v^oni ram ffosu / * u^&< PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY, AEMKGID AS A READING BOOK 9 * FOR COIIOISCHOOLS, WITH Questions and Answers Attached. BY M. B. MOORE. (SECOND EDITION.) RALEIGH, H. C, BRANSON & FARRAR FAYETTEVILLE STREET. 1861 P II E F A C E . Tin' author of this little, work, having found most of the juvenile books too complex %r young minds, has for some time intended making an effort to simplify the science of Geography! If she shall succeed in 1 .ringing this beautiful and useful study within the grasp of the little folks, and making it both interesting and pleasant, her purpose will be fully accomplished. ( -pliULof- NOTE TO TEACHERS. The first part of this work is intended to be used as a reader: The second is to be studied as usual. The object of this arrangement is to make -the child familiar with geographical terms before he begins to study Geography. As a pupil, the author well remembers her difficulties at this point ; and as a teacher, she has been led to enquire, "Is there no easier path for the tender feet of the little ones '." >. Let the pupil read over and over again, the first part, and then the second will be simply a review, «? \ GEOGRAPHICAL READER LESSON I. U bat Geography Means. 1 . In this book I propose to tell yon about Geography. I wish you to pay good at- tention, and it' I use a word yon do net un- derstand, you must ask your teacher to explain it to you. 2. Some people travel over the world, and see nearly every country on the globe; but as every one can not do this, it is best for every boy and girl to study Geography. die earth draws us t<> it. We call this drawing towards the earth, alfoddtion. Were it not tor this wv should all tall off, like the water falls from a grindstone, or a water wheel, when turned rapidly. G. The earth is one of the planets. A planet is a body which moves around the. sun. The earth moves around the sun once in a year, and keeps rolling over all the time.. God made the earth and put it in motion, and it will move until he com- mands it to stop. Should we not love him Then when they wish to travel, after they i „ \ .1.1 i i-i f«" - making us such a beautiful home? are grown up, they will know which conn- ^ tries are most interesting. But very few will leave their own country, and thus if they do not read books and learn these i LESSON II. things, they must always appear ignorant. Change of Seasons. :"!. Then to study Geography means to 1. As the earth moves around the sun, learn about the surface of the earth. The j sometimes the sun shines straight down* surface is the outside part, on which we upon us, and we then have summer. Then live. Part of this surface is land, and part I the trees blossom and bear fruit, the birds is water. There are about three times more i sing and build nests ; and men plow and water than land. ' raise wheat, corn, cotton, rice and tobacco. 4. The earth is round like a ball, and 2. When the sun first begins to shine turns over once in a day and night. When warm, and, the birds begin to swell and the the side on which we live is turned towards the sun, we have day, and the people on the other side have night. 5. The reason we do not fall off, is, that IB < flowers to bloom, we call it Spring. When the sun gets high in the heavens, we call, it Summer. When the sun begins to sink back into the south, and the corn and fruit t; 6EOOBA.PHIC A I R E A 1) E li get ripe, we call it Autumn or Fall. The sun now shines very obliquely by or slant- ing, and all nature becomes cold and bleak. The snow flak < too descend, and robe the earth in a mantle of white : this we call winter. 3. These changes are called change of seasons ; and are necessary to the comforl and happiness of mankind: I LESSON III. Land. 1. On the surface of the earth we find some large portions of land, containing ma- ny countries : these are called continents. They are surrounded by water and are ma- ny thousand miles in extent. 2. We find smaller portions of land sur- rounded by water which are called islands. Some of these are far out in the ocean, so the people can not get away except on board a ship. 3. Then there are narrow strips of land connecting two larger pieces together ; these are called isthmuses. North and South America are joined together by the isth- mus of Darien. 4r. Sometimes a portion of land is nearly surrounded by water, but one aide is joined to a larger piece : this is railed a peninsula. Florida is a peninsula. 5. Vhcn a point of land runs out in (<> the water we call it a capei Some caps are very high and rocky : these are called promontories. 0. A portion of land raised up to a greal height is called a mountain. A smaller height is called a hill. Sonic mountain: have fire inside of them, and send out smoke, hot stones and melted lava; which somesimes covers up whole villages : these are called volcanoes. 7. A plain is a portion of level land. A plain covered with sand is called a deserl ; and one covered with grass is called a prai rie. A low portion of land between two hills or mountains, is called a valley. A valley generally has a brook or river run- ning through it ; and produces line crop LESSON IV. Water. 1. A large portion of the surface of the earth is covered with water. The largest bodies of water, are called oceans : the At- lantic, Pacific, Northern, Southern and In- dian. The Atlantic is the largest and i» obont three thousand miles wide. . FO*B Till-; DIXIE CHILDREN 2. Smaller bodies of water arc called seas. A sea is nearly surrounded by land. The water of both a sea and an ocean is Fait. You could not drink sea water with- out making yourself sick. 3. An arm of the sea running out into the land is called a l>ay or gulf. Some ol these are very large, as the gulf of Mexico. That potion of a sea or gulf which is so shallow thai its depths may be measured with a line, is called a sound. -1. A. large collection of waters cntire j ly Burrounded by Land is called a lake. Some lakes arc salt but rnost of them have fresh water like a river. Lake Superior is the largest in the world. #5. A stream of water panning over the land, is called a river. The place where it starts is call its source or head, the place where it runs, its bed or channel, and the place where it empties into the ocean, its mouth. Rivers are very useful to man. They turn mills and other machinery and carry boats upon their surface. Besides the finest farms are found along the river. The Mississippi is the largest river in the world. Tt is about four thousand miles long. C. Water is so useful, that man could not exist without it. He catches fish from it, for food; it bears his ships from one country to another, it turns his machinery, it waters his crops; and the best of all, forms the best drink in the world. LESSOX V. Hemlspheres« 1. If you take an apple and cut in tww pieqes, you call thorn a half apple, if you take a bailor sphere and saw it in two parls, you have half a sphere. Now the word hemisphere means half, and the earth is round like a sphere, bo when the earth is divided in two parts, we call one a hemV phere. 2. If we draw a line around the earth from north to south, we have the eastern* and western hemispheres. If the line is. drawn from Cast to west, we have the northern and southern hemispheres. \V, say we live in the northern hemisphere; be we are north of the equator. LESSON VI. Points of (he !' twenty mile direction the needle points, to your righl hour^ andaome thirty or forty. This was s hand .will be east, your left west, and your greal invention. Fifty years ago people back south. You must get your teacher to could not travel faster than horses could show yon the Polar Star, and then you will draw them, which was forty or fifty mile* always be able'to toll what direction you per jjay. are traveling of a clear night. - '- Canals, railroads and bridges and all 3. When you look on a map the top is things thai men make, are called theworka generally north, therignt hand east, the of art. Mountains, hills, rivers, oceans. bottom south, anil the lefl hand west! k There is one spojt of the earth .which is always turned towards tin' Polar Star: this seas, &c, are called the works of nature; because God made them. Tin- works <>l nature far surpass the works of art ; which is called the North Pole. The just opposite shows how much wiser God is, than the U called the South Pole. These points are wisest men. I pole- because of their relation to the Polar Star. ! . LESSON VII. . Canals and Railroads. 1. A canal is a ditch dug by men, wide enough for vessels to sail along on the water with which it is filled. Some countries have no large rivers on which to boat their pro- duce to market, and these canals arc dug to answer in the place of rivers. 2. When you grow up and travel, you will sometimes go upon the highway, some-] times upon the turnpike, and sometimes upon the railroad. This last is made by digging down the hills and filling up the hollows, and laying down iron bars for the wheels to run upon. Then the cars are drawn by steam, and move very fast. LESSON VIII Latitude and Longitude. 1. When lines are draAvn around tin- earth from cast to west, the same distance apart, we reckon distance from one to an- other, and this is called latitude. Lati- tude means width, and is applied to the earth in measuring from north to south, be- cause it is considered not so long that w%\ as from east to west. The lines which marl? latitude are called parallel . 2. If you look on the ma]) you will ob- serve there are other lines drawn from top to bottom. These are called meridians, and are used to reckon distances from easl to west. This being the longer way of measuring the earth, it is called longitude which means length. But you must not Xtktv. *S^ ■ % jsroigiitf £ -y ^*T I -j-*«Ji^^B %^<*^ ^J**>*^ ■■*. \ Virginia, gjavglmrti * DELAWARE, NEW JEUS?Y, n d $ Part of Pennsylvania ^r^. ^^ ^^. ^^ -^^ 0] think the earth is much s to south, than from eastl pat at the poles like an a and blossom ends. 3. A knowledge of latii is of very great service t over the ocean. When feo many degrees east, the 5£ sooner or if sailing west i U ls; and all who labor 3. When the white people came to £his can get a good education. Bui sad to say, country, they found a red or copper colorec! there are some lazy people in one*, race This people they named Indians, be- and .-Mine idle children in every school hope my little readers will not be idle. LESSOR X. Kaces of Men. [cause they thought they had .-ailed west un til they had come to India in Asia. They were tall, with long black hair, and high cheekbones. Thev v^ent nearly naked, and were cruel, and warlike. They were good friends, but terrible enemies. Thev were governed by Chiefs, and had no. hook The men who inhabit the £lobe, are not The women performed most of the labot, all alike. Those in Europe and America and were called Scmaws. This is called are mostly white and are called the Cauca- the American race. They now have hooks, sianrace. This race is civilized, and is tar Schools and churehes, and manv of them aboveall the others. They have schools learn about Jeaus. and Churches and live in fine style. They + • The African or negro race i, found in generally have wise and good men lor Africa. They are slothful and vicious, bul ruler.,, and arcgular form of government, possess little cunning. They are very cruel The women are treated with respect andlto catch other,. and when they Lave war tend. ..id in manv eases their wish they sell their prisoners td the white people is lav among their m ale fr'iem for slaves. They know nothing of Jesus, 2 There \ of people who inhab and the climate in Africa is so unhealthy it mo I ia which i- of a yellow color- thai while men can scarcely go there to Thev areaqnict, plodding iVe, hut when pivad. to them. The slaves who are I. .and educated a,re sensible and shrew. 1. They in Ainenea'are inmuch heller condition I ., re g n lar lo,-,,, of Thev arc hetler \h\, bdttcr clothed, and rnniont, hut the;, areheatnen; I mean better instructed tfian in their native conn- ■ by this that the}' worship images made of try. wood and stone. Thev do not know about 5. These people arc descendants of Ham And yettheypray to those idols thesonof Noafy; who was cursed because much oTtencr than we christians do to our he did not treat his father with respect, ^avior. This race is called the Mongolion. [t was told- him he should serve his breth \li ionaries have been senl to teach them rcn forever. That would seem a hard sen-, about Jesus. When they ever become con tence out, il was probabtj <\<>ur to sho\t vcried. ih. -\ bold fast then prof< ion ifld other children how wicked il waste tn arenot fickle like' some ra< ttieir parenl io. tfecan not teUTidw' thej FOR THE DIXIE CHILDREN 11 , ;uik' fco be black, a Jul have wool on their 6. There is still another race culled the Malay. They arc blapk and have wool on their heads, but not like the African. They arc very fierce and will die rather fehanbemade slaves. They are also cun- ning and treacherous, and will have little dealings with white men. They eat the licsh of their enemies, 'arid arc called canni- bals. They.hav.e killed several preachers who went away there to preach : but some of i hem have become christians. 7. \<>w. dear children, you have heard how miserable many of the human family are. It they knew about Jesus, they would be happy asyouare. There are good nun who are willing to go and teach tlmm', but 'out they lack money to bear their expenses. Can not cadh of you give something to help send the gospel to the heathen. I-ESJSON XI. America. 1 . A grea4 many years ago the people thought I he earth was flal and surrounded by the ocean. Europe, Asia, and Africa, with, seme islands around the coast, were all the land then known. The people had ships and sailed along the coast, but never ventured out on the ocean. 2. At length some wise men began to <"nclude that the earth was round like ;> ball ; and that possibly they could sail wesl across the ocean until they came to the East Indies. This would be so much lesslabor than traveling across Europe and a great part of Asia to bring the sweet spices and fruits from that plesant climate. So Christopher Columbus as^ed the king oi Portugal to give him ships and men to make the. voyage,, But the kin-- and his Counsellor- thought Columbus was beside himself. ' o. Columbus then wen! to Spain tc ask king Ferdinand and queen Isabela to tit him out. After much entreaty, they con- sented, and the cjuecn sold some ofherjew- 'cls to obtain money !o;- the purpose. At length he set sail with three small ships and ninety men. He sailed due west for three months without rinding laud. His men now became alarmed, thinking he would nrvertind the way back home. So they thought they wdrild throw him over board and return. Columbus agreed to I" return, il in three days land was nol found, dust before ihe time expired, a man on deck cried out LcmdJ L. These indians were very ignorant. They dressed in BkinSj lived on the flesh of animals which they killed with their bows and arrows. They had no gunB, no houses, do tools to work with, no fields, no horses nor cows, nor hogs, nor sheep, as we have. They built little huts of sticks which they .ailed wigwams, and covered them with skins. They used bits' of sharp rock and shell to skin animal? and cut up the flesh. They ba«l never heard of Jesus, but thought when they did wrong, the Great Spirit was angry with them. They prayed to this Great Spirit, somewhat like we pray to God/ 6. The continent of America is divided in two parts, North and South America. They are joined together by a narrow strip of land called the isthmus of Darien. The New World, as it was long called, is noted for its great rivers, large lakes-, tall moun- tains, &c. 7. This New World should have been called Columbia all i l who discovered it; but- one Americus Vespt made a voyage to the New World. •. I lished a book about it. bef« ■< ' iinibt lit. Thus the world began to call the new land America, in honor « f An ericus LESSON XII \ortli linciifa. 1. The northern pari of North America is a cold desolate region. In the extreme North west, lies Russian America. This is governed by the Emperor of Russia. The people live mostly by hunting and fishing. The snow is very deep there, and covers the ground nearly all the year. All the wild animals have fur and are hunted for their skins as well as for food. 2. On the northeast we u \ an island i , i called Greenland, or Danish Aim m. This belongs to the king of Denmark. The country is cold and bleak. The people aire a hardy race, of low stature, quiet and in- dustrious. During the long winter nights the parents teach the children to read. They are called Esquimaux, and are as much attached to their cold, barren country as we can possibly be to ours. BRITISH AMERICA. 1. This division lies between Greenland and Russian America. It is governed by the Queen of England. The southern por- | tion is not so cold and bleak as the polar -JZ&W FOR THE DIXIE CHILDREN 13 regions. In the Canadas, the people raise grain and Lave some fruits. 2. There are not many mountains but many large lakes and rivers. The St. Law- rence between the United Stales and Bri- tish America is a grand river on which are some great water falls. Niagara falls is the finest in the world. This river drains the great; lakes. The largest of these. Lake Su- perior, is nearly live hundred miles in length. 'They are also deep enough fur. the largest ships to sail upon. Sometimes these great lakes are all frozen over so the people can travel on the ice. THE UNITED ST A I 1. This was once the most prosperous country in the world. Nearly a hundred years ago it belonged to England ; but the English made such hard laws that the peo- ple said they would not obey them. After a longj bloody war of seven years, they gain- ed their independence ; and for many years were prosperous and happy. 2. In the mean time botli English and American ships went to Africa and brought away many of those poor heathsn negroes, and sold them for slaves. Some people Baiditwaa wrong and aSked the King ol England to stop it. He replied tkat "he knew it was wrong ; but that slave trade brought much money into his treasury, and it should continue." But both countries af- terwards did pass laws to stop this trade. In a few years, the Northei n States finding their climate too cold for the negro to be 2 profHable,sold them to the people living far- ther South. Then the Northern States passed laws to forbid any persou ownin» slaves- in their borders. 3. Then the northern people began to preach, to lecture, and to write about the sin of slavery. The money for which they sold their slaves, was now partly spent in trying to persuade the Southern States to send fheir slaves back to Africa. And when the territories were settled they were not willing for any of them to become slavehofdiug. This would soon have made the North much stronger than the South ; and many of the men said they would vote for a law to free all the negroes in the country. The Southern- men tried to show them how unfair this would be, but still they kept on. £' In the year 1860 the Ablitionists became strong enough to elect one of their men for President. Abraham Lincoln was a weak man, and the South believed he would allow laws to be made, which would deprive them of their rights. So the South- ern States seceded, and elected Jefferson Davis for their President. This so enraged President 'Lincoln that he declared war, -md has exhausted, nearly all the strength of the nation, in a vain attempt to whip the South back into the Union. Thousand;) of lives have been lost, and the earth has been drenched with blood ; but still Abra* ham is -unable to conquer the "Rebels" As he calls the South. • Ihe South only asked to be let alone, and. to divide tlie public u clOGhaphical reader propcrt? equally, ft would have been wise i;i iTic North to have said South- ern siste is, " If yon ;.:v not cou tent top well with us longer, i! nee. "y\Y wiii divide tl i e inheritance with yo\i, and may you Be h grt-at untia 5. TIllS country ]■-■- ;ii:m'\ - has tine cities and towu&j many railroads, Bteainho: \>, nianufaeturcs,/Sre. r i 1 n • pern I : n ) "?' n gi ;UI( ' are' noted for ct in "driving a* bar rain" They ined, and intelligeni on all qpbjeefs but that'o? negro slavery, on tii-: they are liiad. 6. The large lakes (he long fivers, the taU lnounfaiiu . a, ith the beautiful farmi and pretty towns and villages, make this a very iuteroeting country to travelers. : i!i.::x 0ON1F1 DERACT. 1. These states lie south of. the United ea, and possess a warmer climate.— The latter are mostly siiiiti d to raising grain and cattl«, while the former grow mon. cotton, race, ti and sugar cane, wit!, some cattle am aiu. A large por lion of tlie country lies on the sea coast, and is level and sandy. The interior por. i tioiiB are hilly and mountain 2. This country is well watered. by largt rivers, and has many line harbors. Ol \ some of these harbors, are large cities ; but. the Couiederate States possess few ships her cities do not grow so last as if then, was more commence. Rut we have reasoi to hope that in a few years we ©ball no 1 1 fall behind any nation i:> point of com- ■ cawy it <>:i. ;; - a great country!' Tlie Yan- l In night- to starve* us out when'.thej theii ships to guaid our seaport towns. Ui"1 we have learn -i'l to make many tinners: tc do without in 1'iy others ; and . U trust in the smiles of the (l,n\ of bal We had few guns, little ammunition, ami not much nf anything ' ,;; ' 1,H and tobacco; hue the peop'e helped them- selves and God helped .1 We were con id red an indVleht, weak people, but our enemies have tbund us :!r<>! or, be- :ausc we had justice on our side. 4. The Southern j eople are r being high iniaded and courteous. A stran ;er seldom lacks friends in this> country'. Vluch of the li eld work is done by si; Tliete are generally well used and often have is much pocket money as their mi&tree Hie;/ are contented and happy, and mi of them are christians. The sin of the South lies not in holding slaves, hnt they .are sometimes mistreated. Let all the lit- Je boys and girls remember that slaves are liuman, and fhat God will hold them to ac- count tor treating fhein with injustice.' o. The Southern Confederacy is at pre* out a sad country ; but Pjreident l)a\ is ie a good and wise man, and many of the generals aud other otfioern in tlie army, are pious. Then there are many good praying people in the land ; so we may hope that our cause will prosper. " When the right- eous are in authority, the nation rtyoiceih, ; fOR THE DIXIE CHILDBED 1* but when the wicked bear rule the nation tives do not know anything about them. aVourneth." Then remember, little boys. Some day, this • me a fine country. when you.are men, never to vote tor a bad man to govern the country. .MEXICO. 1. This eon n try was found to bo more ■• than any of thenations inhal h America. The Indiana were Cpiiet oua, and had . : _;hi good houses, and cities, and tempi*. .They also had tea, and - -■■'■ ■ ; . ' I ' diver. i no book 8 but made pictures to remember things that happened. •2. Bat the Spaniards came and killed Hie people, and took theft* gold and stivei lands. The Spaniards then the* country, l>nt they have never proj»p< The country is still in a torn np condition, and they have war nearly all the time. The curse ofheaven seems tit rest upoii them, treating the. poor Indians ^u cruelly. '. The climate is very mikl and produces all the vine fruits and many rare flowers. There is a range of mountains through the country, some of which are volcanic. • GCATTMALA. country occupies the most south- ern part of Nor.h Ameiiea. The climate ' and unhealthy. The country has nol bi»eh so rapidly settled as most others^— There are seme portions of stone bniidifi^s to be found, which beeiu to have been built before the white pec pie came ; but the La lesson xm. South America. 1. In the northern part of South Amerl- ea we find New Grenada, Venezuela, and Ecuador. The first is .a broken country, consisting of thi si mountains, t'he loweot >,, • hills. The, rivers rush u iwit r ';o mountain sicles, and form many pretty s or water falls. »tiii fry is pleasant ancTheakny, but - and •h'es, b.; -v ignorant. L'jiuau Catholic. ECCADOIl. 1. Thtscountry f ibleLwid i:i /Vuieriea. It lies between two ranges of the Andes, and is about thirty miles wide. ^ i ' akvays spring there. Ou the same tree you wljl find large and small leavas, flowers and fruit. In one field yo:i see the reapers, and in the next the plowman scat- tering seed. Then turning your eye ap ward, you behold the lofty tops, of the Ire des^ coveted with snow. Should you climb one of these mountains, ] >;r_ before -you reached the top, yon would become very cold, your breath get short, and the blood gush iiuiu your nuse and lips. No man 1C GEOGRAPHICAL HEADER yet has been able to reach the top of the tallest of these mountains. 2. The inhabitants are livery and and live mostly on flesh and fruil of late year.? are beginning to raise pair.' If you should go there to dine, yon would see ants running all over the table, and sometimes when a tart was cut, yon would find nothing but ants inside. In fact, in- sects are so plenty that the people can scarcely live for them. Near the rivers there are large serpents, alligators, caymans, Ac., which annoy the people very much. VENEZUELA. i. This division consists mostly of vast plains, covered with grass. On these are thousands of cattle, horses, and other ani- mials. Some men own a thousand head of cattle; others hunt .wild ones, and sell the hides and tallow. The people raise fine to- bacco and some grain. PERU". 1. This is the most noted country in South An erica. The people were more civil, and lived more like white people, than any Other trite. The King or Inca ruled gently, and wafi obeyed as, children love and obey a father. The people said a long time there came a man and his wife from heaven, who lived with them, and learned them to spin cloth and to worship the sun. When these peo.ple died, their children be- came rulers of the country. 2. When the Spaniards went to Peru, they took the gold and silver from the na- . hilled their Inca, and took possession of the country. But it has never flourished since. These cruel Spaniards have never prospered in any country, as much as some nations. Judgments will always follow wicked new 3. The surface is hilly and mountainous, and the climate is delightful. There are rich mines of gold and silver there. BOLIVIA. 1. This was once a part of Peru. Its mountains are very high. Sorato is the highest mountain in the New World. The table lands, between some of these moun- - are so high that the clouds never reach them. • The sun aiways rises and shines all day long there. Would you not Ime to live in one of those cities above the clouds, where it never rains nor storms? And strange to s;n , there are fine fields of wheat, rye, corn, &c, on these high table lands. The land is watered from rivers which run down the sides of the mountains. • 2. The city of Cnsco is found here. This was the residence of Peruvian Incas, and is a fine pity still. Some of their temples are yet to be seen. CHILI. 1. This is a narrow strip of land, lying between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is called the " garden of America, because it is such a fruitful country. But the peo pie do not build tine houses and cities, for < SS) r/ FOR THE DIXIE CHILDREN. 17 >he reason tbat there are *> many earth- 1 and as large as a common apple' tree, oaetna quakes. I am sure you would not like to twenty feet high, &c. He also learns to live where there are eartlujtiakes every few ' drink Paragnay tea. which is quite pleasant, years. Sometimes a whole city sinks, and but it is difficult to levre off the use of it sometimes a city is raided up higher. Bu1 alter drinking it awhile, the people there are cheerful and do not I 3. Gum Elastic or India Rubber is made seem to fear danger more than we do'. from a tree growing in this country. A 2. The Indians in this, section arc very hole is made in a limb, and the sap drips warlike and cruel; mid disturb the white upon a piece of leather. When this dries people very much. Chili once belonged to it is fit t'ov use. 4. There are many horses in this country, :ind the people settfbm walk. Even the beggar begs on horseback. Xhc.people live •1. This is a cold region beenfiying the inlaw mn'd houses which arc so fall of rer- southern point of South America. The Until that the£ often wrap* ftp in skins and country is barren, and the savages so crue ->leep outdoors, when the weather is warm, that few white people go there. 'A largi islam! nearby contains many Volcanoes, and • railed Terra Del FuegO, or the land o: fire. LA PL VTA. Spain, but after a bloody war they became free. PATAGOMA BRAZIL. 1. This division occupies about half of i South America. Its mountains are not so ? high as soriifc but its rivers are very largo. ! r5 — — ' •* «-' 1, This country lies east of Chili. Its Hie Amazon is the largest in the world. It name deuotes bUvci*, and is So called, be cause so much silver was found there The climate is pleasant, the country level I the soil good. Some <>f the vast plain: me covered with thistle and clover, som< ii.tall grass, and some with trees. ' Titer are many wild horses and ca'tle in the.-. plains, and sometimes wlvcn the dry and thistle stalks u - et on tire, hundreds o them are ■ death. 2. There the traveler finds manv sii plants and trees." A pine with colics' a: 'argc as a child's head, the -■"od to eat ; retcU as tall as our trees 2l 3 one hundred and seven ty-n'yc miles wide it its month. Tiie land near the large riv- ;rs is very rich, but the climate is unheal- hy, and few people live there. But people ire settling theroj on this will be a ntry. This is perhaps the most beautiful part »,' South Anierfaft. M my pretty pi hieh we cnltivate with so mu h care arc lierc '■ icre are orange iring both f I blossoms at imi'j gay flowers, graceful creep- ten times us large as any we hi i 15 GEOGR A P 11 1 C A f READER 3. As the traveler walk?, the xo be alive with insects while birds of beautiful plumage, make the forest ring, with their cheerful songs. Then many cattle in the country, but they are generally raised ''■ Sou will be surprised to hear that they obtain milk from a tree called the cow tree. They make holes in the«t: . early in the morning with jugs to get miik for the family. It looks and taste much lik< milk, and when it stands awhile, a yellow tance rises to the top like cream. The milk also becomes tough after standing in the air, and the people then call it chi 4. There are many large animals and huge serpents, and frogs as large a- a child's head. The inhabitants are ignorant. There are many negro slaves, who arc often cruelly treated, and whose ttm but little better off than the slaves. Many of these slaves are kept hunting for, diamonds and gold dust. The people ai lent to make good farmers. They plant grain almost in the woods, and cultivate it but little. But in a few years this will become one of the finest farming countries in the world. Several missionaries have gone there to preach to the people. LESSON XI V. Virginia 1. This large State lies m the north i era part of the Southern Confederacy. It is frequently called the " Old Dominion. " Tlie erri part is mountain' i middle hilly and 1 Ik- eastern level. The i- mostly good and you will find large ins, bearing dm numbers of the iii. • :k. Western Virginia u> i i. All persons >■ ' fond of ittof and cheese would do well there, 2. The higher ell aoted for hospitality and for high living. Son* these claim ;•■ Pocahos - which they t honor. You kn< tionta? was the Indian girl -av.'d the life of Captain John Smith. during the early settlement of Virginia, The people used to have many wars with the Indians, and then they bora their part in the Revolution and in the war of 1S12. 3. In the war forindependenee. thif State has suffered almost as much as any. I Is of families were run from their hoi and lost all they had except their clothes, or a little money. Many houses and farms were destroyed, and the country laid waste. Such are the effects oi' war. 4. This State has many fine rivers: the Potomac and the James are the largest. There an rail roads, and canals, of the finest harbors in the world. Norfolk was the main sea-port town and contained a line navy yard; but tlie enemy has spoiled it very much. Richmond city is the # capn\al of the State. and also of tjie Confederacy. This is a FOR THE DIXIE CHILDREN 19 goodly sized city on James river. Presi- dent Davip resides there, and Cfofl^ meets there to make law.-. Many of the large buildings are used for hospitals. and corn and ootton mostly in the eastern and southern. The soil of about half the State is good, but much of the other is so live on it are very there are thousands of sick an poor. The swamp lands in the east are soldiers constantly there, Th< .• to be much wickedness in the city. 6, There are a good man; manufactories In this State, andalmost all kinds of articles are made. But the country produces corn, wheat, tobai- • abundance. There are many planters who own larg< IS Gape numbeis of &la\ re gene rench Broad. &c '.'/ell treated, and are ae h any under the sun. It' they are si< k mas- in the east. There are also several railroads /(./■sends . r. if the < the eastern and middle parts of the they are sure of enough to save life ; if the are- growing old, they know rhey-wilffre I. Beaufort and Morehead City are sea provided for; and in time^of-war, they j H towns. Wilmington is a large com very fertile. The west is suited to grazing — we mean by this; grass grows we», and are easily rai 3. There are many large rivers in this State, ami the low grounds along them are fertile. Some of the principal are- Fear, Yadkin, Dan, an boats ply on There are some canals erally remain quietly at home, while the master goes and spills his blood for hi •'ountrv. LESSON XV, Xorth Carolina. i. South of Virginia, we find .•mother large State. . called North Carolina. Like the former, the western portion is moun- tainous, the middle hilly, and eastern l< ial town near the mouth of Cape Fear River. 1 This is noted for it s trade in tar, pitch and turpentine, which are produced abundantly in the eastern part of the State. SjTewbern was a pleasant town, but the enemy have spoiled it, and driven away the people. Fayetteville on the Cape Fear, in Cumberland county, is a large town. The stat.- Arsenal is', located here, • and many guns are made. The guns and gun machinery, were moved, from Harper's ' to this since the war began. But there are not so many high mountains Th Raleigh near the .middle of the in this State as in the other, nor is , the capital. Thi* is often called middle part so hilly.' "City of Oaks" Greensboro, Salis- -• Wheat,- oats, rye, corn, and tobacco, bury. Chariots, and Statesville are fine .3 raised in the north-western portion : i towns on tko railroad,?. Salem is noted as 9C GEOGKAPHICAL KEADEB a German settlement, end forits celebraf' I y pmuVnes -wicked Tiations by war. l acheola fof. young ladies. mean by tins that when people become too 5. The people pf oted for wricked, He gives them over to a hardness r honesty, and far ' slow but of heart to work out their. own punishment, sure." No braVer men fought in the war and sometimes destruction. How mi .. endence than those from North better for all to be-good. Carolina. While some few cowards refused 2. This State is mostly level and sandy. to tight for their country, \t is a rotable fact. The climate is very mild, and suited to rais- rhat nearly all of them, were of tlje ignorant ing vegetables- and fine fruits. There are M, and many of them did not know what not so many apples, peaches, pears, grapes, patriotism was. We should feel as much &ei, raised here as in North Carolina; bat • for them- & mse they figs and oi ■•wn ; am! before Lad not been properly 6. Education was much neglected in the Old North State, until wirhin a few yeai> the gardens of Virginia are planted, the and snaps of Charleston are blooming. and lice are principal products past. She now ha> as many good schools l of the soil. and coUegi as any sister State. Good 3. In this State, as well .as in North < rapti ow building up schools to ed«- olifia, there are many cotton millsarid wool- j Mtfe die children of poor soldiers who are en factories, vhk-h produce excellent do- killed in'tlds war. Nearly every child can" mestics and jeans, besides spinning much iret an education here if he will beind otton yarn for the mother's and "sisters to Who will be ignorant? LESSON XVI. • South Carolina. 1. This is a Bmal! Stal south m th Carolina It is washed on the sunt] east, by the Atlantic Ocean. ■State."' This was t! i le. ilauy ji '""'d tl i .. leaving the j weave up. In some of these factories, ne- ._•••<> Blaves perform the -work. .•I. The people of this State are noted for • ivalry. Von do not understand - We I, when any one imposes upon ,:■ motto it to light. Also if they ii person; bad! '_ loir haling men have Ii ided," bee , ...... ,,, q U1( •. •! an injury. % The iipp icatedand re- ined, but the po< •• '•- norani South Carol in m „,., ,„,„ ; ,,„; 1, may have hew M ; it i. i ... arc hird'y so well treated as in North • Juki Lavo cuaic, aooacr Wiua ,ul ^ u-g.ma ; but tfe* Lave toe % . FOE THE DIXIE CIIILDItEX 2 A gospel preached to them, avid arc generally fine forests of pine and oak, with swamps ontented and happy.' • interspersed. Then comes a section of high- 6. Charleston is the main city, and i >f about sixty miles, then another seaport town with a fine harbor. Columbia us wide reaching to the foot of the hilly re the capital of the State. This has gions: theie«two belts are sandy, and are ocation, and is noted for its fine groves and covered with long leaf pines. Then we neat appearance.' It is situated near the find a hilly region* of good land well water- centre of the State. There are several rail- ed with spring branches and rivers. In the roads, and other mark- of art, which mala; northern part are the Bine Ridge and some thifc an- interesting State.. her mountains.* 6. There are large pine forests, from 2. The principal rivers are the Savannah, which the people make tar, pitch -and tnr- Chattahoochee, and Altamaha. ' The first pentine: these are shippc 1 and sold in otll- is navigable 250 miles; large ships ascend Br countries. But during tha war the ports it; to the«city annah. Many of the were so blockaded that these artich others are navigable, for some distance, not shipped. Thus the products of the country are easily 7. On the Coast lie a chain of beautiful carried to market. Cotton and rice are the slands, which are covered with" live oak. .principal productions, but much lumber, laurel with blossoms as large as your liar. tar. pitch and turpentine are also exported and the finest fields island cotton. There are some minerals in the State; gold Bat the enemy have spoiled most of these, is the most abundant. and stolen many of the negroes who tilled 3. The city of Savannah stands on the the land. They told the slaves they were river of the same name, 50 feet above the ree, and even formed regiments, of them to water, [t is one of the finest cities of the tent against their masters. But the neg » th, and is noted as the chief commer- s too cowardly for a soldier and cial city near the coast. Farther up the ut little service to his ^Northern friends. j Savannah river, we find the city of Augus- ta. It is an important city, and is hand- somely built. The streets are said to be shaded by the pride of India. There is much cotton shipped from this place; and | the people of this section are xa-y cnter- LESSOX XVII. Georgia. 1. This is almosl as large a State as Vir- ginia. The climate is plea.- ant. The ace is varied. The sea coast is level foi ome distance inland. -This is covered with prising in all kinds of ss. jVfilled^c villc is the capital of the State and is a pleasant place. 4. The Cherokee Indians occupied part •2% GEOGRAPHICAL READER of this Stare, *nd had learned to live n like the white people. They had fine farina with cWves to work them, good houses, mucli cattle, sheep, hogs and horses. Tliey al*o Lad a newspaper* and sent their chil dren to good schools. But in the year 1^3*J ■ people made a treaty with them, to pay them 5,000,000 dollars to remove >. Indian Territory, where they were to bave seven millions acres of new land. So most of them went away, and now live in the wert, where there are more' limiting grounds, and where the white peoplt .-t then'. Thie tribe arid others - • >uth in the great strug- gle far independence. lesson xvin. rierldai !. iliis ip a peninsula lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Afexico. The extreme point is very low, -and often mostly covered with water. The middle portion it, level and sandy, covered with pine forests. But there are a tew spots of good soil whirl) make line farilft. The try is well watered with rivers, man\ •of which are navigable some distance. Tin- climate is very mild. Oranges, tig*, pom - granates, &c, grow there in abundauce, with many beautiful flowers. • 2. Cotton is the staple production. Su- gar cane is raised to a great extent. Indi go wad formerly raised here. The live oak g-ows hfre in abundance. The Uwocc oi . this tree is used for ship building, and in in great demand. ^e most durable hers for building^ ships. Cedar log* and staves ar- ported. 13ut Florida r suited for a grazing country, because of its fine ^-tsr:i;- • *• 3. Florida first belo to Great Britain, then to Spaii afterwards £o the United States. It is now one of the Southern Confederacy . t" be Called Florida from bearii i-. 4. St. Augustine is tin- q in our country. Jt ' [y in, ruins. Tallahassee ia (he capital. The coast is -hallow, and Florida possesses few good liaj bors. ."». The rnd.ians in thi= State did not move 'went; and, though they agreed to go, yet their able chief, Oseola, declared id gave the United States much j hie. riiis brave chief was at length killed, and his people submitted to the whir, (j. I must not omit ti> tell you of the fur- found on the coast of Florida. There arc lour sorts— the Green, so esteemed for m ; the Ilawkl.illed, wdiose shell makes such preth combs; the Trunk turtle, and the Loggerhead. When about to lay her ftrsrs, the turtlcdiirs a hole in the sand with : 1 1 1 1 flapped about eighteen iili ; then deposits her i*ggs in nice l\ •and covers them np with sand, the turtle then goes back into the water and leaves ike sun t< L-h the eggs. Aienhuut these OGP.ArniC/3 BEADEE 9.1 eggs and sell them. They find from 150 to I a nest, 'and they are considered very fine for eating. As soon as the young tin'- , •rate!] <>ut of the sand and betake themselves to the water. LESSOR XIX. A'abaina. 1. This State lie-: Most o'' Georgia and ■ of Florida. The Lh\c Rid • ifttends into the Northern part, ll»e middle is : » vast i, an.] the Southern consists of a • level, hut little above ilic BinfWe oi the". sea. This is covered with pine ba*rens.and prairie*. The cane lakes, wheu cleared oft' afford the Lest cotton lands. Sugar-cane; and lice also grow finely in this region. 9. \h\& State affords coal, iron, gold, and marble, hut the mines have nut been ex- rely worked. There ic not nuieh manufacturing, nor a great deal of com- merce. The people are mostly planters,! and own many slaves. These are general- ly -sell treated, an J have the gospel preach-; them. 3. Mobile, at the mouth of the Mobile; Rive/ :s the principal city. Montgomery : 8. the capital of the State, and is situated cm the Alabama Iliver. The Mobile Kiver : s formed by the junction of the Alabarma *nd Tbe Tombigby. Steamboats' run on both these rivers, and fthips. ascend the Mxibiie some diai-.«.nf».s LESSON XX. %. West of Alabama, we find the State of Mississippi. This is mostly level, inter- spersed with hills.. These hills often have le Btee^j a:- 1 one called bluffs". The bestern border along the Mksissippi eon- pp. Between the Yazoo and Mississippi Rivers, there are 70<»i> s- t 50ni ti of that powerful tribe l>«. »»til asliort wj- from its mouth. This tiled the! . They were] g lvatriver thro ehes which run more polished than their savage neighbor* the country and enter into the gulf. and had i • laws, and an established These are called bayous. They are sluggish, worship. had an altar sacred to the stagnant streams, except during the floods, and kept a constant burning thereon at which 4knes they become wide-spreading. >r of the Great. Spirit. When the The Mississippi has seyeral mouths as these French went there, the natives received bayora are called, and the land between -hem kindly,but soon they disagreed, and themiscalled tlfe Delta of the river. the Indians killed the whole settlement. ! 3. New Orleans stands on the Mississip- The French then sent a great force into the pi and U'tMe largest commercial city in the i made slaves Southern Confederacy. It stands on a dead early all the rest of the tribe. level, and at high water, the river would 5. This section once belonged to the overflow it, but for the levies, or emhank- French, then to Great Britain, then was ments of earth, which are thrown up to pro- claimed by Spain ; and Anally ceded to the vont this - Some tinle8 tllose 3evees breR k, United States. At the beginning of the and considerable damage is done. The war for Independence, this State seceded traveler is struck with the narrow streets, ■ and has nobly done her pari in the greal and old fashioned houses. But the newer , portions of the city are built in good style. Etru rr "iO. ' 00 The river here is half a mile wide, and from one hundred to one hundred and sixty feet (leep, and it continues about the same Lli I. width and depth down to the sea. large ships lie close up to the levees, and hundreds tt them may be seen lying upon the water like a forest of tall trees. fto"*of IKis State is low and level, with 4. The inhabitants of this city drink wa- some little hilly ranges, and many basins ter from the river. This is always muddy, or low.spots. A good portion of the State j md has to be filtered or allowed to settle; is luwerthan the bed of the Mississippi, am. .md in warm weather, the people buy ice to caMCQuently, when the floods come every , cool it. Ihteioe is shipped arouud from Louisiana. 1. Louisiana presents a broad front to the sea of about three hundred miles. The sur FOR THE DIXIE CHILDBEN - ■ ork, and is a profitable business. ,- ib very subject to yellow fever. he Red River is the largest eastern i of rhe Mississippi. It rise3 in the mountains, and after a course of two 1 miles, enters into the Father. ot > this State. xVbout five hundred 'us river was found a raft exteud- Jfclred and sixty miles. This was i ;ts tailing in the river, and had >ut before vessels could as- was first occupied by the xs afterwards ceded to Spain. i again, and finally to the Till.- was one of the earl/ iVheu the revolution broke has she done her part. a .d the gallant Beaure- " v ose name is familiar in ■ ■ i much spoken ^•-m Catholic is SjSpi) ; though ie present during and •! LESSON XXII Texas. 1. This country om Mexico; but the people rebel a short war, became independ afterwards annexed to the 1 but now forms a part oi fed era -y. 2. The State was loi uore of bad men who ran aw being punished ; but of late become a thriving State. It try for grazing, and much st The climate fs mild" but some sant. You may ride out evening, and before you ret will blow up so cool that you up your blankets for sleepis called Northers, and blow up i The nights are cool all the tb tion. No matter how oppre may be by day, you are alv cool night. 3. This State has seven emptying into the sea. 6a principal seaport town. A capital. This State has not from war. LESSON XXfi Arkanii -». of t rtf FOR THE DIXIE CHILDREN 25 lessor xxn. Texas. New York, and is a profitable business. The city is very subject to yellow fever. - ' w ■, -r.. • A i i i. _ * 1. This country once formed a part of 5 The Red River is the largest eastern . . «? ' , , v lue xvc ■* ; h Mexico j but the people rebelled, and after branch of the Mississippi. It rises in the I s][ort ^ hfXtLmQ independent. It was Rocky mountains, and after a course of two afterwarda annexe d to the United State-, thousand miles, enters into the Father, ot blltnowformga part f the Southern Con- Waters in this State. About five hundred f^era-y. iniles up this river was found a raft extend-! ~ g ^ gtAte ^ {o0g Qoted for {U fef ing one bundled and sixty miles. This was uge rf . ^ men whoTin away to prevent formed by trees falling" in the river, and had bring punished; but of lata years it has to be cleared out before vessels could as- ! becQme ft tliriving State< It is a finc k,t>na - try for grazing, and much stock is raised. &. Louisiana was first occupied by the j The climate is mild; but somewhat unplea- r-Yaaeb. It was afterwards ceded to Spain, sank You may-ride out of a pleasant then to France again, and finally to the evening, and before you return' the wind United States. This was one of the early*, w m blow up so cool that you return to take states to secede when the revolution broke: up your blankets for sleeping. These are out'; and nobly has she done her part '.' called Northers, and .blow up very suddenly. This jjjf}te produced the gallant Beaure- The nights are cool all the time in this sec- 2ard, the general wliose name is familiar in tion. Xo matter how oppressive the heat every household. 7. The French language is much spoken in this Stat..', and the Roman Catholic is may be by day, you are always sure- of a cool night. 3. This State has several fine rivers perhaps the prevailing religion; though emptying into the sea. Galveston i- the i here are many of other sects at the present principal seaport town. Austin is the time. The State has suffered greatly during capital. This State has not suffered much the war. The people have been robbed and from war. tent from their homes in many eases, and* the towns and cities piljaged and burned. 8. The soil is adapted to the culture of LESSON XXTil. eottOD and sugar, and is moafly good. ! \rkaiftas of f*is black as ink. BatoirEouge is , ~. . . » • , t j ie capjtafc l * • ln ''- s \ 9 mpilntainous, but other portion? a e t< marshy. 2. Arkansas Is well supplied with navi" 2. The State is well w> gables:: rhe Arka sRed, the sippi < Missouri throu White and the Was] noble rivers, centre, th« Kansas, Big. Black, Osage and The- soil is. generally good, and the products others, afl contribute ta make this a r rally are corn and cotton. This section. Sortie 6f tin- hills are rag^ State abounds in minerals of various kinds- barren, but for the most pan the couitWfc There are also mineral strings of great well timbered .with pine, sycamore, ba variety, and seme hot spring "?'■ ™> tton * ood ' sugaWnaple, etc. Li to boil an egg. :in excellent fanning section. 3. This slate hi 3. Little ; 3.^be minerals of Missouri are \ «ri< Rock is the capital, the State has been 1 valuable. Lend, iron, /.ink. pluuibngo. ar- settled by emigrants from the other sonic, «fcc, are found. Shot factories are lo States. They elect their governor for abated on the high bluffs of the Mississi] . of four years," and all white -men whi the .Y mult ]e!ld and pour it thrtfcigh have]i< sixmonl s; whe* in falling some distance' the vote if 21 years of nge. The sale of lotto- shot are formed, and drop on thi- sand be ry tickets is prohibited by law, and there low. are d ate. | * 4 - Tm sis a great grazing •. and 4. This State lias suffered terribly during vast herds of swine, cattle and noises ure thewari The enemy hav* ravaged nearly ra ?»^- The owners have little to do be the i iVand'lhe wrongs of tne pcio- s,des t0 mark aild turn their Btoek uut ^ a,,d pie are heart-rendering. But there AS a! ^^ them in when they aiie fat Much' oi God of vengeance and ere long the*- bi#liye stock is placed on Jarge flat boats Cerers will be avei iind conveyed on. the rivers to tin* towns ^_____ and. cities for sale. Corn, wheat, cotton, ' „ ! tobacco, and other products are raised. w LESSOR XXIV. The American Fur Company consists of a Missouri. , good many men who sell fur-, and buy L Missouri* is the second State in size, in i wool, mules, &c. • In thf city vi St. Louis FOE THE DIXIE CHILDREN they have a large house containing thou-l 3. Tnis State has suffered dreadfully dur- sarids of skins and dried buffalo tongues. , ing the war. The people were much divid- 5. Jefferson City i» the capital. -'id did not secede with that unanimity Lonis is the principal city of Missouri, and which most of the other States did. contains many fine churches and other pub- lic buildings. It stands on the west bank of the Mississippi, and steamboat's ply be enemy have devastated much of the State ; but the brave spirits there will yet conquer, and this will be qtig of the finest States in tween it and many other important points, the Confederacy. The Indians fr >m Indian Thus you observe it is quite a commercial Territory, hare joined the Southern army, village situa- 'Mfy. 0. New Madrid is a small ted on a high alluvial bank of the Missis- sippi. Alluvial means Loose earth which has been inarshed or thrown there since the creation of the earth. Every.year the riv- er carries away » portion of this bank, and in time it will all be taken off. 7. About, fifty years ago, there was a tor-j rible earthquake in this section. and made themselves useful to our cause. LESSON XXV. Kentucky. 1. The §tate of Kentucky is separated on the north from the United States, by the Ohio River. Virginia bonndsit on the It was 'east, Tennessee On the south and the Missis- it. New Orleans, and even in. South | sippi River on the west. .The Cumberland Carolina and Georgia. But in th Mountains occupy that part of the State the earth opened in wide chasms, and sent noxt to Virginia. Then the Ohio Hills lie forth columns ot>and and water Some! alon g a few miics from fc «® 0hJo Ri*W hills sank down and left lakes m their Besides these the country -is, partly hilly, places. Some lates were rail o the and partly level; the low portions lying •eater ran out and leftjdry land. The beds of rivers were changed, and even the Mis- ppi was turned back in its con whole hour, till the wefght of the w broke over and formed a new channel. Boatd were dashed again- banks, or left in thedry channel; while thelightning flashed, and the earth rumbled tender than ^ uck 7> Licking and Sandy, crossing any thunder. Some been felt 'since, but ceased now hear the rivers. These river valleys are very fertile ; and much of the hill country produces finely. 2. Their State is nobly watered. The' beautiful Ohio on the north, the Mississippi on the west, the Tennessee and Cumberland in the south-west ; and the Green, Ken- the slight shocks have i |^ tate north- ward and emptying they nearly, 0mo * Tiie re S ion watered by tbe Ken- tucky, the Licking and Salt Rivera, is de- 28 GEOGRAPHICAL READER scribed as the garden of the State. Most' 6. This State like Missouri was much of these rivers are navigable, some fifty', divided meentimeal when the war broke some one hundred, arid < • - out, and ha much; but it i» be three hundred lieved that when the matter is left to the region Mtcl ! people to . deeid^^bej will ; declare *hem abounds in caverns, and subterraneous sclv ^ Southerners. Many of her gaUanl stream^ ivera running ^oiifi are fighting for Southern righto.*' underground. Sometimes they burst our ~ Frankfort is the capital. It i, * flour ofth. form a river large .enoughMingoit) on the- Kentucky River. Louis- to turn a mill. ' : « Cave extends *iUo is the principal Commercial city. It about tv - and a hair under the stands on the Ohio, and steamboat* can ground, and Iti are large/and beauti- \ te ^ h >' ;>t !tl1 seasons. It has much trade f u] . Butwh . rou must talce ft » a 5 * tho ■** of ***& manufacturing, lamps or tore il is all 'dark in there. 4. The mineral productions are iron, coal, salt, and saltpetre. Salt is obtained from salt springs. These springs v ed licks, by the early settlers, because eat- on the north, Kortli Carolina on the* east tie were fond of licking around, them. In- Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi mi t.h< . hemp, wheat, and tobacco, arelsouth; and Missouri and Arkansas on thi e cotton is raised: Thi.» ■ W - S! . The eastern partis mountainous, flu is a fine section for stock raising. The middle hilty and the western level. Tneis< LESSOR XXVI. Tennessee. I. Tennessee hasSKentucky and A' i'roini.-i hor.-' itucky are eonsidere'd very ex- .it ; and large numbers of ho^g are dri\ en every j ear to other Stairs. 5. This State formed a part of' Virginia, and was first explored by hunters from that Stale and JSTorth Carolina. Col. section- are spoken of as East, Middle, aud \V< s1 Cennessee. The Alleghany and Cumberland mountains extend from Vir- ginia and Kentucky southward through this. State. 2. We find here many noble rivers aud Boone was one of the lead< tie was a] fine pure streams. The Mississippi washes man and had many lights with the the western border for 160 miles. It is tra- Indians. • Sometimes whole families were I versed by tlie Cumberland, Tennessee, murdered, and others went back to their Clinch, Holsten, Elk, Duck, Obion, Fol'ked native places, but atill'population increased (Deer and Hatchee ; which are all navigable and it soon became a ilom*ishing State. streams. jsa«K— teBfirissM i' if Tiar» iia«-L'L'iae:aj*3'j^fcags^i' ■ i S^J-as= ~r - 1 ' ^ ^ SW&SSS HMM' In I I — J 1 f i. ' ' .. are a uiccclty. The enenn took this- place the much grown, 0- razing is much attended first year of the war, and have not yet been to in tl\c ■ - : tii part, and many I '• driven from ii : but] they will beere long, are raised and driven eastward to inafifcet- The JxFethodisI Churcli have a publishing The ptne forests of this section also 'afford hi i . and many good booksaremadc mr, pitch and turpentine. Several rail- for tin.- whole Confedi . Memphis ia roads Jiave b< tith' built, and qanais inerpal i-ify in \V< I Tennessee, [t dug, so t'u ;• opie li;t\c good iu< :"- of stands on a high bluff ou the Mississippi, sending tlieir produce to ina^fl above the I ods. I. This Stafc formed tfany hard battles have been fought Nnrth Carolina, and like Kentucky, the here elnri dependence: hunters whg settled there wci*e much But though she cLnow, and suf annoyed by ,thu Indians who met there [fers much, no Oiie fears for Tennessee, to shool [Buffalo and Elk. But emi- is nobly doing her d when the war d in and soon tin's beautiful is ended, she will i if ourbest Stajtes. me afState.. . Many pure spirit* . for pea i>. r i'lie Legislature of • has a-ndif weallb Ives as we should, ' made provisions for educating the children and besides, there are several hue Coll and Seminaries; sonoone has an excuse for being ignorant. There wore wl- . be blessed with the glorious Peace ! Peac* ! '■ Peace ! ! ! who will not n]'!'. s when it coined mU PART K E V I E W LESSOS 1. Q. What have you * been reading, about A. Geography. (^. What does it tell \<>n about I A. The eartk Q.| What is the earth? A. The planet on which We live. <). What is the shape <;f the; eartfe ( A. Round like a ball! Q. Docs is stand still '. A. No ; it tarns over. Q. How often does it turn r A. Once in a day and night. <<>. Why do We not fall oft'. A. The earth draws ha to it. Q. Do* s it have any other motion t A. Tt move* aronna the buxi. Q. How pften 1 A. Once in a vear. LEfeSON II. . Q. What does the daily motion i>f the earth give us I . A. Day and nig&t. . Q. When orir side of theeartL i> turned towards the snn what do we liave '. A. Da^v. Q. What is it oa the other bide i A. Sight Q, As the earth moves around the »nn. sometimes the sun shines straight down upon us ; do we then have warm or cold weather '. A. Warm. Q. When it shines slanting upon us. what do we then have ? A. Cold weather. Q. What do we call these changes f A. Changes of season. Q. When yon toast a piece of brettd before the fire do you set it straight up, or lean it back V A. I set it up. Q. Whys A . Because iifc bro w o s faster. Q. But what of the other side i A. It. ir^ Cold! the; :.hHve I A. Summer. U- At the Equator, the Min.ehines straight down all the yenr ; what do the peoplis there have* A. All Summer. Q. At the poles, the snn shines very slant log all tlic time ; what do they hpvQ there \ 34 Q E O G UAl'HICAL K E ADEK A. All winter. (£. Ifl not thai a ajw A. 11 L- pjfce LESSOR 111.. Q. What is the surfa fie ear^hi A. Hie outside. Q. How is it divided ' A. Into land and water. vj. How much i= water '. A. Three parts of it. - Q. How much is land I A. One part, or one fourth. Q. What d<> wp ^:i!l a very large portion of land! A. A Continent. Q. How many Continents aire theit ' A. Two! Q. What are they called ? A. Eastern and Western. Q. How is the eastern o»»;it3 Idod'i A. Into Europe, Asia and Africa.- Q. Bowie the western eontinenl A. Into North* and South Americ Q. On which eontinenl do you li.vc '. A. On the western. Q. Li wEatdiyision of the western conti- nent do you live : A .In- the 'Southern Confederacy. Q. In what State d r e.3 A. [n Q. In what county .' A; ID- <^>. In what luwu '. A. !r, - — rnnd surrounded by water , ; A. An island. Q. what do you call a point oflaud ex- tending into the water? A. A cape. Q. What do you call a narrow itrip of lajid connecting two other pieces of land! A. An isthn Q. What do you call a low piece of Land*? A. A valley. Q. What do von call a level piece of \kv.A'- A. A plain. Q. If it is covered with sand : A. A desert. Q. If it is covered with grass ! A. A prairie. Q, What do you call a portion of land rai ed very high \ A. A mountain. Q. A portion not so high as a mountain : A. A hill. O. What do you call a mountain which has lire inside of it I A . A v< ilcanb. Q, What .do volcanoes, throw out? A. lire*, smoke, hot ashes and la' s <. x ). What is lava ! g A. Melted stone.-. Q. Arc there volcanoes in your country'' A: I nevei heard of any. FOR THE DIXIE CHILDREN. 35 LESSON V. Q. What is a very Jftrgid tfody of saftj water called " A. Ati ocea Q. How nuu>j seeans are then- 1 ; A. Five. Q. What are they called i A. Atlantic, Pacific, l"forth*rn, Southern! and Indian. , u. Which is largest ' A. The Pacific. g. Which is smallest! A. r Dhe tndian. Q. How wide is the PWErfrtelf A. Throe thouaead miles. v t >. Wliat do you call a smaller body of salt water? A. Aisea. Q. "When :i portion of waterrans up Into khe laud. what is it called * A. A bay or golf. <4- When a portion of water I- entirely surrounded by Land what do we caii le '. A. A Lake. Q. 1V> Ifikeh have sail or fresh water t A. Seme are* salt, and some are fresh. c^). What do you call a stream of water runniag over the land I A. A river. . . Q. What is .'i small stream called I A. A brook or creek. ^. What makes a creek or brook t A. Kills and branches running together. Q. Where do the rills con)e from :- A." From the springs. Q. And whore do the spring uxiginate < A. The rain fall*, and soak6 into the earth, where it niue alrfng until if finde an open ing ; this i-. a gpring. Q. When the sun shhies on thp oceans and rivers, what issnes? A. Vapor. Q. What is vapor i A. Fine drops of water. Q "Where doe* it go ( A. It goes into the cloud*. Q. When ir falls, wlint do yo« Gall if ? A. Rain. LESSOR VI. . Who had always elected good men for rulers king? what would have been the result? A. We should have had no war Q. Why? A. Because every man would have 1 willing to treat others j would have been no cause foi Q. Are these judgments for our sins alone ? A. They are partly for our .-..ns, and! partly for the sins of our forefat! Q. Then how shall we expect pi A. Kin A. A. Q. since sin has brought war ? A. We must repent of our sins, and ask A: Into.' God to bless our effort*) to defend our conn-, . \ trj. A. Q. Why so? 1st; A. Because, '*' If God be for as . shall be against us." ' A. Ame LESSON XI. Q. -What did t-je people £hink of ithe shape of the en rib a A. They thought it was flat, rounded by the oceam. Q. What embraced the land then known to them? A. Europe, Asia, and Africa ; with some islands around the coast. ■ A. . •• Q- Northeaol. 4U GEOGRAPHICAL READER A. Greenland or Danish America. Qi Wtatto.«tfdofEeaad Q. Where is British America? A. It contains the finest table laud in A. Between Greenland and Russian America. America. ! Q,' Of what does Venezuela consist Q. What divides the United States and; A. ^ a st plains covered with grass British America ? Q- For what is Peru noted ? A. The St. Lawrence river. Q. What view do we find on that river? A. The great Niagara falls. Q. What may be said of the United States ? A. It was once the most prosperous country in the world. Q. What is its condition now ? A. It is tumbling into ruins. Q. What brought about this great ca- lamity ? A. The injustice and avarice of the A. For its delightful climate and rich mines of Gold and Silver. Q. Which and where is the highest mountain in the New World? A. Mt. Sorato in Bolivia. ' Q. Where is Chili situated? A. Between the Andes and Paciriic .Ocean. Q. What is it called on account of its fruitfulness ? A. The " Garden of America." Q. Describe Patagonia? A. It is a cold, barren land, occupied Yankee nation. Q. Where do the Confederate States lie?[ b 7 savages A. South of the United States. j °- What does La Plata denote ? Q. For what are they remarkable? r A - Jt means a country of silver. A. For the rich production of Cottony Q- What other valuable article Rice, Tobacco, &c. Q". Who is President of the Confederate States? is ob- A. Jefferton Davis of Mississippi. Q. Who is Vice-President ? ' A. A. H. Stephens of Georgia. LESSON XIII. Q. What States lie in the northern part of South America ? A. New Grenada v Venezuela, and Ecu- ador? tained from La Plata ? A. Gum Elastic or India Rubber. Q. What do we find in Bcazil ? A. The largest river in the world, the Amazon . Q. How wide is it at the mouth ? A. One hundred and fifty miles. Q. What uncommon fact is mentioned? A. The people obtain Milk from a tree, jailed the cow tree. FOR THE DIXIE CHILDREN LESSON XIV. Q. What is said of Virginia ? A. It is a large State, in the north eas tern part of the Southern Confederacy^ Q. What is it frequently railed ? A. The " Old Dominion." Q. How is Western Virginia ? A. It is mountainous, and one of th< finest grazing sections in the Soul! 1 . Q, Eor what is the higher i eiety noted ? • Wheat, Qa I T - 'O. : A. C '.'■' Ikin, Dan, &c. t A . , • A. A 1 A. For its hospitality and high living, mouth of ! Q. Who was Pocahonl pent; 1 A. The' Indian girl who saved the life the of Captain John Smith. Q. Name the first ,i Virginia? A. Potomac and Janus. Q. What is Norfolk'? A. It is the main sea-port town, ai*l contains a tine navy yard. Q. What is Richmond city?. A. The capital of the State and of the tcr t : Confederacy. Q. Where is it situated ? olina ? A. On the James river. A: Q. What hody meets tin. » Q. \ u - laws ? * A. The«Confederate Congress. Q. A. LESSON XV. Where does North Carolina lie ? South of Virginia. I A. Th« Q • on the rai A. State •i forth Q. W T hat is raised in the uurthwi portion ?" till Pllbii 42 GEOGRAPHICAL READER Q. For what are the people of the State] A. Savannah, Chattel, and Al noted? j tain aha. A. For their bravery and honesty, and Q. Wlmt are the principal product] being " nlow hut sure." LESSON XVI. Q. What State is south of North Car- olina ? A. South Carolina. Q. What is it often called? A. The -•' Palmetto State." Q. Which was the first seceding ^ ; A. South Carolina. Q. For what are the people noted? A. Fur their chivalry Q. What isthe Capital u1 theState? Q. A. bor. Q. A. Q. A. Columbia . What is I Iharlestou ? \ ea-porl town, wrtli r tin har-l \ A. Cotton and Rice in the southern ^and corn in the northern part. Q. What is the Capital of Geor^ A. Milledgevilh- Q. Who occupied pari of this Sta A. The Cherokee Indians ( v >. ll(A\ did they !i A. They lived like the whites ; hai fine farms, and slaves to work them Q. What did the whi le make with them in the yea/ 1836.? A. A treat;., to paj them 5,000,000 dollars to remove to Indian territc Q, What are they to have 6ke'r< 'A. Seven mi llioi w land. (^ Flow do i hey stand in i > 1 be j... jent struggle for independent A They take i li 1 he South, and What do we see od ihe coast ' A i bain of beautiful islands What- do they prodm Sea island cotton, the finest in the ; right with vengeana world. LESSON XVII. LESSON XVII! Q. What is Florida? •' A. A peninsula, If ing between jjhe At- lantic Ocean and^ thiTGulf of Mexico. Q. How is the climate? Q. What is said of Georgia ? A. !t is very mild and pleasant. A. It is almost as large as the State ofj Q. What grows here in ahundano Virginia. A. Oranges, I'm.-, pomegranates and Q. How is tin- climaie? jrnauy beautiful rlow< A. It is pleasant'. ' Q. What is raised to a great extenl \ Q. What we the principal rivers ? | A Cotton and Su#ir Cane; FOR THE DIXIE CHILDREN 43 Q. What tree grows bere in abundance : i _ Q. Whrf ; s Mobile '.' A.. The live oak. A. It is the principal cit] 1,1. F ■••• what is if vale A. For ship building . the most A. Montgorae^ durable of timbers. Q For what is Florida beat suited 1 ; 'tl the Alabama I i A. For a grazing country,, because ol ' ' two rivers form the Mobile riVe iie pastures. Q. To what powers did Florida bek Firstto Spain, then to Great Britain, then to Spain again, and afterwards ro the United Stare.-), and now t<> the Southern • 'onfederacy. Q. '' died Blorj taring so man} flowe ^ the Capil A. Tal A. The Alabama and Tombigbj ■ viz: tl ik and liOgg • bm 150 to 200 i ESSON xix: 1 iio» 41 ||..W« rgia and North oi Florida. A. Coal, iron, gold a I ma Q A'u t .i-i A. Mostly planters, i man slaves. Q,. II >w .,-•' the slavea treated ? , \. Kindly, and havefcb I preach- ed to them. ' A. -alis of dirt, along Q. V\h:. A. Levees. * Q. How A. 4,100 hat ia the A. Jack Q- ' A. It is a beautiful >t to ie yellow fever. 44 .Med bayous. on called ? The D< •: vcr. Q. .'• A. It is the largest commercial city *in the Boutl ern Confederacy. Q- ' Crescent .City/' Q. Bj ua firs), set I French. .• A. Grew i Q- \ \. I iton Ilou >r educating the child] Q- v A. Na: . Q. V A. Oi is a beautiful What v r - G A. The church pub- lishii foka were • A. Sb ■ the i Q. Pi par- ity of our glorious count] Q T ;■ ■ oili- er by certain i • ani] red. A. The Caucasian ri Q. Whore ifl tbifl race found ? A. In Europe and America. ill of the Caucasiau ra< It is superior to all "others in intel- [\ y and coura . led ? lab race. Q ' f ice chiefly to be fouud ? A. » i! | Japan. <;>.. V ik race called ? A. The Ethiopian race. Q. Where are • found ? A. In Africa and Australia, with the of America. ■Q. /. n raae. called 7 A. The Malay race, ive? A. In most of the Islands of the Pacific an. A. In the' Peninsula of Malacca (in Ana.) Q. What is the R^ A. The American ri Q. What cIops the American race include? A. All the Ind tans of the Western Con- , except the Esquimaux. Esquimaux beloag ? A; To the golian, or Yellow race. i the q. \ forma of religion, i irld V A. Different ideas of a Supreme Being, Q. N of religion. A. The Christian, Jewish, Mohomme- dan and Pagan. GEOGKAPHICAL EEADEE. 47 Q. In what do the Christians believe ? Q. [■ > we find mos-t inland trade A. In Jeeus Christ, as the Savior ofj A. In countries that are civilized. mankind, and the Old and New Testa ment as the Word of God. Q. By wbom is the Christian religion profissed ? A. By the most enlightened nations of the earth . Q. Name the great classes of its foil Q. Whal country aloo has a large com rn . China. Q. 'irried on barbai A. By caravans of • ■ A. Protestant, adherents of the Greek, q. \y pose? Church, and Koman Catfi Q. What do the Jews beli A. The old Testament as God. Q. What do they reject ? A. Christ and his Gospel, and i Messiah, or Sayior, yet to come. Q. Who are the Mohamcdons ? A. The followers of Mohammed . Prophet, who lived in Arabia y about 100 years after Christ. Q. What do they believe*? A. They believe in one God, an 1 I Mohammed is his Prophet. Q. What is a Prophet ? A. One who foretells future events. . Q. What is the Pagan faith ? A. The Pagans believe in false Gods, and worship, many different objects, as idoVs, beasts, and Serpents. LESSON XXVIII. MMEKH-' m A. In Q- Whal that aid in A. The winds, water, and currents of me. Q. nes of the air in Q. What duthc 1 A. Constant motion and regular cur- rents. Q- ts? A. From 50 to ( y. Q- S currents 7 A. By bey aid the Is on in r • CO ? A. A fine iula. m \ bids Q. What is Col tnefce A. Trade between different, countries.} 011 tl: Q. How is mi • com mere ir traae? principal Commercial cities carried on .' A. An unl ais- A. By vessels which cross the ocean, [erablei and hellish* Yankee Nation. OOISriMESKTS. XUESXTCES'TOr. on Page ■ Pag I What Geography means 5 m One * :;:; g Change of Seasons 5 1 Lesson Two • > Land 6 Lesson Three 34 1 Water 6 Lesson Four 34 Hemisphere 7 Lesson Five . Points of the Compass 7 Lesson Six • and Railroai 8 8 Lesson Seven Latitude and Longitude 8 Lesson Eight 3ti 9 Zom 9 Lesson Nine 37 Ra 10 Lesson Ten 38 It A in erica n Lesson Eleven 12 North Ameri< ;1 a 12 - D Twelve - ' 1 ii h America ' •i Thirteen inia 18 -I rt son Fourteen i. Fifteen 41 'arolina itb Carol i 19 'JO . - ' ■ . 22 . i a . ■ i 24. , • 1 DfcSSOD 'J v . i 25 Lesson T State on Twe?i 45 25 Lesson Twenty-Seventh 26 fctate ci' r X ■■ ■ . 2* Lesson TwenK-Eight •> V P H8.5