P yw m /^r.„; -yv ^ & U- DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Treasure %oom THE COLERIDGE COLLECTION A MORAL and POLITICAL LECTURE, DELIVERED AT BRISTOL. S. T. COLERIDGE, OF Jesus College, Cambridge. To calm and guide The fwelling democratic tide ; To watch the ftate's uncertain frame ; To baffle Faction's partial aim ; But chiefly with determin'd zeal To quell the fervile Band that kneel To Freedom's jealous foes ; And la(h that Monfter, who is daily found Expert and bold our country's peace to wound, Yet dreads to handle arms, nor manly counfel knows. Akenside. "Bristol : PRINTED BY GEORGE ROUTH, IN CORN-STREET. PRICE, SIX-PENCE. Vs l>- ADVERTISEMENT. 1 HEY, who in these days of jealousy and Party rage dare publicly explain the Principles of Free- dom, must expect to have their Intentions misrepresented^ and to be entitled like the Apostles of Jesus^ " stirrers up 4t of the People, and men accused of Sedition" The following LeUure is therefore printed as it was delivered, the^ Author choosing that it should be published with all the . inaccuracies and inelegant colloquialisms of an hasty Composition^ rather than that he should be the Object of possible Calumny as one who had rashly uttered sentiments which he afterwards timidly qualified* A a A MORAL g Q fi £ 1 386 A MORAL & POLITICAL L E C T U RE. Y^THEN the Wind is fair and the Planks of the * * VefTel found, we may fafely truft every thing to the management of profeffional Mariners ; but in a Tempeft and on board a crazy Bark, all muft contri- bute their Quota of Exertion. The Stripling is not exempted from it by his Youth, nor the PafTenger by his Inexperience. Even fo in the prefent agitations of the public mind, every one ought to confider his intel- lectual faculties as in a ftate of immediate requifition. All may benefit Society in fome degree. The exigences of the Times do not permit us to ftay for the matured years, left the opportunity be loft, while we are waiting for an increafe of power. Omitting therefore the dif- gufting Egotifms of an affecled Humility, we mall briefly explain the defign, and poffible benefit, of the propofed political difquifitions. Compane 263861 ( 6 ) Companies refembling the prefent will from a variety of circumftances confix chiefly of the zealous Advocates for Freedom. It will be therefore our endeavour, not fo much to excite the torpid, as to regulate the feelings of the ardent: and above all, to evince the neceflity of bottoming on fixed Principles, that fo we may not be the unliable Patriots of Paflion or Accident, or hurried away by names of which we have not lifted the meaning, and by tenets of which we have not examined the confe- quences. The Times are trying : and in order to be prepared againft their difficulties, we mould have ac- quired a prompt facility of adverting in all our doubts to fome grand and comprehenfive Truth. In a deep and ftrong Soil muft that Bleffing fix its Roots, the height of which, like that of the Tree in Daniel, is to " reach to Heaven, and the Sight of it to the ends of all the Earth." The Example of France is indeed a " Warning to Britain." A nation wading to their Rights through Blood, and marking the track of Freedom by Devaf« tation! Yet let us not embattle our Feelings againft our Reafon. Let us not indulge our malignant Paflions under the maflc of Humanity. Inftead of railing with infuriate declamation againft thefe excefles, we fhall be more profitably employed in developing the fources of' them. French Freedom is the Beacon, that while it guides us to Equality ihould {hew us the Dangers, that throng the road. The annals of the French Revolution have recorded in Letters of Blood, that the Knowledge of the Few cannot ( 7 ) cannot counteract the Ignorance of the Many ; that the Light of Philofophy, when it is confined to a fmall Mi- nority, points out the Pofleflbrs as the Victims, rather than the Illuminators, of the Multitude. The Patriots of France either haftened into the dangerous and gigantic Error of making certain Evil the means of contingent Good, or were facrificed by the Mob, with whofe pre- judices and ferocity their unbending Virtue forbade them to affimilate. Like Sampfon, the People were ftrong — like Sampfon, the People were blind. Thofe two maiTy Pillars of Oppreflion's Temple, Monarchy and Arif- tocracy " With horrible cpnvulfion to and fro" •' They tugg'd, they fhook — -till down they came * 6 and drew" Ci The whole Roof after them with burft ofThun- " der" 6t Upon the heads of all who fat beneath," " Lords, Ladies, Captains, Counfellors, and « Priefts," " Their choice Nobility !" Milton. Sam. Agon. There was not a Tyrant in Europe, that did not tremble on his Throne. Freedom herfelf heard the Crafh aghaft — yet mall fhe not have heard it unbenefited, if haply the Horrors of that Day mail have made other nations timely wife — if a great people fhall from hence become adequately illuminated for a Revolution blood- lefs, like Poland's, but not, like Poland's affaffinated by the foul Treafon of Tyrants againft Liberty. Revolutions ( 8 ) Revolutions are fudden to the unthinking only. Po- litical Difturbances happen not without their warning Harbingers. Strange Rumblings and confufed Noifes ftill precede thefe earthquakes and hurricanes of the moral World. In the eventful years previous to a Re- volution, the Philofopher as he panes up and down the walks of Life, examines with an anxious eye the motives and manners, that chara&erife thofe who feem deftined to be the A&ors in it. To delineate with a free hand the different Gaffes of our prefent Oppofitionifts to fC Things as they are," — may be a'delicate, but it is a ne- ceffary Tafk -=in order that we may enlighten, oratleaft beware of, the mifguided men who have enlifted them- felves under the banners of Freedom from no Principles or from bad ones — whether they be thofe, " Who extol things vulgar" — and " admire they know not what, cc And know not whom, but as one leads the other" — or whether thofe, c< Whofe end is private Hate, not help to Freedom, " In her way to Virtue adverfe and turbulent." The firft Clafs among the profeffed Friends of Liberty is compofed of Men, who unaccuftomed to the labor of thorough Inveftigation and not particularly oppreffed by the Burthen of Sate, are yet impelled by their feelings to difapproveof its groffer depravities, and prepared to give an indolent Vote in favor of Reform. Their fen- fibilities unbraced by the co-operation of fixed princi- ples, they offer no facrifkes to the divinity of active Virtue. Their. political Opinions depend with weather- cock ( 9 ) cock uncertainty on the winds of Rumor, that blow from France. On the report of French Viciories they blaze into Republicanifm, at a tale of French Excefles they darken into Ariftocrats; and feek for fhelter among thofe defpicable adherents to Fraud and Tyranny, who ironically ftyle themfelves Conftitutionalifts. Thefe dough-baked Patriots may not however be without their ufe. This Ofcillation of political Opinion, while it retards the Day of Revolution, may operate as a pre- ventative to its Excefles. Indecifion of Character, though the efFeQ: of Timidity, is almoii always affociated with benevolence. Wilder Features characterize the fecond Clafs. Suf- ficiently poflefled of natural Senfe to defpife the Prieft* and of natural Feeling to hate the Oppreflor, they iiften only to the inflammatory harangues of fome mad" headed Enthufiaft, and imbibe from them Poifon, not Food, Rage not Liberty. Unillumined by Philofophy and flimulated to a luft of Revenge by aggravated wrongs, they would make the Altar of Freedom dream with blood, while the grafs grew in the defolated Halls of Juftice. Thefe men are the rude Materials from which a deteftable Minifter manufactures Confpiracies. Among thefe men he fends a brood of fly political Monfters, in the character of fanguinary Demagogues, and like Satan of Old, " The Tempter ere the Accufer'' enfnares a few into Trealon, that he may alarm thewhole into Slavery. He, who has dark purpofes to ferve, muft ufe dark means — Light would difcover, reafon would expofe him : He muft endeavour to fhut out both — B or ( "> ) or if this prove impracticable, make them appear fright- ful by giving them frightful Names : For farther than Names the Vulgar enquire not. Religion and Reafon are but poor Subftitutes for " Church and Conftitution ;" and the fable-vefted Inftigators of the Birmingham Riots well knew, that a Syllogifm could not difarm a drunken Incendiary of his Firebrand, or a demonftration helmet a Philofopher's Head againft a Brickbat. But in the principles, which this Apoftate has, by his emiflaries, fown among a few blind zealots for Freedom, he has digged a pit into which he himfelf may perhaps be doomed to fall. We contemplate thofe principles with horror. Yet they poflefs a kind of wild Juftice well cal- culated to fpread them among the grofly ignorant. To uninlightened minds, there are terrible charms in the idea of Retribution, however favagely it be inculcated. The Groans of the Oppreflbrs make fearful yet pleafant mufic to the ear of him, whofe mind is darknefs, and into whofe foul the iron has entered. This clafs, at prefent, is comparatively fmall — Yet foon to form an overwhelming majority, unlefs great and immediate efforts are ufed to lefTen the intolerable grievances of our poorer brethren, and infufe into their forely wounded hearts the healing qualities of know- ledge. For can we wonder that men mould want hu- manity, who want all the circumftances of life that hu- manize ? Can we wonder that with the ignorance of Brutes they mould unite their ferocity ? peace and comfort be with thefe ! But let us fhudder to hear from men of diffimilar opportunities fentiments of fimilar re- vengefulnefs ( *« ) vengefulnefs. The purifying alchemy of Education may tranfmute the ere enefs of an ignorant man into virtuous energy — but what remedy mall we apply to him, whom Plenty has not foftened, whom Knowledge has not taught Benevolence ? This is one among the many fatal effects which refult from the want of fixed principles. Con- vinced that vice is error, we fhall entertain fentiments of Pity for the vicious, not of Indignation — and even with refpect. to that bad man, to whom we have before alluded, altho' we are now groaning beneath the bur- then of his mifconduci., we fhall harbour no fentiments of revenge ; but rather condole with him that his chaotic Iniquities have exhibited fuch a complication of Extra- vagance, Inconfiftency, and rafnnefs, as may alarm him with apprehenfions of approaching lunacy ! There are a third clafs among the friends of Freedom who poffefs not the wavering character of the firft de- fcription, nor the ferocity laft delineated. They pur- fue the interefts of Freedom fteadily, but with narrow and felf- centering views : they anticipate with exultation the abolition of priviledged orders, and of afts that perfecute by exclufion from the right of citizenfhip : they are prepared to join in digging up the rubbifh of mouldering eftablifhments and (tripping off the taudry pageantry of Governments. Whatever is above them they are mod willing to drag down ; but alas ! they ufe not the pulley ! Whatever tends to improve and elevate the ranks of our poorer brethren, they, regard with fuf- picious jealoufy, as the dreams of the vifionary ; as if there were any thing in the fuperiority of Lord to Gentle- B 2 man ( 12 ) man, fo mortifying in the barrier, fo fatal to happinefs in the confequences, as the more real diftin&ion of mafter and fervant, of rich man and of poor. Wherein am I made worfe by my ennobled neighbour ? do the childifh titles of ariflocracy detrad from my domeftic comforts, or prevent my intellectual acquifitions ? but thofe inftitutions of fociety which fhould condemn me to the neceffity of twelve hours daily toil, would make my foul a flave, and fink the rational being in the mere animal. It is a mockery of our fellow creatures* wrongs to call them equal in rights, when by the bitter cora- jpulfion of their wants we make them inferior to us in all that can foften the heart, or dignify the underftanding. Let us not fay that this is the work of time — that it is impracticable atpre fent, unlefs we. each in our indivi- tdual capacities do ftrenuoufly and perfeveringly endea. your to diffufe among our domeftics thofe comforts and that illumination which far beyond all political ordi- nances are the true equalizers of men. Butof the pro- priety and utility of holding up the diftant mark of at- tainable perfe&ion, we mail enter more fully towards the clofe of this addrefs j we turn with pleafure to the contemplation of that fmall but glorious band, whom we may truly diftinguifti by the name of thinking and dif- interefted Patriots, thefe are the men who have en- couraged the fympathetic paffions till they have become irrefi liable habits, and made their duty a neceflary part of their felfintereft, by the long continued cultivation of that moral tafte which derives our moft exquifite plea- fares from the contemplation of poffible perfection, and proportionate ( 13 ) proportionate pain from the perception of exifting de~ fravation. Accuftomed to regard all the affairs of man as a procefs, they never hurry and they never paufe ; theirs is not that twilight of political knowledge which gives usjuft light enough to place one foot before the other; as they advance, the fceneftill opens upon them, and they prefs right onward with a vaft and various landfcape of existence around them. Calmnefs and energy mark all their actions, benevolence is the filken thread that runs through the pearl chain of all their vir- tues. Believing that vice originates not in the man, but in the furrounding circumftances; not in the heart, but in the underftanding; he is hopelefs concerning no one — to correct a vice or generate a virtuous conduclhe pol- lutes not his hands with the fcourge of coercion ; but by endeavouring to alter the circumftances removes, or by ftrengthening the intellect difarms, the temptation. The unhappy children of vice and folly, whofe tempers are adverfe to their own happinefsaswell as to the happinefs of others, will at times awaken a natural pang ; but he looks forward with gladdened heart to that glorious period when Juftice fhall have eftablifhed the univerfal frater- nity of Love. Thefe foul ennobling views beftow the virtues which they anticipate. He whofe mind is habi- tually impreft with them foars above the prefent ftate of humanity, and may be juflly faid to dwell in the prefence of the molt high. Regarding every event even as he that ordains it, evil vanilhes from before him, and he views with naked eye the eternal form of univerfal beauty. Say ( H J Say why was Man fo eminently raifed Amid the vaft creation — why ordain'd Thro' life and death to dart his piercing eye, With thoughts beyond the limits of his frame, But that the Omnipotent might fend him forth In fight of mortal and immortal powers, As on a boundlefs theatre, to run The great career of Jullice — to exalt His generous aim to all diviner deeds, To chafe each partial purpofe from his breafb And thro' the tolling tide of chance and pain To hold his courfe unfaltering ? elfe why burns In mortal bofoms this unquenched hopv. That breathes from day to day fublimer things And moc^s pofieffion ? •■ — ; would the forms Of fervile cuftom cramp the patriots power, Would fordid policies, the barbarous growth Of ignorance and rapine bow him down To tame purfiiits, to Indolence and Fear? Lo he appeals to Nature, to the winds And rolling waves, the funs unwearied courfe, The elements and feafons — all declare For what the Eternal Maker has ordain'd The powers of Man : we feel within ourfelves His energy divine: he tells the heart He meant, he made us to behold and love What he beholds and loves, the general orb Qf Life and Being— to be great like him, Beneficent and active, Akenside'. On ( »5 ) On fiich a plan has a Gerald formed his intelle£ Witheri? i; V.^iy and tainted gales of a prifbn, his fcealthfui foiti xooKs down from the citadel of his inte- grity on his impotent perfecutors. I faw him in the foul and naked room of a jail- — his cheek was fallow with confinement — his body was emaciated, yet his eye fpoke the invincible purpc r s of his foul, and his voice ftill founded with rapture the fuccelfes of freemen, forgetful of his own lingering mirtyrdom ! Such too were theilluf- trous Triumvirate* whom as a Greek Poet expreffesit, its not lawful for bad men even to praife. I will not fay that 1 have abufed your patience in thus indulging my feelings inthefe drains of unheard gratitude to men, who may feem to juftify God in the creation of man. It is with pleafure that I am permitted to recite a yet unpublifhed tribute to their merit, the produ&ion of a man who has facrificed all the energies of his heart andhead — a fplen- did offering on the altar of Liberty. To the Exiled Patriots* Martyrs of Freedom — ye who firmly good Stept forth the champions in her glorious caufe, Ye who again ft Corruption nobly flood For Jultice, Liberty, and equal Laws. Ye who have urged the caufe of man fo well Whilft proud Oppreflion's torrent fwept along, Ye who* fo firmly flood, fo nobly fell, Accept one ardent Briton's grateful fong. For * Muir, Palmer, and Margarot. ( >6 ) For fhall Oppreffion vainly think by Fear To quench the fearlefs energy of r m 3 ? And glorying in your fall, exult it here As tho' no honeft heart were left behind ? Thinks the proud tyrant by the pliant law The timid jury and the judge unjuft, To ftrike the foul of Liberty with awe, And fcare the friends of Freedom from their truft ? As eafy might the Defpots' empty pride The onward courfe of rufhing ocean ftay; As eafy might his jealous caution hide From mortal eyes the orb of general day. For like that general orb's eternal flame Glows the mild force of Virtue's conftant light ; Tho' clouded by Misfortune, flill the fame, For ever conftant and for ever bright. "Not till eternal chaos (hall that light Before Oppreffion's fury fade away ; Not till the fun himfelf be loft in night ; Not till the frame of Nature fhall decay. Go then fecure, in fteady virtue go, Nor heed the peril of the ftormy feas — Nor heed the felon's name, the outcaft's woe; Contempt and pain, and forrow and difeafe. Tho' cankering cares corrode the finking frame, Tho' ficknefs rankle in the fallow breaft ; Tho' Death were quenching fall the vital flame, Think but for what ye fufFer, and be blcft. So ( '7 ) So fhall your great examples fire each foul, So in each free-born breaftfor ever dwell, Till Man fhall rife above the unjuft controul— - Stand where ye Hood, and triumph where ye fell. To accomplifli the great objeft in which we are anxioufly engaged to place Liberty on her feat with bloodlefs hands, we have fhewn the neceffity of form- ing fome fixed and. determinate principles of action to which the familiarized mind may at all times advert. We now proceed to that raoft important point, namely, to fhew what thofe principles rauft be. In times of tu* mult firmnefs and confiftency are peculiary needful, becaufe the pafsions and prejudice of mankind are then more powerfully excited : we have fhewn in the example of France that to its want of general informa- tion, its miferies and its horrors may be attributed. We have reafon to believe that a revolution in other parts of Europe is not far diftant. Opprefsion is grie- vous — the oppreffed feel and complain. Let us profit by the example of others ; devaluation has marked the courfe of molt revolutions, and the timid affertors of Freedom equally with its clamorous enemies, have.fo clofely affociated the ideas, that they are unable to con- template the one, difunited from the other. The evil is great, but it may be averted — it has been a general, but it is not therefore a necessary confequence. In order to avert it, we fhould teach ourfelves and others liabitually to confider, that truth wields no weapon, but that ( i8 ) that of inveftigation, we fhould be cautious how we in- dulge even the feelings of virtuous indignation. Indig- natio is the handfome brother of Anger and Hatreds Benevolence alone befeems the Philofopher. Let us not grafp even Defpotifm with too abrupt a hand, left like the envenomed infect of Peru,* it infeft with its poifon, the hand that removes it harfhly. Let us be ware that we continue not the evils of tyranny, when the monfter fhall be driven from the earth. Its temple is founded on the ruins of mankind. Like the fane of Tefcalipoca the Mexican Deity; it is ere8ted with hu- man fkulls and cemented with human blood, — let us beware that we be not transported into revenge while we are levelling the loathfome pile with the ground, left when we ered the temple of Freedom we but vary the ftile of architecture, not change the materials. Our objecl is to deftroy pernicious fyftems not their mifgui- ded adherents. Philofophy imputes not the great evil to the corrupted but to the fyftem which prefents the temptation to corruption. The evil muft ceafe when the caufe is removed, and the courtier who is enabled by State Machinations to embroil or enflave a nation when levelled to the ftandard of men will be impotent of evil, as he is now unconfcious of good. Humane from principle, not fear, the difciple of liberty fhrinks not from his duty. He will not court perfe- ction by the ill-timed obtrufion of Truth, ftill lefs will he feek to avoid it by concealment or dereliction. J. H. Tooke * The Coy a, an infeft of fo thin a fkin, that on being incau- tioufly touched, it burfts, and of fo fubtle a poifon that it is immediately abforbed into the body, and proves fatal. ( 19 ) J. H. Tooke on the morning of his trial wrote to a fellow fuffererirfthefe words " Nothing will fo much ferve the caufe of freedom as our acquittal, except our exe- cution" He meant I prefume to imply that Whatever contributes tc increafe difcuflion muft accelerate the progrefs of liberty. Let activity and perfeverance and moderation fupply the want 'of numbers. Convinced of thejuftice of ou. principles, let neither fcorn nor op- p reffion prevent us from difleminating them. By the gradual depofition of time, error has been piled upon error and prejudice on prejudice, till few men are tall enough to look over them, and thsjfa whofe intellects furpafs the common ftature, and who defcribe the green vales and pleafant profpe&s beyond them, will be thought to havec reated images in vacancy and be honoured with the name of madman ; but It is the motive ftrong the confcience pure That bids us firmly act or meek endure: Tis this will fliield us when the ftorm beats hard Content tho* poor had we no other guard ! Bowles. FINIS. V;,\**%. f ■ * ',>