E andjHo.rjh Vest GHLAND3 DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY , < Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/cravennorthwesty01spei REDUCED ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP NORTH WEST YORKSHIRE THE CRAVEN 11 AND NOETH-WEST YORKSHIRE HIGHLANDS. BEING A COMPLETE ACCOUNT OF THE HISTORY, SCENERY, AND ANTIQUITIES OF THAT ROMANTIC DISTRICT. BY H. SPEIGHT, (JOHNNIE GRAY), Author of “Through Airedale from Goole to Malham,” etc. ILLUSTRATED. LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 1892. All nights Reserved. Printed by G. F. Sewell, 65, Sunbridge Road, Bradford, Yorks. PREFACE. Cox’s Magna Britannia , published in 1731, the material for which, says the title page, was “ collected and composed by an impartial Hand,” there is the following rather astonishing notice of our district. “ A small part of this Hundred so-called [Craven] from the Cragginess of it, in the midst of which stands Skipton, a Market-Town, from thence called Skipton-in-Craven. The exact extent of it we nowhere find, though we meet with several Towns in it; but since we observe that the Rise of the River Are is in Craven, and that the Earl of Albemarle’s Lands in Craven were in length Five Miles, we conclude that this part of the County extended from the Bounds of the Wapentake of Claro to the village of Manlam, not far from Settle, and had a proportionable Breadth.” Such was the curiously indefinite manner in which this “ impartial hand ” was constrained to improve the public mind on the topography of Craven little more than a century and a half ago ! A description of the least known parts of Africa or Siberia could hardly have been more vague. Still, if we except a few discursive references by some other early writers, this was practically the sum and extent of public knowledge on this romantic corner of Yorkshire until the Rev. Thomas Dunham Whitaker, LL.D., F.S.A., minister of the chapel of Holme, near Whalley, set about the preparation of a History of Craven at the close of the same (last) century. His investigations, which were purely genealogical and historical, resulted in a large and costly volume, which was completed and published in 1805, and is now in the 3rd edition. Meanwhile no separate and less expensive treatise upon this highly interesting area has appeared, beyond two or three small local guide books. That some such intermediate work, dealing not only with historical subjects, but with every aspect of the country, would be useful 4 and acceptable has long seemed likely to the present writer. A long and close familiarity with the district,—the home of his ancestors for many centuries,—has therefore tempted him to produce a book, which will be found in great measure to supplement the writings of Whitaker, while at the same time an effort has been made to furnish in a chatty and entertaining manner, an account of everything of interest relating to the scenery, physical history, and antiquities of the area comprised. With respect to prehistoric remains, although much has been written about the cairns, barrows, earthworks, and cave-explorations in the district, yet the author is only too conscious how much remains to be done in this branch, and what investigations have yet to be made in order to arrive at the full historic value, as well as the consequent influences of the occupation of the country by Celt, Roman, Saxon, and Dane. So far as the scenic and physical aspects of the area are concerned, the author believes this to be the first time in any topographical work that an attempt has been made to deal with these and the civil and ecclesiastical history simultaneously, by tracing upwards the origin of a place, scientifically and historically, and recording as much as can be gathered about it, within reasonable limits. The natural phenomena of every important scene are explained as simply and concisely as possible, while a very complete notice of the numerous caverns and pot-holes, or ground-chasms, is given, as may be ascertained on turning to the index (under “ Caves ”) at the end of the volume. A more or less extended account has been given of the Craven and bordering parishes, while the histories of such places as Bentliam, Ingleton, Horton-in-Ribblesdale, and Dent, which are but slightly touched on by Whitaker, have been dealt with at length. A reference to the Summary of Chapters, in conjunction with the Map, will show the topographical direction and method of the two divisions of the work. Commencing with Giggleswick and Settle, the first part includes all the country extending westwards by Clapham, Bentliam, and Ingleton, to Kirkby Lonsdale ; the second part begins with Skipton, and traces the country northwards to Langstrothdale and Tore Head, and westwards to Dent and Sedbergli, concluding with the environs of Sedbergli southwards to Kirkby Lonsdale, where the first part terminates. The lower, and less romantic division of Craven, lying chiefly to the south of the Craven Fault, has not been taken up. o It may be noted that the term Highlands, (which the writer is not aware lias ever previously been used to describe the mountainous parts of Yorkshire), has been adopted in the title of the work, as it appears both suitably and briefly descriptive of the character of the country embraced, in contradistinction to the lower and less prominent parts of the Deanery of Craven, south of the great Fault, above mentioned. Almost every nook and corner of the district, it may again be observed, has been familiar to the author from his earliest years, yet in spite of this —a mere geographical acquaintance after all—very considerable research and enquiry have been involved in portraying and supplementing the historical associations of the places. So much so, indeed, that the author regrets exceedingly the impossibility of making here more than a general and grateful recognition of the valuable assistance which he has received from numerous residents in the dales, both rendered to him personally on the spot, and by material and facts furnished to him afterwards. During the actual writing of the book many hundreds of letters have been received, and there is scarcely a village or a hamlet in the area dealt with where he is not indebted to one or other of its inhabitants for information courteously supplied. On such occasions in the work where the opportunity has offered acknowledgment of this help has been made. For photographs and other views from which the engravings have been taken, as well as for the loan of several blocks, the author begs to express his indebtedness as follows : To Mr. A. Horner, Settle, for photographs of Giggleswick (p. G7), Catterick Force (p. 95), Settle from the West (p. 97), Entrance to the Victoria Cave (p. 120),Clapham(p. 145), Gaping Gill Hole (p. 159), Norber Boulder (p. 170), Otterburn (p. 308), Long Preston Church (p. 369), Penyghent from Horton Station, (p. 391), and Ling Gill (p. 405) ; to Thomas Brayshaw, Esq., Settle,, for blocks of Settle in 1822 (p. 82), and Celtic Wall, near Smearside (p. 109) ; to Mr. E. Handby, Settle, for photograph of Giggleswick Scars (p. 101) ; to Robert D. Barnish, Esq., Blackburn, for photograph of Stainforth Force (p. 135) ; to the Rev. F. W. Joy, M.A., F.S.A., Bentham Rectory, for photographs of Bentham (p. 186) and Bentham Church Font (p. 193); to Bryan Charles Waller, Esq., Masongill, for photograph of Over Hall (p. 269) ; to Mr. R. L. Simpson, Kirkby Lonsdale, for photographs of Devil’s Bridge (p. 274), the Lune in Flood at Devil’s Bridge (p. 275), and Underley Hall (p. 289) ; to Mr. Lister, Malham, for photographs of Malham Tarn (p. 293), Skirethorns Cave (p. 319), and Bordley Hall (p. 322) ; to the Rev. C. J. Marsden, M.A., Gargrave Vicarage, for block of Gargrave Church ; to Mr. J. B. Smithson, Leyburn, for photographs of Kilnsey Crag (p. 330), Kettlewell (p. 333), and Hubberholme Church (p. 340) ; to the Rev. A. Cross, M.A., Giggleswick School, for drawing of plan of Rathmell Barrows (p. 379) ; to George Swift, Esq., B.A., Dent, for photographs of Dent (p. 424), and Ibby Peril (p. 423). The views of Hardraw Scar (p. 414), Garsdale (p. 419), and On the Rawthey, Sedbergh (p. 438), are from photographs by Messrs. Frith. Many of these views represent out-of- the-way places, and scenes but little known or not previously taken, and the author is particularly indebted to those gentlemen who have been at the trouble of obtaining the views specially for the work. The superior and very beautiful full-page Frontispiece to the Large Paper edition has been engraved by Messrs. Annan and Swan, London, from an original photograph supplied by Mr. A. Horner, of Settle. The author, in conclusion, may refer to the fact that as the work has been published by subscription, he has pleasure in acknowledging the liberal and influential support received from upwards of five hundred subscribers, who have thus aided him in its publication. The names of the subscribers have been printed at the end of the volume. 7 CONTENTS. Preface ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 Contents ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 Summary of Chapters ... ... ... ... ... 8 List of Illustrations ... ... ... ... ... 18 Population Table ... ... ... ... ... 20 Population and Inn Licenses in Craven ... ... 21 Heights of Mountains... ... ... ... ... 22 Heights of Roads and Passes ... ... ... ... 23 Heights of Towns, Villages and Hamlets ... ... 24 Rainfall in North-west Yorkshire, &c. ... ... 25 Craven Militia during the French Wars ... ... 26 Landholders in a.d. 1086 ... ... ... ... 27 A List of the Inhabitants of Craven, and Bordering Districts, Five Centuries Ago ... ... ... 29 A List of Craven Men, who fought at Flodden Field, a.d. 1513 ... ... . ... ... 61 Subscription List ... ... ... ... ... 451 Index of Surnames ... ... ... .. ... 462 General Index ... ... ... ... ••• 465 8 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS. Part I. —Western Division. CHAPTER I., Giggleswick . 67 Introduction — Character of Craven and the North-Western Dales — Land of mountain and cataract—A paradise of wild flowers and ferns—History and Antiquities—Hotel and house accommodation — Craven diet—Longevity — Unrivalled Air-Cures—Comparison with the Black Forest and Switzerland —Giggleswick—An old British town—Domesday—Author’s correspondence with Continental authorities —A reference to German charters of the 8th century, shewing the origin and meaning of Giggleswick—The lost Tarn Ebbing and Flowing Well—Other English “tidal” wells—The British canoe — First mention of the church — Some early charters—Old families— Archdeacon Paley—Amusing Anecdotes—Recent discoveries in the church —“Strainge Parsons’’—Account of the Market Cross—The Grammar School —The Museum and its contents. CHAPTER II.; Settle. 81 Old Settle—The post-town of the parish—Unique sun-dial—Castleberg and its watch-tower—Charter of market—Visits of old topographers—Coiners aud filers—Craven Bank —Mediaeval aspects of Settle—Saxon medal found within the market-cross—The church—Old inns—Trade-tokens—Settle during the Civil Wars-Letter from General Lambert—The “Folly”—Proctor, the sculptor—Some men of note—Longevity at Settle—Quality of the land — Rainfall—Snow Castle—Modern institutions—Farms and gardens—Statistics of trade. CHAPTER III., Giggleswick, Stackhouse, Locks. 95 Giggleswick — The Mid Craven Fault—Plague Stone—Bell Hill and Pagan Fires — Settle Bridge and Penyghent—Stackhouse—Lovely Residence — Brayshaw and Carr Families—Locks—Return Walk. CHAPTER TV., Giggleswick Scars. 100 Giggleswick Scars—The Tarn—Ancient Canoe—Staircase and Dangerous Caves— Ebbing and Flowing Well — Its construction and action explained — A laughable incident—An old custom—A legend of the Well—Miraculous appearance of a lake—Feizor—Its curious name—Clapham family—Splendid echoes—Scar top—-The Schoolboys’ Tower. 9 CHAPTER Y., Around Smearside . 107 An archeological ramble—Ancient barrow with skeleton—Dead Man’s Cave— Remains of Celtic Walls—Smearside—Splendid prospect — Roman Watch-tower —Roman Camp—Ice-travelled stones. CHAPTER VI., Langcliffe. Catterick Glen . 113 A trip to Catterick—Langcliffe Hall—The Dawsons — Memorials of Sir Isaac Newton — Langcliffe Village — Its former site — The Naked Woman Inn — Winskill—‘'Lang Tom,” the poet—The open Moor — Catterick Force and Glen—Lovely Scenery. CHAPTER VII., All about the Victoria Cave . 118 Up in the hills again — “ Samson’s Toe ”—The Scars and their primitive inhabitants All about the Victoria Cave — Its treasures and what they tel 1— -Its curious discovery and history of the exploration—Night incident — A hyaena den— Pre-glacial remains—Sketch of mammoth by pre-glacial man — Age of deposits — Other local caves and discoveries—Attermire. not the outer water — Its meaning explained — Historic deductions — Old lake — Rare plants—The cave and its remains—Occupation of caves during recent war-panics—Roman Camp at High Hill — Scaleber Force. CHAPTER VIII., Up Ribblesdale from Settle . 128 Up the Ribble-—The Settle and Carlisle railway — Some interesting features of its construction — Particulars of viaducts and tunnels — Enormous difficulties— Longest tunnels in England—Winskill Rock- — Tremendous blast—Stainforth —Its former importance—The old Knights of Stainforth — A horse’s skull found buried in Giggleswick church — Early property transactions—Stainforth Force—A wild walk—The oldest rocks in Yorkshire — Scientific aspects of the scenery — Glacial drift and boulders—Some remarkable examples. CHAPTER IX., Lawkland and the Scar Caves ... ... 138 A lovely walk — Lanes of wild flowers-—Lawkland—The Old Hall of the Inglebys —The smallest church in Yorkshire—Cross Streets and the Roman highway— Buckhaw Brow—Kelcowe Cave — Buckhaw Brow Cave — Cave Ila’, an old bear den — Interesting discoveries — Austwick Beck — A story of the coaching days. CHAPTER X., Clapham. 145 Charming Clapham—Former aspects —Flying Ilorso Shoe Hotel — Its meaning explained — Ancient state of the manor — Old families — The Church and Market Cross — Old Manor House — Sir Michael Faraday, son of a Clapham blacksmith—lngleborough Hall —Romantic cascades — Old coaching days. 10 CHAPTER XI., Ingleborough Cave and Gaping Gill ... 153 Clapdale Castle—The Ingleborough Cave—Its discovery and history—Description of the interior—Age of the stalactites—Floods in the cave—Extent of the Excavations—Measurements—Clapdale Pass and Cave—Trow Gill—An extinct waterfall—Gaping Gill—Flood scene—Descent of the Gill—A wild prospect— Ascent of Ingleborough. CHAPTER XII., Austwick. The Norber Boulders ... 1G1 Walk to Austwick—Peculiar examples of “ glaciation ’’—Former importance cf Austwick — Old landed families—Austwick Hall — The Church, Cross, &c. — Some strange tales — Wild flowers — The Holly Fern here yet —Seventy kinds of ferns collected—The famous Norber boulders — Their history and wonderful aspects described — Nature’s oldest cathedral—Effects of the Ice Age— Ancient dried-up lakes — Robin Procter’s Scar—Lovely view. CHAPTER XIII., Cave Hunting on Ingleborough ... 173 A land of caves, gulfs, and swallow-holes—Their origin and aspects scientifically explained— Cave hunting on Ingleborough—A wild tramp — Long Kin holes and cave— Marble Pot — Juniper Gulf — Simon Fell Caves—Alum Pot—Ascent of Simon Fell—The Druids—-An ancient forest—Local place names. CHAPTER XIV., Clapham to Ingleton . 178 The old road from Clapham to Ingleton—Newby and Furness Abbey—Local properties of the Abbey—Deer park at Ribblehead — Newby Cote — Ascent of the Scars — Caves and pot-holes — A tremendous abyss—The Craven Fault— Rantry Hole —Cold Cotes — The Tow Scar Fault—High Leys and Holly Plat House—Glorious prospect—Yarlsber and the Danish Camp — Ease Gill Glen and Waterfall—Beautiful scenery, geologically explained. CHAPTER XV., Over the Moors to Bentham . 183 Walks between Clapham and Bentham—Newby Moor— Bolland Moor—Mewith Head—Clapham Wood Hall and the Faradays—The Glasites—Keasden — Lumb Falls—Queen of Fairies Chair — A tramp over Burn Moor — Four Stones, &c. CHAPTER XVI., Bentham .183 Bentham — Roman and Saxon remains — The church in Domesday — Ancient families— History of the manor - Gibson’s Green and Dr. John Gibson — Curious will — Stones fired by the Scots — A model church—Some rare relics— Fine old bell — A watch-tower in the Wars of the Roses — Bentham Registers — Burial in woollen — List of Rectors — Public institutions — Old Grammar School—Fox, the Quaker, at Bentham—Trade tokens—Ancient market-cross— The Black Hole—“Tweed Dobbie ” an 1 Barguest—Beautiful scenery— Four Stones — Waterscale Wood and Cave. 11 CHAPTER XVII., Walks about Bentham. 201 Bentham Plague Stone—Mortality from the Plague—Interesting Justice’s Warrant to keep “ watche and warde ” on the roads—Cessation of the Parish Registers in 1665—Bentham Bridge—Three days in the Wenning—Wonderful instance of re-animation—A walk into the next county—Robert Hall and Catherine Parr—Lovely scenery—Wennington—Waterscale. CHAPTER XVIII., Ingleton. 205 History of Ingleton—Another Tngleton—Both held by the house of Neville— What does Ingleton mean?—Celt and Roman—The Danish Conquest—The Scandinavian Inglingians—Gamp at Yarlsber—Ancient local fire customs— Ingleton in Domesday — •“ White ” towns — Ingleton in a.d. 1290 — Story of the Manor—Mediaeval tenant rights—Customs in Elizabethan times—Ingleton Hall and the Lowthers—Residence of a Lord High Chancellor — The poet Gray at Ingleton—Twisleton and Ellerbeck disputes — The church—Old houses —-Local worthies. CHAPTER XIX., Scientific Aspects of the Ingleton Scenery . 216 Causes of the scenery about Ingleton—The various rock formations — The Ingleton Coalfield—The great Craven Fault—Sub-divisions of the Fault—Their several directions explained—Immensity of the downthrow—Analysis of the Ingleton Faults—The age of the Craven Fault—Igneous Dykes—Effects of the Ice Age at Ingleton —Glacial drift and boulders—An extraordinary fragment—Ancient lake—Examples of ice-borne boulders. CHAPTER XX., The Ingleton Glens and Waterfalls ... 223 Gray, Southey, “ Barry Cornwall,” and Adelaide Anne Procter at Ingleton—Turner, the painter, at Weathercote Cave, &c. —Recent “discovery” of the Ingleton glens — Formation of an Improvement Committee — Confusion in local nomenclature—Place-names explained—The glens and scenery described— Rare plants—Beautiful views—Scientific peculiarities of Thornton Force — Raven Ray—An ancient lake—Keld Head- Beasley Glen —Geological aspects — Backstone Gill Gorge—Glorious prospect—Silurian Slate quarries—Return to Ingleton. CHAPTER XXI., Ingleborough : Its Origin, History, and Scenery . 233 Up Ingleborough—Its extent and character—The oldest mountain in Yorkshire— Comparison with Snowdon —Physical structure explained—Sectional details —Botanical aspects—List of native flowers and ferns—The creeping things— Advent of Man — Ancient beacon — Celtic huts on the summit — Roman occupation of Ingleborough—Analysis of the prospect—“ Jubilee ” fires. 12 CHAPTER XXII., In Chapel-le-Dale . 243 A remarkable dale—A Yorkshire Wonderland—Storrs Caves—Erratic Boulders— Ingleton “ granite ”—God’sBridge—The capital of Ingleton Fells —Interesting little chapel—Hurtle and Gingle Pots—Weathercote Cave—Turner and Westall —Douk Caves—Barefoot Wives’ Hole—Mere Gill—-Tatham Wife Hole—TJp Whernside—Extraordinary caverns—Gatekirk, Bruntscar, Homeshaw. and Ivescar Caves—Scar Fall—Irruptions of the Scots —Discovery of coins—Bare plants—The Ice Age iu Yorkshire—Stone circle—Sepulchral cairns. CHAPTER XXIII., Through Kingsdale to Dent. 257 •Character of Kingsdale — Danish occupation — Keld Head — Braida Garth— Greygarth Boulders—Various Pot-Holes—Rowten Cave ; a tremendous chasm —Other “ Pots”—Yordas Cave—Braida Garth “Pots”—Pre-liistoric cairn— Kingsdale Head—Grand view—The Dent Fault, and glacial evidence. CHAPTER XXIV., Between Ingleton and Kirkby Lonsdale .2G4 Thornton-in-Lonsdale—Site of the village—The church—Ancient burial custom— Masongill and the Wallers — Edmund Waller, the Court poet—“Barry Cornwall ” and Adelaide Anne Procter—Doyle family — Ireby — Over Hall, and the Tathams—Leek Hall and its pleasant surroundings — Cowan Bridge and the Brontes—Coaching days—-Among the Leek Fell caves—Ease Gill—Roman road—The Devil’s Bridge — When was it built?—Recent flood — Legend of the Bridge. CHAPTER XXV., In the Vale of Lune . 278 From Ingleton to Burton—Halsteads—Lund Holme Spa-well — Burton-in-Lonsdale —A Saxon fortress—Castle of the Mowbrays — The manor—Past and present aspects of Burton—Low Field—Cantsfield—ThurlandCastle — Tunstall Church, and Charlotte Bronte—Pretty village of Burrow — A pre-historic station— Roman camp — Rauthmel’s account—Roman military roads—Ancient bridge — Remarkable discoveries—Description of camp—Recovery of a Roman altar, «Scc. — Lunefield—Kirkby Lonsdale. CHAPTER XXVI., Kirkby Lonsdale and Neighbourhood. 287 Earthworks and tumulus—Kirkby Lonsdale a Danish town—Past and present aspects—Old inns—Origin of market—The parish church—Underley Hall— The celebrated view from the churchyard—Lovely scenery—Casterton Woods —Old corn-mill—Casterton village and church—Roman highway'. 13 Part II. —Eastern Division. CHAPTER XXVII., Around Skipton . 293 Up Dales — Thorpe-sub-Montem — Threapland — Old houses—Threapland Gill and Cave—Elbolton — Curious knoll-reefs — Knave Knoll Hole — Discovery of human skeletons—Beautiful view — Walk to Barden—Simon Seat—Who was Simon ?— Other Simon Hills and their pre-historic remains — The School of Simon Druid — Ascent of Simon Seat — Marked stones - Beltane feasts— A Sunset on Midsummer Day. CHAPTER XXVIII., Gargrave . ... 300 Walk to Gargrave—Flasby Fell—Sharp Haw, a beacon during the Spanish Armada —Red deer —A wonderful fox-hunt—Robert Story—His life at Gargrave— Poetry and Politics—Removal to London—Gargrave Church—Description of the village—The Meets of the Craven Hunt—Some private mansions. CHAPTER XXIX., Relic Hunting in Malhamdale ... 305 Otterburn — Gomersall family—A local poet—Otterburn Hall — Monastic cell at Otterburn—Drift hills—Post-glacial lake —Opening of pre-historic barrow — Description of contents—Remains of ancient ring-dwellings—Traces of Open Field cultivation—Ancient name of Ryeloaf Hill — Danish Camp — Roman villa at Gargrave—Effect of anticlinals on landscape—Kirkby Malham— Stocks and Ducking Stool—Last use of Ducking Stool in Craven—Calton, and General Lambert—Calton in old times—Hanlith Hall—Haniith Moor— Ancient barrow—Unique glacial boulder—Malham. CHAPTER XXX., Malham and the Moors . 317 Physical and medical aspects of Malham — Family of Malham—Ancient homestead —Inns—Unexplored caves — Skirethorns bone cave—Plants—Additions to British lichens — Birds of Malham Moor — Bordley — An old grange of the Fountains monks—Bordley Hall and the Procters—Ancient chapel and burial ground—-Confiscation of estates for murder — Ancient stone circle — Walk to Grassington—Pre-historic camp and tumuli. CHAPTER XXXI., Round about Ivilnsey . 325 Malham to Kilnsey — Arncliffe Clowder — Dowkabottom Cave—Its exploration and interesting discoveries — A Celtic habitation— A baby’s tomb—Roman coins— Sleets cavern—Kilnsey Hall—Wade family— Manor of Kilnsey after the Dissolution—Sheep-washings of the monks—Kilnsey Crag—Supposed ancient coast line — Glacial aspects—What does Kilnsey mean?—Dr. Whitaker’s opinion—The Spurn Head Kilnsea—Comparative deductions—Discovery of coins — Coniston Church, the oldest in Craven— Tennant's I nits, Kilnsey— Sulphur Spring — Glacial mounds— Great Scar Limestone round Kettlewell— Lead mines. 14 CHAPTER XXXII., Kettlewell and Arncliffe. 333 The farthest place in England from a railway —Aspects of Kettlewell—Memorable flood—Ancient church— Curious font — Extinct wild animals in Craven— Remains of early occupation by Man—Douk Cave—Ascent of Great Whernside —By the “ Slit ” to Arncliffe—Arncliffe, supposed eagle's cliff —Another meaning — The old church at Arncliffe. CHAPTER XXXIII., At the Head of the Wharfe ... 338 Starbottom—Walk to Buckden — Romantic prospects — Beautiful wood scenery — Situation of Buckden—The meaning of Buckden—Wild deer — Buckden Hall —The Heber family — A memorable journey — The Stake Pass, a Roman road — Hubberholme and its ancient church-—Pleasing custom— Great snow-drifts — Why does snow remain longer in Upper Wharfedale than elsewhere ?— Over Birks Fell — Ascent of Buckden Pike — Walden — Aysgarth — Cray Gill — Semerwater—Langstrotlidale and Chaucer — Population of the dale in a.d. 1379 and a.d. 1499—Oughtershaw—Raysgill-—Over the Horse Head into Littondale—Wonderful prospect. CHAPTER XXXIV., Littondale. A Wild Walk. 346 Lonely Littondale—Grant of the valley to the Monks of Fountains—Halton Gill —Chapel—Names of tenants at the Dissolution—Wild Plants—A walk between Penyghent and Fountains Fell—Hesleden in A.D. 1540—A Monks’ courier— Giants’ Graves—Are they Danish ?—Tree-burials in Denmark and in Craven—- Scottish raids after Bannockburn—Rainscar, the summit of the English watershed—Fountains Fell—Highest cart road in Yorkshire—A wild pass— Winter experiences. CHAPTER XXXV., Malhah Moors and Fountains Fell... 352 Grant of Malham Water in a.d. 1150—Some old houses on the moors—Capon Hall, anciently Copmanhowe—Middle House and Oliver Cromwell—Other ancient tenements—Local possessions of Fountains Abbey—Particulars of them at the Dissolution—Malham Tarn—A vast prospect—Tarn House- Experiences of planting—Malham Moors in the Ice Age—Tennant Gill—Up Fountains Fell—The Vie'v, &c.—Descent into Ribblesdale. CHAPTER XXXVI., About Hellifield . 360 Malham to Hellifield—Domesday record—Meaning of Hellifield—The lugs— Anciently an arm of the sea—Discovery of whale bones—History of the manor —Hamerton family—Hellifield Peel—Swinden—Disused coach-road—Old corn-mill—Walk to Gargrave. CHAPTER XXXVII., Long Preston.365 Old coach-road — Well-to-do aspects of Long Preston — The late Mr. John Thompson —Saxon Church—Domesday record—The manor-—History of the Parish Church — Ancient rectory house—Description of interior of church — Interesting memorials—Early font—Marks of fire—Cromwell House—The parish registers —Plague at Long Preston—Local tradition — Churchwardens’ accounts— Ancient sun-dial—Beacon Coppy — Charity Hospital—School — Old mills— Local possessions of the monks—Citation of charters—Lambert family— Curious discovery of gold—Long Preston Peggy—The story of her adventures —Fragments of old ballad. CHAPTER XXXVIII., Wigglesworth and Rathmell ... 375 Wigglesworth — Old Hall—Soke mill—Wiggleswortli Tarn — Clark’s Free School— Spa Well—Longevity—Some local characters—Walk to Rathmell — Capelside —Discovery of bronze celt, &c. — More ring-dwellings—Rathmell, a Celtic station—The name explained — Recent use of Celtic numerals — Pre-historic barrows—Rathmell church—The manor—Ancient mills — Tithe-barns—The oldest Nonconformist College in England at Rathmell — Rev. Richard Frankland — Remarkable flood scenes — Cleatops — Stone circle—Anley— The late Mr. John Birkbeck. CHAPTER XXXIX., Horton-in-Ribblesdale . 383 Extent and situation of Horton parish — Meaning of Horton—Domesday notice — Grants of lands to the monasteries — Dispute in 1224 between the Abbot of Fountains and Jervaux — History of the manor—The church — Bone-house— Curious discovery—Interior of church — Ancient glass— Supposed dedication of church to Thomas Beckett — Another version--Kent families manor-lords of Horton—Dr. Holden—Ancient bells — Plague at Horton — The parish registers—Interesting Terrier — Old Free School — Football Field. CHAPTER XL., All about Penyghent . 390 Flood-rakes on Penyghent — A “smoking” beck— Douk Gill— Geological aspects —A lovely nook — Thirl Pot — Mineral deposits — Thund Pot — An unexplored rift—Ascent of Penyghent— Enormous snow-drifts—Sixty sheep perished— Sequence of strata on Penyghent — Wild flowers and ferns — Prof. J. G. Baker, F.R.S.,and Yorkshire botany — Observations on some Penyghent plants — From Penyghent to the moon—Ancient deer forest — Curious indictment— The Penyghent Beagles — The prospect from Penyghent—Horton trout-hatchery. CHAPTER XLI., On the Scars of the Upper Ribble ... 399 Horton Moor edge — Sell Gill chasm —Jackdaw Hole — Horton Tarn and its origin — Turn Dub ami the water from Alumn Pot—Birkwith farms — A lodge of the monks — Park Fell—Birkwith Cave— Nanny Carr Hole. 1G CHAPTER XLII., Houghton Fell and Alumn Pot ... 401 Beecroft Hall and the Wilsons—Moughton Fell —Erratic boulders—Interesting geological sight—Moughton Fell Cave—Selside—Alumn or Helln Pot—A stupendous chasm—What means Alumn or Allan ?—The Celtic river Allan, and local family Aleman, a suggested explanation—Immense size of the rift— First descent of the Pot—Subsequent descents and explorations—Professor Dawkin’s description. CHAPTER XLIII., Among the Gills and Caves at Ribblehead... 405 Aspects at Ribblehead—Blea Moor an ancient snow-field—Glacial relics — Ling Gill—Inns— Gearstones, old market—Source of the Ribble—Thorns Gill— Katnot Cave—Ling Gill, its geological character— A former powerful stream — Linn or Ling Gill 1 —The gill a cover for wolves, Ac.—Citation of 13th century- fine—Ancient bridge—Picturesque aspects of Ling Gill—Its vegetable interest — List of species — The Arenaria gothica , a new British plant — Other interesting botanical discoveries —Brow Gill Cave—Calf Hole—Ingman Lodge —Batty Wife Hole—-Ranscar Caves. CHAPTER XLIV., Hawes, Yore Head, and Garsdale ... 412 Cam End—Boundary of the Mowbray Chase—Hawes—Meaning of Hawes—Upper Yoredale, a forest of red deer—Hawes Chapel—Charter for market—Romantic scenery—Hardrawand Simon stone—The scar waterfall—Geological peculiarities —Meaning of Hardraw—Buttertubs Pass—Mossdale Gill—Disastrous flood— Plant life—Hawes Junction—Around the Moorcock — Old pack-horse road— Hellbeck Lunds—A seat of Danish pirates—Wild animals—The last wild boar —Grizedale—Gift of the valley to Jervaux Abbey—A walk through Garsdale —An old coach-road—Scientific character of the dale—Bow Fell Tarn— Garsdale celebrities—No inn in Garsdale—Grand approach to Sedbergh. CHAPTER XLV., Down Dentdale. 420 A lovely valley—Dent Head—Alpine railway—Monkey Beck—Floods and avalanches—Lee Gate and the Quaker Chapel—Marble works—Blake Gill— Cowgill Chapel—Historical sketch—Danish occupation of Dentdale—Elam family—Mary Howitt and Dee-side mill—Geology of Dentdale—Ibby Peril and its ghost—Gibshall, and Hope on, hope ever —Gibshall tannery and the Sedgwicks—Hell’s Cauldron—Hackergill Cave—Deepdale. 17 CHAPTER XLYL, Dent . 425 Disputed nomenclature of Dent—Meaning explained — An old Danish settlement —Anciently Denetli — The Dentone of Domesday — Review of the manor — Danish proprietors before the Conquest — The Fitz Hughs—Origin of clan of Metcalfe — Dent ,l statesmen ” — Old local industry — “ Terrible knitters i’ Dent” —Aspects of old Dent — Singular incident — Old customs — Parish church — Description of interior—Local longevity—Grammar School — The Sedgwicks —Late Aid. Win. Batty—Prof. Adam Sedgwick, LL.D.—Early history of the Sedgwicks—Some local institutions—Accommodation at Dent. CHAPTER XLVTI., Flood Scenes in Dentdale ... 433 Gill scenery near Dent—The raven in Dentdale — Recent remarkable flood — Author’s experiences—Lake scene from Dent churchyard — View of Colm Scar and Hackergill—The Scene in Flintergill and High Gill — No market at Dent —Adventure to Sedbergh—Renewal of storm—Aspects at Gate House—A break-down — Peculiar odour—View of Brackengill — A “cloud” cataract— Sublime water-scene—Other floods—Fatal waterspout on Whernside. CHAPTER XLVIII., Sedbergh . .. 437 Extent of Yorkshire—Physical characteristics at Sedbergh — Beautiful scenery— Cautley Spout and the Howgill Fells—Glorious view — Situation of the town —Whitaker’s interpretation of Sedbergh —Author’s view — Sedbergh a Roman outpost—Castle How—Saxon and Dane—Meaning of Sedbergh explained— Local pronunciation—Position at the Conquest—Grant of manor to the Staveleys—The Claphams—History of the manor — Assessment in 1584 — Monastic possessions at Sedbergh—Appropriation of the church by Coverham Abbey—Description of the church—Local charities — Grammar School—Some men of note educated at the school—Brimhaw—Market cross — Stocks and ducking-stool—Inns. CHAPTER XLIX., On the Yorkshire Borderland ... 444 Ingmire Hall —Brigg Flatts Meeting House — The oldest but one Quaker establishment in England — Historical sketch—Old coaching inn — Beckside Hall and Sir John Otway—Otway family — Middleton Hall and the Middletons —Description of the building—Ancient chapel — Grimes Hill — Middleton church—Hawkin Hall, and the poet Milton — Roman mile-stone, a rare relic — Scenery of Lune—Barbon and the Shuttleworths — Aspects of the village— The church—Up Barkindale to Dent — The Dent Fault. B 18 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Part I. FULL PAGE VIEWS. Giggleswick Church from Tems Street t Fi ontispiece to ( Large Paper edition. Giggleswick ... ... ... ... Face page 67 Catterick Force... ... .. ... „ 95 Clapham ... ... ... .. „ 145 Ingleton ... ... ... ... ,, 205 OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Settle in 1822 ... ... ... ... ... 82 Market Place, Settle ... ... ... ... 85 Settle from the West ... ... ... ... 97 Giggleswick Scars ... ... ... ... ... 101 Section of Ebbing and Flowing Well ... ... ... 103 Celtic Wall, near Smearside ... ... ... ... 109 Entrance to the Victoria Cave ... ... ... 120 StainfOrth Force ... ... ... ... ... 135 Inglebborough from the Railway, near Lawkland ... 139 Gaping Gill Hole ... ... ... ... ... 159 Xorber Boulder ... ... ... ... ... 170 Bentham ... ... ... ... ... ... 186 Bentham Church Font ... ... ... ... 193 Pecca Falls ... ... ... ... ... ... 228 Backstone Gill ... ... ... ... 231 Weathercote Cave ... ... ... ... ... 248 Over Hall, Ireby ... ... ... ... ... 269 Devil’s Bbidge, Kirkby Lonsdale ... ... ... 274 The Lune in Flood at Devil’s Bridge... ... ... 275 Underley Hall ... ... ... ... ... 289 19 Part II. FULL PAGE VIEWS. Malham Tarn Kettlewell Ling Gill Dent Face page 293 „ 333 „ 405 424 OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Gargrave Church ... ... ... ... ... 303 Otterburn ... ... ... ... ... ... 308 Skirethorns Cave ... ... ... ... ... 319 Bordley Hall ... ... ... ... ... 322 Kilnsey Crag ... ... ... ... ... 330 Hubberholme Church... . . ... ... ... 340 Long Preston Church... ... ... ... ... 369 Plan of Rathmell Barrows ... ... ... ... 379 Penyghent, from Horton Station ... ... ... 391 Hardraw Scar ... ... ... ... ... 414 Garsdale ... ... ... ... ... ... 419 Ibby Peril, Dentdale... ... ... ... ... 423 On the Rawthey, Sedbergh ... ... ... ... 438 And Tail Pieces. 20 POPULATION TABLE. Arranged in Registration Sdb-Districts. 1881. 1891. Increase. Decrease. Aysgarth : Askrigg . . 2.969 2,576 393 Hawes . . 2,513 1,170 343 Bedale : Bedale . 5.504 46 Masham . . 2,721 2,624 3 Keighley : Bingley . . 20.703 21,418 715 Haworth . . 6.873 8.023 1.150 Keighley .. 39,789 6.244 Levburn : Middleham . . 3.484 3,085 399 Leyburn . . 4.839 4.550 289 Pateley Bridge : Ramsgill . . 936 796 140 Pateley Bridge . . 3.750 3.225 525 Thornthwaite. 1,350 275 Dacre Banks . . 2.633 2.390 243 Reeth : Muker . . 2,002 1.215 787 Reeth . . 2.715 2,002 713 Richmond : Richmond . . 7.387 6,755 632 Catterick. . 2.946 3.034 88 Newsham. . 1.183 1.036 147 Aldbrough . . 1.242 1,810 132 Sedbergh : Sedbergh. . 2.268 3.374 106 Garsdale . . 602 535 67 Dent. . 1.209 1.131 78 Settle : Bentham. 5,437 21 Settle . 5,763 165 Long Preston. . 1.620 1.798 178 Kirkby Malham. . 762 753 2 Arncliffe . . 362 320 42 Skipton : Kettlewell . . 854 672 182 Gargrave. . 2,117 2,238 12i Barnoldswick.. . 7,290 7.979 688 Kildwick. . 8,923 9.859 936 Skipton . . 12,772 13.601 829 Addingham. . 3.262 3.139 123 Grassington. . 1.902 1,461 441 Wharfedale : Horsforth .. . 11,799 11.904 105 Fewston . . 2.927 2.692 235 Otley. . 15.616 18,828 2,212 Yeadon. . 16,363 17,832 1,469 The number of inhabited houses in the three Ridings is shown as follows : Area. 1881. 1S91. East Riding . 741,543 76,009 . 84,577 North Riding . . 1,261,793 68,956 . 73,366 West Riding. . 1,776,884 450,356 . 514,711 The total population of the three Ridings in 1SS1 and 1891 respectively was : 1881. 1891. East Riding. 365,011 . 399,412 346,317 . 368,237 West Riding . 2,175^293 . 2,441,164 21 POPULATION ANI) INN LICENSES IN CRAVEN. The following table shews the number of inn and other licenses now in force, to sell by retail, in the townships of the East Staincliffe Petty Sessional Division, together with the population of each place and the proportion of inhabitants to each license : Township. Population. Increase or Decrease No. of Ratio of Population to Licenses. Full. All kinds. 1891. from 1871 Licenses. One License to Addingham . 2225 to 1891. : 3861 Full. 5 All kinds. 6 every 445 370-8 Appletreewick . 229 129d 3 3 76-3 76"3 Barnoldswick . 4131 9441 6 8 688-5 516-3 Beamsley (2). 179 30d 1 1 179 179 Bolton Abbey . 169 47i 1 1 169 169 Bradleys (Both) . 542. 55i 2 2 271 271 Brogden . 120 15l 2 2 60 60 Broughton. 165 33d 1 1 165 165 Buckden . 239 94d 3 3 79-6 79-6 Burnsall . 109 39d 1 1 109 109 Carleton . 1644 34d 2 3 822 548 Conistone-with-Kilnsey ... 116 70d 2 2 58 58 Cononley . 881 131d O 4 293-6 220-2 Cowl ing . 1828 100d 2 2 914 914 Cracoe . 91 44d 2 2 45-5 45-5 Draughton . 204 261 1 1 204 204 Embsay-with-Eastby . 940 165d 3 5 313-3 188 Farnhill. 655 1651 1 1 655 655 Gargrave . 1296 5l 4 4 324 324 Glusburn . 1942 373i 2 2 971 971 Grassington . 480 350d 4 4 120 120 Hebden. 209 153d 1 2 209 104-5 Hetton . 102 22d 1 1 102 102 Kettlewell-with- Starbottom 317 191D 4 4 79-2 79-2 Ki Id wick . 145 16d 1 1 145 145 Linton . 117 62d 2 2 58-5 58-5 Martons (Both). 270 33 i 1 1 270 270 Salterforth . 487 911 2 2 243-5 243-5 Silsden .. 3866 1152i 4 7 966-5 552-2 Skipton. 10376 42981 32 50 324-2 207-3 Stirton-with-Thorlby . 163 17d 1 1 163 163 Sutton . 4 6 Thornton-with-Earby . 2770 7171 5 6 554 428-3 Threshlield . 119 67d 1 1 119 119 22 HEIGHTS OF MOUNTAINS. Compiled chiefly from the Ordnance Survey. Abbrev.—Y., Yorkshire ; W., Westmoreland ; L.. Lancashire. When not otherwise specified the summits are in Yorkshire. FEET FEET Addleborough ... 1564 Inglehow (Ryeloaf) . 1794 Arant Haw (Sedbergh) 1989 Keasdon ... 1636 Arncliffe Clowder 1637 Kirkby Fell 1788 Attermire Scar ... 1600 Knowe Fell . 1700 Barbon Fell (W.) 1794 Lady’s Pillar 2257 Barkin Pike (Y. and W.) 1718 Lamb Hill (Croasdale Fell) ... 1433 Baugh or Bow Fell 2200 Leek Fell (L.). 1756 Beamsley Beacon 1341 Little Fell (Hawes) 2186 Black Hill (Malham) ... 1536 l ittle Fell (Langstrotlidale) ... 1985 Blea Moor 1753 Little Whernside 1J84 Bow or Baugh Fell 2200 Lovely Seat (Buttertubs Pass) 2213 Bowland Knotts 1411 Meugher . 1887 Brownsley Ridge (Patelej r Moor) 1095 Mickle Fell . 2591 Buckden Gable (Ramsden Pike) 2302 Middleton Fell (W.) . 1999 Burn Moor 1595 Moughton Fell. 1402 Burnsall Fell 1661 Muker Edge 2213 Calf (Howgill Fells) (Y. & W.) 2220 Nine Standards (Y. and W.) ... 2153 Calvey (Swaledale) 1599 Norber ... 1330 Cam Fell . 1890 Oughtershaw Side . 1950 Casterton Fell (W.) 1290 Park Fell (Ingleborough) 1836 Castleberg (Settle) 709 Parson’s Pulpit (Malham) 1765 Cautley Crag . 2150 Pendle Hill (L.) 1831 Colm Scar 1580 Penhill ... 1675 Coniston Pie 1100 Penyghent 2273 County Stone (Y.. L. and W.)... 2150 Pikedaw (Malham) . 1400 Cracoe Fell 1650 Pin Haw (Elslack Moor) 1200 Crag Hill (L. and W.) .. 2259 Rise Hill, or Rysell 1825 Croasdale Fell ... 1433 Rogans Seat (Swaledale) 2204 Cush Knott 1959 Ryeloaf ... 1794 Deepdale Haw ... 1930 Rylstone Fell ... 1450 Dodd Fell . 2189 Shunnor Fell 2351 Earl Seat 1474 Simon Fell (Ingleborough) ... 2125 Elbolton . 1140 Simon Seat (Wharfedale) 1592 Embsay Crag ... 1200 Simon Seat (Howgills) (W.) ... 1925 Flasby Fell (Sharp Haw) 1150 Smearside 1195 Fountains Fell ... 2191 Snaizeholme Fell 1779 Giggleswick Scars 1025 Stag’s Fell 1822 Great Shunnor Fell 2351 Standard of Burn Moor 1318 Great Wham 1888 Sugar Loaf (Settle) . 1200 Great Whernside 2310 Ten End (Hawes) 1919 Greenfield Knott 1959 Thorpe Fell . 1661 Greygarth . 2250 Threshfield Moor 1150 Hawkswick Clowder ... 1346 Uldale Head (Sedbergh) 1553 Hawgill Pike (Dent) ... 1825 Water Crag 2186 Hebden Moor ... 1250 Weets (Malham) 1350 Hellifield Haw. 702 Wetherfell 2015 Helm Knott (Dent) 975 Whelpstone Crag 1246 High Mark (Malham)... 1746 Whernside 2414 High Pike (Deepdale)... 1762 Widdale Fell . 2203 High Seat (Mallerstang) (W.) 2328 Wild Boar Fell (W.). 2323 Howgill Fells (Calf) (Y. ,5 e W.) 2220 Wold Fell . 1829 Hutton Roof (W.) 859 Yarlside (W.) ... 2097 Ingleborough ... 2373 Yockenthwaite Moor. 2109 23 TIIE TEN HIGHEST MOUNTAINS IN YORKSHIRE. FEET FEET Mickle Fell ... 2591 Buckden Gable ... 2302 Whernside ... 2414 Penyghent . ... 2273 Ingleborough ... ... 2373 Grey garth ... 2250 Great Shunnor Fell ... 2351 The Calf (Howgill Fells) ... 2220 Great Whernside ... 2310 Lovely Seat ... 2213 The highest mountain in England, Scafell Pike, 3210 ft. ; in Wales, Snowdon, 3571 ft. ; in Scotland, Ben Nevis, 4406 ft.; in Ireland, Carrantuohill, 3414 ft. HEIGHTS OF ROADS AND PASSES. FEET Fountains Fell, from Silverdale Head, cart-road ... ... ... 2180 Under the summit of Calf Fell, between Howgill and Bowderdale, cart-road and bridle-path ... ... ... ... ... ... 2150 Malham to Horton over Fountains Fell, foot-path ... ... ... 2050 Waldendale Head, between West Burton and Starbottom, foot-path ... ? 2000 Horse Head, between Buckden and Halton Gill, cart-road ... ... 1970 Firth Fell, between Buckden and Litton, cart-road ... ... ... 1970 Dodd Fell End, between Hawes and Ribblehead, cart-road ... ... 1920 The Stake, between Buckden and Bainbridge, cart-road ... ... ... 1838 Buttertubs, between Hawes and Muker, cart-road ... ... ... 1682 Between Keld (Swaledale) and Ivirkby Stephen, cart-road ... ... 1646 Coverdale, between lliddleham and Kettlewell, cart-road ... ... 1625 Scar Slit, between Kettlewell and Arnclilfe, foot-path ... ... ... 1620 Between Keld and Barras by Tan Hill... ... ... ... ... 1620 Haws End. between Hawes and Semerwater ... ... ... ... 1600 Stockdale Pass, between Settle and Malham, bridle-path ... ... 1550 Helwith Bridge by Dale Head to Litton ... ... ... ... 1512 Ivingsdale, between Ingleton and Dent ... ... ... ... 1435 Hawes to Ribblehead by Newby Head... ... ... ... ... 1421 Settle to Litton, or Halton Gill by Rainscar ... ... ... ... 1391 Bowland Knotts road between Clapham and Slaidburn ... ... ... 1379 Stainforth to Ivilnsey by Malham Tarn ... ... ... 1340 Malham to Kilnsey by Lee Gate ... ... ... ... ... 1284 Horton-in-Ribblesdale to Beckermonds ... ... ... ... 1280 Settle to Kirkby Malham by High Side ... ... ... ... 1272 Ilellbeck Lunds, between Kirkby Stephen and Hawes Junction ... ... 1189 Chapel-le-Dale, between Ingleton and Ribblehead ... ... ... 1059 Highway, between Sedbergh and Kirkby Stephen ... ... ... 1048 Barkindale, between Barbon and Dent ... ... ... ... 1025 Trough of Bolland ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1000 24 HEIGHTS OF TOWNS, TILLAGES, AND HAMLETS. Airton FEET ... 563 Feizor FEET . 600 Litton FEET ... 850 Arncliffe ... ... 700 Flasby . 420 Long Preston ... 495 Askrigg ... 726 Gargrave ... . 358 Masongill ... ... 540 Austwick ... ... 497 Giggleswick . 487 Malham ... 637 Baybon ... 380 Gisburn . 453 Newton ... 446 Beggarmonds ...1100 Grassington . 690 Otterburn ... ... 510 Bell Busk ... ... 500 Halton Gill .1000 Oughtershaw ...1180 Bentham ... ... 342 Halton West . 445 Rathmell ... ... 485 Bordley ...1260 Hawes . 802 Rylstoiie ... ... 560 Buckden ... ... 788 Hellifield ... . 468 Sedbergh ... ... 400 Burrow ... 150 Horton - in -Ribble; Selside ... 942 Burton-in-Lonsdale 298 dale ... . 770 Settle ... 507 Cal ton ... 625 Hubberholme . 800 Skipton ... 362 Casterton ... ... 280 Ingleton . 437 Slaidburn ... ... 488 Chapel-le-Dale ... 800 lvettlewell ... . 730 Stackhouse ... 550 Clapham ... ... 510 Ivilnsev . 628 Stainforth ... ... 658 Cowan Bridge ... 284 Kirkby Lonsdale . . 200 Starbottom ... 748 Coniston-Cold ... 452 Kirk by Malham . . 612 Thornton-in- Lons- Crav ...1070 Kirkby Stephen . . 580 dale ... 480 Dent ... 472 Langcliffe ... 623 Threshfield .. 620 Draughton... ... 650 Lawkland ... . 450 Tunstall ... 105 Embsay ... 630 Linton . 620 Wigglesworth ... 500 The following table shews the altitude of the highest inhabited houses, inns, villages, market-towns, and passenger-railway, in Yorkshire and in England, respectively : The highest inhabited house in England : feet Rumney’s House, south of Alston, in Cumberland, on the Durham border ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1980 The highest inhabited house in Yorkshire : Grouse House, near the source of the Cover, in the North Riding .. 1700 The highest inn in England : The Cat and Fiddle, on Buxton Moors, in Cheshire... ... ... 1765 The highest inn in Yorkshire : Tan Hill, between Barras and Keld, in the North Riding ... ... 1620 The highest village in England : Coal Cleugh. West Allendale, Northumberland ... ... ... 1650 The highest village in Yorkshire : Greenhow Hill, between Pateley Bridge and Grassington ... ... 1441 The highest market-town in England : Ruxton, in Derbyshire ;—at the Palace Hotel ... ... ... 1044 The highest market-town in Yorkshire : Hawes, in Wensleydale ;—at the Shambles... ... ... ... 850 The highest passenger-railway in England : The South Durham and Lancastrian Union Railway, between Barras and Bowes, on Stainmoor ... ... — ... 1378 The foregoing summary of a discussion on the subject was furnished by the writer to the Leeds Mercury Supplement for April 7th, 1888. There is. however, an error in the original table with respect to the highest inn in Yorkshire, which should be as given above, a correction which is owing to Prof. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., author of North Yorkshire, who pointed out the fact to the writer by letter, some little time afterwards. 25 RAINFALL IN NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE, &c. Reproduced by perm ission, from Symons's “ British Rainfall." Stations, Height Authorities. above sea-level. Depth of rain in inches. Arneliffe. Yen. Archdeacon Boyd Feet. 734 1889. 49-60 1890. 6077 1891. 61-68 Aysgarth Vicarage. Rev. F. W. Stow. 644 30-03 32-21 43-30 Barden (Upper) Reser¬ voir . J. Watson, C.E. 1250 34-54 37-01 36-50 Grange (Kents Bank House) . Grimwith Reservoir... Eli Millies. 20 38-09 43-81 43-87 J. Watson, C.E. 893 36-94 45-17 46-40 H a wes( H ard rawVicar- age) . Rev. R. Pinck . 790 36-08 39-77 47-32 Hawes (Beckside, Lunds) . Rev. R. Pinck. 1100 66-91 Vl-40 Hawes Junction . The Meteor. Council ... 1135 55*49 64-56 73-13 Hornby Castle . . Col. Foster . 100 37-11 42-42 41-10 Kirkbv Lonsdale. W. Harrison. 209 39-80 43 30 Kirk by Lonsdale (Cas- terton) . R. S. Clarke. 305 55’86 Kirkby Stephen . H. Paul Mason . 574 29-25 37*77 50"75 Leyburn . G. W. Wray. 660 30-48 32-75 38-68 Levburn (Bolton Hall) E. Hall . 420 29-40 30-50 35-90 Malham Tarn . Mr. Coulthard. 1296 53-02 64'56 61-35 Otterburn-in-Craven.. W. Gomersall . 510 31-87 39-75 11-48 Oughtershaw Hall ... C. H. L. Woodd . 1175 55'3l 68-20 70"45 Pateley Bridge (Trun la Hill) . J. Watson, C.E. 1201 28-83 3702 36 18 Sedbergh(BriggFlatts) J. Handley . 300 44 22 61-23 - (Thorns Hall)... Miss Sedgwick. 400 43-74 54-02 62-90 Settle (Ashfield Gar¬ dens) . T. Green, jun. 483 34-40 40 41 Settle (The Terrace).. ,T. W. Shepherd . 525 34-68 41-60 50-27 Skipton (Thorpe Fell) J. Watson, C.E. 1661 ? 24-44 36-86 35-78 ANNEAL RAINFALL AT OTHER STATIONS IN 1891. A Comparative Table. Inches. Patrington (Spurn Head) . 18-28 Goole. 2275 York (Phil. Soc. Gardens). 23-70 Beverley (East Riding Asylum) 24-88 Malton (Norton) . 26-50 Hull (Pearson Park) . 26-55 Leeds (Museum) . 25-16 Leeds (Woodhouse Moor). 27-26 Horsforth (Oliver Hill). 29'14 Bradford (The Exchange). 27-30 Bradford (Heaton Reservoir) 34 - 57 Queensbury . 40 76 Halifax (Gibbet). 37 45 Halifax (Thorpe).. 49 67 Sheffield (Shrewsbury Hospital) 32-83 Sheffield (Brincliffe Rise) . 34 63 Inches. Greenwich Royal Observatory. 25 38 London (Old Street, E.C.). 25-90 Manchester (Piccadilly). 30 79 Liverpool (Huskisson Station) 34'17 Blaekstone Edge (I.euches) ... 50-60 Lancaster (Marton Street Yard) 44"61 Ulverston (Colton). 59-84 Hawkshead (Grizedale Hall)... 67 54 Ambleside (Skelwith Fold) ... 86-31 Elterwater, Westmoreland. 98'48 Scawfell Pike.. 110"50 Little Langdale (Fell Foot) ... 116-60 Borrowdale Vicarage . 123-82 Seath waite. 1471!) The Stye. Cumberland . 166-40 Ben Nevis Observatory . 177"98 For particulars of Rainfall taken during the great flood on August 24th and 25th, 1891, described on pp. 433 to 436, see Symons’s British Rainfall for 1891, pp. 123 to 125. 26 CRAVEN MILITIA DURING THE FRENCH AVARS. HEN the French War broke out in 1803, Lord Ribblesdale raised the regiment known as the “ Craven Legion,”—the Infantry numbering 1200 and the Cavalry 250, or together 1450 horse and foot. In 1808 the Infantry were made Local Militia, and the Cavalry designated the “ Craven Yeomanry Cavalry.” His Lordship was Colonel Commandant of both regiments until the Local Militia was disbanded in 1816. In 1817 his Lordship resigned the Colonelcy of the Cavalry to his son, the late Lord Ribblesdale, who had held the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel in the Local Militia, and a Captain in the Cavalry. The latter nobleman continued commandant of the Cavalry until it was finally disbanded in 1828. In the Globe for Feb. 20th, 1809, the undermentioned appointments are gazetted, as follows : Military Promotions. —Commissions signed by the Lord-Lieutenants of the West Riding of the County of York, City and County of the City of York : Craven Regiment of Local Militia. Lord Ribblesdale to be Colonel. Dated Sept. 10th, 1809. Richard Heber, Esq., to be Lieutenant-Colonel. Dated as above. William Birtwhistle, Esq., to be Major. Dated as above. Charles Ingleby, Esq., to be ditto. Dated as above. The undermentioned to be Captain. Dated as above. Thomas Peel, Esq., Lister Ellis, Esq., Richard Carr, Esq., Thomas Cockshot, Esq., Robinson Chippendale, Esq., John Carr, Esq., William Ellis, Esq., Henry Owen Cunliffe, Esq., Abraham Chamberlaine, Esq., Josias Robinson, Esq., Robert Willis, Esq., John Armistead, Esq. The undermentioned to be Lieutenant. Dated as above. Samuel Westerman, Gent., Thomas Clayton, Gent., Charles Tindal, Gent., John Nightingale, Gent., William Moorhouse, Gent., Josiah Cooper, Gent., David Hewitt, Gent., John Spenser, Gent., Christopher Johnson, Gent., John Helston, Gent., Thomas Spenser, Gent., Thomas Binns, Gent., Christopher Lancaster, Gent., Henry Tristram, Gent., John Howson, Gent. The undermentioned to be Ensign. Dated as above. William Leech, Gent., Henry Wittam, Gent., William Carlass, Gent., Christopher Simpson, Gent., Leonard Wilkinson, Gent. To be Quarter-Master : Thomas Dawson, Gent. Dated as above. To be Surgeon : Christopher Simpson. Dated as above. 27 LANDHOLDERS IN A.D. 1086. Explanation of Domesday Booli. S throughout this work frequent reference is made to Domesday Book it will be useful to explain here the origin and nature of that celebrated Survey, which was made by command of the Conqueror, about twenty years after his accession to the English throne. The following particulars are abstracted from Modern Domesday, or, “ A Return of Owners of Land in England and Wales,” in 1873, published by order of the Government. In the year 1085 serious apprehensions appear to have been entertained of an invasion of the kingdom by the Danes, and the difficulty which the King then experienced in putting the country into a satisfactory state of defence led him to form the notion of having a general survey made of the whole kingdom, so, as Sir Martin Wright observes, “ to discover the quantity of every man’s fee, and to fix “ his homage,” or, in other words, to ascertain the quantity of land held by each person, and the quota of military aid which he was bound to furnish in proportion to the extent of his holding. To secure accuracy of results, Commissioners or King’s Justiciaries (Legati Regis) were appointed with ample powers to ascertain “ upon the oath of the “ several Sheriffs, Lords of Manors, Presbyters, Reeves, Bailiffs, or \ illans, “ according to the nature of the place, what was the name of the place, who held “ it in the time of the Confessor, who was the present holder, how many hides of land there were in the manor, how many carrucates in demesne, how many “ homagers, how many villans, how many cotarii, how many servi, what freemen, “ how many tenants in socage, what quantity of wood, how much meadow and “ pasture, what mills and fish-ponds, how much added or taken away, what was “ the gross value in King Edward’s time, what the present value, and how “ much each free-man or soc-mau had or has." All this was to be estimated 1st, as the estate was held in the time of the Confessor ; 2ndly, as it was bestowed by the King himself ; and, 3rdly, as its value stood at the time of the surve} 7 . All these particulars were ascertained for each county, the Commissioners sending in Returns (breviates) for each county separately, and from these Returns Domesday Book, or the General Register for the whole kingdom, was compiled. It will be seen, therefore, that the object of the Conqueror’s survey was to ascertain the amount of mi 1 itary service and other assistance upon which he could depend ; and that for this purpose he instituted an inquiry of a very searching and inquisitorial character into the nature and extent of the landed possessions of his subjects, sending special Commissioners into every locality, with power to summon the inhabitants and compel them to make a full disclosure of their property on oath. Notwithstanding, however, these stringent measures for insuring accuracy, there is no doubt that the Commissioners did not always obtain or furnish correct information, and that sometimes, as in the case of the present Return, the 28 statements of wliat we should now designate as the '• Gross Estimated Rental,” and the “ Estimated Extent,” are not altogether reliable. Ingulph, the historian of Croylaud, in referring to the survey of the possessions of that abbey, expressly says, Isti ” (taxatores) “ penes nostrum monasterium benevoli et amantes non ail “ vcrum ]>retium ner ad vcrum spatiuin nostrum monasterium librabant, “ miserieorditer prfecaventes in futurum exactionibus et aliis oueribus, piisima “ nobis benevolentia providentes.”—Oxford edition, p. 79. With respect to the result of this inquiry, so far as it discloses the number of landowners existing at that time, it must be observed that although the Domesday Book may be considered as a fair record of the number of persons having a direct interest in land, it is almost impossible, owing to the different designations under which they are classified, to distinguish those who may properly be considered as owners from those who were in the possession of land as mere occupiers only. The following estimate, which is extracted from the work of Sir H. Ellis, may perhaps be taken as showing proximately the number of persons who can properly be regarded as having claim to be considered as holders of land upon some legally recognized tenure :— Tenants in capite, or persons holding directly from the Crown ... ... 1,400 Subfeudatarii, or under-tenants holding their estates from some mesne Lord 7,871 Liberi homines, or freeholders under the Lord of a manor, usually by military service ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12,400 Sochemanni or Socmen, holding on some fixed and determined rent service ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23,072 Homines, or feudatory tenants holding on homage ... ... ... ... 1,300 Cotarii and Coscets, or cottagers holding small parcels of land ... ... 7,000 Presbyteri, or clergy ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,000 Radmanni, a species of tenants in socage ... ... ... ... ... 370 Milites, or persons holding under mesne Lords in respect of military service 140 Aloarii, or absolute hereditary owmers ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 Other owners, viz., Angli and Anglici, Beures or Coliberti, Censarii or Censores, &c. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 248 Total of recorded landholders... ... 54,813 The Burgenses, or Burgesses, who were returned as 7,968, are not included in the above list, as it is impossible to distinguish those who held lands in their individual from those who held in a corporate capacity, and many of them were evidently not owners in any sense of the term. Moreover the Villeins, of whom there were 108,407, are omitted, because it is quite certain that, when they occupied small portions of land, they did so on sufferance only. In fact they were regarded as mere chattels, which could be bought or sold, and they were not allowed by law to acquire any property, either in land or in goods. It should be added that the present counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Durham were not included in the survey. 29 A LIST OF THE INHABITANTS OF CRAVEN AND BORDERING DISTRICTS, FIVE CENTURIES AGO ; Being the Poll Tax Returns of the Wapentakes of Staincliffe and Eweoross, 2nd Richard II., (a.d. 1379.) (Reproduced, by permission, from the “ Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal ," transcribed from the original Rolls). HIS famous Tax, which was the cause of an ill-starred revolt, was framed and levied on the accession of King Richard II., as a means of raising funds to re-furnish the Treasury coffers, which had been emptied on French battlefields, and to maintain Calais and other maritime towns of France, then in the possession of England. It was in the form of a graduated poll-tax, ranging from 10 marks, at which the Duke of Lancaster was charged, down to 4d., on all lay persons above the age of 16 years, notorious mendicants excepted. The clergy were separately taxed. All married couples were charged at a single rate. These ancient Rolls are especially valuable, as they exhibit in great measure the state of society at the time ; who were the Knights and Esquires ; who the merchants, artificers, &c., and what the relative size and importance of the villages comprised. From these simple lists we gather the number and names of the married and unmarried inhabitants, what their degree and avocation, although these are not always stated. The same rank or trade is, moreover, not always charged alike, which must have been regulated by the income or standing of the individual. Thus, an Esquire was usually rated at 20s., but sometimes at 6s. 8d., and even 3s. Id. Farmers of manors and granges were charged 2s. ; trades¬ men and artificers commonly 6d., but occasionally Is. ; innkeepers, 2s. and Is. ; while the great mass of the people, who were engaged in agriculture, paid a groat, or 4d. Entries of the same trade are often described under different names, e.g., a smith is sometimes a maresclial , ferour, or fnber ; a tailor, cissor, tailliour, or taliar ; a butcher, tocher, flesher, carnifex , or ffesheicer ; a grocer, spice)- ; a joiner, sagher ; a shoemaker, sutor ; a mason, cimentor ; a builder or waller, douber or dauber ; a thatcher, thelcer ; a weaver, textor or webster ; a cloth-fuller. 30 fullq or wallcer ; a dyer, tinctor or lystar ; a merchant, mercator ; a peddler pedder. One avocation (under Arncliffe # ) is Emptor lanarum. This means a stapler or dealer in wool, and the person so taxed must have been, from the amount levied,—4s. 4d.,—in a large way of business. He probably bought the wool from the monks of Fountains and Bolton Abbeys, whose extensive flocks grazed on Fountains Fell and the adjoining- moors. Other occupations, such as hosteler, herbeiour, miller, diJcer, slater, nayler, glasier, &c., are obvious and self-explanatory. The places are arranged alphabetically, and according to the modern spelling of them. Ux is short for uxor, meaning wife. WAPENTACHIUM Adyxgham (Addingham). Robertus de Lede &; vx . . iiij.rZ. Thomas de Newland & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes filius Roberti & vx . iiij.rZ. Ricardus de Midilton & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes Dawson & vx . . iiij.rZ, Thomas de Warlay & vx . . iiij.rZ. Henrieus de Caluerlay A vx . iiij.rZ. Adam filius Ricardi & vx. . iiij.<7. Johannes filius Willelmi & vx. iiij.rZ. Willelmus Batemanson & vx . iiij.rZ. Ricardus Robertson (sic; but read “ Robertson ”?) & vx . iiij.rZ. Willelmus filius Roberti & vx . iiij <1. Robertus Webstre & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Dykson & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus de RadclytT & vx . iiij.rZ. Willelmus de Elom & vx. . iiij.rZ. Jacobus del Stede & vx . . iiij.rZ. Thomas de Gyldesbergh' & vx. iiij.rZ. Johannes Robertson & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes Herdwyk’ k vx . iiij.rZ. Thomas del Grene & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Mann e.ffullo, & vx. vj.rZ. Thomas Wode & vx . . iiij.cZ. Johannes filius Johannis de Hardwyk & vx . . iiij.rZ. Robertus Yong & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Wodmanne & vx . iiij.rZ. Ricardus Colvnson & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus de Crosby & vx , iiij.rZ. Robertus Daudson & vx . . iiij.rZ. Summa—ix.s. x.rZ. DE STAYNCLYFF. Ayreton’ (Airton). Johannes de Preston senior & vx.xij.rZ. Johannes del Myre, Thelter', k vx.iiij.rZ. Johannes de Preston junior k vx.iiij.rZ. Johannes filius Roberti & vx . iiij.rZ. Ricardus Porter & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Seothorp & vx . iiij.rZ. Isabella vx Thome . . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Gose & vx . . iiij.rZ. Adam filius Willelmi & vx . Iiij.rZ. Arnaldus de Ayreton & vx . iiij.rZ. Robertus Hynt & vx . . iiij.rZ. Agnes vx Johannis Spenser . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Ayreton k vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes filius Willelmi k vx. iiij.rZ. Johannes filius Thome & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes Smyth’, Faber', k vx vj.rZ. Johannes Wyndill 1 & vx . . iiij.rZ. Servient' —Willelmus Porter . iiij.rZ. Emma Fox .... iiij.rZ. Anabella Grafdog’ . . . iiij.rZ. Cicilia de Thornton . . . iiij.rZ. Summa—vij.,s\ xrZ. Appiltrewyk’ (Appletreewick). Johannes Yong’ senior, Cissor, & vx.vj.rZ. Johannes Yong’ junior, Smyth’, & vx.vj.rZ. Henrieus filius Ricardi, Sutor, & vx.vj.rZ. Henrieus Jonson, Carpenter, & vx.vj.rZ * See also Halton East. 31 Johannes Somerton, Mower, S; vx . . . . . vj.rZ. Henricus de Gyrmowth’, jfwZZo, Sc vx.vj .rZ. Jolyson, Cissor, & vx . . vj.rZ. Ricardus Wryght’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Thomas Kempe & vx . . iiij.rZ. Thomas Yowhyrd’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Robertus de Nusse & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Nussay & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Calton Sc vx . iiij.rZ. Thomas de Crofton & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes Hyrd’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Adam Tomson & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus filius Willelmi & vx iiij.rZ. Robertus Hyrd’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Gourlay and vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes filius Ricardi & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes Emson &vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Slenger’ &vx . . iiij.rZ. Adam ffellyng’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Henricus Smelter’ Sc vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Talliourson & vx . iiij.rZ. Robertus Wall’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Henricus de Wall’ & vx . . vj.rZ. Johannes Webstre, senior, Cissor, & vx . . . vj.rZ. Johannes ffleclier, fflecher ’, Sc vx.vj.rZ. Robertus Wattson, Cissor, Sc vx vj.rZ. Henricus Tele, Milner, Sc vx . iiij.rZ. Alicia Webstre, Tcxtryx, . vj.rZ, Agnes Toller’, Textrix, . . vj .rZ. Alicia Slynger', Textrix, . vj.rZ. Seruient’—Johannes Adamson Tomson .... iiij.rZ. Robertus filius Henrici filii Ricardi .... iiij.rZ. Henricus Slenger’ . . . iiij rZ. Johannes de Baylay . . iiij.rZ. Thomas de Wynterburn . . iiij.rZ. Cecilia vx Trystrem . . iiij.rZ. Agnes de Bank’ . . . iiij.rZ. Oliua Bayllie .... iiij.rZ. Agnes Alia Willelmi . . iiij.rZ. Agnes Schephyrd . . . iiij.rZ. Cecilia Jondoghter’ . . iiij.rZ. Isolda Trestrem . . . iiij.rZ. Katerina filia Thome . . iiij .rZ. Summa—xviij..?. Arneclyff’ (Arncliffe) Henricus Clerke Sc vx . iiij.rZ Thomas Arneclyff & vx . . iiij.rZ Rogerus Lene & vx . iiij.rZ Hugo de Pikall’ & vx . iiij.rZ Adam ffilius Simonis Sc vx . iiij.rZ Willelmus de Parys Sc vx . vj.rZ Ricardus Thomson & vx . iiij.rZ. Willelmus filius Elie & vx . iiij.d. Johannes Cyllson Sc vx . . iiij.d. Willelmus Horner & vx . . iiij.rZ. Thomas Daudson & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Milner & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes Daudson Sc vx . iiij.rZ. Edmundus de Esmondrawe Sc vx .iiij.rZ. Johannes Pome & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Dene, Emptor lana- rum, Sc vx . . . iiij.i-. iiij.^. Robertus Dene & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus de Wyghale & vx . iiij.rf. Seruient’—Johannes filius Ade iiij.^Z. Willelmus filius Ricardi . . iiij.cZ. Thomas fiilius Elie . . . iiij.rZ. Isabella seruiens Bankson . iiij.rZ. Isabella seruiens Johannis Mil¬ ner . iiij.rZ. Emma ITagase . . . iiij.rZ. Amya Malsese . . . iiij.rZ. Katerina de Gasegyl’ . . iiij.rZ. Alicia Wylyn .... iiij d. Alicia filia Johannis . . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Colgyll’ . . iiij.rZ. Alicia de Colgyll . . . iiij.rZ. Tillot’ Punte .... iiij.rZ. Katerina de Wyghehale . . iiij.rZ. Nicholaus Hyrd’ . . . iiij.rZ. Johannes filius Hugonis . iiij.rZ. Johannes Wynterburn . . iiij.rZ. Alina Horner’ . . . iiij.rZ. Summa— xv.s. ij.rZ. Bolton (Bolton Abbey). Henricus de Pudsay, ad valen- ciam ..... xx..?. Henricus de Pudsay senior, ffranklevn . . . iij.s. iiij.rZ. Willelmus de Downom & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes del Howe & vx . iiij.rZ. Walterus ffyscher’ Sc vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Northwod & vx . iiij.rZ. Rogerus de Halton’ & vx . iiij.rZ. Thomas de Wallay & vx . iiij.rZ. Thomas del Wode Sc vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes filius Willelmi & vx. iiij.rZ. Henricus Brewstre & vx . iiij.rZ. Alanus Taylliour & vx . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Werell & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Werell junior & vx. iiij.rZ. Adam Redheued & vx . . iiij.rZ. Ricardus Schall’ Sc vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Nodde & vx . iiij.rZ. Adam Iueson & vx . . . iiij.rZ. Henricus de Kegleswyk »j d. Summa—xiiij.s. vj.rf. Fflasby (Flasby). Nicholaus Grandage, Armatus. xl.r/. Thomas Grandage & vx . . vj.r/. Thomas de Esseton & vx . . iiij.r/. Johannes ffawnell’ & vx . . iiij rZ. Doket Flasby & vx . . iiij.r/. Adam de Kechyne & vx . . iiij.r/. Robertus filius Ade & vx . . iiij.r/. Johannes de Kerke & vx . . iiij rZ. Nicholaus Pape &vx . . iiij r/. Willelmus de Swenden & vx . iiij.r/. Johannes Spouer’ & vx . . iiij.r/. Willelmus Newcoume & vx . iiij.r/. Willelmus Cowhyrd’ & vx . iiij.r/. Willelmus de Hall' & vx . . iiij.r/. Johannes de Horton & vx . iiij.r/. Johannes Turnur’ & vx . . iiij.r/. Johannes Browne & vx . . iiij.r/. Willelmus de Cote & vx . . iiij.r/. Johannes de Bonby & vx . iiij.r/. Johannes Addeson & vx . . iiij.r/. Adam Waynman & vx . iiij.r/. Willelmus Geldhyrd’ &: vx . iiij rZ. Adam Brad belt & vx . . iiij.r/. Willelmus de Boneb.y & vx . iiij.r/. Adam de Cote & vx . . iiij.r/. Willelmus Walker’ vx . . vj.r/. Henricus Darwent, Walker', (&) vx .... vj.r/. Henricus de Cote, Draper, (A) vx.vj.r/. Johannes Staple, Carpenter , (&) vx . . . . . vj.r/. Johannes filius Roberti, Web- iter, & vx . . . . vj.r/. Agnes Padmer’ doghter,’ Web- ster, ..... vj.r/. Johannes filius Thome Grand¬ age . iiij rZ. Agnes filia Willelmi . . iiij r/. Amya filia ejus . . . iiij.r/. Agnes Noryse .... iiij rZ. 38 Willelmus Walkerman . . iiij //. Robertus Grandage . . . iiij.c/. Johannes de Wynterburn . iiij d. Ricardus Geliot . . . iiij.<•/. Alicia Baseholf . . . iiij./7. Robertus Alanson . . . iiij d. Elena Robyndoghter’ . . iiij.//. Johannes Doket . . . iiij.r/. Thomas s eruiens Pape . . iiij.//. Robertus Darwent . . iiij.//. Edrnundus seruiens Ade Brad- belt . . iiij .r/. Willelmus filius Roberti filii Alani.iiij.//. Henricus seruiens Ade del Cote iiij.r/. Adam s eruiens Ada del Cote . iiij.o'. Matilda Browndogliter’ . . iiij.rZ. Johannes filius Thome de Edd- leston.iiij.//. Cicilia (filia) ? Ade Bradbelt . iiij.//. Matilda Sponer’ . . . iiij.//. Summa—xxj..s\ x.d. Gayregraue (Gargrave). Johannes de Gayregraue. ffran- keleyn .... xl./7. Adam Walthawe, Spicer, A vx ij.s. Robertus Staple, Mercer, A vx vj./7. Ricardus Bowet & vx . . iiij.//. Adam Dylcar’ A vx . . . iiij.//. Johannes Lollay, Milner, A vx iiij d. Johannese Denle, Cissor, A vx vj //. Willelmus Staple A vx . . iiij.//. Adam Dogeson A vx . . iiij d. Willelmus Dogeson A vx. . iiij.//. Johannes filius Matilde & vx . iiij.//. Laurencius de Normanton A vx iiij.//. Willelmus Hungthorp’, ffullo A vx.vj.//. Johannes del Wod’ A vx . iiij.//. Adam Pawson A vx . . iiij.// Willelmus de Gayregraue, Tex- tor A vx . . . . vj.//. Raynerus de ffouutayn.s. Sutor, A vx.vj.//. Johannes Audrewe, Smyth’, A vx.vj.//. Willelmus Cowper, Cowper, A vx.yj.//. Robertus Balkes A vx . . iiij.//. Robertus Clerk, Scriptor, A vx xij //. Johannes Wattson A vx . . iiij.// Johannes Heuer’ A vx . iiij.//. Thomas Walker’, Fullo, A vx . vj.//. Johannes de Blakburn. Chol- oner ( sic ), A vx . . . vj.// Thomas filius Henrici A vx . iiij //. Robertus Audrewe A vx . . vj.//. Johannes Naker’ A vx . . vj.//. Robertus Chese A vx . . iiij.//. Willelmus de Calton A vx . iiij.//. Willelmus Pawson A vx . . iiij.//. Johannes filius Alicie A vx . iiij.//. Isabella de Preston . . iiij.//. Willelmus Wattson A vx . . iiij.//. Robertus filius Nicholai A vx . iiij.//. Margareta Sclater', Textrix . vj.//. Cicilia Fleter’ . . . iiij.//. Agnes Dawyfe . . . iiij.//. Johannes Bowet An . . iiij.//. Willelmus Seriant A vx . . iiij.//. Willelmus Ball' A vx . . iiij.//. Johannes Lyttstre, Tinctor, A vx . . vj.//. Summa — xxj..s‘. vj.//. Gyglesvtyk (Giggleswick.) Willelmus Monk A vx . iiij.//. Johannes de Bland’ A vx. . iiij.//. Willelmus de Laukland' A vx . iiij.//. Willelmus Jonson A vx . . iiij.//. Abraham filius Ade A vx. . iiij.//. Johannes de Bolton A vx. . iiij.//. Johannes filius Ade A vx . iiij //. Walterus Forstre A vx . iiij.//. Ricardus de Bank A vx . . xij.//. Willelmus de Bank A vx. . iiij.//. Ricardus Prest A vx . . iiij.//. Robertus de Bentham A vx . iiij.//. Willelmus Wylkynson A vx . iiij //. Robertus Baillieman A vx . iiij.//. Thomas Cokheued’ A vx . . iiij.//. Willelmus de Bank junior A vx iiij.//. Nicholaus Skynner A vx . iiij //. Johannes Jermowtli’ A vx . iiij.//. Johannes de Grenfell’ A vx . iiij //. Willelmus Cokheued’ A vx . iiij.//. Johannes Brone A vx . . iiij.//. Thomas Verty A vx . . iiij.//. Ricardus de Ileton A vx . . iiij.//. Johannes Tailliour A vx . . vj.//. Johannes de Bland’ A vx . vj.//. Willelmus de Langclyff A vx . iiij //. Willelmus de Vicars A vx. . iiij//. Ricardus Ward’ A vx . iiij.//. Johannes de Skar’ A vx . . iiij.//. Willelmus Clerc A vx . iiij.//. Johannes de Telghfeld’ A vx . iiij.//. Laurencius del Armetsted’, ffrankleyn. A vx . . . xl.//. Willelmus filius Thome A vx . iiij //. Adam filius Thome A vx . . iiij//. Johannes Hunter’ A vx . iiij.//. Ricardus de Grenfell’ A vx . iiij.//. Willelmus filius Ricardi’ A vx. iiij.//. Adam de Palay A vx . . iiij.//. 30 Johannes fie Palay k vx . iiij.rZ. Walterus de Wod’ & vx . . iiij <1. Johannes Styegh’ <5c vx . . iiij.rZ Willelmus Kyd’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. S eruient' — Robertus Vessy . iiij d. Willelmus filius Thome . . iiij, d. Agnes relict a Ricai'di . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus de Norham . . iiij,.rZ. Matilda Kemp . . . iiij.rZ. Johannes seruiens Willelmi de Laultland’ .... iiij.rZ. Emma Harpour . . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus de Grenfell’ . . iiij.rZ. Isabella de Vicars . . . iiij.rZ. Henricus Vicarman . . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Vicarman . . iiij.r/. Summa—xxj.s. viij.rZ. Gysburn’ (Gisburn)- Johannes Bradhee k vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Moune & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Nicollson & vx. . iiij.rZ. Thomas Sclater’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Elleall’ & vx . iiij.rZ. Thomas Mayre &vx . iiij.<2. Thomas de Westby & vx . . iiij rZ. Willelmus Chapman & vx . iiij.rZ. Ricardus Skynner’, Pelliparius, & vx.vj.rZ. Robertus ffethetliyan & vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes ffleschewer’ & vx . iiij.<2. Johannes Tailliour, Cissor, k vx.vj.rZ. Johannes Webster, Text or, k vx.vj.rZ. Willelmus Archer k vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Turner, Tourney,k vx vj.rZ. Ricardus Salter’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Smyth’, Fabar ’ & vx vj.rZ. Willelmus Bakster’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Henricus Moune & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes del Tee^fc vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes do Netherhall’ & vx . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Geliot & vx . . iiij.rZ. Thomas Nodder’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Parcowre & vx . . iiij.rZ. Henricus de Ryston & vx . iiij.rZ. Robertus de Heder’ k vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Hoder’ it vx . iiij.rZ. Willelmus Lax & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Vhoge k vx . . iiij rZ. Johannes de Altham & vx . iiij.rZ. Ricardus frater ejus & vx . iiij.rZ. Henricus Lange & vx . . iiij.rZ. Robertus Kyder’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Steresaker’ A vx . iiij.rZ. Adam Hare & vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Wylkynson A vx . iiij.rZ. Henricus de Karr’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Robertus Bygcroft A vx . . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Schawge & vx . iiij.rZ. Seruient’—Agnes Sawghr’ . iiij.rZ. Johannes Trystrem . . iiij.j d. Matilda ancilla ipsius Johannis iiij d. Willelmus de Waldbank A vx. iiij d. Willelmus Diconson, de Hor¬ ton, A vx ... iiij d. Alicia Bratholne iiij rZ. Adam Smythson A vx iiij rZ. Matilda Cortom, Textrix, vj d. Robertus Alius ejus iiij d. Elena Alia ejHS iiij d. Ricardus de Byngham A vx . iiij d. Rogerus Smyth’, Faber, A vx . vj d. Auelina de Caterton iiij d. Isabella de Puddesay iiij rZ. Ricardus del Hall’ A vx iiij .d. Rogerus Tailliour, Cissor , A vx v j .rZ. Rogerus Alius Willelmi Mabot¬ son A vx iiij rZ. Emmota de Newton iiij .rZ. Seruiens Willelmi Mabetson . iiij .rZ. Thomas Nebe A vx iiij .rZ. Seruiens ipsius Thome iiij .rZ. Thomas de Lethelay A vx iiij .(1. Thomas Latimer A vx . iiij.rZ. Robertas Holdernes & vx . iiij.rZ. Hugo Smyth’ & vx . . iiij.rZ. Willelmus de Marton & vx . iiij.rZ. Adam de Kendall’ A vx . iiij.rZ. Johannes de Vicars A vx . iiij rZ. Johannes Bakster & vx . iiij.rZ. Katerina Alia ejus . . iiij.rZ. Summa—xiiij.s. x.j ,rZ. Johannes Wetherhyrd’, Faber , & vx. xi i .cl. Willelmus Grundolf & vx iiij J. Thomas de Ellerbek & vx iiij .rZ. Johannes Page & vx iiij .rZ. Thoma ( sic ) Browne & vx iiij ,rZ. Johannes de Crahen & vx iiij .rZ. Thomas de Skyrhow & vx Thomas Kyd’ & vx iiij .rZ. mj rZ. Johannes Dawson & vx uij .rZ. Robertus Chephyrd’ & vx iiij rZ. Willelmus de Cowpland’ & vx inj .cl. Johannes Morehall’ & vx iiij .rZ. Willelmus de Scales & vx iiij .cl. Johannes filius Willelmi & vx iiij .cl. Johannes Mort & vx iiij .cl. Johannes Crawer’ & vx . inj .cl. Raudulphus Smith’, Fabar\iz vx vj cl. Robertus Dykson & vx . iiij cl. Gilbertus Baynbrvg’ & vx iiij cl. Johannes filius Nicholai & vx iiij cl. Ricardus Scot & vx iiij cl. Willelmus Walker’ & vx v j d. Hugo Denysson & vx ii'j <1. Thomas de Hall’ & vx iiij cl. Johannes filius Ellote & vx iiij cl. Johannes filius Ricardi & vx . iiij cl. Hugo de Holme & vx iiij cl. Laurencius Tomson & vx iiij .d. Johannes de Wod’ & vx iiij <1. Johannes Husband’ & vx iiii cl. Thomas Lauson & vx iiij cl. Stephanus Hog' & vx iiij cl. Johannes Cittson & vx . iiij d. Johannes de Bank & vx iiij d. Willelmus Smeth’, Fabar\& vx vj ,L Johannes de Lese & vx . inj cl. Thomas Benne & vx inj cl. Edmundus filius Thome & vx iiij cl. Johannes Cowper & vx . iiij d. Robertus Pvnder’ & vx . ii'j d. Seru lent' — Thomas Jonson Wet- herhird .... iiij cL Johannes filius Galfridi iiij d. Agnes Kyd’ .... iiij d Magota de Wynterscale . iiij cl. Emma Harwod’ inj cl. Agnes vx Ricardi Sariant iiij cl Agnes Schephyrd iiij d. Alicia Cowper’ mj d. Hugo Bateman iiij d. Elena seruiens Willelmi . iiij cl. 60 Robertus de ffreldyngton . iiij.r7. Galfridus Spenser, de Ingleton iiij.r/. Summa—xxvij.s. ij.rZ. Sadbargh (Sedbergh). Adam de Bland’. Hosteler, & vx xij.r/. Johannes Brarntwayt, Walker, vx.xij.r/. Johannes filius Ade Jeffrason & vx.xij .d. Willelmus Henrison & vx . iiij.r/. Adam Jonson & vx . . iiij.r/. Willelmus de Ellirgyll’ & vx . iiij.r/. Willelmus ffawsyd’ & vx . iiij.r/. Thomas Wedoghson it vx . iiij.r/. Thomas Wylkynson it vx . iiij.r/. Willelmus de Aykryg’ it vx . iiij.r/. Willelmus de Bydding & vx . iiij.r/. Johannes Gvbson, Walker ,&vx vj.rZ. Johannes filius Willelmi it vx iiij.r/. Johannes Heleson it vx . iiij.r/. Laurencius de York it vx . iiij.<7. Thomas filius Henrici it vx . iiij.<7. Rieardus filius Willelmi it vx . iiij.r/. Thomas Svmsoii it vx . . iiij.r/. Adam de ffawsyd’ it vx . iiij.rZ. Henricus Gybson, Walker, it vx vj.rZ. Adam Spycer’ & vx . . iiij.r/. Johannes le Wode & vx . . iiij.r/. Johannes Sp)'eer’ it vx . . iiij.<7. Johannes de Rowre it vx . iiij.r/. Johannes Mason & vx . iiij.*7. Adam Hawlay it vx . . iiij.rZ. Matilda Bland’ . . . iiij.rZ. Johannes Tybey & vx . iiij d. Johannes Jopsou & vx . . iiij.r/. Johannes de Walden it vx . iiij.r/. Rieardus Hebletwayt A vx . iiij.r/. Thomas Seharp it vx . . iiij. d. Willelmus de Lavrewatholm & vx.iiij.r/. Henricus filius Henrici Rell- son & vx .... iiij.r/. Adam Sponer’ A vx . . iiij,r7. Thomas de Braintwayt it vx . xij.r/. Thomas de Lolme it vx . iiij.r/. Seruie/t/’—Johannes William¬ son de Fausj's . . . iiij.r/. Johannes filius Willelmi Henr’ (? “ Henrison ”) . . iiij.r/. Johannes de Aykryg’ . . iiij.r/. Johannes Daynell’ ' . . iiij.r/. Thomas de Luktu . . iiij d. Agnes de Hebletwayt . . iiij.r/. Matilda de HogylP . . iiij.r/. Summa—xxvij.s. viij.r/. Thornton’ (Thornton-in-Lonsdale). Raudulphus Feldhowses & vx iiij.r/. Willelmus de Hesledeyn it xx iiij.r/. Thomas Hulson it vx . . iiij.r/. Willelmus Dayuyll’ & vx . iiij.r/. Willelmus El lottson & vx . iiij.r/. Robertus Willson & vx . . iiij.r/. Thomas Sybotson & vx . . iiij.r/. Robertus Gudred it vx . . iiij.r/. Robertus Yov [?>., Joy] it vx . iiij.r/. Thomas de Lupton it vx . iiij.r/. Rieardus Mercer’