^r*\^ VhcpliDgs '♦ In circle...^ " to the rigbt or left. The rPTPr«<».... 'iment in two ranks >i.k ink ti) form line 1 Imip ^ to the rciir •: To mil re h lackw;»r'is To open auti close ranks Kxccution of the movements nt the double-quick... "Thr Platoon 1'. 34 Tin: Fiction... 35 J">o iijJition of and posts of officers Aliutijnents y.......7.^.... To open and close r.inks To break into column to the right or lcft.\ To march in column To Imlt the column To change direction ip coluifan To march by a Hank vrlicn in column... OblicjiK' n):irch in culunin I'lintr i:i cdninn, to I'orni line I'lvancmg. . line KG?. PAGE 30 • 31 31 31 32 31 33 31 34 31 85 82 36 32 37 37- 39 S3 40 33 41 33 42 ' 34 43 S4 45 34 <'; : If in line 'J' oJ.ij.^ie direction in line « To ujiirch by a Hank when in liiu' To clmi^ro direction wIkmi faced by a Hank Marching by a Hank to form column of detachment.s, To pass from the march in column to a rnnroli bv a flank Marcliinj; by a flank to f- To close files '. 211 •1? 3b 48 36 49 36 50 37 51 37 53 37 64 38 55 38 57 38 58 39 02 40 02 • 40 04 41 05 41 00 -41 09 41 70 42 71 42 72 42 1 o 42 74 43 75 43 70 43 .44 1 1 44 77 45 78 45 70 40 111 55 TABLE OP COISTTENTS. Til NOS. PAOE. Manual or THE Piece ,.... 55 Posts of ther caniDoneers, piece unlimbeced i... 215 56 Loailing and firing 216 56 Londing by detaiT...^ 218 57 Moving the piece by baud, piece uulimbered • 228 63 Changing posts ,. 230 64 Equipnients 231 64 Limbering...., :. 232 64 Posts of cannoneers, piece limbered 235 66 To form the detachment ... 236 66 Posts of the detiS&febments at their pieces ' 238 67 Change of posts of detachments 239 67 To post the cannoneers at the piece, limbered 241 68 Moving the piece by Imnd, piece limbered 242 68 Uulimbering and coming into action 244 69 Movements with {he prolonge 247% 70 Service of the gun with diminished numbers 248 72 •Supply of ammunition when in action 249 72 Changing ammunition chests .' 250 73 Changing wheels 251 73 Dismounting pieces 252 74 Mounting pieces 253 75 Carrying pieces....'. 254 75 Dismounting carriages 255 76 Mounting carriages 256 77 Po^gts of cannoneers 257 77 To mount and dismount the cannoneei-s....- 258 77 The Cannoneer Mounted 79 To bridle the horse 263 79- To saddle ' '264 80 To lead out 265 80 Position before mounting 266 80 To mount 267 80 Position of the cannoneer mounted 268 81 To lengthen the snaffle rein 269 82 To shorten the snaffle rein 270 82 To cross the reins in one hand .-. 271 82 To take the reins in both hands 272 83 The use of the reins 273 83 The use of the legs 274 83 The effect of the legs and reins combined 275 83 To march. ., 276 84 To bait '. 277 84 To turn to the right or left; 278 84 To reverse to the right or leA 279 85 To oblique 280 85 To reiu back 281 86 To dismount 282 86 To file oil". 263 87 in TABLE OP CONTENTS. vs. PAGE. To unPdddle it 87 To unbridle l^', 87 Length of tlio stirrups l' >; 87 Position of the foot in the stirrup . 7 87 Position of the bridle-hand _--^ 88 The piincrpal inovemeiits of the bridle-hand 2b9 88 To trot; to trot out; to gallop 290 88 Tjie Detachmejit — Florae Artillerif 291 89 To mount and dismount in two ranks ^^.. ...... 292 89 To form in one rank.. W. 294 90 Alignments 295 90 To forna in two ranks 299 92 To open and close thc^ranks ,%,... 300 92 To rein back the dc'taclimeut ' 302 92 Ite march the detachment by file 303 93 Direct march in file... 305 94 Change of direction in file 306- 9-4 To halt and to move off '. 307 94 Oblique in line.. 308 94 To break into single file 309 95 To form in double files 310 96 To form the detachment in line...., 311 96 Direyt march in line 314 98 Wheelings 315 98 Oblique in line 327 101 . Changes of gait 328 101 Thk Platoon....;. 102 ExKRCisE or SEVERAL Oktachmknts — Ilorse Artillery, ..... 102 P'ormation of detachments and posts of oflicers.... 330 102 To mount and dismount 333 103 Alignments 333 103 To open and close ranks 333 103 Oblique in lino 333 103 " •'column 333 ]03 " "file... 333 103 ' To march by file 333 ,103 To change direction in file 333 103 To halt and move off 333 103 Changes of gait 333 103 To break into single file 333 103 To form double files 333 103 Xo break into column 334 103 Change of direction in column ^ 337 104 The column m lohing to face ih the opposite di- i-eotion ." 338 104 Being in cohnnn to form in line T. 330 104 To form line advancing 342 105 To advance iu lino 343 106 TABLE or CONTENTS. IX To change direction in line Marching in line to march in the opposite direction, Marching by a flank to form column by detach- ments In column of detachments to march by file Posting the detachments with the pieces The Driver .........i.. To harness Leading to the exercise ground To mount To dismount Marching to the front To halt To rein back Tofileotf To turn to the right or left.... The reverse To oblique... To break into column to the right . To form line , To unharness Tub Team ; Arrangement of the teams. To break into column To change direction in column, To halt To advance in line To march by a flank Changes of gait • , Obli(iue in column To form line To form line advancing ,. Oblique in lino Tlie reverse. The piece horsed To enter the j)ark Hitching the teams To unpark To wheel , To oblique.. To reverse... The about , To rest To rein back to the right. ./.....' To park To tinhitcb To leave the park The Section ^ ". Composition of. ,, 386 K03. PAGE. 344 106 345 106 346 106 347 107 348 107 107 349 107 850 108 351 108 351 108 351 108 351 108 351 108 351 108 352 108 353 109 354 109 355 109 357 109 360 109 111 362 111 363 111 363 111 363 111 363 111 363 111 363 111 364 •111 365 112 3ff8 113 369 113 370 113 371 113 372 114 373 114 375 115 376 116 377 116 878 116 379 116 381 117 383 117 881 118 885 110 386 119 120 X TABLE OF CONTENTS. N05. PAGK. Posts of officers n^O 121 Exercise of the eection 386 121 SCHOOL OF THE BAiiERV. Gcnori. i.niioiple«. 387 122 Measures of the elements composing a battery, and of its formations .- Formations of the battery Manning tlie battery MovEME?{Ts IN Column To unpark Formations into line, and battery from column of pieces To bait Change of gait To form sections ; la column of pieces, to form the caissons on the flank To march in Column To march by a flank Oblique march _ Passage of carriages in column •.... About in. column Countermarch in column..; To change direction in column , , To diminish the front of a column on the march... In column,, with the caissons on the flank, to re- place them in front or rear 408 137 To Pass fuom tiir Order in Colum:« •'fo the Order IN Line, and the Ukveusk To-form forward into line To form line faced to the rear To form line to the right or loft '1^0 form line on the right or left T<5 break into column to the front To brejik into column to tie rear.., .' To break into column to the right or left To break into column from "one flank to march to- wards tire other To break into column to the rear from one flank to march towards the other To break into cohunn to the front when thQ battery is niarcliing in line To form line udvancUig To form double column on the centre section To deploy the double column into line to the front, To form the doubk column into line to the right . or left., , 423 147 388 122 389 123 392 126 127 303 127 394 127 395 128 396 128 397_ 128 398 130 399 130 400 131 401 132 402 183 403 131 405 134 406 135 407 136 137 409 137 410 138 411 139 •112 140 41o 140 414 141 415 141 416* 142 417 142 418 142 419 143 420 144 421 146 164 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI NOS. PAGE. MovEMEjJTs IN Line : •.• I'^S To advance inline • • 42^ 148 To halt the battery and align it. 425 149- Tochanj;e direction in line 42G 140 To close intervals in line 428 151 About, or countermarch with diminished intervals, 429 151 To resume intervals 430 152 Passage of obstacles ^'^^ 1^-^ FoKMATioVs IN. Battery ' 1^*^ In line, with pieces in front, to form in battery to thefront....: .; • . 432 153 In line, to form in battery to the front, by throw- ing the caissons to the rear 433 In line, Avith caissons in front, to form in battery to thefront 434 ^ 155 In line, with pieces in front, to form in battery to ihe rear.... 435 155 In liiie, with caissons in front, to form in battery to the rear ...:..... ,. 436 156 In battery, to fprm in line to the front 487 157 -^ In battery, to form in line to the rear i.... 438 158 In column, with pieces in front, to form in battery to the front '...■...._.... ; 439 159 In column, with caissons in front, to form in bat- tery to the front '. 440 100 In column, with pieces in front, to form in battery to the rear 441 IGO Ir} column, with caissons in front, to form in bat- tery to the rear 442 161 In column, with pieces in front, to form in battery to the right or left 443 162 In column, with caissons in front, to form in bat- tery to the right or left. . 444 163 In column, with pieces in front, to form in battery on the Tight or left 445 164 In column, with caissons in front, to form in bat- tery on the righfor left ....• ■ 446 164 To deploy the double column into battery to the front or rear ^ ~ 447 105 To deploy the double column into battery to the rightorlcft -. •• 448 166 To pass from the order in battery to the order in column 449 167 To march by. a flank 450 167 Firings " ^^^ To fire by battery, half battery, section and piece, 451 168 To ceasje firing 451 168 fo iQOve and fire with the prolonge ! > 452 161) xli TABLE OF COi^TENTS. N'OS. PAGE. To fire advancing. ; 453 1 69 To fire retiring 454 170 Movements for firing in echelon 455 172 Being in echelon, to form line 45.6 172 To fire to the rear 457 173 CnANOES or Front in Battery 174 Change of front to fire to the right, left wing for- ward, and the reverse ". 458 174 Change of front to fire to the left, left wing for- ward, and the reverse 459 175 Change of front to fire to the left, Jeft wing to the rear, and the reverse 460 176 Change of front to fire to the right, left wing to the rear, and the reverse 401 177 To pass a defile in front 462 178 To jiass a defile iu rear 463 179 Parade FOR Review AND Inspection . .'. 180 Review of a battery .• 464 180 Review of a battery in connection with other troops, '464 182 To march in review in line or column cf half bat- teries...." '..._ 464 183 Officers' salute with the sabre 405 183 Inspection 4G6 184 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. General principles ; 185 The diflFerent formations and positions of several batteries united 407 185 Posts of officers.. 4G7 185 Designation of batteries 468 186 The guides of march. .., » 469 186 Order in column, posts of ofiicers, etc 471 186 Order in line and in battery, posts of officers 472 187 Commands, method of giving and repeating ...... 473 187 Alignmeufs .......' 474 188 To march iu column , . 475 1 89 To halt 476 190 Changes of gait 477 190 To march by a flank 477 190 Oblique march 478 190 Passage of carriages 479 190 To about '. 480 190 ' The countermarch -481 190 Change of .lirt'ction 482 191 General remark 483 ■ 191 To pass from the order in column t>y section, to the order by battery (close column) „ 484 191 To pass from the order in close column to the or- der in column by section t.,... '485 193 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SlU NOS. PAGE. Change of the direction of the close column, by a bimultaueous movement 486 191 To, pass from the order in coluniu to the order in line To form faced to the i^^ar iuto line To form to the left (or riglit), into line To form on the right (or left), into line' To form to the left (or right), and forward into line, To form to the left (or right), and faced to the rear into line ,. To form forward into line, on a line passed by the head of column ....;.. To form faced to the rear, on a line passed by the head of column, .w To deploy the close column forward, into line, in advance of its front *. To deploy tlie close column forward, into line, on one of the batteries which stands fast To deploy the close column in march without haltr ing it -. . . . To deploy the close column faced to the rear, into line To deploy the close column to the left (or right), into line To deploy the close column on the left (or right), into line .• ! .X . . . .500 205 To pass from the order in line to the order in col- umn '501 205 To break by section from one wing to march to- wards th.e other '........". 502 20i3 To form close column, faced to the right (or left), 503 206 To form close column from a halt,.without.a change orfront 504 207 To form close column, when in march, without a change of front To advance in Jine^ To halt Changes of gait To march by a flank To oblique Passage of carriages The aliout. ;. The countermarch To close intervals , Movements with closed intervals To reaume intervals , Fornvation and deployment of two parallel columns, Porniatiou and deployment of four parallel columns, Passage of obstacles, , Changes of front of the line of battle, ........... 487 195 ■488 19ti 489 197 490 197 491 198 492 198 493 199 404 200 495 201 49G 202 497 2P3 498. 201 499 204 605 208 506 209 507 209 507- 209 507 209 '507 209 507 2.09 507 2p9 507 209 508 209 509 210 510 210 511 211 612 212 513 213 514 21:3 xLv TABLE OF CONTENTS. FouMATioNS IX Battery To pass from the order in line to the order, in bat- tery .". Ta form to the rear into buttery In battery, to form forward, into lin* In battery, to form faced to tlie renr, into line. .. To pass from the order in column, to the order in battery • • • • To fuiin faced to the rear, into battery To form to tlie left (orri^iiit), into buttery To form on tl»e left (or riglit), into battery...... To form to the loft*(or right), and forward, into battery .'« . . To form to the left (or right), and faced to the rear into battery ' • To form forward, into battery, on a line v/hicli has been passed by the head of the coTumn . . ; To form faced to the rear, into battery, on a line passed by the head of column ► To deploy the close column forward, into battery, in advance of its fPont . . . .• To deploy the close column faced to the rear, into battery, in advance of its front ". To deploy the close column, pieces in fron|, forward. into battery, in line with one of the batteries which stands fast !......... • 529 To deploy the close column, cai»^.sons in front, faced to the rear, into battery, in lino with one of the batteries which stands fast , ' To deploy the close column to the left (or right), into battery To deploy the oJose column on the left (or right), into battery Deployment of two parallel columns forward, or faced to the I'ear, into .battery Deployment of four parallol'columns forward, or facei-h to the rear, iuto-battery, To paijs from the order in battery, to the order in column ' Being iu'battery, to marcii by a Hank NOS. PAGE. ... 213 51-5 213 Sir, 214 517 21''» 618 215 519 21;'. 520 217 521 218 522 21« 523 219 524 219 .525 220 526 .221 527 221 528 222 J£xi:CUT10N Ul" THR BlRl-NO» To commence, and to cease firinj^;. To lire advancing!; To fire m retreat T lire to the rear CllANUKS OF FllONT IN BaTTEUY Change of front on the right wing, to fire to the right, left wing forward, and the reverse 532 224 531 225 ^32 22Q 633 22G 53i 227 535'- , 227* 580 228 ... 228 537 • 228 538 229 539 ■ 229 54U 230 ... 231 511 231 TABLE OF CONTENTS. • XV N08. PAGES. Change of front on the right "wing, to fire to the left, left wing forward, and the reverse 642 2'P>1. Change ef front on the riglit wing, to fire to. the right, left wing to the rear, and the reverse.... 643 232 Change of. front on the right wing, to fire to the left, left wing to the rear, and the reverse 544 233 Changes of front on a central batterj '. 545 233 Change of front on the centre, to fire to the right, left wing forward, and the reverse 546 233 Change of front on tl»e centre, to fire to the right, - left Aving to the rear, and'the reverse. 547 234 To pass a defile in front. f 548 235 To pass a defile in rear^ 54a 236 AhRANGEMENTS for PARAnES AND REVIEWS. 237 For parados . ." 550 237 For reviews 551 '237 APPENDIX. ■ 239 DOINTING AND RaNOES , 239 Definitions .' '. 239 Theory of pointing 239 Pendulum hausse 240 Seat for pendulum haiisse 240 Muzzle sight -... , 240 Practical hints on pointing 241 Causes which disturb the. true flight of projectiles 241 Approximate ranges of field guns and howitzers .243 To determine the height of the breech-sight^for different angles of elevation 245 Management of a Battery. 245 Artillery horses — Descriptioi' •" • • 2.45 General rules for stable management 24G Grooming 247 Instruction for the preservation of harness 249 Field Service .' 260 Marches ' 250 Ascents 253 Descents 254: Crossing fords \ . 264 Passage of military bridges 265 Reversing a battery in a narrow road -i - 256 . lu action or preparing for action '. 256 Replacing killcd^or di^-abli-d horses, . .'. 258 Spiking and unspiking cannon 258 Kighting carriages that have been overturned 259 Camp of, artillery 260 Comoiencing an action - • • 262 ERRATA. Page 59, 21st line from bottom, for "rammer-band," reM "rammer- head." ** 60, 17th line from bottom, place a comma after "second." " 67, 5th lin6 from top, for "*in," read "is." " 68, 12th line from bottom, omit the commas after "2" and "right." " 08, 11th line from bottom,- after " posts," place a comma ia- stead of the semi-colon. " 77, 8th line from top, for "215," read "235." " 1G3, 17th line from bottom, for "435," read'" 436." " 200, 5th line from bottom, for "/>«//," read ''Riffhf." " 209, 8tb line from bottom, for "then," read " there." -" 213, 18th line from top, for "Mauch," read "Obstacle.'* INSTRUCTION FOR FIELD ARTILLERY. ORGANIZATION, MATERIEL, AND SERVICE. ARTILLERY AND ITS DUTIES. The troops of the artillery are divided iato two kinds, viz : Foot Arlillcry, and Liglu or Field Artillery. To the Foot Artillcy belongs the service of siege, sea-coast garrison, and mountain artillery, rocket batteries, and the artillery duties of the park. To the Field Artilleri/ belongs the service of ^tlic batteries which manoBuvre with the troops on the Jield of battle. It is divided into two parts. Horse Artillery., which is generally attached to and manosuvrea with" cavalry, the cannoneers being mounted on horseback ; and Mounted Artillery, which is generally attached to and manoeuvres with infantry, the can- noneers marching at the sides of their pieces, or, when necessary, mounting the ammunition chests. The Artillery lleserves are composed of horse, and mounted batteries in such proportions as the nature of ihe service requires. The service of batteries assigned to brigades or divisions of cavalry and infantrj' is special, and, to a great extent, subor- dinate to the operations of the troops to which , they arc attached as auxiliaries. The artillery reserve is commanded by a superior officer of artillery, and constitutes a distinct arm of battle, under the immediate orders of the general com- manding. The employment of field artillery, according to the various conditions of service, is a subject of such extent and import- ance as precludes any uttenipt to treat of it in this work. It varies with the nature of the theatre of operations; the character of the enemy's defences; the composition of his forces, whether consistinc; of troops of a single arm or of combinations of the different arms^ and according to the 18 0U9ANIZATI0Jf, MATERIEL, AND SEKVICE. f]i-ripline, instruction, and number of the troops with Tfhich ir is assnoiiitcd, their composition, and. the proportions of the (liil'erciit arms. FIFXD ARTILLERY. Field arfiUcry is used to attack and defend the work^ of temporary fortification ; to dei?troy or demolif^h material obsta- cles and means of cover, and thus prepare the way for the success ci' other arms j t5 act upon the field of battle j to break an enemy's lino or prevent him from forming j to crush his masses; to disraoun^his batteries; to follow and support in a pursuit, and to cover and protect a retreat. The -fj} ret of field artillery is generally in proportion to the concentration of its jire. It has therefore for its object, not to strike down a few isolated Tnen, and" here and there to di.'- mount a jrun, but by a combined and concentrated fire to destroy an enemy's cover; to break up his squares and "columns ; to open his ranks ; to arrest his attacks, and to support those which may be directed against him. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT OF FIELD BATTERIES. There are three distinct orsjanizations for field batteries : — 1. The jjc-ar*^ organization, or that /«?• insitruction, simply 2. That for the march, or of preparation for service. 3. "^That for icetr. The first organization, thatyo?* i7istrvrtion, requires that the latft r7/ of manccuvre, only consisting of four pieces, with th^ii: caissopg, should be horsed. As the movements are executed, with empty ammunition chests, the number of horses, and especially in the G-pounder bixtteries, may be limited to four for each, carriage. The battery wagon and forgo, although not horsed, should be at all times with the battery, and provided with the stores and tools for service. The additional guns and caissons, with their equipments and harness, to complete the battery to the war establishment, libould bo kept with it, or in store, ready for issue. The second organization, that o^ prcpareition for service, requires that the battery of nianceuvre,. and also th.e forge and battery wagon, should bo kept fully horsed, manned and equipped. As the ammunition and stores must be trans- ported, the carriages require six horses each, and the artificers, • ORGANIZATION, MATERIEL, AND SERVICE. 19 as well as the chiefs of pieces and buglers, should be mounted. On the inland frontiers, or at interior stations, where batte- ries, when put. in motion, must take the road, they should be kept on. this organization. The third organization requires that the full battery of six or eight pieces should be equipped in all respects for war. When there is no reserve park with the troops, the additional battery wagon, forge, and other carriages which usually accom- pany it, with their stores and supplies, and the full campaign allowance of ammunition, should accompany the battery under charge of its commanders. . ' When batteries are ordered on service on the plains, the number of spare draught horses should be increased to one pair for each carriage. The hatlery is supposed to consist of six pieces. In batte- ries of eight pieces there are two "additional guns, with the material required for their service. The campaign allowance of ammunition is about 400 rounds jwr piece, of which about 200 rounds per piece accompany the battery, the remainder being with the reserve parks. For description and dimensions of field pieces; composition of ammunition, and kinds and description of projectiles used in field service ; the number and description of field carriages ; the method of packing, and contents of ammunition chests, travelling forge, and battery wagon, see Ordnance Manual. COMPOSITION OF THE BATTERY OF MANffiUVRE. The BaftPry of Mananivre is composed of six field pieces and^ix caissons, properly manned, horsed, and equipped. It is sometimes reduced to four or increased to eight pieces. The tactics is adapted to cither number, but six pieces are supposed. Each carriage is drawn by four or six horses, and the officers and men am as follows : Onc^captain, who commands the battery. i'hree lieutenants, each commanding a section; the section 01 the junior lieutenant should be in the centre. One lieutenant comniauding the line of caissons. When half balteries are formed, they aVe commanded by the two lieutenants highest in rank. Six njounted sergeants, each charered with guiding and superintending a piece. 20 ORGANIZATION, MATERIEL, AND SERVICE. Twenty-four, or tbirtj-six drivers, being one toeacb pair of horses. '' Six dctacbments of cannoneers, cacb containing nine men in mounted batteries, and eleven in horse butteries. This number includes two' corporals, one of whom is chief of the caisson ; and the other, the gunner, has charge of the gun and its detachment. In each detachment of liorse artillery two of the cannoneers are horse-holders. Two trumpeters or buglers. One iruidou. The battery is divided into three sections, denominated ibe right, left, and centre sections. Should there be four sections, they are denominated the ri(ilit^ ri SERVICE. 23 Each piece and its caisson are kept in a fixed relation to oacb other, and may be said to constitute a unit. They are separated only in the formations in battery. This principle simplifies the manoeuvres greatly, and renders it generally unnecessary to give separate commands to the caissons. No notice is taken of inversions in any of the orders, either in column, in line, or in battery. The most simple and rapid jfbrmationa are always adopted. The passage of carriages is used as an elementary principle in the manoeuvres. In tlie formations in battery it is indis- pensable for changing the front of a line; and when executed seasonably, as a preparatory movement, it greatly facilitates all the. formations. It may be executed vjith the same, or an increased gait. But one wheel is admitted. The pivot carriage- preserves its gait, while the others regulate theirs according to their distance from it; the guide being always on the pivot flank. No general or special guides are used. The chiefs of pieces, and in horse artillery the chiefs of caissons also, are the guides of the carriages to which they are attached. And each becomes the guide of the line or column whenever his car- riage occupies the position to which the movements are referred. The cautionary command AxjpENTiON is not embraced among those required for the manoeuvres, but may be used at the discretion of the captain. The commands of the chiefs of sections are more numerous, and those ni the captaiQ^are more frequently repeated than in other arms of the service, on account of the noise of carriages and extent of command. As a general rule, the cannoneers should mount the ammu- nition chests only for rapid movements; and when within range of the enemy's guns they should, dismount, unless im- portant consideratk>ns require a continuance of the rapid gait The explosion of a caisson when the cannoneers are mounted might destroy many men. The three orders, in column, in line, and in battery, are so established as to occupy the least possible space, and to require the least ground for their formations. In both kind^j of artil- lery, whether in column or in line, the distance between two carriages; or between a carriage and detachment, is 2 yards. The interval is so calculated that the column may be readily 24 ORGANIZATIOSr, MAtERIELj AND SERVICE- formed into line. The mtervals thus resulting are different in the two kinds of artillery j but when they manoeuvre together, the carriafres of mounted artillery take the intervals and distances belonging to those of horse artillery. ' In the order in battery the distances are the same for both kinds of artillery. This order presents an arrangement whicli the cxiirencies of war habitually vary. But the rule requiring the limbers and caissons to face towards the enemy, should be departed from only while firins: in retreat. In that formation in battery which requires the caisson and detachment of horse cannoneers to pass the piece, the detach- ment does not pass until after the caisson ; and the cannon^ I'ers do not dismount until the detachment has reached its ;)lace in battery. The first pari of this arrangement arises j'rom the fact, that the passage of the caissons is a preparatory step, which should be completed before the command In BATTERY is given. The second part is intended to avoid the difficulty which would be esperienced by the horse holders in leading their horses, and the inconvenience and danger of halting near the piece, and thus grouping all the horses together at the moment of coming into battery. Two methods have been adopted for the formation in bat- tery to the front ; one requiring the pieces to be thrown for- ward, the other requiring the caissons to be thrown to the ,rear. The first method is equally adapted to light and heavy batteries. By this method the pieces and caissons are rapidly separated; and the commands may be given while the battery is mcf^iug, so as tj leave the caissons at their proper distance in rear of the line on which the pieces are to form. The second method is not adapted to heavy batteries, on alccount of the difficulty of turning the pieces about by hand. But with light pieces it is advantageous .when the battery is - already formed upon the line of battle, or when the head of a column which is to be formed into battery is very near that line. In horse artillery the first method of coming into action is considered the best; for, while the cannoneers are dismount- ing, the pieces are moved forward and wheeled a1>out' by t)be horses, so that nothing remains for the cannoneers but to" unlimber and commence firing. Moreover, when the com- mand for this formation is given, the^ detachments halt at once on tho ground which their horses are to occupy in battery. TACTICAL INSTRUCTION. itfjool of t|t Jitce <5 THE CANNONEER DISMOUNTED. 1. The object of this school is the regular and progressive instruction of the artillerjmrin in his duties at and connected with the piece, from the period. of his joining as a recruit. This part is taught by the non-commissioned" officers, under the supervision of the chiefs of sections^ to each recruit indi- vidually, or at most to four at a time. In the latter case, they are placed on the same line, one yard from each other. rOSITION OF THE CANNONEER. 2. Heels on the same line, and as near to each other as the conformation of the man will permit; feet turned out equally, and forming with each other an angle of about sixty degrees j knees straight ; body erect, the upper portion inclining a little forward; shoulders square; arms hanging naturally, with the palms of the hands turned a little to the front; head erect; chin slightly drawn in; eyes to the front; the position of the whole body without' constraint : when the sabre is worn, the left hand hangs by the side and over it. 1. Eye% — lliQHT. 2. Front. 3. At the command Right, turn the head gently to the right, so that the inner corner of the left eye may be on a line with the buttons of the jacket. At the command Front, turn the head gently to the front." The command Eyes, — Left, is executed on the same principlea. 2 25 CAN50NEER DISMOtTNTEjD. FACINGS. 1. Cannrmper^y right {or left ^ 2. Face. 4. At the commaDfl Facb, raise tlie right foot slightly, turn OIL the It ft heel, face to the right, and replace the right foot by the side of the left. 1. Cannoneers, rear. 2. Face. f>. At the cotHmand rear, make a half faceT to the right, turninji on the left heel j place the right foot square behind the left, the hollow of it opposite to and throe inches from the left heel. At the command Fack, turn on both heels, face to the rear, and bring the right foot by the side of the- left. 1. Cannoneers, rUjlit (or lefC) oblique. 2. Face. 6. At the coiTimand Face, raise the right foot, turn upon the left heel, making a half face, and replace the right foot by* the side of th^ left. MARCHING. 7. The length of the step i.s 28 inches, and 33 in double- fjuiek; its quickness at the rate of liO step?? to a minute in quick-time, and 1G5 in double-quick. 1. Cannoneers, for ward. 2. Mai^CH. At the cmmu'dod for w a i'(f, throw the weight of the body on the light leg. At the command March, step off briskly with the left foot, and m;\reh straight to the front, taking steps of equal length and cadence. 1. Cannoneers. 2. Halt. 8. At the command Halt, which should be given as one foot comes to the ground, bring the one in rear to the side of it without shock. 1. Ca)inoneers, hadcivards. 2. MarcII. 9. At the command iMahcii, carry the left foot 14 inches to the rear, then bring the right foot likewise to the rear of it, and so on, successively, until the command : 1 Caniioneers. 2, Halt. CANNONEER DISMOUNTED. 2? At the coramaiid Halt, bring the foot which is in front by the side of the other. 1. Marh time. 2. March. 10. At the word March, make the semblance of marching, and mark the cadence of the step by raising the feet alter- nately, commencing with the left, without advancing or receding. 1. Change step. 2. March. 11. At the word March, given at the moment one foot is coming to the ground, bring the other to its side, and step off again with the first. 1. CannoneerSy hy the vlfjht fianh. 2. March. 12. At the word March, given at the moment the left -foot is coming to the ground, turn the body to the right, and step off with the right foot irn the new direction, without losing the cadence of the step. 1. Cannoneers, hf/jhe left Jianlc. 2. March. 13. At the word March, given as the right foot is coming to the ground, turn the body to the left, and step off" with the left foot. 1. Cannoneers, to the rear. 2. March.' 14. Which is executed as directed for facing to the right, excepting that the body" is turned to face to the rear instead of to the risrht. o 1. Cannoneers, riylit (or left) oblique. 2. March. 15. At the word March, make a half face to the right or left, and step off in the new direction, with the foot on the bide towards which the turn is made. To resume the primitive direction, the command is; Forward. 16. At thi.'S, make a half face so as to move in the original direction, and march straight to the front. If the instructor wishes to rest the recruit, he commands: Kest. 28 CANNONEER DISMOUNTED. 17. At this, the recruit is no longer required to preserve immobility. If the instructor should, however, simply desire to relieve the attention of the recruit, he will command : Parade — Rest. IS.- At the word Rest, carry the right foot six inches to the rear, the left knee slightly bent, the body erect on the right leg, the arras folded over the chest. At the command Attention, the recruit retakes the posi- tion and remains motionless. THE GUN DETACHMENT. 19. The cannoneers Of a piece, when united for the service of the gun, or for the .preliminary instruction, constitute a detachment J which is composed ordinarily of 8 men, com- manded by a gunner. A rank is composed of men abreast; a^i/e, of men placed one behind the other. The cannoneers fall in in two ranks, 18 inches between the ranks; elbows slightly touching; and in such a manner that the}' may be told off to the duties of the piece for which they are best fitted. This, of course, does not apply to recruits; each of whom must be taught the duties of ever}' number. The gunner tells off the detachujent from the right. No, 1 being on the right of the rear rank ; No. 2 on the right of the front rank; No. o on the Icl't of No. 1 ; No. 4 on the left of No. 2, and so on; the even numbers being in the front, and the odd numbers in the rear rank. He then takes post on the right of the front rank. The chief of caisson, who, as well as the gunner, should be a corporal, is told oft' as No. 8 of the gun detachment. When the detachment is composed of more or less than 8 men, he should be the highest even num'hor. When the chief of the piece is present and not the instructor, he performs the duties and takes the position of the gimner, who then takes post 1 yard in rear. of the right file, and acts as file closer, except when ihe chief of piece is out of ranks, when the gunner resumes his post. CANNONEER DISMOUNTED. 29 TO FORM IN ONE RANK. 1. Detachment, left into sui(/Ie ranJc. 2. March. 3. Halt. 4. Rijht — Dress. 5. Front. 20. At the first commandj the even numbers face to the left; and, at the comman'ci March, step off. At the word JiATiT, given when the man on the right of the front rank is. opposite to the left elbow of the man on the left of the rear rank, they all halt and face to the front. At the word Dress, the odd numbers step forward, and all aKgn themselves on the gunner. At the word Front, all cast their eyes to the front. ALIGNMENTS. 21. To the front. Two or more files of the right are moved forward 3 yards and aligned by the commands : T'wo right files forward — March— Halt — Right — Dress. The instructor then commands : 1. Bi/ file, Right — Dress. 2. Front. At the word Dress, the men move forward successively, casting their eyes to the right, halt short of the line, and dress forward until standing squarely to the front and touching the elbow of the man on the right, they see the breast of the second man on that side. Each executes the movement when the preceding one arrives on the line, so that but one tile aligns itself at a time. The command Front is given when the last file is aligned. 22. 2'o the rear. Two or more files are moved backwards 2 yards and aligned by the commands: Two right flea hack- 26"rt?v/— March — Halt — Right — Dress. The instructor then commands: 1. By file, right hachward — Dress. 2. Front. At the word Dre%3, each file takes the back step in succes- sion, casting his eyes to the right, passes a little to the rear of the new line, and then dresses forward as in No. 21. 23. To align the whole of the detachment at oncC; the instructor commands : 1. Detachment, right (or left) Dress. 2. Front. OR 1. Detachment, right (or left) haclcward — Dress. 2. FRONT. 80 CANNONEER DISMOUNTED. DIRECT MARCH IX SINGLE FILE. • 24. The command is given : 1. VcOuhmentf rigid (or leff) Face. 2. Column foncard. 3. March. At the word Face, tlic cannoneers face to the right (or left), and at the command JIarcii, they sttp off together. Each man marches exactly biliind the one who precedes him. 25. Tu Itdi'fj when inarching by file, the command is : 1. Column. 2. Halt. At the second command, all halt in their positions. 2G. To face to the proper front, the instructor commands : 1. Front — Face. 2. Eighi (or left) Dress. 3. Front. At the word Face, each man faces to the left if the detnch- racnt has bpen faced to the right; and to the light, if it has been faced to the left. 27. The detachment marching by file, in single rank, to cause it to change direction by file, the instructor commands : . 1. Bi/ file rifjht {ov left). 2. March. 3. Forward. At the word March, the loading man turns in the direc- tion indicated; and at the word Forward, given as soon as he turns, moves io the front, and is followed by the others in succession, who turn upon the same ground. 28. To cause the detachment, marching in file, to march obliquely, the instructor commands : 1. Cannoneers^ rujlit (or left) ohUque. 2. MARCH. The movement is performed as in No. 15. DIRECT MARCH IN LIJE. 20. The detachment being correctly aligned, the instructor commands : 1. Dctarlimrvt., forward. 2. MaRCII. 3 Guide rifjlit (or Ifft.^ At the word Maijch, all step oif, taking care to keep the touch of the elbow towards the side of the guide, and resist all pressure from the opposite direction. CANNONEER DISMOUNTED. SI 30. To halt the detacluii'jnt, the iustruetor commaads : Detachment — IIal't. WHEELINGS. 31. There is but one wheel, that on a movable pivot, Ta wheeling, the pivot uian describes an arc of a circle, ch^aring the pivot 18 inches. The men touch elbows towards the pivot and lengthcG their steps as they approach the marching flank. The conductor of the marchinr,: Ixirk, edtfc^ p()ii\t ; 8cakb.\RD : riv>itiou in which the edge of the blade is turned to the right, the nails downwards. Qunric is the position in which the edge of the blade is turn- ed to the left, the nails upwards. The sabre exercise should commence and end with moiili- nefa. When all the motions are executed with regiilaritTj the instructor requires each cut- to be given without decomposing it. All cuts are tlien terminated by a half moulinet, which brin.'s b;ick to the position of Guard. yVirjis/.s-.^should always be used in preference, as they require less force, and their result is more prompt, sure, and decisive. The parries against the lance are the same as against the point. . TO OPEN FILES. •79. For the sabre exercise, the instructor opens the ranks, or forms the cannoneers in one rank, and commands; 1, Mf/ lite left (or ru/ht)—OvEis FiLKS. 2. March, 3. J^i(/ht (or le/f) — Dress. 4.. Front. At the command open files, all face to the left except the fii-st tile. At the word March, the men step off together. The second man from the right, after having marched 4 yards, halts, fronts by a right face, and dresses on the right file,, who has not moved. The others continue the march, and, each one glancing over his right shoulder, halts in succession, and fronts when he has arrived at his place, which is 4 yards from that of the man behind him. 'The rear rank men regulate themselves by their file leaders, and remain exactly behind them. When the third ranu from the right has faced to the front, the instructor command^', T^/^A^— DaESS, and then com- mands, FHONT. To open the files without too much extending the front, the inetructor forms the canuoueers in single rank, or else opens MANUAL OF THE SABRE. 47 the ranks by raarcbing the front rank 12 yards to the front, or the rear rank V2 yards to the rear. He then commands: 1. To the front— Oj?en FILES. 2. Marcii. 3. Right — Dress. 4. Front. At the word March, Nos. 1 and 2 move 9 yards, Nos. 3 and 4 move 6 j^arda, and Nos, 5' and 6 move 3 yards to their front, and halt. At the command, each dresses on his own line. 80. The instructor then commands : Draw — Sabre. Tivo times. 1. At the command Draav, turn the head slightly to the left, without deranging the position of the body; unhook the sabre with the left hand, and bring the hilt to the front; run the right wrist through the sword-knot; seize the gripe, draw the blade six inches out of the scabbard, pressing the scab- bard ngainst the thigh with the left hand, which seizes it at the upper ring, and turn the head to the front. 2. At the comnvand Sabhe, draw the sabre quickly, raising the 'arm to its full extent; make- a slijzht pause, carry the blade to the right shoulder, the back of it against the hollow of the shoulder, the wrist resting agaijist the hip, the little finger on the outside of the gripe. This position is the same when mounted, except that the wrist then naturally falls upon the thigh. Present — Sabre. One time. 81. At the command Sabre, carry the sabre to the front, the arm half extended, the thumb opposite to, and six inches from the neck, the blade perpendicular, the edge to the left, the thumb extended on the right side of the gripe, the little finger by the side of the others. Carry— Sabre. One time. 82. At the command Sabre, carry the back of the blade against the hollow of the shoulder, the wrist resting against the hip, the little finger on the outside of the gripe. 48 MANUAL OF THE SABRE. R?:turn — Sabre. . Tico times. 83. 1.. At the command Returx, execute the first motion of Prcftf'nf sahre. 2. At the coiiim:)nd Sabre, carry the wrist opposite to, and six inches from the left shoulder; lower the blade and pass it across and along the left arm, the point to the rear; turn the head slightly to the left, fixing the eyes on the' open- ing of the .'^cabbard ; return the blade, free the wrist from the sword-knot, turn the head to the front, drop the right hand by the side, and hook up the sabre with the hilt to the rear. Inspection — (of) Sabre. One time and three motions. 84. 1. At the command Sabre, talie the position of Pre- sent sahre. 2. Turn the wrist inwards; show the other side of the blade; and turn the wrist back. 3. Carry the ^abre to the shoulder. On inspection, the last, motion is not executed until the inspector has passed the next man. Guard. One time. 85. At the command Guard, carry the right foot tioo feet from the left, the heels on the same line ; place the left hand dosed,. SIX inches from the body, and as high as the elbow, the fingers towards the body, the little finger nearer than the thumb (^posifioiL of the bridle hand) ; at the same time, place the righjt hand in tierce at the height of, and three inches from, the left hand, the thumb extended on the back of the gripe, the little finger by the side of the otlters, the point Of the sabre inclined to the left, and iioo feet higher than the hand. THE MOULINETS. Lp/t — MOULTNET. One time and two motions. 86. 1. At the command Moulinet, extend the right arm MANUAL OP THE SABRE. 49 to the front to its full length, the hand in tierce and as high as the eyes. 2. Lower the blade in rear of the left elbow; graze the horse's neck quickly, describing a circle from, rear to front, and return to the position of Guard. Riglit — MOULINET. One time and two motions. 87. 1. At the command Moulinet, extend the right arm to' the front to its full length, the hand in quarte, and as high as the eyes. 2 Lower the. blade in rear of the right elbow ; graze the horse's neck quickly, describing a circle from rear to front, and return to the position of GtUard. 88. To execute the moulinet without stopping, if the in- structor wishes to begin by the left, he commands : Left and Right — Moulinet. One time- and two motions. If he wishes to begin by the right, he coua'mands : Right and Left — Moulinet. One time and two motions. At either Of these commands, the men, commencing* from the position of Guard, execute alternately what is laid down above, without stopping at any motion. Rear — Moulinet . One time and two ^notions. 89. 1. At the command Moulinet,, raise the arm to the right and rear to its full extent, the point of the sabre up- wards, the edge to the right, the thumb extended on the back of the gripe, the body slightly turned to the right. 2. Describe a circle in rear from left to right, the hand as far as possible from the body, and return to the position of Guard. When the men execute the moulinets well, the instructor require^ them to execute several in succession, until the com- mand Guard. 3 60 MANUAL OF THE SABRE?, THE THRUST. In tierce — PoiNT. One time and three motions. 90. 1. At the command Point, raise the hand in tierce as hi^h as the eyes, throw back the right shoulder, carrying the elbow to the rear, the point of the sabre to the front, the edge upwards 2. Thrusit to the front, extending the arm to its full length. 3. Return to the position of Guard. In qnarte^-VoiliT. One time and three motions. 91. 1. At the command Point, lower the hand in quarte near the right hip, the ,thumb extended on the right side of the gripe, the point a little higher than the wrist. 2. Thrust to the front, extending the arm to its full length. 3. Return to the position of Guard. Z^yj;^-PoiNT. One time and three molions. 92. 1. At the command Point, turn the head to the left, draw back the hand in tierce towards the right, at the height of the neck, the edge upwards,- the point directed to the left. 2. Thrust to the left, extending the arm to its full length. 3. Return to the position of Guard. Eir/ht — Point. One time and three motions. 93. 1. At the command Point, turn the head to the right, carry the hand in qiiarte near the left breast, the edge up- wards, the point directed to th€ right. 2. Thrust to the right, extending the arm to its full length, 3. Return to the position of Guard. Hear — Point. One time and thr'^e motions. 94. h At the command Point, turn the head to the right MANUAL OF THE SABRE. '$% and rear, bring the band in quarte opposite tp the right shoul- der, the arm half extended, the bkide h'X)rizontal, the point to the rear, the edge upwards. 2. Thrust to the rear, extending the arm to its full length. 3. Return to the position of Guard. .Against infantry^ Left—'VQ\^'^. One time and three motions. 95. 1. At the' command Point, turn the head to the left, "raise the hand in tierce near the 'neck, the point of the sabre directed at the height of the breast of a man on foot. !?. Thrust down in tiercQ. 3. Return to the position of Guard. Against infantry^ Right^PoilsiT. One time and three motions. ■ 96. 1. At the command Point, turn the 'head to the right, carry the hand in quarte near the right hip, the point of the sabre directed at the height of the breast of a man on foot. 2. Thrust in quarte. • 3. Return to the position of Guard. THE CUT. Front-rzQviT. One time and three motions. 97. 1. At the command Cut, rai.se the sabre, .the arm half extended, the hand a little above the head, the edge upward, the point to the rear and higher than the hand. 2. Cut, extending the arm to its full length. 3. Return to the position of Guard. Xr/^— Cut. One time and three motions. 98. 1. At the command Cut, turn the hepd to the left, raise the sabre, the arm extended to the right, the hand in quarte, and as high as the head, the point higher than the band. 2. Cut diagonally to the left. 8. Return to tho position of Guard. 62 MANUAL OF THE SABRE. J^i'oJit— Cut. One time and three motions. 99. 1. At the command Cut, turn the head to the right, curry the hand opposite to the left shoulder, the point of the sabre upward, the edge to the left. 2. Extend the arm quickly to" its full length, give a back- handed cut horizontally. 2. Return to the position of Guard. ' These cuts are also used against infantry, observing to direct them vertically. J2caj' — Cut. One time and three motions. 100. 1. At the command Cut, turn the head to the right, throwing back the right shoulder; carry the hand as high as, and opposite to, the left shoulder, the sabre perpendicular, the edge to the left; 2. Extend the arm quickly to its full length, and give a back-handed cut horizontally, to the rear. • 3. Keturn to the position of Guard: Right, in tierce and quarte — CuT. One time and four motions. 101. 1. At the command Cut, execute the 1st motion of right cut. . I. Execute the 2d motion of right cut. o'. Turn the hand in quarte, and cut horizontally. 4. lleturn to the position of Guard. Left, in quarte and tierce — Cut. One time and four motions. 102. 1. At the command Cut, execute the 1st motion of left cut. 2. ExecHte the 2d motion of left cut. 3. Turn the hand in tierce, and cut horizontally. 4. Upturn to the position of Guard. ^ MANUAL OF THE SABRE. 5S Rear, in tierce and quatte — Cut. One time and /our motions. lOo. 1.- At the command Cut, execute the 1st motion of rear cut. 2. Execute the 2d motion of rear cut. 3. Turn the hand in quarte, and cut horizontally. 4. Ileturn to the position of GtUARD. *, THE PARRY. In tierce — Parry. One time and two motions. 104. 1. At the command Parry," carry th» hand quickly a little to the front and right, the nails downward, without mov- ing the elbow; the point inclined to the front, ashigh as the eyes, and in the direction of the right shoulder; the thumb extended on the back of the gripe, and pressing against the guard. 2. Return to the position of Guard. ^ ■• In qua7'te—V ARUY . One lime and two motions. 105. 1. At the command Parry, turn the hand and carry it quickly to the front and left^ the nails upward, the edge to the left, ihe poitit inclined to the front, as higii as the eyes, and in the direction of the left shoulder ; the thumb extended •on the back of the gripe, and resting against the guard. 2. Return to the position of Guard. For the head — PARRY. One time and two motions. 106. 1 At the command Parry, raise the sabre quiokly ahove the head, die aYnt nearly extended', the edge upward, the point to fhe left, and abouf six inches higher than the hand. 2. Return to the position. of Guard. 54 MANUAL OF THE 'SABRE. Against i'n/antr?/, Right — Parry. One time and tliree. motions. 107. 1. At the command Parry, tmn the head to tho right, throwing back the right shoulder, raise the sabre, the arm extended to the right and rear, the point upward, the hand in tierce, the thumb extended on the back of the gripe, the edge to.the left. 2. Describe a circle quickly on the right from rear to front, the arm exttiU^ed ) turn aside the bayonet with the back of the blade, bringing the' hand as high as tlie head, the point upward. o. Return to the position of Guard. Against infantry ^ Left—VAB.ViY. One time and three motions. • 108. 1. At the command Parry, turn the head to the left, raise the sabre, the arm extended to the front and right, the point upward, the hand in tierce, the thumb extended on ■the back of the gripe, the back of the bladC' to the front. , 2. Describe a circle quickly on the left, from front id rear, along t\f^ horse's neck, the arm extended; turn aside the bayonet with the back of the blade, bririgiiag the hand, still in tierce, above the left shoulder, o. lieturn to the position of Guard. THE THRUST AND CUT COMBINED. 109. W^ien the men begin to execute correctly the above cuts, thrusts, and parries, the instructor re(|uires them to make the applicatipn of them by combined tnotions,.as follows: la ^i'm'c— Point, and front cut. Ill quarte — Point, and front cut. Left — Point, and cut. Bight —FOINT, AND cut. 7?ear— Point, and cut. Against infantry^ Righf-^-ToiNT.ANTt CUT. Against infantry, Left— J^OINT AND GUT. Garry — Sabre. 110. As it is prescribed, and, carry the right foot by the side of the left. MANUAL OF THE SABRE. 55 211. When tbc instructor wishes to form the detachment or phitooD, he commands : 1. To the right (or Jeff) — Close Files. 2. March. At the command Close Files, the men all face to the right, (or left,) except the file on which they close. . At the .word March, they step off together, and each one forms in succession, by a left (or right) faoe, when he closes up to the man who precedes him. After the ranks are formed, the instructor closes and dresses them. . If the files have been opened to the front, the instructor commands : • 1. Close Files. 2. March. At the command doi^e filea^ Nos. 7 and 8 stand fdst; the- other numbers face to the rear. At the word MARCH,-aU close on Nos. 7 and 8., each in.hi3 own rank, and face about. The tanks are then formed, or closed, and the men aligned. Parade — Rest. 212. With the sabre drawn,. at the word. Rest, the can- noneer assumes the same position as without th(? sabre, No, 18, e"Scept that instead of folding the arms over the chest, he crosses the hands in front of his body, the left hand over the right. At the comand Attention, he assumes the position of Ca/vv/— Sabre. MANUAL OF THE PIECE. 213. This is taught immediately after the mhre exercise. For the purpose of instruction, each detachment should be halted in tVnnt of and ficing the piece, the latter being un- limbered. and the different numbers called upon successively, to perform their respective duties in detail, while the rest of the detachment are required to attend to the instruction, and to the manner in which the motions are performed. 214 The eanoonneers of a piece when united, constitute a (]un jk'farJim'cnt, wliieh is composed ordinarily of nine men in mounted artillery, and eleven in horse artillery; two of 56. MANUAL OF THE PIEC^. whom — the gunner .who commands the detachment;, and tpe chief of caisson — should be corporals. POSTS OF THE CANNONEERS. PIECE UNLIMBERED. 215. The gUQTier is at the end of the trail handspike ; Nos, 1 and 2 are about two feet- outride the wheels, No. 1 on the right, and No. 2 on the left : with howitzers, they are rather in rear of the muzzle-; with gnns, in line with the front part of Jbfe wheels. Nos. 3 and 4 are in line with ihe knob of the cascable, covering Nos; 1 and 2; No. 5 five yards in rear of the left wheel ; No. 6 in rear of the limber, which is turned about so as to face toward the piece; and No. 7 on his left^ eov'ering No. 5 ; No. 8, the chief of the caisson, is four yards in rear of the limber,- and on its left; all face to the front, which is the direction in which. the muzzle of the piece is pointing. - * The chief of the piece Is opposite the middle of -the trail handspike, outside of and near -the left cannoneers. In actual firing, he places himself where he can best observe the effect of the shot. LOADING AND FIRING. 21G. The piece is supposed to be on the drill ground) ud- limbercd, and ready for action ; the limber is in position be- hind the piece, and facing toward it, the end of the pole six yards from the end of the trail handspike. Befoi'e commencing the individual instruction of the can- nooeers,- the instructor should enter into an explanation of the .different kinds of field guns, their names, and the names and uses of the different parts of. the gun and carriage before them. This done, he commences the instruction with the gunaerj "who commands and points the piece in action. 217. Commandimj and point mc/.-^-The gunner is responsi- ble for the manner m which the numberg didoharge their duty. lie communicates the orders which he receives for the kind of ammunition to be fired; sending to No. 6, (who. is, charged with preparing the fuze,) the time of flight or the. distance for each rovind, when firin«: shells or spherical case 'shot. H-e should^ when the firing is slow^ see that, each fiize is properly MANUAL OF THE PIECE. 57 prepared, and make suclr corrections as are necessary; for this purposQ, he, as well as No. 6, should be provided with a fuze- gouge. .. ^ _ On receiving the command or signal to commence firing, he gives tlie command Load; takes hold of the handspike at the end with the right hand, and at the centre with the left; places his left knee against the left hand, bending over it, the right knee -being slightly bent; looks oyer the top of the piece, and gives the direction. He. then steps to the breech tc^give the elevation, which he does by placing the hausse on its seat, taking hold of 9, handle of the elevating screw, draw- ing back his right foat, bending over his left knee, and sight- ing through the slit in the hausse. When the piece i^ loaded and pointed, he removes the hausse, gives the command Ready, and stepping clear of the wheel to that side where he can best observe the effect of his shot, gives the command Fire. As soon as the piece has been fired, he causes it to be run up to its former place, if the recoil has made it necessary. When the instructor, instead of giving the command Conj:- MENCE Firing, gives that of Load, the gunner repeats it, and performs the, same duties as before, except that he does not command Fire until the firing is ordered to commence. After the command to Commence Firing is given, the action is continued by. the gunner without .furthei' command from, the instructior, until the fij-ing is ordered to cease. When the commands are -all' given by the instructor, as in loading hi/ detail, the gunner performs the same duties, but without re- peating the commands. "IX^. Sponging and ramming. — Until the command Load, No. 1 stands faced to the front, in line with the front of the wheels, holding the sponge about the middle of the staff in. hifi right hand, afid trailing at an angle of 45^^, sponge Jiead up. The instructor commands : B^ 'derail — Load. Three pauses Q.iid fuur ^notions. First motion. At the command Load, No. 1 faces to the h^ft^ steps oblifpcly to the right with his right foot, withou*. 58 xMANUAL OF THK PIECE. moving his left, and at the same time brings the sponge to a perpendicular position, by drawing his rio:ht hand up in aline with his elbow. The sponge is grasped firmly in the hand, tbe rammer head held over the right toe, find the elbow kept close to the side. Second motion, lie steps oblicjuely to the left with his left foot, planting it about half-way between the piece and the wheel, and opposite the muzzle, bringing the sponge at the same time across his body to the left, so that his right' hand may be opposite the middle of the body, the sponge staff being inclined at an angle of 45° across the front of it. Third modon. He takes a side step to the right of thirty inches with the right foot, and bending the right knee, bringe the sponge to a horizontal position, extending the hands to the ends of the staff, the sponge head to fhe left, the back of the right band up, and that of his left down, the sponge head pressing against the face of the piece. Fourth motion. He inserts the sponge, head, drops his left hand behind his thigh, shoulders square, feet equally turned out, straightens the right knee, bends the left, and, leaning over it, forces the sponge home. Sponge. Three pauses and four motions. 219. First motion. At the command Sponqb, No. 1 fixes his, eye on the vent to see that it is closed, gives two turns to the sponge, pressing it at the same time against the" bottom of the bore. Scrund motion. He draws out the sponge, at the same time straightening his left knee and bending his right, seizes the staff' near the sponge head with his left hand, back of the hand down, and places the sponge against the face of the piece. '"^ Third motion. He turns the sponge by bringing his hands together in the middle of the stj^iT, giving a cant*with each liand, tlirowiug the sponge head over, at the same time turning his wrists, so as to bring the stuff to a horizontnl 'position j he then extends hi.s hands to the ends of the staff,- the back of the left up^ that of the right dowii. Paring the whole time of sponging, No. 1 keeps his eye on MANUAL OF THE PIECE. ¥> the vent. If at any time it is not closed, he will discontinue the niana3uvre, and coiDmand, Stop Vent. ■ Fourth motion. He introduces the rammer head into, the muzzle as*l50on as No. 2 has inserted the charge, and joins his left hand to his right, casting his ejes to the front. • , . Ham. Tico i)(^usQS aiul three motions. 1-20 Fir!. the cart- ridge does not come under the vent, 'and then steps back, com- mencing with bis left foot, to his position outside the wheel, in the same manner tliat No. 1 does. At the command Ready, ^e breaks off well to the right with his right foot, bending the right knee, and straightening., the left leg ; the body erect on the haunches, the e;yes fixed en the muzale. The piece having been fired, No 2 raises on his left leg, re- mains facing the piece until he hears tlie command Load, or MANUAL OP THE PIECE. 61 the firing of the }2;urt ; then steps in, and^ perfbrms his duty as before. At the command Cease Fi-ring, he resumes his position outside the wheel, and faces to the front. With the hoiuifzer, No. 2 puts in the. charge so that the fuze .may rest against the rammer head, and No. 1 sets it home very carefully. 224. ScrviiKj the vent. — iMie instructor places No. o on the right of the piece, on a line with the knob of the cascable, and covering No. 1; he holds the priming wire in his right hand, thumb through the ring, the thumbstall on the left thumb, and the tube pouch fastened to his waist. .^t the commanti Load, he steps to his left, wipes the vent field (or surface around the vent) with the* thumbstall, which he then holds .pressed upon the vent, keeping his elbows raised; his fingers on the left side of the piece, so as to allow the gunner to point over his thumb; the fight hand on the tube pouch. When the piece is spanged, and the charge inserted by No. 2, he jumps to the end of the trail handspike, and, seizing it with both- handtS, prepares to move it to the right or left, at a signal from the gunner, who taps the right of the trail for a movement to the left, and the left of it for a move- ment to the right.. As soon as the piece is pointed, the gun- ner raises both hamis as a signal to No. o, who then resumes » his post ' • At the command Ready, he steps to the piece, pricks the cartridge, taking care not to move the charge, and co)j;ers the vent with his left hand as soon as the friction tuhe is inserted. At the command Fire, be steps to the right, clear of the right wheel, and at the firing 'of the gun, or. at the command Load, serves the vent as before. No. 3 must keep the vent closed from the time the sponge enters the muzzle, until the charge is inserted by No. 2.- . ' 22a. Firing. — The instructor places No. 4 on the left of the piece, opposite No. o, and covering No. 2; Ife is equipped with a tube pouch and lanyard. A(f the command Load, No. 4 inserts the lanyard hook into the ring of a primer, and stands fast. At the command JIeady.^ he steps in with the right foot, drops the tube in the vent, takes the lanyard in Ifis right hand, movos to the rear so far as to keep the lanyard slack, but capable of being stretched/ without altering his position, 62 MANUAL OF THE PIECE. which should be outside the wheel, the left foot broken to.the left and rear. : As soon as No; 3 is clear of the wljeel aftcF the command Fire is given, No. 4 pulls 'the .lanyard briskly and firmly, passing: the hand, back up, in a downward direction* to the rear, so as to keep the lanyard liookfrom flying back in the direction of the face. Should* the tube fail to explode the charge, the gunner immediately commands, dun^ t advance, the primer has failed. Upon which No. 2 steps inside the wheel, close to the axletree, receives a priming wire over the wheel from No, 3, artd a prepared primer from No- 4, pricks, inserts the primer, and resumes his post. At the command Cease Firing, No 4 secures his lanyard. In the absence of No. 4, No.^o discharged his duties; after pricking the cartridge, he prepares and inserts a friction tube, steps to his post, faces the vent, breaks to his rear with his left foot, and at the command Fire, discharges the piece. He then resumes his post, and tends the vent as before. 22G. .Sew injj Ammunition. — The instructor stations No. 5 five yards in the rear of the left wheel, and covering it. No. 7 in the rear and near the left limber \vheel, and No. G in rear of the limber chest to issue ammunition, tie is provided with a fuze gouge, and prepares 4;be shells or spherical case shot, according to the distance or time ordered, before deliver- ing them ta No. 5. Toj^ut the i'^w.^e— Place the projectile between the knees, fuze uppermost, and .support it with the left hand. Holding the fuze-gouge in thr3 right hand, place the left corner of its edge close to, and on the righl of the graduated- mark indi- cating the time desired ; then cut away gradually until the composition is exposed for a length' about equal to the width of the gouge. Care must betaken ndl to cut the fuzes more rapidly, than the demand for shells or case shot requires At the command Load, No. 5 runs to the ammunition chest, receives from No. 7 or No. G a single round, the shot in the right hand, the cartridge in his left; takes it to the piece and delivers it to No. 2 ; returns immediately for another round, and then halts at his posj until the piece is fired. In •firing shell or spherical ease, he exhibits the fuze to the' gunner before delivering it to No. 2. • Ammunition pouches are worn by Nos. 5 and 7, hung from MANUAL OF TUE PIECE. 63 the left shoulder to the right side ; the round is so placed in the pouch that the cartridge will be to the front. When it is brought up, No. 5 holds open the pouch, and No. 2 takes out the round with both hands. In rapid firin<]; with round shot and canister, Nos. 5 and 7 may alternate in delivering the charges. At the command Cease FtRiNG, No 5 carries the round back*ta-No. 6. No. G should keep the lid of the am- munition chest closed as much as possible. At the command Cease Firing, he carefully replaces the ammunition in the chest, and secures the lid. 227. Loadin(j hi/ detail. — For the instruction of the 'can- noneer.^ united for the service of the gun, the exercise is first conducted by detail, the instructor givinpj all the commands. His commands are : Load hi/ detail — Load j two^ three, four-: Sponge; two,(hrcey/our : Ram; ttcoythree: Ready; Fire; Cease Firing. When the men are sufficiently instructed to go through the manual- without detail, the commands of the instructor for that purpose are: Load; Commence Firing; Cease Firing; or simply. Commence Firing, and Cease Firing. After the command Commence Firing, the action is con- tinued as laid down for loading without detail^ until the com- mand Cease Firing is given, which is repeated by the chief of the piece and the gunner. MOVING THE PIECE BY HAND. PIECE UNLIMBERED. 228. To the front.— Tho cannoneers being at their posts, the instructor com man'ds : 1. Bi/ hand to the front. 2. March. 3. Halt. At the first command, ^he gunner seizes the end of the handspike, and Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, the spokes of the wheelg. No. 1 with his left hand ; Nos 2-, 3 and 4, with both hands ; No. 1 holds the sponge with his righl hand, the staff resting upon. his right .--houlder, sponge head down. At the second command they move the piece forwnrd," the gunner raising the trail until the command Halt is given, when all resume their posts. 220. To the rear. — The instructor comffiahd.s : 1. Bi/ hand to the rear. 2. MARCH. 3. Halt. 64 . MANUAL OF THE PIECE. At the first command, the gunner, facinp^ to the rear, seizes the handspike with his right hand; Xos. 1, 2, o and 4, seize the wheels as before, except that No. 1, holding the sponge in his'left hand, uses his right hand at the' wheel. At the com- mand March, they move the piece to the- rear, the gunner raising the trail, until the command Halt is given, when all resume their posts. CHANGING P0ST3. 230. In ordei: to instruct the men in all the duties at the piece, the instructor causes them to change pests. For this purpose he commands : 1. Change posts. .2. March. At the command Change, posts, the "men on the right of the piece face to the rear; those who have equipments lay .them down ; No. 1 resting the sponge head on the knave of the wheel. At the command MArcei, each man takes the place and equipments of the man in his front. • No 1 takes. the place of No. o. No. 3 No. 8 No. 6 No. 7 No. 5 No. 4 No. 9 No. 8. No. G. No. 7. No. 5. No 4. ^ No. 2. N",. 1 The gunner changes with one of the numbers,, by special direction of the instructor. 231. J'J(iuipments. — The gunner, who is responsible for the equipments, either distributes tii^m from the limber chest, or they may be huag on the neck of the cascable, and distribi^ted by him to the proper numbers, at the command Take ]<]quip- MENTS, from the instructor. . He receives them again at the command Replace Equi1>ments, making such disposition of them as may be dfrected. LIMBERING. 232, To the front. — The instructor commands : Ltmper to the phont. MANUAL OF THE PIECE.. 05 At this command, No. 1 steps up between the muzzle and the wheel; by the oblique steps indicated for loading; turns the staff,' seizing it with the left hand, at the samie time shift- ing his right, the back of the right up, that of the left down, and passes the spone;o on its hook; rammer head tp the rear, to No. o, who receives the head, ♦secures it. against the stop, and keys it up. The piece is then brought about by the can- noneers, and the limber, inclining to the right, passes to its place in front of itj being drawn, when the horses are not attached, by Nos. 6 and 7, who take liold of the end of the pole for the purpose. To bring the piece about, the gunner and,No. 5 pass te the riglt of the handspike, and, fadng toward the left, seize it, the gunner near the end, and No. 5 at the middle, and on his right, raise the trail and carry it round to the teft; Nos. 1 and 2 bear down upon the muzzle, and Nos. 3 and 4, each using both hands, bring the wheels around ; No. 3 turning the right wheel to the rear, arid Na. 4 the . left wheel to the front. When the piece is brought about, the trail is lowered ; Nos. 3 and 4 step within the wheels to avoid the limber; Nos. 1 and 2 remain at the muzale, and the gunmer and No. 5 step up between Nos. 3 and 4 and the trail, the gunner first t-aking out the handspike, and passing it to No. 4, by whom it is put up. . As soon as the limber is in front of the piece, the gunner commands, Halt, Limber up; upon which the limber4ialts, the gunner and No. 5 raise the trail by means of the handles, and, assisted by Nos. 3 and 4 at fehe wheels, 'and Nos. 1 and 2 at the muzzle, run the piece forward, and place the lunette upon the pintle; the gunner then puts in the key, and all take their posts; .when necessary, Nos. 6 and 7 assist at the trail in bringing the piece about, jind- in limbering up. 233. To the right (of left). — The instructor commands : Limber to the Right (or -Left). The trail, is turtied to the right (or Iqft), and the piece lim- bered up as before^ .the lifnber inclining to the righ*.(or left), and taking its place by a right for left) wheel. 534. To the rear. — The instructor commands: Libber to the Rear. m MANUAL OP THE PIECE. The limber inclines to the right, and takes its place by wheeling about to the left; the piece is then limbered up as before.- •Posts of the Cannonep:rs. Piece Limbered. 235. Nos 1 and 2 opposite the muzzle; Nos. Sand 4 oppo- site the knob of the cascable ; the gunner and No. 5 opposite the rear, and Nos. 6 and 7 opposite the front parts of the lim- ber wheels^ No. 8 is on the left and opposite the limber chest of the caissoii. All face to the fron^, which is now in the direction of the pole instead of the muzzle, -and cover each other -in lines on*e yard fron^ the wheels; the even numbers on the right;, the oid on the left. The chief of the piece is on the left, and, if hot mounted, opposite the end of the pole; if mounted, he is near the leading driver, and on his left.. TO FORM THE DETACHMENT. 236. 2h the front. — The instructor commands :. Detachment — Front, The i2:unner- commands, Cannoneers, forward, March; the oven numbers move directly to the front; the odd num- bers closing to the> right upon them when clea^r of the piece. The gunner files them to the left, halts the detachment in front of the piece, and faces them to the front. No. 8 moves directly forward, and takes his place in the detachment. 2j7. To the rear. — The instructor commands : . Detachment — Rear. The gu-nners command. Cannoneers, rear Face, March. At the command Malich, tHe odd numbers move directly to the rear, the even numbers closing to the right upon them after passing the pi^ce, the detaciiment is filed to the left at the proper distance, halted by the gunner opposite the piece and faced to the frpnt, No. 8 taking his proper place in the detachment. * ; " In forming the detachments in line, they are always, after halting, dressed to the right by the gunne^^-. MANUAL OF TUB PIECE. 67 POSTS OF THE DETACHMENTS AT THEIR pIeCES. < , » 238. In front. — The detachment is in line facing to the front, two yards from -the end of the pole or the' leading horses. In:rear. — The centre of the detachment in two yards, be- hind the muzzle, and facing it.. On the riijht or left. — The detrichment is in line opposite the axletree of the limber, and three yards from it. ' In horse artUlcrjj^ it is in line with, and three yards from, the leading horses. In all cases it faces to the front. CHANGE OF POSTS OF DETACHMENTS AT THEIIl PIECES 239. — From front to rear. — :The detachments being in- line^ in front of their pieces, to post them in rear, the instructor commands :' . -v Detachments — Rear. The gunner commands. Cannoneers ^reg,r Face, .March. At the command March, Nos. 1, 2, o and 4 oblique suffi- ciently to the left, and Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8 to the right, move along the sides of their piece ; re-unite as soon as they have passed it, and are halted at the proper distance, faced to the I'ront, and aligned to the right by the gunner. From rear to front. — The instructor commands : Detachme^nts — Front. . The ganner repeats the Command, and adds IMarcii. At this command, the cannoneers oblique; Nos 1, 2 3 and 4 to the right, Nos. 5, G, 7 and 8 to the left; pass their piece, unite in front, and are halted and aligned to the right by. the gunner. From rear to right (or hfl).—'i\\Q instructor commands : />e^acA7nen/s— Right (or Lef.t). .The gunner commands, Right (or Jeft^ oblique, March, and afterward FoRWARD,-and Halt, in tinie to bring the detach- ment to its post on the right or left. Hq then aligns it to the right. 240. In horse artillery^ to change from front to rear, the 68 ' MANUAL OF THE PIECE. gunners co*mmand, Left re verse, March; Forward; L'e/C reverse, March ; Halt. From rear to front. — The gunners cpinmand Ru/ht oblique j March; Forward. Left oblique, March; Forward; Halt. From rear to right {or left). — The gunners command Right (or If ft) oblique, March; Forward; 'Halt. From rjght (or left) to rear. — The gunners command Right (or left) reverse, March; Forward; /^yV;/tr(or left) reverse, MaiIch; Halt. If .the piece is moving when the last cliange of post is ordered, the gunner halts, or slackens the pace until it passes, and then commands, Left (or right), oblique, March-;. For- ay ard. The commands of the instructor in all these cases are the same as in mounted artillery. The movements are executed in the same manner when the detachments are dismounted. TO rOST THE CANNONEERS AT THE TIECE' LIMBERED. 241. The detachment being formed in line in front or rear^ on the right or left, the instructor commands : Cannoneers, to your posts. From the front. — The gunner faces, the detachment to the right and commands, To, youi* pasts, ^lAViQii. At this com- mand, the -cannoneers, Nos. 1 and 2, turning to the right, and opening out, tile to their posts; halt at their proper places, and face to the front. Frorri tho-r ear, right or left. — At the command Cannon- eers to your posts, tLe gunner, in each case, faces the de- tachment to the left, and marches the cannoneers by that flank to their posts. MOVING THE PIECE BY HAND. PIECE LIMBERED. .242. To the front. — The instructor commands : 1. Forward. 2. MaRch. &•. Halt. •At the first -icommand, Nos. 6 and 7 seize the end of the pole with both hands^ the. gunner and No. 5, facing toward MANUAL OP TUB PIECE. ^ the pole, seize the splioter-bar with one hand, and the pole with the other.' Nos. 3 and 4' seize the spokes of the hind wheels with both hands, and Nos. 1 and 2 apply both hands at the head of the carriage. At the second command, all acting together, urge the pie(^o forward until the command Halt is g;iven, when all resume their posts. 243. To the irear. — The instructor commands : 1.. Backward. 2. MARCH. 3. Halt. At the first command, all face to the rear; Nos. 6 and 7 seize the end of the pole with both hands ; No. 5 and the gunner seize the spokes of the limber, and Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, those of the hind wheels. At the command March, all moving together, move the piece to the rear^ Nos. 6 and 7 keepin^it straight by the use of .the pole. At the command Halt, all resume their posts. Unlimbering and coming into action. 244. To the front. — The instructor commands: Action — Front. At this command, the gunner takes out the key, and as- sisted by No. 5, raises the trail from the pintle, and then com- mands DrivpTon, upon which Nos. 6 and 7 reverse the lim- ber, and proceed with it to the rear. Again reverse to the left, and halt so that -the limber shall covt^r the piece, with the end of the pole six yards from the end of the trail hand- spike. At the same time that the limber moves off, the piece is brought about in all respects as in limbering to the front, except that the gunner and No. 5, without lowering the trail, carry^ it about, each by means of the handle on his own side. Nos. 6 and 7, when necessary, assist at the trail, after placing the limber in position. .As soon as the piece is brought about, and the trail lowered, No. 4 takes out the handspike and .passes it to the gunner, who fixes it in the trtiil. No. 1 takes out the sponge, No. 3 unkeying it, and No. 4 prepares" his lanyard. All then take their posts as required when the piece is nnh'mhered. 245. To the riijht (or A/?). — The instructor, commands : Action, Right (or Left). 70 MANUAL OF THE PIECE. m' The piece is unlinibered in the same manner as for action, front; and placed in the required direction; the liuiber wheels to the left (or right), and takes its pfece in rear, by reversing to the left (or right). 24G. 2h tlic rear. — The instructor commands : 1. Fire to the rear. 2. In Battery. At the command In Battery, the piece is unlimbered as before; the trail immediately lowered, and the gun prepared for action ; the limber moves directly forward at the command Drivk on, from the gunDen and takes its place by coming to the left about. MOVEMENTS WITH THE PROLONGE. • 247. The piece being in battery, to fix the prolonge to fire retiring, the instructor commands : Fix prolonge to fire retiring. At this command, the limber inclines to the right, wheels to the left about, and halts four yards frolii the trail. No. 5 uncoils the prolonge and passes the toggle to the gunner, who fixes it in the trail by passing it upward through the lunette, whilst he attaches the other end to the limber., by passing the ring over the pintle and keying it. At the command Retire, the cannoneers face about and all march on the left of the piece, except Nos. 1 and 3, They keep the implements in their hands, and, at the command Halt, face about, resume their posts, and go on with the firing. Should the piece be loaded at the command Retire, No. q- puts in the priming wire. At the command Halt, he takes it out again, andl No. 1 rams home. If the command Load be given when the piece is in motion, No. 5 puts in the charge, and No. 2 serves vent, ^'eceiving from No. o the neces- sary implements for that purpose. The piece being in action,, to fix the prolonge to fire ad- vancing, the instructor commands : Fix prolonge to fire advancing. At this command, the limber passes its piece on the right MANUAL OF THE PIECE. 71 and halts when in front of it, Nos. 1 and 3 stepping within the wheels to avoid the limber. No. 5 uncoils tha prolonge, carries it to the front, gives the togj^fe to No. 2, who puts it in the lunette of the axle-strap, whilst he places the riog over the pintle and keys it. In advancing, the men retain their implements and march at their posts. At the command Halt, No. 2 takes out the toggle and commands Drive on, upon which the limber takes its place in rear, and the^ firing is renewed. When the piece is limbered, to fix the prolong^e to fire re- tiring or advancing, the same commands are given. The piece is unlimbercd, and the prolonge attached as before. To fix the prolonge for passing a ditch, or for any other pur- pose, the command is. Fix prolonge. The prolonge is then fixed to the trail as before. In moving with the prolonge, the gunner attends the hand- spike, and in chfinges of direction, is careful to circulate the trail round in proper time to prevent the prolonge being cut by the wheels. No. 7 clears the prolonge from the limber wheels, and Nos. 1 and 2 from the gun wheels. In wheeling about, -the limber first backs a little and then describes a small circle. ' In passing a ditch the gunner takes out the hand- spike. . • In fixing the prolonge for any purpose, the caisson wheels or reverses, if necessary, so that the horses of the limber and caisson may face in the same direction. To detach the prolonge from the limber and coil it up, the instructor commands : ^i Coil prolonge. At this command, the gunner takes out the toggle^ and No. 5 takes oft" the ring and coils the prolonge, first passing, the ring over the upper prolonge hook. To coil the' prolonge and limber the piece, the instructor commands, CoiL pRoiiONGE — limuer to the rear. The prolonge is defached and coiled as before, the piece is run to- ward the limber, which reins back on receiving the command Rein back from the gunner, and is limbered "up. To limber to the front, right or loft, the instructor commands, Coil pro- longe — limber to the front, right or left; which i.s executed as already describc and 7 on' the liml^er chest of th« caisson, No, 2 on thb right, and No. 1 on the left ; Nos. 3*, 4 and 8 on the middle chest of the caisspn, No. 4 on the right, and No. 3 on the left. ' When circumstances require it, Nos. 6 and 7 may be di- rected to mount the rear chest of the caisson. They sit with their backs to the front. No. 6 on- the right. In horse arAillerr/, the cannoneers are in detachments of two ranks, and habitually in rear of the pieces. The detach- ments may be ordered to the right or left for greater conveni- ence in making a rapid movement, of for coming into battery to the rear when the caissons are in front. But, as their po- sitions on the flanks are inconvenient for manoeuvre, they should be ordered to the rear as soon asjthe special object has been accomplished, Theirproperplaces in rear should always be kept open for that purpose. .TO MOUNT AND DISMOUNT THE CANNONEERS. 25t until the horse obeys. To pass from a trot to a gallop, the instructor commands : - , 1. Gallop. 2. March.'. THE DETACHMENT. Horse Artillery. 291. The detachnient is formed in two ranks, with closed intervals; the distance between the ranks 2 feet, measuring from head to croup It is. told off as in mounted artillery, excepting that two additional men required as horse holders, and nujnbered 9 and 10, are posted, No. 9 in the centre of the rear rank, No. 10 iajhe centre of *he front rank. The gun- ner, when not himself the instructor, takes his post on the right of the front rank. TO MOUNT AND DISMOUNT IN. TWO RANKS. 292. To mountj the instructor commands : 1. Prepare to mount. 2. MoUNT. At the-firat command, the gunner, No. 4, and No. G, move 2 yards to the front, Nos. 3 and 5, 2 yards? to the rear, cover- ing their intervals; the mounting is then complete, and the instructor then coinnmrids : • Form — Ranks. At the word Kanks, the^guaner and Nos. 4 and G stand 90 THE CANNONEER MOUNTED. fast, the other numbers form -on them, and the rear rank closes up '1 feet. 293. To dismounfy the instructor commands : 1. Prepare to dismount. 2. Dismount. At the first command, the. g^unner and Nos. 4 and 6 move forward, and Nos. 3 and 5 rein back 2 yards,- and the dis- mount is completed at the second command. The instructor then commands : Form — Ranks. TO FORM IN ONE RANK. 294. The instructor commands-: 1. Left into single rank. 2. March. '3. Halt. 4. 7?s forward, the one in the rear rank approaching; his front rank man This moyement is executed by all the other cannoneers in suc- cession. When the gunner is in the ranks,' he constitutes a file; all the movements are njjide as if he were an even number, and th'e filo oDmplclOi ^ THE CANNONEER MOUNTED. To form the detachment by file when it is in march, the same commands are given as if it were at a halt. At thd command March, all the cannoneers, except the file which commences the movement, halt, if the detachment is at a walk ', or walk if it is at a .trot ; and the movement is exe- cuted as already directed, in resuming the original gait. DIRECT MARCH IN FILE. 305. The even numbers are guides^ they preserve the dis- tance of 2 feet from head to croup, move steadily, and regain the distances gradually when lost. The odd numbers dress on their guides, keeping up lightly the touch' of the boot. CIJANGE OF DIRECTION IN FILE. '* 306. The column marching, the instructor commands : 1. By file left {ov right), 2. MARCH. 3. Forward. At the command March, the left (or right) cannoneer at the head of the column executes the turn ; the cannoneer abreast of him conforma. to the movement, increasing his gait and keeping up the touch of the boot. At the command Forward, both move to the front at the original gait. The other cannoneers exQcute the same movement on the same ground. TO HALT AND TO MOVE OFF. 307. To halt the column, the instructor commands : Column — Halt. To resume the march, he commands : ^ 1. Column, forward. 2. March. OBLIQUE .IN FILE. 308. The column marching, the instructor commands : 1. Cannoneers, left (or right) oblique. 2. March. .TilE CANNONEER MOUNTED. 05 At the command MARCft, each cannoneer obliques to the left; the leading cannoneer of the left file is the ^uide of the column, and moves straight forward in the new direction ; the other cannoneers of that file move in the same direction, and on a line with him. The cannoneers of the right file dress on their guides, each placing his left knee behind the right knee of his guide, keeping the head of his horse on a line with the shoulders of the horse on. his left, and marches in this way during the oblique. To return to the primitive direction, the instructor com- mands : ^ Forward. The oblique to the right is executed on the same principles. In the oblique march, the guide is always on the side to- wards which the oblique is made; and, "at the eommand-FoR- WARD, returns to the original side. The change of guides will.be made without any special commands. TO BREAK INTO SINGLE FILE. 309. The column marching in double file, the instructor commands : 1. Ill single file. 2. March. At the command single file^ all the cannoneers, except the even number at the head of the column, prepare to halt. At the cammand March, they halt. As soon as the odd number of the first rank is passed by the horse of the even number, he enters the column by two successive oblique movements. Each rank of two executes in siiccessron the same move-ment, the even numbers* breaking as soon as the odd number of the rank in front comm.ences obliquing to enter the column. The gait is regulated so as to keep the distances. When the column is at a trot or gallop, it is broken into single files according to the^iame principles and by the same commands; the even number of the leading rank continues the gait; the others coming to a walk in case the column is at a trot, or a trot in case it is at a gallop, as soan as the com- mand iNlAROU is given, and resuming the original gait to enter the column. ^ j" • 96 THE CANNONEER MOtJNXBD. The column by single file majsfee formed from the detach- ment when in line,' by the commands : 1. Singh' file from t^e right. 2. March. At the command March, the file indicated movea to the front. - , • When the croup of the rear rank horse is opposite the head of the leading horse of the next file, that file puts itself in !iiotion, advances 8 yards, obliques to the right, and ag^in to the left, so as to enter the colutiiU. Each file takes up the movement in succession, governing itself by that of the fila on its riglit. The column is formed in single file from the left oh the same principles. The movement in single file will never be used in the artillery except when unavoidable. TO FORM IN DOUBLE FILES. 310. The column bei'ng in single file, marching or at a walk, the-instructot commands : ' I. Double files. 2. March. At the first coi^mand, all gather their horses. At the com- mand March, the odd numbers oblique to the right, if the right is in front j to the lefc, if the left is in front; and, by another oblique, place themselves at the sides of their even numbers, quickening the gait for the purpose if the column is in march. All close up to 2 feet from head to croup. TO FORM THE DETACHMENT IN LINE. Z\\. To the front. The detachment marching in double files, right in front, the instructor comman*ds : 1. Cannoneers, into line 2.- March. 3. Guide — KlGHT. At the first command, all gather their horses; the odd numbers slacken their gait until they are on a line with the next even number behiud them. At tho GDminaud MaroUj the guide of the column (^ontia- TXIE CANNONEER MOUNTED. 9t ues to advance ; the other ca^nnoneers oblique to the leftj quickening their gait, until opposite tlijeir places in line; then they oblique to the rights and form in succession iu line, each in his proper rank. The instructor gives the command for the guide immediately after the command March. When the detachment is at a halt, the leading guide, at the first comuiand, moves forward 5 yards and halts, and the movement is executed as already directed, except that instead of the command for the guide, the instructor commands : 3. Rujlit — Dress. 4. Front. 312. To tlie right. The instructor commands : 1. Cannoneers, on right into line. 2. March. 3. Right — Dress. 4. Front. At the first command, the' odd numbers slacken the gait until they are in a line with the next even number behind them. At the comnjand March, the guide of the column turnsto the right, advances 5 yards, and halts ] the other cannoneers continue to advance, turn in succession to the right, and form in line ; each in his proper rank. 313. To the left. The instructor commands : 1. Cannoneers, to the left into line. 2. MARCH. 3. Right — Dress. 4. Front. At the first command, gather the horses. At the command March, each of the t\yo leading cannoneers turns to the left, moves forward 5 yards, and halts. The other cannoneers ex- ecute the same movement in succession, when they are nearly opposite their places, and take their proper positions in line; each in his own rank. In forming line to the right, and to the left, the command Right — Dress is given when the leading cannoneer halts. The command Front is given when the last file is aligned. When the column is moving left in front, the line is formed to \;h.e front y left, and right, on the same principles. 5 fB THE CANNONEER MOUNffl?o DIllECT MARCH IN LINE. 314. To laarcb tbd detachment forward, the iDstmctor commands : . • 1. Detachment, forioartl. 2. MARCH, 3. Guide — Right (or Left.) At the command March, which is immediately followed by ihat for the guide, all the cannoneers move straight forwards To halt the detachment, he commands; 1. Detachment, Halt. 2. Ri(jlit (or left) Dress, o. Front. WHEELING. 315. General princijples. — In executing a whesl whilst tbe detachment is in march, the conductor of the marching flank should increase his gait, and describe his arc so as to cause tbe iiles neither to open nor close. • The piyofe describes a» arc of a circle of 2 yards radius in slackening the gait. The can- noneers from the centre to the marching flank increase, and those from tbe centre to the pivot decrease tbe gait progress- ively, so that the centre man preserves the gait at which the detachment was marching. At the end of tbe wheel, all re- sume the original gait, and straighten their horses. At the command Forward, they cease to wheel, and re- sume the direct march, at whatever point of tbe wheel they may be. 316. The wheelings are executed at first in single rank; for this purpose the detachment is foiuned in one rank, and^, l)sing aligned, the instructor commands : 1. Detachment in circle, right (or left') loheel. 2. March. At tbe command March, the cannoneers put themselves In motion, the pivot describing the arc of a circle of which tbe radius is 2 yards, at a slow gait; tbe marching iiank moves briskly, and regulates itself by the pivot, avoiding all pressure in tbe ranks. 317. When tbe detachment baa executed several wheels, to bait it, tbe instructor eommand§ : 1'. Dctachmenty Halt. 2. Left (or right) Dre33. 3. Front. TliE CANNONEER MOUNTED. 99 At the cominaud Halt, the cfinrioneers Straighten their horses, and hult with steadiness. Before dressiDg the detach- ment, the cannoneer on the marching flank is made to come up abreast of the pivot man, so that the others will not have to rein back in order to align themselves.. 818. The detachment is then marched forward, and made to re-commence the wheel whilst marching, and by the same commands. At the first command the pivot man prepares to slacken, and the marcliing flank to quicken the gait, so that the centre man will preserve the gait at which he is march- ing:; the wheel is then executed as prescribed. When the instructor wishes the detachment to take the direct march instead of halting, he commands : 1. Forward. 2. Gifide right (or left.) At the command Forward, the pivot resumes the gait at which it was previously marching, the other cannoneers straighten their horses, and the two flanks move forward at the same gait. o!9. When sufficiently exercised in single rank, the can- noneers are formed in two ranks, and the wheel executed in following the same gradation. The instructor commands : 1. Detachment in circle, right (or left) wheel. 2. March. At the command March, the men of the front rank exe- cute the movement as prescribed in No. 316, the cannoneers of the rear rank turn the head, and carry the hand towards the marching flank, so that each one may be out of the direc- tion of his lile leader by two men. For this purpose, the moment the wheel commences, each rear rank man executes a quarter turn to the left, if the wheel is to the right; to the right, if the wheel is to the left, keeping, during the wheel, in the direction of his new file leader, and remaining at the distance of 2 feet from the fron't rank. 320. To stop the wheel, the instructor commands: 1. Detaclimcnt. 2. Halt. 3. Left (or r{ghl\ DrESS. 4. FilONT. At the command Defachmci^f, the rear rank men straighten 100 THE CANNONEER MOUNTED. their horses, -and return to the direction of their file leaders. At the command Halt, all the. cannoneers halt. 32 L When the instructor wishes the detachment to resume the direct march, he commands : 1. Forward. 2, Guide left (or right.') At the command Foi^ward, the rear rank men replace themselves behind their file leaders, and march straight ' forward. 322. The detachment being in line, at a halt, or in march, to place it in a position perpendicular to the original front, the instructor commands : 1. Detachment , rigid (or left') wlipxl. 2. March. 3. Halt. 4. Left (cir right^ Dress. 5. Front. Which commands are -executed on the same principles as the wheel in circle, .a quarter of a circle only- being described, and the command halt given when the wheel is nearly completed* 323. The detachment being in line, at a halt, or in march, to place it in a direction oblique to the original front, the instructor commands : 1. Detachment, right-half (or left half) wheel. 2. MARCH. 3. Halt. 4. Left (or right) Dress. 5. Front. Which commands are executed on the same principles as the wheel in circle, a quarter of a circle only being 'described, and the command Halt given when the wheel is nearly completed'. 324. The detachment being in line, at a halt, or in march to place it in a direction oblique to the original front, the instructor commands : 1. Detachment^ right-half (or left half) iched. 2. MXRCH. 3. Halt. 4. Left (or right) Dress. 5. Front. Which is executed as in the wheel, except that the eighth of a circle only is passed over. 325. The detachment being in line, at a halt, or in march, to place it in a position faced to the rear, the instructor commands : 1. Detachment^ right (or hft) reverse. 2. March. 3 Ha,lt. 4. Left (or right) Dress 5 Front. THE* CANNONEER MOUNTED. 101 Which commands are executed ag prescribed ia No. 322, except that a semicircle is described. 326. In all the wheeloi, when, instead of halting, it is de- sired to move forward at their completion, instead of the com- mands- 3. Halt, &c., the commands will be : 3. FoHWARD. 4. Guide riyht (or left.) The command Forward is given as soon as the detach- ment is in the new direction ; all the cannoneers resume the march to the front, and the command for the guide follows immediately. The foregoing movements being properly executed, from a halt and at a walk, are repeated at a trot. OBLIQUE IN LINE. ^ 327. The detachment marching in line, to cause it to gain ground towards one of its flanks without changing the front, the instructor commands: 1. Cannoneers, right (or left) oblique. 2. March. At the command Marc&, the cannoneers execute an oblique to the right, so that the head of each horse may be opposite the shoulders of the horse on his right, and that the right knee of each cannoneer may be in rear of the left knee of the man on his right. The men then move in the new direction, vegu- lating^upon the guide. When the detachment has obliqued sufficiently, the instructor commands : Forward. The cannoneers straighten their horses, and move forward. When, in the. execution of an oblique march, the guide is always on the flank of the dctachiuent towards which the oblique is made, and after the command Forwad, the guide returns, without a command, to the side on which it was when the oblique was ordered. This rule is general. CHANGES OF GAIT. 3'iS. To pass from one gait to another, the instructor commands : 1. Trot (trot out or gallop.) 2. March. 102 THE CANNONEER SlOUNTED. All cha/u/cs of gait must he made (jradnalli/, and care must .be taken never to check a horse so suddenly as to injure his mouth or throw him on his haunches, THE TLATOON. 329. The principles of the instruction, as laid down for the detachment, are applicable to the platoon, the word platoon being substituted for detacliment^ wherever the latter occurs in the commands. The platoon is divided into detachments ■ of eight men each, the horse holders being left out. - The gunner is on the right of the platoon ; the chief of the caisson is the front rank man of the left file. The mounting and dismounting are executed as in No. 292, the gunner tak- ing his place on the right at the command Form Kanks. EXERCISE OF SEVERAL DETACHMENTS. Horse Artillery. 330. The detachments are drawn up in line corresponding to the position of their piece? in park, and touching each other. The cannoneers, as in dismounted detachments, retain their numbers and relative positions, but each, detachment consti- tutes -a unit, and no notice is taken of inversions in the ma- noeuvres. When the chiefs of sections are not present, there is an assistant instructor, who is mounted. 331. In line or column of detachments, the gunners are on the right'of their respective detachments, in- the front rank. Each constftutes a file, unless the chiefs of pieces are present, in which case the latter take their places on the right of the front rank, the gunners covering them in the rear rank and completing the files. 332. The officers, when two or more sections are united, are. posted as directed for .dismounted detachment^, except that in column of detachments the chief of the leading: sec- tion IS 2 yards in front of the centre of the column. The assistant instructor is posted : Li line, 4 yards in front of the centre of the detachments. In column, 2 yards in front of the centre of the leading detachment. Bi/ Jlanh, at the side of the leading file. THE CANNONEER MOUNTED. • lOS 33o. The following movfimcets are executed in i\\e same manner as for a single detaclinicnt: 7h mount and dismount; the alignments ; to open . To the right or left. The detachments being in lioe^ at a halt, or in march, the instructor commands : 1. Bi/ dctnrhments, right (or left) wheel. 2, MARCzr. 3.*ToRWARn. 4. Guide le/t (or right). 104 . THE CANNONEER MOUNTED, At fche word March, each detachment executes the wheel as in No. 322, and moves to the front at the word Forward, so regulating the gait that there shall be a distance of 2 yards between them. CHANGE OF DIRECTION IN COLUMN. 337. The column naarching, the instructor commands : Head of column to the right (or left). The assistant instructor commands, when the detachment is 2 -yards from the point : 1. Right (ov left) wheel. 2. March. 3. Forward. The loading detachment wheels to the right at the word !MARcn, and, at the word Forward, moves to its .front; the other detachments wheel, on reaching the same ground, with- out farther commands. An oblique change is executed on the same principles, at the commands i ^ Head of -column right (or left) half- wheel. THE COLUMN MARCHING TO FACE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. 338. The instructor commands : 1. Detachments^ right (or left') reverse. . 2. March. 3. Column, Forward. 4. Guide right (or left). At the word March, each detachment executes the reverse at the gait at which it is marching, and the assistant instructor passes to the head of the column. At the command For- ward, the column marches to its front. BEING IN COLUMN TO FORM IN LINE. 339. To the front. The column being in march, or at a halt, the instructor commands : 1. Fonvard into line, left (or right) ohlique. 2. MarCH. 3. Giude right. 4. Front. THE CANNONEER MOUNTED. 105 At the word March, the leading detachment advances 14: yards,*^and is halted by the assistant instructor, who then commands Right (or left) Dress, and fakes his place in line. The other detachments oblique to the left (or riglit) until op- posite their places in line, when they move to the right, dress- ing to the right (or left,), and form in succession on the left (or right) of the preceding detachment. 340. On the right (ov left). The instructor commands : 1. On the right' (or left) info line. 2. MARCH. 3. Guide, right (or iPft). 4. Front. At the word March, the leading detachment wheels to the right (or left), advances until it has unmasked the column, and is halted by the assistant instructor, who then commands Right (or left) DresS, and takes his place in line. The other detachments continue the march, dressing to the right (or left), wheel in succession opposite their positions on the left (or right) of the first, advance to the line, halt, and dress to the right (or left). 341. To the right (or left). The instructor commands*; 1. Right into line wheel, 2. Maroh. 3. Halt. 4. Left — Dress. 5. Front. At the word March, the detachments wheel to the right into line, and are then halted and dressed' by the instructor. ; TO FORM LINE ADVANCING. 342. The column being in march at a walk, the instructor commands : 1. form line advancing — left oblique — trot. 2. March. 3. Guide right. At 1>he word March, the leading detachment continues the walk. The others oblique at a trot until opposite their places, and then move forward, and form in succession on the left of the first, resuming the walk as they reach the line. When the column is nt a tret, the leading detachment takes the u.azj, j^j. ^|j^ ^Qj.^ March. 106 THE CANNONEER MOUNTED. TO ADVANCE IN LINE. 343. The instructor commands : 1. Section (or — ) forward. 2. March. 3. Guide riyht (or hft). These commands are executed as in No. 314, at the differ^ ent gaits. TO CHANGE DIRECTION IN LINE. 344. The detachments being in march, or at a halt, the in- structor commands : 1. Section (or — ) riyht wheel (or reversej etc.^ 2. March. 3. Forward. These commands arc executed as prescribed in Nos. 323, 324, and 325, for a s-ingle detachment, except that the radius of the arc described by the pivot is about 8 yards, so that the arc in the wheel is 12 yards, in the reverse 24 yards, and in the half-wheel 6 yards. MARCHING ]N LINE TO MAKCH IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. 345. The instructor commands : • j> 1. DctacJiments, right (or l"»'"ands : Harness. I >^Chis command, each wheel driver pas^s the collar ^^v^led, ovc*r the head of tlie horse, and put^n the blanket! 108 THE DRIVER. 2. He seizes the pommel with the left hand and the cantle with the right,- and puts the saddle in its position upon the horse's back. o. He passes to the front of the horse, pulls the breast strap over his head, adjusts the hames to. the collar, connects the lower part of the branches and ti'^htens the bame straps. 4. He passes to the near side of the horse, disengages the breeching; then moves to the rear, draws it over the horse's haunches, arranges the crupper 'and- loin straps. 5. He sees that tlic harness is properly arranged, tightens and buckles the girth, and buckles the belly band. 6. He bridles the horse, and Jiccures him to the head post or picket rope. The near horse is harnessed in the same manner and by the same commands, with this exception : 7. The driver puts the legrguard on the right leg, bridles the off horse, 'acTd backs them into the gangway, facing the door, and takes position for leading to the exercise- ground. In harnessing and unharnessing lead horses, the instruc- tions for the wheelers apply, with th'e modifications required by the nature of the harness. . 350. Leading to the exercise ground. "The driver assumes fhe position of Stand to horse, holding at the same time the coupling rein of his off horse, thrown over the neck of his near one, in the right hand, so as to lead both. At the command Lead out, all conduct their horses to the exercise ground, and form in one rank, 4 yards apart, with their horses on their right, the traces trussed up to the hames. 361. The drivers'are then exercised in mounting^ dismount- ing, and marching to the front ; halting, reining back, and to Jile ojjf, by the commands and means for^the cannoneer mounted. TO TURN TO THE IlIGHT.mi LEFT. 852. The instructor commands : 1. Drivers, rlijht xohed, 2. March. 3. Halt. At t"li«5 word 'March, the driver Wii^^u i^jg horses to the right, malting the off horse describe a cjuaa>^y,^ ^^ ^ circle whose rad\u,>ia 3:25 yards or 10 feet. The ofi^ u^..^.^ ^joves ^t the ordinal; gait, the near hdrse quickens his movt^eflig XQ conform to ti^g^ ^f the off" horse. THE DRIVER. 109 THE REVERSE. 853. The iustructor commands : 1. D rivers, rigitt (or left) reverse. 2. March. 3. Halt. This.niovemeiit is executed on the same principles as the wheel, the inner horse describing a semicircle of^O 3'ards, and the outer one of 12 yards, making his movements conform to those of the-inner one. TO OBLIQUE. 354. The instructor commands : 1. Drivers, right'(oY left) oblique. 2. March. 3. Halt. Which is executed according to the principles of the wheel, observing that the oblique is one-eighth of a circle, and that the inner horse passes over an arc of 2:5 yards, the radius being 3:25- yards. - ~ • TO BREAK iNTO COLUMN TO THE FRONT. 355. The instructor command^ : 1. Drivers, from the right, front into column. 2. March. m At the word March, the driver on the right moves directly to the front. As soon as the haunches of the horse on the right are on line with the heads of" his own horses, the next driver moves 5 yards to the front, obliques to the right, an(i again to the left and enters the column. He then follows at the distance of 2 yards from head to croup. 356. The change of direction in column,- the oblique in column; to advance in line; to march to a flank, and the change of gait, are executed on the same principles as in the instruction for the canrioneer mounted. TO FORM LINE. '857. To the front. The column being in march, or at a halt, the instructor commands; 110 THE DRIVER. 1. Drivers, fovK'ard info line, rifjlit (or left) ohlique. 2. March. 3. Left (or right) i>RESS. 4. Front. At the word March, the leading driver advances 5 yards, and halts. The others oblique to the righl (or left), until opposite their places, then move forward and form at the proper distapcCj on the right (or left) of the preceding drivers, and dress. 358. To the right or left. The instructor commands : 1. Drivers, right (or left) into line^ loheel. 2. March. 3. Halt. Each driver wheels to the right, and halts at the command, which should be given when the horses are in the new direc- tion. 359. On the right or left. The instructor commands : 1. Drivers, on the right (or left) into live. 2. March. 3. Halt. 4. Right (or left) Dress. 5. Front. Which is executed as with the cannoneer mounted. TO UNHARNJESS. 360. The horses having been returned to their stalls, or the picket- rope, the off horse is secured, and the instructor commands : Unharness. 1. The driver takes off tlie leg-guard, and hangs it up; unbridles the near horse, and puts up the bridle. 2. He unbuckles and frees the crupper, slips the breeching over the rump, and places it over the cantlo and on the seat of the saddle. 3. He goes -to the front, draws the breast strap well for- ward through the links, loosens the hame straps at the top, disconnects the branches at the' bottom, passes the breast strap over the horse's head, laying it, with the hames, over the pommel. 4. He loosens the belly-band, and J;hen the girth ; takes off the saddle, and places it on its* peg, with the blanket Qver it. TUB TEAM. Ill 5. He takes off and puts up the collar, and secures the horse by his halter. The off horse is unharnessed rn the same manner. After the drivers have been taught to harness and unharness their horses properly, they will be made to execute the move- mentSj without the motions, by the simple command, Har- ness, THE TEAM. 861. The team consists of two or more pairs of horses, with their drivers. The instruction is given for three pairs; they are denominated the lead^ middle, and loliccl liorses. The instructor is aided by one assistant to every two teams. In the movements, the instructor goes wherever his presence may be necessary. In Itne, the assistants take post each on a line with the lead drivers, and midway between their teams. In column, they are 4 yards from the left flank, and opposite the centres of their teams, with the exception of the assistant whose teams are at the head of the column, who takes post on the left of the leading driver. ARRANGEMENTS OF THE TEAMS. 862. The drivers, mounted, are in one rank, each pre- servinjr an interval of 2 feet between his off horse and the near horse of the man on his right. When the pieces are parked in more than one line, the teams of the second line are placed, each on the left of the corresponding team in the first line. The teams may be drawn up in two or more lines, if the nature of the ground requires it. 363. The teams break into column; change direction in column; halt) and move off; advance in line; march bya flank, and change the gaits -in the same manner as with the drivrr. Tn breaking into column, the middle and wheel dri- vers follow in the tracks of their leaders. OBLIQUE IN COLUMN. . 86-1. The instructor commands : 1. Teams, right (or left) ollique. 2. March. At the word March, the lead driver in each team obliques 112 THE TEAM. to the right. He is followed by his middle nnd wheel drivers, who turn on the same ground and follow his tracks, so that each team- is formed in columns of pairs. The lead drivers keep on a line with each other, and a-t such distances that, at the command. Forward, they ^will mov-e accurately in column in *the primitive direction. TO FORM LINE. 365. To inr. front. The teams being in column, in march, or at a halt, the instructor commands : ^ 1. Forward' into line — left ohli que. 2. MARCn. 3. Guide right. 4. Front. At the word March, the lead team advances 18 yards, and is halted by the assistant instructor. The other teams obli(jue to the left, and, when opposite their positions, move forward so as to place themselves on the line 9 yards from the team which preceded it. 366. To the right or left. Being in march, or at a halt, the instructor commands : 1. Right (or left) into line, wheel. 2. March. 3. Halt. .4. Eight— Dress. 5. Front* At the word March, the lead drivers, each followed by their middle and wheel drivers, who turn 'upon the same ground, wheel to the right and move straight to the front. As soon as the wheel drivers are in the new direction, the instructor commands : 3. Halt. 4. Right — Dress. 367. On the right or left. Being in march, the instructor commands : ♦ 1. On the right into line. < 2. March. ■•3. Guide right. 4. Front. ,:At the word' March, the lead team wheels to the right, moves forward, and when it has unmasked its column, is halted by its assistant instructor. The other teams continue to advance. Each passes the one immediately preceding it, wheels to the right, and forms 9 yards on. its left. The instructor commands Fhont as soon' as the last team is in line, ' The alignmj^nt is made, ojk.'the lead drivers^ THE TEAM. 113 TO FORM LINE ADVANCING. 368. Tfee column marching, the line of teams is. formed in continuing the march by the commands and according to the principles of No. 842, the teams preserving their intervals of 9 yaVds in line. OBLIQUE IN LINE. 369. The teams beings in line, in march, or at a lialt, the instructor commands : 1. Teams, riglu (or left)vhlique. 2. MARCn. Which is executed as prescribed in No. 364. THE REVERSE. 370 The teams being in line or in column, in march, or at a bait, to form faced in the opposite direction, the instructor commands : 1 . Teams,- rigid {or left) reverse. 2. March. 8. Halt. . At the word March, the lead drivers execute the reverse, and move forward, as in No. 353. The middle and wheel drivers execute the reverse on the same ground, and follow the tracks of their leaders. When thej are all accurately in the new direction, the instructor commands Halt, or Column, Halt. If he wishes to move forward at the completion of the reverse, instead of the command Halt, the instructor com- mands : Forward, Guide right (or left^, or Column, FOR- WARD, as thc'casc may be. THE riECE HORSED. 371. The carriages are taken in the park, either in one line, or, as usually parked, with the caissons in rear of their pieces. Several pieces may be united for instruction. The teams are always formed as if the carriages were iu one line, the teams of the rciir carriages on Uic left of those of the leading car- riages of the same file. 114 THE TEAM. TO ENTER THE TARK. 372. The teams being formed in line in the same order as the carriages to which they belong, approach the park as cir- cumstances require. If they are to enter by its left, they are broken into column from the right; if by the right, they are broken from the left. The instructor directs the column towards the flank of the park, and when its head is near the first carriage, he com- mands : 1. Teams, to your post^. . 2. March. At the word March, the column takes such a dire'ction as will lead it in front of and near the poles of the carriages, and parallel to the line of thje park, each- team, when within 3 yards of its carriage, changes its direction to the left, and halts. If there are several lines of carriages, the teams of the second break off from those of the first at the word March, and form a column which executes, with reference to the second line, a similar movement to tliat just prescribed. If the teams are in line, in front or in rear of the park, and the spaces between the carriages sufficient, they are marched towards the park in line, and the instructor commands: Teams, to your posts — March. The teams, passing to the right of their respective carriages, take their positions in front of the poles. HITCHING THE TEAMS. 373. The instructor dismounts the drivers, and commands : HircH. At this command, each driver goes in front of his horses, and faces them. The wheel driver backs his horse so that they can be hitched, opens tiie branches of the pole yoke, fixes the toggles to the sliding rings, commencing with his off horse, and fastens the polo straps, or chain, to the slidini^ loops of the breast strarps, commencing with his near horse. He then goes in rear of his off horse, passing by the right, detaches his traces and hitches thcn> to the splinter bar, com- mencing with theinner trace of the near and ending with the TUE TEAM'. 115 outer one of the off horse, ile thsn passes round the rear of the carriage at a double-quick, detaches the outer trace of the near horse, hitches it, and resumes the position of Stand to HORSE. The middle driver, as soon as the pole straps are secured, backs his horses, moves behind .his off horse, passing by the ri02, taking care to keep them to the right. At the word Halt, they place the team and carriage in line, and halt, stretching the traces. Baching to the left is effected according to the same princi- ples, and by inverse means. TO PARK. 384. The instructor directs the column towards the park, and gives, according to the position of* the ground oh which the pieces are to be parked, one of the following commands : . T ( Forward into park — right (or left') oblique. ' . , , J < To the right (or left) into park. (_ On the fight (or left) into park. 2. March. To form forvmrd into park. The column approaches tho park from the rear, the leading piece being in rear of the ground on which it is to Test. At the word March, the leading piece marches direct to the front and halts,* on the caution of the instructor, at its proper place ; all the other carriages oblique to the right and then move up to their places in line. To form to the right (or left) into park. The instructor, approaching the park by its right, directs the column parallel to the front and 40 yards behind it. At the word March, which is given when the leading piece is 3 yards from the point- opposite the position it is to occupy, it is wheeled to the right, moved forward, and halts at its position. The other carriages move straight forward ; each one wheels to the right when 3 yards from the point opposite the position it is to occupy in park, marches forward, and places itself on the right of and in line with those already established. To form to the left into park is executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. To form on the right into park. The instructor, approach- ing the park by its right, directs the column parallel to the front and 40 yards in rear. THE TEAM. 119 The leading piece is wheeled to the right and established in its position as before; the next, passing in rear of it, places itself in line on its left in like manner, and so with the others. When the park consists of two or more lines, the same principles are observed ', each carriage of the rear rank follows its file leader in its moveraents. The park should be formed on the left 'according to the same principles, and by inverse means. TO UNHITCH. 385. The park being formed, the instructor causes the drivers to disrdount as prescribed, and commands : Unhitch. The lead driver goes in front of his horses, faces towards them, backs them in order to unhitch more easily, lashes the reins of the near horse to the coupling rein, then passing by the left of his near horse, unhitches his traces, commencing with the outer one, bends them and fastens them by means of the trussing straps. He unhitches the off horse in the same manner, commencing, however, with the inner trace, and, having finished, passes to rear of his horses, and resumes the position of stand to horse, first unlasjiing the reins. The middle driver unhitches, conforming to what has been prescribed for the lead driver. The wheel driver goes to the splinter bar, lets down the pole prop, unhitches", bends and fastens the traces of the near horse, and the inner trace of his off horse, passes at double- quick around the carria2;e, unhitches and fastens the outer traces of the off horse; then goes in front of his horses, and, commencing with the^near horse, unfastens the pole straps, detaches the toggles from the sliding rings, commencing with the off horse, unites the branches of the pole yoke, and resumes the position of Stand to horse. • TO LEAVE THE PARK. 886. The instructor mounts the drivers, and commands: 1. By team., from the riijht (or left)— front into column. ^ 2. Maucit. 120 THE SECTION. *At the command March, tho right (or left.) team moves to the front until it is disengaged from the pole, and then changes its direction at the command of the instructor. If the carriages are in two or more ranks, the teams of the same file follow each other, if the intervals between the carriages are sufficient for their passage. They are followed by the other teams or filffs of teams, which enter the column so as to leave the proper distances between the pairs. If there is not sufficient intervals between the carriages for the passage of the teams, the instructor commands: .^ 1. Teams, l>y the rigid (or left) Jianh. 2. March, o. Forward. Each team wheels as directed, and moves forward. As the heads of the column pass out of the park, the teams of the rear rank oblique to the left or right, and take their proper places in column, in rear (or front) of the teams of the front carriages of their files. The teams are then marched to the stables, or pickets, by the means already prescribed. THE SECTION. In the battery of manoeuvre, the section is composed of two pieces and two caissons, horsed and prepared for service. The piece and its caisson are kept in a fixed relation to each other, and maybe said to constitute a unit; the word piece being often used to designate the piece and its caisson, being taken together. They arc separated only in the forma- tions in battery, and this simplifies the manoeuvre greatly, rendering it generally unnecessary to give separate commands to^the caissons. • In the manoeuvres, it is immaterial which carriage leads. AH the movements should be executed with the caissons in front, after they have been executed with the pieces leading. In mounted batteries the cannoneers wear their sabre belts only, the sabres being carried on the ammunition chests. The drivers, and, in horse artillery^ the cannoneers also, wear their sabros, unless otherwise directed. During the real execution of the firings, each chief of piece dismoTints and gives the reins of his hbrse to the driver of the THE SECTION. 121 wheel horses of the limber. In horse artillery/ the chief of caisson also dismounts and gives the reins of his horse, to the wheel driver of the caisson. Tn the manoeuvres of the section the chief of the section is 'oi;dinarily the instructor. The posts of officers and non-commissioned officers are the same as when the section forms part df a battery; and a, single section can be exercised in all the formatio,ns required of it as prescribed in 'the School of the Battery, substituting the word Seciion for that of Bafteri/. It is, therefore, thought unne- cessary to inijlude here the manoeuvres of an isolated section. 122 BCUOOL OF THE BATTERY. Stjjool of tj)c '^dtcrg. S87. This applies especially to batteries whose caunoueers are not mounted ; but it becomes equally applicable" to horse artillery, by inserting the proper intervals and distances \yith the detachments of mounted cannoneers. (See the orders in column, in line, and in battery.) • When the detachments in horse ariillery are required, to make any particular movements, directions will be given them. ' But in general, as they have only to follo^v 2 yards in rear of the muzzles of their pieces^ they will not be mentioned. When the caissons arc detached, which is frequently the case with horse artillery, and sometimes with mounted batte- ries, the intervals and distances between the pieces for manoeuvreing will be the same as though the caissons were present, so that the necessary ground for wheeling into line, etc., may be preserved. Batteries should be practiced in this kind of man(jcuyreing accordingly. Measures of the elements composing a lattery, and of its formations. 388. The measures given in the following table, and those to be given hereafter, result from the dimensions of the different elements embraced. The numbers adopted have been chosen to avoid fractions. SCHOOL p,E TliE EAJtTERY. 12a Pieces dra'wa by six horses Caisson drawn by six horses I/iniber drawn by six horses riocc in battery with handspike; '..,, Detachment of harse'cannoneers^ - - • Column of sections Line of battle Line in battery Section in line Section in battery.. 1 MOUNTED BATTERY. HORSE AR Depth. Front. Depth. yards. yards. yards. 94 18 115 30 82 : 37 47 82 47 30 18 1 ; 37 47 18 1 1 47 1 Front. yards. 21 97 97 21 21 When" all the carriages are drawn by four horses, the inter- vals arc diminished 3 yards; when they are drawn by eight horses, the intervals are increased 3 yards, the distance being the same in each case. Should a portion of the teams be reduced _ a pair of horses or more, allowance must be made for deficient horses by increasing the rh'sfance of those carriages accordingly, estimating the length of a pair of horses in harness at 3 yards. In both kinds of artillery these arrangements are the same, whether the pieces or caissons lead. FORMATIONS OF THE BATTERY. ORDER IN COLUMN. 389. The order in column is that' in which- the battery is formed by sections ; the carriages being in two fileS; and each 124 SCHOOL OF THE BAI'TERlk piece followed or preceded by its caisson -at .a distance of 2 yards. The captain is generally 14 yards from the column and opposite its centre. But during the manoeuvres, he goes wherever bis presence may be necessftry, and where his com- mands may be beat heard. Each chief of section is in line with bis leading drivers, and midway bcfcween his leading^carrir.ges. The chief of the line of caissons is in line with the captain^, on the opposite side of the column, and 4 yards from it. But he does not change his position to conform to that of the captain. Each chief of piece is on the Jeft and near the leading dri- ver -of his leading carriage. In horse artillery, when the chiefs of caissons are mounted, each chief of carriage is near the leading driver on his left. The trumpeters are near the captain. - ' The gnidon is habitually next the chief of the leading piece, or guide of the leading section, but takes post wherever -the captain may direct. 1)1 mounted batteries^ the interval between tbe carriages is 14 yards. The distance between the carriages is 2 yards. The cannoneers are in file on each side of their pieces, or mounted on the chcst^.. In horse artillery^ the interval between the carriages is 17 yards. The distance between the carriages, and betwqen the carriages and- detachments, is 2 yards. The detachments, formed in two ranks, afe 2 yards in rear of their pieces. In both kinds of artillery, these "arrangements for ths column are the sam&, whether the pieces or caissons lead. - ORDER IN LINE. 390. The order in line is that in which the carriages are formed in two lines ; the horses all facing in the same direc- tion, the pieces limbered, and each followed or preceded. by its caisson. The captain is generally 4 yards in front of the centre; but, during the manoeuvres, wherever Lis presence may be necBBSary, or hie commands lieet heard. Each chief of section gCROOL 0?' THE EATT i#^ ' 125 is in litie witb his leading drivers^ and midway between the leading carrinores of his scctioo. The chief of caissons is opposite the centre and 4 yards in. rear of the line of carriages. Each chief of piece and cuiVsoQ is in the same position as "n'column. The trumpeters, when they do not accompany the captain, are in line with the leading-'drivers, and 4 yardsfrom the right flank. ■ " • The guidon is on the left of the tji'umpeters. Ill mountfd artillery^ the interval between the carriages is 14: yari'ds ; the distance between thetwo lines is 2 yard^.; and the catinoucers "are at their posts as in column. In Iwrac artllhry^ the interval between the carriages is 17 ^yards; the distance between the lines of pieces, detachments, and caissons, -is 2 yards; and the detachments are 2 yards in rear of their pieces. , , ' In both kinds of artillery, tLese arrangements for the line are the same, whether the pieces or caissons lead. OHDER IN BATTERY. 301. T\\Q order, hi hatter ij, IS that in which the pieces arc prepared, for firing ; the pieces, limbers, and caissons, being turned towards the enemy, and formed in three parallel lines. The captain is generally on the left of the chief of the centre section, but he goes wherever his presence is required. liach chief of section is habitually in the centre- of his section, half way between the lines of pieces and limbers. The chief of caissons is opposite the centre, 4 yards in rear of the line of caissons. Each chief of piece is outside the file on the left of his piece, but near it, and opposite the middle of the trail band- pike. . During the real execution of tlie firings, he habitually dismounts and gives the reins of his horse to the driver of the whe7s horse to tlie driver of the wheel horses 'of the caisson. 126 ^i^ OL OF THE BATTERY. The buglers are near the captain; the guidon on the flank of the line of caissons. ' * In monntfil Laftcrfes, the interval between the pieces is 14 jards; the distance between the lines of pieces and limbers is 6 yards, measuring from the end of the handspike to the headsof the leading horses. The distance between the lines of limbers and caissons is 11 yartis, measuring from the rear'of the limbers to the heads of the-leadiwg horses of the caissons. . " The cannoneers are atjtheir posts. Ill horse ai'tUlcri/, the interval between the pieces is 17 jards.; the distance betwe"en the lines of pieces and. limbers is 6 yards, jiiea^ured as before; the distance between the lines ©f limbers ^nd caissons is 11 yards, measured as before; the cannoneers are at their posts; and the detachments of horses are 4-yards in rear.of thc-limbers. The regular formation in battery sjiould always be pre- served in the manoeuvres. But on the field of battle the front wolild be commonly more extended ; the pieces being posted so as to obtain the greatest advantage from th"e nature of the ground, and the cais:ions sheltered as much .as possible. When a battery retires firing, the horses and drivers in both kinds of artillery remain faced to the rear, after the firsfc retrograde movement, that they may be ready to continue it. MANNING' THE BATTERY. 802. The gun detachments and teams, having been pro- perly told off, are marched to the park with the teams in front. The chiefs of pieces and caissons, when mounted, march with the teanis. The whole are conducted .tothe battery, the teams hitched, and detachments posted, as prescribed. iVs soon as the teanis are hitched and cannoneers posted, a minute inspection is made by the chiefs of pieces, who report to the chiefs of sections, and a similar inspection is made by the chiefs of sections, who report to the ciiptnin." The officers, after reportinir, will draw their sabres without waiting for ^ command to that effect. The chiefs of pieces will draw theirs on an intimation from the captain. In mounted batteries the cannoneers wear thqii' sabre belts only, the sabres being carried on the ammunition chests. The SCHOOL OP TIIE BATTERY. 127 drivers, and, in liovse artillery^ the cannoneers also, wear their sabres, unless special directions are given to the contrary. TO UNPARK. 393. Everything being prepared for manoeuvring, if the captain wishes to unpark by the right, he coramaods : * 1. By piece— ^from the riijlit — front into column. 2. March. At the command March, the right piece, followed by its caisiion, marches direct to the front, and the captain 'indicates the direction it'should take. The other pieces and caissons follow the movement of the right piece, each,, so regulating its march by that which precedes it, as to march in the same direction, and two yards behind. Each chief of section di- rects the march of his carriages, which are so conducted 'by their chiefs as to enter the column by the most simple move- ment. The.column of pieces is thus formed with n distance of 2 yards between the carriages ; and in horse artillery with the same distance .between the carriages and detach- ments. The captain goes wherever his duty;may require, but gen- erally remains on the left flank, opposite the centre of the column. The chief of the leading section places himself near the chief of the leading piece, and on his >eft; the other chiefs of sections 4 yards from the left flank, abreast the centres of their respective sections. The, chief of the line of cais.^o.ns is opposite the centre of the column and 4 yards from the right flank. Each chief of piece and caisson, when mounted, is near his leading driver, on the left. The trumpeter is near the captain. When the battery is parked with the caissons in front, the captain causes it to unpark by the right by the same com- mands; the movements bcin;; executed in the same muoner. The battery may be unparked by the left according to the sjMuo principles and by inverse means. 394. The column of pieces is not to be considtred a column of manoeuvre. It will be chanpred into a column of sections 128 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. as soon as the nature of the gnjund will permit. But the exigencies of service someliiues require that formations .into line and battery should be made directly from theaolumn of pieces. In such cases, the principled and commands laid do'Wn for similar formations from the column of sections, will gov-' em. In the formations to the right or left, the pieces must close up, aad wheel successively when opposite their proper places. TO HALT. 395. To halt the battery, when marching in column of pieces, the captain- commands : 1. Column. 2. IIalT. At the second command, repeated by the chiefs of sections, all the carnages are immediately halted. CHANGE OF GAIT. 396. The changes of gait, in column of pieces, are exe- cuted by the following commands from the captain : To pass from the walk to jf trot. 1. Trot. 2. March. To pass from a trot to a walk. 1. Walk. 2. Makch. At the first command, repoatod by the chiefs of sections, all the drivers and others on horseback prepare to change the gait; and at the second, repeated in like manner, they pass at once to the gait indicated by the^ first command. TO FORM SECTIONS. 897. When the battery is marching at a walk in column of pieces, to form «ecfcions at the same gait by gaining ground to the left, the captain commands : 1. Form sections, hft oLUquc. 2. March. 8.' Guide right. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 129 The chifef of the leading section repeats the "Commands, Form section, left ohUque, March, Guig ground to the right accord- ing to the same principles and by inverse means. THE BATTERY BEING IN- COLUMN. OF PIECES, TO FORM - THE CAISSONkS ON THE FLANK. 39S. When the battery is in column of pieces with the caissons in re^, to form the pieces and caissons into separate columns, as in the fl^nk march of a "battery in line, the cap- tain commands : r. Caissons left (or caissons left, trot). 2. MARCH. 3. Guide right. These commands 'are repeated by t-hc chiefs of sections, the caissons oblique at once tcr thp left, gain the interval- of 14 yards, and place themselves opposite their pieces; the pieces closing upon each other at the same time to the usual dis- tance. The gait is regulated as in the formation of sections; and when the movement is performed at a walk, the leading oarriagc halts after advancing its own length. The chiefs of sections take,itheir places as in column of sections. The caissons are formed on the right according to the same principles and by inverse means. • *WBen the pieces rtre in rear, they are formed on the right or left of their caissons in the same manner and by corres- ponding comoiands. TO MARCH IN COLUMN. 899. The battery being in column at a halt, to advance, the captain conimands ; ' •' SCHOOL QF THE BATTERY. 131 1. Column, forward. 2. MaRCII. 3. Guide left (or right). The commands Forward, March; Giiide left (ov rifjht), are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the command March, all the carriages advance, the guide maintains the direction, and the. carriages, as well as the detachments of horse can- noneers, preserve their intervals and distances. TO MARCH BY A FLANK. 40(^jrhe battery being in column, in march or at a halt, to gain ground to the left, the captain commands : 1.' Column, h\j the left Jicink. 2. Marcu. ,The commands, By the ieft flanh^ March, are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At- the command March, each, car- riacjc wheels at once to the left. When the wheel is, nearly completed, the captain com- mands : 1. Forward. 2. Guide right. These commands are repeated by th'e chiefs of sections. At the command Forward, all. the carriages march direct to the front. ' * . ~ . The line is regularly established, and the carriages aligned in each rank, with their distances of 2, and intervals of 14 yards. The chiefs of sections take their places between the leading carriages as in line. "To cause the battery to resume its original direction, the captain commands : 1. Battery, hij tlie right flanh. 2. MaRCH. 8. Forward. 4. Guide left. ••The comraa'nds, .5[y the right fl an 7c, March; Forward; Guide left, are repeated and executed according to the prin- ciples before described. . * " After the flank jnareh, to march the battery in a direction opposite to the original one, the captain ^commands : 1. Battery, by the leftjla:nk. 2. MARCH. o. Forward. 4. Guide right. 182 SCHOOL OP THE BATTERY. In liorse artillery^ the flank march is executed accordinp; to the same principles and by the same commands. The lin« formed by the flank movement is established, and the car- riages aligned in each rank, with distances of 5 and intervals of 14 or 21 yards, jrccofding to the relative position of the pieces and caissons. The detachments wheel in the same di- rection as their pieces; and, after following them during a., part of the movement, place themselves by their sides, 2 yards- from the wheels, with the heads of their leading: horses on a line with the axle-trees of the limber. In marching by the. left fla.^k they are on the left of their pieces, and the re- verse when marching by the right. When suflScient.g^round has been gained to the flank, and the battery resumes its formation in column by marching in the original direction, the detachments wheel in the same direction as their pieces and place themselves in their rear.. But when the march in column is in the opposite direction, they resume their places by allowing their pieces to pass them and then falling in their rear. The flank march, to gain ground to the right, is executed according to the same principles and by inverse means. In each case the capJtain and the chief of the line of caissons change their direction to the left or right, and conform to the movements of the battery. • OBLIQUE MARCIL 401. The battery being in column, in n^areh or at a halt, to cause it to march obliquely to gain ground to the^front.and left; the captain commands : 1. Column, left ohli<^s>^ ^our pieces, trot). 2. March.. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections. - At the command March, the carriages of the front rank in each section continue to- march at a walk. Those of the rear rank execute the passage at a trot,. and resume the walk as soon as the-pa'ssage is completed. ABOUT IN COLU^IN. 403. The battery b'eingln column, in march or at a halt, to face it to tl*e rear, the ".captain coratnands : 1. -Pie.ces and caissons^ left about. 2. March. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections ; and at the second all the carriages execute the about. When the movement is about being completed the oaptain commands. Column, halt; or Forward, Guide right (or left); the commands, Halx, or Forward, Guide rigid (or left), are repieate(,l by the chiefs of sections. COUNTERMARCH IN COLUxMN. • 40'5. The battery being in column, in march or at a halt, to execute the countermarch in each section, the captain com- Giands : SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 135 1. Countermarcli. 2.- March. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections, and at the second, each piece and its caisson execute the counter- marcli. When the movement is about being completed, the captain commands, Oolumn, Halt; or For ward; Guide ricjht (or left^. These commands are repeafced as in the, preceding' para- graph. TO CHANGE DIRECTION IN COLUMN. 40G. The battery being in column, in march or at a halt, to cause it to'change direction to the left, the captain com- mands : Head of column to ilie^'left. The chief of the leading section commands, Lrft wliccl — IMarch; and afterward. Forward. At the command March, the pivot carriage executes the wheel without changing the gait. The carriage^ on the wheeling flank wheels in such a manner as to conform to its movement; increasing the gait, and preserving the intervals. At the command- Forward, the pivot carriage moves direct to the front, and the other resumes its ori«^inal gait after completing the wheel and ar- riving upon 'the same' line. The carriages of the rear rank preserve their distance and follow those" of the front rank. Each of the other sectians, on arriving at the point where (he 'first Wheeled, executes the same movement, and by the same commands fron> its chief. Fjach chief of section must give the command Left wheel in time to command March,- when the heads of his Jeadetrs are 8] yards from the wheeling point. And the command Forward mpst be given as soon as the leading pivot carriage has entereji the new direction. The change of direction to the right is executed ficcording to the same princfples and by inverse means. 'An oplique chang'e of -direction is executed accordiqg to the same principles, by the command : Head of column — left (or r.i(jht') halficlieel. 136 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. The chiefs of sections command, successively, Left (or right) half-wheel — March — Forward ; the command For- ward being given, in this case, when the leading pivot car- riage of each section is about finishing the left or right oblique. ' TO DIMINISII THE ^FRONT 0^ A COLUMN ON THE MARCH- 407. The battery marching at a walk^in column of sections, to form column of pieces from the riglit, at that gait, the captain commands : 1. Bi/ tlte right, hreah sections. 2. March. - The chief of the leading section commands, successively, after the captain, Bj^ the right, break section; March. At the command March, the two riglit carriages of the leading section continue to march at a walk, and all the other car- riages halt. The left' carriages of the leading section remain halted, until the leaders of the leading carriage are passed by the wheel horses of the- .rear' carriage on the right. They then oblique to tbe right, take their places in column, and follow the iwo leading carriages. Tlie other sections are bro- ken in succession by the same commands from their chiefs; the command Marqh being given when the wheel horses of the left carriages of the next preceding section enter the right oblique. ~ ■ ' ■ ' When the column is •-marching at a trot, the column of pieces is formed according to the same principles and by the same commands. But in' this case«the carriages whith halted before slacken the gait to a walk, and resume the. trot to obliquo-and enter the column. When the column is at a- halt, the movement is executed as prescribed for a column marching at a walk ; the two right carriages of the leading section moving forward at a walk at the command March. The battery miu'ching at a walk in coluijin of sections, to f(5rm column of pieces from the right at "Ul trot, the captain commands : 1. By the right, break sections, trot. 2. March. The chief of the leading section commands; successively, •SCHOOL OF THE EATTERY. 13.7 after the eaiptaiUy B^- the ru/ht, break section, trot ; March; and tlie right carriages of -the leading section move forward at a inoderafce trot. The left' carriages of the saiiie section commence the trot on obliquing to enter, the column. The other sections are broken successively b}' the same commands from their chiefs; and the carriages are regulated by each other, as in breaking sections at a jV'^lk. This formation is executed from the left, aceoji'ding tothe same principles aiid by inverse m'eans. IN COLUMN WITH THE CATSS0K3 ON THE FLANK, TO REPLACE THEM IN FRONT OR REAR. . .* 408. The 'battery being in column' with the caissons on thQ tjie iiank, to re-establish theiu in rear of their pieces, the cap- tain commands : 1. Camo^is, rear (or caissons, rear, trot.) 2. March. Each chief of section repeats the commands in time to codi- mand March, when the leading piece of his section is to commence the inovemcn-t. The piece at the head of the column moves forward with the required gait, and its caisson places 'itself in rear by an oblique. The other pieces move forward in succession, and are followed by their caissons in like manner. All the carriages preserve the usual distance in column. This movement is performed with the different gaits, and aceor<]ing to the .principles prescribed for breaking sections. The formation for placing the caissons in front is executed by the commands, Caissuiis, front, (or (aissous,J'ronf, trot ;) IVIakch; the caissons obliquing successively in front of their pieces. TO TASS FROM THE ORDER IN COLUMN TQ THE ORDER IN LINE, AND THE REVERSE. Tn all formations in line or column, the movements are the same, whether ^he pieces- or caissons leadr • ^ FORWAJRD INTO LINE. 409. The battery being in column at-a halt,' to form it into 138 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.' line on the head of the column, gaining ground to the left, the captain commands : . 1. Forv-ard into line, left olliqne. 2. March. 3. Guide right. 4. Front. At the first command, the chief of the leadinoj section com- mands, Section, foricard, and those of the other sections, Section, left ohlique. At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the leading section moves to the front, and its chief -repeats the command for . the guide. After advancing 18 yards, or for. horse artillery twenty-two, he com- mOrnds, Seel ion, halt; lliijht — Dress. Each of the other chiefs of sections repeats the command for the guide, and conducts his section by a left oblique, until by the direct march it may gain its proper interval from the section immediately onits right. He then commands For- ward, and when within four yards of the line. Section, haltj Ri(jht — Dress. When the battery is aligned, the captain, commands Front. The movement, is executed on the- opposite flank, according 'to the same principles, and hy inverse means. In. this case the commands are. Forward into line, riylit ohlique, March-7 Guide left, FRONT. The formation forward into line by a right or left t)bliqiie, is executed in a similar manner when the column is in march. In tliis case the chief of the leading section G;ives n'o command except for the guide, until he has advanced the distance before prescribed. He then halts his section as before. TO FORM LINE FACED TO THE REAR. 410. The battery being in column at S, halt, to form it into line faced to the rear, on the head of the colutnn gaining gi'ound to the -left, the captain commands: r. Into line, faced, to the rear, left ohlique. 2. MARCH. 3. Guide right. 4. Front. At the fif^t command, .the cWef of the leading section com- mands, Section, forward ; and t^iose of the other sections. Section, left ohliqiir.. At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of sections*^ the movement is executed as in No. SCHOOL OP THE BATTERY. 139 400, with the ex.ception of the alignment. When the leading section has advanced 18 yards, or for horse artillery 22, it is halted by its chief until the centre section arrives upon the sanieline. He then commands, Countermarch — March; and when the countermarch is nearly completed, Section — Halt ; Left — Dress. ^ ' - j . The centre section is halted ugon.the line, in like manner, until the left section contes up, and is then countermarched and aligned by the same commands. When the left section arrives upon the line, it is counter- marched before halting, and then aligned like the rest. When the centre and. left sections are countermarched, the commands, Halt, Left — Dress, should be given-, if possilfle, when they are four yards in 'rear of the line on which the leadiuo; section is established. When the battery is al-igucd, the captain commands Fronj. The movement is executed on the opposite flank, according to the same principles and by inverse means. The formation into line, faced to the rear, by a right or left oblique, is executed in a similar manner when the -polumn is in march. In this case, as the leading section is already in motion, its chief only repeats the command for the guide, as in No. 409. TO FORM LINE TO THE RIGHT OH LEFT. 411. The battery being in column, in march, or at a, halt, tq form it into line tothe left, the captain commands : 1. Left into Iine,.ic7ieel. 2. MARCH, o. i>a^/er^^HALT. .4. Left — DREfes. 5. -Front. A,fc tne first command, the chiefs of sections command, Section, left wheel; and at the second, \vhich they repeat, all the sections wheel to' the left. Each chief of section com- mands, I^hrward, Guide left, as soon as his leading pivot carriage has taken a new direction. AVhen the roar carriages have completecLthe wheel» and the sections are in line, the captain cotnmands, Battery — Halt; Left — :D«EHS. ' The commands, Halt, /y^/z-^-DRESS, are repeated by the 140 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. chiefs of sections, and when the align caent is completed, the cap.taincommands Front. The battery is formed into line to the right according to the same principles, and by inverse mcana. ' TO FOPyM LINE ON THE RIGHT OP. LEFT. 412. The battery marching in column, to form it into line on the right, the captain commands: 1. Oil the rujla into line. 2. Makcii. 3. Guide right. 4. L'^RONT. ^ At the first command, the chief of the leaiing section com- mands, Section, rit/ht icheel ; and at. the second, which he repeats, the section wheels to the right. As soon as the lead- ing, piyot carriage enters the new direction, he commands, Forward, Guide right; and as the section completes the wheel nnd unmasks the column, he commands, Section — Halt ; Right — DRE;ii3. • - The chiefs of the other sections repeat the command for the guide, and their sections continue tu move forward. As each section passes the one preceding it in the formation, its chief •establishes it on the line, with the' proper interval, by the sanie commands. The commands. Section — Halt; Right — Dress, are given when the section is four yards in rear of the Hue. ' When the battery is aligned, the captain com^raands Front. The line is formed on the left according:; to the same princi- ples, and by inverse means. The commands are, .On the left 'i"/:^7<,'7ic, March; Guide left; Front. "When the column is .at a halt, the line is formed on the right or ^eft in the same manner. In this case, the chiefs of the two rear sections command, Section, forward^ aitd after- wards repeat the commands, MARCii ; Guide riglu (or- left.) TO BREAK INTO COLUMN TO THE FRONT. 413.. The battery being in line at a halt, to break into column io the front from the right, the captain comman^ds : 1. Bjj section from the right, front into column. '2. March. 3. Guide left. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. l4l At the first coramftnd, the chief of the right section cora- , niands, Scrlion, forward ; ;uid those of the other sections, Section, right oblique. At the commnnd Marcft, repeated by the chief of the right section, that section moves forward, and its chief repeats the co.nKnand for the guide. E;ich of the other chiefs of sections repeats the commands, March, Guide I^/t, n?iev the section on his right has com- menced the movement, and when the leaddi's of its rear car- riages are in line with him". After obliquing sufficiently to gain the rear of the preceding section, he commanjds For- ward. The movement is executed from the left according to the same principles and. by inverse means. TO BREAK INTO COLUMN TO THE RTJAR. . 414. The battery being in line, in march or at a Jialt, to break into column to the rear from one of the flanks, the cap- tain executes an about or a countermarch, according to the kind of carriage he may wish in front, then halts the battery; and breaks it into column to the front by the preceding manoeuvre. TO BREAK INTO COLUMN TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. 415. The battery being^ in line, in march, or at a halt, to break it into column to the left, the captain commands : .1. Bi/ section, left loheel. 2. March. 3. Forward. 4. Guide left. At the first command, the chiefs of sections command, Section, left icheel ; and at the second, repeated by those chiefs, all the sections wheel to the left. When the wheels are nearly completed, the captain commands, Forward, Guide left, and the chiefs of sections repeat the commands. When the column is not to advance, the command, Cohimn, halt, is substituted for Forward, Guide hft. The battery is bvokcn into column to the right according to the same principky, and by invewe means. 142 SCHOOL or tre lattery. TO BREAK INTO COLUMN TO THE FRONT FROM ONE • FLANK, TO MARCH TOWARDS THE OTHER. 416. The battery being iu line at a halt, to break from tho right to'march to the left, the ciiptain commands : 1. Bi/ section, hreah from the rigfit^ to march to the left. 2. March, o. Guide left. At the first command, the chief of the right section com- mands, jSection, forward ; '■and at the second, which he repeats, the section moves forward, and be commands, Guide left. After advancing 11 yards, he chansjes the direction to the left by the commands, Section, left icheel ; March; For- ward. Each of the other chiefs of sections command. Section, forward, in time to command March', when the limber wheels of the rear carriages in the section preceding his own arrive in front of him. He then conducts the section to the front, changes its direction to the left, and places it in rear of the preceding section by the commands already prescribed for the section on the right. The battery is broken from the left to march to the right, according to the same principles, and by inverse means. TO BREAK INTO COLUMN TO THE REAR FROM ONE FLANK, TO MARCH TOWARDS THE OTHER. 417. The battery being in line at a halt, to break to the rear from one flank to march towards the other, the captain first executes an about or countermarch, according to the kind of carriage he may wish in front. He then halts the battery and executes the preceding manoeuvre. TO BREAK INTO COLUMN TO THE FRONT WHEN THE BATTERY IS MARCHING IN LINE. 4i8. The battery marching in line at a walk, to "break into column to the front from the right, and at the sainc gait, tho cJiptain commands : 1. 7iy the riyht, hreah into sections. 2. March. 3. Guide left. . SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 14 o Tlio .chief of the right section repeats the command for the guide, and his section continues to move at the same gait. A,t the command Marc a, the other sections -are halted by the oomm-;xndj Section — Halt, from their chiefs. . The halted sections are put in motion successively by their chiefs, each- commanding, Seclion, right ohli^uej in time to command March, when the leaders of the rear carriages in the section on his right arrive opposite to him. The sections oblique and enter the column as described in No. 413. AVhen the battery 'is marching at a trot, the movement is executed, according to the ssmuc principles. But the sections which halted in t-lie- preceding case slacken the gait to a walk at the commands, Walky March, from their chiefs. They again trot and enter the column by the commands, Section, i ir/ht ohlirjue] trot ; March; Forward. When the battery is marching in line at a walk, to break into column from the right at a trot, the captain commands : 1. Bj/ the right break into seciio7is, trot. 2. March. 3. Guide left. At the first command, the chief of the right section com- mands, tr.ot ; and at the" second, which he repeats, the section changes its gait to a trot. He afterwards repeats the com- mand Guide left. Each of the other sections continues to march at a walk until required to enter the Column, when' its chief conducts it, as already described, by the commands. Section, right ohli que, trot ; March; Forward., The battery is broken into column from the left, according to the same principles, and by inverse means. r TO FORM LINE ADVANCING. 419. When the battery is marching in column at a walk, to form it into line at a trot, gaining ground to the left, and" continue the march, the captain commands : 1, Form line advancing, left ohlirpie, trot. 2. March. 3. Guide right. The chief of Ihe' leading section repeats the command for the guide; and his goction continues to move at a walk. 114 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERt. At the first command, the chiefs of the other sections com- mand, Scclion, left oblique, trot. The command March is repeated by the same chiefs; and when the oblique move- ment is commenced, they repeat the command, Guide right. Each chief commands Forward, as soon as his section has obliqued sufficiently to the left, and Walk, in time to command March, as it arrives on the line. When the battery is marching in column at a trot, the movement is executed according to the same principle. In this case the captain does not comuiantl frot; and the chief of the leading section commands Walk, Mahch, successively, after the first and second commands of the captain. The chiefs of the other sections t!;ive the same' commands as their sections arrive on the line. The movement is executed so as to gain ground" to the right, according to the same principles and by inverse means. ^ TO FORM DOUBLE COLUMJ^ ON THE CENTRE SECTION. 420. The battery being in line at a halt, to form -double column on the centre section, the captain commands : 1. Double column on the centre. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or left.') At the first command, the chief of the centre section com- mands. Section, forward; the chief 'of the right section, Section, left oblique; and the chief of the left section, Sec- tion, right oblique. At the command March, repeated by the chief of the centre section, that section marches to the front, and its chief repeats the command for the guide. When the wheel horses in the rear ranis of the centre sec- tion have passed the leaders in the front rank-o^he other sections, the chiefs of those sections repeat the command JVIarch, and the sections commence the oblique. When the piece nearest the column is about entering it, in each of these sections, the chief of the right section com- mands, By the left, break section, March; and the chief of the left, By the right, break section, March. The right and left sections, without change of gait, then form into columns of pieces in rear of the right and left carriages of the centre Bectfon. BCnoOLOP THE BATTERY. 145 Tlio chiefs af the flank sections are careful to make their pieces enter the column at the proper time. And when the column is formed thej place themselves 4 yards outside of it, the senior opposite the headers of his leading carriage, the other opposite the leaders of the front carriage of his rear piece. The chief of the line of caissons follows the movement, sees. that his carriages do not enter the column too soon, and, when the column is formed, places himself 4 yards in rear of the centre. When the battery is marching at a walk, to form the double colpmn at the same gait, the captain commands : 1. Double column on the centre. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or left.^ The chief of the centre section repeats the command fo|' the guide, and the section continues to advance. At the command March, the other sections are halted by the command, Seclion, Halt, from their chiefs. They are afterwards formed into column by the commands and means prescribed for forming double column from a halt. When the battery is marching at a trot, the double column is formed according to the same principles. In this case the flank sections pass to a walk, instead of halting as before, and resume the trot to oblique, and enter the column. The com- mands from their chiefs are. Walk — March ; Section, left (or right,) oblique, trot — March, and, i?y the left (or right,) break section — March. When the battery is marching at a walk, to form the double column at a trot, t/he captain commands : 1. Double column on the centre, trot. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or left.) At the first command, the chief of the centre section com- mands Trot. At the second, which he repeats, the section moves forward at a moderate trot, and he repeats the command for the guide. • The flank sections continue to walk until the centre has ad- vanced sufficiently to allow them to oblique, and arc^ then formed into column as already prescribed, their chiefs com- manding, Section, left (or right) oblique, trot — MARCH; and, B(/ the left (or right,) ^break section — March. To form the double column with a battery of four pieoee", 7 146 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. the captain gives the same commands as with a battery of six v The right section is broken into column of pieces by the left, and the left section by the right. The chief:?, of sections place themselves on the outer flanks of the column, as directed for the flank sections of the battery of six pieces. The senior chief repeats the command for the guide, and gives such other com- mands^as are required for the head of the column ; the leading carriages moving as a section for the time being. TO DEPLOY THE DOUBLE COLUMN INTO LINE TO THE FRONT. 421. The battery being in double column at a halt, to forna it into line to the front, the captain commands : 1. Forward, into line. 2. March. 3. Front. At the first command, the chief of the centre section com- mands, Section, forward; the chief of the right section, Section, into line, right ohlicj^ue ; and the chief of the left section, Section, into line, left oblique. At the command March, repe^^ted by these chiefs, the centre section advances five yards, audits chief commands, Section, Halt; Right (or Zf/0— Dress. The flank sections oblique to the right and left; and as their pieces arrive in rear of their proper places on the line, they move forward, halt, and dress towards the centre without command. As soon as the battery is aligned, the captain commands Front. When the column is marching, the movement is executed in the same manner. In this case the chief of the centre section does nob command. Section, forward — March; but halts and aligns his section after advancing 5 yards. 422. When the column is marching at a trot, to deploy it into line to the front at the same gait, without discontinuing the march, the captain command!?: 1. Form line advancing. 2. March. 8. Guide right (or left). At the first command, the chief of the centre section com- mands, Walk; the chief of the right section. Section, into liney right oblique ; and the chief of the left section, Section,' SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 147 into line, left ohliquc. At tlie command March, repeated by these cliiefs, the centre section slackens its gait to a walk, and the flank sections deploy. As each piece arrives upon the line, its gait is changed to a wall^^without command. The movement is executed as in the preceding cases; but wheu the line is formed it continues to advance; the captain com- manding Guide ri'jlit (ov ?(?/^), which command is repeated by the chiefs of sections. When the column is marching at a.' walk, to deploy it into line to the front at a trot, without discontinuing the march, the captain commands : . 1. Form line adcanciiig, trot. 2. MARCH. 3. Guide right (or left). At the lirst command, the chief of the right section com- mands, Section, into line, right oblique, trot; and the chief of the left section. Section, info line, left ohlicj[ue, trot. At the command March, repeated by these chiefs, the Hank sec- tions deploy at a trot; the centre section continues to march at a walk; and, the line having been formed as in the pre- ceding case, the captain gives the command for the guide. "When the battery consists of four pieces, the double col- umn is deployed into line to the front by the same commands from the captain as when it consists of six. The chiefs of sections give the same commands as in. the other case, and then their sections are formed as in No. 397. When the line is to be halted, as in forming forward, into line, the senior chief commands. Halt — Right (or left) Dress, as soon as the leading carriages have advanced 5 yards; and the align- ment is made upon the central carriages. TO FORM Tlir, DOUBLE COLUMN INTO LINE TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. Vl^i. The battery being in double column at a halt, to form it into line to the right, the captain commands : • 1. To and on the right into line. 2. MARCH. 3. Front. At the first command, the chief of the leading section com- mauls, Sution, right ichetl; and the other chiefs of sectioned; 148 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. Foricard. At the second, repeated by those chiefs, the lead- ing section wheels to the right and is established oy the line as in No. 412. The other pieces advance under the direction of their chiefs and of jhe chiefs of sections, wheel to the right in succession as they arrive opposite their places, estab- lish themselves on the line, and dress upon the pieces already aligned. When the alignment is completed, the captain com- mands Front. When the column is marching, the line is formed to the right in the same manner, except that the chiefs of the, flank sections omit the commands, Forward^ March. The line is formed to the left according to the same principles and by inverse means. When the battery, consists of four pieces, the double, col- umn is deployed into line to the right or left by the same commands from the captain, as when it consists of six. In this case the leading pieces are wheeled to the right or left, as a section, and established on the line. For this purpose the senior chief of section commands, Right (or left^ ivhccl — March — Forward — Guide right (or /e/;^)— Halt — Right (or left^ Dress. The other pieces move forward, wheel in succession as they arrive opposite their places, and form on the line as already described. MOVE-MENTS IN LINE. TO ADVANCE IN LINE. 424. The battery being in line at a halt, to cause it to ad- vance, the captain indicates to the guide the points on which he is to march, and commands : 1. Battery^ forward. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or left^. The commands, Forward — March — Guide right (or7^//'), are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the comman^ March, all the carriages move forward at a walk, and the chiefs of sections preserve the alignment towards that chief of carriage who serves as guide of the line. The guide marches steadily in the given direction, and the chiefs of car* riages regulate their inteiTals and alignment, by him. i SCHOOL OP THE BATTERY. 149 The carriages -of tliG rear rank follow those in front at their appropriate distance of 2 yards. The chief of the line of caissons superintends the march of the rear rank of carriages, and moves wherever his presence may be necessary for that purpose. In liorse artillery the detachments preserve their align- ments, and follow their pieces at the proper distance. TO HALT THE BATTERY AND ALIGN IT. 425. When the battery is marching in line, to halt and align it, the captain commands : 1. Battery — Halt. 2. Right (or left') — Dress. 3. Front. The commands, . Halt — Right (or left) — Dress, are re- peated by the chiefs of sections. At the first command, the carriages and detachments halt, and at the second, align them- selves by the right (or left) in their respective ranks; the carriages dressing by the drivers of their wheel horses. The carriages are placed as squarely on the line- as possible with- out opening or closing the intervals. The captain superin- tends the alignment of the front rank of carriages, and the chief of the line of caissons that of the rear; each placing himself for that purpose on the flank of the guide. When the battery is aligned, the captain commands Front, When the battery is halted, if it cannot be aligned by slight movements, the captain causes one or two carriages from one of the flanks or centre- to advance 4 yards, or to a greater distance if necessary, and then causes the alignment to 6e made by the right, left, or centre, by the command Right, left, or, on tJic centre, Dress. At this command, the carriages and detachmcntts move forward and align themselves according to the principles just explained ; the drivers halt- ing a little in rear of the line, and dressing forward, so as to place, the carriages as squarely upon it as possible. TO CHANGE DIRECTION IN LINE. 426. The battery being in line at a halt, to wheel it to the right, the captain commands : 150 SCHOOL or THE battery. 1. Battery, rir/Jtt lolieel. 2. March. 3. Forward. 4. Batter)/— Raj,t. 5, Right — Dkess. 6. Front. The commands, Right wheel, — March, Forward, Halt, Right — Dress, are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the command March, the pivot carriage moves at a walk, and describes a quadrant (22 yards) of a circle, whose radius is 14 yards. The other carriages move at *a trot and preserve their intervals from the pivot. They regulate theii> gaits according to their distances from the pivot, so as to re- main as short a time as possible in rear of the line, without urging their horses injuriously, and so as to arrive upon it in succession. The carriafi^es of the rear rank follow at the • proper distance in the tracks of those in front. At the command Forward, which is given when' the lead- ing pivot carriage has described its arc of 22 yards, that car- riage moves direct to the front; and when the rear pivot car- riage is in the new direction, the captain commands, ^Batteri/, Halt — Right— Dry,s^. The commands Forward — Halt— -_ Right — Dress, are repeated by the chief of the right section immediately after the captain; and by the other chiefs in time to be applicable to their sections; the pivot carriages halting at the command Halt, and the others halting and dressing towards the pivot as they arrive in succession on the line. When the battery is aligned, the captain commands Front. The battery is wheeled to the left according to the same principles and by inverse means. 427. When the battery is at a halt or marching in line, to- wheel it to the right and continue the march, the captain com- mands : • 1. Battery, right wheel. 2. March, o. Forward. • T-he movement is executed as already described, except that the pivot carriage, after wheeling, continues to march in the new direction, and the others conform to its gait- and di- rection ns they arrive on the line. The direction is changed- to the left according to the same principles and by inverse means. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 151 TO CLOSE INTERVALS IN LINE. 428. When the battery is marcbing in line at a walk or ferot^ to diminish its intervals^ the captain commands : 1. Oil right (or left) piecCy df section, to yards — close intervals. 2. .March. • The chief of the section designated repeats the command, Oil right (or left^ pie^e,- to yards — close intervals; and the other chiefs of sections command, Vt'/r^ 7*7 (oTleft) to yards — clo'se intervals. At the word March, repeated by the same chiefs, the piece designated as the one of direction moves forward at a walk, and the others oblique towards it at a trot. 3^]ach obliquing^ carriage regulates its march by the one next the carriage of direction, and, aftx3r closing to the prescribed interval, moves forward on the alignment of the directing carriage and slackens the. gait to a walk. As soon as the intervals are closed, 4ho command for the guide is renewed by the captain, and repeated bj?^ the chiefs of sections. When the intervals are closed towards one of the flanks, the captain commands : 1. On right (or left) piece, to yards — close intervals. 2. March. ABOUT OR COUNTERMARCFI WITH DIMINISHED INTERVALS. 429. The battery being in line with diminished intervals, in march or at a halt, to execute an about or countermarch, the captain commands : 1. Pieces and caissons — left about (qy countermarch.) 2. Right pieces forward (or right pieces forward — trot.) 3. March. The chiefs of sections repeat these commands. At the second, the right caMages of each section move forward, and as soon as they are disengaged from the line, the captain com- mands, March. All the carriages execute the required movement at this command^ with the pjait corresponding to that of the carriages in front. The ri^ht carriages; return to the line asrain after *' ' 'on of the movement. 152 SCHOOL OF the battery. TO RESUME INTERVALS. 430. When the battery is marclung in line with dimin- ished intervals, to cause the regular intervals to be resumed^ the captain commands : 1. On right (or left) -piece of ,section — full intervals . 2. March. The chief of the section designated repeats the first com- mand; and. the other chiefs of sections command, From the right (or left) — full intervals. At the word March, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the carriage of direction in each rank continues to march to' the front, and the others oblique from it at an increased gait to regain their interyals. "Each carriage regulates its march by the one adjoining towards the carriage of direction, and, when the interval is regained;, moves forward on the alignment and resumes its gait. .As soon as the mo'^ment is completed, the command for the guide is renewed by the captain. When the intervals are to be resumed from one of the flanks, the captain commands: 1. On right (or hft) piece^full intervals. 2. March. PASSAGE OF OBSTACLES. 431. When a battery is marching in line, to pass an obsta- cle which presents itself in front of one of the sections, the captain commands : 1. Section. 2. Obstacle. At the word Obstacle, the chief of. the section designated observes the obstacle, and gives the necessary commands- for closing on one of the adjoining sections, removing from it, breaki'ng his section, or halting it and forming in column in rear of one of the -adjoining sections. The section generally resumes the reguh^r m.arch by means the inver,se of those used for passing the obstacle. It resumes its place at an in- creased gait, and by the commands, Section into line — March^ from its chief. SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 153' The passage of defiles is nothing more than the passage of obstacles, which requires the line to be broken into column of sections, by one of the manoeuvres prescribed for passingfrom the order in line to the order in column. When it becomes necessary to break the sections, they should be formed again in succession by their chiefs as soon as the ground will permit. FORMATIONS IN BATTERY. IN LINE, WITH PIECES IN FRONT, TO FORM IN BATTERY TO THE FRONT. 432. When the battery is in line at a halt, with the pieces in front, to form the battery to the front, the captain com- mands : 1. In battery. 2. Guide left 3. March. These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the command In battery, the caissons stand fast, and the pieces advance. The intervals and alignment are preserved, and the -chiefs of pieces and sections march at their places in line. At the command March, which is given as soon as they have advanced 17 yards, the chiefs of pieces and sections halt, and the pieces execute an about. As soon as the about is completed, the pieces are halted, unlimbered, and prepared for firing ; the limbers being taken to their places in battery by an about. « When the cannoneers are marching by the sides of their pieces, they halt at the command March, allow their pieces to pass them, change sides, and move forward to the posts they are to occupy, when their pieces have completed the about. They are not required to observe any particular order during this movement.. When the cannoneers are mounted on the ammunition chests, those on'the caissons dismount and run to their posts at the command In battery^ Those on the pieces dismount after the about. The chiefs of pieces and sections take their posts in battery as soon as the formation is completed. ' J )-> horse aj'line?y, the movement is executed in tlif^ same! 154 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. manner, and by the same commands. I3ut the pieces advance only 10 yards before executing the about. The horses of the detachments do not advance. But at the aommand In bat- tery, the cannoneers dismount and run to their posty. After, the formation, the captain rectiiies the alignment, if necessary. When the battery is marching in line with the pieces in front, it is formed in battery to the front, according to the same principles, and by the commands, In battery, March. The cais.sons halt at the command In battery; and in horse artillery the detachments do the same, the cannoneers dis- mounting and running to their posts. TO FORM IN BATTERY TO THE FRONT BY THROWING THE CAISSONS TO THE REAR. > 433. When the battery is in line at a halt, with the pieces in front, to form in battery to the front by throwing the cais- sons to the rear, the captain commands : Action front. At this command, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the pieces are unlimbered and wheeled about by hand ; the lim- bers reversing to the' left at the same time, and taking their places in battery, as described in the school of the piece. No. 244. The caissons reverse to the left, move to the rear, reverse^gain to the left, and take their places in battery. AVhen the cannoneers. are mount^ed on the ammunition ch'estSj they dismount and run to their posts, at the command Action front. In Itor^e artlUeri/, wl^^n this mode of coming into action is resorted to, the detachments move to the posts belonging to their horses in battery, before dismounting, except when the number of horses is so small that theymay be led to the roar by the liorse holders. In. this case, the captain commands Ca?2«o«cers, Dismount; immediately after. Action front. When the detachments conduct their horses to the rear, they dismount without command fromthc captain. The battery is generally in line at a halt, when this mode of coming into action is resorted to. It may also be used ip sijpcessive formations by giving the command Action front SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 155 wlien a part of the battery has been halted on the line. But with bad ground or heavy pieces, this mode of coming into action should not be used. ^ IX LINE, WITH CAISSONS IN FRONT, TO FORM IN BATTERY TO THE FRONT. 434. Whcn^thobattery isinlineata halt, with the cais- sons in front, to form in battery to the front, the captain commands : • " ^ r 1. Pieces, pass ijour caissons. 2. March. 3. In battery. 4. Guide left. 5. March. ^ These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections • the pieces pass their caissons, and at the command In battery given as soon as the pieces have passed their caissons, the formation is executed as- prescribed in No. 432. In horse artlUcri/, the command In bat-tery is'dven when the detachments have passed the caissons. When the battery is marching in line, with the caissons in tront, it_ IS formed in battery to the front accordine majors and captain of the first battery repeat the first couiinanJ ; the other captains command: Column, foV' imtrd — head <>f column, left linlfiohccl. Af the word Makcii, repeated by the majors and the cap- tain of* the firbt* battery, that battery forms as prescribed in No. 409. The captains of the other batteries pbico themseU-es in line with the heads of their columns, to direct them. Each chi,cf of the first section of each of those batteries commands at once, Left wheel, Forward; the other sections move forward and wheel on the same ground where the first sc.ction wheeled. The captains of the last three batteries couimand Guide 'right as soon as their first sections have wheeled to the left. Each battery, thus formed in column, is directed diagonally 52 yards in rear of the batter^ which precedes it in the forhiation, and opposite to the point "where its right ought to rest in the line of battle. The captain* of the sf cond battery commands, Head of COLUMN, RIOHT HALF WHEEL, when the right of his first section reaches the point iodicatc^ ahove ; he then commands, Forward, into line — left oblique, in time to command March, when his second section has wheeled to the riiirht. This bat- tery forms as pvesciibed .for the first. The captains of the other ■ batteries conform to what is prescribed for the second battery. . The batteries being aligned, the colonel commands Front. The formation forward into line, left or right oblique, are executed in the same manner, when the column is in march. In this case, the captains of the last three butleries, being iu march, only command : Head of column, left half wheel. TO FORM FACED TO THE REAR, INTO LINE. 488. .The batteries being in column by section, at a halt, to form them, faced to the rear, into line, on the head of column, gaining ground towards one of the flunks, the colonel commands : . 1. Faced to the rear, info line — left (^or right) ohlique. 2. March. The Hret command is repeated by tho majors and the oaptaiu EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 197 of the first battery 5 the captains of the other batteries com- mand : Column, forwanl — head of column, h'ft half ichecl. At the word March, ropeated by the same officers, the movement is executed according to the principles of No. 487, except the alignment. Each battery is formed faced to the rear into line, in line with the battery which precedes it on the side of the forma- tion, as in No. 410. The last section of each battery does not countermarch umil the first section of the battery which next follows has arrived in line with it. The batteries being aligned, the. colonel commands Front.. The formations are executed in the same manner when the column is in march. TO- FORM TO THE LEFT (OR RIGHT), INTO LINE. 480. The batteries being in column by section, at a halt, to form thorn, to the left (or right), into line, the colonel com mantis: 1. To the.left, (or right,) info line. 2. March. At the first command, which is repeated by the majors, the captains command, Lf^/f into line, icheel. At the word March, repeated by the same officers, the movement is executed, at once, by each battery, as prescribed in No. 411. TO FORM ON THE 'RIGHT (OR LEFT), INTO LINE. 490. The batteries marching in column by section, to form them on the right (ur left), into line, the colonel commands : 1. On the right (or hft), into line. 2. March. At the. word IMarctt, the first battery forms as prescribed in No 412. The captains of the other batteries command Guide right, place thtrm.sclves at the heads of their columns to direct them, %ud conmiand, successiyely, On the rigJif, into Hue, in time to comnuinil Makch, when their first sections arrive at the p.-fnt where they must wheel to the right, to form at their proper 198 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. intervals on the line of battle. The batteries being aligned, the colonel commands Front. TO FOR:\r TO THE LEFT (OR RIGHT), AND FORWARD INTO LINE. 491. The batteries marching in column by section, and having changed direction towards one of -itsiianks, to form them into line, fronting the same direction as the original line of march, the colonel halts the column, before the rear section of the battery which last entered the new direction has finished its wheel, and commands : 1. To the left (or rir/ht), and forward, into line. 2. MARCH. At the first command, each major, according to the position of his b-itteries, repeats the whole of that command, or only gives that part of it which corresponds with the movement he has to execute. The captains of the batteries which have changed direction command. Left into line, wheel ; the cap- tain of the battery which follows next to. those which have changed direction, commands: Column^ forward ; and the captains who follow him command, Column, forward — head of column, left half wheel. At the word March, repeated by these officers, they con- form, respectively, in each portion of the column to what is prescribed for to the left into line, and forward into line — left ohlupie. The captain of the battery which has first to form for- V)ard into line, will take care not to give the command March, which follows forward, into line — left oblique, until the head of his column has passed 10 yards over the rear of the line-of-battle. The batteries being aligned, the colonel commands Front. TO FORM TO THE LEFT (OR RIGHT,) AND FACED TO THE REAR INTO LINE. 492. The batteries marching in column by section, and a part of th-e column having changed direction towards one of • its flanks, to form them into line faced towards the rear of the original direction of the line of march, the colonel halts the EV.OLUTIONS OF EATTEIIIES. 199 column before the last seotion of the battery, which is chang-' ing direction, has completed its'wheelyand commands: 1. To the left (or right,^ and faced to the rcaVj into line, 2. March. At the first command, .each major repeats tbie whole of that command, or only that part of it which is applicable to the movement he has to execute. The captains of the batteries which have changed direction command, Left intojine, wheel ; the captain of tlu battery which follows next to those which have changed direction commands, Into line, faced- to the rear — right ohli que ; the captains of the batteries wbich have not changed direction command, Column , forward — head of column, right half wheel. At the word March, repeated by the same officers, they conform, respectively, in each portion of the column, to what is prescribed for forming to the left into line, and faced to the rear into line — right oblique. • '. The batteries being aligned, the colonel commands, Front. TO FORM FORWARD INTO LINE, ON A LINE PASSED BY THE HEAD OF COLUMN. 493 The batteries being in column by section, at a halt, to form them forward into line on a line which the head of column has passed, throwing the front batteries to the right (or left,) the colonel- commands : 1. On the,, third (aecond or fourth) hattery, forward into line — front batteries to the right (or left.) 2. MarciJ. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains of the batteries which precede the formation command, By aection, right lohecl. The captain of the battery of formation commands, Forward into line — left oblique. The captains of the batteries which follow the battery of form.ation command, Column, forward — head of column, left half wheel. At tlie word march, repeated by the same officers, the bat- tery of formation and those in reir of it, execute what is prescribed for forward into line — left oblique, No 487. The batteries which precede the battery of formation, wheel to the right by section; when the pivot carriages finish the wheel, the captaiift command, Forward, direct their bat- 200 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIBg, teri^s perpeodiculirly to the original -line of march and coni- firand, B}/ Hcclion, riyht wheel, so as- to cbnrm-uid, MarCH, ■when the front of tbeir batteries are 4 y.arcjs .short of their proper intervalto the right, of the baltery of formation. The batteries execute agaifi a wheel to the right by soetion, and as soon as the column is thus developed, the captains couform to what is prescribed fi^r forming f^ced to the rear^ into line — left oblique, No 488. The batteries being aligned, the colonel commands, J^ront. The battery of formation will always be^deployed, gaining ground to the left, when the batteries which precede it are thrown to the right, and the. reverse. TO FORM FACED TO THE EEAR, ON A LINE PASSED BY THE HEAD OF COLUMN. 494. The batteries beicfg in column 'by section, at a halt, to form them faced to the rear into line, on a line which the head of column has passed, throwing the front batteries to the right (or left,) the colonel commands: 1. On the third (arcovd or fourdi) hattcry, faced to the rear into line — Jrontbatteneiitotheii(jht\oYle-/t): 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains of the batteries which precede the battery of formation com- mand, i>y aection, riijht wjieal. The capiain of the ba^ttery of formation commands. Into, line, faced to the rear — left oblique. 'J he enptain-^ of batteries in rear of the' battery of forniation command, Cohunn, fonrard. — head of coltinui left 'h(df wheel. At the word MauCH, repeated by the same oiheers, the movement is executed acciuding to the principles of No 40^. The battery of formation and the one next in rear 6f it. ex- ecute wh it is prescribed for faced to (lie rear into line — left fjhiique, No 4t^8 The batteries which precede tUe batt'eij, of forniatiim, after being developed into column by two wh^isls by section' to the ri^jrht, are i'ovmaii forward into line-j-left oLliqite^ as \n No. 487. .. **" The- batteries being aljgned, the colonel commands Front. The battt'iy of formation will always be deployed, gaining ground to the left when the front battery is thrown to the right, and the reyevro. 4^ EVOLUTIONS OP BATTERIES. 201 TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE COLUMN FORWARD, INTO LINE, IN ADVANCE OF ITS FRONT. 495 The batteries being in close column, at a halt, to deploy them forward into line in. advance of irs front, on one of the last three batteries, throwing the front batteries to the lighti (or lett,) the colonel commands : 1. Oa the third (second or fourth') Tjatfery — forwar^\.{nt.o line — front batteries^ to the rijht (or left.) I. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the cap- tains of the butteries which precede the battery of forma- tion command, Battery ^hy the right Jiank ; the captain of the third battf^rj (the battery of formation,) commands, Bat- tery^ forward ; the .captain of the fourth battery (next in rear of the battery of formation,) commands : Battery, by th'' I ft flank.' At the word March, repeated by the majors and by all the captains, except the one commanding the batter} of formation, these batteries wheel by piece and by caisson to the right and left. When thevvheels are nearly completed, the captajus whose batteries have wheeled by piece and by caisson to the right command, Forward, Guide left; and those whose pieces and caissons have wheeled to the left,. Forward, Guide ri(jht; they all place themselves at once at the heads of fheir columns, to direct them. The captain of the battery on which the deployment is made, docs not command ^\^KCAl, Guide ric/ltt, until the bat- tery which is in front of him has unmaskei his battery, fie then marches his battery 3"3 yards in advance of the original posirion of the head of the. column, halts it,* and commands,. RitfJit — rf.^RKss, and Front. The ^captains of the other batteries march at the head of their batteries until they are opposite to where the left of the rijiht batteries and the right of the left batteries are to be es- tablished on the line, there halt, let their columns file past them, and command, those of the right wing: G-lfihin, b// the Uft flank, and those of the left : Column^ by the riglit flank, in time to command iMARcn, wjien the leaders of the rear rank of tlieir carriajies are <3 yards from them. As soon as the wheel by carriage is nearly completed, they command 202 . EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. Forward, those of the right adding Guide left, and those of the left Guide rif/ht, and when 4 yards in rear of the front of the battery on which they are to align their batteries, Bat- Jeiy, Halt — left (or ricjht) — Dress, and Front. The batteries being aligned, the colonel commands Front. In this movement each captain whose battery is in front of the battery of formation, except the one commanding the bat- tery, head of column, must be carel'ul, after having executed his left wheel, to command Batteri/, Halt, and-iinmediately afterwards Battery, forward, so as to command March, Guide left, as soon as his battery is unmasked. The assistant adjutant of the major commanding the bat- teries head of column, moves rapidly, at the lirst command of the colonel, to the point where the left of the battery of forma- tion is to rest. The movement is executed on the first battery, the head of column, when in march or at a halt, according to the same principles, and by the means employed fur the batteries which follow the battery-of formation, throwing the batteries either to the right or the left, the colonel commanding : 1. On the frst hatteri^ — forward j irito line — rear batteries to the right (or left.) 2. March. The battery, head of column^ being in march, advances 83 yards in front of its position, at the command March of the colonel, its captain will not conyiiand Batter f/^ forward ^ ov March, but will only indicate the guide. TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE COLITMN FORWARD INTO LINE, ON ONE OF THE BATTERIES WHICH STANDS FAST. 496. The batteries being in close column, at a halt, to de- ploy them forward into line on the front of one of jhe last three batteries standing fast — -(that is-to say, tn line with the front of the designated battery,) throwing the front batteries to the right (or left,) the colonel commaijds : 1. On the third {second or fourdi) haHery landing fad—" forioardj into line — frrmt batteries to the right (or left.) ' 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 203 of the first and second batteries command, Battery, hij t^^e riijlit fianh ; the captain of the fourth buttery commands, Battert/, hy the h'ft jian/c ; the third battery stands fast. At the word March, repeated by the majors and by ■ i\iQ captains of all the batteries other than the third, the fourth batter}'', (next in rear of the battery of formation.) ex- ecutes the movement for deploying the column forward, into line, in advance of its front. No. 495. The two batteries which precede the battery of formation, after having gained their intervals to the right, (as in No. 495,) execute, again^ a right wheel, by piece and by caisson, march forward and cross the line of battle, to which they are' brought back by an about, by the commands,- Column, by the ri^j/it Jiank — March^— Forward — Guide right — Pieces and caissons, left ahout — March — Forward, Guide left; Battery, Halt; Xe/)5-DRKSS, and Front. The batteries being aligned, the colonel commands, Front. The movement is executed on the first battery, head of column, standing fast, according to the same principles, and by the means employed for the batteries which follow the bat- tery of formation, throwing those batteries either to the left (or right.) The colonel commands : 1. On the first battery standing fast — Forward, info line — rear batteries to the left (qy right.) 2.' March. TO DEPLOY TUB CLOSE COLUMN IN MARCH WITHOUT HALTING IT. 497. The batteries marching in close column, to deploy them in advance of the front of the column, without halting them, the colonel commands : . 1. Ou the first battery, form line advancing — rear batteries to the left (or right.) 2. MARCH. The movement is executed in the manner prescribed in the prf ceding manoeuvre, for forming forioard, int't line, on the battery, head of column ; but the captain of that' battery neither commands Battery, Forward, nor March, but only indicates the guide, and continues marching at a walk. The captains of the other batteries, after marching their batteries to the flank, command, Column^ by the left (or right) fianh — * 204- EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. tmt — March, and conduct their batteries at a trot, causing them to resume the walk at the moment of coming into line by the commands, Walk — March. TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE COLUMN, FACED TO THE REAR, INTO. LINE. 498. The batteries being; in close column, to deploy them faced towards the rear of their present position, the colonel first causes them to counter-march, and then commands the deployment on such battery as he may deem best, applying the principles, ko, , of ""No. 49G or 497. TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE Ct)LUMN TO THE LEFT (OR RIGIiT,) INTO LINE. 499. The batteries being in close column, at a halt, to de- joloy them into line on the left (or right) flank of the column, the colonel comtuands : 1. \Bj/ the rear of column to the left {oY.rixjht,) inio line. 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captain of the fourth battery commands. Battery^ left wheel; the captains of the other batteries command, Battery ^ forward — trut. • At the word March, repeated by the same officers, the first three batteries move forward at a trot, their captains com- manding Guifle left ; the fourth battery wheels to the left, halts, and is alisneci as prescribed in No. 426. The captain of the third battery, just before reaching the point where he. ought to commence his left wheel, comtnands. Walk — March — and afterwards, Battery; left wheel, so as to com- mand March when the fourth battery, which precedes him in the formation, has executed half of its left wheel ; and ho conforms, as did the captain of the fourth -battery, to what is prescribed in No. 4*26. The captains of the other barteries conform,, successively, to what is prescribed for the captain of the third battery. The batteries being alia-ned, the colonel commands Front. The movement is executed in the same manner when the column is ia march; but at the second command of the co|- EVOLUTIONS OP BATTERIES. 205 onel, the captains of the first three batteries only coraraand Trot. ~ . TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE COLUMN ON THE LEFT (OR RIGHT,) INTO LINE. 500. The batteries inarching in close column, to deploy them on the left (or right,) into line, the colonel commands : 1. On the left (or right) into line. 2. March.. At the first command,- repeated by .the majors, the captain of the first battery commands Batter i/, left ivheel. At the word March, repeated by the majors and the cap- tain of the first battery, that battery wheels co the left, as in No. 426. . Eaeh of the other captains commands Guide le/t, places himself by his guide, and commands, successively, Butteri/j hft ivheel^ in time to command March, when his battery has passed 12 yards beyond the right of the battery which pre- cedes his in the formation. For the rest of the movement,- they conform to what is prescribed for the first battery. TO PASS FROM THE ORDER IN LINE TO THE ORDER IN COLUMN. 501. The batteries being in line, in march, or at a halt, to break to the right (or left) into column, by,; a simultaneous movement, the colonel commands : 1. By section to the right (or left,) into column. 2. March, At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captain^ conimand, Bi/ flection, right wheel. ' At the word Makch, repeated by the parae officers, the njovement is executed at once, in each battery, as in No. 415. Ho form column by section in front, or in rear of the lin^, the above movement is first executed, and immediately after- wards a change of direction is efi'ected by the command, Head OP Column, to the left (or right.) No. -482. TO 'BREAK BY SECTION PROM ONE WING, TO MARCH TOWARDS THE OTHER. 502. The batteries being in line, at a halt, to break, by 206 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. successive moyements, to the right (or left,) to pass parallel to and in front of the line, the colonel commands : 1. By section^ hreah from the right (or Ifft,^ to march to the left (or right.) 2. March. The first command is repeated by the majors and the cap- tain of the first battery. At the word March, repeated by the same .officers, the movement is executed by the first battery, as in No. 416. Each of* the other captains repeats, in succession, the "first command in time to command March, when the rear of the battery which precedes his own is in front of the left piece of the right section of his battery. The movement is executed in each battery as in the first. To break to the rear from one of the wings to march towards the other, the about or countermarch is first executed, the batteries are then halted, and execute the preceding manoeuvre. TO FORM CLOSE COLUMN, FACED TO THE RIGHT (OR LEFT.) 503. The batteries being in line, at a halt, to form them in close column, faced to the right (or left,) the colonel com- mands : 1. Batteries to the right (or left), form close column. 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains command, Batteri/^ right wheel^ and place themselves on the right of their batteries At the word March, repeated by the majors and by the captains, all the batteries wheel to the right. When the pivot carriage of each battery has described its quadrant of a circle of 22 yards, each captain commands, Forward, Guide right. The captain of the first battery, just before the completion ^of the wheel, commands : Battery — Halt, Left — ;Dress, Front, and places himself immediately at the left of his battery. Eich of the other captains, at the moment he reaches his distance from the battery which precedes his, commands ; EVOLUTIONS OP BATTERIES. 207 Battery — Halt, Right — Dress, Front, and places himself at once at the left of his battery. The movement is executed in the same manner when the batteries are in march, but the captains of the last three bat- teries add : Trot — March, after the command Forward, given after the wheel. " ' TO FORM CLOSE COLUMN FROM A HALT, WITHOUT A CHANGE OF FRONT. 604. The batteries being- in line, at a halt, to form close column, right (or left) in front, without changing the front, the colonel commands : 1. Oil the 3c? (Is/, 2>nd, or Wi) hattery — rujlit (or left) in front , form clone column. 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captain of the battery of formation places himself on the left of his battery, and commands: Left — Dress, Front. The captains of the two right batteries command : Battery ^ hy the left flank —hes — Front. The iiiuveiijents of (he first battery are simifar to those pre- scribed for the secolid battery, it being ployed in front of the second batfery. The chief of the. right section of the fourth battery.'' im- mediately after the command Forward of his captain, com- mands: Right wheel — Forward, and marches straight for^ ward. When the head of column Las marched 33 yards to the rear of the battery of formation, the captain commands : Head of column to the left, and directs his battery on a line parallel to the battery of formation. The captain lets his column file past him, and commands: Column^ hy the left ftank, in time fo command March, when the leaders of' the last rank of his carriages are 4 yards from the prolongation of the left flank of the battery of formation. He then forms his battery in rear of the battery of formation, by the com- mands : Forward — Guide lefty Battery — Halt, Left-^ Dress, Frojst. TO FOR^I CLOSE COLUMN, WHEN IN iVUTLCII, WITHOUT A CHANGE OF FRONT. 505 The batteries marching in line, to form close colurap, right in front, without a change of front, and without halting, the colonel commands: 1. On the 1st (or 4:th) batteries, form close column. 2. ^March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captain of "the first batter;^ commands : Guide ^e/?, and goes to the left of his battery; the captains of the other batteries com- mand : Battery., hy the right flank — T'rot. At the word Mahch, repeated by the majors and by all the captains, except; the one commanding the battery of formation, the batteries execute the flank march at a trot, and whgn the wheel is nearly completed, the captains command-: Fouward, Guide left, and place themselves at the heads of the column to .direct them. As the head of ^ach column arrives in line with the left flank of the first battery, its captain halts, lets his column file EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES, 209 past him, and commaods: Column^ hij the left flanJc, in time to command, MaliCFI, when the IcudtTs of fhe last rank of his carriages arrive 4 yards IVom the prolongation of the left, flank of the first battery. The column having executed the left wheel bv carriage, the captain commands: Forward — Guide le/tj and, when at its distance from the battery which precedes it, Walk — March. TO ADVANCE IN LINE. 506. The batteries being in lino, at a halt, to cause them to march to the front, the colonel commands: 1. The first [ov fourth), the hatlcri/ of direction. 2. Butteries, for war sJL. 3. MAlfCEI. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the adjutant indicates the points of direction to the principal guide. The second command is repeated by the majors and captains At the word March, repented by the majors and captains, the latter adding, Guide rir/ht (or left), the" batteries move forward, the battery, of direction cont'oruiing to what js pre- scribed for the advance in Hup., No. 424, the others taking care to preserve their alignment and their interval from the side of the guide 5U7. To halt the batteries and align them ; the changes of gait; to march by a flank; the oblique march; pas>age of Ciirriciges; the about, and the conntei m.uch, are executed as prescribed for simiiar'movements in the School of the Bat- tery, the colonel giving fhe commands then prescribed for the captain, substituting- the word battg'ies for battery. TO CLOSE INTEHVALS. . 508. The batteries marching in line, to diminish their front by closing the carriages on one of the wings of a designated battery, the colonel commands : 1. O/i the riblique ; and the major of the' left division Forward, into line — left obliq^ue. 212 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES, The captains of batteries, heads of columns, repeat their major's comiiiand. The captains of the first and fourth bat- teries command, respectively, Iltul of column^ riyJit lialf V)heel; and, Htad o^ column ^ left half wheel ; adding, if the movement be made from a halt, C^'lamn, foricard. At the word March, repeated by the same officers, the movement is executed in each column, as for forming yc»r- ivard, into line. No. 487. FORMATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FOUR t'ARALLEL COL- UMNS. 512. The batteries being in line, at a halt, to form tliem into four parallel columns, by section, the colonel commands : 1. Bj/ sect ion J from the right (ov left) of batteries — front into column. 2. March. . , 3. The right (or left^ the column of direction. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains command; B(/ section, from the fight (or left,) front into column. At the word March, repeated by all the officers, the move- ments are executed, at once, in all the baiteries, as in No. 413. - As soon as the columns are formed, the colonel gives the third command, which is repeated by the majors. The line niay, also, when in march, be broken into four parallel columns, by the commands 1. Bj/ the right (or lef) of batteries — break into sections; (or, B// the right (or I- ft) of .batteries — 'break info se.ctio7in — trot.^ 2. MarCH, accord- ing to the principles of No. 407. To form^ these four columns forward into line, the colonel commands : 1. Forward, into line — left (or right) oblique. 2. MARCH. Or, if he wishes to continue the march : 1. Form line advancing — left (or right) oblique. 2. Marcfi. At the word March, repeated by all the officers, the move- fiVOLtJTrOi^S OF BATTERIES". 213 ment is executed, at -once, in all the batteries, as in Nos 409 an(r4i9. The four parallel columns may be formed faced, to the rear, info Z/7*r, accordinji; to the principles of No. 410. Tlie forniiition and deploy' tueut of Jouhle columns^ on the centre serfioits of the batteries are executed in an analogous manner, by applying the principles of Nos. 420, 421, or 422, by -the coininands : 1. In rach hatteri/ — doiijde column on the centre 2. MARCfl. 3. The^lcft (or riyht) the "column of direction; adding ^ro^- to the*^ first command, when the col- umns are in march; and to deploy the columns. I. Forward^ info line ; (or, if in march, and ttie line not to l)e halted, Form line,adoancin(j — trot.) 2. March. PASSAGE OF OBSTACLES.. 'tis. Batteries marching in line execute the passage of ob- stacles, which are found in front of them, according to the principles of No. 431. The colonel commands: 1. Batter?/. 2. M ARCH. CHANGES OF FRONT OF THE LINE OF BATTLE. 514. The batteries being in line, at a halt, to change the front of the line, the colonel will first form column, by sec- tion to the right (or left), and then execute the formation forward, or faced to the rear, into line, on the head of the coluuiQ, or on one of the other batteries, according to the new front he may desire to establish. FORMATIONS IN BATTERY. TO PASS FROM THE ORDER IN LINE TO THE ORDER IN BATTERY. 515. The batteries being in line, at a halt, or in march, to form them ;it once iuto battery, to fire to the front, the colo- •nel commands : 1. Forward, into hattrry. 2. MARCH. With piccos leading :-— 214 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. At thc! word March, repeated by the iiiajprs, the captains command: In Lattery — Guide right; and the uiovcmeut is executed at once, in all the batteries, as prescribed in No. 432. If tlie colonel wishes to form into battery, throwing the caissons to the* rear, he commands: Action Front. Which is repeated by the majors and captains, and executed at once in all the batteries, as in No. 43o. With caissons leadin'g : — At the 'command FonvanJ, into hatlery^ repeated by the majors, the cap.tains command :^ i^/eces, jia^s your caissons — March. ^ - At the colonel's command March, repeated by the majors and captains, the tatter add ; Guide riyhtj and the movement is executed as in No. 434. TO FORM TO THE REAR INTO BATTERY. 516. The batteries being in line, at a halt, or in march, to form them at'once into battery, to fire to the rear, the colonel oommands : 1. To the rear J into battery. 2. March. With pieces leading : — At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains command: Eire to the rear — caissons, pass your pieces— trot^ March. • At the colonel's command March, repeated by the majors and captains, the latter add: Guide left; and, afterwards. In battery; and the movement is executed, as in No. 435. With the caissons leaxiing : At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains command, Fire to the rear. At the word Mauch, repeated by the majors, the captains command, In battery, and the movement is executed as in. No. 436. . 33VOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 216 ■ IN BATTERY, TO FORM FORWARD, INTO LINE. ■ 517. The pieces being ia line and formed into battery, to form them forward, into line, with the pieces in front, the colonel commands : 1. Forwardy into line — jpieces in front. 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains cause their pieces to be limbered, (in the evolutions of batte- ries, pieces will always be limbered to thei'car), and command, I^ieces, left about — caissons, forward. At the word March, repeated by the majors and captains, the movement is executed by all the batteries at once, as in No. 437.^ If the colonel should wish to form forward, into line, with the caissons in front, he commands : 1. Forward, into line — caissons in front. 2. March* At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains cause their pieces to be limbered to the rear, and command, Caissons, ^)as.s your jr lee es — trot ; pieces left about. At the word March, repeated by the majors and captains, the movement is executed as in No. 4o7. When either of the preceding movements is nearly com- pleted, the colonel commands: Batteries — Halt; or, For- ward, according as he may wish to halt the line, or put it in march. These commands arc repeated by the majors and captains. IN BATTERY, TO FORM FACED TO THE REAR, INTO LINE. 518. The batteries being aligned in battery, to form them to the rear, into line, with caissons in front, the colonel com- mands : 1. Faced to the rear, into line — caissons in front. 2. March. At the fir.=-t command, repeated by the majors, the captains cause their pieces to be limbered to the rear, and command, Oai6don6f left about — pi^ct^, forward. 216 EVOLtTIONS OF BATTERIES. At the "word March, repeated by the oiajors and captains, the movement is executed as in No. 438. If tbe colooel should wish to have .the pieces in front, he oommauda: 1. Faced to the rear, into line — pieces in front. 2. MARCfl. At the first command, repeated by the mnjors, the captains^ cause their pieces to bo liin^)ored to the rear, and command, Piecc-R, pa^!^- i/f)}ir ciiawnn — caissons, left about. At the word March, repeated by the majnrs and captain?, the movement is executed by all the batteries' at once, as in No. 488. When either of the preceding movements is nearly com- .pleted, the colonel comnmuds, Batteries— ^ Aim, or Lorwakd, according as he may wish to cause the line to halt, or to put it. in march. These commands are repeated by the majors and captains. Should the colonel deem it proper, in executing the pre- ceHing movements, to cause the caissons to be placed, at once, near to and in front of their pieces, he will command, as soon as the captains have ordered their pieces to be limbered up. Caissons, in front of your pieces, or, Caissons, in front of your pieces — trot. TO PASS FROM THE ORDER IN COLUMN, TO THE ORDER IN BATTERY. 519. The batteries being in column^ by section, at a halt, to form them forward, into battery, in line with the head of column, gaining ground to one of the flanks, the colonel com- mands : 1. Forward J into battery — left (or right) oblique. 2. March. # The first command is repeated by the majors and by the captain of the first battery; the captains of the other batte- ries command. Column. Jorward— head of column, iPft half- wheel. At the word March, repeated by the mr.jors and captains, tho movomuut is ext?cutud by the firat battery, us proeuribed EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 217 for forming forward^ into Une\ No. 487, and each battery is formed in line forioardyinto hattery^ left ohlique, according to the principles and by the commands of eitber No. 439 or 440, according as the pieces or caissoia^ are in front. With the pieces in front, the formation of each of the last three batteries on the line, is "executed as in No. 487, and the command MarciT, which follows th^t oi fonoard into battery^ left oblique, is given when the second section has finished its right wheel, and when, consequently, the head of the column has passed 10 yards over the new line to be ocoupied by the caissons. When the caissons are in front^ which makes it necessary for the pieces to pass their caissons at the moment of forming into battery, the command March, after that of Forward, into hattcry-^left oblique, must be given in the formation of the last three batteries in line, when the head of the column is 10 yards from the rear of the new line.- The movement is executed when in march, .with the modi- ♦- fications indicated at the close of No. 487, relative to the com- mands of the captains of the last three batteries, and of the chief of section, head of column. TO FORM FACED TO THE REAR, INTO BATTERY. 620. The batte.ries being in column, by section, at a halt, to fortn them faced to the rear, into battery, on the head of column," gaining ground to one of the flanks, the colonel com- mands : 1. Faced to the rear, into battery — left (or right) oblique. 2. March. The first command is repeated by the majors and by the captain of the first battery, and the captains of the other bat- teries command. Column, forward — head., of column, left half wheel. At the word March, repeated by the same officers, the movement is executed as in No. 487, for forming forward, into line, and each battery is formed fared to the rear, into battery, left oblique, according to the principles and by the commands of either No. 441 or 442, according as the pieces or caissons are in front. 10 218' EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES, TO FORM TO THE LEFT (or RIGHT) INTO BATTERY. . 521. The batteries beins: in column, by section, at a haiti or in march, to foroi them into battery, to fire towards one of the flanks, gaining groiind towards the other, the colonel com- mands: 1. To the left (or right) into battery — sections, right (or left) wheel. 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains command, Fire to the le/f, hy section^ right wheel. At the word March, repeated by the same officers, the batteries are formed, at once, in line to the left into battery^ according to the "principles and by the commands of either No. 448 or 444, as the pieces or caissons are in front. If the colonel wishes to form 'them into battery, to fire in the direction of the flank towards which he gains ground, he commands : 1. To the left \or right) into Lattery — sections, left {pv right) wheel. 2. March. At the ^rst command, repeated by the majors, the captains command : Fire to the left, by section — left wheel. *' At the word March, repjai^ed by the same officers, the batteries are formed at once to the If'ft, int ■ battery, according to the principles and by the commands of either No. 443 or 444, as the pieces or caissons are in front. TO FORM ON THE LEFT (OR RIGHT,.) INTO BATTERY. 522. The batteries marching in column, by section, to form them ■ on the left (on right) into battery, the colonel com- mands : ■ 1. On the left (or right) into battery. 2. March. • At the word March, the movement is executed as in No, 490, for forming on the lejt into' line, and each battery is formed on the left, into battery, by the same principles and 'Commands of either No. 445 or 446, according as the pieces or caissons are in front. EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 219 ' TO FORM TO THE LEFT (OR RIGHT), AND FORWARD, INTO BATTERY. 523. The batteries marchino; in column, by section, and a part of the colubin having changed direction, t-o form them into battery, to fire towards the front of the origifial line of march, the colonel halts the colirain, as directed in No. 491, (before the rear section of the baj^tery, which entered last in the new direction, has finished its wheel,) and commands : 1. To the left (or right) and foricard, into hattery. 2. March! At the first command, each major, according to the positions of his batteries, repeats the whole of that command, or only that part of it which is applicable to the movement he has to execute J the captains, whose batteries have changed direc- tion, command : Five to the left, — hij &ection, left wheel ; the captain of'the battery imm^iately following those which have changed direction commands : Column, foricard } and the captains who follow him command : Column, forward — head of column, left half wheel. At the word March, repeated by the same officers, tJiey conform, respectively, in each portion of the column, to what is prescribed for forming to the left, into battery — sections^ left wheel, No. 443 or 444 j» and for forward^ into hattery-^— left oblique, No. 519. ,. TO FORM TO THE RIGHT (OR LEFT) AND FACED TO THE " * . REAR, INTO BATTERY. ' • * 524. The batteries marching in column, by section, and a pact of the column having changed direction, to form them into battery to fire towards the rear of the original line of march, the colonel halts the column, as in the preceding manoeuvre and commands : 1. To the right (or lef,) and faced to the rear^ into battery. 2. March. At the first command, each major, according to the positions of his battories, repeats the whole of that conimand, or only gives that part of it which is applicable to the movement he 220 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. has to execute. The captains, whose batteries have changed direction, command: Fire to the right — hy section^ left wheel ; the' captain of the battery immediately following those which have changed direction, commands : Column, forward ; and the captains who follow him command : Column, forward — head of column, left half wheel. At the word March, repeated by these officers, they con- form, respectively, in each portion of the. column, to what is prescribed for to the right, into battery — sections, left wheel ; No. 443 or .444, and faced to the rear, into battery — l^ft obli^ie, No. b20: , ..it. TO FORM FORWARD, INTO BATTERY, ON A LINE WHICH HAS BEEN PASSED BY THE HEAD OF THE COLUMN. 525. The batteries being in column, by section, at a halt, to form them forward, into battery, on a line which the head of column has passed, throwing the front batteries to the right (or left), the colonel commands : • 1. On the 3c?, (2d or 4:th) battery — forioard, into battery — front batteries to the right (or left.) 2. March. At the first command', repeated by the majors, the captains of the batteries which precede the battery of formation com- mand : Column, forward; the captain of thd' battery of formation commands : Forward, .mto battery — left oblique; and the captains of the batteries which follow the battery of formation command : Column, forward — head of column, left half icheel. At tRe word Maj^cS, repeated by the same officer^j the bat- teries which precede the battery of formation, Tfnove 38 yards straight to the front, when their captains form them on the right flank of the column, and facing towards it.s rear, by means of two right wheels, as. directed in No. 493. That part of the coluriin being thus developed, the captain of the battery which immediatiely precedes the battery of formation, commands: Info battery, faced to the rear — left oblique — March; the captain of the first battery commands : Head OF COLUMN, LEFT HALF WHEEL; and, afterwards, when at its proper position. Into buttf^ry, faced to the.. rear-^ left oblique — March; and each battery Ls formed into battery in line with the battery of formation, as prescribed for faced to the rcar^ EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 221 into lattery, No. 441" or 442, according as the pieces or cais- sons are in front. The battery of formation forms for wai-dj ivto hdtteiy, as- in No. 439 or 440, according as the pieces or caissons are in front. The batteries which follow it form forward, into hat- tery, in line with it, and at their proper intervals, as in No. 519. TO FORM FACED TO THE REAR, INTO' BATTERY, ON A LINE PASSED BY THB.-HEAD' OF COLUMN. 526. The batteries being in column, by section, at a halt, to form them faced to the rear, into batt'ery, on a line which has been passed by the head of the column, throwing the front batteries to the right (or left,) the colonel commands : 1. On the ^d, (2c? or 4^7i) battery, faced to the rear, into hat- '*"" tery— front batteries to the right (or left.) 2. March. . At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains of the batteries which precede the battery of formation com- mand :. Column, forward ; the captain of the battery of form- ation commands : Into battery, faced to the rear — left oblique ; the captains of the batteries which follow the battery of form- ation' cooimanoi: Column, forward — head of column, left half ivheel. - • . At the,-word March, repeated by the sapae**'' officers, the movement is executed according to the principles of the pre- ceding No., 525. . ,* TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE COLUMN FORWARD, INTO BAT- • TERY, IN ADVANCE OF ITS FRONT. 527. The batteries being in close columta, at a halt, to de- ploy them forward, into battery, in advance of the head of the column, on one of the last three batteries, throwing the front batteries to the right (or'^eft,) the colonel commands : 1. On the 3d, (2d or- 4th) battery, forward, into battery — front battering to the right (or lejt.) 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains of tbe batteriff which precede the battery of formation com- 222 ~ . EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. matid : Battftry, hij the right JiarJ^; the captain of the bat- tery of formation commands: Battery^ /o/zfa/v/; and, the . captains of the batteries which fullow the battery of forma- tion command: Battery, by theUft Jlank. At the word VIauch, repeated by the majors laid by all the captains, except the one commanding the Hattery of forma- tion, the movement is executed as in No 49o, for deploying forward^ into line^ in' advance of the front.' The battery of formation, having' passed 33 yards beyond the original front of the head of the column, is then fornied forward^ into hat-' tery^ by the commands and means prescribed in No. 432 or 434, according as the pieces or caissons are in front. Each of the other batteries, regulating itself by the batiery of formation, or by the battery urxt to it on that side, is -formed forward, into battery, as in No. 432 or 434 The movement is executed on the headmost battery when the i3olumn is marching, or at a halt, according to the same' principles^ and by the v means pr^cribed for batteries which follow the battery of formation, the colonel commanding.: 1. On 1st battery, forward, inf') battery — rear hatteries^to the left (or rvjht.) 2. March. "^ TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE COLUMN FACED TO THE REAR, INTO BATTERY, IN- ADVaiNCE OF ITS FRONT. 528. The batteries being in close column, at a halt, to deploy them faced to the rear, intp'jDattery, on a^jjioe pasi-ed by the front of the column, on one of the last three batteries, throw- ing" the front batt^jfttes to the right (of left), the colonel com' itiands : ' ' 1. On 3r7, (2d 0T^4:fh') battery, faced to the 7'ear, into bat- tery ^-f rant batteries to the right (oTilefi.y 2. March. ^' . ' . . ^ At the fim comp:jand, repeated by the mnjors, the captains of the batteries which precede th^battlft-y. of formation com- mand: Battery, by the right Jianh ; the captain of the bat- tery of form ition commands : Battery, fo'-ymrd ; the cap- ons of the batteries which follow the batb^ of fonnation command : Battery, by the left Jiunk At the word March, repeated by the majOTs an.d all the EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. " 223 captains, except tlie one commanding the battery of forma- tion, the movement is executed according to No. 527 for foni)in|z; forward into battery, in advance of the front ^ and all the batteries are formed faced to the rear, into hatteri/, by their captains, who command and execute what i-^ prescribed in No. 485 or 436, according as the pieces or caissons are in front. The movement is executed on Ihe headmost battery of the column inarching, or at a '1ialt, according to the same princi- ples and by the moans employed for the batteries which fol- low the battery of forrtiation, which may be thrown to the left or right, the colonel cpdamauding: 1. On the first battery, faced to"" the rear, into battery — rear batteries to the left (qv right.') 2. March. TO DEPLOY THE CLO^E COLUMN, PIECES IN FRONT, FOR- WARD, INTO BATTKRY, IN LINE WITH ONE OF THE BATTERIES WHICH STANDS FAST. 529. The batteries being in close column, at a halt, with pieces. in front, to deploy th«m forward, into buttery, on one of the batteries'standing fast — (that is, in line wilh the desig- nated battery,) throwing th#front batteries to the right (or left,) the colonel commands : * , 1. OnSdf {2d. or 4:th) battery standing fast j f^ward, into battery^-front batterien to the right (or left ) 2. MARCH. '4 <. ■• ■ ■ . At the first command, repeated by the mgjors, the captain of the battery of formation commands : jF^re to the front; the captains of the baferies which precede the battery of formation command: Battf^ry, by the right flank ; and the captains of the batteries which follow the battery of formation command : Battery, by the left flank. At the word March, repeated by the majors and all the captains, except the one comitianding the battery of forma- tion, who commands: In battery, and forms at once into battery; the batteries which precede the battery of formation are formed /'/clpf to the rear, int » battery— ccdssons' i?i fronfj No .430 ; and tliose which follow it "are formed /or ?/j« re/, into battery, pieces in front, No. 432. 224 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. To deploy the close column, establishing the line of bat- teries in line with the headmost battery, by throwing the caissons to the rear, the colonel commands : 1. Action fvont — rear batteries to the left (or rigTitJ) "2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captains of the rear batteries command : Baitery^ hy the left Jiank. At the word Mar-cii, repeated by the majors and by all the captains, except the one commanding the battery of forma- tion, the rear batteries are conducted to their proper intervals on the line as prescribed in the preceding No. for the batte- ries which follow, the battery of formation. The captain of the first battery, as soon as the ground is uncovered, commands ACTION: jfront, which is executed as in No. 433. Each of the other captains, regulating himself by the battery of foi-mation, or by the one next to it^ gives and executes the same command. TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE COLUMN, CAISSONS IN FRONT, . FACED TO THE PREAR, INTO BATTERY, IN LINE WITH ONE OF THE BATTERIES WHICH STANDS FAST. 630. The batteries being in close column, at a halt, with caissons in front, to. deploy them faced to the rear, into bat- tery, on one"t>f the batteries which stands fast, throwing the batteries which precede it to the right (or left), the colonel commands : . ... ^ '^ 1. On 3c? (2d or 4th) hattery standing fastj faced to the reaVy into battery — front batteries to the right (or. left). 2i, March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captain of the battery of formation commands. Fire to the rear ; the "captains of the batteries which precede the battery of forma- tion command, Battery^ by the right flank; the captains of the batteries which follow the battery of formation command, Battery, by the left Jlanlc. A, At the word March, repeated by uie majors and by all the captains, except the one commanding the battery of formation, - who, as soon as the ground is unma?ked, commands, In bat- tery. EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 225 The movement is executed according to the same princi- ples, and by the' means, prescribed in the preceding; No., 529) for forming /or luard, into hattevy^from a halt. The battery of formation is formed, /acec^ to the rear, into hatter y ; and those which precede it, forward, into battery , pieces in front ; and those which follow it, faced ip the rear, ivto hattcry, cqis- S071S in front. TO DEPLOY THE"CL0SE COLUMN TO THE LEFT (oe RIGHT), INTO BATTERY. 531. The batteries being in close column, at a halt, to de- ploy them, into battery, to fire to the left (or right), gaining ground to the right (or left), the colonel commands : 1. By the rear of qolumn, to^the left (ox right), into battery — batteries, right (or left) wheel. 2. March. • At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captain of the fourth battery commands, Battery, right wheel ; the captains of the other batteries command. Battery, forward— ' trot. At the word March, repeated by the same ofiicers, the first three batteries move forward at a trot; the fourth bat- tery executes its right wheel. The movement is executed as prescribed in No. "499, for forming to the right, intoliiic, and each battery is formed into battery, faced to the rear, without halting, as soon as it has executed its wheel, according to the principles and by the commands of No. 435 or 436, as the pieces or caissons are in front. To execute the deployment, to fire in the direction of the flank, towards which ground is gained, the colonel commands: 1. By the rear of column, to the left (or right), into battery—^ batteries, left (or right) wheel. 2. MARCH. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captain of the fourth battery commands. Battery, left wheel; the captains of the- other batteries command. Battery,, forward, guide left- — trot. ■ At the word March, repeated by the same oflEicers, the >iq^overaent Is executed according, to the principles above; and 226 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. each battery is formed in line forv:iard^''into hatteri/, without Lalting, as soon as it has finished its wheel, according to the principles and by the commands of No. 432 or 434, as the pieces or caissons are in front. The movement is executed in the same manner, when the close column is in march, but, at the first commandj'the cap- tains of the first three batteries only command the trotj and designate the guide after the second command. TO DEPLOY THE CLOSE COLUMN ON THE XEFT (or RIGHT), INTO BATTERY. * 532. The batteries in close column being in march, to de- ploy them on the left (or right), into battery, the colonel commands ; li On the left (or right) j into \attery. 2. March. At the first command, repeated by the majors, the captain of the first battery commands, Batter i/, left wheel. At the word March, repeated by the majors and the cap- tain of the first battery, the movement is' executed as in No. 500, for forming on the left, into line, and each battery, with- out halting, is formed, successively, 'fo/ivard, into battery^ as soon as it has finished its wheel, according to the princi- ples of No. 432 or 434, as the pieces or caissons are in front. DEPLOYMENT OF TWO PARALLEL COLUMNS FORWARD, OR FACED TO THE REAR, INTO 13ATTERY. 533. The batteries being formed in two parallel columns, by section (each on the wing of one of the central batteries), to deploy them forward into battery, the colonel commands': 1. Forwardy into battery. 2. March. At the first command, tl;,e major of the right column com- mands, Forward^ into battery — right oblique; and the major of the left column command^f i'brii^an;?, into battery — left oblique. ' ' ' At the word March, the movement is esieeuted in each column, as in No. 511, and;^each battery is formed in line forward, into battery, according to the principles and by the BVOLtTTIONS OF BATTERIES. 227 commands of No. 489 or 440, as the pieces or caissons are in front. The deployment, /ricer^ to the rear ^ into haiiery^ is executed by replacing the command for^-ard., info hatter t/^ by that of faced to the rear, into bafte/y, and according to" the principles of No. 520, and of No. 441 or 442. DEPLOYMENT OF FOUR PARALLEL COLUVINS FORWARD, Oi^FACED TO THE REAR, INTO^BATTEuY. 534. The batteries being formed in four parallel colu9|.ns, by section, in march, or at a halt, (^ach column on one di^he wings of each battery), to deploy them forward, into battery, the colonel commands : 1^ Forward^ into hattery — left (or right) ohliqne. 2. March. At thB word Ma^ii, repeated by all the officers, the move- ment-is executed, at once, by all the batteries, according to the principles of No. 439 or 440, as the pieces or caissons are in front. .If the batteries are formed in four double columns (on the centre section of each battery), the colonel commands: 1. Forward^ into hatteryT 2. March. At the word. March, repeated by all the officers, the niove- ment is executed, at once, by all the batteries, according to the principles and by the commands of No 447. 'J^he batteries formed i^ four parallel columns^ may be de- ployed f'iced to the rear, into battery^ according to the same principles, and by the same commands of the superior officers, except that the v^or^s forward, into battery, are changed into faced to tlie^rear, into battery, the captains conforming to Sos. 441, ^"2, or 447. .. •t , TO PASS FROM TgE ORDER IN T!\TTERY, TO THE ORDER IN COLUMN. 535 The line of batteries being formed in batfery, to form column, the colonel first ext?cutes one of the miuoenvres of No. 517 or 518, and thus forms the line of battle most suita- 228 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. ble for what he designs. He then breaks the line into col- umn, by one of .the manoeuvres prescribed for passing from the order in line to the order in column. • . BEING IN BATTERY, ., TO MARCH BY A -FLANK. , 536. Being in battery, to gain ground towards one df the flanks, and to form in battery again, without executing 'an intermediate formation, the colonel commands : 1. Limber to the rear. ^.^I.eces, right— rcaissons, left vjheel, (or Pieces, left — cais' ^ sons, ,7'ight wheel). 8. March. These commands are repeated by the majors and captains, and the movement is executed, at once, by all the batteries, as in No. 450. - r^- To re-form the line into battery, the colonel commands : , '^ 1. Batteries, hy the left (or right), flanh. 2. March. 3. Fire to the rear. 4. In battery. The colonel may execute a flank march, and form into bat- tery again on the same lino, by limbering to the front, march- ing to a flank, and then commanding : , 1. Column, hy the right (or left) flank. 2. MarCH. 3. Fire to the rear. 4. In battery. He may accomplish the same thing, by limbering to the right, or left, gaining ground to a flank, halting, and com- manding, Action right, or AcTidlsr left. EXECUTION OF THE FIRINGS. 537. The batteries being formed. in the order in'battery, to cause them to commence fl^ng, the colonel commands : Commence firing. • - This command is repeated by th^ajors. and captains, and is ex-ccuted according to instructions prescribed on this subject, The firing is discontinued by the signal : Cease firing. EVOLUTIONS OP BATTERIES. 229 TO FIRE ADVANCING. 538. The batteries, being in licte, and firing, to move them by p^rts and in succession to the front, the colonel commands : 1. Fire advanHng — hy division. 2» Right (or lej't) division — Advance. • At the second command, the major of the right division cau- ses the firing' of his two batteries to cease, limbers them to the rear or front, and advances 260 yards in the dirjection indicated, and there forms them into battery again, when the firing is renewed. The left division is moved forward 260 yards in advance of the right division, as soon as that division commences firing. The movement is thus executed, alternately, by the two divisions, until the colonel Causes the firing to cease,, and orders the line re-formed. 7<'' ^^ ■•"'■ The firing, advancing, by battery, is executed in an" analo- gous manner, the colonel commanding : 1. Fire advancing, — &y hattery. 2. First (ov fourth') battery — ADVANCE. At the second command, the captain of the first battery discontinues firing, commences the movement, and advances his battery about 130 yards, and there places it in battery. The batteries continue the movement, each, successively, establishing itself 180 yards beyond the one far thes^t advanced, as soon as the battery which properly precedes it has com- menced fiVing. Each major always accompanies the advanced battery of his .division. TO FIRE IN RETREAT. 539. The batteries being in lin^e^and firing, to move them, successively, by parts, to -the rear, the colonel command? : 1. Fire retiring — by division. 2. Right (or left division') — Retire. At the second command, the major of the right division CJ^uaes his two batteries to discontinue the fire, and %q be lim- 280 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. bered to the rear, and then moves his division to the rear about 260 yards, or to the point dehignated, forms them into battery, and recommences the firfi. The left division is moved in like manner about 260 yards to the rear of the right division, as soon as* the latter com- mences firing. ♦ ^The movement is thus executed, alternately, by the two divisions, until the colonel causes the tiring to cease, and re- forms the line. ^ The firing, retiring, bv battery, is executed in an analogous m^anner, the colonel commanding : 1. Fire refirlncjr—by battery 2. First (ov fourth) battery — Retire. At the second command, the captain of th^ first battery commences the movement, and march'^s about 130 yards to "the reajj^where he forms in battery.," The other ba.tferies con- tinue the mbVetiientl^ each establishing ^tself, successively, about 130 yards in rear of the farthest retired battery, as soon as the latter has commenced its firing. The major oP eat-h division remains with that one of his batteries which is ueanst the enemy. ,¥ ■*'■ ■ '' k TO FIRE TO THE REAR. ' "* w ♦•640. The batteries bein^jn line, and firing, to cause them to fire in the opposite dife^tion, the colonel causes the firing to cease, aUd commands ; 1. Fire to the rear. ^2. MARCH. m At the first comm ind, ropeat.ed by the majors, the captains commanii : Fire to the rear — limbersmnd cainsohs, -pass your pieces^ T^t. ^ At the word March, repeated by the majors*^d captain**, the movement is executed^t once by all the batteries, as pre- scribed in 1^0. 457. EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 281 CHANGES OF FRONT IN BATTERY. CHANGE OF FRONT ON THE RIGHT WING, TO FIRE TOTHE RIGHT, LEFT WING FORWARD, AND THE REVERSE. 541. The batteries Joeing in line and firing, to chatige front, perpendicularly, on one oi' the wings, to fire in the direutioa of the pivdt flunkj' throwing forward the other wing, the colo- nel causes t]^ firing to cease, and commands : 1. Fire to the rujht (or left^ 2. Change front on the Ist (or 4^A) battery — left (or right) wiitg^ forward. 3. March.v ^ . At the second command, repeated by the major?!,- the cap- tain of the fir>t battery commands : Fire to'thf rirght piece; the captain of the fourth battery (ni^xt on the left of the pivot battery), commands, Limber to tiik rear, and afterwards, Pieces, hft about — caissons, foj'ica7-d ^.Jt.iie cap^alns o£ the first and second batte- ries (on the right of the pivot b'ttter.y), command, LiMBEtf TO THE REAR, and afterwards, CaissonSj t^ front of your pieres-^-frot. "" '" , '^^ At the word March, reppated by the majors and by the captain.:^, the pivot battery executes the change of front to fire to the right, ft-ft wing forwakd, as in No. 458 The captains of the other batteries, the moment their pre- paratory com mands have been execitted, command, Fo-tWARD — MARCif. The fourth battery, after having ndvanced 48 yards, is con- du -te^ by two right h^lf-wheels, by t>he comm;i-nds, given, tmo^i^ Battery, right Ka If wheel — : VI ARCH, and FokWakd,-. to its interval on the new line, and is there {Kixm^^ forward, into hatte y, as in' No 432. ^The secmd battery is whieeled, at once, to the right, by the com n?ain(], B-^tterp, right wheel — Marcu, to its interval on the new line, and i*^ there formed faced to the rear, into bat- tery, as irt^No. 436. The first battery, after marching 24 yards forward,, is con- ducted by two right half.wheels, by the commands, given ^ twice, Battery, right half whewt — March, and FORWARD, to its interval on the ^ew.line, and is theffe' formed faced to the rear, into battery, as in No. 43.6. Each battery commences firing as soon as it is formed. CHANGE OF FRONT ON THE CENTRE. TO FIRE TO THE HipilT, LI<:FT wing to the REAH, AND THK REVBUSE 547. The batteries being in line and firing, to execute a perpendicular change of front on a centre battery, to fire to EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. 235. the right, throwing the left wing to th« rear, or the reverse, the colonel discontinues firing, and commands : 1. Fire to ^leriyht (ov left). 2. Chamje front on the "id (^ 2d) hatteyy—left (or right) win(j to the rear. 3. March. At the second command, repeated by the mnj irs, the cap- tain of the pivot battery coiumjinds. Fire to the right — thangc front to the 7-ear, on the right piece ;' the captain of the frttirlh • battery (next on the left of th§ pivot battery) cotun)ands, I4IMBER TO THhi REAR — Pieers, puss i/ou,r;cai>iyons -cdissouf;, leftab'Utj tjie captaiiis of the first and "second batteries (00 the right of the pivot batter^) comooand, Limber to the REAR — (Jaissoiis, pans j/our pieces — pieccH, left about. At the word March, repeated by the majors and captains, the pivot battery executes the chtnigc of front, to Jire to the right, left wing to tfie rear^ as in No. 461. _ ^ ' The captains of the other batteries, as soon as their com- mands have been executed, command, PoRWAUB, or Forwaj-S- — March ^..« The fourth battery, after marching 6 yards forward, is con- ducted, by two left, half-wheels, by the commands, given twice. Batter t/, hft ha/f w he el-^MARCU, and Forwahd, to ity interval on the new line, and is there formed forward, into battery, as in No. 432. • The second and first batteries, after mashing 6 yards to the fr'ont, are Qonducied, by two left half \yheels, by ihe com- mands, given twice, Batter ty, left half wheel — Mahoh, and Forward, to their, intervals on the new line^and are there formed faced to the rear, into battery, as in No. 435 or 436. Each battery^otuLuences filing as soon as it is formed." TO PA8§ A DEFILE IN FRONT. 548 The battery opposite to' the defile pas.«ies through it first, and is formed "in such a position as will not interfere wUh the movement of our troops, or with the pas'^age of the other batteries, and as will be!?t enable it to protect thedi in their passage. If the defile covers one of the central batteries, that bat- 236 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. • tery passes first, and it is followed by the other central bat- tery, then the battery of the right. wing, and finally, the bat- tery of the left wing, unless circumstances render it advisable 'to pass that battery before the battery of the right wing. When the defile covers one of the wing batteries, that bat- tery passes first, and it is followed by the other batteries, suc- cessively ; the battery u.ext to it following first. The battery which passes first througpi^the defile, will re- commence firing as soon as it can do so; the succeeding bat- tery will not commence its movement until that battery has resumed its firing. This rule will be observed by all the other batteries; by this means the firing is kept up by all the batteries except the?pne engaged in passing the defile. Batteries should not be estabjished immetliate^y in -front of the entrance of a defile, but rather on one side of it. If es- tablished in front, the retreat of the troops, or of those thrown back, will mask its fire, and shots fired by the enemy's artil- lery at the batteries, will enfilade the defile. TO PASS A DEFILE IN REAR. 549. The battery farthest frdfti"^the defile passes first. If the defile be in rear of the centre, the right battery will pass it first, unless circumstances render it advisable to pass the battery of the left wing in preference, then the battery of the^ other wing, and afterwards, the central batteries, ending by that battery which best covers the defile ; the latter will con- tinue firing until the three others have resumed firing. If the defile be in rear of one of the wings, the battery _of the other wing passes first, ^nd 'the •.others follow, in order, and successively. » \ - i r^v No battery will commence its raotement, i:yitil the battery which precedes it in the passage has resumed its firing; by this means, as in the passage of a defile in front, the firing of only one battery is interrupted by the' passage. The movements will ordinarily be made in column, by sec- tion, the columns being formed on one of the wings of each battery, except in the case of a battery having to pass a defile in front of it, when 'it will be better to form double column on the centre section. If the defile be so narrow as to render it advisable to pass it in column by piece, the sections will be EVOLUTIONS OP BATTERIES. 23T re-formed, in each batlery, ag soon as the ground will permit. Each captaib conducts and reforms his battery, accordine; to the principles and by the commands prescribed in Nos. 462 and 468. The colonel, according to circumstances in each case, gives the following commands :- By the %d (or 2dy>hatteryy to the front — Pass the defile. Or : r.j5y the right (or left) wing, to the front — Pass the DEFILE. Or : By the right (or left') loing, in rear of the centre — Pass TijtE DEFILE. Or : By the right (or left) wing, in rear of the left (or right) wing — Pass the defile. \-c ■■ ARRANGEMENTS FOR PARADES AND REVIEWS. FOR PARADES. 550. The batteries are arranged in" line of battle, as pre- scribed in the School of the Battery. Th.Q colonel is 28 yards in front of the centre of the line, having behind him the adjutant and" the chief bugler. The majors are 14 yards in front of the centres of their divisions, each having his asnstant adjutant behind him. The buglers are on the right of the line, 5 yards to the right of, and in line with, the leaders of the front rank of carriages. FOR REVIEWS. 551. Each battery is arranged a§ prescribed in the School OF THE Battery, a(^ordinpi; as they are to be marched in review, whether by battery, by half-battery, or by section. The colonel marches at the bead of the column, having the adjutant behind him. The major of the first division marches at the head of his division, 5 yards in front of the captain of the fiVst battery, and 5 yards in rear of the adjutant. 238 EVOLUTIONS OF BATTERIES. The major of the second division marches at the head of his, division. ' ' -" . Each asinrstantaffjutnntmdirQheBm Hne with the front ranlj of his division, and on the reverse side oP the f pointhig. — The jyoiut-hlaiiA' is the second point of intersectiuQ of the traj(iotory or curve 'described b^ the pro- 240 APPENDIX. jcctile in its flight with the line of sight. As the angle of siojht is increased, the projectile is thrown farther above the line of sight, and the trajectory and point-blank distance be- comes more extended. The. point-blank range increases with the velocity^ the di- ameter^ and the density of the ball. A piece is said to be aimed 'point-hlanh when the line of metal, which is the natural line of sight, is directed upon the object. This must be the case when the object is at point- blank distance. When at k greater distance, the pendulum hausse, or the tangent scale, is raised upon the breech until the sight is at the height which the degree of elevation for the distance may require. An artificial line of sight, and an artificial point-blank are thus obtained, and the piece is aimed as before. Pendulum hausse. — The instrument at present in most general use in pointing field guns at objects beyond the natural point blank, is called a pendulum hausse^ of which the com- ponent parts are denominated the scale, the slider, and the seat. The scale is made of sheet brass ; at the lower end is a brass bulb filled with lead. The slider is of thin brass, and is retained in any desirable position an the scale by means of a brass set screw with a milled head. The scale is passed through a slit in a piece of steel, with which it is connected by a brass screw, forming a pivot on which the scale can vibrate laterally; this slit is made long enough to allow the scale to take a vertical position in any ordinary cases of ine- quality of the ground on which the wheels of the carriage may rest. The ends of this piece of steel form two journals, by means of which the scale is supported on the seat attached to the piece. The seat is of iron, and is^fastened to the base of ,the breech by three screws, in such a manner that the centres of the two journal notches shall \)q at a distance ffom the axis equal to the radius of the base ring. A muzzle sight of iron is screwed into the swell of the muzzle of guns, or into the middle of the muzzle ring of howitzers. The height of the sight is equal to the dispart of the piece, so that a line from the top of the muzzle sight to the pivot of the scale is parallel to the axis of the piece. Consequently, the vertical plane of sight passing through the centre line of the scale and the top of the muzzle sight will APPENDIX. 241 be also parallel to the axis in any position of the piece; the scale will therefore always- indicate the angle which the line of sight makes with the axis. The haussG, when not in use, is carried by the gunner in a leather haversack, suspended by a shoulder strap. ON POINTING. As it is impossible to point a piece correctly without know- ing the distance of the object, artillerymen should be fre- quently practised in estijiiating distances by the eye alone, and rectifying the estimate afterward, either by pacing the distance, or by actual measurement with a tapeline or chain, until they acquire the habit of estimating them correctly. JShelk are intended to burst in the object aimed at; spheri- cal case sJiots are intended to burst from fifty to seventy-five yards short of it. Shell or spherical case firing, for long ranges, is less accu- rate than that of solid shot. At high elevations, a solid shot will range farther than a shell or spherical case shot, of .the same diameter, fired with an equal charge. But at low elevations, the shell or spheri- cal case will have a greater initial velocity, and a longer range. If, however, the charges are proportioned to the weights of the projectiles, the solid shot will, in all \!ases, have the longest range. The velocity or range of a shot is not affected in any appre- ciable degree by checking the recoil of the carriage, by using a tight wad, or by difiereut degrees of ramming. The principal causes which disturb the true flight of the ^projectiles are as follows : 1st. If the wheels of the carriage are not upon the same., horizontal plane,' the projectile will deviate toward the lowest side of the carriage. . 2d. If the direction of the wind is across the line of fire, deviations in the flight of the projectile will be occasioned, and in proportion to the strength of the wind,- the angle its direction makes with the line of fire, and the. velocity of the projectile. od. If the centre of gravity of the projectile be not coin- cidcat with tho centre of figure, the projectile will deviate 11 242 APPENDIX. towards the heaviest side, that is, in the same direction that, the centre of gravity of the projectile, while resting in the piece, lies with regard to the centre of figure. Therefore, if a shot 130 placed in the pi«ce so that its centre of gravity is to the r)(/ht of the centre of the ball, the shot will deviate to the rifjlit^ and vice versa. If the centre of gravity be above the centre of figure, range will be increased; if below, it will be diminished. Solid shot should be used from 350 yards upwards ; the use of canister should begin at 350 yards, and the rapidity of the fire increases as the range diminishes. In emergencies, double charges of canister may be used at 150 or 160 yards, with a single cartridge. Spherical case should not, as a general rule, be used for a less range than 500 yards ; .and neither spherical case nor shells should be fired at rapidly advancing bodies, as, for in- stance, cavalry charging. The fire of spherical case and of shells on bodies of cavalry in line or column, and in position, is often very.etfective. To the destructive effects of the projectiles are added the confusion and disorder occasioned amongst the horses by the noise of their explosion ; but neither shells nor spherical case should be fired so rapidly as solid shot. In case of necpssity, solid shot may be fired from howitzers. APPENDIX. 24S APPROXIMATE RANGES OF FIELD GUNS AND HOWITZERS. The range of a shot Dr a shell in this table is the distance froui the piece to the point at which the first graze of the ball is made on hoiiz;ontal ground, the piece being mounted on its appropriate field carriage. The range of a spherical case shot is the distance at which the shot bursts near the ground in the time given, thus show- ing the elevation, and the length of the fuze required for certain distances. [ Note. — Thft range of 3 inch Rifle Guns, with 7, or 11, or 13 grooves, does not vary niaterialJv from that of a 10-Pdr. Parrolt Rifle up to 2,300 yards — 0°^ giving 2,250 yards by tiie 3 inch Ritle.J- , Descript'n of Piece. Charge. Projectile. Elevation. pange. Remarks. Lbs. ' o / Yard.". C-Pdr. Gux. . . . l.-:5 Shot. 318 « a 1 2 3 i (-.74 S»-)7 1,1 3S 1.256 " a 5 1,523 1.25 Sph. ca. shot. 1 600 ■ Time 2 seconds. " 1 45 700 " 2% '• u 2 800 (( 3 a iC 2 45 900 " 5% « i( 3 1,000 . " 3% " ' i 15- 1,100 1,200 "4 " " 5 " LiaST 12-PDR. Gun, 2.5 Shot. , 325 Or n 1 ()20 12-Pdr. Na]?oleon,' (< Hi (< o w 3 4 5 875 1,200 1,320 l.CSO 2.5 . Sph. ca. sliot. 30 300 Timel second. (C 1 676 " J^M " <( 1 30 633 " 21^ " « 2 730 « 3 « « 3 960 (( 4- <( il 3 30. 1,080 ". 4% " ii 3 45 1,135 « 5 " o Shell. 300 Time ?:( second. " IK " " 1% " " 2^t " >( 30 425 (( 1 616 << 1 30 700 (( 2 - 787 C( 2 30 935 " 3j..i « m (< 3 .! 1 1.080 1,3U0 i< .1 a 244 A^i'ENDIi:. Approximate Ranges of Fiel'd Guns and Hoioitzers — Continlied. Descript'n of Piece. Charge Projectile. Elevation. ■Range. Kemai'ks. Lbs. o / 12-Pdr. Gun, . . 2.5 -Shot. 1 347 662 a 1, ■) 4 30 785- 90U 1,269 1,455 '•' 5 1,603 2.5 Sph. ca. shot. 1 000 Timel^'secends '• 1 45" ,700 " 214 "• a 2 800 u 5;,^ « a 2 15 900 "3 " (I 2 3 30 1,000 1,100 il 4 (i • - .^ " 3 ■30 1,200 " 4X " 12-Pde,, Howitzer, 1. Shell. . ■ 195 Time l'.< second. - i( 1 539 a 2 640" a 3 847 a 4 975 a 5 1,072 " 4i| 'i 1.25 Sph. ca. shot. 2 15 485 Time 2 seconds. " 3 15 715 '• -3 " i( 3 45 1,050 « 4 ■- «f 24:-Pdr. Howitzer, 2.5 Shell. 295 Time -K second. " 1 516 a , 2 793 a 3 "976 " 3 -" a 4 1,272 il 4 (( il 5 1,322 '' 4>^ " 2.5 Sph. ca. shot. 1 2 30 600 700 Time 2 seconds. '• 23^ »' il 2 30 ' 800 " 3U " a . 2 45 900 " a 3 15 1,000 << -4, ' a k( 3 45 1,100 ■" 41^ " " 4^ " il 3 50 1,200 IO-Pdr. ParrOtt 1. Shell. , 300 Time H second. Rifle Gun, (i 1 450 » . 1 « (I 2 900 t£ 2 " il il 3 4 1,300 1.600 " 3 " il 4 30 1,760 " 5 " -i a 5 1,950 " 6 •" <; 5 30 2,200 « 6^/^ " il 6 2,300 il 'J " 11 a 7 2,600 " iojI " , . a .10 3,000- il 12 3.600 « 12l< " (( 15 4,100 " 16. " il 20 5J)00 iPoo " 19^4; " « 23K " « a 25 il 30 5,900 '' 27 g " << 86 6.200 " 31i| « APPENDIX. 245 To determine the lieic/ht of the hreecli-sicfht for different angles of elevation :—-Yivst measure carefully the cir<3unifer- ence of the swell of the muzzle and divide it by 3.1416. The quotient will be the exterior diameter of the. muzzle. In the same manner determine the diameter of the base ring. Salf the difference between these diameters will be the dis- part of the gun. This determines the height of the muzzle- sight required to make the line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore. Now measure carefully the exact length of the gun from the swell of the muzzle, or centre of the muzzle- sight, to the rear of the base ring. . This distance multiplied by natural tangent of 1°, 2°, 3°, etc., (taken from the table of natural tangents, Ord. Manual,) after deducting the dis- part, will give the height of the breech sight, necessary to elevate the gun 1°, 2°, 3°, &c. When there is no Qmizzle- sight, xhQ dispart must be subtracted from the height of the hrcech-sight thus calculated. MANAGEMENT OF A^BATTEKY. . " ARTILLERY HORSES. Artillery officers should make themselves thoroughly ac- quainted with the natural history of the horse, and the effects of different modes of treatment, chapges of diet, etc., on his system, and powers of endurance. In the field the horse is subjected to so many privations, exposures, changes of 'food and water, .etc., that an officer deficient in Fuch knowledge will either have his battery constantly lacking, in efficiency and reliability, or else make large expenditures necessary to provide remounts. Artillery horses are required for quick draught ; they should move the carriage, ordinarily, rather by the weight thrown into the collar than by muscular exertion. Description. — Age at date of purchase, 5 to 7 years; height, 15 hands 3 inches, allowing a variation of 1 in-ch ; they should be well broken to harness, free from vice, perfectly ^ound in every respect, full chested, shoulders sufficiently broad to sup- port the collar,' but not too heavy; full barrelled, with broad' deep loins ; short-caupled, with solid hind quarters ; and their 24G APPENDIX. weight as great as is consistent with activity, say from 1100 to 1200 pounds when in good condition. In purchasing, spe- cial attention should be_ directed to the feet, to see that they are perfectly sound, and in good order, with hoofs rather large, and that the horse submits willingly to bo shod. Long-legged, loose-jointed, long- bodied, or narrow-chested horses should be at once rejected, as also those which are restive, vicious, or too free in harness. GENERAL RULES FOR STABLE MANAGEMENT. The following rules having been tested by experience, and found to be convenient, are recommended : 1. The stable guard will consist of not less than three men "and a. non-commissioned officer. This guard is responsible for the police and order of the stables betweerT stable calls. 2. The stable guard and the stable duty aire under the'di- rection of the battery officer of the day, the first sergeant, and the stable sergeant. 8. The men habitually groom their own horses, superin- tended by their chiefs of pieces. Supernumerary horses may be groomed by recruits, carefully supervised- and instructed.' The horses of chiefs of pieces are groomed by men of their commands. 4. The horses should be stalled according to their positions in battery, the teams nearest the doors to be led out first. Their places at the picket rope will be in accordance with the ^ame.rule. 5. The grooming should always be at the picket rope, un- less in stormy weather; if- done in the stalls, the wisp and brush alone should be used. 6. To strike a horse whilst at the picket rope, or in the stall, is apt to make him vicious; it is strictly prohibited. 7.- Horses require gentle treatment. Docile, but bold horses, may be excited to retaliate upon those who abuse them, whereds persistent kindness has often reclaimed vicious ones. 8. Each horse of a team should be groomed, about twenty minutes, then at the signal ''Lead up," the chief of each piece inspects his horses successively, exacting that the rules laid down under the head of "Grooming" shall have been APPENDIX. 247 strictly complied with; if not, the horse is to be taken back to the picket. 9 At mornino^ stable call, the stable guard, assisted by supernumerary men, police the stables, take up the bedding, (separating that which is soiled for the manure heap,) the re- mainder to be put on racks to dry. The stalls are then swept out and the manners cleaned. 10. The grain may be put in each bin by the stable guard. A box on wheels for the grain is moved in front of the stall, and two allowance measures enables the distribution to be made with rapidity. The hay is fed by the stable men after their horses are led in, receiving it from the stable sergeant. The grain must be fanned and the hay shaken before being given to the horses. 11. At the afternoon stable call, when the horses have left the stalls, the stable is policed and the bedding laid down, fresh clean straw being spread on the top of the old. Care should be taken that the bed be not in ridges, but, soft and even, the thickest part towards the head of the stall. The feeding to be the same as in the morning. 12. The watering is usually done from troughs; but after severe exercise and at noon in hot weather, buckets are pre- ferable, it then being necessary to limit the horse's allowance. The hor.=^es are to be led at a walk to and from water. 13. Should it be found that a horse has neglected his feed, or refuses his water, it will at once be reported, to the stable sergeant. 14. A non-commissioned officer of the stable guard should inspect the stable at least once in every two hours during the night; any appearance of sickness in a horse should be im- mediately made known to the stable sergeant. 15. The sickness of a horse, and the treatment he receives, should constitute part of, the report of the battery officer of the day, to be recorded in a book kept for the purpose. GROOMING. The wisp, the curry-comb, j^nd the brush, are the imple- ments used. 1. The wisp is to be used when the horses come in warm from exercise, and the horse is rubbed until dry, from his hind quarters against the hair up to his head. 248 APPENDIX. 2. The CTirry-eomb is used when the horse is dry, begin-' BiPg always on the near side afc his hind quarters, its^ippli- cation being in proportion to the length and foulness of the coat; that is, if the coat is close, long, full of dust, and very filthy, use it freely to loosen the coat or the sweat that is dried and fast on the skin and roots of the hair, appearing like a white saltish dust. ,*. In the spring of the year, the curry-comb should, whilst the coat is changing, be used judiciously, as a removal of the hair too rapidly, exposes the horses to the sudden changes of temperature. Proceeding from the hind quarters, descend to the quarters, minding not to scratch or injure the horse. The legs below the houghs are not to be touched with the curry- comb unless the dirt is matted on the joi^its of tho hoof, which may be carefully loosened with the curry-comb. The comb works unpleasantly on that part, and. must be handled lightly. Next proceed to the fetlocks, back, loins, flank, belly, shoul- ders, arms, chest, and neck, omitting no part that the curry-comb can be conveniently applied to; but tender places, thin of hair, or "I'ubbed by- the harness, need not be touched ; they should be rubbed with the wisp. Observe, therefore, to begin with the curry-comb on the near hind quarter and' finish with the head, keeping the. comb in the right hand. After curry- ing the near side, proceed with the off side ; here use the left hand. This done, wisp off those places not touched by the curry-comb; then use the brush. Begin first at the head on the near side, taking the brush in the left hand and the curry- comb iri the right; brushing more particularly those' parts where the dust is more apt to lodge, proceed down the neck. The scurf of the neck next the head, and the scrag next the main, are dif&cult to clean. Apply the brush backward and forward on these places, finishing by leaving the coat smooth. Clean the brush from dust after every two or three strokes, with the curry-comb. Proceed in the reverse order used by the curi^y-comb, taking in those parts not touched by the curry-comb, viz: under the chests- between the fore-lQgs, the inside of the elbow or arm, and the parts about the fetlocks. The skin under the flank and between the hind quarters must be free from dust, soft, and so clean as not to soil a white cloth. APPENDIX. 249 The curry-comb begins at the hind quarters, and ends at the head. The brush begins at the head, an(37takinp; in all parts of the horse, ends at the quarters. A cloth should then be used to wipe out the eyes, nostrils, and the parts under the flanks. INSTRUCTION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HARNESS. The preservation of harness requires two kinds of atten- tion : one, that of neatness, which must be continual; the other, strictly that of preservation, which consists in oiling the leather parts two or three times a year, and oftener if ex- posed to constant field service, and the weather. To keep the harness neat, the men should wipe and care- fully clean it whenever it has been used. Collars, which it is important to keep soft and supple, must be carefully attended to. Airing, and beating with a rope or small mallet, the stuffing of the collars and saddles, are im- portant duties, which must not be omitted on continued marches. In giving the second kind of attention to harness, that of preservation, the oiling should be done ofr.ener in summer than in winter. The best oil for this use is neat's-foot oil, the unctuous property of which is particularly suitable for- pre- serving the suppleness of the leather. This oil contains no siccative part, and may be used unpurified. As a maximum, four pints and a hilf will answer, each tioie, for oiling the harness of a team of six horses. Before Gsing the oil, every part of the leather must be perfectly cleaned and washed, without, however, allowing, the water to penetrate deeply into the leather. While still damp, blacken those places which have become red, with hatter/s dye, ink-ball, or acetate of iron; and when the leather be- gins to dry, oil it, spreading the oil on with a sponge, or thick and soft brush. When ncat's-foot oil cannot be obtained, fish oil, if pure, may be used. This is very good for preserv- ing black leather; but it must be carefully ascertained not to contain any siccative matter, as that would render it inju- rious. Other oils may be usefully employed, as wlialc oil, when 250 APPENDIX. they can be obtained pure ; this is not easily done, and it is difficult to detect the fraud. Vegetable oils are very injuri- ous. Oq campaigns, good oils can rarely be procured; under these circumstances a mixture of three-quarters of melted lard and one-quarter of whale oil may be used ; it should be spread over the leather with a piece of woollen cloth, and rubbed in well. FIELD SEEYICE. MARCHES. The front of a column should not be frequently diminished and increased on a long march, as it unavoidably increases the fatigue of the column, -particularly the rear of it : when,, therefore, the front is diminished, it should not be increased until there is a probability that it will not be necessary to diminish it again for some time. The detachments should be told offinto two parties, one for the piece, the other for the caisson, in order to give their assistance in holding on, or whenever it may b*e required on the march, etc. The officers commanding sections, in order to preserve them in place, will, without- waiting for express instructions, give such orders as may be necessary for holding on in descents, for assisting horses out of .difficulties, for the passage of obstacles, &c, Artificers should always be carried on a march, as their duties commence when that of the other men ma}^be said to end, and, if fatigued with marching, they cannot be expected to work with alacrity or efficiency, however willing. An intelligent non-commissioned officer should be sent to reconnoitre the road or ground that artillery is to pass over, and, when necessary, to report the state of it. When the march is connected with military operations, an officer should be employed for this duty. The distarice of two yards between the carriages should always be maintained on the best roads, to prevent fatigue and unnecessary stoppage to the horses. In bad or difficult roads, it may be necessary to increase the distance to four yards or more, according to the nature of the ground. Evea .APPENDIX. " 251 infantry, under such circumstances, open out and lose distance ; with artillery it is unavoidable, and the horses si^ffer much from being alternately checked and urged on. The strictest attention, however, should be constantly paid to the preservation of distances; not opening out more than is absolutely necessary. The loss of distances with small bodies of artillery may be made up; bjit with large bodies, or when acting with infantry, this cannot be done without serious disadvantage, particularly to the infantry; therefore, this point cannot be too strongly insisted upon, as being one of essential consequence. Officers commanding sections should frequently halt to see that (heir carriages are well up, and marching in proper order. When an accident happens to a carriage, it should, if possi- ble, be drawn out of the column, so as not to interrupt the march of the other carriages or troops. The carriage in its rear must pass it by the most convenient flank, and close to proper distance. The disabled carriage resumes its position as soon as the damage is repaired; when the road is narrow; it must fall into the first interval it finds, and use every (5pportunity aft'orded by a wider space to regain its propfer place. A caisson belonging to a disabled piece must remain with it; a piece, however, should not remain with" its disabled caisson, but merely leave a.sufficient number of men to rep'air it. When it is necessary to move a carriage along a slope, where a small jerk may overturn it, a drag rope should be fastened to the lowest -side of the carriage, passe(^ over the top of it, and held by two or three men, marching on the upper side of the slope; -a small effort by these means will prevent a car- riage from overturning on a very steep slope. Whenever the ruts are very deep, the carriages must quarter the road ; when, however, the road is narrow and sunk between banks, the horse? should be left to themselves and not hurried. In such circumstances a skilful driver will save his horses much, particularly the wheel horses. In passing over deep furrows, or small ditches or drains,' the carriages should cross them obliquely; when they are crossed perpendicularly, fhe horses not only encounter greater difficulty, but they, as- well as the harness, suffer much from the jerks. The former line of march should bo resumed ag soon as the^ are passed. 252 ■ APPENDIX. When the roads are good or even tolerable, the artillery h always obliged to wait for infantry, which is attended with much additional fatigue to the horses, from having the harness so much longer upon them. When, therefore, there is no danger, the artillery should be allowed to regulate its own rate of marching. . • On ordinary marches the detachments may be in front, rear, right, or left of their respective pieces; or they may all be in front or rear of the column of carriages, as the circum- stances may require. But •when the- detachments are thus separated from their carriages, one man should march with ea'ch. "^ The preservation of liorses is an important duty of an artillery officer. The greatest care should be given to the fitting of the- saddles and collars. Sore backs" and galled shoulders arise chiefly from neglect on the march. • By prompt attention on the part of the officers, many horses may be preserved for service which. would other- wise be disabled for months. The drivers must never be allowed to lounge or sit uneven on their saddles. * A folded blanket under the saddle is the best preventive of sore backs, as it adapts the shape of the saddle to any loss of flesh in the horse. ' . ' Every driver should have attached to his harness a pair of pads of soft leather, about six inches by'four, stufi'ed with hair; basil leather is the best for this purpose. The moment any tenderness is perceived in a horse's shoulders, the pressiiro must be removed by placing the pads. under the collar above and below the tender part. When a battery arrives 'in camp, quarters, or a cantonment, each non-commissioned officer will immediately examine every part of the carriage under his charge, especially the wheels, to the greasing- of which he must attend': he will report to the officer of his section, who- reports to the.commander of the battery. All damages must be repaired without delay. The best grease for wheels is coarse sweet oil and tallow, (in equal parts melted together,) next to that, old soft lard. When these cannot be procured, slu§h may be used. Black- lead should be mixed wjth ithe grease. APPENDIX. 253 The drivers must immediately report to the non-com- missioned officers of their carriage^ any loss or breakage of their harness, and also any gall or other hurt which may have happened to their horses; any neglect on this point must be punished. In camp, greasy heels are '^ the most common disability with which horses are affected ; as these proceed from cold, occasioning humors to settle, the best preventives is hand rubbing and exercise to keep up a circulation. - Unless for some particular purpose, the elevating screws should never be raised Higher thali half their length; on a march they must be covered with a piece of canvass, or old flannel cartridge bag, to prevent their being clogged with dust. The pintle hooks and lunettes should be greased previous to marching. If a battery is parked in hot weather, the naves of the wheels must be protected as much as possible from the effect of the sun/ by sods, tarpaulings, or o'ther covering. ASCENTS. If the. ascent be long and steep, the road in a bad state, or, if from any other cause, the exertion of the horses is likely to be great, a part of the carriages should halt, the leaders of them be hitched on to those in front, and, when they arrive at the top, be sent back with as many more leaders as may be necessary. AVhatever may be the difficulties of the road, not more than ten horses can be hitched with effect to the same carriage ; beyond this number, "and even with it, it is difficult to make the horses pull together. It may be sometimes necessary to make the detachments assist with bricoles or drag ropes. After going up a short steep hill the horses should be halted; but when that cannot be done, they should be made to move slowly to allow them to recover their wind. In going up a hill, carriages may be halted to rest the horses by bringing them across it, and locking the limbers or chocking the wheels. For this purpose it may be advisable to divide the carriages into portions of three or four each, starting them from tlw3 bottom in succession, with an interval of twenty or thirty yards, or more, between each portion. 254 APPENDIX. DESCENTS. The drivers sbnuld never dismount in going down hill. The wheel driver holds his near horse well in hand, and his off horse very short; the other drivers barely stretch their traces. In' descending steep hills the cannoneers must hold on. For this purpose, previous to marching off, the end of a drag rope is passed twice round the tulip of rhe piece, and the run- ning part passed into the hook and pulled tight; the rope is then wound round the muzzle, or formed into a small coil and hung on it. At the caisson the drag rope is fastened to one of the hind irons, or to the hind axletree. With a light battery, holding on will generally be sufficieat; but, if necessfeiry, the wheels must also be locked. In steep and difficult descents the wheel horses only are left, in the carriage, the others being taken out and. led in rear; the cannoneers hold' on with drag ropes. When it is necessary to lock, the. middle driver, or with four horses the leading one, dismounts for that purpose. Should ther"e be a ditch or other dangerous part on the side of the road, the wheel towairds that side is locked in preference to the other. CROSSING FORDS. When the water is. deep and ..the current strong, great attention must be paid in fording. The person conduQting a column over a direct ford, should keep his eyes steadily fixed on some object on the opposite bank, .which marks the place of going out. He must not look at the stream, which wpuld deceive him by appearing to carry him down. All those in' rear should keep their eyes on those in front. ^In order to resist the power of the stream, it is necessary to wade rather agaiust it. . When the bottom of the- ford, or the bank on the opposite side is Had, the leaders-of the rear cjjirriages should be hitched to those in front, and an officer stationed at the entrance, and another at the place of going out. The former causes the distance to be observed, and directs the drivers as >to the manner of crossing the ford, and the latter directs them ia their leaving it. APPENDIX. 255 Above all things,- the horses must not.be allowed to drink, haU, or trot either in passin-g the ford or in leaving it. If, however, the stream to be forded is small, and neither deep nor rapid, and there are no troops immediately in rear, this opportunity of watering the horses, or, at least, of giving them a mouthful of water, may be embraced. The j^assage should be effected with as large a front as possible. After reaching the opposite bank, the leading carriages should move on to such distance from the ford as not to impede those in jear. If the ford is not well known, it must be examined, and the iiangerous places well marked, before the carriages attempt to cross. Artillery carriages. can pass a ford three feet and one-third deep; and this depth may be attempted when the ammunition boxes are perfectly water tight, or means have been taken to raise them sufficiently high ; although much depends upon the botton\. and the strength of the current. When the ammunition boxes are not water tight, and are at their usual height of two feet ten inches above the ground, the depth attempted should not exceed two feet four inches. PASSAGE OF MILITARY BRIDGES.. At the entrance of the bridge all but the wheel drivers dismount ; the dismounted drivers march at their horses' heads, holding the reins of the near horse with the right hand near the bit. A distance of twenty yards is kept between the carriages. The gait must be free and decided, and the drivers should conduct the carriages as near the middle of the flooring as possible; if the flooring is wet, they must attend particularly to keeping the horses from slipping. Battens should, in this case, be nailed across the "bridge It may sometimes be necessary to pass the carriages and horses sepa- rately. ■ * ^ Tliere should bo no halt on the bridge. Whenever it is perceived to rock, the passage of the troops must be stopped. If the bridge cracks under a carriage, it should increase its gait and pass as quickly' as possible. 256 APPEJSDIX. In passing over a flying bridge the drivers hold the horses, facing towards them ; it may occasionally be advisable to take the horses out ; and in boisterous weather, or at night, the wheels should be locked. REVERSING OF A BATTERY IN A NARROW ROAD. AH the carriages should be drawn close to one side of the road, and the pieces and caissons unlirabered and reversed. The limbers are then brought in front of their carriages, which are then to be limbeued up. .If there is not room, to reverse the limbers, the horses must be taken out. Should the read be so narrow that the limbers cannot pass their carriages, the trails of the pieces' and stocks of the cais- sons must be brought into a direction .perpendicular to the road; if it has a bank on either side, the wheels must run close to the bank, and the trails and stocks made to rest upon it. On a dyke, or. road with a ditch on each side, the car- riages must be run as close to the edge as possible, and the trails and stocks held up while the limbers pass. Great care must be taken not to run the carriages too far, and the wheels must be scotched or locked at the edge of the dyke or ditch. Remarks. — When a battery is in stationary quarters, there must be a weekly inspection of- every part of it, and, when circumstances perimt, a parade in marching order; at which parade every part of the harness, carriages, and appointments of the cannoneers is expected to be in the best order. Parti- cular attention should be given to the state of the ammunition, which must be frequently aired. The battery should frequently take out a day's forage, secured and arranged as for service; the detachments being in marching order, and their blankets, etc., properly fixed. It should be made to go over all sorts of ground, up and down steep slopes and across ditches. The intrenching tools should be occasionally taken ojEi', and used in filling up holes and making ramps, to enable the carriages to pass over difficult ground. IN ACTION, OR PREPARING FOR ACTION. In those formations in battery i-n which the pieces or sections arc brought up successively on the right for action APPENDIX. 257 front, each piece sliould reserve its fire until the one on its right is unlimbered, and its limber reversed ; by not attend- ing to this, the horses become so frightened as not to be brought up to the piece without difficulty. No positive rule can be laid down with respect to the cais- sons in presence of the enemy. This must depend upon a variety of circumstances; but, in general, it will be found ex- pedient to place them under charge of an officer, who will conform to the movements of the main body, in such a man- ner, and at such distance, as to enable him to supply the pieces with ammunition before that which is in the limbers is expended. In a hilly road, when any obstruction is expected from the enemy, the leading gun should always be twenty-five or thirty yards in advance of the others, in order to leave room for the limber to take its place in rear when it comes into action, without the necessity of running back the rest of the column. This might be avoided in some cases, by running the piece forward, but cases may arise where it would not be advisable to do so. When pieces are in position on the brow of a hill, they should be retired from it as far as they can be without losing the command, in order that the men may be covered as much as possible. If it is necessary to place them close to the edge, it should not be done until the firing is about to commence. Should a battery be ordered to come into action to a flank upon a dyke, or road which, is entirely open, with a ditch on each side of it, the carriages must take double distance from each other, and the caissons turn so as to bring their rear to- wards the enemy. When the piece is unlimbcred, the limber moves near the caisson and turns its rear also towards the en- ' eray. If the road is too narrow to allow the caissons to change their direction, they remain in the same line with the pieces, and in the middle of the interval between two of them; the limbers do not reverse, but move forward to the caisson of the preceding piece. When pieces are placed on the edge of a considerable slope, they mny be run down by hand, the limbers backing so far as to allow the pieces, when the prolonges are stretched, to fire with eff"c;ct, and command the whole slope. The pieces should, however, be only run down sufficiently to efl'ect this purpose, 258 APPENDIX. • that the limbers may be as far as possible from the edge, and, consequently, in some df'gree covered. Should there be any- thing at hand, the wheels may be scotched; or/if there is time, a small cut may be macle across the hill. By these pre- cautions pieces may be fired down a slope so considerable, that they would otherwise run down themselves. Should there be any fear of a piece running forward, when unlimbered for action on the brow of a hill, the wheel should be locked with a lock chain, prolonge, or drag rope. It must be applied to the top felloe^ or spoke of the wheel, instead of the lower one. In passing a defile or bridge with the enemy on the other side; and likely to oppose the advance, the pieces alone should move forward, leaving the caissons to follow in rear by them- selves. In retiring through a defile or over a bridge in the presence of an enemy, the caissons should be sent to the rear; one or two may be kept nearer than the others for supplying ammu- nition. The prolonge should be generally used when artillery is re- tiring slowly. When the rear of the column retires with the prolonge along a road, cavalry will hesitate to attack it, if its flank be securei After firing, either on drill or in action, the bore of the piece should be washed and the piece depressed. REPLACING KILLED OR DISABLED HORSES. The teams of the pieces' must always be kept complete at the expense of those of the caissons. A disabled" horse, in the first instance, is replaced by the corresponding one at the caisson, leaving the caisson to refit with a spare horse and the harness of the disabled one. After all the spare horses have been used, those of the caisson should be taken in succession, so that they may be gradually, and regularly reduced. SPIKING and' UNSPIKING CANNON. To ajylhe a. piece, or to vender it iinserviceahle': Drive into the vent: a jagged and hardened steel spike with a soft point, ox% nail without a head; break it off flush with the outer APPENDIX. 25-9 surface and clinch the point inside by means of the rammer. Wedge a shot in the bottom of the bore by wrapping it with felt, or by means, of iron wedges, using the rammer or a bar of iron to drive them in ; a wooden wedge would be easily burnt by means of a charcoal fire lighted with the aid of a bellows. Cause shells to burst in the bore of brass guns, or fire broken shot from them witti high charges. Fill a" piece with sand over the charge to burst it. Fire a piece against another, muzzle to muzzle, or the muzzle of one to the chase of the- other. ■ Light a fire under the chase of a brass gun, and strike on it with a sledge to bend it. Break off the trun- nions of iron guns; or burst them by firing them with heavy charges and full of shot, at a high elevation. When guns are to be spiked temporarily, and are likely to be re-taken^ a spring spike is used, having ^j, shoulder to pre- vent its being too easily extracted. ■ To innjjike a inece : If. the spike is not screwed in or clinched, and the bore is not impeded, put in a charge of pow- der of one-third the weight .of the shot, and ram junk wads over it with a handspike, laying on the bottom of the bore .a strip of wood with a groove on the under side containing a strand of quick match, by which fire is communicated to the cbarge. In a brass gun, take out some of the metal at the upper orifice of the vent, and pour sulphuric acid into the groove for s^idc hours before firing. If this method, several times repea#d, is not successful, unscrew the vent piece, if it be a brass gun, and if an iron one, drill out the spike, or drill a new vent. To drive out q, shot loedged m the horje : Unscrew the vent piece, if there be one, and drive in wedges so as to start the -shot forward, then ram it back again in ordei* to seize the wedge with a hook; or pour in powder and fire it, after -re- placing the vent piece. In the last resort, bore a hole in the bottom of the breech, drive out the shot, and stop the hole with a screw. RIGHTIN'G CARRIAGES THAT HAVE BEEN OVERTURNED. " WHien a carriage has been overturned it is better, if time permits, to disengage the piece, right the carriage, and then mount the piece again in the manner already described. The 260 APPENDIX/ piece may be easily disengaged by allowing the breech to rest upon the ground, or a block of wood, raising the muzzle by means of a handspike while the cap squares are taken off. CAMP OF ARTILLERY. The artillery is encamped near, the troops to which it is at- tached, so as to be protected from attack, and to contribute to the defence- of the camp. Sentinels for the park are furnished by the artillery, and, when necessary, by the other troops. PISPOSITION OF PIECES, ETC. FIRST MODE. In this mode the pieces are parked with diminished inter- vals; and the tents and horses are placed upon the flanks in lines parallel to each other and perpendicular to the front, so as to give the encampment a froiit of the same extent as the battery in line. The horses of each half-battery are_picketed together upon their appropriate flank. The team of^the flank piece is placed at the end of the picket rope' in front, and that of its caisson next. Then come the teams of the next piece and caisson, and so on in the same t)rder. The horses of . the chiefs of pieces are with their appropriate teams. The teams of the other carriages are afterwards picketed in the same order with reference to their positions in park; and finally the horses of the officers near the end of the rope. When two or more batteries are encamped together, the interval between the camps is equal to that between two bat- teries in line; and the captain's tent is between" those of his lieutenants. In, horse artillery , the front of the encampment would be 97 yards, and the interval between the pieces 7. The horses of each detachment would be picketed after the teams of its caissons. ^ " SECOND MODE. In this mode the pieces are parl^ed ^itb full intervals, and the horses and tents are placed in parallel lines in rear. When a single line of .rope is not sufficient fOr the horses, a second APPENDIX. 261 13 placed 4 yards in rear of the first, and the horses made to face each other. The teams of the pieces and caissons are placed in the order of their pieces alono; the centre of the first line, and those of the other carriages are placed upon their flanks opposite the half- batteries to which they belong. If necessary a part of them are placed in rear of the second line. The horses of tlxe officers. are at the extremities of the line. In liorse aTiillery\, in which the second line is always neces- sary, the horses of the detachments are picketed together in their proper order along the centre of that line; and the offi- cers' horses at the extremities of- the same. • In this mode of encampment the intervals between two ad- joining batteries and the position of the captain's tent are subject to the same rules as in the other. Instead of placing the harness in lines it may be placed upon the carriages and covered by tarpaulins when it is possi- ble to do so. The saddles and bridles of the riding horses may also be covered by placing them in the tents with the men. The number of lines upon which a battery is parked varies ■according to the number of spare carriages attached. The battery of manoeuvre, which is composed of the pieces and their appropriate caissons, occupying the two front lines. COMMENCING AN ACTION. Before the commencement of an action a battery should be placed as much as possible under cover, by taking advantages of banks, hollow-ways, buildings, woods, &c. It is not advisa- ble to move a battery at once into position on the field; but if unavoidable, it should be masked as much as possible until ordered to open fire. , A battery should be masked, if possible, by covering it with cavalry in preference to infantry, as the former does it more effectually and is sooner moved out of the way. ' Batteries should be placed in relation to the troops with which they are acting, upon the flank of a line, but at such a distance as not to impede its movements, and at the same time to be unfettered in their own ; the artillery may thus 262 APPENDIX. represent the faces of a bastion, and the '?liae of, troops tlid eurtain. The front of a line of troops is the worst possible position for a field battery, while a position in rear is nearly as bad; the former obstructing the movements of the troops, the lat- ter liable to seriously injure, or at least disquiet them. In supporting an attack, the battery sh9uld' be carefully kept clear of the intended tnajrch of oiir own troops, and such points occupied as may afford the greatest annoyance to the enemy. Batteries should generally be disposed with regard to the enemy's troops, so as to secure. a cross fire on his position, and on all the ground over which he moves to the attack, endeavor- ing to take him at all times in the direction of his greatest dimensions; that is, obliquely, or in flank, when in line, and in front when formed in columns. Moderate heights, com- manding as much as possible the surrounding country, should always betaken advantage of, but not such as. may prevent operations in advance if required. When, from particular circumstances, the front of the army is too extended and unavoidably divided into two lines, it may become necessary to place one or more batteries in, the centre, if those on the flanks are unable to sweep the whole front; but great care must be taken not to impede the advance or retreatof the troops when required. The fire of the field batterie.'? should not be carried on at the same uniform rate ; the destruction of the enemy being the object, it follows that at distant ranges a greater degree of care is required in pointing the guns; the fire is slow and steady, and increasing in rapidity as the enemy advances, without, however, impairing its precision. The fire of field batteries should never be carried on in sal- voes, but in a regular manner, well sustained, and with dis- tinct intervals between every round, commencing slowly, and increasing in rapidity "as the range diminishes. The effects of the fire will be in proportion to the number of guns brought together, and therefore, in order, to strike a decisive blow, this should at once be done. Two solid shot,, or case shot, or three of canister, can be fired from a field piece in one minute ; the latter being fired at short distances, and not requiring such care in aiming. Ai>PENDIX. 263 Two is the smallest number of giins that may with safety be employed in face of an enemy. Only under peculiar circumstances is the practice of em- ploying field batteries against those of the enemy recommend- ed ; as, for instance, when his troops are well covered, and his guns exposed, or their fire very destructive. Their fire should be directed principally against columns of attack and masses, or upon positions which are intended to be carried A battery can come into action in the field and fire one round in 25 seconds, timing from the order -** action front'' to' the discharge of one piece, Should cavalry be advancing to attack infantry, and first observed at the distance, of a mile, passing over the first half mile at a trot, and next quarter of a mile at the manoeuvring gallop, and the remaining distance at an increased gallop, terminating with the charge — occupying altogether about six minutes — during the last 1500 yards of their advance, a bat- tery might fire eleven rounds per piece. A battery can fire thirty-six rounds against infantry in 16i minutes, supposing them to pass over 1500 yards. Should the enemy attempt to force the passage of a river, the best- position for t^e artillery to oppose it is wherever the best cross fire can be obtained in order to harass him as much aa possible, and if he has succeeded in passing over any portion of the troops, it should be directed against their for- mation. When the enemy is making the passage of a river in re- treat, the guns should be posted in such a pobition as to bear upon the batteries that cover the retreat and also upon his bridges. The bridge being generally laid in a re-entering angle, bat- teries should be posted on each side of the bridge, and far enough from it to secure a cross-fire on the opposite flank. The indiscriminate expenditure of ammunition should, upon no account, be permitted in the field during action, particu- larly at the commencement, as the want of it at the close may decide the fate of the day. It should be sparingly used in skirmishing and minor affairs, especially when at a distance from supplies^ or in anticipation of a general action. Tffe reserve should be employed when a particular point*of the line requires additional support, a favorable position is to 264 APPENDIX. be seized, an impression has been made on the line by the enemj'-, a fdrward or retrograde mo-vement is in contemplation, or when a determined attack is to be made on him. Under y such circumstances the reserve should come up and take -^^^ in the action, and it is of the utmost importance tlraf this should be done as expeditiously as possible. Previous to the engagement, the reserve should be placed in rear with the second line, out of the range of shot, and as little exposed as circumstances will admit, but always in such a position as to' have ready access to the front 'and rear. Never, until the very last extremity^ should guns be aban- doned before an enemy. An artilleryman must never forget t\i2iVMs gun is his projjer arm ; that here lies his strength ; that here is his post of honor and duty; also, that -the last discharges are always the most destructive, and may possibly insure the safety of the whole army, or turn the tide of vic- tory in their favor. The position of cavalry, when placed in support of a bat- tery, is on its flank, and as much concealed as possible. When infantry are formed in sc|uares to resist the charge of cavalry, the guns should be placed outside at the angles of the squares, the limbers, horses, &c., on the inside. Should the detachments be driven from their guns, they will retire into the square after discharging their pieces, and taking with them the sponges and other equipments; the moment the enemy has retired, they re-commence the fire. Supposing the in- fantry formed in echelon of regimental squares, and that the time, or small extent of the squares, would not admit of the limbers, &c , being placed inside, then the wagons and lim- bers should be brought up with their broadsides to the front, so as. to occupy, if possible, the space between the guns, leav- ing no intervals for the cavalry to cut through ] the prolonge, or drag ropes, might also ofler an effectual momentary Impe- diment to them-if properly stretched and secured. '^*Miy