JOSHUA PAYNB. ni.^S^ BEULAH HILL, Of PER MOR^MDOi, Hi V ■ Price in clotli boards, coloured plates, 5s. Sewed in cover, uncoloured, 3s. CONTENTS. ^ Co ?C Preamble, ...... 1 J'REFACE, ...... 5 Definition of tlie Foui' Ai-istocracies, that of IJiink, Birth, Money, and Miud, l> State of Europe, ...... 9 Definition and Explanation of Heaven upon Earth, . . 21 Explanation of the Revelation of St John the Divine, . . 40 Description of the Invented Machine, .... 44 TREATISES. r. — Government, .... The Internal and External Life of Nations, How to Enrich the Governments, II. — Employment, What is Labour ? What is Price ? What is Money ? What are Merchants, and what are Speculators ? Commerce, — one Direct, another Indirect, The Parties, The Election of Members of Parliament, The Election of Mayors and Corporations, Railways, ... The Invention and Plan to stop Trains instantly, National Banks, Grand Metropolitan Depots to regulate Price, Deficiency of Present Mercantile Laws, [iawyers, Banks, Clerks, Workmen, Pensioning of Workmen for Life, Working- Women, The Reduction of Provisions, Emigrations abroad, III. — Biii.DiNo OF Towns. Proposed Workmen's Houses, with I'lans, Proposed Merchants' Houses, witli Plans. 53 57 68 70 72 74 76 78 79 80 82 88 91 92 94 97 98 99 101 108 110 112 IIG 122 129 IV Proposed Gentlemen's Houses, with Plans, Proposed Lodgers' Houses, .... Description of Dreadful Houses in London, Description of Houses in Edinburgh, Description of Houses in Leicester, Newcastle, Northampton, &c. Tables of Loans in Paper iloney, and their Explanations, Proposed Improvements of Towns, The Twenty Princijjal Causes of Present Distress, A Few Words on Poland, . . . ' . 134 136 140 141 146 150 158 164 169 IV. — Education. What is Education ? . . . Education of Higher, Jliddle, and Lower Glasses, What is the Duty of Ecclesiastical Teachers ? The Ancient Religions, Proposed New Method for the Delivery of Sermons, Religious Education, . . . Proposed Gratuitous Education to all Children, Proposed New Arrangements of Boarding Schools, Scholars' Free Travelling Abroad, 171 174 178 179 184 186 189 190 194 V.^ — Marriages. Upon what depends the True Happiness of Matrimony ? The Matrimonial Duties of Higher, Middle, and Lower Classes, Perilous Consequences resulting from the Early Marriages of the Poor People, ...... Education of Married Females, .... On the Prevalence of Sin, and the Proposed Suppression of it by the British Government, . . . 200 202 207 212 214 VI. — Conclusion. The Origin of Governments, .... 218 How Labour can be regulated in every Nation, . . . 219 The First Problem ; or the Way to Emancipate and Regulate Labour, 225 Riches of the Nation, as a Result of such Arrangment of Labour, . 232 The Composition of the Present European Governments, and what they are in Reality, ...... 233 Second Problem,— to Emancii)ate Labour, . . . 239 A Few Words on the Polish Emigration, and an Appeal to them, . 244 An Ajjpeal to the Friends of Poland, . . . 251 PREAMBLE. A stranger across the sea, — no matter my humble name. Son of a nobleman, I was born on the same day with our Lord Jesus Christ. With the brightest prospects for the future, and a finished military education at eighteen years, I left the polytech- nic school, and entered the regiment of royal horse-guard artil- lery as an ensign, and had hardly served one year when insurrec- tion broke out in Warsaw, in the year 1830. War followed, and the dreadful carnage lasted eight months, in which short time we fought fifty-five battles, or seven battles per month, with the tremendous army of Russians, who paid us a visit with 400,000 slaves, dragging with them no less than 450 artillery guns. We received them joyfully with only 52,000 freemen, having only 80 guns. We feared not the number, for our every breast was a mountain, and every sword in the hand of a Pole was a thunderbolt. The love of our country was our comman- der, and the frightful numerical superiority of our enemy, was only a proof of our magnanimity. After having killed 200,000 of the enemy, and losing ourselves 30,000 men, and after the visitation of cholera, which pounced upon us all without distinc- tion, and strangled nearly 100,000 Russians and 1.5,000 of ours, the Poles perceived that, although there was every thing neces- sary to lay the Northern Giant prostrate, such as money, men, bravery, and sacrifice, there was not one single head to make a good disposal of it: a great truth, said the Austrian minister, Kaunitz, that " Nature forces herself one century to produce a genial man, and then she reposes another.'" Such a man was not in Poland then, llussia resorted already to her last re- sources, and was obliged to send her life-guards from St Peters- burgh to continue the war. The Poles made also new levies ; yet, strange to say, — although 50,000 Poles started against 400,000 Russians, and after so many glorious victories over the Russians, an army of 70,000 of them took Warsaw, defended by 30,000 Poles, whilst another 36,000 Poles w-ere only at a day''s distance from Warsaw, sent there foolishly for provisions. Thus 66,000 Poles laid down their arms before 80,000 already ex- hausted Russians ! After this catastrophe, from heart-rending scenes of cruelty and barbarity of the enemy, nearly 10,000 Poles, chiefly officers and leaders of the insurrection, sought an asylum abroad, to escape death, prisons, or the mines of Siberia. I followed my brothers in arms, and spent my eighteen years by travelling in (jrallicia, Germany, Prussia, France, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, England, Scotland, and Ireland. Having no particular profes- sion, and not fond of sedentary employment, I rambled about without any aim, visiting constantly the principal towns and cities where there was anything to be seen; and, introduced con- stantly into new societies and families of different nations, and shades and rank in society, my curiosity grew so powerful to examine the towns, their beauties and deficiencies, their splen- dours and imperfections, as well as the manners and morals of my acquaintances, and the comforts and miseries of the inhabi- tants in general, that it became within me a reigning passion and my sole desire, to gratify which I spared no time or trouble. Thinking always to return to my own desolated, destroyed, and tyrannized-over country, I wanted to know a great deal about society in the towns and villages, as a matter of perhaps bene- ficial observation and scrutiny, to be applied at some future day to Poland. Plenty of time was at my disposal. 1 had no taste for novels, for I hate theory and admire only practice. My own powerful imagination supplied me often in reality with that wliicli others have only from fancy tales : — but I greatly loved, 3 and alway.s devoured anxiously every kind of national or local history, which caused my thoughts to wander far and wide. Such thoughts were my dear little children, — they amused and cherished me often. JMy mind was eager to penetrate into every corner of heaven, earth, and human society. At last I arrived to the period when the abundance of my thoughts and ideas became so burdensome, and weighed on my mind so heavily, that they really oppressed me. I often wished I could burst them out to some kind and generous hearts, to sound and virtuous minds. But how to find them, and where, in this selfish world ? The things I have seen, and w^iich I now know, make me feel as if I had a JMethusal age, and centurial experience. Be what ma}', I will write them dow^n to see what men shall say to ideas and thoughts a century in advance. The thunders of criticism I dread not, for I neither laugh nor criti- cise society, but simply shall speak an " unvarnished tale" of the working-man and his hut, as well as of the emperor and his royal castle. I write them not to the glory of myself, but to the benefit of all. THE AUTHOK. Edinburgh, 1848. PKEFAOE. This work, as will be seen from the Preamble, is not written for a particular nation or a peculiar race of men — a Chinese or a Turk — a Hindoo or a Russian — a Brazilian or an English- man — all may be addressed the same, for it is not written for religionists nor politicians — neither for nobility nor mob, but it begs humbly to submit its unpresuming leaves to the kind peru- sal of men of sound virtue, unso^^histicated charity, good feeling, and good sense. It is written for the few ; for the whole annals of mankind prove that the whole long range of centuriated events were trained up, directed and led by the fen\ That the most divine thoughts and expressions came from the few, and the most dazzling and brilliant inventions and productions are the result of only i\ feu\ Such fsi/: were always either a bliss or a scourge of the whole human race, and the whole earth now is under the po\A er and control of such feic, and from them all nations shall receive their happiness or misery. Hero lies the secret — that upon the virtue and feeling of such feio hang the joy or suffering of millions of men. The present few who saddle mankind, are not in the extrava- gant possession of holy inspirations, nor a pre-abundance of vir- tue to measure justice, although society will always look and require from those upon whom Heaven bountifully lavishes the divine capacities, to be not its terror or plague, but. angel-like, helpers of bliss and comfort to men. We all know that the primitive state of human society wa» slavery : which slavery was the general custom of antiquity, and the ancients used to catch men like dogs and make them work ; and tliat since Christianity equalized the slave with his master. men found another way of usurping the labour of others. If we take a rapid glance of the history of mankind, we will perceive three different and conspicuous epochs, which form the successive reigns of three different aristocracies. The first epoch was the aristocracy of rank. It rose in the primitive times of the settlement of nations. Those times were very stormy, and unceasing wars were carried on by all people ; one part, therefore, was obliged to cultivate the land, whilst the other was fighting ; but as soon as the danger was over, the masters of the battle-fields were the masters of the corn-fields. Hence sprang nobles and their serfs, and such was the whole fabric of the feudal ages. They wielded their absolute sceptre, till their too preponderating and too heavy power became a burden. There was often great distress, starvation, revolutions, and outbreaks of the people, until the aristocracy of rank, indifferent to all claims and redresses, lost entirely the hearts and good feelings of the whole people, and the Roman empire fell with a tremendous crash under the rolling tempest of barbarian invaders, who easily overwhelmed Europe with its kings, generals, consuls, and dictators ; whose subjects, unwilling to submit to their power, and indifferent to their own fate, allowed themselves to be conquered, preferring to kiss the wooden chains of the enemy, rather than bear the golden yoke of native tyrants. The second epoch was the aristocracy/ of birth. Upon the ruins of the Roman empire rose a number of king- doms ; and the extinction of the aristocracy of rank was replaced by the aristocracy of birth. The feudalism was obliged to yield to the powers of different kings, formed upon the broken empire. The thrones were soon surrounded by a new class of men, called courtiers and state persons, privileged by the kings to support their power, which class, by the right of birth, so artfully divided between themselves the whole social world, that there was no- thing left to the other class but to live dependent on their grace and favour, and woi'k hard, solely to maintain their existence. Hence were the grandees and their subjects, and the second epoch of the aristocracy. They again wielded their boasting sceptre, and, successful in their bright career, they forgot that their scepti'e began to weigh too heavily on the necks of the people. In that epoch, as well as in the previous one, there was great distress, starvation, wars, and outbreaks of the people ; deafness to claims, and unwillingness of redress, till tired mankind ranged themselves in the phalanxes of democracy, and burst out in a rage ; and, passing witli the rapidity of lightning to the extreme ends of the earth, called the people to the resurrection I The volcano vomited its boisterous and dreadful contents, fire and sword spread its devastation far and wide, blood sprinkled the earth, terminating the power and reign of the aristocracy of birth. But what was the result i A common thing in the affairs of men ; — they cut off the second head of the monster dragon, but the third grew out of it instantly. In the intoxication of success, nations shouted the peal of joy — but for how long? The cold consideration of speculators stooped, silently and slowl}', to moments of ardour, zeal, and sacrifice ; they agreed to all demo- cratical rules and regulations ; they put even the Phrygian liberal caps on their heads, but they quietly and silently got hold of the pockets of mankind, and sticking to them like leeches, they sucked their profits — they fattened themselves, and grew both stronger and more numerous. The aristocracy of birth fell down — the parchments of birth and privileges were burnt — the shields of princes and knights were destroyed — the coats-of-arms were crushed — the pompous fetes of the castles and mansions disappeared; but, slowly and quietly the aristocracy of money arose ! Mankind overlooked and forgot the guilds with their .5 per cent, and instead of coats-of-arms, parchments, primogenitures, and castles, they have bills, dis- counts, monopolies, and railways. And the present times are exactly like those of former ages, only forms and names are changed ; for there is the same distress, starvation, wars — the same outbreaks, and as many claims, petitions, and proposals for redress. Although Christianity was introduced to improve man's condition — eighteen centuries have rolled away, and tho condition of the Assyrian slave of primitive ages under the aristo- cracy of rank, of the European .slave of the middle ages, under the aristocracy of birth ; and of tho serf of Kussia, the peasant of Poland, the working-man of England, and of the Irish labourer in the present day, under the aristocracy of money, is exactly alike. The aristocracy of money is ten times worse than the others, for a noble by birth spent his money freely and stately, and lavished it bountifully around : arts, trade and professions were in full employment, and the people did not starve by whole- sale ; — but the aristocracy of money keeps it covetouslv, lavs out their capital upon percentage ; with the interest of that per- centage they speculate, and fi*om the profits of the last percen- tage they live mean and stingy. As long as the aristocracy of birth existed, money had its proper value and secondary place, for no one could buy birth for money ; but since the overthrow of that aristocracy, money came to the top, and it is now the means to purchase any thing whatsoever in this world, no matter whether the purchaser be an honest man or a rogue. Hence the misery of the world ! The present alarming general distress and discontent in every nation upon earth, manifests the crisis, and predicts a violent change. The past and the present are exactly the same — the same slavery — the same corruption ! And why is it so ? Why did the French Kevolution of 1792 do no good ? Because men never expected another tyranny to rise, and limited themselves to the emancipation of men, instead of their labour. And after fifty centuries of different reforms, men are brought to see and to feel that the liberty and independence of each man depends solely and entirely on the just protection, and proper remunera- tion of his labour ; and so long as there shall be means left for one man to enrich himself at the expense of another, there is no chance for happiness ; and liberty, independence, as well as equality in the eyes of the law, will be only a vain theme, a smoky puff — a deception ! Moreover, men are brought to see and to feel that fine words, oratorical and pompous declama- tions, neither fatten nor feed men, and that every man wants his bread, and that such bread cannot be given to mankind by a pope, nor a czar, a sultan nor a king — nor by the French Oppo- sition, nor by the English Whigs, nor the American Democracy — BUT BY A GOOD, RICH, WISE, AND WELL-SUPPORTED HOME GO- VERNMENT ! ! ! Till the French Revolution, one class of men used force to make the other work ; but since that time, they use money for the same purpose. The aristocracy of money hears the tocsin plainly, and must cease its turbident and unjust reign. Some aristocracy, however, mankind will and must have — let it therefore be the dignity due to the age and advancement of morals ! Let the aristocracy of mind rule over the human race. Let not the kings or presidents of Europe be our iron rulers or tyrants ; let them be our guardians, our fathers. Let the noble- minded governor speak to his people, not from behind his artil- lery guns, or forest of lances and bayonets — not witli the gory sword in his hand, but with an apostohc command, with the Bible in his liand, teaching his subjects their mutual love and duties — lot him watch over the interests of all classes without distinction — protect all, console all, help and remunerate all in accordance to their station, abilities and rank, and such govern- ment will be quite capable to put an end to human miseries, and make heaven on earth to mankind. But what is the state of Europe to-day ? What are the European governments ? liussia., with sixty millions of her serfs and servile soldiery, dreaming of the conquest of the world with a Czar for her leader, who has a double head — that of her church and her politics — and knouts her body in one massive lump, and extirpates her slaves yearly by hundreds of thousands in his highway expeditions — Russia keeps the whole of society in awe, and lays her sixty millions as a putrified barrier to the expansion and progress of European civilization, morality and manners. Ready and anxious for any massacre, she over more and more twines the iron yoke of slavery around her ! Turkey, buried in fanaticism and idolatry, following the example of her Mahometan Sultan, leads a Satrapian, lazy life. She has no share in European affairs, is careless of social pro- gress, the cultivation of arts, or any other improvement ; kills her years in insignificant squabbles and paltry wars with the neighbouring barbarians ; and, feasting to the glory of her pro- phet Mahomet, remains a benumbed part of Europe, quite use- less in the march of improvement. liah/, composed of combustible little dominions, with volcanic eruptions now and then, with her dungeons full of imaginary vic- tims, retires from civilization to barbarity, and the shadow of her gross ignorance eclipses the sunny days of her ancient glory. Split now as she is into small insignificant kingdoms and duke- doms, with princes who arc only dupes of foreign grasping and unprincipled courts, without influential important representation, without influential government, with weak laws — she remains a cipher upon the scale of Continental affairs, and has no power nor means to weigh or interfere. fiermani/ is in the same position — divided into theatrical dukedoms, with the pompous exhibition of their little princes, B 10 and enormous unnecessary expenditure for their maintenance, which sums collectively would make one tidy government — the richest in the world ; — all lies dependent upon the mercy and misgovernment of Prussia and Austria, and is a childish toy of cabinets constantly perplexed by their dexterity. She has neither power nor weight enough to influence or improve society, and makes another European cipher, useful only to make up the number of the intriguing powers. Italy and Germany show, from length of time, most violent symptoms to amalgamate under one strong and important government ; but they are too feeble, too much harassed, and too much watched, to com- plete their tendency single-handed. Both these countries, with addition of the like insignificant Saxony, benumb and stupify central Europe, and will never be better if tliey remain in their present condition, than wondering gapers at political events, and powerful allies either to liberty or despotism. Poland^ that heart of Europe, ransacked to pieces, is now the field of most inhuman depravity, corruption of morals, and bar- barous tyranny ; with the necks of its 20,000,000 inhabitants exposed to the knives of assassins, encouraged and supported by the governments of Russia and Austria. Austria, like ^sop's rook, covered with feathers plucked from different birds — tyrannizes over and fights her various pro- vinces with each other's soldiers, and she has such a hard task to keep them together and in subjection, that she invents and resorts to the darkest and vilest ways and means to be able to keep herself in one lump. She thus Machiavelizes society with such monstrous tricks — which have made her so conspicuous for the last century, that the very remembrance and idea of them slmdders the heart to its inmost recesses. What a disgrace to Europe ! What a loss to society ! What a barrier to social peace and improvement ! .Prussia, nearly in a similar position, feeding upon rapine, clasps in her claws the prey she fetters ; placed in a sad dilemma between hammer and anvil — has only a secondary influence, accompanied with danger ; and amuses her good people — who begin to break the shell of ignorance, and to open the eyes of wisdom — with a modern farce of a constitution. Sweden, having fallen fast asleep, dreams sweetly upon her granite, and considers the march of intellect and improvement of society only as the waking dreams of idle fancy ! 11 Spain, monopolized market for human butchery, and the pro- pagation of a foreign race, increases speedily her powder maga- zines ; opens freely her graves to strangers, to be buried there ; is a field of intrigues, cottery, and speculation ; is left to the mercy of foreign policy, and proves what misery a nation must endure ; what degradation it must bear, when it seeks the aid of strangers. France, after a great military bravado under Napoleon, which finished that imperial Paris, knelt down before its once hum- bled enemy, dreams now upon her laurels reddened with human blood, and starts now and then to chant " la Marscillieiise.'''' She chases her kings like naughty boys, without, however, any benefit to themselves or the world ! She wastes her years in declama- tory discussions, as if fine oratorical words could feed mankind's mortal bodies. She once more woke from her slumbers amidst thunders, yet if she will not emancipate labour, and devise plans for the constant employment and just reward of the people (who are the soil of every nation), her trees of liberty, so joyfully planted, will fade, and she must swim back to the ocean of human misery and storms of disorder. England^ having long, long ago opened her beliked ring, plays for the belt (offices), and the nation looks uncommonly satisfac- torily, and watches and hurrahs with deep interest, while Mr Tory and Mr Whig, with wonderful !