DICTIONARY OF WORC ESTER MASS. AND ITS VICINITY FRANKLIN P. RICK WHAT nflKE5 HARD TIHES ? Too many people trying to get SOMETHING fOf NOTHING! WHAT 15 THE USUAL RE5ULT ? Most of those who try this, get NOTHING for SOMETHING I The old woman, said "Everything must be done by somebody." Those who can do something well, will always have work and support. Intelligent skillful work produces wealth. The " Science of Accounts" teaches how. Mere bookkeeping from schools will not do it. Every man should have a course of scientific study in accounts; not merely to become a bookeeper, but to become able to investigate business and learn what he can best do, and how to do it most successfully. LEWIS C. MUZZY, 28 Lincoln Square, Worcester, flass. Scientific Expert Accountant, Auditor and Teacher. Memljer of the Institute of Accounts, New York. Teacher of Kusiness Department in Worcester High School. Notary Public and Justice of the Peace. What Many Successful Men say to me about my Course of Instruction. It is the mobl profitable thing I ever studied. It is the only study of practical profit that I ever pursued. 'I commend all young men among my friends to you. What Some Unsuccessful Men say to me. I have always been sorry that I did not take such study in early life. I wish I had known it before I commenced business. If I had learned such things I would not have failed. SEM> VOU CIRCULAR ^-^mmHHI E. R. Cummins, manager. Chas. S. Forbes, counsel. Show, CHUt^cH & Co., Mercantile Reports ♦ . . Law and Collections, Wc have a credit department, and get reports up to date. We are the agency who originated the well-known "Draft System," now used almost universally. ..... We are the only agency using the copyrighted "Improved •Draft System," which is far ahead of any, and was also devised by us. ........... . Where can you find a more reasonable, yet prompt, just and courteous means of approaching a debtor for money than our copyrighted " Improved Draft System?" . . . . We have devised more and better methods of making col- lections than any other agency. . . . . . . We employ competent lawyers, collectors and adjutors. We make a specialty of large and important matters requir- ing intelligence, energy and integrity. ..... Rooms 47 Sz 48, Koowles Bu.ildirig, WORCESTER, MASS Worcester Higfhlands, Northlands, and Bloomin^dale. THREE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL and ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES IN THE CITY. The Hicrhlands is reached by Grafton street Hne of cars. Northlands by Chadwick Square and North End electric cars, and Bloomingdale by the line to the Lake. BUILDING LOTS IN SIZES TO SUIT. Terms only $10.00 down, and four years in wliicli to pay l>alance. Salesmen on tlie grounds daily. Plans, specifications and free tickets furnished at the office of QUIMBY & CO., 15 Knowles Building. 518 Main Street. DICTIONARY . . . OF . . . WORCESTER ( MASSACHUSETTS ) AND ITS VICINITY. By franklin P. RICE. SECOND ISSUE. Reprinted from the Worcester Commercial. Worcester : F. S. BLANCHARD & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1803. Copyright, 1SS9, 1S93, By franklin P. RICE ^^1 PREFACE. The plan of the Dictionary of Worcester comprehends a handbook of general information, which, as a collection of useful references or a guide-book to the city and its surroundings, will serve equally the resident and the stranger. The scope of the work differs somewhat from that of the "Dictionaries" issued in other cities, in being more full in matters relating to the history and chronology of the subjects treated, and in con- taining much that is not usually included in books of a similar character. Many of the facts and figures given are not readily accessible in any other form, and are of more than common interest and value to the inquirer. Occasional mention by name in the text of trades-people, business houses and other establishments, was unavoidable, but in no instance is such mention a recommendation in the interest of the parties named. The material for this second issue has been thoroughly revised and corrected. ^aritarii, Siuiuirr i-ptluam (Eu Established in 1842. What has made this the largest and foremost strictly dry goods house between Boston and Buffalo? Its Location ? No ! Its Long Standing ? No ! its Low Prices ? No ! What, then ? FIRST. — Because it has kept absolute faith with the people ; never deceived or misled them, nor con- sciously imposed upon a single soul. The rule of right and justice to all is the first and abiding principle here practiced in every procedure. SECOND. — Because of its superior merchandise and exclusive styles, at low prices. Orders by mail receive the same attention given persons present at the counters. DICTIONARY OF WORCESTER AND ITS VICINITY. Academy. — See Worcester Academy. Adams Square. — At the junction of Lin- coln and Burncoat streets. North Park is a short distance from the square, which can be reached from Main street by the cars of the ConsoHdated Street Railway Company. The North End Street Railway, of about three- fourths of a mile in length, has its southern terminus here. Adriatic Mills. — The building on the Nor- wich railroad, south of the Junction or South Worcester station, at present occupied by the Worcester Woolen Mill Company. This mill was erected in 1854 by Eli Thayer, and was constructed of stone chips taken from Oread hill. The fine stone was mixed with mortar, forming a concrete. Wooden frames or moulds were made the height and thickness of the walls, and the conglomerate turned into them and allowed to harden; no masonry being employed in raising the walls. Mr. Thayer sold the property to Charles White and J. P. Southgate; later it came into the possession of Isaac Davis, who sold it to Jordan, Marsh & Co. This firm equipped the shop (which had been used as a fire-arms manufactory), for a woolen mill, and named it the Adriatic. The original building, before later additions were made, w^as 400 feet long, 40 feet wdde and two stories high. Adventists. — A Second Advent church was formed in Worcester in 1841. The place of worship was for some years in Thom- as street, and then after an interval during which the services were held in public halls, the society went in 1866 to its house in Central street and remained there until 1883, when the building was removed, and the site is now oc- cupied by a part of the Putnam & Sprague Co.'s warehouse. The Adventists now hold their meetings in Clark's block, 492 Main st. African Churches. — Zion M. E. Church was organized in 1846, and worshipped in a building on Exchange street, which was burned in 1854. The present brick Zion's church, opposite Cypress street, on Exchange, was erected in 1855. The Bethel M. E. Church was organized in 1867, and for some time met at the corner of Laurel and Hanover streets. The present place of worship is at 209 Pleasant street. Mt. Olive Baptist Church w3l?, formed in 1885, and in 189 1 a church building was erected at 43 John street. Refer to Colored Bopulatiou . Agricultural Society, (The Worcester), — See Worcester Agricultural Society. Aletheia. — See High School Societies. Allen Library. — The collection of books formed by the Rev. George Allen during his long life, is now the property of The Worces- ter Society of Antiquity. This is considered one of the best representative libraries of the New England theology in the country, and comprises many rare and valuable works illustrating early local history and religious controversy. Through the efforts of Senator ALL— AM E 6 Hoar and other prominent gentlemen, the sum of money necessary for its purchase was, after the death of Mr. Allen in 1883, raised and presented to the society. The collection numbers 2,300 volumes and 2,000 pamphlets. All Saints' Church. — See Episcopal Churches. All Souls' Church. — See Universalist Churches. Almshouse. — See Poor Deparlment. Almanacs Published in Worcester. — Isaiah Thomas began in 1775 the publication of his "Almanack," which was continued until 1823; after 1800 by his son Isaiah Thomas, Jr., and by George A. Trumbull from 1820. In 1844 Henry J. Howland is- sued the first number of the Worcester Alvia- nac and Directory, continued to the present time as the Worcester Directory. I'he Grand Army Almanac, a very creditable production by Comrade Henry N. Evans was published in Worcester from 1879 to 1881. 1 he Yankee Almanac was published three years — 1887-9 —by F. S. Blanchard & Co. Robert B. Thomas, who established the famous Old E'armer''s Almanac, published to this day, was a resident of Boylston, a bookbinder by trade, and was in the habit of taking books to bind for Isaiah Thomas, (by some thought to be a relative). Money being scarce he re- ceived his pay in almanacs, which he peddled over the country. In consequence of some misunderstanding with his employer, his supply was withheld, and he started an opposition almanac which has long outlived the original. Ambulance. — There is an Ambulance to be used in case of accidents, etc., attached to the Police Department. It was purchased in 1885. American Antiquarian Society. — This Society was founded in 181 2 by Isaiah Thomas, LL. D., noted as a patriot, printer, and publisher of the Massachnsetts Spy. Dr. Thomas gave the society a valuable library, with funds for its maintenance; and in 1820 erected a building (still standing on Summer street), for its use. This building being in some respects unsuited to the needs of the society, was abandoned in 1853, when the books and collections were removed to the edifice in Lincoln square. The library now contains over 90,000 volumes. An invaluable collection of American newspapers is here preserved and accessible. There are also many portraits, busts, with other objects of art and antiquity well worth inspection. The society has published seven volumes of " Tran- sactions," under the title of Archcsologia Americatia ; and the " Proceedings " of the semi-annual meetings since its organization. The library is open to the public week days (Saturday afternoons excepted) from 9 a. m. to 5 P. M. A cordial welcome is given by the Librarian, Mr. Edmund M. Barton, who is eminently practical in his administration. Other officers of the society are: President, Stephen Salisbury, Esq.; Vice-Presidents, Hon. George F. Hoar, Edward Everett Hale, D. D.; Recording Secretary, Hon. John D. Washburn; Treasurer, Nathaniel Paine, Esq. The aggregate of the funds of the society is $1 15,000. American Legion of Honor. — A secret fraternal and mutual benefit order, Hope Council, Ko. ij, was instituted in Worcester in 1878, and now has between fifty and sixty members. The meetings are at Pythian Hall. American Mechanics. — The Order of United A?nerican Mechanics is a social, fra- ternal and benevolent secret association, com- posed entirely of those born in the United States of America, or under the protection of its flag, and who have arrived at the age of 18 years and over. The Order was instituted in Philadelphia July 8, 1845. It was intended at first to be a protection for the American Mechanics and Workingmen alone, but it was deemed advisable to depart from that rule, and to recognize everyone who works with hands or brains as eligible. It has no affilia- tion with Trades' Unions, Knights of Labor, Sovereigns of Industry, or the like. It is not a relic of the Know-Nothing family, and does not seek to proscribe the foreigner. It has a membership of 50,000 in the United States. There are three councils in Worcester. Co?n- momuealth Council, iVo. j, was formed on Fast Day, 1889, and now meets at 566 Main street. IVorcester Council, A'o. jg, formed in 1891, meets in Arcanum Hall. Indus- try Council, lYo. 17, is a junior council. Fidelity Council, A'c. 4, Daughters of Liberty, is a branch of this Order formed in 1891. American Protective League. — Eureka Lodge meets at 556 Main street the first and third Wednesdays of each month. 7 AMU— APA Amusements. — The places of public amusement in Worcester are numerous and adequate to the demands of a city of its size. Besides the transient entertainments in the numerous halls, nightly performances and occasional matinees are given at the Theatre on Exchange street, (which, destroyed by fire, May i6, 1889, was rebuilt. See Music Hall for account of the first building. ) with generally the best talent, and sometimes high-class plays. The Front Street Miisee or Opera House, at the location of the Old Worcester Theatre, gives several performances daily. Lothrop'' s Opera House, on Pleasant street, was built by R. C. Taylor in 1890-91, and opened to the public August 17, 1891. This establishment affords a good class of entertainments daily at popular prices. The various places of resort for out- door amusements are treated under their appropriate headings. See Theatres. Ancient Order of Foresters. — A mutual benefit organization, which had its origin in England. There are four courts in Worcester : City of Worcester, A'o. 7117 ; Damascus, No. 7362 ; Quinsigatuond, organized, 1891; and Thomas E. Ctcnningham, A'i?. 8076. Knights of Sherwood Forest, Worcester Con- clave, A'o. gi, is a higher branch of this Order located here. Ancient Order of Hibernians. — A secr'et mutual benefit and fraternal order. Division I was organized in 1867, Division 2 in 1871, and Division 24 in 1876. The military com- panies of this Order in Worcester are the Hibernian Guards, organized in 1876, and the Hibernian Rifles, Cojnpanies A and B. The rooms are at 98 Front street. Ancient Order of United Workmen. — Worcester Lodge, No. 56, was organized in 1885. Meets at 405 Main street, second and fourth Thursday evenings of each month. Victor Lodge, No. g2, organized in 1887, meets at 566 Main street, first and third Wednesday evenings of each month. Clinton Lodge, N'o 2Q, appears not to be alive now. Anti-Slavery Sentiment in Worcester. — At an early time a strong feeling against slavery was apparent in Worcester. In 1767 the Representative to the General Court was instructed to use his influence "to obtain a law to put an end to that unchristian and impolitic practice of making slaves of the human species," and to give his vote for none to serve in his Majesty's Council who should' oppose such a law. The celebrated Quock Walker decision, to the effect that slavery never had had a legal existence in Massachu- setts, was rendered here in 178 1. On the 9th of December, 1819, a Worcester Co. Anti- Slavery Convention was held at the Court House to take action to prevent the further introduction of slavery into new states. In August, 1828, Benjamin Lundy visited Worces- ter, and from a long residence in the South spoke from personal knowledge of the feelings of the people there. He said that a majority of them, even of the slave-holders, were desirous of abolishing the slave system as soon as it could be done with prudence. Lundy influenced the formation of many anti-slavery societies south of the Potomac, and it is said that there were over 300 of them among the slave-holders in 1829. These quickly dis- solved after the Nat Turner massacre in 1831, which the slave-owners claimed was incited by the inflammatory methods of William Lloyd Garrison. Garrisonism found an early lodg- ment in Worcester, and it was for many years a stronghold of those who placed themselves above the law in opposition to slavery. It was the home of Stephen S. and Abby Kelley Foster, and many others of that stripe; and was an important station of the underground railroad. Of the political movements, the Free Soil revolt of 1848, which sent Charles Allen to Congress, should be mentioned. An attempt to arrest a fugitive slave here in 1854 caused a serious riot, the United States deputy marshal narrowly escaping with his life. The movement which rescued Kansas and con- vinced the South that it at last had met a for- midable power, originated in Worcester, and found active supporters in all the political par- ties, though it was denounced by the extrem- ists, and ignored by the prclessional politicians. The patriotism excited by the rebellious acts of the South in 1861 was not anti-slavery sen- timent, as the war which followed was a war for the Union, and emancipation a war measure rather than a philanthropic act. Apartment Houses. — Worcester has, within the past few years, followed the lead of the larger cities in the erection of Apartment Houses. The names and location of some of the principal ones are given below : /Etna, 722 Main st. Albion, 765 Main st. APO— ARM 8 Boynton, 718 Main st. Brightside, 2 King st. Chadwick, 236 Main st. Crescent, 15 Charlton st. Dean, Lincoln square. Estabrook, 54 Pleasant st. Evans, Main and Hammond sts. Hart, 901 Main st. Salisbury, Lincoln square. Windsor, 720 Main st. Apothecaries. — There are 65 Apothecaries in Worcester, according to the Directory of 1892. Aqueduct Company. — The Worcester Aqueduct Company was incorporated in 1845, for the purpose of constructing and maintain- ing an aqueduct to bring water from Bladder or Bell Pond for the use of the town. Stephen Salisbury and other prominent citizens were interested in the undertaking. The rights and property of this company were purchased by the city in 1848. See Water IVorks ; Bell Fond. Arcade, (The). — An old wooden building formerly located in Washington square, on the site of the Arcade Malleable Iron Works. It was occupied principally by Irish families, and probably was erected about the time of the building of the Boston & Worcester railroad, to accommodate the workmen. It was some- times called the Rookery. A serious riot once occurred here. Architects. — The IVorcesler Chapter of the Avierican Institute of Architects, recently chartered, held its first meeting March 19, 1892, and elected the following officers: President, Elbridge Boyden ; Vice-President, Stephen C. Earle'; Secretary, Ward P. Delano ; Treasurer, John B. Woodworth. This Association practically takes the place of The Worcester Society of Architects, formed Jan. 27, 1887, its objects being to unite in fellowship the architects of the city and vicinity, and to combine their efforts so as to promote the artistic, scientific and practical efficiency of the profession. The Society consisted of Fellows and Asso- ciates. The Fellows were practicing archi- tects, and the Associates persons not practicing architects who had served two years in an architect's office, and others in- terested in the objects of the society. Meet- ings were held in the offices of the members. Elbridge Boyden was President and Ward P. Delano, Secretary. The society was dissolved in 1891. There are fifteen architects in Worcester. Architecture. — Worcester possesses few striking specimens of architecture, though there are many fine dwelling-houses and busi- ness blocks. Of ancient buildings, the Salis- bury Mansion in Lincoln square; the Baldwin or Eaton House, on Main street, at the foot of George; and the Trumbull House, in Trumbull square, may be mentioned. The Oread Institute, on Alden street, is a remark- able structure, resembling an ancient castle; and the Worcester Academy, on Union Hill, can hardly fail to attract the attention of the stranger. Mechanics Hall Building and the Stone Court House are the only edifices on Main street of classic pretentions. The new Armory at Salisbury and Grove streets, is an imposing structure. Among the churches, St. Paul's (Catholic), All Saints' (Episcopal), the Central, Plymouth ' and new Old South, are worthy of mention. Of private residences, that of Jonas G. Clark, on Elm street, is most noteworthy. As a rule the dwellings are neat and attractive, and the business blocks substantial and well-built. Area. — The area of Worcester comprises about thirty-six square miles, or 23,000 acres. Arlington Club. — A social organization of young men, formed in 1883. The club occu- pied rooms in Clark's Block. It was dis- banded in 1891. ^ Armenians. — There are about 700 Arme- nians in Worcester, and the number is increas- ing. As a rule they are industrious and worthy, and many are skilled artizans. They have been subjected to persecution and some brutal treatment in Worcester, as seems to be the case at first with every nationality coming in small numbers. Many Armenians are em- ployed by the Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co., at the Wire Mills. There is an Armenian Club by the name of " Haygagan-Gajar." An Armenian church, the first in this country, was organized here under the charge of Rev. Fr. Sarajian, who was sent to America from the Patriarcate of Constantinople for that pur- pose. The first religious service was held in Reform Club Hall, Sunday, July 28, 1889, and the church, called St. Savioiir s, is located on Laurel street. There are a few Armenians who worship in the Congregational faith, and a society has been formed which meets at the building of V. M. C. A. Armory. — The first Armory building in Worcester was erected on Waldo street in 1875, and is now used for the purposes of the Central District Court, and Central Police Sta- tion. The land was purchased of Albert Tolman for $14,612, and the building cost $34,780, making a total of $49,392. It proved a bad bargain to the City, for the build- ing was so poorly constructed that it had to be abandoned by the militia as unsafe, and liable to tumble down when subjected to the vibra- tion incident to military drill. The new Armory, at the junction of Grove and Salis- bury streets, is a building of imposing propor- tions. It was erected on land purchased of Stephen Salisbury for $23,000, and was in process of construction from April 15, 1889, to Sept. 30, 1890. Fuller & Delano were the architects, under the special superintendence of Gen. Josiah Pickett. It was dedicated January 30, 1891. The cost (including land) was nearly $125,000, which sum was loaned by the State, to be repaid by the City in a term of years. The new Worcester Armory was constructec' under the superintendence of a State Commis- sion of three members: John W. Leighton of Boston (chairman), Josiah Pickett of Worces- ter, and Joseph N. Peterson of Salem. This Commission built six Armories : two in Bos- ton, at a cost of $600,000 ; one in Worcester, $125,000 ; one in Lowell, $105,000 ; one in Fitchburg, $60,000 ; and one at Lawrence, $90,000. It is a noteworthy fact, that in the expenditure of this large sum of $980,000, in no case was the original appropriation ex- ceeded — a record seldom made by public commissions. Armory Square. — The triangular plat of ground in front of the Armory, where Salis- bury and Grove streets diverge. Although not yet officially designated, the name has come into use with many. The " Square " is soon to be improved by curbing and other ad- ditions, to bring it more into character with the fine buildings in the vicinity. Art and Artists. — Art, like Hterature, has not flourished to any great extent in Worces- ter. Mrs. Helen C. Knowles left at her death in 1884 a bequest of $25,000 for the promo- tion of Art Education, either Ijy establishing some organization for that purpose, or creating a professorship in some institution already existing in Worcester. This bequest, which had accumulated in the hands of her executors, Messrs. E. A. Strong of Boston and Henry A. Marsh of Worcester, to about $29,000, was paid over to the .SV. IVzilsiatt Society {^qq title), in 1 891, to be held in trust for the purposes designed. To this Society, Stephen Salisbury has also given in trust for Art purposes the lot of land comprising 25,000 feet, at the corner of Salisbury and Tuckerman streets, and made an offer of $10,000 towards the erection of a building. George L. Brown, the celebrated landscape painter, once resided in Worcester, and went from this place to Italy. His death occurred in 1889 near Boston. S. P. R. Triscott, a water-color painter of later fame, was in Worcester between 1870 and .1880. At present, Henry W^oodward, Miss Helen M. Knowlton, Mrs. A. C. Freeland and George E. Gladwin are well known in local circles. J. H. Greenwood, in oil, and Fred A. M'Clure, water color, are rising to fame, and there are others of merit. B. H. Kinney was well known as a sculptor years ago, and Eugene A. O'Connor at present is taking high rank. See Art Society ; Art Sttidenf s Club. Art Society, (The Worcester). —This Society was organized Nov. 27, 1877, ^^^^ incorporated Dec. 29, 1887, its purpose being "to promote art culture." The first board of officers was constituted as follows: President, Hon. Geo. F. Hoar; Vice-Presidents, Hon. L. J. Knowles, Rev. E. H. Hall, Rev. C. M. Lamson ; Secretary, Miss Rebecca Jones; Treasurer, Jos. E. Davis; Directors, C. O. Thompson, S. C. Earle, B. W. Potter, Mrs. P. L. Moen, Mrs. J. H.Walker. The officers are: President, Rev, A. S.Garver: Vice-Presidents, Nathaniel Paine, Charles H . Davis ; Treasurer, E. B. Hamilton; Clerk, Miss Sarah Hopkins; Directors, J. G. Clark, E. B. Glasgow, S. Salis- bury, Rev. Daniel Merriman, W. T. Harlow. The Society has held several art exhibitions, and lectures have been given under its auspices. Art Stores. — The veteran art dealer of Worcester is Augustus E. Peck, whose store in the Lincoln House Block, 368 Main street, has for years been the resort of the art lovers ART— ATH 10 of this county. Mr. Peck eslablished the business in i86i, in one of the stores on Main street, below Central, now occupied by the Putnam & SpragueCo. He afterwards moved to a store nearly opposite, and in 1870 took possession of his present quarters. Mr. Peck has seen all but six pass away of those who were in business on Main street when he began. There are several other art stores in the city, among them being The Davis Art Co., C. A. Boyden, and Brown, Hamilton & Co. Arthur's Spring. — A pure and abundant never-failing spring in Dodge Park, noted in the minds of many of Worcester's aged citi- zens who often quenched their thirst there in youthful days. Art Students' Club. — Rooms in Walker Building. Meetings the last Saturday of each month. This Association was organized in 1880 for practical work, and has proved bene- ficial, particularly to beginners and students. Occasional exhibitions of works of its members are given. The club was incorporated in 1887. Asnebumskit Hill. — The highest emi- nence in the vicinity of Worcester, on the main road to Paxton, about seven miles from the City Hall. Its height is over 1,400 feet, and a fine view can be had from the top. The summit and a considerable portion of this Hill have recently been purchased by Hon. George F. Hoar, who has caused a road to be coa- structed to its highest point. Assembly Debating Society. — See High School Societies. Associated Charities of Worcester, (The). — Was organized in 1890 with the fol- lowing officers: Stephen Salisbury, President; Arthur M. Stone, Mrs. George Crompton, Vice-Presidents; Charles L. Nichols, Secre- tary; Lewis W. Hammond, Treasurer; Mrs. Eliza J. Lee, General Secretary. There is also a Board of Directors composed of prominent citizens and ladies. The objects of this Society are : " To secure the concurrent and harmonious action of the different charities of Worcester, namely : The various churches, charitable agencies, public relief and individuals charitably disposed, in order To raise tlie needy above the need of relief, pre- vent begging and imposition, and diminish pau- perism ; To encourage thrift, self-independence and indus- try through friendly intercourse, advice and sym- pathy, and to aid the poor to help themselves ; To prevent children from growing up as paupers; To aid in the diffusion of knowledge on subjects connected with the relief of the poor." And, to accomplish these objects, it is de- signed — " I. To provide that the case of every applicant for relief shall be thoroughly investigated ; 2. To place the results of such investigation at the disposal of charitable societies and agencies, and of private persons of benevolence, and of the Overseers of the Poor, so far as such investigation may be necessary for the accomplishment of the objects of this society ; 3. To obtain employment, if possible; if not, to obtain, so far as necessary, suitable assistance for every deserving applicant from charitable agencies, benevolent individuals or public authorities. 4. To make all relief, either by alms or charitable work, conditional upon good conduct and progress; 5. ' To send to each poor family, under the advice of a district conference, a friendly visitor; 6. To hold public meetings and print papers for distribution, as may be found necessary." Or, in a general way, it may be stated that the objects of the Associated Charities are twofold : " I St, to be a central bureau of information for ail the benevolent societies of the city and for all char- itable individuals. By this means we shall enable you to ascertain more readily and more surely the most needy and most worthy recipients of Vour charity; we shall discover the unworthy recipients of present charity, and we shall prevent the ( ver- lapping of the charities of Worcester in consequence of which so much money is unnecessarily wasted. Our information being strictly confidential, is open only to accredited representatives of the societies or to those personally interested. " 2d, to furnish to those whom misfortune, sick- ness or trouble have placed in need, a friendly vis- itor who shall personally advise and encourage such persons to make themselves once more self-support- ing and thus save them from pauperism. In no case will our visitors approach persons already in charge of other societies, except at the reques"t of such society, nor are they allowed to use their posi- tion for religious proselytism." Office in Chapin Block, No. 37 Pearl street, Rooms 9 and 10. Open from 9.30 A. M. until I p. M. every day except Sunday. Association Hall. — The larger of the two public audience rooms in the Young Men's Christian Association building, and can be en- tered from Elm or Pearl streets. There are 800 seats on floor and gallery. Asylums. — See Home for Aged Females ; Home for Aged Men ; Odd Fellows'' Home ; Children'' s Friend Society ; Temporary Home and Day A^tirsery ; Insane Asylums; Hos- pitals. Athletics. — More or less interest in Ath- AUB— BAK letics has been manifested in Worcester during the last fifty years, but a consecutive or minute history cannot be presented here. The old Mechanics Ball Club formed over thirty-five years ago, and which played the game of round ball, was maintained several years with a good degree of enthusiasm, which gives evi- dence that the young men of that time were alive to the enjoyment and healthfulness of the sport. The Quinsigamond Boat Club, contemporary in its first years with the above, has at different periods numbered prominent athletes among its members. The annual college regattas at Lake Quinsigamond ex- cited an interest in aquatic sports which has steadily increased, and the reader is referred to the article on Boat Clubs and Boating for further information in this particular. Many Worcester citizens of to-day can remember Aaron Molineaux, a man of very dark complexion, who came here in 1856, and established gymnasia on Orchard and Main streets. His wife also instructed a class of ladies. After two or three years he left Worcester to become instructor in gymnastics at Harvard College. T. W. Higginson took much interest in the subject of gymnastics, and influenced the formation of the Worcester Gymnastic Club, which bought out Molineaux, and took his rooms at the corner of Foster and Waldo streets. Many bank clerks and other young men were members of this club. Samuel H. Putnam, after the training received here, went to Oberlin College as instructor in gymnastics, leaving there after a few months, to enlist in the 25th Mass. Regt. The Germans from the first have given much attention to athletics. The Socialer Turn Verein was formed in 1859. Pedestrianism, Base Ball and Cycling have been given a large share of public notice. Several athletic associations have existed for longer or shorter periods, with greater or less measure of suc- cess. At present the prominent successor of these is the Worcester Athletic Club, which has gathered to itself a majority of the athletes and lovers of manly sports in this vicinity. The first formal meeting of this association was held April 30, 1890, and officers were elected May 21 of that year. It was incorporated March 11, 1891. Samuel E. Winslow is President, Frank E. Heywood, Secretary, and Frank R. Macullar, Treasurer. The grounds at Lake View, known as the Worcester Oval, are equal to any in the U. S. in arrangement and equipment, with one-fourth mile track and 120 yards straight-away. The grand stand has dressing rooms and lockers, and all the modern accommodations. There are Base Ball Grounds and Tennis Courts. The Worces- ter Club is second only to the B. A. Associa- tion in New England. The Y. M. C. A. gives some attention to athletics, and have quarters at the Lake for practice in the Summer season, as well as a room in their building on Elm street. Auburn. — This town was taken from the towns of Leicester, Oxford, Sutton and Worcester, and incorporated in 1778 under the name of Ward, in honor of Gen. Artemas Ward. The name was changed to Auburn in 1837. It lies about five miles from Worcester center, and can be reached by the Norwich railroad. Population in 1890, 1,532. Auctions and Auctioneers. — Auctions or vendues have been held in Worcester from the earliest time. The names of prominent auctioneers here are given below, with approxi- mate dates: Samuel Bridge, 1797; Thomas Stickney, Nathan Blackman, T. Farrar, 1800; William Eaton, 1 808-1 830; Reuben Wheeler, 1816; John Milton Earle, 1830; James Esta- brook, 1844; Thornton A. Merrick, 1845; T. W. & C. P. Bancroft, 1840-50; E. E. Ab- bott, 1852; Alex. Putnam, 1852; E. W.Vaill, 1854; W. W. Pratt, 1856; E. B. Lamson, 1856-65; Charles Hersey, 1858; A. E. Peck, 1857; Henry Glazier, 1865-1875. B. W^ Abbott, who came to Worcester in 1864, enjoyed a monopoly of real estate and other sales for several years. He died in 1886. Worcester's most successful auctioneer at the present time is Henry M. Clemence, whose office is on Pearl street. His first sale was in iVpril, 1875. Horace Kendall & Son, in Mechanics Hall Building, hold evening knd occasional sales of furniture and notions at their place of business. There are several other auction rooms in different parts of the city; Folsom & Slaney, 580 Main street, and Frank Tracy, 162 Main street, hold regular Saturday sales of new and second-hand furni- ture, etc. There are sales of horses, cattle, carriages, harnesses, etc., weekly, at the City Stock Yards, on Summer street, by O. A. Kelley, auctioneer, and at Washington square by F. W. Fiagg. Bakers. — There are 37 Bakers in Worces- ter. (1892). BAL— BAR 12 Balanced Rock. — About a mile and a half from the center of Shrewsbury, on the road to Boylston. It is a large boulder — an irregular cube of perhaps 25 by 15 feet, resting on one of its angles on the surface of a flat ledge, on the crest of the hill. It is very curious, and suggests an idea of the prodigious glacial forces which probably drifted it to its present position and dropped it gently and evenly balanced. Beneath it, upon the surface of the ledge, the stria: or glacial markings can be plainly seen, the over-hanging mass having sheltered them from the elements. Bancroft's Birthplace. — The house in which George Bancroft, the historian, was born, Oct. 3, 1800, is standing on Salisbury street, about half a mile from Lincoln square. It is occupied by Mr. John B. Pratt as a resi- dence. jSIr. Bancroft died in Washington, Jan. 17, 1891. Bancroft Endowment Fund. — The Aaron and lAicrctia Bancroft Scholarship was estab- lished in Worcester in 1886 by the gift of $io,0GO from the late Hon. George Bancroft, in memory of his parents, for the purpose of aiding deserving indigent students in obtaining a liberal education. The annual income is $400. The first beneficiary of this fund was George B. Churchill, who went from the High School to Amherst College. Bands, (Military). — There are four mili- tary bands in Worcester at the present time : The Worcester Brass, which was formed in 1868, with T. C. Richardson as leader. It is now conducted by L. D. Waters. The Bat- tery B, formerly the Cadet, and at first known as the French Band, under the leadership of E. 'D. Ingraham. Both the above enjoy a well-merited reputation from the; range and excellence of their playing. The City Band, formerly the Father Mathew, is now conducted by J. H. Martel. The Brigade Band, com- posed almost entirely of Swedes, is an organi- zation of comparatively late origin. There are two or three other recently-formed organiza- tions that furnish military music. Johnson's Drum Corps has more than a local reputation. See under Music. Banks. — There are seven National Banks in Worcester, namely, the IJ^orcester, on Fos- ter street, incorporated March 7, 1804. This bank has had during the eighty-eight years of its existence but four presidents, and only two names signed to its notes as presidents — Daniel Waldo, senior, who was for a short time the first president, and w^as succeeded by his son, Daniel W^aldo, junior, who served until his death in 1845. Stephen Salisbury was then elected, and continued until his death in 1884, when the office passed to its present incumbent of the same name. This bank was organized as a National Bank, May 9, 1864. The Cc'w/rrt'/ Bank, 452 Main street, was incorporated in 1829, and became a National Bank May 18, 1864. The Quinsiga- mond, 318 Main street, incorporated in 1829, was re-organized in 1865. The Citizens, 425 Main street, incorporated 1836, re-organized in 1865. The Mechanics, 311 Main street, (Central Exchange), incorporated 1848; re- organized 1865. The City, 406 Main street, incorporated 1854; re-organized 1864. The First A'ational, 410 Main street, organized in 1863. The Security opened for business July 20, 1875, with a capital of $100,000, and ceased to exist in 1878. It was located at the north corner of Main and Pleasant streets. There are four Savings Banks : The Worces- ter County Institution for Savings, 13 Foster street, incorporated 1828; The Afechanics Savings Bank, (Central Exchange), incorpo- rated 1 851; The Five Cents Savitigs Bank, 320 Main street, incorporated 1854; and the Peoples, 452 Main street, incorporated 1864. See Co-operative Banks ; Safe Deposit Com- panies. Baptist Churches. — There are ten Baptist churches in Worcester, namely, the First, in Salem square, founded in 181 2; the Pleasant street, founded 1841; Main street, 1853; Dewey street, on Park avenue, 1872; Swedish, Normal street, 1880; Lincoln square. Highland street, 1881; Mount Olive, John street, 1885 ; South, corner Main and Gates streets, 1886; Adams Square, 190 Lincoln street, 1889; and the French, 170 Beacon street, 1890. There are three missions, the Jamesville, organized 1884; Quinsigamond, at Quinsigamond vil- lage, 1885: and the Greendale, West Boylston street, 1884. The Free Baptist church, formed in 1881, is on Wellington street, and the edifice w'as completed the present year (1892). Bar Association, (Worcester County). — An organization of lawyers in the county, formed for social purposes mainly at present. Col. W. S. B. Hopkins is the president. 13 BAR— BEL Barbers. — There are 88 barbers in Worces- ter. There is a Ba7-bers^ Union, which meets the second Monday of each month. Barber's Crossing. — A station on the Boston & Maine and Fitchburg R. R's, north of Lincohi square. There is a postofifice here. Barnardville. — A village at New Worces- ter near Hope Cemetery. A settlement was begun here some 25 years ago by William C. Barnard. Base Ball. — Base ball has always been a favorite pastime in Worcester. Previous to 1865 the game was commonly called "round ball," and the old Common was the play- ground for everybody who wished to partici- pate, three or four games going on at the same time on holidays. For several years previous to i860 the only organized club in the city was the " Mechanics." They played a strong game but were no match for the Uptons or Medways, who reduced the game to a science and far excelled all rivals. After the war, the present game of base ball, first played in New York, was introduced into New Eng- land, but did not become popular for several years. The first professional team in the city was the Irvings, who flourished in 1877-8. The following year the game was loudly boomed, and the " Worcesters " were or- ganized to represent the city in what was called the International Association. In 1880-81-82 the Worcesters were in the National League, and base ball prospered as never before or since. While in the League, a fifty cent tariff was tharged for admissions to the game. The city was not large enough, however, to support a League team, and at the close of the season of 1882 the Worcesters ceased to exist. An attempt was made to re- vive interest in the game in 1884, and a pro- fessional team was organized, but after com- pleting half the season the team was disbanded. Base ball then remained practically at rest until 1888, when a team was organized to rep- resent the city in the New England Base Ball Association. The season w^as fairly successful, but the team was disbanded after two or three years. Previous to 1888 all the professional games were played at the Fair Grounds. At the opening of the season of 1888, new grounds were inclosed on Grove street and a modern grand-stand erected for the accommodation of the patrons. The new grounds were leased of Stephen Salisbury, Esq., by the street railroad company. Battle Flags, — The original flags carried by the Worcester Regiments — the 15th, 21st, 25th, 34th, 36th, 51st and 57th — in the War of the Rebellion, are preserved in a case in the Aldermen's chamber in the City Hall. The flag carried by Sergeant Plunkett, who lost both arms at Fredericksburg, can also be seen here. Some of these flags are reduced to shreds, and were borne in the fiercest battles of the war. On rare occasions they appear in parades of the organizations to which they iDelong. Bay State Bicycle Club.— Was formed Feb. 5th, 1887. Meets every Wednesday evening at their rooms, 35 Pearl street. See Cyclini[. Bay State House. — The principal hotel in the City, at corner of Main and Exchange streets. It was erected by a corporation, and opened to the public February 8, 1856. The building cost originally $100,000, and $38,000 was paid for the land. The present proprietor, F. P. Douglass, has recently refitted the estab- lishment, and it has now all the appointments of a first-class hotel. This location has been a tavern-site from early times. See Hotels. Bay State Poultry Association. — Was organized in 1888, and incorporated in 1889. Holds quarterly meetings. Beaver Brook. — This stream rises in Holden, and flows generally south to New Worcester, where it joins Tatnuck brook, to which it is a tributary. Bell or Bladder Pond. — Belmont street. It was from this pond that the first water sup- ply for the town was drawn by aqueduct in 1845. The pipes were laid to a reservoir (recently demolished) 107 rods distant, and iron pipes conveyed the water through Pros- pect, Thomas, Main, Park, Salem, Mechanic, Pleasant and Elm streets. The Pond is still a part of the system of water works. Its name was given on account of its resembling a bell in outline. See' Aqueduct Company and Wate?' Works. Belmont Church. — The twelfth Orthodox Congregational Society in Worcester, formed in 1889. The edifice is at 50 Belmont street. BEN— BLO 14 Benefit Associations. — See under Co- operation. Benignus Conventus, (Worcester). — Branch No. i was organized in 1888. Bethany Church. — Leicester street. The fourteenth Orthodox Congregational Society in Worcester, formed in 1891. Bibles Printed in Worcester. — Four edi- tions of the Bible were printed by Isaiah Thomas: A Folio (the first in America) with 50 copper plates; and a. Royal Quarto, with and without a concordance, both issued in 1 791 . An Octavo, with and without the Apoc- rypha, published in 1793. A Demy i2mo. in 1797. The types of the latter were kept standing, and subsequent impressions were made. Isaiah Thomas, Jr., printed a Greek Testament in Worcester in 1802; and the first American edition of the Koran in 1806. An edition of Confucius was printed by Tyler & Seagrave, at the old Spy office in 1866, and published by Zephaniah Baker, the first city librarian. Bible Society. — The Worcester County Bible Society was formed Sept. 7, 1815. It has a nominal existence at the present time, but appears not to be active. Bicycling. — See Cycling. Bigelow's Garden — On Norwich street, between Foster and Mechanic streets. A place of popular amusement much frequented during the past few years, but whose glory has now departed. The Garden contains the building known as the "Rink," which was erected about twelve years ago for roller skat- ing. The property soon passed into the hands of Horace H. Bigelow, who inclosed the Garden and beautified it, introducing music and novel- ties to attract the crowd. Public and religious meetings and political conventions, as well as fairs, exhibitions, theatricals, walking matches, and other athletic contests, etc., have been held in the building. On the site of the Gar- den stood the old Worcester Railroad Station or Foster Street Depot, which was removed in 1877. This land was to have been the location of the monster Electric or Commercial Build- ing, for which plans were made for Mr. Bigelow. ^ Bigelow Monument.— On the Common. This beautiful monument of Italian marble was erected to mark the last resting place of the distinguished Revolutionary patriot, Col. Timothy Bigelow, and was presented to the City by his great-grandson, Timothy Bigelow Lawrence.' It was publicly dedicated April 19, 1861. Billiards. — There are 13 public billiard halls in Worcester. (1892 ) Bimleck Hill. — The elevation back or south of Oak Hill, was known by this name in ancient times, and frequent reference is made to it in the old records. Blackstone River and Canal. — The nat- ural course of the Blackstone River, which rises in Paxton, and flows south into Narragan- sett Bay, was made available in the" construc- tion of the Canal from Worcester to Provi- dence. The project of a canal between these points was proposed before 1800, but the mat- ter was allowed to rest for a quarter of a century. About 1820 the plan was renewed, and after some agitation a company was formed, and chartered in 1823 by the legisla- tures of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Excavation for the work was begun in Provi- dence in 1824, and the canal completed in 1828, the first boat arriving in Worcester Octo- ber 6th. The cost was $700,000. The canal was a losing concern, though it contributed materially to the prosperity of the region through which it passed. It ceased to be used soon after the opening of the Providence & Worcester railroad in 1847. The last toll was collected November 9, 1848, and the affairs of the company were finally settled in 1853. The Blackstone River proper begins at Quinsigamond Village, where Mill Brook and Middle River unite to form the larger stream. Blacksmiths. — There are 47 blacksmiths in Worcester, not counting journeymen. Blocks and Buildings. — The following are known by name in Worcester : American House Block, corner Main and Foster streets. Bank Block, Foster street. Bangs Block, Main street, opposite Court hill. Brinley Block, Main street, corner Maple. Burnside Building, 339 Main street. Butman Block, Main street, between Pearl and Elm streets. Central Exchange, 311 Main street. 15 Bi/)_BOA Chadwick Building, 236 Main street. Chapin Block, Pearl street. Chase Building, 44 Front street. Clark Block, 492 Main street. Clark Block, corner Front and Church rstreets. Crompton Block, Mechanic street. Cummings Building, 59 Main street. Dean Building, Lincoln square. Dodge Block, Park street. First National Bank Building, 410 Main tstreet. Five Cents Savings Bank Building, 320 Main street. Flagg's Block, 288 Main street. Flatiron Building, (Scott's Block,) Frank- lin square. Foster Building, Foster street. Franklin Building, Franklin square. Harding Block, corner Front and Trumbull streets. Harrington Block, 173 Main street. Harrington Block, at Harrington corner. Knowles Building, corner Main and Chatham •streets. Lincoln House Block, from Elm to Maple streets, on Main street. Paine Block, corner Main and Walnut streets. Parker Block, 113 Main street. People's Savings Bank Building, 452 Main :Street. Piper's Block, 419 Main street. Rice's Block, Franklin square. Rogers* Block, 424-426 Main street. Salisbury Building, Lincoln square. Sargent Block, corner Main and South- "bridge streets. Scott's Block, (Flatiron Building,) Frank- lin square. Stevens' Block, Southbridge street. Stockwell's Block, Mechanic street. Taylor's Building, 476 Main street. Waldo Block, 271 Main street. Walker Building, 405 Main street. Warren Block, Pearl street. See Apa7'ttnent Houses. Bloomingdale. — A station on the Worces- ter & Shrewsbury railroad at Plantation street. Board of Health.— Established in 1877. It is composed of three members, of whom the City Physician is ex -officio one. The Board also employs a General Inspector and an Inspector of Plumbing. The regulation of all matters that affect the public health, or are connected with the sanitary condition of the City, are properly within the care of the Board — Drainage, disposal of offal, contagious dis- eases, etc.; also the inspection of milk and articles of food. The Board also issues burial permits. The members are appointed bi- ennially by the Mayor and Aldermen. The office of the Board is in the basement of the City Hall building. Board of Trade. — See Worcester Board of Trade. Boat Clubs and Boating. — In 1858 James F. Allen, Chas. M. Bent, E. D. Coggswell, H. A. Marsh and Nathaniel Paine formed a boat club, which was first called the " Wide- Awake." They practiced rowing on Salis- bury's pond, and employed an experienced trainer; afterwards the club removed to Curtis pond, at New Worcester, and August 2, 1859, to Lake Quinsigamond. The name was changed to " Atalanta " in April, 1859. Na- thaniel Paine was the first president. At the Lake a boat-house was built on the west side, and was occupied in common with a new club formed in 1859, under the name of the " Phantom." This, by change of name, became tlie present Quinsigamond Boat Club. The original members were J. G. Heywood, W. E. Hacker, H. H. Chamberlin, T. R. Green, J. P. Hamilton, Edward Hamilton and Edward Brown. It absorbed the Atalanta Club, though the latter still has a nominal existence. The Quinsigamond occupied a club and boat house north of the causeway for several years, and then erected the present attractive building some distance south of the causeway off Lake avenue. The Quinsiga- mond maintains the characteristics of a social club, and is exclusive in its membership. It takes no part, as a club, in rowing contests and regattas. In another way, however, its influence has been felt in rowing circles. In i860 a young ladies' boat club was formed, under the direction of Thomas Went- worth Higginson. The Lake became a popu- lar resort for boating. College regattas were annually held here from 1859 to 1870; and many amateurs and professionals have from time to time availed themselves of its superior advantages. The opening of the Shrewsbury railroad in 1873 largely increased the number of visitors to the Lake, and gave a great r.oo— BOO i6 impetus to aquatic sports there, and interest has increased from year to year, until Worces- ter has become a rowing center. The efforts of certain active local organizations have large- ly contributed to this result. Of the three boat clubs which have been most prominent in advancing the rowing interest, the Lakeside is the foremost. It was organized Feb. 14, 1887, with a membership of 20, which has largely increased. The club is composed of young men, mostly employed in the banks and offices in the city. They occupy a fine build- ing, erected near the Quinsigamond's, at a cost of $3,000 ; and rooms in the city are occupied during the winter. Spring and fall regattas are held. The club was incorporated in 1887. The IVachiisett Boat Club was organized in the early part of 1888, and at once took a prominent part at the Lake. The regatta of the New England Amateur Rowing Association was held under its auspices. The IVor ( ester was organized in July, 1888. Its four-oared crew won the championship of the Lake, and Bigelow's championship banner, in a contest with the Woodcock crew. The Washington Social Club has a large club-house on the Shrewsbury shore, and pos- sesses a private fleet of boats. Books about Worcester. — Peter Whit- ney's Histcfv of IVoi'cester County is the earliest and one of the most reliable books which has reference to Worcester. William Lincoln's History was published in 1837, and extended by Charles Hersey in 1861. Albert A. Lovell's " Worcester in the Revolution " is a valuable record of that period ; and Caleb A. Wall's Reiuiniscences'^ contains much miscellaneous matter of interest. Rev. A. P. Marvin's " Worcester in the War of the Re- bellion " gives a good account of the men, martyrs and deeds of the fight for the Union so far as Worcester's part is concerned, " The Worcester Book,'" by F. P. Rice, was pub- lished in 1884 — a manual of dates and note- worthy events. " Worcester: Its Past and Present,'''' published by O. B. Wood, is an elaborate and profusely illustrated book. Rev. Dr. Smalley's " Worcester Pulpit''' is a valu- able work for ecclesiastical history. Worcester Churches, by Charles E. Stevens, is a recent contribution. Besides these works of general history, there have been published many books and pamphlets on different occasions, and re- lating to special subjects, societies and events,, too numerous to be mentioned here. A large history of Worcester County was published about twelve years ago, and another has since appeared. Mr. Nathaniel Paine published in 1884 a Bibliography of books about Worces- ter, which appeared in connection with the Account of the Bi-Centennial celebration of the naming of the town. Book Clubs. — Possibly the Associate-Cir- culating Library Company, in being in 1793 (^see Libraries^, was of a character similar to- modern book clubs- The Worcester Book Club, formed in 1839, is the oldest in the city, and the Review Club, formed in 1847, comes- next. The Worcester Reading Club, the Book Club No. 4, and the Waverley Club, with those first named, are the most important, and' there are many others. Book-stores. — The oldest book-store in; Worcester is that of the Sanford-Sawtelle Co., in the Lincoln House Block, at the cor- ner of Main and Maple streets. This estab- lishment was founded in March, 1835, by H. H. Holton, and he sold to M. D. Phillips & Co. in September of that year. In 1845 Ed- ward Livermore succeeded, and he was fol- lowed by Zephaniah Baker & Co. in 1854. In. 1857 Rev. William H. Sanford, who had recently retired from the ministry at Boylston, purchased the store, and the business still re- mains in the hands of his family. A fine stock of books is kept here. The house of Putnam, Davis & Co., at 389 Main street, was estab- lished by Jonathan Grout nearly fifty years- ago, and has long been a popular resort of the book lovers of the town. Richard O'Flynn, 244 Front street, and Henry M. Clemence, on Pearl street, deal in second-hand and anti- quarian books. Book Publishers. — Isaiah Thomas was- the most enterprising publisher of his time on this continent. Besides several editions of the Bible (see Bibles) he published most of the school text-books then used, dictionaries and lexicons, medical and law books, and many standard works in history and general litera- ture. He was succeeded by his son, Isaiah Thomas, Jr., who, during the early years of this century, continued his father's business with declining success. The following of their publications deserve special mention: Perry's Dictionary (the first dictionary published in 17 BOO— HKI America); Cullen's Medical Works, in several volumes; Blackstone's Commentaries; Whit- ney's History of Worcester County; Josephus, in six volumes (1794); Plutarch's Lives, in six volumes (1802); The Koran, in 1806; a Greek Lexicon, in 1808; and Thomas's His- tory of Printing. George A. Trumbull, who succeeded the younger Thomas, published a few unimportant books, and his successor. Clarendon Harris, in 1829 issued the first Worcester Directory, with a map of the village in copper-plate, and also pubHshed other books. Dorr & Howland were in business here for several years from 1 82 1, as publishers and booksellers, and S. A. Howland published in 1839 Barber's Histor- ical Collections. Henry J. Howland is well known as the publisher for many years of the Worcester Directory, now the property of Drew, Allis & Co. Mr. Howland also pub- lished other books. Other parties have occa- sionally issued publications, but for many years the business of "book-making" for the gen- eral public has been virtually dead. During the last fifteen years many historical, genea- logical and privately printed books and pam- phlets have issued from the private press of Franklin P. Rice, the list numbering more than seventy. Boot and Shoe Stores. — There are 25 retail boot and shoe stores in Worcester. Boulevard, (The). — A projected pleasure drive, ultimately to encircle the city, of which only a portion, in two sections, is completed, represented by Lake avenue, along the shore of Lake Quinsigamond, and Park avenue on the west side. It was decreed in 1873, and the order authorizing it to cross Elm Park was vetoed by Mayor Jillson in December, this being the first exercise of the veto power by a mayor in Worcester. The order was, how ever, passed over the veto, and the road was built over a portion of the Park. At times the horse-racing fraternity take possession of the drive, to the obvious exclu- sion of those who regard life and limb; and efforts to confine the road to its legitimate use have been strenuously resisted by the votaries of the turf. Boylston. — A town seven miles northeast of Worcester, not accessible by railroad. It was originally a part of Shrewsbury, and was incorporated as a separate township in 1786. Population in 1885, 834; in 1890, 770. Boys' Club.— A Boys' Club for "street boys," established in Worcester in 1889. The rooms are in the building at the head of Bar- ton place, and were opened September 21, 1889. These rooms are supplied with books, games and other attractions, and are open evenings during the colder months of the year from 7 to 9. They are in charge of a superin- tendent, who devotes his time during the day to visiting among the boys, becoming ac- quainted with them, learning their surround- ings, attending the police court and judicious- ly helping any, as far as possible, whom he may find there, and in other ways keeping a general and friendly oversight of the boys who are most likely, if left to themselves, to grow up to lives of evil, and prove an expense as well as a menace to our city and state. The work is similar to that which has been tried with good success in other cities, and which the People's Club, some twenty years ago, undertook in the "evenings with the news- boys," and carried on for some time. It has been found that large numbers of boys from eight to seventeen years of age will gladly take advantage of the opportunity of having a place to spend their evenings. The work here is under the direction of a local committee connected with the State com- mittee of the "Work for Boys," of which Rev. Edward Everett Hale of Boston, T. E. Pierson of Pittsfield, William H. Haile of Springfield and A. C. Buck of Worcester were the originators. C. L. Burges is the local superintendent. Liberal subscriptions have been made by prominent citizens to sustain the work. Brand Mark. — The ancient Brand Mark of Worcester, designated by the General Court in 1684, by which the cattle, etc., belonging to the place were to be distinguished, was rep- resented thus : Brigade Club. — A social organization at first, composed of officers of the old Third Brigade and others. The club was formed in December, 1879. Rooms were occupied in the Odd Fellows' building on Pleasant street for several years, and recently the club re- moved to Clark's Block. The membership is limited to <-hirty. BRI— CAR i8 British Americans. — The census of 1885 gave 2120 as the number of British born resi- dents of Worcester, but there are probably more than 5,000 of English blood in the city at the present time. The British-American Society, Branch No. 36, was organized here in January, 1888, as the result of a meeting held in Horticultural Hall, at which a number of gentlemen from the British-American So- ciety of Boston attended. Organizations of British-Americans in nearly all the states in the Union followed the ill-advised opposition of certain Boston politicians to the use of Faneuil Hall by the Englishmen at the time of Queen Victoria's Jubilee in June, 1887. The British-American element is now an im- portant factor in politics. Although the pres- ent strong organization originated in Boston, Worcester was the first to form a British- American Society, which was organized Octo- ber 5, 1883. The inception of the idea be- longs to Joseph Turner, who was the first president. The society met regularly for sev- eral years. The Order of the Sons of St. George was founded in Pennsylvania about 1870. Prince Consort Lodge, A'o. 2g, was organized in Worcester in 1872, and Worces- ter Lodge, A^o. 16^, organized 1 890. These are mutual benefit societies. The Daughters of St. George is a similar society for ladies. Princess Alice Lodge, iVo. i, was organized here in 1882. All of the above associations hold meetings at St. George's Hall. Builders' Exchange. — Organized in May, 1886, as the Mechanics' Exchange. The pres- ent name was adopted in 1889, when the by- laws were changed. Any citizen being a me- chanic or trader, or whose avocation is con- nected with the building trades or industries of the country, may become a member of the Exchange, but the membership is limited to 250. There is an arbitration committee ap- pointed by the Board of Trustees from their own body for the settlement of disputes. El- lery B. Crane was the first president, and was succeeded by H. W. Eddy, C. D. Morse and O. S. Kendall. George Bouchard is secretary and F. H. Goddard treasurer. The rooms of the Exchange are in the Knowles building, corner of Main and Chatham streets. The Exchange hour is 11.45 a. m. Building Laborers' International Union meets Tuesday evenings at 476 Main street. Building Trades Council was organized in 1889. Burial Places.— See Cemeteries. Burncoat Plain. — A level tract two miles north of the City Hall, through which Burn- coat street runs. The origin of the name is not definitely known. In the old records it is' sometimes spelled Biirntcoat. Calliope. — The steam Calhope was invented in Worcester by J. C. Stoddard in 1856. It is an adaptation of the steam whistle to the musical scale. Mounted on railroad trains it was used with great applause in the Fremont campaign, and has since been popular on river steamboats, discoursing music that can be heard for miles. Camera Club, (The Worcester). — An association of amateur photographers formed in 1885 for mutual improvement. The officers were: President, Dr. George E. Francis; Secretary, Paul Morgan; Treasurer, G. H. Corbett. Canal. — See Blackstone Canal. Canal Basin. — The Holman Machine Shop occupies the site of the mam or upper basin of the old Blackstone Canal, between Thomas and Central streets, just east of Union street. In 1828 there were few buildings between Main and Summer streets, in the long stretch of meadows between Front street and Lin- coln square. Several storehouses and stores were located around the basin, kept by Gen. Nathan Heard, the Earles, George M. Rice, S. R. Jackson and others. "Carl's Tour in Main Street." — A series of sketches or reminiscences of old Worcester, published in the Worcester Palladium in 1855, and twice reprinted in that paper. The "Tour" was the joint production of Hon. J. S. C. Knowlton and Clarendon W^heelock. The statements are not always in strict accord- ance with historical accuracy, and dates are lacking, but the descriptions of old-time men, localities and events are deeply interesting. Sanford & Davis published in 1889 an edi- tion of "Carl's Tour" in a neat i2mo. vol- ume of 246 pages, which was indifferently ed- ited by the compiler of this Dictionary. Carpet Manufactories. — In 1804 Peter and Ebenezer Stowell commenced the weav- ing of carpets here, and at one time had six 19 CAR— CEM looms of their own construction in operation. They made the first carpets used in the State House in Boston. There are at the present time two carpet manufactories in the city which make Wiltons and Brussels. The late George Crompton established the latter manufacture in 1870, when the Crompton Carpet Com- pany was organized. W. J. Hogg, Sr., suc- ceeded this company in 1879, and was in turn succeeded by his son of the same name, the present proprietor. In 1879 Mr. M. J. Whit- tall began the manufacture of Wiltons and Brussels, which he still carries on extensively. Both mills are at South Worcester. Carriages, (Public). — John Crosby drove the first passenger carriage in Worcester in 1842. Fare from the depot to any part of the village 17 cents. See Hack Fares. Cascade. — A small waterfall near Tatnuck, on the road to Holden (sometimes called the Silver Cascade). The stream at some sea- sons does not flow in sufficient quantity to supply the cascade in volume, but in the Spring or after rainfall it can be seen at its best. Caterers. — Probably the first Worcester ca- terer was Alexander G. Vottier, a Frenchman, who came here in 1820. Augustus Marrs was well known in this line for thirty years from 1849. He had a restaurant in Waldo Block. C. Rebboli, on Pleasant street, and L. J. Zahonyi, 348 Main street, are the best known caterers at the present time. Catholic Churches. — There are nine Rom- an Catholic churches in Worcester. The names and dates of formation are given below : St. John's, Temple street, 1846. St. Anne's, Eastern avenue, 1855. St. PauVs, Chatham street, 1869. Xotre Dame des Canadiens, Park street, 1869. (French.) This church edifice was built by the Methodists (see Trinity Church'), and sold by them to the Catholics in 1871, The building has been made over and its ap- pearance entirely changed. Church of the Inimactilate Conception, Pres- cott street, 1874. Church of the Sacred Heart, Cambridge street, 1880. St. Peter's Chnrch, 935 Main street, 1884. St. Stephen's Church, Grafton street, 1887. St. Joseph's Church, Wall street, 1 89 1. (French.) St. Anne's Mission, Grand street, was or- ganized in 1886. Some of the above are noticed by their titles in the Dictionary. Catholic School and Home Magazine, (The). — A monthly publication, edited by Rev. T. J. Conaty. The first number ap- peared in March, 1892. Catholic Young Men's Lyceum. — Founded in 1885. Meets alternate Tuesday evenings at the Church of the Sacred Heart on Cambridge street. Causeway, (The). -The road built through Lake Quinsigamond to take the place of the old floating bridge. It was completed June 27, 1862, at a cost of $25,997. See Floating Bridge. Cemeteries. — The first burying place in Worcester was on the site of the school house at the corner of Thomas and Summer streets. A portion of the Common was for a century used as a burying ground, till interments there were forbidden in 1824. In 1853 many of the bodies were removed, and the grave- stones of those remaining turned down and sunk below the surface. In 1795, a ground was opened in Mechanic street, and this was used for about fifty years. The bodies were all removed in 1878. The Pine street ground, upon a part of which the Union Station and railroad improvements encroached, was opened in 1828, and used for some thirty years. Most of the bodies here have been removed. A Catholic burial place near Tatnuck, first used in 1835, is still enclosed, but no interments are made there. Rural Cemetery, Grove street, the original tract (nine acres) for which was given by Hon. Daniel Waldo, was consecrated Sept. 8, 1838. It now comprises 40 acres. It is con- trolled by a private corporation. Cars from Main street pass the gate. Hope Cemetery, at New Worcester, is owned by the City, and was consecrated May 22, 1852. . It originally comprised fifty acres, pur- chased in 1851 for $1,855. Additions have increased it to 89 acres. Street cars go to Webster square, a short walk from the gate. Other cemeteries'- now used are St. Anne's (Catholic), Shrewsbury street; St. Johns (Catholic), South Worcester, opened in 1847 (cars through Southbridge street); the S7ued- CEX— CHR 20 ish, Webster street, (near Hope cemetery), incorporated 1885; and the Xotre Dame des Canadiens (French Catholic), Webster street, 1885. Central Church. — At the corner of Grove street and Institute road. This fine edifice, the second owned by the Society, was first occu- pied in 1885. The land cost $20,000, the building $90,000, and the parsonage $12,000. The first Central Church building is still stand- ing on its original location in Main street, a few rods north of George street, and is now used for business purposes. It was erected by Hon. Daniel Waldo in 1823, and presented by him to the society. The Central Society was formed in 1820, and the present pastor. Rev. Daniel Merriman, D. D., was installed in 1878. It is the third Congregational, and the second Orthodox society in the city. Central Exchange. — The building from 307 to 315 Main street, erected in 1844 on the site of a former building of the same name. The Mechanics Banks are located here; and from 1844 to 1867 a portion of the main floor was occupied by the Post Office. Central Labor Union was organized in 1888, and meets Wednesday evenings at 476 Main street. Central Massachusetts Poultry Club (The) — was formed in 1882. Central Park. — See Conniion. Chadwick Square. — At the junction of Grove arid West Boylston streets. The street railway through Grove street terminates here. Chamberlain District Farmers' Club. — Organized in 1873 for mutual improvement in the science of farming. Meetings are held at the residences of members. Chandler Hill. — The eminence to the south of Belmont street, sometimes called Reservoir Hill. The highest point is 721 feet above tidewater, and a view of the city and several adjacent towns may be had from the summit, which will well repay the effort of a few min- utes' walk from Lincoln square. The City has recently acquired this hill for a public park at a cost of $45,000. The tract pur- chased comprises about thirty-sevxn acres, and forms with East Park a public ground reach- ing from Shrewsbury street to Belmont street. Charitable Institutions. — See the differ- ent titles in the Dictionary: Associated Charities; Children's Friend Society: Dis- pensaries; Employjnent Society ; Good Sam- aritaii Society; Home for Aged Females: Hospitals ; Home for Aged Men ; Poor Department ; Temporary Home and Day Nursery, etc. There are charitable societies connected with many of the religious and other organizations. Chatauqua Literary and Scientific Cir- cle. — There are three organizations in Wor- cester: Bryant Circle, Longfelloio Circle, and IVide A7.'ake Circle. Cherry Valley. — A manufacturing village in Leicester two miles from Webster square. Children's Friend Society, (Worcester) — Formed in 1848 to "rescue from evil and misery such children as are deprived of their natural parents, and provide them a home until new homes are found for them in suitable fam- ilies." An estate given to the society by John W. Lincoln, located in Shrewsbury street, was occupied several years, until the removal to the present quarters at the corner of Main and Benefit streets in 1867. The Home is in charge of a board of managers composed of prominent ladies, with an advisory board of gentlemen. Chinese. — By the census of 1890 there were 27 Chinamen in Worcester. Chimes. — A chime of ten bells was pre- sented to Plymouth church in 1880 by E. A. Goodnow, who has been a liberal benefactor to the church. The bells cost $5,500. They are sounded on Sundays, before the Wednes- day evening meetings and occasionally on public holidays. Choral Union, (The Worcester).— The Mozart Society, formed in 1850, and the Beethoven Society, organized in 1864, united in 1866 to form the Mozart and Beethoven Choral Union, which was incorporated in 1872 under the name of the Worcester Choral Union. It is auxiliary to the W^orcester County Musical Association. See under Music. Christadelphian Church. — The Society worships at 566 Main street. The Worcester Ecclesia of Christadelphians was established in 1867, and meets at 339 Main street. Christian Alliance. — Organized in 1891, and meets at 492 Main street. 21 CHR— CIT Christian Crusaders. — Headquarters 476 Main street. See Salvation Army. Christian Endeavor, or the Y. P. S. C. E., was founded Feb. 2, 1881, by Rev. Fran- cis E, Clark, pastor at that time of the WilHs- ton Church of Portland, for the purpose of training young people for and into church work. The movement has had a marvelous growth and has spread over the entire world. 1881, less than 50 members and i society. 1892, between i and 2 million members and 18,500 societies. It is unsectarian and has all denominations enrolled. Its annual convention is the largest meeting of the kind known to have been held in the world, having from 15,000 to 20,000 registered delegates. Its purpose is well de- scribed by its motto, "For Christ and the Church." Each society is independent of the national body which levies no taxes, nor interferes in any manner with the individual society work. The first society formed in Worcester was in the fall of 1884 at the Old South Church. Soon after societies were formed in the differ- ent churches until a Union Society was found necessary and organized in the fall of 1887, Rev. W.V.W. Davis, President. At the present time the Union enrolls 32 societies and about 2,000 members, and has extended its jurisdic- tion to some of the adjacent towns. The present officers of the Union are : President, George C. Whitney; Corresponding Secretary, Charles D. Nye; Secretary, Mrs. F. H. Samp- son; Treasurer, H. H. Roach. The largest society in Worcester is the Piedmont Society, having 146 members. Church of the Immaculate Conception. — The fifth Roman Catholic church in Wor- cester, founded in 1873. The edifice is located on Prescott street. Rev. Robert Walsh has been the pastor from the beginning. Church of the Sacred Heart.— The sixth Roman Catholic Church in Worcester, founded in 1880. Rev. Thomas J. Conaty, D. D., a clergyman of more than local celebrity, is the pastor. The building is at 340 Cambridge street, and the establishment cost $80,000. Churches. — There are 71 church organiza- tions in Worcester; and 59 church edifices. See under the different denominations. Circuit, (The). — The drive-way along the margin of Lake Park on the south, west and north. The road on the three sides of the park is about one mile in length. Cigar Makers' Union, No. 92, was or- ganized in 1882. Citadel. — The plan of the Committee to secure the re-settlement of W^orcester, in 1684, embraced a citadel or stockade to which the inhabitants might retreat in case of Indian attacks. It was laid out half a mile square on Mill brook, the southern boundary coming a little below and including Lincoln square. Within the enclosure the house lots of the early settlers were laid out. City Clerk.— The City Clerk has the cus- tody of all the general records of the City; issues licenses for most purposes, including marriage licenses; records mortgages of per- sonal property and assignment of wages; registers births, marriages and deaths. He is ex-officio Clerk of the Board of Aldermen, a registrar of voters and keeper of the City Seal. There have been but three City Clerks since W^orcester abandoned town government in 1848: Charles A. Hamilton to 1855; Samuel Smith to 1877; and the present incumbent, Enoch H. Towne. City Farm. — See under Poor Department. City Government. — The Government of the City is vested in the Mayor, eight Alder- men, one from each ward; and a Common Council of twenty-four, or three from each ward. The Mayor holds office for one year, and the Aldermen and Councilmen for two years. City Guards, (Worcester). — Company A, Second Regiment, M. V. M. This com- pany was organized in 1840 as the Harrison Guards. It was attached to the Third Battal- ion of Rifles, and was in the first three months' service in the Rebellion, under Capt. A. B. R. Sprague. City Hall. — An unpretentious structure of brick at the corner of Main and Front streets, in which are located most of the local public offices, the rooms of the Mayor and Aldermen, and the Common Council. This building, now entirely inadequate for the purposes to which it is applied, was in its original propor tions, erected in 1825, and known then and until 1848, when Worcester became a city, as 3 cn—cu) 22 the Town Hall. It has been enlarged and several times remodeled. The police station was for many years in the basement, and the District Court occupied part of the building until the removal of both to the Armory build- ing on Waldo street. City Hospital. — See Hospital. City Missionary Society. — Formed Oct. i6, and incorporated Dec. lo, 1883, its object being to promote religion and morality in Worcester by the employment of missionaries. Rev. Albert Bryant was for several years City Missionary. This society had no connection with the one formed about 1850. Rev. Mr. Fox was the first City Missionary, and was succeeded by Deacon Moses Brigham. Rev. W\ T. Sleeper followed in 1854 and continued till 1857 when Rev. Samuel Souther assumed the charge and also continued three years. The Ministry at Large was instituted April 15, 1849, with Warren Burton as Minister at Large, and he was succeeded by Francis Le- Baron. Ichabod Washburn built the Mission Chapel on Summer street in 1854, in aid of mission work. City Treasurer. — The City Treasurer is collector of taxes, receives and disburses the public money, and has the custody of the same. Office in the City Hall. John Boyden was the first City Treasurer from 1848 to 1850. George W. Wheeler served from 1850 to 1872, and was succeeded by W'illiam S. Barton, at present in office. Civil Engineers. — The JVorcester Coiinty Society of EugincerF is an association com- posed mostly of civil engineers, but to w^hich mechanical engineers are admitted. Hon. Phinehas Ball is President, and Arthur J. Marble, Secretary. Civil Service. — The Board of Examiners for Worcester consists of three members, who are appointed by the Civil Service Commis- sioners of the state. Clark University. — Founded in 1887 by Jonas G. Clark, who has endowed the institu- tion with $1,500,000. Two substantial build- ings have been erected on Main street, opposite University park. The main building is devoted entirely to lecture rooms and offices of the faculty. The chemical laboratory is one of the most complete in the country, and contains about fifty rooms fitted up with the most modern chemical apparatus. The foun- dations of another large building, to be erect- ed between the main building and the chemical laboratory, are laid. Jonas G. Clark is Presi- dent of the corporation; Frank P. Goulding is Secretary; Stephen Salisbury Treasurer; G. Stanley Hall is President of the University. The full Board of Trustees consists of Jonas G. Clark, Stephen Salisbury, George F. Hoar, William W. Rice, John D. Washburn, Frank P. Goulding, George Swan, Edward Cowles, Thomas H. Gage. The purpose of the University is to aftbrd means and opportunity for the highest educa- tion and original research. Unlike any other American University it has no distinctively undergraduate departments. It will aim to increase the sum of human knowledge, and transmit the highest culture of one generation to the ablest youth of the next. The Univer- sity opened Oct. 2d, 1889, with the following five departments: Mathematics, physics, chem- istry, biology and psychology. Other depart- ments will be organized in the future. Publications connected with the Uuniversi- ty: The Journal of Morphology was com- menced in September, 1887, and is edited by Prof. C. O. Whitman. From three to six numbers a year are issued, of 150 to 200 pages each, with illustrations. The American Journal of Psychology was commenced in November, 1887, and is edited by Dr. G. Stanley Hall. Issued quarterly. The Peda- gogical Seminary. The first number was issued in January, 1891, and is edited by President Hall. Clearing House Association. — Formed in 1863. Henry A. Marsh is chairman and G. A. Smith manager. Amount of Exchange for the year 1891, $61,366,423. Clothing Trade. — Benjamin Andrews, for many years a tailor in the town, advertised in 1802 " Ready-made Cloaths." The names of some Worcester tailors in early years, with approximate dates, are here given: Calvin Foster, 1808; Thompson Kimberly, 181 1 to 1830; Benjamin Kingman, 1813; Benjamin Phelps, 181 5; Caleb Tebbetts, 18 16 and years after; Varnum Brigham, 1822; George C. Dean, 1823; Asa Walker, 1826 and nearly fifty years after; Leonard Brigham, 1830; Estes Smith, 1831. The oldest tailoring es- tablishment in the city at present is represent- 23 CLU— COL ed by Brown & Estabrook. It was founded in 1824 by Albert Brown. L. W. Sturtevant and S. Parker began business in 1846. Henry M. Sikes offered "Gentlemen's Top Coats, latest London Fashion," in 1819. W. D. Lewis dealt in ready-made clothing in 1838. Handy, Luther & Co. opened a clothing store in 1842, and Bigelow & Longley are the suc- cessors of this firm, through Luther & Free- land and C. W. Freeland & Co, The house of the Ware-Pratt Company dates from 1847, when A. P. Ware started the business, and D. H. Fames began in 1851. Clubs. — The principal social clubs in Wor- cester are the JVo)-ces/er, the Commoii7iedish Bui/ding- Association, organized in 1886, is somewhat similar in character to the co-operative banks. Coroner. — See Medical Examiner. Councilor District. — The State is divided by the Legislature into Eight Councilor Dis- tricts, the last apportionment having been made in 1886, and will hold ten years. The Seventh Councilor District comprises the cities of Worcester and Fitchburg, and the follow- ing towns: Athol, Auburn, Barre, Berlin, Blackstone, Bolton, Boylston, Brookfield, Charlton, Clinton, Dana, Douglas, Dudley, Gardner, Grafton, Hardwick, Harvard, Hol- den, Hopedale, Hubbardston, Lancaster, Lei- cester, Leominster, Lunenburg, Mendon, Mil- ford, Millbury, New Braintree, Northborough, Northbridge, North Brookfield, Oakham, Ox- ford, Paxton, Petersham, Phillipston, Prince- ton, Rutland, Shrewsbury, Southborough, Southbrjjdge, Spencer, Sturbridge, Sterling, Sutton, Templeton, Upton, Uxbridge, War- ren, Westborough, Webster, West Brookfield, West Boylston, Westminster, in Worcester County, and Amherst, Belchertown, Enfield, Granby, Greenwich, Hadley, Pelham, Pres- cott. South Hadley and Ware, in Hampshire County. The above towns are comprised in the First, Second, Third and Fourth Worces- ter, and the Worcester and Hampshire Sen- atorial Districts. County House. — See Jail. Court Hill. — At the north end of Main street. The County Court Houses are situated here. There were formerly three parallel roads at this point, at different grades, like terraces. The middle road was discontin- ued in 1832 by vote of the town. The bank wall was begun in 1852 and completed the next year. The stone steps in front of the granite Court House, which descend into Main street, were provided by the County Commissioners, the City paying the expense of putting them in position. Court Houses. — The two County Court Houses are located on Court Hill. The brick edifice was erected in 1802, and is used mostly for criminal sessions. The Granite Court House was completed in 1845, and cost $100, 000. A wing was added in 1878. Here are held the sessions of the Supreme and the Superior Courts, and the Probate and Insol- vency Courts. The Registry of Deeds, Registry of Probate and other county offices are also located in this building. The Central District Court occupies a part of the old Armory Building in Waldo street. Court Mills. — The buildings which long stood at the entrance to Union street, in Lincoln square, on the site of the present 27 COU— CRI Salisbury building. These mills were erected and owned by Hon. Stephen Salisbury, and were occupied by the Ruggles, Nourse & Mason Co., later the Ames Plow Co., until the removal of the latter in 1874-5 to the new shop on Prescott street. The place of the Court mills is probably where Dr. Abraham Lincoln's " Trip Hammer Shop " stood, about the year 1800 or before. Later Earl & Williams had a shop here for the manufacture of carding and spinning machinery, and black- smiths' work, which was destroyed by fire Jan. 5, 1815. Courts. — The Supreme Judicial Court meets at Worcester (jury sitting) on the second Tuesday in April, and (law sitting) third Mon- day after second Tuesday in September. The Superior Court sits for civil cases the first Monday of March; Monday next after the fourth Monday of August, and the second Monday of December. For criminal cases, third Monday of January and October, and second Monday of May. The Central District Court sits daily for criminal cases, and every Saturday for civil cases. District comprises Worcester, Millbury, Sutton, Auburn, Leicester, Paxton, West Boylston, Boylston, Holden and Shrewsbury. Samuel Utley is justice. The Court of Probate and Insolvency holds at Worcester on the first and third Tuesdays of every month except August. William T. Forbes of Westboro is judge. Cremation Society, (The Massachu- setts). — Organized April 10, 1885, as the Worcester Cremation Society, and incorpor- ated in January 1886, as the Massachusetts Cremation Society. At the time of the up- heaval of the Mechanic street burying ground in 1878 the writer was, so far as he knows, the only outspoken advocate of cremation in Wor- cester, and probably the original one. The idea was then generally condemned as hea- thenish and irreligious. The prime mover in establishing the society was Dr. J. O. Marble, who in the latter part of the year 1884, began to agitate the matter, and spoke and wrote much in its favor. The first officers were : President, J. Evarts Greene; Vice Presidents, Edward L. Davis, Stephen Salisbury, Thomas H. Gage; Secretary, John O. Marble; Treasurer, P. \V. Moen; Directors, F. P. Goulding, E. H. Russell, Rev. C. M. Lamson, S. S. Green, Waldo Lincoln, W. B. Chamberlain, Y. H. Dewey, Jr., Merrick Bemis, Emerson Warner. The later organization was: President, Waldo Lincoln; Vice-President, E. L. Davis; Sec- retary, Dr. J. O. Marble; Treasurer, P. W. Moen; Directors, Stephen Salisbury, E. L. Davis, Waldo Lincoln, E. H. Russell, G. E. Francis, J. O. Marble, F. H. Dewey, W. B. Chamberlain, E. H. Brigham. The capital stock was $10,000, and the shares $10. Tke erection of a Crematory was contemplated. But recently a proposition from movers for the formation of a cremation society in Boston, to unite with them, and to dispose of a large part of the stock here to Boston parties interested in the subject, was accepted by vote of the stockholders, March 12, 1892, and the fol- lowing officers were elected: Clerk, Dr. John Homans, 2d; Treasurer, John Richie; Direc- tors, Dr. James R. Chadwick, Dr. Henry P. Bowditch, Augustus Hemenway, Dr. Russell Sturgis, Jr., and Babson S. Ladd, all of Bos- ton; Stephen Salisbury and Dr. J. O Marble of Worcester. Two Boston Ladies are also on the directorate. It is expected that $15,000 will be subscribed in Boston in addition to the $10,000 taken here, making up the entire capital stock of $25,000. Then a lot will be purchased and a crematory erected as speedily as possible. This should be placed in some locality remote from any cemetery, where that which is mortal can be resolved into its original elements free from surroundings or suggestions of " Corruption, earth and worms." Those who do not regard the method with favor because it is not customary, or are averse to it through tenderness for the dead, should consider that in both cremation and burial the process of resolution and the final result are the samel in the one case rapid, pure and complete; in the other slow, with all the horrible and disgusting accompaniments of prolonged decay. Cricket and Foot-Ball. — The Worcester City Cricket and Foot-Ball Club was organized in 1886. About the year 1855 the IVorcester Cricket Club was organized, and was quite prominent in this section for a number of years, playing frequently on the Common, and occasionally going out of town. Nathaniel Paine, William S. Davis, Henry A. Marsh, Lewis W. Ham- CRO— DEA 28 mond, and C. M. Bent were well-known members. Crompton Park. — Between Millbury street and Quinsigamond avenue. Contains about 12 acres. This land was purchased of the Crompton heirs in 1888 for $44,350. Curtis Chapel. — A beautiful building erec- ted at Hope Cemetery by Albert Curtis, Esq., and by him presented to the City, January 31, 1891. The material is granite with brown- stone trimmings. The tower over the entrance, and the stained glass windows give it an ap- propriate appearance. The interior is finished with faced brick. The pulpit and seats are of polished ash. Curtis Pond. — The large sheet of water at New Worcester, above the mills of Curtis & Marble, between Webster aud Leicester streets. Cycling. — The brief furor over the clumsy and rattling velocipede of twenty years ago will be remembered by many. At that time a "riding school " was opened in the top story of Sargent's building, (since burned off) at the entrance to Southbridge street, and was popular for a season. The use of this cumber- some vehicle was, however, confined to those whose enthusiasm was far in advance of their judgment, and after a few months it disappear- ed. The modern bicycle was then an un- thought of thing. The idea originated in England. The first bicycle made in America was built in Worcester at Stowe's shop on Cypress street, in April, 1878, by W. H. Pierce, an Englishman. This was a 52-inch machine and was constructed for Hill & Tolman. April 9, 1879, the Worcester Bi- cycle Club was formed with F. S. Pratt, Presi- dent and Captain; W. H. Pierce, Sub-Captain; and Geo. I^I. Doe, Secretary and Treasurer. Another club of the same name has since ex- isted but is not now active. In 1882 the ^-Eolus Club was formed, and later the Bay State. Hill & Tolman, on Front Street, were the pioneer dealers in bicycles in Worcester, and carried on an extensive business in this line. Lincoln Holland & Co. also had a salesroom. The Cycling Clubs of Worcester at present are the Bay State Bicycle Club (organized Feb. 5, 1887); 'Columbus Cycle Club; Y. M.C. A. Wheelmen; and the (Y. W. C. A.) Hickory Cycle Club. The Bay State is the oldest and the largest club. The annual Cycling Tourna- ment, which has been held by the Bay State Club for four years past, and the Spring Meet of the Massachusetts Division of the League of American Wheelmen are the greatest cycling events in Central Massachusetts. Owing to the introduction of the safety type machine, the number of riders in this city has increased three- fold. The dealers at present are Lemont & Whittemore, L. C. Havener, L. M. Alexan- der, and John Lowe. The first named manu- facture a safety lock for bicycles that is much preferable to the chain and padlock. Daily Papers. — The Spy and Telegram^ morning papers; and the Gazette and Post issued in the afternoon, comprise the dailies at present. See under the different titles in the Dictionary. Dale Hospital. — A hospital for invalid soldiers established by the Government in 1864, and continued for a few months. The Medical College building on Union hill (now the Worcester Academy), was occupied for the purpose, and in addition 14 barracks, each capable of accomodating 60 patients were erected, with a number of store houses, work- shops, etc. The hospital was in charge of Maj. C. N. Chamberlin, and at times 600 were under his care. The establishment was first occupied Oct. 24, 1864, and formally dedicated Feb. 22, 1865. It received its name from Surgeon-General Dale. Daughters of Pocahontas. — There are two councils in Worcester : IVeetamo, No. j, organized in 1887; and Minnehaha, No 5. Daughters of St. George. — See British Americans. Daughters of Samaria. (United order of). — Supreme Council, and Lodge Xo. i, was instituted in 1887. Daughters of Veterans. — See Grand Army. Davis Park. — A small open plot of ground in Clinton street, named in honor of Isaac Davis. Day Nursery. — See Temporary Hoine and Day Nnrsery. Deathville. — A village in the town of Rutland, now known as West Rutland, some ten miles from Worcester. There is a Post- office here. The place received its name from the circumstance that Foster Death, a promin- ent manufacturer, owned a factory there about sixty years ago. 29 DEE— DRY Deeds, (Registry of).— See Registry. Depots. — See Railroad Stations. Dental Society. — The Worcester Dental Society was organized in I of 1892 gives the ^89. The Directory names of 48 Dentists in Worcester. Debt of the City for each year since its incorporation : 1848, $ 99.677 1870, $1,185,718 1849, 95.633 1871, 1,899,808 1850, 96,996 1872, 2,456,788 1851, 97.241 1873, 2,687,910 1852, 101,829 1874, 1,238,000 1853, 108,758 1875, 1,711,000 1854, 98,567 1876, 2,589,700 1855, 98,435 1877, 2,492,300 1856, 118,955 ^878, 2,509,200 1857, 102,993 1879, 2,507,100 1858, 100,188 1880, 2,542,300 1859, 99,553 1881, 2,580,200 1860, 99,429 1882, 2,582,300 1861, 102,324 1883, 2,652,700 1862, 129,319 1884, 2,947,700 1863, 208,414 1885, 3,112,700 1864, 214,759 1886, 3,389,700 1865, 364,459 1887, 3,506,700 1866, 424,418 1888, 3,383,700 1867, 458,395 1889, 3.595.700 1868, 619,946 1890, 3,930,700 1869, 773,290 1891, 3,988,400 The Sinking Fund, Dec. i, 1891, amount- ed to $1,287,501. Devil's Alley. — The narrow passage way from Walnut to Sudbury street, which shortens so much the distance from Harvard street. This narrow strip was conveyed to the City to be kept open for public convenience. Directories of Worcester. — In 1829 Clarendon Harris published a Village Direc- tory accompanied by a copper-plate map. This was a "House Directory" similiar in plan to the one issued in 1888 by Drew, Allis & Co., which they have elaborated in the is- sues of 1890 and 1892. A Business Directory was pubHshed in 1843 by A. W". Congdon. Henry J. Howland began the publication of the present " Worcester Directory " in 1844. The first number was a 24mo. of 116 pages, and contained 1249 names. Twelve hundred copies were printed. Mr. Howland sold the Directory to Drew, Allis & Co., in 1872, and they have published it continuously to the present time. It is now a stout octavo of nearly 900 pages, with 39,084 names. Disciples of Christ. — This church was or- ganized Aug. 5, i860, and for twenty-five years held its meetings on Thomas street. The present church edifice on Main street, at King street, was dedicated September 12, 1886, and cost about $25,000. Dispensaries. — The Washburn Free Dis- pensary was estabhshed in 1874, and first occupied part of the old Abijah Bigelow house, at the corner of Front and Church streets. When that building was taken down the Dis- pensary was removed to No. 1 1 Trumbull street, and is now finally located at the Wash- burn Memorial Hospital on Belmont street, of which institution it is a branch. It is open every day except Sundays. The Hoviapathic Free Dispensary, formerly at 13 Mechanic street, and now at 11 Trumbull street, is under the management of the Worces- ter Homcepathic Dispensary Association. Pa- tients are treated daily from 10 to II A.M., Sundays and holidays excepted, and visits are made when required. Dodge Park. — A public ground of 13 acres in the northerly part of Worcester, situated between West Boylston and Burncoat streets, in the vicinity of the Odd Fellows' Home. This Park was presented to the City, October 7, 1890, by Thomas H. Dodge, Esq. Dogs. — The law requires that all dogs three months old and over shall be licensed, and the licenses renewed annually on the first of May. The fee in Worcester is $3 for males, and $6 for females. The licenses are issued by the City Clerk at his office in the City Hall. Drainage. — See Seiuerage. Drama, (The) — See under Theatres. Dry Goods Trade. — Capt. John Lyon kept a small dry goods store in Worcester in the early part of the century, and was succeeded by his widow. Eliza Bancroft (afterwards the wife of Hon. John Davis), opened a shop in 181 1, and dealt in the finer and fancy goods. She was followed by Elizabeth Denny in the same line. Henry M. Sikes was one of the earliest to engage in the dry goods trade exclusively. He was in business in Worcester from 181 7 to 1827. D. G. Wheeler began in 1828, and was the first to advertise exten- DUX— EM E 30 sively. Others of this period were Jonathan Wood, 1822; A. and C. A. Hamilton, 1827; \Vm. Manning, Jr., 1828; W. H. Swan, 1829; and later Swan & Williams; Thayer & Daniels, 1830; E. & R. Sanger and E. A. Brigham, 1832; H. B. Chaflin, afterwards the well-known New York merchant, was in trade here from 1833 to 1843, and was suc- ceeded by Hardon & Hunt. D. S. Messinger opened a store in 1834, and continued several years. Among those more or less prominent from 1835 to 1845, ^vere Richardson & Esta- brook, Orrin Rawson, (succeeded by Martin Stowe), Julius L. Clark, B. F. Mann, J. H. Rickett, J. H. Everett and C. A, Upton, the latter continuing many years. H. H. Chamber- lin, the founder of the present house of the Barnard, Sumner & Putnam Co., established the business in 1835. H. H. Dayton was the pioneer in the fine lace and glove trade in 1849, and was followed by Gross & Strauss in 1855. J. H. Clarke & Co. represent an- other old house in the general line, founded in 1847. The Denholm & McKay Co., succes- sors of Denholm & McKay, succeeded Finlay, Lawson & Kennedy, and they J. S. Pink- ham, who opened a store at the corner of Main and Mechanic streets, some thirty years ago. Dungarven. — The region south of the Bloomingdale road and west of Suffolk street, well-known in police circles. The name is of Irish origin. Also known as Dutch hill. East Park. — By an act of the Legislature approved June 16, 1887, the city was granted the right to hold, occupy and control free of rent or charge by the Commonwealth, all the land belonging to the State lying between Shrewsbury street and East Shelby street, (part of the old Hospital tract) for the purpose of constructing and maintaining a Public Park. The tract thus acquired, containing from ten to twelve acres, has formally received the name of East Park from the Parks Commission. With the Chandler hill portion on the north, a public ground of nearly fifty acres is formed, extending from Shrewsbury street to Belmont street. Election or Voting Precincts. — See Wards. Electric Lights. — The public streets were first lighted by electricity in 1883. There are now 332 lights furnished by the Worcester Electric Light Co., which cost 55 cents each per riight. Electric Railways. — Worcester was slow to adopt electricity as a motive power. The Worcester, Leicester and Spencer Railroad was the first to apply the agency, this road being opened to travel September 8, 1891. The Consolidated Street Railway, however, made the first trip over the short line from Washington square to Lake Quinsigamond by electricity just before midnight, September 2, 1 89 1, and the road was open to traffic Septem- ber 4. The Lauiel Hill line from Main street through Thomas was opened December 30, 1 89 1. The Worcester and Millbury Electric Railroad is soon to be constructed, and half a dozen other lines are projected. It is proba- ble that electricity will be used exclusively on all the lines of the Consolidated in the near future. Elm Park. — Bounded by Elm, Agricultural, , Pleasant and Highland streets. March 15, 1854, the City purchased of Levi Lincoln, 13 acres and 70 rods of land, and of John Ham- mond 13 acres and 73 rods adjoining, for a public park. The sum paid for the two lots was $1 1,257.50. Hon. Levi Lincoln left at his death in 1868, $1000 as a fund for the im- provement of the park. The tract remained unimproved for twenty years, and was used during that time as a place for circuses and other exhibitions, but had few of the features of a public pleasure ground. Under the ef- ficient direction of Edward W. Lincoln of the I'arks Commission, a wonderful transformation has taken place during the last ten years, and the park is now the most attractive public ground and the best thing in Worcester. In the winter the ponds are much resorted to for skating. The recent acquisition of Newton Hill, added to the original tract, opens to the public one of the finest prospects in the City. Cars go direct from Main street to the Park. Elm Square. — See Grafton Square. Emergency and Hygiene Association,— T/ie IVorcc'sfer Branch. "In the winter of 1883, the Woman's Education Association — following the example of the St. John Ambu- lance Association, organized in London in 1877, and of the State Charities Aid Association of New York, which established courses of lectures on "First Aid to the Injured," in 1882, — began a similar work in Boston. It undertook to provide, for both men and women, instruction which should fit them 31 EMM— EM P to be of use in cases of sudden illness or ac- cident. Seven courses of lectures to free classes, and three to paying classes, were given, the money received from the latter serving to defray the expenses of the former. As the value of these lectures became more fully recognized the work was carried forward with increased vigor in the following year. From January i to May i, 1884, twenty-five courses of lectures, with practical demonstra- tions, were given, of which eight were to policemen and two to firemen. Each lecture •occupied an hour, and was invariably followed by conversation between members of the class and the lecturer, with further demostration, which often continued more than another hour. The close of each course was followed by an examination, and by the awarding of certificates to those who passed it successfully. The work above described having outgrown the Hmits imposed by the regulations of the Woman's Education Association, a new body was formed under the name of the Massachu- setts Emergency and Hygiene Association, having the purpose to extend the work through the State, with Dr. Francis Minot as Presi- dent, Miss Ellen M. Tower as Secretary, and Mrs. Kate Gannett Wells, Chairman of the Executive Committee. Many influential pro- fessional and business men were active in the organization, as well as several ladies well- known by their interest in practical philan- thropy. Mrs. Wells was especially prominent in the undertaking. Branches were established in different places in the State. The IVorces- ter Branch began under very favorable con- ditions in November, 1885, and the following -winter seven courses of lectures were given by prominent physicians to policemen, firemen, employees of several of the large -manufactories, and others. This service has been repeated each year to the present time, with increasing zeal and interest in the work. Following sub- stantially the plan and example of the central organization, the Worcester Branch has, through its various and efficient committees, carried out the purpose for which it was or- ganized in a satisfactory degree, but for want of space a detailed account of its efforts, meth- ods and results cannot be given here. The vice-presidents and those associated in the management and direction of the association comprise many of our most respected citizens and best known physicians. The Chairman of the Executive Committee is Dr. William C. Stevens and Prof. George E. Gladwin has been the Secretary from the beginning. Emmet Guards. — This company was formed in i860, and first paraded in public on the nth of July, under command of M. J. McCafferty. It was and is composed entirely of Irishmen, and took the place of the Jack- son Guards, disbanded by Gov, Gardner, during the Know-Xothing frenzy. The Em- met Guards served with the Third Battalion in Maryland, in 1861. The company is now known as Co. Cj. of the Ninth Regiment In- fantry, M. V. M. Empire State Society. — An association composed of natives of New York state and members of their families, formed in 1885. Employment Society, (The Worces- ter). — This society had its origin in the or- ganization known as the People's Club, which was formed in 1871, with Hon. Henry Chapin as president. The active work of the Club comprised three sections, viz. : Benevolent, hospitality and educational. The benevolent section was subdivided into three departments, from one of which — the Employment Commit- tee — has come the above named society. From a report of the Benevolent Section of the Club in 1873 the following is quoted: " The relief committee sent women, whom they find in want of work, to the employment committee, and thus the way is opened for the flower mission to send its sweet messengers to homes of poverty, sickness and suffering." The reports of the club, in the three years of its existence, give abundant evidence of satis- factory work accomplished in all the lines undertaken. But through the reluctance of those who thoroughly believed in its methods to apply themselves practically to the work, the club through lack of sufficient support in this direction, was at last given up. The evenings with the newsboys were continued for some time, under the charge of ten ladies and gentlemen, who gave themselves most heartily to the work, which, though very diffi- cult, was manifestly accomplishing much by means of its civilizing, refining and educating influences; but for want of a generous re- sponse in the way of workers, this, too, was abandoned. (See Boys' Club.) The employment committee was organized into a society, and its first annual treasurer's report appeared as a single small sheet in 1875-6. A board of managers was formed of EPI— EPW 32 ladies representing the different churches. In 1883 an act of incorporation was secured under the present name " for the purpose of assisting needy and deserving women by giving them employment." The different churches are represented, the managers acting as solic- itors in their respective churches. Each church receives in return twenty-five per cent, of its subscriptions in garments suitable for charitable distribution, the garments being disposed of at cost of making simply. It is believed that offering them at this low figure serves also in another charitable direction, by enabling those who have much need for family sewing and little time in which to do it, to buy strong and serviceable garments. The visiting committee are allowed $100 worth of the same to distribute among these women. The officers may dispose of clothing to the amount of $10 each. The number of women employed is 55. The visiting committee num- bers II, each one of whom has the responsi- bility of recommending five women. As far as can possibly be assured each woman em- ployed must be honest and temperate. Most of those who come under the charge of the society are advanced in jears, and left entirely to themselves for means of support, with few exceptions. Others are younger — widows, or deserted by their husbands — with large fami- lies to care for. Working naturally with the church benevolent societies, more or less, and in the absence of any association or bureau of charities, this organization has been able oft- entimes to supply in a limited way, this de- ficiency in our city. The society has funds from legacies and other sources to the amount of about $3,500. The officers are : President, Mrs. Theo. Brown ; Vice-President, Mrs. M. F. Pratt; Clerk, Miss Martha Hobbs; Treasurer, Miss Mary N. Perley. There is a board of advisors of five gentlemen, and a board of lady managers fr^m the different churches. Rooms at 492 Main street. Episcopal Churches. — An attempt to es- tablish Episcopal worship here was made in 1835, and the first Protestant-Episcopal ser- vices were held here on December 13th, by the Rev. Thomas H. Vail. In 1843, another effort was made which succeeded, and in 1847 All Saints' Church was erected on Pearl street, on the lot now occupied by the fine stone residence of Dr. J. O. Marble, generally known as the Dr. Bull house. This church was burned April 7, 1874, and the society purchased the lot at the corner of Pleasant and Irving streets, and erected the elegant brown stone structure in present occupation, which was consecrated Jan. 4, 1877. Rev. William R. Huntington, now rector of Grace Church, New York, was rector here from 1862 to 1883. Rev. A. H. Vinton is the present rector. In 1871, St. Matthew's Church at South Worcester was consecrated. St. John's on Lincoln street, and St. Mark's on Freeland street were formed in 1884 and 1888 respectively. Episcopal Church Club. — Organized in 1889 for social and literary purposes, and bears the same relation to the Episcopal Church as the Congregational Club does to the church it represents. Epworth League. — An organization in the Methodist Episcopal Church similar in character to the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor. (See Christian Endeav- or"). The Epworth League was organized May 15, 1889, in Cleveland, Ohio, from the five societies then existing among the young people of the M. E. Church. These five societies were: i, The Oxford League; 2, Young People's Methodist Alliance; 3, Young People's Christian League ; 4, Methodist Young People's Union ; 5, Young People's Methodist Episcopal Alliance. The first char- ter was given to the church in Plainfield, New Jersey, the church home of Dr. J. L. Hurlburt, who is General Secretary of the Leagne. Worcester Leagues were organized as fol- lows: I, Trinity, Oct., 1889; 2, Grace, Oct. 1889; 3, Laural Street; 4, Coral Street, Nov. 17, 1890; 5, Webster Square, April 21, 1890; 6, Thomas Street, (Swedish), May, 1892; 7, Bethel A. M. Church, (colored). The number of charter of Trinity is 584; Grace 582; Coral Street, Haven Chapter, 4206; and Webster Square, 585. Membership of the Worcester Leagues, May 20, 1892: I, 168; 2, 120; 3, 60; 4, 102; 5, 47; 6, 30. Total membership of the League at its third anniversary, May 15, 1892, nearly 500,000. There are over 8000 Chapters. These figures apply only to the M. E. Church. There are many flourishing leagues in the M. E. Church South and in Canada. 33 EUC— EXP Epworth in England was the birthplace of John Wesley. Eucleia. — See High School Socielies. Exchange Hotel. — At the corner of Main and Market streets, is the oldest hotel in Worcester, known a hundred years ago as the "United States Arms." Washington breakfasted here in 1789, on his way to Boston, and Lafayette was a guest in 1825. Reuben Sikes, a large owner of stage lines, kept the house from 1807 to 1823, and it was known during this period as Sikes' Coffee House. Samuel B. Thomas succeeded, and it became Thomas' Temperance Exchange Coffee House, and later as the Exchange. It has been much resorted to by jurymen and others attending court. Executions. — The Dictionary is indebted to Hon. Clark Jillson for the following list of executions in Worcester : 1737, Hugh Henderson, alias John Hamil- ton, for burglary. 1742, Jabez Green, for murder. 1744, Edward Fitzpatrick, for murder. 1745, Jeffry, a negro, for murder. 1768, Arthur, a negro, for rape. 1770, William Lindsey, for burglary. 1778, William Brooks, James Buchanan, Ezra Ross and Bathsheba Spooner, for mur- der. 1779, Robert Young, for rape. 1783, William Huggins and John Mansfield, for iDurglary. 1786, Johnson Green, for burglary. 1793, Samuel Frost, for murder. 1825, Horace Carter, for rape. 1845, Thomas Barrett, for murder. This was the first private execution in the county. 1868, Silas and Charles T. James, for mur- der. 1876, Samuel J. Frost for murder. Explosions. — There have been several serious explosions in Worcester, the most re- markable of which was the dualin explosion on the Boston & Albany railroad, near the Junction, June 23, 1870, when one man was killed, thirty persons injured, and many build- ings shattered. On the 3d of May, 1850, an attempt to blow up Mayor Chapin's office, at the corner of Main and Sudbury streets, re- sulted in considerable damage to the bruilding. This affair grew out of the temperance agita- tion, and the principal of the conspiracy fled. Jan. I, 1859, an engine house in the school yard, corner of Pleasant and Oxford streets, was totally destroyed by an explosion of gas, and on the 22d of July, of the same year, the boiler at the wire mill on Grove street, 30 feet long, 4 feet in diameter, and weighing 5 tons, exploded, shattering the building, in- jured several workmen, shot into the air 300 feet, and landed in a yard on Lincoln street, i of a mile distant. Mayor Blake lost his life by a gas explosion on the i6th of December, 1870. Express Business. — Before the railroads were in operation every stage-driver and post- rider performed the functions of an express- man. The pioneer in this country of the, express business as carried on to-day was Rufus W. Whiting, who kept a shoe store in Worcester as early as 1833. In the Spy of Nov. 21, 1838, he advertised that he had made arrangements with the Boston & Wor- cester Railroad Company to occupy part of a car, and that he would m.ake daily trips each way, and attend to the business of his patrons, beginning Monday, Nov. 26. It is uncertain how long Mr. Whiting continued his trips between Worcester and Boston, but he proba- bly retired before 1840. It is said he was the first to engage in the milk traffic over a rail- road by transporting it from the country towns into Boston. On the first day of August, 1840, Samuel S. Leonard established the bus- iness so long known by his name, and contin- ued by his sons. The same year Harnden's Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Balti- more Express was established, with Simeon Thompson as agent in Worcester; and soon ""after P. B. Burke and Alvin Adams founded the company which bears the name of Adams Express at the present time. J. B. Tyler was their agent in Worcester. Harnden run the first express over the Western Railroad, but abandoned it after a year's trial. Thompson & Co.'s express to Albany was early estab- lished, and the present American Express Co. is their successor. In 1847 Johnson, Mowton & Co. started an opposition express between W^orcester and Boston, which was discontin- ued in 1848. William Ross's express from Providence to Worcester began with the run- ning of the railroad in 1847; and Liberty Bigelow established the express afterwards owned by Cheney & Fisk, and now called the United States and Canada, running .over the EXP— FIR 34 Worcester & Nashua Railroad. In 1856 Caleb S. Fuller, formerly a conductor on the Norwich & Worcester Railroad established the Norwich express, which was continued by his son, Theo. S. Fuller. In i860 Earle's Boston and Providence Express, Ross's Providence and Worcester, and the Leonard Boston and Worcester, con- solidated under the name of the Earle Express Company, with a capital stock of $150,000. This company controlled the approaches to Boston from the south and west, and the Adams Express Company were obhged to forward their local freight for eastern Massa- chusetts in charge of the Earle company. After considerable effort the Adams purchased the stock and franchise of the Earle, and the latter ceased to exist. The present Boston and Worcester Despatch was established by T. W. Davis in 1872. Previous to this J. H. Osgood had made trips for a year or two. Gen. S. H. Leonard, of the old Leonard Company, is concerned in the present man- agement of the Boston & Worcester Despatch. Express Companies and Expresses. — GENERAL. Adams, 375 Main street. American, 30 Front street. Boston & Worcester Despatch, 18 Foster street. Eastern Despatch, 19 Mechanic street. Metropolitan, 10 Church street. LOCAL. Barre, 18 Foster street. Farnumsville, 404 Main street. Grafton, 24 Mechanic street. Holden, 1 54 Main street. Leicester, 18 Foster street. Millbury, 404 Main and 18 Foster streets. Oakdale, 18 Foster street. Oxford, 18 Foster street. Paxton, 6 North Foster street. Shrewsbury, 139 Front street. Spencer, 7 Park street. Upton, 6 Norwich street. West Boylston, 139 Front street. West Rutland, 24 Front street. Eyrie, (The). — The high elevation on the Shrewsbury side of Lake Quinsigamond, south of the causeway, improved and owned for many years by Mr. T. C. Rice, who main- tained a house of popular resort, much fre- quented in the summer season. A delightful view of the Lake may be had from this place. Fairmount. — In 1846 Dr. John Green purchased of Eli Goulding a tract of land north of Rural Cemetery, comprising 94 acres- and 74 rods, for $7,000. This included the eminence known as Fairmount. Dr. Green sold a strip of this land to the Nashua Rail- road Company for $1,000; and in 1849 David S. Messinger bought the remainder, about 90 acres, for $14,000. Mr. Messinger improved the tract for building, laying out several streets, to which he gave names noted in lit- erature. He also gave the name Fairmount to the locality, which is often, though incor- rectly, called Messinger Hill. Fairmount square, on the summit, was recently deeded to the city by Mr. Messinger. Street cars go through Grove street. Father Mathew Hall. — No. 100 Green street. This hall was erected in 1888 by the Father Mathew Mutual Benefit Total Absti- nence Society at a cost of $30,000. The seat- ing capacity is 1,000. Father Mathew Mutual Benefit Total Abstinence Society. — See under Irish So- cieties. Father Mathew Pioneer Corps. — Or- ganized in 1889, and meets Tuesday evenings, at Father Mathew Hall. Field Sports Association, (Worcester.) — Was organized in 1891 with a capital of $5,000. Fires. — The following comprise some of the most disastrous fires that have occurred in Worcester: February 18, 181 5, the bake- house of the Flagg Brothers and house of Samuel Brazer were totally destroyed. Loss $10,000. On the same spot, on the 29th of January, 1854, was burned the Flagg build- ings, with a loss of $50,000. The old Cen- tral Exchange and other buildings were burned March 6, 1843. The Bradley & Rice car shops in Washington Square were destroyed May 12, 1842. Loss $20,000. Holy Cross College was i)urned in July, 1852. The Mer- rifield fire occurred June 16, 1854, and was the most destructive of all the fires in Worces- ter. The pecuniary loss was half a million, and many establishments were burned out and hundreds of workmen were thrown out of em- ployment. {See Merrifteld Bttildings.) The 35 FIR fire next to this in magnitude of loss was at Taylor's building opposite the Common, May 28, 1875. May 16, 1884, the Fakachoag Mills were burned. Two or three lives were lost and many operatives injured. The loss was nearly $150,000. The Worcester Theatre on Exchange street was totally destroyed on the morning of May 16, 1889. Fire Alarm Telegraph. — Number and location of signal boxes : 12 Chandler street, near Main 121 Piedmont street, corner Davis 13 Webster square 131 Leicester street, corner Montague 132 Webster and West Fremont streets 134 ]amesville 14 "School street, Hose No. i House 141 Loring- Blake's, 19 Union street 15 Washburn & Moen Manufacturing- Company 352 Electric Light Station 16 Southbridge and Sargent streets 17 ^Liin and Foster streets 18 Lincoln and Catherine streets 19 Grove and North streets 21 Main and May streets 213 Main and Wy'man streets 23 Union street,' Rice, Barton & Fales 231 Foster street. Cutting- & Bishop 24 Southbridge «fe Southgate streets 25 No. 26 Salisbury street 26 Madison and Portland streets 261 Salem street, City Barn 27 Pleasant and West streets 271 Pleasant and Chestnut streets 2S Millbury and Worth streets 2S1 Ward and Taylor streets 282 Ward and South Ward streets 29 Tatnuck 291 Chandler and Tune streets 31 ]VLiin and Richards streets 32 Exchange and Union streets 321 Insane Asylum, Summer street 324 Summer and Charles streets 333 No School Signal, struck 7.50 A. M. and 1 P. M. 34 Green and Bradley streets 341 Fox and Ingalls streets 342 Columbia and Arlington streets 35 Winthrop and Vernon streets 351 Union avenue and Batchelder street 36 Front and Spring streets 37 Highland and North Ashland streets 371 West street. Polytechnic Institute 38 Salisbury street, opposite Military Academy 39 Valley Falls 4 City Hall 41 Summer and Thomas streets 416 Hanover and Arch streets 42 vSouthliridge and Cambridge streets 43 C^iinsigamond Wire Mill 431 Millbury and Green-vvood streets 45 ShrewsSury and East Worcester streets 451 Prospect street and Eastern avenue 452 East Centi-al street and Eastern avenue 453 Albany street, Malleable Iron Works 46 Grafton street. Hose No. 2 House 47 Belmont street and Oak avenue 471 Belmont street and Eastern avenue 48 Southgate and Camp streets 4S1 Cambridge and Canterbury streets 49 Park avenue and May street 491 Park avenue and Shirley street 5 Trumbull Sciuare 51 Lincoln Square 512 State and Harvard streets 52 Prescott street, Richardson Manufacturing Co. 521 Prescott street, near North 53 Providence and Harrison streets 54 Belmont street, Worcester Lunatic Hospital 541 Plantation street, near Draper's 542 Plantation street, opposite Hospital Barns 543 Coburn avenue, near Bolmont street 56 Chestnut and William streets 57 Hermon street, W. C. Young & Co.'s 58 Woodland and King streets 59 Lincoln street, corner Green Lane 6 Laurel and Edward streets 61 Gardner street. Forehand & VV'adsworth 62 Orange and Plymouth streets 621 Washington and (iold streets 63 Washington Square 631 Blooiningdale road. Steel Works 64 Grafton and Barclay streets 65 Elm and Linden streets 67 Pleasant street, Engine No. 4 House 671 Pleasant and Highfand streets 68 Bloomingdale road, Tannery 681 Norfolk and Ascension streets 69 Grafton Sc|uare 691 Orient and Division streets 7 Lamartine street. Hose No. 7 House 71 Central and Main streets 72 Austin and Newbury streets 721 Wellington street, opposite Jaques avenue 73 Dix and Wacliusett streets 74 Windsor street and Harrington avenue 75 ^lay and Woodland streets 76 West and William streets 761 Elm and Sever streets 78 Lake \'iew 8 Irving and Chatham streets 81 City Poor Farm 82 Cambridge and Pitt streets 83 Park avenue and Sunnyside street 84 Brussels street, Pakachoag Mills 85 Benefit and Beacon streets 87 Putnam lane 9 Franklin Square 91 West Boylston and Millbrook streets 92 Chandler and Dewey streets 921 Pleasant street and Park avenue 93 Coes Square 94 Charlotte and Clifton streets 95 Adams Square Fire Department. — The \Yorcester Fire Department was established February 25, 1835. Previous to that time the town relied upon volunteer organizations, the principal of which was the Worcester Fire Society noticed below. The Mutual Fire Society, formed in 1822, was another body of similar character, and there was also a hook and ladder com- pany. The Town Fire Department was or- ganized by the choice of Isaac Davis as chief engineer and a board of eight assistants. A list of chief engineers to the present time is here given: Isaac Davis, 1835-6; Nathan FIR— FLO 36 Heard, 1837-9; Henry W. Miller, 1840-44; Joel Wilder, 1845-9; E. N. Holmes, 1850- 54; L. W. Sturtevant, 1855-58; S. A. Por- ter, 1859; L. R. Hudson, i860; Alzirus Brown, 1861-65; A. B. Lovell, 1866-68; R. M. Gould, 1869-71; Simon E. Coombs, 1872- 91, and Edwin L. Vaughn, at present in office. Before i860, when the first steam fire engine was purchased, only hand engines were used, and some of these remained ten or twelve years later. The Fire Alarm Telegraph was constructed in 1871 and first used on the 28th of June. It has cost $17,000. Worces- ter has now one of the most efficient fire de- partments in the country. It comprises four steamers, two extinguishers, two hook and ladder companies and ten hose companies, with a total force of 180 men. In addition, the Insurance Fire Patrol numbers eight men. (See Protective Depai-tnieiitJ) The apparatus includes two Hayes trucks. The sum appropri- ated to maintain the department the present year (1892) is $106,500. Fire Escapes. — The public halls, hotels, and business and other buildings are generally provided with fire escapes in compliance with a law of the state. Fire Patrol. — See Protective Department. Firemen's Relief Association, (Wor- cester). — Formed in 1874 and incorporated in 1878. Only members of the Fire and Pro- tective Departments are eligible to active membership. In case of injury or sickness a fireman draws $10 per week, and may receive further assistance. The association has a fund of several thousand dollars. Fire Society, (The Worcester). — On the 2ist day of January, 1793, twenty-two prominent citizens of Worcester, "influenced by a sense of social duty," and " for the more effectual assistance of each other and of their townsmen, in times of danger from fire," formed themselves into an association, with the title above given. Among the names subscribed to the first agreement we find those of Hon. Joseph Allen, Judge Nathaniel Paine, Dr. John Green, Hon. Edward Bangs, Dr. Elijah Dix, Stephen Salisbury, Daniel Waldo, and Isaiah Thomas; and many distinguished names have since been placed upon its rolls. Governors Lincoln, Davis, Washburn and Bul- lock, United States Senators Davis and Hoar, Messrs. Francis Blake, E. D. Bangs, S. M. Burnside, Pliny Merrick, Thomas Kinnicutt, A. D. Foster, I. M. Barton, S. F. Haven, Dwight Foster and Charles Devens are among those who have at different periods graced the meetings of the Society with their presence. The organization from the first was largely of a social character, and for the last fifty years has been entirely of that nature, its active service probably ending before or at the time of the formation of the Worcester Fire De- partment in 1835. From the first its bias was aristocratic, and it has always been maintained as an exclusive body. Its membership is lim- ited to thirty. The annual suppers of the society have of late years been occasions of much interest and enjoyment to the members; and reminiscences of deceased associates given at these gatherings hjrve been preserved in printed form, and furnish almost all we know to-day of many of the prominent residents of the town in years gone by. In 1822 another society of similar order was formed, called the Mutual Fire Society, which maintained its organization some twenty-five years; and still another, called the Social Fire Society, was in existence a few years. These never attained the standing of the first society, though many respectable and worthy citizens belonged to them. Five Points. — A place in the northeast part of Worcester where five roads meet. It is a short distance from the " Summit " station. Flat, (The). — A name given the level tract in the vicinity of Dewey, Mason and Parker streets, running south of Pleasant street, where from 1852 to 1856 an extensive real estate transaction was carried on by F. H. Dewey, Joseph Mason, Samuel P. and Leon- ard Harrington, Ebenezer E. Abbott and others. It was sometimes called "Abbott's Flat." Floating Bridge. — In 181 7, a bridge at Lake Quinsigamond, at the point where the Causeway now is, which was constructed somewhat upon the principle of a wharf, and then loaded with stones and earth, gave way and disappeared, after an expenditure of $10,- 000. Sometime later a bridge was constructed on the ice in the winter and secured at each end by chains. This formed the floating bridge which was removed when the Cause- way was built. 37 FLO— FRE Flora. — A list of the Flora of Worcester County, compiled by Joseph Jackson, has been published in pamphlet form by the Wor- cester Natural History Society. Foreign Blood Population of Worces- ter. — ( Estimate. ) Armenians 700 Chinese 27 Colored 900 French Canadians 10,000 Germans 1,300 Irish 30,000 Italians 200 Jews 1 ,500 Scandinavians 10,000 Total 54,627 The number of others of foreign blood is not known. Of the above the Catholics num- ber 40,000 in a total (estimated) population of 92,000. Fossil Coal Plant.— See Coal Mine. Franklin Social Club. — For several years occupied rooms at 98 Front street. It was disbanded in May, 1892. Franklin Square. — Where Main and Southbridge streets meet. The new Govern- ment building will face the Square if Scott's block (" Flatiron building ") is taken away. Rev. George Allen informed the writer that about the year 1830 an effort was made by himself and his brother, Judge Charles Allen, to induce those living in the vicinity to sub- scribe the sum necessary to purchase the tri- angular piece of land comprising the part occupied by Scott's block and about half of the new post office lot, which could have been had for $40, and enclose it as a public ground. It was impossible, however, to raise the money, and the project was abandoned. Free Church. — A Free Church was organ- ized in W^orcester in 1852, with Thos. Went- worth Higginson as pastor. The society at first occupied Horticultural Hall, and after- wards Washburn Hall. David A. Wasson succeeded Mr. Higginson. Free Institute of Industrial Science, (Worcester County). — Name changed in 1887 to Worcester Polytechnic Institute. See Poly tech u it Institute . Free Public Library. — Towards the close of the year 1859, the late Dr. John Green and the Lyceum and Library Association oft'ered to give, upon certain conditions, to the city of 4 W'orcester, libraries containing respectively 7000 and 4500 volumes, to form the nucleus of a public library. The offer was accepted by the City Government, and an ordinance estab- lishing the Free Public Library was passed December 23rd, of the same year. The library was opened to the public in Worcester Bank Block, Foster Street, April 30, i860. In ac- cordance with a stipulation made in the deed by which Dr. Green transferred his books to the city, the latter bought from Hon. Emory Washbnrn a lot of land on Elm street, at an expense of $5,042, and began the erection of a library building. The corner-stone of that building, which constitutes the older portion occupied by the library, was laid July 4, i860; it was completed in 186 1, at a cost, including the lot, of about $30,000, and thrown open to the public September 4th of that year. That building having become filled with books, and having ceased to afford room enough to the readers and students who wished to use it, the city bought in 1888 an estate adjoining the library lot on the east for $35,000, and in the summer of 1889 began to put up a new building which was finished and occupied April I, 1 89 1. The cost of the new building and furniture was $108,000 exclusive of the amount paid for the land. At the start the library consisted of 1 1 ,500 volumes ; December I, 1 89 1, the date of the last annual report, it had 85,502 volumes, divided among the dif- ferent departments as follows : Green or refer- ence library 23,045, Intermediate Department 23,177, Circulating Department 39,280. The books have been selected with especial ref- erence to the needs of the residents in Wor- cester, and the library, therefore, while well supplied with works in the different branches of knowledge, is particularly rich in the de- partments of chemistry, physics, mechanics and the fine and industral arts. According to the first annual report of the library, 31,454 volumes were used by frequenters in the eight months covered by the report. During the the last year, which ended November 30, 1891, 188,480 volumes were either taken to the hom.es of residents or used within the library building. The aim in the library is to establish pleasant personal relations between the fre- quenters of the librar)- and its officers, and all persons having questions to ask, answers to which may be found in books, are cordially welcomed, encouraged to ask questions, and sympathetically aided in getting answers to PRE- SS them. There were used 58,720 volumes during the last year by persons seeking infor- mation within the library building. The library has become distinguished for the value and efficiency of the aid which it has rendered to the teachers and scholars of the public and private schools of Worcester. It has begun in its new building to place upon the walls of halls many of its valuable art treasures and il- lustrations of countries, and scenes and in- cidents in history. It is rich in pictorial col- lections and is using them for general enter- tainment and instruction, and in many instan- ces in connection with its school work. When the pictures have been put up on the walls, the public generally, or school children in par- ticular, are invited to examine and study them. A reading room was founded in connection with the library in 1865. It contains 359 re- views, magazines and papers. Dr. Cireen died in 1865, and left by will $30,000 to the library mainly to endow his department of it. One provision of the be- quest is that one quarter of the income shall be added to the principal every year. The Green Library Fund amounted November 30, 1891, to $44,766.06. Another bequest of Dr. Green to the amount of about $4,500 has recently become available. Hon. George F. Hoar raised by subscription $10,000 or $11,000, which constitutes a Reading-room Fund, the income of which is used in paying annual dues for reviews, magazines and papers. The ex- penditures of the last library year were $26, 372.20 exclusive of $4,500 spent for furniture as mentioned above. The income was as fol- ows : City appropriation $20,000, dog license money $5,079.92, income from Green Library Fund $1,660.15, income from Reading-room Fund $434.70, receipts from fines, etc., $544. 64. December 8, 1872, the reading rooms and library for purposes of reference, were thrown open to the public on Sunday. The Free Public Library was the first public library in New England to open its doors on Sunday. During the last thirteen years 13,404 persons on an average have used the library annually on that day of the week. Thanksgiving Day, 1889, the reading rooms, and the library for purposes of reference, began to be open on holidays. The reading rooms and the library, for purposes of reference, are now open every day in the year. The circulating department is open every day except Sundays and legal holi- days. The librarians have been Zephaniah Baker, Feb. 17, i860, to Jan. 14, 1871, and Samuel Swett Green, Jan. 15, 1871. Mr. Green belongs to the progressive school of librarians, and is a prominent member of the American Librarians' Association, and has recently been its President. He has originated and intro- duced new methods in library management, and is the author of several treatises upon sub- jects pertaining to his occupation. The office hours of the librarian are 10 A.M. to 1 P.M.,. 3 to 6 P. M.; Sundays 3 to 5 P. M. The cir- culating department is open for the delivery and return of books from 9 A. M. to 8 P. M , excepting Sundays and holidays; Saturdays, open until 9 P. M. W eek-days, including holidays, the upper reading rooms are open from 9 A.M. to 9 P.M.; the lower reading- room from 8 A.M. to 9.30 P.M. Sundays, both reading rooms open from 2 to 9 P. M. The books of the circulating department can be taken to their homes freely by residents who have reached the age of fifteen years. Younger persons in the discretion of the libra- rian may have cards of an especial color to use in taking out books, but attendants are in- structed to take unusual care in seeing to it that persons using such cards get books suited to their age as regards quality and comprehen- sibility. Books belonging to the intermediate department can be taken out under certain conditions. Books in the reference department which were given to the Library by Dr. Green, or which have been bought with the income of the Green Library Fund, can only be used in the library building. Every facility is af- forded there, however, for theic use. The books of the Worcester District Medical Society are kept in the Free Public Library building, and may be consulted on the same easy con- ditions which prevail in regard to the use of the Green Library. The library building is Nos. 12 t > 18 Elm street. The former presidents of the Board of Directors have been Hon. Alexander H. Bullock, Hon. William W. Rice, Hon. Stephen Salisbury, Hon. George F. Hoar, Hon. Thomas L. Nelson, Hon. Peter C. Bacon, J. Evarts Greene, Esq., Rev. Dr. W'illiam R. Huntington, Hon. Fran- cis H. Dewey, Hon. Francis A. Gaskill, E. Harlow Russell, Esq., A. George Bullock, Esq. The President for 1892 is Hon. E. T. Marble. Free-Thinkers. — Although Worcester has been known in the past by its conservatism in religion and politics, it has also been the birth- 39 FRE— FRI place of several noteworthy liberal movements, religious and political. The free-thinking ele- ment has existed here in considerable numbers and force, in all degrees, from the Unitarian of high culture down to the iconoclastic Nihil- ist, " who is, but was not, nor to be." Con- siderable "Infidel" literature has been pub- lished here. The Liberal Tract Society, in existence some twenty years ago, printed hun- dreds of thousands of tracts, and employed a colporteur to distribute them, with Paine's "Age of Reason," broadcast over the coun- try. Some of these tracts are very curious, adorned with strange wood-cuts to emphasize the argument. The Anthropological Society, formed in 1868, used to meet in Crompton's block, but did not retain its organization after 1875. It had several able members and sen- sible men, but the ranting element was large- ly represented, and perhaps caused its down- fall. Prof. WilHam Denton, Parker Pillsbury, Ingersoll and other distinguished liberals and infidels used to speak often in Worcester. French Canadians. — The Dictionary is indebted to J. Arthur Roy, proprietor of L£ Worcester Canadicn, for the following concise statement : French Canadian population in Worcester, January 15, 1892, 10,343; number of voters, 677; business men, 178; there are three French schools — Notre-Dame des Cana- diens, St. Joseph and Ste. Anne, with 1 278 pupils. There are two French Catholic churches, Notre-Danie des Canadiens and r Eglise St. Joseph de Worcester. There is also a chapel at South Worcester, called Ste. Anne. The first was formed September 10, 1869. The second, April 17, 1892 — a chapel in the same parish ( St. Joseph ) was organized September 26, 1886. The church edifice on Park street was formerly that of the Metho- dists, but the appearance is now very different. French Canadian Societies — 28 as fol- lows: 3 benevolent, 9 national, 6 religious, 2 choral, 2 dramatic, 2 literary, i commercial, I musical, 2 military. There are three Naturalization clubs, in wards 3, 5 and 6, and a French Republican club. The Garde Lafayette and Garde Nationale are military companies. The principal French Canadian societies are Societe St. Jean Baptiste, organ- ized 1868, and L^ Union St. Joseph, organized in 1885, both of the mutual benefit order. The former has 825 members and $7,200 in bank, December, 1891. Yearly receipts about $13,- 000. The latter has 275 members with $1,950 in bank, December, 1891. Of the two Prench newspapers now pub- lished, Le Travaillenr, founded by late Fer- dinand Gagnon, and now owned by B. Leuthier of Lowell, is the oldest, being established October 16, 1874, Le Courrierde Worcester, founded by Belanger Freres, February 11, 1879, and now owned by B. Leuthier of Lowell. Le K'epublicain, founded by P. U. Vaillant and F. J. Laurie, in 1891. There is also a yearly publication, Le Worcester Cana- dicn, founded by J. Arthur Roy, November 4, 1886. There were also La Voix du Peuple, founded by late Ferdinand Gagnon, in March, 1869. V Etendard Xational, founded by late Ferdinand Gagnon, November 3, 1869. E Lmp'erial, founded by M. Lanctot, 1869. Le Foyer Canadien, founded by late Ferdinand Gagnon and Frederic Houde, March 18, 1873. Lanterne Magique, (illustrated), founded by Dr. J. N. O. Provencher, August 13, 1875. Le Bien Public, founded by late Charles Gigault, January 10, 1879. There are two orphanages. There are 1736 families. There are about 125 native Frenchmen in this city, but this takes men above 18 years old only. In January, 1891, there were 5,401 males and 4,765 females. January, 1891, there were 1,719 French Canadians working at different trades, and 145 laborers. French Catholic Young Men's Asso- ciation. — Rooms at 44 Front street. French Medico-Chirurgicale of New- England, (The). — Meets at Worcester semi- annually on the first Tuesdays of April and October. Friends or Quakers. — The number in Worcester at present probably does not exceed 100. Meetings were held in Worcester as early as 1845, a room in Paine's block, at the corner of Main and Walnut streets, being occu- pied at first. In 1847 the Friends' Meeting House on Oxford street was erected, and is still in use. The first meeting held here was on the 1st of January, 1848. The land on which the meeting house stands was given by Anthony Chase and Samuel H. Colton, two prominent quakers of Worcester. Friday Morning Club. — An association of ladies interested in the study of the works of the great musical composers. It was formed FRO— GOV 40 several years ago, and has given on occasion chamber aad semi-pubUc concerts with much success. Frohsinn Gesang Verein. — A German singing society organized in 1858. Garde Lafayette and Garde Nationale. — French-Canadian military companies, the first organized in 1878. Gas Light Company. — This company was formed on the 22d of June, 1849. The works were for twenty years located on Lin- coln street at Lincoln square, where the buildings still remain. The works are at present on Quinsigamond avenue, near the South Worcester railroad station, and the city office is at 39 Pearl street. The rate is $1.50 per 1,000 feet. Gazette, (The Worcester Evening). — Published at 390 and 392 Main street by The Gazette Co. This paper was established on April I, 1851, as the Daily Morning Tran- sn-ipt. The several editors of the Transcript were Julius L. Clarke, Charles E. Stevens, Edwin Bynner, J. B. D. Cogswell, Z. K. Pangborn, Wm. R. Hooper and Caleb A. Wall. The latter sold the paper to S. B. Bartholomew & Co., and the name was changed to the ]]\ircester Evening Gazette on January I, 1866. In 1869 the paper passed into the hands of Doe & Wood well, and on the death of Mr. Woodwell, Mr. Doe suc- ceeded. The weekly edition of this paper, the ^-Egis and Gazette, has been published continuously under the n^mt ^-Egis since 1838, when the Xational ^-Egis, first published in 1801, was re-established after four years' suspension. The Gazette is Republican in politics. Geographical Position. — The latitude of Worcester is 42^ 16' 17" north, and its lon- gitude 71" 48' 13" west. Geology. — The local geological structure consists of the St. John's group, Merrimack schist and fenruginous gneiss, in which occur steatite, beds of clay and peat, and iron ore. Germans. — According to the best estimates there are about 1500 Germans in Worcester at the present time. They are generally a well-conditioned people, and form a valuable portion of the community. In religion their liberal views have made it difficult to maintain any distinctive religious organization, and sev- eral attempts in this direction have failed. The latest is the German Lutheran Church, formed in 1888, which worships at the Mis- sion Chapel on Summer street. Of the German associations the Singing Society ''Frohsinn'' was formed in 1858. The Socialer Turn J'erein, or School of Gymnastics was founded in 1859. Einigkeit Lodge, A'o. 44, Deutcher Orden der Lfarugari, a mutual ben- efit association similar to the Odd Fellows, was organized in 1853. Golden Cross, (United Order of the). — Worcester Commandery, No. 88, was or- ganized in iSSo, and meets at 566 Main street. Good Samaritan Society of Worcester, (The). — An association for practical philan- throphy, formed March 4, 1892, with its principal object "to loan to the sick and needy such articles as may be required by them;" in other words to keep for use on occasion, comforts and conveniences needed in time of sickness which are not likely to be in the possession of ordinary families. These articles are loaned without charge, except in one or two cases in which a small fee is exacted. The society has a room at 174 Southbridge street which is open every week day from 12 to I, in charge of the custodian, Miss Helen Taft. The loan of articles can be had only through an order from a physician or the District Nurse. Dr. Charles H. Davis was the prominent mover in the organization of this society. The officers elected are, President, Mrs. C. H. Davis; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. J. B. Stone, Miss Mary E. D. King; Secretary, Miss Mary E. Tatman; Treasurer, Miss Mary L. Nichols; Executive Committee, includes the above-named officers and Mrs. Chas. L. Gates, Mrs. F. L. Durkee, Mrs. O. F. Rawson. The Society has over one hun- dred members. The annual dues are one dollar, and from this source and gifts there is a present fund of $368. The room is well equipped with a good number and great vari- ety of articles needed in the sick chamber. Gounod Club. — A musical society formed in 1SS6. Henry F. Harris is president, and E. N. Anderson musical director. Government Building. — The new Gov- ernment or Post Ofiice Building is now erect- ing on the land between Main and South- bridge streets, bounded by Myrtle street on 41 GRA— MAC the south. For this land the Government paid $75,000, and it is asserted that a like amount in addition was paid the owners of the property by parties who were interested in pull- ing the city southward. A curious anecdote showing the value of the land at this place sixty years ago will be found in the article on Franklin Square. Grace Methodist Episcopal Free Church. — Walnut street. This church was formed in 1867, and for four years worshipped in Washburn Hall, under the name of the Main street M. E. Church. In 1870 a lot on Walnut street was purchased of W. W. Sprague for $10,000, and the present struc- ture erected at an expense of about $60,000. Tlfe corner stone was laid Oct. i, 1870, and the new church was dedicated Jan. 24, 1872. On removal the name Grace M. E. Church was assumed, as the old name was then ob- viously inappropriate. Grade Crossings. — Worcester is afflicted with this curse probably in a greater degree than any other place of its size in the country, if not in the world. There are over thirty places where the railroads and highways cross at grade, twelve of which are in the busy parts of the city. The estimated cost of ob- viating all these dangerous nuisances in Worcester is over two million dollars ! Meas- ures are being taken to change the grade of several of these crossings. Grafton. — A town situated eight miles south-east of Worcester, reached by the Boston & Albany railroad, (station at North Grafton and branch railroad to centre). This place was in ancient times one of John Eliot's "Indian Praying Towns," known as Hassa- namisto. It was settled in 1728 by the whites, and incorporated in 1735, under the name of Grafton. The boot and shoe busi- ness, and the manufacture of cotton cloth, are carried on here to some extent. Population in 1885, 4,498. In 1890,' 5,002. Grafton Square. — At the junction of Grafton, Orient and Hamilton streets. The name Elm Square is improperly applied, as the place was officially designated Grafton square several years ago. Grand Army Hall. — At 344 Main street. Formerly called Brinley Hall, which was opened in 1837. It was many years the prin- cipal hall in Worcester. It will seat 300. Grand Army of the Republic. — George H. Ward Post, A^o. 10, was organized April 13, 1867, with the folowing charter members: A. A. Goodell, J. A. Titus, Harlan Fairbanks, J. Stewart Brown, R. H. Cham])erlain, H. Elliott Blake, D. M. Woodward, J. M. Wood- ward, J. M. Drennan, Augustus Stone, Geo. M. Woodward and Chas. E. Simmons. Since the formation over 2000 members have joined the Post, 700 of whom are still active. $35,000 have been dispensed in benefits and reliefs. The Women's Relief Corps, organ- ized in 1883, as an auxiliary, has 165 members. Daughters of Veterans, Clara Barton Tent, Xo. 3, was organized in 1890, and meets at Sons of Veterans Hall, 418 Main street. Camp A. A. Goodell, A'o. 2, Mass. Division, Sons of Veterans, was formed in 1883. Meet- ings of Post 10 are held every Thursday even- ing at Grand Army Hall, 344 Main street. Grangers. — See Patrons of Hnsbandry. Grant Square. — Bounded by Harrington avenue, Mt. Vernon place, and Windsor and Mt. Vernon streets. Laid out in 1854 or '55, and was known as Mt. Vernon square till 1870, when the name was changed to "Grant" in honor of the General and President. Greendale. — A village in the north part of Worcester on West Boylston street. Green Hill. — The ancestral home of the Green family in Worcester, lying north of Millstone hill. It is approached by Green lane from Lincoln street. Grocers' Association. — The Worcester County Retail Grocers' Association was formed in 1 88 1 for mutual benefit, information and protection. Samuel A. Pratt of Worcester is president. The Directory of 1892 gives the names of three wholesale, and 255 retail grocers in Worcester. Guinea. — The name formerly applied to the region around Washington square, partic- ularly perhaps, to the lower end of Mechanic street, where many colored people lived. Hack Fares. — Within one mile 50 cents for one passenger and 25 cents for each addi- tional passenger. Between ten o'clock p. m. and six A. M. 50 cents each. Within one and one-half miles 75 cents for one; if more than one, 50 cents each. For greater distances special rates. Children between 3 and 12 HAL— HIC 42 years, half-price. These rates were estab- lished by the City Council and any driver violating the provisions of this order will incur a penalty not exceeding $20. Halls, (Public). — The principal public halls are named below : Mechanics Hall. Seating capacity 1 926. See under the title in the Dictionary. Washburn Hall, (in Mechanics Hall build- ing). Seating capacity- 552. Horticultural Hall, Front street. Seating capacity 650. Grand Army Hall, Main street, formerly Brinley Hall. Seating capacity 300. Continental Hall, corner Main and Foster streets. Formerly the first Universalist church. Seating capacity 750. Association Hall, in the V. M. C. A. build- ing. Elm street. Seating capacity 827. Father Matheiu Hall, 100 Green street. Seating capacity 1000. 34 Front street. 300 seats. Salisbury Hall, in The Worcester Society of Antiquity Building on Salisbury street. 300 seats. Worcester Theatre, Exchange street. 1338 seats. Front Street Opera House, 1 059 seats. Lothrop's Opera House, 21 Pleasant street. 1050 seats. Hamilton Square. — On Prescott street, between Lexington and Otis streets. Hancock Club, (The). — A social club formed in 1891, and at first made up of resi- dents of the North end, with rooms over the office of William H. Sawyer on Lincoln street. In June, 1892, the club leased of Stephen Salisbury the old Salisbury mansion in Lincoln square for a term of five years, and will occupy it from October i, 1892. The club has no political, social or religious bias, and its membership includes some of the staunchest and most popular business and professional men of the North end. The number is limited to 150. Hancock Hill. — The eminence which rises near the junction of Salisbury and For- est streets, to which the name has recently been appropriately applied, as this land once belonged to John Hancock, the revolutionary patriot. Harrington Corner. — The north corner of Front and Main streets. The name was ap- plied at the time of the erection of Harrington Block, and it appears cut in granite on the building. Harrington corner is the Charing Cross of Worcester, or the grand centre of business and travel, though the indications are that the central point will in the future be much further south. Hatters' and Furnishers' Association. — Was formed in 1886. Health, (Board of). — See Board of Health. Heart of the Commonwealth. — A name applied to Worcester on account of its central location in the state. The origin of the term is uncertain, but it was used as early as 1820, then generally in reference to the County rather than the Town. The City Seal has the device of a heart, which tells its story without any Latin. Hebrews. — See Jen's. Hermit. — Worcester once enjoyed the dis- tinction of possessing among other unrivalled attractions, a real hermit, who lived among the rocks near the summit of Rattlesnake hill, where Solomon Parsons many years ago built a temple, and deeded the spot to the Almighty, recording the conveyance by cutting the letters in the surface of a flat rock. The hermit lived in a small stone house, where he was visited by many persons from the City, and sometimes by those who were not to his liking, and who abused his hospitality Some ten years since he gave up his solitary habits, returned to the multitude, and is now a familiar figure in our streets. Hermitage. — A romantic spot in the valley west of Millstone hill and north of the exten- sion of Forest avenue. The name was prob- ably given by William Lincoln to a wooded dell, the quiet and seclusion of the place suggesting the designation. Herbert Hall. — See Insane Asylums. Herdics and Coupes. — Several years ago a line of herdics was started in Worcester, and regular routes traveled through the prin- cipal streets, with a five cent fare. The effect was to reduce the horse-car fare from six to five cents. Most of the herdics were with- drawn after a few months. Hickory Cycle Club. — A young women's cycling club connected with the Y. W. C. A. 43 — HIG High School. — The Classical and English High School was established by vote of the town in 1844, and the school was opened in September, 1845, in a brick building which had been erected for the purpose at the corner of Walnut and Maple streets. This building, which was considered when new the finest high school house in the State, was moved to the opposite side of Walnut street, in 1870, to make room for the later structure, where it still stands. In 1846 Hon. Stephen Salisbury gave $750 to purchase a philosophical appara- tus; and in 1859 Hon. Alexander H. Bullock established the Bullock Medal Fund by a gift of $1000, the interest of which is now used in making additions to the school library. In 1870 the erection of the present High School building was begun, and it was dedicated December 30, 1871. The building alone cost $169,691.82. The plans were drawn by H. H. Richardson, of celebrity as an architect; and Norcross Brothers were the builders. There are 19 rooms, besides the large hall and the basement, and the intention was to accommodate 500 pupils; of late the school has been greatly overcrowded. Gifts to the new building were: A piano from Hon. Stephen Salisbury; the bell and fountain from William Dickinson, Esq.; and the clock in the tower, and the electric system of clocks in the interior from Hon. Edward Earle. There are three courses of study, the Classi- cal and English of four years each, and a College Preparatory of five years. The Acadeftie is the literary organ of the High School. It was established in 1886. The High School Thesaurus was published from Nov., 1859, to May, 1866, but only 32 num- bers were issued in that time. The first beneficiary of the Bancroft Scholarship Fund, founded by a gift of $10,000 from George Bancroft, the historian, was a High School pupil, George B. Churchill, who received the income for three years. High School Societies. There are three boys' societies: The Eiicleia, foimed in 1859; the Sumner Club, 1884; and the Assembly, 1885. The girls' society, the Aletheia, was organized in 188 1. The Worcester High School Association, composed of past graduates, was organized in 1886. Following is a list of Principals of the High School, from 1844 to the present time, and their terms of service, with the colleges from which they were graduated : Elbridge Smith, (B. U.) Aug^., 1S45. Lo Sept., 1S47. Xelson Wheeler, (Y. C.) Sept., 1S47, I" Sept., 1S52. George Capron, (B. U.) Sept. 1S52, to Dec, 1S54. Lucius D. Chapin, (A. C.Wan., 1S55, Feb., 1855. Osgood Johnson (D. C.) Feb., 1S55, to July, 1856. Homer B. Spraarue, (Y.C.) Sept., 1S56, to Dec. 1859. Harris R. Greene, (B. U.) Jan., 1S60, to July, 1866. Tames F. Clatiin. (A. C.) Aug., 1866, to Feb., 1S67. ^:ilis Peterson, (H. U.) March, 1867, to June, 1869. Abner H. Davis, (B. C.) Aug., 1869, to Dec, 1872. Ellis Peterson, (H. U.) Dec, 1872, to lulv, 1875. Jos. \V. Fairbanks, (A. C.) Aug., 1875, to'Jufv, 1878. Samuel Thurber, (B. U.) Aug., 1878, to Nov., 1880. Alfred S. Roe, (Wes. U.) Xov.. 1880, to June, 1890. John G. Wight, (D. C.) Sept., 1S90, to the present. Mr. Roe served longer by three years than any other principal of the school. The number of pupils increased from 350 when he came to the school, to 900 when he retired. Through his efforts mainly, the number of books in the school library were greatly in- creased, and the interior of the building adorned with portraits, busts and works of art, including two memorial tablets to the memory of pupils of the school who lost their lives in the Rebellion. High School (New English). — Corner of Irving and Chatham streets. Opened Septem- ber, 1892, with James Jenkins, principal. Cost of the land, $49,500. Cost of build- ing, over $100,000. Barker & Nourse were the architects. The building is 147 by 117 feet square, with a tower 130 feet high. The ma- terial is Greenfield brick with brown sandstone dressing, resting on a base of Fitzwilliam granite. Highland Military School. — A private academy on Salisbury street, founded in 1856 by Caleb B. Metcalf, who was previously for years a teacher in the public schools of Wor- cester. The studies here are similar to those in the high and scientific schools, including the preparatory studies, with surveying, civil engineering, and natural science. Military drill was instituted in 1858, and is still a prominent feature in the school, its purpose being to promote health, improve the figure and personal carriage, and aid discipline. There are two courses — English and Classical — of four years each. The Highland School is a boarding school, and a large proportion of its pupils come from a distance, attracted by the high reputation which the institution has maintained from the beginning. The uniform of the cadets is of a gray color and attractive appearance, and its wearers are often seen upon our streets. Mr, Metcalf re- tired from the management of the school HIL— HOM 44 several years ago. The Academy is under the charge of Joseph A. Shaw as principal. Hillside. — The home of John B. Gough, in the town of Boylston, near Worcester. It has recently been purchased by Mr. W. J. Hogg, the carpet manufacturer. In Mr. Gough 's lifetime the house contained the valu- able library, with the matchless collection of Cruikshank's drawings and illustrations, and many other memorials of the owner's life and work. These were dispersed by auction in 1892. John Bartholomew Gough was born in Sandgate, Kent, England, 22d August, 181 7, and died at Frankford, Pa., 18th February, 1886. His labors in the temperance cause have made his name a household word. He was a true reformer, for he reformed himself, and his example has been an inspiration to thousands. Historical Societies. — '^iO.o. American An- tiquarian Society; Worcester Society of An- tiquity, ( The^; Massachusetts Record Society. History, (Early). — The first grant of land located in the vicinity of Worcester, was made by the General Court of Massachusetts to Increase Nowell of Charlestown, May 6, 1657, and comprised a tract of 3200 acres. In 1662, 1000 acres were granted to the church in Maiden; and in 1664, 250 acres were granted to Thomas Noyes of Sudbury. The rights of Nowell and Noyes were transferred to other parties. About 1673 Ephraim Curtis built a house here; he is generally considered the first settler, though some statements indi- cate that others were here before him. In the spring of 1675 lo^s were apportioned and a settlement effected, but the settlers were driven away by the Indians, and in December the buildings were burned by the savages. Another settlement was made in 1684, and in October of that year the plantation, which had been known as Quinsigamond, received the name of Worcester. The second settle- ment met the fate of the first, and about the year J 700 the place was again abandoned to solitude. In 1713 the third and permanent settlement was effected by Jonas Rice, and in 1 71 7 some two hundred were living here. A church was formed in 1719, and the town was incorporated in 1722. See Military History. Holden. — A town originally set off from Worcester in 1740. It is seven miles distant on the Fitchburg Railroad. Population in 1885, 2,470. In 1890, 2,623. Home for Aged Men.— 77^^? Old Men^s Home in the City of Worcester was incorpo- rated March 28, 1874, with the purpose to furnish aid to such respectable, aged and indi- gent men, who may be obliged by misfortune to solicit charity or assistance. In response to a pubhc appeal, Albert Curtis, Esq., made a gift to the corporation of a fine estate situated at New Worcester, to be used as an asylum or home for unfortunate old men. The lack of sufficient funds prevented the directors from utilizing this property in the manner desired until recently. The Home at 49 Leicester street was opened in the fall of 1891, and later the name was changed to Home for Aged Men. Home for Aged Women. — In his will Ichabod Washburn gave his home estate on Summer street, (subject to his wife's life interest), and fifty thousand dollars to establish and maintain a "Home for aged females, widows, and those who have never been married, who from loss of friends or other misfortunes are reduced from a state of com- fortable and respectable competency to that of dependence upon charity." The "Home" was to be under the direction of a board of twenty-four trustees, of whom one-half were to be women. The institution was incorpo- rated in 1869. Mr. Washburn's widow pur- chased for $11,000 the reversionary interest of the trustees in the homestead, and with this money they bought the Cleveland or Isaac Goddard Mansion on Orange street, where the Home was opened July I, 187.3, ^'i^^ seven inmates. Up to the present time more than fifty have received the benefits of a com- fortable home and support. Only those of good moral character, and such habits of life and deportment in manners as shall not ren- der them unpleasant or troublesome in their intercourse with the superintendent, and at- tendance on each other, are admitted. Applicants are at present required to pay $100 before admission. The Home is in charge of an efficient matron. The fine mansion and grounds on Leicester street have recently been acquired, and the institution is to be removed to that place. Homoeopathic Medical Society, (The Worcester County). — Formed in 1866. 45 HOM— HOT Holds quarterly meetings at the library room and dispensary, 1 1 Trumbull street. HomcEpathic Dispensary. — See Dispen- saries. Hope Cemetery. — See Cemeteries. Hopeville. — The locality between Cam- bridge street and Sutton lane, comprising Fremont street and Sutton road. It is within a short distance from Webster square at New Worcester. Horse Cars. — See Street Raikuay. Horseshoers' Union, (The), was organ- ized in 1887. Horticultural Hall. — The auditorium in the building of the Worcester County Horti- cultural Society, much used for lectures, concerts, etc. There are seats for 650 in the main hall, and there is an upper hall, which can be connected by removing the partition. See next article. Horticultural Society, (Worcester County). — Formed in 1840 "for the purpose of advancing the science and encouraging and improving the practice of Horticulture." The first board of officers was constituted as fol- lows: President, Dr. John Green; Vice- Presidents, Dr. Samuel Woodward, Stephen Salisbury; Secretaries, Benjamin F. Hey wood, L. L. Newton, J. C. B. Davis, William Lin- coln, Dr. Joseph Sargent; Trustees, Dr. John Park, Isaac Davis, E. F. Dixie, S. D. Spurr, Thomas Chamberlain, Nathaniel Stowell, A. D. Foster, Lewis Chapin, J. G. Kendall, Emory Washburn. The first exhibition was held Oct. 13 to 15, 1840, in the old brick building which stood on the site of the block erected by Sumner Pratt on Front street. The society was incorporated in 1842. In 1851 sufficient funds had been accumulated to war- rant the erection of the fine "Horticultural Hall" on Front street, near Main, the upper stories of which are now occupied for the purposes of the association. Annual exhibi- tions of fruit, flowers and vegetables were held for many years, but for the last decade they have been held weekly during most of the year, and liberal premiums are offered. The society owns a fine library of some 2000 volumes on subjects pertaining to its specialty. Its hall is adorned with portraits of prominent deceased members. The present officers are : President, Henry L. Parker; Vice-Presidents, Stephen Salisbury, Geo. E. Francis, O. B. Hadwen, Secretary, Edward Winslow Lin- coln. Hospital, (The City). — This institution was incorporated May 25, 1 87 1, and was opened at the Abijah Bigelow house on the corner of Front and Church streets, Oct. 25, 1871. George Jaques soon after gave three and a half acres of land on Prince street (now Jaques avenue) as a site for a hospital, and at his death left the remainder of his estate, in value nearly $200,000 as a fund for its sup- port. The Jaques homestead, at "the corner of Wellington and Chandler streets, was occu- pied as a hospital from January, 1874, to December 8, 1881, when the present building on Jaques avenue was ready for use. At first there were only the main building and two wards, but in 1882 another ward was added, and later the Gill and Salisbury wards were built from funds given by Mrs. Sarah W. Gill and Stephen Salisbury, Esq. Mrs. Helen C. Knowles gave at her death $25,000 for the erection and maintenance of a lying-in ward, and this has been completed, and is known as the "Knowles Maternity." There are now seventy beds at the Hospital, and over 1,000 patients are treated yearly. A training school for nurses has been established at the hospital. The institution is under the direction of a board of seven trustees. Dr. Charles A. Peabody is the superintendent. The sum of $15,000 was appropriated by the City Gov- ernment for the support of the hospital for the present year (1892). Hospital Cottages for Children, Bald- winville, Mass. — Worcester Local Ladies^ Board meets monthly at 17 Burnside Building. Hospitals. — See the previous articles: Memorial Hospital ; Ijisaue Asylums ; Small- pox Hospital. Hotels. — All the hotels of Worcester are on the American plan. The Bay State House, corner of Main and Exchange streets, stands at the head. The charges here are from $2.50 to $3.50 per day, with first-class ser- vice; single meals 75 cents. It has 130 rooms. -Distance from the Union railroad station about | of a mile on the street rail- way line. The Waldo House, on Waldo street, has 100 rooms, and the charges here are $2 and $2.50 per day. The Com)>ioji_ 7vealih, at 201 F"ront street, is another larg HOT— 46 hotel opened January i, 1892, with 106 rooms, and a rate of $2.00 per day. The Lincoln Hoiise. on Elm street, just off Main, has 100 rooms, and the rate is $2.50 per day. The location is very pleasant, and it is a fav- orite house with many. Those who desire a place near the railroad station, will readily find the United States Hotel, on Summer street. There are 40 rooms here, with a rate of $2 per day. On Front street, at the corner of Trumbull, within easy distance of the station, is the Keiv Waverly. Rate $2; with 70 rooms. The Exchange Hotel, opposite Court hill on Main street, is much patronized by jurymen and those who have business in the courts. It has 54 rooms, and the rate is $2. The Hotel Parker, on Walnut street, with 38 rooms, charges $1.50 and $2 per day. The City Hotel is located at the corner of Southbridge and Myrtle streets, near Franklin square. It has 47 rooms, and the rates are $2 per day. The German- American House, at 35 Mechanic street, is the only German hotel in the city. The Hotel Pleasant, Pleas- ant street, Hotel Adams, High street, Ken- viore. Main street, and Hotel Prentice, Crown street, are family hotels. There are numerous smaller hotels with various prices. Good boarding-houses are to be found in different parts of the city. Hptels, (Old). — The oldest continuous tavern site in Worcester is where the Bay State House now stands. It was established by Daniel Heywood in 1722. It was kept by Moses Chapin in the early part of the present century, and in 1809 by William Chamberlain. Samuel Hathaway and Alvan Robinson came later, the latter being succeeded by Cyrus Stockwell, and the establishment for some years went under the name of Stockwell's Tavern. In 1827 it was called the "Sun Tavern," kept by Lewis Lilley, and the next year the "Rising Sun Inn," kept by S. Banis- ter, who removed to the Blackstone Hotel in 1830, and Stockwell, who had probably leased the property to Lilley and Banister, returned for a short time. Under the name of Central Hotel it was kept by Tones Estabrook in 1832, and 1835 by Z. Bonney. The Sterne or "King's Arms" Tavern, on the site of the Lincoln House, was kept by Thomas Sterne and his widow, from 1732 till after the Revo- lution. In 1786 John Stowers, who had previously kept a tavern elsewhere in the town, took this house, which was then called the Sun Tavern. On the site Hon. Levi Lin- coln erected his fine dwelling house about 1812, which in 1835, when he built the pres- ent Gov. Lincoln mansion on Elm street, became the Worcester House, and was kept by David T. Brigham, Lysander C. Clark, and others until the large block was built in front, after which it was known as the Lincoln House (see title). The old "Hancock Arms," on Lincoln street, also called Brown's Inn, was kept after the Revolution by Abner Child, Benj. Butman, Amos Smith, Simeon Duncan and others until it was closed sometime before it was burned, Dec. 24, 1824. The fire was incendiary, and Stephen Salisbury, the owner of the building at that time, offered a reward. Nathan Patch established the present Ex- change Hotel in 1785. It was kept by Wil- liam Barker from 1 790 to about 1800 or after. In 1807 Reuben Sikes purchased it, and it was known for years as Sikes' Coffee House. Samuel B. Thomas succeeded in 1823, and called the house the Temperance Exchange, and later it became the Exchange. He was succeeded by his son-in-law, P. W. Wait, in 1840, who kept it until 1854. It has since been in various hands. The John Chandler Mansion, present site of the Walker building, corner Main and Mechanic streets, was kept before and after 1800 by Ephraim Mower as a public house. In 1818 William Hovey erect- ed a brick building on the spot, called the "Brick Hotel," and kept by Oliver Eager. Howe & White succeeded the latter in 1821, and they were succeeded by William Hovey in 1823, who then called it the "Worcester Hotel," and later it was known as the United States. James Worthington kept it for several years. This building rented from 18 18 to 1822 for $550 per annum. It was moved back in 1854, when Clark's block was built. In 1827 Capt. Joseph Lovell opened his "Blackstone Canal Inn" at the corner of Main and Thomas streets. Samuel Banister took it in 1830, and Nov. 27, 1833, Eleazer Porter purchased it for a temperance hotel, and it was called the "Worcester Temperance House" for several years. Warner Hinds suc- ceeded Porter in 1835. It was kept as a hotel until 1866. S. Hathaway kept a tavern at Washington square from 1825 to 1831, and was succeeded by William R. Wesson, Elliott Swan was landlord here for twenty years from 185 1. The old "Swan's Hotel" was re- moved to make room for the Union Passenger 47 HOU— IXS Station. In 1835 Hon. A. D. Foster con- verted his dwelling house, corner of Main and Foster streets, into a hotel, which until 1857 was known as the "American Temperance House" or the American House. On the other corner of Foster street, was kept for a time, the Railroad Hotel, also opened about 1835. In 1833 a Boston company formed a project for the erection of a hotel on the plan of the Tremont House in Boston, opposite the Town Hall, but for seme reason it was given up. Other old taverns at different times' were the Jones Tavern, south of Park street on Main, in the Revolutionary era; the Jones Tavern at New Worcester, kept by three gen- erations; the Baird Tavern on the Grafton road, and the Cow Tavern in the north part of the town. The length of this notice for- bids the mention of several others not as well- known as the above. House of Correction. — See Jail. Hussar Relics. — In the Museum of The Worcester Society of Antiquity may be seen an iron cannon, and some smaller relics from the wreck of the frigate Hussar, the British treasure-ship, which was sunk at Pot Rock in the East River at New York, Nov. 25, 1780. This ship had on board specie to the amount of ;/'"96o,ooo, the three years' pay due the army and navy in this country at that time. Attempts have been made at different times to recover this treasure, and some forty years ago, Hon. Charles B. Pratt was engaged for a time in diving at the scene of the wreck, and the above-mentioned relics were brought up by him. Mr. Pratt began his experience as a diver, by volunteering, when a boy only four- teen years of age, to take the place of a man who had failed to appear in a diving exhibi- tion at Rochester, N. Y., in 1838. He re- mained under water an hour and was paid $50 for the feat. He afterwards engaged in operations at Key West, Gibraltar, and other places, and was well-known in connection with the attempts to raise the Hussar. It is not certainly known whether any of the money was found, and the idea still holds that the treasure is intact. A company has recent- ly been formed in Leominster in this county with the purpose to further prosecute the search for the sunken wealth. Hygiene Association. — See Emergency and Hygiene. Indian Association, ( Worcester ). — Was formed in 1885, its purpose being to improve the condition of the red men. The association holds monthly meetings. Industrial School. — See Polytechnic In- stitute. Insane Asylums. — The Worcester Luna- tic Hospital was established by the state, and opened for patients in 1833. The building on Summer street (since enlarged) was occupied until the combletion of the new hospital at the lake in 1877. Some 15,000 patients have been treated, and about 800 are at present accommodated. The new buildings situated on an eminence west of Lake Quinsigamond, and about two miles from the city, command a fine view of the surrounding country. Dr. H. M. Quinby is superintendent. The Worcester Insane Asylum is located on Summer street, in the building formerly occu- pied by the Lunatic Hospital, and was re- opened in October, 1877. Only chronic cases are treated here. Dr. E. Y. Scribner is the superintendent. Both of the above institutions are under the direction of a board of seven trustees appoint- ed by the Governor. Dr. Merrick Bemis, for many years super- intendent of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital, is the proprietor of a private insane asylum known as Herbert Hall on Salisbury street. Institute Park. — A public ground situated between Salisbury street and Salisbury pond, presented to the City, Oct. i, 1887, by Stephen Salisbury, Esq. The tract comprises about 18 acres, with a small reservation in front of the Polytechnic Institute, upon which the Institute may erect a building at some future time if required. Mr. Salisbury has just erected pavilions, stone tower after the model of the old mill at Newport, connected the island by a handsome bridge, and is otherwise improving the ground at his own expense. Insurance Companies. — The Worcester Mutual Fire Insurance Co. was incorporated February 11, 1823. John A. Fayerweather of Westborough is president, and Roger F. Upham secretary and treasurer. The office is at 377 Main street. The Merchants' and Farmers'' Fire Insurance Co., incorporated 1846. John D. Washburn is president and E. B. Stoddard, secretary. Office 242 Main street. The First Xational Fire Insurance I\S— IRI 48 Co. was incorporated in 1869, The president is Charles B. Pratt, the vice-president and treas- urer, R. James Tatman, and the secretary, Geo. A. Park. Office 410 Main street. The PVorcesier Maniifacturers^ Mutual Insicrance Co. was reorganized in 1861. George M. Rice is president and treasurer, and S. R. Barton secretary. Office 448 Main street. The Peoples' Mutual, Bay State and Central Mutual companies failed in 1872 in conse- quence of the Boston fire. The State Mutual Life Assurance Co., incorporated in 1844, occupies a fine building at 240 Main street. A. George Bullock is president and Henry M. Witter secretary. Insurance or Fire Patrol. — See Pro- tect ive Depart nie)it. Inventions and Inventors. — It was once said that more patents had been granted to Worcester County inventors than to those of any other county in the United States. With- out asserting or denying the truth of this statement, it can be said that some of the most important inventions and improvements in use originated in Worcester County. The most valuable one in all its results is undoubtedly the eccentric lathe of Thomas Blanchard. This, with the typewriter of Charles Thurber, and the calliope of J. C. Stoddard, shows the verge of usefulness and novelty, and from them the scale runs down through an almost inconceivable number and variety of useful and curious innovations to a world of small notions. The limits of the Dictionary will not admit of anything like adequate mention, or even bare enumeration of the different and invaluable inventions introduced by Worcester County men. The Stowells, who made car- pets in Worcester in the first years of the century, were famous for their ingenuity, and received several patents. William Hovey was noted as an early Worcester inventor, and with the Stowells, heads a list numbering a legion. Brief mention of a few inventions will be found in the article on Manufactures. Irish. — The census 1885 gives 10,695 ^^^the number of natives of Ireland in Worcester, but this does not represent half the population of Irish blood. Indeed it was claimed recent- ly, by a prominent representative of the race, that there were over 30,000 Irish in the city. In general the Irish people have prospered to a greater degree in Worcester than in most other places. Although there are only a few among them who might be considered wealthy, there are many successful and enter- prising business men, traders, and contractors who have gained a competency; and»the pro- portion of Irish who own their homes is quite large. Irish Societies. — The principal Irish soci- eties are included in the following: Ajicient Order of Hibernians, a mutual benefit and fraternal order. Division i was organized in 1867, Division j in 1871, Divis- ion 24 in 1876. The A. O. H. Guards and two companies of Hibernian Rifles are at- tached to this order. The rooms are at 98 Front street. There is a total membership of 750. The Washington Social Club, the lead- ing social organization, was organized in 1882 and incorporated in 1884. The rooms at 98 Front street are fitted up with much elegance. The Club also has a fine house at Lake Quin- sigamond on the Shrewsbury side. Of tem- perance societies the Father Matheiv Muttial Benefit Total Abstinence Society stands at the head. The first Catholic Temperance Society was organized in Worcester in 1840. It lived about a year. Rev. James Fitton was president. On the 4th of November, 1849, the Father Mathew Society was organized shortly after Father Mathew's visit here. It is a mutual benefit society, as its name states, bound by the principle of total abstinence. Members when sick receive $5 per week for 13 weeks, and $3 per week for the succeed- ing 13. Each member is assessed 50 cents for a burial fund when a member dies. The society was incorporated in 1863. In 1873 the house and lot on Temple street were pur- for $4,200, and a hall of brick erected at a cost of $2,300 additional. This property was sold a year or tw^o ago to Rev. Fr. Griffin for $9,500, and the new Father Mathew Hall on Green street, corner of Harrison, erected at a cost of $30,000. The lot of 6,310 feet of land was purchased of Mary Carroll for $6,000. The Society is now in debt about $18,000. The amount of benefits paid since 1849 is $35,000, and 52 members have died. The present membership is 260. This society has paraded on several notable occasions and celebrations. The St. John's Catholic Tem- perance and Literary Guild of St. John's Parish, the Sacred Heart Lyceum, St. Aloy- sius Society and Young Women's Literary Society of Sacred Heart parish, and St. Anne's Society and Guards of St. Anne's parish are 49 IR()_Jt\ prominent temperance societies. The Catho- lic Order of Foresters, Court 59, was organ- ized a few years since. The Irish Catholic Benevolent Society, formed in 1863, meets at 98 Front street. The St. John's Cadets is a military and temperance organization of boys. The Grattaji Literary Society and the Moore Club have been prominent in the past. Iron Hall. — Branch A^'o. jg6 was organ- ized in 1886. Iron Hall Sisterhood, Branch A^o. 601, was organized in 1887. Both these meet at Veteran Legion Hall, 566 Main street. Island, (The.)— The region west of Mill- bury street, which by the divergence of the old canal stream from Mill Brook is, or was at one time surrounded by water. Police Station No. 2 is located in this district, on Lamartine street. Italians. — In 1885 there were 150 Italians in Worcester. The number has increased. Jail and House of Correction. — In 1732 a portion of the house of William Jennison on Court hill was used as a Jail, a "cage" for temporary use being built there. In 1733 this cage was removed to the house of Daniel Heywood, where the Bay State House now stands. The first jail proper, erected in 1733, stood on Lincoln street, a short distance from Lincoln square. In 1753 a new jail was built a few rods south of the former prison, which w^as used till 1788, when the stone jail in Lincoln square was completed. This latter was "judged to be at least the second stone building of consequence in the Common- wealth; none being thought superior except the stone (King's) chapel in Boston." It was claimed that it would not need any repairs except the roof for two or three centuries; but in 1835 the building was demolished, and the jail removed to its present quarters on Summer street, where the House of Correc- tion had been established in 1819. The pres- ent jail building was remodeled in 1873 at an expense of $192,000, and was occupied in March, 1874. It contains cells for 194 pris- oners, though many more have been confined here at one time. There are three large and comfortable apartments in the hospital ward, and the sick are attended by the city physi- cian. There is a library of 500 volumes, accessible every Sunday to the prisoners. Protestant and Catholic preachers alternate in Sunday worship. The number of committents during the year 1891 was 2,083. these 131 were women, and 169 minors. The total cost of maintaining the institution for 1891, was $28,991.46, of which $11,828.89 was for salaries. Amount received from lal)or of pris- oners $4,448.96; from other sources $359.40. Total $4,808.36. Sheriff Samuel D. Nye is jailer, ex-ojjficio, Robert H. Chamberlain is keeper of the Jail and master of the House of Correction. The Jail building is about one- quarter of a mile north of the Union railroad station, or midway between Washington and Lincoln squares. Jamesville. — The settlement and factory village in the southwest part of Worcester, near the Auburn line. It is reached by Staf- ford street from New Worcester, and is also on the line of the Boston & Albany railroad. Jamesville Square. — At Jamesville, junc- tion of Jame.^ Ludlow, Bennett and Clover streets. Jews. — Various estimates give the number of Jews in Worcester from 1,500 to 2,000. They are increasing here, and are generally pros- perous. They have two synagogues — that of the Children of Israel, on Green street, was erected in 1888. The society was formed in 1877. The Sons of AbraJiani Synagogue on Plymouth street, was erected in 1888, by a society formed two years before. Worcester lodge, A\k 41, Independent Order of Sons of Benjamin, a secret mutual benefit society, was organized in 1882. The Hehrezo Inde- pendoit Political Club was formed in 1 891 for purposes of naturalization. The Hebreii.^ Ladies' Aid and Literary Society was formed in March, 1890. In 1876 the number of Jews in the city did not exceed 25. A society, called the "Worcester County Society for meliorating the condition of the Jews in Eu- rope," was formed here in 1824. S. V. S. Wilder of Bolton was president, and Rev. Aaron Bancroft an active participant in its organization. Jo Bill Road, now called Institute Road. — The street leading from Salisbury street to Sunnyside. It was a travelled path two hundred years ago, on the way from Boston to Brookfield. Joseph Bill lived on this road about 1750, and the name comes from him. Junction Station. — See SontJi Worcester. 50 JUC— KNI Junction Shop. — The large stone building on the Norwich railroad, at Jackson street, just north of the Junction or South Worcester station. This shop was erected in 1853 by Col. James Estabrook, and the Wood & Light Co. took an interest in it. The propo- sition to build such a shop was made by Eli Thayer, but Col. Estabrook was disinclined to act, as he had much unproductive property on his hands, and did not wish to increase his responsibility. To encourage him in the undertaking, Mr. Thayer procured from Capt. Ephraim Mower a gift of twenty house-lots in consideration of the proposed improvement, delivered the stone to build the shop on credit, carting it from Oread hill with his own teams, and engaged Eugene T. Martin of Woonsock- et to do the masonry, paying him in part with some of the house-lots. After the building was well advanced, Col. Estabrook was able to obtain money on a mortgage to pay Thayer and Martin, and the shop was soon occupied by tenants who paid good rents. It proved a fortunate investment for the owner, and much increased the value of the rest of his real estate in that vicinity. Kansas Emigrant Movement, — The plan which saved Kansas, and ultiniately the whole country to freedom, had its origin in Worces- ter, in the brain of one of her citizens — Eli Thayer. Mr. Thayer first made his plan known at a meeting called to protest against the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, held in the City Hall, March 11, 1854. The Emi- grant Aid Company was soon in full operation, and under its direction " four or five thousand of the most resolute men and women the world ever saw went into Kansas," and largely out- numbering the slave-holding element, gained permanent possession of the territory. The South, convinced by this that slavery could not be extended into the new territories, re- sorted to rebellion, and suffered an ignomin- ious defeat after four years of war. Of Mr. Thayer's work, Rev. Edward Everett Hale has recently written : ' ' When the resevoir of North- ern indignation was still a resevoir, with its rage wasted on its banks, one man saw where the spade-blows were to be struck through which the waters should rush out. He knew how to strike these blows, struck them with his own hands, and made the channel through which the water flowed." Mr. Thayer's ac- count of his work has recently been published by the Harpers of New York, under the title of The Kansas Crusade, its Friends and its Foes; and this has since been supplemented by Ex-Goy. Charles Robinson's Kansas Con- Jiict, giving a full account of matters in the Territory during that eventful struggle. Kennel Club. — The Worcester Kennel Club was organized at the Bay State House, Monday evening, December 3, 1888, with the following officers : President, Harry W. Smith ; 1st Vice-President, Col. Rockwood Hoar; 2d Vice-President, Frederick Kimball; Secretary, Edward W. Dodge; Treasurer, Fred W. White; Executive Committee, A. B. F. Kin- ney, Waldo Sessions, Capt. E. A. Harris, Capt. Levi Lincoln, Chas. A. Parker, Francis M. Harris, H. F. Littlefield, Geo. W. Patter- son. The first annual bench show was held at the Worcester Skating Rink, April 9 to 12, 1889. There were 324 dogs shown, among which were an unusually large number of the most noted prize winners in the U. S. The principal objects of this Club are, to encourage the breeding and importation of thoroughbred dogs; to hold meetings at fixed times for the reading of essays and holding theoretic and scientific discussions on the breeding of dogs; and to hold annual bench shows. Kettle Brook, — This stream rises in Pax- ton, and flows south through Leicester to Cherry Valley, thence southeast through Valley Falls, supplying the various ponds there, then into Auburn, where it joins Ramshorn Brook. Kettle Brook contributes a large volume to the water supply of Worcester, Kindergartens. — On January 4th, 1886, Miss L. Gertrude Bardwell, through the efforts of Mrs. David W. Pond and Mrs. Rev. Henry M. Stimson, began the first permanent Kinder- garten in Worcester, at 25 Harvard street, corner of Dix. The house occupied has since been moved back, and is now No. I Dix street. Miss Bardwell was from Shelburne Falls, and was educated in Germany, having been taught in both Berlin and Dresden. In Sept., 1886, she passed the school over to Miss Elizabeth Kilham from Beverly. The latter received her training in Mrs. Shaw's school in Boston. In the spring of 1887 the Kindergarten was removed to 35 Chestnut street, and the fol- lowing September was again removed to the Y. M. C. A. building, and united with Mrs. Morgan's school. There is a Kindergarten at the Temporary Home and Day Nursery on Southbridge street. 51 KM— LAK Mrs. Frank J. Darrah's Kindergarten is at 4 Sever street. Kindergartens are to be maintained by the city as part of the public instruction from September, 1892; and \ Kin- dergarten is to be opened as an object study for the students at the State Normal School. Knights and Ladies of Columbia, Hope Lodge, No. 23, has been established in Worcester. Knights of Father Mathew. — Organized in 1879, and meets at Father Mathew Hall. Knights of Honor. — Bay State Lodge, Xo. 184, was instituted in Worcester in 1875, and IVorcesier Lodge, iVo. 3220, in 1 885. Meets in the Y. M. C. A. building on Pearl street. There are two lodges of the Knights and Ladies of Honor, viz., Pearl Lodge, Xo. I2J, which meets at 405 Main street ; and Puritan Lodge, 1208, meets at 566 Main street. Knights of Labor. — This order has de- clined greatly in influence and numbers within the past few years. The only Local Assembly at all active in Worcester at present is No. 2353, though one or two others perhaps claim an existence. Local Assembly 785 was the first one formed here, as part of the old Dis- trict Assembly, No. 30, which had its head- quarters in Boston. There have been seven Local Assemblies in W' orcester since the order was founded, this number including one Ladies' Assembly. The more recent Trades' Unions have drawn off many from the Knights' organi- zation. The order served its purpose, un- doubtedly, in modifying the views and tenden- cies of both employer and employe; and a better understanding probably now exists be- tween them. Strikes are not now as frequent as formerly, as their bad economy has been effectually demonstrated ; and arbitration is oftener resorted to. The order of the Knights of Labor never flourished as well in Worces- ter as in some other places, on account of the general good feeling between those employed and their employers. Knights of Pythias. — A secret fraternal and mutual benefit order, similar to the Odd Fellows. Blake Lodge, Xo. 4g, and Damas- cus Lodge, X'o. JO, were instituted in W^orces- ter in 1871. Later, Regidus Lodge, X^o. yi, was formed. Section i8g. Endowment Rank was organized in 1878. Pythian Temple is at 405 Main street. The Loyal Ladies of Damon, Xo. I, Pythian Sisterhood, is an association of ladies similar to the above order. Knights of St. Patrick. — Organized in 1890, and meets at 98 Front street. Knights Templars (Worcester County Commandery of). — See Masonic Societies. Lake Park. — In 1862, Hon. Isaac Davis offered as a free gift to the city, fourteen acres of land at Lake Quinsigamond for a public park, but this gift was declined. In 1884, Hon. Edward L. Davis and Mr. Horace H. Bigelow deeded to the city about no acres of land bordering on the lake, a tract admirably adapted from its location and diversified sur- face for a public ground. Mr. Davis also gave $5,000 to improve the park, and has recently erected at his own expense a stone tower, modeled after the ancient Irish structures, and built of rough stones gathered from the sur- rounding land. This is a striking and promi- nent object, and gives from its top a fine view of the lake and country about. A road called the Circuit has been laid out on three sides of the park and Lake avenue passes through it near the water front. The station on the Shrewsbury Railroad nearest the park is Lake View. Lake Quinsigamond. — A beautiful sheet of water lying along the eastern boundary of Worcester, and mostly within its territory. "It extends from north to south, in crescent form, about four miles in length, presenting by reason of disproportionate breadth the ap- pearance of a noble river, with bold banks covered with wood or swelling into green hills." There are several islands varying in extent. Known years ago by the name of Long Pond, its natural advantages for boating and as a pleasure resort, if noticed, were not made available until within the past few years. College regattas were first held here in 1859, and the place has been growing gradually in popular favor to the present time. The many attractions during the summer season, and the easy means of access by the Shrews- bury Railroad, draws large crowds, especially on Sundays. At Lincoln Park, the terminus of the railroad, there are several steamboat wharves, and close by extensive boat houses, where craft in all varieties can be obtained. From June to October, band concerts are given here every afternoon and evening, and the visitor will find much to engage his atten- tion and furnish amusement and entertain- ment. The lover of nature and beautiful scenery shDuld not fail to explore the mysteries LAK— LEA 52 of the lake by a steamboat trip from the Causeway to the south, or above Natural History Park. The best view of the lake in its entirety is from Wigwam Hill, near the north end. The station of the Worcester & Shrewsbury Railroad is on Shrewsbury street, close to the Union railroad station. Trains run every half-hour, and the fare is five cents each way. Lake Names. In the summer of 1888 a committee was selected for the purpose of naming the various prominent points and places at Lake Quinsigamond, the names to be permanently fixed and incorporated in a large and accurate map of the lake drawn for Mr. H. H. Bigelow. The committee con- sisted of Nathaniel Paine and Edmund M. Barton, of the American Antiquarian Society; Ellery B. Crane, Thomas A. Dickin- son and Franklin P. Rice of the Worcester Society of Antiquity; and H. H. Bigelow, T. C. Rice and A. A. Coburn, representing the owners of property at the lake. After several meetings and a tour of inspection the following names were agreed upon : A'orth of tJie Caitsczuay, S/ircK'shiiy side : Jeseph Point and Bay, near the head of lake. South of this : Temple Point. The Sanctuary. (See ZV/Zi'.) Cold Spring. (See Title.) The Kitchen. South oft/ie Cause'way, Shrewsbury side : Green Brook. Quinsigamond Forest. Atalanta. See Boat Clubs. East Lake. Eyrie. (See Title.) Jordan Brook. Jordan Pond. Club Harbor. Park View. Sagamore Point. The Narrows. Shrewsbury Bay. Matoonas Point. Powder Horn. Old Faith Bay. Round Pond. Half Moon Bay. South of the Causeway, Worcester side, north : South Bay. Point Lookout. Leonard Point. (See Title.) Park Landing. Islands south of the Causeway. Ram Island. Lone Pine Island. Long Island. Blake Island. The Twins. K'orth of the Causeway, Worcester side : Regatta Point. Half-way Pine. Pannasunet Point. Nannaswane Point. Coal Mine Brook. Flatlands. Paine Cove. Lakeside Boat Club.— See Boat Clubs. Lake View. — The settlement west of Lake Quinsigamond and south of Belmont street, and one of the stations on the Worcester & Shrewsbury Railroad, 2^ miles from the City Hall. There is a post-office, school-house, church, store, etc., here. Lancaster. — The oldest and one of the most beautiful towns in Worcester County. It was incorporated in 1653. It is distant from Worcester 16 miles, on the Worcester, Nashua & Rochester division of the Boston & Maine Railroad. Its fine scenery and other attractions will well repay a visit. Population in 1885, 2,050; in 1890, 2, 201. Laurel Hill. — The elevated region east of Summer street, to which Laurel street is the leading avenue. Law Club. — Meetings are held every two weeks, when law questions selected for the occasion are discussed by members of the club before older members of the bar sitting as judges. Law Library, — The Worcester County Law Library Association was formed in 1842, and the library, which comprises some twelve thousand volumes, is located in the Granite Court House on Court Hill. This library is for the use of members of the bar, but the books may be consulted by the public. "Learned Blacksmith." — At the age of going twenty-one, Elihu Burritt began the study of Latin and French, and later learned Greek while toiling at the anvil. In 1837 he was keeping a small grocery store in Connecticut, and failed during the financial crisis, losing the 53 LEA— LIB little he possessed. In quest of opportunity to pursue his favorite studies and gain a liveli- hood at the same time, he walked to Boston, and from there to Worcester, where he found the desired combination in the library of the American Antiquarian Society, and employ- ment in a blacksmith's shop. A letter to William Lincoln soliciting employment at translating was shown to Edward Everett, who soon heralded Mr. Burritt to the world as the "Learned Blacksmith." For several years Burritt lectured before lyceums, and becoming interested in philanthropic and kindred sub- jects, established in Worcester the Christian Citizen,'''' the first number of which appeared January 6, 1844, and was published seven years. Mr. Burritt for many years devoted himself to the interests of universal peace, and resided abroad for a long period, part of the time as Consul of the United States at Bir- mingham. He made extensive tours on foot through different parts of Great Britain, and published several interesting volumes of travel and description of the home-life of the English and Scotch. His last public appearance in W^orcester was at a peace meeting held in Mechanics Hall, November 24, 1871. He died in New Britain, Conn,, March 6, 1879, at the age of 69. As to Mr. Burritt's familiar- ity with languages, and the number he learned, many exaggerated statements have been made. His acquisitions in this respect were, however, truly wonderful, and his achievements worthy of great praise. That he should have a criti- cal knowledge of all the languages he gained, or even of a large part of them, was not to be expected; but that he had not such knowledge was the substance of a comment made by Charles Sumner, who appears not to have held the attainments of the blacksmith in high es- teem. Leicester. — A town adjoining Worcester on the southwest, and 6 miles distant. It was incorporated in 1 713. The center of the town is not accessible by railroad, and the nearest station is Rochdale, on the Boston & Albany Railroad. It is connected with Wor- cester by electric street railway. Population in 1885, 2,923; in 1890, 3,120. Leonard Point. — The most prominent point of land in Lake Park, extending into the water. It is in front of the old estate of Samuel Leonard, whose son was captured by the Indians in 1697, ^"d while being taken to Canada in company with Hannah Dustin, es- caped with that heroic woman, assisting her in her remarkable exploit of killing and scalp- ing the party of Indians. The Ijoy figures in the histories as Leonardson. Letter Carriers' Relief Association has been instituted in Worcester. Levels in Worcester. — The elevation above tide level of some places in Worcester is given below : At City Hall, 482 feet. At Piedmont Church, 508 feet. At Salisbury's Pond, 490 feet; (surface of the water, which varies). At Elm Park, 498 feet. Top of Millstone Hill, 780 feet. Top of Chandler Hill, 721 feet. Top of Pakachoag Hill, 693 feet. Top of Newton Hill, 672 feet. Libraries. — In the Massachusetts Spy of May 23, 1793-, appears an anouncement of the annual meeting of The IVorcestej- Associate Circulating Library Company,'' Thomas Payson, librarian. Subcribers were notified that the books would be ready on the 4th of June. This association was later known as the Worcester Social Library, and appears to have existed some forty years, for the books belonging to it were sold by auction March 6, 1833. We are informed by Librarian S. S. Green, in his article on the Libraries of Wor- cester, published in the recent History of Worcester County, that an association was formed here in 181 1 called the ''Military Library Society in the Seventh Division,'''' and that it possessed a small collection of books. The library of the Fraternity of Odd Fellows was maintained a few years from about 1825. March 12, 1830, the " Worcester County Athemeum" was incorporated, with the inten- tion of forming a library for general use. Thirty-four proprietors purchased shares at $25 each, and organized with Rev. George Allen as President, F. W. Paine, Treasurer, and Will iam Lincoln, Secretary. A good col- lection of books was made, but the association was discontinued after a few years, and the books went to the American Antiquarian Society. The Worcester Lyceum, formed November 5, 1829, and the Young Men's Library Association in August, 1852, united in 1856 under the name of the L.yceum and Library Association, and consoUdated their libraries, which formed the nucleus of the cir- 5 LIB— LIG 54 culating department of the Free Public Library in 1859. This library was kept in the upper story of the Bank building on Foster street, where also were deposited the private library of Dr. John Green and the Worcester District Medical Library. All these were in charge of John Gray as librarian. Dr. Green gave his library to the city and endowed it. See Free Public Library. The principal libraries in Worcester at the present time are here named : American Antiquarian Society, {See title. ^ Free Public Library. ( See title. ) Worcester Society of Antiquity . {See title.) Library of Ctark University. Worcester County La7u Library. — See Laiv Library. Worcester District Medical LJbrary. — See Medical Library. Worcester County Mechanics Association. — See Mechanics Association. Worcester County Linrticultural Society. — See LLorticultural Society. The High School has a library of some size, and the Musical Association and Choral Union possess libraries of books pertaining to music. Several educational and other institutions also own collections of books. Libraries Private). — The largest private libraries in the ci^y are said to be those of Senator Hoar and Jonas G. Clark, Esq. There are large libraries at the Green Hill mansion, and at "The Oaks" on Lincoln street. The valuable library of the late John B. Gough at Hillside formerly, with its princi- pal treasure, the collection of Cruikshank's illustrations, some of them being original drawings and sketches, has been dispersed by auction. Of other libraries in private hands, several are not mentioned, in deference to the wishes of their owners. Of especially curious and unique collections, that of Mr. Nathaniel Paine is, perhaps, the most noteworthy, for a large proportion of the books bear evidence of the individuality or handiwork of the owner, who has spent much time, labor and money in elaborating and extending by extra illustrations many standard and scarce editions. Among other rarities may be mentioned the Biog- raphies and Portraits of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, with autographs inserted. Mr. James E. Estabrook has a fine private library, comprising many standard works of history and biography in the best editions, with a large number relating to the drama, personal memoirs, etc. In old books, Hon. Clark Jillson easily leads in these parts, and probably in New England. The printed catalogue of his library, issued from his own private press, informs us that he is the possess- or of eleven books printed before the year 1500, and many others of great rarity issued in the 1 6th and 17th centuries. His earliest im- print is 1467 — said to be the oldest perfect iDOok with a date in the United States. Be- tween Judge Jillson and Mr. Samuel H. Put- nam, of the bookselling firm of Putnam, Davis !& Co., a pleasant rivalry has existed in the matter of old books, and the latter has suc- ceeded in obtaining a volume bearing the date 1470. Mr. Putnam's facilities in trade during the past twenty-five years have enabled him to gather a fine collection of books in standard and scarce editions, covering the field of gener- al literature, and the volumes have been care- fully selected. Mr. Alfred S. Roe has made a specialty of Rebellion literature, and his collection is large and exhaustive. He has not, however, neglected other departments. Mr. Ellery B. Crane has a good private col- lection of books on genealogy and heraldry. It contains such works as the Domesday Book, Playfair's British Family Antiquity, many English County Visitations and Church Regis- ters, Burke's General Armory and many others. Mr. Richard O'Flynn has gathered during many years a private library illustrating the history of Ireland and of the Irish people, and his books have been well conned, for he is an authority upon the subjects of which they treat. The library of the compiler of this Dictionary principally consists of books upon subjects re- lating to the political history of the United States, in which he has a particular interest. There are other private collections worthy of notice, and which do their owners much credit. Light. — A weekly literary and society paper in quarto form, the first number of which ap- peared March i, 1890. It was established by Nathaniel C. Fowler and Fred E. Colburn. Mr. Colburn sold his interest to Mr. F. E. Kennedy on the fifth of April, and June 28 Mr. Fowler retired. The paper was pur- chased of Mr. Kennedy by Mr. A. S. Roe on the 20th of December and the latter continued as editor and publisher till March of 1892. The paper is now issued by the Light Publish- ing Co. The office is at 339 Main street. 55 LIG— LIT Light Infantry. — This company was organ- ized in 1804, in response to a demand for better conditioned militia. The first pubHc parade was made June 6, 1804, under com- mand of Capt. Levi Thaxter. September 1 1, 1814, this company marched to Boston with the Worcester Artillery to repel expected British invasion. They remained in camp at South Boston till October 31, when they re- turned. In 1861 the Light Infantry belonged to the 6th Regt., and quickly responded to the call for troops to suppress the Rebellion, leaving Worcester on the 17th of April, and passed safely through Baltimore on the memor- able 19th, when a portion of the command was massacred in that city. After three months' service, most of which was in Maryland, the company arrived home the 1st of August. It is now attached to the 2d Regt. and designated as Company C. Lincoln House. — A popular hotel, located on Elm street. The Main street block in front, now used for other purposes, was opened in connection with the present hotel as the Lincoln House, June 2, 1856. This estab- lishment not being successful, the property was divided, the rear portion only, which had been a hotel — the old "Worcester House" — • since 1835, being now confined to that use. The old part of the building was erected in 1812 by Hon. Levi Lincoln, and occupied as a residence by him till 1835. There was a fine garden in front, the site of which was covered by a row of low buildings called the Tombs, and later by the present Lincoln House Block. Lincoln Park. — The pleasure ground at the terminus of the Worcester and Shrews- bury Railroad, Lake Quinsigamond. During the summer season band playing and other attractions are maintained here daily, and Sundays especially. Steamboats make fre- quent trips from the wharves at the park, down the lake and above the causeway to Natural History Camp. Abundant facilities for boating are also afforded close by. The Belmont House is connected by a bridge with the park. The park is private property. Lincoln Square. — At the north end of Main street. Highland, Salisbury, Prescott, Lincoln, Belmont, Summer and Union streets all radiate from this point. On the north is the old Salisbury mansion, one of the most in- teresting buildings in Worcester. The wooden structure on the corner of Belmont street was, in its original form, occupied early in the cen- tury by Hon. Levi Lincoln as a residence. On the east side of Summer street can be seen the old Antiquarian Hall, erected by Isaiah Thomas in 1820; between Summer and Union streets are the substantial Uean and Salisbury buildings, erected by Stephen Salisbury, Esq. At the entrance to Court Hill is the hall and treasure-house of the American Antiquarian Society, while in full view in different direc- tions are the County Court Houses on the hill; the residence of Mr. Salisbury, on Highland street; the new Central Church and parsonage^ on Salisbury street; and beyond, the new- Armory building and the Society of Antiquity building. The steam railroad and street car lines pass through the square. The station of the Boston & Maine and Fitchburg Rail- roads stands between Lincoln and Prescott streets. Literary Men. — The atmosphere of Wor- cester seems not to be favorable for the culti- vation either of literature or the fine arts, and literary men are not inclined to take up a resi- dence here, although there are some apparent attractions and advantages. Nor in the past do we find many names among residents of the place which can be enrolled with those entitled to literary fame. Rev. Aaron Ban- croft was a writer of some merit, but not equal to his distinguished son, George Ban- croft, the historian, who was born here in 1800. The elder Bancroft wrote perhaps the first life of W'ashington published in this country. William Sheldon, an Englishman 2iX\^2. littera- teur of versatility, resided in Worcester a few years previous to 181 2. He was employed by Isaiah Thomas to supervise the publica- tion of the History of Printing, was editor of the Spy, and wrote one or two books while he lived in the place. W^illiam Charles White, "player, poet, advocate and author," was in Worcester more or less during the period 1797- 1818, and died here the last named year. Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, a brother of the celebrated "Peter Parley," was minister of the Old South Church from 181 6 to 1820. He was the author of several historical works. William Lincoln, the historian of Worcester, was a writer of elegance. Rev. John S. C. Abbott, best known as the author of the life of Napoleon, was pastor of the Calvinist Church in Worcester from 1830 to 1835. He LOG— MAG 56 was a writer of marked ability, and his produc- tions were widely circulated. "The Mother at Home," written in Worcester, passed through many editions, and was translated into nearly all the European languages. It was printed in Greek at Athens, and in Dutch at the Cape of Good Hope. Elihu Burritt (^see Learned Blacksmith^ was a resident here several years. Rev. Edward Everett Hale was pastor of the Church of the Unity from 1846 to 1856. Thomas Wentworth Higgin- son lived in Worcester before the War, and was succeeded as minister of the Free Church by David A. Wasson, who will be remembered as one of the contributors to the Atlantic MontJily of twenty-five years ago. Alfred Waites is known as a Shakesperean scholar and investigator, and his published replies to Ignatius Donnelly have been considered con- clusive in the Baconian controversy. Locomotive Engineers (Brotherhood of). — Worcester Division, ^'0.64, was organ- ized in 1868. Bay State Lodge, No. 7?, Brother Jiood of Locomotive Firemen, was or- ganized in 1877. Long Pond. — See Lake Qui nsigamond. Lumber Dealers' Association. — After one or two preliminary meetings of the lumber dealers of the city, an organization was per- fected on the 20th of January, 1886, under the name of the Lumber Dealers' Association of IVorcester, its object being to promote a friendly and social feeling among the dealers in that branch of trade, and to inaugurate such measures as might tend, so far as possible, to elevate the condition of all persons in any way connected with the business. Lunatic Hospitals. — See Lnsane Asylums. Lutheran Churches. — There are three Lutheran Churches in Worcester, The S^oedish Evangelical L.i/theran, Gethsemane Church, on Alulberry street, was founded in 1 88 1. The .Vor^cegiafi Lutheran Church, founded in 1887, meets in the Summer Street Church. The German Ec'angelical L.utheran Church, founded in 1888, meets at 205 Summer street. Lynde Brook. — This brook rises in Leices- ter, and Hows south to supply the Worcester city reservoir in that town, thence to Cherry Valley, where it meets Kettle Brook. Magazines Published in Worcester. — The Massachusetts Spy suspended publication from 1786 to 1788, in consequence of the tax upon newspapers, and the IVorcester Magazine in octavo form appeared in its place. The Worcester Magazine and Historical Journal, edited by William Lincoln and Christopher Baldwin, was published in 1825-6. This publi- cation is now scarce. There w^as another Worcester ALagazine, which was printed in 1843, and edited by John Milton Thayer, since governor of Nebraska. Elihu Burritt printed for a short time the Literary Genii nee, a maga- zine in French and English. (See Catholic School and LLome Magazine : and the article on Clark University. Maine (Natives of). — This association was formed in 1882, and now numbers 800. Manufactures. — There are so many differ- ent articles manufactured in Worcester that a complete list cannot be given, but some idea of the variety of products can be had from those mentioned below : Agricultural machin- ery, artists' plates, awls and machine needles, belting, bicycles, blacking, l)olts, brass work, band instruments, boots and shoes, beer, brooms, brushes, card clothing, carpets, car- riages, chemicals, confectionery, copying presses, corsets, cutlery, dies, doors, blinds and sash, drain pipes, drills, drop forgings, emery wheels, elevators, envelopes, files, fire arms, fire-extinguishers, flexible doors, furni- ture, ginghams, horse blankets, iron castings, lasts, leather goods, looms, malleable iron, marble and stone work, moulding, organs and reeds, paper machinery, patent medi- cines, plating, pottery, presses, railroad cars, railroad iron, refrigerators, reed and harness, satinets, saws, skates, soap, stained glass windows, steam boilers, steam engines, steel, tacks and nails, tape, trunks, tools, turbine wheels, wood-working machinery, water meters, wire, wrenches, yarns. Some of the more important branches of manufacture are noticed below. Full particulars cannot here be entered into, and mere facts are stated without any attempt to digest them. What is here given refers more to the past than the present, and the reader must consult other abundant sources of information if he desires full particulars to date. Agricultural Implements. OHver Weth- erbee made plows in Worcester in 1820. William A. Wheeler also made plows and im- plements about the same time, or soon after. ^7 MAN— In 1833 Joel Nourse, who had previously manufactured cast-iron plows in Shrewsbury, established in Worcester the business carried on for many years by Ruggles, Nourse & Mason. This firm was formed in 1838, and occupied the Court Mills, making plows and a variety of implements. In i860 they were succeeded by Oliver Ames & Sons, and in 1874 the works were removed to the new shop on Prescott street. The Ames Plow Co. now em- ploy about 1 75 men, and make all kinds of agri- cultural implements, wheelbarrows, meat cut- ters, etc. J. M. C. Armsby manufactured agricultural implements here some years ago, and mowing machines have been made by different parties. Boots and Shoes and Leather. The boot and shoe business has been and is an im- portant contributor to the prosperity of Wor- cester. The largest establishments at present are named in the following list : F. W. Blacker, successor to J. H. & G. M. Walker, Eaton place ; Hey wood Boot and Shoe Co., Winter street ; Bay State Shoe and Leather Co., Austin street ; Goddard, Stone & Co., Austin street ; C. C. Houghton & Co., Front street; E. H. Stark & Co., Main street; Samuel Brown, Barton place ; Bemis & Fletcher, Front street ; J. E. Wesson, Mul- berry street ; Whitcomb & Miles, Shrewsbury street ; David Cummings & Co., King street. The whole number of hands employed in 1885 was 2,633. It is now difficult to determine at just what time the distinction should be made between the 'i\\o&i?iaker and the niaiiiifactiircr : for if a man made a few extra pairs of shoes and offered them for sale, he became a manu- facturer. In 1801, Lefavor & Blanchard ad- vertised " Ladies' Shoemaking Business," one door north of Barker's Tavern in Worcester. The next year they were succeeded by Doliver & Swasey. In 1807, Jonathan Martin set up here as "Boot and Shoemaker in General," and the name of John Sweetser, Shoemaker, also appears in the public prints. In 181 1, Aaron C. Coleman, "Boot and Shoemaker from New York," had a shop near the Court House. The "Boot and Shoe Manufactory" of Lemuel Snow was located opposite W^aldo's store, in 1815, and the name of Wm. Tracy also appears in connection with the business about this time. Others wer£ Howe & Smith (1816), Thomas Howe (1818), Miles Putnam and Benjamin V>. Otis ( 1825), and Aug. Cow- din (1826). Later well known manufacturers were Ansel Larkin, Timothy S. Stone (1835- 1871); Joseph Walker and his sons ^1843- 1888); Bliss Bros, (about 1850); Smyth Bros. (1852-1872); Hiram French (1852-1872), Rufus Wesson (1850- 1 873); Aaron G. Walker (1853-1873): C. H. Fitch, Alba Houghton, E. N. Childs, Luther Stowe, David Cummings, H. B. Jenks, and H. B. Fay. Of boot and shoe dealers in the past, Oliver A. Hervey appears in 181 3; Lemuel Snow, in I814; John A. Lazell, 1816; Seth Reed, 1821. Miss Elizabeth Denny, ladies' shoes, I821; Johathan Wood, 1823; Earle & Chase, Worcester Shoe Store, 1824; Putnam & Otis, 1831; James Whittemore, 1831; Rufus W. Whiting, in 1833. The latter was succeeded in 1835 by Geo. W. Wheeler, afterwards for many years City Treasurer. Whiting started the first railroad express business in this coun- try ^sec Express Bi/siiicss). Other dealers from 1837 to 1845 were Amos Cutter, E. N. Harrington, John P. Southgate and James H. Wall, W. R. Whittaker, J. F. Edwards, Cyrus W.'and Asa S. Stratton, Benjamin B. Hill and Aaron Stone, Jr., Samuel B. Scott, Cyrus C. Chickering, Otis & Baker, Baker & Thomp- son, Chas. B. Robbins, Jeremiah Bond, Am- ma Beaman and Chas. M. Foster, Thomas Earle, J. B. & Jas. D. Fuller, David B. Hub- bard, Olney F. Thompson and Chas. Ballard, Edward Southwick, Hale & Wright. The oldest boot and shoe store is that of Bemis & Co., at 421 and 423 Main street, established by Edward Bemis in 1846. In I 789, Palmer and Daniel Goulding own- ed the Tanyard in Worcester. In 1800 it was in the hands of Andrew Tufts, and later owners were Samuel Johnson, Thomas Stearns, Asa Wilder & Co., Nymphas Pratt and Ebene- zer H. Bowen. The old tannery was in the rear of the Exchange Hotel, down old Market street. Well-known leather dealers in times past were Reuben Wheeler, (1819); Samuel Allen and Levi A. Dowley (1826); Benj. B. Hill & Co. (1835); E. N. Harrington and J. H. Wall (1837); and John P. Southgate (1838). A patent right for putting boots and shoes together with copper nails was advertised in the Worcester papers in 181 3. This was years before shoe pegs were used. India rub- ber overshoes were first offered for sale in MAN— 58 1827. Thomas Howe, about 1830, invented improvements for cutting and crimping boots. Card Clothing. At the beginning of this century the town of Leicester was the cen- ter of card-making industry in the United States. The teeth at that time were inserted in the leather by hand, though Eleazer Smith of Walpole had invented a card-setting machine soon after the close of the revolution- ary war, and Amos Whittemore had obtained a patent for one in 1797. That these machines were not successfully used is shown by the fact that as late as 181 9, Joshua Lamb obtained a patent for a machine to make the wire teeth -which were afterwards to be put in by hand, which continued to be done until about 1830. William B. Earle made one of the first success- ful card-sticking machines about 1829. Pre- vious to this date several different machines for making teeth had been invented. A col- lection of these can be seen in the museum of the Worcerter Society of Antiquity, and com- prises the following : One made by Pliny Earle of Leicester in 1793; one made by Eleazer Smith, in 181 2 ; two by Charles Elliot, 181 5-1 7; one rotary, inventor .and date unknown; and an English machine called a Bednigo. The sticking machine made by William B. Earle in 1827, and the one con- structed under his direction since his blindness are also in the possession of the society. Mr. E>arle, now living in his 87th year, built many machines in Worcester, and other extensive builders were N. Ainsworth, Samuel W. Kent, David McFarland and David O. Woodman. Daniel Denny appears to have been the first manufacturer of cards in Worcester. He had a factory in 1798 at the north corner of Main and Mechanic streets. In 1834 William B. Earle made cards here; and in 1843 Timothy K. and Edward Earle moved from Leicester, and established the business now carried on by the T. K. Earle Manufacturing Company on Grafton street. The Earle factory is one of the largest and best equipped in the country. The Sargent Card Clothing Company was formed in 1866, and the large factory built on Southbridge street, which, with the business, passed into the hands of James Smith & Co., of Philadelphia, in 1879. Howard Brothers began in 1868, and Charles F. Kent in 1880. Some forty years ago a Timothy Earle (not T. K. ) was in company with a man named Eames, and they made cards in a small way on Front street. Ichabod Washburn also manufactured cards in connection with his other branches of business about 1848, and Earle Warner was another manufacturer at the same time. The making of card-clothing is now a monopoly, and the industry is largely con- trolled by the American Card Clothing Com- pany, the Sargent and Earle factories in Wor- cester being operated by that concern. The Howard and Kent factories are still independ- ent. The policy has been to absorb the smaller concerns in the larger ones. At least one-third of the machines in the United States — some 500 — are operated in Worcester, about 125 hands being employed here. Envelopes. There are four envelope manufactories in the city: The Whitcomb Envelope Co., on Salisbury street; the Lo- gan, Swift & Brigham Co., on Grove street; W. H. Hill's, on Water street, and Emerson, Low & Barber Co., on Foster street. Hill's is the oldest establishment. About one-third of the envelopes made in this country are pro- duced by the Worcester factories; between four and five hundred persons being em- ployed. Dr. Russell L. Hawes, of Worcester, invented the first successful machine for mak- ing envelopes, and it was first operated in Worcester in 1852 or '53. Dr. Hawes began the business in the Earle building in the quarters formerly occupied by Mr. Hill. The Whitcomb Company was founded in 1864, and the Logan, Swift & Brigham Co. in 1884. James G. Arnold and D. W. and H. D. Swift .vere the inventors of the most important prin- ciples and features of the envelope machinery in use here at the present time. Fire-Arms. The famous Waters armory or fire-arms manufactory was established in 1808 by Asa Waters, 2d, in that part of Sutton, now Millbury, and was continued in operation till 1845, and revived during the Civil war. Harding Slocomb, Clarendon Wheelock, Orlando Ware, Joseph S. Ware and John R. Morse were engaged in Worces- ter in the manufacture of fire-arms in a limited way during the period 1820 to 1835. Ethan Allen, widely known as an enterprising man in this business, came to Worcester in 1847, and occupied a part of the Merrifield building until the fire of 1854, and subsequent to that erected and occupied a brick building near 59 MAN— the Junction station. His brothers-in-law, Charles Thurber and J. P. Wheelock, were at different times associated with him, and his sons-in-law, Sullivan Forehand and Henry C. Wadsworth, succeeded to the business, which is at present continued by Mr. Forehand, who occupies the stone building on Gardner street erected by the late Daniel Tainter. Mr. Allen made many valuable improvements in fire-arms, and invented machinery for their manufacture, and the making of cartridges of metal. Frank Wesson, Frank Copeland B. F. Joslyn, G. H. Harrington and William A. Richardson are other names now or for- merly well known in the business. The two latter continue under the name of the Har- rington & Richardson Arms Company and manufacture revolvers. Iver Johnson & Co., another firm manufacturing guns and pistols, bicycles, and other wares, recently removed to Fitchburg. Looms. Early loom builders in Worcester were William Hovey and William H. How- ard. Silas Dinsmore, Prescott Wheelock, Fitzroy Willard, and Phelps & Bickford are other well-known names in connection with loom building. Forbush & Crompton followed the latter firm, and in 1859 Mr. Forbush re- moved to Philadelphia, disposing of his interest in Worcester to Mr. Crompton, who conducted the business alone till his death in 1886. The Crompton Loom Works are now owned by a stock company. The firm of L. J. Knowles & Bro. began to manufacture looms at Warren in war time, and removed to Worcester in 1866. The Knowles Loom Works are located on Tainter street. The Gilbert Loom Co., on Union street, was established in 1866. Several hundred hands are employed in this industry. Machinists' Tools. Machinists' tools have been extensively manufactured here in the past. The pioneer in this line was proba- bly Samuel Flagg, who began to make lathes, tools, etc., at the old Court Mills about fifty years ago. Pierson Cowie, at the Red Mills on Green street, was another early manufac- turer of machinists' tools. He was succeeded by Wood, Light & Co., and they built the large shop south of the Junction, later occupied by the Mclver Bros. Machine Co. Lucius W. Pond was a successor of Samuel Flagg, nd occupied the building on Union street for about fifteen years previous to 1875; was succeeded by the Pond Machine Tool Co., recently removed to Plainfield, N. J. There are several large concerns in Worcester at present. Musical Instruments. In 1834 Stephen W. Marsh and Levi Liscom manufactured piano-fortes in a room in Central Exchange. Isaac Fiske manufactured band instruments here for nearly forty years, and the business is continued by Conn & Co., Crompton's block, on Mechanic street. Seraphines and melo- deons were made in Worcester before 1850, early makers being Milton M. Morse, a Mr. Jewett, and Farley, Pierson & Co. From these instruments the cabinet organ has been developed, and several large companies have at different times engaged in the manufacture in Worcester, of whom Taylor & Farley were longest in business. The Loring & Blake Co., on Union street, was incorporated in 1868. The Taber Organ Co., Brown & Simpson Co. (pianos;, and Mason & Risch (vocalion) are now making musical instruments. There are also three large manufactories of organ reeds. Railroad Iron. In 1857 Nathan Wash- burn erected the works on the Bloomingdale road of late known as the Worcester Steel Works. Mr. Washburn was the inventor of a car-wheel, which he had manufactured for several years in another part of the city, and built the new works to use in part to make these wheels and locomotive tires, but was soon induced by George W. Gill, whom he had taken into partnership, to engage in roll- ing iron rails, which continued to be the principal product of the plant for many years. In 1864 a company known as the Washburn Iron Co. was formed, and by change of ownership in 1883, it became the Worcester Steel Works. Hon. Geo. M. Rice was the principal owner. Some years ago, in consequence of the general adoption of steel rails, the machinery and methods were changed to meet the demand, and steel rails were produced by the Bessemer process. Coal and iron mines were acquired in Rhode Island, which gave this company a great advantage. The enterprise finally failed, and recently the Bessemer works were removed to the West. A new company has possession of the plant as it remains. MAN— 60 Wire. The Stowells made wire in Wor- cester during the war of 181 2, but it was afterwards imported at a lower price than it could be produced with the rude American appliances. The present extensive works of the Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Co. are the outcome of the business established in a small way by Ichabod Washburn, who first began to make wire in a factory at Northville in 1 83 1 or '32, in company with Benjamin Goddard. In 1835 Mr. Washburn occupied a building erected by the late Hon. Stephen Salisbury on Grove street, and this was the nucleus of the large mills at that locality. A mill was in operation at South Worcester, owned by Mr, Washburn and his brother Charles, the latter also being interested in establishing the branch mill at Quinsigamond. In 1868 the present company was formed with a capital of one million dollars, which has been increased to a milHon and a half. The first piano wire made in this country was produced by Mr. Washburn, and the manu- facture is continued at the present time. All varieties and sizes of iron and steel wire, in- cluding card and telegraph wire, are drawn in these mills; and barbed fence wire has for the last fifteen years formed a large portion of the product. Copper wire is also extensively manufactured. The works of the Washburn & Moen Co. form the largest wire manufac- tory in the world, and the largest single enterprise in Worcester. Over 3,000 hands are employed, and the annual product is about 75,000 tons of wire. The Worcester Wire Company manufacture various- kinds of wire at South Worcester. This is an oft-shoot of the Washburn & Moen Co., and was established by William E. Rice, who is also president of the older concern. Wood Working Machinery. In 1S03 Abel Stowell, of Worcester, received from the president of the United States a patent for the invention of a " gauge augre," so constructed as to bore a hole of any given size from one inch to two and a half inches, with the same shank or handle, and by means of another shank a hole from two and a half to six inches diameter. In a paper on the manufacture of lumber, by Ellery B. Crane, printed in the Proceediuf^s of the Worcester Society of An- tiquity for 1884 (in Vol. VI. of the collec- tions), we find the following: "It is claimed that Worcester County is the locality in this country in which lumber was first manufac- tured from the log with the circular saw; and there are various stories as to who set the first one in motion in this vicinity. Mr. Lewis Brown is reported as having operated the first one at the old Red Mill, which stood near the spot now occupied by the Crompton Loom Works. It is also claimed that a Mr. Flagg was the pioneer; but from the best informa- tion at hand, I think the credit should be given to Willard Earle, a native of Hubbards- ton. Mr. Earle was an enterprising and ingenious man, and early engaged in the manufacture of lumber. While thus employed, about the year 181 7, he visited Boston on business, and going into Mr. Thomas Holt's hardware store in Dock square, his eye fell upon a package of circular saws, which for some time past had been an object of curiosity — an unexplained marvel. Mr. Earle's keen, perceptive eye enabled him to unravel the mystery. He listened to Mr. Holt's story, how some time before he had sent to England an order for hardware, among the rest a few dozen circular saws, meaning keyhole or fret saws, to cost about five pounds sterling; and on receiving the goods how astonished he was at finding these round saws, which no mortal man knew the use of, and which had cost him so much money. Mr. Earle purchased the saws for a small sum and took them to Hub- bardston, where he used them in sawing lum- ber. Previous to 1830, he constructed a machine, for which he took out a patent, using one of these saws for cutting shingles." William T. Merrifield used a circular saw driven by horse-power in Worcester as early as 1828, and in 1842 he constructed in Prince- ton the first steam saw-mill, with circular saws, in Worcester county. In 1834 Thomas E. Daniels, of Worcester, obtained a patent for a traverse planer, and soon after began to manufacture his machines at the old Court Mills, where he continued until 1848, and sold the business to Richard Ball. Mr. Ball took in partnership Thomas H. Rice, and after the withdrawal of the latter, Warren Williams, the firm being Ball & Williams. Later it was known as R. Ball & Co., and is continued in the present firm of Witherby, Rugg & Richardson on Salisbury street, who manufacture planing and moulding machines. Other firms and individuals in this line were Howe, Cheney & Co., 1850; Charles Price, E. C. Tainter and J. A. Fay & Co. The 6i MAP— MAR latter, formerly of Keene, N. H., and Nor- wich, Ct., occupied a part of the Junction (Col. Estabrook's) shop, for a year or two, and were succeeded in 1862 by Richardson, Meriam & Co., who continued until 1877. In 1864 the latter firm opened a warehouse on Liberty street in New York, and built up a large foreign trade. Mclver Bros. Machine Co. were the successors of this firm. Besides wood-working machinery they made a variety of machines used in hulling and sorting coffee, for the Central and South American trade. Mr. H. C. Wight, of Worcester, invented a matching machine in 1848, which was the means of great saving of lumber. Maps of Worcester. — The following com- prise the more important maps of Worcester : /;/ the possession of The Worcesier Society of Antiquity, and wipublished : Map showing the locations of the settlers in 1675. Map showing the locations of the settlers in 1684. Map showing distribution of lots by the proprietors from 1 71 7 to 1733. /;/ the possession of the Ainericati Antiqua- rian Society : MS. Map of the town in 1784. MS. Map of the town in 1829. MS. Map. Copy of the one in the Secre- tary of State's office at Boston. There is also a copy of the latter in the library of The Worcester Society of Antiquity. Map of the village in 1829. <■<■ <■<■ " town " 1833. Both published by Clarendon Harris. MS. Map in the library of American Anti- quarian Society, probably made by William Lincoln. A small copper-plate map appears in the Worcester Directory, published by Henry J. Howland, from 1844 to 1857, and changes in streets, etc., were made from year to year. An enlarged map accompanied the Directory from 1858. Map of the town in 1851, published by \Varren Lazell. A large map was engraved by Addison Prentiss about 40 years ago, and S. P. R. Triscolt drew three maps from 1873 to 1877, one of which, showing localities in old times, appears in Caleb A. Wall's " Reminiscences of Worcester Drew, Allis & Co., publishers of the Direct- ory, have for several years issued a map which may be had separate from the book. A real estate Atlas was published in 1870 by F. W. Beers & Co., N. Y., and this was superseded by another in 1886. The City Engineer has several volumes of maps in MS., representing in detail the differ- ent sections of the city. C. W. Burbank has done much work upon some of the later maps of Worcester. Maritime Provinces Association was or- ganized in 1890. Markets. — The markets of Worcester are not as good as they should be in a city of its size and pretensions. In smaller places in the eastern part of the state, provisions of much better quality and more variety can be found than are generally kept here, for the residents, if not satisfied, can resort to the Boston mar- kets; but Worcester is too far away to fear competition in the metropolis, except, perhaps, in fruit, which is purchased largely by those who go to Boston. Market (Public).— In 1868 a free pubHc market was established on the north side of the City Hall, on Front street, the sidewalks being roofed in for the purpose. It was opened August 29. It was intended for the benefit of country producers, and consequent- ly the city shop keepers did not regard the scheme with complacency, and sent their own wagons, with meat and produce from their private markets, to compete with and crowd out the others. Not proving a success, the market was discontinued after a year or so, and the roof over the sidewalk, which had much darkened the windows of the police station in the basement of the City Hall, was removed. Market (Wood and Hay). — Formerly the wood and hay market was on Main street, front of the Old South Church, but was after- wards established in Salem square. Marriage Licenses. — Marriage licenses are issued by the City Clerk, and a fee of fifty cents is charged. Copies can be obtained for twenty-five cents after the certificate is re- turned by the clergyman or person qualified to perform the marriage ceremony. The appli- cant for a license is advised to put on a bold face and at once make known his errand to the young lady assistant, to whom he is sure MAS— 62 to be referred if he applies to the City Clerk, for the latter rarely fills out the blanks. If the candidate for matrimonial honors feels himself too bashful to undergo the ordeal, he will be furnished with a form which he can fill out himself. The full names of the contract- ing parties, color, age, place of residence, occupation, number of the marriage, place of birth, and father's and mother's names of each are required. As some of the news- papers publish intentions of marriage daily, it will be well for those who do not desire pub- licity beforehand not to procure the license until the day the ceremony is to be performed. The Clerk's office is open from 9 to I and 2 to 4.30. Masonic Societies. — Isaiah Thomas was the prime mover in establishing Freemasonry in Worcester, and mainly through his efforts Morning Star Lodge was chartered on the nth of March, 1793, the charter members being Nathaniel Paine, Nathaniel Chandler, John Stanton, Ephraim Mower, Clark Chand- ler, Benjamin Andrews, Joseph Torrey, Sam- uel Chandler, Charles Chandler, John White, Samuel Brazer, John Stowers and Samuel Flagg. Isaiah Thomas was the first Master. This lodge was consecrated on the nth of June, 1793, by Most Worshipful Grand Mas- ter John Cutler and officers of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. A procession marched from Masons' Hall to the North Meeting House, where a sermon was preached by the Rev. Aaron Bancroft. The lodge held its meetings in early times at Mower's Tavern, where the Walker Building stands, and at the United States Arms, now the Ex- change Hotel; later a hall was built by Jedediah Healy, in the rear of where the Burnside Building is now located, which was occupied for many years for Masonic purposes. Morning Star Lodge continued to be an active organization until the great Anti-Masonic agi- tation of 1828 to 1835, when it ceased to be active, in common with many of the lodges throughout the country. William S. Barton, Esq., City Treasurer, has kindly favored the Dictionary with a list of the names of mem- bers of Morning Star Lodge in 1824: Horatio Gates Henshaw, Lemuel (or Samuel) Wor- cester, Capt. Reuben Monroe, Israel Whitney, Harding Slocomb, Oliver White, Oliver Eager, Joel Gleason, Varnum Brigham, John A. Lazell, James Williams, Isaac Tucker, Ben- jamin Chapin, Simeon Duncan, Capt. John Barnard, Thomas Gray, Deacon Benjamin Phelps and Jonathan Wentworth. In 1823 Worcester Chapter of Royal Arch Masons was organized, with Benjamin Chapin as High Priest. Isaiah Thomas, James Wilson, Jona- than Going, Otis Corbett and Ephraim Mower were others prominent in the forma- tion. In 1825 the Worcester Comity Coin- mandery of K^iights Templars was organized in Holden, with James Estabrook as Com- mander; and Hiram Council, Royal and Select Masters, was chartered in Sutton in 1826. It is probable that all these bodies were inactive during the political agitation against Masonry. In 1826 a remarkable excitement arose over the fate of William Morgan of Batavia, New York, who, it was claimed, was about to publish a book containing the secrets of the Masonic Order. He disappeared suddenly, and his fate has never been satisfactorily ex- plained. The opponents of Freemasonry declared that he had been murdered, and a strong feeling against the institution spread over the land, and nearly caused the exter- mination of the Order. The Anti-Masonic party was formed, and cast 33,000 votes in 1828, 70,000 in 1829, and 128,000 in 1830. William Wirt was nominated for president as the candidate of the party in 1832, but carried only one state, Vermont. The feeling against Masons was probably as strong in this vicinity as elsewhere, New York State except- ed, and several prominent citizens were forward in the movement. Pliny Merrick publicly renounced Masonry, and Rev. George Allen, then of Shrewsbury, contributed two powerful pamphlets to the cause of Anti- Masonry. Mr. Allen had lived in the vicinity of Batavia, and knew Morgan and several of the parties implicated in the tragedy. He actively aided the efforts of John Quincy Adams, Samuel Lathrop and others in this State, but opposed Masonry and all secret societies on principle and not for political ends. John Quincy Adams attributed to Isaiah Thomas, whom he terms the " arch-devil of Masonry," a great influence in the propaga- tion of the Order in this country. He says (Diary, Sept. 26, 1833,) that the power ac- quired by the institution " might be traced to Isaiah Thomas, of Worcester, and through him to Benjamin Russell, many years publish- er of the Boston Centinel. They were printers 63 MAS— and made fortunes, Thomas a very large one, by their types. They made Freemasons of all their apprentices and journeymen." The Anti-Masonic agitation had something of the ■character of a frenzy, and died out as sudden- ly as it began; though to-day there is an •organization of recent origin with nominally ithe same objects as the one formed in 1827. Morning Star Lodge was resuscitated in 1842, with Horace Chenery, W. M.; Henry Earl, S. W.; Asa Walker, J. W., and Pliny Holbrook, Secretary. Meetings were at that time held in Dr. Green's building on Main street, opposite Central street. Masonry has •continued to flourish to the present time, and this lodge has now about 300 members. The Worcester County Cominandery of Knights Templars removed to Worcester in 1845, and Hiram Council, R. of S. M., was located liere in 1858. The former has 450 members, ■and the latter over 500. On the 9th of June, 1859, Alontacute Lodge was instituted, with William A. Smith, Master. Of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Worcester Lodge of Perfection was established in 1863, and has at present 250 members of the 4° to 14°. Of this Rite Goddard Council, Princes of Jerusalem, 15° to 16°, and Lazvrence Chap- ter of Rose Croix, 17° to 18°, were instituted in 1870. They have each about 175 members. Athelstan Lodge, F. &^ A. M., was formed in 1866 and Quinsigamond Lodge in 1871. Eureka Chapter, R. A. M., was formed in 1870. Stella Chapter, No. 3, Order of the Eastern Star, was organized in 1871, and now has about 300 members. This Order admits the wives and female relatives of Ma- sons, but is entirely separate and distinct from the Masonic Order proper. The late Thomas M. Lamb was prominently connected with the Order of the Eastern Star, and Daniel Sea- grave is the present Grand Secretary of the Grand Chapter. The different Masonic bodies (with the ex- ception of the Order of. the Eastern Star^ which meets at Odd Fellows' Hall, Pleasant street,) hold their meetings in Masonic Hall on Pearl street, which is under the control of the Masonic Board of Directors, formed in 1867. The Masonic Order may be defined as a secret fraternal and charitable association. The mutual benefit or insurance feature, com- mon with most of the secret societies, is not assumed by Freemasons in general, but the Masonic Mutual Relief Associations supply the deficiency. These are of comparatively recent origin. The Masonic Mutual Relief Association of Central Massachusetts was es- tablished in 1873, and has some 2300 mem- bers. The Dictionary is indebted to Messrs. William A. Smith and Daniel Seagrave for suggestions and corrections embodied in the above article. Massachusetts Record Society. — An association of several gentlemen resident in different parts of the State, formed in 1891 for the purpose of encouraging the preservation and publication of old records. Franklin P. Rice is the local representative. Mastodon Discovery. — On the 17th of November, 1884, the quidnuncs of Worcester were much excited by the announcement that the remains of a great beast had been discov- ered in a peat meadow in Northborough, just over the Shrewsbury line, and several mem- bers of the Natural History and Antiquity societies were early on the ground. Work- men, in digging a trench, had unearthed several large teeth and other remains, and these were identified as belonging to the Mas- todon americanus. This was the first authen- tic discovery of remains of the true mastodon in New England. The teeth are now in the museum of the Natural History Society — the gift of Stephen Salisbury, Esq., — and are fine specimens. The following year an attempt was made to recover the whole skeleton, but it was too much decayed. The search, how- ever, was rewarded by the discovery of a human skull imbedded in the peat, and bear- ing all the symptoms of intense antiquity. It was stated that a microscopic examination re- vealed the fact that the vegetable fiibrilLc of the peat had thoroughly penetrated into all the minute interstices of the skull between the plates; and from other evidences it was an- nounced that the owner of the head-piece was unquestionably pre-Columbian, if not sooner, and that he had probably perished in an encounter with the mastodon ! Notwithstand- ing all this and other corroborating circum- stances, which for a time made Worcester the cynosure of scientific eyes, Prof. F. W. Put- nam, of Cambridge, after a careful, thorough and exhaustive examination, declared in his report that the skull had not been long in the peat ! An account of the mastodon discovery was published in pamphlet form by the com- piler of this Dictionary. MAY— M EC 64 It may not be generally known that the famous Newburg mastodon of Dr. Warren of Boston, now in the Warren Museum, was exhibited in Worcester in 1846, and that Dr. Warren's agent purchased it here, and took it to Boston. It was from this fine skeleton that the doctor mainly obtained his measurements and facts for his elaborate monograph on the Mastodon gigantetis, in quarto, with profuse illustrations, a copy of which was, through the efforts of the compiler of this Dictionary, presented to the Free Public Library of Wor- cester by the family of Dr. Warren. Mayors. — Following is a list of Mayors of Worcester from 1848, the time of its incorpo- ration as a city; the municipal year for the first three years began and ended in April : Levi Lincoln, 1848-49. Citizen. Henry Chapin, 1849-50. Free Soil. Peter C. Bacon, 1851-52. Free Soil. John S. C. Knowlton, 1853-54. Coalition. George W. Richardson, 1855, 1857. Know- Nothing. Isaac Davis, 1856, 1858, 1861. Citizen, Alexander H. Bullock, 1859. Citizen. William W. Rice, i860. Republican. P. Emory Aldrich, 1862. Republican. D. Waldo Lincoln, 1863-64. Citizen. Phinehas Ball, 1865. Republican. James B. Blake, 1866-67-68-69-70. Re- publican. Edward Earle, 1871. Republican. George ¥. Verry, 1872. Citizen. Clark Jillson, 1873, 1875-76. Republican, Edward L. Davis, 1874. Citizen. Charles B, Pratt, 1877-78-79. Citizen, Frank H. Kelley, 1880-81. Citizen. Elijah B, Stoddard, 1882. Citizen. Samuel E, Hildreth, 1883, Republican. Charles G. Reed, 1 884-1 885. Citizen. Samuel Winslow, 1886-87-88-89. Repub- lican. Francis A. Harrington, 1890-91-92, Re- publican, Mechanics' Association (Worcester County.) — The Worcester Mechauics' Associ- ation was in being in 1826, but probably did not long exist. The first action taken towards the formation of the present organization was at a meeting held in November, 184T, in the Town Hall, when a committee was chosen to consider the subject of forming a Mechanics' Association. The first formal meeting was held February 5, 1842, and the following officers elected : President, William A. Wheel- er; Vice-President, Ichabod Washburn; Sec- retary, Albert Tolman; Treasurer, Elbridge G. Partridge, Others prominent in the move- ment were Anthony Chase, Putman W. Taft, William Leggate, Henry W. Miller, William M, Bickford, Levi A. Dowley, Rufus D. Dun- bar, John P. Kettell, James S. Woodworth, Hiram Gorham, Joseph Pratt, Henry Gould- ing and Edward B. Rice. Efforts were at once made to establish a library, and an an- nual course of lectures was provided for. The first lecture before the Association was deliv- ered February 21, 1842, by Elihu Burritt. Another matter contemplated was the holding of an annual fair or exhibition, but it was not until September, 1848, that the first one was held, and others followed in 1849, 1851, 1857 and 1866, The Association was incorporated March 9, 1850, with power to hold real estate to the amount of $75,000, and personal prop- erty to the amount of $25,000. Later these amounts were changed to $200,000 and $50,- 000 respectively. In 1854 Ichabod Washburn gave $10,000 towards the purchase of land and the erection of a hall, on condition that the society should raise a like sum, which was accomplished. The gift of Dea, Washburn was first invested in the lot of land in the rear of the Bay State House, now occupied by the Theatre, This lot was afterwards sold, and the money used in the purchase of the Main street land. The Association issued its bonds for $50,000, payable at different times, from five to ten years, and secured by a mortgage upon their property; $43,810 of these were taken and paid for by members of the society. The Waldo lot on Main street was purchased for $30,000, the corner stone of the building laid Sept. 3, 1855, and the edifice completed and dedicated March 19, 1857. {See next article.') The total cost was $140,129^1. This sum was provided for as follows: Re- ceived from bonds, $49,960; donations, $28,320.38; first mortgage, $30,000; third mortgage, $25,000; total, $133,280.38. This, it will be seen, left a balance of $6,849.19 still unpaid in the form of a floating debt, and a real debt of $104,960. The general finan- cial troubles of 1857 followed, and the Association found itself unable to meet its obligations. The holders of the third mort- gage took legal possession of the property. In 1858 an effort was made to reduce the debt to $50,000, and to do this required the canceling 65 M EC— MEM of $54,960. Hon. Stephen Salisbury gave $7000, on the condition that the debt was reduced to $50,000: Ichabod Washburn made another gift of $10,000; and the holders of the bonds accepted forty per cent, of their value in cash. The holders of the third mortgage of $25,000, and of notes of $6,849, discharged their claims for $15,000. This was a voluntary and friendly arrangement made by the friends of the Association to save its property, though it bore hard upon some who gave more than they could afford. The debt of $50,000 left by this compromise was gradually reduced, and was extinguished January I, 1892. The annual courses of lectures have been kept up from the first, and the library now contains 10,670 volumes. A reading room for the use of members is maintained, with daily and other papers, and the principal periodicals. In 1864 some 200 citizens of Worcester contributed $9000 to purchase the fine organ in the hall. In 1864 an Appren- tices' Drawing School was established, and a Summer School for boys at the Polytechnic Institute was opened in 1887. Mechanics' Hall. — The largest and finest public hall in the city, located in the building erected by the Mechanics' Association at 321 Main street. The hall is generally used for lectures, entertainments, concerts, etc., and has a seating capacity of 1926. The yearly festivals of the Worcester County Musical Association are held here, and in the past many political conventions have met in the hall. The walls are adorned with many fine portraits (see portraits), and the great organ in front of the audience gives a good effect to the interior. On the floor below the main hall are Washburn Hall, and the Reading- Room, Library and offices of the Association. The ground floor is occupied for stores. The facade of the building, of classic cast, is noble and imposing, and is best viewed in coming down Walnut street. Elbridge Boyden was the architect. See previous article. Mechanics' Exchange. — See Builders'' Exchange. Medical College. — The Worcester Medi- cal Institution was incorporated in 1849, and went into operation the following year. Its founder. Dr. Calvin Newton, was for some years previous a practitioner in Worcester in that school of medicine called the botanic or eclectic, a modification of the early Thomp- sonian system. He instituted a medical school here previous to the opening of the college, with lectures given in Waldo Block. The college building was erected on the summit of Union Hill, John F. Pond, a large real estate operator in that region, giving the land. This building is now one of the structures on the Worcester Academy grounds. After the med- ical college failed, a female college was estab- lished here, and later the property was used by the Government as a military hospital (see Dale Hospital; Worcester Academy ). The Medical College prospered for a time, and quite a number of eclectic physicians were graduated; but after the death of Dr. Newton, in 1853, its prosperity declined, and within a few years the institution ceased to exist. Medical Examiner. — The functions and duties formerly belonging to coroners are now performed by "Medical Examiners." Dr. P. H. Keefe is the Medical Examiner for Wor- cester. His office is at 288 Main street. Medical Libraries. — The library of the Worcester District Medical Society is deposit- ed in the Free Public Library building, occu- pying a room there rent free, the consideration being that the books may be used in the building by anyone entitled to the use of the Public Library. This library now con- tains 7,233 volumes, gathered since 1820. There is a fund of $7,500, the interest of which is applied for the purpose of increasing the number of books. There is a Homoeopathic Medical Library at the rooms of the Homoeopathic Medical Soci- ety, Trumbull street. It comprises about I, 000 volumes. Medical Societies. — The Medical Society of the County of Worcester was in existence as early as 1784, and notices of the meetings frequently appear in the Spy. The Worcester District Medical Society formed in 1804, aux- iliary to the Massachusetts Medical Society, is still active, and has a valuable library ( see prez'ioHS article). The Worcester Medicat Association, formed in 1886, supplements the work of the District Society. The Worcester County Honia'opathic Medical Society was organized in 1886. Its library and dispensary are located on Trumbull street. Memorial Hospital. — The Washburn Memorial Hospital was incorporated in April, MER— MIL 66 1871, and was opened in June, 1888, at the Samuel Davis place on Belmont street, the premises having been purchased for the pur- pose. This hospital, which is for the treat- ment of women and children only, was established through the beneficence of the late Ichabod Washburn. About thirty patients can be accommodated. The hospital is in charge of a superintendent, and there is a visiting staff of six physicians. The Washburn Free Dispensary, formerly at II Trumbull street, is now located at the Memorial Hospital. Merrick Square Social Club. — This club was organized in December, 1891, and is of a semi-political character. It occupies rooms at the corner of Pleasant and Sever streets. Merrifield Buildings. — The three-story brick structure occupying the square between Union and Cypress streets and Exchange and North Foster streets, erected and owned by William T. Merrifield. These buildings are used entirely for mechanical purposes. This spot was the scene of the great fire of June, 1854 (see Fires), when the buildings that formerly stood there were totally destroyed, with much other property. The old structure was four stories in height. Messinger Hill. — See Fairmount. Messenger (The). — Established in Jan- uary, 1887, by James J. Doyle, as an eight- page monthly; enlarged January, 1888, to a six-column weekly. Published at 154 Front street. Represents the Catholic interests of the Diocese of Springfield, covering the cen- tral and western portions of Massachusetts. Methodist Churches. — There are nine Methodist Episcopal churches in Worcester, including two African. The list is as follows: Irinity, 650 Main street, formed 1834. Laurel Street, Laurel Hill, formed 1845. Webster Square, New Worcester, formed i860. Grace Free Church, Walnut street, formed 1867. Coral Street, Coral street, formed 1872. First Swedish, Quinsigamond Village, formed 1879. Second Sivedish, 59 Thomas street, formed 1885. Zion {African), 86 Exchange street, formed 1846. Bethel {African), 302 Main street, formed 1867. Some of these are noticed under their titles in the Dictionary. There are three missions: IVest Side, Abhoit street, organized in 1891; Lake View, Anm. street, 1891; and the Mission Des Vrais Catholic] ues, at the Coral street church, or- ganized in 1889. Middle River. — The stream, formed by the united waters of Ramshorn, Lynde, Kettle, Beaver and Tatnuck brooks, which flows gen- erally east from New Worcester to Quinsiga- mond Village, where it joins Millbrook to form the Blackstone river. In the old records Middle river was called Half-way river. Midnight Yacht Club.— In 1878 Stephen E. Green, David Boyden, T. H. Blood, Charles L. Hopson, Henry E. and Frank H. Estabrook, Alex. DeWitt and John Howell chartered the schooner Midnight, at Rock- land, for a two weeks' cruise along the Maine coast. This experience proved so enjoyable that it was repeated with some modifications for twelve or thirteen years, others participat- ing, and the company changing until over fifty persons had taken part in the excursions. Messrs. Green and Boyden were, however, the only ones of the original number who for twelve consecutive years were constant in attendance. The expense of these trips was from $20 to $40 each. In 1879 the company camped at Deer Island. The Midnight was used the first year, and different vessels later, the ALaggie for several years. The Club is now a thing of the past. Military History. — During the Indian • troubles of 1722, Worcester furnished five men to the company of scouts under Major John Chandler. In 1723 seven of the inhabitants enlisted as soldiers and served during the winter. August 3, 1724, Uriah Ward of Worcester, in service at Rutland, was killed by the Indians. The town contributed liber- ally to the defense of the province during the wars with the French, and expended its means freely for the reduction of the fortresses of Nova Scotia and Canada. Benjamin Glea- son of Worcester died before the walls of Louisburg in 1745, and Adonijah Rice, the first-born of our native citizens, was in a com- pany of rangers in the siege. In 1746 Fort Massachusetts at Williamstown was defended 67 MIL— by a garrison partly of Worcester men. In 1748, a company of fifty-three, all from this town, followed the Indians for seventeen days, but returned without engaging in battle. Seventeen Worcester men were in service in Nova Scotia, and seventeen more at Fort Cumberland. John Walker was commissioned a captain. Adonijah Rice and another were in the expedition against Crown Point in August. In September there were fourteen volunteers from Worcester. Many were in the ranks of the army that acted against Crown Point in 1756; and in the two succeed- ing years several were captured, and a number died of wounds or disease at Lake George. After the surrender of Fort William Henry the whole militia of the town marched to Sheffield, 105 miles distant, but the enemy having retired, the forces were disbanded. A company of Worcester men, under Capt. Samuel Clark Paine, was with Gen. Amherst in 1758, and continued in service till the peace of 1763. Worcester furnished to the provincial service during the French wars I colonel, I lieut. -colonel, 2 majors, 6 captains, 8 lieutenants, 7 ensigns, 27 sergeants, 2 sur- geons, I chaplain and i adjutant. From 1748 to 1762 there were 453 men from the town, not including those who enlisted in the regu- lar army. The name of John Chandler, borne by three generations, is prominent in the military annals of the town during this period, and the title of colonel descended from father to son and grandson. The above facts are from William Lincoln's History of Worcester. In the American Revolution Worcester was foremost in contributing men and means to the cause. Lincoln says: "Worcester fur- nished a large proportion of her male popula- tion to the army. The exact number in service cannot be ascertained with certainty. If we include with the troops of the regular line those called out for short periods of duty, the following may be considered as a correct statement of the numbers of men from Wor- cester in military service during seven years of war: i colonel, 2 lieut. -colonels, 2 majors, 7 captains, 10 lieutenants, 5 ensigns, 20 ser- geants and 389 privates." The name of Col. Timothy Bigelow will ever be illustrious in military annals. A history in detail of the revolutionary acts of the town will be found in Albert A. Lovell's Worcester in the Revo- lution. In Shays's Rebellion Worcester men were found on both sides. In 1807, when i* was apprehended that hostilities with England would immediately ensue, the Worcester Light Infantry tendered their services in defense of the country. Adam Walker, a son of John Walker of Worcester, enlisted in the regular army, was in the battle of Tippecanoe, and was struck by bullets several times. In later service he was with Hull's army at Detroit, included in the surrender and sent to Halifax. After his exchange he wrote a book reflecting severely on Gen. Hull. This volume is rare and commands a large price. Copies are in the libraries of the American Antiquarian Society and The Worcester Society of Antiq- uity. The war of 181 2 was not popular in this vicinity, and not a large number of Wor- cester men were in service. Sabin Mann, oldest son of Joseph Mann of Worcester, was killed at Queenstown in 18 12. The Light Infantry and the Artillery Company marched to the defense of the coast on the threatened British attack in September, 18 14, and re- mained in camp near Boston several weeks. In this war Massachusetts furnished 31 10 men. Thomas Gardner Mower, Surgeon General of the United States Army at a later period, was a native of Worcester. The Mexican war did not find much favor in the eyes of New England people. Pollard, a Southern authority, states that of 66,684 men engaged, the South furnished 43,630. Of the New England States only Massachu- setts and New Hampshire contributed, the former sending 1,047 the latter I. The same writer claims that of the 155,364 soldiers in the war of 181 2, the South furnished 96,812, and the North 58,552. New England sent 5,162 and South Carolina 5,696. In the Mexican war Capt. George Lincoln, a son of Gov. Lincoln, was killed at Buena Vista Feb. 23, 1847; and Lieut. John Green Burbank, another Worcester man, fell at Molino del Rey Sept. 8, 1847. When the first gun of the Rebellion was fired at Fort Sumter, Worcester was ready, and on the I7t-h of April, 1861, the Light Infantry departed for Washington. This company belonged to the ill-fated Sixth Regi- ment, but was with the detachment that passed safely through Baltimore at the time of the massacre, and passed directly to the Capi- tal. The Light Infantry's term of service was mostly spent in Maryland, and the company arrived home on the 1st of August. On the MIL— 68 20th of April the Third BattaHon of Rifles, made up of the City Guards, the Emmet Guards, and the Holden Rifles, under com- mand of Major Charles Devens, followed the Light Infantry. The battalion was on duty about Baltimore most of the time until it re- turned on the 2d of August. On the 28th of June, Camp Scott, at South Worcester, was occupied by the Fifteenth Regiment, the first Worcester County regiment, with Charles Devens as Colonel. This regiment participat- ed in the disastrous battle of Ball's Bluff, and also in the battles of Fair Oaks, Antietam, Gettysburg, the Wilderness and others. It arrived home July 21, 1864, with its numbers reduced to 150 men. The Twenty-first went into camp on the 19th of July. The Agricul- tural or Fair Grounds were occupied, and the name Camp Lincoln was given in honor of ex-Governor Levi Lincoln. The regiment departed for the seat of war August 23d, em- barked for North Carolina on the Burnside expedition, and took part in the battles of Roanoke and Xew Berne. The next spring it was sent to Virginia, and was in the battles of second Bull Run, Chantilly, South Moun- tain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, the Wilder- ness and others. It was mustered out August 30, 1864. The Twenty-fifth Regiment left Worcester October 31. It formed a part of the forces of the Burnside expedition, was at Roanoke and New Berne, and remained in North Carolina till the fall of 1863. The next spring and summer the regiment saw hard service, passed through Drewry's Bluff, Cold Harbor, and other battles, and spent the last months before Petersburg. It arrived home (excepting a portion that had re-enlist- ed the winter before) October 13, 1864. The Thirty-fourth departed on the 15th of August, 1862, and was in service till July 6, 1865. It took part in the battles of New Market, Cedar Creek, Piedmont, Lynchburg, Winchester, and others. The Thirty-Sixth Regiment fol- lowed the last September 2d, 1862, and re- turned June 21, 1865. It passed through Fredericksburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and other battles, performed much hard service, and made many long marches. The Fifty-First Regiment, which enlisted for nine months, left November 25th, 1862, and returned July 21, 1863, Most of its service was in North Carolina. On the i8th of April, 1864, the Fifty-seventh Regi- ment, the last of the Worcester County organ- izations, proceeded to the scene of conflict. This regiment was in the battle of the Wilder- ness and numerous minor encounters, and spent the summer before Petersburg. It was mustered out in August, 1865. In the list of Worcester's martyrs the names of John Wil- liam Grout, who was killed at Ball's Bluff, Gen. George H. Ward, who fell at Gettys- burg, and for whom the local Grand Army post was named, Thomas J. Spurr, S. F. Haven, Jr., Dexter F. Parker, Rev. Samuel Souther, the Wellingtons, the Bacons, Thomas O'Neil and Henry McConville are prominent. Of those who gained distinction in the conflict, Charles Devens, Josiah Pickett, A. B. R. Sprague and William S. Lincoln are well- known names. Worcester sent 3,927 men to the war, at a total direct money cost of $586,054. Of this amount $245,653 was paid for bounties and expense of recruiting; $93,650 commutation and substitutes; and $246,751 state aid to families. Rev. Abijah P. Marvin's IVoi cester in the JVcrr of the Rebellion is an interesting and valuable book, giving a very full account of Worcester's part in sustaining the Union. Some hasty and unjust criticism followed its publication in consequence of certain errors made at the Adjutant General's office, for which the author was not responsible. These errors are mostly corrected in the last edition. Histories of the Twenty-first, Twenty-fifth, Thirty-fourth and Thirty-sixth Regiments have been printed. The Story of Company A, Twenty-fifth Regiment, has been much com- mended as a true picture of the daily life of a soldier. The history of the fighting Fifteenth remains to be written, and it is a matter of regret that Gen. Devens could not have per- formed that duty. Of Worcester military companies, past and present, the City Guards, Continentals, Em- met Guards, Light Infantry, and the State Guards are noticed ander their titles in the Dictionary. The Worcester Artillery Com- pany was an active organization here from 1783 to 1838. The Independent Cadets, formed during the threatened war with France in 1798, disbanded soon after. The Worces- ter Cavalry was in existence for some twenty years, certainly from 1813 to 1826. The white silk flag of this company is now in the possession of Albert A. Lovell, and has the State arms and the mottoes: "God armeth the Patriot," and "For God and Our Coun- 69 MIL— M IN try," on one side; and " Worcester Cavalry, ist Brigade, Sixth Division," on the other. The Worcester Rifle Corps, estabhshed in 1823, was disbanded in 1835. The Jackson Guards was an Irish company suppressed by Gov. Gardiner, in Know-Nothing times. Militia Companies. — There are four mil- itia companies belonging to Worcester, three infantry and one artillery, namely: Co. A (Worcester City Guards), and Co. C (Wor- cester Light Infantry), of the Second Regi- ment; and Co. G (Emmet Guards), of the Ninth Regiment. Battery B, Light Artillery, is unattached. See in the Dictionary, under Ennnet Guards; City Guards; Light Infantry . Mill Brook. — This stream rises in Holden and flows generally south until it unites at South Worcester with Middle river to form the Blackstone. The first saw and grist mills in the town were erected on this stream above Lincoln square, and gave it the name of Mill Brook. Millbury. — So named from the numerous mills which it contains, was taken from the north part of Sutton and incorporated June IT, 181 3. It is situated six miles south of Worcester, on the Providence & Worcester Railroad. A branch railroad also connects at Millbury Junction with the Boston & Albany Railroad. The Worcester and Millbury Elec- tric Railroad was opened in October, 1892. Population in 1885, 4,555. In 1890, 4,428. Millstone Hill. — The eminence north of Belmont street and Bell pond, from which much of the foundation stone used in Worces- ter is obtained. Quarries have been worked here from early time, and of late years exten- sively. Aug. 27, 1733, the proprietors voted "that TOO acres of the poorest land on Mill- stone be left common for the use of the town for building stones." In 1763 it appears that the land in question had been sold through mistake to Daniel Heywood, and some time afterward it was recovered in course of law, and in 1770 he was given a sum of money to quit his claim. In later times, however, private parties assumed ownership and were sustained by the courts, for in 1824, in the case of William E. Green vs. town of Worces- ter, it was decided that the town had no right in the property other than to take building stone. The top of the hill is 780 feet above the tide level. Minerals. — Dana gives the list of minerals found in Worcester as follows: Mispickel (arsenical iron), idocrase, pyroxene, garnet, amianthus, bucholzite, spathic iron, galena. Mr. W. H. Lovell, who compiled a list of minerals in Worcester county for the Natural History Society, found the following: Calcite, graphite, vesuviante (idocrase). At the Coal Mine : Graphite, anthracite, pyrite, asbestos, fibrolite (bucholzite). Northville Silver Mine : Pyrite, arsenopyrite, siderite, galena. Tat- nuck Hill: Pyrite, pyrrhotite. Millstone Hill: Fluorite in granite. South Ledge (near Quin- sigamond Village) : P^eldspar, mica (biotite), talc (soapstone). Also granite for building, and peat. Ministers. — The ministry of Worcester includes few distinguished names. Of the older churches, a list of the ministers of the First or Old South Church will be found under the title in the Dictionary. The Second (Unitarian-Congregational) has had but four pastors since its formation in 1785, namely; Aaron Bancroft to 1839; Alonzo Hill, 1827 to 1871; Edward H.Hall, 1869 to 1882; and Austin S. Carver, 1882 to the present time. The Calvinist Church (now the Central) was organized in 1820, and Loammi Ives Hoadley was the first pastor, ordained in 1823. His successors have been John S. C. Abbott, 1830 to 1835; David Peabody, 1835 to 1838; Seth Sweetser, 1838 to 1878; Henry E, Barnes (colleague) 1874 to 1876; Daniel Merriman, 1878 to the present. The Union Church, formed in 1836, has had the following pastors: Jonathan E. Woodbridge to 1838; Elam Smalley (author of The Worcester Pulpit^, 1838 to 1854; Ebenezer Cutler, 1855 to 1878; Henry A Stimson, 1880 to 1885; Wil- liam V. W. Davis, 1887. The Salem Street Church was formed in 1848. George Bush- nell was the first pastor to 1857, and his successors have been Merrill Richardson to 1871; Charles M. Lamson to 1886; and Isaac J. Lansing. The latter has the present year (1892) been succeeded by Rev. F. B. Vroo- man. Plymouth Church was formed in 1869. George W. Phillips was pastor to 1887, and was s\icceeded by Charles Wadsworth, Jr. Rev. Archibald McCullagh, D. D., is the present pastor, settled in 1890. Piedmont Church, organized in 1872, has had George H. Gould and David O. Mears as ministers, the latter since 1877. The second Unitarian Church, or Church of the Unity, was formed in 1845. Edward Everett Hale was pastor 6 MIN— MUS 70 ten years, and his successors have been Rush R. Shippen, 1856 to 1871; Henry Blanchard, 1872 to 1881; Roland A. Wood, 1881 to 1884; and Calvin Stebbins. Rev. George Allen, a native and long a resident of Wor- cester, was noted as a scholar and an authori- ty in Congregational matters. He preached many years at the Hospital. His library is now in the possession of The Worcester Socie- ty of Antiquity. (See Allen Library.) The first regularly settled Baptist minister in Wor- cester was William Bentley, from 181 2 to 1815, and he was followed by Jonathan Go- ing, 1815 to 1831; Frederick A. Willard, 1832 to 1835; Jonathan Aldrich, 1835 to 1838; Samuel B, Swaim, 1839 to 1854; J. D. E. Jones, 1855 to 1859; Rev. Lemuel Moss, H. K. Pervear, B. D. Marshall and George G. Craft have succeeded the latter. The Second Baptist Church was organized in 1 84 1, and John Jennings was the first pastor. The Third Baptist Church was formed in 1853. H. L. Wayland was first installed. The first Method- ist minister of Worcester was Joseph A. Merrill in 1833. Other early ministers of this denomination were George Pickering, John T. Burrill, James Porter and Charles K. True. The Second (Laurel street) Methodist Church was organized in 1845, and Richard S. Rust was the first minister. The first pastor of Grace M. E. Church was J. O. Peck in 1867. The First Universalist Church was organized in 1843. The ministers have been S. P. Landers, Albert Case, O. H. Tillotson, John G. Adams, L. M. Burrington, Thomas E. St. John, B. F. Bowles and Moses H. Harris. The latter was succeeded in 1890 by Rev. Almon Gunnison. Episcopal worship was established in Worcester in 1835 by Rev. Thomas H. Vail. All Saints Church was formed in 1843. The rectors have been Henry Blackaller, George T. Chapman, G. H. Clark, Justin Field, Nathaniel T. Bent, A. M. Morrison, William R. Huntington (now rector of Grace Church, New York), 1862- 1883, and A. H. Vinton. Rev. James Fitton was the first Roman Catholic clergyman of Worcester, and worship was established here in 1834. Matthew W. Gibson and John Boyce were other priests here in early days. At present John J. Power, Thomas J. Conaty and Thomas Griffin are clergymen of more than local reputation. Missions. — The following missions are es- tablished in Worcester: Baptist Missions. — yamesville, at James- ville, organized in 1884. Quinsigamond, at Quinsigamond Village, organized in 1885. Greendale, organized in 1884. Methodist. — West Side, Abbott street, organized in 1891. Mission Des Vrais Cath- oliques, at Coral Street Church, 1889. Lake Vieiv, Wesley Hall, Coburn avenue, 1891. Orthodox. — Sum/nit, organized 1884. New Jerusalem, founded in 1888, and meets in Burnside Building. Roman Catholic. — St. Anne's, Grand street, organized in 1886. Valley Falls. — Leicester street, organ- ized 1869. Highway. — 393 Shrewsbury street, organ- ized in 1890. Tatnuck. — Pleasant street. Monuments. — See Bigelow Monument; Soldiers'' Monutjtent. Moral Effort Union. — See Union for Concerted Moral Effort. Mt. Vernon Social Club. — A prominent association of young men. Museums. —See under American Anti- quarian Society; jVatiiral LListory Society: Worcester Society of A?itiquity. Musical Association (Worcester Coun- ty). — The Dictionary is indebted to the Historical Sketch of the Worcester Comity Mtisical Association, by Samuel E. Staples, for many of the facts that follow relating to that organization : The first of the series of musical conven- tions, which preceded the formation of the Worcester County Musical Association, was held in September, 1858, under the manage- ment of Edward Hamilton, assisted by B. F. Baker of Boston. These conventions were held annually, either by private enterprise or under the auspices of the Mozart Society until 1863. In consequence of some opposition to Mr. E. H. Frost as musical conductor in the Mozart Society, his supporters took action which led to the formation of the Worcester County Musical Association. Mr. James D. Moore is credited with having suggested the new organization, and he called a musical convention to be held in Mechanics Hall in September, 1863, under direction of E. H. Frost, while another convention was an- nounced to be held the same week in the City Hall under the direction of B. F. Baker. 71 MUS— These rival conventions represented two fac- tions which had divided the musical people of Worcester for several years, those supporting Mr. Baker being opposed to the Lowell Mason school. But Mr. Frost and his friends wei'e too strong for their opponents, and the assemh)ly at Mechanics Hall adopted the name of the "Worcester County Musical Conven- tion." An organization was effected Oct. 2, 1863, with Samuel E. Staples as President, William S. Denny, Secretary and Treasurer, and James D. Moore, Librarian. This socie- ety became in 1 871, by change of name, the Worcester County Musical Association, and the annual conventions have been known since that time as Musical or Music Festivals. Mr. Staples was president of the Association for ten years, and was succeeded by Hon. William R. Hill of Wilkinsonville. Mr. Hill died in 1887, and Hon. Edward L. Davis was elected President, and now holds the office. The other officers at present are Wil- liam Sumner, Vice-President; B. D. Allen, C. M. Bent, Daniel Downey, L. M. Lovell, B. L. M. Smith, C. I. Rice, C. C. Stearns, Ben. T. Hammond, Directors; A. C. Munroe, Sec- retary; J. E. Benchley, Treasurer; and G. W. Elkins, Librarian. The annual festival is held the last week in September, and continues five days. Carl Zerrahn has been conductor for many years, and has trained the chorus of five hundred voices to a good degree of excellence. Eight grand concerts and seven public re- hearsals are given, and the programme gener- ally includes one of the great oratorios. Distinguished soloists are engaged each year. The Festival has become the great, and indeed the only, society event of the year in Worcester; there is an eager demand for seats, and the prices paid for premiums aggre- gate a large sum. The Festival draws visitors from all parts of the country, and largely from the county; it is therefore not entirely a Wor- cester city institution. Music Hall. — The Worcester P^uit Pre- serving Company was organized under a char- ter from the Legislature in 1867, with a capital of $50,000, for the purpose of erecting and carrying on an extensive fruit-keeping house under Prof. Nyce's patent. The officers were: President, Benj. Walker; Clerk, Elijah B. Stoddard; Treasurer, Harrison Bliss; Superintendent, John S. Ballard. The build- ing, which was erected on Exchange street back of the Bay State House, was on the plan of a huge refrigerator, in which the various kinds of fruit, foreign and domestic, as well as eggs, vegetables, etc., were to be stored and kept fresh indefinitely. The enterprise did not prove a success, and the following year the Music Hall Association was formed for the purpose of utilizing the property in the erec- tion of a theatre. The land on which the building stood had been deeded to the Fruit Preserving Co, by the Bay State House pro- prietors April 29, 1867, for $8,195, and this having fallen into the hands of Benj. W. Thayer of Boston, was deeded by him to the Music Hall Corporation May 7, 1868. The latter had been incorporated April 14, 1868, and was composed of the following gentle- men: Harrison Bliss, E. B. Stoddard, Francis H. Kinnicutt, Edward L. Davis, Stephen Salisbury, Jr., Samuel Woodward, David S. Messinger, Wm. PL Goulding, Benj. Walker, Orlando Tompkins of Boston, and Chas. B. Pratt. The fruit building, which was in the rear of the lot, was extended by an addition in front, the new part costing $18,950, and the whole transformed into a theatre, called at first Music Hall, but of late years known as the Worcester Theatre. It was leased March i, 1869, for ten years to B. W. Thayer and Orlando Tompkins, at $5,000 per year for the whole building, which included two stores on the ground floor. A mortgage of $25,000 was placed on the property of the corporation, which organized with a capital stock of $26,800, divided into 268 shares. The theatre was opened on the evening of March 9, 1869, by the Boston Theatre Co., with the play of the Lady of Lyons. After the first lease run out the proprietors and others managed the theatre for three or four years, and in 1883 the late Charles D. C. Wilkinson assumed control under a six years' lease at $3,750 yearly rent. His widow re- tained possession after his death till the destruction of the building by fire in May, 1889. Previous to the fire a lease had been given to F. F. Proctor for five years from Sept. I, 1889. The New Worcester Theatre was built on the site. (See Theatre.^ Music in Worcester. — In 1784 Isaiah' Thomas advertised that he had procured "a beautiful set of musical types from England, by which he was enabled to print church and other musick." The Worcester Collection MUS— 72 oj Sacred IIafino7iy,^'' "^v^Xx^tA in 1788, was probably printed from those types. 101797 Mr. B. Glaan announced himself as a teacher of the "piano-forte and keyed instruments," at Barker's Tavern in Worcester. Notices of singing schools and dancing schools appear early in the present century. In 1809 a Mr. Mallet gave "harmony concerts" at Healy's Hall, which was where the Burnside Building now stands. A well-toned piano-forte was offered* for sale in a notice in the Spy, and on the death of Hon. Francis Blake in 181 7, the one belonging to his family was publicly sold. John W. Lincoln opened a "School for Mar- tial Music" in 1813, to instruct musicians for service in the war. A Mr. Lewis was a teacher of vocal music in Worcester in 1819. About the year 1820 considerable interest was manifested in this locality and in different parts of the county in the subject of music, and several societies were formed which were active for a number of years; among these may be mentioned the Lockhart Union Socie- ty of Brookfield, the Templi Carmina Society of Sutton, the Beethoven Society of Millbury, and the Worcester Harmonic Society; the latter formed about the year 1825. In Septem- ber, 1822, an oratorio was performed here by the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston; and at the dedication of the Calvinist (Central) Church in 1823, the Lockhart Union Society furnished the music, and gave an oratorio in the evening. A concert was given here March 5, 1823, by Miss Plimpton, the "young Columbian vocalist," of Boston. Philip Brown, in a room over George A. Trumbull's book-store, advertised in 1823 imported music and musical instruments. He was probably the first music dealer in Worces- ter. In 1 83 1 Aaron Leland opened his "music and umbrella store," and in 1839 Samuel Reeves Leland came to Worcester, also dealing in musical instruments and um- brellas. A novel musical entertainment was given here in 1828, with a combination of instru- ments, the siren, musical glasses, bagpipes, etc.; and in 1830 Mr. and Mrs. Papanti from Boston advertised a concert to take place June 17. In 1834 a concert of sacred music was given in Mr. Abbott's (Central) Meeting House by Messrs. N. Allen, Colburn, White et al. of Boston. Ostinelli appeared here with Mr. Mseder in 1835. In 1836 the Cal- vinist Society advertised theii bass viol for sale, "the church having procured an organ." In 1837 Emory Perry and Alexander (Ed- ward) Hamilton announced their "Juvenile and Adult Singing School." In 1839 piano- forte instruction was given by Miss Frances E. Rice and Miss S. Collier. The same year there was a concert by the "Tyrolese Sing- ers;" and the "Worcester Mozart Society," E. Sanger, secretary, is noticed. The latter probably was not maintained long, for several years later, as will be seen below, another society of the same name was organized. A "Grand Musical Soiree by the St. Luke Fami- ly," Italian Fantoccini, and the Nicholson Flute and Glee Club were the attractions in 1839-40. In 1843 there was a "Grand Mu- sical Jubilee" in Worcester, to vvhich the Worcester Brass Band invited all the bands in the vicinity. The same year the Hutchinson Family appeared here, and Ole Bull came for the first time July i, 1844. His last appear- ance here was on the 27th of April, 1880, and his death occurred on the 1 8th of August of that year. The following are some of the celebrities who have appeared in Worcester during the last forty-five years: Leopold De- Meyer, Madame Anna Bishop, Brignoli, Herz and Sivori, Julien, Parodi, Stigelli, Jenny Lind, Thalberg, D'Angri, Gottschalk, Gill- more, Parepa, Arbuckle, Blind Tom, Adelina and Carlotta Patti, Bulow, Carreno, Pappen- heim, Thomas, Nilsson, Damrosch, Josefify, Remenyi, Rubinstein, Wilhelmj, Paderewski and De Pachmann, The Worcester Sacred Music Society was formed in 1846, and in 1852 the Worcester Musical Association appealed, but did not long continue. A. N. Johnson, George F. Root, William Sumner and Edward S. Nason were prominent in this society, which must not be confounded with the Worcester County Musical Association, founded ten years later. The Mozart Society, formed in 1850, was a more permanent organization, and continued with varying success and failure until it was united with the Beethoven Society. The lat- ter, instituted in 1864, joined the Mozart in 1866, to form the Worcester Mozart and Beethoven Choral Union, which later became the Choral Union. ( See title.) The Shumann Club was in existence some ten years ago, and was similar in character to the present Gounod Club. The Orchestral Union is an active organization. (See the article on the Worcester County Musical Association.) 73 MUS— NAT Of individuals who have contributed much to the advancement of music in Worcester in the past, the names of Emory Perry, Rufus D. Dunbar, L. S. Rust, Edward Hamilton, Sam- uel R. Leland and William Sumner are prom- inent. Mr. Perry was a teacher of music here for thirty years. He instituted the Worcester Harmonic Society, active for ten or twelve years after 1826. Mr. Hamilton possessed sound musical taste, and was a safe critic. He was also a composer of merit. Of prominent musicians who have resided or now reside in Worcester, only a few can be noticed in addi- tion to those above named. Eugene Thayer, who achieved such eminence as an organist, had his early training here, and went abroad from this city. Matthew Arbuckle came to Worcester in 1857, through the efforts of Isaac Fiske, whose band he conducted for three years; and while here his subsequent fame began to dawn. Arbuckle was a Scotch- man, and deserted from the British service in Canada, induced to this action by members of a band in Troy, N. Y., who were impressed with his power, which he himself did not 1 suspect. After playing in Troy some time, he I • was found by Mr. Fiske, who brought him to Worcester. C. C. Stearns, the well-known musical composer and teacher, has for the past thirty years resided in Worcester. The lamented Henshaw Dana was also a resident. I Walter Kennedy, Ben. T. Hammond and E. N. Anderson are prominent as teachers of the voice. The useful work and long service of : Mr. B. D. Allen entitle him to honorable mention. Of military bands information is meagre. About 1840 two bands were formed, one located at New Worcester, and the Harrison excitement of that year afforded ample oppor- tunity for the exercise of their abihties. David Perry and Marshall Tenney were well-known band masters of the period from 1840 to 1850. The most notable enterprise in this line was entered into in the formation of Fiske's Band in 1857, which was the means of bringing to Worcester such musicians as Arbuckle, Patz, Kendall and others of note, for the spirit of i rivalry excited by Mr. Fiske in securing the I services of Arbuckle caused extraordinary I efforts on the part of the managers of Joslyn's or Goddard's Band, and competition was lively between them. Under Arbuckle, Fiske's Band attained a high degree of excellence in playing, and greatly astonished Gillmore when he visited Worcester with his famous Salem Band on their return from the democratic national convention at Charleston in i860. The two bands paraded together, and Gill- more soon after obtained the services of Arbuckle for his own organization. Isaac Fiske, to whom belongs the credit of main- taining the organization for four or five years, was a manufacturer of band instruments in Worcester for a long period. (See Bands for present organizations.) Mystic Brothers (Independent Order of ). — J 'iking Council, A'o. c^, was organized in 1881, and is composed largely of Scandi- navians. Meets at Integrity Hall, Pearl street. It is a mutual benefit order. Naturalization Clubs. — See under French Canadians. Natural History Park. — The tract of land near the north end and bordering on the shores of Lake Quinsigamond, owned by the Worcester Natural History Society. The Natural History Camp and Training School for boys is held here every summer. The park includes the summit and eastern slope of Wigwam Hill, and contains about 40 acres. The money to purchase the land ($5,000) was given by Hon. Joseph H. Walker, ?nd Thomas H. Dodge, Esq., erected the pavilion known by his name. A well-equipped work- shop is one of the attractions of the camp, and Horace H. Bigelow largely contributed to the expense of this and other conveniences. (See nexi article. ) Natural History Society (The Worces- ter).— The W^orcester Lyceum of Natural History, formed in 1825, was in existence three or four years. Dr. John Green was president. Some of the specimens owned by this organization are now in the cabinet of the present society, which can trace its pedigree to the Worcester Lyceum formed in 1829, for the instruction and improvement of the citi- zens of Worcester. In August, 1 85 2, the Young Men's Literary Association was incor- porated for the purpose of affording intellect- ual and social advantages to the young men of the city, by maintaining a library and reading room, and courses of lectures. Through the efforts of Rev. Edward Everett Hale, a natu- ral history department was organized in April, 1854. In 1855 the Young Men's Rhetorical NAT— 74 Society united with the Library Association, and in 1856 the Worcester Lyceum joined fortunes with the others, the consoUdation forming the Worcester Lyceum and Library Association. In 1859 the books belonging to this society were given to the city as a nucleus of the circulating department of the Free Public Library, and the natural history de- partment was the only active branch left, the Rhetorical Society having withdrawn and re- organized by itself. Interest was kept up, however, and the name of the Lyceum and Library Association assumed, and the work carried on so far as could be done with cur- tailed resources and objects. The courses of popular lectures were still maintained, and for some fifteen years received liberal patronage. When the City Library was removed from Bank building to Elm street, the society was accommodated with quarters in the basement for its natural history cabinet. In 1866 the name was changed to the Worcester Lyceum and Natural History Society, and March 6, 1884, altered to Worcester iVatiiral History Society by legislative enactments. The society had after four or five years moved back to Fos- ter street, and taken possession of the upper story of the Bank Building, where it remained until Oct., 1891. The collections became very valuable as they increased, and among the acquisitions may be mentioned the John Mil- ton Earle collection of shells, and a fine cab- inet of minerals. The society also had at one time a good collection of Indian relics and other curiosities, but these have been scattered. Interest in the work was kept up in a tolera- ble degree until 1875, but for the next five years there was a noticeable falling off in attendance and enthusiasm. Mr. Thomas A. Dickinson, who had succeeded Mr. James G. Arnold as superintendent of the cabinet, exerted himself in various ways to revive the old interest, and by his invitation Prof. Francis G. Sanborn, afterwards in charge of the cabinet, came to Worcester, and gave much assistance in the form of lectures and practical work and instruction. Mr. Nathan- iel Paine, after many years' valuable service "as president, withdrew, and his successors were prevented by the pressure of other duties from giving the necessary attention, time and labor needed to revive the old spirit. In 1880 Dr. William H. Raymenton was elected president, and began his vigorous administration, which has made the society a living force in the community. He entered upon the work with much enthusiasm, which proved contagious to those about him. Under his direction free classes in the different branches of natural science were instituted, the cabinet or museum opened daily to the public, and field and practice meetings held at short intervals. By these means the membership of the society was largely increased (1300 in 1888), and new life infused into every department. Find- ing that the development and success of his plans required money in larger amounts than the membership fees and other resources of the society afforded, he appealed to the wealthy and business men of the city to aid him by contributions of money or otherwise, and the response was generous in a surprising degree. The first year (1880) $1,708.99 was received, and the sums given for each succeed- ing year, as shown by the treasurer's books, appear as follows : YEAR. AMOUNT. 1881 $2,239.88 1882 2,383.62 1883 2,587.21 1884 4,250.48 1885 5,152.78 1886 5,091.03 1887 6,788.89 1888 12,204.16 In addition to the above, gifts for special purposes have been received, which swell the aggregate sum raised for the society by Dr. Raymenton previous to his retirement from the presidency in 1889, to $55,000, the last gift being $3,000, to settle some obligations of the year before. The principal benefactors of the society during the Doctor's administration have been Hon. Stephen Salisbury, Hon. Joseph H. Walker, Stephen Salisbury, Esq., and Thomas H. Dodge, Esq. Three years' subscriptions were instituted, a certain sum being pledged each year for three years; and these have been renewed two or three times by some, and in many instances in increased amounts, the donors manifesting the utmost enthusiasm in the work of the society. The list for 1883, for example, has the names of three contributors who gave $200 a year for three years, five who gave $100 a year, eight $50 a year, and ten $25 a year. In addition there were ten subscribers at $20 each, five at $15, and forty-six at $10. Many of these in renewing their three years' subscriptions doubled the amounts and a few did better. 75 NAT— NEW The society has a permanent fund of over $16,000, and its whole property is valued at about $80,000. In 1885 the Summer Camp for Boys was established at Lake Quinsigamond, and a bond for a deed of a tract of land, which in- cluded most of Wigwam Hill, was taken. The money to pay for this land was given in 1888 by Hon. Joseph H. Walker. (See pre- ceding article.) This Camp or Training School has been maintained to the present with gratifying and increasing success. The plan of the work here is fully set forth in a communication written by Prof. E. Harlow Russell, of the State Normal School, and print- ed in the Fifty-second Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education (1887-88), to which the inquirer is referred for particulars. The Camp is open from July I to Sept. I. Something of military discipline is maintained, and daily lectures on scientific subjects are given, alternating with manual training, swimming, etc. The subscriptions in aid of the camp amounted in 1886 to over $1,000, and its success was so great that Thomas H. Dodge, Esq., offered the use of a tract of land on the Shrewsbury side of the lake to establish a summer school for girls. In the winter, scientific work in the Natural History Society is carried on by clubs, formed by those interested in the different departments. The rooms are open to the public every week day from 9 to 5. By the will of the late Edwin Conant, Esq., the society came into possession of the fine estate at the corner of State and Harvard streets, and the collections were removed there in 1891. Mr. Conant gave in addition $10,000, the income of which is to be used in providing an annual course of scientific lectures in his native town of Sterling. Nev^r England Village. — A manufacturing village in the north part of Grafton, estab- lished in 1826, at the time the New England Manufacturing Company located on the mall privilege there, the waters of Lake Quinsiga- mond having their outlet at this point. Cotton, linen, and other goods, firearms, boots and shoes, etc., have been made here. The vil- lage is about six miles from Worcester. New Hampshire (Sons and Daughters of). — An association, composed of natives of New Hampshire and their families, organized in 1880. Newspapers. — The Massachusetts Spy^ established in Boston in 1 770, was removed to Worcester in April, 1775, and a copy of the issue of May 3d, in the possession of the American Anticjuarian Society, bears the cer- tificate of Isaiah Thomas that it was the first thing ever printed in Worcester. (See under Spy in the Dictionary.) An abridgment of the Spy, called the Massachusetts I let aid or Worcester Journal, issued in 1783, failed after four numbers. The American Herald and Worcester Recorder was removed here from Boston in August, 1 788, and was printed in Worcester two years and two months. The Independent Gazetteer appeared Jan. 7, 1 800, and continued two years. The National ALgis was founded in 1801, to sustain the principles of Jefferson against the misrepre- sentations and abuse of the Federalists of Massachusetts. It was published till 1833, and reestablished in 1838, continuing to 1857, when it was merged with the Transcript, and at present is known as the yEgis and Gazette. Three numbers of the Scorpion, a virulent political sheet, appeared in 1809. The Mas- sachusetts Yeoman appeared from 1823 to 1833. Jubal Harrington began the publica- tion of the Worcester County Republican, a Jacksonian paper, in 1829, which continued ten years. The Worcester PalladitiDi, until 1856 a Democratic weekly, afterwards Repub- lican, was founded by J. S. C. Knowlton Jan. I, 1834. The last number was published Feb. 12, 1876. The Worcester Waterfall and the Cataract were temperance papers published in Washj^ngtonian times. Elihu Burritt began to publish the Christian Citizen Jan. 6, 1844, and the paper was continued seven years. The Daily Transcript, the first daily in Worcester, appeared June 23, 1845, and was followed by the Daily Spy July 24 of the same year. These papers were consoli- dated. The Worcester Daily Journal was printed from September, 1847, to October, 1849. The Daily Morning Transcript, first issued April i, 1851, is continued in the pres- ent Evening Gazett-. The Worcester Even- ing Journal, a Know-Nothing paper, was in existence from Aug. 30, 1854, to May 26, 1855. The Worcester Daily Press was pub- fished from April i, 1873, to April 27, 1 8 78. It was Democratic in politics, and those who sustained it lost heavily. The A^ew England Home Journal, subsequently sold to the Times, first appeared Dec. 21, 1882, with NEW— NOR 76 Henry M. Smith as editor. The above com- prise the more important of the papers which have been published in Worcester, though many others have at different periods appeared, and enjoyed a brief existence. The papers published at present are noticed in the Dic- tionary under their different names, viz. : Gazette, Light, Messenger, Post, Spy, Telegratn, Worcester Commercial. See also under French Canadians, and the article on Swedes. Newton Hill. — The eminence now includ- ed in Elm Park, known in earlier times as Little Prospect Hill. Its height is 672 feet. After several years' consideration the city pur- chased the hill in 1888, and it is now open as public ground. Of the tract acquired, some sixty acres in all, John W. Wetherell and wife owned 45.77 acres, for which they were paid $25,120; WiUiam S. Lincoln 10.25 ^icres, receiving $12,565; and N. S. Johnson and C. G. Harrington 3.87 acres, taken by the Parks Commission, who awarded them $6,700, which they refused to accept, and a jury award- ed them $12,227.71, which with $135 for legal expenses, makes the price paid for the whole hill $50,047.71. A fine view of the city and surrounding country can be had from the sum- mit, and the ascent is easy. Various improve- ments are being made by Parks Commission- er Lincoln to beautify the hill. New Worcester. — The region around Webster square. Main street ends here, and Mill, Leicester, Webster and Cambridge streets diverge from this point. The name appears to have been first applied about the year 1820. New York (Natives of). — See Empire State. Night Lunch Wagons. — The night lunch business is said to have originated in Provi- dence, R. L, about twenty years ago, with a man named Scott, who at first accommodated his customers by going around with a basket of sandwiches, etc., and the increasing de- mand in time necessitating a wagon, he found so many patrons gathering around it that he remained inside and handed out the viands. He is still in the business, which he has large- ly increased. Mr. S. M. Jones came to Wor- cester from Providence several years ago, and engaged in the night lunch business, in a "hand out" wagon, which he sold to Mr. C. H. Palmer Sept. 23, 1889. Mr. Palmer in- vented the lunch wagon in present use, which is arranged to afford both shelter and comfort to those who patronize it; and is capacious enough to contain the appliances and conven- iences of a restaurant. Mr. Palmer's enter- prise gave the business a great start, and night lunch wagons after his pattern have multiplied rapidly throughout the country. Mr. Palmer manufactures these wagons, and also his food supplies at his establishment on Salem street. Nobility Hill. — When Main street was first graded, a portion on the west side, ex- tending from opposite Park street to a little beyond Franklin square, was left at its orig- inal level and a bank wall erected with an iron railing on the top, giving much the same appearance that Court Hill now presents. This hill or terrace was occupied by several fine residences of the old style. A street from High street to the roadway over the hill was called Corbett street. This was in the line of the present Chatham street, but, of course, at a much higher level. The hill was removed about twenty years ago, much widen- ing Main street at that point. The Rice, Franklin, Knowles and Clark buildings follow the line of the old residences. Non-Secret Endowment Order. — This Order was organized in Worcester, and in- corporated Sept. 17, 1889. Its distinctive characteristic among the fraternal and mutual benefit societies is the entire absence of se- crecy, so far as dispensing with pass-words, signs, and a seCret ritual is concerned. The Supreme Assembly has its headquarters in this city. Normal School (State). — "By the terms of a resolve, which went into effect on the 25th day of June, 1871, the Board of Educa- tion was authorized and required to establish a State Normal School in the city of Worces- ter; and the trustees of the Worcester Luna- tic Hospital were authorized and required to convey to the Board of Education and its successors a tract of land of not more than five acres, to be located by the governor and council, within certain limits fixed in the resolve. An appropriation of $60,000 was made upon condition that the city of Worces- ter should pay the Board of Education for the purposes named in the resolve the sum of $15,000. This condition was promptly com- plied with. The tract was located by the governor and council Sept. 2, 1871; and on 77 NOR— OAK the 19th of September, 1871, the conveyance was made by the trustees of the Hospital to the Board of Education and its successors in trust as directed." The land was located upon a portion of what was called Hospital Hill, and the build- ing as erected now fronts on Prospect street. This building is a large three-story massive structure, of granite from Millstone Hill. It was dedicated Sept. 11, 1874, and the school was opened on the 15th. E. Harlow Russell has been principal from the beginning, and is assisted by a corps- of seven teachers. "The design* of the school is strictly professional; that is, to prepare in the best possible manner the pupils for the work of organizing, govern- ing and teaching in the public schools of the Commonwealth." Entrance examinations oc- cur t.vice a year, at the beginning of each term. Exercises of graduation occur on the last day of the summer term. There are two courses: one of two years, the other of four years. Tuition is free to such as intend to teach in the public schools of Massachusetts. North Park. — This tract of land in the vicinity of Adams square, came into the pos- session of the city January 1st, 1889. It com- prises about thirty-nine and one-half acres, owned as follows by the parties named, who sold the land to the Parks Commission at $500 an acre: Joseph E. Bond, 12.64 acres; A. C. Harris, 3.75 acres; Alfred Smith, 3.58 acres; A. G. Weatherbee, 2.53 acres; John D. Cur- tis, 16.89 acres. Mr. Curtis was allowed $112 to cover one year's taxes, making the total amount paid $28,265. North Pond. — The largest pond lying entirely in Worcester, supplied mainly by the waters of Mill Brook. It was formerly the head water of the Blackstone canal. The pond lies about a mile and a half north of Lincoln square. The area of the pond is over 200 acres. Northville. — A village in the north part of Worcester, near North Pond, some two miles from the center of the city. The AWt/iville Library Association is a literary society estab- lished here, and a mission is sustained. North Worcester. — A village in the north part of the city, on Holden street. The asso- ciation known as the A^orth Worcester Aid Society has its headquarters in a hall on Hol- den street. Notabilities. — A complete list of notabili- ties who have been in Worcester cannot be given here, but some prominent ones are mentioned below. General Daniel Gookin and John Eliot visited Worcester in early times. Chief Justice Sewall was here several times during the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Whitefield spoke on the Common in 1740. The youthful Lord Howe, to whom Massachusetts erected a^ monument in West- minster Abbey, passed through here on the 5th of August, 1757. He was killed at Ticon- deroga in 1758. Lord Amherst with his army of 4500 men halted in Worcester on the 17th of September, 1757. In Revolutionary times the place was visited by Generals Washington, Lee, Steuben and Burgoyne. Dr. PVanklin, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Paul Jones and Lady Washington were here during the same period. Lafayette visited Worcester twice in 1824-5. The Duke of Saxe-Weimar was in W^orcester August 9, 1825. Of the presidents, Washington, John Adams, John Q. Adams, Van Buren, Polk, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Arthur and Cleveland have favored Worcester with their presence. Of political notabilities we find the names of Oliver Ellsworth, Alexander Ham- ilton, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Thomas H. Benton, Stephen A. Douglas, William H. Seward, Charles Sumner, Henry Wilson and many others; Dickens, Thackeray, Longfel- low, Collins and others eminent in literature; among noted foreigners Father Mathew, Kossuth and the Prince of Whales. For musi- cal and theatrical celebrities who have visited Worcester, see under Alusic and Theatres. Nurses' Training School. — A training school for nurses is maintained at the City Hospital, under the management of an effi- cient superintendent, and is an important and successful department of the institution. The pupils do the entire nursing at the hospital, and also attend patients in families outside. Oak Hill. — The rising land southeast of the Union Railroad Station, populated largely with French Canadians. The slope rises abruptly from the railroad, and the houses rise one above the other in full view up the decliv- ity. The Bloomingdale road runs along the side of the hill. Dungarven, or Dutch Hill, is a particular locality above the Bloomingdale road long known in police circles. OAK— ODD 78 Oaks (The). — The estate on Lincoln street, formerly the property of Timothy Paine, a prominent loyalist in the Revolution. It is now occupied by the Rev. George S. Paine, a descendant in the fourth generation. The erection of the house was begun about the time the war opened, and the place was aban- doned by its owner, who was for a time a refugee. The property was subsequently re- covered, and for many years was occupied by Dr. William Paine. His son, Frederick W. Paine, gathered a fine and large library, which is still maintained in the house by the present owner. Odd Fellows. — "The Independent Order of Odd Fellows was introduced into the United States in 1806. Some persons who had been members of English lodges established a lodge in Baltimore in 1819, and this lodge soon received a charter from the Manchester Unity. The lodges already established in New York, Philadelphia and Boston accepted charters from the Maryland Grand Lodge. The American lodges have long since ceased to hold friendly relations with the Manchester Unity. The United States Grand Lodge has established grand lodges in all the states and in most of the territories. American Odd Fellowship seeks ' to visit the sick, relieve the distressed, bury the dead, and educate the orphan.' To become a member of a United States lodge a person must be a white male, at least 21 years of age, and must believe in a supreme being." A social organization under this name was in existence in Worcester about the period 1820-25, but it had no connection with the present popular secret Order. Among the first Odd Fellows in Worcester were Samuel S. Leonard, George C. Taft, James Murray and John F. Locke. The first lodge of I. O. O. F., instituted in Worcester, was Qiiinsiga- jHond, N'o. 4j, formed May i, 1844. Wor- cester Lodge, N'o. 56, was instituted Dec. 20, 1844. Central Lodgt^ N'o. 16S, was formed Sept. 17, 1874. Ridgely Lodge, N'o. 112, was formed Sept. 19, 1882. AncJwria Lodge, No. 142, was instituted March 31, 1887. There are two lodges of Daughters of Rebekah: A^aoitii, No. 18, June 27, 1872, and Queen Esther, N'o. J J, MdiXch 24, 1881. There are two encampments : IVachusett, N^o. 10, insti- tuted May 16, 1845, surrendered its charter in 1851, and was reinstituted Oct. 20, 1869. Mt. Vernon, N'o. jj, was instituted Sept. 27, 1877. The Odd Fellows' Mutual Benefit Association of Worcester County was organ- ized Oct. 13, 1871, and incorporated Oct. 15, 1877. It now has 1300 members and $14,000 in funds. The Canton is a social and military association of Odd Fellows, but not of a mu- tual benefit character. The Shaffner Society (named for Tal. P. Shaffner) is a social club of Odd Fellows, with rooms at 377 Main street. The luilJing on Pleasant street, known as the "Odd Fellows'," is not owned by them, but a hall is used there, and there is another hall in Chapin Block on Pearl Street. The Grand United Order of Odd Fellows is a colored organization, and comprises in W^or- cester Lntegrity Lodge, No. 1768 ; Patriarchal Lodge: and Household of Ruth. Rooms on Pearl street, in Warren Block. The Order of Odd Ladies is entirely separate and distinct from Odd Fellows, though similar in character. There are three lodges: Worcester, N^o. 8, Goodwill, N^o. g, Hope, No. 11, all organized since 1886. The Dictionary is indebted to Mander A. Maynard for many of the above facts. Odd Fellows' Home. — State homes for disabled members of the I. O. O. F., and the widows and orphans of deceased brothers who required assistance, had been erected in differ- ent sections of the country before the idea was taken up in Massachusetts. The matter came before the Grand Lodge in this State in 1874, and was put off from time to time till 1887, when active measures were taken to effect a practical result in the raising of money to build a State Home. Within two years $35,000 had been obtained, and the offer of Thomas H. Dodge, Esq., of a tract of eleven acres of land near Barber's Crossing in Wor- cester settled the question of the location of the Home, and steps were taken towards the speedy erection of the building. The trustees purchased considerable land in addition to that given by Mr. Dodge, and of this 10,000 feet was set off in garden plots to be allotted to Rebekah Lodges, which will assume the care of them. The site of the building is elevated, and the whole tract affords a fine prospect. The building was erected from plans by Barker & Nourse. It is four and one-half stories high, built of brick and brownstone. Forty inmates can be accommodated, allow- 79 ODD— ORG ing each a room. The cost was about $50,000. The corner stone was laid Oct. 8, 1890, with appropriate ceremonies. The ora- tion was delivered by C. M. Busbee of North Carolina, grand sire of the Sovereign Grand Lodge. The Home was dedicated on the 22d of June, 1892, on which occasion there was a grand parade of Odd Fellows from all parts of the State. " Old Compound." — A one-story wooden building that for many years stood nearly on the site of the Harrington building at the cor- ner of Main and Front streets. It was re- moved to the north side of Pleasant street, near Main, where it stood in an altered form until removed to make room for the Odd Fellows building. Old South Church. — In relation to the first church in Worcester the Rev. Peter Whitney, in his History of Worcester County, published in 1793, makes the following defi- nite statement : "In the year 1719 the first meeting-house was erected, and here a church was gathered." In the absence of any record to the contrary this testimony of one who probably saw and conversed with some of those who attended the early religious meet- ings held in the town would seem to be conclusive as compared with what are ac- knowledged to be matters of tradition. Mr. Whitney was a thorough investigator and a careful historian. This first meeting-house, of which he speaks, was erected, on the spot so long occupied by the familiar "Old South Ghurch " on the Common. The first struc- ture was demolished in 1763, and the later one stood until 1887, when it, too, went the way of all earthly things. The new and cost- ly edifice, at the corner of Main and Welling- ton streets, was dedicated Sept. 17, 1889. It cost (including land) probably $150,000. It is of brownstone throughout, and of novel architecture, and there are few handsomer churches in the State. The amount awarded the Parish in 1887, when the old building was removed from the Common, was $148,500; but a compromise was effected by which the city paid $115,395.25, and gave the old bell in addition. The amount received per contra was $320 for the old building and $75 for the foundation stone. Following is a list of the pastors of the "Old South" to the present time : Rev. Andrew Gardner, 17 19-1722. Rev. Isaac Burr, 1 725-1 745. Rev. Thaddeus Maccarty, 1 747-1 784. Rev. Samuel Austin, 1 790-1816. Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1 816-1820. Rev. Arretius B. Hull, 1821-1826. Rev. Rodney A. Miller, 1 827-1 844. Rev. George P. Smith, 1845-1852. Rev. Horace James, 1853-1863, Rev. Edward A. Walker, 1863-1865. Rev. Royal B. Stratton, 1867-1872. Rev. William M. Parry (not installed). Rev. Nathaniel Mighill, 1875-1877. Rev. Louis B. Voorhees, 1877-1880. Rev. Joseph F. Lovering, 1 880-1 889. Rev. Rev. A. Z. Conrad, 1890. Following is a list of clerks of the First Parish from Dec. 24, 1787, when the first separate meeting was held, to the present time. See To7un Clerks. Dec. 24, 1787, Theophilus Wheeler. April 21, 1795, Leonard Worcester. April I, 1799, Oliver Fiske. April 3, 1810, Asa Hamilton. March 21, 1821, Charles Wheeler. April 14, 1823, Enoch Flagg. April 7, 1824, Henry Wheeler. April 14, 1828, Austin Denny. April 12, 1830, Henry W. Miller. March 26, 1842, Harrison Bliss. March 27, 1843, William C. Barbour. April 24, 1844, William A. Wallace. March I, 1849, Charles E. Brooks. March 15, 185 1, Asaph G. Wood. April 24, 1854, James E. Estabrook. March 22, 1858, James H. Bancroft. January, 1872, Joseph B. Adams. April, 1873, Lorenzo Q. Spaulding. January, 1874, Lemuel H. Hampiond. " 1875, George A. Jordan. " 1878, Henry H. Merriam. " 1880, Joseph B. Adams. April, 1881, Arthur E. Gray. January, 1885, Albert F. Smith to January, 1890. Dr. C. A. Peabody, 1890. The Souvenir of the Old South, written by the compiler and issued by the publishers of this Dictionary, gives a particular history of the church from its organization, with many facts and details not in print elsewhere. Orchestral Union. — A musical organiza- tion formed in 1875. It is directed by the brothers A. W. and E. D. Ingraham. ORE— PAR 80 Oread (The).— In 1845, Eli Thayer pur- chased of John Jaques four acres and ninety rods of land situated on the summit of what was then called Goat Hill, at $150 per acre. In 1848, Mr. Thayer began the erection of the north tower of the building called the Oread, using the stone of which the hill is composed in its construction. This tower was completed in 1849, and a college for young women established in the spring of that year. This was the only school in the country at that time which opened a full classical or college course to women, the other female seminaries fitting pupils to enter the Oread. Vassar, Smith and Wellesley colleges were much later. The name Oread was aptly ap- plied from the line in Virgil, '* Hinc iitque hinc glomerantur Oreades," and signifies abode of the mountain nymphs. The school was continued many years with great success under the plan laid out by Mr. Thayer, who was principal until he entered upon his Kansas and Congressional work. The south tower was completed in 1850, and the connecting part in 185 1 or 1852. The diameter of the towers is 40 feet, and they are four stories high; the connection is three stories. Length of the whole, 250 feet. Other extensive structures were planned and some of them built; but the great advance in real estate values has induced their removal. The buildings were all erected without archi- tects' plans, but have been much noticed and admired; and a steel plate illustration of the main building, which is castellated in form, appeared as the frontispiece of a work on architecture issued some years ago. The ex- tensive grounds, which formerly reached to Main street, having been disposed of, a new street was laid out directly in front of the Oread, and named Alden street, which is reached from Main street either through Castle street or Oread place. Oregon. — The region west from Chestnut and Harvard streets, on the western slope of the hill and the meadow beyond, particularly in the vicinity of the lower end of John street and North Ashland street. This name was given many years ago, at the time building operations began in this part of the town, which was considered a long distance from the center. Orphans' Home. — See Children'' s Friend Society . Orthodox Churches. — See Congregational Churches. Oval (The Worcester). — The grounds of the Worcester Athletic Club at Lake View. See under Athletics. Painters' Union. — Meets at 476 Main street. Pakachoag Hill. — The eminence in the southern part of the city, sometimes called Mount St. James. It is occupied in part by the buildings and grounds of Holy Cross College. The Indian name has been cor- rupted through various spellings into Boga- choag. It was here that one of the ten villages of Indian Christian converts was located in Eliot's and Gookin's time, over two hundred years ago. This hill is 693 feet high and extends into Auburn. Paper Mills. — In 1776 Abijah Burbank erected a paper mill in that part of Sutton now Millbury, and began the manufacture of paper to supply the imperative demand of the times. Isaiah Thomas drew most of his sup- ply from this mill. This establishment con- tinued in operation until 1857. In 1793 Isaiah Thomas began the manufacture of paper at Quinsigamond Village, and sold his mill five years later to the Burbanks, who ran it in connection with the one in Sutton. In 1812 paper was made in a building at Lincoln square. In 1836 there was a mill at North- ville, and from 1834 to 1856 one in Auburn; also forty or fifty years ago a manufactory at Cherry Valley. Parks (Public).— Worcester now has eleven public parks, the whole comprising nearly 350 acres. See the different titles in the Dictionary as follows: — Chandler Hill, 37 acres. Coiiujion or Central Park, 7 acres. Cronipton Park, 13 acres. Dodge Park, 13 acres. East Park, 1 1 acres. Rbii Park, 86 acres. FairnioiDit Park. Institute Park, 18 acres. Lake Park, no acres. North Park, 40 acres University Park, 8 acres. See also Natural History Park, 40 acres. Parks-Commission. — On the 4th of No- vember, 1862, the citizens of Worcester ac- 8i PAR— PHO cepted by vote an act of the Legislature creating a Commissiott of Shade Trees and Public Grounds. This Commission was to consist of three members, and the first board entered upon its duties with the beginning of the year 1863. May i, 1885, this body was re-organized with five members, and its name changed to that of Parks- Coinmission. Its powers and duties are indicated by its title. Edward Winslow Lincoln is chairman and secretary, his associates being O. B. Hadwen, William H. Sawyer, Edward L. Davis and James Draper. It is no disparagement to the valuable services of those who have been his colleagues to say that from his appointment in 1870, Mr. Lincoln has been the back-bone of the Commission, and that to his intelligent direction, liberal views and practical sense Worcester owes much of what she to-day possesses in the form of public parks. Parochial Schools. — See Schools. Patrons of Husbandry. — An organiza- tion of those engaged in agricultural and hor- ticultural pursuits, having for its object the advancement of the educational, social and material interests of its members. It is com- posed of local, state and national organiza- tions having subordinate granges in every state in the Union. Worcester Grange, No. 22, was organized Dec. 30th, 1873. The officers were James Draper, Master; George H. Rice, Secretary; O. B. Hadwen, Treas- urer. The meetings are now held on the first and third Tuesday evenings of each month, at Grange Hall, No. 244 Mam street. Present membership, 265. Peat Meadow. — The meadow known by this name lies to the west of Newton Hill. The formation is of this nature all about that locality, in the marshy places. Peat was once used to some extent for fuel in Worcester, and a company was formed over thirty years ago for its preparation, but soon collapsed. People's Club (Worcester). — This as- sociation was organized Jan. 27, 1871, and incorporated in 1872. Its leading object was to provide an attractive place of resort for those in need of companionship and recrea- tion. Its rooms, at first over the Western Union Telegraph office, between Foster and Mechanic streets, w-ere fitted up with pictures, books, papers, piano, attractive games, etc., and were open every evening from 7 to 10. The club was divided into three sections — on hospitality, education and benevolence, and a member on entering was assigned to one of these sections. The club was in existence about five years and at one time had its head- quarters at Grand Army Hall. An attempt was made to civilize and cultivate the news- boys, in a similar way to the method pursued in the Boys' C///(^ (see title) recently started in this city. The Employment Society (see title) is an outcome of this club. Pharmaceutical Society. — An association of druggists, with William Bush as president. Philadelphian Literary Society. — A rhetorical and literary society of young men formed in 1873, which occupied rooms at 460 Main street. The association was quite prominent for several years, but interest in its purposes and objects waned, and after one or two futile attempts to revive it the organiza- tion was abandoned. Photographers. — The first photographs or daguerreotypes taken in Worcester were made by a man named Evans, who had a room in 1841 at the north corner of Main and Central streets. He instructed Lucius J. Knowles, who soon after opened his "Wor- cester Photographic Apparatus Manufactory and Daguerreotype Rooms." In 1842, Mr. Knowles was located at 5 Brinley Row, hav- ing removed there from some other place. He was not long in the business. The names of some early photographers in Worcester are given below with approximate dates : L. White & Co., and White & Andrews, 1846; J. L. Walker, 1846; Andrews & Babbitt, Waldo block, 1847; A. W. VanAlstin, 1847 to 1858 or '59; Geo. Adams, 1847; J. D. Andrews, T. S. Hathaway, M. S. Chapin and Lewis Babbitt, between 1850 and i860. Of later photographers, C. R. B. Claflin came here in 1850. He was 29 years located at 377 Main street, and then moved to the Walker Building. A. F. Daniels began in 1 86 1, and Frank Lawrence in 1863. Milton T. Carter was located at the corner of Main and Park streets for more than 20 years, until his death in 1887. E. J. Leland occupied the rooms at the corner of Main and Front streets for a long period, and gave up the business about ten years ago. G. P. Critcher- son opened his gallery about twenty-five years ago. PIE— POL 82 Piedmont Church. — The seventh Congre- gational-Trinitarian Church formed in Wor- cester, organized in 1873. The church edi- fice, at the corner of Main and Piedmont streets, was completed in 1877. The lot on which it stands was purchased in 1872 for $20,000; but being larger than was required for church purposes, a portion on the south was sold. The cost of church and land was $130,000. Rev. George H. Gould was act- ing pastor until 1877, when Rev. David O. Mears was installed, and the latter still remains. Pilgrim Church. — The ninth Congrega- tional-Trinitarian Church in Worcester, found- ed in 1885. The church edifice, at the corner of Main and Gardner streets, was built on land given by Mrs. Helen C. Knowles and Mr. Frank B. Knowles, and was dedicated July I, 1888. The building cost $110,000. Charles M. Southgate is pastor. Pillory, — See under Whipping Post. Pine Meadow. — A name early applied to the swale or low ground between Oak and Chandler Hills, extending a mile east of Washington square. Shrewsbury street, for- merly called Pine street, runs through the centre of the meadow. Many years ago a large Irish settlement was made here and still remains, though much improved over its for- mer condition. The Pine Meadow burying ground, a short distance beyond Washington square, was opened in 1828, and used some thirty years, but nearly all the bodies have been removed. A portion of this ground was encroached upon in the building of the Union Railway Station. In police circles Pine Meadow is familiarly known as "The Mead- ows." Plumbers' Union. — Meets at 476 Main street. Plymouth Church. — The sixth Congrega- tional-Trinitarian Church in Worcester, formed in 1869. The church edifice, at the corner of Pearl and Chestnut streets, is constructed entirely of granite, and cost over $150,000. The corner stone was laid April 26, 1873, and the church was dedicated April 29, 1875. The steeple contains the only chime of bells in the city; this, with the organ, was given by Edward A. Goodnow. Plymouth Church has had only three pastors — George W. Phillips, to 1887, and Charles Wadsworth, Jr., to 1889. Archibald McCullagh, D. D., is the present pastor. Police. — The Worcester police force has maintained a high reputation for its efficiency. W. Ansel Washburn is the city marshal, and has served fourteen years. The present force is composed of the city marshal, two assistant marshals, two captains, five sergeants, two inspectors and ninety-one patrolmen. The marshal receives $2,000 salary, the assistant marshals $1,482 each, the captain of station I $1,200, and the patrolmen $2.50 per day. The appropriation for the department in 1892 was $95,000. The number of arrests in 1 891 was 4,060, and 5,146 lodgers or tramps were accommodated at the stations. There is a police telephone and signal service, a van or " Black Maria," an ambulance and two patrol wagons. A matron is employed at the Central Station. On the 28th of May, 1888, the Worcester police was made permanent, so that officers (excepting the marshal and his assistants) can now be removed only for cause. The Police Relief Association is a voluntary organization of the members of the force, for the purpose of aiding a sick member tempo- rarily and paying a death benefit to his widow and orphans of $400. This fund is supported by annual assessments of the members and the proceeds of their annual balls. The first paid policeman in Worcester was Alvan W. Lewis, appointed in September, 1848. The number of police at different times is given below: 1855, 5; i860, 12; 1865, 16; 1870, 30; 1875, 50; 1880,, 60; 1885, 80. Following is a list of city marshals since the incorporation of the city in 1848: George Jones, 1848-52. Alvan Allen, 1853. Lovell Baker, 1854. Jonathan Day, 1855. Frederick Warren, 1856-58. J. Waldo Denny, 1858. WilHam S. Lincoln, 1859. Ivers Phillips, i860. Levi Barker, 1861. William E. Starr, 1862. Charles B. Pratt, 1863-65. Joseph B. Knox, 1866. A. B. R. Sprague, 1867 — six weeks. James M. Drennan, 1867-71, 1880-82. Jonathan B. Sibley, 1872. 83 POL— POO W. Ansel Washburn, 1873, 1875-79, 1883, 1886-92. . A. Davis Pratt, 1874. Amos Atkinson, 1884-85. Police Stations. — The basement of the City Hall building was used as a police station for many years, until the removal of the police department to its present quarters in the Armory building on Waldo street in 1885. Station 2, in the "Island District," was es- tablished in 1883, quarters being fitted up in the engine house on Lamartine street. Polytechnic Institute (Worcester). — This institute was founded by John Boynton, Esq., of Templeton, in 1865, and was incor- porated May loth of that year under the name of the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. Mr. Boynton gave $100,000 with the purpose, as set forth in his letter of gift, to endow and support a Free School or Institute for the benefit of the youth of Worcester County. Its aim was ever to be the instruction of youth in those branch- es of education not usually taught in the public schools which are essential and best adapted to train the young for practical life. Towards the erection of the main building Hon. Stephen Salisbury gave (in addition to the land, about 5 acres), the sum of $22,000; and $61,111 was subscribed in all, which was mostly given by citizens of Worcester, the workmen in twenty shops and factories con- tributing $1,551. The grounds were laid out by Calvert Vaux of New York; and Earle & Fuller were the architects. The building, constructed of granite from Millstone Hill, with trimmings of Uxbridge granite, was erected by Tower & Raymond. The total cost of building, grading of grounds, equip- ment and furniture was $75,343.68. The main building was named Boynton Hall, and dedicated Nov. 11, 1868, and the school began its sessions at that time. The work- shop, one hundred feet in length and three stories high, was the gift of Ichabod Wash- burn, who, in addition to the cost of erection ($12,000), gave $5,000, and the income of $50,000 during his life-time to sustain it, and at his death the sum of $50,000. In addition to the above gifts the Institute has received from Hon. Stephen Salisbury $176,000, and additional land; from the State of Massachu- setts, $100,000; from David Whitcomb, Esq., $26,000; from Hon. George F. Hoar, $4,650; and from Stephen Salisbury, Esq., $100,000, with which the Salisl^ury Labora- tory, completed in 1889, was erected. The total donations to the Institute amount to not less than $650,000. The grounds are bound- ed by the Jo Bill or Institute road, Boynton, Salisbury and West streets. Charles O. Thompson was the first principal of the Institute from 1868 to 1882, and was succeeded by Homer T. Fuller, the present head of the faculty. There is a corps of twenty- three professors and instructors. The course of instruction is especially designed to meet the wants of those who wish to be prepared as mechanics, civil engineers, chemists or de- signers. The training of students preparing to be mechanical engineers occupies three and one-half years; that of all others three years of forty weeks each. There are four classes: apprentice, junior, middle and senior. The school year begins in September and ends in July. The last catalogue gives 243 as the number of students at the Institute. By an act of the Legislature, which took effect July i, 1887, the name was changed to Worcester Polytechnic Institute. During the year 1889 an essential change took place by which free tuition to an unlimited num- ber of residents of the county was no longer given, but is afforded only to five students admitted at each examination — one from each senatorial district in the county. As there are five districts and seven examinations dur- ing the course, there can be but thirty-five free Worcester County students in the school at any one time. The expenses of tuition to all others (with the exception of those pro- vided for by the gift of Mr. Hoar, and the grants from the state) is $150 per year. The corporation of the Institute is at pres- ent constituted as follows: Hon. P. Emory Aldrich, President; Rev. Daniel Merriman, Secretary; Waldo Lincoln, Treasurer; Hon. George F. Hoar, Charles H. Morgan, Stephen Salisbury, G. Henry Whitcomb, Rev. A. S. Carver, Rev. C. H. Pendleton, Hon. W. W. Rice, Charles G. Washburn, and Mayor Francis A. Harrington, ex-officio. Poor Department. — The first tax assessed in Worcester for the benefit of the poor seems to have been in 1757. In 1763 the erection of a workhouse was authorized, and in 1772 such a building was erected on Front street, 40x18 feet, at an expense of £^0. In 1807 POO— POR 84 it was determined to build an almshouse of brick, but after land had been purchased for the site, and materials for the structure, the plan was abandoned. Until 181 7 the poor were supported by contracts with the lowest bidder at public auction, in the manner usual in the country towns. In that year the Jen- nison farm, situated on the old road to Boston, bordering on the upper end of Lake Quinsiga- mond, was purchased, with its comfortable mansion, for $5,500, and a permanent home provided for the aged and infirm of our indi- gent citizens. The above facts are from Lincoln's History. The almshouse establish- ment, as received by the city from the town in 1848, consisted of a farm of 240 acres, an almshouse, brick hospital and other buildings, which had cost $15,000. In 1855 a new almshouse was completed at a cost of $25,012. In 1889 the property comprised 203 acres of land, almshouse, small-pox hospital and other buildings and appurtenances, the whole val- ued at $131,401. A ward for insane was erected in 1890. During 1891, 210 persons were provided for at the almshouse. Outside relief was given to 181 5 persons. Amount of dole at the clerk's office, $4,333. Amount appropriated for the maintenance of the pau- per department (including the truant school, scavenger department, etc.) is $28,500. The poor department is in charge of a Board of Overseers composed of the mayor, super- intendent of schools, city marshal, clerk of the Board and six citizens at large. Freeman Brown is clerk of the Board. His office is in the City Hall. Population. — The population of Worcester at difterent periods is given below : A. D. — 1765 — 1,478. A. D. — 1850 — 17,049. 1776 — 1,925. i860 — 24,960. 1790—2,095. 1.870—41,105. 1800 — 2,411. 1875—49,317. 1810 — 2,577. 1880 — 58,291. 1820—2,962. 1885—68,380. 1830—4,173. 1890—84,655. 1840—7,497. Portraits and Busts. — Mr. Nathaniel Paine gives in his monograph published in 1876 a very complete list of the portraits and busts in public places in Worcester up to that date. To his pamphlet the Dictionary is indebted for the foundation of the following list. Only portraits in oil are included: — In Antiquarian Hall : Portraits — Isaiah Thomas, Thomas L. Winthrop, Gov. John Davis, Increase Mather^ Cotton Mather, Richard Mather, Samuel Ma- ther, John Endicott, John Winthrop, William Bentley, Aaron Bancroft, C. C. Baldwin, E. D. Bangs, William Burnett, Rev. Thomas Prince, Rev. Ellis Gray, Chas. Paxton, John Chandler, John May, Hannah Adams, John Leverett, Columbus, Vespucius, Humboldt, Hon. Stephen Salisbury, Samuel F. Haven, Robt. B. Thomas. Busts — Isaiah Thomas, Jared Sparks, John Davis, Charles Allen, Washington, Franklin, John Adams, Alex. Hamilton, Andrew Jack- son, Clay, Webster, Voltaire, Racine, John Winthrop, James Walker, Isaac Davis, Wash- ington Allston. In Mechanics Hall : Portraits — Washington, Lincoln, John A. Andrew, W. L. Garrison, Ichabod Washburn, Gen. Geo. H. Ward, Mayor James B. Blake, William A. Wheeler, James A. Garfield, Henry Wilson, Henry W. Miller. /;/ Horticultural Hall : Portraits — John C. Ripley, Geo. Jaques, Alex. H. Bullock, D. W^ildo Lincoln," F. H. Dewey, Levi Lincoln, Daniel Waldo, Dr. John Green, Isaac Davis, J. M. Earle, S. Salisbury, Dr. W. Workman, Clarendon Har- ris, F. W. Paine, J. Henry Hill. In possession of The Worcester Society of Antiquity : Portraits — John G. W'hittier, EUhu Bur- ritt, John Brown, Jeremiah Stiles, Peter Wil- lard, James Oglethorpe, Andrew Jackson. Busts — John Davis, Washington, Lafay- ette, Isaac Davis. In the Court Room, Stone Court House : Portraits — Levi Lincoln, ist; Emory Washburn, F. H. Dewey. hi Probate Court Rooni : Portrait — Ira M. Barton. In law Library : Portraits — Pliny Merrick, Charles Allen, Benj. F. Thomas, Peter C. Bacon, Dwight Foster, George F. Hoar. There is a portrait of Dr. John Green in the Public Library building on Elm street, also a statue of him in plaster. The busts of Charles Allen, Emory Washburn, Isaac Davis and Ichabod Washburn are in the aldermen's chamber at the City Hall, which also has the portraits of all the past mayors in crayon. There are small photographs or engraved por- 85 POS— PRE traits of most of the mayors in the mayor's office. Post (The Evening), — A one-cent Dem- ocratic paper, published week days, the first number of which appeared September 23, 1891. It is well established, and is published by a stock company. The business office is at 24 Pearl street. Post Office. — The Post Office was estab- lished in Worcester Nov. 16, 1775. Isaiah Thomas was appointed postmaster by Ben- jamin Franklin, postmaster-general of the Colonies, and held the office until 1802. The Post Office was reestablished in the town under new regulations March 13, 1786. Pre- vious to this year the mail had been carried generally by post-riders on horseback, and at times without regularity. But from January, 1786, when a line of stages was established from Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, to Savannah, in Georgia, the mail was carried by stage coaches on the main line. The first mail on the new plan passed through Worces- ter on the 7th of January, from the general Post Office in New York to Boston. After twenty-seven years' service Isaiah Thomas was removed, and the Spy of Sept. i, 1802, an- nounced that "James Wilson, a foreigner," had been appointed in his place. Isaiah Thomas, Jr., then proprietor of the paper, complained bitterly of the change. James Wilson exceeded in time of service his pre- decessor, retiring in 1833. Succeeding post- masters were Jubal Harrington, 1833 to 1839; Maturin L. Fisher, 1839 to 1849; Edward W. Lincoln, 1849 to 1854; Emory Banister, 1854 to 1861; John Milton Earle, 1861 to 1867; Josiah Pickett, 1867 to 1886. James E. Estabrook, a life-long democrat, was appoint- ed in 1886 by President Cleveland, and was succeeded in 1891 by J. Evarts Greene, at present in office. The Post Office was open Sundays for half an hour after meeting in 18 19, and this was probably continued to the end of Mr. Wilson's administration. In 1844 the American Letter Mail Co. opened an office in Worcester and advertised to send letters to Boston, New York and Philadelphia at 64 cents. During the service of Isaiah Thomas the Post Office was located on Court Hill; Deacon Wilson removed it to the build- ing which stood where the City Hall is, and later to his residence, about where the dry goods store of Barnard, Sumner & Putnam Co. stands. In 1833 the office was removed to Central Exchange, where it remained until Jan. i, 1867, when the present quarters on Pearl street were occupied. The first "penny- posts" or letter carriers were E. W. Bartlett, 1847 and more than twenty years afterward; W. L. Aldrich, 1851-52; Julius L. P:idridge, 1852-53; and Charles L. Redding, from 1853 to about 1865. The force of carriers numbers 35, and the office force is 30. The govern- ment is now erecting a Post Office building on the lot between Main and Southbridge streets, north of Myrtle street. Poultry Clubs. — The Central Massachu- setts Poultry Club was organized in 1882. The Bay State Potdtry Association was formed in 1888, and incorporated in 1889. Practical Mechanic (The). — A monthly mechanical paper designed especially to in- terest practical men in the iron and wood- working trades. Established in July, 1887, and discontinued in 1892. It was the first and only trade journal ever established in Worcester, famous the world over as a rich field of invention and the home of many noted mechanics. It enjoyed a wide circulation and had many contributions from some of the foremost writers in the country on the sub- jects treated. Published by F. S. Blanchard & Co., 154 Front street. Precincts. — See Wards. Presbyterian Church. — In 1719 a num- ber of Scotch Presbyterian families from the north of Ireland came to Worcester, with the Rev. Edward Fitzgerald, and attempted to form a church. A meeting-house was par- tially erected on the road that is now Lincoln street; but the other settlers in the town assembled and demolished the half-built struc- ture. Some of these Scotch emigrants re- mained and amalgamated with the other residents of the place. In April, 1886, Pres- byterian worship was resumed after an interval of 150 years, there having been some preach- ing here in 1736. The present Presbyterian Church was organized in September, 1886, Rev. J. H. Ralston as pastor. Meetings were for some time held in Continental Hall, and later in the Y. M. C. A. building. The present place of worship is in their new build- ing on Kilby street. Rev. Thomas Atkinson is pastor. 7 PRI— PRO 86 Princeton. — A town fourteen miles north of Worcester. It was named in honor of Rev. Thomas Prince, and incorporated in 1 771. The Fitchburg Railroad passes through the town, which is much resorted to in the summer season, on account of its pure air and other rural attractions, the principal of which is Wachusett Mountain, noticed under its title in the Dictionary. Population of Princeton in 1885, 1,038; in 1890, 982. Printers. — The following is an incomplete list of Worcester printers. Isaiah Thomas, the first, is well known; he was in active business twenty-five years or more from 1775, and resided in the town till his death in 1 83 1. His son and successor carried on the work of his father during the first years of the present century, but finally went to Boston and died there. Leonard Worcester, one of the elder Thomas's apprentices, had a printing office here before 1800; he entered the ministry, and died in Peacham, Vt., after many years' service. Daniel Greenleaf, another apprentice, printed some books here about 1800. Samuel Cotting was the first printer of the ^gis in 1 801, and was followed by Henry Rogers. Isaac Sturtevant printed the Spy for the Thomases from 1806 to 1814. Coming down later, we find the following names, some of them with approximate dates: Charles Griffin, Samuel Morrill, Moses W. Grout, Wm. Manning (1824), T. W. & J. Butterfield (1839), Spooner & Merriam, Edwin C. Church, Mirick & Bartlett, Lewis Metcalf (1842), R. B. Hancock, James M. Stone, Peter L. Cox, Church & Prentiss, Estey & Evans (1840 to '50.) Many of these were newspaper printers, job printing not formerly having the importance it has to-day. Henry J. Howland is the oldest living printer, in point of term of service. He first came to Worcester in 1831, and permanently settled here in 1835. He printed both editions of Lincoln'' s History of Worcester^ the catalogue of the Library of the American Antiquarian Society, and other books; and established and for many years printed and published the Worcester Directory. He was located for a long time in the old wooden building which stood where the Burnside building now is. One of his pressmen, James Carlisle by name, worked so long and pulled so many impres- sions on an old-fashioned hand press, that by the motion of his foot as he drew it over the floor, he wore through an ordinary deal board, Mr. Howland is still in the printing business, though not for himself. Asa B. Adams suc- ceeded Mr. Howland, and was located many years at 392 Main street. Edward R. Fiske, another well-known Worcester printer, died in June, 1891. He began business in 1841 in the old Central Exchange, in company with Edwin C. Church, and was burned out at the time of the fire there. Mr. Fiske was located for many years in the building at the corner of Foster and Waldo streets, and was afterwards in Crompton's block on Mechanic street. Charles Hamilton has been a master printer since 1849, located in the Central Exchange. Many historical and genealogical books have been printed at his office, and of late years he has printed the City Documents and the Directory. His manager, Benjamin J. Dodge, has been with him from the first. Tyler & Seagrave, who bought the Spy job office in 1 86 1, were in business together over twenty years, most of the time at 442 Main street. They issued a large number and variety of books, besides executing much job work. After Mr. Tyler withdrew from the firm, he established the Mid- Weekly newspaper at Oxford, this county, which he still publishes. Mr. Seagrave has lately retired from business. Of later firms, among the largest offices were Snow Brothers and their successors for some twenty years at 47 Main street. This estab- lishment was recently broken up, and the machinery and materials sold to F. S. Blan- chard & Co. O. B. Wood, on Maple street, has good facilities for job and other work, and Maynard, Gough & Co., 187 Front street, print hotel registers and similar work. The publishers of this Dictionary, F. S. Blanchard & Co., succeeded to the business of Sargent & Wilson in 1880, and have probably the largest plant in the city and do an extensive publishing business in connection with book and job printing. Among their publications are the Practical Mechanic, Yankee Almanac, Worcester Commercial, and many special publications of an historical nature for this and other cities. There are many other printers in Worcester who do business on a smaller scale than those above named, but a complete list cannot be expected here. Probate Court. — See Courts. Probate Registry. — See Registry. 87 PRO— QUI Prospect Hill. — The higher elevation north of Newton Hill, the southern slope of which is known as Sunnyside. It has been proposed recently to change the name to Bancroft Hill. Protective Department (The Wor- cester), or Insurance Fire Patrol. — The needless destruction or injury of much valuable and fragile property in its hasty removal from Taylor's granite building at the time of the great fire of May, 1875, as well as the loss from theft, induced the formation of the Mutual Fire Association, composed of busi- ness and insurance men and others, who or- ganized for the purpose of protecting and overseeing the removal of property at fires. Members of this association were provided with badges, and as special police had authority and were recognized by the chief engineer. James F. Meech was the first captain, and George H. Harlow, clerk and treasurer. The association was continued about three years, and disbanded, probably partly because there had been no large fires in the meantime, and consequently little need of their services; and partly on account of the existence of the Insurance Fire Patrol, whose efficient presence at fires rendered the interference of any other organization with similar duties unnecessary. The Patrol was organized and incorporated in 1875, and was at first supported entirely by the insurance companies; but of late an annual grant to- wards its support has been made by the city, $1,200 being given the present year. The Patrol occupies a building in Barton place. The wagon, usually the first to reach a fire, is equipped with two Babcock extinguishers, 165 rubber covers, brooms, pails, sponges, etc. Many small fires are extinguished by the Patrol alone; and by the spreading of rubber covers and other precautions, many thousand dollars' worth of property is saved yearly, and the Patrol many times repays the cost of its maintenance. The corporation is composed of prominent insurance agents, with Charles B. Pratt as president. The duty force of the Patrol numbers eight. Hiram R. Williamson is captain. The quarters of the Patrol in Barton place are handsomely fur- nished and equipped with many ingenious ap- pliances for quick hitches at times of fires, which are of much interest to strangers. Protective Union (New England), Division No. 42. — A popular and long- established grocery store, at No. 24 Front street. This store, established by the N. E. Protective Union, was first opened at the cor- ner of Front and Carlton streets, Jan. 25, 1848. The undertaking was on the ^oint stock plan, and has continued under that system to the present time, with Samuel A. Pratt as agent, this being his 45th year of service. The rent of the store first occupied was $90 a year. In 1850, the association moved to the east store in Horticultural Hall building, the rent of which was $500. Another "Union" store was started at the first location, but soon failed. Nov. I, 1877, the present store was occupied. The business of the store amounts to $175,000 annually. Edward I. Comins is president of the Union, and Theo. H. Bartlett clerk. Psychology (American Journal of). — A quarterly magazine, devoted to the publica- tion of original papers on scientific psychology, both normal and abnormal, and to the re- viewing of current literature, especially foreign literature on these subjects. It was begun by its present editor, G. Stanley Hall, in 1887, while professor of psychology in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and was transferred to Worcester on his assumption of his duties as president of Clark University. Purgatory. — A remarkable cleft or chasm in the town of Sutton, some twelve miles from Worcester, which as a natural curiosity attracts many visitors. The geological formation here is a calcareous gneiss, and the rock is opened as if by an earthquake for the distance of nearly half a mile, sometimes to the depth of sixty or seventy feet. The huge masses of rock present a wild and picturesque appear- ance, and the gloomy recesses of the chasm were formerly the favorite haunt of the rattle- snake. At the lower end is a cool and clear spring. The most convenient way to reach the chasm from Worcester is by carriage over the highway. Quakers. — See Friends. Quinsigamond. — The Indian name of Worcester and the region around, by which the place was first known. It was applied par- ticularly to the Lake, and the name is various- ly spelled in the old records, Qtmnsicamug^ Quansicamon, etc. Dr. J. Hammond Trum- bull gives, in a letter to Senator Hoar, the meaning of the word as follows: Qiinnosu or Quonnose (plural Qunnosuog) was the QUI— RE A Indian name for pickerel — literally 'long nose' and — o ma u^i;- final, denote?, a 'fishing place,' QiinnosHOi^aniaitg \s 'pickerel fishing place,' or where they fish for pickerel." Quinsigamond Boat Club. — See Boat Clubs. Quinsigamond Lake. — See Lake Quin- sigamond. Quinsigamond Park. — An island of 96 acres at the south end of Lake Quinsigamond, recently laid out in lots for building. Full Moon Park and driving course occupy the center of the island. Quinsigamond Village. — A manufactur- ing village on the Blackstone river in the south part of the city. A branch of the Washburn & Moen Wire Works is located at the village, and many Swedes are employed. There is a post office here. Raccoon Plain. — The level tract at South Worcester, in the vicinity of Southgate, Camp and Cambridge streets, on which was located Camp Scott in the war time. The name was given by the early proprietors of the township. Railroads. — The railroads coming to Wor- cester are : Boston cr^ Albany; opened east, 1835; west, 1839. Fitchburg, formerly Boston, Barre & Gard- ner; opened 1871. New York New England, Norwich & Worcester Division; opened 1840. N'eiv York, Providence Boston, formerly Providence & Worcester; opened 1847. Boston Maine, formerly Worcester, Nashua & Rochester; opened 1848. Worcester cr' Shrewsbury ; opened 1873. Worcester, Leicester &^ Spencer Electric ; opened in 1891 . Worcester ^ ALillbury Electric; opened 1892. See Street Railways. Railroad Stations. — The first railroad station in Worcestei; was located on Foster street in 1835, when the Boston & Worcester Railroad commenced running. This building (several times enlarged) was used until 1877, when it was demolished, and the site is now covered by Bigelow's Garden and the Rink building. The Norwich and the Nashua and Boston, Barre & Gardner Railroads also used this station. The Providence Railroad station before the Union station was erected was on Green street, a structure of brick still standing. The Union passenger station in Wash- ington square was erected by the Boston & Albany Railroad. It was completed in 1875, and opened for use August 15th of that year. Here center all the steam railroads which enter Worcester, the only one whose tracks are not in the building being the Worcester & Shrewsbury, but this road terminates on vShrewsbury street, within a stone's throw. The railroad stations in the limits of Worces- ter are given below, with the railroads using them : Barber's Crossing, Boston & Maine; Fitch- burg. Bloomingdale, Worcester & Shrewsbury. Jamesville, Boston & Albany. LMke Station, Worcester & Shrewsbury. LMke View, Worcester & Shrewsbury. LJncoln Square, Boston & Maine; Fitch- burg. N'orth Worcester, Fitchburg. Shrewsbury Street, W^orcester & Shrews- bury. South Worcester (Junction), Boston & Albany; Providence; Norwich. Summit, Boston & Maine. Ram Island. — The island at the causeway, Lake Quinsigamond, on which the Island House is built. The name is found in the old records. Ramshorn Brook. — This stream flows from Ramshorn Pond in Sutton, and its course is generally north through Sutton and Auburn to Curtis Pond at New Worcester, where it joins other streams to form Middle river. Rattlesnake Rocks. — The ledge of rocks on the elevated land some distance west of Mill street, owned by Solomon Parsons, who, many years ago, deeded the spot to the Almighty, and had the conveyance, or a part of it, recorded on the flat surface of rock near the summit. He also built a sort of a temple here. The Worcester Hermit lived in a stone hut at this place, in company with his cats and goats, ten or fifteen years ago. In early times these rocks abounded with rattlesnakes. Reading Rooms. — The reading room at the Free Public Library was opened in 1865, and now contains nearly 300 reviews, 89 KEA— REC magazines and papers. The Mechanics' Association, the Young Men's Christian As- sociation, and several other societies maintain reading rooms for the use of their members. There was a Reading Room Association in Worcester about 1830. Real Estate Values. — Many items of interest connected with real estate transac- tions will be found scattered through the Dictionary. A few figures are given below, which may be useful for comparison with present values. In 1846 or 1847, Anson Braman gave a bond for a deed of the new Post Office lot, just south of Franklin square, for $1,800. (See Franklin Square for an earlier value, and Government Building for price paid by tJie Post Office department.) The Trinity Church lot, at the corner of Main and Chandler streets, was offered in 1848 or '49 for $400. The church paid $25,000 for it with the improvements in 1870. The Barton estate, opposite the Common, where Taylor's granite building stands, was bought by Judge Barton in 1834 for $5,100. Mr. Taylor paid $37,500 for a little less than two-thirds of it in 1867. The estate of Nathaniel Maccarty, north of Maple street, 165 feet on Main street by 375 feet deep, was sold by auction in 1835 to Benjamin Butman and George Brinley for $12,000. The estate at the north corner of Walnut street on Main, opposite Mechanics Hall, recently sold for nearly $12 per foot. Mr. David S. Messinger bought the lot at the corner of Chestnut and Walnut streets, where he now lives, of Gov. Lincoln in 1844, for five cents a foot. This was considered at the time an extravagant price. Mr. Messinger bought of Elisha Flagg the strip of land between William and Bow- doin streets running west from Chestnut street to the meadows, seven acres, for $4,000. He sold about half of this at the lower end to Gov. Lincoln for $100 per acre. A second purchase of Flagg comprised the square on Harvard street from a point opposite Bowdoin street on the north to Sudbury street on the south, and east to Eden street, tor $10,000. Two lots at the south end he sold for 12 cents per foot. All this took place forty or more years ago. This article could be extended indefinitely, but the examples above given will suffice, as they refer to some of the most valu- able and desirable estates in the city. Prominent operators in real estate years ago were Nathan Patch in the early part of the century; Benjamin Butman, David T. Brig- ham (1830 to '40), Levi Lincoln, Isaac Davis, John F. Pond (1840 and after), David S. Messinger, Col. James Estabrook, Eli Thayer, Francis H. Dewey, Joseph Mason and Samuel P. and Leonard Harrington. Record (The). — An illustrated quarto humorous literary and society paper published weekly by W. E. W. Felt, 392 Main street, from July 31, 1891, to October 30 of the same year. The subscription price was two dollars a year, or five cents a copy. Records (Public). — Following is a list of the volumes of public records in Worcester: Proprietors'' Records, 1667- 1788, I volume. Town Records, 1 722-1848, 7 volumes. Births, 1 714-1893. Marriages frotJi 1 747. Deaths, 171 7- 1893. Marriage Intentions, 1796- 1 893. City Records, 1848- 1 893. The above are at the city clerk's office, and generally in good condition. The Pro- prietors' Records, and the Town Records from 1722 to 1816, have been printed by The Worcester Society of Antiquity, and those from 181 7 to 1832, and the Births, Marriages and Deaths to 1848, are in press, the city paying one-half the expense. Of church records, those of the First or Old South are missing before April 5, 1745? ^^nd from September, 1790, to July 9, 1815. The records of the First Baptist Church, before 183 1, were burned; and one volume of the Central Church records is missing. The Report on the Public Records of the state is incorrect in stating that the First Church records are complete from 1 71 7, as there was no church before 1 719, and two volumes are missing as above. Court Records at the office of the clerk in the Stone Court House : Supreme Judicial Court, 1797 to 1893. Inferior Court of Comtnon Pleas, 173 1 to 1782. Court of General Sessions, 1 73 1 to 1805. Court of Sessions, 1808 to 1827. Court of Common Pleas, J 784 to 1859. Superior Court, 1859 to 1893. Marriages in the County, 1746 to 1794- Many volumes Miscellaneous Records. RED— REP 90 The Records of the Court of General Ses- sions, from 1 73 1 to 1737, have been printed by The Worcester Society of Antiquity. The Deeds and Probate Records in their respective Registries are preserved from 1731 to the present time. The volume of " Records of the Board of Overseers of the Schools of the Center District in Worcester,^'' from 1831 to 1847, was found in Oxford in i860, in the possession of a young woman, who was using it as a scrap book. The volume of Center District School Records, from 1824 to 1843, found in some rubbish in the store formerly occupied by Warren Lazell. The records from 1799 to 1848 were retuined from the vault of the Worcester Bank. Red Men (Improved Order of). — The Improved Order of Red Men is a social, fra- ternal and benevolent secret association, secret in the sense that the privacy of a home circle is the property of its own members, to be held sacred and inviolate. Its primary objects are to promote among men the exercise and practice of the true principles of benevolence and charity, the care and protection of the widows and or- phans, and the cultivation of friendly relations among its members. Its origin is, as the name indicates, purely American, its history dating to the early hours of the Revolution, when its watchword was Freedom. The fra- ternal feature was added after the war of 181 2, when the members had for a second time returned to the avocations of peace after their patriotic struggles against Great Britain, when the motto became Freedom and Friend- ship. In 1835 the present organization was formed in Maryland and added the benevolent feature, adopting the present motto — Free- dom, Friendship, Charity. It is the oldest protective and benevolent society of American birth and growth. The association existing in the early days of the republic made use of the Indian dress, ceremonies, symbols and nomenclature in order to hide their identity from the uniniti- ated, and most of these characteristics have been retained by the present organization in commemoration of the patriotic impulses which gave the Order birth. The Order numbers over 100,000. The last report from the whole Order showed an average membership of 85 in each Tribe. Funds on hand and invested, $1,100 for each Tribe. Average dues per great sun (year), $6, and the total amount of benefits paid brothers, widows and orphans for the past great sun averaged $3.75 for each member. The membership in this jurisdiction is about 14,000. There is a branch of the Order, of which brothers of the Order and their female relatives may become members, which is known as the Degree of Pocahontas. This Degree is very popular, having a membership of 3,800. There are three Tribes of Red Men in Wor- cester, viz., Quinsiga/nond, No. 7, organized 1880; Iroquois, No. 8, organized 1883; and Massasoit, No. 6. Dr. J. B. Rich was a prime mover in establishing this order in Wor- cester. Red Mills.— The Red Mills, at first called Flagg's Mills, were located on the water privilege on Green street, on the spot now covered by the Crompton Loom Works. A sash and blind manufactory was in operation there half a century ago. Reform Club (Worcester). — One of the most prominent and useful temperance organizations in the city, was organized in 1876. Its hall and club room for several years was at 460 Main street, but the club has recently removed to Clark's block on Front street, opposite the Soldiers' monument. Registry of Deeds. — Located in the Stone Court House. Over 1400 volumes of deeds are preserved here, dating from 1731, when the county was formed. There are complete indexes of grantors and grantees. Harvey B. Wilder is register. Registry of Probate. — In the Stone Court House. The records are complete, in- cluding the Probate Court files, from 1731. Each volume has an initial index. Frederick W. Southwick is register. Representatives in Congress. — A list of the members of Congress from the Worcester district is here given : Jonathan Grout, Petersham, Anti-Fed., 17S9-1791. Artemas Ward, Shrewsbury, Fed., 1791-1795. Dwight Foster, Brookfield, Fed., 1795-1800. Levi Lincoln, Worcester, Dem., 1801 Seth Hastings, Mendon, Fed., 1S01-1S07. Jabez Upham, Brookfield, Fed., 1S07-1810. Joseph Allen, Worcester, Fed., 1810-1811. Elijah Brigham, Westboro, Fed., 1811-1S16. Benjamin Adams, Uxbridge, Fed., 1816-1821. Jonathan Russell, Mendon, Dem., 1821-1823. 91 KEP— RIO ]onfls Sibley, Sutton, Deni,, 1S23-1S25. John Davis, Worcester, Nat. Rep. and Whig, 1825- 1834. Levi Lincoln, Worcester, Whig, 1834-1841. Charles Hudson, Westminster, Whig, 1S41-1849. Charles Allen, Worcester, Free Soil, 1849-1S53. Alexander DeWitt, Oxford, Free Soil and K. N., 1853-1857- Eli Thayer, Worcester, Rep., 1857-1861. Goldsmith F. Bailey, Fitchburg, Rep., 1861-1862. Amasa Walker, No. Brookfield, Rep., 1S62-1863. John D, Baldwin, Worcester, Rep., 1S63-1S6Q. George F. Hoar, Worcester, Rep., 1S69-1877. William W. Rice, Worcester, Rep., 1877-1887. John E. Russell. Leicester, Dem., 1SS7-18S9. Joseph H. Walker, Worcester, Rep., 1SS9. Representatives in the General Court. — Worcester sends eight representatives to the Legislature — one from each ward. The dis- tricts in the county are determined by the county commissioners every ten years, the last apportionment being made in 1886. Ward I forms the i6th District. " 2 " " 17th " " 3 " " 18th " 4 " " 19th " " 5 " " 20th " 6 " " 2ISt " 7 " 22nd " " 8 " " 23rd " Reservoir Hill. — See Chandler Hill ; Bell Pond. Reservoirs. — The old reservoir on Chandler Hill, which stored the water from Bell Pond (q. v.), has been demolished recently. The reservoirs now in use are Bell Pond, Belmont street, Lynde Brook reservoir in Leicester, Tatnuck Brook reservoir in Holden, and Hunt's reservoir t)n Leicester street. See Water Works. The dam at the Lynde Brook reservoir was carried away by a freshet, March 30, 1876. The aggregate damages paid by the city, in- cluding the cost of the new dam, amounted to $227,000. Restaurants. — The principal restaurants in Worcester are those of Putnam & Thurston at 381 Main street, Parker's restaurant on Front street, C. Rebboli on Pleasant street and L. J. Zahonyi's, 348 Main street. The two lat- ter are more especially ice-cream saloons. Other restaurants and eating houses are scat- tered over the city. Frank E. Marshall and F. M. Marble are well-known restaurant keepers and caterers. See Caterers. Revenue District. — The third revenue district includes all the state of Massachusetts. The twelth division includes nearly the whole of Worcester County. The salary of the deputy collector is $1,400. The amount of revenue collected in this division is about $75,000 per year. Rhetorical Society. — The Young Men's Rhetorical Society was formed in 1849, and incorporated in 1853, its purpose being mental and moral improvement, by means of essays, debates, and various rhetorical exercises. In 1855 this society joined with the Young Men's Library Association, and later was merged with the Lyceum and Library Association. In 1858 the Rhetorical Society withdrew, and renewed its active organization, which was kept up until within a few years. This society is credited with having had considerable in- fluence in political matters in former years. Rifle Association. — The Worcester Rifle Association has a range on Heywood street. E. R. Shumway is president. Rink (The). — The large wooden building on the lot between Foster and Mechanic streets on Norwich street. It has been occu- pied by the U. C. Me Club; which see, also Bigeloiu's Garde 71. Riots. — There have been several riots in Worcester, but the consequences, except in one instance, have not been serious. In 1774 Hon. Timothy Paine was compelled to resign his office as mandamus councillor by a mob. In Shays' Rebellion times a mob from Ux- bridge attempted to demolish the jail in Wor- cester, but were obliged to desist by their own townsmen. Stephen Burroughs asserts in his memoirs that he was released from imprison- ment in Worcester by a mob of apparently a thousand. In July, 1807, there were two riotous demonstrations, in which a number of nominally reputable citizens took part, who were afterwards obliged to account for their misdoings before the courts. One was really a huge frolic, and the whole town turned out to witness the discipline administered to an of- fender against public morals. The culprit was carried through Front and Main streets " on a wooden rail, with much noise and clamor." The " Angel Gabriel " riot of May 18, 1854, assumed a serious aspect and the military were summoned, but happily the disturbance v/as quited without loss of life. The Butman riot, October 30, 1854, was an outburst of popular ROM— ST. 92 indignation against Asa O. Butman, deputy U. S. marshal, who came to reclaim a fugitive slave; and he was driven from the city with eggs and other missiles. On the loth of June, 1866, Henry T. Weikle, an inoffensive Ger- man, was killed in front of the police station by an officer who fired a shot into a mob, after being hit with a stone. Weikle's widow was paid $1,000 by the city, and the officer im- prisoned. Roman Catholic Churches. — See Catho- lic Churches. Royal Arcanum. — A fraternal beneficiary order with just enough of secret society machinery to make it interesting. It was or- ganized June 23, 1877, at Boston. It is con- ducted upon strict business principles, and has successfully promoted its main object; the payment of a death benefit of $3,000 to full, and $1,500 to half rate members. The insti- tution is modeled after societies of a similar nature in London, where they have existed two hundred years. The total membership of the Arcanum is about 135,000, and it has paid in death benefits over $20,000,000. There are in Worcester two branches of the Royal Arcanum : Worcester Council^ IVo. 12^ instituted September 4, 1877; and Conquest Council, Xo. gij, formed July 20, 1885. Dr. L. H. Hammond was the prime mover in the organization of the older council, the other charter members being: C. B. Pratt, T. S. Johnson, N. G. Tucker, H. H. Marshall, Geo. P:. Boyden, L. A. Hastings, E. D. McFarland, A. C. Allen. Both Councils have about 350 members ; $66,000 has been dis- tributed to the widows or families of deceased members. The Dictionary is indebted to Mr. Charles D. Nye, secretary of Worcester Council, for the above facts. Rural Cemetery. — See Cemeteries. Rutland. — A farming town, twelve miles northwest of Worcester, incorporated in 1713. The centre is at a high elevation, and a view, not surpassed by that from Wachusett itself, is to be had of the surrounding country. A fine hotel, the Muschopauge House, ac- commodates many summer boarders. The population of the town in 1885, was 963. In 1890, 980. Safe Deposit Vaults. — There are two safe deposit companies in the city. The Worcester Safe Deposit and Trust Co., at 448 Main street, was chartered in 1868 with a capital of $200,000. This company does a general banking business. Small safes can be rented from $10 to $50 per year. The State Safe Deposit Co., at 240 Main street, rent safes from $5 upward. This company was incorporated in 1887. Sagamore Point. — The most prominent headland in the southern part of Lake Quin- sigamond. It was formerly called King's Point. Sagatabscot Hill. — The high ridge of land in the south of southeast part of the city, the northern end of which is known as Union Hill. It was on this elevation that Diggory Sergeant was living when he was murdered by the Indians at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Saint Andrew's Benefit Society (Wor- cester). — A society of Scotchmen of the mutual benefit order, formed in 1871. St. Anne's Church. — The second Roman Catholic church in Worcester, formed in 1855. It was located for over thirty years on Shrews- bury street. The present fine structure is on Eastern avenue near the State Normal School. Rev. Denis Scannell has been the pastor since 1872. St. John's Church. — The first Roman Catholic church in Worcester, formed in 1846. The edifice is on Temple street. Rt. Rev, Mgr. Thomas Griffin is the pastor. St. John's Church.— The third Protestant Episcopal church in Worcester, located on Lincoln street. It was formed in 1884, with Francis G. Burgess as rector. St. Mark's Church, Freeland street. — The fourth Protestant Episcopal church in Worces- ter, formed in 1888, with L. C. Stewardson as rector. St. Matthew's Church, South Worcester, is the second Protestant Episcopal church in the city, formed in 1871. Henry Hague is rector. St. Paul's Church (Roman Catholic).— In August, 1866, Rev. John J. Power pur- chased the Earle estate, the second lot south of Corbett (now Chatham) street, on Nobility 93 ST— Hill, with the purpose of erecting thereon a church edifice. A prominent Roman Catholic advanced $3,000 and Fr. Power gave his note for the balance. In January, 1867, a meeting of Catholics was held in Washburn Hall, and $7,100 raised. About this time the project of cutting down Nobility Hill began to be agitated, and Mayor Blake protested against the erection of a church building in the manner first contemplated, and after some consideration it was proposed to change the plan so as to have the building front on High street, with the rear towards Main street. At this juncture the owner of the Rice lot at the corner of Corbett street offered to ex- change his lot for the other, and the transfer was effected, the church securing the right to re-purchase the rear of the Earle estate — some 14,000 feet. It was finally decided that the edifice should be built as at present locat- ed, fronting on Chatham street. Ground was broken in the spring of 1868, and the corner stone was laid July 4, 1869. Since this time the building has progressed by stages until the completion of the steeple or tower in Septem- ber, 1889, the latter remaining unfinished many years after the body of the church was completed. St. Paul's is the finest structure used for religious purposes in Worcester. It is of Gothic architecture, built entirely of granite, 185 feet long, 90 feet broad, with a basement of 16 feet in the clear, under the entire church. A superb marble statue of St. Paul, of heroic size, procured through Ran- dolph Rogers, from Rome, the gift of Mrs. Geo. Crompton, was raised and placed on a pedestal in front of the church, July 4, 1874, with imposing ceremonies. It is the third Roman Catholic church in the city, formed in 1869. St. Peter's Church. — The seventh Roman Catholic church in Worcester, formed in 1884, and located at corner of Main and Grand streets. D. H. O'Neill is the pastor. St. Joseph's Church, Wall street, is the second French Roman Catholic church in "Worcester, formed in 1891. Jules Graton is the pastor. St. Stephen's Church, on Grafton street, is the eighth Roman Catholic church in the city. R. S. J. Burke is the pastor. It was formed in 1884. Saint Wulstan Society. — "One evening in June, 1890, several gentlemen met by his invitation at the house of Mr. J. Evarts Greene to consider the subject of forming a club or society for social intercourse and the discussion of such topics as might be proposed and approved. Those presen were Senator George F. Hoar, Judge Hamilton B. Staples, the Rev. Daniel Merriman, D. D., the Very Rev. John J. Power, D. D., and Mr. Samuel S. Green, besides the host, who read the names of others whom he had asked or wished task to join the proposed club, namely : Mr Stephen Salisbury, Judge Thomas L. Nelson, Mr. Frank P. Goulding, President G. Stanley Hall, Dr. Leonard Wheeler, Dr. George E. Francis, the Rev. Alexander H. Vinton, D. D., and Mr. Henry A. Marsh. To these was added by common consent the name of Mr. E. Harlow Russell. "Without formal proceedings it was agreed to form such a club as had been proposed; that the meetings should be held fortnightly on Friday evenings, and that the first meeting should be held in October, the time and place to be fixed by Mr. Greene, who undertook to give to each member timely notice thereof. "In accordance with this agreement the club met on Saturday evening, October iith, at the house of Senator Hoar. The members present Vjesides Mr. Hoar were Mr. Salisbury, Judge Nelson, Judge Staples, Mr. Marsh, Dr. Francis, Dr. Wheeler, Mr. S. S. Green, Dr. Hall, Dr. Merriman, Mr. Goulding, Mr. J. Evarts Greene. A committee was appointed to prepare a plan of organization, and Mr. J. Evarts Greene was chosen secretary. « "The subject of conversation, suggested by Mr. Marsh, was in substance: What disposi- tion should be made of the bequest of the late Mrs. Helen C. Knowles for the advancement of art education in Worcester? "The discussion of this topic may be justly regarded as the origin of the St. Wulstan So- ciety as a corporation. For at the next meet- ing Mr. Marsh, speaking as a member of the club and as one of the executors of Mrs. Knowles, said that in his judgment the ad- ministration of her bequest for art education might wisely l e intrusted to a corporation composed of members of this club, and that it was the earnest wish of the executors to be relieved of further responsibility by placing the fund which they held for that purpose in the charge of a corporation so composed. Mr. Marsh read to the club a letter from his co-executor, Mr. Edward A. Strong of Boston, SAL— 94 heartily concurring in this opinion and wish." The corporation was organized on the sec- ond day of January, 1891, with the purpose of "the promotion of literature, art, historical and social science in Worcester, and holding and administrating the Helen C. Knowles legacy for the promotion of art education in Worcester, and such other funds as may be acquired for the same and kindred objects." The by-laws limit the number of mem- bers to sixteen, and provide that any one ceasing to be a resident of Worcester ceases to be a member, and if absent from four meet- ings without excuse may be considered to have withdrawn. An Art Commission of five is also constituted to administer the Knowles or other funds. The officers elected were : President, George F. Hoar; Vice-President, Stephen Salisbury; Clerk, J. Evarts Greene; Treasurer, Henry A. Marsh. Mr. Salisbury has offered a lot of land and a sum of money to the St. Wulstan Society to aid the erection of an art building. See un- der Art in IV ore ester. The society takes its name from Wulstan, bishop of Worcester in England from 1062 to 1095, who was canonized in 1203. Salaries, — The salaries of city officers are given below : Mayor, . $2,500. City Clerk, 2,200. " Treasurer, "* Engineer, " vSolicitor, " Physician, " Auditor, " Messenger, Chief Engineer, ) (for all 3,400. V ^ . ^ ^ J services.) 2,700. 3,000. 1,200. 1,800. 900. 1,800. Water Commissioner, 2,000. Water Registrar, 1,500. Supt. Buildings, 2,000. One Assessor, 1,800. Two " each, 1,500. Inspector Board of Health, 1,100. Supt. of Schools, 3,500. Principal, Classical High School, 3,000. Librarian, Public Library, 3,000. Salem Square. — East of the Common, between Front and Park streets. The ground here was formerly at a much higher elevation, and was known as Baptist Hill, on account of the location on the east of the First Baptist Church. The square was graded to its present level in 1867, at an expense of $4,173.28. The public wood and hay market was for sev- eral years located here. Salisbury Hall. — The audience room in the new building of The Worcester Society of Antiquity on Salisbury street. It will seat about three hundred. Salisbury Mansion. — The fine old man- sion house in Lincoln square, now the home of the Hancock Club (see title). It was erected by the first Stephen Salisbury in 1770, and occupied by him as a residence until his death in 1829, and has always remained in the possession of his descendants. Salisbury Pond. — The small sheet of water off Grove street and north of Institute Park, which forms a part of its shores. Ice cutting operations are largely carried on here during the winter. This pond was formed by damming Mill Brook, and served as a reser- voir of the water power for the first wire factory built about 1835, where the extensive Washburn & Moen wire mill now stands. Salvation Army. — The Salvation Army began an active campaign in Worcester with a public meeting in Mechanics Hall Sunday, Nov. 16, 1884. The next evening, having taken up quarters in the old Providence rail- road station, on Green street, a serious disturbance occurred, the building being sur- rounded by the denizens of that region, who resented this invasion of their bailiwick, and manifested their displeasure by throwing cobble-stones, railroad-iron, and other mis- siles through the windows. After a time the Army removed to a hall on Church street, where for a year or two the work of salvation was carried on with only an occasional inter- ference from the unruly element. This branch later took the name of Christian Crusaders. The headquarters are now in Taylor's building. Main street. There is a branch of the English order under the old name of Salvation Army with headquarters on Carlton street. Evening and Sunday parades and frequent street and other meetings are held. 95 SAN— SCH Sanctuary (The). — A secluded inlet on the Shrewsbury shore of Lake Quinsigamond, north of the causeway, the narrow entrance to which is known as Cold Spring. The name was applied by T. W. Higginson. Saturday Spectator. — A weekly paper, the first number of which appeared June 4th, 1892. The pubHcation was suspended after a few issues. Savings Banks. — See Banks. Scales (Public). — Public scales are located in Lincoln and Webster squares, on Mason street, at the corner of Tufts, and on Franklin street. Weighers are appointed annually by the mayor and aldermen, and receive half the fees. Scalpintown. — A name formerly applied to the locality at the lower end of Gold street, or across the railroad from the lower end of Madison street. In police circles the name has an especial significance in bringing to mind former desperate struggles with the rough element of that region. Scavenger Department. — House offal, swill and other refuse, is collected by teams from the City Farm. The effects of this de- partment are valued at $11,674, and the amount appropriated for expenses in 1892 was $5,000. Schools (Parochial). — According to a statement published in the Boston Advertiser of November 12, 1889, the result of careful enumeration, there are in Massachusetts 39,301 pupils in parochial schools, as against 178,097 in the public schools of the cities and towns in which parochial schools are main- tained. Rev. Fr. Fitton, the first Catholic priest in Worcester, had a parochial school in 1837 which numbered 90 pupils, and he petitioned the town school committee for an appropriation of money to maintain it. About 1874 a large school house was erected by the Irish Catholics, and a parochial school opened. Five or six years later a French school was established. In 1888 a boys' school was opened by the Order of the Christian Brothers from Ireland, since relinquished. At present there are two parochial schools in the city, namely: St. John's (Irish), with three houses and about 1,700 pupils; and St. Anne's (French), with three houses and 1278 pupils. Total number of pupils in round numbers, 3,000. About half of the French-Canadian children in the city attend parochial schools on account of the French language being taught. Schools, Private. — There are several ex- cellent private schools in Worcester. The following are well known : Mrs. Morgan's School and Kindergarten, in the Y. M. C. A. building; Mr. John W. Dalzell's School for Boys, at 66 West street; Mrs. Throop's, 141 Pleasant street; and the School of English Speech, conducted by Mrs. Cutter, at 34 Front street. The Commercial Colleges of E. C. A. Becker at 492 Main street and A. H. Hinman at 44 Front furnish excellent business training for both sexes. Schools and School Houses. — The pres- ent number of pupils in the public schools of Worcester is 11,991; and about 425 teachers are employed. Number of school houses, 55; number of rooms, 350. There are 340 schools, including evening schools. There are two high schools, the English and the classical. Amount appropriated for the support of schools in 1892, $300,000, and $32,700 addi- tional for the construction of new houses. Value of school houses and lots, $1,181,885, and of other school property, $183,360. Drawing, music and bookkeeping are taught by special instructors. The public schools are under the control and direction of a committee of twenty-four — three from each ward; and the mayor is ex -officio chairman of the Board. One-third of the committee retire annually,, and are replaced by those newly elected. The superintendent of schools is the agent of the School Committee, and is subject to their direction, all matters of importance being determined by vote of the Board. There is- also a secretary whose duty it is to keep a record of the proceedings of the meetings, compile statistics, etc. Promotions in the schools are now made in accordance with an original plan adopted six or eight years ago. Promotion in all the classes is made by the teacher with the advice and approval of the principal. It depends- upon the work and progress of the pupil for a stated period. Written examinations are held in all the grades several times during the year; the result of these may influence, but it does not determine promotion, which rests not as formerly upon a single examination, for which the pupil has been crammed. It is- SCH— 96 the average of a pupil during the year, and not a final test, that ensures his advance. This plan was discussed at a recent meeting of the New England School Superintendents' Association, and adopted by them as advisa- ble; and the plan has been substantially adopted in several of the large western cities. The division of the schools into classes has obviated to a great extent the tendency to mechanical work common to the graded sys- tem, and gives greater opportunity for individ- ual teaching. Worcester schools were the first in which drawing was taught, and this is the foundation of all the much discussed man- ual training of to-day. Kindergartens have the present year been established in connec- tion with the lower grade schools. The evening schools are maintained yearly from November i to March i. The last re- port of the supervisor for the term ending March i, 1892, shows an average attendance of 471 at a cost to the city of $7,300. "The large immigration of foreign workmen of dif- ferent nationalities and language, who with their families are becoming citizens, creates a greater need for this kind of schools than would exist with a homogeneous population. But beyond this need, these schools are highly useful for those boys and girls who are obliged to leave school at an early age in order to contribute to the family support by their work. There are many cases of a father and daughter, or son, attending togeth- er," and sometimes a husband and wife. "The Legislature of 1888 passed an act com- pelling the attendance of all minors who are unable to read and write in English." Of foreign nationalities, the Swedes supplied the largest number of pupils in the evening schools — 221; Canadians, 173; Hebrews, 88; Armenians, 86; Irish, 79. Of the 245 born in the United States more or less were of foreign blood. On the 4th of April, 1726, the selectmen of Worcester covenanted and agreed "with Mr. Jonas Rice to be ye Schoole master for sd Town of Worcester and teach such children & youth as any of ye Inhabitants shall send to him to read and write as ye law directs." This is the first record of the employment of a schoolmaster in Worcester. In 1 73 1 it was "voted that a suitable number of Schoole Dames, not exceeding five, be provided by ye Selectmen at ye charge of ye Town for ye teaching of small Childrin to read." In 1730 a motion to build a school house was voted down; but in 1733 it was voted to build one "in ye center of ye south half of ye Town." Action, however, appears to have been de- ferred until 1739, when it was voted "that ye school house be built or set up between ye court house and the Bridg below ye fulling mill." This spot was in the present Lincoln square, about where the iron railing of Court Hill ends. It was in this building that John Adams, afterwards famous as a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and vice-presi- dent and president of the United States taught from 1755 to 1758. While in Worcester the future "L'olossus" of the Revolution penned the following in his journal : "But I have no books, no time, no funds. I must therefore be contented to live and die an ignorant, obscure fellow !" It is the intention to erect a monument on the site of this first school house. In 1728 Benjamin Flagg was employed as schoolmaster. He was succeeded by Richard Rogers, who continued to instruct the youth of the town for eight years. The town was early divided into quarters or squadrons, synonymous to the modern school districts, and in 1740 ;i^ioo was granted for the support of schools, one-half to be appropriated for the centre and the other half divided among the quarters, "provided the body of the town keep a grammar school the whole year, and save the town 'from presentment, and the skirts do in the whole have twelve months' schooling of a writing master." In 1766 the representative to the General Court was instructed to endeavor that the law requiring a Latin Granimar school be repealed, and that not more than one such school be kept in a county." After the Revolution, in 1785 to 1788, the town was presented by the grand jury for the neglect of its grammar school, and when it was maintained, it ap- pears to have traveled around the centre, in the circle of districts, until 1808, when it be- came stationary. In 1800 school houses were built in the several districts under the direction of a com- mittee, one in each quarter, as follows: In Tatnuck and Jones' quarter at an expense of $270 each; in Burbank's and Baird's quarters and at Fiske's corner and Burncoat Plain, at $247 each; in Gates' quarter at $225; and in Thaxter's quarter at $202. The school tax at different periods is given 97 sen— SCO below: 1727, £\6 los.; 1730, £2^; 1740, ;^ioo; 1750, £a6 ios.; 1760, £-JS; 1770, £^6 i6s.; 1780, ;i^3,ooo in Continental mon- ey. In 1835, the amount raised for schools by tax was $5,500. The names of some of the early school- masters were James Wyman, 1732; Samuel Boutelle, Nathaniel Williams, 1733; Samuel Marsh, 1738; James Durant, 1739; James Varney, 1744; Henry Gardner, 1752; John Young, 1757; William Crawford, 1758; Mi- cah Lawrence, 1760. Eunice Day was the schoolma'am of her time, officiating for some fifty years in that capacity. She died in 1828. In later years several distinguished names appear on the roll of Worcester teachers, among them Thaddeus M. Harris, Jacob Bigelow, Jonathan Going, Calvin Park and others. In the early years of the present century public instruction seems to have been neglect- ed, and no regular order or system was ob- served in the maintenance of schools, and particularly in Worcester they fell below the common standard. Several gentlemen inter- ested themselves to bring about a change for the better, foremost among them Hon. Joseph Allen, Rev. Aaron Bancroft, Jonathan Going, Samuel ISI. Burnside (author of the school law of 1827), Levi Lincoln, Otis Corbett and Samuel Jennison. The recommendations urged by them were adopted, and in 1823 the first Board of Overseers of the Centre District was elected. In 1824 authority was obtained from the Legislature to bring the steady sup- port of taxation to maintain the schools. Ten permanent schools were arranged in regular gradation and kept through the year. Of the lowest grade, the infant schools were first opened in 1830. Next higher were the North and South Primary schools, the Boys' English schools and the Female School. Highest was the Female high school and the Latin grammar school. An African school for children of color was established in 1828. This was substantially the system that re- mained for the next twenty years. See the article on the High School. Many of the above facts are from Lincoln's History. Schoolmasters' Club (The).— A club composed of the grammar school masters of the city and Mr. Charles F. Adams, a teacher at the Normal School. Joseph Jackson is president. The purpose of the club is mutual improvement in school work and management, and several pamphlets have been printed to elucidate methods of teaching. The super- intendent of schools and the principals of the high and normal schools are honorary members of the club. School Superintendents. — The ordinance authorizing the School Board to appoint a superintendent of public schools passed the City Council in November, 1856. Previous to this time the School Board had the direct supervision of the schools through its individ- ual members, who were paid one dollar for each visit made; and it was thought that the appointment of a superintendent at a stated salary would save money to the city. In December, 1856, Rev. George Bushnell, who had been pastor of the Salem Street Congre- gational Church, was elected superintendent, and entered upon his duties at the beginning of 1857. Contrary to the general expectation the expenses of the schools that year were considerably increased, and some opposition to the continuance of the office of superin- tendent (in which the mayor, Isaac Davis, joined) was manifested in the committee, and in consequence Mr, Bushnell resigned in May, 1858. After a year, during which the Board again had the direct charge of the schools. Rev. John Davis Edmands Jones, formerly pastor of the First Baptist Church, was elected superintendent, and held the office from May, 1859, to some time in 1865. Samuel V. Stone was acting superintendent for a few months until the election of P. Bernard Chenoweth, w^ho served from 1865 to 1868. He was succeeded by Albert Pres- cott Marble, who has continued in office to the present time. Previous to his service as superintendent Mr. Marble was principal of the Worcester Academy, and master of the Dix street school. In his present position he has gained an extended reputation, and re- ceived high honors. In 188 1 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred on him by Colby University, and in 1888 he was elected president of the National Educational Association. Dr. Marble is the author of various pamphlets, lectures and magazine ar- ticles, mostly on educational topics. Scotch. — According to a competent au- thority there were in Worcester in 1889 from five to six hundred natives of Scotland. The number at present cannot be definitely ascer- SEC— SEW 98 tained, but the Scotch have undoubtedly in- creased as other nationalities. The Sons of Scotia is an active social organization which meets at St. George's Hall. Second Advent Church. — See Adventists. Secret Societies. — See under the titles Masonic Societies ; Odd Fellozvs ; Knights of Pythias : and others in the Dictionary. Senatorial Districts (State). — There are forty senatorial districts in the Common- wealth. The First Worcester District com- prises Wards i, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the city of Worcester. The Fourth Worcester District, Wards 2 and 3 of the city of Worcester, the city of Fitchburg, and the towns of Holden, Lancaster, Leominster, Lunenburg, Princeton, Sterling, West Boylston and Westminster. Senators (United States) from Wor- cester. — John Davis was elected a United States senator in 1835 and served till 1841 ; was reelected in 1845, and retired in 1853. George F. Hoar, elected in 1877, is now serving his third term. Levi Lincoln, governor from 1825 to 1834, would have been chosen a senator in 1827 had he not positively de- clined in favor of Daniel Webster, which action opened to the latter the opportunity to make his famous anti-nullification speech in reply to Hayne. Sheriffs. — Following is a list of the sheriffs of Worcester county, from its incorporation in 1 73 1 to the present time: Daniel Gookin was the first sheriff, and died in office in June, 1743. He was a grandson of the famous General Gookin. Benjamin Flagg held the office from 1743 to 1 75 1, and was succeeded by John Chandler, who served until 1762. Gardner Chandler was the incumbent until the Revolution began in 1775. Simeon Dwight of Western was sheriff for three years till 1778, and was fol- lowed by William Greenleaf, who in 1788 was impeached and removed for misconduct and maladministration, principally financial delinquencies. His trial was held in Faneuil Hall, Boston. The next in order was John Sprague of Lancaster, to T792. Dwight Foster of Brookfield, who was afterwards member of Congress and United States sena- tor, served one year, and was succeeded by William Caldwell of Rutland. The latter resigned in 1805 and died soon after. Thom- as Walter Ward of Shrewsbury, a son of Gen. Artemas Ward, was sheriff from 1805 to 1824. Calvin Willard held the office twenty years to 1844, and resigned, it is said, • rather than hang Thomas Barrett, his experience in ex- ecuting the law on Horace Carter in 1825 having unpleasantly affected him. John W. Lincoln served from 1844 to 1851. He was noted for his strict construction of the law. Col. James Estabrook was the next incum- bent, and was succeeded in 1854 by George W. Richardson. By change of the law, the sheriff after this date was chosen by popular vote, and John S. C. Knowlton was elected in 1856, and continued in office from 1857 until his death in 1871. Augustus B. R. Sprague was Mr. Knowlton's successor, and served to January, 1891. Samuel D. Nye was in office the next two years, and was succeeded by Robert H. Chamberlain in Jan- uary, 1893. Sewerage. — There were in Worcester at the beginning of 1892 80.94 miles of sewers, which had cost $2,782,296 63. The con- struction of the present system of sewerage was begun in 1867, under powers given by a special act of the Legislature passed in March, 1867, and accepted by vote of the citizens April 16 of the same year. Under this act the city acquired the right to appro- priate certain water courses recommended in a report of a special committee appointed to consider the matter, made to the City Council in Oct., 1866. These "main channels" com- prised the following : Mill Brook, Grove street to Green street, 9420 in its circuitous path, or 8,437 feet in a more direct line. This it was calculated would drain 1,552 acres in the city; and its water-shed north of Grove street was computed at 5,024 acres. Lincoln Brook, 13,556 in length, rising north of Highland street, and flowing generally south to New Worcester. This is the natural outlet for the sewerage in the western part of the city. Austin Street Brook, about 2,818 feet in length, rising in Clinton street, and flowing southeast to Mill Brook below Fox's Mills. Hermitage Brook, 5,090 feet in length, rising in the northerly part of the city, and flowing parallel with Hanover street to Laurel street, with a water-shed of 400 acres. Pied- mont Brook, 4,677 feet in length, rising near Pleasant street, between Piedmont and Sever streets, and flowing to Mill Brook, below 99 SHR— SOL Fox's Mills. Pine Meadow Brook, 4,356 feet in length, rising, near Shrewsbury street, and entering Mill Brook near Water street. The walling of Mill Brook, as the main sewer, was commenced at Green street in May, 1867, and was substantially completed to Lincoln square in 1870, — 2,238 feet opened and 3,669 feet arched. The first sewers were laid in the streets in August, 1867. The expense of the main sewer was included in the general tax, and the estates of abutters were assessed to pay for the street sewers, a method that caused much dissatisfaction and grumbling. At first the estates were assessed according to the number of square feet, but now the as- sessment is for lineal feet of sewer. The system of sewers has been extended from year to year, over five miles being laid in 1888. Some twelve years ago the pollution of the stream below Quinsigamond Village by the sewage of the city began to cause com- plaint in Millbury and other places on the Blackstone river, and after several years' agitation of the subject, the Legislature in June, 1886, passed an act requiring the city of Worcester to purify its sewage within four years (by June, 1890) by some method not specified, before discharging it beyond city limits. In 1888 the Joint Standing Committee recommended the construction of an "outfall sewer," from the end of the present sewer at Quinsigamond Village to the land selected for the final treatment of the sewage before passing it into the stream below. The purifi- cation works have attracted much attention, and undoubtedly much of the evil has been remedied, but whether in a degree equal to the large amount of money expended remains to be seen. Shrewsbury. — A town adjoining Worces- ter on the east, and five miles distant. It was incorporated in 1727. There is no rail- road in the town. Population in 1885, 1,450; in 1890, 1,449. Sidewalks.— The first brick sidewalk in Worcester was laid front of the Blackstone Hotel, corner Main and Thomas streets, by Ezra B. Lovell. In 1828 the owners of real estate on the east side of Main street agreed to lay a brick sidewalk from the jail at Lin- coln square to the Town House. One-half was completed by the first of September. The average width was over ten feet, and the whole expense was about $4,000. The town appropriated the same year $1,600 towards improving Main street, in paving gutters, etc. The sidewalks of Worcester are generally of brick, though concrete is used to some extent. On Main and Front streets granite slabs have been placed in front of a few of the modern built blocks, and the space, under the sidewalk excavated and utilized for storing coal, etc. The Worcester city ordinances require that snow which ceases to fall before 6 a. m. shall be removed before noon of the same day; and if it ceases to fall before 4 p. m. it shall be removed within four hours. Neglect subjects the owner or occupant to arrest and fine. Single Tax League. — The doctrines of Henry George have received some considera- tion in Worcester, and a Single Tax League has been organized. Thomas J. Hastings, treasurer of the Cooperative Banks, was one of the prime movers, and. will undoubtedly give information to inquirers. Sinking Fund. — Established by an ordi- nance passed July 24, 1871. The purpose of this fund is to provide for the payment of the city debt; $30,000 is appropriated annually from balances in the treasury, money received from sales of real estate belonging to the city and certain other monies to be applied towards the reduction of the city debt. Amount of the sinking fund Nov. 30, 1892, was $1,407,882.94, leaving the net debt of the city $2,857,718. See City Debt. Small-pox Hospital. — The Small-pox Hospital has for some years been located on the Poor Farm. A new building has recently been erected at a safe distance north of the Almshouse for use as a pest house. There were seven cases of small-pox in Worcester during the year 1888. Soldiers' Monument. — The first action towards the erection of a Soldiers' Monument was taken by the City Council in 1866, in the appointment of a committee, which cooperat- ed with a citizens' committee of 25, chosen at a public meeting held in Mechanics Hall, Feb. 10, 1867. Hon. James B. Blake, the mayor, was made chairman of this committee, and Hon. George W. Richardson, treasurer. The members actively canvassed the city, and in September a fund of $11,242 was reported as the result of the subscriptions. A new SON— SPY lOO committee was chosen to select a site and a design, and carry out the purpose in the erec- tion of a monument. Mayor Blake, noted for his advocacy of lavish expenditure, favored the acceptance of a design of an arch, pre- pared by Messrs. Gambril & Richardson of New York, pretentiously set forth as similar in character to the "Arc de Triomphe de I'Etoile, at Paris." The arch was to be placed at the intersection of the principal paths on the Common, or perhaps over Main street, at a cost of $90,000. This proposi- tion was rejected by popular vote in Decem- ber, 1868. Nothing further was done till September, 1871, and in the meantime Mayor Blake died, and Mr. George Crompton was placed at the head of the committee, which proceeded to definite action, and employed Mr. Randolph Rogers to prepare a design for a monument. He in due time offered one which met the approval of the committee, and was accepted by vote of members of the Grand Army Post. This design was for a monument 52 feet in height, of granite and bronze, nearly like the one erected, but the plan was changed somewhat, so that the monument as it stands is 65 feet high. The funds had by this time accumulated to $15,000; and the city was asked to appro- priate $35,000 to meet the whole cost, $50,000, which was done. The monument was completed and dedicated July 15, 1874. The occasion was appropriately observed by a military celebration, and the procession, under command of Gen. Josiah Pickett, in- cluded the City Government and guests, veterans of the war, nearly all the Grand Army Posts in the county, with numerous societies and lodges, and the Fire Department. The old State Guard paraded for the last time. At the monument addresses were made by George Crompton, Esq., ex-Gov. Bullock, Gen. Devens and Mayor Edward L. Davis; and Hon. Benjamin F. Thomas read an original poem. Vice-President Wilson and Gen. Burnside were present; $7,000 was voted by the City Council to defray the expenses of the dedication. The design of the monument is generally satisfactory, but its location is unfortunate, planted in the swale at the lower end of the Common. It is, however, in full view in coming up Front street, though the Goddess of Peace turns her back to the stranger as he enters the city. The center of the Common would have fur- nished a much better site. Sons of Veterans. — See Grajtd Ar??iy. South Ledge. — The granite ledge which crops out near Quinsigamond Village. A quarry is open on Ballard street, and is owned by John S. Ballard & Co. South Worcester. — The locality south of the Boston & Albany Railroad, extending from Quinsigamond avenue to New Worcester. The junction is now known as the South Worcester Station. Sovereigns of Industry. — This order is now practically dead, though in a few locali- ties organizations are nominally in existence. Active work ceased in Worcester several years ago. The Sovereigns' Cooperative Grocery Store (See Co-operation) was estab- lished under the auspices of the order, but of late years had no connection with it. In 1878 the following Councils were active in Worcester: Citizens Council, No. 2; Harjjiony Council, No. 29, and Webster Square Councily No. 54. See under Co-operation. Spiritualists. — The Worcester Association of vSpiritualists was organized in 1879, and holds meetings at Continental Hall Sundays, except during July and August. A g>'mna- sium is maintained by the society. Wood- bury C. Smith is president. There are many Spiritualists in Worcester who do not openly avow themselves as such, some of whom occupy a high social position. The belief in Spiritual doctrines appears to have increased in a great measure during the past decade, and has even penetrated into churches of all denominations. Spiritualist meetings were held in Worcester more than thirty years ago. Sportsmen's Club. — The Worcester Sportsmen's Club was organized in 1874. Spy (The). — The Massachusetts Spy was established in Boston in 1770 by Isaiah Thomas, and at once became the leading organ of the patriot cause. Just before the battle of Lexington it was removed by the proprietor to Worcester, he having the aid of Gen. Joseph Warren, Col. Timothy Bigelow and others in getting his types and press out of Boston. After a suspension of three weeks, it re-appeared on the 3d of May, 1775, and a copy of the impression of that date in the library of the American Antiquarian Society bears Mr. Thomas's certificate that it was the lOI SPY— first thing ever printed in Worcester, In 1776 Mr. Thomas resigned the paper into the hands of David Bigelow and WilUam Stearns, and the next year they were succeeded by Anthony Haswell; but the founder of the paper resumed its management in 1778. In 1786, in consequence of the stamp duty im- posed on newspapers, the Spy publication was suspended, and the Worcester Magazine, in octavo form, appeared in its stead until April 3, 1788, when the original form and name were restored. Isaiah Thomas and son pub- lished the paper in 1799, and two or three years later the senior Thomas retired from business, and Isaiah Thomas, Jr., was the nominal owner and publisher for the next ten years. William Sheldon, a native of England, edited the Spy in 1809-10, and during the period of the troubles and war with Great Britain the paper was intensely Federal in tone, and bitterly hostile to the government at Washington. In 1810 James EUiott, for- merly a member of Congress, and "a Phila- delphia lawyer," came to Worcester, and opened an office for the practice of his pro- fession. October 17 of that year the Spy was leased to him for a term of years, and his name placed at the head of its columns as editor and proprietor. But his Federalism was of too mild a type to suit this community at that time, and Thomas was induced to rescind the agreement, taking the paper into his own hands again in February, 181 1. Isaac Sturtevant published the Spy from Aug. 12, 181 2, and was succeeded by William Man- ning in Oct., 1814. The office was then in Lincoln square (then called the Public square), but in December was removed to its original location on Court Hill. John Davis, afterwards governor andU. S. senator, edited the Spy for a short time just after his graduation from college. In 18 19 William Manning and George A. Trumbull purchased the Spy property of Isaiah Thomas, senior, and in December, 1820, the office was re- moved to the corner of Main and Thomas streets. In Jan., 1822, Manning and Trum- bull dissolved, and William Manning and his son, Samuel B., continued until the following July, when the son withdrew. The fortunes of the Spy were now failing, and for a num- ber of years its destiny was uncertain. Fol- lowing the course of its party out of the intensity of Federalism, through the Era of Good Feeling, and into the vacuity that came after, its supporters fell away, one by one, simply through lack of interest, and the paper was well nigh stranded. Geo. A. Trumbull came into possession again Aug. 13, 1823, and soon after a company was formed, or perhaps its creditors took possession, for in November Charles Griffin began to print the Spy "for the proprietors," and the office was removed to the brick building opposite the Central Church in June, 1824. John Milton Earle and Anthony Chase with others were interested at this time in the ownership. In 1827 Samuel H. Colton was associated with the others, and the paper was published by "S. H. Colton & Co." Pecuniary troubles continued to threaten its existence, and in 1829 it was advertised for sale by Simeon Burt, who appears to have been one of the "proprietors" before mentioned. The office was removed to the opposite side of Main street in 1831. John Milton Earle took charge of the publication in 1835, and con- tinued to edit and publish the paper until his failure in 1858. Thomas Drew was associ- ated with him as partner from 1 850. July 24, 1845, the Daily Spy was first issued, and soon overbalanced the weekly in importance. Mr. Earle was a Quaker, and introduced the form of expression in dating the weekly as First Month, Second Month, etc., instead of January, February, etc. In politics he was a Whig, but influenced by the brothers George and Charles Allen, changed his paper into an organ of the Free Soil element in 1848, after he had announced his intention of supporting the Whigs. Probably this course did not contribute to the pecuniary advantage of the Spy. At all events, it was afterwards evident that Mr. Earle was not a successful financier, though a man of the purest princi- ples and high abilities as an editor. In busi- ness management his partner, Mr. Drew, was no better, and matters went from bad to worse, till in 1858 the liabilities of the estab- lishment in excess of its assets compelled a refuge in insolvency. In October of that year the property of the Spy was purchased of the creditors by Foss & Farnum, the former one of the publishers of the Woonsocket Patriot in Rhode Island. The office and types were removed from the Butman Block to the "Printers' Exchange," the building which stands on the west corner of Foster and Waldo streets, where the forms were set, and for a year or more taken daily in a hand-cart 8 S PV— STO 1 02 or on a sled back to the old building to be printed. The Spy supported Charles Allen for Con- gress in 1848, and as long as he remained there; and in 1852 advocated the election of Alexander DeWitt as a candidate of the Free Democracy. It did not countenance the Know-Nothing movement, but trusting in the well-known anti-slavery principles of Col. DeWitt acquiesced in his accepting the nom- ination of that party in' 1854. In 1856, however, when he attempted to run against a pronounced Republican, it resolutely de- nounced him. From that time the Spy has unreservedly sustained the principles of the Republican party. The connection of Foss & Farnum with the Spy was only of about four months' duration; and on the i8th of March, 1858, the paper passed into the possession of John D. Bald- win, who associated with himself in its man- agement his two sons, John S. and Charles C, and it has been conducted by them to the present time, the two brothers continuing after the death of their father in July, 1883. The office was moved back to Butman Block in Jan., i860, and remained there till the completion of the Spy Building, opposite the City Hall, in 1867. In July, 1888, a radical change was made in the form of the paper from a four to an eight page issue; and at this time the publication of the Sunday Spy began, the first number appearing July 22. Hon. John D. Baldwin was the editor of the Spy until his death. Delano A. Goddard was assistant editor from 1859 to 1868, and was succeeded by J. Evarts Greene, who is now postmaster. The Spy is the fourth oldest newspaper in the country. Squantum Festivals. — Social and con- vivial gatherings held at Long Pond yearly about the period 1820 to 1830, by certain citizens of Worcester distinguished by their epicurean propensities and love of good fellow- ship. Squares (Public). — The most important are mentioned below : Adams Squaj'e, junction of Lincoln and Burncoat streets. Armory Square, front of Armory, between Salisbury and Grove streets. Elm Square, see Grafton square. Franklin Square, junction of Main and Southbridge streets. Grafton Square, junction of Grafton, Orient and Hamilton streets. Grant Square, bounded by Harrington av- enue, Mt. Vernon place, Windsor and Mt. Vernon streets. Hamilton Square, bounded by Prescott, Otis and Lexington streets. Lincoln Square, where Main, Highland, Salisbury, Lincoln, Belmont, Summer and Union streets center, Stearns Square, junction of Southbridge and College streets. IVashington Square, east end of Front street, at Union Passenger Station. Webster Square, at New Worcester. See the different titles in the Dictionary. Stages. — A Paxton stage leaves 18 Me- chanic street at 4.25 P. M. The Shrewsbury stage leaves 24 Front street at 10.30 A. M. and 5 P. M. daily. The Marlborough stage, which had been run over the route for more than one hundred years, was discontinued in the fall of 1888. Star and Crescent (Order of the). — Su- preme Council meets quarterly. Io7iia Lodge was organized in 1888. State Guard. — In May, 1861, the Home Guards were organized, consisting of the hon- orary and past members of the Worcester Light Infantry. This company was composed mostly of elderly men, and performed escort duty, attended soldiers' funerals, etc. until June 17, 1863, when it was reorganized as the State Guard, and continued as an active company until 1874, its last public appearance being at the dedication of the Soldiers' Monu- ment July 15 of that year. Stationary Engineers. — Worcester Asso- ciation, No. 4, was organized in 1882, and meets every Thursday evening at 302 Main street. Stearns Square. — The terminus of the street railway at South Worcester, at the junc- tion of College and Southbridge streets. Stenographers' Association (VVorcester County). — Organized in 1887. Stocks and Pillory. — See under Whip- ping Post. Stone House Hill. — A hill some distance north of the village of Tatnuck, to which cer- tain Tories retired before the Revolution, and erected a small stone fort. 103 STO— STR Storage. — The upper story of Crompton's Block, on Mechanic street, is used exclusively for storage purposes, and is divided into pens w^hich can be hired for a small sum each per month. The Worcester Storage Co. has a fire-proof building at 29 Gold street court, for the safe keeping of furniture, merchandise and other property, and the Metropolitan Storage Warerooms are located at 6 Barton place. Street Guide :— Abbott, Pleasant to Tufts. Adams, Shrewsbury to Belmont. iEtna, Providence to Cutler. Agate avenue, from Lake avenue south. Agawam, from 1022 Main street. Agricultural, Elm to Sunnyside. Aitchison, Shrewsbury to Plantation. Albany, Muskeego to Putnam lane. Albert, from Grand. Alden, Castle to Oread place. Allen, Main to Mt. Pleasant. Alpine, from Vernon. Alvarado avenue, from Belmont. Ames, from Vernon. Anna, Locust avenue to Coburn avenue. Anne, from Taft. Apricot, from Leicester. Ararat, Brooks to Brattle. Arch, Summer to Carroll. Arlington, Columbia to Winthrop. Armandale, Leicester to Apricot. Armory, Southgate to Grand. Arthur, from Union avenue. Ascension, Bloomingdale to Orient. Ash, Green to Washington. Ash avenue, Houghton to Grafton. Ashland, Pleasant to Elm. Ashton, Sturges to Lincoln avenue. Assonet, from Plymouth. Asylum, Mulberry to Summer. Auburn, Kendall to Catharine. Austin, Main to Dewey. Autumn, from Baker. Bailey, from Pleasant. Baker, from Lake, i Ball, from Baker. I Ballard, Millbury to Quinsigamond Village. Bancroft, from Kingsbury. Barber avenue, from North avenue. Barbour, Hollywood to Dewey. Barclay, Grafton to Union avenue. Batchelder, Union avenue to Jefferson. Bates, from Lyon. Bath, from Abbott. Beacon, Southbridge to Kilby. Beaver, Main to Park avenue. Beech, Winter to Pond. Belknap, Washington. to Plymouth. Bellevue, Pleasant to Bluff. Belmont, from Lincoln square east. Belvidere avenue, from Burncoat. Benefit, from Main east. Berkeley, Eastern avenue to Shamrocks Bigelow, Lafayette to Endicott. Birch, Shirley to Beaver. Bismark, Fountain to Clayton. Blackstone, Exchange to Bridge. Blake, Harrison to Columbia. Bleeker, Orient to Plantation. Blithewood avenue, Millbury ave. to Grafton. Bloomingdale road, from Grafton. Blossom, Russell to Hudson. Bluff, King to Mason. Bowdoin, Harvard to West. Boyce, from Webster. Boyden, from Southbridge. Boylston, from Lincoln. Boynton, Highland to Salisbury. Bradford, May to Parker. Bradley, from Brooks avenue. Bradley, Green to Gold. Branch, Orient to Wall. Brattle, from Holden. Bremer, Dryden to Whittier. Briden, from Garden. Bridge, Front to Summer. Brigham, from Piedmont. Brittan, from Lincoln avenue. Brooks, from West Boylston to Maiden. Brooks avenue, from West Boylston. Brown, Beech to Grace. Brussels, from Crompton. Bryant, Bremer to Hemans. Buffum, Mill to Goes. Burgess, from Lakeside avenue. Burncoat, from Lincoln. Burnett, from Ludlow. Burt, from Grafton. Burton, from Millbury. Butler, from Ludlow. Byron, North to Millbrook. Cairo, College to Boyden. Cambridge, Main to Millbury. Camp, from Southgate. Canal, from Front. Canterbury, Hammond to Cambridge. ■Carbon, from Belmont. Carlstad, from Whipple. STR— Carlton, Front to Mechanic. Caroline, Grafton to Plantation. Carpenter, Pond to Harrison. Carroll, Glen to Prospect. Castle, Main to Ely. Cataract, Mower to Olean. Catharine, Lincoln to Rodney. Cedar, Chestnut to Agricultural. Cemetery road. Grove to Prescott. Central, Main to Summer. Central avenue, from Brooks. Chadwick, from Grove. Chandler, Main to Pleasant. Channing, Kendall to Green lane. Chapin, /Etna to Union avenue. Charles, Summer to Blackstone. Charlotte, Woodland to Park avenue. Charlton, Main to Beacon. Chatham, Main to Newbury. Cheever, Chelsea to Woodward. Chelsea, Cainbridge to Southbridge. Cheney, from Leicester. Cherry, Canal to Vine. Chester, from Holden. Chestnut, Pleasant to Bowdoin. Chrome, Orient to Plantation. Church, Front to Mechanic. Circuit, from Lake avenue. City View, from College. Clapp, Washburn to Kansas. Claremont, Main to Woodland. Clarence, Chadwick to Grove. Clark, Burncoat to Mountain. Clarkson, Coral to Barclay. Clayton, Kendall to Belmont. Clemence, Norfolk to Orient. Clement, Main to Beaver, Cliff, Millbury to Granite. Clifton, May to Charlotte. Clinton, Pleasant to Chatham. Clover, from Heard. Coburn avenue, from Belmont. Coes, from Park avenue. College, from Southbridge. Colton, Southbridge to Lawrence. Columbia, Water to Arlington. Concord, Grove to Prescott. Congress, Crown to Newbury. Cora, from Lakeside avenue. Coral, Grafton to ^tna. Cottage, West to Fruit. Court, from Court Hill. Crescent, Garden to Sackville. Cristy, from Grand. Crompton, Southbridge to Woodward. 104 Cross, Shrewsbury to East W^orcester. Crown, Pleasant to Austin. Crystal, from Main. Curtis, from Leicester. Gushing, Lincoln to Paine. Cutler, Grafton to Union avenue. Cypress, Exchange to Foster. Dale, Brigham to Jaques avenue. Daley, from Hemans. Davis, Piedmont to Queen. Dean, Highland to Salisbury. Decatur, Hollywood to Page. Denny, Dix to Highland. Dewey, Pleasant to May. Diamond, from Millbury. Division, Orient to Plantation. Dix, Harvard to North Ashland. Dorrance, Cambridge to Mitchell. Douglas, Grand to Cambridge. Dover, from Highland. Downing, Main to Park avenue. Dryden, Edgeworth to Hemans. Dudley avenue. West Boylston to Mount ave. Dupont, Hamilton to Chrome. D wight, from Cambridge. Earle, Edward to Elizabeth. East Central, Summer to Shrewsbury. East Shelby, from Eastern avenue. East Worcester, from Shrewsbury. Eastern avenue. East Central to Catharine. Eden, Sudbury to George. Edgeworth, Milton to Byron. Edward, Belmont to Laurel. Ekman, from Carlstad. Elizabeth, Belmont to Reservoir. Elliott, Carroll to Merrifield. Ellsworth, Millbury to Quinsigamond avenue. Elm, Main to Park avenue. Elmer, Lake to Ball. Elmwood, from Apricot. Ely, Davis to Castle. Endicott, Millbury to Vernon. Essex, from South Irving. Esther, Millbury to Vernon. Eureka, from Leicester. ' Everard, from Belmont. Everett, Cedar to William. ' Evers, from Hope avenue. Exchange, Main to Summer. Fairbank, from Ames. Fairfield, from Park avenue. Fairview avenue, from Plantation. Fales, from West Boylston. Faraday, Grove to Salisbury. Farwell, Elizabeth to Eastern avenue. ST Fern, from Park avenue. Flagg, Salisbury to Pleasant. Florence, May to Beaver. Fobes, Seward to Marshall. Ford, East Central to Gage. Forest, Salisbury to Grove. Forest avenue, Lincoln to Windsor. Foster, Main to Summer. Foundry, Vine to Canal. Fountain, Arch to Bismark. Fowler, from Mill. Fox, Water to Jefferson. Foyle, Millbury to Ward. Francis, from West Boylston. Franklin, Trumbull square to Grafton. Frederick, Lincoln to Crescent. Freeland, Main to Tirrell. Fremont, from Cambridge. Front, Main to Washington square. Fruit, Pleasant to John. Fulton, Summer to Millbury. Gage, Eastern avenue to East Shelby. Garden, Lincoln to Prescott. Gardner, Main to Southgate. Garfield, from Cambridge. Gas, from Southbridge. Gates, Main to Illinois. Gates lane, Leicester to Mill. Geneva, from Chandler. George, Main to Harvard. Germain, from Highland. Gertrude avenue, from Main. Gilman, from Lincoln. Glen, Orchard to Edward. Glenwood, Benefit to Hammond. Goddard, Green to Winter. Gold, Green to Sargent. Goulding, Dix to Highland. Grace, Winter to Pond. Grafton, from Washington square. Grand, from Main. Granite, Winthrop to Millbury. Green, from Trumbull square. Green lane, from Lincoln. Greendale avenue, from West Boylston. Greenwood, from Millbury. Greenwood avenue, from Plantation. Grosvenor, Lafayette to Lamartine. Grove, from Salisbury. Hacker, Cambridge to Southgate. Hadwen avenue, June to Hadwen lane. Hadwen lane. Pleasant to May. Hale, Grafton to Plantation. Hall, from Sunnyside. Hamburg, Ludlow to Heard. Hamilton, Grafton to Plantation. Hammond, Main to Southbridge. Hancock, Main to Hollis. Hanover, Belmont to Prospect. Harding, Franklin to Lafayette. Harlem, Millbury to Perry avenue. Harlow, Lincoln to Crescent. Harrington, from Millbury avenue. Harrington avenue, Lincoln to Channing. Harrison, Green to Barclay. Harvard, Sudbury to Highland. Hathaway, Gardner to Wyman. Hawkins, Norfolk to Orient. Hawley, Pleasant to Austin. Hawthorn, Main to Woodland. Heard, from Stafford. Hemans, Dryden to Whittier. Henchman, Lincoln to Crescent. Henry, Shrewsbury to East Worcester. Henshaw, from Leicester. Hermitage avenue, from Channing. Hermon, Main to Southbridge. Heywood, Winthrop to Millbury. Hibernia, Front to Mechanic. High, Austin to Pleasant. Highland, from Lincoln square. Hill, Shrewsbury to East Central. Hillside avenue, from Bloomingdale road. Plillside, from Vernon. Hiscox, Fairfield to Fern. Holden, from Grove. Hollis, Kilby to Gates. Hollywood, Kingsbury to Oberlin. Holmes, from Cambridge. Home, Wachusett to North Ashland. Homer, from Park avenue. Homestead avenue, from Southbridge. Hooper, Belmont to Kendall. Hope avenue, Webster to Southbridge. Horner, Downing to Shirley. Houchin avenue, Chatham to Austin. Houghton, Grafton to Heywood. Howard, Summer to Blackstone. Howard lane, from Fowler. Howe, from Sever. Howe avenue, at Tatnuck. Hudson, Pleasant to Elm. Hunt, from Shrewsbury. Illinois, Grand to Richards. Ingalls, Vernon to Fox. Institute road, formerly Jo Bill road. Irving, Pleasant to Chandler. Jackson, Main to Southbridge. Jacques, from Webster. Jaques avenue. King to Wellington. STR— 106 James, from Stafford. Jefferson, Vernon to Providence. Jerome, from Ward. Jo Bill road, Salisbury to Park avenue, now Institute road. John, Harvard to Sever. June, Pleasant to May. Kansas, Sherman to Southbridge. Keen, from Ludlow. Keese, from Grafton. Kendall, Lincoln to Rodney. Kilby, Main to Tainter. King, Main to Chandler. Kingsbury, May to Mason. Knox, from Webster. Lafayette, Millbury to Southbridge. Lagrange, from Main. Lake, Leicester to Mill. Lake avenue, bordering Lake Quinsigamond. Lakeside avenue, Lovell to Mill. Lamartine, Millbury to Lafayette. Lancaster, Dix to Salisbury, Langdon, Lafayette to Lamartine. Larch, Piedmont to Winslow. Larkin, Shrewsbury to East Worcester. Laurel, Summer to Eastern avenue. Lawn, from Orient. Lawrence, Kansas to Colton. Lazelle, from Millbrook. Ledge, Water to Waverly. Lee, Park avenue to Sunnyside. Leicester, from Webster square. Leonard, Hollis to Illinois. Lewis, Southbridge to Princeton. Lexington, Grove to Prescott. Liberty, Belmont to Arch. Lily, North Ashland to Pink. Lincoln, from Lincoln square. Lincoln avenue, from Lincoln street. Linden, Pleasant to Elm. Linwood place, Lincoln to Fountain. Liscomb, Shrewsbury to Belmont. Litchfield, Canterbury to Hacker. Locust avenue, from Belmont. Lodi, Lamartine to Lafayette. Loudon, Main to Woodland. Lovell, Chandler to Webster square. Lowell, Main to Freeland. Ludlow, from Leicester. Lunelle, Lafayette to Lamartine. Lyford, from Paine. Lyman, from Webster. Lynn, Salem to Orange. Lyon, Shrewsbury to East Worcester. Madison, from Main. Main, Lincoln square to Webster square. Maiden, from West Boylston. Malvern road, from Southbridge. Manchester, Union to Bridge. Mann, Chandler to May. Maple, Main to Walnut. Maple avenue, at Tatnuck. Marble, Main to Beaver. Market, Main to Summer. Marshall, from Shrewsbury. Marston way, Fruit to Sever. Mason, Pleasant to May. Maud, from Bath. Maxwell, from Millbury. May, Main to Pleasant. Mayfield, from May. May wood, Main to Lovell, Meade, Lafayette to Lamartine. Mechanic, Main to Washington square. Melrose, Burncoat to Lincoln. Melville, Burncoat to Paine. Mendon, Grafton to Union avenue. Merrick, Pleasant to Austin. Merrifield, Belmont to East Shelby. Milk, from Franklin. Mill, Leicester to Tatnuck village. Milbrook, Burncoat to West Boylston. Millbury, from Green. Millbury avenue, from Grafton. Milton, North to Millbrook. Minthorne, from Lovell. Mitchell, Pitt to Dorrance. Mohawk avenue, Clover to Keen. Montague, Leicester to Barker. Montreal, from Wall. Moreland, Pleasant to Salisbury. Morse, from Lovell. Mott, Coral to Barclay. Mount avenue, from Brooks. Mount Pleasant, Benefit to Allen. Mount Vernon, Westminster to Channing. Mountain, northeast corner of Worcester, Mower, from Tatnuck, Mulberry, Shrewsbury to Shelby. Murray avenue, Wellington to Dale. Muskeego, Shrewsbury to Albany. Myrtle, Main to Orange. Nashua, Crescent to Byron. Nebraska, from Putnam lane. Newbury, Pleasant to Chandler. Newport, Edward to Liberty. New York, from West Fremont. Nixon, Mountain to West Boylston. Norfolk, from Bloomingdale road. Normal, Prospect to Eastern avenue. 107 STR— North, from Grove- North avenue, from Burncoat to Odd Fellows' Home. North Ashland, William to Highland. North Foster, Foster to Union. North Merrick, Pleasant to Cedar. Norton, Lincoln to Paine. Norwich, Foster to Mechanic. Norwood, Main to Woodland. Oak, Elm to Cedar. Oak avenue, Belmont to Catharine. Oakham, from Montreal. Oakland, from Webster. Oberlin, Woodland to Lawrence. Olean, from Mower. Oliver, Beaver to Park avenue. Orange, Park to Madison. Orchard, Arch to Bismark. Orchard avenue, Central ave. to Mount ave. Oread, Main to Beacon. Orient, from Grafton. O'Rourke, from Cambridge. Oswald, Stebbins to Perry. Otis, from Prescott. Outfall avenue, at Quinsigamond Village. Oxford, Chandler to Pleasant. Page, Kingsbury to Barbour. Paine, Frederick to Burncoat. Pakachoag, Crompton to Brussels. Palfrey, Bloomingdale road to Greenwood ave. Palmer, Liberty to Edward. Park, Main to Trumbull square. Park avenue, Grove to Mill. Parker, Page to Winfield. Parker avenue, from Mountain. Partelow avenue, from Highland. Patch, Elizabeth to Eastern avenue. Pattison, Vernon to Providence. Pearl, Main to Chestnut. Pembroke, Florence to Park avenue. Penn avenue, Grafton to Union avenue. Perkins, Lincoln to Paine. Perry, Quinsigamond Village. Perry avenue, Endicott to Suffield. Phillips, Bloomingdale road to Greenwood ave. Piedmont, Main to Pleasant. Pierpont, Bloomingdale road to Greenwood av. Pine, from Jamesville square. Pink, Highland to Lily. Pitt, Cambridge to Mitchell. Plane, from Union avenue. Plantation, Grafton to Lincoln. Plantation avenue, from Plantation. Pleasant, Main to Tatnuck. Plum, Shrewsbury to East Worcester. Plymouth, Green to Orange. Pond, Green to Water. Portland, Park to Madison. Prentice, Shrewsbury to Belmont. Prentice, Clover to Keen. Prescott, from Lincoln square. Preston, Brigham to Jaques avenue. Princeton, from Southbridge. Prioulx, from Hemans. Prospect, Summer to East Shelby. Providence, Grafton to Winthrop. Putnam, Shrewsbury to Belmont. Putnam lane, Shrewsbury to Bloomingdale rd. Queen, Austin to Kingsbury. Quincy, Chatham to Austin. Quinsigamond ave., Southbridge to Millbury. Raymond, from Maxwell. Reservoir, Edward to Eastern avenue. Rice, from Mountain. Rice, Shrewsbury to Putnam lane. Richards, Main to Cambridge. Richland, Millbury to Vernon. Ridgely, from Wildey avenue. Riley, from Kansas. Ripley, Main to Tainter. Riverside, from Southbridge. Rock avenue, from Melville. Rodney, Belmont to Catharine. Roxbury, from Whipple. Russell, Austin to Elm. Sackville, from Crescent. Salem, Park to Southbridge. Salisbury, from Lincoln square. Sargent, Southbridge to Lamartine. School, Main to Summer. Scott, Lafayette to Lamartine. Sever, Pleasant to Highland. Seward, from Shrewsbury. Seymore, Millbury to Perry avenue. Shale, from Lawn. Shamrock, from East Central to Berkeley. Shattuck, from Lincoln. Shelby, Carroll to Eastern avenue. Shepard, King to Kingsbury. Sherbrook avenue, from Lake avenue. Sheridan, Cambridge to Sherman. Sherman, from Dorrance. Shirley, Park avenue to Horner. Shrewsbury, Washington square to Belmont. Sigel, Millbury to Quinsigamond avenue. Sigourney, North to Edgeworth. Silver, May to Claremont. Smith lane, from Holden. South Crystal, Cambridge to Canterbury. South Harlem, Harlem to Whitney. STR— 1 08 South Irving, Chandler to WelHngton. Southbridge, from FrankHn square. Southgate, Southbridge to Litchfield. Spring, Front to Mechanic. Spruce, Green to Washington. Stafford, from Leicester. State, Court Hill to Harvard. Stebbins, from Millbury. Steele, from Whipple. Stockholm, Whipple to Tatman. Stone, Ward to Perry avenue. Stowell, from Heywood. Sturges, from Lincoln. Sudbury, Main to Chestnut. Sufiield, from Vernon. Suffolk, Bloomingdale road to Wall, Summer, Lincoln square to Washington Summit, from Gold. Summit avenue, from West Boylston. Sunny Side, from Park avenue. Sutton lare, from Cambridge. Sutton, Lake to Ball. Sutton road, Cambridge to Sutton lane. Sycamore, Main to Beacon. Taft, from Cambridge. Tainter, Benefit to Grand. Tatman, Greenwood to Stockholm. Taylor, from Millbury. Taylor, at Quinsigamond Village. Temple, Green to Grafton. Thayer, from Ripley. Thenius, Stebbins to Perry. Thomas, Main to Summer. Thorne, Wall to Plantation. Tirrell, Main to Freeland. Townsend, Russell to Hudson. Tremont, Front to Mechanic. Trumbull, Front to Trumbull square. Tuckerman, Institute road to Salisbury. Tufts, Mason to Winfield. Union, Lincoln square to Mechanic. Union avenue. Ward to Grafton. Upland, from Greenwood. Upsala, from Vernon. Uxbridge, from Lincoln avenue. Vale, yEtna to Union avenue. Valley, Castle to Oread place. Vernon, Green to Quinsigamond Village, View, from Vernon. Vine, Front to PVanklin. Vinton, from Lincoln. Wabash avenue, from Granite. Wachusett, Home to Salisbury. Wade, Millbury to Ward. Waile, from Shrewsbury. Waldo, Exchange to Foster. Wall, Grafton to Norfolk, Walnut, Main to Chestnut, Ward, Vernon to Millbury, Warden, Shrewsbury to Plantation. Warren, Front to Cherry. Washburn, Southbridge to Cambridge. Washington, Park to Lafayette. Water, Grafton to Green. Waverley, Providence to Grafton. Wayne, Leicester to Baker. Webster, from Webster square. Wellington, Main to Chandler. Wells, from Plantation. Wesby, John to Home. West, Pleasant to Salisbury, sq. West Boylston, from Park avenue. West Fremont, from W-ebster. West Oberlin, from Park avenue. Westminster, Catharine to Mt. Vernon. Whipple, at Quinsigamond Village, White, Baker to Gates lane, Wildey avenue, from West Boylston, Whitney, from Millbury, Whittier, from Edgeworth, Wigwam avenue, Lake av. to Coburn av. Wiliard, at Tatnuck. William, Chestnut to Sever. Willis, Bremer to Hemans. Wilson, from Seward. Windsor, from Catharine. Winfield, Tufts to May. Winona, from Shrewsbury. Winslow, Pleasant to Austin. Winter, Green to Grafton. Winthrop, from Vernon. Woodbine, Maywood to Beaver, Woodland, King to Maywood, Woodlawn avenue, from Brittan, Woodside, from Perry avenue. Woodward, from Cambridge, Worth, Millbury to Ward, Wyman, Main to Tainter. Streets and Street Names. — There are some 650 streets in Worcester — 150 miles of public and 60 miles of private streets. They are quite generally curbed, and a large pro- portion paved or macadamized. The appro- priation for the Highway Department in 1892 was $110,000. Main street is probably the oldest highway in the city. It was used in 1674, and con- stantly from 1 713. The Jo Bill road was a traveled path two hundred years ago. Front log STR— street, part of Summer street, Lincoln street, Salisbury, Pleasant, Green and Grafton streets were other early roads. Plantation street was in use at the time the place .was called Quin- sigamond Plantations, and perpetuates the name. Front street was legally laid out March 15, 1785. Of the other streets running from Main street. Mechanic street was opened in 1787, as a way to the new burying ground, and for many years did not continue beyond it; Thomas street was opened and -given to the town in 1806 by Isaiah Thomas; School street was laid out by Geer Terry about 18 14, and was at first called Terry street. April 4, 1 8 14, the town voted "to authorize the select- men to name such streets leading from the Centre street as they might judge proper, and to place posts and boards with the names thereon at the corners thereof." At this time the following names were probably given or confirmed: Main, Front, Pleasant, Me- chanic, Thomas, School and Back (now Sum- mer) streets. In town meeting May 3, 1824, it was "voted that the street from Abraham Lincoln's store to Broken-up Hill until it comes to Barber's road at the guide-post, be called Salisbury street." On the map of the village published by Clarendon Harris in July, 1829, the names of only fifteen streets appear, viz., Salisbury, Main, School, Thomas, Cen- tral, Mechanic, Front, Summer, Franklin, Grafton, Green, Water, South (now Park), Church (now Salem square), and Pleasant. Lincoln and Washington squares had been named; and part of Pearl and Lincoln .streets and all of the present Market street were en- graved on the map, but the names were not affixed. Between 1830 and 1840 quite a number of new streets were opened, among them Foster, Elm and Exchange (at first called Market) in the centre of the town. The names of more than sixty appear on the map published with the first directory in 1844; and there was a rapid increase after this date. The town government appears to have had little to do with naming streets, and comparatively few were officially designated, unless the ac- ceptance of them with names already given may be considered a legal sanction. In Jan- uary, 1849, ^fter Worcester became a city, Mr. Henry J. Howland, publisher of the Di- rectory, requested the City Council to estab- lish names for such highways and public streets as had not received them, for the bet- ter convenience of locating the inhabitants. particularly those living outside the centre district. This petition was referred to the committee on highways, who reported in Jan- uary, 1850, recommending the appointment of a special committee of one citizen from each of the old highway districts (12 in number) to report suitable names for all the highways and streets within the limits of the city, subject to revision by the mayor and aldermen. Mr. Howland was made chairman of this com- mittee. The report is recorded on page 51, Vol. I. of the Records of Streets, in the city clerk's office. Some 70 names were given or confirmed by this committee. In February, 1871, a joint special committee of the two branches of the City Council was appointed to provide for renumbering the streets, and to supply names where they were wanting. About thirty names were confirmed at this time. With the exception of occasional official recognition, the nomenclature of the greater portion appears to have been left to individual fancy, and names were and are applied by private parties without special authority. More or less confusion has resulted, and in several cases a name has been attached to two or more streets at the same time, thereby leading strangers 'widely astray. There have been three Waldo streets, and there are two Taylor streets at the present time. A large number of family and private names have been applied, in some cases by irresponsible and transient persons, who seized the oppor- tunity to gain a little glory for themselves and those connected with them, at the expense of the community. A great many absurd and inappropriate names appear, in violation of good taste and common sense. Some rule should be established by the City Government for the proper naming of streets, and some evidence required as to the respectability and fitness of the titles proposed. Of some of the reasons given for applying certain names the least said the soonest mended. The investigation of the origin of street and other names of any particular place leads to many curious and interesting facts of local history. An analysis of these names exhibits to a certain degree the tastes and tendency of mind in the people for a long period. In Worcester, family names have been used in large proportion. Of illustrious names we have a few, such as Washington, Franklin, Lafayette and Wellington. In opening streets at the north end, Hon. Stephen Salisbury STR— no gave the Revolutionary names of Concord, Lexington, Prescott, Hancock and Otis. Of the presidents besides Washington, we find the names of Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Jackson, Harrison, Lincoln, Grant and Gar- field; of statesmen and generals, Hamilton, Clinton, Webster, Everett, Wilson, Seward, Bismark, Scott, Fremont, Meade, Sherman, Sheridan and Sigel. Mr. David S. Messinger in laying out Fairmont gave literary names to the streets there, and we have Milton, Dry- den, Edgeworth, Bremer, Hemans, Byron, Bryant, Willis and Whittier. Lamartine, Palfrey, Pierpont, Lowell and Waverley are of this class given by others. Mr. Messinger also named William and Elizabeth streets after his children. It is to be regretted that the names of the early settlers of the town are not perpetuated in more instances. Hench- man and Curtis are the only ones that occur at present writing. Indian names scarcely appear. To Gov. Lincoln we are indebted for such names as Elm, Maple, Chestnut, Cedar, Walnut, Linden and Oak. These are always in good taste, as are Woodland, Birch, Maywood and Hawthorn, named, by Mr. Henry H. Chamberlin. The trees are well represented in Worcester street names; the fruits in Plum, Apricot, Mulberry, Cherry and Orange, and with these belong Vine, Fruit and Orchard. We find the four seasons in Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, and the months in May and June; the precious metals in Gold and Silver; and the gems in Pearl, Agate and Diamond. Milk and Water are in suspicious proximity. Such names as Gas, Chrome, Bath and Carbon, as well as many others, are absurdities when applied to streets. Many street names are self-explanatory, as, for instance, the highways leading to several of the adjacent or other towns, such as Boylston, West Boylston, Holden, Leices- ter, Stafford, Southbridge, Millbury, Grafton and Shrewsbury. The situation of many gives the cue to their names, as High, Prospect, Vale, Valley, Cliff, Crown, Ascension, and several others. In the following list of some 200 streets the result of the writer's inquiries is given so/ar as the origin or source of the name is concerned. Other interesting partic- ulars have been gathered, but cannot be pre- sented in the limited space afforded by the Dictionary. The compiler will gladly re- ceive corrections from those who possess .authentic information. Abbott — Ebenezer E. Abbott. Adams — Adams family. Aitchison — George C Aitchison. Albert— Charles Albert Allen. Alden — John Alden. Alvarado avenue — Alvarado A. Coburn. Anna— Wife of C. C. Coburn. Anne — Wife of Patrick O'Rourke. Ararat — Mount Ararat. Ashland — Home of Henry Clay. Assonet — Named by Job Lawton, who was born in Assonet, a place near Plymouth. Job's wife's name was Patience. Asylum — Insane Asylum. Austin — Rev. Samuel Austin. Bailey — Silas Bailey. Baker — Warren Baker. Ballard— John S. Ballard. Barbour — William C. Barbour. Barclay — Barclay, the Quaker. Beach — Henry J. Howland says he named it for the tree, and that it should be spelled Beech. Others say named for Lucius Beach. Beacon — Beacon street in Boston. Named by Col. James Estabrook. Bellevue — Named by George Jaques. Belmont — Suggested by Bell pond. Benefit — Benefit to Worcester Academy by sale of the land. Berkeley — Berkeley, the Quaker. Blackstone — Blackstone canal. Blake — James B. Blake, mayor. Blithewood — Named by Rev. J. F. Burbank for a place in England. Boynton — John Boynton. Bradley — Osgood Bradley. Brown — Albert Brown. Camp — Camp Scott. Caroline — Caroline, wife of Fred. Greenleaf, hero of one of Rev. E. E. Hale's novels. Carpenter — Anthony E. Carpenter. Castle — From the Oread. Catharine — Wife of Ebenezer Harrington. Chadwick — Chadwick family. Chandler — Chandler family. Channing — William EUery Channing. Chapin — Henry Chapin. Charlotte— Wife of H. H. Chamberhn. Cheever — Rev. Henry T. Cheever. Church — Formerly Salem square was called Church street and the name remained with the continuation. j Clark— William L. Clark. 1 Clarkson — Clarkson, the Quaker. I Clinton — Dewitt CHnton. I 1 1 1 STR— ■Colton — Samuel H. Colton. Crescent — Former course of the street, ■Cristy — Cristy Weyer. Crompton — George Crompton. Crown — Crown of the hill. Crystal — Crystal Lake in Illinois. Curtis — Albert Curtis. Gushing — Paine family name. Cutler — From a resident. Davis — Isaac Davis. Dean — Salisbury family name. Decatur — Decatur C. Tourtelotte. Dewey — Francis H. Dewey. Dix— Dr. Elijah Dix. Dorrance — Dorrance S. Goddard. Douglas — This street was named by William G. Maynard, who renumbered the streets in 1 87 1. It was peopled with negroes and Irish, who could not agree upon a name. The negroes were told that Fred- erick Douglass was honored, and the Irish that it had reference to Stephen A. Douglas, Democratic candidate for the presidency, so both factions were satis- fied. Downing — A. J. Downing, eminent horticul- turist. E?Ld}^^^^"^^^'^^^- Ellsworth — Ellsworth, the martyr. Ely — Lyman A. Ely. Everett — Edward Everett. Exchange — Central Exchange. Earwell — Simeon Farwell, who bought the first lot. Foster — Foster family. Fountain — From the "Water Cure" formerly near there. Fowler — Ezekiel Fowler. Fox — Fox family. Francis } ^^^^'^^^ Fales Kneeland. Frederick — Frederick W. Paine. Freeland — Named in Yxq^-soU times by H. H. Chamberlin and Henry Chapin. Fremont — John C. Fremont. Garden — Garden of Wm. Lincoln. Gardner — Named by James H. Wall for the Know-Nothing governor. Gas — Gas W^orks. Gates — Simon S. Gates. George — Gen. George Hobbs. Glen — Its situation. Goulding — Goulding family. Grace — Grace of the Lord. Grant — The general and president. Hacker — W. E. Hacker. Hale— Rev. E. E. Hale. Hammond — Sargent family name. Harrington Ave. — Ebenezer Harrington. Harrison — Named by John F, Pond for the president in 1841. Hathaway — Dr. John G. Hathaway. Hawkins — D. A. Hawkins. Hawley — Wm. Dickinson's first wife's family name. Henchman — Henchman, early settler. Henry — Walter Henry. High — Its situation. Holmes ) ^.^^ „ , p.^^ > Pitt Holmes. Houchin — T. W. Houchin. Hudson — Chas. Hudson, member of Congress. Illinois — Named by S. S. Gates, former resi- dent, who went to Illinois. Jackson — President Jackson. Jo Bill — Joseph Bill, who lived there in 1750. John — Dr. Jolui Green. Kansas — Named in "Kansas" times. Keese — Timothy Keese Earle. Kendall — Joseph G. Kendall. Kilby — Kilby street in Boston. Named by Col. James Estabrook. King — Family name of Mrs. S. H. Colton. Kingsbury — Family name of Rev. George Allen's mother. Lagrange — Home of Lafayette, f Lamartine — Eminent Frenchman. I Langdon — Name in Whittier's "Stanzas for I the Times." Lafayette — Eminent Frenchman. I Lunelle — Lunelle Sargent who lived there. [ Lodi — Bridge of Lodi. These were named by the late Perry Thayer, who laid out the triangle on the Island, and desired to comprise all the names under one letter in the alphabet. Lawrence — Amos A. Lawrence, Kansas bene- factor. Lewis — Lewis Chapin. Liberty — Peopled by negroes. Lincoln — Lincoln family. Liscomb — N. S. Liscomb. Loudon— Eminent English landscape gardener. Lovell — Lovell family. Lowell — James Russell Lowell, the poet. Madison — President Madison. Mason — Joseph Mason. Mendon — Named by John F. Pond in com- pliment to Henry Chapin. STR— 112 Merrick — Mrs. D. Waldo Lincoln's family name. Merrifield — Merrifield family. Mott — Lucretia Mott. Mower — Mower family. Mulberry — First planted with mulberry trees during the silk-worm excitement. Nashua — Nashua Railroad. Newbury — Newbury street in Portland, Me. Newport — Native place of Mrs. Edward Earle. Normal — Normal School. Norwich — Norwich Railroad in the old Foster street station. Norwood — Henry Ward Beecher's novel. Oberlin — Oberhn College. Oliver — Oliver H. Blood. Oread — Oread Institute. Oxford — Oxford street in New York. Paine — Paine family. Palfrey — John G. Palfrey. Palmer — Jonas G. Palmer. , Parker — Mrs. Joseph Mason's family name. Patch — From a resident there. Pattison— Dr. R. E. Pattison. Penn Ave. — William Penn. Perkins — Paine family name. Piedmont — "Foot of the Mountain." Named by George Jaques. Pierpont — Rev. John Pierpont. Plymouth — Probably named by Job Lawton ( See Assonet). Portland — Portland in Maine, Prioulx — M. Prioulx, who opened it. Queen — Named by S. H. Colton to mate King street, which see. Reservoir — From the old reservoir recently demolished. Richards — Richards family. Ripley — John C. Ripley. Robinson PI. — Dr. Jeremiah Robinson. Russell — James W. Russell. Sargent — Sargent Card Clothing Co. W?nfield}^°'^ g^"^^^^- Seward — William H. Seward. Shepard — Timothy Shepard Stone. Sheridan Sherman )^ — For the generals. Sigel Stafford — Turnpike to Stafford Springs. Sturgis — Paine family name. Tatman — Tatman family. Taylor — President Taylor. Taylor (at Quinsigamond Village) — Ransom C. Taylor. Temple — The church there. Thayer — Charles D. Thayer. Thenius — Moritz Thenius. Thomas — Isaiah Thomas. Trumbull — George A. Trumbull. Tuckerman — Salisbury family name. Union — Named soon after Webster's reply to Hayne. Uxbridge — Named by John F. Pond in com- pliment to Henry Chapin. Valley — Its situation. Wachusett — The mountain can be seen here. Waldo— Daniel Waldo. Warden — Warden family. Wellington — Probably named by George Jaques for the duke. Wesby — Joseph S. Wesby. Whipple — Franklin Whipple. Wilmot — Wilmot proviso. Wilson — Henry Wilson, senator. W^inslow — Lincoln family name. Mr. Charles A. Chase has given some as- sistance in the compilation of the above list. The following list of discarded and trans- erred street names will be of interest in this connection : Discarded Names. Ann, now Kendall Back, " Summer Berkeley, " Wade Bliss, " West (norfh part) Border, " Tufts Corbett, " Chatham (east end) Columbian avenue, " Exchange (east end) Culvert, " Laurel (west end) Fuller, " Hanover Hanover (in part), " Clayton Holley, " South Russell ( ?) Holbrook, Hos ital " r East Central ^ ' \ Jaques avenue Lynde, " Clayton (nearly) Middle, " Union Newton, " Park avenue Olive, " Discontinued. Palma, " Russell Pratt, " Park avenue Prince, " Jaques avenue Queen (part), " Kingsbury Quigley road, " Park avenue Salem (part), " Church Silk, " Dix Short, " Carlton South, " Park Terry, *' School "3 STR— Grant, Greenwood, Leicester, Market, Oak, Pine, Russell, Silver, Spruce Turnpike, now Belmont Upton, *' Barclay Uxbridge, " Penn avenue Vernant, " Hanover Westborough, " Wilmot, " Eastern avenue Transferred. Auburn, now Silver Clifton, " Hollywood Cliff, " Orient Cross, *' Spring Division, *' Chatham Essex, " South Irving East, " Eastern avenue Forest, " Woodland Goddard, Grand Goulding, Liberty Richland Grosvenor Houghton Patch Hancock, formerly fi-om Lexington to Gard- ner. Jaques, now Piedmont (north end) Larch, formerly, now discontinued. Hermon Exchange (west end) Maple (west part) Shrewsbury Reservoir Bowdoin Oxford (south end) Taylor, formerly from Main, now discontinued. Waldo, now Boynton. White, formerly from Chandler, now discon- tinued. Information Wanted. Persons having definite knowledge of the origin of the following names, or other particulars relating to the laying out of the streets, are requested to communicate with the compiler of the Dictionary. Agawam. Allen. Armandale. Auburn. Ball. Batchelder. Belknap. Bismark. Bleeker. Brattle. Brigham. Brighton. Buffum. Burgess. Burncoat. Butler. Carlton. Carroll. Channing. Charles. Chester. Claremont, Cora. Moreland. Coral . ivit, 1 leasani. Cottage . Nixon. Daley. i\orioiK. Hilmwooa . Oakland . Endicott. Olean . Essex. Orchard. Fairview avenue. Orient. r oyie. Oswald. Gertrude avenue. Page. Goddard. Parker avenue. ooia. Parlin place. VJl CCllLlctlC clVCllUC Phillinc "P]\7mnntV» X 1 y iiivjLiiii . Groton place. Prentice . Hall. -i I llil^C LUll . X XdlllUUltl. "Pntn ii m Hanover. JKiiey . Harlem. Roxbury . lldlllb CUUIL. Oc y lilUl C . Woo rA fiearu. oneiDy . Heywood. Shirley. Mill Smith court. Hillside avenue. Smith lane. Hollywood . Stebbins. Suffiplrl OUlllClU . rioulinan place. oUtiOlK, Ploward. Sunny Side. Howe . Swan court. Hunt. i aiL. Ingalls. Towne's court. Irving. Townsend. James. Tremont. Jerome. Tnftc 1 UllS. Ivd-llC 3 CULIIL. Vale. Kneeland court. Vernon . Lancaster. Wabash avenue. Larkin. vv aae . Laurel. Wall. ijayarcl place. \A/a\7Prlpv i^ee. Wayne. i-«itcnneia. w eiis. Ludlow. ^A/'est minster. Lyman. w nite. ^^hitney . JMancnester . "Wilson . Marshall. Windsor. Melrose. Winthrop. Mitchell. Woodworth court. Montague. Worth. Montreal. Street Railway Railroad Company — The Worcester Horse was chartered in i86i, STR— 114 with the following corporators: Albert Cur- tis, Frederick W. Paine, Loring Goes, William H. Hey wood, Joseph Sargent, John C. Mason and James H. Wall. The capital stock was $100,000. James B. Blake (afterwards mayor), who had been the prime mover in the undertaking, was elected president; and the following constituted the first board of directors: Albert Curtis, Geo. W. Richard- son, Joseph Sargent, Draper Ruggles, Geo. W. Bentley, Henry Chapin, William Cross, Edward Earle, with Charles B. Whiting as treasurer and clerk. Tracks were laid through Lincoln street from Harrington avenue; Main street from Lincoln square to New Worcester; Front and Grafton streets to the railroad station; and Pleasant street as far as West street. The Lincoln, Main and Front street lines were opened for use Septem- ber I, 1863; the Pleasant street branch on the 3d of November. The railroad did not prosper under Mr. Blake's management, and after a time the corporation failed, and the property was sold under the hammer. The stockholders lost their investments, several as much as $5,000 each. The Pleasant street tracks were finally taken up, as that line has not paid from the first. Henry Chapin made some efforts to reorganize and reestablish the company on a sound basis, but without satis- factory results. In 1869, Augustus Seeley of New York bought the property and franchise of the company for (it is said) $30,000. For the next twelve years cars were run over the limited routes, hardly to the convenience of the public, and the fare was stiffly maintained at seven cents on the main line. Persons changing from the Main street to the Front street cars were obliged to pay five cents more, making twelve cents to the Union station. In 1881, a reduction to five cents was compelled by the introduction of herdics, and this year the track was extended to Adams square, the residents along the new line contributing quite a sum to indemnify the company for the risk and sacrifice. In 1885, a new company suddenly appeared and gained a franchise that considerably more than doubled the miles of track. Hon. Charles B. Pratt was president of the new corporation, known as the Citizen's. During the summer of 1886 tracks were laid in Pleasant, .South - bridge, Salisbury, Grove, Trumbull, Green, Millbury and other streets. In the mean time the two companies consolidated, and the new- management began to afford faciHties more in character with the requirements of the citizens. The following routes are now travelled, and others are to be opened: Adams square, Lincoln and Main streets, to- Webster square. Chadwick square. Grove, Salisbury, Main and Southbridge streets to Auburn square. Lincoln square. Main, Pleasant, West^ Cedar and Agricultural streets to Elm Park. Lincoln square, Main and Pleasant streets to Park avenue. Lincoln square. Main, Front, Trumbull, Green and Millbury streets, to Quinsigamond Village. Lincoln square, Main, Front streets, Wash- ington square, Grafton street to Grafton square. Union station to Lincoln square. " " " Park avenue. " " Elm Park. " " " New Worcester. Lincoln square, Salisbury, Boynton and Highland streets, to Elm Park. Chandler street to Park avenue from Lin- coln square or Union depot. Laurel Hill and Grant square, via Thomas, Summer, Laurel, Belmont and Hanover streets. The cars may be distinguished by the color as follows: Main street, straw; Grafton street and Union station, north, blue plaid; Union station, south, red plaid; Chadwick square, red; West Side, Elm Park and Park avenue, blue; Chandler street, light green; Quinsiga- mond, dark green. The stock of the Worcester Consolidat- ed Street Railway Company was purchased in November, 1892, by the Worcester Trac- tion Company, a New Jersey corporation. This company has a capital of $3,000,000, with $2,000,000 preferred. Much dissatisfac- tion has been expressed, publicly and otherwise, that a foreign corporation should obtain a valuable franchise in Worcester for nothing, but the public wall undoubtedly be well served by the new company. The North End Street Railw^ay Com- pany operates a line from Foster street through Summer and Lincoln streets to Green- dale, find is to be continued to Clinton. The Worcester & Shrewsbury Rail- road maintains a short electric line from 115 ST R— TAB Norwich street through Foster street to Wash- ington square. The Worcester, Leicester & Spencer Electric road (to be extended to South- bridge) was opened in 189 1, and the Worces- ter & MiLLBURY Hne in 1892. Cars of the former leave Salem square at convenient in- tervals, and the terminus of the Millbury road is at the corner of Main and Park streets. Proposals have been issued to form a cor- poration to be known as the State Central Street Railway Company^ to extend lines to Shrewsbury, Northborough, Marlborough, Westborough, Grafton, Auburn, Oxford and Webster. Sumner Club. — See High School Societies. Sunday Papers. — The Sunday news pa- pers published in Worcester are the Sunday Telegram^ the first number of which was dated November 30, 1884. The Sunday Spy first appeared July 22, 1888. See the Spy and Telegram, in the DICTIONARY. The Sunday editions of the Boston Herald and Globe pub- lish Worcester letters. The correspondent of the former is John Perley Munroe, and that of the latter Eugene M. Moriarty. Sunny Side. — The locality at the end of the Jo Bill road, on the southern slope of Prospect Hill. A pleasant settlement is built here, in view from Elm Park. Swedenborgians. — A few persons belong- ing to this sect began to hold meetings in Worcester some fifteen years ago, which were discontinued some time before 1880. About a year ago another attempt was made to es- tablish a church here, and meetings have since been held in the Walker building. Swedes or Scandinavians. — There are about 10,000 to 12,000 Scandinavians (which includes Swedes, Norwegians, Finns, etc.,) in Worcester — nearly as many as Boston has. There are six Swedish churches — one Lu- theran, two Methodist, two Baptist, and two Congregational; several mutual benefit and temperance societies; three cooperative grocery stores, and several private stores. One paper — weekly — Skandinavia, was established in 1886. It is Republican in politics. The first Swedes in Worcester came in 1868, and found employment at the Washburn & Moen Wire Works. Since that time a large number of other foreigners have been supplanted at that establishment by Scandinavians; and the latter have come to be a valualile and desira- ble element among our citizens. There is a large Swedish settlement ^it Quinsigamond Village. As a rule Scandinavians are indus- trious, frugal and quiet in their habits, gener- ally can read and write in their own language, and soon learn English. They have little jealousy of wealth, and are not given to use- less or clamorous agitation which has sO' wasted the strength and destroyed the re- sources of others; consequently they are prosperous to a remarkable degree; a very- large proportion own their homes, and have become permanent citizens. The respect for law and religion is inherent in them and they are little given to disorder or intemperance, though the latter is an occasional fault; the Finns, who are not, properly, Scandinavians, though classed with them, furnish the most examples. It is, however, comparatively sel- dom that a Swede or Norwegian comes before a court, and the newspapers recognize this fact by generally announcing the transgression in headlines as something remarkable. Minnesota is the Swedish center in America, but representatives of the race are widely scattered through the country. An eflfort, which promises good success, is now being made to people the deserted farms of northern New England with Swedes. The first Swed- ish Directory in this country was printed by the publishers of this Dictionary; and the Swedish almanac was also issued from their office. Tabernacle Church. — The church formed by the supporters of the Rev. Wm. M. Parry, who followed him from the Old South Church in 1874. It worshipped in Mechanics Hall. This church was recognized by a Congrega- tional Council, but that body refused to install Mr. Parry as pastor, and the ceremony was carried out by lay members of the church. After Mr. Parry's death in 1879, the church ceased to exist. A fine monument in memory of their pastor has been erected at Hope Cem- etery by members of the Tabernacle Church. It is of white marble in the form of a reading desk with the open Book, and below is a profile likeness in bas-relief, and the inscrip- tion: "Rev. William Meredith Parry, LL. D., Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature of London." .TAI— TEL ii6 Tailors' Union, No. 17. — Was organized in 1863. Tannery. — The "Old Tannery," promi- nently mentioned in the business history of the town from about 1800 to 1825 or later, was situated back of the Exchange Hotel, down Market street, and the vats in the meadow are remembered by some now living. Tariff Reform League (Worcester County). — The Worcester County Tariff Re- form League was organized Nov. 30, 1889. Tatnuck. — A village in the north west part of the city, three miles from the center. The name Tataesset was applied by the Indians to the western range of hills in the town, and was corrupted in Tatnick or Tatnuck. There is a school house and hall here. The Tatnuck Benevolent, Charitable and Literary Associa- tion is an active body, as is also the Tatnuck Farmers' Club. Tatnuck Brook. — This brook rises in Paxton and flows south to New Worcester, where it joins other streams to form Middle river. It is an important contributor to the water supply of the city. Beaver Brook is a tributary of Tatnuck Brook. Technical School. — See Polytechnic In- stitute. Telegram (Worcester Daily and Sun- day). — Published by the Telegram Newspaper Co., at 386 Main street. The Telegram was established as a Sunday paper on the 30th of November, 1884, by Austin P. Cristy, a mem- ber of the Worcester County Bar. The first daily edition appeared May 19, 1886. This paper has been very successful, and has a much larger circulation than any other newspaper printed in Worcester. Lord & Thomas' and Rowell's Registers give the average circulation for 1892, of the Sunday as 12,750, of the Daily as 10,238, and the same percentage of increase in circulation has been maintained each year from the beginning. The Telegram is a lively sheet, of inquisitive tendencies, and is prolific in news. It is ultra Republican and Protection in poHtics, and has always advo- cated the cause of temperance. Telegraph. — The operation of the mag- netic telegraph was first exhibited in Worces- ter at Brinley Hall, on the evening of Decem- ber 9, 1845, by Mr. J. E. Strong, manager of the Springfield telegraph station. A charge of 25 cents was made at the door. The line of the New York & New England Telegraph Company was completed at that time between New York and Springfield, and the next season (1846) was carried through to Boston. In July, 1846, citizens importuned the man- agers to establish a station in Worcester, but they demanded $1,500, and it was probably more than a year later that an office was opened here. The first place occupied was a room in the building on Norwich street, where the paint and oil store of G. H. Clark & Co. now is. Mr. Strong of the Springfield station was appointed manager. In 1850 or '51 the office was removed to Warren block on Pearl street, upstairs; and in 1858 again removed to the Insurance building on Main street, opposite Elm street. The N. Y. & N. E., American, Franklin and other telegraph companies were consoli- dated with the Western Union, and successive managers of the main office here under the different companies have been Horatio N. Williams, 1853; John G. Tobey, 1861, and Edwin W. Bradford, 1863 to the present time. The latter has been connected with the tele- graph service in this city thirty-five years. The Western Union Company removed to the Spy building (442-444 Main street) in 1872, where it still remains. There are branch offices at the Bay State House and the Union Station. The American Co. had an office here in 1859-60; the Franklin for several years (about 1867- 1 878); the Atlantic & Pacific, 1880-1881; American Rapid, 1881- 1884; Mutual Union, 188 1- 1889; Bankers & Merchants', 1884; United Lines, 1885- 1888; and the Postal Telegraph-Cable Co. The office of the latter is at 20 Pleasant street. Taliaferro P. Shaffner, the eminent teleg- rapher, was in Worcester more or less from 1857 to i860, and wrote some portions of his large "Telegraph Manual" here, receiving assistance in the translation of foreign lan- guages from George Jaques. After the failure of the first Atlantic cable, Mr. Shaffner pro- jected a line from Labrador to Greenland, continuing to Iceland, Faroe Islands, Norway and Scotland. A vessel was fitted out at Boston to explore the route and take sound- ings, and the principal expense of the under- taking was paid by Daniel R. Pratt (a broth- er-in-law of Mr. Shaffner), who built the 117 TEL— TEM mansion on Wellington street afterwards the residence of George Gill. Samuel H. Putnam, the bookseller, and Henry M. Sorell, the well-known Worcester hackman, accompanied Mr. Shaffner on this voyage, leaving Boston in August, 1859, and landing in Glasgow in November. Telephone Service. — The Worcester Tel- ephone Exchange was opened at 425 Main street in 1879, and a large number of instru- ments were soon in use. The Exchange was removed to 44 Front street in 1888. The present number of subscribers in the city is 1,060. The Long Distance Telephone Co. has an office at 434 Main street. The Worcester Telephone Exchange ranks second in size of the exchanges of the New England Telephone Company, according to the report of 1892. In 1886 the exchange was seventh in rank. The report of last year's work in the Wor- cester district, which includes, besides Wor- cester, the towns of Clinton, Spencer, Webster, Westboro and Southbridge, shows that there are 1209 subscribers, who sent in 2,280,000 calls during the year, an average of six calls per subscriber for each working day. There were sent out and received from these ex- changes 1 10,382 toll messages. Within the district there are 7456 poles, carrying 867 miles of open wires and 239 miles of single wires in cables, an increase of 250 poles, 102 miles of open wires and 58 miles of cable wires during the year. There are now over 150 subscribers using the long-distance instru- ments, and it is probable the growing demand for this class of service on account of troubles resulting from the electric railways will neces- sitate nearly double the present wire mileage within two years. Arrangements are now be- ing made for a large increase of line and cen- tral office facilities at once. While the system in Worcester has had a more rapid development than any other city excepting Boston, and its wire mileage is next to that of Boston, it is now nearly the only city of size in New England in which the telephone company has no underground wires. Under- ground conduits are now used in Boston, Cam- bridge, Charlestown, Somerville, Lowell, Lawrence, Salem, Portland and Springfield. The fact that the telephone company has been allowed by the various city governments, after careful investigation, to place its standard system of conduits, seems to make some agree- ment between the city and the telephone people the more important. About 35 people are employed in and about the exchange in the winter, and in the sum- mer the force is increased to from 50 to 60 persons. In 1 89 1 the number of calls was 2,041,440. There were 138 miles of pole line, 551 miles of wire out of cables and 4I miles of cables, containing 240 miles single copper wire. There were 31,260 paid messages sent to and 30,196 messages received from other ex- changes. Temperance Societies. — Foremost among the temperance societies is the Reforin Club, which was organized in 1876, and has been the means of rescuing many from the curse of intemperance. The hall is at 98 Front street. The Worcester Temperance Club was sub- stantially on the same plan. Of temperance societies proper, \heWashingtonia>i Division, No. lyb, was organized in 1865, the Sons of Temperance, Anchor Division, No. 56, or- ganized 1882; Worcester Temple of Honor, N'o. ji; Kata??ia Lodge, I. O. G. T., N'o. J3 ; Worcester Distrikt Teitipel, No. j, and jViagara Lodge, No. j, 0. of T. There is a Mutual Relief Association of the Sons and Daughters of Temperance. The Irish tem- perance societies are the Father Mathe^v, St. John's Guild and St. Stephen'' s Lyceum; (see Lrish Societies). The First Woman's Tem- perance Union was organized in 1876, and meets at the Second Baptist Church; and the Second W. C. T. U., formed in 1878, meets in the Burnside building. The Worcester Central Temperance League was organized ia 1887, and is composed of the pastors and del- egates from the churches and temperance societies in the city. Its objects are to enforce the law against saloons, and to cultivate total abstinence principles. The rooms are in the Y. M. C. A. building. Temporary Home and Day Nursery. — Established in 1883 as the Day Nursery and Kindergarten, for the benefit of the children of the poor, and of mothers who are obliged to work out at day labor. Children can be left during the day, and will be properly cared for. A fee of ten cents a day is charged for each child. The home is at 1 76 Southbridge street. It is incorporated. 9 TEN— THE ii8 Tenders' Union. — Meets at 98 Front street. Tennis Clubs. — There are two tennis clubs in Worcester — the Woodlaivn and the Winslo7u. Theatres and Theatricals. — The first 'dramatic entertainment in Worcester by pro- fessional talent took place in the year 1797, as appears by the following announcement in the Massachusetts Spy: "Theatrical. For a few nights only, Mr. Hogg, late of the Boston Theatre, re- spectfully informs the Ladies and Gentlemen of Worcester and vicinity, that the Hall over the School Room is fitted up for the purpose of representing some select and most admired Dramatic Pieces. On Wednesday evening, June 21, 1797, will be performed a favorite musical entertainment, called The Waterttian. 'By particular desire, Collins'' Ode on the Passions. To which will be added for the ■second time, a dramatic romance in one act, •called The Oracle^ or Daphne and Admintor. The whole to conclude with a Pas de Deux. The doors to be open at half past six, and the performance to commence precisely at half past seven. Tickets to be had at the Worces- ter bookstore, at the bookstore of Isaiah Thomas, Jun., and of Mr. Hogg, at the house of Capt. Heywood. Front seats 3-9. Back seats 2-3." On the 28th of June, the play of "Like Master, Like Man," was given. More than twenty years passed before the people of Worcester had another opportunity of witnessing anything like a theatrical enter- tainment. William Charles White, an actor and play-writer of some note, resided in the town some years between 1797 and 1818, the year of his death. What influence he had in cultivating a taste for the drama in the minds of his friends and neighbors cannot now be deter- mined, but we are told by one who knew him that he was a man of free and elegant man- ners, and was often surrounded by those who were charmed by the magic of his voice, and the vigor of his understanding. But, however strong the craving, the opportunities for gratification in those days were few, especially in a country village like Worcester. We have contemporary testimony that the study of Shakespeare was one of the recreations of a small circle of cultivated minds gathered in the town in the first years of the century, com- prising such names as Allen, Lincoln, Bangs, Bancroft, Blake, White and others. The drama itself, however, had to be viewed and enjoyed elsewhere. On the 24th of April, 1820, a "Rational Entertainment" was given at Eager's Hall by Mr. Bernard, Mr. Jones and Mrs. Young from the Boston Theatre, under the title "Be Merry, Be Wise; or the World as it Goes," with songs, dancing, recitations, etc. Eager's Hall was in the Brick Hotel at the corner of Main and Mechanic streets, where the Walker building now stands. Most of the hotels or taverns in those days had halls for dancing, lectures and such entertainments and exhibitions as came along. Mr. Blan- chard's "Olympic Theatre" was advertised at Howe & White's (successors of Eager) Hotel in September, 1821. Mrs. Blanchard and her three children took part in this exhibition. It appears that there was a strong sentiment in the town between 1830 and 1850 against all entertainments of the lighter nature, and this was evidently inculcated and emphasized by John Milton Earle, the editor of the Spy, who was not sparing in his denunciation of such "fooleries" which encouraged "idleness, cruelty and vice." For quite a number of years no circuses or theatricals were allowed in the town. About the time Worcester be- came a city, the gates were occasionally opened, but it was some time after this before dramatic performances were allowed to be given without protest. Brinley Hall was used fifty years ago for most of the entertainments of this character, until in 1850 the new Flagg's Hall, in the block which was burned in January, 1854, took a large share of them. This hall was provided with scenery and other stage appurtenances. Among the celebrities who appeared here were Geo. L. Fox, Mrs. Barrett, Denman Thompson and Yankee Locke. There was no "theatre" in Worces- ter until the completion of the one erected by William Piper, in 1856-7, which is now known as the "Front Street Opera House." This was first opened on the 9th of February, 1857, the play "Ingomar" being given by a select com- pany under the management of Wyzeman Marshall. This theatre was closed Nov. 27, 1867, remodelled for business uses, and was known for the next twenty years as the "Front Street Exchange." Again altered and re- stored, it was re-opened a^s a theatre in the fall 119 THE— TOW of 1888, Many actors of merit, and some eminent ones appeared in this building during its first years, among whom were Edwin Forrest, John E. Owens, Mrs. Barrow, John (lilbert, Charlotte Thompson, Rose Eytinge, Wm. E. Burton, J. W. Wallack, Charlotte Cushman, McKean Buchanan, Wm. Warren, Laura Keane and Matilda Heron. John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Lincoln, played here in 1863. Charles C. D. Wilkinson managed the theatre for one season. Music Hall, known after 1873 the ''Worcester Theatre," was opened March 9, 1869. A history of this building is given under the title Mtisic Hall in the Dictionary. Of the celebrities who have appeared here, the following are now remembered: Charles R. Thorne, John E. Owens, Mr. and Mrs. Barney Williams, Mrs. J. B. Booth, Wyzeman Marshall, Lester Wallack, Joseph Jefferson, Edwin Booth, Barry Sullivan, Anna Dickin- son, James E. Murdock (readings), Charles Fechter, Henry Irving, E. A. Sothern, Salvini, Sarah Bernhardt, Mrs. Langtry, Lawrence Barrett and others. This building was burned May 16, 1889. The New Worcester Theatre, Exchange street, on the site of the one destroyed by fire, is one of the most elegant houses of entertain- ment in New England. First class plays are presented by the best talent. Rock & Brooks are the present managers. Theatrical performances have also been given in Mechanics Hall, in the Rink in Bigelow Garden, and in various other places. Bristol's Dime Museum, located in Washburn Hall for several winters, combined dramatic exhibitions with other attractions. Private theatricals have been rendered by amateur talent on several occasions; the efforts of the Quinsigamond Boat Club in producing such travesties as "Romeo and Juliet," "Lord Bate- man," and the "Talisman" are deserving of praise. Edmund Kean, one of the greatest lights of the English stage, passed through Worces- ter on the 20th of December, 1825, to Boston, where he attempted to play on the evening of the 2ist, but was prevented by riotous demon- strations. He returned to this town well armed on the 22d, remained over night, and departed for New York on the 23d. Theological Library. — See Allen Library. Thief Detecting Society.— T/^^ Worces- ter Association for Mutual Aid in Detecting 77^^>z/^5 was formed Nov. 16, 1795, ^rid the organization is still maintained. Times (Worcester Daily).— An evening paper established Sept. i, 1879, as a one cent issue. The price was advanced to two cents. It was Democratic in politics, and claimed to be the organ of the workingmen. After more than ten years' publication the paper was purchased by the Prohibitionists, who failed to make a success, and suspended its issue. Toboggan Club.— The Worcester To- boggan Club was organized in 1886. The slide is at the Eyrie, Lake Quinsigamond. Tower Hill. — The elevation on the Shrews- bury side of Lake Quinsigamond, north of the causeway, offered to the Natural History Society in 1890 by Thomas H. Dodge, Esq., for a girls' camp. Town Clerks of Worcester. — Following is a list of town clerks from 1722 to 1848: 1722. Jonas Rice. 1723- Benjamin Flagg, 1724. Jonas Rice. 1729. Zephaniah Rice. 1730. Benjamin Flagg. 1731- Jonas Rice. 1753- Daniel Heywood. 1754. Timothy Paine. 1764. John Chandler. 1768. Clark Chandler. 1775- Nathan Baldwin. 1778. William Stearns. 1780. Nathaniel Heywood. 1780. Joseph Allen. 1781. Daniel Goulding. 1783- William G. Maccarty. 1783- Daniel Goulding. 1787. Theophilus Wheeler. 1792. Daniel Goulding. 1796. Leonard Worcester, pro tern. 1797. Daniel Goulding. 1800. Oliver Fiske. 1803. Daniel Goulding. 1808. Enoch Flagg. 1816. Levi Heywood. 1818. Benjamin Chapin. 1833- Samuel Jennison. 1836. Charles A. Hamilton, who was the last town clerk to 1848, and also the first city elerk. Previous to 1787 the town clerk was also clerk of the First Parish — -in fact the distinction between the Town and Parish was not made TOW— TYP 120 until after the incorporation of the Second Parish. See under Old South Church for a list of clerks of the First Parish from 1787 to the present time. See also the title City Clerk. Traders' Protective League. — Was formed in 1892. Tramps. — The number of tramps or lodgers accommodated at the police station in 1891 was 5,146. Trinity Methodist-Episcopal Church. — The first incorporated body of Methodists in Worcester was organized February 8, 1834, under the name of The Methodist- Episcopal Society in the Towjt of Worcester. Previous to the above date there had been class meet- ings and preaching to some extent for several years. Joseph A. Merrill was the first minis- ter of the new society, and he was, within a short time, succeeded by George Pickering. The Town Hall was the first place of worship. A lot at the corner of Front and Spring streets was offered for $600 as a site for a building, but funds were lacking and the purchase was not made. In 1836 Samuel R. Jackson gave a piece of land on Exchange street (the east end of which was then called Columbian avenue, and the west end at Main street. Market street ; the central portion not being open for travel) at the southeast corner of Union street, and a meeting house was built at a cost of $4, 1 50. It was dedicated and opened for service March 8, 1837. The situation was unfavorable, and the approaches, especially in winter and wet weather, not pleasant or con- venient, causing Father Taylor on one occa- sion to inquire, '* Why didn't you build your meeting house in a cow-yard and done with it ? " February 19, 1844, this structure was burned, and in 1845 a new church was erected on Park street, south of the Common. This was of brick, 72 feet long and 50 feet wide, and cost rather more than $10,000. After twenty-five years' occupation this property was sold to the French Catholics for $32,700. (See Catholic Churches.) In 1870, the Methodists purchased for $25,000 the estate of Thomas H. Dodge, at the corner of Main and Chandler streets, and erected the edifice known as Trinity Church. The corner stone was laid July 12, 1870, and the church dedi- cated April 25, 1871. It cost about $75,000 in addition to the land. The clock and bell in the tower were given by citizens of Worces- ter of various religious denominations. The early history of this church is given by Alfred S. Roe in his paper on "The Beginnings of Methodism in Worcester," printed in the Proceedings of The Worcester Society of Antiquity for 1888. Trowbridgeville. — A village on Webster street, near the Auburn line. Truant School. — A school for truants was established at the City Farm in 1863, and the whole number sentenced previous to December I, 1888, was 416; 43 were sentenced in 1 891. "The aim of this school is not to reform criminals, but to repress the tendency to crime to which truancy leads. Hence commitments are made for no cause but truancy." Trumbull Square.— Where Trumbull, Franklin, Green and Park streets meet. On the north side of the square is the Trumbull mansion, which was formerly the County Court House, erected in 175 1. It was moved to its present location from Court Hill in 1801, and the present brick court house was built in its place in 1802. Trust Funds. — The total amount of trust funds held by the city for specific purposes November 10, 1891, was $302,136.72. A list of these funds is here given, with the date of foundation and the amount of each : Name. Date. Amount. Bullock High School Fund, i860 $ 1,534.45 Hope Cemetery, 1863 22,838.67. Green Library, 1868 47,516.77 Lake Park, 1884 Dewey Charity, 1889 2,000.00 Bancroft Endowment, 1885 10,278.54 CITY HOSPITAL FUNDS. Jaques, 1874 194,558.48 Curtis, 1876 1,051.86 Shaw, 1877 2,000.00 Tenny, 1881 5,000.00 Salisbury, 1884 3,896.25 Sargent, 1886 513-94 Knowles, 1887 8,121.11 Typewriting in Worcester. — Mrs. Edna I. Tyler established the first public type- writing office in Worcester on March 4th, 1885, in Clark's Main street block. After re- maining there nearly six months, she removed to the Walker building, where tier head- quarters now are, with a branch oflice in the new Five Cents Savings Bank building. Mrs. I2J TYP— UNI Tyler was the first teacher of stenography in this city, and has been president of the Wor- cester County Stenographers' Association. She is at present, by special appointment, assistant to the stenographer of the Superior Court. Typewriter (The First). — The first typewriter was invented by Charles Thurber of Worcester in 1843, identical machine made under his direction is now in the possession of The Worcester Society of Antiquity, presented by Herbert R. Cum- mings. A writer in the Charleston News and Courier says: "I saw a few days ago a model of the first writing machine made in this country. It is a really amusing affair in its very clumsiness. It consists of a wheel about a foot in diameter, which turns hori- zontally upon a central pivot; the rim of the wheel is bored with twenty-five holes, in each of which is a rod bearing at the top a glass letter and at the bottom a similar letter of steel. The paper sheet is so arranged that the line to be printed is under the rim of this wheel, and the letter wanted is swung into place by turning the wheel; when in place a rod bearing it is depressed until the steel type or letter touches the paper. I should say that even the fastest operator could not write more than half as fast as a man with a pen. Yet it was a writing machme, and Thurber succeeded in getting people to invest $15,000 in this curious device." There are no less than fifty different kinds of typewriters at the present time. The above facts are from the Phono- graphic Magazine. Typographical Union. — Worcester Typo- graphical Union, No. 165, was instituted in 1873. Typothetae (Worcester). — An organiza- tion of master printers, organized May 30, 1890, and which embraces in its membership all the principal job printing offices in the city. The local society holds membership in the United Typothetae of America, which has branches in all cities of importance in the United States and Canada, its object being '* to cultivate a just and friendly spirit among the craft, for exchanging information and for protecting and assisting each other when necessary." Monthly meetings are held at the offices of members. Underwriters (Board of).— The Wor- cester Board of Underwriters .was organized in 1883. Union Church. — The Third Congregational Trinitarian Church in Worcester, formed in 1836. The first edifice, at the present loca- tion on Front street, was dedicated July 6, 1836. It was of brick, 90 feet in length and 54 in width. Granite steps extended nearly across the front. The house was twice re- modeled inside, and was entirely rebuilt in 1880. The names of the pastors of this church appear under the title Ministers in the Dictionary. Union for Concerted Moral Effort, or the U. C. ME Club. — An organization of similar character as the Tee-To-Tum clubs of London and New York. The history of these clubs has been marked by phenomenal growth and success. The name originated in London. It has no philological significance, being simply a "name to conjure with," the happy and haphazard invention of a Mr. Buchanan of London, who had in mind the name of a cer- tain kind of tea he was then laboring to put upon the market. He conceived the idea of organizing clubs of workingmen who should be privileged to buy their tea at prices surpris- ingly cheap. Soon tea was sold to non-mem- bers of the clubs at prices but slightly in ad- vance of those at which club men got it. To- day there are nearly a dozen such clubs in London with memberships varying from 500 to 1000. The privileges of these clubs are, besides the best of food cooked in the best manner, at prices for which non-members can hardly get the raw materials, billiards and other games, concerts and a pavilion for dancing, and all at an extremely moderate price. Dancing has not been condemned by the religious people of Great Britain. The clubs are uncompromis- ing on the question of beverages. Nothing alcoholic is permitted. It. should be stated that the clubs have no connection with the famous Toynbee Hall. Charles James Wills opened a Tee-To-Tum in New York lately with the marked success which seems to have followed this movement everywhere. The supplies of food provided gave out soon after the club opened, and the popularity of the club, on a scale much larger than was anticipated, was assured from the UNI— 122 Start. The New York club does not contem- plate concert or dancing halls, but is consider- ing billiard tables and a cigar counter. Mr. Wills feels reasonably sure the patrons of the Tee-To-Tum Club will smoke, and he sees no good reason why the club should not sell a really good cigar for five cents, instead of leaving the members to pay that amount for dried cabbage leaf. The New York club pro- fesses two objects: To furnish nutritious food at a cost for which, ordinarily, one could pur- chase only the raw materials, and at the same lime educate and wean its patrons away from unnutritious food. Another arrangement which the New York club plans is the refunding, at the end of a year, of 5 per cent, of the purchases. Each family that is a regular customer, makes in the shape of a bank account. A coal club is pro- posed. Its members will be charged twenty- five cents a week, which will entitle them to coal enough for a week, with a box to put it in. The same 5 per cent, rebate, in the form of a bank account at the end of the year, is proposed. The subject of the formation of a U. C. ME Club in Worcester was introduced by Walter Vrooman in August, 1892. The purpose was approved by the W. C. T. U. and other or- ganizations, and Mr. H. H. Bigelow having tendered the free use of the Rink, the club was established there in September, with a great variety of attractions for the class it was intended to benefit. The nature of some of these attractions was considered too secular and worldly by a portion of the religious people, and the club did not receive the sup- port of the evangelical societies of the city. After a trial of two or three months the move- ment was admitted to be a failure, and the Rink was closed. A financial deficit of some magnitude remained, which was the cause of annoyance and unpleasant consequences to the founder, whose good intentions received little praise or reward. Probably the "universal brotherhood" idea which was prominent in the Worcester movement, was one of the principal causes of the failure, as distinctions and differ- ences among mankind and all nature seem to be the results of the development from the lowest to the higher organizations, and all at- tempts to reduce to sameness operate against an inevitable law. Union iPassenger Station.— See Rail- road Stations. Union Hill. — The elevation nearly south of the Union Passenger Station, to the summit of which Providence street is the leading avenue. At the top of the hill are located the grounds and buildings of the Worcester Academy. Union Hill is the northern end of the high ridge known as Sagatabscot Hill (which see). Mahy years ago real estate operations were begun here by David T. Brigham, who opened and kept for a time the Worcester House on Main street, (See Old Hotels. ) A few years after Brigham's venture John Y . Pond came into possession of a large tract on Union Hill and laid out many streets and made other improvements. Unitarian Churches.— The first Unitarian or Second Congregational Church in Worces- ter was formed in March, 1785 ; and the parish was incorporated November 13, 1787. " After this act of the Legislature, the First Parish had a legal existence separate from the municipal incorporation, and the support of worship was provided for, not by a general meeting of the inhabitants, but in parochial meetings. The Second Parish was the first example of a poll parish in any inland town of the Commonwealth, and it was regarded as a bold innovation on the usages of the times." Aaron Bancroft was the first minister till 1839. (See Ministers.^ The church worshipped seven years in the Court House, and occupied its own house on Summer street, January i, 1792, and continued there till 1829. This building was afterwards used for many years as a school house, and has within a year or two been sold by the city. A new church building was erected on Court Hill in 1828-9, and was destroyed by fire in 1849. The present structure, built on the same site, was dedicated March 26, 185 1. It cost about $25,000. The Second Unitarian Church, known as the CJinrch of the Cnity, was organized in 1845. The name was suggested by J. Henry Hill. The house on Elm street was dedicated April 28, 1846. This has been altered and enlarged. Edward Everett Hale was the first pastor. (See A/iitisters.) The Sotith Unitarian Church, 877 Main street, was formed in 1890. United Order of Equity. — Brunswick Lodge, No. 3, formed in 1889; Worcester Lodge is more recent. UNI— WAG United Friends (Order of). — A mutual benefit order for assistance in sickness or mis- fortune, and an insurance in case of death. Harmony Council, No. 8, was organized in Worcester in i88i. Universalist Churches. — There are two Universalist churches in Worcester: The First, organized in 1 84 1, for many years worshipped in the building at the corner of Main and Foster streets, which was erected for the use of the society in 1843. In 1865 the society purchased of Healy Baker the lot of land on Pleasant street, 10,800 feet, where the present church edifice now stands, for the sum of $6,250. The building was completed in 1871, and dedicated June 28th of that year. The cost of the building, including organ, furniture, etc., was $63,310. The names of the pastors appear in the article on Ministers. All Souls Church, Kilby street, was formed in 1884, and Rev. Frederic W. Bailey was the first minister. The succeeding pastor. Rev. Francis A. Gray, settled in 1889 and resigned in 1893. The Adams Square Universalist Sunday School was organized in 1891, and meets Sun- day afternoons at 3.30 at 185 Lincoln street. Probably the first Universalist meeting in Worcester was held in the Town Hall, January 27, 1834, when Rev. Lucius R. Paige, the well-known historian of Gambridge and Hard- wick, preachjed. October 22 of the same year, Rev. Thomas Jefferson Greenwood, the Universalist minister of Marlborough, held a meeting in the Town Hall. University. — See Clark University. University Park. — The public ground on Main street, opposite Glark University, opened in 1887. The first portion purchased cost $21,000. In April, 1889, an addition of five acres was added at an expense of $40,873.30. Of this, 200,377 feet belonged to Alonzo Whitcomb, for which he was paid $37,500, or about 1 8| cents per foot. This piece has a frontage on Main street of 148 feet and runs back along Crystal street. 11,261 feet between the Whitcomb lot and Gates street (known as the Pickford or Leland lot j was also purchased for $3,378.30. Ghairman Edward W. Lincoln of the Parks-Gommis- sioners dissented from a majority of his col- leagues in voting to purchase the Whitcomb and Pickford or Leland tracts. The original part was first called Grystal Park from Grystal street, which had its name from Simon S. Gates, who formerly owned the large farm through which the street was laid out, and who removed to Grystal Lake in the state of Illinois. He also named Illinois street. Valley Falls. — A village on Leicester street, near the Leicester line. Valuation. — The assessed valuation of Wor- cester, May I, 1892, was $81,213,482. The valuation and rate of taxation from 1884 to to 1891 are given below : YEAR. VALUATION. TAX per $1000. 1884 1885 $50,773,475 $16.60 52,714,391 18.00 1886 54,566,389 18.00 1887 59,465,575 17.00 1888 64,551,736 16.00 1889 69,429,871 16.00 1890 73,531,060 15.60 189I 77,635,908 14.60 The property exempt from taxation in 1891 amounted to $3,568,900. The wealth of Worcester can be estimated at $125,000,000. Vermont (Sons and Daughters of). — An association of natives of the Green Moun- tain State and their families, formed in 1873. Hon. Glark Jillson was the first president. Viaduct (The). — The elevated railway crossing Front and Mechanic streets, near the Union Station, which connects the Boston & Albany Railroad with the tracks of the northern roads. It was completed in 1876. Victoria Associates. — This association was formed in 1888. Wachusett Club.— See Boat Clubs. Wachusett Mountain. -The highest eleva- tion of land in Worcester county, situated in the town of Princeton, near the Westminster line. " This isolated eminence lifts itself grandly in the northerly part of the town to the commanding height of 2,480 feet above sea level. The ascent to the summit is gradual, through a growth of timber, diminishing in size. On the top of the mountain there is a good hotel, the Summit House ; and an ob- servatory which commands on every side a most magnificent prospect. Almost the whole of Massachusetts, with its varied scenery of WAC— WHI 124 mountain, woodland, town and village, lake and river, seems to spread itself as on a map beneath the observer's eye." On the evening of the 4th of March, 1825, an immense bonfire was built on the summit, and the mountain re-christened Mount Adains^ in honor of John Quincy Adams, who was that day inaugurated president of the United States. A hotel called the Adams House was opened soon after. But the name was never popular, soon fell into disuse, and is now for- gotten, while the Indian name, which signifies "Mountain Place," remains. The story of Lucy Keyes^; the lost child of Wachusett Mountain, has several times been written. This little girl, five years of age, strayed from her home in the year 1755, and although diligent search was made, was never found. It came to be believed, many years afterwards, that the child was murdered by a neighbor, who had had some differences with her father, and that on his death bed he con- fessed the deed. Mr. Francis E. Blake of Boston has taken pains to investigate the matter and finds little foundation for the idea of murder. He has given the result of his re- search in a recently printed pamphlet. The mountain is easy of access from Wor- cester by the Fitchburg Railroad. Wards. — The city is divided into eight wards, the boundary lines of which radiate from the center like the spokes of a wheel. The City Hall is assumed as the central point and the wards are situated as follows: WkVd I, north; Ward 2, northeast; Ward 3, east; Ward 4, southeast; Ward 5, south; Ward 6, southwest; Ward 7, west; Ward 8, north- west. For convenience in voting the wards are divided into precincts or polling places, and the number in each ward is here given: Ward I, two precincts; Ward 2, three; Ward 3, two; Ward 4, two; Ward 5, three; Ward 6, two; Ward 7, three; Ward 8, three. Washburn Hall. — The lower audience room in Mechanics Hall building, named in honor of Ichabod Washburn. Its seating capacity is 552. Washington Club. — The oldest social club in existence in Worcester at the present time. It was formed at the Waldo House, December 19, 1865, and for about twenty years occupied rooms in Clark's block, now known as the Walker building. Its present quarters are at 38 Front street. The member- ship numbers less than one hundred. It has never been incorporated. Washington Social Club. — See Irish Societies. Washington Square. — At the east end of Front street, where Summer, Mechanic, Grafton and Shrewsbury streets center. The Union Passenger Station is located on the east side, between Grafton and Shrewsbury streets, and at a short distance, on Shrewsbury street, is the station of the Shrewsbury Railroad. Street cars go from the square to points north and south on Main street, to the west side through Pleasant street, and to Lake Quinsiga- mond. The square received its name about 1828, the time the Blackstone Canal was opened. Waterworks. — The cost of Worcester's water system has been to February, 1893, $2,486,061.63. There are three sources of supply, Lynde Brook reservoir, high and low service, and Holden reservoir (Tathuck Brook), low service. From the first there is a 16-inch main with a pressure of 160 pounds at the City Hall. Low pressure comes from Hunt's reservoir, which is supplied by Lynde Brook reservoir by a 16-inch main. Low pres- sure from Holden reservoir is conveyed by a 24-inch main. The storage capacity is as fol- lows: Bell .Pond, 30,000,000 gallons; Lynde Brook reservoir, 680,000,-000 gallons; Hol- den reservoir, 900,000,000 gallons, and Hunt's on Leicester street, 3.000,000. The number of miles of street mains is 127 3-4. The daily consumption of water is estimated at 5,634,- 365 gallons, or 65 gallons for each consumer Wealth. — See Valuation. Weasle Brook. — A tributary of Mill Brook in the north part of the city. Webster Square. — At New Worcester- From this point Main, Leicester, Webster and Cambridge streets diverge. The square was named about the time the horse railroad was started in 1863. A marble fountain has been erected and other improvements made within the past two or three years. Whipping Post. — The stocks, pillory and whipping post were familiar objects on Court Hill a hundred years ago. The stocks were at 125 vvm— woR , one time in the meeting-house "under the stairs." Whipping for minor offenses was •common. The notorious Stephen Burroughs, tried in Worcester in 1791, was sentenced to receive 117 stripes on the naked back, to :stand two hours in the pillory and to sit one hour on the gallows with a rope around his neck. He escaped before all the punishment had been inflicted. Oftenders were sometimes whipped in'court in the presence of the judges, as the records testify. A woman was sen- tenced to receive a public whipping in Wor- cester about the beginning of this century. Sheriff Caldwell, a humane man, disappointed the crowd that had assembled in expectation •of witnessing the spectacle, by saying that the sentence did not specify ivhen the whipping ishould be administered. After the gathering had dispersed he carried out the order of the court by laying the lash lightly the specified number of times over the shoulders of the cul- prit, and dismissed her with the injunction to sin no more. This was the last case of the kind. Criminals frequently had their ears •cropped for offenses, as late as 1790. In 181 1 a man was exposed in the pillory on Court Hill for blasphemy. Whipping appears to be a very efficient method of reducing crime, yet it is spoken of by a certain class of sentiment- alists as "brutalizing." The governor of Delaware, where whipping is common, re- cently stated that criminals rarely appear there for punishment a second time — they either be- have after the infliction, or leave the state. Wigwam Hill, — The high elevation near the head of Lake Quinsigamond and on its western shore. The summit and eastern slope •of this hill are owned by the Natural History Society, and come within the bounds of Nat- ural History Park. A fine view of the whole length of the lake may be had from the top, and this view S. P. R. Triscott has preserved in an oil painting owned by The Worcester So- ciety of Antiquity. Winsor Club. — A social club of young cnen formed in 1889. Winter Hill.— A high elevation in the north part of the city. Woman's Club (Worcester). — Organ- ized in 1880. The constitution has the fol- lowing preamble: "We, women of Worces- ter and vicinity, feeling the necessity which the present and prospective status of women imposes upon us, of informing ourselves more fully, not only upon subjects of general inter- est, but also upon the more important special questions which are now pressing upon all people everywhere for a just solution, be- cause involving the welfare of humanity, do agree to form ourselves into an association for the prosecution and accomplishment of the above-named purpose." The club meets twice each month for discussion, or to listen to lectures upon subjects of interest to the members. Woman's Suffra-ge. — The Worcester Suffrage League was organized in 1886. Worcester. — "The name Worcester is said to have been derived from the Saxon Wegera- ceaster, meaning war castle, and descriptive of the military character of the place (in Eng- land) to which it was originally applied by the martial clans of remote antiquity." — Lincoln'' s History. Worcester History. — See Early History, and Military History. A large portion of the Dictionary is devoted to matters of Worcester history in detail. Worcester Indexed Information. — The compiler of this Dictionary has given much ef- fort during the past fifteen years to perfecting a plan for rendering the original and particu- lar sources of Worcester history, and all mat- ters of fact relating to the place, accessible and available for quick reference, by a system of minute indexes in connection with the compila- tion and arrangement of a large mass of in- formation and data in convenient printed form comprised in the following publications : The Worcester Book, a Diary of Noteworthy Events from 1667 to 1883. Proprietary Records of Worcester, 1 667-1 788. Worcester Town Records, 1 722-1848, in six volumes. (The fifth now in press.) Worcester Births, Marriages and Deaths to January i, 1849. (Now printing.) Dictionary of Worcester and its Vicinity. Worcester Annals. (In preparation.) Worcester Academy. — In 1832 "a few- individuals desirous of founding an institution for education, under the patronage of the Bap- tist denomination," raised a fund of $5,000, and in November of that year "a tract of ^ WOR— 126 twenty-nine acres of land was purchased at the price of $75 the acre, and another lot of thirty-one acres at $65 the acre — $4,200 in all — about half a mile south of the village. Buildings were erected in 1833, and on the 28th of February, 1834, the institution was in- corporated under the name of the Wor- cester Manual Labor High School." The buildings were located on Main street, nearly opposite the Piedmont Church. The original design was to furnish, in connection with a course of study, such employment as w^ould enable the students to defray some part of their expenses, but this was never successfully demonstrated. The first principal of the school was Silas Bailey; and Isaac Davis was the first president of the board of trustees, and served in that capacity for nearly fifty years. The first board of trustees was composed of the following gentlemen: Otis Corbett, secretary; Ichabod Washburn, treasurer ; Isaac Davis, Rev. Abiel Fisher, Joseph White, Rev. Otis Converse, Rev. Frederick A. Willard, Stephen Salisbury, Edward Phillips, Samuel D. Spurr, Perley Goddard, Daniel Goddard, Joseph Converse and Joshua T. Everett. Joel Marble was the first steward, and his son, Manton Marble, the well known New York editor and politician, was born at the school. Hard pressed for funds the trustees in Janu- ary, 1837, petitioned the Legislature for pecun- iary aid, and in response an elaborate report was made by Hon. Myron Lawrence, com- mending the plan and purposes of the school, but not recommending an appropriation. For the next fifteen years the school was main- tained under great pecuniary difficulties. The manual labor feature was gradually aban- doned, and in 1846 the name was changed t-o Worcester Academy. The sale of a portion of the land afiforded such relief that a new street laid through the tract disposed of was called Benefit street. Succeeding principals to 1870 were Nelson Wheeler, Eli Thayer, Charles C. Bur- nett, Rev. E. J. Avery, William S. Greene, Harrah J. Reynolds, James R. Stone, A. P. S. Stuart, Albert P. Marble and WilHam C. Poland. About the year 1850 the trustees disposed of the buildings and land on Main street, and in 1854 the institution was removed to the old Antiquarian Hall building, at the corner of Summer and Belmont streets. The sale of the south end property paid for this building and gave a fund of $25,000, the in- come of which, and the use of the building, was given the principal in lieu of a salary. It was while Mr. Marble was in charge that an effort was made, influenced by Rev. David Weston, pastor of the Second Baptist Church in Worcester, to abolish the Academy and give the entire fund and proceeds to the New- ton Theological Institution to found a profes- sorship there. The project was favored by the president and others, but was effectively resisted before the Legislature. In 1869 the old medical college building and grounds on Providence street were purchased for $40,000, and since that time the Academy has been lo- cated at that place. The institution is now on a good financial basis, and possesses in real estate and invested funds a property valued at $450,000. Hon. Isaac Davis was a large benefactor, and Hon. Joseph H. Walker, who succeeded as presi- dent, has been a generous friend, while many others have aided to bring the school to its present condition. The Academy is under the control of a board of nineteen trustees, and the faculty numbers eleven. Daniel W. Abercrombie is the principal. Formerly both sexes were instructed, but it is now a school for boys. There are three courses of instruc- tion — a college preparatory, a scientific, and a special scientific in preparation for the Wor- cester Polytechnic Institute. On one of the highest eminences in this city its group of buildings of fine architectural proportions has a commanding view of the surrounding country. The old college building has re- ceived the name of Davis Hall, and the new school building, which cost over $70,000, and was dedicated Feb. 17, 1890, is known as Walker Hall. Dexter Hall, the new- dormi- tory, was opened in September, 1892, and Adams Hall, used as a dining hall, was com- pleted at the same time. Worcester Boat Club.— See Boat Clubs. Worcester Agricultural Society (The). This society was organized in 181 7 and incor- porated in 1818. For many years the annual exhibitions or cattle shows were held on the Common, with the plowing matches in Salem square. These were great occasions fifty or sixty years ago, and brought together a large assem- blage of the inhabitants of the surrounding country. Generally some distinguished states- man or orator attended and favoredthe gather- 127 WOR— ing with an address. In 1826 President John Quincy Adams attended the cattle show, and remained three days the guest of Gov. Lin- cohi. In 1829 150 yoke of cattle were driven through Main street, and Harrison, Gray, Otis and Edward Everett made speeches at the dinner. Sometimes, as in late years, other attractions were secured which made the show the event of the year. In 1853 the society purchased seven acres of land on Highland street, and the next year erected a spacious hall. Later the tract was increased to about twenty-five acres, now bounded by Sever, Highland, Agricultural and Cedar streets. These grounds are still used for the purposes of the society, though the value of the land is many times the price given. Probably the society will in the near future dispose of this tract and remove to some other locality. A half mile track affords good accommodations for trotting. Base ball and other games and exhibitions are often held here. The managers of the New Eng- land Fair have generally, during the last fifteen years, selected Worcester as their place of ex- hibition on account of the facilities offered here. Street cars go to the fair grounds from Main street or the Union Station via Pleasant, West and Cedar streets; also from Lincoln square through Salisbury, Boynton and High- land streets. The American "Cattle Show," or Agricul- tural Fair, originated with Elkanah Watson, and the first one held was in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1 8 10. Mr. Watson was the owner of the first pair of Merino sheep introduced into Mas- sachusetts, of which he announced a public exhibition. He says that "many farmers and even females" were attracted by the novelty, and "from this lucky incident I reasoned thus : If two animals are capable of exciting so much attention, what would be the effect of a dis- play, on a larger scale, of different animals?" The result was the Berkshire Agricultural So- ciety, and the first cattle show in New Eng- land. Afterward he removed to New York, and organized the first agricultural society in that state. Worcester Board of Trade. — The orig- inal movement to form the present Board of Trade began with the issuing of a circular call- ing a meeting of business men at the Bay State House on Dec. 15, 1873, and in response a large number gathered at that time. Among those present and participating were: Hon. Edward L. Davis, then mayor-elect; Lewis Barnard, George T. Rice, A. D. VVarner, O. L. Hatch, Sunmer Pratt, L. H. Wells, J. A. Knowlton, E. H. Knowlton, T. W. Welling- ton, C. B. Pratt, G. Henry Whitcomb, Jerome Marble and Jerome Wheelock. A. D. War- ren called to order; Hon. Edward L. Davis was elected chairman and E. H. Knowltor^ secretary. In the discussion the failure of a similar ef- fort made a few years before was mentioned, and it was hoped that this effort would suc- ceed. The meeting finally referred the whole subject to a committee to report at a future meeting, which was held in Washburn Hall, Jan. 2, 1874. Hon. George M. Rice was chair- man of this meeting, and a constitution was adopted with a preamble as follows, giving the purpose of the organization: "To promote the business interests of the city of Worcester and vjcinity, and to secure the advantages which the city offers^to trade and manufactures, as well as to cultivate a more intimate and friendly acquaintance among the business men of the city." The name adopted was The Worcester Busi- jiess Exchange, and officers were elected as follows: President, Philip L. Moen; vice- presidents, L. J. Knowles, Lewis Barnard and George T. Rice; treasurer, Charles B. Whit- ing; directors, Sumner Pratt, T. W. Welling- ton, E. L. Davis, George M. Rice, Jerome Wheelock, A. D. Warren, L. W. Pond, E. T. Marble, Edward Sargent, Edward R. Fiske, Charles H. Fitch, J. H. Walker, John D. Chollar, George L. Newton, John D. Washburn, L. M. Richardson, Mowry Lap- ham, Addison Palmer, C. M. Smith and Sam- uel Woodward. Rooms on Pearl street were formally opened March 3, 1874. The occa- sion was celebrated by a dinner at the Bay State House, at which President Moen pre- sided, and speeches were made by Mayor Davis, Dr. George B. Loring, Hon. George F. Verry, Secretary Little of the Providence Board of Trade, President Stevens of the Concord (N. H.) Board of Trade, Hon. John D. Washburn, Hon. W. W. Rice and Hon. Henry Chapin.. The admission fee was fixed at $5 and the annual dues $3, soon raised to $10. In No- vember, 1874, the name was changed to the Worcester Board of Trade. The Board was incorporated May 14, 1875. In February, WOR— 28 1877, rooms in Taylor's building were ded- icated. Succeeding presidents were: Sum- ner Pratt, 1875; L. J. Knowles, 1876-77; Joseph H. Walker, 1878. Meetings were held in 1878, but no quorum could be ob- tained in 1879 and 1880. The secretary's records for the first period of the Board's ex- istence closed March 19, 1880. In the summer of 1891 a number of gentlemen interested themselves in a project for the form- ation of a board of trade, but on investigat- ing the matter, found that the old charter is- sued in 1875 was still in force. It was de- cided that the best method would be to revive the old Board and unite the new movement with it. A paper to support the new enter- prise was signed by 327 names. Accordingly a meeting of the old Board was held in the Common Council chamber October 15, 1891, at which the amalgamation was ex- plained, and on October 22, the 327 who had signed the agreement to form a new organi- zation were elected members of the old body. November 5 at Washburn Hall a new board of directors was elected. November 9, the new Board organized with C. Henry Hutchins as president and A. M. Stone and P. W. Moen as vice-presidents. The upper story of Bank block on Foster street, formerly occupied by the Natural His- tory Society, was secured as quarters, and fitted up to meet the requirements of the Board of Trade, as "a place for friendly and social meetings of the business men ' of Worcester." The entrance fee is $10, the annual dues $5. The Board has now a membership of 362. Worcester Club (The.) — Organized in March, 1888, for social purposes distinctively, with a membership of 118, comprising some of the most prominent and highly respected citi- zens of Worcester. The elegant dwelling of the late Hon. Isaac Davis, at 59 Elm street, was purchased and refitted, making one of the best club houses in the country, perfect in its appointments. The following board of officers was elected: President, Hon. George F. Hoar; vice-presidents, Hon. John D. Wash- burn, Col. W. S. B. Hopkins, Col. A. George Bullock, Waldo Lincoln; secretary, Charles F. Aldrich; treasurer, James P. Hamilton; directors, L. N. Kinnicutt, J. E. Davis, Leon- ard Wheeler, Chas. A. Chase, Joseph Sar- gent, F. H. Dewey, W. E. Cutter, R. W. Greene. The membership is now limited to 150. Col. A. G. Bullock is president. Worcester Society of Antiquity (The). This society was formed Jan. 23, 1875, four persons being present at the first meeting. Samuel E. Staples was the prime mover. The purpose as stated in the constitution is "to foster in its members a love and admiration for antiquarian research and archaeological sci- ence, and to rescue from oblivion such his- torical matter as would otherwise be lost." The career of this society has been a phe- nomenal one, and it has established a posi- tion as one of the most enterprising institutions in the country. The secret of its success is that there existed in the minds of its founders and active workers a definite purpose, which has been closely adhered to in the past, and its practical and often original methods in attaining results attracted and retained a strong corps of members, who were actuated by real interest and love of the work under- taken. To render accessible the original sources of history has been the main object of the society's efforts, and it entered upon and pursued its work with great vigor and success. Enterprises that municipalities have hesitated to undertake have been instituted and carried on, notwithstanding slender financial means and other discourage- ments. The thirteenth volume of the so- ciety's Collections is now in press, the volumes averaging 450 pages each, and containing, besides the Proceedings of the Meetings, the Worcester Proprietary and Town Records, Inscriptions from the Old Burial Grounds, Records of the Court of Sessions, Births, Deaths and Marriages, etc. The printing of the later Worcester Town Records is con- tinued under an arrangement by which the city pays half the expense. A judicious and liberal distribution of the publications has been made, and they are to be found in the principal libraries in the country. The society has carried on and supported its work almost entirely by the contributions of its mem- bers, and previous to 1890 had received only a few hundred dollars in the way of pecuniary gifts. It now has a library of some 15,000 volumes, and a large and valuable museum. The Allen library (see title') acquired in 1884 and the Downes Collection of rare books and almanacs, are worthy of special men- tion. A large proportion of the general collection of books relates to local his- tory and genealogy. Over 250 meetings have been held, and many interest- 129 WOR— Y(')U ing and valuable papers have been read, which have, with few exceptions, been printed, for.it has been the policy of the society from its early years to give almost complete reports of the proceedings in the printed volumes. Most of the papers are the fruit of original research, and furnish information invaluable to the student or writer of history. One im- portant contribution to general history has elicited the commendation of eminent men throughout the country. The society occupied rooms in Bank block on Foster street from October, 1877, to Novem- ber, 1891, when it removed to its new and ele- gant building on Salisbury street. October i, 1889, Stephen Salisbury, who bad been a good friend to the society from the beginning, presented the lot of land on which the build- ing stands, with $5,000 as a nucleus of a building fund. Other subscriptions enabled the society to begin the erection of an edifice in the spring of 1891. The building cost $25,- 000. Besides the library and museum it con- tains a fine auditorium, appropriately desig- nated Salisbury Hall, one of the most attractive lecture rooms in the city. The society has no permanent fund, and relies upon assessments of its members for support. The library and museum are open to the public every week day afternoon from i to 5 o'clock. Street cars to Lincoln square take the visitor within a few steps of the building. Year (The Municipal). — Under the charter of the city in 1848, the municipal year began the first Monday in April. In 1850 an act of the Legislature provided that from the year 185 1 it should begin the first Monday in January. Young Men's Christian Association. — A Young Men's Christian Association was or- ganized in Worcester in 1852, of which Thom- as Tucker, proprietor of the American House, was president. A reading room was opened in Bank Block on Foster street, and main- tained for a few months, but the formation of the Young Men's Library Association prob- ably influenced the withdrawal from the field of the first-named society, for it soon ceased to exist. The present Young Men's Chris- tian Association was formed June 14, 1864, incorporated June 4, 1868. Frederick A. Clapp was the first president. Rooms were opened in Mechanics Hall Building, where the association remained till 18^9, when it re- moved to 279 Main street, and again in 1870 to Chapin Block, Pearl street. In 1878 an- other removal to 411 Main street was effect- ed. In 1879 the first general secretary was employed, and the work and membership in- creased until the need of larger quarters com- pelled the managers to make efforts toward the erection of a building adequate to the require- ments of the association. In 1884 Albert Curtis had offered $25,000 as a building fund, and $4,125 had accumulated from several small legacies and interest. A thorough can- vass was made, with the grand result of $92,- 138.88 from more than 3,100 contributors. The adjoining estates on Pearl and Elm streets were purchased for $40,000, with a small ad- ditional strip to ensure light for $3,300, and the present Y. M. C. A. Building erected. The corner-stone was laid August 27, 1886, and the building was occupied in 1887. It extends from Elm to Pearl street, with en- trances on both, and contains besides the suites of rooms in general use by the association, two halls — Ctirtis2iud AssociaHon — which are used for religious and other meetings, public lec- tures, etc. A well-supplied reading room and a gymnasium are maintained. Cost of build- ing and lot complete $155,000, on which there is a mortgage of $55,000. The object of the association is the spiritual, mental and physical advancement of young men, in afford- ing proper and attractive advantages and in- fluences which will withdraw them from evil associations. Classes for instruction, a young men's congress, monthly meetings, practical talks and courses of entertainments are main- tained: and during the summer, from May to October, special work is carried on by the Out- ing Club at the Association Athletic Grounds at Lake Quinsigamond, where are various attrac- tions. A bicycle club was organized in 1891. Any young man of good moral character, without regard to age or religious belief, may join the association. The membership num- bers over 1 500. Charles F. Rugg is president and Herbert L. Gale, general secretary. Young Women's Christian Association. — "Intent on benefiting in the most judicious manner, and in the largest numbers, the young women among us, many of whom have been thrown homeless, and largely friendless, upon their own resources for personal support and maintenance," the first Young Women's Christian Association was formed in 1865. YOU— APP 30 Boston was the pioneer in this work, and has always remained in the front rank. Now, in nearly every large city, such an organization can be found. The Young Women's Chris- tian Association of Worcester was formed in 1885, and incorporated October 26 of that year. Its financial basis at the start was a gift of $1000 from Mr. Dwight Reed. Rooms at 352 Main street were secured, and are still in use as a branch. A lunch room for women and children is open from 12 to 2 each day, and on Saturdays from 5 to 7 P. M., addi- tional. These rooms becoming too small for the rapidly increasing work, an effort was made in the summer of 1890 to raise a sum to be used as a building fund, which was carried to success. A lot on the corner of Chatham and High streets was purchased and work be- gun in October of 1890. The building was finished and dedicated September 22, 1893. It contains a boarding house for young women, a free circulating library of about 1, 100 vol- umes, a reading room with about 40 papers and magazines, an employment bureau, a board directory, a directory for nurses and a restaurant for women. Memorial Hall in the building, with a seating capacity of 400, is the most beautiful hall of its size in this vicinity. It was the gift, with its furnishings, of Mr. E. A. Goodnow. The building cost $90,000, and there is a debt of $25,000. The association has the only gymnasium in the city for women, and there have been classes of women and children from September to June. There is a tennis club, the grounds for its use and the club house on it being the gift of Hon. Stephen Salisbury. The membership of the association is over 1500. The annual meet- ing is held the last Monday in April. Mrs. C. H. Morgan is president and Miss Sybil M (iray, general secretary. Zion M. E. Church.— See African Churches. Zo-ological Club of Worcester. — This club was formed through the efforts of Prof. Francis G. Sanborn at the time he was in charge of the Natural History rooms. Its purpose was the study of zoology in a practi- cal way, i. e., by dissection and demonstration. Rooms at 38 Foster street were occupied. The club was in existence only about a year, from 1883 to the time of Prof. Sanborn's death in June, 1884. APPENDIX. American (The). — An eight-page weekly paper, "devoted to Home, Church and Coun- try," published by the American Publishing Co., at 405 Main street. F. W. Cum- mings is the editor, and Rev. Thomas Atkin- son, associate editor, with Rev. A. Z. Conrad, D. D., Rev. D. O. Mears, D. D., Rev. C. H. Pendleton, Rev. W. T. Worth, Rev. J. D. Pickles, Ph. D., and Mr. William Woodward as editorial contributors. The following state- ment printed in the first number, November i, 1892, indicates the purpose and character of the paper: "The .^Wi?rmz« is modestly and confidently given to the public, asking only such reception as its merits may fairly de- mand. It will be American in the truest sense. Non-partisan and non-sectarian, it will let its moderation be known unto all men. It will endeavor to promote and conserve the purity and sanctity of American homes. The Afncrican-wWX present an uncompromising op- position to all attempts to form in this free country of ours that 'unholy alliance' between church and state so fatal to both. It will deal with all live subjects, religious and moral, and will endeavor to promote true American patriotism." Corrections. — Electric Lights, page 30. Lights of 2000 candle-power, cost the city forty cents per light all night. Lfigh School, page 43. Mr. John G. Wight, principal of the Classical High School, is a graduate of Bow- doin College. East Worcester. — The region east of Washington square, generally called Pine Meadow, or "The Meadows." Shrewsbury and East Central streets are its principal thoroughfares. Express Business. —Page 33. It would appear that the first" person to do express busi- APP— ness over the Boston & Worcester Railroad was a young man named Prentiss Brown, a cripple, who walked on crutches. He began carrying packages and business orders in the early part of the year 1835 from Westboro to Boston, on each morning train, riding in a second class car to save expenses, and return- ing each afternoon. When the railroad was •opened through to Worcester, in July, 1835, Mr. Brown extended his trip from Worcester to Boston, carrying his packages in a large trunk, and employing a man with a handcart (there being no job wagons here then) to de- liver his goods to his customers. Mr. Henry J. Howland writes: "I well recollect send- ing a package of 'copy' by him to Boston Oc- tober 14, 1835, which was printed and re- turned the next day." French Paper. — The first number of Z' Opinion Publique, the new semi-weekly French paper, appeared Jan. 27, 1893. It is published and edited by the Belisle Brothers, five of whom are interested in the venture. It is independent in politics, and will be de- •voted to the interests of French Canadians, of whom there are 50,000 in Worcester County. Market Gardeners' Association. — A meeting of the market gardeners of Worcester and vicinity was held at the Board of Trade rooms January 21, 1893, form an organiza- tion whose aim is to bring those engaged in the business into closer acquaintance with each other, and to promote the interests of the in- dustry, which has grown to be one of large proportions. There were present : Ex- Alder- man J. Lewis Ellsworth, A. S. Wolfe, Elias Sprague, H. E. Sprague, Charles F. Stowell, Alden Rice, F. J. Kinney, H. R. Kinney and G. H. Rich of this city and E. A. Bartlett of Shrewsbury. It was decided to call the or- ganization the Worcester County Market Gar- deners' Association, and the following officers were elected: President, J. Lewis Ellsworth; Vice-Presidents, A. S. Wolfe of this city, E. A. Bartlett of Shrewsbury,' Park Webb of Wilkinsonville, T. F. Corey of Northboro; Secretary, H. E. Sprague; Treasurer, E. A. Bartlett. The initiation fee was fixed at $1. One of the aims of the association, as explained by President Ellsworth, will be the es- tablishment of a public market similar to those in larger cities. Mr. Ellsworth said if a peti- tion was presented to the City Council asking for a location on some one of the central squares, he had no doubt that it would be granted. The market gardeners could then drive to this place early in the morning with their loads of garden truck, and could be found there by the dealers when wanted. Such a move would make things much easier for the gardeners, who are frequently obliged to drive all over the city to dispose of their stock. Relief Funds. — Worcester has contributed to many relief funds in the past, the first, per- haps, being in aid of the Greeks sixty or seven- ty years ago. Within the last fifteen years money has been contributed to several funds as follows, Hon. Henry A. Marsh, as treasurer of all of them, having received the amounts here given : Irish Relief Fund, 1880, $4>357 00 Forest Fires in Michigan, 1881, 3,126 57 Charleston Earthquake Sufferers, 1886, 2,759 00 Yellow Fever Sufferers, 1888, 2,117 00 Conemaugh Valley Flood, 1889, 15,463 00 $27,882. 57 Sleeping Car, Invention of the.— The following is from the IVorcester Spy of April 24, 1893: Asa Hapgood, who is referred to in the clipping from the N'eiv York Sun printed below, died in this city about 20 years ago. He was a cabinet maker by trade, but at the time of his death he conducted the. sleeping car line between Boston and New York, through this city. Mr. Hapgood was also at one time a con- ductor on the old Boston «S: Worcester Rail- road, in which capacity he was well known and popular. He was the father of Miss Hap- good, the Russian traveler, who recently lec- tured in this city, on Russia. Osgood Bradley was seen last evening con- cerning the article in the Sun and said that although Asa Hapgood was not the inventor of the sleeping car, he was the inventor of the upper berth and of the peculiar elbow-hinge which made it possible to turn the berths up out of the way in the day time. Mr. Brad- ley also said that Mr. Hapgood was not in good health the last two or three years of his life, and but for that he would have asserted and probably gained his rights. To the Editor of the Suk: Your issue of last Sunday, April 16, contained an article which I ask you, in the interests of justice, to correct by publishing this reply: Neither Webster Wagner APP— 132 nor George Pullman invented the sleeping: car. It was invented by Asa Hapgood of Worcester, Mass., and his cars were placed on the. line between Boston and New York at the critical period in the history of those allied roads when they were in a very bad way financially, because people preferred a conitort- able night's rest on the Sound steamers. The great difficulty of profitable sleeping cars lav in the necessity of having an upper berth whicn would turn up out of the way in the day time after doubling the carrying capacity at night. Asa Hapgood aho invented the device, the peculiar el- bow hinge, which made this possible. Webster Wagner adopted this device, and George M. Full- man patented it. About 187S a grand legal battle was approaching between George M. Pullman, who demanded the payment of royalty from Webster Wagner, on that upper-berth device, and the Wag- ner Company, which resisted payment on the ground that Pullman was not the inventor, had no valid right to his patent, and so forth. The Wagner Com- pany's lawyers, in making preparations for the bat- tle, went to Worcester and took from the car shops- of the Bradley Car Building Company there a model of the upper berth in question, and the hinge, which Asa Hapgood had made with his own hands, as all the members of the Bradley firm and the workmen who had been in the shop at the time, were ready and willing to swear. By virtue of this- model, the Wagner Company succes'sfully resisted the demand of George M. Pullman and continued^ as before, to use the berth and hinge without pay- ing royalty. I N D EX. ADDOtt, Jonn b. 55 Adams, John, in Worcester, 96 Adams, John Quincy, 62, Agricultural Implements, 56 Allen, Charles, • 7, 37> 102 Allen, rLtnan, Allen, George, • 5> 37 Allen, Joseph, '* Angel (jabriel. 90, 1 19 91 Anthropological Society, 39 Anti- Masonic party. 02 Archceologia Americana, 6 Arbuckle, Matthew, 73 Baker, Zephaniah, 14 Baldwin, John D., 91, 102 Bancroft Hill, . 87 Barber's Historical Collections, 17 Barton, E. M., 6 Bibliography, 16 Bigelow, H. H., . 14, 51 Bigelow, Timothy, . 14, 67 Blake, James B., . . 98, 99 Blanchard's Lathe, 48 Boyden, Elbridge, . 65 Boynton, John, • 83 Boys' Camp, 75 Brigham, David T., . 46, 89 Brinley Hall, 41, 118 Brown, George L., . 9 Bull, Ole, . . . . 72 Bullock Medal Fund, 43 Burroughs, Stephen, 91 Burritt, Elihu, . . . . 53. 56, 64 Bushnell, George, 97 Business Exchange, Worcester, . . 127 Butman Riot, . . . . • 7, 91 Camp Lincoln, . . . . 68 Camp Scott, . . . . 68 Card Clothing, . . . . . 58 Cattle-shows, origin of, . 127 Chandler, Clark, . . . . 119 Chandler, John, . . . 67, 119 Clark, Jonas G., . . . . 8, 22 College Regattas, . . . . 51 Commercial Colleges, ... 95 Conant, Edwin, .... 75 Confucius, works of, . . . . 14 Congress, Representatives in, . . 90 Continental Hall, .... 42 Cruikshank's Drawings, ... 44 Curtis, Albert, . . 28, 114, 129 Curtis Hall, . . . . .129 Crystal Park, . . . . .123 Dam burst. . . . . . 91 Davis, Edward L., . . . . 51 Davis, Isaac, . . . • 5> 23, 126 Davis, John, .... 29, 91, 98 Dayton, H. H., .... 30 Deed to the Almighty, . . 42, 88 Denton, William, .... 39 Devens, Charles, . . . 68, too DeWitt, Alexander, . . . 91, 102 Dictionary, the first published in America, 16 Dodge, Thomas H., . 29, 74, 119 Downes Collection, . . . .128 Drawing School, .... 65 Drew, Thomas, . . . . loi Dustin, Hannah, • • • • 53 Earle, Edward, .... 43 Earle, John Milton, . . 11, loi, 118 Earle, William B., .... 58 Ears cropped, . . . . .125 Eliot, John, ..... 41 Elliott, James, ..... loi Envelopes, ..... 58 Estabrook, James, . . • n, 50, 98 Everett, Edward, . . . .127 Father Mathew Temperance Society, 48 Fenwick, Bishop, .... 23 Fire Arms, .... Foster, Stephen S. and Abby Kelley, Foster Street Depot, . Freemasonry, Fruit-preserving Company, Garrison, William Lloyd, George, Henry, Girls' Camp, Glacial marks, . Goodnow, E. A., Gough, John B., Greek Lexicon, Greek Testament, Green, Samuel S., Green, John, Greenwood, T. J., Grout, John W., Hale, E. E., . Hall, G. Stanley, Hamilton, C. A., Hamilton, Edward, Harris, Clarendon, Hassanamisco, . Heard, Nathan, Heywood, Daniel, Higginson, T. W., Hoar, George F., Homoeopathic Medical Library, Hovey, William, Howland, Henry J. Indexed Worcester Information, Indian Praying Town, Ingersoll, Robert J. Jackson, Joseph, Jackson, S. R., Jackson Guards, Jaques, George, lillson, Clark, Jones, J. D. E., Jordan, Marsh & Co., Josephus, Works of. Kansas Emigrant Movement Kean, Edmund, Keyes, Lucy, story of, Knowles Art Fund, Knowles Maternity, Knowlton, J. S. C, Koran, The Lafayette, Lawrence, Myron, Le Baron, Francis, Liberal Tract Society, 58 7 14 62 71 7 99 119 12 20, 130 44 17 14 38 37 123 68 56, 73 22 :i, 119 73 29 41 18 46 II, 56 91, 98 . 65 . 46 17, 86, 131 125 41 39 37 18 69 45 17, 64 97 5 17 7 119 124 9 45 18 14, 17 33 126 22 39 Edward Winslow, George, John W., Levi, senior, Levi, 2d, William, Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Looms, Lovell, A. A., . Lundy, Benjamin, Lynde Brook Dam Machinists' Tools, Manual Labor School, Marble, A. P., . Marble, Manton, Marsh, Henry A. Marvin, A. P., . '' Meadows, The, Merrick, Pliny, . Messinger, D. S., Metcalf, C. B., Mexican War, number of soldiers Molineaux, Aaron, Morgan, William, " Mount Adams," Mower, Thomas Gardi Music Festival, Musical Instruments, Mutual Fire Association, "Nat Turner Massacre," New England Fair, Newton, Calvin, Old Books, Organ, great, Otis, Harrison Gray, Paige, L. R., . Paine, Nathaniel, Paine, Timothy, Parry, W. M., Parsons, Solomon, Penny Posts, Perry, Emory, Pickett, Josiah, . Pillsbury, Parker, Plunkett, Sergeant, Poll Parish, first, Pond, John F., Pratt, C. B., Pratt, Daniel, . Printing, Thomas' History of, Putnam, Samuel H., "Quock Walker " ca Raymenton, W. H., Record Printing, 30. 81,85 . 67 20, 98 91 23. 30. 55> 91 16, 23, 42, 55 59 67, 68 7 91 59 126 97 126 93 68 82 62 34, 89 43 67 1 1 62 124 67 71 59 87 7 127 65 54 65 127 123 15, 16 91 "5 42, 88 85 72 9, 85 39 13 122 122 47 116 17, 55 II, 54, 117 7 . 89 74 135 Rice, George M., . 10 Rice, Jonas, 96 Rice, William W., . 91 Roe, Alfred S., 43, 54 Rogers, Randolph, 100 Russell, E. Harlow, . 77 Salisbury, Stephen, 2d, 43> 65, 83 Salisbury, Stephen, 3d, • 45 47, 63, 129 Sanborn, F. G., 130 Shaffner, T, P., 78, 1 16 Shays' Rebellion, 91 Sheldon, William, 55 Skull, prehistoric, 63 Sleeping Car invention, 131 Smith, Eleazer, 58 Soldiers in different wars. 07 Souther, S., 22 Staples, Samuel E., . 71, 128 Summer Camp, 75 Sumner, Charles, 53 Stowell, Peter and Ebenezer, 18 Tan yard. 57 Thayer, Eli, 5, 50 80, 91, 126 Thomas, Benj. V. 100 Thomas, Isaiah, 6, 62, 80, 85; h is History of Printing, • 17, 55 Thomas, Robert B., . 6 Thompson, CO., 83 Thurber, Charles, 48 Triphammer shop, 27 Triscott, S. P. R., 9 Trumbull, George A., 17 Veto by the Mayor, . 1 7 Vottier, A. G., I Q Waites, Alfred, 56 Waldo, Daniel, 20 Walker, Adam, 67 Walker, J. H., 75» 91, I 26 Ward, Artemas, I I Ward, George H., 41 , 68 Ward, Town of, : 1 1 Washburn, Ichabod, . 44 , 64 Washington, 33 Wasson, David A., 56 Watson, Elkanah, 127 Weston, David, 126 Wheeler, D. G., . . 29 18 Wheelock, Clarendon, White, Charles, 5 White, William Charles, 55 Whitney, Peter, History Worccstt ■r County , 79 Wilder, S. V. S., 49 Wire, 60 Woodworking Machinery, . 60 Savings 452 WfllN STtJEET. Incorporated May 13, 1864. Assets, Sept., 1893, - - - - $6,747,038.53 Number of Depositors, ----- 14,962 Deposits put upon interest on the first day of February, May, August and November. Semi-annual dividends payable February and August 15, and added to the principal if not withdrawn. In addition to the usual hours, the bank is open to receive deposits on Saturday evening from 6 to 8 o'clock. SAM'L R. HEYWOOD, • Prest. CHARLES M. BENT, Treas. A Carpenter Is known by tiis chips. A Tailor by the fit of his clothes, and so on through the trades. A PRINTER, if he is a good one, ought to be known by his jobs. Do YOU KNOW Blanch ARD? Of course you know his jobs, for what person hereabouts has not seen the COLUMBIAN TRIBUTE, the WORCESTER COM- MERCIAL? — but what's the use of enumerating the long list? You have seen the imprint of F. S. Blanchard & Co. on hundreds of jobs, and you know they were good ones, too ; something about them that suggested at once that they were done at 154 Front street. That imprint would look well on your next Catalogue, and you may be sure the Catalogue would look well, too. If you want good printing of ANY KIND, go to Blanchard's. If you want it in an awful hurry, and nobody else has facilities to handle it quick enough, then take it to Blanchard's, sure. Morcester County ITnstitutton for Savings, Ho. 13 FOSTEl^ ST., WORCESTER. Officers for 1893-4. PRESIDENT; STEPHEN SALISBURY. GEOllCiE S. HOWE, (iEOIUiE S. HOWE, ]OSKlMI MASOX, ■yOIIX D. W ASHIIURX, l£DWARD I.. DAVIS, STEPHEN SALISBURY, GEORGE E. FRANCIS, WILLIAM H. JOURDAN, THOMAS II. GAGE, A. GEORGE BULLOCK, \ ICE-PRESII>ENTS : JOSEPH MASON, TRUSTEES: JOSIAH H. CLARKE, CHARLfiS B. PRATT, ]OIIN W. WETHERELL, WALDO LINCOLN, FRANK P. GOULDING, LINCOLN N. KINNICUTT, JONAS G. CLARK, CHARLES F. ALDRICH, JOHN D. WASHBURN. SAMUEL S. GREEN, ELISHA D. BUFFINGTON, SAMUEL C. WILLIS, LEONARD WHEELER, EDWARD D. THAYER, Jr., GEORGE F. BLAKE, Jr.," EDWARD F. TOLMAN, LYMAN A. ELY. CLERK: CHARLES F. ALDRICH. TREASURER: CHARLES A. CHASE. BOARD OF INVESTMENT: STEPHEN SALISBURY, GEORGE E. FRANCIS, EDWARD D. THAYER, Jr. LYMAN A. ELY, WALDO LINCOLN. SAMUEL C. WILLIS, AUDITORS : EDWARD F. TOLMAN, GEORGE S. HOWE. Edward B. Hamilton, Ge/ierol Accountant. Llther M. Lovell, Teller. Accountajtts: Clerks: Frank L. Messinger, Linls Sibley. Ralph E. Stewart, Lucius W. White. This Institution was established February 5, 1828. Its object is to receive and safely invest the savings of the people and to divide the profits among the depositors. Deposits of one dollar or upwards are received. The limit of deposits is One Thousand Dollars. Deposits are allowed to accumulate to Sixteen Hundred Dollars. Money is put on interest on the first day of January, April, July and October. Interest on deposits is computed to January I and July i. No amount under Three Dollars js entitled to a dividend. The GOIiOjWBlA|< THIBUTE Has been pronounced by those competent to judge, to be the finest representation in paper and ink that the city of Worcester ever had. No city in the country has ever been more graphically or truthfully set before the world in print. It presents the educational, social, charitable, financial and indus- trial features of the Heart of the Commonwealth as they exist to-day. It is beautfully illustrated. No public building, institution, land- mark, manufacturing or business building ot note but what graces its pages in the popular and artistic half-tone style of engravings. It contains over 500 illustrations. It gives a complete classified list of the products of Worcester man- ufactures, the variety and extent of which no city in this country can excel. It was issued as a tribute to the notable Columbian year 1893, under the patronage and endorsement of the. Board of Trade. That Worcester gives ^ good account of herself cannot be gainsaid. The heart of every resident should swell with pride in not only having a copy for his own preservation, but should help to spread the fair fame of Worcester by sending copies to distant friends or corre- spondents abroad. Printed on elegant coated paper, 200 pp. folio size. Card Covers (in envelopes ready for mailing), 40c. Postage 15c. extra. Cloth Covers, stamped in gold leaf, - - $1.00. Souvenir Embossed Leather, round corners, gold edges, ------- Jj>3.50 F. S. BLANCHARD & CO., Publishers, ^154 Front Street, WORCESTER, MASS. Brtss(3ravuim We beg to announce that we have made arrange- ments whereby we can supply the beautiful process prints known as Art-Gravures, Heliotypes, Litho- types, Photogravures, and half a dozen other names which mean practically the same thing. 3for iruuetratmg Genealogical or Biographical Sketches, Memorial Volumes, College Publications, Town and County Histories, Souvenir Editions, Machinery, Buildings, Groups or general mercantile subjects, this process cannot be excelled. The prints are soft, clear and distinct, furnished in a variety of colors of tinted inks, and for limited editions are much cheaper than engravings. These prints can be reproduced from Photographs, Paintings, Engravings, Etchings or Drawings, and our experience as pub- lishers has convinced us that there is no process for illustrating equal to them. Call and see samples, and get estimates. F. S. BLANCHARD & CO., 154 Front Street. WORCESTER, MASS. Worcester Storage Co. HORACE WYMAN, Pkest. C. C. BROWN, Managek. 29 GOLD ST. COURT. Teuephone . 6A2-3,^ Storage for Furniture, Merchandise, Machinery, Carriages, Sleighs, Trunks, Packages, and Bulky Valuables. The warehouse has a powerful Hydraulic elevator, which raises goods by the wagon-load, thus saving extra handling. Rooms of all Sizes For Rent. Insurance obtainable at the lowest rates written for storage. Furniture moved from house to house or to storage warehouse. Covered van for wet or dusty weather. For STORAGE RATES, Apply at the Warehouse, OR BY MAIL. Grand and Upright Pianos The recognized Standard Pianos of the world; pre-eminent]_y the best in- struments at present made, exported to and sold in all art centres of the globe , preferred for public and private use hy the greatest living artists. A. B. Chase Wonderful Pianos, The A. B. Chase Piano has come with rapid strides to the front, till today it stands with the leaders. Kranich & Bach Faultless Pianos. 28,000 Pianos made, and sold. Endorsed hy all Worcester musicians Sold b_y us 27 years. HHINES BROS. SDPEHB DPRliT PlflNOS. The best Upright Piano at a reasonable price in the market to-day The favorite piano of Mme. Adelina Patti and other noted artists Cases in Mahogany, Rosewood, Ebonized, Cherry, French, Circassian and Ameri- can Walnut, English and American Oak. C. L. ©ORHAM & eo. 454 Main St., Worcester, Mass. F. M. MARBLE A strong personality pervades the enterprise that appears to be so firmly founded at . . . 32 Front St., Crompton Block. Here one notes the fulfillment of an original purpose, tenaciously adhered to during seventeen years, to furnish for the million, at moderate charge, substantial food — solid and liquid, on strictly temperance principles — of the best quality in un- stinted measure. Hence the . . . Popular Eating: House, Fortunate in Location, Ample in Area, Perfect in Every Detail of Arrangement, equipped with the freshest, choicest, most appetizing selections from the markets, a skillful cuisine, the most luscious fruits in their season, all presided over by a genial gentleman, with polite and attentive assistants. A fitting climax is reached in the splendid Restaurant of F. H. Marble, 32 FRONT ST., WORCESTER, MASS.