^^^EASrwt f^oo\^ COL. GEORGE WASHINGTON FLOWERS MEMORIAL COLLECTION DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DURHAM. N. C. PRESENTED BY W. W. FLOWERS <..*»m ^-^^r-S^ v^vV^-l^ ^'^■•'t *■ h ANDREWS' MOUNTED AMILLERY DRILL COMPILKD ACCOUBING TO TKE LATEST REGULATIONS FROM STANDARD MILITARY A U T II R I T Y , R. SNOWDEN ANDREWS, llt'JTtKAM-COLONLL COMMaNMNG UATTAUON AraiLlEKT. CHARLESTON: KVANb AND COGSWELL. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by R. SNOWDEN ANDREWS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Confederate States for the District of Charleston, South Carolina, Cf^^^t ITt THE ROWERS COILECTWN */ests. The 5foc/i; has an iron lunette on the front end; at the rear end it is let in four inches for its whole width into the front of the axle body. 14 8CH00L OF THE PIECE. The axle body is notched to receive the middle mil, and has tenons to fit into notches in the side rails. The middle and two side rails, and one cross bar complete the wooden parts of the frame. The middle assembling bar (iron) has two ears in the middle, to serve as stay plates for the ammunition chests, and a slat for the axe-blade on the right of the middle rail. The rear assembling bar supports the spare wheel axle. It has a slat on the left of the middle rail for carrying a pickaxe. The sjyare wheel axle consists of a body and two ribs; it has a chain and toggle to secure the wheel. There are two stays for the axle; the bolt hole in the head of one of them is square, in the other round. The carriage hook is intended to take a carriage which may have lost its limber. The bolster for the front foot-board is fastened on the middle of the cross bar. The front foot-board is fastened to the rails and cross bar; the rear foot-board to the rails only. The key ^late for spare pole is fastened on the under side of the lunette. The key is attached to the left side of the stock by a chain and eye pin, screwed into the left side of the stock. The spare pole ring is held by the axle strap. The spare handspike ring, key plate, and key are on the right side of the middle rail. One key pAate and key, for the shovel handle, are fastened on the inside of the right side rail The lock chaiii bridle is fastened under the front end of the left side rail ; it holds the large ring of the lock chain. Besides these carriages, a travelling forge, with SCHOOL or the piece, J 5 Biiiilhs' iiiul arnioror.s' tools and stores, for shoeing and ordinary repairs, and a battery wagon for stores, material, and the tools of the carriage-maker, wlicel- wright, saddler, and harness-maker, form parts of the batter}'. The battery of wanwuvre consists of the pieces i^e- longing to the field battery, with an equal number of caissons, all properly equipped, horsed, and manned. Each caisson is permanently attached to a piece, and manoeuvres with it. On the war establishment, or when ordered to march, each carriage of the G-pounder and light 12- pounder batteries is drawn by six horses. On the peace establishment, in garrison, four horses onl}- ure required. When 12-pounder batteries are in the field or on the road, each piece and caisson of the battery of manoeuvre requires eight horses, the other car- riages six horses each. The Gun DetachiMent. The cannoneers of a piece when united for the ser- vice of the gun, or for the preliminary instruction, constitute a detachment, which is comjjosed ordinarily of eight men, commanded by the gunner. A rank is composed of men tibreast; a file of men placed one behind the other. The cannoneers fall in in two ranks, eujhteen inches betw^cen the ranks; elbows slightly touching; and in such manner that they may be told olf to the duties at the piece for which they are best fitted. This of course does not apply to recruits, each of wliom must be taught the duties of every number under all cir- cumstances. The gunner tells the detachment off from the right, 16 SCHOOL OF THE PJECE. No. 1 being on the right of the rear rank, No. 2 on the right of the front rank, No. 3 on the left of No. 1, No. 4 on the left of No. 2, and so on — the even num- bers being in the front and the odd numbers in the rear rank. He then takes post on the right of the front rank. The chief of caisson, who, as well as the gunner, should be a corporal, is told oif as No. 8 of the gun detachment. When the detachment is composed of more or less than eight men, he should be the highest even number. When the chief of the piece is present, and not the instructor, he performs the duties and takes the posi- tion of the gunner, who then takes post one yard in rear of the right file and acts as file-closer, except when the chief of piece is out of ranks, when the gun- ner resumes his post. Article II. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION. The object of this school is the regular and progres- sive instruction of the artilleryman in his duties at and connected with the piece, from the period of his joining as a recruit. This instruction is given by the non-coinmissioned ofiicers, under the supervision of the chiefs of sections. The instructor should never require a movement to be perlbrmod until it is exactly explaincel and exe- cuted by himself. It should be left to the recruit to take tlu-! positions and execute the movements di- rected, and he should be touched only to rectify mis- takes arising from want of intelligence. Each movement should be perfectly understood SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 17 before passing to another. After tliey have been properl}^ executed in the order laid down, the in- structor no longer confines himself to that order. The instructor allows the men to rest at intervals during drill, and for this purpose he commands Rest. At this command the recruit is no longer required to preserve immobilit3^ At the command Attention, the man takes his position, and remains motionless. Great patience and the utmost precision are neces- sary on the part of the instructor. He should espe- cially endeavor to excite a spirited and active deport- ment at every military exercise; and, above all, not to disgust the men by too long an application to any one point in the drill. Article III. PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTION. The preliminary instruction to be given to artillery recruits is the same as that given to the infantry sol- dier, previous to his instruction in the manual of arms, embracing the position of the soldier, the facings, and marching — all of wiiich being fully described in the first part of instruction in infantry tactics need not be repeated here, as reference may be made to that book. Besides this, artillery recruits are early in- structed in the sabre exercise, the details of wdiich are fully explained and illustrated i-n the compiler's cav- alry drill, to which work the learner is referred. In addition to the foregoing, the light artillery soldier should be taught how to mount a horse, and practised at riding, in order that he may be fitted for duties of driver, and any other position requiring a 18 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. knowledge Of horsemauship. He should, moreover, be instructed in the care of horses, and in the manner of harnessing and hitching them. All of these acquirements arc indispensable to the thorough instruction of the artilleryman, though in- struction in the scliools of the piece and battery need ]iot be delayed to accomplish them. AUTlCliE IV. MANUxVL OF THE PIECE. For the purpose of instruction, each detachment is to be formed in front of tlie piece, unlimbered, and the different numbers are to be called upon, succes- sively, to perform their respective duties ?'?i detail, while the rest of the detachment look on and observe their motions. When it is found difficult to make the recruit sensible of the defect in his position, the in- structor will place himself or another recruit in the correct position. Nine men, including the gunner, are necessary for the service of a field piece. When from necessity the detachment consists of less than nine, the higher nara- bcrs are struck out and additional duties are imposed upon those remaining. Posts of tile CannOxXeers. Piece UNLi^niRED. Figure 4. The gunner is at the end of the trail handspike; Nos. 1 and 2 are about two feet outside the wheels, No. 1 on the right, and No. 2 on tlie left ', with howitzers, rather in rear of the muzzle; with g-uhs, in line with the front part of the wheels; Nos. SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 19 3 and 4 are in line with the knob of the.cascabel, cov- ering Nos. 1 and 2; IS'o. 5 is flue yards in reav of the left wheel; No. 6 in rear of the limber, and No. 7 on his left, covering No. 5 ; JS' o. 8, the chief of the caisson, is /o?//* 3'ards in rear of the limber, and on its left; all face to the front. The chief of the piece is opposite the middle of the trail handspike, outside and near the left cannoneers. In actual firing he takes his place on the right or left, where he Ciin best observe the effect of the shot. Loading and Firino. The piece is taken to the drill ground, unlimbered, and prepared for action ; the limber in position behind the piece, and facing toward it; the end of the pole six yards from the end of the trail handspike. For the instruction of recruits united for the service of the gun, the exercise is conducted by detail, the instructor giving all the commands. His commands are, Load by detail — Load; fico, three, four ; Sponge; two, three, four ; IIaiu ; two, three ; JIkady ; Fire ; Cease FIHING. When the men are sufficientlj'' instructed to go through the manual Avithout detail, the commands of the instructor for that purpose are. Load ; Commence firing ; Cease firing; or simply, Commence firing ; and Cease firing. After the command Commence firing the action is continued as laid down for loading without detail, until the command Cease firing is given, which is repeated by the chief of the piece and the gunner. Duties of the Gunner. The p'unner tcives all executive commands in action. TFe is answerable that all the numbers perform their 20 SCHOOL OF THE TIECE. duties correctly. He communicates the orders which lie receives for the kind of ammunition to be fired; sending to No. 6 the time or distance for each round, when firing shells or spherical case shot. He should, when the firing is slow, see that each fuse is properly prepared, and make such corrections as are necessary ; for this purpose he, as well as No. 6, should be pro- vided Avith a fuse irouo-e. On receiving the command or signal to commence firing, he gives the command Load; takes hold of the handspike at the end with his right hand, and at the centre with his left; places his knee against the left hand, bending over it, the right knee being slightl}^ bent; looks over the top of the piece, and gives the direction. He then steps to the breech to give the elevation, which he does b}^ placing the hausse on its seat, taking ho|d of a handle of the elevating screw, drawing back his right foot, bending over his left knee, and sighting through the slit in the hausse. (This position is shown in figure 5.) When the piece is loaded and pointed, he removes the hausse, gives the command Eeady, and, stepping clear of the wheel to that side where he can best ob- serve the effect of his shot, gives the command Fire. As soon as the piece has been fired, he causes it to be run up to its former place, if necessary. When the instructor, instead of divine: the command Commence firing, gives that of Load, the gunner repeats it, and performs the same duties as before, except that he does not command Fire until the firing is ordered to commence. After the command Commence firing is given, the action is continued bj- the gunner, without further commands from the in- Btrnctor^ until the firing is ordercr] to cease. When SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 21 the commands are all given by the instructor, as in loading by detail, the gunner performs the same duties, but without repeating the commands. Duties of No. 1. Figure 4. Until the command Load, No. 1 stands square to tlie front, in line with the front part of the wheels, holding tlic sponge about the middle of the staff in his right hand, and trailing it at an angle of 45°, sponge head up. The instructor commands: By detail — TjOAD. Three times and four motions. Figure 6. At this command No. 1 faces to the left, steps obliquely to the right with his right foot, Avithout moving his left, and at the same time brings* the sponge smartly to a perpendicular position by drawing his right hand up in line witli the elbow. The sponge is grasped firmly in the hand, and the rammer head kept just over the riglit toe, the elbow close to tiie side. Two. Figure 7. He steps obliquely to the left with his left foot, planting it about half-way between the piece and the wheel, and opposite the muzzle; bringing the sponge at the same time across his body to the left, so that his right hand may be opposite the middle of the body, the sponge staff being inclined at an angle of 45° across the front of it. Three. Figure 8. lie takes a side step to the right of thirty inches, and, bending his knee, brings the sponge 22 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. to a horizontal position, extending the hands to the ends of the staff, the sponge head to the left, the back of his right hand up, and that of his left down, the sponge head against the face of the piece.' Four. Figure 9. He inserts the sponge head, drops his left hand behind his thigh, shoulders square, feet equally turned out, straightens the right knee, and, bending over the left, forces the sponge home. Sponge. Three iimes and four motions. Figure 5. At this command No. 1 fixes his eye on the vent to see that it is closed, gives two turns to the sponge, taking great care to press it at the same time against the bottom of the bore. Two. Figure 10. He draws out the sponge, at the same time straightening his left knee, and bending, his right J seizes the staff near the sponge head with his left hand, back of the hand down, and places the sponge against the face of the piece. Three. Figure 11. He turns the sponge by bringing his hands together in the middle of the staff, giving it a cant with each hand, throwing the sponge head over, at the same time turning his wrist, which brings the staff horizontal, and extending his hands to the ends of the staff, baclv of the left up, that of the other down. SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 23 Four. Figure 12. H~ introduces the rummer bead into the muzzle as soon as No. 2 has inserted the charge, and joins his left hand to his right, casting his ej^c to the front. During the whole time of sponging No. 1 keeps his eye on the vent. If at any time it is not closed, he will discontinue the mananivre, and comnian i;-^ clcai' of ihc wheel Ko. 4 pulls the hinyjird b.v*i«kly aiid fivnily, j)assing the hand, back up, in a downward direction to the rear, so as to keep the lanyard hook fV(.)iii fiyinf^- back in the direction of the face. Should Ihc tube fail to explode the charge, the gunner immediately commands, Boiit* advance, the primer has failed. Upon which Iso. 2 steps inside the wheel, close to tlie axle- tree, receives from No. o over the wheel a priming- wire, and from No. 4 a prepared primer; pricks, primes, and resumes his post. At the command Cease riiiiNG, No. 4 secures his lanyard. No. 3, as well as No. 4, should be equipped with a tube-pouch, furnished with friction -primers and lan- yards. In the absence of No. 4, immediately alter pricking the cartridge, he prepares and inserts a tube, steps to his post, faces the vent, breaks to his rear with the left foot, and, at the command Fire, dis- ciiarges the piece. Ko then resumes his post, and tends the vent as before. Duties of No. 5. « The position of No. 5 is five yards clear of, "and cov- ering the left wheel. At the command Load, No. 5 runs to the ammuni- tion chest, receives from No.^7 or No. G a single round, the shot in the right hand, the cartridge in his left; takes it to the piece and delivers it to No. 2 (figure 19), returns immediately for another round, and then halts at his post until the piece is fired. In firing shells or spherical case, he exhibits the fuse to the gunner before delivering the charge to No. 2. SCHOOL OF Tii-R riECF;. 29 DUTIKS OF No. G. No. G 18 ^iatioiuxl in tlic ivtir of tlio limber chest, and issues tlie aiiiiniiiiition. [fe ih pvovldod with ii fuse i;'oiio-e, aiul proj)ai*e.s tlie shell and spherical case sliot accoi'dino- to the dlst.'inee or time ordered, before deliv^M-iiiL;; it to No. o. Duties of No. T. The .station of No. 7 is in rear of and near the left limber wheel. It is his duty to assist No. G in prep- aration of ammunition, and serviiio- of it to No. f). In raj)id tiring, with round shot and canister, Nos. 5 and 7 maj' alternate in delivering the charges to No. 2. cspeciallj^ when ammunition is issued direct from the caisson. When the ammunition pouches arc used they arc worn by Nos. 5 and 7, hung from the left shoulder to the right side; the j-ound is placed in the pouch b^^ No. G or No. 1, so that the cartridge will be to the front. When it is brought \i\) No. 5 holds open the pouch, and No. 2 takes out the round with both hands. At the command Cease firing, No. 5 carries the round back to No. G. No. G will be careful not to raise the lid unneccssa- I'ily. It should be kept closed when possible. In tiring shells and spherical case, ho prepares each fuse as dii'eeted, assisted wdien necessaiy by No. 7, Ho gives No. 5 the time or distance of the fuse Avith each round issued, who reports to the gunner before deliv- ering it to No. 2. At the command Ceask firing, ho carefull}'- replaces the amnmnition in the chest and secures the lid. 30 SCHOOL OF TUT. PIECF. To Cut the Fuse. Place the projectile between the knees, fuse upper- most, and sujiport it with the left hand. Holding tlie fuse gouge in the right hand, place the left corner of its edge close to and on the right of the graduated mark indicating the time desired, and cut away grad- ually until the composition is exposed for a length about equal to the widtli of the gouge. (Ji'oat care must be taken not to expose the coni])osition to the left of the proper graduation mark, and to this end particularly avoid cominencing to cut. too close to the desired mark; for after the composition is once ex- posed it is ver}' easy to pare away to the left., if tiie time has not been accurately cut. AVlien time per- mits, it is well to expose the coni])08ition fully, either by cutting the opening larger toward the rigid or (with shells only) by cutting another opening to the right of the first. It is in all cases bettei' to enlarge the first opening, and always by extending it toward the right. Care must be taken not to cut the fiise more ra})idly than the demand for shells and shrapnel shot requires. Moving the Piece by Hand. Piece Unlimuered. To the front. The instructor commands : 1. By hand to the front. 2. March, vl. HAi/r. At the first command the gunner seizes the end of the handspike, and Nos. 1, 2, 8, and 4 the spokes of the wheels; No. 1 with his left hand, Nos. 2, o, and 4 with both hands; No. 1 holds the sponge with his right hand, the stall" resting on his right shoulder, the head down. Figure 20. At the second connnand they move the piece foi'wai'd_, tlio gunner i-aising (he tri^il SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 81 until tlie cotnniand Halt is given; when all resume their posts. By H.vnd TO THE Rear. To the rear. The insLriietor commands: 1. Ihi hand to the rear. 2. March. 3. Halt. At the first command the gunner, facing to the rear, seizes the handspike with his right hand; Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 seize the wlieels as before, except that No. 1, holding the sponge in the left hand, uses his right at tlie wheel. At the r-ommand March, they move the piece to llic rear, the gunner raising the trail, until the commaiul Malt is given, when all i-esume their posts. OiiAXGiNG Posts. In order to insti'uct the men in all the duties at the piece, the instructor causes them to change posts. For this purpose he commands: 1. Change posts. 2. March. ^At the command Change posts, the men on the right of the piece face to the rear; those who have ecpiip- ments la^^ them down, No. 1 resting the sponge head on the nave of the wheel. At the command March, each man takes the place and equipments of the man in his front. No. 1 takes the place of No. 3. No. 3 ^' ^' ^<^- ^• No. 8 " " N^- ^' No. '^ " N^- 7. No. 7 '• '' No. 5. No '' " -^o. 4. No. ! '• *' N«^- -• No. No. 1. 32 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. The gunner changes with one of the nninbers by special direction of the instructor. A sufficient num- ber of the moat intelligent cannoneers must be kept instructed to serve as gunners. The gunner, who is responsible for the equipments, either distributes tliem from the limber-chest, or they may be hung on the neck of the cascabel, and distrib- uted by liim to the proper numbers at the con:»mand Take equipments from the instructor, lie receives them again at tlie command IIeplaci-: equipmknts, makiag such disposition of then-j as may be directed. Limbering. To the front: The instructor commands : Limber to the eront. * At this command No. 1 steps up between the muzzle and the wheel, by the oblique step indicated for load- ing, turns the staff, seizing it with the l and 4 stv^p williin thr w heels, to avoid the liinhei-; .Xos. 1 and -5 remain at the muzzle, and the irnnner and No. 5 step between Nos. )> and 4 and the trail, the gunner lirst taking out the handspik'e, and passing it to No. 4, by whom it is put up. As soon as tlie limber is in IVonl of the ])iece tlie gunner commands: Halt; TjImukii up; upon whieh the limber halts, the gunner and No. o raise the ti-ail by means of the handles, and, [insisted by Nos. 8 and 4 at tlie wheels, and Nos. 1 and 2 at the head of the carriage, run the piece forward, and ])lace the lunette upon the pinile; the gunner then puts in the key, and all take their posts; when necessary, Nos. G and 7 assist at the trail in bringing the ])iece about, and in limbering up. To the right (or Icff). The instructor commands: Limber to the right (or left). The trail is turned to the right (or left), and the piece limbered up as before, the limber inclining to the right (or left), and taking its ])lace by a right (or left) wheel. To the renr. The instructor comn\ands :• Limber to the rear. The liml)er inclines to the right, ami takes its place by Avheeling about to the left, and the piece is then limbered up as before. 34 school of the piece. Posts of the Cannoneers. Piece Limbered. NoH, 1 and 2 arc opposite the muzzle; Nos. 3 and 4 oppo.site tlic knob of the cascabel ; the gunner and No. 5 opposite the rear, and Nos. and 7 opposite the front parts of the limber wheels; No. 8 is on the left, and opposite the limber chest of the caisson. All face to the front, and cover each other in lines one yard from the wheels, the even numbers on the right, the odd numbers on the lefc. The chief of the piece is on the left, and, if not mounted, o])posite the end of the pole; if mounted, he is near the leading driver, aiul on his left. To Form the Detachment. To thrfront The instructor commands: 'Detachment — front. The gunner commands : Cannoneers, for icnrd ^ March ; the even numbers move directly to the front; the odd numbers closing on them when clear of the piece. The gunner files them to the left, and fronts the de- tachment at the proper distance. No. 8 moves direct- ly forward, and takes his place in the detachment. To the rear. The instructor commands : Detachment — rear. The gunner commands: Cannoneers, rear face — March. At the command March, the odd numbers move directly to the rear, the even numbers closing on them, and the detachment is filed to the left, halted at a proper distance by the gunner, and faced to tlio front; No. 8 taking his proper place in the detach- ment. SCHOOL OF TirE PIECE 35 In forming detacliments in line, i\\oy arc alwa3'a, after lialting, dressed to Uie right by the gunner. Posts or the 1)etacii:\ients at tiikir Pieces. In front. The detachment is in line facing to the front, two yards from the end of tlie pole or the load horses. Jn rear. The centre of the detachment is tico yards behind the muzzle, and facing to it. On the rujht or left. The detachment is in line opj)0- sile the limber axle-tree, and three yards from it. In all it faces to the front. C'riANOE OF Posts of IJktaciiments yVT tiikir Pieces. From front to rear. The detachments being in line, in front of their pieces, to post them in rear, the in- structor commands : Detachments — hear. The gunner commands: Cannoneers, rear face — March. At the command March, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 oblique sufficiently to the left, and Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8 to the right, move along the sides of their piece, reunite as soon as they have passed it, and are Inilted at the proper distance, faced to the front, and aligned to the right bj'' the gunner. From rear to front. The instructor commands : Detachments — front. The gunner repeats the command, and adds — March. At this command the cannoneers oblique: Nos. 1, 2, i), aiul 4 to the right; I^os. 5, 6, 7, and 8 to the left; jjaSvS their piece, reunite in front, and are hailed 'A\)(\ alignc'l to the right by the gunner. "^'^0 SCFTOOL OF TTTF. PIECE. From rear to right (or /(-//) The iiisti-actor coin- m nil (.Is : Detach MKXT8 — iironT (oi' left). ^ho gunner coininauds rUjht (or A//) ohlique, March, Mud afterward FoinvARr), and Halt, in time to brinic the detachment to its ]iost on the right or loft. lie then aligns it to the I'ight. To Post the Cannoneers at the Pieces LTMr>ERED. The detachment being formed in line in front or rear, on the right or left, the instructor commands: Cannoneers, to your posts. From the front. The gunner fixces the detachhiGnt to the right, and commands: To your posts, March. At this command the cannoneers Nos. 1 and 2, turn- ing to the right, and opening out, file to their posts; lialt at their proper places, and face to the front. From the rear, right, or left. At the command Can- noneers, TO YOUR posts, the gunner, in each case, faces the detachment to the left, and marches the cannoneers by that fiank to their posts. Posts of the Cannoneers on the Chests. Dui'ing the man(euvres the cannoneers arc cither at their posts or they are seated on the ammunition chests as follows: the gunner and ]\''os. 5 and 6 on the limber chest of the piece, the gunner on the right and No. 5 on the left; Nos. 1, 2, and 7 on the limber chest of the caisson, No. 2 on the right and No. 1 on the left; Nos. 3, 4, and 8 on the middle chest of the caisson. No. 4 on the right, and No. 3 on the left. When circumstances require it, Nos. G and 7 may sriiooL OF Till"; riEr'E. S;7 bo dii'cctcd io mount Iho rear clicst of* tlic caisson. They sit Avith their backs to tbc IVont, No. 6 on tbc riii-bt. To Mount and DrsMouxT -niv. Cannonekhs. 7a mount. The instructor halls the carriages^ \i' not ahead}' at a hall, ;ind coniiuands : 1, Cannoneers^ prepeire lo nioimf. 2. MoUiNT. At tlie first coniinand the cannoneers run to (.heir respective pbices, and stand facing the clicsts which they are to nionnt, tiie gunner and No. 5 in rear ot* the gun liniber, No. (3 on the right of the gunner, Nos. 1 and 2 in rear of tlie caisson limber, No. 7 on the left of No. }, NoH. ') and I in front of the middle cheat of the caisson, No .S on tlu^ right of No. o. The gunner and Nos. 'I and o seize the handles with the right liand, and step upon tlie stocks with the left foot, and Nos. 5, 1, and 4 seize the handles with the left hand, and stej) upon the stocks with the right foot. At the command Mount, the gunner, and Nos. 1, 2, o, 4, and 5 spring into their seats. The gunner, and Nos. 5, 1, and 2 seat themselves in their places, with their backs to the front, and immediately face jiboiit by throwing their legs outward over the han- dles. No. S then sin-ings itito his seat in the same manner as No. fj; Nos. 6 and 7 step in rear of thajr chests, place their hands iipoji them, step upon the stocks with their nearest feet, spring up, stc]) over the boxes, and take their seats, placing their hands on the shoul- ders of the men already seated in order to steady themselves. 38 SCHOOL OF the piece. AYhen the command Cannoneers, Mount is given by itself, the men run to their places and spring into their seats at once, No. 8 talcing his seat before No. 3. To dismount. The instructor halts the carriages as before, and commands : 1. Cannoneers, "prepare to dismount. 2. Dismount. At the iirst command the cannoneers stand up in their places, except the gunner and No. 5, who face about. At the second comniand the whole jnmp off and run to their posts. When the command Cannoneers, Dismount is o'ivcn by itself, the men jump from their chests in the same manner. The cannoneers always dismount at the command Action pront, right, or left. They also dismount at the command In battery,- as soon as the carriage on wliich they are mounted halts. The object of mounting the cannoneers on the am- munition chests is generally to enable the battery to make quick movements. Care should be taken when the ground is unfavorable, or the movements aro likely to be prolonged, not to mount them so often as to be injurious to the horses. After they are "well in- structed in mounting and dismounting at a halt, the cannoneers may be ordered to mount and dismount while the carriages are in march at a walk. When a caisson is absent, or temporarily disabled, and a quick movement is necessary, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 will mount the off-horses of the piece. No. 2 the lead, No. 1 the middle, and No. 3 the wheel-horse, Nos. 1 and 3 passing by the rear of the gun. This arrangement may also be resorted to in case of a sud- den alarm, the drivers of the caissons assisting the SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 39 drivers of the pieces by harnessing- tlieir off-liorscs and hitching them in. The cannoneers then mount as directed, and the pieces move off. The remaining cannoneers assist the drivers of the caissons to liar- ncss and hitch in their horses, and then mount the chests of tlic caissons, which proceed at once to join their pieces. MoviNt; TiiK Piece ry Kanm). Pjece Limbered. To the front. The instructor commands : 1. Forward. 2. March, o. Halt. ^\t the lirst command Nos. and 7 seize the end of the pole with both hands, the gunner and No. 5 facing toward the pole, seize the splinter bar with one hand and the pole with the other; Nos. 8 and 4 seize the spokes of the hind wheels with both hands, and Nos. 1 and 2 apply both hands at the head of the carriage. At the second command all, acting together, ui'ge the piece forward until the command Halt is given, when all resume their posts. Figure 21. Moving the Piece by Ilcind. To the rear. The instructor commands: 1. Backward. 2. March. ;J. Halt. At the first command all face to the rear; Nos. G and 7 seize the end of the pole with both hands; No. 5 and the gunner seize the spokes of the limber, and Nos. 1, 2, 8, and 4 those of the. hind wheels. At the command March, all, moving together, move the piece to the rear, Nos. (3 and 7 keeping it straight by the use of the pole. At the command Halt, all resumu their posts. 40 school of the piece. Unlimbering and Coming into Action. To the front. The instructor commands : Action tront. At this command the gunner takes out the key, and, assisted by No. 5, raises the trail from the pintle, and then commands Drive on, upon which Nos. G and 7 reverse the limber to the left, and proceed with it to the rear; again reverse to the left, and halt so that the limber shall cover the piece, with the end of the pole 6'iif yards from the end of the trail handspike. At the same time that the limber moves oft' the piece is brought about in all respects as in limbering to the front, except that the gunner and No. 5, without low- ering the trail, carry it about, each by means of the handle on his own side. Nos. 6 and 7, when neces- sarj', assist at the trail, after placing the limber in position. As soon as the piece is brought about, and the trail lowered, No. 4 takes out the handspike and passes it to the gunner, who fixes it in the trail. No. 1 takes out the sponge, No. 3 unkeying it, and No. 4 prepares his lanyard. All then resume their posts. To the right (or left). The instructor commands: Action right (or left). The piece is unlimbered and placed in the required direction, and the limber wheels to the left (or right), and takes its place in rear, by reversing to the left (or right). To the rear. The instructor commands : 1. Fire to the rear. 2. In battery. At the command In battery, the piece is unlim- bered as before, the trail immediately lowered, and SCHOOL OF THE PIECK. -11 tlie gun prepared for action. The limber moves di- rectly forward at the command Drive on from tlie gunner, and takes its place by coming to the left about. Service of the (thn with Diminisiik]) Nlijmbers. The men should be frequently exercised in serving pieces with diminished numbers, that each may know the duties he has to perform in such cases. Disabled men are replaced as soon as j^ossible by the highest numbers, or, if men are selected to replace them, the highest numbers will be reduced to fill the vacancies thus created. During action, Nos. 1 and 2 may occasionalh' change places and n\nnbers, as the duties of No. 1 are very severe. iService of the. ijun bij two men. Tin? gunner com- mands, points, serves tlie vent, and fires; No^ 1 sponges, loads, and serves ammunition. Three men. IMie gunner commands, points, serves the vent, and fii'es; No. 1 sponges; No. 2 loads,' and serves ammunition. Fou?' ')nen. The gunner commands and points; No. 1 sponges; No. 2 loads, and serves ammunition ; No. 3 serves the vent, and fires. Five men. The gunner commands and points; No. 1 sponges; No. 2 loads; No. 8 serves the vent, :ind tires; No. 4 serves ammunition. Six men. The gunner commands and points; No. 1 sponges; No. 2 loads; No. 3 serves the vent, and lires; Nos. 4 and 5 serve ammunition. Seven men. The gunner commands and points ; No. 1 s])onges; No. 2 loads; No. 3 serves the vent, and altencfa to the trail; No. 4 tires; No. 6 is at the lim- 4 42 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. ber, serves ammunition to No. 5, and occasionally chano'cs witli him. Eight men. No. 7 assists No. 6; the other numbers as before. Table for the Exercise with Diminished Numbers. Nos. Retain lii). DlSTlUBUTlON OF DuTIKS. Gtinner. G. 3, 4 G. 3, 4 G. G. G. G. G. I 1,2,5 2 3 4 5 6 7 G J Or \ 2 2,5 2,5 2 2 2 2 G. 1, 2, 3 a 1. 2 3 4 3,4 .3,4 3,4 3 3 5 6 4 4 G. 1. 2 3 4. 5 5 5 5 G. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5. fi G. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, C, 7 6 6 'V Supply of Ammunition in Action. When it is likely that movements must take place on the field, or the firing is slow, and it can be done without inconvenience, ammunition will be served direct from the rear chest of the caisson, No. 8 per- forming the duties prescribed for No. 6 at the limber chest. At convenient moments the ammunition served out b}' No. () will be i-eplaced from the rear caisson chest. A RTF OLE IV. MECHANICAL MANGilUVRES. Changing Wheels. Napoleon, Q- pounder gnn, and VI -pounder hoivitzer. The piece being unlimbered, to change the right wheel, the instructor commands: SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 43 1. Prepare to change the right loheel. 2. Change the WHEEL. At tlic first command jSTos. 5, 6, and 7 dismount the Hparc wheel ; No. 5 brings it near, and parallel to the disabled one, leaving room for the latter to be taken off. The gunner 2)asses one end of his handspike to No. 1, placing it under the axle-tree close to the shoulder. The gunner and No. 1, placing themselves between 'the handspike and piece, and facing the wheel, take hold of the handspike near the axle; Nos. 4 and 6 take hold of the ends of the handspike, No. 6 assisting the gunner. At the command Change the wheel, the carriage is raised; Nop. 2 and 3 take off the disabled wheel; No. 2 runs it to tlic rear, and Nos. 3 and 5 put on the spare wheel, No. 3 taking hold of it in the rear. Nos. 3 and 4 attend to the linchpins and washers on their respective sides. To change the left wheel, the gunner and _No. 2, assisted by Nos. G and No. 3 respectively, man the handspike; Nos. 1 and 4 take off the wheel; Nos 5, 6, and 7 dismount the spare wheel ; No. 5 brings it up, and Nos. 4 and 5 put it on ; No. 1 runs the disabled wheel to the rear. The men at the handspike must raise the end of the axle-tree sufficiently high to throw the weight on the other wheel, and those who take off the wheel must also lift it, and not increase the weight by allowing it to slide along the axle-tree. VZ-pdr. gun and 24:-pdr. howitzer. One end of a pro- lono'C is fastened to the axle-tree near the disabled wheel, the other end being passed over the opposite wheel, and manned by four men from another piece. A spare polo, manned by Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5^ and 6, must 44 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. be substituted for. the handspike under the nxle-tree. The gunner and No. 7 take off and put on the wheels. When a spare pole can not be obtained, the carriage may be raised by means of the handspikes j No. 2 places one in the muzzle, and No. 1 crosses the other under it; No. 3 assists at the handspike in the muzzle, and JS^os. 4, 5, and 6 at the other, No. 4 on the out- side. The four men from the other piece take hold of the cheeks on the side to be raised. All, acting to- gether, raise the carriage at the command Change THE WHEEL. The prolougc is not required. The ma- noeuvre would be made easier by digging a trench five or six inches deep for the other wheel. When a wheel at the piece is disabled in action, it may be replaced by one from its limber. The disabled wheel, if not quite unserviceable, may be used at the limber until it can be convenient^ changed; but, if entirely unserviceable, one must be obtained from the caisson as soon as it is possible to bring it up. In taking off a limber wheel the horses are taken out; No. 6 removes the linchpin and washer; Nos. 3 and 4, assisted by Nos. 7 and 8, raise the limber, No. 3 in front and No. 4 in rear of the axle-tree; Nos. 5 and 6 take off the w4ieel, and No. 5 runs it forward. The axle-tree is lowered gently to the ground. The wheel of the limber is replaced by Nos. 1, '2, 5, and 6 after the wiieel of the piece is on, Nos. 1 and 2 raising the limber, assisted by Nos. 7 and 8. When a Avheel has been disabled in the carriaire of either piece or caisson, and can not be replaced by an- other, a spar ten or twelve feet long may be placed under the axle-tree, with one end resting on the ground and the other secured to the carriage b}^ lashing, so ihtxi the jvxle-trcc may be supported in its ];)roper po- SOHOOJ. OF THE PIECE. 45 sition without the wheel. Tlie part of the carriage thus supported sliould be relieved of as much weight as possible. When a wheel has been so disabled that it can not turn, a slioe of wood may be made and placed under it. A piece of spar about three feet long and nine inches in diameter, with a groove in one side to re- ceive the felloe, will answer for this purpose. The end in front is given the proper form, and the lock chain fastened to it. In this case, also, the carriage should be relieved from as much weight as possible. i^isMOUNTiNG Pieces. Napoleon, 6-pdr. gun and V2-pdr. howitzer. Thepie and 4, after removing the cap squares, station themselves at the end of the cheeks, and, with one hand on the wheel and the other on the knol.) of the cascuibel, prepare to raise the breech. The gunner, first taking out the liandspike, if in the trail, and passing it to No. 4, raises the elevating-screw to its greatest height, and then seizes the left trail handle; No. 5 seizes the right, and Nos. G and 7, after scotching the wheels, go to the trail to assist in raising it. 7\t the second command Nos. 1 and 2 l)ear down upnii the muzzle, the gunner and Nos. o, <>, and 7 raisv 4Q SCHOOL OF THE riECE. the trail until the muzzle rests upon the ground, No. 5, with the howitzer, holding the lock chain to prevent the chjxin from foiling over to the front. Nos. 3 and 4 push against the cascabel to raise the breech, and, when the piece is vertical, run -around to assist Nos. 1 and 2 to keep it in that position. The trail is then lowered, the carriage run back, and the piece placed, on the ground, vent upward. The cannoneers then replace the implements, Nos. 8 and 4 securing the cap sipiares. 12 -jjdr. (jun and 2.A'pdr. howitzer. These are dis- mounted in the same manner, except that Nos. 1 and 2 make a hole in the ground under the head of the carriage, one foot deep for the 12-pdr., and eight inches for the howitzer, to receive the muzzle, and they are assisted by two additional men in pressing upon the muzzle and in steadying the piece. By attaching the middle of a rope with an artificer's knot to the knob of the cascabel, and hauling upon the ends of it, the piece may be more securely steadied. Nos. 3 and 4 attach the rope, pass the ends over to Nos. 1 and 2, and then go around to assist them in hauling. Four additional men from another piece also assist. When the trail is raised so as to lot the muz- zle touch the bottom of the hole, the men haul upon the rope and disengage the gun, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 coming up hand over hand to steady it. A rope may also be used in dismounting the 6-pdr. gun and 12-pdr. howitzer. Nos. 1 and 2 man the rope, and Nos. 3 and 4 steady the wheels. No additional men are required, MoiiNTfNa Pieces. Xi-pdr. gun and 12-pdr. hon-ltzer. The piece being on the gronnd, vent upward. t!io instruolor oommands: i SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 47 1. Prepare to mount the piece. 2. MoUxNT the tiece. At the first command the in\plcmcnts are removed an in dismounting, except that tlic handspikes, instead of being placed on tlie ground, arc ]->;issed' by Nos. 8 and 4 resjiectively to the gunner and No. 2; Noa. o and 4 take oif the cap squares; No. 2 inserts his liand- spike in the bore, and, assisted by No. 1, raises the chase, so that the gunner may put his handspiicc under the piece a little in rear of the trunnions. This being done, No. 2 withdraws his iiandspike from the bore, and places it under the knob of tho cascabel. Nos. 1, 3, and 4 assist at the handspike of No. 2, and Nos. 5, 0, and 7 at that of the gunner; Nos. 1, 2, 5, and the gunner being at the ends. The gunner then commands Heave, upon which the men, acting together, raise the piece upright, and Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 stead}^ it in that positi.on. The gunner and No. 5 go to the trail, and, assisted by 6 and 7 at the wheels, run the carriage forward, within a foot of the piece. Nos. 6 and 7 scotch the wheels, if nec- essary, and then go to the trail to assist the gunner and No. 5 in raising it. At the second command the trail is raised. No. 5, with the howitzer, holding the lock chain to prevent the trail from falling over to the front; Nos. 1 and 2 push gently against the piece, and place the trunn- ions in their plates. The trail is then lowered care- fuU}' to the ground, the wheels unscotched, and the implements replaced, Nos. 3 and 4 securing the cap squares. When necessary, the duties of Nos. and 7 can bo performed by Nos. 3 and 4. The piece may be also easily raised by means of a rope, without the use of handspikes. The gunner iixes the middle of the rope to the knob of the cas- / 48 SCHOOL OF TIIK I'lECE. cabel by an artificer's knot, and Nos. 1, 2,^3, 4,- 5, and 6 man the ends, Nos. 1 and 2 being nearest the eas- cabel. By hauling upon the rope tlie piece is raised. It is then mounted as before. l'2-pdr. gun and 2A-pdr. howitzer. These ar^ mount- ed by means of handspikes in the same manner as the 6-pdr. gun and 12-pdr. howitzer, except that Nos. 1 and 2 make a hole in the ground, one foot deej) for the 12-pdr., and eight inclies for the howitzer, to receive tl)e muzzle, and two additional men act at the han- dles. it will facilitate the raising of the piece, and give greater securitj'^, to fasten the handspike to the casca- bel by means of a rope, and also to fasten, by an arti- ficer's knot, the middle of a proh^nge or picket rope to the cascabel, and man the ends of it by men from another piece. In tliis case, when the piece is raised as high as the man's hips, the gunner and Nos. 5, 6, and 7 quit the handspike, two at a time, and assist at the prolongc. Jn placing the ])iece on the carriage, Nos. 3 and 4 carry the prolonge to the rear, and assist by hauling upon it. When the piece does not fall ex- actly into the trunnion plates, the prolonge is passed round under tlic cheeks to secure the breech to the caiU'iage; the tail being then lowered, the trunnions slide into their beds. (Jaiirvin({ i^ir,(;Ks. The j)iece being on the ground, vent upward, the instructor commands : 1. Prepare to carry the piece. 2. Forward. 3. Matiimi. At the first command Nos. and 7 back the lim- ber over the breeeli until tiic }»intle-hook is just above -Mk, SCHOOL OP THE PIECE. 49 the trunnions; No. 2 inserts a handspike in tlie boro to raise the piece, and Nos. 1, 8, and 4 stand near to assist him; the gunner, assisted by No. 5, passes the ring of the prolonge through the handles, and, after making a turn with the prolonge round the pintle- Jiook, passes the ring through the handles again and puts it on the pintle. If there are no handles, the prolonge should be passed round the piece, in front and rear of the trunnions, the piece being raised for that purpose. Nos. 6 and 7 then raise the pole, and Nos. 1, 2, 8, and 4 the piece, if not already raised; the gunner tightens the prolonge, pulling on the free end, which he passes over the pintle-hook and under the limber to No. 5, who receives it at the splinter bar, and makes a turn with it round the fork. The pole is then lowered, and Nos. 1 and 2 press upon the muzzle and raise the breech. The gunner, assisted by No. 5, lashes the knob of the cascabel to the splin- ter bar, fastening the end of the prolonge by half- hitches. The piece when slung should be horizontal. At the second command the cannoneers prepare to move the limber forward. At the command March, they move the limber to the. front. When the horses are hitched in', they should be taken out to enable the men to sling the piece. A limber, in addition to carrying the jDiece, may also carry a disabled carriage when it is taken apart and lashed upon it; but, as the weight when so dis- tributed is too great to be carried far, the carriage Should be placed upon the caisson as soon as it can be ^one. When a limber is disabled, the trail of the carriage or caisson is attached to the rear of another carriage. 5 / 50 SCHOOL OF THE riKOE Dismounting Carriages. Carriages of the 6-pdr. gun and 12-pdr. howitzer. The piece being dismounted and implements taken off, as already described, the instructor commands: 1. Prepare to dismount the carriage. 2. Dismount the CARRIAGE. At the first command Nos. 3 and 4 remove the linchx:)ins and washers, and Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 step inside of the wheels and take hold of the carriage. At the second command Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 lift the carriage, Nos. 5 and 7 take off the right wheel, and IS^'os. 6 and 8 the left; Nos. 5 and 6 taking hold in front, and Nos. 7 and 8 in rear. If necessary, each wheel may be taken off by one man. The carriages of the 12-pdr. gun and 24-pdr. howit- zer are dismounted in the same manner, with the addition of two or four men to assist in lifting the carriages. Limbers. The limbers are dismounted in the same manner as the carriages; the different numbers taking hold in the same relative positions, and performing the same duties. Mounting Carriages. The method of mounting carriages and limbers cor- responds to that of dismounting them. Changing Ammunition Chests. ^^ In service, when the limber -chest of the piece is emptied, the piece and caisson exchange linibers; No. .8, assisted by No. 7, unlimbers and limbers up the cais- . SCliOOL OF THE PIECE. 51 son, and the middle eheet is exchanged with tlie empty onex)n the limber aa soon as practicable. To change the ammunition chests, the inytructor commandy: 1. Prepare to change the ammunition chest. 2. Change THE CHEST. At the first cominand Nos. 5 and iiidvcy the empty chest, each on his own side, and, taking hold of tlie Jiandles, place it u])on the ground, on the left of the caisson. Nos. 7 and 8 unkey the middle chest at tiic same time. At the command Change the chest, Nos. 5, 6, 7, iind 8, seizing the middle chest by the handles, lift it on the foot-board, and, turning it end for end there, shift the chest along the stock to the limber, taking- great care not to cut the bottom on the nuts, and pu't it in place; Nos. 5 and 6 resume their posts immedi- ately; Nos. 7 and 8 key the chest, replace the empty chest, ke}' it, and resume their posts. Efghting Carriages that have been Overturn ed. When a carriage has been overturned, it is better, if time permits, to disengage the piece, right the car- riage, and then mount the piece again in the manner already described. The piece may be easily disen- gaged by allowing the breech to rest upon tlie ground, oi- a block of wood, raising the muzzle by means of a handspike, while the cap squares are taken off. The carriage may be righted, however, without dis- engaging the piece, by the following modes: Tst. Detach the limber, secure the cap squares, and lash the knob of the cascabel to the stock. Place the middle of a rope over the nave of one wheel, pass the 52 SdllOuL OF THE IMECEV . ■ at ii j i ft,. f ill t i t iT it t , 1 r t ends of it downward between the lower spokes of that wheel, then under the carriage, through the.cor- resjDonding spokes of the other wheel, and then up- ward over the wdiecl, and across the top of the car- iMao-e, to the side where it was first attached. The ends of the rojie and the wheel to be raised are then manned, and the carriage drawn over to its upright position. During this operation two men are required to steady the trail. If necessary, the ends of tlie rope nia}^ be fastened to the limber, and horses used to assist in righting the carriage. Great care must be taken to stop the horses in time, and to prevent them from making any more effort than is absolutely necessary. If the Avheel- horses are sufficient the leaders may be unhitched. 2d. Detach the limber, attach two prolonges, or the middle of a picket rope, to the trail, chock the wheels, and dig an oblong hole under the muzzle, about two and a half feet deep. Then pass one of the prolonges, or one end of the picket rope, over the carriage to the front, and, manning both, raise the trail, and pass it over the axle-tree to the ground on the opposite side. Light carriages may be righted by hand without attaching a rope. Spiking and Unspiking Cannon, and Rendering THEM Unserviceable. To spike a jnece, or to render it unserviceable. Drive into the vent a jagged and hardened steel spike with a soft point, or a nail without a head; break it off flusli with the outer surface, and clinch the point inside by means of the rammer. Wedge a shot in the bottom of the bore by wrapping it with felt, or by means of iron wedges, using the rammer or a bar of iron to SCHOOL op tttE mece. ,^.9 drive thcni in ; a wooden Avcdge would be easily bm-nt by means of a charcoal fire lighted with the aid of a bellows. Cause shells to burst in the bore of bras« guns, or fire broken shot from them Avith high charges, i^'ill a piece with sand over the charge to burst it. Fire a piece against anotlier, muzzle to muzzle, or the muzzle of one to the chase of the other. Light a fire under the chase of a brass gun, and strike on it with a sledge to bend it. Break off the trunnions of iron guns; or burst them by firing them with heavy charges and full of shot at a high elevation. When guns are to be spiked temporarily, and are likely to be j-etaken, a spring spike is used, having a shoulder to prevent its being too easily extracted. To unspike a piece. If the spike is not screwed in or clinched, and the bore is not impeded, put in a charge of powder of one-third of the weight of the shot, and ram junk wads over it with a handspike, laying on the bottom of the bore a strip of wood with a groove on the under side, containing a strand of quick match, by which fire is communicated to the charge. In a brass gun, take out some of the metal at the upper orifice of the vent, and pour sulphuric acid into the groove for some hours before firino-. If this method, several times repeated, is not successful, unscre.w the vent-piece, if it b(ia brass gun, and, if an iron one, drill out the spike or drill a new vent. . To drive out a shot wedged in the bore. Unscrew the vent-piece, if there be one, and drive in wedges so as to start the shot forward, then ram it back in order to seize the wedge with a hook; or pour in powder and fire it, after replacing the vent-piece. In the last resort, bore a hole in the bottom of the breech, drive out the shot, and stop the hole with a screw. 54 SCHOOL OF TEIE I'IKOE. Article "V, t»0INTINO AND RANGK.S. To point a piece is to place it in such a position that the shot may reach the object it is intended to strike. To do this, the axis of the trunnions, being horizontal, the line of metal, called also the natural line of sight, must be so directed as to pass through the object, and then the elevation given to the piece to throw the shot the required distance. The direction is given from the trail, and the elevation from the breech ; *he trail being traversed by a handspike, and the breech raised or dei)ressed by an elevating-screw. The axis of the piece coincides with that of the cylin- der of the bore. The line of sight in pointing is the line of direction from the eye to the object. It lies in aeforc. In executing it, the leading horse on the jiivot flank describes a quadrant (five yards) of a circle wliosc i-adins is o.25 yards, and then resumes the direct march. The horse coupled to him increases his gait and conforms to Jiis movement, resuming the direct march at the same time. The centre vCud wheel horses follow in the tracks of their leaders. Fic^URE 28. The object of a. right or left oblique is to give the carriage a direction inclined 45° to the right or left of the one it had befoi-e. In executing it, the leading horse on the pivot flank describes the eighth of a circle, whose radius is 3.25 yards, and then resumes the dii^^ct march. The horse coupled to him inci'cascs his gait, conforms to his movement, and resumes the direct n^arch at the same time. The other horses follow in the tracks of their leaders. The oblique of a carriage is in fact one-half of a right or left wheel. Figure 24. The passage jipplies to two carriages in flle, and its object is to pass the rear carriage to the fi'ont. To execute it, the rear carriage inclines to the right, passes the one in front, and takes its proper distance in front by inclining to the left. The recip- rocal gaits of the carriages are regulated by com- mands. Figure 25. The object of an about is to establish the carriage on the same ground, but in the opposite schooIj of the battery. Go^ direction, liaving tlic heads of the Jcading horses where tlio hinder part of the carriage \vaf5 befoi'c. For the eaRv exec'ution of tiiis movement at all gaits, an.d*-witl\ a carriage of four Avheels, all the horses incline at once to the riglit as they advance, and so move, according to their distances from the pole, as not to interfere with the wheel-liorses, which really govern tiie carriage. FiQUKE 2G. The countermarch applies to two car- riages of dilferent kinds in iilo. Its object is to make thein both perform the about, and to establish them on the ground they occupied before, but in the opposite direction and with the same carriage in front. In performing it the carriage of the front rank executes an about at once, and moves to the ])!ace Avhich was occupied by the other carriage. The latter follows the track of the former, executes the about on the same ground, aud takes its place. . Note. — The tracks of the limber wheels are indi- cated by full lines, the track of the otf- leader by broken lines. Figure 27. There is but one kind of wheel, which is that with a moving pivot. The carriage on the pivot flank wheels in such a manner as to unmask the ground where the movement commenced. When the wheel is made with a section front, the pivot car- riage describes a quadrant [five yards; of a circle whose radius is H.25. With a battery front the pivot carriage describes a quadrant (tiocnty-tico yards) of a circle whose radius m fourteen. If the wheel be order- ed from a halt, the pivot carringe moves at a walk; if on the march, it preserves its gait. In all cases the marching wing regulates its gait in such a manner as to remain the nhortest possible time in rear of the ,64 SCHOOL OF TOE BATTERY. line, without urging the horses unnecessarily. In all wheels the guide is on the pivot flank, and the inter- vals are preserved from that flank. The chiefs of pieces act as guides, marching for that purpose J#ith the leading carriao-es. The alignment is made on the drivers of the wheel- horses, except in hatter}', when it is made on the hind wheels. In giving commands the strength of the voice should be proportioned to the length of the line. When a chief of section does not hoar the commands, he regulates his movement by what he sees executed by an adjoining chief. The command Attention is given by the captain at the commencement and at each renewal of the exercise; but afterward it is given only when he thinks it necessary to fix atten- tion. Formations of the Battery. The three following orders constitute the different formations of the battery of manoiuvre : 1. Order in column. 2. Order in line. 3. Order IN battery. Order in Column. Figure 28. The order in column is that in which the battery is formed by sections; the carriages being in two files, and' each piece being followed or preceded b}'' its caisson. The captain is generally fourteen yards from the column and opposite to its centre. But during the manceuvres he moves wherever his presence may be most necessary, and where his commands may be best heard. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. (35 Each chief of section is in line with his lcadinwed by its caisson, marches direct to the front, and the captain indicates the direction it should take. The other pieces and caissons foHow the movement of the riglit piece, eacli so reguhiting its march by tliat which precedes it as to march in the same direction and tivo yards behind. Each chief of section directs the march of his cari-iages, which are so conducted by their cliiefs as to enter. the eoiumn by the most simple movement. The column of pieces is thus formed with a distance of two _yards between the carriages. The captain goes wherever his duty may require, but generally remains on the left flank, opposite tlie centre of the column. The chief of the leading section places himself near the chief of the leading piece, and on his left; the other chiefs of sections four yards from the left flank, abreast the centres of their respective sections. The chief of the line of caissons is opposite the centre of the column, and /owr yards from the right Hank. 70 SCHOOL OF rilE IJATTERY. Each chief of piece imd caisson, when mounted, is near liis leading driver on the left. The trumpeters are near the captain. The guidon is near the chief of the leading piece, on his left. When tlie battery is parked with the caissons in front, the captain causes it to unpark by the right by the same commands; the movements being executed in the same manner. The battery may be unparked by the left according to the same principles, and by inverse means. To Halt. To halt the battery, when marching in column of pieces, the captain commands : 1.. Column. 2. Halt. At the second command, repeated by the chiefs of sections, all the carriages are immediately halted. Change of Gait. The changes of gait, in column of pieces, are exe- cuted by the following commands from the captain : To pass from the walk to a trot : 1. Trot. 2. March. To pass i'rom the trot to a walk : 1. Walk. 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the chiefs of sections, all the drivers and others on horseback pre- pare to change tlie gait; and at the second, repeated in like manner, they pass at once to the gait indicated by the first command. SCHOOL OF THE IJAT'JEllY. / 1 To Form Sections. Wlicii tlic buttery is marching at a walk in column of pieces, to form sections at the same gait by gaining ground to the left, the captain commands : ]. Form sections — left oblique. 2. March, o. Guide right. h^'iGURE ol. The chief of the leading section com- mands Form section — left oblique — March — Guide right in succession after the captain. At the command Mahch, the iirst two carriages, piece and caisson, advance five yards and halt. The two rear carriages oblique to the left, gain their inter- vals of fourteen yards, then niove forward and place themselves abreast and on a line with the other two, dressina: to tbe I'io-ht. The chief of the section takes his place midway between the leading carriages, and on a line with the lead drivers. The other sections continue to mai'ch in column of pieces, and are formed successively by their chiefs; each commanding F)rjn section — left oblique in time to command March when the leading carriage of his section has arrived within five yards of its distance. The chief of section then commands: Guide right. When the column of pieces is marching at a trot, the formation is executed according to the same prin- ciples and by the same commands. But the leading carriages, instead of advancing /i^d yards and halting as before, pass to a walk as soon as the command Makch is repeated by the chief of section. The other sections continue to march at a trot, and exe- cute the movement at that gait, the two leading carriages of each section i)assing to a walk at the lA SCHOOL OF THE BATTEllV. command March, which must be given when they have closed to their proper distance. When the column of pieces is at a halt, the forma- tion is executed as prescribed for the column at a walk. In this case the carriages all move at the com- mand March, and the leading ones halt after advan- cing j^i;e yards. When the column of pieces is marching at a walk, to form sections at a trot, gaining ground to the left, the captain commands: 1. Form sections — left oblique — trot. 2. March. 3. Guide right. The chief of the leading section repeats the com- mands Form section — left oblique — trot — March — Guide right in succession after the captain. At the first command the chiefs of the other sec- tions command Trot ; and at the second, wh.icli" they repeat, their sections commence the trot. The chiefs of the second and third sections com- mand Form section — le.ft oblique \w time to command March when the leading carriage of each section has nearly gained its distance. Tiie leading carriage then resumes the walk, and the chief of section commands Guide right. The chiefs of sections superintend their carriages, and take the posts assigned them in the order in colunin as soon as their sections are formed. Sections are formed by gaining ground to the right according to the same principles, and by inverse means. The commands iiVQ>:,Form sections — right oblique — March — Guide left; ov.Form sections — right ue — trot — March — Guide left. school of the battery. 73 The Battery being in Column of Pieces, to form THE Caissons on the Flank. When the battery is in column of pieces with the caissons in rear, to form the pieces and caissons into separate cohimns, as in the flank march of a battery in line, tlie captain commands : 1. Caissons left (or Caissons left — trot). 2. March. 3. Guide right. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions, the caissons oblique at once to the left, gain the interval of fourteen yards, and place themselves oppo- site their pieces; the pieces closing upon each other at the same time to the usual distance. The gait is regulated as in the formation of sections; and when the movement is performed at a walk, the leading carriage halts after advancing its own length. The chiefs of sections take their places as in column of sections. The caissons are formed on the rio-ht according; to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the pieces are in rear, they are formed on the right or left of their caissons in the same manner^ and by corresponding commands. To March in Column. The battery being in column at a halt, to advance, the captain commands : 1. Column — forward. 2. March. 3. Guide left (or right). The commands forward — March — Guide left (or right) are repeated l:>y the chiefs of scctio^ijs. At the 7 7.4 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. command March, all the carriagcB advance, the guide maintains the direction, and the carriages, as well as the detachments of horse cannoneers, preserve their intervals and distances. To Halt the Column. The captain commands : 1. Column- 2. Halt. At the first command the driver gathers his horses; at the second he halts. To resume the march in column, the commands are : 1. Column fonvard. 2. March. To Change the Gait. To trot, the captain commands : i. Trot. 2. March. At the first command the driver gathers his horses. At the command March, he takes the trot gradually, using for the near horse the legs and bridle hand, at the same time advancing the coupling rein with the right hand. If the off-horse does not obey this, the whip may be threatened, and, if necessary, used. When the horse obeys, replace the hand. At the command Trot out — March, the horses are urged to a rapid trot, and the gait 'maintained if nec- essary by the whip and spur. At the command Gallop — March, they are urged to the gallop, which gait is maintained nntil ordered to be changed. To pass from the gallop to the trot, the commands are : Trot — March. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 75 To pass from the trot out to the trot, the commands are : Slow trot — March. To pass to a walk, the commands are : Walk— March. To move at the rapid gaits from a halt, the com- mands Trot, etc., should be added to the first com- mands, so as to immediately precede those of execu- tion. All changes of gait should he made gradually. To March by a Plank. The battery being in colunin, in march, or at a halt, to gain ground to the left, the captain commands: 1. Column — by the left flank. 2. March. Figure 32. The commands By the left flank — March are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the com- mand March, each carriage wheels at once to the left, and, when the wheel is pretty nearly completed, the captain commands : 1. Forward. 2. Guide right. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions. At the command Forward, all the carriages march direct to the front. The line is regularly established, and the carriages aligned in each rank, with their distances of two and intervals oi fourteen yards. The chiefs of sections take their places between the leading carriages as in line. To cause the battery to resume its original direc- tion, the captain commands : 1. Battery — by the right flank. 2. March. 3. For- ward. 4. Guide left. 76 SCHOOl, OF THE liATTERY. The commands By the right Hank — ^l^i^cii — FoR- WAED — Guide left arc repeated and executed accord- ing to the principles before described. After the flank march, to march the battery in a direction opposite to the original one, the captain commands : I. Battery— bij the left flank. 2. March. 3. Forward. 4. Guide right. Oblique March. The battery being in colLnnn, in march, or at a halt, to cause it to march obliquely, to gain ground to the front and left, the captain commands : \. Column — left oblique. 2. March. Figure 83. The chiefs of sections repeat the com- mands X-e/if oblique — March after the captain. A1 the command March, all the carriages oblique at once to the left, and march in the new direction, moving in parallel lines, and preserving their inter- vals. In obliquing, the heads of the horses in each rank are on a line parallel to the original front. The in- terval is fourteen yards, measured parallel to the front, and ten yards if measured on a line ])erpendicular to the oblique direction. In mounted batteries, each carriage of the right file marches in the prolonga- tion of the left carriage of the rank which precedes its own, and at a distance of nine yards. The chief of section conforms his movements to those of the section, and preserves his relative posi- tion. The guide of the leading section is the guide of the column. SCHOOL OP THE HATTERY. 77 Tho officers conform to the movement, and preserve their rcJative positions. To resume the original direction, the captain com- mauds: Forward. This command is repeated by tlie chiefs of sections, and the carriages resume the original direction by obliquing to the right. If the captain wishes to halt the column for the purpose of rectifying its alignments, intervals, or ob- liquity, he commands:' 1. Column. 2. Halt. And to resume the march in the oblique direction: 1. Column. 2. March. The commands Halt — March are repeated by the chiefs of sections. Passage of Carriages in Column. When the battery is marching in column, to change the relative positions of tlie front and rear ranks, without altering the gait, the captain commands: ^1. Pieces, pass your eaissojis (or Caissons, pass your pieces). 2. March. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions; and at the command March, the leading car- riage of each piece halts. The rear carriage inclines to the right, passes it, takes the proper distance in front b}^ inclining to the left, and halts. The chief of the piece joins it as it passes. To continue the march without halting the carriages which have pdssed, the instructor commands Forward when the passage is nearly completed. 78 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. To continue the march without halting the car- riages of the rear rank, the captain commands : For- ward when the passage is nearly completed, and the command is repeated by the chiefs of section. When the column is marching at a trot, the passage is executed according to the same principles, and by the same commands, except that the carriages of the front rank move at a walk instead of halting at the command March. The carriages of the rear rank execute the passage at a trot, and then change the gait to a walk. When the column is at a halt, the passage is exe- cuted according to the same principles, and by the same commands. If the captain wishes to put the column in march immediately after the movement, he commands: Forward when the passage is about being completec^, and then Guide left (or right). Those commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections. When the column is marching at a walk, to execute the passage at a trot, the captain commands : 1. Fieces, pass your caissons — trot (or Caissons, pass your pieces — trot). 2. March. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions. At the command March the carriages of the front rank in each section continue to march at a walk. Those of the rear rank execute the passage at a trot, and resume the walk as soon as the passage is completed. About in Column. The battery being in column, in march, or at a halt, to face it to the rear, the captain commands: 1. Pieces and caissoiis — left about. 2. March. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 79^ These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions; and at the second all the carriages execute the about. When the movement is about being com- pleted, the captain commands: Column — Halt; or Forward — Guide right (or left): the commands Halt, or Forward — Gruide right (or left) are repeated by the chiefs of sections. Countermarch in Column. The battery being in column, in inarch, or at a halt, to execute the countermarch in each section, the cap- tain commands : 1. Countermarch. 2. March. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions, and at the second each piece and its caisson execute the countermarch. When the movement is about being completed, the captain commands: Col- umn — Halt; or Forward — Guide right (or left). These commands are repeated as in the preceding paragraph. To Change Direction in Column. The battery being in column, in march, or at a halt, to cause it to change direction to the left, the captain commands : Head of column to the left. Figure 34. The chief of the leading section com- mands : Left wheel — March; and afterward For- ward. At the command March, the pivot carriage exe- cutes the wheel without changing the gait, the car- riage on the wheeling flank wheels in such manner as 80 'school of the uattery. to conform to its movements, increasing the gait, and preserving the intervals. At the command Forward, which is given as soon as it is in the new direction, the pivot carriage moves direct to the front; the other resumes its original gait after completing the wheel and arriving npon the same line. The carriages of the rear rank preserve tlieir distances, and follow those of the front rank. Each of the other sections, on arriving at the point where the first wheeled, executes the same movement, and b}^ the same commands from its chief Each chief of section must give the command Left wheel in time to command March when the heads of his leaders are three and a quarter j^vd^ from the wheeling point. And the command Forward must be given as soon as the leading pivot carriage has entered the new direction. The change of direction to the right is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. _ An oblique change of direction is executed accord- ing to the same principles by the command : Head of column — left (or rujht) half-wheel The chiefs of sections command successively : Left (or right) half -wheel — March — Forward; the com- mand Forward being* given, in tliis case, when the leading pivot carriage of each section is about finish- ing the left or right oblique. To Diminish the Front of a Column on the March. The battery marching at a walk in column of sec- tions, to form column of pieces from the right, at that gait, the captain commands: 1. By the right — break sections, 2. March. SCHOOL- OF THE r.ATTKin'. SI Figure 35. The chief of the leading section com- mands successively after the captain : By the right — break section — March. At the command March, the right carriages con- tinue to move forward at a walk, the left carriages obliquing to enter the column in their rear. The other sections are broken in succession by the same commands from their chiefs; the command March being given Avhen the wheel-horses of the left carriages of the next preceding section enter the right oblique. The battery marching at a walk in column of sec- tions, to form column of pieces from the right at a trot, the captain commands : 1. By the right — break sections — trot. 2. March. The chief of the leading section commands succes- sively after the ca])tain : By the right — break section — trot — March; and the right carriages of the leading- section move forward at a moderate trot. The left carriages of the same section commence the trot on obliquing to enter the column. The other sections are broken successively by the same commands from their chiefs; and the carriages are regulated by each other, as in breaking sections at a walk. This formation is executed from the left according to the same principles, and by inverse means. In Column with the Caissons on the Flank, to Replace them in Front or Eear. The battery being in column, with the caissons on the flank, to re-establish them in rear of their pieces, the cai>tain commands : .S2 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 1. Caissons, rear (or Caissons, rear — trot). 2. March. Each chief of section repeats the commands in time to command March when the leading piece of his section is to commence the movement. At the command March, the piece at the head of the cohimn moves forward at the required gait, and its caisson places itself in rear by an oblique. The other pieces move forward in succession, and are fol- lowed by their caissons in like manner. All the carriages preserve the usual distances in column'. This movement is performed at the different gaits, and according to the principles prescribed for break- ing sections. To place the caissons in front of their pieces, the commands are : 1. Caissons, front (or Caissons, front — trot). 2. March. The caissons oblique successivel}"-, and take their positions at ^z^*o yards distance in front of their pieces, which then follow their movements. To FoR.M THE Park. The battery being in column of pieces, and near the ground on which it is to be parked, will be formed by one of the following commands : { Forward into park — right (or left) oblique. 1. At^yardsJ rp^ ^^^^ j,.^^^ ^^^. ^^^.^^ into park, interval. ^ g^^ ^j^^ ^..^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ into park. 2 March. To form forward into park. The column apjjroaches the park from the rear, the leading piece being in rear of the ground on which it is to rest. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 83 At the command March, the leading piece marches direct to the front, and halts at its proper pLace ; all the other carriages oblique to the right (or left) until near their places in park, when they change direction to the front so as to come up square on tlie line. They halt a little in rear of the line, and dress for- ward on the carriage already established. To form to the right into park. The captain, ap- proaching the park by its right, directs the cohimn parallel to tlie front nwd forty yards behind it. At the command March, which is given when the leading l)iece is three yards from the point opposite the posi- tion which it is to occupy, the chief of section wheels it to the right, moves it forward, and halts it at its position. The other carnages niove straight forward; each one wheels to the right when three yards from the point 0])posite to the position it is to occiipj^ in park, marches forward, and places itself on the right of and in line with those already established. To form to the left into park is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. To form on the right into park. The captain, ap- proaching the park by its right, directs the column parallel to the front and fortg yards in rear. The leading piece is wheeled to the right and estab- lished in its position as before; the next, passing in rear of it, places itself in line on its left in like man- ner, and so with the others. When the park consists of two or more lines, the same principles are observed; each carriage of the rear ranks follows its file-leader in its movements. The park should be formed on the left according to the same principles, and by inverse means. Kach chief of section directs the march of carriages, .•^4 SCHOOL OF THE HATTERY. and each carriage is conducted to its place in park by its particular chief. When the nature of the ground requires, the detachments are ordered to leave their pieces successively when they are about to enter the ' park. " Article III. To Pass. FROM the Order in Column to the Order IN Line, and the Eeverse. In all formations in line or column the movements are the same, whether the pieces or caissons lead. Forward into Line. The battery being in column at a halt, to form it into line on the- head of the column, gaining ground to the left, the captain commands: 1. Fonrardinfo line — left oblique. 2. March. 8. Guide right. 4. Front. Figure 86. At the first command the chief of the leading section commands: Section — forward, and those of the other sections: Section — left oblique. At the command March,. repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions, the leading section moves to the front, and its chief repeats the command for the guide. After advancing eighteen yards he commands: Section — Halt — Right Dress. Each of the other chiefs of sections repeats the commands for the guide, and conducts his section by a left oblique, until by the direct march it may gain its proper interval from the section immediately on its right He then commands: Forward, and when SCHOOL OF TfJK IJATTKRY. .85 witliiii foui' yards of tho line, Section— II Auv—Right Dress. When the battery is aligned, the captain commands: ■ Front. The movement is executed on the opposite flank accoi-ding to the same ])rinciplcs, and b}^ inverse means. In this case the commands are: Forward into line — ••■ ri(/ht oblique— March — Guide left — Front. The formation forward into line, by a right or left oblique, is executed in a similar manner when the column is in march. In this case the chief of the leading section gives no command except for the guide, until he has advanced the distance before pre- scribed. He then halts his section as before. To Form Line Faced to the Eear. The battery being in column at a halt, to form it into line faced to the rear, on the head of the column gaining ground to the left, the captain commands : 1. Into line faced to the rear— left oblique. 2. March. 8. Guide right. 4. Front. Figure 37. At the iirst command the chief of the leading section commands: Section — forward; and >; those of the other sections: Section— left oblique. At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions, the movement is executed as prescribed for the preceding movement, with the exception of the align- ment. When the leading section has advanced eighteen yJlrds, it is halted by its chief until the centre section arrives upon the same line. He then commands : Countermarch— MxviQ.n) and when the countermarch is nearly comi)lcted: SeHion—llAm — Left Dress. 86 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERV. The centre section is halted upon the line in like manner until the left section conies up, and is then counterniai'ched and aligned hy the same commands. AVhen the left section arrives upon the line, it is countermarched before halting, and then aligned like the rest. When the centre and left sections are counter- marched, the commands Halt — Left Dress should be given, if possible, when they are /oi;r yards in rear of the line on whicli the leading section is established. When the batteiy is aligned, the captain com- mands : Front. The movement is executed on the opposite flank ac- cording to tlic same principles, and by inverse means. Jn this case the commands are : Info line faced to the rear— right oblique — March — Guide left — Front. The formation, into line faced to the rear, by a right or left oblique, is executed in a similar manner when the column is in march. In this case, as the leading section is already in motion, its chief only repeats the command for the guide. The countermarch of sections will be executed at the gait ordered for the rear of the column. To Form Line to the Eight or Left. The battery being in column, in march, or in halt, to form it into line to the left, the captain commands : I. Left into line^ wheel. 2. March. 3. Battery — ^alt. 4. Jjeft Dress. 5. Front. Figure 88. At the first command the chiefs of sections command : Section — Left loheel; and at the second, which they repeat, all the sections wheel to the left. Each chief of section commands: Fontxird — '**.• SCHOOL OF THE J^ATTEIIV. 87 Guide left :isi soon as his leading pivot carriage has taken the new direction. When the rear carriages have completed the wheel, and the sections are in line, the captain commands : Battery — Halt — Left Dress. The commands Halt — Left Dress, are repeated by the chiefs of sections, and, wlien the alignment is com- pleted, the captain commands : Front. The battery is formed into line to the right accord- ing to the same principles, and by inverse means. To Form Line on tjie Right oh Left. The battery marching in column, to form it into line on the right, the captain commands : J. On the right into line. 2. March. 3. Guide right. 4. Front. Figure o9. At the first command the chief of the leading section commands: Section — right wheel ; and at the second, which he repeats, the section wheels to the right. As soon as the leading pivot carriage enters the new direction, he commands: Forward — ■ Guide right ; and as the section completes the wheel and unmasks the column, he commands : Section — Halt — Might Dress. The chiefs of the other sections repeat the com- mand for the guide, and their sections continue to move forward. As each section passes the one pi-e- ceding it in the formation, its chief establishes it on the line, with the proper interval, by the same com- mands. The commands Section — HAi/r — Bight Dress are given when the section m four yards in rear of the line. When the battery is aligned, the captain commands r Front. 8c> SCHOOL OF THE BATTEllY. The line is formed on the left according to the same principles, and by inverse moans. The commands are : On the left into line — March — Guide left — Front. When the column is at a halt, the line is formed on the rio'ht or left in the same manner. In this case the chiefs of the two rear sections command : Section — fonoard, and afterwiird repeat the commands March — Guide right (or left). To Break into Column to the Front. The battery being in a lino at a halt, to break into the column to the front from the right, the captain commands : 1. B(/ section from the right — fj'ont into column. 2. March. 3. Guide left. Figure 40. ' At the first command the chief of the right section commands: Section— forward ; and those of the other sections : Section — right oblique. At the command March, repeated by the chief of the right section, that section moves forward, and its chief re- peats the command for the guide. Each of the other chiefs of sections rej^eats the commands March — Guide left after the section on his right has commenced the movement, and when the leaders of its rear carriages are in line with him. After obliquing sufficientlj'- to gain the rear of the preceding section, he commands : Forward. To commence the movement at a trot, the captain commands : 1.^ IJy section from the right— ^front into column — trot. 2. March. 3. Guide left. ' At the first command the chief of the right «ec- ft SCHOOL OF I'irE KATTKRY. 89 tioii commands: Section— forward trot; thoso of the other sections: Section — forward. At the command Maiicii, re])cated b}' the chiefs of sections, the right section moves at a trot, and the other sections at a walk, their chiefs adding the commands for the guide. The chiefs of the centre and left sections command: Section-^ right oblique — trot in time to command March when the leaders of the rear carriages of the section on their right are opposite to them. This rule for commencing movements at a trot is gene nil. The movement is executed from the left according tx) the same principles, and by inverse means. To Brkak into Couimn to the Rear The battery being in line, in marcii, or at a halt, to break into column to the rear from one of the flanks, the captain executes an about or a countermarch, according to the kind of carriage lie may wish in front, then halts the battery, and breaks it into column to the front by the preceding manoiuvre. To Break IiNto Column to the Eight or Left. The battery being in line, in march, or at a halt, to break it into column to the left, the captain com- mands : I. By section — left wheel. 2. March. 3. Forward. 4. Guide left. Figure 41. At the first command the chiefii of sections command: Section- — left wheel; and at the second, repeated by those chiefs, all the sections wheel to the left. When the wheels are nearly com- 8 90 8(;»u;<)ii OF riiK i;attkuy. pletcd, the vaptain commands: FcHUVArai — Giiidi: le/f ; and the chiefs of scction.s repeat the commands. When the column is not to advance, tlie command Colmnn — Halt is substituted for Forward — Guide left The battery is broken into column to the right ac- cording to the same principles, and by inverse means. To Break into Column to the P^ront from One Flank to March TOWAiin the Other. The battery being in line at a halt, to break from the right to march to the left, the captain commands: 1. By section — break fro7n the rujht — to march to the left. 2. March. 3. Guide left. Figure 42. At the first command the chief of the right section conimands: Section — forward; and at the second, which he repeats, the section moves forward, and he commands: Guide left. After advancing eleven yards, he changes the direction to the left by the com- mands: Section — left wheel — March — Forward. Each of the other chiefs of sections commands: aS'^c- tion — forward in time to command March when the limber wheels of the rear carriages in the section pre- ceding his own arrive in front of him. He then con- ducts the section to the front, changes its direction to the left, and places it in rear of the preceding section by the commands already prescribed for the section on the right. The battery is broken from the left to march to the right according to the same principles, and by inverse means. «CHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 01 To Break into Column to tue Rear from One Plank to March toward the Other. The })atteiy being in line at a halt, to break to the rear from one flank to march toward the other, the ca])tain first execiitcB an about or countermarch, ac- cording to the kind of carriage he may wish in front. He then lialts the battery, and executes the preceding manoeuvre. To Break into Column to the Front when the Battery is Marching in Line. The batteiy marching in line at a walk, to break into column to the front from the right, and at the same gait, the captain commands: 1. By the right — break into sections. 2. March. 3. Guide left. The chief of the right section repeats the command for the guide, and his section continues to move at the same gait. At the command March, the other sec- tions are halted by the command Section — Halt from their chiefs. The halted sections are put in motion successively by their chiefs; each commanding Section — right ob- lique in time to command March when the leaders of the rear carriages in the section on his right arrive opposite to him. When the battery is marching at a trot, the move- ment is executed according to the same principles. But the sections which halted in the preceding case shickcn the gait to a walk at the commands Walk — March from their chiefs. They again trot, and enter the column by the commands Section — right oblique — frot — March — Forward. 92 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. When the battery is marching in line at a walk, to break into column from the right at a trot, the cap- tain commands : 1. By the right — break into sections — trot. 2. March. 3. Guide left. At the first command the chief of the right section commands: Trot,; and at the second, which he re- peats, the section changes its gait to a trot. He after- ward repeats the command Guide left. Each of the other sections continues to march at a ^valk until required to enter the column, when its chief conducts it, as already described, by the com- mands Section — right oblique — trot — March — For- ward. The battery is broken into column from the left ac- cording to the same principles, and b}- inverse means. To Form Line Advancing. When the battery is marching in column at a w^alk, to form it into line at a trot, gaining ground to the left, and continue the march, the captain commands: 1. Form line advancing — left oblique — trot. 2. March. o. Guide right. The chief of the leading section repeats the com- mand for the guide, and his section continues to move at a walk. At the first command the chiefs of the other sec- tions command : Section — left oblique — trot. The com- mand March is repeated by the same chiefs; and w^hen the oblique movement is commenced, they re- peat the command Guide right. Each chief com- mands: Forward as soon as his section has obliqued SCHOOL OF THK BATTKHY. 93 sufficiently to the lei't, and Walk in time to command March as it arrives on the line. When the battery is marching in column at a trot, the movement is executed according to the same prin- ciples. In this case the captain does not command Trot; and the chief of the leading section commands: Walk-— March successively after the first and second commands of the captain. The chiefs of the other sections give the same commands as their sections arrive on the line. The movement is executed so as to gain ground to the right according to the same principles, and by in- verse means. To Form Double Column on the Centre Section. The battery being in line at a halt, to form double column on the centre section, the captain commands: 1. Double column on the centre. 2. Marcji. 8. Guide right (or left). Figure 48. At the first command the chief of the centre section commands: Section—forward; the chief of the right section: Section — left oblique; and the chief of the lefl section: Section — right oblique: At the command March, repeated by the chief of the centre section, that section marches to the front, and Hs chief repeats the command for the guide. When the wheel-horses in the rear rank of the centre section liave passed the leaders in the front rank of the other sections, the chiefs of those sections repeat the command March, and the sections com- mence the oblique. When the piece nearest the column is about enter- ing it, in each of these sections, the chief of the right 1)4 .SCHOOL OJ' rilK JiATTKllY. 8ectioji commands.: By the left — break section — ^Iabch; and the chief of the left : By the right — break section — March. The right and left sections, without change of gait, then form into columns of pieces in rear of the rio-ht and left carriao-es of the centre section. The chiefs of the flank sections are careful to make their pieces enter the column at the proper time. When the column is formed, they place themselves four yards outside of it, the one highest in rank opposite the leaders of his leading carriage, the' other opposite the leaders of the front carriage of his rear piece. In these positions they command the pieces abreast of them as sections for the time being. The chief of the line of caissons follows the move- ment, sees that his carriages do not enter the column too soon, and, when the column is formed, places himself /o?^r yards in rear of its centre. When the battery is marching at a walk, to form the double cohnnn at the same gait, the captain com- mands : 1. Double column on the centre. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or left^. The chief of the centre section repeats tlie com- mand for the guide, and the section continues to advance. At the command March, the other sections ai*e halted by the command Section — Halt from their chiefs. The)' are afterward formed into column by the commands and means prescribed for forming double column from a halt. When the ba-ttery is marching at a trot, the double column is formed according to the same principles, lu this case the flank sections pass to a walk, instead SdlOdL Ol' 'l'»tK liAi'l'KKV. UO of IjaJling as before, aiul resume Ihc trot, to oblique and enter the column. The commands from their chiefs arc: Walk — March — Section — left (or right) oblique — trot — March, and Ihj the left (or right) — break sectio v — M A R n . When llie battery is niarching at a walk, to form the double column at a trot, the captain commands: I. Double eoluntn on. the centre — trot. 2. March. 8. Guide right (or left). At the first command the chief of the centre sec- tion commands: Trot. At the second, which he re- peats, the section moves forward at a moderate trot, and he repeats tlie command for the guide. The flank sections continue to walk until the centre has advanced sufficiently to allow them to oblique, and are then formed into column as ah-eady pre- scribed; their chiefs commanding: Section — left (or right) oblique — trot — March; and By the left (or right) — break section — March. Jf the battery is at a halt, the chief of the centre section commands: Forward — trot; and the chiels of the other sections : Forward after the first command from the captain. At the second, repeated by the chiefs of sections, all move forward, the flank sections at a walk; and the movement is completed as already dii'ected. To form the double column with a battery of four or of eight pieces, the captaiji gives the same com- mands as with a battery of six. Tu the four-gun battery, the right section is broken into column of pieces by the lelt, and the left section is broken by the right at the commands of the chiefs of sections, who place themselves <»n the outer flanks of the col- 1)6 SOriUOL OF TIIK IJATTERY. umn, and command the temporary sections, as directed for the flank sections of the battery of six pieces. Ill the battery of eight pieces, the double column is formed on tlie two centre pieces according to the same 2)rinciples. The flank sections oblique, and form in column of pieces behind the centre sections at the commands of their chiefs, who then take post on the flanks of the column, and command the temporary sections formed from their own, the senior of the two commanding the leading one. To Deploy the Double Column into Ltne to the Front. The battery being in double column at a halt, to form it into line to the front, the captain commands : ]. Forvjard into line. 2. March. 3. Front. Figure 44. At the first command the chief of the centre section commands: Section — ■forward; the chief of the right section: Section into line — right oblique; and the chief of the left section: Section into line — left oblique. At the command March, repeated by these chiefs, the centre section advances five yards, and its chief commands: Section — tlALT-— Right (or left, Dress. The flank sections oblique to the right and left; and as their pieces arrive in rear of their proper places on the line, they move forward, halt, and dress toward the centre without command. As soon as the battery is aligned, the captain com- mands : Front. When the column is marching, the movement is executed in the same manner. In this case the chief of the centre section docs not command Section — SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 97 foi'ioard' — March; but halts and aligns his section after advancing five yards. When the column is marching at a trot, to deploy it into line to the front at the same gait, without dis- continuing the march, the captain commands : 1. Form line advancing. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or left). At the first command the chief of the centre sec- tion commands: Walk; the chief of the right sec- tion: Section into line — right oblique ; and the chief of the left section : Section into line — left oblique. At the command March, repeated by these chiefs, the centre section slackens its gait to a walk, and the flank sec- tions deploy. As each piece arrives upon the line its gait is changed to a walk without command. The movement is executed as in the preceding cases; but when the line is formed it continues to advance, the captain commanding Guide right (or left)^ which com- mand is repeated by the chiefs of sections. When the column is marching at a walk, to deploy it into line to the front at a trot, without discontinu- ing the march, the captain commands : 1. Form line advancing — trot. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or left). At the first command the chief of the right section commands: Section into line — right oblique — trot; and the chief of the left section : Section into line — left oblique — trot. At the command March, repeated by these chiefs, the flank sections deploy at a trot; the centre section continues to march at a walk; and, the line having been formed as in the preceding case, the captain gives the command for the guide. 9 9&> SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. When the battery consists of four or eight. pieces, the double column is deploj^ed into line to the front by the same commands from the captain as when it consists of six. The chiefs of sections give the same commands as in the other case. When the line is to be halted, as in forming forward into line, tlie leading chief commands: Halt — Bight {ov left) Dress as soon as the leading carriages have advanced Jive 3'ards; and the alignment is made upon the central carriages. To Form the Double Column into Line to the Eight or Left. The battery being in double column at a halt, to foi'm it into line to the right, the captain commands: L To and on the right into line, 2. March. 3. Front. At the first command the chief of the leading sec- tion commands : Section — Right wheel; and the other chiefs of sections : Forward. At the second, repeated by those chiefs, the leading section wheels to the right, and is established on the line. The other pieces advance under the direction of their chiefs and of the chiefs of sections, wheel to the right in succession lis they arrive opposite their places, establish themselves on the line, and dress upon the pieces already aligned. When the alignment is completed, the captain com- mands : Front. When the column is marching, the line is formed to the right in the same manner, except that the chiefs of the flank sections omit the commands Forward — March. The line is formed to the left according to the same principles, and by inverse moans. When the battery consists of four or eight pieces, the double column is deployed into line to the right or SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 99 left by the same commands from the captain as when it consists of six. In this case the leading j^ieces are wheeled to the right or left, as a section, and estab- lished on the line. For this purpose the leading chief of section commands : Right (or left) wheel — March — • Forward — Guide right (or left) — Halt — Eight (or left) Dress. The other pieces move forward, wheel in suc- cession as they arrive opposite their places, and form on the line, as already described. Article IV. M V E M K N T S IN LINE. To Advance in Line. The battery being in line at a halt, to cause it to advance, the captain indicates to the guide the points on which he is to march, and commands : 1. Battery — forward. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or left). The commands Forward — March — Guide right (or left) are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the command March, all the carriages move forward at a walk, and the chiefs of sections preserve the align- ment toward that chief of carriage who serves as guide of the line. The guide marches steadily in the given direction, and the chiefs of carriages regulate their intervals and alignment by him. The carriages of the rear rank follow those in front at their appropriate distance of two yards. The chief of the line of caiyeons superintends the march of the 100 . SCHOOL Oi* THE BATTEIIY. rear rank of carriages, and moves wherever his pres- ence may be necessary for that purpose. To Halt the Battery and Align it. When the battery is marching in line, to halt and align it, the captain commands : 1. Battery— Halt. 2. Right (or left) Dress. 3. Front. The commands Halt — Bight (or left) Dress are repeated by the chiefo of sections. At the first com- mand tffb carriages and detachments halt, and at the second align themselves by the right (or left) in their respective ranks; the carriages dressing by the driv- ers of their wheel-horses. The carriages are placed as squarely on the line as possible, without opening or closing the intervals. The captain superintends the alignment of the front rank of -carriages, and the chief of the line of caissons that of the rear; each placing himself for that purpose on the flank of the guide. When the battery is aligned, the captain com- mands : Front. \7hen the battery is halted, if it cannot be aligned by slight movements, the captain causes one or two carriages from one of the flanks or centre to advance four yards, or to a greater distance if necessary, and then causes the alignment to be made by the right, left, or centre, by the command Right, Left, or On the centre — Dress. At this command the carriaires and detachments move forward, and align themselves according to the principles just explained; the drivers halting a little in rear of the line, and dressing for- ward, so as to place the carriages as squarely upon it as. possible. school of the battery. . 101 Changes of Gait. When the battery is marching in line, the changes of gait are effected by the commands and means pre- scribed for changes when marching in column. To March by a Flank. Figure 45. The battery baing in line, in march or at a halt, to cause it to move in the direction of one of its flanks, the captain commands : 1. Batter 1/ — by tJie right (pv left) flank. 2. March. And the movement is executed as prescribed for the same movement when the battery is marching in column. Oblique March. Figure 46. The battery being in line, in march or at a halt, to gain ground to the front and toward one of the flanks, and afterward resume the direct march, the captain commands : Battery — left (or right) oblique^ which is executed in the same manner as the oblique in column. Passage of Carriages in Line. When the battery is in line, the passage of car- riages is executed by the commands and means pre- scribed for the passage of carriages in column. About in Line. When the battery is in line, the about is executed by the commands and means prescribed for the same movement when in cohimn, substituting the word battery for column. 102 • school of the battery. Countermarching in Line. The countermarch of a battery in line is executed by the commands and means prescribed for the same movement in column, substituting the word battery for column in the command. To ChanctE Direction in Line. The battery being in line at a halt, to wheel it to the right, the captain commands : 1. Battery — right wheel. 2. March. 3. Forward. 4. Battery — Halt. 5. Right Dress. G. Front. The commands Right wheel — March — Forward — Halt — Right Dress are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions. Figure 47. 'At the command March, the pivot carriage moves at a walk, and describes a quadrant (tiventy-tico 3'ards) of a circle whose radius is fourteen yards. The other carriages move at a trot, and pre- serve their intervals from the pivot. They regulate their gaits according to the distance from the pivot, so as to remain as short a time as possible in rear of the line, without urging their horses injuriously, and so as to arrive upon it in succession. The carriages of the rear rank follow at the proper distance in the tracks of those in front. At the command Forward, which is given when the leading pivot carriage has described its arc of twenty-two yards, the carriage moves direct to the front; and when the rear pivot carriage is in the new direction, the captain commands : Battery — Halt — Right Dress. The commands Forward — Halt — Right Dress are repeated by the cliiefs of the light SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 108 section immediately after the captain, and by the other chiefs in time to be applicable to their sections; the pivot carriages halting at the command Halt, and the others halting and dressing toward the pivot as they arrive in succession on tlie line. When the battery is aligned, the captain commands: Front. The battery is wheeled to the left according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the battery is at a halt or marching in line, to wheel it to the right and continue the march, the captain commands: 1. Battery— right wheel. 2. March. 3. Forward. The movement is executed as already described, except that the pivot carriage, after wheeling, con- tinues to march in the new direction, and the others conform to its gait and direction as they arrive on the line. The direction is changed on the left according to the same principles, and by inverse means. To Close Intervals in Line. When the batter}^ is marching in line at a walk or trot, to diminish its intervals, the captain commands : 1. On right (or left) 'piece of ■ section to yards — dose intervals . Figure 48. The chief of the section designated re])eats the command : On right (or left) piece to yards — close intervals; and the other chiefs of sections command : Right (or left) to yards — close inter- vals. At the command March, repeated by the same chiefs, the piece designated as the one of direction 104 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. raoves forward at a walk, and the others oblique toward it at a trot. Each obliquing carriage regu- lates its march by the one next toward the carriage of direction, and, after closing to the prescribed inter- val, moves forward on the alignment of the directing carriage, and slackens the gait to a walk. As soon as the intervals are closed, the command for the guide is renewed by the captain, and repeated by the chiefs of sections. When the intervals are to be closed toward one of the flanks, the captain commands : 1. On right (or leff) piece to yards — close inter- vals. 2. March. About or Countermarch with Diminished Intervals. The battery being in line with diminislied intervals, in march or at a halt, to execute an about or counter- march, the captain commands : 1. Pieces and caisso7is — left about (or countermarch). 2. Right pieces forward (or right 'pieces forward — trot). 3. March. The chiefs of sections repeat these commands. At the second the right carriages of each section move forAvard, and as soon as the}^ are disengaged from the line, the captain commands : March. All the car- riages execute the required movement at this com- mand, with the gait corresponding to tliat of the carriages in front. In regard to the change of gait, these movements are executed according to the principles presci'ibed SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 105 in order that the right carriages may move out of line and return to it again at the completion of tlie movement. To Eesumk Intervals. When the battery is marching in line with dimin- ished intervals, to cause the regular intervals to be resumed, the captain commands : 1. Oil right (or left) piece of section—full inter- vals. 2. March. ^^ Figure 49. The chief of the section designated repeats the command : On right (or left) piece — full intervals; and the other chiefs of sections command: From, the right (or leff) — full intervals. At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the carriage of direction in each rank con- tinues to march to the front, and the others oblique from it at an increased gait, to regain their intervals. Each carriage regulates its march by the one adjoin- ing toward the carriage of direction, and, when the interval is regained, moves forward on the alignment, and resumes its gait. As soon as the movement is completed, the com- mand for the guide is renewed hy the captain, and repealed by the chiefs of sections. When the intervals are to be resumed from one of the flanks, the captain commands : 1. On right (or left) piece— full intervals. 2. March. Passage of Obstacles. When the battery is marching in line, to pass an obstacle which presents itself in front of one of th<^ sections, the captain commands: 1U6 SCHOOL OF TIIK BATTKRY. 1. Section.. 2. Obstacle. At the command OBSTACLt:, the chief of the section designated observes the obstacle, and gives the nec- cssaiy commands for closing on one" of the adjoining sections, removing from it, breaking his section, or halting it, and forming in cohimn in rear of one of the adjoining sections. The section generally resumes the regular march by means the inverse of those used for passing the obstacle. It resumes its place at an increased gait, and by the commands Section into line — Xarcii fi-om its chief. The passage of defiles is nothing more than the passage of obstacles, which requires the line to be broken into column of sections, by one of the ma- noeuvres prescribed for passing from the order in line to the order in column. When it becomes necessary to break the sections, they should be formed again in succession by their chiefs as soon as the ground will permit. Article V. FORMATIONS IN BATTERY. In Line, with Pieces in Front, to Form in Battery TO THE Front. When the battery is in line at a halt, with the pieces in front, to form in battery to the front, the captain commands : 1. In BATTERY. 2. Guide left. 3. March. Figure 50. At the command In battery, the cais- sons stand fast and the pieces advance. The intervals k SCHOOL OF thj: battery. 107 and alignment are preserved, and the chiefs of pieces and of the section march at their phiccs in line. At the command March, which is given as soon' as they have advanced seventeen yards, the chiefs of pieces and of the section halt, and the pieces execute .an about. As soon as the about is completed, the pieces are halted, unlimbered, and prepared for firing, the limbers being taken to their places in batter^' by ail about. When the pieces come about, the one already des- ignated as such continues to be the guide, and the alignment is made on it. When the cannoneers are marching by the sides of their pieces they halt at the command March, allow their pieces to pass them, change sides, and move for- ward to the posts they are to occupy when their pieces have completed the about. They are not required to observe any particular order during this movement. When the cannoneei's are mounted on the ammu- nition-chests, those on the caissons dismount and run to their posts at the command In battery. Those on the pieces dismount after the about. The chiefs of pieces, and of the section, take their posts in battery as soon as that formation is completed. This rule is (jeneral. After the formation, the captain rectiiies the align- ment if necessary. The piece originally designated as such continues to be the guide until the movement is completed, and the alignment is made upon it. When the battery is marching in line, with the pieces in front, it is formed in battery to tho front according to the same principles, and by the com- mands : 1. In battery. 2. March. 108 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions, and, at the command In battery, the caissons halt, the cannoneers dismounting and running to their J)0StS. To Form in Battery to the Front, by Throwing THE Caissons to the Eear, When the battery is in line at a halt, with the pieces or caissons in front, to form in battery to the front by throwing the caissons to the rear, the captain commands : Action front. This command is repeated by the chiefs of sections, and the pieces are unlimbered and wheeled about by hand. The limbers and caissons, reversing to the left at the same time, move to the rear, and take their places in battery at their proper distances by another reverse. When the cannoneers are mounted on the ammuni- tion-chests, they dismount as soon as the command Action front is given, and run to their posts. The battery is generally in line at a halt when this mode of coming into action is resorted to. It may also be used in successive formations bj^ giving the command Action front when a ])art of the battery has been halted on the line. But with bad ground or heavy pieces this mode of coming into action should not be used. In Line, with Caissons in Front, to Form in Battery to the Front. When the battery is in line at a halt, with tlie SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. |t:109 caissons in front, to form in battery to the front, the captain commands : 1. Fieces, pass your caissons — March. 2. In battery — Guide left (or right). 3. March. P'iGURE 51. These commands are repeated b\^ the chiefs of sections, the pieces pass their caissons, and, at the command In battery, given as soon as the pieces have passed their caissons, the formation is executed as j:)rescribed for forming in battery with pieces in front. When the battery is marching in line, with the caissons in front, it is I'ormed in battery to the front according to the same principles, and b}^ the com- mands Pieces pass your caissons (or Pieces^ jyass your caissons — trot) — March — In battery — Guide left — March. In Line, with Pieces in Front, to Forim in Battery to the Bear. AVhen the battery is in line at a halt, with tlie pieces in front, to form in battery to the rear, the captain commands : 1. Mre to the rear. 2. Caissons, pass your pieces — trot — March. S. In Battery. Figure 52. The commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the second, the caissons oblique to the right, pass their pieces at a brisk trot, advance seventeen yards bej^ond them, execute a reverse to- gether, and take their places in battery. At the third, which is given as soon as the caissons have passed, the cannoneers unlimber and prepare for liring. 110 SCHO'OL OF THE BATTERY. When the cannoneers arc mounted on the ammuni- tion-chests tl»e caissons halt to allow the cannoneers to dismount, before executing tiie reverse. As soon as the caissons halt, the cannoneers dismount and run to their posts. AYhen the battery is at a halt, as in the present case, it is considered better to dismount the cannoneers before commencing the movement. Tlie chief of the line of caissons precedes the move- ment of his carriages, and places himself on the line to be occupied by their leaders when the reverse is commenced. He takes his place in battery as soon as the reverse is completed and the carriages are on the line. When the batterj is marching in line, with the pieces in front, the formation in battery to the rear is executed according to the same principles and by the same commands. , At the command In battery, which is given as soon as the caissons have passed their pieces, the latter halt, and the movement is completed as already described. In Link, with Caissons in Front, to Form in Battery to the Eear. When the battery is in line at a halt, with the caissons in front, to form in battery to the rear, the captain commands: 1. Fire to the rear. 2. In battery. Figure 53. At the command In battery, which is repeated by the chiefs of sections, the cannoneers un limber and prepare for tiring. The chiefs of pieces and sections take their places in battery.. The caissons move at a brisk trot and take their SCHOOL OF THE KATTKllV. Ill places in buttery, under the snpcrintendcnee of tlieir chief. When the battery is marching in line, with the caissons in front, the formation in battery to tlie rear is executed according to the same principles and by the same commands. In Battery, to Form in Line to the Front, Being in battery, to form in line to the front, with the caissons in rear, the captain commands: LlxMBER TO THE FRONT. This command is repeated by the chiois of sections, and the pieces are limbered as described in the School of the Piece; the caissons closing at the same time to the proper distance without further command. When the captain wishes to pLace the caissons in front, he commands: Limber to the front; and, while the pieces are limbering. Caissons, pass your pieces — trot — March. The caissons pass, and halt in front of their pieces; or, if the captain wishes the battery to advance, he commands: Forward — Guide right (or left) as the cassions are completing the passage. The commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions. When the pieces can not be wheeled about by hand, the captain commands: Limber to the rear; and, Avhen this is executed, if he wishes to retain the pieces in front, he commands: \. Pieces, left about — caissons, forward. 2. March. 3. Battery — Halt. Figure 51. The command Limber to the rear is 112 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. repeated by the chiefs of sections. The first and second commands are also repeated by the chiefs of sections, and the pieces execute tlie about; the cais- sons closing at the same time to tioo yards. The third command is given as soon as the about is com- pleted, and the word halt being repeated by the chiefs of sections the pieces halt, and place themselves squarely on the line. The captain rectifies the alignment, if necessary, and commands : Front. When the battery is to advance immediately, the captain commands: Forward — Guide right (or left) instead of Battery — Halt; and the caissons close on the march. Figure 55. When the captain wishes to place the caissons in front, he may cause the pieces to be lim- bered to the rear as before, and commands : 1. Caissons, pass your pieces — trot — pieces, left about. 2. March. 3. Battery — Halt, or Forward — Guide right (or left). These commands are repeated. The pieces execute the about at once, the caissons move straight to the front, and so pass the pieces during the execution of the about. In Battery, to Form in Line to the Eear. When in battery, to form in line to the rear, the captain causes the pieces to be limbered to the rear; and then, if he wishes to place the caissons in front, commands : 1. Caissons, left about — pieces, forward. 2. March. 3. Battery — Halt, or Forward — Guide right (or left). jjgtik, SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 11 Figure 56. The first two commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections; the caissons execute the about, and the pieces close to their proper distances. The third command, which is given at the moment the about is finished, is repeated and executed as pre- scribed. The captain rectifies the alignment if necessary, and commands: Front. If the formation in line to the rear is to be exe- cuted by placing the pieces in front, the captain, after causing the pieces to be limbered to the rear, com- mands : 1. Pieces, pass your caissons — caissons^ left about. 2. March. 3. Battery — Halt, or Forward — Guide right (or left). Figure 57. The first two commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections; at the command March, the pieces pass their caissons by moving direct to the front, the caissons executing the about at the same command, and so regulating the gait as to take their proper distances. The captain rectifies the alignment if necessary, and commands: Front. In forming line to the rear, the caissons may be phiced at once either in front or in rear of their pieces. To effect this the captain commands : Limber to the rear, and immediately adds, to place them in front : 1. Caissons, in front of your pieces (or Caissons, in front of your pieces — trot). 2. March. While tlie pieces are limbering, the caissons oblique to the right, move forward near the middle of the interval between the leaders of the pieces, place them- 10 114 SCHOOL OF THK BATTERy. selves in tVoiit of them by two successive wheels to the left, and halt. If he wishes to place them in rear, the commands are : 1. Caissons, in rear of your pieces (or Caissons, in rear of your pieces — trot). 2. March. The caissons incline to the right, pass their pieces, move sufliciently to the rear, and the-n by a left reverse take their positions in rear of their pieces. The commands in both cases are repeated by the chiefs of sections. In Column, with Pieces in Front, to Form in Bat- tery TO THE Front. When the battery is in column at a halt, with the pieces in froiit, to form in battery to the front, by gaining ground to the left, the captain commands: 1. Forward into battery — hft oblique. 2. March. o. Guide right. Figure 58. At the first command the chief of the leading section commands: Section — forward; and those of the other sections: Section — left oblique. The chief of the line of caissons moves quickly to the right of the leading section, to cause the caissons to halt at the proper time and to superintend their alignment. At the command March,, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the movement is executed as prescribed for forming line to the front. But,, as each section arrives on the line, instead of halting, its chief forms it in battery to the front by the commands: In batteiiy — March. The formation in battery to the front, by gaining v'S3.N*l*S»ii,-.,,. . .. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 115 grouDd to the right, is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. The commands are : Forward into battery—right oblique — March — Guide left. When the battery is marching in column, it is formed in battery to the front by applying the same principles. In Column, with Caissons in Front, to Form in Battery to the Front. When the battery is in column at a halt, with the caissons in front, to form in battery to the front, by gaining ground to the left, the captain commands: 1. Forward into battery— left oblique. 2. March. ?>. Guide right. Figure 59. At the first command the chief of the leading section commands: Section— forward; and those of the other sections: Section— left oblique. The chief of the line of caissons moves quickly to the right of the leading section, to halt the caissons at the proper time and to superintend their alignment. At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the movement is executed as prescribed for forming line to the front. But, as each section arrives on the line, instead of halting, its chief forms it in battery to the front by the commands: Pieces, pass your caisso7is— March — In battery — March. The formation in battery to the front, by gaining ground to the right, is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the batter}- is marching in column, it is 116 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. formed in battery to the front by applying the same principles. In Column, with Pieces in Front, to Form in - Battery to the Eear. ^Bb When the battery is in column at a halt, with the pieces in front, to form in battery to the rear, by gaining ground to the left, the captain commands : 1. Into battery J faced to the rear — left oblique. 2. March. ■ 3. Guide right. Figure 60. At the first command the chief of tlie leading section commands: Section — forward; and those of the other sections : Section — left oblique. The chief of the line of caissons goes to tlie right of the leading section, to direct the reverse of the caissons and to superintend their alignment. At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the move- ment is executed as prescribed for forming line to the front. But, as each section arrives on the line, instead of halting, its chief forms it in battery to the rear by the commands: Fire to the rear — Caissons, pass your pieces — trot — March — In battery. The formation in battery to the rear, by. gaining ground to the right, is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the battery is marching in column, it is formed into battery to the rear by applying the same principles. In Column, with Caissons in Front, to Form in Battery to the Bear. The battery being in column at a halt, with the SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 117 caissons in front, to form in battery to the rear, by gaining ground to the left, the captain commands: 1. Into battery , faced to the rear — left oblique. 2. March. 3. Guide right. Figure 61. At the first comrnxuid the chief of the leading section commands: Section — forward; and those of the other sections : Section — left oblique. The chief of the line of caissons goes to the right of tlie leading section, to direct the about of the caissons and to superintend their alignment. At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the move- ment is executed as prescribed for forming line to the front. But, as each section arrives on the line, instead of halting, its chief forms it into battery to the rear by the commands : JP'ire to the rear — In battery. The formation in battery to the rear, by gaining ground to the right, is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the battery is marching in column, it is formed into battery to the rear by applying the same principles. In Column, with Pieces in Front, to Form in Battery to the Right or Left. When the battery is in column, in march or at a halt, with the pieces in front, if the captain wishes to form it in battery to the left, by gaining ground to the right, he commands : 1. Fire to the left — by section, right loheel. 2. March. 3. Caissons J pass your pieces — trot. 4. March. 5. In battery. Figure 62. At the first command the chiefs of the 118 SCHOOL OF THK BATTERY. sections comniaiul : Section — right tvheel ; and at the second, which they repeat, all the sections wheel to the right. Tiie caissons follow their pieces at the proper distance. At the commands Caissons, jjass your pieces — trot — March, which arc given before the completion of the wheel, and repeated by the chiefs of sections, all the caissons pass their pieces at a trot. At the command In battery, which is given and repeated in like manner as soon as the caissons have passed and the pieces are square on the new line, all the sections form at once into battery to the rear. When the captain wishes to form in battery to the left, by gaining ground to the left, he commands : 1. Fire to the left — by section, left wheel. 2. March. 8. In battery. 4. March. Figure 08. At the first command the chiefs of sections command: Section — left wheel; and at the second, which they repeat, all the sections wheel at once to the left. At the command liN battery, which is given and repeated as soon as the caissons have completed the wheel, all the sections form at once into battery to the front. The two formations in battery to the right, by gaining ground to the left or right, are executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. The commands are : Fire to the right — by sec- tion, left wheel — March ; caissons, pass your pieces — trot — march — In battery; or, Ii\re to the right — by section, right wheel — March — In battery — March. (Figure 04.) school of the j5attery. 110 In Column, with Caissons in Front, to Form in Battery to the Eight or Left. When the battery is in column, in march or at a halt, with the caissons in front, to form it in battery to the left, by gaining ground to the right, the captain commands : 1. Fire to the left — by section^ right, wheel. 2. March. 3. In battery. Figure 65. At the first command the chiefs of sections command: Section — right wheel ; and at the second, which they repeat, the sections wheel at once to the right, and move to the front at the commands Forward — Guide right from their chiefs. At the command In battery, which is given and repeated as soon as the ])ieces are square on the new line, all the sections form at once into battery to the rear. To form in battery to the left,, gaining ground to the left, the captain commands : 1. Fire to the left — hy section, left wheel. '1. March. 8. Pieces, pass your caissotis. 4. March. 5. In battery. 6. March. Figure 66. At the first command the chiefs of sections command: Section — left loheel ; and. at the second, which they repeat, the sections wheel at once to the left. The third and fourth commands are given and repeated just before the completion of the wheel ; and the fifth is given when the pieces have passed their caissons and the latter are square upon the new line. The sections are then formed in battery to the front. The formation in battery to the right, by gaining 120 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. ground to the right or left, are executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. (Figure 67.) In Column, with Pieces in Front, to Form in Battery on the Hight or Leet. When the battery is marching in column, with the pieces in front, to form in battery on the right, the captain commands : 1. On the right into battery. 2. March. 3. Guide right. At the first command the chief of the leading sec- tion commands: Section — right icheel; and the chief of the line of caissons goes to that section. At the command March, repeated by the chief of the lead- ing section, that section wheels to the right, and its chief conducts it to the line by tiie commands For- ward — Guide right. And then, without halting, it is formed fnto battery to the front, by the commands In battery — March — from its chief. The other sections continue to advance; and, as each arrives opposite its place in battery, after pass- ing the one i^j'cccding it in the formation, it is formed into battery by its chief, by the commands Section — right wheel — March — Forward — Guide right — In bat- tery — March; tiie command In battery being given as the caissons arrive in line with those already established. The formation in battery on the left is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the battery is in column at a halt, it is formed in battery on the right or left according to the same SCHOOL or THE IJATTERY. 121 principles, in tliis case, the chiefs of the two rear sections command: Section — forward immediately after the first command of the captain, and then repeat the commands March — Guide right (or hft). In Column, with Caissons in Front, to For^i jn ' Battery on thk Right or Left. When the battery is marchiniij in column, with thc< caissons in front, to form in battery on the right, the captain commands : 1. On the right into batter y. 2. March, o. (ruide right. At the first command the ciiicf of the leadini*; sec- tion commands: Section — right loheej ; and the chiel of the line of cjiissons goes to that section. At the command March, repeated by the chief of the leading section, that section wheels to the right, and is con- ducted to the line b}^ the commands Forward — (ruide right from its chief; as soon as it reaches the line, the section is formed in battery .to the front by the commands Pieces, pasa your caissons — March — In battery — March from its chief The other sections continue to advance, and, as each arrives opposite its place in battery, after having passed the one preceding it in the formation, it is wheeled to the right, and formed into battery by its chief, in the same manner as the leading section. The formation in battery on the left is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the battery is in column at a halt, it is formed in battery on the right or left according to the same principles. U / I'l'l. HCHOOL OF THE UATTEllY. To Deplov the J)ouhle Column into Battery to THE Front or Kear. The hjilterv beini; in double column at a halt, to deploy it into batteiy to the front, the captain com- mands: 1. Forward into battery. 2. MarciJ. At the lirst command the chief of the centre sec- tion commands: Section — forward; that of the right: Section — into line — rig/it oblif/ue ; that of the left: Section into line — left oblique; and the cliief of the line of caissons £coes to the leadini:; section. At the command Xarch, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the centre section advances Jioe yards, and, without halting, is forme(!l into battery to the front. The pieces of the flank sections are brought upon the line by obliquing, and placed successively in bat- tery without command; regulating by the centre sec- tion. When the battery is marching in double column, it is deployed into bat'tery to the front in the same man- ner, except that the chief of the centre section does not command Section— forward — March. When the battery is in double column, marching or at a halt, it is deployed into battery to the rear ac- cording to the same })rir)ci])les. The commands are: I. Into battery^ faecd to thv rear. 2. March. When the battery consists of four or eight pieces, the double column is deployed into battery to the front or rear by tlio same commands from the captain as when it consisted of six. The sections are formed into battery as prescribed for the flank sections in this number. The leadinir chief of section, besides SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 123 superintending the formation of his own, gives the commands required for the centre section, and the leading pieces conform to the movements of that sec- tion. To Deploy the Double Column into Battery to THE Eight or Left. When the battery is in double column, marching or at a halt, to form it in battery to the right, the cap- tain commands : 1. To and on the right into battery. 2. March. The centre section is formed in battery on the right as prescribed for the leading section. The other pieces are brought into line, and, without halting, are formed successively in battery to the front without commands; regulating by the centre section. The deployment into battery to the left is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the battery consists of four or eight pieces, the column is deployed into battery to the right oi' left by the same commands from the captain as when it consists of six. In this case, the leading pieces are wheeled to the right or left as a section, and conduct- ed to the line by the leading chief of section. And then, without halting, they are formed into battery to the front by the same chief The other pieces move forward, wheel in succession as they arrive opposite their places, and form in battery on the alignment of those already established. 124 SCHOOL OF the battkry. To Pass from the Order in Battery to the Order IN Column. Being in battery, to Ibrni column, the captain first causes the line to be formed, and then forms column by one of the manoeuvres for passing from the order in line to the order in column. To 3lARcn BY A Flank. Beirig in battery, to gnin ground to the left, for tlic purpose of forming again in battery without an inter- mediate formation, the captain causes the pieces to be limbered to the rear, and commands : 1. Pieces, right — caissons, left — loltcel. 2. March. o. Forward. 4. Guide right. Figure (58. These commands are repeated by the tdiiefs of sections^ The movement to gain ground to the left may be executed by limbering at once to the left; the cais- sons wheeling to the left Avhile the pieces are limber- ing; and tlie captain afterward commanding: For- ward — M ARCH — Guide right. The movement to gain ground to the right is ex- ecuted by either of the methods above described, ■applying the satne ])i'inciple.s, and l)y inverse means. As soon as the battery has reached the position on the left which it is intond<'(l to occupy, the captain commands : • i. Battery, by the left Jiank. 2. .March, n. Fire to the rear. 1. J.\ jjattery. The commands By the left Jieuik — March are re- peated by the chiefs of sections, and executed as usual. The commands Fire to the rear — In battery arc given SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 125 and repeated as soon as the pieces have completed the wheel, and executed as prescribed. When tlie battery is to move to a flank, and bo formed into battery again on the same line, it may be executed by limbering to the front, marching to a flank, and then commanding: Column — by the right (or left) flank — Mauch — Fire to the rear— In battery j the caissons taking their proper places in battery by a left about. The same thing may be executed by limbering to the right or left, gaining ground to the flank, halting, and commanding: Action left, or Actio?^ rihht. Article VT, FIRINGS. When everything is prepared for flring, the captain commands : Commence Firing. This command, given by itself or after Load, is repeated by the chiefs of sections, and the flring is immediately commenced. To Are by battery, the captain commands: 1. Fire by battery. 2. Battery — Fire. The first command is repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions; the second is not repeated. To flre by half-battery, the commands of the cap- tain are : 1. Fii'e by half-battery. 2. Right (or left) half -battery — Fire. 126 SCHOOL OF THK BATTERY. To fire by section : 1. Fire by section. 2. Bight (centre or left) section— Fire. To fire b}^ piece : 1. Fire by piece. 2. Right section — right (or left) piece — Fire. The chiefs of half-batteries or sections repeat the first command, and immcdiatel}' designate their re- spective commands as Right or left half-battery — Right or left section. They do not repeat the second commands. The firing is discontinued by the command or sig- nal: Cease Firing. This command is repeated by the chiefs of sections and of pieces, and the loaded pieces discharged or the load drawn, except in the case when the battery is retiring with the prolonge. , To move and fire with the prolonge fixed, the cap- tain gives the necessary directions. It is but seldom that this mode of moving and firing is necessary, and it Avill onl}^ be resorted to when circumfitances re- quire it. To Fire Advancing. When the battery is firing, to advance b}^ half-bat- teries, the captain commands : 1. Fire advancing by half -battery . 2. Right half-battery — Advance. At the second command the chief of the right half- battery discontinues firing, causes his pieces to be limbered to the front, and commands: Forward — March — Guide left. Or he may cause them to be SCHOOL OF THi: BATTERY. IZt limbered to the rear, and, after executing the about, command: Forward — Guide left. The half- battery advances, and the caissons preserve their distance in battery. As soon as the right half-batter}' reaches the new position, previously indicated by the captain, its chief places it in battery by the commands Halt — Action- front; or, In batteuv — March; the two last com- mands being given in quick succession. The caissons halt at these commands, and, as soon as the pieces are uidimbered, the iiring is renewed by command from the chief of half-battery. The fire of the left half- battery is continued during the movement of the right, care being taken to direct the pieces so that their tire shall not injure the half- battery in advance. As soon as the right half-battery commences firing the left moves forward with the guide U) the right; and, after passing the rigbt half-battery as far as the latter has advanced, is formed into batter}- and the firing commenced. The n^ovements of the left half- battery are effected by commands and means cor- responding to those of the right. The riirht half-battery again advances as soon as the left commences firing, and the two continue to advance alternately until the captain causes the firing to cease. Tlxe batter}^ is then aligned, or formed into line to the front or rear, by the proper commands from the capttiin. While advancing by half-battery, the captain places himself habitually with the most advanced portibn of the battery; and in six-gun batteries is accompanied by the chief of the centre section. The chief of the line of caissons remains habitually with the rear half- battery. 128 SCHOOL OF THK IJATTEllY. To lire udvancing by luilf-battery, commencing with the left, is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. The movement may also be executed by section ; the sections advancing in succession according to their positions in the battery. To FlIlE IN Er.TREAT. AVhen the battery is firing, to retire by half-bat- teries, the captain commands : 1. Fire retiring by lialf-battenj. 2. Riglit half-battery. 3. Eetire. At the second command the chief of the right half- battery discontinues firing, limbers to the rear, and commands : Caissons, left about — March. As soon as the about is completed, he commands : Forward — Guide right, jind conducts the half- battery to the ground previously indicated by the captain; the pieces preserving their distance in battery by march- ing nineteen j^ards in rear- of the caissons. As soon as the ground has been reached, the chief of half- battery commands: Halt — Fire to the rear— ^In bat- tery, and commences firing; taking care not to injure the other half- battery. The limbers and caissons remain. facing toward the rear as long as the firing in retreat continues. As soon as the right half- battery commences firing the left retires with the guide to the Mft; and, after passing the right half-batterj'' as far as the latter has retired, it is formed into battery, and the firing again commenced. The movements are executed in a man- ner corresponding to those of the other half-battery. The half- batteries continue to retire alternately SCHOOL OP THE BATTERY. 129 until the captain causes the firing to cease. The bat- tery is afterward aligned, or formed iiito line to the front or rear, by ap]:>ropriate commands from the captain. While retiring by half-battery the captain remains habitually with the ])ortion of the battery nearest the enemy, and is accompanied by the chief of the centre section. The chief of the line of caissons accom- jmnies the other half-battery. To fire retiring by half-battery, commencing with the left, is executed according to tlie same principles, and by invei'se means. The movement may also be executed by sections ; the sections retiring in succession, according to their positions in the battery. Movements for Firing in Echelon. When the battery is in line at a halt, with pieces in front, to advance in echelon of pieces, the captain commands : 1. By 'piece from the right— front into echelon. 2. March. Figure 69. At the last command the right piece moves forward, followed by its caisson. The next piece moves forward in like manner as soon as its leaders are abreast the wheel-horses of the rear car- riage on the right; and the other pieces co^nmence the movement in succession according to tlie sanio rule. , The officers preserve the same relative positions as in line. When the battery is marching in line, at a walk or trot, the echelon is formed according to the same principles, and by the same commands; the gaits 13Q SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. being regulated as in breaking sections. The battery advances in echelon of pieces from the left according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the caissons are in front, the battery ad- vances in echelon of pieces from the right or left according to the same principles, and by the same commands. When the battery is in echelon, inarching or at a halt, it may be formed into battery to the front, rear, right, or left. When firing in echelon to the front or rear, the direction of the fire may be changed to the right or left. For this purpose the captain orders the firing to cease, and commands: Action right (or left). At thivS command the trails of the ])ieces are turned to the left (or right), and the limbers and caissons take their places in rear of the pieces. But if retir- ing with the prolonge fixed, the caissons stand fast, and the limbers back to allow the trails to be turned in the proper direction. The prolonge must be suffi- ciently slack to allow the recoil of the guns. This last method is only applicable to firing to the right when retiring b}' the right, and to the left when retiring b}' the left. l^EING IN ECHELO^V, TO FoHM LiNE. The l^tttery being in echelon at a halt, to form it into line, the captain commands : 1, On the right (or left) piece— fonoard into line. 2. March. The commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec- tions. Each piece moves forward and establishes itself on the line, dressing on the piece indicated. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 131 4, If the btittery is in march, to form the line without halting, the commands are : 1. Form, line advancing , on right (or left) piece — trot. 2. March. The pieces to the rear move forward at the in- creased gait, and take tl)eir positions in line. If the battery is in echelon and firing, to form it in the order in battery, continuing the fire, the captain causes the pieces behind the line on which the forma- tion is to be made to cease their fire, and commands: 1. 0?i the right (or left) piece — fonoard into battery. 2. March. At the first command the chief of the ri^rht section places his left piece on the line, the riglit continuing its fire. The chiefs of the other sections cause them to be limbered to the front, and at the command March, which they repeat, move them forward, and establish them in battery on a line with the right section. To Fire to the Rear. When the battery is firing, to fire in the opposite direction, the captain causes the firing to cease, and commands : 1. Fire to the rear. 2. Limbers and caissons, pass your pieces — trot. ?>. March. Figure 70. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the command March, the pieces are wheeled about by turning the trails to the left J and the limbers and caissons oblique to the right, pass them, and take their places in battery b}'' a left reverse. 182 SCHOOL OF THE liATTEllY. When the pieces can not be wheelod about by hand, the captain commands : 1. Fire to the rear. 2. Limber to the rear. 3. Cais- sons, pass your jjienes — trot — March. 4, Pieces, left about — March. 5. In battery. Article YIl. changes of front in battery. Change of Front to Fire to the Right, Left Wing Forward, and the Ke verse. AVben the battery is fii'ino-, if tlic captain wishes to make a perpendicuhir change of front, to lire to the right, throwing forward the left wing, he discontinnes tiring, and commands : 1. Fire to the right. 2. Change front forward on the right piece, o. March. Figure 7L At the second command the chief of the right section places the right piece inthe new direction, by causing the trail to be moved to the left. He also causes the left piece of his section to be moved forward by hand, and established on the new line. When the ground' is unmasked, the limbers and caissons of these pieces oblique to the left, move for- ward, and take their places in batter}' by wheeling to the right; the caissons aligning themselves by the •erpendicular change of front to fire to the left, throwing the left wing to the rear, he causes the firing to cease, and commands : L Fire to the left. 2. Change front to the rear on the right piece. 8. March. At the second command the chief of the right sec- tion places the right piece in the new direction, by causino; the trail to be moved to the rio-ht. He also causes the left piece of his section to be moved to the rear by hand ^nd established on the new line. The limbers and caissons of these pieces move at once to the right, obliquing sufficiently to place themselves in rear of their respective pieces, and take their places by wheeling or reversing to the left. The other chiefs of sections command: Limber to the rear; and immediately afterward : Caissons, in front of your pieces — t?'ot — March. The caissons place themselves in front of their pieces while they are limbering,^ and halt. The chief of the centre section then commands: Section — left wheel; that of the left section : Section — forioard. The chief of the line of caissons places himself in the prolongation of the line thirty-two yards on thie imm^m^y.-rnf-.fmM^'K-^mmrm ■ %^ SCHOOL OF THK BATTERY. 137 right piece, and faces to the rear to ini'.rk the right of the new line of caissons. At the command March, given b}- tlie captain, and repeated by the chiefs of the centre and left sections, those sections are put in motion and phiced in battery on the line, the chief of the left section wheeling it to the left when it is opposite its position. "When the pieces are too heavy to be moved by hand, the chief of the right section causes his left piece to be limbered to the rear with the rest, and then commands: Jyfff wheel. At the command March, repeated by this chief, the piece wheels to the left, and is conducted by him to its place by the commands Forward — Ln battery. The caisson takes its place as before described. The pivot piece recommences firing as soon as it is unmasked; and the others when they arrive on the line. The change of front to fire to the right, right wing- to the rear, is executed according to the same princi- ples, and by inverse means. Cha.ngk of Front to Firk to thk Right, Left Win(4 TO the Keak, and the Keverse. Figure 72. When the battery is firing, it' the cap- tain wishes to make a perpendicular change of front to fire to the right, throwing the left wing to the rear, he discontinues firing, and commands : 1. Fire to the right. 2. Chaiuje front to the rear on the right piece. 3. March. At the second command the chief of the right sec- tion commands: Limbers, and caissions, in rear of your pieces — trot — March. The limbers and caissons 12 138 SCHOOL OF thk rattf.ry. oblique to the ri^ht, and pass their pieces, with the limbers leading. As soon as the limbers have passed, they wheel twice to the left and cover their pieces. The caissons pass their limbers and cover them in like manner. The chief of the section causes the trail of his rii^ht piece to be moved to the left, and his left piece to be placed upon the new alignment by hand. The chiels of the other sections command : Limber TO THK RKAR, and Caissous, in rear to your pieces — trot — -March. "When this is executed, they command : Forward. At the second command the chief of the line of caissons places himself on the left of the right piece of the centre section, facing to the rear, to mark the left of the new line of caissons. At the command March, from the captain, repeated by the chiefs of the centre and li'i't sections, those sections, as well as the limbers and caissons of the first, are established upon the new line. When the piece can not be moved by hand, the chief of the right section causes his left piece to be limbered like the rest; and then causes the remaining limber and the caissons to pass as before described. When the piece is limbered, he commands: Jjcft wheel. At the command March, from the captain, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the piece is wheeled and conducted to its place on the line. The pivot piece recommences firing as soon as it is placed in tlie new direction ; and the others as they arrive on the line. The change of front to fire to the left, right wing to the rear, is executed according to the same prin- cipjes, and by inverse means. SCHOOL OF THK* RATTERV. 139 To Pass a Df.fu.k in Front. When the buttory is firing, to pass a defile in front of tlic rin:ht section, the captain commands: 1. To thr front — by the right section — pax^i the defile. 2. March. At the first eonnnand the chief of tlic right section ^discontinues firing, limbers his piece to tiie front, and commands: Forward. At the command March, re- peated by this chief, who also commands Guide left, the section moves forward, passes the defile, and is again estaldished in battery, and the firing com- menced by his command. When the pieces are too heavy to be wlieeled about by hand, the chief of the section causes them to be limbered to the rear, wheeled about, and the caissons closed, before giving the command Forward. As soon as the right section commences firing, the centre is put in motion in like manner. Its chief conducts it through the defile by successive wheels, and forms it into battery in line with the first. As soon as the C(;ntre section commences tiring, the left ])asses in like manner. AVhile one section is passing the defile, the others e(^ntinue firing: care being taken not to injure tlu» section in advance. When the defile is in front of the left section, it is passed accoi'ding to the same ])rinciples, commencing with that section. When the defile is in front of the centre section, it is passed according to the same principles, commenc- ing with that section, and by the commands: To tin: front — by the centre neetion — pas.s the defile — March. 14U SCIIOUli or Tllfc RATTERV. Unless there is fiomc reason to the contrary, the right section will pass l)ofbre the lett. When the flank or oblique mareh is better suited to the nature of the ground, the chiefs of sections will give the required commands. When the defile will admit but one piece at a time, the sections arc broken by their chiefs in such a man- ner as to cause the nearest piece to enter first. The flections are reformed by their chiefs immediately after passing the detlle. To Pass a J)kfilk in Rear. When the battery Is firing, to pass a defile in rear of the centi'e section, the captain commands : (. To the rear-^bif the right seetioi) — pass the dejjle. 2. March. At the first command the chief of the right section discontinues firing, the limbers to the rear, and com- mands: CaissojiS, left about — pieces, forward. At the command March, repeated by the chief of the right section, the caissons of that section execute the about, and the pieces close to their ])roper distance at a trot. As soon as the about is completed, the chief com- hiands: Forwarh — (rKide left, conducts the suction througii Tiie delilc by successive \\heels, and forms^it into batteiy in ivar of its tirst ])(>sition. The left section is ])iit in motion as soon as the right eominences tiring, ft is conducted through the deiile by its chief, and formed into battery in rear of its first position, by ihe ])rinciples already described. The centre section moves as soon as the left com- mences tiring. It is formed into battery in rear of its first j>osition, nnd in lino -Nvitli the other two sectionb. ,, SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 14t The passage of the defile may be executed, com- mencing with the left section, according to the same principles, and by inverse means. When the defile is in rear of one of the flanks, the movement should commence with the other. It should always end by passing the section or piece covering the defile. When the detiie will admit but one piece at a time, the sections are broken by tlieir chiefs in such a man- ner as to cause the piece farthest from the defile to enter first; and the sections are again formed as soon as possible after leaving the defile. Parade tor Review and Inspection. The battery being in line, with the pieces in front ; the first sergeant /'?i*o yards from the right; the bugler and guidon in one rank, 5Lr yards on his right; the quartermaster-sergeant two yards from the left; the artificers in one rank, si;r yards on his left; all dressed on the lead-drivers of pieces; the captain commands: 1. Attention. 2. Prepare /or review, o. Action front. 4. Right Dress. 5. Front. At the third command the battery is formed as directed; the chiefs of sections take their places in the centres of the sections, three yards in Iront of the line of muzzles; and the chiefs of pieces, without dis- mounting, take their places at their posts, i/i battery. The non-commissioned staff, buglers, guidon, and-Jirtifi- cers reverse wMth their limbers, and take their places, in the order already directed, on a line with the lead- drivers; the cannoneers are at their posts. At the fourth command the battery is aligned — the chiefs of the sections, the pieces, and the limbers by 142 SCHOOL OF THE RATT-KRY. the captain ; and the caissons by the chief of the line of caissons. At tlio fifth command, given by the captain wlien the alignment is completed, the chief of the line of caissons takes this position in battery. The captain then commands: Drair, — sabrp:s. This is executed by the staff sergeants, chiefs of pieces, and artificers only; and the captain takes post twelve yards in front of the centre of the batteiy (eight yards,, if there are two or more batteries in line), faces to the front, and awaits the approach of the re- viewing officer. When the reviewing officer is niidway between the camp-color and the captain, the latter reverses to the right, and commands : Present — sabrks. He immediately resumes his front and salutes, as do all whose sabres are drawn ; and the music plays according to the rank of the reviewing officer. The reviewing officer having halted, and acknowl- edged the salute, the captain brings his sword to a carry, reverses as before, and commands : Carry — sabres. He immediate!}' resumes his front; the reviewing officer turns off to the right of the battery, passes along its frojit, and returns to the right b}'' passing- bet ween the lines of carriages, or in rear of the caisson. While the reviewing officer is passing around the battery, the music plays. It ceases when he turns off to take his post at the camp-color. '^''' SOirOOL OF THE BATTERY. 143 When lljo music ceases, the captain faces the bat- tery, and commands : Ltmbkr to the Front, and all assume their places in line. The reviewing officer having taken a position near the camp-color, the captain causes the cannoneers to mount, and breaks the battery into cohimn of sections to the right by the usual commands. He then commands : Pa-'iS in Review, and puts the column in march, at a walk, with the guide to the right. The captain then places himself at the head of the column, Jour j-ards in advance of the chief of the leading section; the trumpeters or buglers march four yards in advance of the captain ; the chief of the line of cais.sons outside the column, opposite the centre, axiiX four yards ivowx the left flank; the first sergeant and quartermaster-sergeant outside the col- umn, /bnr yards from the left flank, the former abreas-t the lead -drivers of the leading section, the latter abreast the lead-drivers of the rear section ; the artifi- cers in one rank, four yards in rear of the cohimn ; the guidon at the side of the chief of the directino- piece. When the head of the column has arrived within forty yards of the reviewing officer the music begins to play, and as soon as the latter has ])assed it wheels out of the column to a position in front of the i-evicM'- ing officer, where it faces him, and continues to play until the column has passed. It then ceases, follows in rear of the battery, and resumes its place at the head of the column after the next change of direction. 144 .SCHOOL or thk battery. i^ All the officers isalute in succession as, they arrive within six yards of the reviewing officer, casting their eyes toward him at the same time, and bringing their sabres to a carry after having passed him s/a; yards. As soon as the captain has saluted, he places himself on the left of the reviewing officer, passing by his rear, remains until the battery has passed, and then rejoins it, again passing by the rear. The column is so conducted as to march parallel to the line on which the battery is to form, and far enouirh in its rear to enable the column to wheel into line. It is then wheeled into line, formed in battery, and the review^ terminated by a salute as at the begin- ning. When instructions have been previously given to pass a second time, either at a trot or gallop, it will be done before wheeling into line, the officers passing the second time without saluting. At the command Close order, instead of limbering to the front, the captain commands : 1'. Limber to the euont. 2. Pieces, left about — Caisso7is, forward. 3. March. 4. Battery — Halt. These commands are executed, and the pieces halt with their lead-drivers on a line with the other troops. After passing in review, and reaching the ground on whiclx it is to form, the battery may be wheeled by section to the right, and, after gaining the necessary distance to the rear, countermarched, and established on the line. When a battery is to march past in line or in column of half-batteries, it will be done according to the prin- ciples already described. In line, the officers, etc., will bo at their usual posts, hi column of half-batteries, SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 145 the captain will be two yards in advance of the cliiet of the leading half-battery; each chief of half-battery two yards in front of the centre of his command; the chief of the centre section on the left of the leading half-battery, /owr yards from its centre, and the chief of the line of caissons in the same position with re- spect to the rear half-battery. In eight-gun batteries, when the column is formed by half- battery, the chiefs of sections who do not command half- batteries retain their places in their sections. The buglers arc four yards in front of the captain. The first sergeant and quartermaster-sergeant are out- side the column of hall-batteries, /owr yards from the left flank, the former abreast the lead-driver of the leading, the latter abreast the lead-driver of the rear half-battery, the artificers in one rank, four yards in rear of the column, the guidon at the side of the chief of the directing piece. Officers' Salute with the Sabre. When the officers arc to salute, whether on horse- back or on foot, at a halt or in march, they execute it in four motions : 1st. At six yards from the person to be saluted, raise the sabre perpendicularly, the point upward, edge to the left, the hand opposite to and one foot from the right shoulder, the wrist six inches from the body. 2d. Lower the blade, extending the arm to its full length, the hand in quarts, until the point of the sabre is near the foot. 3d. Eaise the sabre quickly, the point upwdrd as in 13 / 14C scuooL or rn>; uattkuy. the !irst motion, nt'ter ihe person saluted is pussed fcfur vards. 4tb. Bi-ing the .subi-c to c:irrv. Inspection. The battorieK oi' Held artillery will alwaj's, for infjpeetion. bo formed either in line or in battery. The knapfsacks of the cannoneers are strapped on the foot-boards of the ammunition-ehests. IJ' the in- spector winhtis to examine the clothing of the men on the field, the knapsacks and valises will be unstrapped, laid at the feet of the men, and opened, the drivers being dismounted for the purpose. THi: COMPANY DISMOUNT KI). i-i' P A H T T n I R T> . TIIK COMPANY OISMOUNTRI). Formation or tue Company. Figure 73. Id tlio iirtillery. as no two inovi of a piece, cannoneers or drivers, perform the sjinie duties, each should be specially assigned to that position for which he is best fitted. The men, whether cannoneers or drivers, are per- manently attached to the pieces, and will not bo transJerred except by order oi^ the captain, or tem- porarily to equalize detachments on drill or parade. The cannoneers assigned to tlie seiwice of a irun constitute a gim detacJtincnt, and are commanded by the gunner. When the company is paraded, di»-. mounted, these detachments fall in each on the right of the men of its piece — the cannoneers taking their places according to their numbers in the detachment. When the cannoneers and drivers attached to a piece are assembled in rank and file formation, they constitute a j9^a(foo?(!, which is commanded by the ser- geant, who is chief of the piece. The drivers form on the left, and the platoon is divided into detachments of the same size as the gun detachment, the men being numbered in the same mannoi*. Two platoons constitute a section^ which is com- manded by a lieutenant. The Mmpany is composed of two, three, or io\xr 148 THE COMPANY DISMOUNTED. sections. The instruction laid down is applicable in cither case, but is given for three sections. When there are four sections, the compan}^ is further divided ill to divisions, each composed of two sections, and commanded by its ranking chief of section. The company will not be mancBuvred by divisons unless circumstances require it, the section or platoon being the most convenient subdivision for manoeuvring. The company is commanded by a captain. A sub- altern, in addition to the chiefs of sections, is attached to it. He performs the staff duties of the battery, and commands the line of caissons in the battery formations. In addition to the platoons, there should be attached to the company one sergeant-major or first sergeant ; one quartermaster-sergeant; two buglers or trumpeters; one guidon; and such number of artificers as the service of the battery ma}'' require. In the absence of the lieutenant, chief of the line of Cais- sons, he is i-eplaced by the first sergeant. The platoons form when in line in the order of ■tTieir pieces in park, and touching each other. The two forming a section are designated as the right anrl left platoons, according to their actual positions with reference to each other in the sections. When necessary, surplus men may be transferred from one platoon to another, so that there shall be but one incomplete detachment in the company, which should not be on the flank. When an incomplete detachment consists of an odd number of men, the vacancy is left in the rear rank, in the next file but one from the left, that number being omitted in call- ing off. To prevent the formation of incomplete detach- ments, artificers may he assigned as No. 8; or the THE COMPANY DISMOUNTED. 149 permanent chiefs of caissons may be assigned as gun- ners to detachments other tlian the gun detaclimei't, and posted one yard behind the right files. When the company is formed for parade purposes, and it is not desired to manoeuvre b}" detachmenis, the platoons wiixy be equalized, and regarded as the units. The}" are then formed as single detachments, the chiefs of the caissons being posted as the front rank men of the left files of the platoons. The men call off' from No. 1 to No. 8, as if divided into dC' taclnnents of eight men each. The sections are designated according to their ac- tual positions in line, as the rlgkt, the centre, and the Left sections. If: there are four, they are designated according to actual position, as the right, the riglit- centre, the left-centre, and the left sections. When the company consists of four sections, the right and right-centre sections constitute the right division ; the left and left-centre sections, the left division. None of the designations of the platoons in a sec- tion, nor of sections and divisions in the company, are permanent. They shift from one to the other, according to the actual positions of the subdivisione with reference to each other. Posts of the Officers, Non-Com missioned Officers. ETC. Figures 73 and 74. The captain commanding goes wherever his presence may be necessary or his com- mands best heard. His position is, in the order in line, four yards in front of the eenti-e of the company; in the order in column, or when faced by a flank, four 3*ards outside tlie msirchin^ rinnk. opposite the centre of tlie company. The lieutenants commandino; sections, in line or ?n column of sections, are two yard^ in front of the centres of tlieir respective sectir)nH; in columns of platoons or of detachments, or when faced by a fiank^ they are txoo yards outside the n\arching flank, and opposite the centres of their respective secrtions ; cxi-ept that, Avhen faced by a Jiank, the cliief of the lendinpj section takes his phice at tlie side of the leading file. In cohimn of divisions, the ranking chief of section in each division mfour yards in front of the centre of his division; the other chief of section keeps his position of two yards in front of the centre of his section. The lieutenant, chief of caissons, is, in line, four yards hehind the centre of the company; in column, or jac^xl by a fiank, he is four yards outside of the pivot flank, and opposite the centre of the company. The sergeants, chiefs of pieces, when in line, in col- umn of sections, or faced by a flank, are on the right of the gun detachments of their respective ]-)latoons, in the front rank. In column of platoons, or of detach- ments, they are one yard in front of the centre of their platoons or of their gun detachments. The corporals, gunners, when in line, or column of sections, are one yard behind the right flies of their respective gun detachments. In columns of platoons, or detachments, they are on the right of the gun de- tachments. When the column has a detachment, other than the gun detachment, at its head, the gun- ner of the platoon to which it belongs will place himself one vard in front of its centre, unless the chief of caisson of that piece is acting uk its tile- closer; in which case the iutter leadH the cohimn. When faced by a flank, they face with the company, and keep their rehitive positions. Tlie corporals, chiefs of caissons, are in their places in (he i-anks as Nor. 8 of the gun detachments, or as the front rank men on tlie left of their platoons, or they may be assigned as gunners to detachments, other than the gun detachments, in the case already })rovided for, to prevent the formation of incomplete detachments. The first sergeant, in line, is on the right, of the company, in a line with the front rank, and o?if yard Irom it; in column, he is on the marching flank, one yard outside the section, or other subdivision, nearest to him when in line. When faced by a flanks he faces with the company. The quartermaster-sergeant occupies positions on the left of the company, cori*esponding to those of the tirst sergeant on the right, whether in line, in cohinm, or faced by a flank. The buglers or trumpeters, in line, are on the right of the first sergeant, in one rank, and two vards from })im ; in colunm, they arc nix yards in front or rear of the subdivision next them in line, according as th.ut subdivision forms tlu? Iiead or rear of the column. When the company taces by flank they face with it. The artificers occupy positions on the leil of th'» company corresponding to those of the musicians on the right, whether in line, in column, or faced by a flank. The guidon tbrms with the musicians, and on their left, or tukes such position a>» the captain may pre- '^(.•ribe. 162 Tftfe COMPANY DISMOUNTED. When, in the movements or manoeuvres, the sub- divisions originally on the right and left become thosa of the left and right, the non-commissioned staff, musicians, and artificers remain with the subdivisions near which they were originally" formed, and take forrosponding positions in line, etc. .■■it.t»'.t: : ..V .>^j"6iitM2^fi!tri'.:v' ■''*' APPENDIX War Organization of a Mounted Battery of Four AND Six Guns. Captains Lieutenants. • . Staff Sergeants Sergeants.. Corporals.. Guidons. . . Artificers . . Buglers . . . Drivers. . . . Cannoneers Spare Total. 4 PfKC KS. 6 Pieces. n CO CO K tn f. ei ii a w o o o S a o S * ] .. .. 1 3 ■' •• 4 •• •• •• 2 2 •• 2 2 4 . 4 6 6 ! .. 8 , , 12 . , ] 1 1 1 •:::-4 4 *6 6 2 2 2 2 1 . . 40 60 52 84 1 .. 40 70 •• 8 10 1 4 1 101 81 5 151 1 111 . . Chiefs of Sections and Cais- sons. Sergeant-Major, or 1st Serg't and Quartermaster-Serg't. Chiefs of Pieces. Gunners and Chiefs of Cais- sons. By order Adjfc. and Inspect.«ir- Gen'l, No.81 (Nov. 1, 1862j, the number of privates is from 65 to 125 — the number of enlisted men should be not lesn than 25 to each gun, i. e., 100 for a four-gun, and 150 for a six-gun battery. •^=By order Adjutant and Inspector-General, No.81 (Noveinber 1, 1862). only 2 artificers for any battery allowed — entirely insufficient. Number and Application of Horses required for a Mounted Battery of Four and Six Guns. {Battery of Manoeuvre . Forge Battery Wagon Spare additional, 1-12 Sergeants' Artificers' Buglers' Guidon's ^ .. . , Spare Total 4 Pieces. 6 PjECES. 48 72 6 6 6 6 5 7 6 8 4* 6* 2 2 1 1 3 •3 81 111 *Only 2 artificers at preseut allowed by order No. 81, Adjutant and luspector- Oeucral. Description of Artillery Hoksks, ami How to Preserve them. They should be well {jroken, perfectly sound, with full chetits, broad shoulders, short coupled with ful} barrels, able to move by their weight on the collar say i'roni one thousand thirteen hundred pounds, deep loins, full hind quarters — in other words, active, pony- built, eonijiact horses, not less than five, nor raore than ten years old, and from fifteen and a half to six- teen hands hig'h. Xarrow chested, long legged, long bodied, and vicious horses are unlit for artillery pur- poses. They should not bo required to pull mor^^ than seven hundred pounds to the horse. The i'vQe use of the wisj), brush, and (nirry-combv regularly applied, twice daily, for at least thirty minutes, will, with even a short allowance of food, drv more toward keeping a horse in good order than lull feeding without. A folded blanket, or « moss blanket, adapting itself to the shape of the saddle and con- dition of the horse, is the best preventive of sore backs. When wiinn, they should not be watered until rubbed drv, and from buckets ratboi* than from a. stream, and uevor from a well, without allowing the water to stand, and then give a few swallows at a lime, li! it can be had, give a cpiart of meal with a little salt to the bucket of water. The folio wiiig directions hh to gix>oniing, taker* irom a w<;i'k by a Board of United States ai-tillerv olHcers, have been found to be full and complele : " The wisp is to be used Avhea the horse comes in warm from exercise, and the h.oi*se is rubbed until x\vy, from his bind quarters, against the hair, up to 1h3 head. APPENDIX. Vlii "The curry-comb is used wlnni the horse is dry, beginning tilwa^'S on the near side at the hind quar- ters, its application being in proportion to the length and foulness oi' the coat; that is, if the coat is close, being full of dust, and very filthy, use it freely to loosen the coat or the sweat that is dried fast on the skin and roots of the hair, appearing like a white, saltish dust. In the spring the curry-comb should, while the coat is changing, be used judiciously, as a removal of the hair too rapidly exposes the horse to the sudden changes of temperature. Proceeding from the hind quarters, descend to the quarters, minding not to scratch or injure the horse. The legs below the houghs arc not to bo touched with the curry- comb, unless the dirt is matted on the joints of the hough, which mfty be carefully loosened with the curry-comb. The comb works unpleasantly on that part, and must be handled lightly, ^ext proceed to the fetlocks, back, loins, Hank, belly, shoulders, arms, chest, and neck, on^itting no part that the curiy-comb can be conveniently applied to; but tender places, thin of hair, or rubbed by the harness, need not bo touched; they should he rubbed with the wisp; ob- serve, therefore, to begin with the curry-comb on the near hind quarters and finish with th(^ head, keeping the conib in the right hand. After currying the near side, proceed with the opposite side; here use the left hand; this done, wisp off those places not touched by the curry-comb; then use the brush. Begin first at the head on the near side, taking the brush in the left hand and the curry-comb in the right, brushing more particularly those parts where the dust is more apt to lodge, proceed down the neck; the scui'f of the neck, next the head, and the scrag next the mane are ditii-* 156 APPENDIX. cult to clean. Appl}^ the brush backward and forward on these places, finishing by leaving the coat smooth, .s is hei'cby appoiiit(Ml to inpot at the camp c>r the artillery of the I'd (.-orps oi, the lOth instant, or as «u)u there-alter a.s practieahle, to oxi)reHS an' opinion a.s to the proper ]>r()portion of projectiles to accompany tlie 12-pounder Napoleon,' the lO-pounder Panott, and :Mnei] l^ifle guns; at.so, whether the effi- c:it^ncy of artillery Aviil he impaired by omitting the l)rolonge with the -•un-carrian-e, and extra wheel and axle with the caists^m. By conHna}id of General Lkk. W. W. TAYLOK, A. A. General lu t'olST or KOARJ) OF AlJTILLKRY OmCKR.S OONVKNKD nv viariiK of Speciai, Orokr. N(j. 1J4, IlKAn-QUAJt- T>;it.s .\. .\. v., April 4. 18(;::i. liead-quarters Arfilkry 'Id Corp,'s, April 10, 1803. The br»ard met at one o'clock, p. m., pm-8nant to Special Oi'der, A'o. lU, ]lead-rolonge on gun-carriages. It is liglit in weiglu, while experience has shown it exceedingly valuable in a campaign — indeed, almost indispensable. It has several times happened during the ])ast year, in this command, that the pintle-hook on the gun-limber has given aw^ay, and then the gun was carried by bending a pole over the limber and lashing to it with tlie pro- lonffe the lunette. Without this resource the gun or its caisson, one*, w^ould have been abandoned of neces- sity. Again, the prolonge has been found invaluable in 'hauling the gun up steep declivities and through very bad roads. ,, 2. We also deem it inexpedient to give up the fifth wheel on the caissons. It is very heavy, and much increases the draft, but spare wheels are always needed after a battle; and, in dry w^eather, on hard roads, it is very often necessary to take off the wheels and cut the tires if circumstances permit, Avhile, if they do not, some of the wheels give w\ay entirely, and these fifth wheels are the onlj^ resource in the case. 3. We believe that the best pro]3ortion for the sev- eral kinds of ammunition for 12-pounder JNapoleon guns is as follows : In each ammunition-chest, eight rounds solid shot, fixed; sixteen rounds spherical-case shot, fixed; four rounds shell, fixed; and three rounds canister, fixed. And then we would recommend that there be made for each gun eight rounds of canister, thus : The tin canister to be of the present size, and, instead of being charged with the twenty -seven ordi- APPENDIX. 1G3 ]iary iron shot, to bo IIIKmI with round inuskct-biillets of calibre 0.09. No cartrid<>;es to bo attached to ov ])rovidod for these canister. They are to be carried two in each chest, placed in the farther end of tlio division appropriated to canister, and sitting one on tlie top of the other. They are to be used either on top of an ordinary canister, or on a solid shot, at short range, when it is believed they will })rove highly efficient. Thus there are reaWyfive rounds of canister in each chest, three being fixed and two not. 4. Each of the ammunition-chests of the 10-poundor Parrott or ']-incli rifled gun, is capable of canying sixt}' rounds of ammunition, so that all four boxes carry two hundred and forty rounds. This we believe to be too much. Two hundred rounds should be enough for one engagement, and one hundred and eighty rounds in the caisson form a load far too heavy foi' six horses. As it would not be advisable 1<> change the dimensions of these boxes, we recommend that the four shall cany only two hundred and four rounds. And to dispose the load as advantageously as possible that this reduction of thirty-six rounds be made in the rear chest of the caisson, while the l PL. Z z O z o o a. < z =^ ^ ^ ^ S< L__ '^^ ^ r 5 -I 2 •? :; -&^ 1 "O L- ^ o 1 1 ^ ^. SI '^ ^ ^ F^ V y^ >« \^ ^ 1^ 5 Pi. 3 1 Xj ^ ^ *•:? ^ »" ^' ^" \^" i- r.M Cort swell, uMi-, CoUun.hux, Pi. s to ^^ 5>) K$ > R - ^ V rC ' ^ 5^ '-^ "- ^ .C 15 Pl. 6 JEvoaw ^ Ccqcv/dZ, liih, Cclu^MU'^S C Pj. 7 F 1 C 6 FIG 7 A?:-,/ im<{i'/yn o^' Tlr.Kt/ 'ecn ic^ nn "Jk^i r: / ' XroLoO TlixrJ mr^ ^nc^ c^' ISvJdt ^yanj * Cca,jr,"/Z. hih^ CotujnJn/x, S, C PL 8 FIG 9 JkrviT^Ti TTivixvn. ct Lo(jl<)( uc<^t^ rn tff/nn-iTi fj am/rta/ijfionyfvJV i- jSyocris ii Cop.-veU,c.Si ColarrcbiM oC /=>i. /2f PL. /^ %wm- FIC 22 ifc Hi A m..Mdh KV FIC 25. Zt;/? Ah'jtvt ^ '^% ■^ no. 23 •al'^ 1' FIC ; a 6 M I! Iff *^/?7 r/ T^K^TrtAtrc/i St^'^i^O "^ * .1 I'.v/r^ ^ F'O 2 + . ^B^ IM '1 M. -.1 1 1. .1. . I . I'V^I H Orr9^r in. &^(.uinn I .Eveiti^ ^ CndsY/Ui^ li'Jv, CcIv-TTJ.hva, S C %^. Pi /5 m i -m '% V. F 1 .' I ; IB! 29 in Iril I EH i -m^\ It .» el ;t:; .,;'K Afi:)!! ")l ¥, A«)l 2! ^ "11 l-CTi llli iLl If F 1 G tei 3 Oi;iff tn Biittertf PL /6 1 4^^ |^^2-r i5^M&^.-^-::^ o i""^^' m i -^mi^ j^^ -ta^ •"••r -«:«r5!<9fl n" .'is^;;^^!.^®! r «^ - FIG 32' IS^WL^ -^"^^^ !i^^"-r ::^^^i^ ^ '/; M,nrh htj ,t t'bmJ. livoi-Tis S Co^Srydi. UXiy ColpjTibw.. . m 4 ll( i ^li PL /7 ^ \ F X ■'K >. ^^ <(? \fX e< ^■•■- * ft ;: 1^ le/1 Ohb'ifUA'. PL /i '1 FIG. 34. 4 i U '+^ li III. f IB IFn head rf CcUi-ian lvOi>: .Le/l. /ii FIG. 35 /& " K^l ^ 1^ ^a1 1^ K31 //y /^^. HjxjktBreiJLkSe-ciK-TLS J PL. 19 /•^ 20 ^¥1 hh f-i Ha 1 :4i- k FIG. 37 II m ■HEH m 1^ K3I i . Hi w It i Ilk Tip; i 4 Jh^-0 Jj ui4:. Hxxeyiv lJ-t4i.Ittotr i IS]; -V^'W ^ ConjweZL, Ivth, 'ZohzTv.'bioLjS C /% , 2/ mm^ ^^^^^- ■rift I rlr 'WiTT T *^^^^-' u-!r L-:LI r^« A FIG. 38 . 7^ • r/u Le f 't. 7 fi-ir ■ Inn. e ^6l ^-1 t i 13 /./•^/io ."' !'(SsYtcZl, liihr (>>Lajr>ii,' ■' ^ ^m £p la^g:*; ^c:«ss -tf -l-g|g:Mr ^t}ssr£ !"■« ■3^5» ^ K 1^ FIG 39 ^>^' fh^ TiMfh^ iri^' ^-tll tiih..'Lolui..mlwL S C' /■-' L IS Fl C 42 FS1-S^^EI-1: I' ' I' Hi! W III ii^ESKiSHSf^SiS M^^-^ ^-5P^:^ ^i^M!^ JoJif^j^^Ji tf\in Ihc R^qhi- ^<- rrtui'ch fc tfn Le^f £vcin.- ^ <■■• >-, ~'..-^/7 '".,/-,„/,., ^ 1 m l» II n w '?' H3H ^^ •f /'il 2 6 # ii i hfl r? v^, ^ i>M ¥ m t--i K3| KP1 f5^ FIG. 43. T< Rtji, Donhle. U» 2:1^1*: -K!!!^ ^^P'^ -Si^^- Y^mm^ ^ •ii hII^^^ --t^;^-^-? Floii,L Ma?-c7t k G(j()oA/e7) , ifJrt ('Ajhwi-ljUi S C PL Z9 FIG 46. 1-2 I-rmM^- ■ -rS ^jggg^ -^i^S 1-i # * < ff % -0 P / -s^ >^; ■«t ->-qge^ -f^M^ M«^ Ubiiqur Mittch r PL. 30 m % m ^ 1 m ¥ m 1 IS i IS 1^^ ^' ^ ! f a a M a u 14 ii H^Jl iU i ui u IS 1' ¥ ii U i 11 1^1 Hih M '^^ m ill ^ '^. ■;5A ^^ ^ ^ m ^ ^^ -'.'^;; ^# 1^ •^ FIO. 47. ^ I'/i.ai'ft nl' Thrf^-hrv jit Zinr. ,.-r.>rli^lvtfly~0'ur' J°L 3/ H:j1 C^M \a\ fc>l P^ iV iji 4' ^i-^ '1 M< M M Ml M # i II m 11 ^, i| iS i li^ i M I-:' •-■JI Itpl H^l ^:;?^ t^ h;t^ H3I ^e^ f^ e^ FjC 48 l\ ^. ^1 i^ 1' HI ^ /I m Ifo' ^:^ •4' 1f. IfJI VJ" H/'i^c Inters al« v;,.-'^ ^' C\I^,^vxlh ('fxtssanizrvT^my; tr, Hnnn i7iJ^<(.^(jif tcthtiPrimi^ /Crouos <5 'U)(/jn*il !jfi*^Gtbunti,'> PC 34- ^ i^'T*" m 3! ^1 V=A -t. fOi FlC. 5 2 it3i , i f tBi ^B^ 13) [91 l!4 Hi-H! InJjijht. m^u^^iex:'€SxrvB\^^rtZ}irn'rwm.BdRern^'tA7&.s IR^ccr. '.'V'v "E^ o 1^- +a M m % FIG. 53 I- 4.' P ft If tS! H3f if h^ KrH 4+-' ^-k" ^-i^ ili .;^/ Zmr.; wr?/' <^^aw<.? trvJrvrd) ivif^T^rvy^n.^otHer^fivf^^ TUfxr Ewrais: (j>Q5vM U'Uh, Colwiika, S C. P^ 3S f ^M 4^' I ii ^i\ « i tai o FIO 4-^ 4^ |r::| 54. K7H If' g 1 i 1^ 1^ FIO i it3i l<^ 55 biJSoriienjj Jo inrrn ui Line to M^ ]^fmi,'mth CaxsmTis in J^vnt.^ IfuJjrvm.- iJ\ luus ^ CcasirfZLy Idh, PL 36 ■+ It -^^ -t '-^1^ .t 4 ^h F 10 »S6. ll< ;!' itH M 1 it $ a I-tJ lii l^ -^ kiji li n I rn.JBoUt-erj^JvfniTii niljine.JoTr.h.i'.Bj'aj'.'r^if'h t'-n aeon y, m FrnTih ^ 4 ^^ 4i ^ ^ M M F 1 C . 5 7 ^Ai K-^ f O [lA^H fel ei _1. KL>( im f |4' iV ti+" l|4 4i A/ IJaR.*-/!^ l/jfhnn m Live h'^fiy Tf^ar, wil-h I:'ie( t's m tron^ . TjVou-i-s S: CoqswdJ . Utiv, C-vlMmhia., 5, PL 37 Hi ¥ Jl' .+ .^ft iff m '*! 1 i i 1 1'^ K;ij H--( III 1 ICH ■^ 44 M 1 IS H 1 3"^ M' 1 H::H M I'^W 1*^ H^iH X /'" 1 1 r; . 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(/u ^ C>.i.s- Yf ,'w, & .V; , I " ' >t/' ' **•-.'_ . f ' r P L 50 4 m % g ■5-: ^SS: --:r t F 10. 71 . ■-* -* z^. t|+ ■ ._-t|f5»^t! et ICH urn HrH H=H ^ ^%^,' ^•<<' lo^heFxxiTti- Ch^jurjue^Trtmlfmyv'trd i,n FirshPif/ir.. B'voun-s * &05-H fll, fdlv i^oi^jaoui , .:^^ ' Pi. Si' m , lUec 4|4 f i'-if!Mtea^l H::H i 'ihSi ■iiasE^^- -■--^v-3 FIG. 72 I5» PI H^ -Twv Ir thii Ftu/Jit Chtinae Pr\nil l4>4te.t>r <.>rf Jiiaht /^♦'.v. ^y,tn£ Cf Cicij-AtU ,lC!h ^'^Uwib:jx, ,!. f PL *2 B 152 »BE w^. ■^. > FIG. 73 ^ •o I rf'T'lct1'ociL« "Ereuu 4" CoqswtH, ^f3h. Colwni:./ , . '■ l*t I S'* BUGLE SIGNALS I M A R C^l POR cjEview ppp^^is&i^^lll T»:p §^^^^^^m^^ ^^s 1^ ^Ip ^^^ilS^^B *\ 1 f !•» p ]S~rrvT^ i Exfixi ^^ > t fM- q I 1 ?-i — ^ ^^ tra: ^^ ■4-H — u ^ ^^^n^ ^-.h j^^- ■*- CALCP fe^^^i^^^^^ =jj /".yj.'.-K'c!/, l'7Ji'/Jr7;xrJ>ir^.' 55 HI M 5 H A LT . :rzz?t ^s^_^ g^^^ • rO^WARD 7. HEAD or COLUMN T« TMt moMr. I I f I __jr^ i 1 8 MtAD OF.COl.UMNT»TME LEFT n I r 1' 9. niCHT OBUI^UE * ^*^ ^ Jft ^m . 10 . L.KFT •! LIAWK ^Zi«;r gL-Efc^I^^ II. A aou T & jlPir^ jf^ m \Z . COUNTmMAPCH i*ct^.< & ^tcswfU.bJ^h Ofuniljiwi) r, J^ 3. 13. ORlv'ERS MOuKT. li^^iP BE 1+ DRIVERS DISMOUNT i=: ^5^l> 15 , CANNOHECRS MOUNT MU-jT-' US p 16 IN BATTERY ^mm^^^ 17- COMMENCE FIRING ^H^^^ la . CEASt riRlMC ^ 19 BOOTS t SADDLES ^P ^tf ^^P^ !fV«-ir 1^ Ojf^swtU ivtii C/aiT'lfta,, 5 C J^ 4. 60 THE GENERAL .«--r. iJlH* ai TO HORSE 5_ ^^ p ^ ^^g=gntr [.r ^ jb ti. ASSEMBLY €• — .•Tf _ P f pJip^Sj^^ z^j^q^} 11 ^v^ ss 23 . THE PE vri LLE m 11^ J-^if r[p ^^ ^p ;^>l=>;t ^^ 3E^£f J>C '.A- STABLE CALL JOO iz -i- ^ - t •J 2 5 WATERING CALL — »- ^^ |l 2 6 B R EAK TA ST. .3V.vi.r jf Cf'cisyvelZ Ziih, Colvum2riaL. 53 j^r o £T ASSEMBLY OF BUCLERS w 3 V m ^ E w~w y ^ P » f f i> p Jz lf^M^t^g^ ITL '^ N o> ^ '^^ « — #-# liCIi ZR.ASSEMBI-Y OF GUARD. ^ s fHH |l:^:zjl t -^ p-A p p p I f~ w ~^ ^m y-^ I . ^ I f j P - ^ [^rro^^g^ ^ =F^ I 29 F ATIGU E CALL f r r f fe^ .zr-iEM-i ^^^P^^^i _ I I I _ p _ I r r fV r I _ ■ _ I f it--- /. _ i _ — £ so. DRILL CALL. Ji'-j.is.S-. (xjqsrrc^U, lvl\ Ccluru'bzjL,.' C PI 7 rv^v^- f f^,fjS\//UX, ^'ih f'/i.-iy/ihr./ PI 8 34- RFTRfAl ^ ■i£ ~-i fcii g i -ds tj. o'upu*l,nttn/ tv ^ rrn'7/<- 9 i^t:: i^^^;^^!^^^ i^rt « ■ » ! :,n±t-=iMi^^£3 ^ ^^^lipp^^ Efe^ --^ Jviu/i-'' ^' fjC