is excepted from the act of indemnity on the re- ftoration, 355, Is tried, 380. Is executed, 383. His character, ib. Varenne, fenefchal of Normandy, fent by Lewis XI. of Fran~e, with iome forces, to .the affiftance of Henry VI. of England, iii. 223. Gets poffeilion of Alnwic-caftle in Northumberland, ib. Vajfals under feudal tenure, obliged to ranfom their fuperior lord, if in captivity, ii. 28. The ranfom of Richard I. of England, how levied, ib. Vajfalage, the origin and nature of, explained, ii. 102. Their condi- tion under their refpective lords, 1 10. Military fervice, why changed into pecuniary fupplies, 247. Vaughan, an outlaw for debt, motives for confirming his election to the houfe of commons, vi. 17. JJdal, a puritannical clergyman, his cruel perfecution for writing againft epifcopacy, v. 466. Velvet., the price of, in queen Elizabeth's reign, vi. 176. Venables commands the forces on board Penn's fleet, fent to the Weft Indies, vii. 254. Is routed at St. Domingo, 255. Takes Jamaica, and is fent to the Tower, ib. Veuncr, an account ofhis infurrect'on, vii. 365. Vere, Sir Francis, is made governor of Flulhir.g, v. 375. Commands the Englifti auxiliaries ac the battle of Tournholt, 376. Defends Oflend againft the Spaniards, v. 4^.4, ncte. «. -, Robert de, earl of Oxford, his afcendancy over Richard II. iii. 14. His preferment and licentious conduct, 15. Defeated by the duke of Gloucelter, 20. Vemeuil, battle of, between the duke of Bedford and the earl of Buchan, iii. 131. Vervins, I N D E X. Vervins, peace oF, between Henry IV. of France and Philip II. of Spain, v. 3S9. Vezelay, the armies of Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, intended for the crufade, rendezvous there, ii. 7. Vittor IV. pope ; fee Alexander III. Vidomar, count of Limoges, how he incurred the refentment of Richard I. iii. 33. Is befieged by him, and all his garrifon hanged, ib. Richard receives his death wound at the affault, ib. Vienne, John de, admiral of France, fentby the regency of Charles VI. to affift the Scots in invading England, iii. 12. Returns home dif- gufted, 13. Vigo taken and burnt by Sir Francis Drake, v. 350. Villains, among the Anglo-Saxons, what, i. 211. Villenage, the gradual decay of, deduced from the revival of the arts, iii. 302. No remains of, left at the time of queen Elizabeth, 304. Villiers, George, is introduced to the notice of James I. vi. 76. Is made cup-bearer to him, ib. Is made duke of Buckingham, 79. See Buckingham. Virgil, Polydore, caufeof his antipathy to cardinal Wolfey, iv. 15. Virginia, the firfl fettlers planted there by Sir Walter Raleigh, defert it, v. 774. The fettlements there refumed and effected, vi. 187. JJlJler, a company formed in London for planting colonies in, on its falling to the crown by attainders, vi. 60. An infurreftion of the Irifh, and mafficre of the Englifh there, 436, 437, See Ireland. Union of England and Scotland attempted by king James I. vi. 25. Comrmlioners appointed to treat of it, ib. Uniformity, the aft of, paffed, vii. 374. The penalties of, in- creafed, 396. Uni-verfities, their revenues granted to Henry VIII. by parliament, but declined by him, iv. 251. United Provinces of the Low Countries, commencement of their affociation againft the dominion of Spain, v. 215. Pacification of Ghent, 219. Conclude a treaty with queen Elizabeth, 221. Again implore the protection of Elizabeth, 269. Conditions of her league with them, 271. Are reproved by Elizabeth for the extraordinary honours bellowed on Leicefter, commander of the Englifh forces, 273. Are difpleafed with Leicefter, 277. And jealous of the in- tentions of Elizabeth, 329. The earl of Leicefter recalled, ib. The government of, conferred on prince Maurice, ib. Conclude a new treaty w^th Elizabeth, 375. Another, 393. A treaty between. James I. and Henry IV. for the fupport of, vi. 7. Their freedom acknowledged by Spain, and a truce of twelve years concluded, 44. Banifh. Vorftius, an Arminian, to gratify James, 57. Are induced to praftife feverities againft bigots, ib. Obtain of James a re- fignaiion of the cautionary towns, 80. Acquire their full freedom by this reftitution, 82. Renew the war with Spain, and receive forces from England, 150. Cruelties exercifed by the Dutch on the Englifh factors at Amboyna, 185. Their herring- buffes attacked by the Englifh, and a fine paid for the licenfe of fiihing, 306. Are obliged to remove Charles II. after the murder of Doriflaus, vii. 172. Vol. VIII. N n Decline INDEX. Decline the propofcd coalition with the Englifh commonwealth, HS/I Their fhips taken by the Englifh, 211. Engagement between Tromp and Blake, 212. Their apology rejeded by the Englifh commonwealth, 213. See Tromp, De Ruiter, &c. Makepeace with Cromwel, 236. Review of their conduct toward the Englifh, 397= Nova Belgia taken from them, 399. Order De Ruiter to attack the Englifh fettlements, 400. Their fhips feized by the Englifh, 401. War declared againft them by the Englifh, 402. Treaty of Breda, 419. Triple alliance, 435. Charles determines to quarrel with them, in virtue of his league with France, 472. Their Smyrna fleet attacked by the Englifh, 478. War declared by England, 479. War declared by France, 480. Their defencelefs ftate at this time, 482. Sea-fight at Solebay, 485. Rapid progrefs of Lewis XIV. in their territories, 487. General confirmation of the States, 489. Send deputies to beg for peace, 490. The prince of Orange made Stadtholder, 494. Sea-fight at Schonvelt, 506. Another at the mouth of the Texel, 508. Ineffectual congrefs at Cologne, 510. Peace with England, 513. Their motives for haflening the treaty of Nimeguen, viii. 22. Conclude an alliance with Charles to oblige Fiance to peace, 38. Peace of Nimeguen, 46. Join with Ger- many in a league againft Lewis XIV. 278. Concur with the prince of Orange in his intention of affifting the Englifh nation againft James II. 285. Vorjlius, a difciple of Arminius, banifhed from the United Provinces, to gratify king James I. vi. 57. Fcrtigern, prince of Dumnonium, his character, i. 15.19, 20. Depofed, 20. Vortimer fucceeds his father Vortigern, i. 20. Urban difputes the papacy with Clement, i. 303. His kind reception of archbifhop Anfelm, 304. — — III. dies of grief, at the taking of Paleftine by Saladin, i. 457. ■ VI. pope, how elected, iii. 57. Urbanijls and Clementines, fource of thofe diftinclions, iii. 57. Urrev, colonel, deferts from the parliament-army to prince Rupert, vi. 520. EiTex's army fufprifed, by his intelligence, and Hambcen kill- ed, 521. Is defeated by Montrole near hiverneA, vii. 51. Ii exe- cuted in Scotland, 181. Uijkvic, almoner to Henry VII. fentbyhim to mediate between France and Britanny, iii. 340. The duke of Britanny's anivver to his pro- pofals, ib. Sent a fecond time with new propofals, 342. U/ury, hew looked on at the commencement of the reign cf Richard I. ii. 3. Is worfe praclifed after the expulflon of the Jews by Eg ward I. than by them before, ii. 238. Ill-judged laws againft, by Henry VII. iii. 401. Another ftatute pafTed againll, iv, 354. The meaning of that word limited to the taking exorbitant intereft, and condemned by law, v. 483. Utrecht is taken by Lewis XIV. vii. 4SS. Uxbridge, negotiations entered into there for the treaty between Charles I. and tne long parliament, vii. 31. n'AGKR I N D E X, W. Tt/'JGER o/Iaiv, the fource of, i. ziz. Wages of labourers, i Wages of labourers, regulated by a law of Henry VII. iii. 402. Remarks on the rites at that time, compared with the prefent. ib. Wakefield, battle of, between Margaret and the duke of York, iii. 209, Action there between Sir Thomas Fairfax and Goring, vi. 534. Wakeman, Sir George, the queen's phyfician, is accufed of an intention topoifon theking, viii. 63. Is acquitted, 113. Walcott, lieutenant-colonel, is tried and executed for the duke of Monmouth's confpiracy, viii. 1 83. Waleran de Ties, his difputes with Richard earl of Cornwa!> fon of king John, concerning a manor in that county, ii. 158. Wales, the Hate of, and the rcltlefs difpoiltion of its prince?, previous to the time of Henry III. ii. 196. Prince Lewellyn applies to Henry for protection againft. his rebellious fori Giif.in, ii. Griffin delivered up to Henry, by his elder brother David, who does homage to Henry, ib. Griffin lofes his life in attempting an efc?pe from the Tower of London, 197. His fon Lewellyn fucceeds, and renews the homage to Henry, ib. He confederates with Leicelier, and in- vades England, ii. Is reduced by Edward I. for not renewing his homage, 241. Lewellyn defeated and killed by Mortimer, 24.2. His brother and fucceflbr David tried as a traitor, and executed, ib. The Welch bards all put to death, 243. The traditional account of its annexation to the crown of England, and giving title to the king's eldeft fon, ib. The motto of the princes of, whence derived, 436. The Welch remonftrate againft the taxes impofed by prince Edward, to defray his expences in Caftile, 478. Appeal to Charles king of France, 479. Infurrection there by Owen Giendour, iii. 66. United to the Englifh government by parliament, iv. 121. Farther regu- lations made to complete the union, 1 5.1. Wallace, William, his character, ii. 299. Becomes a leader of the difcontented Scots, ib. His firft exploits againft the Englifh, ib. Chafes Ormefby, the Englifh jufticiary, to England, 300. Is coun- tenanced by Robert Bruce, ib. Gains a victory over earl War- reane, 301. Is made regent of Scotland, 302. Makes an in- curfion into England, ib. Refigns his regency, to avoid giving umbrage to the Scots nobles, 303. Is routed at Falkiik by Ed- ward, 304. His prudent retreat, ib. His conference with young Robert Bruce, on the banks of the Carron, 305. Gains Bruce over to the Scots intereft, 306. Is betrayed into the hands of Edward, 311. Is executed on Tower-hill, ib. Waller, Edmon-d, the poet, his anecdote of James I. vi. 75. His character as a writer, and as a member of parliament, 527. Forms a party without doors againft the violent councils within, ib. Is difcovered, and, with two others, condemned by a court-martial, 528 Is pardoned, on paying a fine, 529. Kis character as a poet, vii. 345. Hjs death, ii. N n 2 Waller* INDEX. tf r a!Ur, Sir William, a parliament general, his rapid exploits, vi. r ia. Joins the earl of Effex, 515. Is fent into the welt, and is defeated by lord Wilmot on Roundway-down, 519. Is routed by the kin"-ac Cropredy-bridge, vii. 16. Wallingford boufe, cabal of, againft Richard Cromwel, vii. 295. PFalpole, Mr. a particular examination of Perkin Warbec's impofture, in reference to his Hijlorical Doubts, iii. 454. • Waljingbam t minifter to queen Elizabeth, countenances the puritans, v. 155. When ambaffador at Paris, is deceived by the plaufible conduct of Charles, 204. Is fent ambaffador to France, on occafion of the intended marriage between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou, 242. The firange contrariety of inftruclions- received by him, ib. Is averfe to the French marriage, 244. Is fent ambarlador to Scot- land, to difcover the real character of James, 255. Sends a fa- vourable account of him, ib. His vigilance and artifices to detefl confpiracie?, 257. Discovers Babingcon's confpiracy, 287. His fchemes to acquire full infight into it, ib. Seizes the confpirators, 2 89. Juftifies his conducl toward Mary queen of Scots, on her trial, 29S. His letter to Thirlftone, the Scots fecretary, relating to the execution of Mary queen of Scots, 324. His death and characler, 522. Walter, archbifhop of Rouen, u, with others, appointed by Richard I. counfeilor to Longchamp, ii. 16. Is made chief judiciary, 17. Forces prince John to an accommodation, 25. Attends queen Eleanor to Germany to ranfom the king, 28. Waltkcof, earl, enters into a confpiracy againft William the Con- queror, i. 264. Betrayed by his wife, 265. Confeffes it to Lan- franc, archbiihop of Canterbury, and after to the king, ib. Exe- cuted, 266. Wahvorth, mayor of London, kills Watt Tyler at the head of his adherents, iii. 10. Wapentake, what, i. 94. , War, reflections on, the ftate of, and manner of carrying on, in the early times of the Englifh hiitory, iii. 103. 165. Civil, favourable to eloquence, vii. 342, Warbecy Perkin, his parentage, iii. 356. For what purpoTe fent for by the duchefs of Burgundy, 357. Secreted in Portugal, ib. Sent to Ireland, and affumes the character of the duke of York, 358. Invited to Paris by Charles VIII. ib. Magnificent reception and appointments, ib. Retires to the duchefs of Burgundy, on the peace between England and France, ib. His intereit gains ground in England, 359. His fecrets betrayed by Sir Robert Clifford, 361. His private hiitory publifned by Henry VII. ib. Puts to fea with a band of refugees, and efcapes the fnares of the Kentifh men, 365, Makes an ineffectual attempt upon Ireland, 370. Received by James IV. of Scotland, and married to lady Catharine Gordon, $71. Attends James in an invafion of England, and publishes a mani- fefto, ib. Defired by James to leave Scotland, on his concluding a truce with England, 378. Excluded Flanders, he retires to Ireland, 2 379- INDEX. 379. Makes a defcent on Cornwal, ib. Befiegcs Exeter, ib. Raifes the fiege, and his followers difperfe, 380. His wife taken prifoner, and generoufly treated, ib. Flies to a ll.iftunry, s|8l. Perfuaded to furrender, ib. Conducted to London in mock tri- umph, ib. Makes a confeffion, which is publilhed, ib. Efcape Taken, and put in the flocks, ib. Concerts an efcape with thi of Warwic, ib. Executed, 383. His itnpofture eftablifhed by an exprefs examination of circuroitances, 4.5$, Ward/hips, a branch of the revenue of the Anglo-Norman kings, the vait advantages made thereby, ii. 129. The oppreffive nature of the prerogative, v. 461. The commons attempt to free the nation from the burden of, vi. 24. Enter into treaty with the king for the re- figning, which fails, 54. War bam, archbiftiop of Canterbury, and chancellor, chofen to the privy-council by Henry VIII. iii. 409. Refigns his places, and re- tires, iv. 4. His observation on cardinal Wolfey, 16. Informs Henry of WoKey's arbitrary conduct, 17. Declares againft the king's compleating his marriage with Catharine of Arragon, 76. Dies, 112. How impofed on by the ftory of the Holy Maid of Kent, 135- . , Warrenne, earl, the I aft baron who fubmitted to the provifions of Ox- ford, ii. 186. Joins prince Edward in fupport of the royal caufe againft the earl of Leicefter, and the turbulent barons, 200. Com- mands the van at the battle of Lewes in conjunction with Edward, 204. Flies beyond fea on the lofs of the battle, 205. His reply, when required to fhew his title to his eflate, 238. Defeats the Scots, and takes the caftle of Dunbar,- 281. Is left governor of Scotland, 283. Returns to England on account of his health, 298. Colleds an army to iupprefs Wallace, 300. Is defeated by him, 301. Re- treats to England, ib. Joins the confederacy of the earl of Lancafter againft Piers Gavalton, 335. War/anv, the battle of, gained by Charles X. of Sweden, vti. 247. Warwic, Guy earl of, confederates with the earl of Lancafter againft Piers Gavafton,Tii. 335. Seizes Gavafton, who is put to death at Warwic-caftle, 336. , earl of, left by Henry V. guardian of his infant fon Henry VI. iii. 116. This charge transferred by parliament to the biihop of Winchefter, 124. Befieges Montargis, 137. Obliged to raife the fiege by the count of Dunois, ib. Becomes regent of France, by the refignation of the dukeof York, 167. Dies, ib. earl of, diftinguifhed by the appellation of King-maker, his character, iii. 181. Made governor of Calais, 202. Brings over a body of ibldiers from thence to the duke of York, who defert to the king, 204. Lands again, and is received at London, ib. Defeats and takes Henry at Northampton, 205, Defeated by queen Mar- garet at St. Alban's, 210. His behaviour previous to the battle of Touton, 218. Sent by Edward IV. to Paris, to negotiate a mar- riage with the queen of France's lifter, 228. Returns difgulted with Edward's fecret marriage with the lady Elizabeth Gray, ib. Makes N n 3 a party I N D ! E X', a p'rty againft. the king, 230. Gains Edward's brother the duke of Clarence over, by giving him his daughter, ib. Ccnfufed accounts of their fubfequentoperations, 234.. Raiies men, in conjunction with the duke of Clarence, but defpairing of fuccefs returns to Calais, 236. Refufed admittance by the deputy-governor, ib. Received by the king of France, 237. Enters into a league with queen Margaret, 238. Marries his daughter to her fon Edward, ib. Gains over his brother Montacute, 239. Lands at Dartmouth, 240. Amazing increafe of his army, 241. The king expelled by the treachery of Montacute, ib. Reflections on his temporary adminiftration, 248. Defeated and killed at the battle of Barnet, 249. Warnvic, Edward Plantagenet, earl of, imprifoned in the Tower by Henry VII. iii. 312. Carried openly through London, to dis- countenance the pretenfions of Lambert Simnel, 327. Executed, 3 8 3- m , Dudley, vifcount Lifle created earl of, iv. 284. Attends the duke of Somerfet in his expedition againft Scotland, 30c. Reftores the advantage to the Englifh at the battle of Pinkey, 303. En- deavours to foment the differences between Somerfet and the admiral, 317. His hiftory and character, ib. Defeats the infurgents in Nor- folk, 331. Cabals with Southampton againft Somerfet, 335. Enter* into a conipiracy againft him at Ely-houfe, 336. Procures Somerfet to be fer.t to the Tower, 339. Becomes the chief of the council, and, drives Southampton away difgufted, ib. Marries his fon lord Dudley to the lady Jane Seymour, daughter of Somerfet, 340. Gardiner, and other bifhops, deprived of their bifhoprics, 344. The libraries of Weftminfter and O.vford purged of Romifh bocks, 345. Is created duke of Northumberland, 350. See Northumberland. •m , earl of, eldeft fon of Dudley duke of Northumberland, takes the command of Havre-de-Grace, for queen Elizabeth, v. 71, 72. Prepares to defend it by order from the queen, 79. Is be- fieged, ib. The garrifon infedled with the plague, Sc. Capitu- late.', ib. Watches, pocket, when firft introduced into England, v. 484. Welles, Sir Robert, heads an infurre&ion in Lincolnshire againft Ed- ward IV. iii. 235. Defeated and executed by the king, 236. Wentvjorth, Peter, his fpirited fpeech in the houfe of commons, in reply to affertions of the reg3l prerogative, v. 180. His fpeech in favour of liberty, 225. Is fummoned before a committee of the houfe in the flar- chamber, 227. His firm behaviour before thtm, ib. Is releafed by the queen's favour, ib. Offends the queen again, by refuming the fubjeft of the fucceflion, 364. Is fent to the Tower, ib. Pro- poses queries to the houfe of commons, for determining the extent of their privileges, 514. — , Sir Thomas, his fpeech in the third parliament of Charles I. vi. 244. Is created eail of Strafford, 286. See Strafford. Weregild* among cur Saxon anceftors, what, i. 219. Wtjfex, the Saxon kingdom in Britain, by whom founded, i. 25. Hiilcry of, 53. INDEX. Weft, Dr. dean of Windfor, fent by Henry VIII. ambaffador to James IV. of Scotland, to accommodate differences, iii. 425. Ad- vifes Henry to prepare for a war with James, 427. Wejl Indies, the effects refulcing from the difcovery of, to the Englifh crown and people, vi. 47. The effects on the fpirit of the people, 48. Wejlminjler, a fynod held there, on the marriage of priefts, and wearing long hair, i. 334. Another fummoned by Henry bilhop of Win- chefter, againil king Stephen, 358. Is erected into a bifhopric by Henry VIII. iv. 183. Affembly of divines called there, for the re- gulation of religion, vii. 32. Wejlmoreland, earl of, fuppreffes the rebellion of the earl of Notting- ham, and archbifhop of York, and takes them prifoners, iii. 73. — — • — ■'«, earl of, joins the earl of Northumberland in raifing an. infurrection in the North, v. 163. Takes fhelter in Scotland, 164. Wejlphalia, the peace of the Germanic body fettled by the treaty of, vii. 246. Wheat, obfervations on the price of, in the reign of Henry III. ii. 223, 224. Whig, the origin of that name as a party diftindtion, viii. 126. The plan of that party for fettling the government, on the abdication of James II. 312. Whitgift prevails on queen Elizabeth to eftablifh a court of ecclefiaftical commiflion to profecute the Puritans, v. 262. Whillocke, his remarks on the cafe of lord Strafford, vi. 406. His ac- count of the conduct of Charles 1. in the negotiation at Oxford, 586. His fpeech in parliament relative to the felf-denying ordinance, vii. 26. Wiatt, Sir Thomas, engages in a confpiracy againft queen Mary, on account of the Spanilh match, iv. 388. A body of Norfolk's troops defert to him, 389. Is fuppreffed, taken, and executed, 39c. Wickbam, William of, bilhop of Winchefter, made chancellor by Rich- ard II. iii. 24. Wickliji, John, a fecular prieft, his character, iii. 52. His doctrines, 53. A bull iffued by pope Gregory XI. for taking him into cuftody, ib. Cited before Courtney bilhop of London, and protected by the duke of Lancalter, ib. A new bull iffued againil him, but is pro- tected by the people, 54. His addrefs in explaining away his tenet?, to avoid conviction of herefy, 55. His opinions fpread both at home and in Germany, ib. Dies of a palfy, ib. See Lollards, Wildred, king of Kent, hiltory of his pofterity, i. 39. Wilfrid, bilhop of Lindisferne in Northumbria, by appealing to Rome againlt the decifton of an Englifh fynod, confirms the pope's fu- premacy, i. 62. W'^ins, bilhop, the firfl: promoter of the royal fociety, viii. 332. Willi*"* I» fucceffor to Rollo duke of Normandy, improvement of his country in his time, i. 139. -* — , natural fon of Robert duke of Normandy, declared his fuc- feffor by his father, i. 170. Makes good his pretentions at his father's N n 4 death, INDEX. death, 171. Viiits Edward the ConfefTor, who entertains favourable intentions of leaving him the fucceffion, 172. Gets Harold in his pofleffion, and engages him to fwear a renunciation of his own pre- tenfions, and to affift William in his, 174.. Sends ambafladors to expoftulate with Harold on his breach of faith, 180. Projects an invafion, 181. Situation of Europe at that period, 182. His fuccefsful levies, 183. His addrefs in railing fupplies, 186. Review of his forces, 1S7. Embarks, 1S8. Lands in Suflex, 189. Waits for Harold at Haftings, 191. His addrefs to his chieftains, the morning of action, 192. Order of battle, ib. Battle of Haftings, 193. LolTes in the action, 195. Confequences of the battle, 231. Seizes Dover, 233. Receives the fubmiffion of the Londoners, 235. William the Conqueror, crowned at Weftminfter- abbey, i. 236. Gra- tifies his troops out of the treafure of Harold, and the gifts of his new fubjects, 237. His kind treatment of Edgar Atheling, 238. Confirms the liberties of London, ib. Difarms them, and places all the power in the hands of Normans, 239. Takes the Englifti nobility with him to Normandy, ib. Conjectures as to the motives of his journey there, 243. Returns on account of infurrections during his abfence, ib. Reduces Exeter, 244. Builds a citadel there, ib. Reduces Edwin and Morcar in the north, 246. His rigor- ous government, 247. This the occafion of feveral infurrections, 249. Reduces them, 250. His cruel policy, and tyrannical go- vernment, 251. Introduces the feudal law, 2^3. Subjects the church to it, 254. Receives Erminfroy, the pope's legate, 25.6. Degrades and imprifons Stigand archbifhop of Canterbury, 257. Promotes Lanfranc to Canterbury, 258. Attempts to fupprefs the Englifh language, 259. Repels Malcolm king of Scotland, and receives homage from him, 261. Reduces arebeliion in the province of Maine, 262. The Norman barons rebel againft him, 263. Sup- preiTed, 265. His refolute anfwer to the claims of pope Gre- gory VII. 270. His eldeft fon Robert rebels againft him, 273. Extraordinary remonftrance between them, 274. Is reconciled tp him, 275. Caufes a furvey of all England to be made, ib. Ac- count of domefday-book, 276. Computation of his revenue, ib. Waftes Hampshire to make the new foreft, 278. Imprifons his brother bifhop Odo, 279. Makes war againft France, ib. Occafion of his death, and his remorfe, 280. Predicts the future grandeur of his fon Henry, ib. His character, 281. His title of Conqueror defended, 282. His family, 284. Inquiry into his fuppofed re- venues and treafure, 300. His vaft grants to his chieftains in Eng- land, ii. 113. William Rufus, his acceffion to the crown of England, 285. His tyrannical difpofuion, 286. Quells an infurrection raifed againft him, 287. His arbitrary adminiftration, 288. Invades Normandy, ib. Makes peace with his brother, 289. Affifts him to reduce their brother Henry, 290. Invades Normandy again, 291. .Obtains a mortgage on it from his brother Robert, 299, 300. Anecdotes (hewing INDEX. fhewinghis indifference about religion, 300. Appoints Anfelm to, the archbifhopric of Canterbury, 301. Oppofes Urban in his pre- tentions to the papacy, 303. Confifcates Anfehn's temporalities, 304. Embarks for Normandy to refcue Mans, 306. Accidentally killed by Waiter Tyrrel, 307. His character., ib. A famine caufed by the r.rglect of tillage.cn account of hi;, opprefiive taxes, ii. 128. William, fon of Robert duke of Normandy, committed by Henry I. to the tutorag" of Helie &z St. Saen, i. 335. Protected by Fulk count of Anjou, ib. Marries his daughter, 340. Put in pofleffion of Flanders, 341. Killed, ib. — : , eldeft fori of king Henry I, contracted with the daughter of Fulk count of Anjou, 336. Recognized his fuccefTor^ 338. Drowned in bis raffage from Normandy to England, ib. His character, and fentiments regarding the Enghih, 339. king of Scotland, joins the confederacy of prince Henry, againft his father Henry II, i. 439. Repulfed by Richard de Lucy, guardian of the kingdom, 442. Commits depredations again in the northern provinces, 445. Taken pnfoner by Ralph de Granville, ib. Does homage to Henry, with all his nobility, for his ranfom and crown, 448. , 1L. king of Naples and Sicily, how he bequeathed his domi- nions, u. 9. de Eymford, excommunicated by Thomas a Becket, i. 388. Abfolved by the king's order, 389. of Poictiers, his character of the Engliih nobility who attended William the Conqueror to Normandy, i. 240. Williams, bifhop of Lincoln, his {t\f.x& profecution in the ftar-chamber by archbifhop Laud, vi. 309. Is infulted by the populace when archbifhop of York, 464. Calls a meeting of his brethren, and prefents a proteftation to the king and his peers, ib. Willis, Sir Richard, betrays the defigns of the royalifts during the pro- tectorate to Oliver Cromwel, vii. 263. Difcovers a confpiracy to the protector, 281. Betrays, to the long parliament, a defign formed to reftore Charles II. 301. Willoughby, lord, governor of Paris, unable to maintain it, retires to the Baltile, iii. 164. Capitulates, ib. — — of Broke, lord, fent by Henry VII. to the affiftance of the duchefs of Britanny, iii. 345. Finds the court in a diffracted Hate, ib. Returns home without effecting any thing, 346. Wiltjhire, Sir Thomas Boleyn created earl of, and fent by Henry VIIL, to the pope, whofe foot he refufes to kifs, iv. 103. Winchelfey, Robert de, archbifhop of Canterbury, procures pope Boni- iice to publifh a bull exempting the clergy from paying taxes tQ princes without the papal confent, ii. 315. His reply to Edward I. on a demand of fupply from the clergy, ib. His treatment, on the clergy being excluded from all protection of the laws, 286. The king appoints him and Reginald de Gray, tutors to prince Edward, 290. Joins the confederacy of the earl of Lancafter againfts Piers Gavafton, 335, Wincbejler s INDEX. Winchejier, a fynod fummoned there, concerning the celibacy of the clergy, i. 271. ■ ■■, Henry bifhop of, brother to king Stephen, calls a fynod, and cites Stephen before it, i. 358. Encourages the pretenfions of the emprefs Matilda, 359. Declares openly in her favour, 362. His fpeech at her coronation, 363. Inftigates the Londoners againft Stephen, ib. Befieges Matilda in Winchefter, 365. His legantine vcommiflion withdrawn, 366. Pronounces fentence againft Becket at the council of Northampton, 398. Henry Beaufort bifhop of, the legitimate fon of John of Gaunt, intrufted by parliament with the tutorage of the young king Henry VI. iii. 124. His character, 135. His difputes with the duke of Gloucefter compromifed by the duke of Bedford, regent of France, ib. Created a cardinal, and fent with men into Bohemia againft the Hufiites, which he lends to the duke of Bedford, 153. Attends the congrefs at Arras, 161. His difputes with the duke of Gloucefter throw the Englifh affairs into confufion, 163. His ar- guments in favour of releafing the duke of Orleans, 167. Advifes a truce with France, 168. Contrives the ruin of the duke of Glou- cefter, 171. Dies, 172. Peter des Roches bifhop of, is chofen joint protector with Hubert de Burgh chief jufticiary, on the death of the earl of Pem- . broke, ii. 152. His character, and anecdotes of him, 261. Suc- ceeds Hubert de Burgh in his offices and influence over the king, ib. The barons combine againft him, ib. His in folent fpeech with regard to them, 162. His difmiffion procured by Edmond the primate, 163. Windebank, Sir Francis, fecretary, flies to France, to avoid impeach- ment by the long parliament, vi. 371. Windham, colonel, l'ecretes Charles II. after the battle of Worcefter, vii. 199. Wind/or cafile, when built, ii. 490. Winter is lent by queen Elizabeth with a fleet to the alflftance of the proteftant malcontents in Scotland, v. 35. Winwood, Sir Ralph, fecretary of ftate to James I. difcovers to the king that Sir Thomas Overbury was poifoned by Somerfet and his lady, vi. 77. Wijbart, the Scots reformer, an account of, iv. 295. Is condemned and burnt for herefy, 297. His prophetic denunciation againft car- dinal Beaton, ib. His prophecy, how accomplifhed, 298. Witchcraft, and conjuration, a law againft, v. 77. Witches, numbers burnt under that accufation in Scotland, vii. 186. The difcovery of, ftudied as a fcience, ib. Wittenagemot, the ancient Saxon council of parliament, particulars re- lating to, and conjectures concerning, i. 201. The commons no part of, 202. Woden, the Saxon god of war, fome account of, i. 30. Wol/here, king of Mercia, his hiftory, i. 48. Wolfey, Thomas, his birth, iii. 427. How introduced to the notice el Hsnry Vii. ib. His addrefs in executing a commiflion from that ki-S INDEX. king to Maximilian, ib. Introduced to Henry VIII. by Fox biftiop of Winchefler, 4.28. Encourages Henry in his pleafures, ib. The maxims of government he inltils into him, 429. Admitted of the privy council, ib. His character, 430. Put in pofleffion of the bishopric of Tournay, 437. Created bifhop of Lincoln, 440. Re- conciles Henry with the duke of Suffolk, who had married his filler the queen dowager of France, privately, 445. Is promoted to the fee of York, iv. 2. Shares the revenues of the Italian non-refident bifhops, ib. His magnificence, ib. Is made chancellor, 4. His difgufls againft Francis I. of France, 10. His confidence courted by Bonnivet the French ambaffador, 13. Is induced to perfuade Henry to deliver up Tournay, ib. Is believed to have intended the » delivery of Calais to the French, 15. Is appointed legate in Eng- land, ib. His oilentation, ib. Flis arbitrary exertions of power, ib. Character of John Allen judge of his- legantine court, 17. His power reftrained by the king, 18. Is infpired with the hopes of the papacy by the Emperor Charles V. when in England, 21. Regulates the ceremonial of the interview between Henry and Francis, to which he had perfuaded Henry, 22. The emperor's grants to him at his fecond interview with Henry at Gravelines, 25. His enormous revenues, ib. His negotiations for peace between the emperor and Francis, ineffectual, 26. Goes to Bruges, and concludes an alliance with Henry, the emperor, and the pope, againft Francis, ib. Pro- cures the condemnation of the duke of Buckingham, 27. Intimi- dates the convocation into the grant of a moiety of ecclefiaftical re- venues, 46. His endeavours to procure the required grants from the commons, 47. His arbitrary behaviour to the citizens of London, 451. Obtains of Clement VII. the legantine commiffion for life, 48. His refentment againft the emperor, on milling the papacy, ib. Erects two colleges, with other ecclefiaftical regulations, 49. Re- ceives a prefent covertly from Louife regent of France, on the con- clufion of her treaty with Henry, 61. Advifes the king to exert his prerogative in levying taxes, ib. Becomes odious for his bad coun- sels and opprefiive conduct, 63. Builds the palace of Hampton-court, and prefents it to the king, 64. Goes over to France, and makes a treaty with Francis, 71. Is appointed by the pope to try the king's marriage, jointly with cardinal Campeggio, 85. The trial opened, 87. Abruptly prorogued by Campeggio, 90. The great feal taken from him, 92. Is ordered to depart from York palace, and his moveables there ccnfifcated by the king, ib. His want of fortitude on his difgrace, 93. Is profecuted in the ftar-chamber, 94. The peers exhibit a long charge againft him, ib. Is warmly defended by Thomas Cromwel in the houfe of commons, ib. Is profecuted on Uie ftatuteof provifors, ib. Is pardoned by the king, 95. Isarrefted by the earl of Northumberland for high treafon, 104. His dyingre- queft to the conflable of the Tower, ib. His death, and a review of his conduct, 105. Ufed no feverities againft the reformers, 131. }Vol