FREDE R.I C wood JONES. /I DESCRIPTION OF TUB ARTERIES OF THE HUMAN BODY, REDUCED TO TABLES . BY ADOLPHUS MURRAY, M. D. R O, PROFESSOR of ANATOMY and SURGERY at UPSAJL, TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL Br ARCH n SCOTT, student of pgrsic. Printed by John Bro-wn , Anchor Close, FOR G. G. AND J. ROBINSON, LONDON } AND BELL & BRADFUTE, AND E. BALFOUR, EDINBURGH* l 80 I. in Stationer# S)all.] ;U . 'S'--- ' X • ,'i s.-.a .. oka - " •. I Co: . .. ■ ; ; - t\ T O Dr BARCLAY. Dear Sir, Nothing but the defire of com- plying with your requeft, and the confidence I had, as a Pupil, in your affiftance in every difficulty, could have induced me to attempt the following Translation, From the high approbation I have heard you fa often exprefs of the original in your Public Lectures on Anatomy, I am happy to think that, at a time when Literary Produdions are lefs eafily procured from the Continent, I have it in my power, by the Translation I now prefent to you, to render thefe Tables of the Arteries more generally known. I am, Dear Sir, With fincere efteem, Your affedionate Pupil and Friend, EdiNSVRGB) Bee . 1800. ARCH D SCOTT. £«' Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 i; https://archive.org/details/descriptionofart01murr •fHE TRANSLATOR’S preface. While Profeffor Murray’s Description of the Arteries (Publifhed at Upsal in 1798) is not infe- rior in minutenefs and accuracy to thofe of Haller, Sabbatier, and Meyer, it far exceeds them with refpect to concifenefs, clearnefs, and arrangement. It is divided into two Sections : the tirft, comprehend- ing the branches from the Arch ; the fecond, the branches from the Defending Aorta. In both Sec- tions, the Firft, Second, and Third, and all the fuc- ceeding feries of arteries, are, when defcribed, either diftinguiihed by peculiar marks, or printed in a dif- ferent character. The reader, therefore, can eafily perceive, by a glance of the eye, to what feries an ar- tery belongs ; and may, if he choofe, perufe the de- fcription of any particular feries of branches indepen- dently of the reft. The fulnefs and accuracy of the defcription ; the decided fuperioritv of arrangement ; the facility with which it may be confulted ; and the numerous ad- a vantages VI THE TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. vantages it prefents to ftudents of anatomy — were thought, with other motives, fufficient inducements to undertake the tranflatiorf. In performing which talk, I have conftantly endeavoured to render faith- fully the meaning of my author, and to do it as clear- ly as the idioms of the two languages would admit. I have ventured, however, to change the names of a few mufcles for thofe fynonymes by which they are better known in this country : and where a mufcle was exprefied by a Angle epithet, as profundus inter - ojfeus, I have preferred the Latin to the Englilh name; as the former is not only equally familiar, but, when it is a noun of the fecond declenfton, diftin- guifties alfo the mufcle from the artery by its termina- tion. As Profeffor Murray, in defcribing the arteries of the hand, has fubftituted the terms Radial , Ulnar , Vo - ral, and Dorfal, for the vague and relative terms Ex- ternal, Internal, Anterior, and Pofterior, I have ex- tended his mode of expreffion to the foot ; and in- Head of Internal and External Side, have fubftituted the terms Tibial and Fibular. For this reafon, the word Peroneal, when applied to an artery, has been rejeded, as being of Greek origin, and as not entering fo properly into compounds with the Latin terms. Where THE TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. Vi I Where he has ufed fometimes more, and fometimes fewer epithets, in defcribing the artery, I have regu- larly, where there was no danger of ambiguity, pre- ferred the lefier number, and have ventured to con- vert them into compounds. Thus, I have called a branch of the Humeral Profunda the Profunda Ra- dial , inftead of the Larger Communicating Radial branch of the Profunda Humeri . I have only to add, that in all thofe cafes where Ulnar, Radial, Tibial, and Fibular, are the lajl words of a compound, they denote lituation or direction and when the firfl, fituation or origin. Where any other changes are made, intimation is given in the Notes. My reafon for prefixing a Table of Contents in Englifli and Latin, including the names of the prin- cipal arteries, with a reference to the pages where they are defcribed, requires, I hope, no explanation. The utility of this Table will foon be perceived by the young Anatomift. THE ' ‘ • ’ t - ■ ■ 1 .I.- J; i . f /■ ■ - • •• . < » . . • . r- ■. - . . • • . "> - ■ A ' ■ tU > . ■ 1 v/l' .* >' . i i j & ; :. :t . ‘ k: ■ % . r.” fo « ■ ! ' ’) fl< ■ ■ i iJ ■ v:ui: vfi: ; rf • r • H ' ' . . ' ; - 5-Af* !■ utfto 'i: ■ I/ 1 -nue • : 1 ; ii> ■ .jr... t l . ,. :i ' t> ; _ ■ ' ; : . r .n.. .••• .• o : J ■ • f oi 1 el-Hf/i* ii 3'rfl' v \ THE author’s preface. As the mind of man cannot be more agreeably or more ufefully employed, than in the inveftigation of thofe arts and fciences, which no lefs tend to preierve and augment our happinefs than to obviate the evils to which we are fubject ; fo, in examining the diffe- rent parts of the Human Body, anatomifts have par- ticularly attended to the properties and courfes of the veffels, confidering that this ftudy would afford an eafy accefs to the knowledge of the different func- tions of the animal (Economy, and with move certain- ty enable them to cure thofe diforders which arife from any lefion of the parts. Accordingly, thofe w 7 ho anciently cultivated anatorqy, as well as the reftorers of that fcience, were principally occupied in defcri- bing the veffels, and exploring their diftributions, di- rections, and varieties ; which laudable induftry has been fo well fupported by later obfervers, and the doctrine of the veffels fo fully treated of in many ele- gant works, that the fubjed feems to be exhaufted. a 3 But X THE AUTHOR S PREFACE. But as the honour of difcovering the circulation is due to the immortal Harvey, fo it is chiefly owing to him that anatomifts have ftudied the arteries with fuch attention, without confining themfelves fo parti- cularly as the ancients, to the defcription of the v.cins. The circulation being difcovered, the inquirers into Nature foon invented the art of imitating it, by means of a ceraceous preparation, in the dead fybject, and thereby of inveftigating the velfels with more accura- cy. They perceived foon, that the diftribution of the arteries, even where their ramifications are moll mi- nute, are much more regular than the veins ; and that the branches of thefe laft, being infinitely diverfified, feem fcarcely to admit of a certain and uniform de- fcription. By fuch difcoveries, an ardent and inflexible perfeverence being roufed in anatomifts, they began to fcrutinife every part of the human body feparately ; and not only corrected many ancient errors which had crept into the fcience, but obferved alfo, in every part, the principal varieties which fometimes take place in the diftribution of its arteries; and thus, as might well be expected, obtained a much more accu- rate knowledge of the ftru&ure than could be acqui- red by thofe who examined the whole body in a fu- peificial and general manner. I THE AUTHOR’S PREFACE. X* I forbear mentioning thofe authors who have de- fcribed the arteries, fince to thofe who have been ini- tiated into anatomical ftudies the molt of them are known or recommended. The great defeat of thefe illuftrious writers is, that almoft all of them have ca- pricioufly changed the ancient denominations of the ramifications, and impofed new ones of their own. By this means the young inquirer is led into many errors, and the ftudy of anatomy itfelf has been not a little retarded. To remedy thefe inconveniences was the defign of the illuftrious Haller. He, as it were, having made this branch of anatomy his own, explained their diftributions more accurately and ele- gantly than had hitherto been done: nor w’as this all; but whenever he faw it neceffary to fubftitute new or more apt denominations, he ftill took notice of the old ones in their proper place. Few, it is to be re- gretted, make fufficient ufe of this rich treafure of anatomical knowledge, and examine properly thofe excellent drawings in the work, which are Nature it- felf. Among thofe, however, who deferve praife for their inquiries into this fubjedl, I cannot forbear men- tioning with approbation Sabbatier and Meyer. Thefe anatomifts have indeed changed many of the a 4 names X.ii THE AUTHOR’S PREFACE. names irapofed by Haller; but their writings are re- markably perfpicuous, and they have faithfully given the obfervations of Haller in their Compends. The figures which accompany the work of Meyer are re- duced to a fmaller form ; but are accurate, fair, and extremely ufeful in difiedtion. The great fcope of this iliuftrious author feems to have been to furnifli a rule to young dilfedtors; to which, in examining the human body, they might reduce their inquiries, and, at the fame time, that they might be able, by his fhort Compend, to commit their obfervations more eafily to memory. It feemed to me, however, more ufeful to t reduce into Sciagraphical Tables the Divifions of the Ramifications which proceed from the Aorta; fothat any obfervations concerning a particular branch might more readily fir ike the eye, and be remembered with greater facility. Having derived great advantage from tables of this kind which 1 had formed for my private ufe, I could not help communicating them to my iliuftrious col- leagues, by whom they were exhibited as exercifes ; 'i and they are now prefented to the Public in a more polifhed and correct form. 1 have followed every- where the draughts of the iliuftrious Haller; which, ss well as thofe obfervations I was accuftomed to write the author’s preface. xiii write down upon differing bodies, I have frequently and carefully examined. Thefe have led me, in fome places, to invert the order in which the fmaller branch- es rife from their trunks. I have nowhere changed the nomenclature of Haller, fince I willingly follow the authority of fo great a man. Left thefe Tables Ihould have too much the appearance of a catalogue, I have briefly defcribed the courfe of every particu- lar branch, if not very anomolous. I earneftly wifti that this Eflay may be generally ufeful, and efpecially to young anatomifts, for whom it was principally in- tended. CONTENTS. * ■ . /.T ;': 10 30 w - ■ . r • • • ; ' • : ! ;• r\‘? , j« ; ,r J r ■ f’ ■ j i- .• CONTENTS TAGE. THE AORTA, AORTA, . t SECTION I. BRANCHES from the ARCH of the AORTA. 4 I. Right Coronary, Arteria Coronarja Dextra ib. II. Left Coronary, Sinistra, 5 III. Right Subclavian, Subclavian, 6 IV. Common Carotid, Carotis Communis, ib. Common Carotid, Carotis Communis, 1 Ejcternae carotid, Arteria carotis externa, ib. Superior thyroid, thyroidea fupeiior ib. Lingual, lingualis, S Labial, labialis. 9 Afcending pharyngeal, pharyngea afcendens J 3 Occipital, occipitalis, i 4 Pofterior auricular, auricularis pofterior, 15 Superficial temporal. temporalis fuperficialis, •7 Internal maxillary, maxillaris interna, 19 Internal carotid, carotis interna, 24 Pofterior of the receptacle. receptaculi pofterior, 25 Anterior of the receptacle, receptaculi anterior, 26 Opthalmic, opthalmica, ib. Communicating, communicans, 3 1 Anterior carotid. carotis anterior. 32 Pofterior CONTENTS. Pofterior carotid. Two namelefs branches. PAGE. carotis pofterio*, 33 Subclavian, Interna! mammary. Inferior thyroid, Superior intercoftal. Vertebral, * Deep cervical. Superficial cervical. Subclavia, - * 34 Arteria mammaria interna, 35 thyroidea inferior, 37 intercoftalis fuperior, 41 vertebralis, 42 cervicalis profunda, 47 cervicalis fuperficialis, 48 Axillary, Higheft thoracic. Long thoracic. Humeral thoracic. Alar thoracic. Inferior fcapular, Pofterior circumflex, Anterior circumflex, Humeral, or Brachial, Large profunda, Large nutritious of the humerus, Leffer. profunda, Large ar.aftomotic. Axillaris, ib. Arteria thoracica fuprema, 49 longior. ib. humeraria, 50 alaris, 51 fcapularis inferior. 52 circumflexa pofterior, 53 anterior, 54 Humeraria, s. brachialis, 55 Arteria profunda humeri, 56 nutritia magna humeri, 58 profunda minor. ib* Ramus anaftomoticus magnus. 59 Ulnar, Cubitalis, 60 Higheft interoffeal perfo. Arteria interoffea perforans fu- rant, prema, - 6 1 Ulnar recurrent, recurrens cubitalis, lb. Nutritious of the ulna, nutritia ulnae, 62 Common interofleal, interoffea communis, ib. Dorfal of the hand, dorfalis manus, • 65 Ulnar profunda, cubitalis manus profunda, 66 Vola- CONTENTS XVII PAGE, Vola-ulnar of the little fin- Arteria volaris cubitalis digit! mi- ger, nimi, 65 Firft vola-digital, digitalis volaris prima. 3r. Second vola-digital, fecunda, 6 ? Third vola-digital, tertia. ib. Large anaftomotic, Namclefs branches. Ramus anaftomoticus magnus. 68 ADIAL, Radialis, ib. Radial recurrent, Arteria recurrens radialis, 69 Superficial volar, fuperficialis volse, 71 Dorfo-radial of the thumb, dorlalis pollicis radialis, 7* Dorfo-ulnar of the thumb, ulnaris. iift. Dorfo-carpal, carpea. 7.3 Dotfo-radial, f interofiea indicis major, L s. radialis. 74 Pollicar, or artery of the ? thumb, 3 princeps pollicis, ib . Superior volar perforants. perforantes fuperiores. 75 Inferior volar perforants. inferiores. ib. SECTION II. BRANCHES from the DESCENDING AORTA, 77 Thoracic aorta. Aorta thgracica. 78 Superior and pofterior pe- Arteria pericardiaca polterior fu- ricardiac. perior. lb. Common bronchial, bronchsalis communis, ib . Right bronchial, dextra. ib. Left bronchial, finiftra. 19 Inferior bronchial, brotichialis inferior, ib. CEfophageal, cefoptrageae, ib. Interior intercoftals, intercoilales inferiores. 8q Ventral XV111 CONTENTS Ventral aorta, PAGE. Aorta ventralis, - 81 Phrenic — right and left, Coeliac, Superior coronary, Hepatic, Splenic, phrenica, dex. et finiftra, 82 coelica, - - 84 coronaria fuperior, - ib. hepatica, - - 86 fplenica, » - 90 Superior mesenteric, Pofterior pancreatics, Left inferior duodenals, Superior colic, Ileo-colic, mesenterica superior, 91 pancreatice pofteriores 92 duodenales infer, finift. ib. colica fuperior, - ib. ileo-colica - - 94 Inferior mesenteric, Left colic, Internal hemorrhoidal, mesenterica inferior, 96 colica finiftra, - ib. hemorrhoidalis internalis, 98 Capfular, or atrabiliary, Renal, or emulgent, Spermatic — right and left, Adipofe— right and left, Ureterics, Lumbar — right and left, capfulares, s. atrabiliarie, ib. renalis s. emulgens, - 99 f fpermatica— dextra et fi- 1 niftra, - . 100 adipofa — dextra et finift. 102 ureterice, - - 103 lumbalis — dextra et finift. ib. Common iliac, Iliaca communis, - 105 Internal Iliac, Ileo lumbar, Sacro-laterals, Umbilical, Inferior veiicals, Middle hemorrhoidal, Uterine, Obturator, Pofterior iliac, or gluteal, Ifchiadic, Arteria iliaca interna, 107 Ileo-lumbalis, 108 facre laterales, 1 09 umbilicalis, - ib. veficales ime, - no hemorrhoidea media, 1 1 1 uterina, - 1 1 2 obturatork, - U3 iliaca pofterior, s.glutea, 1 15 ifchiadica, - 118 Common CONTENTS, SIX Common pudic, or pudic. PAGE. Arteria pudenda communis, 119 EXTERNAL IlIACj Ilsaca Externa, H24 Epigaftric, Arteria epigaftrica, 125 Circumflex iliac, circumflexa ileum, & c. S27 Common femoral. Femoralis communis. 129 Superior external pudic, Arteria pudenda exter. fuperior, J30 Middle external pudic, externa media, ib° Inferior external pudic. externa inferior, I!); Deep femoral, Femoralis profunda. S3E External circumflex. Arteria circumflexa externa, 132 Internal circumflex, interna, 135 Firft perforant, perforans prima, 138 Second perforant. fecunda, 24© Superficial femoral, Femoralis superficial^, 24 2 Large amaftomotic. Ramus anaftomoticus magnus, *43 Superior perforant, perforans fuperior. *44 Inferior perforant, inferior, *45 Popliteal, Poplitea, 146 Superior externo-articular, Arteria articularis fuper. externa, 147 Superior interno-articular, fuper. interna, ibo Middle articular, media, s. azygos 148 Inferior externo-articular, infer, externa. *49 Inferior interno-articular, infer, interna, ih. Anterior tibial, Tibialis antica, *5* Tibial recurrent. Arteria tibialis recurrens. 152 Internal malleolar. malleolaris interna, 253 External malleolar, externa, ih. T ranfverfe tarfal, or tarfal. Arteria tarfea, *54 Tranfverfe metatarfal, metatarfea, ijg Dorfo-metatarfal, dorfalis externa halucis, J 5 7 Deep CONTENTS XX Deep anaftomotic, PAGE. Ramus anaftomoticusprofundus, 157 The Posterior tibial, Pofterior interoffeal. Common fibular, External plantar, Internal plantar. Tibialis postica, Arteria interoffea pofterior, peronea communis, plantaris externa, interna, 158 159 tb. 164 169 A DESCRIPTION OF THE ARTERIES OF THE HUMAN BODY; REDUCED TO TABLES. THE AORTA. T HE large artery, termed aorta, opens with a wide orifice in the fuperior and pofterior fide of the left ventricle of the heart® Its roots feem incorporated with the fubftance of tne heart itfelf j as it is not only clofely united with its internal furface, but fome mufcular dria? of the ventricle are alfo mixed with the A white THE AORTA. 1 white line, which is called Tendo Jrteriofus , and which defines the extent of the mufcle Some tranfverfe fibres of the heart are united to the aorta from without, and cover it for a line and an half, though a little more loofely at the ex- tremity. The aorta having left the heart, is im- mediately expanded ; nor does it again recover its firft diameter till it reaches the place where it fends off the fubclavian artery of the right fide. In its afcent, it is firft inflected to the right, be- hind and beyond the pulmonary artery; it then gradually inclines itfelf to the left, til!, having formed a tranfverfe arch, it is feen projecting behind the lungs, at the left fide of the vertebra?. From thefe it receives its chief fuppcrt, and de- fcends along with them in the fame ftraight line ; till at laft, having entered the abdomen, it again begins to turn towards the right, or refts upon the middle of the vertebras. By the arch of the aorta, is underftood that part of it which is bent nearly in the form of a parabola, and which maintains the curved di- rection already mentioned, though its right pil- lar at firft ftretches to the right, and then pro- ceeds to the left, while the left advances alrnoft in a ftraight line. I exclude the ancient and now obfolete diftindtion of the Aorta into the Amend- ing, Tranfverfe, and Defcending. When THE AORTA. 3 When we confider the whole extent of the arch, we obferve that it leaves the ventricle at the inferior margin of the third rib, and % rifes in an oblique and winding courfe to the lower margin of the firft rib ; and that its diameter muft be fo referred to the external parts, as that its exterior and right extremity fhall correfpond to the middle of the cartilages of the ribs ; and its left extremity, concealed by the left lobe of the lungs, and proceeding onwards, fha!l, in like manner, correfpond to the vertebral extremity of the ribs. A 2 SECTION 1 SECTION I. BRANCHES FROM THE ARCH OF THE AORTA. I. The two Coronary Arteries of the Heart, viz. the Right Inferior and Left Superior. Thefe being fent off above the interior and po- fterior femilunar valves, form, in returning to the heart, an acute angle with the riling trunk. II. The Right Subclavian or Innomi- NATA. III. The Left Common Carotid. IV. The Left Subclavian. The three laft arife as diftindt branches from the fuperior convexity of the arch. The firlt of them palTes obliquely over the Trachea or Windpipe, upwards, and to the right; and afcer advancing about two inches, divides at its right extremity into the right common carotid, and the right subclavian, which palTes un- der the Clavicle to the arm. The other two branch out from the Aorta near to the former, and are alfo hmilar to them. I. The Right Coronary— is larger than the Xeft. Being covered with fat, it runs between the SeSi.L ARCH OF THE AORTA. 5 the auricle and ventricle to the flat furface and apex of the heart, inofculating freely with the left coronary, both by its branches and the ex- tremity of its trunk. Thefe branches are, a. One running on the right to the aorta, and on "the left to the pulmonary artery. b. A number going to both rides of the right au- ricle — to the two venae cavae — to the linus be- hind — to the aorta — and to the pulmonary veins. c. Five branches winding on the convex furface of the heart ; the longeft of which unites with the left coronary branches beyond the feptum, near the apex. d. Branches palling over the plain furface and right ventricle, as far as the apex of the heart. II. The Left Coronary-— after going out between the pulmonary artery and the left au- ricle, divides into two branches— a. An Anterior Branch, running upon the convex furface of the heart, towards the feptum, in a winding direction, to the apex, where it is refle&ed on the pofterior furface of the heart. This gives, 1. Branches, to the trunks of the arteries, uniting with thofe of the right coronary. 2. Numerous branches to the left ventricle. b. A Circumflex Poflerior Branch, which, wind- ing between the left finus and the ventricle to A3 the ^RANCHES FROM THE Sea. 1. the rounded extremity of the heart, terminates towards the apex, upon the flat furface. It gives * Branches, running upwards, and extenfively ra- mified on the left finus and the left auricle, and proceeding at laft to the inferior vena cava. * * Branches, lofing themfelves in the mufcle of the left fide of the heart N. B. A third branch is fometimes found funk deep in the fepturn. The coronary arteries run in innumerable twigs to each mufcular fafciculus of the heart; and wherever they approach the branches of the phrenic, internal mammary, and bronchial arteries, they communicate with them by frequent inofculations. III. The Right Subclavian — For the de- fer! ption of this and the Left one, fee below. IV. The Common Carotid — has on each fide a fimilar diftribution of its branches, though the Right be a little larger than the Left. It lies on the anterior furface of the vertebras, and is united by cellular membrane to the in- tercb'ftal nerve — the par vagum beneath, and the internal jugular vein above. It thus afcends in one continued trunk in a ftraight direction, and parallel to the 1 rachea, as high as the fupe- rior margin of the thyroid cartilage. It there di- vides into branches of equal iize ; the anterior of which is called the external carotid \ and the po- sterior, the internal or cerebral. DI3TRI- Seel. I. , ARCH OF THE AORTA. 7 DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMMON CAROTID, (I.) The External or Superficial Caro- tid This artery has fcarcely arifen, when it ad- vance forwards, anci divides into eight branches^ variously didributed. A. The superior thyroid, iffuing near the ori- ' gin of the trunk, and dei'cending in a winding courfe to the fuperior margin of the thyroid gland, gives out, a. The Superficial Attending Branch, running above or below the os hyoides, and there forming an a'i\h with the branch from the oppofite fide. This again divides into, «. Branches going to the hyo-thyroideus, fterno and om hyoidei mufcles, the platyfma myoide- us, and fktn. p. Branches to the ligament, which unites the thy- roid cartilage to the os hyoides. i. TheSuperficialDefcendingBranch,runrungdown« wards, and dividing into feveral branches, with various communications. Thefe are diftributed to, 1. The fternc malloid, platyfma- my oideus, the thy- roid cartilage, the hyo and crico thyroidei mufcles, and the middle and lowed conftrittor mufcles of the phan nx. Some of thefe occa- fionaliy come off from the fuperior afeending btanch. 2. A branch, uniting with the fame artery, from the oppofite* fide, above the cricothyroideus, and there forming a ring. c. The Laryngeal Branch. — Larger, and often pro- ceeding from the fuperficial afeending branch, A 4 It s BRANCHES FROM THE Sea. 1 It hides itfelf, with its attending nerve, between the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages •, or pe- netrates the membranous interftice between the thyroid cartilage and the os hyoides ; or even fometimes runs to the interior part of the larynx, through a paffage peculiar to itfelf in the thy- roid cartilage, and at laft fends off, “. An afcending branch — going to the upper mar- gin of the epiglottis and its membranes. P>. A tranfverfe branch— given to the pofterior ary- tenoid and cricoarytenoid mufcles. y. A defcending branch — running to the thyro- arytenoid — the lateral and pofterior cricoaryte- noid — the lateral ligament — and the ligamentous expanfion fpreading outwards. A fmall trunk at laft goes out, and lofes itfelf in the cricothyroideus. d. The Thyroid Branch — .inofculating in the fub- flance of the gland itfelf with the thyroid branch of the inferior thyroid artery, and alfo by various twigs with the branch from the oppofite fide. B. The lingual, or sublingual artery, winding above the os hyoides, forwards, up- wards, and inwards, to the tongue. At its commencement, it either paffes over, or is covered by the hyogloffus ; then is conceal- ed by the geniogloffus. At the anterior mar- gin of the hyogloffus, it is fubdivided into * and z. It gives off, «. Branches to the middle conftrictors of the pha- rynx. (2. The Hyoidal Branch — often uniting at the fu- perior, but fometimes the inferior, margin of the St cl. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 9 the os hyoides, with the oppofite branch, and diftributing twigs to the contiguous mufcles of the os hyoides and tongue, y. Branches penetrating the fibres of the hyoglofifus or its interftices, if the trunk be concealed ; proceeding to the mylohyoideus, genio-fterno, and coraco-hyoidei, and the digaftric. 5. The Dorfal of the Tongue — running outwards and upwards, near the infertion of the Ityloglof- fus. Having reached the dorfum of the tongue and the epiglottis, it forms a plexus with the branch of the oppofite fide, and is ramified upon the adjoining part of the pharynx. {. The Sublingual — the fuperficial branch of the di- vided trunk, riling to the fymphyfis, between the fublingual glands and the geniohyoideus, often penetrating the mylohyoideus, and lofing jtfelf in the integuments of the chin. If larger, it often fupplies the place of the fubmental ar- tery. In this courfe it fends off many irregular- ly difpofed branches ; of which the moft remark- able are, r . Branches to the fublingual gland. 2. Branches to the geniohyoideus, mylohyoideus, the digaftric, and Ikin. 3. Branches to the inferior lip. 1. Ranina — a larger branch, going off at an obtufe angle from the trunk. It runs tortuoufiy be- tween the fibres of the geniogloffus to the fur- face and point of the tongue, palling along the middle, on the inferior fide. C. The LABIAL, EXTERNAL MAXILLARY, ANGU- LAR, or facial— Concealed by the ftylohy- oideus. 10 BRANCHES FROM THE Sett 1. oideus, and the tendon of the digaftric. A- fcends, in a tortuous manner, forwards, thro’ the depreffion, for the maxillary gland, and, winding above the maxilla, follows the an- terior margin of the maffeter ; — afterwards branches cut, under the zygomatic mufcles, in ferpentine w indings, upon the face and the lides of the mouth and nofe. The numerous branches proceeding from this artery are di- vided into two claffes : The firft, compre- hending thofe arteries that leave the trunk before it reaches the maxilla, from i to 6 ; the fecond, the branches diftributed on ’he face itfelf, from 7 to 12. 1. The Afcending Palatine — covered by the flyloid mufcles — lies upon the Tides of the pharynx, near the external margin of the internal ptery- goid mufcle. Twigs being fent from it to thefe mufcles, to the tongue, the tonfils, and the Eu- ftachian tube, it is divided, near the fides of the levator palati, into * A Superficial Palatine Branch — following the courfe of the circumflex mufcle of the palate, and diftributing twigs to the pendulous velum and its glands. * * A Deep Palatine Branch — perforating the ve- lum under the levator palati, and copioufly fup- plying with branches the uvula, palate bone, tonfils, and tendinous expanflon of the circum- flex. 2 . Minuter branches to the ftylohyoideus, the fty- lopharyngeus, the hyoglofius, and ghnds. 3. The Tonfillar Branch — fometim.es wanting — near Seel. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. It near the infertion of the ftylogloffits penetrates the lateral parts of the pharynx to the tonfils, and exhaufts itfeif in numerous fmall branches, fpreading on their furface, and reaching to the tongue. 4. A duller of twigs, regularly fent off from the trunk in the furrow or depreflion already men- tioned, and beautifully fubdivided on the ma- xillary glands. Some of them run to the ptery- goideus, the tongue, the integuments of the neck, the chin itfeif, and even to the mafleter. 5. The Pterygoid Branch — often double — diftribu? ted to the internal pterygoid, the mylohyoideus, the fuperior conftridtors, the conftridlors of the ifthmus of the fauces, and fometimes to the tongue. 6. The Submental Branch — goes out near the bend of the trunk, above the maxilla, between the anterior part of the digaftric, the mylohyoi^p- us, and the margin of the maxilla, almoft to the fymphyfis of the chin, where it divides into ^ and y. When it fupplies the place of the fub- lingual, it distributes a great abundance of twigs j and commonly a. A number of branches, varioufly ramified cn the maxillary glands, the fkin, the mylohyoideus, and the mouth. A Superficial Branch — ramified on the quadratus, or depreffor of the inferior lip, and the fkin. y . A Deep Branch — covered by the quadratus 5 diftributed to the levator menti, the triangularis, or depreffor of the angle of the mouth, the or- bicularis, and fkin, and inofculating with the branches of the inferior labial. vj . The Maffeterif Branch— United foith a branch »f IZ BRANCHES FROM THE Sea. I. of the temporal artery of the fame name upon the furface of this mufcle. 8. The Inferior Labial, or Superficial Branch — rife3, often double, from the trunk, goes forwards, and, having fent branches to the buccinator, the de- prelfors of the angle of the mouth and lips, and the orbicular, diftributes others, uniting with the inferior labial of the oppofite fide, with the inferior coronary, and the inferior maxillary; and then paffes under the depreffor of the angle of the mouth to the inferior lip, dividing into two, and fometimes producing the inferior coronary of the lip. g. Many branches, fpreading outwards above the buccinator, and interwoven with the tranfverfe of the face, the buccal, and the alveolar. to. The Coronary of the Inferior Lip — goes off near the angle of the mouth, and, covered by the depreffor of the angle and the orbicular, proceeds towards the cavity of the mouth, in a winaing and tranfverfe dire&ion, under the membrane of the mouth, to its fellow of the op- pofite fide, with which it inofculates. From this are diftributed, 1. Branches to the maffeter, the parotid gland, Steno’s duft, the buccinator, and the orbicular. 2. Branches defcending to the quadratus and fkin, and inofculating with the neighbouring arteries. ii. The Coronary of the Superior Lip — like the preceding, but larger and more tortuous, paffes under the greater zygomatic and the orbicular mufcles, runs along the margin of the fuperior lip, and gives i. Branches Sea. L ARCH OF THE AORTA, 1 3 1. Branches to the orbicular mufcle and levators of the fuperior lip. 2. The Lateral Nafal Branch — uniting with the nafo-opthalmic, and forming a beautiful vaicu- lar plexus upon the alae of the nofe. 3. The two Nafal Branches of the Septum — rifing upwards from the middle of the lip, and running as far as the point of the rtofe. 12. Two or three branches, uniting, under the le- vator labii fuperioris proprius, with the infraor- bital, and other fmaller branches perforating this levator mufcle, and uniting alfo with the palpe- bral arteries. D. The ASCENDING PHARYNGEAL ARTERY of Haller — iffues near the lingua], or from the bifurcation of the carotid, but more poffe- riorly from the trunk. The auricular ex- cepted, it is the fmalleft of the branches.' It is united by the tela cellulofa to the long an- terior redtus mufcle, and rifes anteriorly to- wards the foramen lacerum, through which it paffes to be loft in the dura mater. The branches which go off in it's afcent may be divided, in regard to their fituation, 1. Into thofe palling Inwards, viz. a. AnlnferiorPharyngeal Branch — ftretchingdown, and fupplying the lower part of the mufcular fac. b. A Middle Pharyngeal Branch — aiftributlng ma- ny twigs in the region of the larynx, pharynx, and Euftachian tube, after having united itfelf with the fuperior thyroid artery. c. A Higher Pharyngeal or Palatine Branch — dif- tributing fome twigs to the fuperior conftriftors, the 4 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. L the ftylopharyngeus, the Eultachian tube, and the pendulous velum ; others to the rectus mi- nor, the cuneiform bone, the cartilage occupy- ing the anterior part of the foramen lacerum — and others to the internal parts of the noftrils, and the pterygoid canal. 2. Thofe palling Outwards. — Of which the molt remarkable are, Branches to the firft intercollal ganglion and the par vagum. Branches to the fternomaftoid and the conglobate glands of the neck. y. A branch palling through the opening with the jugular vein, and extending its minute twigs even to the cavernous finus. E. The occipital artery — pafles tranfverfely before the jugular vein, above the re&us la- teralis, proceeding between the tranfverfe pro- cefs of the atlas and the maftoid procefs, to the back part of the neck, and riles, in many wandering branches, to the occiput. In its courfe it is covered by the digaftric, the tra- chelomalioid, the fplenius, and complexus ; and becomes fubcutaneous as it reaches the occiput. Its branches are, a. One to the digaftric and ftylohyoideus. b. Branches to the glands of the neck and the fter- nomaftoid, inofculating with the afcending thy- roid artery. c. A Meningeal Branch — which enters the cranium along with the jugular vein, and is diftributed to the furface of the dura mater of the cerebel- lum. d. An Auricular Branch— diftributed to the lefler lobe L ARCH OF THE AORTA. lobe and the helix, and fometimes behind on the concha. e. Branches to the fplenius and trachelomaftoid. Of thefe, the defcending branches go to the la- teral and oblique redbi mufcles. / A Large Cervical Branch — palling to the exte- rior margin of the complexus, and going down between this and the trachelomaftoid. A Superficial Branch— defcending often to the middle of the neck ; and, giving twigs to the fplenius, complexus, and fkin, at lad inofcu- lates with the tranfverfe thyroid artery of the neck. -p -}- A Deep Branch — didributed to the o’blkpn refti and complexus, and uniting with the ver- tebral artery under the tranfverfe procefs of the atlas. g. The artery, having now bent towards the vertex of the head, branches go off in a retrograde courfe to the fplenius and complexus •, w hills other branches are fo extenfively ramified, that a great number of them inofculate with the higher twigs of the temporal artery. Of thefe, one perforates the occipital ridge, and another the pofterior maftoid hole— both of them going to the dura mater. T. The POSTERIOR AURICULAR, Or STYLOMA- STOID.— -This artery rifes from the trunk in the parotid gland, above the digaftric mufcle, and before the ftyloid procefs, and paftes tranf* verfely to the ear. As it afcends in a curved dire&ion behind the ear, it inclines to the pofterior part of the fquamous bone, inos- culating, firft with the temporal, and then with BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. /, with the occipital arteries. It divides into, a. Numerous branches, going to the parotid gland, the digaftric and fternomaftoid mufcles. h. A branch, palling through a particular opening in the meatus auditorius of infants, is diftributed to its membrane. c. The Stylomaftoid Branch — palling outward to the ftylomaftoid hole, where it enters, and ex- hibits the following branches : r. An external one to the cartilaginous part of the meatus. C. The Firll Branch of the Tympanic Artery. — This, in palling along with a twig of the arti- cular artery of the maxilla, fends out the coro- nary branch, which furrounds the olleous part of the meatus auditorius, and, descending to the membrane of the tympanum, (hoots out in- to the molt beautiful ramifications. 3. Branches to the maifoid cells, the mufcle of the llapes, the external femicircular canal, and the nerve. •• 4. A branch, analtomofing at the fuperior and po- fterior part of the tympanum with the menin- geal branch, palling through the aquedudt of Fallopius to the cavity of the ear. d. Minute branches to the fternomaftoid mufcle, the llcin, and vertex of the head. e. Branches behind the ear to the pofterior auricu- lar, the occipital and fplenius mufcles, and dif- ftributed more deeply to the mammillary pro- cefs, the pericranium, and the occipital bone. ,/. A branch, winding on the pofterior part of the concha of the ear, and fending twigs to the car- tilage, to inofculate with the ramuli of the an- terior auricular artery. g. Higher SV$. L ARCH OF THE AORTA. 1 7 g. Higher branches, fpreading under and above the aponeurofis of the temporal mufcle, and inof- culating before with the temporal, and behind with the occipital branches. G. The superficial temporal.— This artery, concealed at ftrft in the parotid gland, rifes in a ftraight line above the zygomatic arch, between the maxilla and meatus auditori- us, and is at laft extenfively ramified on the aponeurofis of the temples and the neigh- bouring parts. In this courfe are fent off, 1. A number of branches to the parotid gland, e= qually irregular in fize and number. 2. The Articular Artery of the Maxilla — running to the pofterior part of the meatus auditorius ; fending branches to the articular cartilage, and tranfmitting two twigs along the portio dura, through the fi fibre of the articulation, where they reach the mufcle of the malleus, and, inos- culating with the ftylomaftoid, form the other half of the coronary artery of the tympanum. 3. Two or three mafleteric branches, going to the mafleter mufcle, and afterwards inofculating with the branches of the coronary artery of the inferior lip and the buccalis, or artery of the cheek. 4. The Tranfverfe Artery of the Face — rifing under the zygoma from the parotid gland, it proceeds tranfverfely to the face along with the Salivary du£t. In this courfe, if double, it gives branches to the parotid gland, the articulation of the maxilla, the mafleter, the fkin, the zygomaticus, and the orbicularis palpebrarum. It inofculates with the alveolar, palpebral, infraorbital, and B coronary BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. I. coronary arteries of the upper lip ; and fome- times gives rife to maffeteric branches. 5. The Middle or Deep Temporal Branch — fent off below the zygoma. This branch pafles over the zygomatic arch, and is immediately covered by the aponeurolis of the mufcle, where it ex- tends to the anterior part of the temporal muf- cle, to the external angle of the orbit, and in- ofculates with the palpebral artery. 6. The Anterior Auricular Arteries — rifing above the origin of the middle temporal. Some of thefe perforate the meatus auditorius, and form a retiform plexus with the pofterior auricular artery ; others go to the helix and antihelix, the anterior auricular mufcle, and meatus audito- rius. 7. The Orbicular Branch — rifing often from the temporo-frontal artery, palling above the zygo- matic arch, fends a fmall branch, in a tortuous direction, to the external canthus of the eye, which, running under the orbicularis, reaches the internal angle of the orbit. In this courfe, it inofculates with the palpebral and frontal branches, and, with the frontal, forms the fuper* ciliary arch. 8. The Temporo-j rental) or Internal Anterior Branch — diftributed extenfively towards the forehead, and fometimes reaching as far as the glabella. It fends branches, which rife almoft at right angles from the trunk, to the orbi- cular, corrugator, frontal mufcles, and aponeu- rolis. 9. The Temporo-occipital, or External Pofterior Branch — bending towards the ear, backwards and L ARCH OF THE AORTA. I 9 and behind it, forming, as it were, a continua- tion of the trunk — is diftributed, in numerous ramifications, to the occipital and lateral parts of the head ; inofculates with the occipital a- bout the lambdoidal future, with the temporo- frontal before, and above with the branches ftretching from the oppofite fide. JV. B. The Temporal Artery gives many minute branches to the pericranium, and the boric. H. Internal maxillary. — This artery is lar- ger than the temporal : It rifes above the la- teral ligament of the maxilla, about the middle of the ramus of the inferior maxillary bone, before the external pterygoid ; and, bending inwards, forwards, and downwards, is concealed under the maxilla. It then rifes obliquely upwards and forwards, to the fpace lying between the tuber maxiilare and the pterygoid procefs; and as it proceeds in a tor- tuous manner, it is loft here in three or four branches, or rather in the fpheno-maxillary fifth re. In this eourfe it gives 1. The Deep Auricular Artery — going to the pofle- rior part of the meatus auditories, and giving twigs to this and the neighbouring glands. It is fometimes wanting-. 2. The Artery of the Tympanum — which, having fent ramuli to the fat of the maxillary articu- lation, pafies through the fiffure of Glafferus to the anterior mufcle of the malleus. 3. The Small Meningeal Artery — running towards the bafis of the Ikull, parallel to the middle B 2 meningeal. 0 branches from the Seft. J' meningeal. It gives in its courfe brandies to the external pterygoid, to the palatine mufcles, and to the third branch of the fifth pair of nerves. It then paffes through the foramen o- vale, to the membranes of the receptacle, be- tween the pterygoid procefs and the circumflex mufcle. 4. The Middle Meningeal Artery — pafling in a ftraight direftion to the foramen fpinofum, where it enters this hole ; and is there fo ramified upon the furface of the dura mater, that fome branch- es are carried tranfverfely under the temporal bone to the occipital, others to the pofterior finus of the falx while others bend a little more anteriorly. All of thefe have frequent anaftomofings with one another, as alfo with the pofterior meningeal branches rifing from the vertebral and occipital arteries, and with the anterior branches from the opthalmic. Be- fore reaching the foramen fpinofum, it fome- times gives branches to the fphenoid bone, and through that bone to the dura mater, and 0- thers to the external pterygoid, and the muf- cles of the Euftachian tube. Having palled the foramen fpinofum, it fends + Three or four branches to the jun&ion between the petrous and fquamous portions of the tem- poral bone. 4* ■+■ T wo branches pafling through the aqueduft of Fallopius ; one of them following the courfe of that canal, the other going to the internal mufcle of the malleus, and the cavity of the tympanum. 4 ~ + + Branches, which fometimes pafs through a hole Sea. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA 21 hole of the large wing of the fphenoid bone, going to the os malas and the lachrymal gland. The meningeal artery' fometimes fends off the la- chrymal artery within the cranium. 5. The Inferior Maxillary Artery — going down, in company with the nerve of the fame name, to the inframaxillary canal. As it enters the ca- nal along with the nerve, it fends branches to the internal pterygoid and the mylohyoide- us ; and is fo diftributed on the canal of the bone, that fome pofterior branches go to the dentes molares and the bone itfelf, while an- terior twigs enter the alveolar procefs of the incifores : Then palling through the inframaxil- dary hole, it inofculates with the labial branches,' and is diftributed to the adjacent mufcles and 6. Pterygoid Branches — varying in number — and diftributed, both fuperlicially and more deeply, on the pterygoid and buccinator mufcles. 7. The Deep External Temporal Artery — before the trunk is concealed by the zygoma, gives a branch, which, in its afcent, refts upon the ten- don of the temporal mufcle, and terminates in this mufcle and adjoining parts ; while another, which fome call the majfeteric , is fent outwards and forwards between the procefles of the ma- xilla, to the external pterygoid and maffeter mufcles. 8. The Deep Internal Temporal Artery — riling in that part where the trunk proceeds tranfverfely near the antrum Highmorianum, terminating in the temporal mufcle, and tranfmitting a twig 1 ; P through branches from the Seel . I . through the cheek-bone, to fupply the fat and periofteum of the orbit. 9. The Buccal, or Artery of the Cheek — irregular in its origin, arifing, fometimes from the exter- nal deep temporal artery, fometimes from the alveolar, and fomet'mes from. the infraorbital — penetrates the buccinator ; and, winding on its furface, gives branches to the zygomati- cus, the levator, the glands, and the adipofe fubltance. 10. The Alveolar Artery — proceeding in a tortu- ous direction, above the alveolar proceffes and the fuperior maxillary bone, towards the cheek and face — where it gives, a. Branches to the buccinator, fat, and internal fur- face of the cheek bone, and the gums. h. Branches entering, by minute holes, the antrum Highmorianum. c. The Superior Maxillary Artery of the Teeth — palling through the perforation in the tuber ma- xillare ; and as it runs along the canal of the bone, giving branches, with fome from the in- fraorbital, to the dentes molares, canini and in- cifivi. 11. The Infraorbital Artery — rifing in the fpheno- maxillary fifiure, near the infraorbital groove ; and, palling along this canal, emerges at laft upon the face through the infraorbital hole. Before the trunk reaches the canal, branches are diftributed to the fat and dura mater of the orbit, to the lachrymal gland, and to the infe- rior oblique niulcle of tire eve. From the ca- nal, -j- Branches go to the orbicular mufeie, the la- chrymal lac. and the nofe. 4- + Branches. Sett. L ARCH OF THE AORTA. 23 -}- _j_ Branches, through the bone, to the antrum Highmorianum, or maxillary finus, and its mem- brane. Beyond the canal, and upon the face, k. Branches anaftomofing with the nafal, labial, the tranfverfe of the face, and buccal arteries. Branches to the buccinator mufcle, the levator anguli oris, and the levator labii fuperioris. 12. The Superior Palatine, Descending, or Ptery- gopalatine Artery — riling, often double, from the trunk, that is divided into three branches at the fphenomaxillary hffure. It enters the ptery- gopalatine canal ; and there, if not fooner, di- vides into two branches ; a. A Pofterior Branch — turning backwards thro’ the pofterior palatine hole, going to the extremi- ty of the palatine bone and the velum palati, and communicating with the afcending palatinebranch. b . An Anterior Branch— larger than the laft, paf- fing forward under the roof of the mouth, and forming a vafcular plexus in the palate. A fingle twig afcends through the foramen inciii- vum to the inner fide of the nofe, or inofculatea with the nafal branch as it paffes down. J3. The Higkejl Pharyngeal Branch-—riling in the place already mentioned ; ftretching behind the fphenoidal fmufes, to the upper, pofterior, and lateral parts of the pharynx — where it gives a. Nutritious branches, entering their feveral aper- tures in the fphenoid bone and the pterygoid procefies. A branch, going to the pterygoid hole, ar.d in- ofculating with a branch, rifing either from the interna! carotid, the pharyngeal, or the middle meningeal arteries. 1 A branch to the cartilage of the Euftachian tube. B 4 S 24 BRANCHES FROM THE Sul. I. I have fometimes found this pLatyngeal branch entirely wanting. 14. The Nafal Artery — the lafh branch of the trunk, and often double, paffing through the fphe- no-palatine hole, and dividing, at the l'u- perior and pofterior part of the nofe, into a. A fmall branch, going to the pofterior ethmoid cells. 1 . Branches to the fphenoidal fmufes. c. Larger branches to the feptum of the nofe. d. A large branch, paffing through the fuperior and inferior fpongy bones to the bottom of the nofe ; giving twigs to the antrum and the mem- branes of the noftrils, and inofculating with the anterior palatine branch as it pa’Tes through the foramen incifivum. (II.) The Internal Carotid, or Cerebral Artery — This artery, as it rifes to its canal, is connected before, by means of cellular fub- ftance, to the par vagum and intercoftal nerves j and behind, to the reclus anticus mufele. Some- times it forms above the vertebrae a larger or a fmaller projecting curvature. In this courfe no branches are, in general, given off. At laft it enters the foramen caroticum; and, paffing along this canal, undergoes many remarkable inflec- tions. On its fir ft entering the foramen, where it forms an obtufe angle, the artery proceeds upwards, inwards, and a little forwards. As it begins to rife from the canal forwards and up- wards, the fecond curvature appears very ob- tufe. Sett. /. ARCH OF THE AORTA, tvtfe. Having at laft reached the pollerior part of the fella turcica, it is fo infle&ed in the ca- vernous finus or receptacle, as to run in a hori- zontal direction to the anterior clinoid procefs. It here rifes perpendicularly, perforates the in- ternal furface of the dura mater, and proceeds, near the bottom of the brain, backwards to the cerebrum. Through this tortuous courfe, the five following branches are chiefly remarkable : A. One to the pterygoid canal, inofculating with a branch of the higheft pharyngeal from the internal maxillary. B. A branch, fpreading out in the canal itfelf, going to the cavity and promontory of the tympanum, and anaftomofing with a branch of the meningeal, palling under the filfure of the aquedudt, C. The POSTERIOR ARTERY of the RECEPTACLE or cavernous sinus — rihng from the tranf- verfe part of the carotid concealed in the re- ceptacle, and going to that part of the dura mater which covers the polterior clinoid pro- celfes and the cuneiform occipital procefs ; in- ofculating with branches of the vertebral ar- tery rifmg without the cranium, and enter- ing it through the foramen magnum. a. Many branches, diftributed extenfively on the dura mater. b. Branches to the 4th, 5 th, and 6th, pairs of nerves. c. Branches to the pituitary gland, its periofteuna, and the cuneiform bone. The 6 BRANCHES FROM THE Sett. I. D. The ANTERIOR ARTERY of the RECEPTACLE— Tiling above the root of the intercoftal nerve. Some anatomifts, from fuppoling the inter- coftal to have its origin from the firft branch of the fifth pair, have miftaken this artery for a nerve. «. Branches to the 3d, 4th, and the three diviGons of the 5 th pair, with which they go out. £• Many branches to the dura mater of the recep- tacle, near the fphenoidal GlTure, and fome to the pituitary gland. E. The opthalm 1 c artery — rifing in the an- gle where the carotid artery leaves the fphe- noid bone, near its anterior clinoid proceftes, and running with the nerve which accom- panies, and refts upon it, through the optic hole, to the orbit of the eye. In mentioning its branches, and their fubdivifions, I lhall obferve the order which Nature generally points out in fending them from the trunk. After lying by the external fide of the optic nerve, it pafies obliquely forwards over the nerve; and reaching the internal angle of the eye above its addutftor mufcle, divides into two branches ; and thele again into the following fmaller branches : l. The Lachrymal — rifing from the opthalmic ar- tery, about two lines after it enters the orbit between the abductor and the levator ; and then running above the abdudtor, proceeds to the lachrymal gland. It fometirhes goes off from th'e middle meningeal artery. a. A Se£l. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 27 a. A recurrent branch to the receptacle and the dura m.3ter, giving twigs to the fifth pair of nerves. b. Branches to the periofteum of the orbit. c. A branch to the levator palpebrse and the op- tic nerve. d. A branch to the abduftor mufcle. f. A branch perforating the zygoma, and inofcula- ting with the internal deep temporal artery. f Many branches, expended on the lachrymal gland. g. The Inferior External T arfeal Branch — form-- ing the tarfeal arch at the margin of the lower eye lid, with the inferior palpebral branch. h. The Superior External Tarfeal Branch — form- ing a fimilar arch with the fuperior palpebral branch. 2. The Long Ciliary Branch — A defcription of the Ciliary arteries will be given below. 3. The Supraorbital , or Superior Mufcular Branch — rifes, while the trunk erodes the nerve, un- der the periofteum of the orbit •, then bending to the levator palpebrse, proceeds forwards, and, after palling through the fupraorbitary hole, is diftributed, upon the forehead, in two feparate branches. a. Branches going to the fupenor oblique, the leva- tor palpebras, the fuperior redfi mufcles, the fclerotic coat, and the periolteum. 1. An Inferior Branch — widely diftributed on the periofteum of the os frontis, and inofculating with the temporal and frontal branches. c. An External Branch — covered by the orbicular mufcle, to which it gives twigs, as alfo to the corrugator. It forms many anaftomofes with the neighbouring branches. 4. The Central Artery of the Retina— rifing from the 25 BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. I. the inferior fide of the opthalmic trunk as it lies upon the optic nerve ; or fometimes from the ciliary arteries. It then finks into the nerve; runs along its axis ; penetrates, often double, the medullary expanfion of the retina ; and, branching into many new divifions, is exten- fively ramified on its internal furface. Of thefe, fome extending as far as the corpus cili- are, form a circle between it and the vitreous humour, giving twigs to the cryftalline lens ; while a particular branch palFes through the centre of the vitreous humour to the poflerior fide of the lens. 5. The Long Internal Ciliary Artery. 6 . The Inferior Mufcular Artery — rifing from the trunk at the interior margin of the optic nerve, very often between the ciliary arteries, and tranfinitted, either under the eye, or above the adduflor mufcle, to the inferior palpebra. a-. Many branches to the deprimens oculi, adduc- tor, optic nerve, and fclerotic coat. b. Branches to the inferior oblique. c. Branches inofcu’ating with the infraorbital, and winding on the periofteum of the orbit. d. Eranches running to the inferior eye-lid, the tu- nica adnata, and fometimes reaching the lachry* mal fac. 7. The Inferior Ciliary Artery. — This is wanting fometimes. The three ciliary arteries mentioned above, com- monly arife from the opthalmic artery, in fuch a way, that the external follows the external margin of the nerve; the internal, the inner mar- gin ; while the inferior, with fimilar windings, runs near the inferior mufcular, along the lower margin St U. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 29 margin of the nerve. There are fometimes fix ciliary arteries, which, whether they arife from the opthalmic or its branches, fpread into.fe- veral ramifications, and enter the fclerotic in fuch a manner as naturally to fall under three clafles. j. Short, or Pofterior Ciliary Branches— anting from the fuperior and inferior mufcular branches;, and from the ethmoidal. They are often thirty in number ; perforating the fclerotic coat, near the optic nerve, while they pafs to the choroid coat, behind. • 2. Long Ciliary Branches. — Two in number, en= tering obliquely the pofterior part of the fclero- tic, dividing into two branches as they approach the ciliary circle, and inofculating round the greater circle of the iris. 3. Anterior Ciliary Branches— -rifing' either from the mufcular, opthalmic itfelf, or the palpebral. They accompany the rcdti mufcles ; and, be- ing divided at a little diftance from the cornea into three or four branches, enter the fclero- tic, and are diftributed among the long ciliary branches on the uvea. To all thefe, forming a fingular vafcular plexus, the choroid coat, the ciliary circle with its procefles, and the iris, owe their origin. g. The Pojlerior Ethmoidal Artery — running be- tween the levator and addu&or mufcles, above the greater oblique *, enters the pofterior orbi- tary hole ; paffes through the cribriform plate into the cranium ; and, reaching near the dura mater, inofculates with the anterior ethmoidal branches The reft of the trunk is diftributed to the nofe. i «. A BRANCHES FROM THE Ss cl. J. a. A branch to the fuperior oblique and the ad- dudtor. p. A branch to the pofterior cells of the ethmoid and fphenoid bones, v/here it inofculates with branches of the internal maxillary nafal branch. 9. The interior Ethmoidal Artery — rifes where the trunk, as it pafles over the fourth pair of nerves, reaches the trochlea. It then enters the anterior orbitary hole, and proceeds into the cranium through a peculiar opening near the ethmoid cells, diftributing fome ramuli, to the nofe. a. Branches to the frontal finufes, to the anterior ethmoidal and nafal finufes, inofculating freely with the nafal branches. b. Branches, diftnbuted to the dura mater and the falx. to. The Inferior Palpebral Artery — rifing often 3- long with the fuperior palpebral, at that place where the trunk generally leaves the tendon of the fuperior oblique. a. A branch to the tarfeal ligament, angle of the eye lids, the caruncula lachrymalis, and the tu- nica adnata. £. Branches to the anterior ethmoid cells, inofcula- ting with the anterior ethmoidal, and palling with the infraorbital branch to the lachrymal fac. y. Branches running along the margin of the tar- fus, forming with the lachrymal the tarfeal ar- tery, or inferior tarfeal arch. 11. The Superior Palpebral Artery — I. Branches going to the fuperior part of the orbicular mufcle, to the ligament of the palpe- brte, and to the caruncula lachrymalis. 2 . A branch, forming with the lachrymal artery, near the tarfeal cartilage, the fuperior tarfeal arch. 12. The Nafal Artery-*- rifing over the fuperior part of Sea. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA, 3* of the lachrymal fac and the ligament of the eye-lids, goes to the nofe. a. A branch to the glabella and the frontal mufcles; from which a twig runs tranfverfely. b. A branch, paffing down beyond the tarfeal liga- ment to the lachrymal fac, and then to the orbi- cular, where it inofculates with the infraorbital branch. c. A branch, running down on the fide of the nofe, where it forms a beautiful plexus, by frequent communications with the labial arteries. Ha- ving paffed through the bone and nafal cartilage, it is loft on the Schneiderian or pituitary mem- brane. 13. The Frontal Artery. — at firft fubcutaneous — paffes over the orbicular mufcle, and then finks in the corrugator. Its branches are, a. A Superciliary Branch — diftributed to the eye- brows and mufcles ; and inofculating with the temporal and lachrymal arteries. S,. A Superficial Frontal Branch — extenfively dif- tributed on the glabella, and rifing as high as the fontanelle or bregma. y. A Deep Frontal Branch— lying under the muf- cles, and diftributed to the pericranium by many ramuli, fome running externally, and others more internally. F. Minute branches, rifing feparately from the trunk, and diftributed to the optic nerve, the infundibulum, the pituitary gland, and the lower part of the plexus choroides. G. The communicating artery.— This, along with the deep branch of the vertebral artery of the cerebrum, forms the circle of Willis. It is tortuous ; but when it leaves the tunica arachnoides, BRANCHES FROM THE Sea. I. avachnoides, proceeds in a ftraight line back- wards and inwards, along the fides of the cor- pora mammillaria, near the infundibulum, where it reaches the artery already mention- ed, and there' forms an obtufe angled qua- drangular fpace. It varies in fue, and fends a. Branches to the corpora mammillaria. b. Branches to the infundibulum. c. Branches to the optic nerve. d. Branches to the crura cerebri, inofculating with the poflerior carotid. H. The ANTERIOR- CAROTID ARTERY, or AKTE- ria callosa. — The internal carotid, at that place vrhere the anterior lobe of the brain is fepa.ated from the poflerior, divides into two branches of nearly equal fize ; of which the anterior proceeds immediately inwards, and a little forwards; then bends above the corpus callofum, between the hemilpheres, to the pofterior lobes of the brain: In which couri'e it gives Branches to the or: tic and olfa£tory nerves. Many branches, winding outwards to the adjoin- ing anterior lobes of the brain. y. A Communicating Branch — inofculating with its fellow of the oppofite fide. This branch is fhort and tranfvevfe, and fends A branch to the anterior part of the third ven- tricle. -{- +■ A branch to the fornix, the anterior commif- fure, 3nd the feptum lucidum. -L -f- -J- Branches to the oia mater, lining the neigh- bouring part of the cerebrum. «. Branches Sea. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 33 S'. Branches to the inferior fide of the anterior lobe, and to its flat and internal furface, where the falx feparates the two hemifpheres. They run in circuitous windings, penetrate deeply the fub- ftance of the brain, and in many places inofcu- late with the pofterior carotid. i. Many branches to the corpus callofum and adja- cent cerebrum, finking into the pofterior lobe, forming inofculations with the pofterior carotid and vertebral arteries, and extending even to 'the tentorium. I. The POSTERIOR CAROTID, OC the ARTERY of the fossa sylviana. — This fecond divifion of the trunk enters the folia Sylvii that fepa- rates the anterior and pofterior lobes *, and gives to each numerous fuperficial branches, fpreading on the circumvolutions of the cere- brum, and feveral deep ones, ramified back- wards. a. Branches to the optic nerve and choroid plexus. b. Branches to the pia mater, covering the balls of the brain. c . Numerous branches, inofculating with the ra- muli of the former trunk and vertebral artery, and amongft themfelves entering into various anaftomofes. * Murray afiigns only two lobes to each hemifphere. \ c DISTRI* 34 BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. I. DISTRIBUTION of the SUBCLAVIAlJ ARTERY and its BRANCHES. The fame dividon is common to the branches of the right and left fubclavian arteries ; but they fo far differ, that the right fubclavian is much larger, pades obliquely over the trachea, and fends off the common carotid. Having left this branch at the fide of the trachea, it is now- more properly the right fubclavian ; and, dill continuing larger than the left, proceeds nearly in a tranfverfe direction. The left fubclavian, on the other hand, while it gradually afeends from the inclining part of the arch, paffes on to its place of dedination with a more rapid and ex- tendve curvature. Thefe two arteries run in fuch a direction, a- bove the fuperior margin of the drd rib, as to be concealed for fome time by the clavicle. They then proceed, with the brachial plexus, acrofs that fpace lying between the fird and fe- cond fealene mufcles ; and, being covered by the flattened extremity of the clavicle and the pec- toral mulcle, bend to the axillae, where they take the name of Axillary Arteries . The branches of Seel. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 35 of che fubclavian arteries, and their ramuli, pre- fent fo many varieties, that no defeription, either as to their number or their direction, can in every refpeef correfpond with Nature. In gene- ral, however, the four fir ft branches arife before the artery finks under the fealenus, while the reft are lent off beyond the margin of this muf- cle. Thefe are, A. The INTERNAL MAMMARY ARTERY going off from the lower and anterior part cf the trunk, at the higheft part of the pleura, where, afeending gradually, and again bending downwards to the fternum, it reaches the margin of the firft rib, under which it paf- les; and, running between the pleura and middle part of the cartilages of the ribs, de- feends between the internal intercoftal and the fterno-coftal mufcles, as far as the dia- phragm. It then paffes between the dia- phragm and the ribs, and, dividing into ma- ny twigs, is loll under the reftus of the ab- domen. From its origin to the third rib, it bends towards the fternum, then gradually inclines outwards. Its branches are, a. A Recurrent Branch — palling in the direction of the clavicle to the mufcles of the neck, and diftributing to thefe mufcles fmall irregular ramuli. / b. The Thymic Branch — which is often double, and varies very much in the diftribution of its twigs C 2 tO BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. /. to this gland ; which alfo receives arteries from thofe of the mediaftinum and pericardium. c. A branch 'accompanying the phrenic nerve — of fmall fize, fupplying the neighbouring parts with twigs, and afterwards uniting at the diaphragm with the phrenic artery of the aorta. d. The Superior and Posterior Pericardiac Branch— rifing fometimes from the mammary, and fome- times from the fubclavian artery ; fometimes from the aorta or from the common carotid; and as it winds to the upper and back part of the pericardium, diftributes itfelf upon the tra- chea, the glands, the coats of the pulmonary ar- tery. the pericardium, and oefophagus. e. Many Mediaftinal Branches — rifing between the third and fixth ribs ; fome of which go to the fjrymus gland, and a larger one to the diaphragm. f Sternal Branches — fpreading varioufly on the back of the fternum, and uniting with branches from the oppofite fide. g. Smaller branches to the pericardium and glands, lying on the vena cava. h. Many branches to the adjoining furface of the LUNGS. i. Many branches going outwards, entering the in- tercoftal fpaces of the fix fuperior ribs ; the firft of which are bent to the fternomaftoid, the fter- nohyoid, and the fternothyroid. Others form, at each interftice of the ribs, along with the tho- racic and intercoftal arteries, double inofcula- ting rings ; and others, arifing from thefe an- nuli, go to the intercoftal and pedforal mufcles, the mammas, the obliquus defeendens, and the flein. Sea. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 37 k. The Phrenico-pcriccrdiac Branch defcending above the pericardium to the diaphragm, and fometimes ftretching near the enfiform cartilage to the reftus mufcle. /. The Mufculo-phrenic — riling in a large branch at the fixth interftice of the ribs, turns out- wards, between the cartilages and the fterno- coftal ; then proceeds obliquely to the inter- ibices of the feventh, eighth, and ninth ribs, where it forms inofculating rings with the infe- rior intercoftal arteries ; and here fending many twigs to the diaphragm, at laft fpreads at the tenth rib on the tranfverfe mufcle of the abdo- men. m. A branch, winding on the furface of the enfi- form cartilage, and inofculating with the branch- es of the oppofite fide, or going down as far as the redtus mufcle. Sometimes palTes through the enfiform procefs. n. The Epigaftric Branch — A continuation of the trunk : as it leaves the thorax by the fide of the enfiform cartilage at the feventh rib, is covered by the abdominal mufcles, and divided into An Internal Branch — going down to the rec- tus mufcle, often as far as the umbilicus, and in- ofculating with twigs of the epigaflric. e. An External Branch — going to the tranfverfalis, and inofculating with the epigaftric, intercoftal, and lumbar arteries ; fometimes fent from the mufculo-phrenic ; and if that be fmaller, this fup- plies it with many branches. B. The INFERIOR THYROID, Or ANTERIOR CER- VICAL artery — riling from the fore part of the trunk, near the mammary and vertebral C 3 arteries $ BRANCHES FROM- THE Seel. I. arteries ; and being covered by the fterno- maftoid, and bent a little upwards and out- wards, immediately divides into four princi- pal branches — I . The Tranfverfe Scapular — the lowed branch of the thyroid artery, but fometiines of confider- able fize — is covered at firft by the fternoma- ftoid, and paffes tranfverfely to the fcapula, un- der the trapezius. Th tfuperfic.ial cervical fome- times fuppiies the place of its fuperior fcapular branch. a. Branches going feparately to the flernomadoid, the fternohyoid, the omohyoid, and the fubcla- vian mufcles, the coats of the arteries and veins, and the fkin of the neck and bread. b. The Huperfcial Scapular Branch — giving twigs to the integuments on the top of the (houlder and furface of the trapezius and deltoid. c. Branches to the pofterior patt of the trapezius. cl. Branches to the levator fcapulse, and the ferra- tus. Thus is the artery often wholly expended. At other times, it finks deep under the trapezius, in many tortuous windings, where it properly takes the name of fupericr fcapular , or dorfo- fcapuhir ; and is chiefly divided into two fmaller trunks, fending previoufly off ci . Branches to the fubclavian and adjoining part of the trapezius nrufcle. /?, Branches to the leffer portion of the ferratus ma- jor anticus, and adjoining rhomboid, near the fuperior angle of the fcapula. y. A branch, running upon the furface cf the fu- prafpinatus to the concave fide of the acromion ; inofcu- Sett. L \ ARCH OF THE AORTA. 39 inofculating, near the coracoid procefs, with the. humeral thoracic of the axilla, and again com- mumcating, at the fuperior angle, with the fu~ perfcial artery of the bafc S. A branch, palling over the outer iurface of the fpine of the fcapula ; and, after giving twigs to the bone and the neighbouring mufcles, inofcu- lating with the inferior circumflex fcapular in the infrafpinal cavity. Under the Trapezius, it divides into a. The Superfpinal— the ftrft branch of the divided artery, palling through the femilunar notch, and dillributing many twigs to the tuprafpinatus, is .continued onwards, in two branches, under the acromion prccefs and fuprafpinatus, where it be- gins to fend branches to the fcspula itfelf, the capfular ligament, the infrafpina.tus, the teres minor, and at lad iuofculates with the inferior circumflex fcapular. 1. The Superficial Branch of the bafe of the Sca- pula — larger— proceeds near the lower part of the levator fcr.pulse to the bafe, and, going down between the ferratus major and the rhom- boid, reaches the inferior angle of the fcapula. In this courfe, it gives many branches to the rhomboid and ferratus ; and through them to the trapezius, the ferratus polterior, the fkin, and fubfcapular mufcle : afterwards forms, near the inferior angle, with the inferior fcapular branch, a beautiful circle upon the furface of the ferra- tus; from which branches defeend to the latiffi- mus dorfi. Thus does the above remarkable artery, as well as the fitperfpinal , arife often from the fuperior or dorfo-fcapular . 1 have obferved, however, that the tranfverfe fcapular iometimes fern s off the C 4 fuperJpinvA 40 BRANCHES FROM THE Sett. 1. fuperfpinal branch only, and that the other pro- ceeded from the fvperficial cervical artery. 2. The T ranfverfe Cervical — running, by the fide of the neck, tranfverfely and upwards, to the cervix, where it is concealed by the trapezius. Its various branches fometimes arife from the fuperjicial cervical artery. a. Branches to the fternomalloid and fkin. 1 . Branches to the trapezius, levator fcapulae, and fplenius. c. A large branch, afeending between the fplenius and trapezius, giving ramuli to both thefe and the complexus, and at laft inofculating freely ✓ amqngll the mufcles with the defeending branch of the principal eccipito-cervica l artery. d. A branch, defeending to the trapezius, rhom- boid, complexus, and fuprafpinatus mufcles, and inofculating with the fuperjicial cervical and the tranfverfe fcapular branches. 3. The afeending Thyroid Artery — rifing between the redbus anterior and fealeni mufcles, upon the fore-part of the tranfverfe procefies, as high as the fecond vertebra ; varying in fize and in the number of its branches. It exhibits -j- Supeiftcial branches. From which a. Branches are fent, tranfverfe'v and outwards, to the angularis, fplenius colli, fternamaRoid, and fealeni mufcles. S. Branches to the reflus, winding varioully on the anterior furface of the vertebrae. * r. Branches to the tenth pair of nerves and the ganglion olivare ; inofculating with the pha- ryngeal artery. 4- -j- Deep branches, which are funk between the vertebral interfiles as the artery afeends. Of thefe are reckoned, a. Branches to the intertranfverfarii, fealeni pof- tici, and the origin of the fpleaii mufcles. 6. Branches Seel. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 4 1 I. Branches palling through the openings for the intercoftal nerves to the involucra of the fpi- nal marrow, and inofculating with twigs of the vertebral artery. 4. The Thyroid Branch of the Thyroid Artery. — In this the whole trunk is expended. It bends under the carotid to the fide of the larynx ; and, after repeated windings, reaches the inferior part of the thyroid gland. It finks into the gland ; and, while it divides into many ramifi- cations, is partly diftributed to the whole gland, and partly inofculates with the fuperior thyroid. It gives, 1 . Lefler branches to the outer mufcles of the 03 hyoides and larynx, to the fuperior cartilages of the trachea, and the inferior thyroid gangli- on. Of thefe, the branches which go to the la- rynx form the inferior laryngeal. 2. Pharyngeal branches to the inferior conflriftor mufcles, the cefophagus, and the pofterior muf- cles of the larynx. 3. The Superior Tracheal or Thoracic Branch— often double or triple. One of the branches, defeending with the trachea into the cavity of the thorax, and there forming above the tra- chea a beautiful plexus, communicates with the inferior bronchial and the higher intercofal branches. C. The SUPERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERY rifes more externally than the vertebral, from the upper and pofterior furface of the trunk; then afeends with it to the hollow that is formed by the anterior fcalenus, the furface of the firft rib, and bodies of the vertebrae. It is there fuddenly reflected ; and, proceeding to the 4 2 BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. I. the roots of the firft and fecond ribs within the thorax, gives, a. Attending branches, irregular in number and fize, to the fcaleni, the longus colli, and the nerves. h. Branches to the intercoftal mufcles of the firft and fecond interlaces, which run along the mar- gins of the ribs, forming circular inofculations with the higher thoracic branch and the branch- , es of the internal mammary. c. Numerous Ocjophageal Branches — inofculating with the fuperior tracheal branch of the thyroid artery. d. Branches fent through the openings for the nerves to the hollow of the fpine, and there diftributed both to the involucra and the me- dulla. e. Branches palling over the third rib, and inofcu- lating with twigs of the jirjl inferior intercoftal. f. Deep branches, palling through the intercoftal fpaces to the deep mufcles of the back and neck. X). The vertebral artery — larger than the former, rifes from the fuperior fide of the fubclavian ; and, al'cendinga little backwards, covered by the ganglions of the intercoftal and the cellular membrane, reaches the per- forations of the tranfverfe precedes of the cer- vical vertebrae Through thefe it penetrates, and, riling perpendicularly from the fixth, or fometimes from the fifth or fourth opening, reaches the aperture of the atlas, where it bends a little outwards ; and having palled through, Sea. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 43 through, undergoes another more extenfive flexion backwards and inwards, by which it is carried tranfverfely in a groove, between the occipital bone and the atlas, to the fora- men magnum. Through this opening, ha- ving at laft entered the cranium, it proceeds upwards and forwards, and at the bafilar x- popbyfis, under the medulla oblongata, mee s, * at an acute angle, with the vertebral artery of the oppolite lide, forming the bcifilar ar- tery to be diftri'outed to the cerebrum aud cerebellum. It gives, in this courfe, 1. Lateral branches to the mufclcs between the tranfverfe procdfes, and others, near to the ver- tebrae. 2. Larger branches, palling through the interverte- bral openings for the nerves, to the coverings of the medulla, and inofculating with the ante- rior and pofterior fpinal branches. 3. A branch going, with various twigs, from the firlt bend of the artery to the reclus potiicus major and minor, the obliquus major and mi- nor, the trachelomaftoid, and complexus ; and inofculating with branches reaching from the occipital artery. 4. Pojlericr Meningeal Branches — proceeding from the fecond and third flexures, and winding for- wards upon the dura mater of the cerebellum, as far as the clinoid precedes and receptacle, and backwards towards the occiput. Before the formation of the b filar artery , there are fent off in the cranium itfelf — 5. The BRANCHES FROM THE Sett 1. 5 . The Inferior Artery of the Cerebellum — iiTuing at a right angle from the trunk, near the me- dulla oblongata, between the tenth and ac- ceflbry nerves. It not only diltributes many branches to the lower furface of the cerebellum, but, being concealed between the medulla ob- longata and the crura of the cerebellum, is fo bent backwards and upwards, as to terminate in the vermiform procefs of the cerebellum and fourth ventricle. In this courfe are given, 1 . Branches to the tenth and eleventh nerves. 2 . Branches to the anterior and lateral furfaces of the medulla oblongata, and corpora olivaria. 3. Branches to the pofterior furface of the medulla oblongata, and the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle- 6. Branches finking into the furrow that feparates the corporapyramidalia from the tuber annu- lare. 7 . The Pofterior Spinal Artery — rifing often from the inferior artery of the cerebellum; and, bend- ing from the anterior to the pofterior furface of the medulla oblongata, defeends tortuoufly on the fpinal marrow, and inofculates freely in its defeent with its fellow and with other branches, as they pafs to the medulla through the openings for the nerves. It terminates on the furface of the medulla at the fecond lum- bar vertebra ; and through its whole courfe fup- plies, with minute twigs, the medu’ra, and its feveral nerves, as they pafs out. 3. The Anterior Spinal Artery — rifing, at an acute angle from the trunk, near its fellow, and, de- feending in a retrograde courfe, proceeds in a winding Sea. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 45 winding direction upon the anterior furfaceof the medulla, inofculating by tranfverfe branches in the region of the neck and back with the artery of the oppofite fide, to which it is parallel. The two arteries at laft uniting near the termination of the medulla, form a trunk, which is fent to the extremity of the os facrum ; and which, if emp- tied of its blood, affumes the appearance of a nerve : whence the ancient error as to a Ner- vus Azygos. It diftributes numerous branches to the neighbouring parts, and to the nerves as they go out, and enters into frequent anafto- mofes with the fpinal branches, penetrating the interftices of the vertebrse. The basilar artery, being formed as above, occupies the depreffion in the middle of the tu- ber annulare, and at its anterior part divides into four parallel branches, proceeding from the trunk at right angles. Of thefe, the po- fterior go to the cerebellum ; and the two an- terior, ramified on the cerebrum, unite with the communicating arteries of the carotid, and form the Great Circle of Willis. From the trunk a. Many branches proceed, tranfverfely and out- wards, diftributed to the furface of the medulla oblongata, the corpora olivaria and pyramidalia, the tuber annulare, the inferior furface of the cerebellum, and the neighbouring pairs of nerves. Of thefe, a branch, accompanying the auditory nerve, pafles to the labyrinth of the ear. b. The Deep Arteries of the Cerebellum — Right and Left— winding behind the crura of the cerebrum to 4 6 BRANCHES FROM TEfE Seel. 1 . to the fuperior part of the cerebellum, and there exhibiting, •T A Short Anterior Branch — diftri'outed to the crura cerebelli, the cerebellum, the vermiform procefs and the choroid plexus, lying on the thalami. + + A Middle Branch — winding extenfively on the upper fide of the cerebellum ; inofculating freely with the inferior of the cerebellum ; en- tering the different fulcl , and fupplying the thalami, nates, telles, and pineal gland. 4- + + A Deeper Branch — following the fame courfe ; fprtading, with minute twigs, on the crura cerebri, the thalami, nates, pineal gland, choroid plexus, the proceffes of the cerebellum at the teftes, the valve of Vieuffenius, and the fourth ventricle. c . The Deep At tcry of the Cerebrum — larger than the laft, and feparated from it by the third pair of nerves. Turns upwards along with the former, between the cerebellum and pofterior lobe of the cerebrum ; and gives, 1. Smaller branches, running to the bottom of the third ventricle, the thalami, optic nerve, the mammillary eminences, the corpora quadrigerr.i- na, and fornix. 2 . Communicating Branches — forming the circle of Willis, and frequently of unequal £ze. They proceed forwards, almoft at a right angle, to meet the communicating artery of the carotid, and give minute twigs to the adjacent parts. 3. A branch, going to the fides of the crura of the cerebrum and the lateral ventricle, and diftribu- ting fmall branches above the thalami, to the corpora quadrigemina, the pineal gland, the cho- roid plexus covering thefe parts, to the fornix, the corpora Itriata, and the third ventricle. 4. A Seel. L ARCH OF THE AORTA, 47 4. A branch, the greateft part of which is fent, im- mediately with its very numerous twigs, into the fulci of the poflerior lobe ; from which, a- gain, fmaller ramifications arife, to be diftribu- ted, as in Number 3d, to the corpus callofum and feptum lucidum. 5. Branches, reprefenting the continuation of the trunk, and inofculating with ramuli of the ca- rotid. E. The deep, or posterior cervical artery — - Irregular in its origin, fize, and extent, and, like the fuperficicil cervical, or tranfverfe fca - pular of the thyroid, fpreads, fometimes more, and fometimeslefsextenfively, with its branch- es. I have fometimes obferved it the fmallelt of all, and proceeding from the Japerior in - tercojlal. It generally iiTues from the fub- clavian , beyond the margin of the fcalenus, though fometimes fooner under this mufcle. It then winds upwards and backwards, be- tween the deep mnfcles of the neck and the lixth vertebra ; and is at laft fo difperfed a- mong the mufcles, as to bellow its ultimate branches on the complexus, near the occiput. It ufually gives, a. Branches winding on the furface of the bodies of the vertebrae. b. Branches diftributed to the fealeni mufcles. c. Branches to the fpinal mufcles of the neck, the trachelomaftoid, fplenius, and intertranfverfarii. d. Branches to the complexus, often interwoven with the occipital branches. D. The 43 BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. I. D. The superficial cervical — rifes about half an inch, or an inch, from the firft fca'.enus, at the upper and anterior fide of the fub- clavian where it begins to bend downwards ; immediately hides itfelf among the brachial nerves; and, fpreadingout afterwards, towards the fuperior coda of the fcapula, divides into many irregular branches. Of thefe, the mold remarkable me, 4. Branches diftributed amongfl: the fealeni and bra- chial nerves. 4- + A Tranfverfe Branch — bending upwards un- der the levator, and fending fuperficial branch- es to this mufcle, the trapezius, and flein, and deeper ones to the fplenius and complexus. If larger than ufual, it runs in the direction al- ready mentioned, and fends out either the fu- perfpinal or the fuperficial of the bafe of the fcapula. It generally forms many anaftomofes with the branches of the thyroid and the deep cervical. — DISTRIBUTION of the AXILLARY ARTERY. The Subclavian Artery, as it bends from its firil fuuation, between the bread and fcapula, to the humerus, affiimes the name of Axilla- ry. Faffing out, under the arch of the clavicle, it is furrounded by the nerves of the brachial plex- us, the veins, glands, and a quantity of fat ; lies Sett. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 49 lies in the hollow of the axilla, between the fub= fcapular and ferratus major ; and, protected ex-° ternally by the pe&oral mufcles, it foon ap- proaches forwards to the arm and the interior margin of the biceps. At laft, proceeding from the axilla to the inferior border of the tendon of the latiftimus dorfi, it takes the name of Hu*= meral Artery It fends off, A. Small branches to the fcalenus, firft rib, coracoid procefs, the adjacent mufcles, and nerves. B. The highest thoracic branch— arifing a- bove the fecond rib, or at the inferior mar- gin of the firft, and diftributed in the upper region of the thorax, between the ferratus and fmall pedloral — divides into, 4- A Tranfverfe Afcending Branch — covered by the ferratus, to which it fends a recurrent twig, and inofculates twice or thrice at the firft inter- dice of the ribs with the internal mammary and fuperior intercoftal. + A branch, going down beyond the fecond and third interftices, and at laft receiving fome twigs of the long thoracic. From this proceed, a. A large branch to the ferratus magnus. h. Two branches, uniting at the fecond intercoftal fpace with the internal mammary and intercoJlaL c. Two branches to the third interftice, where this ramus generally terminates. d. Branches to the pe&oral mufcles and fkin. C. The long, or superior thoracic, or ex- p TERNAL BRANCHES FROM T HE SeB. I. ternal mammary — running down as far as the fifth coftal interftice. It fometimes a- rifes from the circumflex, or from the inferior fcapular. k. Branches to the glands of the axilla and mam- ma, running fometimes to the nipple. /3. Many branches, irregular in feri n s and fituation, to the ferratus major and minor and, palling the fecond and fourth interftices,to the great pec- toral and mamma, anaftomofing with the higheft thoracic. */. Branches finking deeper, forming double circles with the internal mammary and the inferior ir,- terco/lal as low as the imerftice of the fifth rib, and fending branches to the intercoflal mufcles. D. The humeral thoracic — rifing from the anterior part of the trunk, between the fe- cond rib and the coracoid procefs, to the up- per margin of the lefier pe&oral ; penetrates the interftice of the deltoid and pedtoral muf- cles : and in its courfe fends, a. A deep branch to the ferratus major. b. Branches to the deltoid, to the great pectoral and fubcl vian mufcles, and rifing, above the clavicle, to the neck. c. A branch, running along the fubclavian mufcle to the pe£toral ; and, in the fpace between this and the deltoid, diftributing its branches to the pedtoral mufcle, the clavicle, and {kin, and at laft inofculating with the tranfverfe fcapular. d. Another branch to the pedtoral and deltoid. e. A branch, near the coracoid procefs, defeending to the axillary glands. /■ A Sea. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA, 51 f. A Circumflex Branch— . winding backwards, un- der the mufcle, round the origin of the deltoid. From which proceed, + A Cutaneous Defcending Branch — at- tending the cephalic vein, and termina" ting at the top of the humerus and the pedtoral mufcle. ^ + + A Superficial Branch — paffing along the outer edge of the deltoid, and the adjoining margin of the acromion. *j- T + A Deep Branch to the articular cap- fule, the coracoid procefs, and the del- toid. + + + + A branch to the fpine of the fcapuia, uniting with the fuperfpinal thyroid and the pojlerior axillary circumjlex. E. The alar thoracic. — This artery is fome- times wanting, though at other times it is large, and fends numerous branches to the axillary glands, and fome alio, fpreading ex- tenfively in various directions, to the fubfca- pular, pectoral, and ferratus. N. B. The number and diftribution of the tho- racic arteries are fo irregular, that anato- mifts have fometimes enumerated fix fe- perate trunks diftributed to the thorax. F. Two or more large branches, rifing near the upper and inferior margin of the fcapuia, lending twigs to the nerves, ferratus, leva- tor fcapulae, latiffimus dorfi, and particular- ly the lubfcapular ; inofculating, partly with the Juperfuial thyroid fcapular of the bafe, and partly difappearing among the mufcles. D 2 G. The 52 BRANCHES FROM THE Sett. 1. G. The INFERIOR SCAPULAR, 01* INFRASCAPU- LAR, or subscapular — riling at the inferior margin of the fubfcapular mufcle, divides in- to confpicuous branches, which run in va- rious directions. Arifes, alfo, fometimes a- mong the thoracic branches, when, bending downwards, it fends ec. A branch to the furface of the fubfcapular, the capfular ligament, and the mufcles attached to the coracoid procefs. A Deep Branch — winding, with its twigs, thro’ the fubfcapular to the naked fcapula, after gi- ving twigs to the teres major and latiflimus dorfi. y. A Mufcular Branch — large, and fometimes ri- Cng feparately. Sending branches to the fubfca- pular, extending as far as the bafe of the fcapu- la; and diftributing extenfively large branches to the teres major, the ferratus, the latiflimus dorfl, and axillary glands. S'. A Confpicuous Branch — running clofely along the margin of the fubfcapular, and forming, at the inferior angle of the fcapula, which it tra- verfes, a large circle with the fuperficial thyroid fcapular of the bafe. It rifes fometimes from the mufcular branch. t. A branch, parallel to the inferior cofta, and ex- tending to the teretes, the long extenfor, and the glands. N. b. All thefe branches prefent frequent varia- tions, and often diftribute more ramuli, which, for the. fake of concifenefs, I omit. £. The Scapular Circumflex .— The branches alrea- dy &a. i. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 53 dy enumerated having fupplied the inner part of the fcapula, this large trunk bends between the inferior cofta of the fcapula and teres ma- jor, to the infrafpinal cavity, near the cervix, and proceeds, under the teres minor and infra- fpinatus, to the fpine ; giving Branches to the teretes and long extenfor or fcapular head of the tricep3. -J- -|- A number of Defcending Branches— winding in the hollow, as far as the bafe of the fcapula, and inofculating with neighbouring twigs. -f. An Afcending Articular Branch — be- tween the neck and fpine of the fcapula $ which fends а. Branches to the infrafpinatus. б. An Anaftomotic Branch — uniting with the fuperffinal thyroid. c. A Coronary Branch to the fpine and capfu- lar ligament. d. A Branch to the fuprafpinatus, where it inofculates again with the fuperff inal. t. A branch to the deltoid. H. The posterior circumflex artery- — iffii- ing between the fubfcapular and teres major; it finks between them, winds round the neck of the humerus, under the long extenfor, and afterwards bends tranfverfely, under the deltoid, backwards and outwards, from the inner fide of the arm. It fometimes gives rife to the anterior circumflex, and the deep branch of the humerus, or humeral profunda ; and fends a. A branch to the capfule and the circumflex nerve, which it accompanies. Da t, A BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I, b. A branch to the coracobrachial, internal anco- c. Branches to the hui bicipital groove. d Many branches to the fubfcapular, the long anco- neus, the back of the fcapula, and the bone. e. A branch, varioully ramified on the capfule, the anconeus, and periofteuni ; anaftomofing freely with branches from the fubfcapular , and run- ning tranfverfely, in a circular courfe, to the deltoid. The ANIERIOR CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY of linaller fize — lent out near the former, above the teres major, proceeds round the hume- rus, under the biceps gnd coracobrachial, to the outer part of the arm, where it either dif- appears under the deltoid, or enters this muf- de ; and fends a. Many branches to the fubfcapular, the latiffimus dorfi, and the long extenfor. They are often wanting. b- Branches to the bone and periofteum, inofcula- ting with the profunda. c. Branches to the biceps, capfule, coracobrachial, and deltoid. d. A branch, funk in the bicipital groove ; and, at the capfular ligament, inofculating, by an af- cending twig, with the fuperior branches of the pcjlcrior circumflex , and, by a defcending twig, with the deep branch of the humeral prcfur,da> s in the bicipital groove. e. A Branch to the deltoid ; but which is often wanting. neus, and the teres — DISTRI- Scfl. L ARCH OF THE AORTA. 55 DISTRIBUTION of the BRACHIAL or HUMERAL ARTERY. Tiie Axillary Artery is fird known by the name of Humeral or Brachial, where it proceeds from the axilla to the internal fide of the arm. Having left the cavity of the axilla, and palled to the internal furface of the tendon of the teres major, it continues its courle above the internal brachial to the inner fide of the biceps, and gradually tuns along the middle of the arm to the anterior furface of its extre- mity ; where at laif, concealed under tne apo- neiirofis of the biceps, it divides, near the bend of the tore*arm, into the Ulnar and Radi l Arteries. A. A branch — going down, near the tendon of the teres major, under the coracobrachial, to the oicipiral groove, and giving recurrent twigs to the head of the humerus and cap- fule. B. Branches to the long and internal anconei, and coracobrachial. C. Many branches — going out, in various pla- ces, to the biceps, the internal brachial, and bone. D 4 B. The 56 BRANCHES FROM THE Sett. I. D. The DEEP BRANCH of the HUMERUS, the LARGE COLLATERAL, Or LARGE HUMERAL PRO- FUNDA — fometimes double — riling, from the inner fide of the trunk, at the inferior mar- gin of the teres major; but fometimes fooner, from the inferior fcapular or pojlerior circum- flex. It proceeds backwards, with a gentle curve; and, accompanying the long extenfor, runs to the cavity between the anconei muf- cles, where, in the paflage of the fpiral nerve, it divides into two branches, at the upper junc- tion of the external anconeus and internal brachial. It gives a. A branch to the long and external anconei. b. A branch to the biceps, coracobrachial, the pe- riofteum, the tendon of the teres major, and the deltoid ■, inofculating with twigs of the anterior circumflex, and with- other branches of the hu- meral artery. C. A branch, ramifying on the coracobrachial, inter- nal brachial, the bicipital groove, and the bone. d. Many diftindt branches, fent off from the trunk in its defcent ; fome of them afcending to in- ofculate with branches of the humeral and fca- pular arteries, and others defcending to be ra- mified on the mufcles. e. The Large Communicating Radial, or Profun- da-radiat. — The externa] branch of the divided trunk, which, winding between the external an- coneus and brachial to the fpine of the con- dyle, forms, around the external or exterfor condyle, anaftomotic arches with the radial re- current. Seff I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. current , the leffer profunda, and juperior inte * rojj al perforant. a. Branches to the neighbouring mufcles. 0. Nutritious branches, winding on the periofteum. y. Cutaneous branches, emerging through the in- terftices of the mufcles. Branches, inofculating, on the pofterior and an- terior furface of the condyle, with the radial recurrent and interoffeal branches. £. A Deep Branch — covered by the radial exten- for and long fupinator, and forming many in- ofculations with the radial recurrent and lejfer profunda. f. The Large Communicating Ulnar, or Profunda - ulnar — the interior and deeper branch of the di- vided trunk, bending between the internal anco- neus and brachial, to the internal or flexor con- dyle ; and fending + Branches to the anconei and coracobrachial; inofculating with a branch of the humeral. + + A branch, palling out between the hume- rus and anconeus to the deltoid, the in- ternal brachial, and the Ikin. It is often wanting. 4- + + Deep Branches to the adjoining mufcles, and communicating under them with the dorfal arch. Some of thefe inofculate, near the elbow, on the internal anconeus, with the large anajlomotic ; others communicate with the brachial arch, winding on the back of the condyles ; and others with the ulnar recurrent. E. A branch to the coracobrachial and inter- nal brachial. F. A branch— defeending on the furface of the 58 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. the internal anconeus, and communicating, near the bend of the elbow, with the ulnar recurrent , the great anaflotnctic, or fometimes with both. G. A branch — which, after having fent off twigs to the adjoinn g anconei and coracobrachial mufcles, proceeds upon the inner furface of the arm, as far as he olecranon, and incfcu- lates with branches or the ulnar recurrent and dorfal arch. N. B. T hefe two branches are ufually called the lesser collateral. H. Branches ramified on the biceps and cora- cobrachial, irregular both in number and ori- gin, and diflributing their twigs both up- wards and downwards. I. The LARGE NUTRITIOUS ARTERY of the hu- merus — arifing at the inferior part of the co- racobrachial, bending outwards, and fending off a. A branch to the external anconeus and flcin ; in- ofculating with the other branches diftributed to that mufcle. b. A Deep Branch to the internal brachial, at lafl terminating in the deltoid. c. Branches entering the bone in feveral places. d. Branches, inofculating, at times, with the large anaftomotic or IcJJir profunda. K. The lesser profunda — rifing externally from the trunk; penetrating the internal bra- chial, and winding between the fupinator and the Sea. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 59 the radial extenfor, to the outer or extenfor condyle. By its afcending twigs, it inofcu- latcs with the nutritious , and by its defcend- ing, with the radial recurrent. Thele like- wife pals fometimes to the articular ligame L. The LARGE ANASTOMOTIC idling, fom id double, from the internal like of the tran a few inches above the joint ; but immediate 3y dividing, it pafTes, in a tranfverfe courfc, upon the furface of the internal brachial, to the flexor condyle, where, perforating the in termufcular ligament, it runs upwards to the cavity, between the condyle and olecranon, cov ered by the tendon cf the triceps and the ulnar flexor of the carpus. It fends off a. An Ajcending Branch — finking in the anconeus, and anaftomofing with the large communicating ulnar. b. A Dcfcending Superficial Branch — to the prona- tor, fublimis, and internal brachial. It inofcu- lates with fuperficial twigs of the ulnar recur- rent ; and, after perforating the mufcle, again anaftornofes, upon the periolteum and caplule of the fore-arm, with branches of the radial re- current, where it forms, around the articula- tion, the anterior arch. c. Many Cutaneous Branches to the brachial muf- cle and jt \ xor condyle. d. A Deep Defccnding Branch — anaftomofing, an- teriorly, with the ulnar > < current, and pofteriorly with the fame recurrent and interojjeal artery. t . A Tranfverje Branch — whicn, with the projunda- ulnars €q BRANCHES FROM THE Sea. I. ulnar , the profunda-radial, the leffer profunda , and all the recurrents , forms, above and below the condyle, the pojlerior dorfal arch of the hu- merus. This arch diftributes many branches to the joint and the neighbouring parts. M. Smaller branches to the internal brachial, and the mufcles arifing from the flexor con- dyle. The Ulnar Artery. — The humeral artery fometimes undergoes the divifion already men- tioned at the middle of the humerus, or even higher. This, however, is the largeft artery which arifes from the trunk at the bend of the arm. Scarcely has it arifen, when it finks deep into the cavity that is occupied by the tendon of the biceps, the nerve, blood-veffels, and fat. It then bends, near the interftice of the bones, un- der the pronator teres, radial flexor, palma- m longus, and fublimis, to the ulnar flde of the fore*arm, proceeding gradually, with ma- ny deflexions, between the fublimis, the pro- fundus, and ulnar flexor, to the wrift. Palling over the wrift, it forms the fuperfcial arch of the hand, which gives beautiful arteries to the Angers, and finally inofculates at the palm with the radial artery. The more remarkable branch- es which it fends off are, A. A branch to the pronator teres and the com- mon head of the flexors. B. The Sett. I ARCH OF THE AORTA. 6 2 B. The HIGHEST INTEROSSEAL PERFORANT go- ing firft to the internal brachial and capfule, where it forms the anterior arch, by a branch inofculating with the anaflomotic and the ra- dial and ulnar recurrents. After perforating the interftice of the bones, it fends, under the fmall anconeus, a number of recurrent branches upwards to the dorfal arch , and downwards to the extenfor mufcles, The whole artery often rifes from the common in- terojfeal. €. The ulnar recurrent— fent off from the ulnar fide of the trunk, a little above the common interojjeal j and, having paffed through the flexor mufcles, is refle&ed to the pofte- rior part of the internal condyle. In which courfe are diftributed, a . A branch to the capfule, the flexor mufcles, and ulna. b. A Superficial Branch— covered by the pronator, and afcending, beyond the termination of the brachial mufcle, to the anterior part of the con- dyle, inofculatts, upon the internal brachial, with the anaflomotic. In this courfe it diftri- butes many branches to the neighbouring parts. c. A Deep Branch — running between the fublimis and profundus to the cavity between the ole- cranon and flexor condyle ; giving + A branch to the fublimis and profundus. + + Branches to the ulnar flexor, and extenfor of the carpus, and to the periofleum. + + Inofculating Branches — uniting, in many places, BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. places, above the cavity juft mentioned, with branches of the communicating ulnar , the anaftomotic , and the interoffeal > contributing to form the dorfal arch. + + ~r 4- Many branches to the joint. D. The NUTRITIOUS ARTERY of the ULNA running on the anterior furface of the bone, near the origin of the profundus. E. The common interosseal — rifing at the higher extremity of the profundus — running on the interofleous ligament, between the flex- or pollicis and profundus, to the pronator qua- dratus, and there dividing into the two ar- teries k and /, gives, in this courfe, a. Branches to the radial flexor of the carpus, pro- nator rotundus, profundus, and fublimis. b. A Small Perforant Branch — to the fupinator brevis and capfule. c. A branch to the flexor of the thumb and tendon of the biceps. d. A Nutritious Branch of the Ulna — entering the middle furface of this bone. e. The Highcjl Pojlerior Ir.teroffeal Perforant — ri- ling, fometimes wholly, from the ulnar, as at B — fometimes double, when its larged divifion communicates, by its recurrent twigs, with the former ; but fends off, at the fame time, a large defeending branch, running with the extenfor of the little finger, by which it is covered, as far as the extremity of the fore-arm, where at lad it modulates with the poderior dorfo-inter- ojfeal. It gives Seel. I ARCH OF THE AORf A. 63 x. Reflex branches to the fupinator brev’s and the origin of the common extenfor. P. Branches ramified on the radial and ulnar exten- fors of the carpus y. Branches to the extenfors of the thumb, the com- mon extenfor, and abdu&or. j. Many branches —uniting with the inferior perfo - rants . f. A large branch to the profundus, winding ex- tenfively downwards on this mufcle. g. The Nutritious Artery of the Radius. h. Many branches — going, in the defeent of the trunk, to the profundus and the flexor of the thumb. i. Small h:teroJjeal Perforants — from four to fe- ven in number; rifing feparately from the trunk; perforating, in different places, the interofleous ligament; and palling into the common exten- for, fupinator brevis, ulnar extenfor of the car- pus, the extenfors of the thumb, fore finger, little finger, and periofteum, they all enter into va- rious incfculations with one another ; and the fuperior are larger than the inferior. k. The Pojlerior Dorfo- Inter offeal — the larger branch of the divided artery ; rifing at the inferior margin of the pronator quadratus ; and, ha- ving pafied over the interofleous fpace, branch- ing out at the pofterior extremity of the ulna and wrift, divides into three branches -and gives «*. A branch to the pronator quadratus in its paf- fage. A Branches to the tendons of the radial exteu- fors and periofleum ; inofculating with inferior branches of the radial artery. 7, A BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. L y. A branch, anaftomofing with the highejl inter - ojjeal perforant . S. The Ulnar Branch — the firft artery of the divi- ded trunk, bending to the pofterior furface of the ulna, along with the tendon of the ulnar ex- tenfor ; and inofculating with the perforating branches of the radial artery, the middle branch , and the dorfal of the hand. 5. The Middle Branch — larger than the reft ; fink- ing under the ligament of the carpus to the ten- dons, the ligaments, and Ikin ; forming a plexus •with the perforating branches, the dorfo carpal, and its fellows. i. The Radial Branch — accompanying the fecond tendon of the radial extenfor, and inofculating with the preceding twig under the ligaments, as alfo with the firft metacarpal branch of the dorfa-carpal , and the radial perforants. Thefe three, in conjunftion with the dorfo-carpal and dorfal of the hand, form a beautiful plexus a- round the carpus. 7. The Vola~interoJ]eal — the other branch of the trunk covered by the pronator, running to the naked ligaments of the carpus, where, after fupplying with many twigs the ulna, radius, and the articulation of the wrift, it forms a vaf- cular plexus with the recurrent branches of the deep volar arch. In this courfe it forms other minute inofculations with the radial and ulnar. F. Many branches — riling from the defeend- ing trunk ; irregular in number and fitua- tion, and going to the long flexor of the thumb, the radial nerve, the radial and ulnar flexors, Sett. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 6 $ flexors, the palmaris, fublimis, profundus, and (kin. G. The dorsal of the hand — riling at the lower fide of the ulna, near the pronator qua- dratics, at the diftance of an inch from the pi . fiform bone; winding, under the ulnar flexor, to the back of the hand, and proceeding to the ulnar fide of the little finger. From this are fent a. A branch to the pronator quadratus, inofcula- ting with a twig of the radial. b. A branch to the ulnar extenfor, and anaftomo- fmg, beyond the ulna, with the ulnar branch of the dorfo-interofeal. c. Branches to the articulation of the radius %vith the ulna, to the junction of' the pifiform bone with the cuneiform, and of the unciform w r ith the metacarpal bone. d. Branches to the neareft dorfal tendons. e. Branches, inofculating on the back of the hand with the perforants and the third metacarpal ; winding externally round the articulation of the hand and ulna. f. The Dor/o-ulnar of the Little Finger — terminating in the firft phalanx, as it unites v/ich the volar branch of the fame finger. It is often, how- ever, expended much fooner about the carpus. H. A branch, diftributed extenfively above thefe to the flexor tendons. I. branches to the pifiform bone, the palmaris brevis, and the internal ligament of the car~ pus. Thefe rife from the trunk, as it pro- FI ceeds $6 BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. I, ceeds between the pifiform bone, and the car- ✓ pal ligament, to the hand. K. Branches to the abdudlor of the little fin- ger, its flexor, adductor, and palmaris brevis, communicating with the dorjo ulnar of the fame finger. I*. The ulnar profunda, or deep ulnar branch of the hand — riling at the inferior margin of the carpal ligament ; concealed between the abdudtor and flexor of the little finger ; and, proceeding to the deep volar arch, gives a. Branches to the Ikin, palmaris brevis, and adja- cent mufcles. b. Lefier Deep Branches — inofculating with the fifth inferior and the third fuperior radial or volar perforants. c* A Deep Circumflex Branch— uniting with the radial artery, and forming, under the tendons, the deep volar arch. Even when double, it ex- hibits a continuation of the trunk, and fupports a communication between the two arches. M. The vola-ulnar of the little finger — riling near the former, and having diftribu- ted branches to the metacarpal, addudlor. ab- du&or, and the fourth lumbrical, and others communicating with the ulnar profunda and the fifth inferior volar perforant , runs to the other extremity of the fifth metacarpal bone, where it inofculates with the dorfo-uU nar of the little finger. N. The first vola-digital — riling near the fifth finger, from the trunk as it bends tranf- verfely Seel. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 6 7 verfely above the flexor tendons, where the fuperficial arch is formed, divides, at the root of the fingers, into the digito-radial of the little finger, and the digito-ulnar of the ring finger. Each of thefe runs tortuouf- ly along the fides of the fingers, as far as the apex. This digital likewife gives a. Branches to the third and fourth lumbricals and the tendons of the flexors. b. A branch, communicating with an inferior volar perforant at the bifurcation. c. A branch, forming a fmall arch upon the points of the fingers with the volar artery of the oppo» fite fide. d. Many Cutaneous branches to the dorfal and vo- lar or concave and convex furfaces of the joints of the fingers. 6. A branch, refle£ted to the back of the fingers, round the root of the nails. O. The second voLA-DiGiTAL-^divided into the digito-radial of the ting finger, and the digito-ulnar of the middle finger. From this proceed, -j- Two branches to the third and fourth lumbri® cals, inofculating with the inferior perferants of the deep arch. + -f Branches fimilar to thofe of N. P. Ihe third vola-digital— divided into the digito-radial of the middle, and the digito- ulnar of the fore finger. The laft of which inofculates, on the concave furface, with the digito-radial of the fore finger. It gives -f Branches to the firft and fecond lumbricals. E 2 + + Branches, 68 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. L 4- + Branches, inqfculating with the deep arch and its perforants. 4-4-4- Branches fimilar to thofe of N. Qc branches to the firft lumbricals, the abduc- tor, adductor, and flexor of the thumb, the tendons of the flexors, and the fkin. R. A large anastomotic branch — uniting with the radial artery, near the fuperior mar- gin of the addudtor of the thumb. From this inofculation a trunk is formed, which gives out the vola-radial of the fore finger, and the vola-ulnar of the thumb ; or fometimes the vola- ulnar only. S. Many minute branches — ifluing from the concave furface of the arch, and ramified up- on the tendons ; afterwards finking deeper to the vvrift, inofculating with many twigs of the vola-interoffeal. Thus do all the digital branches receive, at the commencement of the bifurcation, the volar perforants and the metacarpals from the deep arch and the dorfo- carpal ; but as they ad- vance, diftribute twigs both to the Iheaths and tendons of the extenfors. The largefl: of thefe inofculates upon the back of the finger, at the fecond joint, with its fellow of the op- pofite fide. Near the nail they form the /mail dorfal, and at the apex the fmall volar arch of the fingers. The Radial Ap.tery — the fmalleft of the two branches which proceed from the divifion of Sett. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 6p of the humeral. It runs down, in a Araight line, upon the furface of the pronator, and gra- dually inclines towards the radius, between the long fupinator and radial flexor, refting on the flexor of the thumb. At the lower extremity of the radius, where it is eaflly felt between the ftyliform procefs and the trapezium, on the back of the hand, it bends under the abdudtor and extenfor of the thumb, near the firft radial extenfor; then penetrating the abdudlor or fe- mi-interofleous of the fore finger, between the metacarpal bone of the fore finger and thumb, bends, while there concealed, to the palm, be- tween the fibres of the addudlor pollicis, and forms, in the hollow of the hand, under the flexors, and above the interofleous mufcles, the deep volar arch , in which it terminates. A. A branch, dividing upwards and downwards, to the fupinator longus and the radial exten- fors ; fometimes inofculating with the fmall humeral -profunda. B. The radial recurrent— -reflected round the tendon of the biceps, to the external con- dyle ; concealed between the long fupinator, the fhort radial extenfor, and internal bra- chial, where it forms, like the ulnar recur- rent , important inofculations, and gives a. Branches to the pronator rotundus, fhort fupina- tor, and radial extenfors ; which, in their de- fcent, inofculate with other recurrent ramuli. E 3 b . Branches 7 ° BRANCHES FROM THE Sett. I. b. Branches proceeding, at various places from the trunk, to the radial extenfors, long fupinator, the extenfor of the fingers, the ulnar extenfor, and fkiu. Of thefe, the branches reflected to the extenfors inofculate with the highefi pofie- rior interojfeal perforant. c. The Superficial Anafiomotic Branch — inofcula- ting on the furface of the internal brachial with the fmall humeral profunda, and the profunda- radial of the arm, as they wind near the fpine of the condyle, under the fuperior flefhy part of the fupinator and the radial extenfor. d. A branch funk in the internal brachial, and form- ing, round the joint on the capfule and periofte- um, the anterior arch y wdth the large anaftomo- tic branch of the humeral. e. Branches to the articular ligaments. f. The Deep Anafiomotic Branch — running extern* fively between the long fupinator and the bone, or betwixt the radial extenfor and triceps, to the pofterior furface of the external condyle, where it inofculates with a branch of the Jmall profun- da, and the profunda-radial of the arm. g. Branches fpreading, near the termination of the trunk, on the fkin of the arm. G. Many branches — as the trunk runs fuper- ficially on the pronator rotundus, to the ra- dial extenfors, the two fupinators, the prona- tor rotundus, and radial flexor. Some of thefe ufually inofculate with twigs of the common interojfeal. I). Branches— riling from the artery as it leans on the radius, finking into the lublimis, flex- or of the thumb, radial flexor, and palmaris longus, Sea. /. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 1t longus, and in many places inofculating with branches of the ulnar going to the fame mufr cles. E. A branch to the pronator quadratus, in- ofculating with twigs of the vola-interojfeah F. Branches to the tendons of the fupinator, ra- dial, abdudlor of the thumb, and bone of the , radius ; uniting with the dorfj interojfeal. G. Branches running on the hand to the ten- dons of the flexors. H. The superficial volar — rifing at the infe- rior extremity of the radius, where the trunk begins to bend to the back of the hand, and proceeding, near the os trapezium, beyond the tendon of the radial flexor, runs to the palm, under the fkin, and above the fhort abdudlor of the thumb. This artery is fome- times large, and prefents many varieties; and at other times is fo fmall as not to pafs the abdudor. If large, it commonly fends «. Many branches — ifluing, at various places, to the furface of the carpal ligament, the tendon of the radial, the abdudor, and opponens pol- licis. £. A branch, inofculating with the dorfo-r adial of the thumb. y. An Anafiomotic Branch — uniting with the ulnar artery, near the termination of the flexor of the thumb, to which it gives twigs. It is fome- times wanting. S'. Branches to the fir ft and feccnd lumbricals, in- ofculating with twigs of the ulnar. s. The Vo la-ulnar of the Thumb — rifling fometimes E 4 from BRANCHES FROM THE Sea. I. from the trunk (as below); at other times exhi- biting, beyond the adductor, a continuation of the trunk on the ulnar fide of the thumb, where it inofculates, near the apex and articulation, with the vola-radial. I. A branch — ramified on the ligament of the carpus, the bone of the radius, and the flex- or tendons. K. Branches to the tendons of the abdudtor and radials, inofculating with the dor Jo-ra- dial of the fore finger. L. Branches to the neighbouring bones and their articulations. M. A branch to the abductor brevis, and oppo- nents pollicis. N. The dorso-radial of the thumb — rifes front the trunk as it bends to the back of the hand, near the os trapezium, and accompanies the metacarpal bone of the thumb, running along the external infertion of the opponens. a. Branches to the tendons of the extenfors, abduc- tor and opponens of the thumb, forming, in many places above its metacarpal joint, a vafcular arch with the pollicar, or principal artery of the thumb. b. A branch — uniting at the lafl phalanx of the thumb with the vola-radial. O. The dorso-ulnar of the thumb — riling near the os trapezoides, under the tendons of the abdudlor and long extenfor. a. Branches to the abdu&or and articulation of the fore finger or index, inofculating with the dorfo- radial of the index. b. A Sea. I ARCH OF THE AORTA. t** ' « Z.5 b. A branch, terminating in the firft phalanx of the thumb, and inofculating with the vola-ulnar and the dorfo-radial. p. The dorso- carpal — iffues from the trunk, near the tendons of the radial, and proceeds tranfverfely above the carpus, and under the tendons of the extenfors, to the ulnar fide of the wrift, where it forms an extenfive plexus with the branches of the dorfo-hiterojfeal, and completes the dor fo- carpal arch with the dor- fal of the hand : At the fame time fends off a. The Firjl Metacarpal , or Dorfo-interoJJeal*— defcending beyond the carpus, upon the furface of the firft interofleous mufcle, between the fore and middle lingers •, and inofculates with the third vola-digital at its bifurcation. In which courfe it gives -J- Branches communicating, in two places, with the fuperior perforant. + + Branches, diftributed to the interoffeous muf- cles, the joint, and extenfors of the index. b. Branches to the bones of the carpus and joint, inofculating with the branches of the dorfo-in - terojfeah c • The Second Metacarpal, Dorfo-interoJJeal — run- ning in the interoffeous fpace to the roots of the third and fourth fingers. -f- Double * From the circumftance of their running in the metacarpal inter- faces, I have ventured to diftinguifh the branches a, c , d, by the epi- thet Metacarpal , rather than by that of Dorfo-interojfeal ; under which name they are apt to be confounded with the branches of the common inierojfeal. — ' T RANSLATOR. 74 BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. /. + Double branches, inofculating with the fuperior volar perforants. + 4* Branches communicating with the JirJl and third , and diftributing twigs, fimilar to the former, at a. d . The Third Metacarpal , or Dorfo-interoJJeal — run- ning, like the laft, in the fourth interval of the fingers, and forming fimilar inofculations with the adjoining arteries. Sometimes one or other of the metacarpal s is produced from the per fa- rants. The DO RSO- RADIAL, or LARGE, Ot RADIAL IN- TEROSSEAL of the index — riling between the firft and fecond metacarpal bones, while the trunk penetrates the inferior margin of the abdudlor or femi-interoffeus ; and, following the courfe of the interofleous, inofculates on the index with the volar artery of the fame finger. a . Branches to the abdu£tor, articulation, and ex- tenfor tendons of the index. b. Branches inofculating with the dorfal of the thumb. R. The polli car, or principal artery of the thumb — rifing from the radial trunk, where it finks among the mufcles to the palm of the hand between rwo metacarpal bones; and, di- viding into two branches, runs to the volar fide of the thumb, between its abductor and addudtor mufcles. It generally gives a. Many branches to the back of the metacarpal bone and addudfor of the thumb. b. A Deep Branch to the radial and ulnar u fa mo id bones, Sett. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 75 bones, diftributed to the back of the thumb and the neighbouring mufcles. c. Branches going down to the hollow of the car- pus. d. Anaftomotic branches, interwoven with one or other of the arteries of the thumb t. The Digito, or vola-radial of the Index — running to the radial fide of the fore finger, and unit- ing, beyond the addu£tor of the thumb, with the interofleal of the index, or a fuperficial branch of the ulnar. f. The Digito , or Vola-radial of the Thumb — the outer branch of the trunk, as it divides at the lower extremity of the metacarpus, fends many twigs to the back of the thumb from its radial fide, and inofculates upon its apex with g. The DigitOt or Vola-ulnar of the Thumb — the in- ternal branch of the fame trunk, rifing often from the fuperficial vola-radial , reaching to the thumb, and inofculating with the fuperfcial arch. It gives + Branches to the adduflor, flexor brevis, &e. + + Branches to the fefamoid bones and the thumb, as above. S. The superior vo ear. PERFORANTs—three in number, proceeding from the concave mar- gin of the deep volar arch as it reds on the in- terofieous mufcles ; and, penetrating near the fuperior extremity of the metacarpal bones, at the back of the hand, they produce, as it were, middle metacarpals, interwoven with the branches of the dotfo-carpal. To The INFERIOR VOLAR PERFORAN IS, Of VO= EAR.- BRANCHES FROM THE, &C. Seff. I. Lar-interosseals * — riling, fix or feven in number, from the convex margin of the deep arch. They occupy the metacarpal interfti- ces; and, winding round the radial and ul- nar fides of each bone, inofcuiate, at the roots of the fingers, with the metacarpal and vola- digital branches. U. Two or THREE RECURRENT BRANCHES tO the carpus, anaftomofing with ramuli of the vo- la-interojfeal, and with fome twigs of the ra- dial and ulnar . V. A branch, completing the deep arch , by in- ofculating, near the little finger, with the ulnar profund a of the hand. We mull here Hop in the defcriotion of the Ar- teries of the hand, which exhibit almoft an endlefs variety in their diftribution. SECTION * The epithet Volar Jnterojpal fhould be rejected, for the fame reafon as Dorfo-interojfeal when employed to diltinguifli the metacar- pal branches. — T ranslator. SECTION II. BRANCHES from the DESCENDING AORTA. It appears, from the general defcription of the Aorta, that, after the formation of the arch, it bends gradually behind the lungs to the left fide of the vertebral column ; and, lying clofe upon this column, penetrates, in a ftraight line, be- hind T he pleura, through the cavity of the tho- rax, to the mufcular crura of the diaphragm, di- redling its courfe in the abdomen to the inferior lumbar vertebrae, Anatoniifts have therefore properly divided the DESCENDING AORTA into the thora- cic and ventral ; whofe limits are defined by the diaphragm, which allows, by the feparation of its crura, a convenient paffage for the defend- ing trunk. DISTRI- 78 Branches from the Sea . 7 / DISTRIBUTION of the THORACIC AORTA, Through its whole defcent, the thoracic aorta inclines to the left ; though near the lefler or inferior diaphragm it feems gradually to approach the middle of the vertebrae. The numerous branches which it fends out, though not large, are yet worthy of notice. Thefe are, I. The superior and posterior pericardiac artery — riling from the concave furface of the arch; moll commonly, however, from the fubclcivian or internal mammary — which fee. II. The COMMON BRONCHIAL ARTERY rifillg from the fore part of the thoracic aorta, and immediately dividing into the right and left bronchial arteries. Both of thefe, as they go down the anterior part of the trachea, are ra- mified on the bronchi, their glands, and vef- fels : The left on the polterior furface of the lungs ; and the right on the oefophagus alfo. Sometimes this artery is wholly wanting, or fupplies the functions of the following arte- ries. III. The right bronchial artery — rifingfome- times from the aorta; at other times from the fuperior, of the inferior intercojlals j fending its twigs, both before and behind the right bronchus, Seel. II. DESCENDING AORTA, 79 bronchus, to the air-veffels and adjoining glands ; and giving others to the neighbour- ing lobes of the lungs, the pleura, the pctfle- rior part of the pericardium, the pulmonary finus, and, finally, to the oefophagus. IV. The left or superior bronchial — riling tranfverfely to the left bronchus, or left divi- lion of the trachea, and giving branches fi~ milar to the former. V. The inferior bronchial — iffuing from the aorta at the fifth vertebra, and accompanying the bronchi, in the courfe of the pulmonary vein, to the internal parts of the lungs ; di- ftributing twigs fimilar to the former bron- chial. N. B. Although the bronchial arteries de- ferve our attention from their inofculations in the fubftance of the lungs with the fmali branches of the pulmonary artery ; yet, like other fmaller veffels, they exhibit new va- rieties in almoft every fubjeft. VI. Oesop hageal arteries — five or fix in num- ber— (lender — iffuing, at different places, from the trunk, under the bronchials , or fome- times from the bronchials themfelves. They wind on the furface of the oefophagus, run- ning afterwards to the polterior mediaftinum and the pericardium. Of thefe, the largeft enters the abdomen with the oefophagus, and generally inofculates with the coronary cefo- phageal , So BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. II. phageal , or afcending coronary branch of the cceliac and the phrenic arteries. VII. The INFERIOR, or AORTIC intercostals — from eight to ten in number — rife from the pofterior and lateral fides of the trunx, and, bending to the interfaces of the ribs, run along their inferior margins. As the branch- es of the right fide muft pafs over the bo- dies of the vertebrae, they are longer than thofe of the left. The four or fix fuperior ones are fmaller, and afcend a little; while the inferior proceed tranfverfely. The firjl fuperior , rifing at the fourth vertebra, and running in the third or fourth coftal inter- ftice, inol'culates with the fuperior inter coftal of the fubclavian. The laft, rifing behind the crura of the diaphragm, pafies over the quadratus lumborum ; and, following the margin of the lafi rib, is diftributed to the aponeurofis of the tranfverfe mufcle of the abdomen. They all fend, A. Three Branches — running, near the heads of the ribs, to the fpinal cavity : the firjl entering the boat ; the Jeccnd , the dura mater ; and the third , where the coftal nerve comes out, enter- ing the lpinal marrow. B. Deep Dorfo-mufcular Branches — fent to the dor- fal mufcles; and forming a plexus on the back. vV. B. The preceding twigs fometimes unite into one trunk. C. A number of branches to the intercoftal mufcles; and, after penetrating thefe, diftributed to the ferratus Sea. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 8l ferratus anticus, pedloralis, latiffimus, and ex- ternal oblique. D. The Superior Coflal Branch — the fmaller divifion of the trunk — winding from the angle of the rib to its fuperior margin, and fometimes form- ing, as it runs along, the fuperior ring or inos- culation. E. The Inferior Cojlal Branch — exhibiting a conti- nuation of the trunk ; uniting above with the thoracics and internal mammary ; below, on the fore part of the abdomen, with the epigajlric and lumbar branches. It forms the principal ring with the mammary ; and in its courfe gives everywhere twigs to the neighbouring parts. DISTRIBUTION or the VENTRAL AORTA. The ventral, or abdominal aorta, is the lowed part of the common trunk. It paffes from the thorax, through the inferior mufcle of the diaphragm, to the right fide of the oefopha- gus, in a flraight direction, inclining rather to the left ; and proceeds gradually through the abdomen, upon the furface of the vertebral co- lumn, to the fifth lumbar vertebra, or to the thick ligament conne&ing the fourth and fifth. The inner or long crura of the diaphragm, va« rioufly interwoven behind the cefophagus, fepa- rate anteriorly on the aorta, allowing a paffage s F through 82 BRANCHES FROM THE Se&. II. through which it defcends reding pofleriorly on the ve'tebral column. This padage is coniider- ably larger than the trunk, loofe cellular fub- ftance, connecting the pleura and peritoneum, being interpofed. The aorta at this place is fe- parated from the vena cava by the left lobe of the liver, a part of the diaphragm, and a large quantity of cellular fubdance ; but in the fpace between the kidneys and the liver, thefe two vef- fels approach fo near, that the right margin of the artery is partly covered by the vein that afterwards fends fome of its branches anteriorly acrofs. The Ventral Aorta is divided at the vertebra, mentioned above, into two branches of equal fize, forming an acute angle as they run towards the brim of the pelvis. Thefe, anatomids have called Iliacee Communes , or Common Iliacs. The branches of the ventral aorta are bed defcribed in the order in which they occur. I. The phrenic artery — Right and Left — very irregular in origin and divilion. Some- times a Angle trunk, rifmg above the cceliac, divides into the right and left phrenic : Some- times, again, and indeed mod frequently, the right rifes from the cceliac , and the left from the aorta ; while, at other times, they have been obferved riling together, both from the cceliac, or both from the aorta. Sometimes the Seel. II. DESCENDING AORTA, the fingle trunk, or common phrenic , being larger than ufual, conftifcutesthe fourth branch of the cosliac ; and then forms the fuperior coronary branch of the ftomach. There are fometimes three or ' four phrenic arteries, which, as foon as they arife, bend obliquely outwards, before the erilra of the diaphragm, to the inferior margin of its tendinous alas ; and, while they here wind tortuoufly under its flelhy fibres, diftribute various twigs, up- wards, outwards, inwards, and downwards. Bending at lad to the external margin of the tendon, and, palling between the mufcular layers, they run forwards, and inofculate, up- on the coftal mufcles, with the thoracic velfels and the artery of the oppofite fide. At the bend of the artery, however, they fend a larger branch to the pofterior and inferior portion of the diaphragm as it rifes from the ribs. Befides the branches of the diaphrag- matic tendon and mufcle, the following like- wife merit attention : A. Branches going to the two fides of the renal cap- fules, and adipofe fubltance lying on the kid- neys. See a defeription of thefe arteries below. B. Branches — uniting, after penetrating the dia- phragm, with the accompanying branch of the phrenic nerve, and the other phrenics rifingfrom the mammary. C. Branches — fome palling on the right fide to the pancreas, liver, and vena cava ; others accompa- nying the vena cava to the pericardium, the F 2 pofterios BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. II. poflerior furface of the liver, and its fufpenfory ligament •, inofculating, in many places, with the hepatic arteries. Upon the left, they run to the left lobe of the liver, the ligament of the fpleen, the cefophagus, and cardia. N. B. The diaphragm fometimes receives wander- ing branches from the coeliac, inferior interco- Jlals , the capjulars , and the lumbars , particular- ly from the fecond lumbar. II. The c oe li ac artery — Ihort, but of large diameter — riling between the crura of the diaphragm, above the eleventh dorfal verte- bra, from the anterior part of the aorta, and at the fuperior margin of the pancreas, be- tween the papillary lobule, or lobule of Spi- gelius, and the left fide of the lefler arch of the ftomach. It then defeends, in a tortu- ous manner, forwards and to the right, and, running about the third of an inch, ultimate- ly feparates into three branches, in fuch a manner, that the two on the right feem to arife from a common bafe ; while the left is more diftineb at its origin. Thefe are, A. The Superior Coronary , or Great Left C-afric, or Superior or Left G afro-hepatic — fmaller than the other branches, if refleded only to the fto- mach ; but almoft equal in fize to the fplenic y if, as fometimes happens, it fends a branch alfo to the liver. It appears fometimes to iffue from the fplejiic ; afeends to the left, and forwards to the cardia and lelFer arch of the ftomach ; then bending downwards, and to the right, reaches the margin of the ftomach, where it diftributes extenfively Sea. II. DESCENDING AORTA. extenfively its circuitous branches, forming a corona, to both fides of the ftomach. Cf thefe, the principal are, a. A Superior Branch— running tranfverfely upon the anterior furface to the greater arch of the ftomach, and that place where the oefophagus is dilated into a fac. «. An Afcending Branch — palling up with the oefophagus into the thorax, and inof» culating with the inferior ccfophageal. p. Branches to the diaphragm, the leffer o- mentum, the glands, and left renal capfule, dividing fometimes into more, and fome- times into fewer, ramuli. y. A Tranfverfe Branch — traverfing the left extremity of the ftomach, and running, with defcending branches, to its greater arch, where it inofculates with fome branches of the v afa brevia. b. The Inferior or Right Coronary — fometimes double — defcending, by the leffer arch of the ftomach, towards the pylorus ; and in its courfe giving a. Many Anterior and Pofterior Gajlric Branches — winding between the coats of the ftomach, and at laft inofculating with the gajlro- epiploic s. 3. The Superior Pyloric — the laft branch of the trunk — running along the fuperior mar- gin of the ftomach, in fuch a way, that its twigs are diftributed partly to the ftomach, and partly to the pylorus. Thefmallar- tery itfelf difappears in the right fuperior py- loric branch of the hepatic artery. c. The Left Hepatic . — This artery, when prefent, terminates the trunk. Sometimes the gajlric , F 3 after SS BRANCHES FROM THE Sett. II. after the former branches are fent off, runs im- mediately upwards, and to the right ; and, fink- ing between the leffer arch of the ftomach and the left lobe of the liver in the tranfverfe fffa t is varioufly ramified to the left lobe, the lobule of Spigelius, the umbilical foffa, and the vencus duel ; at other times thefe branches arife from t h e caliaco hepatic. B. The Hepatic. — This artery, which in adults is fmaller than the fplenic , but in children larger, rifes from the right fide of the ca?/zac, or, as fometimes happens, from the fuperior mefer.te • ric ; when, turning upwards near the outer point of the lobule of Spigelius, it is concealed by the pancreas ; then proceeding forwards, upwards, and to the right, behind the right extremity of the ftomach and the duodenum, it obferves the fame obliquity as the leffer arch ; and, after run- ning an inch, or an inch and an half, divides, below the neck of the gall bladder, into the right tranfverfe and left afeending hepatics ; entering, at laft, with the oj:her hepatic veflels, the tranfverfe fifiure or foffa of the liver. In- clofed in the capfule of Gliffbn, it occupies a middle fpace between the biliary dudls and the vena porta. Before its divifion, it fends a. Many fmall pancreatic branches. b. Minute branches to the leffer omentum and ve- na porta. c. The Duodeno-Gqjlric, or Gflro-ducdenal, or Pan- creatico-duodenal — rifing at a right angle from the trunk, and, behind the pylorus, proceeds forwards between the commencement of the duo- denum and the head of the pancreas, and, with- out forming a connexion with this gland, reaches thf Sea. II DESCENDING AORTA. 87 the laft curvature of the duodenum : then in- * dining to the larger arch of the ftomach on the left, and entering the web of the omentum, it inofculates, in the middle of the great arch of the ftomach, with the left gnjlro-epiploic. From this are fent, a. Small Pancreatic Branches. p. The Inferior Pyloric— palling to the right, and diftributing its branches, under the du- odenum, to the fpace between the curva- tures of the ftomach and the firft flexure of the inteftine ; foir.e of which inofculate with the fuperior pylorics , and others with the right gnjlro-epiploic. y. Small Duodenal Branches — palling from the trunk behind the commenfcement of the duodenum. Sometimes wanting. The Right Superior Duodenal — fometimes double or triple, and frequently ifluing from the hepatic. Palling the choledic dud, it winds on the pofterior furface of the firft tranfverfe and defeending flexion of the duodenum ; when, turning to the right margin of the pancreas, and the loweft po- fterior part of the fecond flexion of the duodenum, it inofculates on the left with the inferior mefenteric duodenal. It fome- times winds, in a fimilar manner, on the pofterior furface of the duodenum ; and upon its anterior with the pancreatico-duo~ denal. It gives + Branches ar.aftomofing with the pylorus. *p -p Branches to the biliary du + + A Pollerior Branch— paffing through the po- fterior hole of the facrum, and fupplying twigs to the ganglion of the nerve, the peri- ofteum, the ligaments, the multifidus foince, and the longuiimus dorfi ; inofculating with its fellows and the ifchiadics ; C. The umbilical artery — which, in the foe- tus, was the real trunk of the hypogaflric, re- flected upwards to the umbilicus, is, in the adult, converted almoft wholly into a loft fpongy XIO BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. it fpongy ligament, lying in the folds of the pe- ritoneum. A certain portion of it, however, neared to the trunk, continues open. After having ifiued from the anterior part of the internal iliac , it runs down, tranfverfely and inwards, to the lower part of the bladder ; but gradually clofes as it is reflected on its pofterior fide. The ligamentous part which remains, rifes ft ill higher upon the fides of the bladder ; inclines gradually to its fellow of the oppofite fide, and at laft is inferted, a- long with the urachus, in the umbilicus. The portion of the artery which is open in the male, fends out, a. Vejicals— two or three in number •, winding up- on the inferior, middle, and fuperior part of the bladder, and inofculating with the other vefical arteries. b. Branehes to the ureters and vas deferens, anaf- tomofing with the pudics. c. Hdmorrhcdaal Branches to the lateral parts of the redum. In the female, a. Branches, varioufly diftributed, to the fides of the bladder, uterus, and vagina. b. A few ftraight branches to the reftum. D. The inferior vesical arteries — varying in number, according as the other branches of the bladder are more or lefs ramified upon it. One, at leaft, is always prefent, riling of- ten from the hypogaflric , near to the umbili- cal ; which, after running forwards to the lower Sett. It. DESCENDING AORTA. I I I lower part of the bladder towards the ure- thra, fends fm alter twigs to the reftum, or to the vagina of the female. This artery is lar- ger in men where the uterine is wanting ; or if two be prefent, either both, or one at lead, arifes from the middle hemorrhoidal. The il- luftrious Haller has obferved, that they have fometimes given origin to the pud ic, ifchiadic , and obturator. a. A branch to the veficulie feminales, vas deferens, and predate gland — running up between the bladder and reftum, and inofculating both at the veficulse and beyond the proftate gland, with the profunda penis, or deep perineal, and the branch from the oppolite fide. b ■ A branch — going to the bulb, and anaftomofing with branches of the common pudic. E. The middle hemorrhoidal artery — ir- regular in its origin, and fometimes wanting; but, in general, rifes between the pudic and poflerior iliac, or the pudic itfelf. After va- rious flexions near the bladder and the vagi- na, it attaches itfelf to the rectum, on whofe anterior furface it runs as far as its fphincter mufcle. Sometimes it is fo large as to give off both the uterines and facro- lateral. — In- men it gives, , a. Numerous branches, winding on the re ft urn through its whole defeent, and inofculating of- ten with the mefenteric hemorrhoidal and the branches of the oppofite fide. b. Branches, running down to the external fphinc- ter. HZ BRANCHES FROM THE Sea. II. ter, the levator, and the {kin, and anaflomofing freely with the external hamorrhoidals. c. Branches, diflributed upon the bladder, urethra, feminal velicles, and proflate gland, as the ar- tery runs between the bladder and the rec- tum. If the middle hccmorrhaidal only fend branches to the reftum, thefe fometimes form a Gngle trunk. In women it gives, a. Inteflinal Branches. b. Confpicuous Branches — diflributed to the vagi- na, where it lies upon the redlum. Thefe often form a particular vaginal trunk. F. The uterine — a large artery, peculiar to the female. It iflues, in fuch a manner, from the hypogajlric trunk, near the hamorrhoidal, pudic , or umbilical , as to have often the ap- pearance of being a branch of one of them. Between the cervix uteri and the bladder it touches thefe vifcera ; traverfes the fides of the uterus, and, finally, winds upon its pollerior furface. It gives a. A Vcfical Branch — diflributed, often double, to the bladder, where it refls upon the commence- ment of the vagina. b. A Defcending Branch — flraight ; often confifl- ing of many twigs, fpreading extenfively upon the vagina, and fending forwards fome fmall ve~ peals. If many vaginal branches be prefent, they here inofculate with its various twigs. c • An Afcending Branch — giving out numerous fer- pentine branches, running between the outer coat of the Fallopian tube, ovarium, and uterus. Thefe Se5l.IL DESCENDING AORTA, JIJ Thefe inofculate freely with the fpermatics, and often with the artery of the oppofite fide. N. B. The artery frequently rifes by itfelf from the bypoga/lric , and chiefly from the middle ha - morrhoidal ; which, under the name of vaginal ’, is extenfively diftributed upon the vagina, as far as its external parts. In that cafe, the defcend ing branch of the former artery is wanting; and fome twigs of this one, afcending to the cervix, inofculate with the uterine. In other cafes, the vaginal branches are much fmaller than thofe which go to the uterus. G. The obturator artery — riling fometimes from the epigaflric branch of the external iliac, and running down towards the pelvis ; fome- times, and indeed more frequently, bluing from the trunk of the hypogaflric , the pojle - rior iliac, the ifchiadic, or ileo-lumbar. It runs downwards and forwards, connected with, the bones of the pelvis by cellular membrane, following the fuperior edge of the obturator internus ; and, palling through the finuous de- preflion of the thyroid hole, runs to the thigh with its concomitant nerve and vein. In the pelvis, it gives a. Branches to the glands fituated among the iliac veflels ; but which are often wanting. b. Branches to the levator ani, iliacus internus^ pfoas, and bone — alfo often wanting. c. Branches to the inferior part of the bladder, rec- turn, feminal veficles, and proftate gland, in- ofculating with the pudic. Thefe alfo are often wanting, though at times they are of confider- H able BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. IL able fize, and divide into many fmaller branches, running as far as the corpora cavernofa penis. d. A Coronary Eranch — running along the fuperior and internal margin of the os pubis ; proceed- ing under the periofteum, and inofculating with its fellow of the oppofite fide. From this branch- es afeend to the abdominal mufcles, efpecially the re£li, and to certain ramuli of the epigaftric. if. Branches (hooting out to the obturator interims, in its paffage through the thyroid hole. Beyond the pelvis, it divides into f. The External Branch — running down betwixt the two obturator mufcles, following the exter- nal margin of the foramen, and bending to the tuberofity of the ifehiuni : afterwards defend- ing to the back part of the thigh, between the acetabulum and tuberofity, under the femoral quadratus. Gives out a. Branches to both the obturator mufcles. |9. External Branches to the capfule of the joint. y. A Deep Branch — finking into the acetabulum, and dillributed to the inter-articular fat, the round ligament of the joint, and periofteum. xanch. — fometimes double- running, under the adductor, to the gluteus j and, after perforating the tendon of this mufcle, proceeding outwards, round the root of the tro- chanter, to the vaftus externus, where it inofeu- lates with the large tranjverfe branch of the ex- ternal circumflex. A Branch— often double — rifing, as it were, from the former ; paffing through the adduftor to the great gluteus, and there dividing into various branches, inofculating with the gluteal branches of the ifchiadic. f. A Nutritious Branch — running down upon the furface of the bone, and anaftomofing with a nutritious branch of the fecund perforant . g. A Defeending Perforant — paffing through the great BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. II. great addu&or, and running extenGvely on the inner furface of the flexor mufcles. As it here divides into many branches, fpreading outwards and inwards, it diftributes feveral to each of the flexors and the great addufltor, and forms ma- ny fuperficial and deep communications on thefe mufcles with the internal branch of the inferior circumflex, with fome recurrent branches of the fecund perforant, and fometimes, though more rarely, with twigs of the fup'erior perforant ri- fling from the fuperficial. Thefe elegant inof- culations are more frequently obferved upon the femimeiyibranofus, adductor, biceps, and on the nerve. E. The second perforant — exhibiting a conti- nuation of the trunk — paffes, fometimes Angle, and at others double, through the fmall fpace between the long and fhort adductor, or thro’ the long adductor itfelf ; then proceeding o- Miquely outwards and downwards, between the femur and great adductor, and penetra- ting the adductor near the linea afpera, at the middle of the thigh, and inner fide of the fhort head of the biceps, is exhaufted, like the laft artery, among the flexor mufcles by a de- feending perforant branch. To this artery are referred, a. Large Branches — finking into the vaftus inter- ims and long addufltor, before the immerfion of the trunk. b. Another Branch, partly diflributed to the vaftus, pauly entering the bone by two twigs, and in- ofculating with the large nutritious artery. r. A Sett. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 141 C. A Large Branch — often double — entering, like the trunk, the long addudlor, but higher ; ter- minating in the fubftance of the adductor, or, as fometimes happens, fending an artery through the belly of the mufcle to the flexors. d. An Afcending Branch — inofculating, near the trochanter, upon the back part of the bone, with the jirjl perforant . e. A Superior Tranfverfe Branch — running, either tranfverfely or obliquely, a little below the ten- don of the great gluteus, between this mufcle and the femur, to the fubftance of the vaftos externus, and anaftomofing with the tranfverfe branches of the large defcending branch of the external circumflex. Before the trunk finks in the vaftus, a branch fometimes rifes fuddenly from this one, beyond the great addudtor, dif- tributed to the external flexors, and known by the name of the third perforant. f. An Inferior Tranfverfe Branch — running In the fame diredlion as the laft •, and, about two or three inches below the tendon of the great glu- teus, pafles, under the fhort head of the biceps to the vaftus externus. If the artery proceeds farther, it gives rife, like the laft, to a fourth perforant. It gives «. Many Branches, winding on the adduftor, fi. The Large Nutritious Branch of the Femur- running down, near the (hort head of the biceps, to the outer fide of thelinea afpera ; inofculating with a fmall inferior nutritious branch from the inferior perforant of the fuperfcial femoral and penetrating the bone with a larger external branch. This artery is irregular both in origin and direction. r. A '*4* branches from the Sett. IL y. A Branch, concealed in the fubftance of the bi- ceps. Branches, meeting the defending branch of the circumflex on the valtus externus, and fometimes the fuperior externo- articular, with a large twig. They appear to rife from the nutritious branch in fuch a manner, that it feems to be infle&ed through the Aiort head of the biceps to the vaf- tus cxternus. g. Many Branches, diftributed to the fliort head of the biceps. h. A Defending Perforant — palling under the flex- ors, after perforating the adductor, and tranf- mitting ramuli to the external and internal flex- ors. Like g of the frfl perforant, it forms, up- on the lurface and fubftance of thefe mufcles, inofculations upwards with this artery, and downwards with the perforant of the fuperflcial. (II.) The superficial femoral artery — lying near the external integuments ; covered, through its whole courfe, by the broad fajeia , by the inguinal glands above, and on the middle part by the fartorius as it runs obliquely acrofs the femur. It then proceeds downwards, in- wards, and backwards, palling gradually from the anterior to the inner furface of the thigh, and from that to the pofteiior part and hollow of the ham or poples. At firll it is feparated from the deep femoral by a quantity of fat and by the glands ; then lies upon the vallus internus; and, palling along in a declivity between the vaftus internus and adductors, enters the oblique canal Sett. II. DESCENDING AORTA; I43 in the common tendon of the addudlors. Ha- ving paffed through this canal* it takes the name of Popliteal Artery, where it runs from the in- ner to the back part of the thigh. Before reach' ing the pofterior part, it pafTes over two-thirds of the femur ; and though the thigh be here more (lender than at the fuperior part, it lies deeper concealed among the mufcles. A. Numerous branches — irregular in didance, order, and fituation — rifmg from the trunk as it runs along the anterior and inner part of the thigh, and diftributed to the inguinal glands and fartorius, and through this to the (kin ; alfo to the redus, vaftus internus, long and (liort addudors, and gracilis. Of thefe, fome are larger, fome lefs — entering the mufcles, in different places, from three to (ix. B. The LARGE ANASTOMOTIC BRANCH riling from the inner furface of the trunk, at the fu- perior margin of the tendinous canal ; and, bending downwards, fpreads, with many fer- pentine ramifications, on the vaftus internus, into which it (inks. From this proceed, a. A Branch to the fartorius and fkin. b. A Branch — running to the outer margin of the tendon of the fartorius before the trunk reaches the vaftus internus •, and pafting, along with the ■tendon, over the joint of the knee, difappears on the fafcia and (kin of the leg. It firft, however, gives manybranches tothe knee, inofculatingwith the inferior articular: , and with the recurrent branch 144 BRANCHES FROM THE Sed. II. branch of the anterior tibial. Like the follow- ing artery, it often rifes feparately from the fe- moral trunk. c. A Branch — rifmg in the tendinous canal, and accompanying the tendon of the triceps which covers it, to the inner condyle of the femur, where, running downwards, it fpreads into va- rious ramifications. It alfo fends off a branch under the tendon, as it is attached to the con- dyle, which runs tranfverfely, upon the periof- teum of the condyle, to the common tendon of the extenfors and the external condyle, where it forms an arch, around this extremity of the femur, with the fuperior and inferior exterr.c - articulars, and alfo diftributes twigs to the ca- vity of the joint. d. A Branch — running tranfverfely, perforating the vaftus near the redlus, and inofculating, on the fubftance of this laft mufcle, with a branch of the external circumflex. e. A Branch — rifmg in a fimilar manner from the vaftus, and inofculating, on the furface of the knee, with the articular branches. fl A Branch — paffing upwards, anaftomofing, up- on the vaftus or cruralis, with the /mall defend- ing branch of the circumflex. G. The superior perforant — iffuing from the outer fide of the trunk, where it lies concealed by the tendon of the triceps ; and, bending tranfverfely backwards, between the pofterior furface of the bone and the inferior mufcular part of the great adductor, near the origin of the Ihort head of the biceps, penetrates the fibres of this mufcle. or thofe of the ad- ductor, Seel. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 345 du&or, to the flexors of the thigh-=-Sending off, in this courfe, a. Branches to the adjacent mufcles. b. A Perforating Branch — which, foon ramifying, inofculates in the fubftance, or on the furface of the flexors, with afeending and defending twigs, but chiefly on the Jong head of the bi- ceps with defending branches of the fecond per- for ant t and with afeending branches of the infe- rior perforant. N. B. The perforating branch of this and the fol- lowing artery is fometimes wanting ; and the trunk is inflected under the biceps only to the vaftus externus, where it pafles into many branches, inofculating varioufly with the neigh- bouring articular artery. D. The inferior perforant — ifluing a little be- low the laft, from the external margin of the trunk ; running tranfverfely, under the adduc- tor magnus, at the pofterior furface of the fe- mur, to the fhort head of the biceps, and un- der that to the mufcular fubftance of the vaf- tus externus. It fometimes extends to the cruralis, and is often double. It gives a. Minute branches to the adjacent mufcles. b. The Inferior Nutritious Branch— fent upwards from the trunk as it pafles under the fhort head, of the biceps ; inofculating, on the femur, near the linea afpera, with the fuperior nutritious branch, and diftributing its laft ramuli in the fubftance of the bone. It is fometimes fent off from the former perjorant. c- A Perforating Branch— running, in the hollotf K of £46 BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. 11 . of the poples, to the femimembranofus, and in- ofculating, on its furface, with the Jupcrior per - forant ■ It is fometimes wanting. d. Branches — uniting, on the vaftus externus, with the larger and lejfer defcending branches of the external circumflex. e . A Branch — bending to the vaftus internus, and fometimes inofculating, under the tendon of the triceps, with a lejfer defcending branch. The popliteal artery — that part of the Superficial Femoral which runs along the hollow of the poples. As its limits fhould be accu- rately defined, on account of the numerous branches which arife from it, we obferve, that its fuperior part is bounded by the pofterior mar- gin of the tendon -of the triceps, and its inferior by the higher extremity of the foleus mufcle, under which it divides into the Anterior and Po- fierior Fibial Arteries. Being covered external- ly by the aponeurofis which furrounds the joint, it runs obliquely, outwards and downwards, through the adipofe fubftance between the flex- or tendons, palling into the cavity between the condyles and the heads of the gaflrocnemii. As it proceeds over the joint of the knee, it lies up- on the capfule, and afterwards on the popliteal mufcle. The numerous branches to which, in this courfe, it gives origin, are divided into Ar- ticular and Muficular, Of thefe, the fir ft are, A. The 'Seel. IL DESCENDING AORTA; 147 A. The superior externo-articular— afeend- ing, on the periofteum of the femur, from the outer tide of the trunk, above the condyle, and running, on the periofteum, towards the origin of the ftiort head of the biceps ; then bending, under the common tendon of the bU ceps, to the pofterior margin of the vaftus in- ternus, divides into two ramuli. a. Many Branches of fmaller fize, running up- wards and downwards, diftributed to the peri- ofteum, capfule, biceps, and gaftrccnemii. b. The Deep Branch— palling through the vaftus mufcle, which it fupplies with ramuli, to the peri- ofteum of the external condyle, and there fpread- ing into various ramifications. Of thefe, fome are diftributed to the lateral ligament and fkin ; fome are interwoven with the inferior externo- articular, and the perforating branches of the J'uperjicial femoral \ while others run tranfverfe- ly to the internal condyle, and inofculate with the fuperior inter no-articular. c. The Superficial Branch — winding on the furface of the vaftus externus, near its extremity, towards the upper edge of the patella, and anaftomo- fing by an afeending branch with the extremity of the large defeending branch of the circum- flex, and, under the tendon of the rectus, with a branch of the large anajlomotic 5 winding al- fo round the patella, and uniting, by various de- feending twigs, with the vafcular plexus of the knee, formed by all the articulars together. B. The superior interno-articular — run- ning, above the inner condyle, from the inte- K 2 nor BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. II. rior edge of the trunk, in a tranfverfe or oblique diredtion, under the tendon of the triceps, to the patella. It is fometimes double. a. Smaller Branches — diftributed, in the hollow of the poples, to the periofteum, capfule, condyle, and flexor tendons. b. A Superficial Branch — exhibiting a continuation of the trunk — running, between the tendon of the biceps and the vaftus internus, to the furface of the knee, and there forming a vafcular plex- us by its numerous branches. It inofculates, near the lateral ligament, with an afeending branch of the inferior int er no- articular , and, by fending out branches that obliquely perforate the ligamentous ftrata, is extenGvely ramified below the patella. N. B. A Deep Branch arifes from the large ana • Jlomotic branch of the femoral. C. The middle articular, or azygos — irre- gular in its origin — riling fometimes from the pofterior and outer furface of the popliteal , at other times from the external or internal fupe- rior articular ; runs always to the pofterior li- gaments of the knee and the middle of the capfule ; and divides into, a. An External Branch — winding extenGvely be- tween the condyles $ running to the pofterior and crucial ligament, and the femilunar carti- lages, and inofculating here with all the adjoin- ing branches. b . An Internal Branch — diftributing its twigs, in the inner fide of the capfule, to the fat of the poples, to the bone, crucial ligament, and cap- fule. Sett. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 149 D. The INFERIOR EXTERNO-ARTICULAR riflfig below the knee joint, under the plantaris and external head of the gallrocnemius ; runs, out- wards and upwards, to the top of the fibula, and there entering, under the external lateral ligament and aponeurofis, a groove which is formed in the external femilunar cartilage, proceeds, between the femur and the head ol the fibula, to the patella. a. Separate Branches — diftributed to the poplite- us, foleus, gaftrocnemius, {kin, and periofteum. b. A Branch, forming 3 confpicuous inofculation with the tibial recurrent. c. A Superficial Branch — fent off while the trunk refts upon the cartilage ; tranfmitting many fmall ramuli to the vafcular plexus of the knee, the aponeurofis, and fkin ; and inofculating with the fuperior externo-articular. d. Small Branches— -entering the femilunar carti- lage, periofteum, and capfule. e . A Deep Branch — entering the capfule near the patella, and fpreading out its various ramifica- tions within the cavity of the joint. E. The inferior iNTERNo- articular — defend- ing a little, as it runs inwards below the joint, between the fuperior edge of the popliteus and the gaftrocnemius, to the pofterior angle of the condyle of the tibia; and then palling, un- der the internal lateral ligament of the knee, and the tendons of the internal flexors, to the lower margin of the patella. &. Many Branches — terminating in the popliteus, pofterior and crucial ligaments, capfule and ten= K 3 dons 15 © BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. II. dons of the flexors ; one of them inofculating with the nutritious branch of the poferior tibial. b . Superficial Branches — difperfed on the aponeu- rofis, to the inferior edge of the patella, and communicating there with the anterior tibial. c. Branches exhaufted on the common tendon of the extenfors and ligament of the patella. d. Branches to the ligament of the patella, inofcu- lating with the Juperior and inferior externo-ar- ticular f. A Deep Branch — running along the edge of the internal femilunar cartilage, and inofculating, by a tranjverje branch, in the hollow of the joint, under the patella, with the inferior exter - no-articular. iV. B. The vafcular plexus, covering the knee, is formed by all the articular arteries, the recur- rent tibial , circumfex, large ana/lcmotic, and fome twigs of the perforants. F. Of the muscular branches, which are infi- nitely varied, the following chiefly merit at- tention. a. Two or three Confpicuous Branches — though often wanting — diftributed to the flexors, but chiefly to the femimembranofus, biceps, and nerve. Thefe fometimes fupply, by ref ex branch- es, the want of perforants from the fupcrficial femoral. b. Two Gafrecnnnial Branches — running, in pa- rallel lines, between the heads of the gaftrocne- mius, and penetrating, with various ramifica- tions, the internal fide of the rnufcle, in which they terminate. Of thefe, one runs, on the fur- face / SeH. II. DESCENDING AORTA. I5I face of the mufcle, to the tendo Achillis, and its infertion into the os calcis. c. Two Branches to the foleus ; but fometimes want- ing. d. Branches to the fubftance of the plantaris, peri- ofteum, vefl'eis, and nerves. [I ] The anterior tibial artery — fome- what fmaller than the Pcjlerior — -riles anteriorly from the popliteal, at the inferior margin of the popliteal mufcle, and, perforating the interoffe- ous ligament, runs from the pofterior to the an- terior part of the leg It here defeends clofe to the ligament, at firft between the tibialis anti- cus and common extenfor, and then between, the anticus and the extenfor longus of the great toe. In this courfe, it lies nearer to the fibula than the tibia ; but having gradually feparated from the ligament, it turns now more forwards and inwards the farther it defeends ; and pailing over the lower extremity of the tibia, and over the tarfus, along with the extenfor tendons, un- der the crucial ligament, divides, between the fir ft and fecond metatarfal bones, into twobranch- es : of which one, finking between the bones to the planta of the foot, inofculates with the external and internal plantar branches of the po- Jlerior tibial , while the other, palling along the derfum of the foot, runs to the great toe. The K 4 moft 152 BRANCHES FROM THE Sea. II. moft remarkable branches iffuing from it in this courfe are, A. A branch to the origin of the pofterior tibial mufcle, or foleus. B. An ascending branch — tranfmitting twigs, under the popliteus, to the external and po- fterior part of the tibia and capfule, and thence to the head of the fibula, the origin of the fo- leus and joint ; which, as they are reflected forwards, inofculate with the inferior cuticular branches. N. B. Thefe branches are fent off before the ar- tery pafles out of the ham. C. The tibial recurrent — winding to the an- terior furface of the knee, between the fupe- rior part of the tibial and extenfor mufcles, or bending upwards through the fubftance of thefe mufcles ; and giving, a. Many Branches to thefe mufcles and the liga- ments connefting the bones. b. A Branch — winding round the head of the fi- bula as it paffes outwards under the . common extenfor of the tees and the peroneus longus, and inofculating with the branch B. f. Branches — running to the vafcular plexus on the ligaments of the knee, and forming numerous inofculations with the inferior articular. D. A large branch — running down upon the fibula, between the tibialis and peroneus lon- gus, and between the fame peroneus and ex- tenfor communis, and inofculating, near its inferior extremity, with the fibular^ E. Se6l.IL DESCENDING AORTA. 153 E. Many minute branches — riling, through the whole courfe of the artery, between the two bones of the leg, diftributed to the tibia- lis anticus, extenfors, peronei, aponeurofis, and periofteum of the bone, chiefly of the tibia ; varioufly interwoven with one another, and below with th t Jibular. F. Branches — partly fent off to the extenfor ten- dons while the trunk lies upon the naked tibia, partly fpreading, in a retrograde courfe, on the furface of the bone, covered by the aponeuro- fis, and meeting here the poflerior tibial and anterior fibular. G. The internal malleolar — fpreading vari- oufly while running down on the inner ankle ; inofculating, by afcending branches, with the preceding ramuli, and flretching, with dejcend - ing branches, to the capfule, aftragalus, os na- viculare, and cuneiforme; and uniting, in va« rious places, with branches of the internal plan- , tar. H. The external malleolae.— forming a large coinmunication, iri the interoffeous fpace, or a little below it, with the anterior jibular , or fome of its branches — winding to the external ankle, wdiere it fends, if not fooner, branches to the peroneus brevis, the joint, the fliort common extenfor, and the tendons of the pe= ronei ; forming, under thefe tendons, many inofculations with the pojlerior Jibular , and anteriorly with the anterior Jibular. It at laft reaches *54 BRANCHES FROM THE Sett. II. reaches the tarfal arch. It often exhaufts the "whole anterior fibular , or rather this takes the courfe of the malleolar. I. Many branches — palling, under the tranf- verfe ligament, to the extremity of the tibia, the hollow of the tarfus, capfule, extenfor ten- dons, the molt of the tarfal bones, particularly the altragalus and the Ihort extenfor. Some of thefe, winding on the tarfal bones, and bending with ramuli to the planta, run on one fide, near the tendons of the peronei, to the fibular ; and, on the other, beyond the in- ner margin of the tarfus to the internal plan- tar. K. The TRANSVERSE TARSAL, Or TARSAL fent from the external fide of the trunk, outwards and downwards, under the extenfor brevis, to the furface of the fecond row of tarfal bones, uniting, at the edge of the fifth metatarfal bone, with the external plantar ; and thus form- ing the tarfal arch. From this trunk general- ly proceed, a. A Branch — running outwards, between the ar- ticulation of the tibia and fibula, with the aftra- galus ; and, after fending twigs to each articula- tion, inofculating with die pojlcrior fibular and external malleolar. b. A Branch — finking deep into the fovea or pit of the tarfus, and there fupplying its ligaments and fat. p. Branches — rifing, in various places, and exhauft- ed oil the extenfor brevis. d. Branches Sett. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 155 d. Branches — distributed between the cuneiform bones and cuboides of the tarfus. e. The Firjl Dcrfo-metatarfal,ox Dorfo-interoffcxl — ■ lying in the fpace between the fecond and third metatarfal bones and the interofleous rr.ufm : and, after running to the root of the toes, i giving branches to the extenfor tendons,' 4 others, to inofculate with the polccr or an terior per/orauts and travfverj. metata haufting itfelf in the bifiircatn n of ta- digital artery. f. The Second Dorfo-metatarfal , cr D : al — running, like the laft, to : ’ : al, and terminating in a Similar marner. .. # g. The Third Dorfo-metatarfal, or u ■ ■ al — rifing near the os cuboides; runnitw he fourth interval of the metatarfid bones, • ap- plying fnnilar branches as the former metatar - J'als. h. A Branch — rifing at the fifth metatarfal bone from the inofculation of the tranfverfe tar'al and external plantar ; running along this bor e, and exhaufting itfelf, by fome ramuli, upon the adduftor of the little toe. N. B. The Dorfo-metatarfals , or Dcrfo-intcrcffeals, often arife from the tranfverfe metatarfal ; in which cafe, the tranfverfe tarfal only produces minute branches, inofqulating, near their origin, with the dorfo-metatarfals. Sometimes, alfo, the dorfo-metatarjals give origin, by rneeang with the f>er for ants, to one or two planta-digi- tal brandies ; or produce other digitals. Spread- ing on the back of the toes, and inofculating with the true digitals of the external plantar j or l$6 BRANCHES FROM THE Sett. II. or producing, as in the hand, dorfal branches. The anterior perforants , penetrating, near the roots of the toes, the metatarfal interftices, feem to arife from thefe dorfo-metatarfals ; or, if they have iffued from the plantar metatarfals and di- gitals, anaftomofe w ith them in the fame place. L. Branches — diftributed, from the inner edge of the tibial artery, to the internal lide of the tibia, the exienior endons, the periofteum, the tendon of the ti bialis anticus, an$ the na- viculare nd firft cuneiform bone. M. A branch — r /nnim-: on the furface of the na- viculare towards the plantar fide of the foot, where, covered by the abduflor pollicis, to which it gives branches, it inofculates with one or two branches of the internal plantar. !N. A branch to the abdu&or pollicis, firft run- ning along the margin of the firft metatarfal bone, and then difappearing on the inner fide of the dorfum of the great toe. O. A branch — iftuing from the external edge, between the trapfverfe tarfal and tranfverfe metatarfal arteries, giving twigs to the exten- for tendons and the Ihort common extenfor. p. The TRANSVERSE METATARSAL ARTERY Va- rying in fize, and fometimes entirely wanting, according to the number and magnitude of the branches which are fent off from the tranj- verfe tarfal. It runs to the commencement of the firft and fecond dorfo-metatarfal bones, and, palling tranfverfely to the little toe, gives rife . It DESCENDING AORTA. rife to metatarfal branches, if they have not already been fupplied by the tranfverfe tar- Jal. Though fmaller and fhorter than ufual, it generally gives origin to the metatarfal of the third interval, and the dorfal branches of the third toe. Its ultimate branch, wind- ing, near the os cuboides, under the tendon of the fmall peroneus, is partly exhaufted on the abdudor of the little toe and peroneal ten- dons, and partly on the plantar integuments. The DORSO-METATARSAL, Ot EXTERNAL DOR- SAL of the great toe — -the fuperficial branch of the atiterior tibial artery as it is now about to terminate. It traverfes, on the interolfeous mufcle, the outer margin of the firft metatar- fal bone ; and gives, a. Minute Branches — fpreading on the furface of the metatarfal bones *, inofculating either with the tranfverfe tarfal , or tranfverfe metatarfal t and running to the extenfor tendons. b. The Dorfo-tibial , or Internal Dorfal Branch, of the Second Toe— running along the inner orfz- bial fide of this toe. c. The Dorfo-fibular , or External Dorfal Branch of the Great Toe— uniting firft with the external plantar of the great toe, and running afterwards to the termination of the toe. R. The deep anastomotic branch — -linking in- to the plantar fide of the foot, where it again appears ; and, after fending branches to the abdudor and addudor, inofculating with the plantar arch. From this inofculation, or fome- times BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. IT. times fooner, arifes the planta-pollicar, a remark- able artery on the plantar fide of the great toe, of which I fiiall give a defeription along with the plantar branches. [II.] The posterior tibial- the other branch of the Popliteal Artery, where it divides at the fuperior extremity of the foleus — pading down, under the foleus, upon the poflerior furface of the flexor longus and tibialis pofticus, to the lo er extremity of the tibia, is afterwards in- flected inwards to the plantar fide of the foot, running between the tendo Achillis and the epi- phyhs of the tibia, behind the internal ankle. While there covered by the laciniated ligament, and involved in fat, it meets, on the inner fide of the foot, the broad extremity of the abductor pollicis, and divides into two branches : One of which, palling to the great toe, I cal! the Inter- nal Plantar ; the other, denominated External Plantar , runs to the foie, between the flexor bre- vis and longus, and under thefe, (till deeper, to the fifth metatarfal bone. Here returning to the great toe, by an oblique and tranfverfe flexion under the tendons of the flexor longus, it forms the plantar arch. The branches iffuing from this artery I (hall enumerate in the order in which they are exhibited. A. Branches to the inner head of the gaftrocne- mius ; often wanting. B- Sea. II DESCENDING AGRTA. *59 B. The LARGE NUTRITIOUS ARTERY of the TIBIA, or posterior interosseal — fpreading exten- fively downwards, between the flexor of the toes and pojlerior tibia!, above the interofleous ligament, and inofculating with the fibular at the inferior extremity of the tibia. From this iflue, a. A Branch to the foleus, popliteus, and periofteum of the tibia, communicating with the dcfc ending branch of the inferior interne-articular. b. A Branch to the tibialis pofticus. c. A Nutritious Branch — entering the bone, and diftributing its twigs upwards and downwards. d. Branches — winding, through the whole courfe of the artery, partly on the periofteum of the tibia, and partly on the tibial mufcle and the common flexor. C. A large branch — winding round the exter- nal head of the fibula, under the mufcles, af- ter giving a twig to the foleus, and receiving feme anaftomotic branches of the tibial recur- rent. D. Many large branches to the foleus, inter- woven everywhere with fibular twigs. E. Some cutaneous branches — running out far with the veins and nerves, and anaftomofing, upwards and downwards, with the anterior ti- bial. F. The common fibular, or peroneal — very ir- regular in fize and the diftribution of its branch- es. It often equals in dimenfion the anterior tibial ; at fome times is entirely wanting; and at i6o BRANCHES FROM THE Sed. II. at other times is rather (mailer than the pof- terior tibial. After riling, near the fuperior extremity of the tibialis poflicus, it defcends between this mufcle and the flexor pollicis. A little lower, it is covered by the flexor pol- licis ; and at laft efcapes the eye of the diflec- tor between the two bones, where it touches the interofleous ligament. Near the inferior extremity of the bones, where they are more clofely connected, it divides into the anterior and pojlerior fibular arteries. It gives, a. Branches — palling through the Coleus to the fkin, inofculating with other inferior f'oular twigs, and with branches of the pojlerior tibial. b. A Branch — penetrating the peroneus longus and the fkin. c. Branches — partly exhaufted on the tibialis and the common flexor of the great toe, and partly fpreading on the periofteum of the fibula. d. Many Branches — winding tortuoufly, in various places, under the flexor pollicis and peroneus longus, to the anterior part of the fibula, inof- culating there, upwards and downwards, with twigs from the anterior tibial. e. Many Branches — rifing, in various places, from the defcending trunk, and diftributed to the ti- bialis pofticus, peronei, flexor pollicis, the infe- rior tendon of the foleus and gaftrocnemius, the periofteum, and fkin. Of thefe, fome per- forate the interofleous ligament, and terminate between the anterior mufcles. f. The Nutritious Artery of the Fibula — the laft of the branches which rife from the trunk before it Sect. II. DESCENDING AORTA. l6l it is covered by the flexor pollicis, ramifying on the periofteum and the fubftance of the bone. g. The Pofterior Fibular — the largeft and mod re- gular branch of the commmon fibular. As it proceeds from its cavity, backwards and out- wards, it begins to defcend ; and, after running behind the external malleolus, to the outer and hollow furface of the os calcis, it inofculates, under the abdufltor of the little toe, before the tuberofity of the os calcis, with fome branches of the external plantar , or fometimes is wholly expended on this abdudlor naufcle and the fkin. It often gives, «. Branches to the long flexors of the toes and the peronei. , : , 0, A Large Tranfvcrfe Anajlomotic Branch — uni- ting, on the periofteum of the tibia, and under the tendons of the gaftrocnemius, and the other mufcles, with the pofterior filial, and fome branch- es of the anterior tibia!. Other ramuli are fome- times fent from this branch to the ankle joint and tendo Achillis ; which, uniting with others from the fibular and the external malleolar of the anterior filial, reach the outer furface of the os calcis. y . A Branch — fometimes fingle, fometimes double ■ — forming a plexus in the externa! cavity of the calcaneum, or os calcis, and anaftomofing fre- quently with the anterior filial branches. 1. A Branch— as the artery runs to the externa! fide of the calcaneum, forming, under the liga- ment that unites the tibia and fibula, a new communication with the pofierior tilial , and, by twigs fent outwards, with the external malleolar . i. Branches to the peroneal tendons and (heaths, forming a plexus with the anterior fibular when prefent. L S. Branches ERANCHES FROM THE Stcl. IT. ?. Branches — reaching, in the finuofity of the os calcis, to the fore part of this bone, and inofcu- lating with fimilar branches of the pojierior ti- bia! (fee T), at the fame time giving out others, thinly ramified op the bone, and terminating, by many minute twigs, on the fat and (kin. Branches to the abductor of the little toe, en- tering, like the terminating trunk, into a re- markable, and almolt conftant, inofculation with the external plantar. h. The a I nterior Fibutar — often wanting — when prefent, pafTes through the interftice of the cru- ral bones, running, downwards and forwards, in the angle between the extremities of the tibia and fibula, behind the extenfor pollicis and the flrort peroneus, where it inofculates with the external malleolar •, and then proceeding, under the tendon of the peroneus, to the os cuboides, where it lies concealed between this bone and the abduftor mufcle, inofculates partly with the external plantar , and partly terminates on the fkin. From this arife, cf. A Branch — running upwards to the fibula and periofteum of the tibia. a. Branches — interwoven, in the neighbourhood oi the external malleolus and peroneal tendon' with the former artery. y. A Tratipverfe Anajlgmotic Branch — forming, be hind the extenfqrs, and op the periofteum, a re- markably inofculation with the anterior till a , fending alfo twigs to the capfule and tendons. i. A Branch - finking into the capfule of the joint, after inofculating with various branches. i. Many Branches — fcattered among the hgamen tous (heaths of the peroneal mufcles, and ir.ot culating, in many places, at the exterior fide o. the calcaneum, with the pojierior f.lular. I- Branche. Sell. II. DESCENDING AORTA: 163 Branches — inofculating with the tranfvirfe tar « fal, on the furface of the os cuboides, and there contributing to the formation of the tarfal arch. ». Branches to the abdudfor of the little toe, often terminating the trunk, or fent off, near the union of the trunk, with the plantar. G. Numerous branches — diftributed, in the courfe of the artery, to the adjoining flexor mufcles, tibialis polticus, foleus, tendo Achil- lis, nerve, and Ikin. PI. Transverse branches — --often double — anaf- tomoflng, as already noticed, with the poflerior jibular. 1. A e ranch— forming a plexus, at the epiphyfis of the tibia and its malleolus, upon the perio- fteum, with fome fuperior branches - of the po~ Jlerior tibial and internal malleolar , and fending foitietimes twigs to the capfule of the joint. K. Branches to the flexor tendons and their fheaths. L. Two large branches— ifluing from the trunk as it runs along the lateral concavity of the heel, at the tuberofity ofthe calcaneum, fpread- ing out upon its periofleum and aponeurofis, as alfo upon the abductor pollicis and Ikin ; and inofculating with branches of the Jibular. M. A deep branch — palling, under the tendons, to the capfule - of the altragalus and calcaneum, and the bones. N. Another deep branch — running out to the other adjoining bones and their ligaments, and. to the articulation of the tibia and altragalus. L 3 O. 164 BRANCHES FROM THE Sell. II, O. The external plantar — the larger branch of the pojlerior tibial — paffing, gradually outwards • and forwards, between the ffiort flexor of the toes and the majja ccirnea; or, under this mufcle, to the inner edge of the abductor of the little toe. As it proceeds to the bafe of the metatarfal bone of the little toe, between the flexor bre- vis and abdu&or, it runs gradually inwards to the great toe, with alternate flexions ; and, paffing over the interofleous mufcles, forms the plantar arch ; which, at laft, is wholly recei- ved by the anterior tibial, in the firft interftice of the metatarfal bones, under the adductor poll icis. Its branches are, a. A Tranfverfe Anajlomotic Branch — running out- wards upon the naked bone, along the anterior tuberofity of the os calcis, and forming a large inofculation with branches of the anterior ti- bial, at the inner fide of the tuberofity, and with the pojlerior Jibular at the outer fide ; con- ftituting, at the fame time, a vafcular plexus, from which many branches are fent to the bone, flexor brevis, aponeurofis, and fkin. b. Branches to the large ligament of the calcaneum. e. Many Branches — while the trunk runs above or 1 below the mafia carnea, and pafles, expofed, be- tween the flexor and abdu&or minimus, fent to this mufcle and the flexor brevis, and thro’ this, or near its external margin, liberally diftri- buted to the aponeurofis and fkin. J. The Firjl Deep Branch, or Firft Profunda — run- ning to the abdudtor and flexor of the little toe, and uniting with the pojlerior Jibular on the external and lateral part of the calcaneum, and with Seel, II. DESCENDING AORTA. 165 with the deep branch of the internal plantar upon the furface of the calcaneum on the in- ternal fide of the fame bone. e . The Second Deep Branch, or Second Profunda -*~ rifing at the termination of the os cuboides j and, while it obferves the fame courfe outwards as the laft, forming fimilar and new inofcula- tions with the anterior fbular and tranfverfe tarfal. It alfo contributes to the plexus that is fpread out in the cavity of the foot, and among the ligaments of the tarfal bones. f. Branches— fent to the abdudfor of the little toe, and the periofteum of the adjoining bones ; fpreading varioufly among the bones, and inof- culating with the neighbouring ramuli. g. The PI ant a- digit al, or External Plantar of the Little Toe — ifluing from the trunk as it touches the bafe of the fifth metatarfal bone, and begins the formation of the arch. While it accompa- nies this bone forwards, covered by the flexor and addu£tor of the little toe, it diftributes branches to thefe mufcles and fldn. At the other extremity of this fifth metatarfal bone, it receives a tranfverfe twig from the external plantar , or the adjoining digital ; then paftes over the inferior or plantar furface of the bone, and, on the outer or fibular fide, reaches the apex of the little toe. h. The Second Plant a-digital> — rifing in the fourth interftice of the metatarfal bones, above the in- teroflei, at the bafis of the toes, and, while there, covered by the tranfverfe mufcle, dividing into the digito-tibial, or internal plantar , of the little toe, and the digito-fbular, or external plantar of the fourth toe. — Sending out, L3 «, Numerous BRANCHES FROM THE Seel. If r6o' a. Numerous Branches to the flun. P. Branches to the abdu&or of the little toe. y. Branches — anaftomofing with th t plant a metatar - fal and others uniting with the melatarfah. i • "T he Third Planta-digital — • running between the third and fourth metatarfal bones, and giving origin to the digito-iibml of the fourth toe, and the digito-jibular of the third. From this arife, a. Branches — uniting with the external branch of the internal plantar at f. P. Small and Superficial Branches to the adjoining lumbricals and tranfverfe mulcle. r. Anterior Perjorants — difperfed in this third in* interftice to the capfules of the joints. k. The Fourth Planta-digital — running between the fecond and third metatarfal bones, and giving rife to the digito-tibial of the third toe, and the digito-jibular of the fecond. From this branches iffiie, iimilar to thofe at i. Between tliefe digitals, two or three deep in- terojfeals, or planta-metatarfals, and four per- foi ants, iffiie from the plantar arch , whofe di- re&ion, though very irregular, delerves to be noticed. l. A Plant a- metatarfal, or Deep Inter offeal Branch - — rifing near the planta-digital of the little toe, and running between the fixth and feventh in- teroffeous mufeles. After fending off many ra- muli to the adjoining mufeles, it inofculates with the dorfal or anterior perjorant * of the dorjo- * Profeffcr Murray calls thofe perjorants which run frem the dor- funr o the planta, ante: or perjorants ; and thofe which run from the planta to the dorlum, pojlerior perjorants.— Translator. sm. iL DESCENDING AORTX. iSf dorfo-metatarfal of the fourth interftice, and u- nites, near the metatarfai articulation of the fourth and fifth toe, with the dorfal and plan - tar branches of the digitals. It fometimes gives a dorfo-met atarfal to the fourth and fifth toes. See a defcription of the Dorfo-met at arf ah , page 155 and 157. tn. Another Deep Planta-metatarfal — the fecond arifing from the arch , and running out, in the third interftice, between the fifth and fixth interofleous mufcles. In other refpeffs, its diftribution is fimilar to the laft, and to that of the third deep pluntd-metatarfal, when pre- fent. ». The Plantar, of Pojlerior Perforant of the Fourth Interftice— emerging to the dorfum of the foot, and uniting with the metatarfai, after" having di- ftributed twigs to the interofleous mufcles and the ligaments of the metatarfai articulation. 0. The Plantar , or Pcflerior Perforant of the Third Interftice — pa fling to the tranjverfe metatarfai after perforating the interftice of the bones. p. The Plantar, or P of. trior Pcrforant of the Se- cond Interftice — fimilar to the former, and fend- ing off twigs to the adductor pollicis. q. The Plantar, or Poflerior Perforant of the Fii'ft Interftice — terminating in the tranjverfe msta- \ tarfal '. W. B. Thefe Plantar Perforants, befides, give a branch, which runs, wdth the metatarfai of its own interftice, as far as the toe. 'i he planta - metatarfals, after reaching the metatarfai bones, inofculate with branches of the trarfverfe tar - fal or metatarfai , and dor fo- digitals. L 4 r< Three i6 8 ERANCHE.S FROM THE Seel. II. r. Three branches, running, in a retrograde courfe, from the concave margin of the arch, and form- ing, in the cavity of the tarfus, a plexus with the deep branches of the internal and external plantar s ; diftributing ramuli to the ligaments, adjacent mufcles, the fheath of the peroneus longus and tibialis poflicus, the aponeurofis, and fkin. The External Plantar, bending to the firft meta- tarfal interftice, becomes larger by its inofcula- tion with the anterior tibialj and running for- wards, under the adductor, to the fibular fide of the metatarfal bone of the great toe, where it fends a branch to the flexor brevis, gives rife to, /. The Plant a-pollicar, or Interna l Pollicar. — This remarkable artery appears, at times, rather to arife from the anterior tibia/, which then pre- fents another anaftomotic branch, uniting with the external plantar. Between the firlt and fe- cond toes, there fpring from this common trunk, a . A Branch — fending out the digit o-tibial of the fecond toe, and the digitofbu/ar of the great toe; inofculating with the profunda jibulor of the internal plantar. B. The Digitotibial of the Great Toe — palling over the inferior or plantar furface of the metatarfal bone of the great toe, under the flexors and ad- ductors, and fpreading on the inner or tibial fide of this tee, as far as its apex. It receives the profunda-median and profunda-lilial of the inter- nal plantar. 7. The Dorfo-tibial of the Great Toe — bend.'r.g outwards, and generally running to the termina- tion Sett. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 169 tion of the feeond phalanx and nail, and forming an arch with the dorfo-Jilular, which rifes from the anterior tibial. N. R. All the Digitals fend many twigs to the {kin, bones, and ligaments -, and unlefs feparate dorfal branches are formed by the union of the metatarfals and perforants, thefe give origin to dorfal branches, reflected upwards, and which form fmall arches around the root of the nails ; while the trunks themfelves, mutually inofeu- lating, form, on the plantar fide of the apex of the toes, arches fimilar to thofe upon the vo- lar fide of the fingers. F. The internal plantar — the fmaller branch of the divided trunk — after riling, on the ti- bial fide, in the finuofity of the calcaneum, between the tendon of the tibialis pofticus and the origin of the abdudtor pollicis, it runs a- long, covered by this mufcle, and divides, un- der it, into four branches, which follow the courfe of the abdudtor and flexor brevis of the great toe, to the inferior extremity of the me- tatarfal bone of this toe, and terminate in branches of the planta-pollicar that iflues from the anterior tibial and external plantar. It fends off, a. A Branch — bending, under the abdudlor, to the tendons of the tibialis pofticus and flexors, and the periofteum of the aftragalus, varioufly inter- woven with the internal malleolar, and with the branches at (T.) of the anterior-tibial. h. Branches to the abduftor and flexor brevis com- munis. e. A BRANCHES FROM THE Seel, n, V. A Branch — running deeply outwards, between the large ligament of the calcaneum and the mafia carnea, diftributing ramuli to the flexor brevis, the mafla carriea, and ligament, and in- ofculating with branches of the deep externa ^ plantar , funning to the tuberoflty of the os cal- cis. d. The Profuitda-tibidl , or Internal Deep Branch of the Internal Plantar— the firft ramulus of the four branches that e* hauft the internal planta } — riling at the os naviculare, and following the inner border of the abductor pollicis, or inner margin of the planta and difappearing, at laft, in the digit o-tibial of the planta-potlicar. It gives rife to, «. Many Cutaneous Branches. Branches — fent to the dorfum of the foot, and inofculating with branches of the anterior tibia/, y. Branches — winding on the periofteum of the tarfal bones. e. The Profunda Median, of Deep Middle Branch of the Internal Plantar — the fecond twig of the internal plantar after its divilion. — It lies under the abductor, and, after running- along the middle cuneiform- bone and the firft metatarfal bone, unites vi t e y/anta-pollicar, or digit o- tibial branch of t.'-.e : . '.car. It fends alfo twigs to the fat and (kin, and others inofculating with the former. f. The Profunda Fibitlar , or Deep External Branch of the Internal Plantar — the third branch of the trunk — riling at the beginning of the c; ■ ei« form bone. After running to wards, between the flexor brevis and abductor polucis, towards the fecond toe ? it at laft unites with the digito- tibiaf Seft.lL DESCENDING AORTA. fifoa/ of the fecond toe, and the digit o-fihular of the great toe. It gives, a. Branches to the flexor of the great toe, the com- mon flexor, and abdudlor. Cutaneous Branches — winding fuperficially out- wards. y. A Small Branch — bending outwards, between the plantar aooneurofis and the flexor brevis, be- yond the lumbricalo, to the third interftice of the toes, and there inofculating with the digital branches, and chiefly with the third pi ant a digi- tal. Here, as if forming a fuperjicial arch , it diftributes ramuli to the adduftor, lumbricals, flexor, aponeurofis, and Ikin. ffl. B. From thefe three branches, the planta pol/i- car, arifing from the communication of the i in- terior tibial and external plantar , receives a con= fiderable increafe. The External Branch of the Internal Plantar— » the fourth divifion of the trunk — ifiuing, a little fooner, near the addudfor ; winding, varioufly outwards, between the mafia carnea and ligament of the calcaneum, to the os cuboides, and fend- ing twigs to the neighbouring mufcles, the tar- fal ligaments, and the whole plantar cavity. It anaftomofes with the profunda, with recurrent branches from the arch of the external plantar , and with branch (c) of the internal plantar. A branch of this artery fometimes enters the firft metatarfal interftice, and inofculates with the tranfverfe tarfal. But it Ihould be remem- bered, that the branches of the plantar prefent as numerous varieties as the other arteries of the foot. THE 172 THE PULMONARY ARTERY. The pulmonary artery, which Profeffor Murray has omitted, requires little defcription. It is furnifhed, like the aorta, with three femi- lunar valves at its commencement ; afcends, gent- ly inclining to the left, from the upper and ante- rior part of the left ventricle ; and, approaching the concave fide of the aortic arch, divides into two fimilar branches: 'The Right, which is longed, pafling through the arch, behind the vena cava, to the right lobes ; and the Left , running before thedefcending pillar, to the left lobes of the lungs. On reaching the lungs, they immediately divide into a number of leflfer branches, which are ra- mified on all the pulmonary cells, and which, in various places, inofculate, by numerous twigs, with the bronchial * . The pulmonary artery con- veys to the lungs the venous blood which re- turns from the different parts of the fyflem, and which is changed, by the adlion of the air, from a deep purple to a florid red, before it is circu- lated again in the aorta. Printtd by John Brozrn, Anchor Clofe, Edinburgh, £ I Murray