PERKINS LIBRARY Duke University Karc Books MAPS, PLANS, VIEWS and COINS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE travels: ANACHARSIS the YOUNGER G R E E C E, DURING THE MIDDLE OF THE FOURTH CENTURY BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN JERA. SECOND EDITION. I. N D N: PRINTED FOR G. G. AND J. ROBINSON, PATER N03TFR- ROW ; AND FOR L. WHITE, DUBLIN. M.DCC.XCIII. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Duke University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/mapsplansviewscoOObart '8X ABLE PLATES. No. I. Greece and the Grecian Iflands. 2. Plan of the Pafs of Thermopylae. 3. Plan of the Battle of Salamis. . . 4. Eflay on the Battle of Platsea. . . INTRODUCTION- 8. Plan of the Environs of Athens 9. Attica, Mcgaris, and Part of the Illand of Eubeea. •" 5. Chart of the Palus Mxotis and Pontus Euxinus. • 1 6. The Bofphorus of Thrace j chap. I. 7. The Hcllefpont chap i } 10. Plan of the Academy and its Environs chap. V1 1 11. Dan of a Grecian Palxftra, after Vitruvius. . . chap, vn 12. Plan of Athens 13. Plan and Elevation of the Propylxa 14. Plan of the Temple of Thcfeus, Elevation and View I of the Parthenon 15. Phocis and Doris. 16. Efl'ay on the Environs of Delphi and View of Par- }-chap. naflus. 17. Plan of a Grecian Houfe after Vitruvius. . . . chap. xxv. 18. Beeoth chap. xxxv. 19. Thefl'aly. • chap. xxxv. A 2 No. 20. 1 4 TABLE of the PLATES. No. 20. Corinthia, Sicyonia, Phliafia and Achaia. . . ; . chap, xxxvii. 21. Elis and Tripliylia 1 rrr u t- l r /-m • r CHAP. XXX V I I r, 22. Enay on the i opography of Olympia J 23. Meflenia chap. xl. 24. Laconia and the Ifland of Cythera \ CHAP XLl 25. Efl*ay on the Topography of Sparta and its E:i\ irons. ■* 26. Arcadia chap. lu. 27. Argolis, Epidauria, Trcezenia, Hermionis, thelfle ofiEginaand Cynuria chap. LIU. 28. Plato on the Promontory of Sunium, difcourfing tohisDifciples. Fiew chap. lix» 29. Ancient Greek Theatre . chap. lxx. 30. The Cychdes chap, lxxvj. 3 1 . Coins from the Cabinet of the King of France. » CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAPS of ANCIENT GREECE: COMPILED For the TRAVELS of ANACHARSIS the YOUNGER, ByM. barbie du bocage. I N geography, when a map is copied from another map, the imitation mould be candidly avowed ; and when it diners eflentially from all other maps of the fame coun- try, the authorities on which fuch difference is founded fhould be affigned. In compliance with this principle, I fhall proceed to explain, as fuccinclly as pollible, the guides I have followed, and the reafons by which I have been influenced, in compiling the maps of Ancient Greece, which accompany the Travels of Anacharfis. In this examination I fhall not include the particular plans, becaufe each of them would furnifli matter for one, or even for more than one memoir. I muft, how- ever, acknowledge, that thofe of the battles of Salamis and Plataea would have been very imperfect, if the Count 6 de 6 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS de la Luzerne, the prefent minifler for naval affairs, had not been fo obliging as to favour me with his advice, and read the ancient authors with my drawings before him. I am likewife indebted to the Count de Choifeul- Gouffier, for his generous communications of all the plans and furveys he had taken in the country ; and it is certain that the mod accurate of my maps are thofe which are laid down after his plans. They are almoft all by M. Foucherot, engineer for bridges and caufe- ways *, who not only put into my hands his drawings and manufcript journals, but has alfo defcribed to me, as diflinclly as poifible, the parts of his route where he had not time to take obfervations, and which were ne- ceffary to my defign. The geographical collection for foreign affairs, in which the late Count de Vergennes permitted me to make refearches, has alfo furnifhed me with a number of other plans of ports and iflands ; and I have found in the library of the king, though not the entire voyage of the Abbe Fourmont, yet at leaft feveral fragments of it, of which I have made every poffible ufe. The heirs of the late M. D'Anville have alfo commu- nicated to me the notes of that celebrated geographer, to whom the fcience of geography is fo much indebted, and whofe very errors are refpeclable, fince they only prove the impcrfeclion of geographical knowledge at the time when he compiled his maps. I have alfo found in fome * Ingenieur des fonts et chauflces. geo~ ON THE MAPS. 7 geographical manufcripts of the late M. Freret, well known for his profound erudition, digefled extracts from the Portulans *, which I fhall frequently have occafion to cite. It now only remains for me to fpeak of a work on geography, in modern Greek, by Meletius, archbifhop of Athens, and a native of Joannina in Epirus, written about the end of the lad century, and printed at Venice, in 1728, in one volume folio. I have made ufe of it in feveral inftances, for the northern parts of Greece ; but I could not for the Peloponnefus, becaufe the maps of that pcninfula were already engraved before this work fell into my hands. I mud likewife add that, if my maps are lefs imperfect, than thofe which have preceded them, they are indebted for a part of their merit to the author of the Travels of Anacharfis, who has am fled me in my enquiries, and difcuffed with me feveral effential points. I likewife fhall not include in this examination the chart of the Palus Masotis and Pontus Euxinus, becaufe time and events having furnifhed us with a confiderable acceflion to our knowledge of thofe places fince it has been completed, it would be neceflary to lay it down entirely anew. I fhall therefore confine myfelf to the general map of Greece, and the particular maps of each of its provinces. I have made ufe of all the agronomical obfervations that I have been able to procure, when I have found * Colle&ions of chart?, furveys and defcriptions of different ports, roads, Sec. them S CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS them accurate j and, in defecl: of thefc, have had recourfe to the diflances given by the ancients and moderns. But it -will be firit neceffary to give an account of the mea- fures I have employed. In all the maps, I have ufed, for the comparative fcale, the common French leagues of 2500 toifes, becaufe they have appeared to me in general to correfpond very nearly with the hour's journey employed by travellers in thefe countries. The Olympian ftadium, which in my maps I eftimate at 94 toifes 5 feet, is deduced from the length which M. Le Roi affigns to the Grecian foot \ As to the Pythian ftadium, it is that which M. D'Anville has before ufed, and which he fixes at one tenth part of the Roman mile, or four fifths of the Olympian ftadium b . I have named it Pythian, becaufe it appears to me to have been principally in ufe in the north of Greece ; and be- caufe, according to the remark of Spon c , the ftadium which ftill exifts at Delphi is fhorter than that of Athens. By the meafures which we have of the latter, it appears that it was of the length, or nearly fo, of the Olympian ftadium. It is true that Cenforinus d , when comparing the ftadia which he calls Italian, Olympian and Pythian, makes the latter connft of 1000 feet ; while the firft, ac- cording to him, only contains 625, and the fecond 600. a I.e Roi, Ruines de la Grece, t. i. p. 32. b D'Anville, Trait, des Mef. Itin. « Spon, Voyag. t. ii. p. 38. J Cenfor. rle Die Nat. cap. 13. But ON THE MAPS, 9 But Aulus Gellius, who wrote in Greece, cxprefsly fays e that the Olympian was the longeft of all the ltadia ; and befides, M. D'Anville f , and before him Lucas Pcetus, have already remarked that Cenforinus here diftin- guifhes the Italian from the Olympian ftadium, onlv from not knowing the difference of the feet of which they were compofed, and that 625 Roman feet are equal to 600 Grecian Olympian feet. We cannot therefore rely on the meafure of the Pythian ftadium of Cenforinus Yet if we take the 1000 feet for the meafure of the diau- lus, or double ftadium, we fhall ftill have, for the length of the Pythian ftadium, 500 feet, which are exaclly four fifths of 625 Roman feet. However this may be, the Py- thian ftadium, being fhorter by one fifth than the Olym- pian ftadium, muft be equal to 75 toifes 5 feet 2 inches 4^ lines, French meafure, or, to avoid fractions, 76 toifes (161 yards, 2 feet Eng.), as it has been eftimated by M« D'Anville E . I have fometimes made ufe of a ftill fhorter ftadium, or that which M. D'Anville calls the Macedonian, or Egyptian 11 , and which he eftimates, in feveral places, from fifty toifes to fifty-four, or even more. The proje&ion of the general map is on the hypothefis which confiders the earth as a plane ; at leaft the diminu- ■ Aul. Gell. No<3. Att. lib. 1, cap. r. i D'Anville, Trait, des Mef. Itin. p. 14 et 70. g Id. ibid. p. 71. " Id. Eclaircif. Geogr. fur l'Anc. Gaulc, p. 162 ; Trait, des Mef. Itin. P-93- vol. viii. B tion 10 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS tion of the degrees of longitude is calculated from the table at the end of the Supplements to the Aftronomy of M. de la Lande ' ; for the difference between this hypo- thefis and that of the fpherical figure of the earth is al- moft infenfible on the fcale that I have chofen. The meridians being right lines on my map, their intervals have been afcertained by the tangents of the parallels 36 and 40 ; and I have always taken the degree of lati- tude at 57000 toifes, in round numbers, as it has been eftimated in the table of M. Schulze k , for the latitude of 39 degrees. It is not neceffary to mention that the cur- vature of the parallels has been determined and laid down on each meridian from the difference of the fecant and the radius ; but it may be proper to remark that, if the parallels are right lines on the particular maps, it is becaufe it would otherwife have been very difficult to lay down the different bearings of which I fhall have oc- cafion to fay more prefently ; and becaufe, befides, the curvature would have been fcarcely perceivable. I have likewife not marked the longitude on the particular maps ; becaufe, having no obfervation relative to it through the whole extent of country which they reprefent, it would have been neceffary at leaft to reach Salonichi, from which it muft have been computed. The general map, on the contrary, is fupported by fe- veral obfervations of longitude and latitude. The pofi- tion of Conflantinople, formerly Byzantium, is taken » De la Lande, Aftronom. t. iv. p. 770. *■ Id. ibid, p. 777. from ON THE MAPS. * from the Connoijfancc dcs Temps for the year 1788; and the latitude and longitude of Salonichi, formerly Thcrma, at the bottom of the Thermaic Gulf; of Smyrna, on the coall of Alia ; and Candia and Canea, in the illand of Crete, have been obferved by father Feuillee. M. De Chazclles has given us the latitude of Rhodes, and other navigators have furnilhed me with that of feveral of the iflands of the Archipelago. I have not been able to make ufe of the obfervation of father Feuillee at Milo, becaufe it appears to me erroneous. M D'Anville had before judged it to be fo, firtce the lon- gitude which he afligns to that ifland in his maps differs by about twenty minutes from that of faiher Feuillee. The longitude of Melos in my map is almofl the fame with that in which it is laid down by M. D'Anville. The particular maps have for their bafis: 1. The ob- fervations of latitude taken by Vernon at Athens, Negro- pont, or Chalcis, in Eubcea, and Sparta. 2. Two obfer- vations of latitude, which I found in the papers of M. Freret. They were taken by M. De Chazellcs, one in the port of the illand of Zante, or Zacynthus, and the other to the fouth of Cape Matapan, or Tic n arum, di redly well of the mod fouthern point of the ifland of Cythera. 3. The latitude of Volo, formerly Pagafic, at the bottom of the Pagafitic Gulf, in Thefialy, given by Dapper though I know not whence he obtained it. 4. That of Corfu, from the tables of Riccioli and Pimentel. 5. That of Durazzo, or Epidamnus, in Illyricum, according to the table of Philip Lanfbcrge. And, 6. The latitude and longi- B 2 tude li CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS tude of Salonichi, to which I have had recourfe to deter- mine the longitude of all Greece in the general map. The latitude of Athens, from which I have taken my departure for all my particular maps, according to the obfervations of Vernon 1 , is 38 5'. M. D'Anville men- tions another obfervation, which places that city in 38° 4' only 1 "; but as I have not found it among his papers, I have followed that of Vernon. I have adjufted to the pofition of Athens the plan of the bay and ifle of Coulouri, which was taken by M. Fou- cherot in 1781, and which I have accurately copied in my plan of the battle of Salamis. I have alfo adjufted to the fame pofition, a manufcript map of the gulf of Engia, taken by the marquis de Chabert, in 1776. This map has likewife given me the figure of all the iflands of the Saronic Sea, the point of Cape Scyllaeum, and even the pofition of the Acro-corinthus. The bearing of the pro- montory of Sunium from the fummit of the mountain in yEgina, does not, indeed, accord with that given by Wheler n ; but the pofition of the Acro-corinthus is alfo in this map more foutherly than that of Athens, by about four thoufand one hundred and fifty toifes, or a little more than four minutes of latitude, precifely as I found it in 1782. I have afcertained this pofition entirely from comparing and combining the bearings given by Wheler l Journal de Vernon, a la fuite de la Reponfe de Spon a la Critique de Guillet, p. 302. «" D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece. » Wheler's Journey, book vi. p. 449. Of O N TITE MAPS. r 3 of Athens and Mount Hymettus, from the Acro-corinthus ° t and of the Acro-corinthus from mount Hymettus p ; for I then had not feen the map of M. de Chabert. The latitude of Corinth therefore cannot be, as the obfervation of Vernon makes it, 38 14' q ; but muft be about 38 1' 30", as it is laid down in my maps. The fituation of Corinth thus determined, I have ad- jufled to its pofition a map of the Ifthmus, taken geome- trically by the Venetians in 1697, of which an engraving has been given by Bellin, in his defcription of the gulf of Venice and the Morea '". This map, which is constructed with great care, has enabled me to aflign with fufficient accuracy the fituation of the promontory Olmiac, though it is not found in it. Wheler has obferved, that this pro- montory bears north-north-eaft of the Acro-corinthus s 5 and Livy fays, that a temple of Juno Acraea, built on this promontory, was only about feven Roman miles dillant from Corinth \ Between Corinth and Argos, the ancients, according to Strabo, reckoned two hundred iladia u ; and, at prcfent, about eight or nine hours are required to go, by the fhorteft road x , from Corinth to Napoli di Romania, or Wheler's Journey, book vi. p. 443. P Id. ibid. p. 410. 1 Journal de Vernon, p. 302. r Bellin, Defcript. du Golfe de Ven. pi. xlviii. p. 230. s Wheler's Journey, book vi. p. 443. 1 Liv. lib. 32, cap. 23. u Strab. lib. 8, p. 377. * Pocock, t. iii. p, 175. Foucherot, Voyag. manufcr. Nauplia, - i 4 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS Nauplia, which is but a little farther than Argos. In my maps, the diftancc between Corinth and Argos, in a right line, is one hundred and eighty Olympian fladia, and about feven hours and one third, of tweniy-five hundred toifes each, between Corinth and Nauplia. Argos has always been placed in the maps almofh due fouth of Corinth; but the lituation of the fouthern coaft of Argolis, and in particular the pohtion of the ifle of Hydraea, has obliged me to lay it down much more to the weft. The citadel of Argos, Nauplia, or Napoli, and Tiryns, at prefent Old Napoli, are laid down from obfer- vations, taken on the fpot by M. Foucherot, from two different ftations ; nrit, on coming out of a defile near Mycenae, and afterwards from the city of Argos itfelf- From the latter ftation M. Foucherot has alfo obferved the bearing of that part of the coaft of Laconia which advances moft to the eaft. All thefe obfervations have been taken according to the north indicated by the com- pafs; but I have reclined them to the true meridian, by allowing for the variation of the needle if 15' towards the weft, which was found to be its variation in thefe countries, by M. De Chabert, in 1776. To the fituation of Nauplia, or Napoli, I have adjufted two manufcript charts, taken in 1735, by the late M. Verguin, engineer in the naval fervice. They have fur- nifhed me with the coaft and iflands of Argolis, from the confines of Laconia to Cape Acra. I fhall fay nothing of the merit of thefe charts, but content myfelf with refer- ring ON THE MAPS. iy ring to M. D'Anville *, who did not make ufe of them till he had afecrtained their accuracy. Some obfervations that have been taken of the bearings of the neighbouring places from Cape Acra, and the i Hands Tiparenus and Ariftera, now the ifles of Efpeci and Efpeci-Poulo, have given me the polition of Mount Buporthmos, and the iflands Aperopia and Hydnca. Thefe obfervations, Which I have found among the papers of M. Frcret, have appeared to me to be by M. Verguin, which has induced me to make ufe of them with confidence. The figure of thefe iflands, and that of the coaft oppofite to Scyllaeum are taken from another manufcript chart, drawn by the pilot Vidal, in 1735, which I have compared with that of this fame coaft, given by Defmouceaux z . The fituation of Hermione, now Caftri, is like wife af- ecrtained by its diftancc from Trcczen, or Damala. M. Fourmont fays 3 , that he employed four or five hours in going from one of thefe places to the other. That of the ifland Hydraca is alfo given by the obfervation of Tourne- fort b , of its bearing from his nation in the ifland of Zia, formerly Ceos; and the latter is laid down from its dis- tance from the promontory of Sunium, and from the bearing? obferved by Whelcr from that promontory c which extend to Anti-Milo. y D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Gucc. * Extrait du Voyag. de Defmouceaux a la fuite du Voyag. dc Corn. Ic Bruyn,t. v. p. 466. a fourmont, Voyag. manufcr. de 1' Argolidc. * Tournef. Voyag. t. i. p. 341. c Whckr's Journey, book vi. p. 44.9. 2 Leaving i6 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS Leaving Argos, Pliny has enabled me to determine the breadth of Peloponnefus. He fays that the diftance from Argos to Olympia, crofting Arcadia, is fixty-eight Roman miles d . I have taken thefe in a right line ; becaufe, after having confidcred the road which paffes through Megalo- polis, I have found that it does not depart much from a right line, and yet gives a confiderably greater diftance. In fact, the table of Peutinger c gives twelve miles from Olympia to Melaenae, twenty- two from Melaenas to Mega- lopolis, and twenty from Megalopolis to Tegea. From Tegea to Argos the dillance is v anting; but this is eafily fupplied from modern travellers. M. Foucherot f reckons ten hours journey between Napoli di Romania and Tri- polizza; and we (hall be convinced that the latter town is near the place where Tegea flood, if, with the abbe Four- mont, we find the fite of Tegea in Palaeo-Tripolizza, or Old Tripolizza. We may therefore reckon eighty-feven or eighty-eight Roman miles from Olympia to Argos, or Nauplia, pairing through Megalopolis; and thus the re- duction of the diftance to fixty-eight in a right line will Hill be very great. Tripolizza is at prefent the capital of the Morea, or Peloponnefus, and the refidence of a pacha, or mouhafil, who is governor of the whole country. It is a modern town; but Leondari is not the ancient Megalopolis, as which fhut in one of the entrances of Laconia. Olympia fubfifts in a fmall place now called Miraca. Mr. Chandler and M. Foucherot 1 found there but few ruins: but M. Fauvel, who accompanied M. Foucherot, has been more fuccefsful in a fecond journey, which he made in 1787 by order of the count de Choifeul-GouHicr. He then difcovcred the hippodrome, the ftadium, the theatre, and the temple of Jupiter ; fo that we fhall loon be in poflef- fion of the exact dimenlions of all thefe relics of antiquity. To place Olympia in my maps, its diftance from Argos, however, was not fufficient ; it was neceffary alfo to obtain its latitude. This has been deduced from that of Zante, or Zacynthus, in the ifland of the fame name 5 pbferved, as g Fourmont, Lett. Manufcr. a la Bibl. du Roi. t Fourmont, ibid. i Mem. de 1' Acad, des Bell. Lettr. t. vii. p. 3 56. k Xcnoph. Hift. Groec. lib. 6, p. 607. 1 Chandler's Travels in Greece, chap, lxxvi. p. 294. Foacherot, Vopg. Manufcr. vol.. viii. C I have ,3 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS I havfi already faid, by M. de Chazelles : which obferva- tion, taken in the harbour, directly to the eaft of the caftle m , fixes the latitude of Zante at 37 46' 32". The road of Zante, from the city to Cape Bafilico, the eaftern extremity of the ifland, has been laid down from a plan taken by M. Verguin : and able navigators, ac- cording to Bellin n , when failing between this cape and that of Tornefe, anciently Chelonites, on the Continent, have obRrved the former to bear fouth-weft, and the latter north-eait. The dillance between thefe two Capes is given differently by different travellers ; but I have made it, with Texeira, exa&ly ten Italian miles °. From Cape Chelonites, Strabo fays that two hundred and eighty ftadia were reckoned to the mouth of the Al- pheus f. The Portulans, from feveral bearings, give reafon to conclude, on the whole, that the direction was fouth- eaft by fouth ; and I have therefore placed the mouth of the Alpheus in this direction from Cape Chelonites. I have not, however, in my maps, allowed more than two hundred and twenty-five Olympian ftadia for the dillance between thefe two points ; becaufe the coaft, in this fpace, makes great bays, and a great projection ; and becaufe, befides, Mr. Chandler and M. Foucherot, who »i Note Manufcr. de M Freret,. n Bellin, Defcript. du Golfe de Ven. o Texeira, Viagc, p. 208 : en Ambere?, 1610, in 8vo. * Strab. lib. ? y r. 34.3. 5 made ON THE MAPS. 19 made the journey by land from Pyrgo, near the mouth of the Alphcus, to Chiarcnza, anciently Cyllene, not far from Cape Chclonites, give reafon to believe that they did not employ more than nine hoars in going from one of thefe places to the other \ From the month of the Alpheus to Olympia I have fol" lowed a fmall drawing which M. Foucherot drew for me of his route ; and which agrees with Paufanias, who rec- kons a hundred and twenty fladia from Olympia to Le- trini r . The latter place was at the mouth of the Al- pheus ; we mull therefore correct Strabo, who makes the diftance between the mouth of that river and Olympia but eighty Madia \ • The greater part of the Portulans, Levanto \ and many maps, agree in making Prodano, anciently the ifland Prote, on the coaft of Melfenia, bear fouth-fouth-eaft of Cape Bafilico, in the ifle of Zante ; and alfo of Cape Che- lonites. It is prccifely in this direction, with refpect to the former of thefe capes, that I have placed that ifland in my maps : but for the di fiance I have followed in pre- ference the Portulan of Romagna, becaufe that alone can be made to agree with the diflanccs taken by land ; thofe given by the others being either too great or too little. 9 Chandler's Travels in Greece, chap. 73, p. 2S4. Foucherot, Voyaj. ManuC 1 Paufan. lib. 6, cap. 22, p. 510. » Strab. lib. 8, p. 343. 1 Levanto, Specchio del Mare, p. icfi. C 2 From 20 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS From Prote to Pylos in Mefienia, at prefent old Navav rins, or Zonchio, three Portulans give for the diftance ten miles. Thefe miles are Greek miles, and are confe- quently reduced in my maps to fix Italian miles and two- thirds. The direction is eaft-fouth-eafl:. To the pofition of Pylos I have afterwards adjufled two manufcript maps by M. Verguin, of which M. D'Anville has alfo made ufe u . I could not follow more accurate guides than thefe maps : they have conducted me to Cape Gallo, anciently the promontory of Acritas, at the en- trance of the gulf of Meffenia. Thence it was eafy for me to afcend to Corone, now Coron. That city was fomewhat more than a hundred and fixty ftadia from the promontory of Acritas, according to Paufanias x ; and tra- vellers y reckon by land from Modon, anciently Mothone, to Coron, fix hours journey, or eighteen Italian miles. From Coron navigators, according to Bellin 3 , have ob- ferved Cape Gros, anciently Thyrides, in Laconia, to bear fouth-ealt and five degrees to the fouth. The variation appears to me corrected in this bearing. This cape is not far from Taenarum, now Cape Matapan. Paufanias rec- kons only feventy ftadia between them a j and Bellin fays ■ D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 20. s Paufan. lib. 4, cap. 34, p. 365 et 367. J Breydenbach, Peregr. Terr. Sand*, p. 31 : Mogunt. i486, in foL Pelle. grin, Voyag. de la Moree, p. 7. Foucherot, Voyag. Manufcr. * Bellin Defcript. du Golfs de Ven. p. 202. * Paufan. lib. 3, cap. 25, p. 276. that ON THE MAPS. 21 that Matapan is diflant from Cape Gallo, or the promon- tory of Acritas, thirty miles, or ten marine leagues, to the ea(t-fouth-eaft \ This diftance, which is the breadth of the entrance of the gulf of Mcdenia, is much greater ac- cording to the Portulans. Pliny, however, makes it lefs c ; on which account I have adhered to the meafure given by Bellin, and employed it in a right line in my maps. From Taenarum it was not difficult for me to gain the promontory of Malea. M. Verguin, from the latter cape, had taken the bearing of the former, from two different flations ; and thus determined the polition of the promon- tory of Taenarum with refpedt to that of Malea. By tak- ing the oppolite directions, I have afcertained the pofition of Malea from Taenarum. All the environs of the former cape are laid down from a manufcript chart of the fame M. Verguin, which has given me the coaft from the pro- montory of Malea, now Cape St. Angelo, to the ifle of Cervi, inclulively ; as alfo the northern coalt of the iiland of Cerigo, or Cythcra. To this chart is added another of the anchoring place of St. Nicholas, anciently the Phoeni- cian port, in the fame iiland of Cythera. The remainder of the ifland is taken from Coronelli "', whofe defcrip- tion has been compared with other materials. The ifle of Cervi was formerly only a peninfula, the mofl foutherly >> Bellin, ibid. p. 200. c Plin. lib. 4, cap. 5, t. i. p. 193. * Coronelli, Defcript. de la Morec, p. 82 : Paris, 1687, in f°'- point 22 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS point of which was called Onu-gnathos, or the jaw-bone of the afs. In the interior part of Peloponnefus, Laced smon, or Sparta, is laid down from its diftance from Megalopolis. Paufanias fays, that from Sparta to Olympia the di fiance is fix hundred and fixty ftadia**; and Livy informs us that the road pafled through Megalopolis f . We have feen that the table of Peutinger reckons, in two di fiances, thirty-four Roman miles from Olympia to Megalopolis. Thcfc thirty-four miles make two hundred and feventy. two Olympian ftadia ; which, fubducled from fix hundred and fixty, leave three hundred and eighty-eight ftadia for the diftance from Megalopolis to Sparta. The di fiance in my maps, in a right line, is three hundred and thirty fta- dia ; and Sparta is placed in the latitude of 37 10' N. ac- cording to the obfervation of Vernon s . It has not been the fame with Coron ; I have not been able to place this city in the latitude obferved by Ver- non h . The fouthern part of Peloponnefus, however, as I have already faid, refts on an obfervation of latitude made at fea by M. de Chazelles, to the fouth of Cape Tae- narum or Matapan, and direclly weft of the mofl fouth- ern point of the ifland of Cythera '. This obfervation af- e Paufan. lib. 6, cap. 16, p. 492. f Liv.lib. 45, cap. 2S. % Journal de Vernon, p. 302. " Id. ibid. Note Manufcr. de M. Frerct. certains ON THE MAPS. 23 certains the latitude of the extreme point of Cerigo to be 36 10' N. In the northern part of Peloponnefus, the fituation of Dyme in Achaia is determined by its diftance from Olym- pia. From Olympia to Elis there were two roads : one through the plain, three hundred ftadia in length k ; and the other, which was the fhorteft, over the mountain. By the latter it was reckoned twelve miles, or ninety-fix fta- dia, from Olympia to Pylos near Elis 1 , and feventy or eighty ftadia from Pylos to Elis itfelf m ; in the whole, a hundred and lixty-fix, or a hundred and feventy-fix, fta- dia, from Olympia to Elis. From the Litter city, proceed- ing into Achaia, Paufanias reckons a hundred and fifty* feven ftadia D to the paflage of the river Lariffus ; and he adds", that from this river to Dyme it is about four hun- dred ftadia. All thefe diftanccs appear to me accurate except the laft, which cannot be made to agree with the meafures taken at fea. Paulmier has indeed perceived that there muft be an error in this number p ; but he has not corrected it. I would propofe to fubftitute in the Creek the numeral letter which denotes forty for that which fignifies four hundred; and we fhall then have k Strab. lib. 8, p. 367. Paufan. lib. 6, cap. 22, p. 510. 1 Plin. lib. 4, cap. 5, t. i. p. \ljj. m Diod. Sic. lib. 14, p. 248. Paufan. lib. 6, p. 509. n Paufan. ibid. cap. 26, p. 520. c Id. lib. 7, cap. 17, p. 564. 1 Palmer,' Eiercit. p. 4.12. three 24 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS three hundred and fixty-three, or three hundred and feventy-three, Madia, for the diftance from Oiympia to Dyme. My maps give more than three hundred and twenty in a right line. I could not place Dyme at a greater diftance from Oiympia. Dyme was only fixty ftadia from the promon- tory of Araxus, according to Strabo q ; and the Venetian Portulan reckons only eighteen miles in a right line from this cape to Chelonites, the fituation of which has already been determined. M. Verguin has taken the plan of an anchoring place fituated to the eaft of the promontory of Araxus, now Cape Papa, which extends to Dyme. From this anchor- ing place the town of Patras, anciently Patrae, has been obferved, according to Bellin '", to bear eaft by north. The variation appears to me to have been corrected in this obfervation. But the diftance from Dyme to Patrae, according to feveral ancient authors, is a hundred and twenty ftadia s : from the promontory of Araxus to Pa- rrs, therefore, the diftance was a hundred and eighty ftadia. In my maps it is a hundred and fixty-four, or a hundred and nxty-five, in a right line. The fituation of Patras is alfo determined by its dif- tance from the ifthmus of Corinth. This diftance is fc- q Strab.lib. 8, p. 337. r Bellin, Defcript. du Golfe de Ven. p. 1 86. s Apollod. in Steph. Frag. voc. Ai/An. Strab'. ibid. p. 386. Paufan. lib. 7, ogp, 18, p. 567, 568. Peuring. Tab. Segm. 7. ven ON TE1E MAPS. 2 , ven mcius hundred and twenty ftndia, according to Aga trie- s'; and there is no reafon to fufpect an error, firice Pliny eftimatcs it at the fame. The latter fays that the length of the gulf of Corinth, or cf the fca of Crifla, to the iflhmus, is eighty-five miles"; and he adds, that from the promontory of Rhiinn it is five miles to Patnc * ; in the whole, ninety miles, which make exactly feven hundred and twenty .ftadia. This meafure alfo agrees very well with fomc particular diftances on the coaft of Achaia given by Paulimias and the Peutinger table ?. In my maps, the diftance in a right line between the part of the iflhmus on the fea of Criffa where a wall terminates, and the pofition of Patra:, is fix hundred and fixty-five fladia. It may perhaps be thought that I have not made a fuffi- cient allowance in reducing the itinerary meafure to a right line ; but it is to be obferved that the coaft is almoft ftraight, and makes no other elbow than that of the cape of Sicyon. This cape has been obferved by Wheler 2 to bear north-weft by north of the Acro-corinthus ; and the Greek and Venetian Portulans place Patrce in the direc- tion of weft by fouth, and even weft-fouth-weft, from that cape. 1 Agathem. lib. i, cap. 4, p. io, ap. Geograph. Min. Grxc. t. ii. « Plin. lib. 4, cap. 4, t. i. p. 192. x Id. ibid. cap. 5, p. 193. t Paufan. lib. 7, pafltm. Pcuting. Tab. fegm. 7. 1 Whcler's Journey, b. 6, p. 44a. vol. vin. D in a5 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS In front of Pause is the ifland of Cefalonia, anciently Cephallenia, which, according to Strabo a , is only eighty iladia diilant from the promontory of Chelonites in Pelo- ponnefus, and fixty from the ifland of Zacynthus. The figure of it is taken from a Venetian chart, the fame that M. D'Anville has made ufe of b . This chart, which ap- pears to me to have been drawn with care, has alio fur- nifhed me with a part of the ifland of Ithaca„ now Teaki ; and the ports fituated in the north of the latter ifland are laid down from a plan taken by M. Verguin. From Cephallenia Strabo again reckons fifty ftadia tcr Leucadia c . But this diftance is erroneous : for navigators eftimate it at not lefs than three marine leagues, or nine Italian miles d ; at which diftance 1 have placed thefe two iflands in my map, following the bearing which the Ve- netian Portulan has given between the molt northern cape of Cefalonia and the molt fouthern of Leucadia. The latter ifland is now called St. Maura, and was long only a peninfula : it is laid down from a map of Coronelli's, of which M. D'Anville has alfo made ufe e . The coaft of the oppofite continent towards Alyzia, as well as the => Strab. lib. 10, p. 456 et 458. *> D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 10, 21. c Strab'. lib. 10, p. 456. 4 Coronelli, Defcript. de la Moree, p. 65. liellin, Dcfcript. du Golfe de Yen. p. 163^ * D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece^p. 10. iflands ON T II E M A P S. 27 illands between that and Lcucadia, are taken from a plan by M. Verguin. The town Lcucas was not fituatcd in the fame place as that of St. Maura is at pivfent. The ruins of it are (till to be fcen at fome dillance on the lea fhorc, and in a place where the illand approaches nearell to the main land. It was built by the Corinthians, on the iflhmus by -which the illand anciently was joined to the continent; but the iflhmus having been cut through, the town re- mained on the illand, and the channel took the name of Diory&os. According to the accounts of ancient au- thors f , the diftance from Patrac to Leucas was eflimated at feven hundred iladia ; but in my map it is but five hundred aad feventv-hve, in a right line, becaufe the na- vigation from one of thefe ports to the other is much em- barrailed; and becaufe, befides, the di fiance from Nau- pacius to Dioryctos, according to the table of Peutinger, would not allow me to make it more. Naupaclus, now called Lepanto, lies more to the eaft than Pair®. This city is fituated on the fea of Criffa, not far from the promontory of Antirrhium. From it the Pentinger table 5 gives, at feveral dittances, feventy- eight Roman miles to Dioryclos. Thefe feverity-eight miles amount to fix hundred and twenty-four Olympian f Polyb. ap. Strab. lib. z, p. 105. Plin. lib. a, cap. 108, t. i. p. 124 ; lib. 4 cap. 4, p. 192. Agathem. lib. i.cap.4, p. ic, ap. Cjcogr. Min. Gisec. t. ii. S Pcuting. Tab. fegm. 7. D 2 fladia : 28 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS fladia; and I have made the diflance more than fix hun- dred, in a right line. On the road from Patne to Dioryctos, the Achelous, now called Afpro-potamo, or the White River, was croffed. Coronelli. has given a map of a part of the courfe of this river h , which was taken in confequence of an incurfion that the Venetians made into Acamania and iEtolia in 1684. I have found in it the track of the ancient road ; but as the fcale of it is erroneous, I have rectified it from the diflances pointed out by M. Foucherot ', who has tra- velled through the country ; and have adjuflcd the whole map to the pofition of CEniadas, which was fituated at the mouth of the Alpheus, and diflant one hundred fladia from the promontory Araxus in Peloponnefus k . This map extends to the ruins of Stratos, which was built on the right bank of the river, at the diflance of more than two hundred fladia from its mouth, according to Strabo 1 . Yet the fame author fays, foon after m , that Stratos was half-way between Alyzia and Anactorium ; and the latter city flood on the gulf of Ambracia. Paul- mier has endeavoured" to reconcile thefe two paffages: but his ufual penetration appears here to have forfaken * Coronelli, Defcript. de la Moree, p. 69. » Foucherot, Voyag. Manufcr. k Polyb. Hift. lib. 4, p. 329. l Strab. lib. 10, p. 450. ra Id. ibid. » Palmer. Gnec. Antiq. p. 388. him: ON THE M A P S. ^ him ; he offers nothing fatisfaclory. If he had attended to the rcfpeclive fituation of the places, he might eafily have perceived that the fecond pallage is corrupted ; and that inltead of 'A*^^, we fhould read 'Avtifiw. From Leucas, Strabo reckons two hundred and forty fladia to the temple of Actium, at the entrance of the gulf of Ambracia, on the coaft of Acarnania ". This dif- tance appears to me erroneous; for the Peutinger table only gives fifteen miles between Dioryclos and Nicopolis, which was afterwards built by Augullus, on the other fide of the gulf, in Epirus p ; and the Portulans and tra- vellers' 1 compute the diilance between the fortrefs ol St. Maura and that of La Preveza at only twelve miles* Thefe miles, which can only be Greek miles, I have laid down in a right line on my map. For the bearing I have followed that given by Bellin '". The gulf of Ambracia, at prefent the gulf of Arta, is laid down from a large map of Coronelli's, the fame that M. D'Anville has made ufe of ? ; but, like him, I have been: obliged to correel; its fcale, and adjufl the map to the mea. fures which Polybius has given of this gulf'. ° Strab. lib. 10, p. 451. p Peuting. Tab. fegm. 7. 9 Des Hayes, Voyag. du Levant, p. 467: Paris, 1632, 4 . Spon. Voyagj. t.i. p. 81. ' Bellin, Defcript. duGolfe de Ven. p. 161. s D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 10. Mem. de l'Acad. des Bell. Lcttr. t. xxxii. p. 513. tPolyb. Hift. lib. 4, p. 327. 2 In: 3*3 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS In this latitude Greece is (hut in between two gulfs ; that of Ambracia to the welt, and that of Malia to the eafl; fo that the interval that feparates them is confide red by Strabo as an iflhmus, of which he gives the meafure u , Which he makes to be eight hundred Madia from the bot- tom of the gulf of Ambracia to Thermopylae on the Ma- liac gulf. This meafure has enabled me to determine the point of Thermopylae, which is alio given by other means. The fame author fays, that from the bottom of the gulf of Criffa the diflance to Thermopylae, in a right line, is five hundred and eight fladia x . What Strabo calls the gulf of Criffa is the fca of Criffa, or of Alcyon, which was after- wards named the gulf of Corinth. He fays nothing of any particular gulf of Criffa, near Delphi ; and perhaps I have been wrong in reprefenting it diflincl from this fea in my maps. Laflly, the bottom of the gulf of Criffa, in Strabo, is in the environs of Pagae, in Megaris y . In my maps the diflance from Thermopylae to this city, in a right line, is four hundred and feventy fladia, which does not exactly agree with that given by Strabo; but the com- parifon of the bearings, of which I fhall fpeak prefently, would not permit me to admit a greater. The firfl dis- tance is laid down in a right line within about twelve fladia. u Strab. lib. 8, p. 334. Strab. Epitom. lib. 8, p. 112, ap. Geogr. Min. Gnec. t. ii. * Id. ibid. y Strab. lib. 8, p. 336, 379 ; lib. 9, p.40). The ON THE MAPS. 3 i The bottom of the . fea of Criffa is determined — i. From the diftance from Paga? to Megara, or to Nifasa z - 2. From that between Crcufis in Boeotia and the pro- montory of Olmiae near Corinth*. 3. From the bearing of this fame promontory, as obferved by Wheler b , from the harbour of San Balilio, which lies to the eait of that anciently called Eutretus, and now Livadoftro. For the interior part of Attica, Boeotia, and Phocis, it would at firft view feem to admit of no doubt that we ought to follow the map of Wheler ; but if we examine it with attention we flia.ll find that it is not to be confided in. The map of this traveller differs effentially from his journal. The bearings he has given in the latter are not found the fame in the map. I ihall inllance only in the po- lition of Corinth. We hive feen that, according to the bear- ings given by ft'heler, that city mult be more to the fouth than Athens; yet in the map, in whatever manner it be taken, it will be found to lie more to the north. 1 know well that the difference of latitude found between thefe two cities on the map may be diminilhed by taking the north for that indicated by the compafs; but, even thus, Corinth cannot be brought down to its true place. It is the fame with other places obferved by Vernon. Ifw e *• Strab. lib. 8, p. 334. Strab. EpitOBi. lib. 8, p. in, ap. Geogr. Min. Grace, t. ii. Peuting. Tab. fegm. 7. » Strab. lib. 9, p. 409. h Whelcr"s Journey, b. 6, p. 47?. take St CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS take the map of Wilder as it Rands, we mail find they are all in the latitudes he has given: Whekr has then adjuftcd his map to the observations of Vernon. But of this proofs are unneceffary ; Wheler has himfelf told us fo in his preface. He has not perceived that thefe lati- tudes, for the mod part erroneous, deliroy the accuracy of all his om\ operations. Bclides, how could he lay down places according to their latitude on a map taken by the compafs, without correcting the variation? We can therefore only make ufe of this map partially ; it is rather to be had recourfe to as containing memorandums that have their value, than as an exacl reprefentation of tbe country. I have taken all the bearings given by Wheler ; and have followed the Englifh original, becaufe the French tranflation is frequently faulty. Wheler indeed has only given the points of the compafs, which leave us in an un- certainty of ii° 15' ; but, by comparing a great number of thefe bearings, I have been able to afcertain fome points with tolerable accuracy, and have reafon to believe that I have reftored his map to what it was before he had adjufted it to the obfervations of Vernon. I have only corrected, in all his bearings, the variation ; which I have taken, with M. D'Anville % at a point of the compafs to- wards the weft. The plans of M. Foucherot have given me the fummits of • D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de h Grece, p. 25. Mount ON THE MAPS; 3] JVfount Pentelicus, Mount Hymettus, and the Cerate Mountains. I have taken my ilation with Wheler on the two latter, and alfo at the Acro-corinthus, to determine the position of Cithzeron. From Cithasron and the Acro- corinthus I have determined Helicon, and alfo the fummit of ParnafTus called Lycoria, which has been obferved by Wheler to be directly north of the Acro-corinthus d . From Citlueron, Helicon, and ParnafTus, I have afcertaincd the polition of Mount Ptous, in Bocotia ; from the latter and •Cithasron, Mount Teumeffus, near Chalcis, or Negropont ; from Cithacron and Mount Hymettus, Mount Parnes; from Mount Ptous, feveral mountains in the ifland of Eubcea, and one near Opus, now called Talanda. Laflly, from the Acro-corinthus I have determined feveral capes which run out into the fea of Criila. Among all thefe fituations, the polition of Chalcis or Negropont in Eubcea is found in the latitude given by Vernon e ; but I have not been able to place either Thebes or Delphi in the latitudes afligned them by that traveller. From Turco-Chorio, anciently Elatca, Wheler has ob- ferved the fummit of ParnafTus to bear fouth by wefh f : by taking the oppofite direction I have determined the poli- tion of Elatea from ParnafTus. Turco-Chorio is laid down in a map of Thermopylae, taken in 1 781, by M. Foucherot ; •^ Whelcr's Journey, b. 4, p. 318. e Journal de Vernon, p. 302. ( Whel. ibid. b. 6, p. 462. vol. viii. E f# 34. CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS fo that it has been eafy to adjuft this map to mine, ft « the fame which I have copied, in part, in the plan of the pafs of Thermopylae. It has conducted me to Zeitoure, and has befides given me the point of the lflandof Eubcea. Zeitoun is the ancient Lamia, as is proved by an inferip- tion given by Paul Lucas E ; but the country in the envi- rons is fcarcely to be known for the fame. The Sperchius no longer flows in the fame channel as formerly; the marfhes, which exifled in the time of Herodotus, are now become firm ground ; the Maliac gulf fills up every day ; and the ftrait of Thermopylae is at prefent much wider than it was in the time of Xerxes. From Athens to Thermopylae many of the diftances which are given by ancient authors have appeared to me to be computed in Pythian fladia, or fladia which are fhorter by one fifth than the Olympian. I fhall here only inflance in fome that are given near Thermopylae ; by comparing which with the fame diftances in Roman mea- fures, we' fhall perceive that the fladia in which they are eftimated are in the proportion of ten to the mile. Herodotus, when defcribing this famous pafs, reckons forty-five fladia from Anticyra, along the Sperchius, to Trachis h ; and Strabo fays that the Sperchius is diflant from Lamia thirty fladia ' ; in the whole, feventy-five l Paul Lucas, Second Voyag. t. i. p. 405. Infcript. 52. h Herodot. lib. 7, cap. 198. i Strab. lib. 9, p. 433. fladia ON THE MAPS. ^ Pddia from Trachis to Lamia. But Trachis having been deflroyed, according to the fame Strabo k , Heraclea was built at about fix fladia diflance. Subduct thefc fix fla- dia from feventy-five, and there will remain fixty-nine for the diflance from Lamia to Heraclea ; and Livy fays exprefsly, fpeaking of thefe two cities, inter/wit feptcm millia fermt pajfuum '. The fame proportion is likewife found in the diflance from Heraclea to the hot fprings at Thermopylae This diflance is forty fladia, according to Thucydides m , which meafure is confirmed by Strabo " ; yet Pliny makes it only four Roman miles . An obfervation taken by M. Foucherot, at Thermo- pylae, of the bearing of that part of the coafl of Theflaly which extends farthefl to the fouth, has given me the di- reclion of the channel which feparates this country from Eubcea. This channel is much longer than it is repro- fented in the greater part of maps, but it is extremely narrow ; for I have not been able to employ the eighty fladia afligned by Herodotus p for the diflance between Artemifium and Aphetae, but by taking them at only fifty-three toifes each, as M. D'Anville has done in his aiap of ancient Greece. The length I have given to this * Strab. lib. 9, p. 42S. 1 Liv. lib. 36, cap. 25. to Thucyd. lib. 3, cap. 92. » Strab. lib. 9, p. 429. Plin. lib. 4, cap. 7, t. i. p. 199. J> Herodot. lib. 8, cap. 8. E 2 channel 3 6 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS channel is the fame with that of the coaft of Eubcea which borders it ; and tliis coaft extends the fpace of thirty-fix Italian miles, according to a manufcript chart of the Archipelago, drawn by the pilot Gautier, in 1738. On the mod northern 'cape of the ifland of Eubcea formerly Hood the city of Cerinthus, the name of which has beea. corrupted by mariners into that of Capo Rhento. Several maps make this cape bear due north of the promontory of Sepias, now Cape St. George ; and the chart of Gautier places the latter diredly fouth of the point of Caffander, anciently the promontory of Pofi- dium, in the peninfula of Pallene. The diftance from the promontory of Pofidium to Sepias appears to me to be about thirty-five Italian miles : Gautier makes it more ; but it cannot much exceed this, for the latitude of the promontory of Pofidium is determined by that of Ther- ma, now Salonichi, at the bottom of the Thermaic gulf. The whole coaft from that city to the promontory of Canaftreum, now Canoniftro, is laid down from a chart taken geometrically, in 1738, by M. Le Roi, an engineer who accompanied the marquis d'Antin. The map ofM. Le Roi has alfo furnifhed me with the mouths of the Axius, and even the coaft of Theflaly, though the latter is only laid down from eftimation. The longitude and latitude of Salonichi have been ob- ferved by Father Feuillce % It is fituated 20° 48' eaft of S Mem. de l'Acad.des Sciences, ann. 1702, p. 9. Paris, ON THE MAPS. s7 Paris, and in latitude 40 ±i 10' N. From the pofition of this place I have determined the longitude of all Greece, in my general map. The fummit of Mount Olympus, in Theffaly, is afcer- tained by its bearing from Salonichi. The valley of Tempe is given from a manufcript map of Mr. Stuart, a learned Englilhman, who has publifhcd the Antiquities of Athens ; and the bottom of the Pagafitic gulf is deter- mined, as I have already faid, from the latitude ofPa- gafee, now the caftle of Volo. The latitude of this cattle is 39° 21', according to Dapper 1 '. I know not whence he obtained this obfervation, but it appears to me fuffi- ciently accurate. The ifles Sciathos, Scopelos, and the others near to them, are taken from the chart of Gautier ; except that of Scyros, which is laid down from the plan given of it by the Count de Choifeul-Gouffier 5 . On the weflern coafl I flopped at the gulf of Ambra- cia. I fhall now proceed to determine the pofition of the ifland of Corcyra, at prefent Corfu. Coronelli has given a map of this ifland, which is fufneiently minute; but the fcale of it is defective. M. D' Anville has corrected it f , by comparing it with a plan taken by M. Verguin. I have done the fame ; and have afterwards adjufled to the pofi- tion of this iiland the coafl of Epirus, from Buthrotum to * Dapper, Defcript. de l'Archip. p. 342. 5 Voyag. Fittor. de la Grcce, pi. 4c, t. i. p. 77. J D'Anvillc, Anal, des Cotes de Giccc, p. 9. tliC 3* CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS the promontory Chimaerium, and even beyond. The greater number of the Portulans place the iflands c .lied Paxa? to the eafl and fouth-eaft of Corfu ; they are i: ;vcr- thelefs laid down very nearly fouth in all the maps, and fo they are found in mine. In giving their figure i have followed a map by Van Keulen. From thefe iflands the Greek and compiled Portulans make Cape Sidero, the moft wefterly point of Cephallenia, to bear fouth by eafl ; and Levanto fays " this is in general the courfe fleered in failing from Corfu to Cefalonia. The diftance is different, according to different authors ; but it is determined by the latitude of Corfu, which, according to the tables of Riccioli and Pimentel x , which are con- itructed from the obfervations of navigators, is 39 37' N. The pofition of Corfu agrees with the feven hundred ftadia which the ancients computed between Leucas and Cor- cyra y . The latter city is not indeed the fame with Corfu : the ruins of it are feen at a little diftance to the fouth, io a peninfula now called Cherfopoli ; and from this penin- fula to Leucas, the diftance, in a right line, on my map, is fix hundred and twelve Olympian ftadia, which appears a fuitable reduction. u Levanto, Specchio del Mare, p. 105. * Ricciol. Geograph. et Hydrogr. Reform, lib. 9, cap. 4, p. 384 : Venet 1672, in fol. Pimentel, Arte de Navegar, p. 216 : Lifboa, 1722, in fol. 1 Polyb. ap. Strab. lib. 2, p. 105. Plin. lib. 2, cap. 108, t. i. p. 124. Aga. them. lib. 1, cap. 4, p. 10, ap. Gedgr. Min. Grasc. t. ii. From ON THE MAPS. $9 From Corcyra the ancients again reckoned fevcn hun- dred ftadia* to the Acro-ceraunian mountains; or perhaps only fix hundred and fixty, which is the number in the manufcript of Agathemerus a ; though Tennulius has thought proper to correct it from the text of Pliny. He would have done better to have corrected Pliny b by Agathemerus. In my map the diftance of five hundred and ninety fladia will be found, in a right line, between Corcyra and the point of the Acro-ceraunian or Ccraunian mountains, now called La Linguetta. This reduction is not too great. The pofition of that point is likewife as- certained by other means. The latitude of this point is taken From a large chart of the Gulf of Oricum, now La Valona, geometrically taken, in 1690, by a Venetian engineer, named Alber- ghctti, in which the latitude feems to have been given from an agronomical obfervation made at La Valona, though it is not mentioned in the chart. Its longitude is deduced from its bearing with refpeft to the mod north- ern point of Corfu : at leaft, Levanto fays c that Corfu lies ten leagues to the fouth-fouth-eafl; of the ifle of Safeno, anciently Safo. The leagues of this pilot are always four Italian miles each, as has been remarked by M. D'Ar> * Polyb. ap. Strab. ibid. * Agathcm. ibid. » Plin. ibid. '■ Levanto, Specchio da) Marc,- p. 95, 104. ville ; 4<5 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS ville d ; and, taking the. oppofite direction, the ten leagues will precifely extend from Cape Phalacrum, the moll northern point of Corfu, to the latitude which the Vene- tian chart afligns to the point of La Linguetta. I have therefore reafon to believe that the Ceraunian mountains are rightly placed in my map. On the other hand, the pofition of the Cape La Linguetta, which is placed due fouth of Safeno in the Venetian chart, is fhewn to be right by that of the fmall ifland Thoronos. The latter is di- reclly to the fouth e of Safeno, and due weft f of Phala- crum in Corcyra. The chart of the Gulf of Oricum, which appeared to me very carefully laid down, has furnifhed me with the coafls of that gulf, thofe of the ifland Safo, and even a part of the courfe of the river Celydnus. I have alfo pro- fited by a note engraved on that chart, which contains a ■concife but well drawn defcription of the country in the environs of La Valona, the ancient Aulon. It has like- wife given me the diftances defcending to the fouth to Buthrotum, oppofite Corcyra; and has, befides, conduced me to Durazzo, or Epidamnus, in Illyricum. But it muft furely excite our aftonifhment that fo accurate a chart mould have remained almoft unknown to the time of M. D'Anville s : the reafon of which no doubt- is, that the d D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 4. e Portul. Grec, et Compile. Levanto, ibid. f Portul. Tvlanufcr. Coronelli, Defcript. de la Morec, p. 63. -g D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 6. 4 greater ON THE MAPS. 4, greater part of geographers, accuftomed to copy from each other, have never thought of examining Greece in detail^ as has been done by M. D'Anville. The Greek and compiled Portulans, Levanto h , and Albcrghctti, in a note, lay down Durazzo due north of the ille of Safeno. I have placed it in that direction ; and for the diftance I think we fliould prefer that given by Alberghtetri ; not that the others differ much from it, but becaufc it is the greater! of all : yet has it ftill obliged me to take the leaft of two different latitudes which have been afligncd to Durazzo, and which, as I have already faid, is that of the table of Philip Lanfberge 1 , who ftates it at 41 27'. The tables of Harris and Riccioli place Durazzo more to the north, and make the latitude -*i° 58 k ; but this would require almofl double the* diftance. From all that I have faid it appears to me that the weft-, crn coift: of Greece is afcertained with tolerable accu- racy : it is therefore now only necefTary to enquire whe- ther my mcafures will be found exact., if we crofs to the raftern fide. I have already determined the breadth of Greece ; firfl in Peloponnefus, by the diftance of Argos from Olympia ; and, afterwards, in the middle of Greece * Lcvanto, ^pecchio del Marc, p. 95. i Philip. Lanfberg. Tab. Mot. Coel. Pcrp. p. 8 : Middelbi 1663, in fol. k Harris's Pidion. under the word Latitude; LonJon, 1736, fo!. Ricciol. Gcogr. etHydrogr. Reform, lib. 9, cap. 4, p. 397. VOL. VIII. F ' itfelf, 4 2 CRITICAL OBSERV A T IONS itfelf, by that of the Gulf of Ambracia from Thermopylae. I (hall now proceed to afcertain it in the moll northern part, by the extent of the Egnatiari way, which went from Apolloma and Fpidamnus to Thcffalonica or Therma, at the bottom of the Thermaic Gulf, and even beyoncL This way indeed was made by the Romans, and did not exifl; till a long time after the aera of the travels of Ana- charfis : yet the meafure of its length to- Thcffalonica wilL enable us to determine the fpace which fcparates the two feas. This meafure is given in Roman miles. Polybius, according to Strabo 1 , reckoned two hundred and Gxty-feven miles on this road from Apollonia in Illy- ricum to Theffalonica. Strabo afterwards remarks that the road was not longer from Dyrrachium or Epidamnus, than from Apollonia 1 "; it will therefore be indifferent whether we take the meafure of it from one or the other of thofe cities. I (hall take it from Epidamnus, becaufe I have already determined the pofition of that place. The 267 Roman miles, at 756 toifcs each, at which they are eftimated by M. D'Anville n , make 201852 toifes;and> on my map the diftance between Epidamnus and Therma,, in a right line, is 167200. The reduction of the itinerary meafure to the right line is about one fixth, which I ima.- l Polyb.ap. Strab. lib. 7, p. 323;. m Strab. ibid. = D'Aiiville, Trait des MeLItin. p-4f. gine ON THE MAPS. 43 ginc will appear a fuitable proportion in a mountainous country, and where the road panes through feveral defiles. Albcrghetti, befides, fays that the di (lance from Durazzo to Salonichi is little more than two hunched Italian miles. In the interior part of Epirus fome particularities may be remarked that are not found in any maps before pub? lifhcd. They are taken in part from a manufcript journey from Arta, anciently Ambracia, by Joannina, and Gom- phi, to Lariffa in Thcffaly ; and in part from the Greek geography of Meletius, a native of Joannina, a town II- tuated on the lake Acherufia. It may perhaps excite furprife to fee this lake within land, at a confidcrable dillance from the fea, while all the maps place it at lha mouth of the Acheron: yet Scy lax and Strabo° make the Acheron not fall into this lake, but rife out of it : and Pliny ftill more pofitively fays p that the Acheron, after having flowed out of the lake Acherufia, makes a courfe of thirty-fix miles to arrive at the fea. This is in fact, the dillance from Joannina to port Veliki, anciently Glycys, or the Sweet Port. The Acheron in this fpace lofes itfelf for fome time under ground, according to Meletius 11 ; and this it is, no doubt, which has caufed it to be reprefented as one of the rive rs of hell. The fame is probably the cafe with the Cocytus, which rifes out of the fame lake. • Scyl. p. 11, ap. Geogr. Min. Gnec. t. i. Smb. lib. 7. p. 324. p Plin. lib. 4, cap. I, t. i. p. 189. s MtMT. rtuvp- Kb. i> u.t. iS,cap. 3, No. 10 : Vcnct. 1728,111 foL F2 Ifha] 44 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS I fhall not enter into fo minute a detail of the remainder of the general map, though all the parts of it have been laid down on the fame fcale as the particular ones. The general map is, as I may fay, only the extract of a work of much greater labour ; it will therefore be fufficient to indicate the principal points. The figure of the three peninfulas of Chalcidice and the Gulf of Pieria, to the ifle of Thafos inclulively, is taken from a manufcript chart of the pilot Gauthier, found among the papers of M. Freret. This chart has been adjufled to that of the eaftern coaft of the Thermaic Gulf, taken geome- trically by M. Le Roi, and of which I have already fpoken. In this chart of Gauthier's the peninfula in which Mount Athos is fituated, extends to a fomewhat greater length than in another manufcript map of the Archipelago, which is to be found in the Geographical Collection for Foreign Affairs : but I have reafon to believe the manufcript which I have followed accurate, becaufe it agrees with the mea- fures of this peninfula given by Pliny and Belon r ; and becaufe, befides, the fummit of Mount Athos has precifely the fame bearing from the ruins of Alexandria Troas, more anciently Sigeum, which it was obferved to have by Mr. Chandler 5 . The ifle of Lemnos is laid down according to its diftances >• Plin. lib. 4, cap. 10, t. !. p. 202. Eclon, Obferv. Iiv. i 5 chap. 35. • Chandl. Trav. in Alia Min. chap. 8, p. 23. from ON THE MAPS. 4S from Mount Athos and the Hellefpont, and the bearings indicated by the fhadow of Mount Athos, as it projects itfelf on that ifland. Myriha, the principal city of Lemnos, could not be at the north-well point, as it is found in fome maps. The fhadow of Mount Athos, according to the teflimony of almolt all antiquity, did not reach a brazen cow which flood in the forum till the fummer folflice l ; and Belon has remarked ■ that the fliadow already projected on the north-weft angle of Lemnos, on the 2d of June. The coafl of Thrace, from Thafos to the mouth of the Hebrus is laid down from the indications of the Portulans, com- pared with the Roman itineraries. The latitude of the Dardanelles, anciently the Hellef- pont, has been obferved by M. de Chazelles x • but for their pofition I have entirely followed a large manufcript chart taken within thefe few years by M, Tondu, an aflro- nomer, who has afcertaincd their longitude and latitude. This chart has furnifhed me with the coalls of the Gulf of Melas, the Thracian Cherfonefus, and the oppofite Afia- tic fhorc, to Tcnedos. To this is added another chart alfo in manufcript, taken by M. Truguet, captain of a fri- gate, under the orders of the count de Choifeul-Goufficr. <■ Sophocl. ap. Etymol. Magn. in Afoj. ApoIIon. Rhod. Argon. lib. i, v. 604. Plin. lib. 4, cap. 12, t. i. p. 214. Pint, dc Fac. in Oib. Lun. t. ii. p. p 35 . Solin. op. ii. p. 31. » Belon, Obferv. liv. 1, chap. 25. x Mem. de l'Acad. ibs Science?, aim. 1761, p. 168. From 46 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS From this I have obtained the remainder of the coafl of the Troas, the Gulf of Adramyttium to the entrance of that of Cyme, and the whole ifland of Lcfbos. The Prbpontis, now the fea of Marmara, is adjufled, on the one hand, to the pofition of Byzantium, or Con- flantinoplc, the longitude and latitude of which are taken, as I have already faid, from the Connoijfancc des 'Temps for the year 1788 y ; and, on the other, to that of the Darda- nelles. The figure of it is taken from a large manufcript map, defigned in 1731 by M. Bohn, an engineer in the fervice of prince Ragozzi. This map is the fame that M. D'Anville made ufe of z . I have copied it exactly, except that I have thought I ought to place Cyzicus more to the call, from the diftances given by ancient authors, and even by modern travellers. The bottom of the Gulf of Aflacus. and the lake near to Ancora, are taken from a manufcript chart by M. Peiffonel ; and the Bofphorus of Thrace, now the canal of Conftantinople, is laid down from a particu- lar plan which I have given of it. To the pofition of Smyrna, the longitude and latitude of which have been obferved by Father Feuillce ", I have adjufted a large manufcript chart of a part of the Archi- pelago, which I had defigned in 1785. This chart contains y Conncifiance des Temps pour 1788, p. 745. 7 D'Anville, Anal, ties Cotes de la Grecc, p. 33. * Mem. del'Acad. des Sciences, ann. J7C2, p. 8. 2 all ON THE MAPS. 47 all the iflands to the fouth of the parallel of Smyrna, and to the north of that of Rhodes, as well as the correfponding coafls of Europe and Afia. The iflands are placed in it according to the observations of Tournefort, and other travellers ; and their figures are taken from different plans, fome of which are manufcript. A great number of thefe plans are found in Tournefort ; the count de Clioi- feul-Gouflicr has given feveral b j and I have alfo derived advantage from thofe contained in the collections of Dap- per, Bofchini, and even Bordone. The plans of the iflands of Thcra and Altypalacu are manufcript ; they were taken in 1738 by M. Le Roi, and the latitude of the iflands lias been obferved. On the coaft of Afia the Hermacan Gulf, now the Gulf of Smyrna, has been laid down from a manufcript chart, taken by the fame M. Le Roi ; and die bottom of that of Cyme is afcertained by the pofition of Phocrca. This city was a little lefs than two hundred fladia diftant from Smyrna, according to Strabo c . The latter was not built till fome time after the date of the travels of Anacharfis . it was twenty fladia from the ancient city d , and is that which is at prcfent fo ilourifhing. The reft of the coaft to Lycia is taken from the charts of the count de Choifeul- i> Voyag. Pittor. de la Grcce. 5 Strab. lib. H, p. 663. i Id. ibid. p. 646. Gouf- 4 H CRITICAL OBSERVATION S' Goufher, which have been likewife compared with the di fiances given by ancient authors. Throughout almoft the whole of Afia Minor, the rivers bring down an immenfe quantity of llime and mud, and form accumulations of earth at their mouths. The Sca- mander in Troas, the Caicus near Pergamus, the HermuSi near Smyrna, and the Cayfler, which flows by Ephefus, have enlarged the country they traverfe : but no where is there a more remarkable inflance of this than in the en- virons of Miletus. The Maeander has heaped up fo much fand, that a deep bay, fituated between the city and the river, is now only a lake ; and the iflands Lade and Afle- rius, at the entrance of that bay, are become eminences, in the plain. Near Miletus is the promontory of Trogilium, from which Strabo reckons fixteen hundred fladia to Sunium. in Attica e . Rhodes is placed in the latitude obferved by M. de Chazelles f , which is 36 28' 30" N. ; and the figure which I have given to the ifland is taken from an ancient map corrected by the meafures of Strabo, and other authors. The latitude of the little ifland of Cafos is taken from the chart of the Archipelago defigned for the Depot de la Marine, in 173S ; in which this ifland is laid down accord- « Strab. lib. 14, p. 636. f Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences, ann. 1761, p. 167. 3 ing ON THE MAPS. •mg to obfervation. The ifland of Crete is copied from the general map of the ifland of Candia, given by Bof- chini g , for want of a better. This map has been ad jutted to the obfervations of longitude and latitude made by Father Fcuillee at Candia and Canea \ as well as to the diftances given by ancient and modern authors. I have however been obliged to lay down the whole eaftern part of the ifland more to the north. The promontory of Samo- nium, according to Pliny ', was diftant only fi.vtv Roman miles, or four hundred and eighty Olympian ftadia, from the ifland Carpathos ; and the promontory Cadi feus fe- venty-three miles, or fix hundred ftadia, from Malca in Peloponnefus. Nothing now remains but to mention fome particulars which have not yet been noticed in the courfe of thefe obfervations, and which yet are effential to be known. Thefe maps are defigncd for the period when Greece was free. I have made it a rule not to infert in them places the foundation or exiftence of which was pofterior to the battle of Chaeronca. Some however will be found which are only mentioned in more modern authors ; but they exifted long before, at leaft the time when they were founded is unknown. I have infer ted under their an- * Bofchini, II Regno Tutto di Candia : Venct. 1651, in fol. h Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences, ann. 1702, p. 10, u. » Plin. lib. 4, cap. 12, t. i. p. 210. VOL. VIII. G c j ent jo C H TT I e A t OBSERVATIONS cient names cities which did not become celebrated un- til fome time after, when they received new names. Such are Olbia and Ancora in Bithynia, which were afterwards called Nicomedia and Nicaea; Sigeum in Troas, which was foon afterwards named Alexandria-Troas ; Idrias in Caria, which was named Stratonicea ; and Therma, and Potidxa, in Macedonia, which took the names of Theffa- lonica and Caffandria, Sec. &c. Other cities changed their fituation without changing their names. Among thefe the principal are Salamis, in the ifland of the fame name, on the coafl of Attica; Si- cyon, Orchomenus, and Hermione, in Peloponnefus ; Pharfalos, in Theflaly ; and Smyrna and Ephefus, in. Ionia. All thefe cities are placed in their ancient fite in my maps. Cyzicus in the Propontis, and Clazomenae in Ionia, are only iflands, becaufe they were not joined to- me continent till fome time after. Laftly, Olynthus in Macedonia, and fome other cities, are marked as de- ftroyed ; becaufe, fince they had made a confpicuous figure in the hiftory of Greece, it was proper to point out their pofition. The divifions of countries are traced on the general map for the sera of the battle of Chacronea, which wa& fought on the third of Auguft of the year 338 before Chrift, The whole continent of Afia then appertained to the king of Perfia. Philip the father of Alexander pof- % fefled ON THE MAPS. fk fefled Macedon, and the coafts of Thrace, except the Cherfonefus, and the cities of Perinthus and Byzantium. The iffands of Thafos and Halonefus were alfo dependant on him, and alrnoft all Illyricum was fubje6ted to him- Epirus was divided among feveral nations, the greater part of which were free. One among others, that of the Molofli, was governed by a king who was confiderably powerful ; and the ally, but not the tributary, of Philip. All the remainder was inhabited by free Greeks. Seve- ral iflands, however, acknowledged the fovereignty of certain republics ; as the ifles of Samos, Lcmnos, Scyros, Imbros, and even the Thracian Cherfonefus, which was in fome meafure dependant on the republic of Athens. As to that part of Afia which is included in my map, it was divided into three fatrapies, which contained a num- ber of petty tyrants euablifhed by the king of Perfia in the Greek cities. My particular maps, on the contrary, have very diffe- rent dates. Each is defigned for the very year in which Anacharfis is fuppofed to have travelled through the pro- vince it reprefents. Hence is it that, in the map of Phocis, all the cities which were dcflroyed after the So- cial War are infertcd as flill in exiffence ; and, in that of Arcadia, all the cities the inhabitants of which went to people Megalopolis are marked as deftroved. THE END. ' X.Z.YRH I l/.A. / .-.-'■ Eordira SWlfiGO Hk Jl;. ^ .Li>3-' - i ^4^£ lw%MMS^F tobrc,^ ^r^s y :>£ s|^ H r A R PI-SB 5^-\ W Z y U/-1 A/Z/m/i Stadia T&I.p. 4St. Plaiyof the Battles alam tor theTrawels ol'Anaclrars hv Jl. ILwbie mrBocAGE. K»«* Mil ., , yafJUardonuis, i Vamlry \ Motions of the (h; (A'/'/vcJ/s. - Jfotions eft&e T/vofis ofjfanforu'us. Olyrn&eari S////////. JO l'/r/tc/j Ibises. VoULpj CHARToFthePALUS 3LEOTIS AND FONTTS EVXIXUS, lor the- Travels df Anaiharsis Designed piindpa/fy after, SI.V'.iyrjLLE BY M.IiARBlk Dr BOCA&E.MDCCLXXXI- roi.n.p.x. \ , \"6 I'/ftH 0/ Me Athens, For tin '/'/Yfir/s of\ l/mr/m/s/s By Al.Barbie dn Borage. £>uifisfi JL7is Otnnpui// S&i//m Fmir/i'Jhis-er. Trnck f<- \".o. Vo/J/. C/,apTl./>m. Attica, Megaris r //ie . '/v//v/6 of ' ' ' //w/un.w.j.- lby M. Barbie tlu Socage'. 4fe, -"*«*. I.,,' 1 Plun ■:/>■■;/■ ■ AC A D i: MY dND ITS ENVIAONS for due Tr;i\ils of Aiv.K-li-.usis ii\ \l liA/uiri: /x />(>( a<;/: ^'A l \f />l/<}> i4: w:\ok Tin: . ft * \ 1 ) \\ MY ,, ; ; ,;X# 4 f.V/. 77,/iz. /> /■/■/; . .! i ;.i | t£ i i &-* * <-* « • w • . *. > <- > * * % -i .* i » • • 1 ' ^ *^i ; j ; : 3 * i i Hi-J a: . _ . . _ • •! > M * M * M-* - l : : UiliiH'lltii^ I : \ * 2 :- rat . . % i k ; i i i • * • m m ] i &Jt i .- i :- i LA 1 LU kk-i I Mi i. . *5 • • . aiH nan^ c • • ^WUlli4ii4 • uaiUiuan |; • • ; -HUiiU, *.-% • • • • ,tt7.- ' : 1 , Scak at ' W&£^xA la, J,- Sea/, „/' 300 GreaanMet. Sra/r o/ ' V? ; JEhv/rA I'm PZA2V OB A (tJi'KC.J+IX I'.t /,*!•: S'J'll^L ^lfter ViTRirrizrs . Jo7.1L. />. >///. I !V8. 7^/^./- ZJ6. Plan and Elevation of the Fropyljea ' 1 • v I • • I 1 \ ."/•/. Vol, zr.e&ab.xzr.A. gee t^LL '/'/sr// />/ /Af . '/c//////f o/ ■ ///f-.ttv/.i 1 i M !m f f f m t t f f ■M . 30 :io' 4-t '19 M (« < fc e t r '/crsr/n>// f>/ ///<■ , /yvw/ {>/ ///<• * '/s/ //////// ///r 2 v'rt r/YtC tiOl lo/J/:. p.A70\ ViEW OF BKWHl AXJ> TJIK TintKOCKS OFPARyASSTS. a > on //<> E\VIRO> T S of g DELPHI, ■/£/ ■ //, • . '/;„ , ;/., o/\ r /""< /" I I BrMR VSBZE Dl r B0C4.GE £ J4ardi/787 ■ dj-n&uvt S/,r,//„ WlJZp. 7/7 H V B (E O T I A For the Travels oi* Ax.li'll-4 It SIS. m- M. Barbie dvi Bbcage Mayzrfj. T. Coo/t />. ( I ,/, ' ZV,.,./-/,'- ><■"",>;.» EI.I S . i . \ • D 1' it / r ii^'l.1 a or the Travels of Anachstrsis By Mii.niisjE dv Socage August ijfUi. 2TeoA-fr. /;• ////'//>/ ■if;,-"- ^/.BienTr :^€SS^®S =% %&&£»&». -iL &*: ffrpfiy under e& iwrnurOtmiiiUt A Alpuhvs R MK SSF.NIA For tlicTi.ivcls of AiiSeliarsia By M R UUUL J)C j;o(A(,E x: J/ JW.JV.AOQ- L I ■ MRIA/nUKZENIA, i (ERMIONIS,the tSLE ot . KCISA AND ( "YXt III A, ti>i the Travels of Aiv.u Iv.ums, ( i ■/; \>A\ /- /, iiiill PZJITO /,/,>/,/ ,>/ SlUVJIZM ,/.,,,>//>.,//„/ /, //., DISCIJ^LJES Ay (IE xt Greek Theatre JPrcnckToifes. English JPeet. i :\v. CoilfS frani flie Cabinet of the King of l'r;incc. Jfyrtbe '//rir,/s />/' \Anadbarsis ~N*l.Cerin of\ l&e/ts, />// ///^// eftfjears He Grotto ofI>an . //.»■ Staircase ieaditg tv t6r CitadeZ'.and so/neJUb/iumcnts consecrated, toJfi/te/va . seeCtetfzJBL ~&\2£&in ofJitadiaJ/yjctir/dlim seated. on JAw/// (Ptyirfeus. tie name of 'ir&ic6 is indicated ' &y tie tetters fKLY37. . CMrf^ZJZ. lS?3.G?iri of Oiidus. fir Venus a/'JhtJti/dcs. (:/>af>.LZV/Z.Y'6r same- figure- is _ represented o/i ti// ivti//-aiiiyr//i in /A- CaBinet of tibe- JDufte f/ V >/ Hearts, see &eZ>escrifjtion cf'abat: Cabinet. X's>///jr./yXnY.J'„,/eS.1~>. lSiA£^lttcfSa//io,f. 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