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THE 
 
 WILLIAM R. PERKINS 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 DUKE UNIVERSITY 
 
 - ( 
 

LITERAL TRANSLATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SAXON CHRONICLE. 
 
 NORWICH : 
 
 FRINTliD BY STEVENSON, MATCHETT, AND STEVENSON J 
 FOR JOHN AND ARTHUR ARCH, CORNHILL, LONDON. 
 
 1819. 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 Duke University Libraries 
 
 littp://www.arcliive.org/details/literaltranslatiOOgurn 
 
The following version of the Saxon 
 Chronicle was undertaken by a Lady in 
 the Country, who had only access to the 
 printed Texts. It was far advanced to- 
 wards its completion before she was in- 
 formed, that the Public was speedily to 
 be indebted to the Rev. Mr. Ingram, for 
 a Collated Edition of these singularly 
 valuable Annals, accompanied by a Trans- 
 lation and Notes. 
 
 Under the expectation of the appear- 
 ance of a work so much more complete 
 in all its circumstances^ the present very 
 limited impression is intended for private 
 circulation, and executed in a form, 
 which, it is conceived, may render it con- 
 venient for reference. 
 
THE 
 
 SAXON CHRONICLE. 
 
 The island Brilain is 800 miles long, and 200 
 broad, and there are in this island five nations, 
 English, Britons or Welch, Scots, Picts, and 
 Romans. The Britons were the first inhabitants 
 of the land; they came from Armenia, and first 
 settled in the south of Britain ; afterwards it fell 
 out that the Picts came from the south of Scythia, 
 with long ships, but not many, and they first 
 landed in the north of Ireland, and they entreated 
 the Scots that they might abide there, and they 
 would not permit them ; but llie Scots said to 
 them, We may nevertheless give you counsel ; 
 we know another island eastward of this, there 
 you may live if you will, and if any withstand 
 
« 
 
 you, we will aid you that you may conquer i(. 
 Then thePicts departed, and came to the northern 
 part of this land, for southward the Britons pos* 
 sessed it, as we said before. And the Picts took 
 wives of the Scots, on condition that they should 
 always choose their Royal lineage on the woman's 
 side, and they observed this custom long after. 
 And it happened, in the course of years, that a 
 division of the Scots passed from Ireland into 
 Britain, and conquered some part of this land, 
 and their leader was called Reoda ; from him 
 they are named the Daslreodi. Sixty years be- 
 fore Christ was born, Caius Julius, the Roman 
 Emperor, came to Britain with 80 ships. He 
 was at first overcome in a terrible battle, and lost 
 great part of his army, and he left the remainder 
 of his forces to abide with the Scots, and went 
 into Gaul, and there he collected 600 ships, with 
 which he returned to Britain, and at the first on- 
 set CaBsar's lieutenant, named Labienus, was 
 slain. Then the Britons took large and sharp 
 stakes, and drove them into the fording place of 
 a certain river, under the water ; this river was 
 called the Thames. When the Romans disco- 
 vered this, they would not go over the ford : then 
 the Britons fled to the wood fastnesses, and the 
 Emperor conquered very many of their chief 
 
(owns by great battles, and he passed again into 
 Gaul. 
 
 1. 
 Octavianus reigned 56 years, and in tbe 42d 
 year of bis reign Christ was born : then astro- 
 logers came from the Eastern parts that they 
 might worship Christ, and the children of Beth- 
 lehem were slain in Herod's search after him. 
 
 3. 
 This year Herod died, having stabbed him- 
 self, and his son Archelaus succeeded to the 
 kingdom. And the child Christ was brought 
 again out of Egypt» 
 
 6. 
 From the beginning of the world until this year, 
 five thousand two hundred years were gone by. 
 
 n. 
 
 This year Herod, the son of Antipater, re- 
 ceived the government of Judea. 
 12. 
 Philip and Herod divided Judea into Tetrar- 
 chies. 
 
 16. 
 This year Tiberius succeeded to the empire. 
 
 26. 
 This year Pilate received the procuratorship 
 over the Jews. 
 
 82 
 
30. 
 This year Christ was baptized, and Peter and 
 Andrew were converted, and James, and John, 
 and Philip, and the twelve Apostles. 
 
 oo 
 
 This year Christ was crucified, being about 
 5226 years from the beginning of the world. 
 
 This year St. Paul was converted, and St. 
 Stephen was stoned. 
 
 35. 
 This year the blessed Apostle Peter established 
 a bishop's see in the city of Antioch. 
 37. 
 This year Pilate slew himself with his own 
 hands. 
 
 39. 
 This year Caius* succeeded to the empire. 
 
 44. 
 This year the blessed Apostle Peter established 
 a bishop's see at Rome. This year James, the 
 brother of John, was slain by Herod. 
 45. 
 This year died Herod, he who slew James one 
 year before his own death. 
 
 * Caligula. 
 
46. 
 This year Claudius, second of the Roman 
 Emp'>rors, came to the land of Britain, and 
 brought under his power the greater part of this 
 island, he also subjected the Orkney islands to 
 the Roman Empire. This was in the 4th year 
 of his reign, and the same >ear was the great 
 famine in Syria, which is spoken of by Luke, 
 in the book of the Acts of the Apostles. Then 
 Nero succeeded to the Empire after Claudius : 
 he was near losing Britain by his inactivity, 
 47. 
 The Evangelist Mark began to write his gos- 
 pel in Egypt. 
 
 50. 
 This year Paul was sent bound to Rome. 
 
 62. 
 This year James, the brother of Christ, suf- 
 fered martyrdom. 
 
 63. 
 This year the Evangelist Mark died.. 
 
 69. 
 This year Peter and Paul suffered raart}Tdom. 
 
 70. 
 This year Vespasian received the Empire. 
 
 71. 
 This year Titus, the son of Vespasian, slew 
 eleven hundred thousand Jews in Jerusalem, 
 
 B 3 
 
6 
 
 81. 
 This year Titus succeeded to the Empire after- 
 Vespasian : he it was who said that he lost the 
 day in which he did no good. 
 83. 
 This year Domitian, the brother of Titus, 
 succeeded to the Empire. 
 8i. 
 This year John the Evangelist wrote the book 
 called the Apocalypse in the island of Patmos. 
 90. 
 This year Simon Peter the kinsman of Christ 
 was crucified, and John the Evangelist rested in 
 death at Ephesus. 
 
 This year Pope Clemens died. 
 
 110. 
 This year the Bishop Ignatius suffered martyr- 
 dom. 
 
 114; 
 
 '•^ Alexander commanded that water should be 
 consecrated." 
 
 116. 
 This year the Emperor Adrian began to reign. 
 
 124. 
 ^^ Pope Sixtus ordered that the hymn, Sanctus, 
 sanctus, sanctus, should be sung in the Mas9 
 service." 
 
134. 
 '' Pope Telespliorns ordered that the angelic 
 hymn, Gloria in excdsis Deoy should be sung on 
 holy days," 
 
 145. 
 This year Marcus Antoninus, and Aurelius his 
 brother, took to themselves the Empire. 
 
 189. 
 This year Severus possessed himself of the 
 Empire, and came into Britain with an army, 
 and conquered great part of the island by battle ; 
 and then he built a rampart of turf, and a 
 thick wall thereon, from sea to sea, for a defence 
 to the Britons. He reigned 17 yeai's, and then 
 finished his days at York, and Bassianus* his son 
 succeeded to the Empire. His other son died. 
 He was called Geza. This year Eleutherus re- 
 ceived the bishoprick of Rome, and held it with 
 glory 15 years : to him Lucius, King of t!ie Bri- 
 tons, sent letters, and entreated that he might be 
 made a Christian, and he obtained that wliich he 
 desired, and the Britons afterwards remained in 
 the true faith till the reign of Diocletian. 
 
 199. 
 This year the holy cross was found. 
 
 * Caracalla. 
 
8 
 
 202. 
 *^ This year Pope Victor decreed that the feast 
 of Easter should be held on the Sunday, even as 
 his predecessor Eleutherus had determined." 
 254. 
 " Pope Cornelius removed the bodies of the 
 Apostles by night from the catacombs, and buried 
 that of Paul in the Via Ostensis where he had 
 been beheaded, and that of Peter near the place 
 where he had been crucified." 
 283. 
 This year St. Alban suffered raartyrdomi. 
 
 311. 
 " St. Silvester, the 23d Pope : in his time, the 
 Council of Nice was held ; also the first Council 
 of Aries, at which Avitianus, Archbishop of 
 Rouen, was present." 
 
 343. 
 This year St. Nicholas died.. 
 
 379. 
 This year Gratian succeeded to the Empire. 
 '• At this time a Council of 150 Fathers was 
 held at Constantinople under Damasus, against 
 Macedonius and Eunomius." 
 381. 
 This year the Emperor Maximus assumed the 
 government : he was born in Britain, and thence 
 
9 
 
 he went into Gaul, and there he slew the Em- 
 peror Gratian, and he drove his brother named 
 Valentinian out of the country, and tliis Valen- 
 tinian afterwards gatlicrcd together an army, and 
 nlew Maximus, and possessed himself of the 
 Empire. At this time the heresy of Pelagius 
 spread itself throughout tlic world. 
 
 403. 
 " This year Pope Innocent sent an epistle to 
 Victricius, Archbishop of Rouen, and decreed 
 that men shoidd fast on the seventh day, because 
 on that day the Lord lay in the sepulchre." 
 
 410. 
 This year the Romans collected all the gold 
 that was in Britain, and hid some of it in the 
 earth, so that none could afterwards find it, and 
 some they carried with them into Gaul. 
 
 423. 
 This year Theodosius the younger succeeded 
 to the Empire. 
 
 425. 
 "At this time the scries of French Kings be- 
 gan to reign : Pharamond was the first." 
 
 429. 
 This year the Bishop Palladius was sent by 
 Pope Celestine to the Scotch, that he might con- 
 tirm their faith, 
 
10 
 
 430. 
 This year Patrick was sent by Pope Celestine 
 to preach baptism to the Scotch. 
 431. 
 "At this time the devil appearing in the form 
 of Moses to the Jews in Crete, engaged to lead 
 them dry-shod tlirough the sea to the promised 
 land, and thus, when many had perished, the 
 Fest were converted to Christianity." 
 433. 
 " Pope Celestine — In his time was held the 
 Ephesian Synod of 200 Bishops, against Nesto- 
 rius Bishop of Constantinople, at which Synod 
 Cyril Bishop of Alexandria, presided. 
 435. 
 This year the Goths took Rome, and never 
 after did the Romans reign in Britain. This 
 was about 1110 years from the building of the 
 isity. The Romans reigned in Britain 470 years 
 in all from the first invasion of Caius Julius. 
 439. 
 " Pope Leo sanct oned the proceedings of the 
 synod of Calchedon." 
 
 443. 
 This year the Britons sent over sea to Rome, 
 and begged for aid against the Picts, but they 
 obtained none, because the Romans were going 
 
11 
 
 against JEihy King of tlie Huns ; and then they 
 Stent to the Angles, and asked the same of the 
 Princes of the Angle race. 
 
 444. 
 This year St. Martin died. 
 
 448. 
 This year, at the place where Herod formerly 
 resided, John the Baptist discovered his head to 
 two monks, who came from the east to pray at 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 449. 
 This year Martian and Valentinian* succeeded 
 to the Empire, and reigned seven years. In 
 (heir days Hengest and Horsa, called by Vorti- 
 gern King of the Britons to his aid, landed in 
 Britain at the place which is called Ypwincs- 
 fleot (Ebsfleet) : they at first assisted, but after- 
 wards made war upon the Britons. The King 
 commanded them to fight against the Picts, and 
 they did so, and gained the victory wherever 
 they came ; then they sent to the Angles, and de- 
 sired them to send more aid, and told them of the 
 imbecility of the inhabitants, and of the excellence 
 
 * Valentinian had reigned in the west from the year 425, 
 therefore the Cotton MS. is more Correct in saying, " Martian 
 and Valentinian reigned," &c. 
 
is 
 
 of this land. Thereupon they sent more forces; 
 these came from three tribes in Germany; from 
 the Old Saxons, from the Angles, and from the 
 Jutes. From the Jutes came the men of Kent and 
 of Wight ; this is the people that now dwelletli 
 in Wight, and the tribe among the West Saxons 
 >vhicli is yet called the race of Jutes. From the 
 Old Saxons came the East, the South, and the 
 West Saxons. Fiom the Angles (whose country 
 lying between the Jutes and the Saxons, remained 
 deserted from tliat time) came the East Angles, 
 the Mid Angles, the Mercians, and all the North- 
 umbrians : their leaders were the two brothers 
 Hengest and Horsa, and they were the sons of 
 Wihtgils ; Wihtgils was the son of Witta, Witta 
 of Wecta, Wecta of Woden : from this Woden 
 the line of our Kings is descended, and that of 
 the Southumbrian Kings also. 
 
 " At this time a synod of 630 Bishops was 
 held at Calchedon against the Abbot Eutyches 
 and Dioscorus." 
 
 455. 
 
 This year Hengest and Horsa fought with 
 King Vortigern, at the place which is called 
 yEgeles-ford (Aylesford) and Horsa, the brother 
 of Hengest was slain, and, after this, Hengest and 
 his son JEsc assumed the government. 
 
13 
 
 457. 
 
 This year Hengest and JEsc fought with the 
 Britons at the place called Creccanford (Cray- 
 ford) and there they slew four chieftains, and then 
 the Britons forsook Kent, and fled in great fear 
 to London. 
 
 465. 
 
 This year Hengest and ^sc fought with the 
 Welsh near Wyppedes-fleotc (Wippedfleet) and 
 they slew twelve Aldermen, all Welsh ; and one 
 of their own Thanes, whose name was Wipped, 
 was killed there. 
 
 473. 
 
 This year Hengest & iEsc fought with theWelsh, 
 
 and gained spoils innumerable, and then the Welsh 
 
 fled from the English, as they would from fire. 
 477. 
 
 This year MWa, with his three sons, Cymen, 
 and Wlencing, and Cissa, arrived in Britain with 
 three ships, at the place which is called Cymenes- 
 ora (Cimen Shore, Sussex) and there they slew 
 many of the Welsh, and chased some into the 
 wood which is named Andredes-leage.* 
 482 
 
 This year the blessed Abbot Benedict sljone in 
 
 * The fVeaU of Kent and Sussex; this forest formerly ex- 
 tended into Hampshire. 
 
 C 
 
14 
 
 this world through tlie glory of his miracles, 
 even as the blessed Gregory relateth in the book 
 of dialogues. 
 
 485. 
 This year Mlldi fought with the Welch near 
 Mearcredes-burnan-stede. 
 488. 
 This year JEsc succeeded to the kingdom, and 
 reigned over the Kentish men 24 years. 
 490. 
 This year JEAldi and Cissa besieged Andre- 
 des-cester,* and they slew all the inhabitants, so 
 that not one Briton was left there. 
 
 "At this time the blessed Mamercus, Bishop 
 of Vienne, appointed the solemn Rogation 
 Litany." 
 
 495. 
 This year two Aldermen, Cerdic and his son 
 Cynric, arrived in Britain with five ships at the 
 place which is called Cerdiccs-ora (near Yar- 
 mouth), and the same day they fought with the 
 Welch. And Cerdic was the son of Elesa, Elesa of 
 Esla, Esla of Giwis, Giwis of Wig, Wig of Frea- 
 wine, FreaAvine of Freothogar, Freothogar of 
 
 * A Roman station in the forest of Andred, probably on 
 the Sussex coast ; Somner supposes it to be Pevensey, Gibson 
 a fort near Hastinsrs. 
 
15 
 
 Brand, Brand of Baldaso:, Baldceg of Woden ; 
 and in about six years from the time Cerdic and 
 Cynric landed, they conquered the country of the 
 West Saxons, and they were the first Kings who 
 took the West Saxon land from the Welsh. And 
 Cerdic possessed that kingdom 16 years, then he 
 died and his son Cynric succeeded him, and held 
 it 26 years. Wlien he died his son Ceawlin suc- 
 ceeded to the kingdom, and reigned 17 years ; 
 ■when he died Ceol succeeded and reigned five 
 years; when he died his brother Ccolwulf suc- 
 ceeded and reigned 17 years, and tlieir line 
 goetli back to Cerdic; then Cyncgils, the brother's 
 eon of Ceolwulf, succeeded and reigned 20 years, 
 and he was the first of the West Saxon Kings 
 who received baptism; and then Cenwalh suc- 
 ceeded to the kingdom, and held it 31 years; this 
 Cenwalh was the son of Cynegiis ; and then his 
 Queen Sexburh reigned one year after him ; then 
 /Escwine, whose genealogy goethback to Cerdic, 
 reigned two years ; then Centwine, the son of 
 Cynegiis, succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex, 
 and reigned nine years ; then Ceadwalla, whose 
 genealogy goetli back to Cerdic, succeeded to the 
 kingdom, and reigned three years ; then Ina, 
 whose line goeth back to Cerdic, succeeded to 
 the kingdom of Wessex, and reigned 37 years; 
 c 3 
 
16 
 
 then yEthelheard, whose genealogy goeth back 
 to Cerdic, succeeded and reigned 16 jears ; then 
 Cutlired, whose genealogy goeth back to Cerdic, 
 succeeded and reigned 17 years ; then Sigebright, 
 whose line goeth back to Cerdic, succeeded and 
 reigned one year ; then Cynewulf, whose line 
 goeth back to Cerdic, succeeded and reigned 31 
 years ; then Brihtric, whose line goeth back to 
 Cerdic, succeeded to the kingdom, and reigned 
 ]6 years ; then Ecgbriht succeeded and reigned 
 37 years and 7 months; then his son Athelwulf 
 succeeded and reigned 18 years and a half. Athel- 
 wulf was the son of Ecgbriht, Ecgbriht of Ealh- 
 mund, Ealhmund of Eafa, Eafa of Eoppa, Eoppa 
 oflngild, Ingild of Cenred ; Ina and Cuthburh 
 and Cwenburh were also the children of Cenred ; 
 and Cenred was the son of Ceolwald, Ceolwald 
 of Cuthwulf, Cuthwulf of Cuthwine, Cuthwine 
 of Celm, Celm of Cynric, Cynric of Creoda, 
 Creoda of Cerdic. Then ^thelbald, the son of 
 Athelwulf, succeeded to the kingdom, and held it 
 five years ; his brother ^thelbriht succeeded hira 
 and reigned five years ; then their brother 
 iElfred succeeded to the kingdom and reigned 
 28 years and a half; then Edward, the son of 
 TElfred, succeeded him, and reigned 24 years ; 
 when he died his son Athelstan succeeded him, 
 
17 
 
 and reigned 14 years, 7 weeks, and 3 days ; then 
 Lis brother Edmund succeeded, and reigned six 
 years and a half all but two days; then his 
 brother Edred succeeded him, and reigned nine 
 years and six weeks ; then Edwy, the son of King- 
 Eduiund, succeeded to the kingdom, and reigned 
 3 years and 36 weeks all but two days ; when he 
 died his brother Edgar succeeded him, and 
 reigned 16 years, 8 weeks, and 2 days ; when he 
 died his son Edward succeeded to the kingdom, 
 and reigned 
 
 501. 
 This year Port and his two sons, Bicda and 
 MaBgla, arrived in Britain with two ships, at the 
 place called Portes-muthe (Portsmouth) and they 
 landed forthwith, and there they slew a young 
 Briton, a very noble man. 
 508. 
 This year Cerdic and Cynric slew a British 
 King, whose name w^as Nalaideod, and 5000 men 
 with him ; from him the country, as far as Cer- 
 dices-ford (Charford) was called Natanleag. 
 509. 
 This year the Abbot St. Benedict, the father of 
 all monks, went to heaven. 
 514. 
 This year the West Saxons, Stuf and Whit- 
 c 3 
 
18 
 
 gar, arrived in Britain with three ships at the 
 place called Cerdices-ora, and they fought with 
 the Britons and put them to flight. 
 519. 
 This year Cerdic and Cynric possessed them- 
 selves of the kingdom of Wessex, and the same 
 year they fought with the Britons at the place 
 which is now called Cerdices-ford (Charford), 
 and from that day forth reigned the royal West 
 Saxon line. 
 
 527. 
 This year Cerdic and Cynric fought with the 
 Britons at the place called Cerdices-leah.* 
 528. 
 *' At this time Dionysius computed the cycle 
 of Easter at Rome. Then Priscian explored the 
 depths of grammar." 
 
 530. 
 This year Cerdic and Cynric conquered the 
 Isle of Wightj and slew many men at Wihtgara- 
 byrig (Carisbrook). 
 
 534. 
 This year Cerdic, the first King of Wessex, 
 
 * Generally supposed to be Chersley, Buckinghamshire; 
 Gibson thinks that the Britons must have retired further west- 
 ward, and that therefore this is not the place ; but in 556 they 
 are found at Banbury. 
 
19 
 
 died, und his son Cynric succeeded to tlic king- 
 dom, and reigned 26 years, and they had given 
 all the Isle of Wight to Cerdic's two nephews, 
 Stuf and AVihtgar. 
 
 538. 
 This year, 14 days before the March calends, 
 the sun was eclipsed from early in the morning 
 till nine in the forenoon. 
 
 540. 
 This year the sun was eclipsed on the 12th af 
 the calends of July, and the stars were seen at 
 nearly half-past nine in the forenoon. 
 
 544. 
 This year Wihtgar died, and was buried at 
 Wihfgarabyrig (Carisbrook). 
 
 547. 
 This year Ida assumed the government ; from 
 him descended the Northumbrian royal line. — 
 Ida was the son of Eoppa, Eoppa of Esa, Esa 
 of Ingin, Ingin of Angenwit, Angenwit of Aloe, 
 Aloe of Beonoe, Beonoc of Brand, Brand of 
 BaeldaBg, Baeldaeg of Woden, Woden of Freo- 
 tholaf, Freotholaf of Frithowulf, Frithowulf of 
 Finn, Finn of Godwulf, Godwulf of Geat : and 
 Ida reigned 12 years, and built Bebbanburh 
 (Bamborough), which was at first surrounded by 
 a hedge and afterwards by a wall. 
 
m 
 
 552. 
 
 This year Cynric fought with the Britons at 
 the place called Searobyrig (Salisbury), and put 
 them to flight. Cerdic was the father of Cynric, 
 and the son of Elesa, Elesa of Esla, Esla of 
 Gewis, Gewis of Wig, Wig of Freawine, Frea- 
 wine of Frithogar, Fritbogar of Brand, Brand 
 of Baildaeg, Bieldaeg of Woden. Egelberht 
 (Ethclbcrht), the son of Eormenric was born, 
 and in the — year of his reign, he, first of the 
 (Saxon) Kings of Britain, received baptism. 
 556. 
 
 This year Cynric and Ceawlin fought with the 
 Britons at Beranbyrig (Banbury). 
 560. 
 
 This year Ceawlin succeeded to the kingdom 
 of Wessex ; and (Ida being dead), ^Ua to that 
 of Northumberland,* and he held it SO years. 
 yElla was the son of Yffe, YfFe of Usefrea, Usc- 
 frea of Wilgis, Wilgis of Westerfalcna, Wes- 
 terfalcna of Saefugl, Safugl of Saebald, Saebald 
 of Sigegeat, Sigegeat of Swaefdaeg, Swaefdreg of 
 Sigegear, Sigegear of Waegdaeg, Waegdaeg of 
 Woden, Woden of Frithowulf. This year 
 iEthelbriht succeeded to the kingdom of Kent, 
 
 * Deira. 
 
21 
 
 and reigned 53 years In his days the holy Pope 
 Gregory sent us baptism, this was in the 32d 
 year of his reign. And the Priest Columba 
 came to the Plots, and converted those who live 
 by the northern moors to the faith of Christ : 
 and their King gave him the island that is called 
 li (lona) ; it contains five hides of land, and 
 there, as men say, Colnmba built a monastery, 
 and he lived there as Abbot 32 years, and he 
 died there when he was 77 years old. The place 
 is still in the possession of his heirs. The 
 southern Picts were baptized long before by 
 Bishop Ninna, who was educated at Rome. — 
 His church and monastery consecrated in the 
 name of St. Martin, are at Hwiterne (White- 
 horn), and there he resteth with many holy men. 
 Now there shall ever be an Abbot and not a 
 Bishop in lona, and all the Scotch Bishops shall 
 be subject to him, because Columba was an 
 Abbot and no Bishop. 
 
 568. 
 
 This year Ceawlin and his brother Cutha 
 fought with iEthelbyrht and drove him into 
 Kent, and they slew two Aldermen, Oslac and 
 Cnebba, at Wibbandun (Wimbledon). 
 571. 
 
 This vear Cuth.vulf fousjht with the Britons 
 
22 
 
 at Bedican-ford (Bedford), and took four towns, 
 Lygean-burh (Leigliton, Bedfordshire ?) and 
 jEgeles-burh (Ailesbury), and Bennington (Ben- 
 shington, Oxfordshire), and Egones-ham (Ens- 
 ham, Oxfordshire) ; and he died the same year. 
 
 577. 
 This year Cuthwin and Ceawlin fought with 
 the Britons, and slew three Kings, Conmail and 
 Condidan and Farinmail, at the place called 
 Deorhara (Durham or Dyrham, Gloucestershire) 
 and they took three towns, Gloucester and Ciren- 
 cester and Bath. 
 
 583. 
 This year Mauricius succeeded to the Roman 
 Empire. 
 
 584. 
 This year Ceawlin and Cutha fought with the 
 Britons at the place called Fethanleag (Frethorn, 
 Gloucestershire ?) and Cutha was slain there, 
 and CeaAvlin took many towns, and spoils, and 
 treasures innumerable, and he returned thence to 
 his own abode. 
 
 588. 
 This year King jEUa died, and ^theric 
 reigned after him five years. 
 
 591. 
 This year there was a great slaughter in Britain 
 
23 
 
 at Woducs-beor^ (in Wiltshire ?) and Coauliu 
 Mas driven out, and Ceolric reigned six jears. 
 592. 
 This year Gregory succeeded to the Popedom 
 of Rome. 
 
 " This Pope Gregory added to the mass ser- 
 vice the words, Dicsque nostras in tuc'i pace dis- 
 poiias, cSt." 
 
 593. 
 This year Ceawlin and Cwichelm and Cryda, 
 (King ofMercia) died, and jEthelfrith succeeded 
 to Ihe kingdom of Northumberland ; he was the 
 son ofTEtheltic, and .^thehic of Ida. 
 596. 
 This year Pope Gregory sent Augustine, with 
 many monks, into Britain, to preach the word of 
 God to the English people. 
 
 " At this time St. Benedict's Monastery was 
 destroyed by the Lombards," 
 597. 
 This year Ceolwulf began to reign over the 
 West Saxons, and he was always at war, and 
 fighting either with the Knglish, the Welsh, the 
 Picts, or the Scots : he was the son of Cntiia, 
 Cutha of Cynric, Cynric of Cordic, Cerdic of 
 Elesa, Elesa of Esla, Esla of Gewis, Gewis of 
 Wig, Wig of Freawine, Freawine of Frilhugar, 
 
24 
 
 Fritliugar of Brand, Brand of Basldajg, Baeldasg 
 of Woden. This year Augustine and his com- 
 panions came to England. 
 601. 
 
 This year Pope Gregory sent a pall into Britain 
 for Archbishop Augustine; he also sent many di- 
 vines to his assistance, and the Bishop Paulinus 
 brought Edwin Kino^ of Northumberland to be 
 baptized. 
 
 603. 
 
 This j-^ear ^^gthan, King of the Scots, fought 
 with the Dwlreodi, and with ^thelferth, King 
 of Northumberland, at Daegstane,* and almost 
 the whole of his army was destroyed. Theod- 
 bald, the brother of ^thelferth, was slain there 
 with all his troop. Never after durst any Scotch 
 King lead an army against this people, 
 604. 
 
 This year Augustin consecrated two bishops, 
 Mellitus and Justus: he sent Mcllitus to preach 
 baptism to the East Saxons, where there was a 
 King named Saebyrht, the son of Ricola the sister 
 of yEthelbyrht, whom iEthelbyrht had establish- 
 
 * Dalston, Ciimherland, according to Gibson : Turner (Hist. 
 of the Anglo Saxons), supposes it to be Dawston, near Je<l- 
 burgh. 
 
25 
 
 etl there as King; and yEthelbyrht gave Mellidis 
 a Bishop's see at London, and to Justus lie gave 
 one at Rochester which is 21 miles from Dorwit- 
 ceaster (Canterbury). 
 
 606. 
 
 This year Gregory died, about ten years from 
 the time that lie sent us baptism ; his father was 
 named Gordian, and his mother Silvia. 
 607. 
 
 This jcar Ccolwulf fought with the South 
 Saxons. And this year ^thelfrith led his army 
 to Leger-ciestre (Leicester) and there he sIcav 
 Welshmen without number, and thus was fulfilled 
 the prophecy of Auguslin which he spoke, say- 
 ing, If the Welsh will not be at peace with us, 
 they shall perish at the hands of the Saxons. Two 
 hundred priests were slain, who came thither that 
 they might pray for the Welch army ; their Alder- 
 man was named Brocmail, and he escaped thence 
 "with some fifty men. 
 
 611. 
 
 This year Cynegils succeeded to the kingdom 
 ofWessex, and held it 31 years. Cynegils was 
 the son of Ceol, Ceol of Cutha, Cutha of 
 Cynric. 
 
 614. 
 
 This year Cynegils and Cwichclm fought at 
 
 D 
 
26 
 
 Beamdunc (Bampton, Devon ?j and slew two 
 thousand and fortj-six Welshmen. 
 GIG. 
 This year died ^Ethelbjrht, King of Kent, the 
 first English King who received baptism, and he 
 was the son of Eormenric ; he had reigned 56 
 years, and his son Eadbald succeeded him. And 
 the same year 3,818 winters had passed away 
 since the beginning of this world. Eadbald re- 
 nounced his faith, and lived after the heathen 
 manner, insomuch that he had to wife his father's 
 widow. Whereupon Laurentius, who was then 
 Archbishop of Kent, resolved to go southward 
 over sea, and to abandon all here. And the 
 Apostle Peter came to him by night, and beat 
 him sorely, because he would thus have forsaken 
 tlie flock of God ; and he commanded him to go 
 to the King, and to preach the true faith to hira ; 
 and he did so, and the King was converted unto 
 the true faith again. In this King's days the 
 same Laurentius, who was Archbishop of Kent 
 after Augustin, died on the 4th of the Nones of 
 February, and he was buried near Augustin. The 
 holy Augustin, when in perfect health, conse- 
 crated him Bishop, to the end that the Church 
 of Christ, which was yet new in England, might 
 have no interval without an Archbishop after his 
 
27 
 
 death. After Laurcntius, MclHtus, who "Nvas 
 before Bishop of London, succeeded to the Arch- 
 bishoprick; then the inhabitants of London, Avliere 
 Mellitus had been, became hcatliens, and within 
 five years, Eadbald still reigning, Mellitus died. 
 Justus succeeded to the Archbishoprick ; he had 
 been Bishop of Rochester, and he consecrated 
 Romanus to that bishoprick. 
 C17. 
 
 This year iEthelfrith King of the Northum- 
 brians, was slain by Redwald King of the East 
 Angles, and Edwin the son of yEUa obtained pos- 
 session of the kingdom, and conquered all Britain, 
 excepting Kent alone, and he drove out the 
 Princes the sons of iEthelfrith ; these were, first 
 Eanfrid, then Oswald and Oswin,Oslac, Oswudn, 
 Oslaf and Offa. 
 
 62L 
 
 This year Archbishop Mellitus died. 
 625. 
 
 This year Paulinus was consecrated Bishop of 
 Northumberland by Archbishop Justus, on the 
 ]2th of the calends of August. 
 
 " This is the Cycle of Dionysius. It consists 
 of five series of nineteen years, that is of 95 years, 
 and it lakes its beginning from the 50th year of 
 our Lord's incarnation, and finishes in the G26th 
 
 D2 
 
?8 
 
 year. This scries of nineteen years, which the 
 Creeks call Enneakaidekaeteris, and Pope John 
 calls Kaideris, was established by the holy 
 Fathers in the Council of Nice, and agreeably to 
 such mode of calculating the Mth day of the 
 (March) moon marked Easter every year without 
 any uncertainty." 
 
 626. 
 This year came Eomer from Cwichelm, King 
 of Wessex, and thought to murder King Edwin, 
 but he stabbed his thane Lilla, and Forthher, 
 and wounded the King. And the same night a 
 daughter was born to Edwin; she was named 
 Eanfled : then the King promised Paulinus that 
 he would dedicate his daughter to God, if he 
 would obtain of God that he might destroy his 
 enemy who had sent the assassin. And he then 
 marched with an army against the West Saxons, 
 and there he overcame five Kings and slew 
 much people. This year Eanfled, King Edwin's 
 daughter, was baptized on the holy eve of Pente- 
 cost, and within twelve months the King was 
 baptized at Easter with all his nobility. Easter 
 then fell on the 2d of the Ides of April. This 
 took place at York, where he had before ordered 
 a church of wood to be built, which was conse- 
 crated in the name of St. Peter. There the King 
 
29 
 
 gave Panliniis a Bishop's Sec, and there licafter- 
 wards ordered a larger church to be built of 
 stone. This year Penda succeeded to tlic king- 
 dom (of Mercia) and reigned 30 3 ears, and he 
 was 50 years old when he began to reign. Penda 
 was the son of Wybba, Wybba of Cryda, Cryda 
 of Cynewold, Cynewold of Cnebba, Cnebba of 
 Icel, Icel of Eomaer, Eomaer of Angeltheow, An- 
 geltheow of Offa, Ofl'a ofWaermiind, VVaermund 
 of VV^ihtliPg, Wihtlffig of Woden. 
 627. 
 
 This year King Edwin was baptized with his 
 people by Paulinus, at Easter. This Paulinus 
 also preached Christianity in Lindisse (Lindsey), 
 where a certain rich man named Blecca believed 
 first, with all his adherents. And at this time 
 Honorius succeeded to the Popedom after Boni- 
 face ; he sent a pall hither to Paulinus. And 
 Archbishop Justus died, and Honorius was con- 
 secrated Archbishop of Canterbury by Paulinus 
 at Lincoln, and the Pope also sent a pall to him, 
 and he sent letters to the Scotch that they should 
 turn to the observance of the true Easter. 
 628. 
 
 This year Cynegils and Cwichelm fought with 
 Penda at Cirencester, and they made a treaty 
 there. 
 
 D3 
 
so 
 
 632. 
 
 This year Eorpwald was baptized. 
 633. 
 
 This year King Edwin was slain by Cadwalla 
 and Ponda at Heth-felda (Hatfield, near Don- 
 caster ?) on the 2d of the Ides of October, and he 
 had reigned 17 years, and his son Osfrith also 
 was slain with him. And after this Ceadwalla 
 and Penda went and laid waste all Northumber- 
 land. When Paulinas saw this, he took ^Ethel- 
 burga, the widow of Edwin, and went in a ship 
 to Kent, and Eadbald and Honorius received him 
 very honorably, and gave him the Bishoprick of 
 Rochester, and he abode there till his death. 
 634. 
 
 This year Osric, whom Paulinus had baptized, 
 succeeded to the kingdom of Deira ; he was the 
 son of ^Ifric, the uncle of Edwin ; and Eanfrith, 
 the son of ^^thelfrith , succeeded to the kingdom 
 of Bernicia. And this year Bishop Byrinus first 
 preached baptism to the West Saxons under King 
 Cynegils : this Byrinus came thither by the com- 
 mand of Pope Honorius, and was Bishop there 
 till the end of his life. And this year also Oswald 
 succeeded to the kingdom of Northumberland, 
 and he reigned nine years, the ninth year being 
 Rumbered to him because of the heathenism of 
 
31 
 
 those who reigned the one year between him and 
 Edwin. 
 
 635. 
 This year King (-ynegils was baptized by 
 Bishop Byrinus at Dorchester (Oxfordshire) and 
 Oswald, King of Northumberhmd, was his god- 
 father. 
 
 636. 
 This year King Cwichelm was baptized at 
 Dorchester (Oxfordshire), and he died the same 
 year ; and Bishop Felix preached the Christian 
 faith to the East Angles. 
 
 639. 
 This year Byrinus baptized King Ciithred at 
 Dorchester, and took him for his godson. 
 
 G40. 
 This year Eadbald, King of Kent, died ; he 
 reigned 25 years. He had two sons, Ermenred 
 and Ercenberht, and Ercenberht reigned after his 
 father. He threw down ail the idols in his king- 
 dom, and lie was the first of English Kings who 
 appointed the fast before Easter. His daughter 
 was named Erconcrola, an holy woman, as he was 
 a glorious man, and her motlier was Sexburh, the 
 daughter of Anna, King of the East Ano;les r 
 and Ermenred had two sons, who Avere martyred 
 bv Thunor. 
 
642. 
 This year Oswald King of Northumberland 
 was slain by Pcnda the South uinbrian, at Maser- 
 feld (Oswestry) on th«' Nones ot August, and his 
 body was buried at Bearthan-ege (Bardney, on 
 the Witham, Lincolnshire). His sanctity and 
 his miracles were aiterwards greatly renowned 
 throughout the island, and his hands are preserved 
 incorrupted at Bamborough. And the same year 
 that Oswald was slain, his brother Oswin suc- 
 ceeded to the kingdom of Northumberland, and 
 reigned 28 years. 
 
 643. 
 This year Cenwalh succeeded to the kingdom 
 of Wessex, and reigned 31 years. He caused 
 the old church of Winchester to be built, and 
 consecrated in the name of .St. Peter. This Cen- 
 walh was the son of Cynegils. 
 
 644. 
 This year Paulinus, who had been Archbishop 
 of York, (and afterwards Bishop of Rochester) 
 died at Rochester on the 6th of the ides of Oc- 
 tober ; he was a Bishop 19 years, two months, 
 and twenty-one days ; and this year Oswin the 
 son of Osric, the cousin of Edwin, succeeded 
 to (he kingdom of Deira, and reigned seven 
 years. 
 
S3 
 
 645. 
 This year King Ceinvalli was driven from his 
 kingdom by King Penda. 
 646. 
 This year King Cenwalh was baptized. 
 
 648. 
 This year Cenwalh gave his kinsman Cuthred 
 3000 hides of hind, near ^Esces-dun (Aston, 
 Berlvshire ?j. Tiiis Cuthred was the son of 
 Cwichelmj Cwichehn of Cynegils. 
 650. 
 This year ^gelbyrht of Ganl received tlie 
 Bishoprick of Wessex, after the Roman Bishop 
 Byrinus. 
 
 651. 
 This year King Oswin was slain on the 13th 
 of the calends of September ; and about twelve 
 days afterwards Bishop Aidan died on the 2d of 
 the calends of September. 
 6o2. 
 This year Cenwalh fought at Bradford on the 
 Avon. 
 
 653. 
 This year the Mid Angles, under the Alder- 
 man Peada, received the true faith. 
 654. 
 This year King Anna was slain. And Botulf 
 
34 
 
 began to build the monastery at Icanboe (Bos- 
 ton ?) And Archbishop Honorius died this year 
 on the 2d of tbe calends of October. 
 655. 
 This year Penda was killed at Winwid-feld, 
 (on the river Win wed, now the Aire, near 
 Leeds) and with him 30 others of Royal lineage, 
 some of whom were Kings ; amongst these was 
 ^Ihelhere, the brother of Anna King of the 
 East Angles : and the Mercians became Christians. 
 Then had 5.850 years passed away since the be- 
 gi!.ning of the world. And Pcada, the son of 
 Penda, succeeded to the kingdom of Mercia : he 
 and Oswin (Oswy ?j the brother of King Oswald, 
 came together, and agreed that they would budd 
 a monastery for the love of Christ, and to the 
 honour of St. Peter. And they did so, and they 
 gave it the name of Medcshamstede,* because 
 there is at this place a whirlpool (in the river 
 Ncn) called Medeswasl. And they began the 
 foundations, and wrought thereon, and they 
 committed the care of the work to a monk named 
 Saxulf; he was the friend of God, and all the 
 people loved him, and he was very nobly born 
 in the world, and rich, but he is now mucii richer 
 
 * Now Peterborough. 
 
"with Christ. And king Peada reigned not long, 
 for he was betrayed by his own wife at Easter. 
 This year Ithamar Bishop of Rochester. conse- 
 crated Deusdedit to the A rchbishoprick of Canter- 
 bury, on the 7th of the calends of April. 
 6o6. 
 This year Peada was slain, and (after three 
 years) Wulfhere, tlic son of Penda, took pos- 
 session of the kingdom of Mcrcia. In his time 
 Medcshamstede, which his brother had founded, 
 became very rich : the King favoured it much 
 for love of his brotlier Peada, and for love of 
 Oswy his brother in baptism, and for love of the 
 Abbot Saxulf. Then he said he would make it 
 renowned and glorious, and this with the advice 
 of his brothers ,^t1ielred and Merwala, of his 
 sisters Kyncburg and Kyneswith, with the advice 
 also of the Archbishop who was named Deus- 
 dedit, and with that of all his wise men (gewitan) 
 both clergy and laity in the kingdom ; and he 
 did so. Then the King sent to the Abbot that 
 be should come to him with all diligence, and he 
 came : then said the King to the Abbot, " I have 
 sent for thee, beloved Saxulf, for the good of 
 my soul, and I will clearly tell thee wherefore. 
 My brother Peada and my beloved friend Oswy 
 began a monastery for the love of Christ and of 
 
S6 
 
 St. Peter, and my brother is departed from this 
 life even as Christ willed, and 1 would pray thee, 
 O beloved friend, that they labour diligently at 
 this work, and I will find thee gold and silver 
 and land, and all and every thing that behooveth 
 thereto." Then the Abbot went home and began 
 to work, and he sped as Christ enabled him, so 
 that in a few years the monastery was finished. 
 When the King heard that, he was very glad, 
 and he gave commandment to send throughout 
 the land to all his Thanes, to the Archbishops and 
 Bishops, and to his Earls, and to all who loved 
 God, that they should come to him, and he ap- 
 pointed the day on which the monastery should 
 be consecrated. King Wulfere was present when 
 the monastery was consecrated, together with his 
 brother ^thelred and his sisters Kyuf burg and 
 Kyneswith : and Deusdedit Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, and Ithamar Bishop of Rochester, 
 and tlie Bishop of London named Wina, and 
 Jeruman Bishop of Mercia, and Bishop Tuda 
 consecrated the monastery, and the priest Wilfred 
 who was afterwards a Bishop was there, and all 
 the Thanes who were in the kingdom. Then the 
 monastery was consecrated in the names of St. 
 Peter, St. Paul, and St Andrew. Then the 
 King stood up before all his Thanes, and said 
 
37 
 
 with a loud voice, " Thanked be the high and 
 Almighty God, for the good deed that is here 
 done, and I will this day render honour to Christ, 
 and to St. Peter, and I will, that you all confirm 
 my words. I, Wulfere, do this day freely give 
 to St. Poter, and to the Abbot Saxulf, and to the 
 monks of this monastery, these lands and waters, 
 and meres, and fens, and wears, all that lie around 
 and are of my domain, so that none but the 
 abbot and the monks shall have any claim upon 
 them. This is the grant — from Medeshamstede 
 unto North-burh (NfirboroughJ and thence to 
 the place which is called Folies, and all the fen 
 stvaiglit to Esendic,* and from Esendic to the 
 place which is called Fethermuth, and thence 10 
 miles in a right line to Cuggedic, and so to Rag- 
 gewilh, from Raggewilh five miles to the river 
 which leadeth to iElm (Elme) and Wisbeach, 
 and so about three miles to Throkonholt (Tro- 
 kenhole), and from Throkonholt direct through 
 all the fen which is 20 miles long to Derevord 
 (Denver ?) and so to Grastecross, and from 
 Graetecross throni^h the clear water called Bra- 
 
 * Uncertain— but the ditch Assendik is mentioned as the 
 northern boundary of Croyland by the charter of Elhelbald, 
 and described by Ingulpbus as falling into the Welland. 
 E 
 
38 
 
 dan-ae, and thence six miles t5 Paccelade, and so 
 on through all the meres and fens that lie to- 
 wards the town of Huntingdon, and the meres 
 and the lakes Scaelfremere and Witlesmere, and 
 all the others thereabout, with the lands and 
 houses that are on the eastern side of Sca3lfremere, 
 and all the fens thence to Medeshamstede and to 
 Welmcs-ford (Welmsford) and from Welmes- 
 ford to Clive (Cliff) and thence <o i5Cstun (Eas- 
 ton) and from ^Estun to Stan-ford (Stamford) 
 and from Slan-ford even as the water runneth to 
 the abovesaid Northburh (Narborough). These 
 are the lands and tlie fens which the King gave 
 to St. Peter's monastery. Then said the King, 
 for this gift, it is little, but I will that they hold 
 it so royally and so freely, that neither tribute 
 nor tax be taken therefrom, excepting for the 
 monks only. Thus will I make this monastery 
 free, that it be subject to Rome alone : and I will 
 that all amongst us who may not be able to 
 journey to Rome should repair hither to St. 
 Peter." Whilst he was thus speaking, the 
 Abbot entreated that he would grant that which 
 he should ask of him, and the King promised 
 that he would : " 1 have some monks here 
 who fear God, and would spend their lives 
 as Anchorites if they knew where ; but there 
 
39 
 
 is an island here called Ancarig (Thorney), 
 and this would I ask, that we might there 
 build a monastery for the love of St. Mary, 
 and that those Avho would lead their lives in 
 peace and rest may dwell there." Then the 
 King answered and spoke thus, " Not this ordy, 
 beloved Saxulf, but all things which I know that 
 thou desirest on our Lord's behalf, even thus I 
 approve and grant. And I entreat thee, brother 
 ^thelred, and my sisters Cyneburh and Cynes- 
 with, for our soul's redemption, that ye be wit- 
 nesses, and that ye write this with your fingers. 
 And 1 desire of all who succeed me, be they my 
 sous or my brethren, or whosoever shall reign 
 after me, that our gift may stand, even as they 
 would be partakers of eternal life, and as they 
 would escape everlasting torment. Whosoever 
 diminisheth our gift, or the gift of other good 
 men, let the heavenly porter diminish his part in 
 the kingdom of heaven, and whosoever in- 
 creaseth it, let the heavenly porter increase 
 his portion in the kingdom of heaven." These 
 were the witnesses who were there, and who 
 subscribed with their fingers the cross of Christ, 
 and who confirmed the grant with their 
 tongues. King Wulfcre was the finst who con- 
 firmed it by word, and afterwards subscribed 
 
40 
 
 to it witli liis fingers tlie cross of Clirist, ainl 
 he spoke thus, " I King Wulfere having these 
 Kings, Earls, Generals, and Thanes as wifc- 
 Ticsses of my gift, and before the Archbishop 
 Deusdedit, do confirm it with the cross of 
 Christ." + " And I Oswy King of Northum- 
 berland, the friend of this monastery and of the 
 Abbot Saxulf, do sanction it with the cross of 
 Christ." + " And I King Sighere do confirni 
 the same with the cross of Christ." + "And I 
 King Sibbi do subscribe to it with the cross of 
 Christ." + " And I ^Ethelred the King's bro- 
 ther do confirm it with the cross of Christ." + 
 " And we the King's sisters Cyneburh and Cjne- 
 swith do sanction the same." " And I Deus- 
 dedit, Archbishop of Canterbury, do confirm the 
 same." Then all the others who were there 
 confirmed this grant with the cross of Christ; 
 these were by name Ithamar Bishop of Rochester, 
 and Wine Bishop of London, and Jeruman 
 Bishop of the Mercians, and Bishop Tuda, and 
 the Priest Wilfrid, who was afterwards a Bishop, 
 and the Priest Eoppa whom King Wulfere sent 
 to preach Christianity in Wight, and the Abbot 
 Saxulf, and the Aldermen Immine, Eadberht, 
 Herefield, Wilberht, and Abon, and ^thelbold, 
 Brordan, Wilberht, vElhrnund, and Frethegis. 
 
41 
 
 Tbese and many others, the Kin^^'s chief men, all 
 confirmed the grant. This writing was made in 
 the year 664 after the birth of our Lord, in the 
 7th year of King Wulfere, and the 9th of the 
 Archbishop Deusdedit. Then they laid the 
 curse of God, and that of all the Saints, and of 
 all Christian people upon him who should undo 
 any thing that was now done : " So be it," said 
 all, " Amen." VVh''n this transaction was 
 finished the King sent to Rome, to Vitalianus the 
 Pope that then was, and entreated that he would 
 confirm all the aforesaid proceeding with his re- 
 script and with his blessing. And the Pope sent 
 his rescript, saying thus, " I Vitalianus the Pope 
 do grant unto thee King Wulfore, and unfo (he 
 Archbishop Deusdedit, and unto the A])bot 
 Saxulf, all things thai ye desire ; and I forbid the 
 King or any man whatsoever to have any claim 
 thereon, excepting the Abbot only, neither let 
 him be subject to any excepting the Pope of 
 Rome, and the Archbishop of Canterbury. If 
 any man break this ordinance in anything, let St. 
 peter with his sword destroy him : whosoever 
 observeth it, let St. Peter with his key open unto 
 him the kingdom of heaven. Thus was founded 
 the monastery of Medeshamstede, which was after- 
 wards called Burh (Peterborough). Afterwards, 
 
 E3 
 
42 
 
 another Archbishop came to Canterbury ; he was 
 named Theodore, a very wise and a good man,, 
 and lie held his synod with his Bishops and the 
 Clergy. Then Winfrid Bishop of Mercia was 
 deprived of his See, and the Abbot Saxulf was 
 chosen thereto, and Cuthbald, a monk of the 
 same monastery, was made Abbot. This synod 
 was held 673 years after the birth of Christ. 
 658. 
 
 This year Cenwalh fought with the Welsh at 
 Pen, and drove them to the Parret. This battle 
 was fought after he came from East Anglia : He 
 was there three years, for Penda had driven him 
 into exile because he had divorced his sister. 
 660. 
 
 This year Bishop ^thelbryht departed from 
 Cenwalh, and Wine held the Bishoprick three 
 years. And yEthelbryht received the aee of Paris 
 on the Seine in Gaul. 
 
 661. 
 
 This year at Easter Cenwalh fought at Possen- 
 byrig (Pontesbury, Shropshire), and VVulferethe 
 son of Penda laid waste the country as far as 
 ^sces-dune (Aston, Berkshire?}. And Cuthrcd 
 the son of Cwichelm and King Ccnbyrht died in 
 the same year. And Wulfere the son of Penda 
 ravaged Wight and gave the island to iElhehvald 
 
43 
 
 King of the Soutli Saxons, because he (Wirlfcrc) 
 was his godfather : and the priest Eoppa by th.*^ 
 desire of Wilverd and of King Wulfere first 
 brought baptism to the inliabitants of Wight. 
 664. 
 
 This year the Sun^ was eclipsed. And Arcen- 
 bryht King of Kent died, and his son Ecbyrht 
 succeeded him. And Colman* with his compa- 
 nions went to his own country. And this year 
 there was a great pestilence in Britain, whereof 
 Bishop Tuda died and he was buried at Wagele.t 
 And Ceadda and Wilver were consecrated. And 
 the same year the Archbishop Deusdedit died. 
 667. 
 
 This year Oswiu and Ecbrilit sent the priest 
 Wigheard to Rome that he might be consecrated 
 as Archbishop of Canterbury, but he died as 
 soon as he arrived there. 
 
 668. 
 
 This year Theodore was consecrated Archi- 
 bishop and sent to Enghmd. 
 669. 
 
 This year King Ecbyrht gave Raculf fRecuK 
 
 * Bishop of Lindisfarn, expelled because lie would not 
 observe the appointed time of Easter 
 
 t Unknown. Bede 2;ives Pa-gnalauh as the place of his 
 death, and Smith supposes this to be Piokiey, near Durham. 
 
44 
 
 Tcr) to the priest Basse that he might there build 
 a monastery. 
 
 670. 
 This year Osweo Kin^ of the Northumbrians 
 died on the 15th of the calends of March, and his 
 son Ecverth reic^ned after him. And Hlothere 
 the nephew of Bishop xEthelbyrht received the 
 Bishoprick of Wessex, and held it 7 years ; 
 Bishop Theo'lore consecrated him. And Osweo 
 was the son of .^thelverth, ^^Ihelverth of iEthel- 
 ric, jElhclric of Ida, Ida of Eoppa. 
 
 671. 
 This year there was a great slaughter of birds.* 
 
 672. 
 This year King Cenwalh died, and his Queen 
 Seaxburh held the kingdom one year after him. 
 
 673. 
 This year Ecbryht King of Kent died, and 
 the same year there was a synod at Hertford. — 
 And St. iEtlieldryth began the monastery at Ely. 
 
 674. 
 This year ^scwine succeeded to the kingdom 
 of Wessex, he was the son of Cenfus, Centus of 
 Cenferlh, Cenferth of Cuthgils, Cuthgils of Ceol- 
 "Wulf, Ceolwulf of CynriG, Cynric of Cerdic. 
 
 * Henry of Huntingdon says that the birds foHght and 
 killed each other, and gives a similar story of his own time. 
 
¥5 
 
 675. 
 This year Wiilfcre the son of Pcnda, and 
 ^scwine the son of Cenfus, fought at Bedan- 
 heafd (Bedwin, Wiltshire?) And the same jear 
 Wulfere died, and yEthelred succeeded to the 
 kingdom. He sent Bishop Wilfrid to Rome, to 
 the Pope that then was, named Agatho, and in- 
 formed him by letter and by a message, how his 
 brethren Peada and Wulfere had builded a mo- 
 nastery, which was called Medeshamstede, and 
 that they had freed the same from all subjection 
 to King or Bishop, and he desired tliat the Pope 
 would confirm this with his rescript and with his 
 blessing. Then the Pope sent a letter to Eng- 
 land, saying thus, " I Agatho, Pope of KoinCj 
 greet well the worshipful zElhelred King of Mer- 
 cia, and Theodore Archbisliop of Canterbury, 
 and Saxulf Bishop of Mercia, who before was 
 Abbot, and all the Abbots in England, with the 
 salutation Ot God, and my blessing. I hav^e heard 
 the desire of King iEthelred, and of the Arch- 
 bishop Theodore, and of the bishop Saxulf, and 
 of the Abbot Cuthbald, and I will that it be in all 
 wise, even as ye have spoken. And I command, 
 on behalf of God and of St. Peter, and of all the 
 Saints, and of all consecrated persons, that 
 aeitlicr King, Bishop, Eaii, nor any man, ra- 
 
4I> 
 
 ceive any duty, tax, tribute, or farthing, and that 
 none claim any service of any kind from the 
 abbacy of Medeshamstcde. I command also that 
 the Bishop of the Shire presume not to perform 
 either ordination or consecration within this ab- 
 bacy, unless the Abbot desire it of him ; neither 
 may he claim any bishop's or synod's fine, nor 
 receive therefrom any returns of any kind. I will 
 also that the Abbot be held as the Legate of 
 Rome over all the island, and that whosoever 
 may be chosen by the monks be consecrated by 
 the Archbishop of Canterbury. I will and enact, 
 if any man have made a vow to go to Rome, 
 which he may not be able to perform, either from 
 sickness, from his Lord's need of him, from 
 poverty, or from any otlier cause, that he, be he 
 of England or of any other island, repair to the 
 monastery of Medeshamstcde, and he shall receive 
 the same absolution from Christ and St. Peter, 
 from the Abbot and from the Monks, that he 
 would have if he went to Rome. Now I desire 
 thee, brother Theodore, that thou cause it to be 
 proclaimed throughout England, that a synod be 
 assembled, and that this letter be read and ob- 
 served. I say also to thee. Bishop Saxulf, 
 that as thou desirest that this monastery should 
 be free, so 1 forbid thee, and all Bishops sent of 
 
i1 
 
 Christ and of liis Saints, who come after tbee, lo 
 receive any gain from the monastery, excepting 
 that which pleaseth the Abbot. Now will 1 say 
 this in words, that whosoever observeth this re- 
 script and this commandment, he shall dwell for 
 ever with Almighty God in the kingdom of 
 heaven, and whosoever breaketh it, he shall be 
 excommunicated and condemned to punishment 
 with Judas and with all the devils in hell, unless 
 he come to repentance. Amen." Pope Agatho 
 and 120 Bishops sent this letter to England by 
 Wilfrid Archbishop of York. This was done 
 680 years after the birlh of our Lord, in the 6tli 
 year of King iEthelred. Then the King com* 
 manded Archbishop Theodore that he should 
 appoint a meeting of all the Witan at the place 
 which is called Heatfeld (Hatfield). When 
 they were there assembled, then he caused the 
 letter, which the Pope had sent thither, to be 
 read, and they all confirmed the same, and fully 
 ratified it. Then said the King, " All things 
 that my brother Peada, and my brother Wulfere, 
 and my sisters Cyneburh and Cyneswith, gave 
 and secured to St. Peter and to the Abbot, 1 will 
 that these stand ; and 1 will in my day increase 
 the gift for the sake of their souls and of mine 
 own. Now give I this day to St. Peter and to 
 
43 
 
 Lis monastery of M edeshamstcde these lands, 
 and all thereunto belonging : to wit, Bredune, 
 Ilrepingas, Cedenac, Swines-hafed (Swines- 
 head), Heanbyrig, Lodeshac, ScufFanhalch, Cos- 
 tesford,* Stretford, Wa3telle-burne, Lufgeard, 
 iEthelhuniglond, Barthan-ig (Bardney), These 
 lands I give to St. Peter all as freely as I myself 
 possessed them, and so that none of my succes- 
 sors may take any thing therefrom. If any do 
 this let him have the curse of the Pope of Rome, 
 and the curse of all Bishops, and of all Avho are 
 here as witnesses; and I confirm this with the sign 
 of Christ." + " And I Theodore Archbishop of 
 Canterbury am witness to this charter of Medes- 
 hamstede, and I confirm it with my own hand- 
 writing, and I excommunicate all those who may 
 break any part thereof, and I bless all who shall 
 observe it." + ^' I Wilfrid Archbishop of York 
 am witness to this writing, and I confirm the 
 said curse." + "I Saxulf, who was first Abbot 
 and am now Bishop, do lay my curse and that 
 of all my successors upon those who may break 
 it." " I Ostrithe Queen of ^Ethelred do sanc- 
 tion the grant." '' I Adrian the Legate assent 
 
 * Perhaps some place near Cosgrave, Northamptonshire, if 
 Stretford be Old Stratford (opposite to Stony Stratford). 
 
49 
 
 to the same." " I Putta Bisbop of Rochester 
 subcribe io it." " I Waldhere Bishop of Lon- 
 don confirm it." " I the Abbot Cuthbald do 
 estabhsh the same, so that whosoever breaketh 
 it let him take tlie curse of all Bishops, and of 
 all Christian people." Amen. 
 676. 
 
 This year iEscwine died and Hedda succeeded 
 to the bishoprick (of Winchester) and Centwinc 
 to the kingdom of Wessex. Centwine was the 
 son of Cynegils, Cynegils of Ceolwulf. And 
 ^thelrcd King of Mereia overran Kent. 
 678. 
 
 This year a comet appeared in August, and 
 shone like a sun-beam every morning for three 
 months. And Bishop Wilfrith was driven from 
 his see by King Ecgverth, and two Bishops were 
 consecrated for his bishoprick, Bosa for the Deiri, 
 and Eata for the Bernicians. And Eadhed was 
 appointed to the see of Lindscy, of which he 
 was the first Bishop. 
 
 679. 
 
 This year ^Elfwine was slain near the Trent, 
 where Ecgferth and i^thclred fought. And this 
 year St. iEthelfrith died. And Coludcs-burh 
 (Coldingham, Berwickshire) was burned with 
 fire from God. 
 
 F 
 
50 
 
 680. 
 
 This year Theodore convoked an Ar<ihiepis- 
 
 copal Synod at Hatfield, that he might set forth 
 
 aright the Christian faith. And the same year 
 
 died Hilda Abbess of Streones-heale (Whitbyj. 
 
 C81. 
 
 This year Trumbriht was consecrated Bishop 
 of Hagulstades-ea (Hexham), and Trumwine as 
 Bishop of the Picts, who were then subject to 
 this country. This year also Centwine drove the 
 Britons to the sea. 
 
 684. 
 
 This year Ecgferth sent an army against the 
 Scots, and Briht his Alderman therewith, and 
 they lamentably plundered and burned the 
 Churches of God. 
 
 685. 
 
 This year King Ecgferth commanded that 
 Cuthberht should be made a Bishop, and Arch- 
 bishop Theodore consecrated him at York, on 
 the first day of Easter, as Bishop of Hexham, 
 for Trumbriht had been deprived of that see. 
 And the same year on the 13th of the calends of 
 June King Ecgferth was slain by the north sea, 
 and a great army with him. He reigned 15 
 years, and his brother Aldfrith succeeded him : 
 this Ecgferth was the sou of Osweo, Osweo of 
 
I 
 
 51 
 
 vEthclvcrtli, i^tiielvcrth of ^tbclric, ^thclrlc 
 of Ida, Ida of Eoppa. This year Ccad walla 
 began to contend for the kingdom, he was the 
 son of Ccnbjrht, Cenbyrht of Cadei, Cada of 
 iJutha, Cutha of Ceawlin, Ccawlin of Cynric, 
 Cynric of Cerdic, and Mul was the brother of 
 Ceadwalla, and he was afterwards burned in Kent. 
 And Hlothere King of Kent died Ihe same year. 
 And John was consecrated to the bishoprick of 
 Hexliara, and he kept possession of it till Wil- 
 frith returned, and afterwards, on the death of 
 Bisliop Bosa, John received the bishoprick of 
 York, and his priest Wilferth was afterwards 
 consecrated to the bishoprick of York, and he 
 retired to his monastery in Derawuda (Beverley). 
 This year it rained blood in Britain, and milk 
 and butter were turned into blood. 
 686. 
 This year Ceadwalla and his brother IMul laid 
 waste Kent and AVight ; this Ceadwalla gave to 
 St. Peter's monastery of Medesharastede a valley 
 in a certain island called Heabureahg, the name 
 of the Abbot of the monastery at this time was 
 Egbalth, he was the third after Saxulf, Theo- 
 dore being then Archbishop of Kent. 
 687. 
 This year Mul was burned in Kent, and 12 
 
 V 2 
 
52 
 
 others with him ; and this year Ceadwalla again 
 ravaged Kent. 
 
 688. 
 This year King Ceadwalla went to Rome and 
 received baptism from Pope Sergius, who gave 
 him the name of Peter, and he died while he 
 was yet in his baptismal garments, about seven 
 days afterwards, on the 12th of the calends of 
 May, and he was buried in St. Peter's Church. 
 And Ina succeeded him in the kingdom of Wes- 
 sex, and reigned 37 years, and he built the 
 monastery of Glastonbury, and he afterwards 
 went to Rome, and abode there unto the end of 
 his days. Ina was the son of Cenred, Cenred of 
 Ceolwald, Ceolwald was the brother of Cynigils, 
 and they were both the sons of Cuthred the son 
 of Ceawlin, Ceawlin was the son of Cyuric, 
 Cynric of Cerdic. 
 
 690. 
 This year Archbishop Theodore died, lie was 
 a Bishop 12 years, and he was buried at Canter- 
 bury, and Beorhtwald succeeded to the Arch- 
 bishoprick on the calends of July; he was before 
 Abbot of Reculver. Before this time the Bishops 
 had been Romans, and afterwards they were Eng- 
 lish. There were then two Kings in Kent, 
 Wihtred and Waebl^eard. 
 
53 
 
 693. 
 
 This year Brihtwald was consecrated Arch- 
 bishop by the Gallican Bishop Godwin, on the 
 5th of the nones of Jnly. At this time died 
 Gifcmund Bishop of Rochester, and Archbishop 
 Brihtwald consecrated Tobias to his bishoprick. 
 About this time Brihtehn also died. 
 694. 
 
 This year the men of Kent made a treaty with 
 Ina, and gave thirty thousand pounds for liis 
 friendship, because they had burned his brother 
 Mul. And Wihtred succeeded to the kingdom 
 of Kent and held it 33 years; this Wihtred was 
 the son of Ecgbyrht, Ecgbyrht of Arcenbyrht, 
 Arcenbyrht of Eadbald, Eadbald of yEthelbyrht. 
 And as soon as he was King he caused a great 
 council to be convened at the place called 
 Baccancelde (Beckenham, Kent?); and there 
 Wihtred King of Kent, and Brihtwald Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury and Tobias Bishop of 
 Rochester, with Abbots and Abbesses, and many 
 wise men were gathered together, all to con- 
 sult upon the restoration of the churches of 
 God in Kent. Now the King began to speak, 
 and he said, " I will that all the monasteries and 
 churches that were given and bequeathed to the 
 glory of God in the days of faithful Kings my 
 F 3 
 
54 
 
 predecessors, and in the days of my kinsman 
 King iEthelberbt and of those who followed 
 after him, do so remain dedicated to the glory of 
 God, and that they continue thus evermore to 
 eternity. Forasmuch as T Wihtred an earthly 
 King, incited by the King of Heaven, and burn- 
 ing with zeal for righteousness, have learned this 
 of our forefathers, that no layman has the right 
 to obtrude himself into any church or into any 
 thing that belongeth to the church, this therefore 
 we strictly and unreservedly establish and ordain, 
 and in the name of Almighty God, and of all the 
 Saints, we forbid all Kings our successors, and 
 Aldermen, and all laymen, to hold any lordship 
 whatever over the churches, or over any of the 
 possessions which I or my predecessors in for- 
 mer days have given them, as an everlasting in- 
 heritance to the glory of Christ, and of our Lady 
 St. Mary, and of the holy Apostles. And ob- 
 serve that when it shall happen that a Bishop or 
 an Abbot or an Abbess departelh this life, it shall 
 be told to the Archbishop, and with his counsel 
 and advice let him that is worthy be elected, and 
 let the A rchbishop inquire into the life and vir- 
 tues of him who is chosen to so high an office, 
 and in no wise let any one be chosen or conse- 
 crated thereto wifhout the Archbishop's sanc- 
 tion. Kings shall create Earls and Aldermen, 
 
55 
 
 SberifFs and Judges, and the Archbishop shall 
 govern and direct the church of God, and shall 
 choose and appoint Bishops, Abbots, Abbesses, 
 Priests, and Deacons, and shall consecrate them 
 and confirm tliem by good precepts and example, 
 lest any of God's flock stray and be lost." 
 695. 
 This year the Southumbrians slew ^thelred's 
 Queen Ostrythe, the sister of Ecgfrith. 
 699. 
 This year the Picts slew the Alderman Berht. 
 
 702. 
 This year Kenred succeeded to the kingdom of 
 Southumbria. 
 
 703. 
 This year Bishop Hedda died; he held the 
 Bishoprick of Winchester 27 years. 
 704. 
 This year iEthelrcd King of the Mercians, the 
 sonofPenda, became a Monk, having reigned 
 29 years, and Cenred succeeded him. 
 705. 
 This year Ealdferth King of Northumberland 
 died, at Driffield, (Yorkshire) on the 19th of the 
 calends of January. And Bishop Saxulf died 
 also. Then Ealdferth's son Osred succeeded to 
 the kingdom. 
 
5(> 
 
 70&. 
 This year died Bishop Aldhelm, whose diocese 
 lay around Westan-wuda (Westwood, Wiltshire). 
 In the early days of Bishop Daniel the land of 
 the West Saxons was divided into two bishop- 
 ricks, for before it had formed only one. Daniel 
 held the one, and Bishop Aldhelm the other. 
 Forthhere succeeded Aldhelm. And Ceolred 
 received the kingdom of Mercia, and Cenred 
 went to Rome, and OlFa with him, and Cenred 
 remained there to the end of his life. And the 
 same year Bishop Wilferth died at Oundle, and 
 they carried his body to Ilippon; he was the 
 Bishop whom King Ecgferth had banished to 
 Home. 
 
 710. 
 This year Acca Wilferth's Priest received the 
 Bishopric that Wilferth had held before, and 
 this year the Alderman Beorht fought with the 
 Picts between Haefe and Caere (Heefield and 
 Carehouse, Northumberland) ; and Ina and his 
 kinsman Nun fought with Gerent King of the 
 Welsh ; and the same year Hygbald was slain. 
 
 714. 
 This year died St. Guthlac and King Pepin.* 
 
 * Pepin 2(1 Mayor. 
 
57 
 
 715. 
 
 This year Ina and Ceolred fought at Wodnes- 
 beorh (Wodensborougl), Wiltshire). King Da- 
 gobert (2nd) died this year. 
 716. 
 
 This year Osred King of Northumberland was 
 slain on the southern border, he had reigned 11 
 years after Ealdferth. Then Cenred succeeded 
 to the kingdom and reigned two years, and after 
 him Osric 1 1 years. The same year also died 
 Ceolred King of Mercia, his body licth at Litch- 
 field, and that of ^thelred the son of Penda at 
 Bardncy. And then iEthelbaid succeeded to the 
 kingdom of Mercia and reigned 41 years. This 
 jEthelbald was the son of Alweo, Alweo of Eapa, 
 Eapa of Wyb, whose lineage hath been written 
 before. And Ecbyrht, that venerable man, con- 
 Ycrted the Monks of lona to the true faith, so 
 that they held Easter aright, and received the 
 clerical tonsure. 
 
 718. 
 
 This year died Ingild the brother of Ina: 
 their sisters were Cwcnburh and Cuthburh, and 
 this Cuthburh built the monastery at Winborn, 
 and she was married to Ealdferth King of 
 Northumberland, but they separated before his 
 death. 
 
58 
 
 721. 
 
 Tliis 3'car Bishop Daniel went to Rome. And 
 the same year Ina slew the Prince Cynewulf. 
 And this year the holy Bishop John died, he was 
 Bishop 33 years, 8 months and 13 days, and his 
 body rcsteth at Beverley. 
 722. 
 
 This year Queen ^thelburh destroyed Taunton 
 which Ina had built. And Ealdbryht went as an 
 exile into Surrey, and among the South Saxons : 
 and Ina fought with the South Saxons. 
 725. 
 
 This year Wihtred King of Kent died on the 
 9th of the calends of May ; he reigned 32 years, 
 and his lineage is written above ; and Ealdberht 
 succeeded him. And Ina fought with the South, 
 Saxons, and there he slew the Prince Ealbyrht, 
 whom he had driven into exile. 
 727. 
 
 This year Tobias Bishop of Rochester died, 
 and Archbishop Brihtwold consecrated Aldulf to 
 that bishoprick, 
 
 728. 
 
 This year Ina went to Rome, and there he 
 ended his life, and his kinsman iEthelheard suc- 
 ceeded to the kingdom of Wessex, and held it 
 14 years ; and ^thellieard and the Prince Os- 
 
5{) 
 
 "wald fought the same year. Oswald was tlie 
 son of ^thelbald, vEthelbald of Cyncbald, Cyne- 
 bald of Cuthwine, Cuthwine of Ceawlin. 
 729. 
 
 A comet appeared this year ; and St. Ecgberht 
 died in lona. 
 
 730. 
 
 This year Prince Oswald died. 
 731. 
 
 This year Osric was slain ; he was King of 
 Northuinbciiand 1 1 years, and Ceolwulf suc- 
 ceeded him in the kingdom, and reigned eight 
 years. This Ceolwulf was the son of Cutha, 
 Cutha of Cuthwine, Cuthwine of Lcodwald, 
 Leodwald of Ecgwald, Ecgwald of Ealdliclm, 
 Ealdhelra of Ocga, Ocgaoflda, IdaofEoppa. 
 And Archbishop Bcorhtwald died on the ides of 
 Januar}' ; he was Bishop 57 years, 6 months, 
 and 14 days ; and Talwine was consecrated the 
 same year ; he before was a Priest of Breodunc 
 in Mercia (Bredon, Worcestershin^) : Daniel 
 Bishop of Winclicster, Ingwaid Bishop of Lon- 
 don, Aldwine Bishop of Litclifiekl, and Aldulf 
 Bishop of Rochester, consecrated Ijim on the 10th 
 of the month of June : be licld the Arclibishoprick 
 three years. 
 
CO 
 
 733. 
 This year ^^thelbald took Somerton ; and the 
 sun was eclipsed, and Acca was driven from his 
 bishoprick. 
 
 734. 
 This year the moon appeared as if it were tin- 
 ged with blood. And Archbishop Tatwine died, 
 and Bede also. And Ecgbriht was consecrated 
 Bishop (of York). 
 
 735. 
 This year Ecgbriht received a pall from Rome. 
 
 736. 
 This year Archbishop Nothelm received a pall 
 from the Bishop of Rome. 
 737. 
 This year Bishop Fortherc and Queen Frytho- 
 gith went to Rome. And King Ceolwulf re- 
 ceived St. Peter's tonsure, and gave up his king- 
 dom to his uncle's son Edberht, who reigned 31 
 years. And Bishop iEthelwold, and Acca, died, 
 and Cynewulf was consecrated Bishop: and the 
 same year JEthelwold plundered Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 738. 
 This year Eadbryht the son of Eata, the son of 
 Leodwald, succeeded to the kingdom of Northum- 
 
6] 
 
 bcniaiul, and held it 21 years. Arclibishop Ecg- 
 hyvhi the son of Eata was his brother, and they 
 are both buried in the same aisle at York. 
 741. 
 This year Kinj^ iEthelhcard died, and his kins- 
 man Cuthred succeeded to the kingdom of Wcssex, 
 and he fought with ^Ethelbahl King of Mercia. 
 And Notlielm died, and Cuthbryth was conse- 
 crated Archbishop, and Dun as Bishop of Ro- 
 chester. York was burned this year. 
 742. 
 This year a great Synod was held at Cloves- 
 hou (Cliff, in Kent, or Abingdon), and ^thelbald 
 King of Mercia was there, and Archbishop Cutii- 
 berht, and many other wise men. 
 7^3. 
 This year ^Ethelbald King of Mercia and 
 Cuthred King of Wcsscx fought with the Welch. 
 744. 
 This year Daniel gave up the bishoprick of 
 Winchester, and Ilunferth received it. And 
 there were many shooting stars. And Wilferth 
 the younger, who was Bishop of York, died on 
 the 3d of the calends of May. He was Bishop 
 30 years. 
 
 745. 
 This year Daniel died, 43 years being gone 
 by from the time that he received his bishoprick. 
 G 
 
62 
 
 74G. 
 TLis year King Selred was slain. 
 
 748. 
 This year Cynric Prince of the West Saxons 
 ■^as slain ; and Eadbrybt King- of Kent died, 
 and yEtlielbyrht son of King Wihtred succeeded 
 him. 
 
 750. 
 This year Cuthred King of Wessex fought 
 with iEthelhun, the high-minded Alderman, 
 752. 
 This year Cuthred King of Wessex, in the 
 12th year of his reign, fought with yEthelbald 
 King of Mercia at Beorg-ford (Burford), and 
 put him to flight. 
 
 753. 
 This year Cuthred King of Wessex fought 
 with the Welch. 
 
 754. 
 This year Cuthred King of Wessex died. — 
 And Cyneheard received the bishoprick of Win- 
 chester after Hunferth. And Canterbury was 
 burned this year. And Cuthred's kinsman Sige- 
 briht succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex, and 
 reigned one year. 
 
 755. 
 This year Cynewulf and the witan of Wessex 
 deprived his kinsman Sigebryht for his unrighte- 
 
63 
 
 ous deeds of all his kingdom, excepting Hamp- 
 shire, and Sigebryht kept that, till he liad slain 
 the Alderman who had adhered to him the longest, 
 and then Cjnewulf drove him into Andred, and 
 he remained there until a certain peasant stabbed 
 hira at Pruutes-flod (Privet, Hampshire) and 
 avenged the Alderman Cumbran. And Cjnewulf 
 often fought great battles with the Britons. And 
 about 31 years from his accession to the kingdom 
 he sought to banish a Prince called Cynehcard : 
 this Cyneheard was the brother of Sigebryht, and 
 he found that the King was gone with a small train 
 to visit a lady atMeran-tun (Merton, Surrey), and 
 there he beset him, and blocked up the house be- 
 fore the men who were with the King discovered 
 him ; and when the king perceived this, he went to 
 the door, and defended himself manfully until he 
 beheld the Prince, and then he rushed out upon 
 him, and wounded him severely, upon which 
 they all fought against the King until they slew 
 him. When the King's Thanes who were in the 
 house heard the tumult, they ran thither, every 
 one armed as he was. And immediately the 
 Prince offered money and their lives to each of 
 them, but none would compound with him, and. 
 they fought against him until they all fell, save 
 one, a British hostage, and he was sorely 
 G2 
 
64 
 
 wounded. In the morning when the King's 
 Thanes, who had remained behind, heard that 
 the King was slain, they rode thither, both his 
 Alderman Osric and his Thane Wiverth, and 
 all those whom he had left ; and they found the 
 Prince in the town wherein the King lay slain, 
 and the gates shut against them. And when they 
 came up he promised them their liberty, and 
 riches, and lands, if they would give up the 
 kingdom to him; and he told them that their 
 kinsmen were with him, and would not desert 
 him. Then they answered, that no kinsman 
 was dearer to them than their Lord, and that 
 they would never follow his murderer, and they 
 bade their kinsmen abandon the Prince, and 
 depart in safety. These replied, that the same 
 offer had been made to their adversaries the for- 
 mer companions of the King, and that they were 
 no more inclined to do this thing than their own 
 fellow soldiers who with the King had been 
 slain. And then they fought around the gates 
 until the Prince's party fled into the town, and 
 the Prince was killed, and all who were with him 
 except one ; he was godson of the Alderman 
 who saved his life, though he had many wounds. 
 Cynewulf reigned 31 years, and his body lieth at 
 Winchester, and that of the Prince at Acssm-^ 
 
65 
 
 raynster (Axminster), and their father's race 
 goelh in a right line to Cerdic. And the same 
 year /Etlielbuld King of Mercia was slain at 
 Seccan-diine (Seckington, Warwickshire) and 
 his body lieth at Hreopan dune (Repton, Derby- 
 shirej ; he reigned 41 years. Then Beornred 
 assumed the government, and held it for a short 
 time and unhappily. And the same year King 
 OiFa put Beornred to flight, and took possession 
 of the kingdom, and held it 39 years, and his son 
 Egverth reigned 140 days. He was the son of 
 Offa, theson of Thincferth, Thincferih of Ean- 
 wulf, Eanwult of Osniod, Osmod of Enva, Eawa 
 of Wybba, Wybba of Creoda, Creoda of Cyne- 
 wald, Cynewald of Cnebba, Cnebba of Icel, Icel 
 of Eomcer, Eomaer of Angeltheow, Angrlthpow of 
 Oft'a, OfFaof Waermund, Wierraundof Wihtlasg, 
 Wihtlaeg of Woden. 
 
 757. 
 
 This year Eadberht King of Northumberland 
 received the tonsure, and his son Osull succeed- 
 ed to the kingdom, and reigned one year, and 
 his servants slew him on the 9th of the calends 
 of August. 
 
 758. 
 
 This year Archbishop Cuthbryht died; he held 
 the archbishoprick 18 years. 
 
 G3 
 
66 
 
 759. 
 This year at Michaelmas Bregowine was con- 
 secrated to the archbishoprick, and held it four 
 years. And Moll jEthelwold succeeded to the 
 kingdom of Northumberland, and reigned six 
 years and then resigned the throne. 
 760. 
 This year ^Ethelbryht King of Kent died, he 
 ■was the son of King Wihtred. Ceolwulf died 
 also. 
 
 761. 
 This year, a hard winter. And Moll King of 
 Northumberland slew Oswin at .^dwines-clife* 
 on the 8th of the ides of August. 
 762. 
 This year Archbishop Bregwine died. 
 
 763. 
 This year Anbryht was consecrated Arch- 
 bishop on the 14th day after Christmas. And 
 Frithewald Bishop of Whitehorn died on the 
 nones of May : he was consecrated at York on 
 the 18th of the calends of September, in the 6th 
 year of Ceolwulf 's reign, and he was Bishop 29 
 years. Then Pyhtwine was consecrated Bishop 
 
 * Uncertain, but Simeon of Durham says that this battle 
 was fought " JKxfa Eldumm secus Melress" 
 
67 
 
 of Whitchorn at iElfet-ee,* on the 16th of the 
 calends of August. 
 
 761. 
 This year Arclibishop Jeanbryht received a 
 pall. 
 
 765. 
 This year Alhred succeeded to the kingdom of 
 Northumberhind, and reigned eight years. 
 766. 
 This year Archbishop Ecgbert died at York, 
 on the 13th of the calends of September : he was 
 Bishop 36 years. And Fritheberht died at Hex- 
 ham ; he was Bishop 34 years. And ^tbelberht 
 was consecrated to York, and Ealhmund to 
 Hexham. 
 
 768. 
 This year King Eadberht the son of Eatadied, 
 on the 14th of the calends of September. 
 769. 
 ^' The beginning of the reign of King Charles." 
 
 772. 
 This year Bishop Mildred died. 
 
 774. 
 This year, at Easter, the Northumbrians drove 
 
 * This place uncertain — the final ee marks a Bishop's resi- 
 dence, as Hagulstades-ee, Hexham. 
 
68 
 
 their King Alhred from York, and took for their 
 Lord iEthelred, the son of Moll, and he reigned 
 four years. And this year a red cross appeared 
 in heaven after sun-set. And this year the Mer- 
 cians and Kentish men fought at Oxford And 
 wonderful serpents were seen in the lands of the 
 South Saxons. 
 
 775. 
 This year Cynewulf and Offa fought near 
 Bynsintun (Benshington or Benson, Oxfordshire), 
 and Offa took the town. In the days of King 
 Offa there was an Abbot of Medeshamstede named 
 Beonne, and this Beonne, by the advice of ail 
 the monks of that monastery, let the lands of ten 
 bondsmen at Swincshead to the Alderman Cuth- 
 briht, with the pastures and meads, and all tliat 
 lieth adjoining, on condition that Cuthbriht 
 should give the Abbot 50 pounds for the same, 
 and every year one night's lodging or SO shillings 
 in pence, and also that the land should return to 
 the monastery after his death. King Offa, and 
 King Egferth, and Archbishop Hygeberht, and 
 Bishop Ceolwulf, and Bishop Inwona, and the 
 Abbot Beonne, and many other Bishops, Abbots, 
 and other great men were witnesses to this trans- 
 action. In the days of King Offa there was an 
 Alderman named Brordan^ he besought the King 
 
69 
 
 that for love of him he would enfranchise his 
 monastery of Wocingas (Wickins, Northamp- 
 tonshire) because he desired to give it to Medes- 
 hamstcde, and to St. Peter, and to the Abbot that 
 then was ; this was Piisa, tlie successor of Beonne, 
 and the King loved him much. And the King 
 freed the monastery of Wickins from service due 
 to King, Bishop, Earl, or any other man, so that 
 none but St. Peter and the Abbot should have 
 any claims thereon. This was done in the King's 
 town called Freoric-burn. 
 776. 
 
 This year Bishop Pehtvvine died, on the IStli 
 of the calends of October; he was Bishop 14; 
 years. And yEthelbcrht was consecrated at York 
 to the bishoprick of Whitehorn, on the 17th of 
 the calends of July. 
 
 778. 
 
 This year .^thelbald and Hearberht slew three 
 High Sheriffs, to wit, Ealdulf the son of Bosa 
 at Cininges-clife, and Cynewulf and Ecga at 
 Hela-thyrn,* on the 11th of the calends of April. 
 Then Alfwold took possession of the throne and 
 drove iEthelred from the land, and he reigned 
 
 * Perhaps either Northallerton, or AUer-thorn, near Pock- 
 Unston, Yorkshire. 
 
70 
 
 ten years. " Charles entered Spain. Charles 
 came into Saxony. Charles destroyed the cities 
 of Pampeluna and Saragossa ; he gathered to- 
 gether his forces, and after receiving hostages, 
 and subduing the Saracens, he returned into 
 France by Narbonne and Gascony." 
 
 780. 
 This year the Old Saxons and the French 
 fought. And the High Sherifl's of Northumber- 
 land burnt the Alderman Beorn in Siltun (Silton, 
 Yorkshire), on the 9th of the calends of January, 
 And Archbishop iEthelberht died at York, and 
 Eanbald was consecrated to his archbishoprick, 
 and Bishop Cynebald (Cynewulf) gave up the 
 see of Lindisfarne. This year Bishop Alch- 
 mund died at Hexham, on the 7th of the ides of 
 September, and Tilberht was consecrated in his 
 place on the 6th of the nones of October. And 
 Higbald was consecrated at Socca-byrig (Sock- 
 burn, Durham), as Bishop of Lindisfarne. — 
 And King Alwold sent to Rome for a pall for 
 Archbishop Eanbold. 
 
 782. 
 This year Ceolred's Queen Waerburh died ; 
 Bishop Cynewulf also died at Lindisfarne.— 
 And there was a Synod at Aclea (Acley, Dur- 
 Isam ?) 
 
71 
 
 784. 
 This year Cyneheard slew King Cyncwulf, and 
 was himself killed with eighty-four men. Then 
 Byrhtiic succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex, 
 and reigned 16 years, and his body lieth at 
 Wareham ; his father's line goeth straight to 
 Cerdic. At this time King Ealhmund reigned in 
 Kent, this King Ealhmund was the father of 
 Egberht, and Egberht was the father of Athulf. 
 785. 
 This year died Botwine Abbot of Rippon, and 
 there was a discordant Synod at Cealc-hytiic.* 
 And Archbishop Janbryht lost part of his dio- 
 cese. And Higebryht was chosen by King OfFa. 
 And Ecgverth was consecrated King. And at 
 this time Legates were sent from Rome to Eng- 
 land by Pope Adrian, to renew the failh and 
 peace which St. Gregory sent us by the Bishop 
 Augustin : and they were received with honour. 
 787. 
 This year King Beorhtric took to wife Ead- 
 burhge the daughter of Offii. And in his days 
 the ships of the Northmen first came from Here- 
 tbaland (Denmark), they were three in number. 
 And the Sheriff rode up to them and would have 
 
 Perhaps Kilcheth, ou the southern border of Lancashire. 
 
'i2 
 
 driven their crews to tlie king's (own, for that he 
 knew not who tliey were, and there he was slain. 
 These were the first Danisli ships (hat sought 
 the land of the English people. 
 788. 
 
 This year a Synod was assembled at Pincan- 
 lieale, in Nor(humberland (Finkley, Durham), 
 on the 4th of the nones of September. And the 
 Abbot Aldberht died. 
 
 " Charles came through Germany to the bor^- 
 ders of Bavaria." 
 
 789. 
 
 This year Alfwold King of Northumberland 
 v/as killed by Siga, on the 9th of the calends of 
 October, and a heavenly light was often seen in 
 th6 place where he was slain. And he was buried 
 at Hexham, within the church ; and his nephew 
 Osred the son of Alchred succeeded him. And 
 a Synod was assembled at Aclea (Acley). 
 790. 
 
 This year Janbryht died, and the same year 
 the Abbot ^^thelheard was chosen Archbishop. 
 And Osred King of Northumberland was betrayed 
 and driven from the kingdom, and iEthelred the 
 son of yEthelwold regained it. 
 791. 
 
 This year Baldwulf was consecrated Bishop of 
 
73 
 
 Whitehom, on the 16th of the calends of August, 
 
 by Archbishop Eanbald and Bishop ^thelberht. 
 
 792. 
 
 This year OfFa King of Mercia commanded 
 that King ^^ilthelbyrht should be beheaded: and 
 Osrcd, who had been King of Northumberland, 
 coming home after his exile, was taken and slain 
 on the 18th of the calends of October, and his 
 body lieth at Tinmouth. And King ^Ethelred 
 took a new wife named rifled on the 3d of the 
 calends of October. 
 
 793. 
 
 This year terrible prodigies took place in 
 Northumberland, and sorely alarmed the people, 
 these were dreadful lightnings and fiery dragons 
 which were seen flying in the air ; a great famine 
 soon followed these portents, and shortly after- 
 wards in the same year and on the 6th of the ides 
 of January a heathen invasion sorrowfully laid 
 waste the church of God at Lindisfarne by rapine 
 and murder. And Sicga died on the 8th of the 
 calends of March. 
 
 794. 
 
 This year Pope Adrian died ; also OfFa King 
 of Mercia on the 4th of the ides of August, he 
 reigned 40 years. And ^thelred King of North- 
 umberland was slain by his own people, on the 
 H 
 
74 
 
 I3th of the calends of May, and the Bishops 
 Ceolwulf and Eadbald departed from the land. 
 And Ecgferth succeeded to the kingdom of 
 Mercia, and died the same year. And Eadbryht 
 whose other name was Prten obtained the kins:- 
 dom of Kent. And the Alderman iEthelheard 
 died on the calends of August. And the hea- 
 thens plundered in Northumberland, and pil- 
 laged Ecgferth's monastery at the mouth of the 
 river (Were) ; And one of their chiefs was slain 
 there; some of their ships also were wrecked by 
 stormy weather, and many of the men were drown- 
 ed, and some came alive to the port, and these 
 were slain at the river's mouth. 
 
 795. 
 This year the moon was eclipsed on the 5th of 
 the calends of April, between cock-crowing and 
 day break. And Eardwulf assumed the govern- 
 ment of Northumberland on the 2d of the ides 
 of May, and he was consecrated and placed on 
 his throne by Archbishop Eanbald, and by the 
 Bishops ^thelberht, and Higbald, and Badwulf, 
 at York, on the 7th of the calends of June. 
 
 796. 
 This year Archbishop Eanbald died on the 4th 
 of the ides of August, and his body lieth at York, 
 and Bishop Ceolwulf died the same year. Ano- 
 
75 
 
 ther Eanbald was consecrated to the bishoprick 
 of the former, on the 19th of the calends of Sep- 
 tember. This year Cenwulf King of Mercia ra- 
 vaged Kent as far as the marshes (near Romney), 
 and took prisoner the King Eadberht Pran, and 
 led him bound into Mercia, and caused his eves 
 to be put out, and his hands to be cut off. And 
 iEthelard Arclibishop of Canterbury assembled a 
 synod, and at (he command of Pope Leo lie con- 
 firmed and ratified all things that were appointed 
 concerning God's monasteries, in the days of 
 King Wihtgar, and of other Kings; and he 
 spoke thus, " I Athelard, the humble Archbishop 
 of Canterbury, with the unanimous consent of the 
 whole synod, and of the monasteries to which free- 
 dom was granted by faithful men in former days, 
 and by the command of Pope Leo, do require in 
 tJie name of God, and under pain of his fearful 
 judgment, that henceforth no man daringly choose 
 Lords over the lieritage of God from amongst 
 laymen. And even as it is commanded in the 
 rescripts which the Pope had given, and as the 
 holy men our fathers and teachers have appointed 
 touching the sacred monasteries, so let it remain 
 inviolate without gainsaying. If there be any 
 man who will not observe this decree of God, 
 and of our Pope, and of ourselves, butdespiseth 
 
 H2 
 
76 
 
 it and setteth it at nought, let such know that they 
 shall be called to account before the judgment 
 seat of God. And I Archbishop Athelard, with 
 12 Bishops and 23 Abbots, do confirm and ratify 
 the same with the sign of the cross of Christ." 
 797. 
 
 This year the Romans cut off Pope Leo's 
 tongue and put out his eyes, and drove him from 
 his throne, but soon after, by the help of God, 
 he could see and speak, and was Pope again as 
 before. And Eanbald received a pall on the 6th 
 of the ides of September. And Bishop ^thel- 
 berht died on the 3d of the calends of November. 
 798. 
 
 This year during Lent there was a great battle 
 at Hweallaage in Northumberland ( Whaley, Lan- 
 cashire) on the ith of the nones of April, and 
 Alric the son of Heardberht was slain there, and 
 many others with him. 
 
 799. 
 
 This year Archbishop ^thelheard and Cyne- 
 bryht Bishop of Wessex went to Rome. Bishop 
 Alfun died at Sudbury, and was buried at Do- 
 muc (Dunwich), and Tidfrith was chosen after 
 him. And Siric King of the East Saxons went 
 to Rome. The same year the body of Wihtburh 
 was found at Dereham, entire and unchanged, 
 fifty-five years after she had departed this life. 
 
77 
 
 800. 
 
 This year, on tlie 17th of the calends of Fe- 
 bruary, the moon was ech'psed at the second hour 
 of the night. And this year King Beorhtiic and 
 the Alderman Worr died. And Egbryht suc- 
 ceeded to the kingdom of Wessex. And the 
 same day iEthelmund Alderman of the Hwic- 
 cas,* rode through the river at Cynemjeres-ford 
 (Kempsford ?) ; then the Alderman Weoxtan, 
 with the men of Wiltshire, met him, and there 
 was a great battle, and both the Aldermen were 
 slain, and the Wiltshire men gained the victory. 
 
 " Charles was made Emperor, and received 
 the title of Augustus from the Romans : he con- 
 demned to death those who had maltreated Pope 
 Leo, but at the request of the Pope, he after- 
 wards granted them their lives, and sent them 
 into banishment. Pope Leo consecrated him 
 Emperor." 
 
 802. 
 
 This year the moon was eclipsed at day-break 
 on the 13th of the calends of January. And 
 this year Beornmod was consecrated Bishop of 
 Rochester. 
 
 * Inhabitants of the country east of tlie Severn — the an* 
 cient diocese of Worcester. 
 
 H 3 
 
78 
 
 803. 
 
 This year Higbald Bishop of Lindisfarne died 
 on the 8th of the calends of July ; and Egberht 
 was consecrated in his place on the 3d of the 
 ides of June. And this year Archbishop iEthel- 
 Leard died in Kent, and Wulfred was consecrated 
 A rchbishop in his place. A nd the Abbot Fortli-. 
 red died. 
 
 804. 
 
 This year Archbishop Wulfred received a 
 pall. 
 
 805. 
 
 This year died Cuthred King of Kent. The 
 Abl)ess Ceolburh and the Alderman Heabyrhte 
 died also^ 
 
 806. 
 
 This year the moon was eclipsed on the calends 
 of September ; and Eardwulf King of Northum- 
 berland was driven from his kingdom ; and Ean- 
 berht Bishop of Hexham died. The same year 
 the sign of the cross appeared in the moon on a 
 Wednesday, the 2d of the nones of June, before 
 day break. This year also a wonderful circle 
 was seen around the sun on the 3d of the calends 
 of September. 
 
 807. 
 
 This year the sun was eclipsed on the 17th of 
 
79 
 
 the calends of August, at the beginning of the 
 5th hour of the day. 
 
 810. 
 " Charles made peace with Niccphorus Em- 
 peror of Constantinople." 
 812. 
 This year King Charles died, and he had 
 reigned 45 years And Archbishop Wnlfred, and 
 Wigbryht Bishop of Wessex, both wont to Rome. 
 " Cireneius sends Ambassadors to Charles witik 
 peace. The Emperor Charles dies." 
 813. 
 This year Archbisliop Wnlfred returned to his 
 own bishoprick with the blessing of Pope Leo. 
 And this year King Egbryht ravaged West 
 Wales (Cornwall) from east to west, 
 814. 
 This year the noble and holy Pope Leo died, 
 and Stephen succeeded hira, 
 8-16. 
 This year Stephen died, and Paschal was con- 
 secrated Pope : and the same year the school of 
 the English nation was burned. 
 819. 
 This year Cenwulf King of Mercia died, and 
 Ccolwulf assumed the government. And the 
 Alderman Eadbyrht died. 
 
80 
 
 This year Ceolwulf was deprived of his king- 
 dom. 
 
 822. 
 
 This year two Aldermen, Burhelm and Miicay 
 were slain. And there was a synod at Clofeshoa 
 (either Cliff or Abingdon). 
 823. 
 
 This year there was a battle between the Welch 
 and the men of Devon, at Gaful-ford (Camel- 
 ford ?) And the same year Egbryht King of 
 Wessex and Beornwulf Kinff of Mercia fought 
 at EUendune (Wilton), and Egbryht gained the 
 victory, and there was great slaughter. From 
 this expedition Egbryht sent his son iEthelwnlf, 
 and his Bishop Ealhstan, and his Alderman 
 Wulfheard, with a large detachment into Kent, 
 and they drove the King Balred northward across 
 the Thames. And the men of Kent and of Sur- 
 rey, and the South and East Saxons, came over 
 to Egbryht, because they had been unjustly 
 wrested from the rule of his kinsmen. And the 
 same year the King of the East Angles and his 
 people sought the alliance and protection of King 
 Egbryht, I. r flread of the Mercians; and the 
 same year the East Angles slew Beornwulf King 
 of Mercia. 
 
81 
 
 825. 
 
 This year Ludecan King of Merciawas sluin, 
 and his five Aldermen with him, and Wiglaf 
 succeeded him. 
 
 827. 
 
 This year the moon was eclipsed on Christmas 
 night : and the same year King Egbryht conquered 
 the kingdom of Mercia, and all south of the 
 Humber : he was the eighth king who was sove- 
 reign of Britain; Ella King of the South Saxons 
 was the first who possessed this great dominion, 
 Ceawlin King of Wessex was the next, the third 
 was iEthclbryht King of Kent, the forth Rad- 
 wald King of the East Angles, Edwin King of 
 Northumberland was the fifth, Oswald who reigned 
 after him ihe sixth, Oswio the brother of Os- 
 wald was the seventh, and the eighth was Egbryht 
 King of Wessex. And this Egbryht led an 
 army to Dore against the Northumbrians, and 
 there they tendered him their submission and 
 allegiance, whereupon they separated. 
 828. 
 
 This year Wiglaf* again obtained the king- 
 dom of Mercia : and Bishop iEthelwald died : 
 and the same year King Egbryht led an army 
 
 *He had been deposed by Egbryht. 
 
S2 
 
 against the men of North Wales, and reduced 
 them to subjection. 
 
 829. 
 This year Archbishop Wulfred died, and the 
 Abbot Feologild was chosen to the Archbishop- 
 rick on the 7th of the calends of May, and he 
 was consecrated on a Sunday, the 5th of the ides 
 of June, and he died on the 3d of the calends of 
 
 September. 
 
 830. 
 
 This year Ceolnoth was chosen and consecrated 
 Archbishop : and the Abbot Feologild died. 
 831. 
 This year Archbishop Ceolnoth received a pall. 
 
 832. 
 This year heathen men plundered Sheppey. 
 
 833. 
 This year King Egbryht fought with 35 pirate 
 ships at Carrum (Charmouth), and the slaughter 
 was great, and the Danes kept possession of the 
 place of battle. And two Bishops, Hereferth 
 and Wigen were killed, also two Aldermen, 
 Dudda and Osmod. 
 
 835. 
 This year a large fleet of armed men came to 
 the West Welch (inhabitants of Cornwall) and 
 they united and made war upon Egbryht King of 
 
83 
 
 Wessex. When he heard this he marched 
 against them with an army, and fought with them 
 at Hengest-dune (Hengston-hill) and there he put 
 to flight both the Welsh and the Danes. 
 836. 
 
 This year King Egbryht died. Before he was 
 King, Offa King of Mercia and Borhtric King 
 of Wessex had driven him out of England into 
 France for three years, Beorhtric aiding Offa 
 because he had his daughter for his Queen ; 
 and Egbryht afterwards returned again, and 
 reigned 37 years and 7 months. And ^thel- 
 wulf the son of Egbrylit succeeded to the king- 
 dom of Wessex, and he (Egbryht?*) gave his 
 son vEthelstan the kingdoms of Kent and Essex, 
 and that of Surrey and Sussex. 
 837. 
 
 This year the Alderman Wulfheard fought 
 with 33 pirate ships at Southampton, and there he 
 made great slaughter, and gained the victory. 
 And Wulfheard died this year. And the same 
 
 *Soit seems from a var. reading, "And jEthelstan his 
 other (or 2d) son succeeded to the kingdom of Kent, to Sur- 
 rey, and ^to Sussex." Henry of Huntingdon and Roger de 
 Hoveden also make jEthelstan the son of Egbert, but Ethel- 
 werd, William of Malmesbury, and Asser, speak of him as 
 the son of iEthelwulf. 
 
84 
 
 year Duke ^thelhelm and the Dorset men 
 fought with the Danish army in Port (Portland), 
 and had the advantage for some time, but the 
 Danes kept possession of the field of battle, and 
 slew the Alderman. 
 
 838. 
 
 This year the Aldermau Herebryht and many 
 others with him were slain by the heathens, in the 
 marshes (near Romne). And again, the same 
 year, many were slain by this army in Lindsey, 
 East Anglia, and Kent. 
 
 839. 
 
 This year there was great slaughter at London, 
 Canterbury, and Rochester. 
 840. 
 
 This year King ^Ethelwulf fought at Carrum, 
 fCharraouth) with the forces of 35 pirate ships, 
 and the Danes kept possession of the field of 
 battle. The Emperor Louis died. 
 843. 
 
 This year the Alderman Eanwulf with the men 
 of Somerset, and Bishop Ealchstan, and the Al- 
 derman Osric with the Dorset men gave battle to 
 the Danish army at the mouth of the Parret, and 
 made great slaughter, and gained the victory. 
 851. 
 
 This year the Alderman Ceorl and the men of 
 
as 
 
 Devon fought with a heathen army at Wicgan- 
 beorch (Wembury, near Plymouth), and there 
 tliey made great slaughter and won the victory. 
 And the same year King ^thelstan and Duke 
 Ealchcre fought in ships, and slew a great num- 
 ber (of Danes), near Sandwich, in Kent, and 
 they took nine ships, and put the rest to flight. 
 Then the heathens first remained through the 
 winter in Thanet. And the same year 350 ships 
 came to the mouth of the Thames,' and the men 
 landed and stormed Canterbury and London, and 
 put to flight Beorhtulf King of the Mercians 
 and his army. And then they went southward 
 over the Thames into Surrej'^, and King vEthel- 
 wulf and liis son yEthelbald, with the West 
 Saxon forces, fought with them at Aclca (Oke- 
 ley), and there they made the greatest slaughter 
 of these heathens that we have ever heard of unto 
 this present day, and there they gained the victory. 
 852. 
 This year Ceolred Abbot of Medeshamstede 
 and the monks let the land of Sempigaham (Sem- 
 pringham) to Wulfred, on condition that it 
 should return to the monastery after his death, 
 and that Wulfred should give the land of Sliowa- 
 ford (Sleaford) unto Medeshamstede, and that he 
 should give every year to the monastery 60 fother 
 I 
 
86 
 
 of wood, and 12 fotlier of coals, and 6 folher of 
 turf, and 2 tuns full of clear ale, and two slain 
 oxen, and 600 loaves, and 10 measures of Welch 
 ale, also a horse every year, and SO shillings, and 
 one night's lodging. King Burhred, Archbishop 
 Ceolred, the Bishops Tunberht, Ceured, Alh- 
 Lim, and Berhtred, the Abbots Wihtred and 
 Werhtherd, and the Aldermen ^thelheard and 
 Hunberht, and many others were witnesses 
 thereof. 
 
 853. 
 This year Burhred King of Mercia and his 
 Witan entreated King iEthelwulf that he would 
 assist them in bringing the North Welshmen into 
 subjection, and he did so, for he marched with 
 an army through Mercia into North Wales, and 
 they all submitted to hrni. And the same year 
 King iEthelwulf sent his son Alfred to Rome. 
 Leo was then Pope, and he consecrated him as 
 King, and took him for his Godson. The same 
 year Ealhere with the men of Kent, and Huda 
 with those of Surrey, fought with a heathen army 
 in Thanet, and at first they were victorious, and 
 many were there slain and drowned on cither side, 
 and both the Aldermen were killed. And Burh- 
 red King of Mercia married the daughter of 
 iEthelwulf King of Wessex, 
 
87 
 
 851. 
 This year the heathens first reniaiiied tli rough 
 the winter in Sheppey. And the same year King 
 ^thelwulf made a grant of the tithe of his lands 
 throughout all his kingdom, for the love of God 
 and for his own soul's eternal welfare. And this 
 year he went to Rome with much pomp, and he 
 abode there 12 months; thru he journeyed home- 
 ward, and Charles King of France gave him his 
 daughter named Lcothete for his Queen ; and after 
 this he came to his people, and they rejoiced thereat. 
 And in about 2 years from the time he came into 
 France, he died, and his body lieth at Winches- 
 ter; he reigned 18 years and a half. This ^thel- 
 wulf was the son of Egbyrht, Egbyrht of Ealh- 
 mund, Ealhmund of Eafa, Eafa of Eoppa, 
 Eoppa of Ingild, Ingild was the brother of Ina 
 King of Wessex, who held his kingdom 37 years, 
 and afterwards went to St. Peter and ended his 
 life at Home : they were the sons of Cenred, 
 Cenred of Ceolwald, Ceolwald of Culha, Cutha 
 of Cuthwine, Cutliwine of Ceawlin, Ceawlin of 
 Cynric, Cynric of Creoda, Creoda of Cerdic, 
 Cerdic was the son of Elesa, Elesa of Esla, l.sla 
 of Gewis, Gewis of Wig, Wig of Freawine, 
 Freawine of Frithugar, Frithugar of Brand, 
 Brand of Baeldaeg, Baeldaig of Woden, Woden 
 X2 
 
88 
 
 of Frilhuwaki, Frith uwald of Freawine, Frea- 
 wine of Fritliuwulf, Frithuwulf of Finn, Finn 
 of Godvvulf, Godwulf of Geat, Geat of Taetwa^ 
 TcEtwa of Beaw, Beaw of Sceldwea, Sceldwea 
 of Heremod, Heremod of Iternion, Itermon of 
 Hathra, Hathra of Hwala, Hwala of Bedwig, 
 Bedwig of Sceaf, the son of Noah, who was born 
 in the ark; Lamech, Methusalem, Enoch, Jared, 
 Malalahed, Cainion, Enos, Seth, Adam primus 
 homo et Pater nosier^ id est, Christus, Amen. — 
 Then the two sons of jEthelwulf succeeded him, 
 ^thelbald in the kingdom of Wessex, and 
 j3Ethelbryht in the kingdoms of Kent, of Essex, 
 and of Surrey and Sussex. iEthelbald reigned 
 5 years. iEthelwulf had sent his third son Alfred 
 to Rome, and when the Pope heard that he was 
 dead, he consecrated Alfred as King, and was 
 godfather at his confirmation, even as his father 
 ^thelwulf had desired when he sent him thither. 
 860. 
 This year King ^thelbald died, and his body 
 lieth at Sherborn, and his brother ^Ethelbryht 
 succeeded to all his kingdom, and he held it in 
 goodly concord and great peacefulness. And in 
 his days a large army landed and stormed Win» 
 Chester, and the Alderman Osric with the men 
 of Hampshire, and the Alderman iEthelwulf 
 
89 
 
 with tlie Berkshire men, foue^ht with them and 
 put them to Hjuht, and kept possession of the 
 field of battle. And this ^thelbryht reigned 5 
 years, aj)d his body lieth at Sherborn. 
 861. 
 
 This year the Bishop St. Swithin died. 
 865. 
 
 This year the heathen army remained in 
 Thanet, and made a treaty with the Kentish men, 
 who promised them money for peace. And 
 under thii treaty and promise of money, they 
 stole out by night and plundered all the eastern 
 parts of Kent. 
 
 866. 
 
 This year ^thered the brother of iEtlielbyrht 
 succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex. And 
 the same year a great army of heatliens came to 
 England, and took up their winter quarters among 
 the JLast Angles, and there they were supplied 
 with horses, and the people made peace with 
 them. 
 
 867. 
 
 This year the invading army went from East 
 Anglia across the mouth of the [lumber to York 
 in Northumberland ; and there was 'nuch discord 
 amongst the people themselves there, for they 
 had cast off their King Osbryhtj and had taken 
 
 13 
 
90 
 
 i^lla, an alien, for their King. But late in the 
 year the two parties joined, and both fought 
 against the army ; and they gathered together a 
 great force, and came upon the invaders at York, 
 and some of them broke into the town, and then 
 there was a very great slaughter of the Northum- 
 brians, some being slain within the town and 
 some without, and both the Kings were killed, 
 and those who survived made peace with the 
 army. The same year died Bishop Ealchstan, 
 he held the bishoprick of Sherborn 50 years, and 
 his body lieth in that town. 
 868. 
 
 This year the same array came into Mercia as far 
 as Nottingham, and took up their winter quarters 
 there, and Burhred King of Mercia and his 
 Witan begged ^thered King of Wessex and his 
 brother Alfred to assist them, that they might 
 fight against this army. And then they came 
 with the West Saxon troops into Mercia and to 
 Nottingham, and they found them within the 
 fortress, and besieged them, and there was no 
 battle of moment, and the Mercians made peace 
 with the army. 
 
 869. 
 
 This year the army went again to York, and 
 remained there one year. 
 
91 
 
 870. 
 
 This year the heathen army rode over Mercia 
 into East Anglia, and took up their winter quar- 
 ters at Thctford. And in the winter the Kinf^ St. 
 Edmund fought with them, and the Danes gained 
 the victory, and slew the King, and they sub- 
 jected all that land, and destroyed all the monas- 
 teries to which they came. The names of their 
 chiefs who slew the King were Iligwais and 
 Ubba. At the same time they came to Medes- 
 hamstede, which they burned and pulled down. 
 They slew the Abbot and the monks and all 
 whom they found there; and that place which 
 before was very rich, they brought to possess no- 
 thing. And the same year Archbishop Ccolnoth 
 died, and yEthercd IJishop of Wiltshire was 
 translated to the see of Canterbury. 
 871. 
 
 This year tlie army came to Reading, in Wes- 
 sex, and in about three days, two of their Earls 
 rode forth, and the Alderman ^thelwulf met 
 them at Englefield, and fought with them and 
 won the victory, and one of them whose name 
 was Sidrac was slain. Then in about four days 
 King yEthered and his brother Alfred led a great 
 force to Reading, and fought with the army, and 
 there was much slaughter on both sides, and the 
 
92 
 
 Alderman yEthclwulf was killed, and the Danes 
 remained masters of the field. And about lour 
 days from that time King yElhered and his bro- 
 ther Alfred fought with all the army at iEces- 
 dun,* and the Danes were overcome ; they had 
 two heathen Kings Bagsac and Healfden, and 
 many Earls, and they were in two divisions, the 
 Kings Bagsaec and Healfden commanded the one, 
 and Ihe Earls headed the other. King jEthered 
 fought with the division under the Kings and 
 Bagsaec was slain, and his brother Alfred with 
 that of the Earls, and Earl Sidroct the elder, 
 and Earl Sid roc the younger, and Earl Osbearn, 
 and Earl Froena, and Earl Hareld were killed.;, 
 and then both divisions fled, and many thousands 
 were slain, and thry contitjued fighting until 
 night. And in about a fortnight King iEthered 
 and his brother Alfred fought with the army at 
 Basing, and there the Danes gained the victory. 
 And about two months afterwards King yEthered 
 and his brother Alfred fought at Mere-tun,^^ with 
 
 * Supposed to be Aston Tyrrell, Berkshire ; or Ashendon, 
 Buckinghamshire. 
 
 t Omitted in the Cotton MS. the elder Sidrac having been 
 killed before. 
 
 i Turner supposes this to be Morton, Berkshire, " because 
 the Chronicle of Mailros, p. 144, places the uattle at Keadin^, 
 
93 
 
 this army which was In two divisions, and they 
 had the advantage over both during great part of 
 the day, but there was much slaughter on either 
 side, and the Danes remained masters of the 
 field, and Bishop Heahmund and many good men 
 were slain there. And after this fight a great 
 summer* pestilence came upon Reading. And 
 King ^thered died after Easter ; he reigned five 
 years, and his body lieth at Winborn Minster. 
 His brother Alfred the son of iEthelwulf suc- 
 ceeded to the kingdom of Wessex, and in about 
 a month, he and a small number of men fought with 
 all the army at Wilton, and had the advantage 
 great part of the day, but the Danes kept posses- 
 sion of the field of battle. And this year nine 
 battles were fought in that kingdom, south 
 of the Thames ; and, besides these, the King's 
 brother Alfred, and the Aldermen and the King's 
 Thanes rode forth separately against the Danes, 
 times out of number. And this year nine 
 
 and according to the map Morton Hundred joins Reading, and 
 contains both Nortli Morton and South Morton." — Hist. Anglo 
 Saxons, vol. i. p. 240. 
 
 * So Lye explains snmor-lida, and with most probability ; 
 but Gibson translates it " ijuics (pstiva;" and Henry of Hunt- 
 ingdon and Ethchverd turn it into " astimis fxemtm," 
 
94 
 
 Earls and a King were slain : and the same 
 year the men of VVessex made peace with the 
 array. 
 
 872. 
 
 This year the army went from Reading to Lon- 
 don, and there took up their winter quarters, and 
 the Mercians made peace with them. 
 873. 
 
 This year the army went into Northumberland, 
 and they took up their winter quarters at Tork- 
 sey, in Lindsey : then the Mercians again made 
 peace with them. 
 
 874:. 
 
 This year the army proceeded from Lindsey 
 to Repton, and there they took up their winter 
 quarters. And they drove King Burhred over 
 sea, about twenty-two years from the time that he 
 had begun to reign. And they conquered all that 
 country. And King Burhred went to Rome and 
 abode there unto the end of his life, and his body 
 lieth in St. Mary's Church, in the school of the 
 English nation. The same year they gave the 
 kingdom of Merciato Ceolwulf, an unwise Thane 
 of the King, that he should hold it; and he 
 swore oaths to them and gave hostages that the 
 kingdom should be at their command, on whatso- 
 ever day they might wish to have it a^ain, and 
 
95 
 
 tliat lie himself and all bis subjects should be 
 ready to aid the army. 
 
 875. ! 
 
 This year the army departed from Repton ; 
 and Healfden went with part of the troops into 
 Northumberland, and wintered by the river Tyne; 
 and this division conquered that land, and made 
 many inroads upon the Picts and the Strath- 
 Clyde Britons. And the three Kings, Godrun, 
 Oscytel, and Anwind, Avent from Repton to Cam- 
 bridge with a large army, and abode there one 
 year. And this summer King Alfred went out 
 to sea with a fleet, and fought with seven pirate 
 ships, and took one of them, and put (he rest to 
 flight. 
 
 876. 
 
 This year Rodla (Rollo), with his forces, over- 
 ran Normandy; he reigned 50 years. And this 
 year the Danes marched secretly into Wareham 
 in Wessex, and afterwards the King made peace 
 with that army, and they gave the noblest amongst 
 them as hostages, and swore oaths to him on the 
 holy bracelet* (which they would never do for 
 
 * The chief oath among the Northen nations. In Iceland, 
 in the time of heatlicnisni, a silver or brazen ring or bracelet, 
 was kept on the altars, aud being sprinkled with the blood of 
 
96 
 
 any nation before), that ihey would forthwith de- 
 part from his kingdom. Yet under these engage- 
 ments their horse stole off by night to Exeter. 
 And the same year Healfden parcelled out 
 Northumberland, and they ploughed and tilled it. 
 877. 
 
 This year the army came from Wareham into 
 Exeter, and the fleet sailed round to the west, 
 and a great storm met them at sea, and 120 ships 
 were wrecked at Swanwich. And King Alfred 
 with his troops rode after the Danish horse as far 
 as Exeter, but they could not come up with them 
 before they were in the fortress where none might 
 assail them. And they gave him hostages, as 
 many as he would, and swore solemn oaths, and 
 they kept this peace well. Then in the autumn 
 the army went into Mercia, and they parcelled 
 out part of the land (amongst themselves), and 
 they gave part to Ceolwulf. 
 878. 
 
 This year at mid winter the army marched 
 secretly to Chippenham after Twelfth night, and 
 they over-ran Wessex, and they fixed themselves 
 
 sacrifices, it was touched by tliose who took any solemn oath. 
 For the same purpose it was worn on the Judge's arm during 
 trials. See the Chrymogzea of Arngrim Jonas, p. 62 and 76. 
 
97 
 
 there, and drove many of the inliabitants over 
 sea, and they rode forth against most of those 
 who remained, until all had submitted to them 
 excepting King- Alfred, and he with a small 
 party hardly escaped into the woods and the hill 
 fastnesses. The same winter the brotlier of In- 
 waer and Healfden came with 23 ships to Devon- 
 shire in Wcssex, and he was slain there, and 840 
 men with him; and the sacred standard, which 
 they called the raven, was taken. And at Easter 
 King Alfred, with his small band, raised a for- 
 tress at ^Ethelinga-igge (Athelney) and thence 
 he made sallies upon the army, together with the 
 men of Somerset who were nearest to him.— 
 Then in the seventh week after Easter he rode to 
 Ecgbyrhtes-stan (Brixtonj east of Selwood, and 
 there all the men of Somerset and Wiltshire and 
 Hampshire, all who were on this side the sea, 
 met him, and were rejoiced to see him. And 
 after one night he went from that village io Iglea 
 (Leigh), and thence again after another night 
 to vEthan-dun (Edindon), and there he fought 
 with the whole army, and he put the Danes to 
 flight, and pursued them as far as their fortress, 
 and he remained there a fortnight. And then the 
 army gave him hostages, with solemn oaths that 
 they would depart from his kingdom, and they 
 K 
 
98 
 
 promised that their King should receive bap* 
 tism, which also was performed. And in about 
 three weeks King Godrun, with some thirty men, 
 the noblest in the army, came to him at Aire 
 which is near Athelney, and the King stood 
 godfather at his baptism, and he put off the 
 Chrisom-cloth at Wetmor (Wcdmor), and he 
 was twelve days with the King, who honoured 
 him and his companions with great presents. 
 
 879. 
 This year the army went from Chippenham to 
 Cirencester, and remained there one year : and 
 this year a body of pirates was gathered together 
 and settled at Fulham on the Thames. And (he 
 game year the sun was eclipsed for one hour in 
 the day. And the army went from Cirencester 
 into East A nglia, and fixed themselves in that 
 land, and divided it. And the same year th& 
 army which was before at Fulham went over sea 
 to Gheiit in France, and abode there one year. 
 
 881. 
 This year the array went over to France, and 
 the French fought with these invaders, and the 
 array horsed itself after that battle. 
 
 882. 
 This year the army went up along the Maese 
 far into France, and remained there one year. 
 
90 
 
 And the same 3ear King Alfred wont out (o 
 sea, and fought with four Danish pirate ships, 
 and he look two of them, the men therein being 
 shiin, and two yielded to him, but many of 
 the men were cut down and wounded before they 
 would surrender themselves. 
 883. 
 
 This year the army proceeded up the Scheldt 
 to Conde, and abode there one year. And the 
 great Pope Marinus sent a piece of our Lord's 
 cross to King Alfred. And this year Sighelra 
 and Athelstan carried to Rome the alms which 
 King Alfred had vowed to send thither, and 
 also into India, to St. Thomas and to St. Bar- 
 tholomew. Then troops were posted at London 
 to oppose the army, and, tlianks to God, they 
 were very successful after these vows. 
 881. 
 
 This year the army went up the Somme to 
 Amiens, and remained there one year. This 
 year died the good Bishop Athelwold. 
 885. 
 
 This year the aforesaid army divided itself into 
 two parts, one division went eastward,* the other 
 proceeded to Rochester, and besieged that town : 
 ^_ . __^ ^_ " 
 
 * Over sea to Louvain, according to Ethelwerd, 
 H2 
 
100 
 
 and they built another fortress over against it, 
 yet the inhabitants defended the place until King 
 Alfred came out with his troops. Then the army 
 went to the ships and deserted the fortress, and 
 the king's men were supplied with horses; and 
 soon after, in the course of the same summer, the 
 Danes departed again over sea. And the same 
 year King Alfred sent a fleet from Kent to East 
 Anglia. As soon as they came to the mouth of 
 the Stour, they met 16 pirate ships, and they 
 gave them battle immediately, and they took all 
 the ships and slew the men, but as they were re- 
 turning homeward with the booty, they met a large 
 fleet of pirates, and they fought with them also 
 the same day, and the Danes gained the victory. 
 Charles King of France died this year, he was 
 killed by a wild boar. And his brother also who 
 reigned over the Western Empire had died one 
 year before ; and they were both sons of Louis 
 who held the Western Empire, and who died 
 the year in which the sun was eclipsed ; he 
 was the son of that Charles whose daughter 
 iEthelwulf King of Wessex had to wife. And 
 the same year a large fleet was gathered together 
 among the Old Saxons,* and there were two 
 
 * To oppose a fleet of heathen Germans. 
 
101 
 
 great fi<rhts, and the Saxons j^ained the victory, 
 and the Frisians were with them. This year 
 Charles succeeded to the Western Empire, com- 
 prehending all the lands, exclusive of Britannj', 
 from the Wendel soa (the Mediterranean) unto 
 this sea, even as his great grandfather had 
 possessed them : this Charles was the son of 
 Louis, the brother of Charles the father of Ju- 
 dith whom /Ethelwulf King of AVessex had to 
 wife; these were the sons of Louis, and he was 
 the son of Charles the elder, and Charles was the 
 son of Pepin. And the s-^me year died the good 
 Pope Marinus, who freed the school of the 
 English nation from tribute at the desire of Kins: 
 Alfred, and who sent him great gifts, and holy 
 relics, and a piece of the cross on which Christ 
 suffered. And this year the army in East An- 
 glia broke the peace with King Alfred. 
 886. 
 This year the array, which before bad bent 
 its course eastward, turned again to the west; 
 and they went up the Seine, and fixed their win- 
 ter quarters at the city of Paris. The same year 
 King Alfred repaired London, and all the Eng- 
 lish people who were free from the boi\dage of 
 the Danes came over to him, and he committed 
 the city to the care of the Alderman iEthered. 
 K 3 
 
102 
 
 887. 
 This year the army went over the bridge at 
 Paris, and thence along the Seine unto the Marne, 
 and then up the Marne to Caziei (Choisy ?) 
 and they fixed themselves there, and in Yonne, 
 spending two winters in these two stations. — 
 And the same year died Charles King of 
 France ; his brother's son Earnulf had deprived 
 him of the kingdom six weeks before his death. 
 Then was that kingdom divided into five parts, 
 and five Kings were consecrated thereto ; yet 
 this was done with the consent of Earnulf, and 
 they said that they would hold their kingdoms 
 at his hand, because none of them were claimants 
 on the father's side, excepting him alone. Then 
 Earnulf dwelt in the country east of the Rhine; 
 and Hrothulf took the middle kingdom ; and Oda 
 the western parts ; and Beorngar and Witha took 
 Lombardy, and the lands on that side of the 
 mountains, and they reigned there in much 
 enmity, and they frequently laid waste that land, 
 and they fought two pitched battles, and many 
 times did each drive out the other. And the 
 same year that the army went forth over the 
 bridge at Paris, the Alderman yEthelhelm carried 
 to Rome the alms of the West Saxons and of 
 Kins Alfred. 
 
10^ 
 
 888. 
 
 This year the Alderman Beocca carried the 
 alms of the West Saxons and of King Alfred to 
 Rome. And Queen iEthelsvvith, Avho was Ihc 
 sister of King- Alfred, died on her way to 
 Rome, and her body lieth at Pavia. And the 
 same year vEthcrcd Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 and the Alderman yEthelwold died in one month. 
 889. 
 
 This year no one journeyed to Rome, except- 
 ing two couriers whom King Alfred sent with 
 letters. 
 
 890. 
 
 This year tlio Abbot Beornhelm carried the 
 alms of King Alfred and the West Saxons to 
 Rome. And Godrun King of the Northmen 
 died; his baptismal name was yEthelstan, and he 
 was King Alfred's godson : he dwelt in East 
 Anglia, and first colonized that land.* And 
 the same year the army from the Seine went 
 to St. Lo, which is between Britanny and France, 
 and the Bretons fought with them, and gained 
 the victory, and drove them into a river and 
 drowned many. This year Plegemund was 
 
 * After the defeat and death of the King St. Edmund.— 
 
 Simeon of Durham. 
 
1.04 
 
 chosen of God and of all his saints to the A rch- 
 brshoprick of Canterbury. 
 891. 
 This year the array went eastward, and King 
 Earnulf with the East French, and the Saxons, 
 and the Bavarians, fought witli their horse before 
 the ships arrived, and put them to flight. And 
 three Scols came to King- Alfred from Ireland, 
 in a boat without any rowers, and they had stolen 
 away from that country because they would go 
 on a pilgrimage for the love of God^ they cared 
 not whither. The boat was made of three hides 
 and a half, and they took with them food for a 
 week, and in about seven days they came to land 
 in Cornwall, and proceeded forthwith to King 
 Alfred : they were thus named, Dubslane, and 
 Macbeth, and Maelinmun. And Swifneh the 
 most learned teacher of the Scots died. And 
 after Easter the same year, about Rogation week 
 or before, a star appeared which is called Cometa 
 in Latin, and some men say that this in English 
 signifies a hairy star, for long rays stream from 
 it, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the 
 other. 
 
 893. 
 This year the great army, of which Ave have 
 before spoken, returned from the Eastern king- 
 
i05 
 
 doin westward to Boulogne, and there they took 
 shijjpingj so that they came over at one passage, 
 horses and all. And they arrived at Limcne 
 mutha (New Roraney ?) with tioO ships. This 
 harbour is on the eastern side of Kent, and 
 at the eastern end of the great wood called 
 Andred ; this wood is from east to west 112 miles 
 long or more, and 30 miles broad, and the river 
 of which we have spoken floweth out of the 
 weald. They tovvcd their ships up this river as 
 far as the wood, four miles from the outward 
 mouth. They stormed a fortress in the fens; a 
 few countrymen were in it, and it was half 
 finished. Soon afterwards, Hastings came into 
 the mouth of the Thames with 80 ships, and 
 there he built a fortress at Middel-tun (Milton), 
 and the other army one at Appledore. 
 
 " This year died Wulfhere Archbishop of the 
 Northumbrians." 
 
 894. 
 
 This year, it being about 12 months after 
 they had built the fortress in the eastern 
 kingdom, the Northumbrians and the East An- 
 gles, who had taken oaths to King Alfred, the 
 East Angles having also given him six hostages, 
 yet broke their faith, and whenever the other 
 
106 
 
 armies went out to plunder, these went forth alsa, 
 either with them or in a separate division. Then 
 King Alfred gat h Ted together his troops, and 
 came and encamped between tlie two armies in 
 the nearest place defended by wood and by water, 
 so that he could fall upon either, it they sought 
 any field for forage; whilst they still going 
 about the weald in parties of foot and troops 
 of horse, to plunder the country wherever it 
 was unprotected, continually encountered other 
 parties from the King's army or from the towns 
 day and night. The King had also divided 
 Lis forces into two parts, so that half his troops 
 were always at home, and half out, exclusive of 
 those who were employed in guarding the towJis. 
 Neither were all the heathen forces out of their 
 quarters at the same time oftener than twice, oncft 
 when they first came to land before the King's 
 army was assembled, and again when they would 
 depart from this station. Then when they had col- 
 lected much plunder, and would have carried it 
 northward across the Thames into Essex, and to- 
 wards the ships, the King's army hastened before 
 them, and fought with them at Farnham, and put 
 them to flight, and got possession of the spoil; 
 and they fled across the Thames, where there 
 
107 
 
 was no ford, and tlience down llie Colne to a 
 certain island (Mersey or Bricklesey). The Kin<^'s 
 troops* remained encamped round about them as 
 long as they had provisions, for their time of ser- 
 vice was limited, and their meat proportioned 
 thereto. And the Kiug he'wg on his march thither 
 with the shire that served under him, the other 
 troops departed home, and the Danes remained in 
 the same place, because their King Jiad been wound- 
 ed in the battle, and they could not remove him. 
 Then the Danes who were settled in North- 
 umberland and East Anglia gathered together 
 about an hundred ships, with which they sailed 
 round by the south : and some forty ships besides 
 •which sailed round by the north, and besieged a 
 fortress on the northern coast of Devonshire. 
 And those who had sailed by the south besieged 
 Exeter. When the King heard this, he turned 
 westward with all his forces, excepting a detach- 
 ment of troops who were to watch the enemy in 
 the east. These troops Ment forward until they 
 came to London, and then, with the citizens and 
 the aids which joined them from the west, they 
 marched eastward to Benfleet : Hastiuijs liad 
 
 * It seems that Alfred had left part of his troops to watch 
 the Daues in Essex, and had gone hiiuself in another direction. 
 
108 
 
 coirte thither •with his army, which was before 
 at Milton, and the great army was come thither 
 also which was before at Appledore, near Limine 
 Mutha. Hastings had built the fortress at Ben- 
 fleet, and he was then gone out to plunder, 
 and the great army was at home. Then they 
 came, and put that army to flight, and stormed 
 the fortress, and they took all that was therein, 
 treasure, women, and children, and they car- 
 ried all to London, and they broke up or burned 
 all the ships, or brought them to London or 
 Rochester. And the wife of Hastings and 
 his two sons were brought to the King, and 
 the King gave them to him again, because the 
 one was his own Godson, the other the Alderman 
 ^thered's. They had been before taken, ere 
 Hastings came to Benfleet, and he had given hos- 
 tages and oaths, and the King had also given him 
 much money, and then also he had restored 
 his wife and children. But as soon as he came to 
 Benfleet, and the fortress was finished, he ravaged 
 the very district of Alfred's kingdom which was 
 under his son's Godfather jEthered, and again 
 a second time he was gone out to plunder the 
 same province, when his fortress was destroyed. 
 The King, as was said before, had marched with 
 his army towards Exeter, and when he came 
 
109 
 
 thitlier, the army whicli liad besieged the town 
 made for the ships. Whilst he was engaged with 
 his enemies in the west, both the other ravaging 
 armies joined at Shobury, in Essex, and they raised 
 a fortress tliere : then they went up together along 
 the Thames, and a reinforcement came (o them 
 from East Anglia and Northumberland, and they 
 proceeded by the side of the Thames, until they 
 crossed over to the Severn; and then they march- 
 ed along the Severn. Then the Aldermen ^the- 
 red, and /Ethelm, and ^Ethelnoth, and t!ie 
 King's Thanes who were at home in their for- 
 tresses, gathered together an army from every 
 town east of the Parret, and west of Selwood, 
 also east and north of the Thames, and west of 
 the Severn, and they raised moreover some part 
 of the Welsh nation. When they were all as- 
 sembled they came up with the army at Butdig- 
 ing-tun (Bultington?) on the banks of the Severn, 
 and there they besieged them on every side in a 
 fortress. When they had been encamped on the 
 two sides of the river for many weeks, the King 
 being still detained by the fleet in the west, in 
 Devonshire, the Danes were pressed by hunger, 
 and they had eaten great part of their horses, 
 and some perished through famine. Then they 
 rushed out upon the men who were posted on 
 L 
 
no 
 
 tbe eastern side of the river, and fought with 
 Ihera, and the Christians gained the victory, but 
 the King's Thane Ordhehu was slain there, and 
 many others of the King's Thanes ; and those (of 
 the heathens) -who escaped were saved by flight. 
 When they came to their fortress and ships in 
 Essex, the remnant again collected a large army 
 from amongst the East Angles and Northum- 
 brians before winter, and they secured their wives, 
 and their ships, and their treasures, in East 
 Anglia, and marched straight forward day and 
 night until they came to a western town in Wire- 
 hall which is called Lega-ceaster (Chester). — 
 And the King's troops could not overtake them 
 until they were within the fortifications ; never- 
 theless they encamped around the place for about 
 two days, and they took all the cattle that were 
 in the neighbourhood, and they slew the men 
 whom they met without the fortress, and they 
 burned the corn, or, together with their horses, 
 consumed it. And this was about tweh e months 
 from the time that they came hither from beyond 
 sea. 
 
 895. 
 This year, soon afterwards, the army went from 
 Wirehall into North Wales, for they could not 
 remain without corn or cattle to subsist on. — 
 
]11 
 
 Then they departed again from North Wales 
 with their plunder, and they passed through 
 Northumberland and East Anglia, and the King's 
 army could not overtake them before they had 
 reached the eastern part of Essex, and had come 
 to an island in the sea which is called Mersey. — 
 And the division which had besieged Exeter, on 
 their return homewards invaded the South Saxons 
 near Chichester, but the townsmen put them to 
 flight, and slew many hundreds of them, and 
 took some of their ships. The same year, before 
 winter, the Danes who were quartered in Mersey 
 towed their ships up the Thames, and thence up 
 the Lea. This was about two years from the 
 time that they came hither from beyond the 
 sea. 
 
 896. 
 This year the aforesaid army built a forlress 
 on the Lea, 20 miles above London. Then in 
 the summer, many of the citizens with others 
 went forth and attacked this fortress of the Danes, 
 but (hey were driven back, and some four of the 
 King's Thanes were slain there. During the 
 following harvest, the King encamped in the 
 neighbourhood of the city while the people reaped 
 their corn, that the Danes might not annoy them. 
 One day the King was riding by the river's side, 
 h2 
 
U2 
 
 and be observed a place \Yliere it might be 
 blocked up so that (he Danes could not bring 
 out their ships ; and this was done, and two forts 
 were built, one on each side of (he river ; but 
 while the King was employed on these works, 
 and was encamped by them, the Danes perceiving 
 that they could not remove their ships, deserted 
 them, and marched across the country until they 
 came to Cwat-bridge (Bridgenorth?), on the 
 Severn, and they built a fortress there. Then 
 the King's troops rode westward after them, and 
 the citizens of London went for the ships and 
 broke up all that they could not remove, and all 
 that were serviceable they brought into London. 
 The Danes had placed their wives in safety in 
 East Anglia before they left their fortress. They 
 remained at Cwat-bridge that winter. This was 
 about three years from the time when they cajne 
 over the sea into Limine-Mutha. 
 897. 
 It was in the summer of this year that the army 
 w ent away, part to East Anglia and part to North- 
 imiberland : and there, those who were without 
 money, got themselves ships, and sailed south- 
 ward to the Seine. Thanks to God, this army 
 had not entirely ruined the English nation, but 
 in these three years it was much afflicted by a 
 
113 
 
 mortality amongst the cattle, and more than all 
 by (hat amoii<»st men, and many of the most 
 noble of the King's Thanes died during these 
 three years. Among these were Swithulf Hishop 
 of Rocliestcr, Ceolmund Alderman of Kent, 
 Ceorhtulf Alderman of Essex, Wulfred Alder- 
 man of Hampshire, Ealheard Bishop of Dorches- 
 ter, E.idulf the King's Thane in Sussex, Beorn- 
 wulf the Town Sheriff of Winchester, Ecgulf 
 the King's Horse Thane and many others, though 
 I have named these as being the most eminent. 
 The same year the ravagers from East Anglia 
 and Northumberland harassed the country of the 
 West Saxons, particularly on the southern coast, 
 by sudden descents, using the vessels which they 
 hud built many years before. Then Alfred caused 
 long ships to be built as a defence against these 
 vessels, and his were twice as long as the others ; 
 some had sixty oars and some more ; they were 
 both swifter and more steady, and also higher 
 than those of the Danes, and were shaped neither 
 after the Frisian nor the Danish manner, but 
 even as he himself thought they would best befit 
 the service. At one time this year six ships came 
 to Wight, and did much damage there, and in 
 Devon, and all along the coast. The King or- 
 dered his people to take nine of the new ships 
 
 L3 
 
114 
 
 and to blockade them in a certain harbour.*— 
 Then tbe jjiiates sailed out against them Avith 
 three ships, for three lay aground at the head of 
 the bay, and their crews were gone ashore. — 
 The King's men took two of the three ships at 
 the entrance of the bay, and slew the men in 
 tliem, and the third escaped, and in this also all 
 but five of the men were killed. But in making 
 towards the other ships, which were set fast, the 
 English also were left aground to their great dis- 
 comfort, three on that part of the shore where 
 the Danish ships lay, and all the rest on the other 
 side, so that they could not get near each other, 
 and the water had now ebbed many furlongs from 
 the ships. Then the Danes belonging to the 
 three ships came and attacked the three which 
 were left by the tide on their side of the bay, 
 and they fought there, and Lucumon the King's 
 Sheriff, and Wulfheard and ^bba and iEthelere, 
 Frisians, and ^Ethelferth the King's herdsman, 
 •were slain, and sixty two men in all, Frisians 
 and English, and 120 Danes. Now the tide 
 came to the Danish ships before the Christians 
 could get theirs off, and they therefore rowed 
 them away ; but they were so much damaged, that 
 
 * Of Devonshire.— Henry of Huntingdon. 
 
115 
 
 tlicy Averc unable to get beyond Sussex before 
 two of" tliem had been driven on sliore, and thc 
 nien were brought to the King at Winchester and 
 he ordered llicni to be hanged. Tlie rest mucli 
 ■wounded, a> ith the remaining sliip, reached East 
 Anglia. This year, not less than twenty ships 
 with their Avhole crews, perished on the southerri 
 coast. The same 3 ear died the King's Horse 
 Thane Wulfric, who was also Sheriil' of Wales. 
 
 898. 
 This year yEthhelm Alderman of Wiltshire 
 died nine nights before Midsummer. And Heah- 
 stan Bishop of Loiidon died this year. 
 
 90L 
 This year Alfred the son of Athulf died six 
 nights before the feast of All Saints: He was 
 King over all England, excepting that part of it 
 which was under the dominion of the Danes. — 
 He reigned 28 years and a half, and his son Ed- 
 ward succeeded to the kingdom. Tlien Edward's 
 uncle's son Prince ^Ethelwald rode to the towns 
 of Winborn and Tweonea (Christ Church) with- 
 out leave of the King and his Witan, upon 
 which the King went forth with his troops and 
 encamped at Badbury, near Winborn, and 
 ^thelwald with his party was within the town. 
 He had blocked up the gates on the inside, and 
 
116 
 
 said that there he would live or die, but yet he 
 stole away by night, and hastened towards the 
 army in Northumberland ; the King- ordered his 
 troops to pursue him, but they could not outride 
 him, and the others received him as their king, 
 and submitted to him : his wife was seized ; he 
 had married her without the King's leave, and 
 against the Bishop's command, for she had been 
 professed a nun. ^5^thered Alderman of Devon- 
 shire died the same year, four weeks before King 
 Alfred. 
 
 902, 
 
 In this year the battle of Holme (near Peven- 
 scy) was fought between the men of Kent and 
 the Danes. 
 
 903. 
 
 This year died the Alderman Athulf the bro- 
 ther of Ealhswitha the mother of King Edward. 
 Virgilius Abbot of the Scots died also ; and on 
 the 8th of the ides of July the Priest Grimbald. 
 The same year the new monastery of Winchester 
 was consecrated on the Advent of St. Judoc. 
 904. 
 
 This year vElhelvvald came hither from beyond 
 the sea with all the ships he could muster, and 
 the East Saxons submitted to him. This year 
 the moon was eclipsed. 
 
Ill 
 
 903. 
 This year iElbehvald induced Ihc army in 
 East An^lia to break the peace, and they ravaged 
 Mercia as far as Crecca-gelade (Cricklade), and 
 they crossed the Thames there, and took all they 
 couUl meet with in Bra'dune (Ureden toiost, 
 "Wiltshire), and in the neighbourhood, and (hen 
 they returned homeward. Then King Edward 
 pursued after them as soon as he could assemble 
 his army, and he laid waste their land betueeii 
 the Dyke ((he Devil's Ditch) and the Ouse, as 
 far northward as the fens. And when he was 
 about to depart thence, he caused it to be pro- 
 claimed throughout his army, that all the troops 
 should keep together, but the Kentish men re- 
 mained behind against his command, though he 
 Lad sent them seven messages. Then the Danes 
 surroundi'd them, and they fought, and the Al- 
 dermen Siwulf and Sigelm, and the King's 
 Thane Eadwold, and the Abbot Cenwtdf, and 
 Sigebryht the son of Siwulf, and Eadwald the 
 son of Acca, were slain there, and many others ; 
 though I have named the most noted. And there 
 fell on the side of the Danes, their King Eohric, 
 and Prince iEthelwald who had porsu;ided them 
 to the war, and Byrhlsigc the son of Prince 
 
118 
 
 Beornoth, and the Holds* Ysopa and Oscytel, 
 and a great many others v.hom we cannot now 
 name. There Avas much slaughter on either side, 
 but most on that of the Danes, though they kept 
 possession of the field of battle. Ealhswyth died 
 the same year, and a comet appeared. 
 907. 
 
 This year Alfred who was Sheriff of Bath died : 
 and the same year peace was ratified at Yttinga- 
 fordt with the East Angles and Northumbrians, 
 on the terms which King Edward dictated. This 
 year Lig-ceaster (Chester) was repaired^ 
 909. 
 
 This year Denulf Bishop of Winchester died, 
 and the body of St. Oswald was brought from 
 Bardney into Mercia. 
 
 910. 
 
 This year Frithestan received tlie Bishoprick 
 
 * Torfeiis, Hist. Noiv. T. ii, p. 30, says, that the Danish 
 HauUdur, or Hold, was a Noble by birth, as distinguished from 
 the Hersir, who held an official rank. 
 
 By the laws of Athelstan, the WergyUl of a Hold and of 
 a Heh-gerefa was fixed at 4000 thrymsas — whilst that of a 
 Bishop and of an Alderman m as 8000 thrymsas. 
 
 Wilkin's Leg. Ang. Sax. p. 71. 
 
 + Gibson supposes this place to be somewhere in the tract 
 of the New Forest ; possibly Ifford. 
 
1 
 
 119 
 
 ©f Winclicstor, and after this Asser Bishop of 
 Sh( rborn died. And the same year King- Ed- 
 ward sent forth an army of West Saxons and 
 Mercians, who greatly harassed the army in the 
 north, and seized many prisoners, and took much 
 plunder of all kinds, and slew many Danes, and 
 lliey remained iive weeks in those parts. 
 911. 
 This year the army in Northumberland broke 
 the peace, and set at nought all the conditions 
 which King Edward and his son had prescribed ; 
 and they ravaged Mercia. And the King had 
 assembled about an hundred ships, arul he was 
 in Kent, and the ships sailed to the south-east 
 along the coast to join him. The heathens be- 
 lieved tliat the greater part of his forces was in 
 these ships, and that they might therefore go 
 where they would unmolested. AVhen the King 
 heard that they were gone out to plunder, he 
 sent his West Saxon and Mercian troops, and 
 they followed the Danes, and came up with them 
 as they returned homeward, and they attacked 
 them and put them to flight, and killed many 
 thousands. And King Eowils and King Healf- 
 den were slain, and the Earl Ohter, and the Earl 
 Scurfa, and the Hold Othulf, and the Hold Be- 
 nesing, and Anlaf the black, and the Hold Thur- 
 
120 
 
 Fertli, and Osfcrtli tlic collector of tribute, and 
 the Hold Guthferth, and the Hold Agmund, and 
 Guthfertli. 
 
 912. 
 
 This year iEthered Alderman of Mercia died, 
 and King Edward took into his own government 
 the towns of London and Oxford, and all the 
 lands belonging thereto ; and this year on the 
 holy eve of the discovery of the sacred cross, 
 jEthelflaed the Lady of Mercia came to Scer- 
 geate and bnilt a fortified town there, and in the 
 same year that of Bricge ( Bridgenorth) , 
 913. 
 
 This year, about Martinmas, King Edward 
 caused the northern town of Hertford to be built, 
 between the Mermera, the Benefica (the Bean), 
 and the Lea. And afterwards, between Rogation 
 week and Midsummer, King Edward went with 
 some of his forces to Maiden, and remained there 
 while they built and fortified the town of Wit- 
 ham. And a great part of this country, which 
 had been under the Danish Government, sub- 
 mitted to him. During this time some of his 
 forces built that part of the town of Hertford 
 which is on the south side of the Lea. This 
 year, God permitting, ^thelflaed the Lady of 
 Mercia, went with all the Mercians to Tarn- 
 
131 
 
 worth, and built a fenced (own there in the 
 early part of the summer, and before Lammas she 
 built the town of Stafford. And the next year 
 she built Eadesbyrig* in the beginning of the 
 summer, and Warwick towards tlie end of 
 autumn, and after Christmas the year following 
 she built the fortified town of Cyric-byrig,t and 
 afterwards that of \Veard-byrig,| and again be- 
 fore Christmas that year, that of lluracofanj 
 (Runkhorn, Cheshire). 
 
 916. 
 This year the guiltless Abbot Ecgbriht was slain 
 before Midsummer, on the I6th of the calends of 
 July, the anniversary of the martyrdom of St. Cy- 
 ricius and his companions. And about three days 
 aflerwards iEthelflasd sent an army into Wales, 
 and took Brccenanraere (Brecknock) and the 
 King's wife, with some four and thirty others, 
 were made prisoners. 
 
 917. 
 This year, after Easter, the army rode forth 
 
 * Eddesbury, in Cheshire ; a place now called the Chamber 
 in the Forest. 
 
 + Probably Cherbury, on the borders of Shropshire — pos- 
 sibly Kirkby, in Cheshire, or Monk's Kirkby, W^arwickshire^ 
 according to Dugdalc. 
 
 i Probably Wednesbury or Weedsbury, Staffordshire. 
 M 
 
122 
 
 from Northampfon and Leicester, and they broke 
 the peace and slew many men at Hocneraturi 
 (Hognorton) and in the neighbourhood. And as 
 soon as these returned home, another troop was 
 immediately assembled, which rode forth towards 
 Ligtun (Leighton, Bedfordshire), but the inha- 
 bitants of that country knew of their coming, and 
 fought with them, and completely routed them, 
 and seized all the plunder which they had amas- 
 sed, and a great part of their horses and arms. 
 918. 
 This year a pirate fleet came over fi-om the 
 south from the land of the Lidwiccas (Britanny), 
 with two Earls Ohtor and Hroald, and they 
 sailed westward and entered the Severn's mouth, 
 and they plundered the coasts of North Wales 
 wherever they could ; and they took Bishop 
 Cameleac, at Ircinga-feld (Archenfield), and led 
 him away to their ships, and King Edward after- 
 wards ransomed him for forty pounds. Then 
 afterwards all the army landed, and would have 
 marched yet again towards Archenfield to plun- 
 der, but then the men of Hereford and of Glou- 
 cester, and of the nearest towns met them, and 
 fought with them, and put them to flight ; and 
 they slew the Earl Hroald, and a brother of the 
 other Earl Ohtor, and they drove the rest into 
 
I 
 
 123 
 
 a wood and besieged them there until they gave 
 hostages that they would depart from the domi- 
 nions of King Edward. The King liad taken 
 care to post troops so as to guard the southern 
 coast of the cliannel from Wales in the west 
 (Cornwall), to the mouth of the Avon eastward, 
 that they might not dare to invade the country on 
 that side. Never! heless they landed by night at 
 two several time s, once east of Weced (Watchet), 
 and again at Portloca (Porlockj. And the 
 King's men repulsed them each time, and few 
 escaped but those alone who swam to the ships ; 
 and these remained in the isle of Bradanrelic 
 (Steepholm ?) until they were in great want of 
 of provisions, uiid nuiny died driiuiiger because 
 they could not procure any food ; then they went 
 to Deomod (South Wales), and thence away to 
 Ireland. And afterwards, the same year, King 
 Edward went to Buckingham with his army, and 
 he remained there four weeks, and built fortifi- 
 cations on each side of the river betoi'e he de- 
 parted thence. And Earl Thurcytel acknow- 
 ledged him as his Lord, as did all the Holds and 
 cliicf men of Bedford, and most of those of 
 Northampton. Before Lammas, this year, .Tilthel- 
 flaed the Lady of Mercia, by the help of God 
 won the town of Derby, with all its appurten* 
 
 M2 
 
1S4 
 
 ances, but four of her most valued Thanes ■were 
 slain within the gates. 
 
 919. 
 This year, before Martinmas, King Edward 
 went with an army to Bedford, and he gained 
 possession of that town, and almost all the in- 
 habitants who had before been subject to him 
 returned to their obedience; and he remained 
 there four weeks, and he caused the fortifica- 
 tions on the south side of the river to be built 
 before he departed thence. 
 920. 
 This year King Edward went to Maiden, and 
 repaired and fortified the town before he departed 
 thence. And Ihis year Earl Thurcytel and his 
 adherents went over sea into France, with the 
 permission and aid of King Edward. Early in 
 this year ^thelflaed got possession of Leicester 
 without figliting, and the greater part of the 
 troops of that town became subject to her. 
 Those at York had also engaged to be un- 
 der her command, some having given pledges 
 to her, and others having taken oaths. And 
 immediately after she had effected this, she 
 died at Tamworth, twelve days before Midsum- 
 mer, in the eighth year of her governing Mercia 
 with rightful dominion ; and her body lieth at 
 
125 
 
 Gloucester, in tlie eastern aisle of St. Peter's 
 Church. This year also the daiiijhter of .T'^.the- 
 red Lord of Mercia was wholly deprived of the 
 fi^ovcrnment of Mercia, and carried into Wessex, 
 three weeks before Christmas; her name was 
 Hielfwin. 
 
 921. 
 This year, before Easter, Kinsi; Edward or- 
 dered his people to go to Tofeceaster (Touccs- 
 terj, and to build a fortnss there. And again 
 this year, in Rogation week, he caused a fortress 
 to be built at Wigingamere (Wigmorei. And 
 between Lammas and Midsummer, the troops 
 of Northampton, and of Leicester, and of the 
 country north of these places, broke the peace, 
 and marched to Towcesler, and fought all 
 day against the town, and they thought that 
 they should have taken it by storm, but the 
 men who were within defended it until more 
 aid arrived; and then these gave up the at- 
 tack and departed. Again, very soon after- 
 wards, they went forth by night on a secret ex- 
 pedition, and came unawares, and seized many 
 prisoners and much cattle between Burnewuda 
 (Bernwood forest) and .'Egles-byrig (Ailesbury). 
 And at the ^ame time the army of Huntingdon 
 and of East Anglia came, and built the fortress 
 M 3 
 
12G 
 
 at Temesford (Terapsford), where they fixed 
 themselves, and strengthened the place, deserting 
 their other post of Huntingdon ; and they in- 
 tended to make their excursions from this station, 
 and thought that thus they should again get the 
 greater part of this land into their power. And 
 they went forth until they came to Bedford, but 
 the garrison marched out against them, and fought 
 with them, and put them to flight, and slew a 
 great part of them. Yet after this a great army 
 again assembled from East Anglia and Mercia 
 and proceeded to Wigmore, and they sur- 
 rounded the place, and fought against it till 
 late in the day, and they seized the cattle in 
 the neighbourhood; nevertheless the garrison de- 
 fended the town and they gave up the assault and 
 departed. After this, the same summer, a large 
 body of King Edward's subjects was collected 
 from the towns* nearest Tempsford, and they 
 
 * In this part of the Chronicle the Saxon wordBurh, which 
 I have translated town, recurs perpetually; it would appear 
 that the predatory warfare, existing every where, had com- 
 pelled the inhabitants of the country to gather themselves 
 into townships, for the sake of mutual protection ; these were 
 probably surrounded by some species of inclosure as a defence 
 against sudden attacks. The erection ofa stone wall seems to be 
 considered worthy of mention, as a work but rarely undertaken. 
 
127 
 
 marclied lliitlicr and besieged that town, and they 
 fought against it until they took it. And they 
 slew the King and Earl Toglos, and hit^ son Earl 
 Manna, and his brotlier and all those who would 
 liave resisted, and thoy took captive the remain- 
 der, and the town they plundered. And imme- 
 diately after this, in harvest, a great force was 
 collected out of Kent, out of Surrey, and out of 
 Essex, and out of the towns around on all sides, 
 and they marched to Colchester, and they be- 
 sieged the town and fought against it until they 
 subdued it, and they seized all that was therein, 
 and they slew all the iidiabitants excepting those 
 who escaped over the wall. And during the same 
 autumn a great army was gathered together out of 
 East Anglia, consisting of the land forces, and also 
 of such Vikingar as the others had persuaded 
 to join them ; and they thought to satisfy their 
 desire of vengeance. They went to Maiden and 
 besieged that town, and they fought there until 
 aid came to the Burghers from without, and 
 then the army left the town and departed. And 
 the townsmen, and those who had arrived to suc- 
 cour them, sallied forth after them, and put 
 them to flight, and slew many hundreds both 
 pirates and others. Immediately after this, dur- 
 ing the same autumn. King Edward went to Pas- 
 
128 
 
 senham widi tlie troops of Wessex, and he abode 
 there while his men inclosed Towcestcr with a 
 stone wall. And Earl Thurferth, and the Holds, 
 and all the army at Northampton, and those of 
 the country northward as far as Weolnd (the 
 Wetland), came over to him, and acknowledged 
 him as their Lord and protector. And when at 
 the regular time the troops he had with him re- 
 turned to their homes^--ot4iers took the field, and 
 these proceeded to Huntingdon, and they repair- 
 ed the town by King Edward's orders, and re- 
 built that part of it which had been pulled down. 
 And all who remained of the inhabitants of that 
 country gave themselves up to King Edward, 
 and sought his favour and protection. And 
 again the same year, before Martiiniias, King 
 Edward went to Colchester with the Wessex 
 troops, and he repaired the town and restored 
 that which had been demolished. And a large 
 body of people in East Aniilia and in Essex, 
 •who had before been under the Danish dominion, 
 came over to him. And all the army of East 
 Anglia swore to be as one with him ; that they 
 •would will all that he should will, and that they 
 •would keep peace both by sea and land with all 
 "whom he should befriend. .And the array at 
 Grantanbrycge (Cambridge) separately acknow- 
 
120 
 
 lodged him for tbeir Lord and patron, and con« 
 iirmed this with oatlis even as he had desired. 
 This year King Sihtric slew his brother Niel. 
 
 This year, between Rogation week and Mid- 
 summer, King Eiiward went with an army to 
 Stamford, and caused fortifications to be made on 
 the southern side of the river, and the inliabit- 
 ants of the town on the northern bank submitted 
 to him, and acknowledged him as their Lord. — • 
 And whilst he remained at this place, his sister 
 iEthelflajd died at Taniworth, twelve days before 
 Midsunmier. And then he rode to the town oC 
 Tamw'orth, and all the people, who had been 
 under the government of vEthelflffid became his 
 subjects : and the Kings of North Wales, Hov/el 
 and Cledauc and Jeotlnvel, and all that nation, 
 acknowledged him as their Lord. Thence he 
 went to Nottingham, and he took that town, and 
 caused it to be repaired, and he peopled it with 
 English and Danes. And all the inhabitants of 
 Mercia, both Danes and English, came over to him. 
 923. 
 This year, after harvest, King Edward went 
 with an army to Thaelwael (Thelwall), and 
 caused that town to be built and fortified and 
 garrisoned. And whilst he abode there, he com- 
 manded another army^ raised ia Mercia, to go 
 
130 
 
 to Manchosfer, in Northumberland, fo repair 
 and garrison that town. This year Archbishop 
 Plegeniund died ; and King Regnold conquered 
 York. 
 
 924. 
 This year, before Midsummer, King Edward 
 "went with an army to Nottingham, and caused a 
 town to be built on the south side of the river, 
 over against the other, with a bridge across the 
 Trent between the two. And thence he w^ent 
 to Badecanwylla (Bake^vell;, in Peakland, and 
 caused a town to be built and garrisoned in 
 the neighbourhood. And the King of the Scots 
 and all the Scottish nation chose him for their 
 Father and Lord, and thus did Regwnald and 
 the sons of Eadulf, and all the inhabitants of 
 Northumberland, both English and Danes, 
 Northmen and others ; also the King of the 
 Stralh-clyde Britons and all that people. 
 
 9^5. 
 This year King Edward died at Fearndun (Fer- 
 ringdon), in Mercia, and very soon afterwards 
 his son yElfweard died at Oxford, and their bodies 
 rest in Winc'iester. And ^Ethestan was chosen 
 King by the Mercians, and he was consecrated at 
 Cingestun (Kinjrston upon Thames). And St. 
 Dunstan was Ijorn, and Wulf helm received the 
 Archbishoprick of Canlecbury. 
 
131 
 
 927. ^ 
 
 This year King TEllielstan expelled KingGutli- 
 frilli, and this year ArcliL)islio}) Wulfhelm y\cnt 
 to Rome. 
 
 928. 
 William succeeded in Normandy, and held 
 the government 13 years. 
 932. 
 This year Byrnstan was consecrated Bishop of 
 Winchester, on the 4th of (he calends of June, 
 and he held the Bishoprick two years and a 
 half. 
 
 953. 
 This year Bishop Fritheslan died ; and Prince 
 TEdwine was drowned in the sea. 
 934. 
 This year King Athelstan invaded Scotland 
 with an army and a fleet, and he ravaged a great 
 part of the counlrj. And Bishop Byrnstan died 
 at Winchester on All Saint's day. 
 935. 
 This year Bishop yElfheah received the Bishop- 
 rick of AVinchester. 
 
 938.* 
 This year King Athelstan the Lord of Earls, 
 
 * Turucr, in a note, p. 3G5 of lUe 1st vol. of his Anglo- 
 
uie Giver of Bracelets <o the Nobles, and his 
 brother Edmund the Atheling, the elder, the sur- 
 vivors of their race, the children of Edward, 
 won lasting glory with the edge of the sword in 
 battle at Brunanburh.* They clave the wooden 
 walls, they hewed down the tall banners, for it 
 was the portion of their lineage, that oft in the 
 field they should defend their lands, their trea- 
 sures, their homes, against the enemy. The Scot 
 and the Ship-man fell on every side — the din of 
 arms resounded sith the sun in the morning tide 
 rose glad over the earth, greatest of the stars, bright 
 candle of God the Lord Eternal, till the noblest 
 of things created sank in the west. There, struck 
 down with darts, lay many a Avarrior, Northmen 
 pierced over their shields — Scots the savages of 
 war — The West Saxons, a chosen band, pressed 
 the live-long day upon the hated people. Sternly 
 they smote down the flying multitudes, with 
 swords well sharpened at the stone. The Mer- 
 cians shrank not from the hard play of hands. 
 
 Saxon Hist, gives the following passage from a manuscript of 
 the Chronicle relating to this year : — 
 
 " This year the Northumbrians revolted from their allegi- 
 ance, and chose Anlaf of Ireland for their King." 
 
 * Almost every writer differs in the position which he 
 would assign to this place. 
 
133 
 
 Safety there was none for the companions of 
 Anlaf, for those who sought the land for deadly 
 fight over the billowy sea, bosomed in ships. — 
 Five young Kings lay on the battle field, put to 
 sleep by the swords. So also seven Earls of 
 Anlaf, and of the host from the fieet, and of the 
 Scots, more than can be numbered. The King 
 of the Northmen with his little troop fled in his 
 terror to the voice of the ship ; the King of the 
 Fleet, M'ilh one ship's crew, living escaped ovcc 
 the yellow deep. 
 
 So also the routed Constantine returned a fugi- 
 tive to his northern hills. The hoary warrior 
 needed not to exult in the conflict of swords. — 
 He was the remnant of his race. His kinsmen 
 Avere heaped on the field — slain in the battle. 
 He left his son on the place of blood, covered 
 with wounds. Young in war though old in wis- 
 dom, the fair-haired youth was staid in his glory- 
 ing by the bill of slaughter. 
 
 Neither could Anlaf and his broken army boast 
 that they were better in works of battle; at the 
 fall of banners, at the meeting of darts, in the 
 conflict of men, in the exchange of weapons, 
 when they had played with the children of Ed- 
 -ward in the field of death. 
 
 The Northmen, the sorrowful fcAV spared by 
 N 
 
134 
 
 the darts, departed in their nailed ships over the 
 roaring sea — over the deep waters. They sailed 
 for Dublin, and disgraced their land. 
 
 Then the brothers, the King and the Atheling, 
 returned to their country, the West Saxon land. 
 They left behind them the screamers of war, the 
 birds of prey. The sallow kite, and the black 
 raven with the horny beak, and the hoarse- 
 voiced eagle devouring the white flesh, with the 
 battle-hawk, and the grey beast the wolf of the 
 wood. Never in this island had a greater de- 
 struction of men been worked by the edge of the 
 sword, say the books of the Wise Elders, since 
 the Saxons and tlie Angles came hither from the 
 east — to Britain over the broad sea. Since those 
 glorious Earls, who smote the Welch on the anvil 
 of battle, and obtained their lands. 
 941. 
 
 This year King Athelstari died on the 6lh of 
 the calends of November, forty-one years all but 
 one day after the death of King Alfred ; and the 
 Prince Edmund succeeded to the kingdom. He 
 was then 18 years old ; and King Athelstan had 
 reigned 14 years and 10 weeks. 
 942. 
 
 This year King Edmund, the Lord of the En- 
 glish, the protector of his kinsmen, the worker 
 
135 
 
 of miglity deeds, conquered all IMcrcia iin(o the 
 Avay of the Avhitc spring, and the broad and sea- 
 like stream of the riNer H umber. Five lowns, 
 Leicester, and Lincoln, and Nottingham, Stam- 
 ford also, and Derby, lay in Danish thraldom, 
 bowed nnder the power of the Northmen, held 
 in long durance, until the Avarlike heir of Ed- 
 ^vard, to his own glory, delivered them from 
 Jieathen bondage. 
 
 King Edmund stood as godfather at the bap- 
 tism of King Anlaf : and late in the same year he 
 was godfather to King Regenold at his confirma- 
 tion. This year King Anlaf died. And Richard 
 the Elder succeeded (in Normandy), and reigned 
 52 years. 
 
 This year King Edmund reduced all Northum- 
 berland, and drove out two Kings, Anlaf the 
 son of Syhtric and Regenald the son of Guthferth. 
 945. 
 
 This year King Edmund ravaged all Cumber- 
 land, and gave it to Malcobn King of the Scots, 
 ou condition that he should join forces with him 
 by sea and by land. 
 
 94G. 
 
 This year King Edmund died* on St. Augus- 
 
 * " It was widely known how he ended his days, when 
 N2 
 
136 
 
 line's day ; he Lad reigned six years and an half, 
 and his brother Prince Edred succeeded to the 
 kingdom. He soon brought all Northumberland 
 into his power, and the Scots took oaths that 
 they would will all that he should will. 
 949. 
 This year Anlaf came back to Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 9j1. 
 This year ^Ifheah Bishop of Winchester 
 died on St. Gregory's day. 
 952. 
 This year the Northumbrians drove out King 
 Anlaf, and took for their king Yric the son of 
 Harold. 
 
 954. 
 This year the Northumbrians expelled Yric, 
 and Kino- iEdred took to himself the kinijdom of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 955. 
 
 This year King ^dred died in the prime of 
 
 life on St. Clement's day ; he had reigned nine 
 
 years and a half: then Edwy the son of King 
 
 Edmund and of St. ^Igiva, succeeded to the 
 
 Liofa stabbed him at Pulcancyrca (Piicklechurch, in Glou- 
 cestershire.)" From another MS. Turner, vol. i. p. 368. 
 
137 
 
 kingdom, ancj he banished St. Dunstau from the 
 country. 
 
 9o6. 
 
 This year Wulstan Archbishop of A'ork died ; 
 and this year Prince Edgar received the kingdom 
 of Mercia. 
 
 957. 
 
 Tliis year iving Edwy died on the caknds of 
 October, and his brother Edgar took to himself 
 tlie kingdom of Wessex, as Mell as Mercia and 
 Northumberland ; he was then 16 years old. — 
 There was prosperity in his days, and God gave 
 him to abide in peace so long as he lived, and 
 he, as it l)eseemed him, strove to merit this 
 favour. He every where exalted the glory of 
 God, and he loved the laws of God, and attend- 
 ed to the peace of the people, more than any 
 King before in the memory of man. And God 
 also shewed him favour, so that Kings and Earls 
 willingly obeyed him, and submitted to that 
 which he desired, and without opposition he 
 ruled all things according to his own pleasure. 
 He was greatly honoured throughout the nation 
 because he willingly gave honour to the name of 
 God, and he often meditated in the law of God, 
 and exalted the glory of God far and wide, and 
 he always took wise counsel for his people before 
 
 N3 
 
138 
 
 God and before the world. Yet was he guilty 
 of one great sin, in that he loved the vicious 
 habits of foreign nations, and established hea- 
 thenish customs in this land, and invited hither 
 outlandish and mischievous people : but God 
 grant that his good actions may have outweighed 
 his misdeeds, to the salvation of his soul in the 
 last day. This year he sent for St. Dunstan and 
 gave him tbe bishoprick of Worcester, and after^ 
 •wards that of London. 
 
 961. 
 This year the good Archbishop Odo died, and 
 St. Dunstan* received the Archbishoprick of 
 Canterbury. This year the King's kinsman 
 ^Ifgar died in Devon, and his body lieth at 
 Wilton. And King Sigeferth killed himself, and 
 his body resteth at Winborn. And this year 
 there was a great pestilence among men, and a 
 great fever in London, and Paul's monastery was 
 burned and was rebuilt the same year. This 
 •year the priest Athelmod went to liome, and he 
 died there on the 18th of the calends of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 * Alfsin was the immediate successor of Odo, but he died 
 of cold oa tbe Alps, in bis journey to Rome for the pall. 
 
139 
 
 963. 
 This year the Deacon WultUan died, ou 
 Chiklenuas-day, and after this died Cyric the 
 Priest. The same year the Abbot Athelwold re- 
 ceived the Bishoprick. of Wincliester, and was 
 consecrated on a Sunday, the vigil of St. An- 
 drew. The second year after his consecration 
 he founded many monasteries, and he drove the 
 clergy out of his bishoprick because they would 
 observe no rule, and lie placed monks in their 
 room. He founded two abl>eys, one for monks^, 
 the other for nuns, both in Winchester. After- 
 wards he went to King Edgar, and desired of 
 him that he Avonld give him all the monasteries 
 which the heathens had destroyed, for that he 
 would restore them ; and the King willingly 
 granted his request. And the Bishop came first 
 to Ely, where St. yEtheldrith lieth, and he 
 caused the monastery to be rebuilt, and he gave 
 it to one of his monks named Brihtnoth. He 
 consecrated him abbot, and he established monks 
 there to serve God, whereas the place was for- 
 merly inhabited by nuns, and he bought many 
 small estates of the King, and made it very rich. 
 Afterwards Bishop Athelwold came to the monas- 
 tery that is called Medeshamstede, which had 
 been destroyed by the heathens, and he found 
 
140 
 
 notliing there but old walls and wild woods. He 
 found also hidden in the old wall the records 
 which the abbot lleadda had formerly written, 
 how King- Wulfhere and his brother ^thelred 
 had built the monastery, and had made it free of 
 the King, of the Bishop, and of all earthly ser- 
 vice ; and how the Pope Agatho had confirmed 
 this with his rescript, and the Archbishop Deus- 
 dcdit also. He then caused the monastery to be 
 rebuilt, and he appointed an abbot whose name 
 was Aldulf, and he peopled that place with 
 monks, which was before a wilderness. Then 
 he came to the King, and caused him to look at 
 the writings which had been found, and the King 
 then answered and said, " I King Edgar, before 
 God and in presence of the Archbishop Dunstan, 
 do this day grant to St. Peter's monastery of Me- 
 deshamstede, freedom from subjection to the 
 King and to the Bishop, and do endow it with 
 all these adjoining villages, to wit, ^st-feld 
 (Eastfield), and Dodes-thorp (Dasthorp), and 
 Ege (Eye), and Pastun (Paston). And I so 
 make it free, that no Bishop shall have any au- 
 thority over it, but the abbot of the monastery 
 alone And I give the town called Undela 
 (Oundle) with all the land belonging to it, which 
 is called the Eahte hundred, with the markets 
 
141 
 
 and tolls, so freely, that neither the King, nor the 
 Bishop, nor the Earl, nor the Sheriff of the 
 county, shall have any power there, neither any 
 man, excepting the abbot alone, and those whom 
 he may appoint thereto. And at the request of 
 Bishop Athehvold, I give these lands to Christ 
 and to St. Peter, to wit, Barwe (Barrow or Berk, 
 Rutland), Wermington (Warmington, Nortli- 
 amptonshire), iEsctun (Ashton, near Oundle ?), 
 Kettering, Castra (Castor, Northamptonshire), 
 Egleswurthe (Ailesworth), Walton, Withring- 
 tun (Werrington), Ege (Eye), Thorp (near Ket- 
 tering) ; Hiul I empower them to iiave a moneyer 
 at Stamford. And I herewith assign to Christ 
 and to St. Peter the sac and soc, toll and team, 
 and infangentheof, and all other rights attached 
 to the lands, and to others belonging to the 
 monastery. And I give two parts of Witlesraere 
 (Whittleseymere) with the waters, the wears, and 
 the fens, and so on through Merclade unto the 
 river which is called the Ncn, and so east- 
 ward to CyngesdaBlf. And it is my will that a 
 market be held in that town, and that there be 
 no other betwixt Stamford and Huntingdon ; and 
 I will, that the toll should be given thus : first, 
 from Witlesmere as far as the King's toll of 
 Northmaunes-cross (Normancross) hundred, and 
 
142 
 
 again on the oHier side, from Witlosmere (hrougli 
 Merelade unto the Nen, and tlicnce as the water 
 runneth to Croylajid, and from Croyland to Must, 
 and from Must to Cyngesda?lf and to Witlesmere. 
 And I will that all the exemptions and all the 
 privileges granted by ray predecessors stand good, 
 and I subscribe to this, and do confirm it with 
 the cross of Christ." Then Dunstan the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury answered and said, '• 1 con- 
 firm all that has been said, and I will that all 
 things which t!iy predecessors and mine have 
 granted should stand ; and whosoever breaketh 
 this grant, to hira give I the curse of God, and of 
 all the saints, and that of every consecrated head, 
 and my curse also, unless he come to repentance. 
 I also give to St. Peter my surplice, stole, and 
 vestment for the service of Christ." " I Oswald 
 Archbishop of York do ratify all tliese words 
 with the sign of the holy cross on which Christ 
 suffered." " I Bishop Athelwold bless all who 
 do observe this, and I excommunicate whomso- 
 ever breaketh it, unless he come to repentance." 
 There were present also the Bishops yElfstan and 
 Athulf, and the Abbots Escwi and Osgar and 
 ^■Ethclgar, and the Aldermen ^Jfere, JEthel- 
 wine, Brihtnoth, and Oslnc, wiih many other 
 great men, and they all confirmed this grant, and 
 
143 
 
 subscribcLl thereto the cross of Christ. This was 
 done 97^2 years at\cr tlie birth of our Lord, and in 
 the 16th year of the King's reign. Then the 
 Al)bot Aldulf bought many lands, willi wliich he 
 endowed tlie monastery ; and he remained there till 
 the death of Oswald Archbishop of York, on which 
 he Avas chosen to succeed him. And another Ab- 
 bot was immediately chosen out of the same monas- 
 tery; his name was Kenulf, and he %vas afterwards 
 Bishop of Winchester. He first built the walls 
 rotind about the nu)naslery,aud he gave it the name 
 of Biirch, whereas it had before been called Me- 
 desliamstede. He remained there until he was no- 
 minated Bishop of Winchester, and tlien another 
 Abbot, whose name was ^'Elfsi, was chosen out of 
 the same monastery. This .'Elfsi was Abbot 
 there fifty years ; he took up St. Kyneburh and 
 St. Kynesvith who lay at Castra ((Jaslor), and 
 St. Tibba, who was buried at Riliala (liyal or 
 Ryehall, Rutland), and he presented all these 
 relics to St. Peter in one day, and he kept them 
 whilst he remained there. 
 9G4. 
 'JMiis year King Edgar drove the priests of 
 Winchester out of the old monastery, and out of 
 the new also, and out of Ceortesige (Ciurtsey), 
 and out of Middeltun (Milton Abbey, Dorset- 
 
144 
 
 sliire), and placed monks in their room. And he 
 made iEthelgar Abbot of the new monastery, 
 and Ordbryht Abbot of Chertsej, and Cyneweard 
 of Milton. ~ 
 
 966. 
 This year Thored the son of Gunner ravaged 
 Westmoreland : and the same year Oslac re- 
 ceived the office of Alderman. 
 969. 
 This year King Edgar caused all Thanet to be 
 laid waste. 
 
 970. 
 This year died Archbishop Oskytel. He was 
 first consecrated to the Bishoprick of Dorchester, 
 and was afterwards translated to the see of York, 
 with the sanction of King Edred and all his 
 Wi<an. He was Bishop 22 years, and he died 
 at Tame on All Saints' night, ten nights before 
 Martinmas ; and his kinsman the Abbot Thur- 
 kytel carried the Bishop's body to Bedford, for 
 he was Abbot there at that time. 
 971. 
 This year Prince Edmund died, and he was 
 buried at Rumsige (Rumsey). 
 973. 
 This year Edgar the ruler of the English was 
 consecrated as King with great pomp in the an- 
 
14: 
 
 cient town of Accmaimes-ccaster, which the 
 inhabitants also call Bath. There was much 
 joy among all the sons of men on that blessed 
 (lay, called the day of Pentecost. There was 
 a multitude of priests, and a great throng of 
 monks, wise men in my mind, gathered together. 
 At that lime ten hundred years were reckoned to 
 have passed away since the birth of the King of 
 glory, the Keeper of Light, excepting only, 
 that, as writers say, twenty-seven winters were 
 wanting thereto. So nearly was the thousandth 
 year of our conquering Lord completed when 
 this event took place. And the son of Edmund, 
 the man of mighty deeds, had then been nine 
 and twenty years in the world, and in his thir- 
 tieth year he was a King, and consecrated. 
 
 And soon afterwards the King led all his fleet 
 to Chester ; and six Kings met him there, and 
 promised faithfully that they would aid him by 
 «ea and by land. 
 
 975. 
 
 This year Edgar, King of the English, ended 
 his earthly joys ; he chose for himself another 
 light, beautiful and pleasant, and gave up this 
 w^orthless life, which the children of the people, 
 the men of dust, confess to be so vain. It was in 
 that month which every where in this country 
 O 
 
146 
 
 is called July by those wlio have been rightly 
 instructed in the art of numbers, and on the 18tli 
 day of the month, that the young Edgar, the 
 giver of bracelets to the valiant, departed this 
 life. And then his son, a child not fuU-grovrn, 
 succeeded to the kingdom : he was the ruler of 
 Earls, and his name was Edward — a prince most 
 excellent. Ten days before this Britain lost 
 Cyneweard, that good and kindly Bishop. At 
 that time, to my mind, the glory of the Supreme 
 governor was trampled on throughout Mercia, 
 many of God's wise servants were driven away, 
 and this was a great sorrow to those who bore in 
 their hearts and minds an ardent love of their 
 Creator. Then indeed was the author of miracles 
 set at nought, he who is the disposer of victory, 
 and the law-giver of heaven, when men violated 
 his rio-ht. And then also that beloved chicl tain 
 Oslac was driven from the land, and that long- 
 haired warrior, wise and discreet in words, was 
 borne, bereaved of an home, on the rolling 
 waves, on the sea bird's bath, on the roaring 
 waters, over the country of the whales. And 
 then a star appeared in the sky, above in the 
 firmament, which strong-minded men, of deep 
 learning, skilful men, and wise soothsayers, 
 universally call a comet. The vengeance of the 
 
147 
 
 Almighty was upon the nation, and a dire famine 
 in the country. But this again, the ruler of 
 Heaven, the Lord of the angels, removed, and 
 gave bliss to every inhabitant through the fruit- 
 fuhiess of the earth. 
 
 This year the Alderman ^Ifere caused the 
 monks to be turned out of very many monasteries 
 which the holy Bishop Athelwold had esta- 
 blished by the command of King Edgar. This 
 year the great Earl Oslac was driven from Eng- 
 land. 
 
 976. 
 
 This year there was a great famine in England. 
 977. 
 
 This year a great meeting was held after Easter 
 at Kyntlingtun (Kirtlington ?), and there Bishop 
 Sideman died suddenly on the 2d of tlie calends 
 of May. He was Bishop of Devonshire, and 
 he willed that bis body's resting place should be 
 at his metropolitan see of Cridiantun (Crediton). 
 Then King Edward and Archbishop Dunstan 
 commanded that he should be carried to St. 
 Mary's monastery of Abbandun (Abingdon) ; 
 this was done, and he was honourably buried in 
 the north side of St. Peter's aisle. 
 978. 
 
 This' year all the chief of the Witan of the 
 
 02 
 
148 
 
 English nation fell from an upper floor at Calne, 
 excepting the holy Archbishop Dunstan alone, 
 ^vho stood upon a beam, and some had their 
 bones broken, and others escaped not with their 
 lives. This year King Edward was slain at 
 Corfes-geat (Corfe Castle), in the evening of the 
 ]3th of the calends of April, and he was buried 
 at Wareham without any royal honours. No 
 worse deed than this had been committed amongst 
 the people of the Angles since they first came to 
 the land of Britain. Men murdered him, but 
 God gave him glory. In his life he was an 
 earthly King, but now after his death he is a 
 Saint in heaven. His mortal kinsmen would not 
 avenge him, but his heavenly Father hath avenged 
 him greatly. His earthly murderers would have 
 blotted out his memory from the world, but the 
 avenger who is above hath widely extended his 
 fame in heaven and earth : and whereas they 
 formerly would not bow down before his living 
 body, now they piteously bend their knees to his 
 dead bones. We may gather hence, that the 
 wisdom of men, their devices and counsels, avail 
 nothing against the purposes of God. And the 
 same year his brother Prince ^Ethelred took io 
 himself the kingdom, and was consecrated very 
 aioon afterwards at Cyninges-tun (Kingston), -w-ith 
 
149 
 
 great rejoicing of the Witan of the English 
 nation. 
 
 980. 
 This year St. Dunstan and the Alderman 
 ^Uhere fetched the body of the holy King St. 
 Edward from Wareham, and brouglit it with 
 great pomp to Shaftesbury. 
 981. 
 This year seven ships first came and plundered 
 Southampton. 
 
 983. 
 This year the Alderman iElfhere died and 
 ^ifric succeeded to his office. 
 981. 
 This year died the good Bishop Athehvold, 
 the father of monks : and the consecration of his 
 successor ^Elfheah, who was also called Godwin, 
 took place on the 14th of the calends of Novem- 
 ber, and he was installed at Winchester on the 
 feast of the two Apostles Simon and Jude. And 
 this year Eadwine was consecrated Abbot of 
 Abingdon. 
 
 985. 
 This year the Alderman ^Ifric was banished. 
 
 986. 
 This year the King laid waste the Bishoprick 
 ®f Rochesterj and this year the great distem- 
 O 3 
 
150 
 
 per among the cattle first afflicted the English 
 nation. 
 
 987. 
 This year Weced-port (Watchet) was plun- 
 dered. 
 
 988. 
 This year the Danish Thane Goda was killed^ 
 and many with him. And this year the holy 
 Archbishop Dunstan gave up this life, and en- 
 tered upon that of heaven ; and Bishop jEthelgar 
 succeeded him in the Archbishoprick, and he 
 lived but a short time afterwards, only one year 
 and three months. 
 
 989. 
 This year the Abbot vEdwine died, and Wulfgar 
 succeeded him. And Siric was consecrated 
 Archbishop, and he afterwards went to Rome 
 for his pall. 
 
 991. 
 This year Ipswich was plundered, and very 
 soon afterwards the Alderman Brihtnoth was 
 slain at Maiden, And the same year it was first 
 proposed that a tribute should be paid to the 
 Danes, because of the great terror in which they 
 kept the coasts. This tribute was at first ten 
 thousand pounds : it was Archbishop Siric who. 
 gave this as his counsel. 
 
151 
 
 992. 
 
 This year the blessed Arclibishop Oswald de- 
 parted this life, and entered upon that of heaven; 
 and the Alderman yEthelvviiie died the same year. 
 Then tlie King and his VVitan determined that 
 all the ships wliich were fit for service slionld be 
 assembled at London ; and the King put this 
 fleet under the command of the Alderman Ealfric, 
 and of the Earl Thorode, and of the Bishops 
 iElf^tune and yEscwi^^j and they were ordered to 
 endeavour to surprise and block up the Danes, 
 Then the Alderman ^Ifric sent and warned 
 them ; and in tlie night preceding the day on 
 which an engagement would have taken place, he 
 himself left his fleet, to his exceeding dishonour, 
 and the enemy escaped, excepting one ship, 
 which was destroyed. And then they met the 
 ships of East Anglia and of London, and there 
 they made a great slaughter, and they took the 
 ship in which the Alderman sailed, and which 
 was well manned and fitted out. 
 
 Upon the death of Archbishop Oswald, Eal- 
 dulf Abbot of Peterborough was raised to the 
 Bishoprick of York and Worcester, and Kcnull* 
 to the Abbacy of Peterborough. 
 993. 
 
 This year Anlaf came to Staines with 93 ships^ 
 
152 
 
 and plundered that part of the country ; and he 
 Wf'nt tlience to Sandwich, and so on to Ipswich, 
 and laid al! waste, and thus he proceeded to 
 Midden. And then the Alderman Byrhtnoth 
 came against him, and their armies fought, but 
 the Alderman was slain, and Ardaf's army kept 
 possession of the field of battle, and peace was 
 made with him, and the King afterwards stood 
 godfather at his confirmalion, by the advice of 
 Siric Bishop of Canterbury and of ^Ifeag of 
 Winchester. This year Bamborough was de- 
 stroyed, and much plunder was seized there. 
 And after (his the Army came to the mouth of the 
 Humber, and did great damage in Lindsey and 
 in Northumberland. Then a great number of 
 troops were gathered together, but when they 
 were about to engage in battle, their leaders first 
 betook themselves to flight. These were Fraena, 
 and Godwin, and Frithegist. The same year 
 the King put out the eyes of ^Ifgar the son of 
 the Alderman JElCric. 
 
 994. 
 This year Archbishop Sigeric died, and ^Ifric 
 Bishop of Wiltshire was chosen as his succes- 
 sor by King ^i^^thelred and his Witan, at Ambres- 
 byri (Amesbury), on Easter-day. This year 
 Anlaf and Swegen came to London on the nati- 
 
\d3 
 
 r'liy of St. iMai'3', ■with 94 ships, and they at» 
 tacked the city vigorously, and they also attempt- 
 ed to burn it witli fire, but they suffered more 
 loss and injury than they conkl ever have looked 
 for from any townsmen, for the lioly Mother of 
 God in her mercy manifested herself to the in- 
 habitants, and delivered them from their enemies. 
 And then these departed, and did as much dam- 
 age as any army might, burning, plundering, 
 and slaying, along the coasts of Essex, of Kent, 
 of Sussex, and of Hampshire. And at length 
 they took horses and rode far and wide wherever 
 they would, and they did unspeakable mischief. 
 Then the King and his Witan determined to send 
 to them and offer them tribute and a supply of 
 provisions, on condition that they would abstain 
 from plundering. This they accepted, and all 
 the army came to Southampton, and there they 
 took up their winter quarters, and all the king- 
 dom of Wessex provided food for them, and six- 
 teen thousand pounds were paid to them. Then 
 the King sent the Bishop iElfeach and the Al- 
 derman ^thelward for King Anlaf, and hostages 
 Avere left in the ships, while they brought him 
 with much pomp to the King at Andover ; and 
 King .^thelred stood godfather at his confirma- 
 t^Qn, and gave him royal presents. And AnUif 
 
154 
 
 made him then a promise, wliich he also ful- 
 iiUed, that he would never again come with hos- 
 tile designs against the English nation. 
 
 " This year Richard the elder died, and his 
 son Richard succeeded him, and reigned 31 
 years" (in Normandy). 
 
 995. 
 
 This year a comet appeared. 
 997. 
 
 This year the Army sailed round Devonshire 
 into the mouth of the Severn, and plundered in 
 Cornwall, Wales, and Devon ; and they landed 
 at Watchet, and did much damage there, burn- 
 ing and slaying. And after this they sailed south- 
 ward and round Penwiht-steort (the Land's end], 
 and they entered (he mouth of the Tharaar, and 
 proceeded up that river until they came to Lyde- 
 ford, and they burned and slew all before them : 
 and they burned Ordulf's monastery at iEtefing- 
 stoce (Tavistock), and carried innumerable spoils 
 to their ships. This year Archbishop iElfric 
 went to Rome for his pall. 
 998. 
 
 This year the Army again turned eastward into 
 the mouth ot the Frome, and they made inroads 
 upon Dorsetshire as far as they would on either 
 side. And troops were often gathered together 
 
155 
 
 against them, but whenever they were about to 
 eno;a<re, from some cause or other, a flight coti- 
 staritlj took place, and the enemy always obtain- 
 ed the victory in the end. At another time they 
 lay otr the Isle of Wight, and supplied them- 
 selves Avith provisions from Hampshire and 
 Sussex. 
 
 999. 
 This year (he Army again sailed round into the 
 Thames, and came up the Medway as far as 
 Rochester. And the Kentish troops marched 
 against them, and fought with thoni bravely : 
 but too soon, alas! they gave Avay and fled, be- 
 cause they had not the support which they oujiht 
 to have had. Then the Danes kept jiossession of 
 the field of battle, and having seized horses they 
 rode far and wide wherever they ciicse, and tliey 
 plundered and laid waste nearly all the western 
 part of Kent. Tiien the King with his Witan 
 resolved that both a fleet and an army should be 
 sent against them; but when the ships were 
 ready, they delayed them from day to d ly, and 
 oppressed the miserable people who served in 
 them. And whenever the ships were going to 
 sail, they were always stopped from time to time, 
 and they allowed the enemy's forces to increase 
 continuallyj and whenever these retired from the 
 
150 
 
 coast, they then Aveiit forth after thoni. In the 
 end this fleet served no purpose, but to Avcary 
 the men) to Avastc money, and to encourage the 
 enemy. 
 
 1000. 
 
 This year the King went into Cumberland and 
 laid waste nearly the whole of it ; and his ships 
 attempted to get round Chester, and were to have 
 met him, but they were not able ; then they plun- 
 dered Mtenige (Anglesey). And the enemy^s 
 fleet sailed this summer to the dominions of 
 Richard. 
 
 1001. 
 
 This year the peace of England was much 
 disturbed by the pirates, who plundered and 
 burned in all parts ; and thus they proceeded in 
 one course until they came to iElhelinga-dene 
 (Alton), and there the men of Hampshire met 
 them, and fought with them. And the King's 
 High Sheriff' Ethel weavd was killed there, and 
 Leojric of Whilechurch, and Leofwine the King's 
 High Sheriff, and Wulfhere the Bishop's Thane, 
 and Godwin of Weorthig (Worthing ?) the son of 
 Bishop yElfsig, and there fell 81 men in all. And 
 many more were slain on the part of the Danes, al- 
 though they kept possession of the field of battle. 
 And thence they proceeded northward until they 
 
157 
 
 came into Devon, and there Pallig joined tlieiu 
 with all the ships that he could collect, for lie had 
 deserted from King Ethelred after all the assurances 
 of fidelity which he had given him, and althougli 
 the King had been very bountiful to him, in gifts 
 of houses, of gold, and of silver. And they 
 burned Tcgnton (Teynton), and many otlier good 
 villages which we cannot name, and afterwards 
 tlie people of that country made a treaty with 
 them; and they departed thence to Exmoutji, 
 and so they went on in one course until they 
 came to Pconnho (Pen), and there Cola the 
 King's High Sheriff, and Eadsige the King's 
 Sheriff, came against them with the troops which 
 they had gathered togetlier, but they Avere put to 
 flight and many were slain, and the Danes kept 
 possession of the field of battle. And the next 
 morning they burned the villages of Pen and of 
 Clifton, and many good villages besides which 
 we cannot name. And then they proceeded east- 
 ward until they arrived at Wight, and in the 
 morning they there burned the villas^e of Weal- 
 tham and many other hamlets, and the inlia- 
 bitants soon treated with them and obtained 
 peace. 
 
 1002. 
 This year the King and his Witan again re- 
 
158 
 
 solved to give tribute to the fleet, and to nego- 
 ciate a peace with them, on condition that they 
 would cease from doing mischief. Then the Kinir 
 sent the Alderman Leofsig to the fleet, and there 
 he set forth the King's words, and the peace pro- 
 posed by the Witan, that they should receive 
 provisions and tribute ; and they accepted these 
 terms, on which twenty-four thousand pounds 
 were paid to them, At this time the Alderman 
 Leofsig slew the King's High Sheriff^ JEfic, and 
 the King banished him from the country. And 
 during the same Lent, the Lady the daughter of 
 Richard, came to this land. In the summer of 
 the same year Archbishop Eadulf (Ealdulf) 
 died : and this year also the King gave command 
 that all the Danes in England should be slain on 
 St. Brice's day, because it had been reported to 
 him that they had a design to murder him first, 
 and then all his Witan, and thereupon to possess 
 his kingdom without opposition. 
 1003. 
 This year Exeter was taken through the ill con- 
 duct cf the French churl Hugo, whom the Lady 
 had placed there as her Sheritf ; and (he Army 
 entirely destroyed the town, and seized much 
 plunder. Then a large number of troops was 
 gathered together from Wiltshire and Hamp- 
 
159 
 
 shire, and they marched against the Army ^\iiU 
 great readiness ; and the Alderman ^Ifric shoukl 
 have led these troops, but he practised his for- 
 mer wiles, for as soon as they wore so near that 
 either army might behold ihe other, he gave 
 out that he was ill, and feigned sickness, and 
 thus deceived the troops wliom he ought to 
 have headed, even as it is said — " When the 
 General sickeneth, then the whole army is 
 sorely hindered." When Swegn saw that they 
 were not unanimous and that they all began to 
 return, he led his army to Wilton, and plun- 
 dered and burned that town, and thence they 
 proceeded to Salisbury, and thence to the coast 
 again, and thither he carried their provender to 
 his horses of the sea.* 
 
 1004 
 This year Swegn came with his fleet to Nor- 
 wich, and plundered and burned the whole town. 
 Then Ulfkytel with the Witan of East Anglia 
 concluded that it was better to buy a peace of 
 that army before they did much harm in the 
 country; for the enemy had come upon him un- 
 awares, neither had he time to collect his troops ; 
 but in the time of truce the Danes stole up from 
 
 * His plunder to the ships. 
 P2 
 
160 
 
 the ships and directed their course to Thctford, 
 When Ulfkjtel heard this, he sent desiring that 
 the ships might be heAvn in pieces, but this order 
 Tvas neglected. He himself assembled troops 
 secretly, as speedily as he might. And the in- 
 vaders came to Thetford within three weeks from 
 the time that they first plundered Norwich, and 
 they remained one night in that town, and then 
 plundered and burned it. Then in the morning 
 when they would have returned to their ships, 
 Ulfkytel came up with his trtjops, and they en- 
 gaged in battle with fury, and the slaughter was 
 great on either side. The prime of East Anglia 
 fell there, but if all their forces had been collected,, 
 the Danes, as they acknowledged, would never 
 have returned to their ships. 
 1005. 
 
 This year died Archbishop JElhic, and Bishop 
 iElfeah succeeded him in the Archbishoprick. 
 This year there was a great famine in England, 
 such as men never before remembered, it was so 
 dreadful. And this year the fleet sailed from 
 this country to Denmark, but returned again in a 
 very short time. 
 
 1006. 
 
 This year yFlfehg was consecrated Archbishop ; 
 and Bishop Brihtwold received the bishoprick 
 
]61 
 
 of WiKsliire (Sbcrborn). And Wulfgcate was 
 deprived of all his honours, and Wulfeah and 
 Ufegeat were blinded, and (he Alderma'i /Elfelm 
 was slain, and Bishop Kenulf died. Then after 
 Midsummer the Danish fleet came to Sandwich 
 and did all as they were wont, plunderitio-, burn- 
 ing, and slaying wherever they went. Tlien the 
 King caused all the West Saxons and \Jercians 
 to be called out, and they kept the field against 
 the Army all the autumn, yet this was of no more 
 avail than many times before, but for all this the 
 Army went where it would, and this campaign 
 did the inhabitants more injury than they had 
 ever before suft'ered from any force, native or 
 foreign. And in the beginning of winter the 
 troops returned home, and the enemy came after 
 Martinmas to their safe quarters in Wight, and 
 thence they procured for themselves whatever 
 they wanted from all parts. At mid-winter they 
 went forth to get supplies, and marched through 
 Hampshire into Berkshire, and they proceeded 
 as far as Reading, and they did as they were 
 wont and lighted their beacons wherever they 
 came. And thence they marched to W^ ailing- 
 ford and entirely destroyed that town, and pass- 
 ing by ^Esces-dune (Aston) they made for 
 Cwichelraes-hlaewe (Cuckamsley-hill), so that 
 
 P3 
 
16^^ 
 
 they never approached the sea, but retarned 
 homeward the other way. Then the troops of 
 the country were assembled at Cjnetan (Kennet), 
 and there they engaged in battle, and forthwith 
 the enemy put these troops to flight, and after- 
 wards carried their spoils to the sea.^ Then 
 might the inhabitants of Winchester see that 
 proud and fearless Army marching past their very 
 gates carrying with them to the sea provisions 
 and treasures from a distance of above fifty miles. 
 The King had crossed the Thames into Shrop- 
 shire, and there he kept the feast of Christmas. 
 Then the dread of the Array became so great, 
 that none could think or imagine how they might 
 be expelled from the country, or how this land 
 might be defended against them, for they had 
 grievously defaced every shire of Wcssex with 
 burning and devastation. The King began anxi- 
 ously to enquire of his Witan what measures 
 they all thought advisable to be taken for the 
 preservation of this land before it was entirely 
 ruined. Then the King and his Witan agreed, 
 that, for the good of the people, they must pay 
 tribute, though they were all unwilling so to do. 
 Then the King sent to the Army, and caused it 
 to be told them that he desired that there should 
 be peace between them and him, and that tribute 
 
163 
 
 and provisions should be delivered (o tliem ; and 
 they all accepted these conditions, and they were- 
 supported by the ^vholc English nation. 
 1007. 
 
 This year the tribute was paid to the Army ; 
 it was thirty thousand pounds : and this year 
 also yEdric was appointed Alderman over all the 
 kingdom of Mercia. 
 
 1008. 
 
 This year the Kinp^ commanded that ships 
 shoidd be built and fitted out with diligence 
 througliout England, at this assessment, one 
 vessel from every 310 hides of land, and from 
 eight hides a helmet and a breast-plate. 
 1009. 
 
 This year the ships were ready of which wc 
 have before spoken, and inasmuch as we learn 
 from books, so many were never constructed by 
 the English nation in any King's days ; and 
 they wore all collected at Sandwich, that they 
 migiit lie off that port, and defend this land from 
 every foreigner. But yet the country had neither 
 the fortune nor honour to profit more by this 
 fleet than by former armaments. 
 
 It was at this time, or a little earlier, that 
 Brihtric the brother of the Alderman Edric ac- 
 cused Childe Wulfnoth the South Saxon the 
 
164 
 
 father of Earl Godwin before the King ; on 
 which Wulfnoth departed, and got together 
 twenty ships, and plundered the whole southern 
 coast, and did all manner of evil. Tiien it was 
 said in the fleet that Wulfnoth might easily be 
 taken if the attempt were made, on which Brih- 
 tric went forth with eighty ships, and he thought 
 that he should gain great fame, and that he 
 should bring back Wulfnoth alive or dead. But 
 as they were proceeding in search of him, such 
 a wind arose against them as had never been re- 
 membered, and the ships were beaten about and 
 dispersed and driven ashore ; and Wulfnoth im- 
 mediately came and burned them. When it was 
 known in the remainder of the fleet where the 
 King was, how the other ships had fared, it 
 seemed as if all plan and conduct were lost, and 
 the King, with the Aldermen and High-Witan, 
 returned home ; thus lightly did they leave their 
 ships, and the people who were in them rowed 
 them back to London. And in this manner they 
 caused the effort of the whole natioii to fail, and 
 the dread of the enemy was in no wise lessened, 
 as all the English people had hoped. When the 
 fleet was thus broken up, there came an immense 
 army of the enemy to Sandwich soon after Lam- 
 mas, and forthwith they went their way to Can- 
 
165 
 
 feibiny, and would speedily have stormed the 
 town, had not the inhabitants with greater speed 
 begged for peace, and all the men of East Kent 
 made a peace with that army, for which they 
 gave three thousand pounds. And soon after 
 this the army sailed round as far as Wight, ar»d 
 they plundered and burned there as was their 
 wont, and also in Sussex, in Hampshire, and in 
 Berkshire. Then the King ordered all the nation 
 to arms, that every quarter might be defended 
 against them ; nevertheless they went wherever 
 they would. At one time the King with all the 
 troops which he had collected, had intercepted 
 them as they were returning to their ships, but 
 when all his people were ready to tall upon 
 them, the attack was prevented as usual by the 
 Alderman iEdric. Then after Martinmas the 
 army returned into Kent, and took up their win- 
 ter quai-ters on the Thames, and lived upon 
 Essex and upon the neighbouring counties on 
 each side of that river ; and they frequently at- 
 tacked London, but, God be praised, the town 
 yet stands in safety : for they ever failed in their 
 attempts against it. And after Christmas they 
 set out on an expedition through Chiltern, and 
 so to Oxford, and they burned that town, and 
 they plundered on each ^Idc of the Thames in 
 
166 
 
 returning towards the ships. But when they 
 were warned that troops were assembled at Lon- 
 don to oppose theui, they passed over at Staines: 
 thus ihey went on all the Avinter, and they were 
 in Kent during Lent and repaired their ships. 
 JOiO. 
 This year, after Easter, tlie aforesaid Army 
 invaded the Angles ; they landed at Ipswich and 
 marched straight forward to the place where, as 
 they had heard, Ulfcytel was with liis troops. 
 This was on the morning of Ascension-day, and 
 the East Anglians soon took to flight, but the 
 men of Cambridgeshire stood their ground firmly. 
 The King's son in law j3ilthelstan was slain 
 there, and Oswi and his sons, and Wulfric the 
 son of Leofwin, and Eadwig the brother of 
 ^fic, and many other good Thanes, and more 
 than can be numbered of the common people. 
 Tburcytel Myranheafod began the flight, and 
 the Danes kept possession of the field of battle, 
 and there they obtained horses ; and after this 
 they were masters of Kivat Anglia, and they con- 
 tinued to burn and plunder that country for the 
 space of three months, and they even penetrated 
 into the wild fens, and slew both men and cattle, 
 and they set all o'> fire, and tliey burned the 
 t&Viiis of Thetford and Cambridge ; and then they 
 
167 
 
 returned southward to the Thames, the cavalry 
 keeping up witli the ships; and very soon they 
 set forth again, and proceeded westward into Ox- 
 fordshire, and thence into Buckingliamshire, and 
 so along the Ousc until they came to Bedford, 
 and thus on to Tempsford, burning wherever they 
 went ; and (hen (hey returned to (heir fleet with 
 (heir plunder, and divided it amongst the ships. 
 And when (he English troops oug'it to have 
 taken the field to repel the invaders they dc- 
 par(ed home, and when the enemy was in (he 
 east these were kept in the west, and when (hey 
 were in the south our troops were in the north. 
 Then all (he \\'i(an were summoned to the King, 
 to consult how (his land might be defended, but 
 yet (hey persevered not for one month in any of 
 the plans de(ermined on ; and at lengdi there was 
 no leader v.'ho would gather the troops together, 
 but every man fled as best he migh(, nor indeed 
 would any coun(y unite Avith another. Then 
 before St. Andrew's day the Army came to 
 Northampton, and forthwith burned that city, 
 and they seized all that they would in those 
 parts, and thence they crossed the Than>es into 
 Wessex, and so along the Caningan marshes (Can- 
 iiington, Somersetshire ?) and they set all on fire, 
 and having gone as far as they would for that 
 time, they returned to their ships at Christmas. 
 
168 
 
 1011. 
 This year (lie King and his Wi(an sent (o the 
 Army, and desired peace, promising- trihutc and 
 supplies of provision, on condition that they 
 should cease from plundering. At this time they 
 had overrun the following districts : 1st, East 
 Anglia ; 2dly, Essex; Sdly, Middlesex; 4thly, 
 Oxfordshire; othly, Cambridgeshire ; Gthly, Hert- 
 fordshire; 7thly, Buckinghamshire; Sthly, Bed- 
 fordshire ; 9thly, half of Huntingdonshire ; and 
 lOthly, south of the Thames, all Kent, and 
 Sussex, and Hastings, and Surrey, Berksliire, 
 Hampshire, and great part of Wiltshire. All 
 these calamities befel us through ill-advisedness, 
 because tribute was not offered them sufficiently 
 soon ; but when they had done all possible mis- 
 chief, we then compounded with them for peace 
 and quietness. Yet notwithstanding .this treaty 
 and tribute, they went not forth the less fre- 
 quently in every direction, marching in separate 
 divisions, and carrying off or slaying our mise- 
 rable countrymen. And this year, between the 
 nativity of St. Mary and Michaelmas, they be- 
 sieged Canterbury, and gained an entrance 
 through treachery, for ^Imajr, whose life had 
 been saved by Archbishop ^Elfeah, betrayed the 
 town to them. And they seized the Archbishop 
 ^^Ifeah, and Jj^lfword the King's sheriff, and tlie 
 
169 
 
 Abbot Leotwine, and Bishop Godwin, but (bey 
 let the Abbot yElmaer depart ; and they took fcap- 
 <ive all the consecrated persons men and women, 
 none could say how great was the number of pri- 
 soners, and they remained in the tow?i fts long as 
 they would, and when they had ransacked it 
 thoroughly, they returned to their ships carrying 
 the Arclibishop with them. He who erewhile 
 "was thechicfest of the English nation, and of its 
 religion, was now a prisoner; and now might men 
 behold that wretched city the abode of misery, 
 wherein had been fullness of joy; and from 
 w hence Christianity and blessedness had been first 
 sent forth to us, before God, and before the 
 w orld. And they kept the Archbishop with them 
 imtil the time that they martyred him. 
 1012. 
 This year the Alderman Eadric and all the 
 chief of the Wifan of the English nation, clergy 
 and laity, came to London before Easter day, 
 which fell on the 13th of April, and they re- 
 mained there after Easter, until all the tribute 
 was paid/ it was 8000 pounds. Then on the 
 Saturday the Army was greatly exasperated 
 against the Archbishop, because he would not 
 promise them money, but forbade others to give 
 them any thing on his behalf; they were also very 
 Q 
 
170 
 
 drunken, for v/ine was brought to them from the 
 south; then they took the Archbishop and led him 
 to their hustings on the eve of Sunday the octave 
 of Easter day, and there they pelted him with 
 the bones and skulls of cattle, and at length one 
 of them struck him upon the head with an iron 
 axe, so that he dropped down from the blow. 
 And his sacred blood was spilled upon the earth 
 but his holy soul departed to the kingdom of God. 
 And in the morning the Bishops Eadnoth and 
 iElfhun and the townsmen took his holy body 
 and carried \^. to London with all reverence and 
 buried it in H. Paul's Minster where God yet 
 maketh manifest ♦he power of the blessed martyr. 
 When the tribute had been paid, and the oaths 
 of peace were sworn, the Army again dispersed 
 itself widely, as it had been gathered together 
 from various parts. And 45 of their ships en- 
 tered into the King's service, and promised him 
 that they would defend this country, on condi- 
 tion that he should feed and clothe them. 
 1013. 
 The year after that in which Archbishop JElfeg 
 was martyred, the King appointed Bishop Lifing 
 to the see of Canterbury. And the same year 
 before the month of August King Swegn arrived 
 "with his fleet at Sandwich, and he coasted very 
 
171 
 
 rapidly round East Anglia and entered the mouth 
 of the H umber, and so proceeded up the Trent 
 until he came to Gainsborough. And in a short 
 tiinc Earl Uhtrcd and all Northumberland and 
 the people of Lindsey submitted to him, and 
 afterwards the inhabitants of tlie five towns* did 
 likewise, and very soon after this all the forces 
 north of Watling- street submitted also, and hos- 
 tages were given him from each county. Whea 
 he found that all the people were subject to him 
 he commanded that they should supply his army 
 •with horses and provisions, and he then pro- 
 ceeded southward with a large force, leaving the 
 charge of his ships and hostages to his son Cnut. 
 And when they had passed Watling-street, they 
 did as much evil as any army might ; he march- 
 ed to Oxford, and the town immediately surren- 
 dered and gave hostages ; thence he went to Win- 
 chester, and the inhabitants of that place did the 
 same ; thence he turned eastward towards Lon- 
 don, and many of his soldiers were drowned in 
 the Thames, not looking out for a bridge. And 
 when he came to the city the inhabitants would 
 not surrender, but they held out against him and 
 fought bravely, for King jEthelred was there, 
 
 * Enumerated an. 942. 
 U2 
 
112 
 
 and Tliurkil with him. Then King Swegn de- 
 parted thence to Wallingford, and so over the 
 Thames westward to Bath, and he rested there 
 with his army. And the Alderman .^thelmer 
 came thither, and all the western Thanes with 
 him, and they submitted themselves to King 
 Swegn, and gave hostages. And having thus 
 conquered the country, he returned to his ships 
 in the north, and all the people fully received 
 and acknowledged him as their true King. And 
 after this the men of London submitted to him 
 and gave hostages, for they feared lest he should 
 utterly ruin them. Then Swegn exacted an im- 
 mense tribute, and provision for his army during 
 that winter; and Thurcyl demanded the same 
 for the army at Greenwich ; and besides this 
 they plundered as often as they would, to the 
 great injury of this people both in the south and 
 in the north. The King remained a little while 
 with the fleet in the Thames, and the Lady went 
 over sea to her brother Richard, and ^Isige 
 Abbot of Peterborough with her. A nd the King 
 sent Bishop ^Elfun over sea with the -^thelings 
 Edward and Alfred, that he might take care of 
 them. And the King went from the fleet to 
 Wight at Christmas, and he remained there dur- 
 ing that festival j and then he departed over sea 
 
173 
 
 lo Richard, and he abode with him till Swegn 
 ■\vas dead. Whilst the Lady was beyond sea 
 with her brother, ^Ifsige Abbot of Peterborougli 
 who was with her, went to a monastery called 
 Bonneval, where the body of Saint Florentinus 
 lay. He found the place, and the Abbot, and 
 the monks in a condition of great misery, for 
 they had been plundered ; and he bought of the 
 Abbot and the monks the whole of the remains 
 of Saint Florentinus, excepting his head, for five 
 hundred pounds ; and when he returned home 
 he presented them to Clirist and to Saint Peter. 
 1014. 
 This year King Swegn ended his days at Can- 
 dlemas, on the 3d of the nones of February, and 
 the fleet chose Cnut as King. Then all the Witan 
 of the English nation, clergy and laity, deter- 
 mined that they would send to King ^thelred, 
 and they assured him that no one was dearer to 
 them than their natural Lord, if he would govern 
 them more righteously than he did before. So 
 the King sent his son Edward hither with his 
 deputies, and commanded him to greet all his 
 people, and said that he would be their faithful 
 Lord, and that he would amend all that had 
 been complained of, and all that had been done 
 or said against himself should be forgiven, if 
 Q 3 
 
'174 
 
 they would return to him with one consent and 
 without guile. And confidence was fully esta- 
 blished by words, deeds, and pledges^ on either 
 side, and they outlawed for ever any Danish 
 King of England. In Lent King ^Ethelred came 
 home to ]iis own people, and he was gladly 
 received by them all. 
 
 After the death of Swegn, Cnut and his army 
 Temained at Gainsborough till Easter, and it was 
 agreed between him and the men of Lindsey that 
 *he latter should furnish him with horses, and 
 that afterwards they should all go forth together 
 and plunder. Then King jEthelred with all his 
 troops marched into Lindsey before they were 
 prepared to oppose him, and he plundered and 
 burned, and he slew all the people that he found ; 
 but Cnut the son of Swegn sailed away with his 
 fleet, and thus were these miserable people be- 
 trayed by him, and he steered southward till he 
 came to Sandwich, and there he set on shore the 
 hostages that had been delivered to his father, 
 and he cut off their hands and noses. And be- 
 sides all these evils, the King ordered twenty- 
 one thousand pounds to be paid to the army at 
 Greenwich. And on the eve of Michaelmas-day 
 this year was that great inundation of the sea 
 over a wide extent of this land; which came up 
 
175 
 
 (lirtber than was ever known before, and over- 
 whelmed many towns and an immense number of 
 persons. 
 
 1015. 
 This year there was a great meeting (of the 
 Witan) at Oxford, and the Alderman Eadric be- 
 trayed Sigeferth and Morcaer the cliief Thanes of 
 the seven towns,* for he enticed them to his lodg- 
 ing, and there they were basely murdered. And 
 the King seized all their possessions, and com- 
 manded that the widow of Sigeferth should be 
 taken and carried to Malmesbury. And a short 
 time afterwards Prince Edmund went thither and 
 took her for his wife without the King's consent. 
 Then before tlic feast of the nativity of St. Mary 
 the Prince went northward to the five towns, and he 
 forthwith attacked the Heritage of Sigeferth and 
 Morcaer, and all the people submitted to him. And 
 at the same time Cnut came to Sandwich, and he 
 immediately sailed round Kent and along the coast 
 of Wesscx till he came to the mouth of the Fronie, 
 and he plundered in Dorset, Wiltshire and So- 
 mersetshire. At that time King ^thelred lay sick 
 at Cosham. And the Alderman Edric assembled 
 an army and Prince Edmund also raised troops in 
 
 * Comprehending the "Five towns," with York and Chester. 
 
176 
 
 the north, and when they joined forces the Alder- 
 man would have betrayed the Prince, but he was 
 not able to do this, therefore they parted, and gave 
 place to the enemy w ithout fighting. And then 
 the Alderman Edric drew off 40 ships from the 
 King's party and went over to Cnut. And the 
 "West Saxons also submitted to Cnut and gave 
 hostages, and furnished his army with horses, and 
 Le remained there until Christmas. 
 1016. 
 This year Cnut crossed the Thames into Mer- 
 cia at Cricklade with the forces of 160 ships, 
 and the Alderman Eadric was with him. And 
 they invaded Warwickshire at Christmas, and 
 there they plundered and burned, and they slew 
 all that they found. Then the yEtheling Edmund 
 began to gather troops together, but when they 
 were assembled they refused to serve unless the 
 King were present, and they had also a rein- 
 forcement from the citizens of London : and thus 
 they set aside the expedition, and every man 
 departed to his home. After Christmas troops 
 were again levied, under a heavy penalty, that 
 even those who were at a distance must come 
 forth ; and a message was sent to the King at 
 London, and he was desired to meet this Army 
 with all the force that he could muster : but this 
 
177 
 
 effort availed not more than the many former at- 
 tempts, for when they were all assembled it was 
 told the King that some* who ought to support 
 liim would betray him, on which the Army was 
 broken up and he returned to London. Then 
 Prince Edmund rode to Northumberland to Earl 
 Uhtred, and all men thought that they would 
 raise an army to oppose King Cnut; but they 
 marched into Staffordshire, and to Shrewsbury', 
 and to Chester, and they plundered on their side 
 of the country, while Ctmt did the same on his. 
 For he proceeded through Buckinghamshire into 
 Bedfordshire, and thence into Huntingdonshire, 
 and along the fens to Stamford, and then into 
 Lincolnshire, thence into Nottinghamshire, and 
 then into Northumberland and towards York. 
 And when Uhtred heard this he left off plundering 
 and hastened northward, and he yielded to ne- 
 cessity and all Northumberland with him, and he 
 gave hostages, but nevertheless he was slain and 
 Thurcytel the son of Nafana with him. And after 
 this Cnut appointed Yric Earl of Northumber- 
 land in like manner as Uhtred had been. And 
 then he returned southward another way by the 
 west ; and thus the whole army came to the ships 
 
 * " Certain of his auxiliaries." — Simeon of Durbaiq. 
 
178 
 
 before Easter. And Prince Edmund went to his 
 father at London. And after Easter Kin^ Cnut 
 sailed towards London with all his ships, but 
 King ^thelred was dead before they arrived 
 there. He died on St. George's day, after a life 
 of much trouble and sorrow. After his death 
 all of the Witan who were in London and the 
 citizens chose Edmund for their King, and 
 he valiantly defended his kingdom during his 
 •whole life. Then the ships came to Greenwich 
 in Rogation week, and in a little while they pro- 
 ceeded to London ; they dug a great ditch on 
 the south side of the town and drew up their 
 ships west of the bridge, and they beset the town 
 so that none could go in or out. And they at- 
 tacked the city several times, but the inhabitants 
 withstood them resolutely. 
 
 And before this, King Edmund had gone 
 forth, and he marched into Wessex, and all the 
 people submitted to him, and soon after that, he 
 fought with the Army at Pen, near Gillingham. 
 And he fought another battle after Midsummer, 
 at Sceorstan,* and there many fell on either side, 
 and the armies separated of their own accord. — 
 The Alderman Eadric, and ^Imaer the Beloved, 
 
 * Saresden, Oxoh, 
 
179 
 
 were with the Danes against King Edmund. — 
 And then he raised an army for the third time, 
 and marched to London and rescued the inha- 
 bitants, and he drove their enemies lo the ships. 
 And within two days lie crossed the river at 
 Brentford and fought with the Array, and put it 
 to flight, but many of the English were drowned 
 through their own heedlessness, because they had 
 hastened before the main body, being greedy of 
 plunder. And after this the King went into 
 AVessex and assembled troops, and the Army 
 marched to London and encamped round about 
 the town, and tliey attacked it vigorously by 
 water and by land, but Almighty God delivered 
 it; and they navigated their ships from London 
 into the Arwan (the Arrow), and they landed 
 and went up into Mercia, slaying and plundering 
 all before them as was their wont, and they sup- 
 plied themselves with provisions and conveyed 
 their ships and cattle to the Medway. Then 
 King Edmund assembled all the English people 
 for the fourth time, and crossed the Thames at 
 Brentford and marched into Kent, and the Danes 
 fled before him with their horses into Sheppey, 
 and the King slew all whom he could overtake ; 
 and at Aylesford the Alderman Eadric turned tlie 
 King from the pursuit : more treaciierous advice 
 
180 
 
 (ban this never was given. The Army went up 
 again into Essex, and thence into Mercia, de- 
 stroying all things wherever they came. And 
 when the King knew that they were on their 
 march, he assembled all the English troops for 
 the fifth time, and followed after them, and he 
 came up with them in Essex, at the place called 
 Assandun,* and there they fought furiously. — 
 But the Alderman Eadric acted as he had often 
 done before ; he was the first to take to flight 
 with the Magesaetas (men of Radnorshire), and 
 thus he betrayed his natural Lord and all the 
 people. There Cnut gained the victory, though 
 all England fought against him. And Eadnotht 
 and the Abbot Wulsige were slain there, and the 
 Alderman jElfric, and the Alderman Godwin, 
 and Ulfcytel of East Anglia, and ^thelward 
 the son of the Alderman jEthelsig, and all the 
 prime of the English nobility. After this battle 
 King Cnut marched his army into Gloucester- 
 sliire, having heard that King Edmund was in 
 that quarter. Then the Alderman Eadric and 
 those of the Witan who were there, advised that 
 the Kings should make peace between themselves, 
 
 * Ashdon, three miles N. E. of Saffron Walden ? 
 t Bishop of Lincoln. 
 
181 
 
 and the Kln^s met at Olan-ige (Alno^'), and 
 there they confirmed their alliance by pledges 
 and oaths; and they agreed upon the tribute for 
 the iVrmy. And when this treaty was concluded 
 they separated ; King Edmund going into Wcs- 
 sex, and Cnut into Mcrcia. The ^Vrmy returned 
 to their ships with the spoil which they had gained, 
 and the men of London treated wilh them, and 
 bought peace, and the Danes brought their ships 
 into London, and there they took up their winter 
 quarters. Then on St. Andrew's day, King Ed- 
 mund died, and he was buried with his grand- 
 father Edgar at Glastonbury. And the same 
 year Wulfgar Abbot of Abingdon died, and he 
 was succeeded by iEthelsige. 
 1017. 
 This year* King Cnut took to himself the 
 whole kingdom of England, and he divided it 
 into four parts, reserving to himself the govern- 
 ment of Wessex, and committing East Anglia 
 to Thurcyll, Mercia to Eadric, and Northum- 
 berland to Yric. This year the Alderman Eadric 
 wa* slain, and Northman also the son of the 
 Alderman Leofwin, and i5^thelwold the son of 
 iEthelmaer the Great, and Brihtric the son of 
 
 * This year Cnut was chosen King. — Var. read. 
 R 
 
183 
 
 jElfgct of Devonshire. And King Cnut banish- 
 ed JEdwig the ^theling, and Eadwig the King 
 of the Peasants. Then before the calends of 
 August he sent for the widow of the hite King 
 iEthelred, the daughter of Richard, to be his 
 Queen. 
 
 1018. 
 
 This year a tribute was levied throughout 
 England ; it amounted in all to seventj-two thou- 
 sand pounds, besides that paid by the citizens 
 of London, which was eleven thousand pounds. 
 Tlien a part of the Army returned to Denmark ; 
 but forty ships remained with King Cnut ; and 
 the Danes and English came to an agreement* 
 at Oxford. And this year ^thelsige Abbot of 
 Abingdon died, and ^thelwine succeeded him. 
 1019. 
 
 This year King Cnut went to Denmark, and 
 remained there all the winter. 
 1020. 
 
 This year King Cnut returned to England; 
 and during Easter a great meeting was held at 
 Cirencester, at which the Alderman .-Ethelword 
 was outlawed. And this year the King went to 
 
 * To observe respectively the laws of King Edgar. 
 
 Simeon of Durham. 
 
183 
 
 Assandun, and caused a Minster* to be built 
 of stone and lime, for the souls of those who 
 were slain there, and he gave it to one of liis 
 priests whose name was Stigand. A nd Archbishop 
 Living died, and /Ethelnoth a monk and Deacon 
 of Christ Church was consecrated Bishop of that 
 diocese the same year bj Arclibishop Wulstan. 
 1021. 
 
 This year at Martinmas King Cnut outlawed 
 Earl Thurkil. 
 
 1022. 
 
 This year King Cnut sailed with his ships to 
 Wiglit. And Bishop iEthclnolh journeyed to 
 Rome, and was very honourably received by 
 Pope Benedict, who put on his pall with his own 
 hands, and consecrated him Arclibishop with 
 much pomp. And he performed mass clad in 
 the same pall, even as the Pope desired ; and 
 after this he banqueted with the Pope : and at 
 length he returned home with a full blessins:. — 
 And the Abbot Leofwin, who had been unjustly 
 banished from Ely, was his companion, and he 
 cleared himself of all that had been alledged 
 against him, in the presence of the Archbishop 
 
 * William of Malmesbiuy says that this Cliurch was much 
 out of repair in his time. — Gough considevs Assandun tg be 
 •\ssington, near Rochford. 
 
 R3 
 
1S4 
 
 and of all the company that was ■with him, as the 
 Pope instructed him. 
 
 10^3. 
 
 This year Archbishop Wulfstan died. ^Ifric 
 succeeded him, and Archbishop ^gelnoth con- 
 secrated him at Canterbury. And the same year 
 Archbishop ^gelnoth brought the relies of the 
 Archbishop St. JEUeg from London to Canterbury. 
 1024 
 
 *^ This year Richard 2d died : then his son 
 Richard reigned nearly one year, and after him 
 his brother Robert eight years." 
 1025. 
 
 This year King Cnut sailed to Denmark, and 
 thence to an island near the river Helga,* and 
 there Ulf and Eglaf came against him with a 
 great fleet and army from Sweden. And very 
 many fell on the side of King Cnut, both Danes 
 and English, and the Swedes remained in posses- 
 sion of the field of battle. 
 1028. 
 
 This year King Cnut sailed from England (o 
 Norway with fifty ships of English Thanes, and 
 Le expelled King Olaf and took possession of 
 that land. 
 
 * Near Caliuar or near Christianstadt. 
 
 Torftens Hist. Norv. t. iii. p. 147, 
 
185 
 
 1029. 
 This year King Cnut returned home to Eng- 
 land. 
 
 1030. 
 This year King Olaf returned to Norway, and 
 the people rose against him, and fought with 
 him, and he was slain. 
 
 1031. 
 This year as soon as King Cnut came to Eng- 
 land, he granted to Christ's Church, in Canter- 
 bury, the harbour of Sandwich with all the pro- 
 fits therefrom arising, on either side of the haven, 
 to this distance, namely, that when the tide runs 
 highest and is fully in, and a ship can ride as 
 near the shoiC as possible, a man sliould stand in 
 the ship holding a small axe in his hand, " and 
 as far as he could throw this axe on shore, so far 
 should their rights extend." This year King 
 Cnut journeyed to Rome, and the same year after 
 his return he went into Scotland, and the Scotch 
 King Malcolm, with two other Kings, Maelbasthe 
 and lehmarc, submitted to him. And Robert 
 Earl of Normandy went to Jerusalem and died 
 there, and he was succeeded in Normandy by 
 William then a child, who was afterwards King 
 of England. 
 
 1032. 
 This year there were temble lightnings, sucli 
 
 R3 
 
186 
 
 as men remembered not before, and which caused 
 much damage in various places throughout the 
 country. And the same year jElfsige Bishop of 
 Winchester died, and the King's priest JElfwine 
 received that bishoprick. 
 
 1033. 
 This year Merehwit Bishop of Somerset died, 
 and he is buried at Glastonbury. 
 
 1034;. 
 
 This year died Bishop Athene. 
 1036. 
 
 This year King Cnut died at Shaftesbury, and 
 he is buried in the old monastery of Winchester. 
 He was King over all England nearly 20 years j 
 and soon after his death a meeting of all the 
 Witan was held at Oxford, and Earl Leofi'ic, 
 and almost all the Thanes north of the Thames, 
 and the seamen of London, chose Harold to go- 
 vern all England, both in his own right, and 
 for his brother Hardacnut, who was then in Den- 
 mark. And Earl Godwin and all the chief men 
 of Wessex opposed them as long as they could ; 
 but they could not prevail against them. Then 
 it was resolved that ^Ifgiva the mother of Har- 
 dacnut should reside at Winchester, with the 
 King her son's household, and should hold the 
 government of Wessex for him. Earl Godwin 
 ivas the head man of that party. Some men say 
 
187 
 
 of i^aiokl that lie was the son of King Cnut and 
 of /Elfgiva the daughter of the Alderman yElf- 
 elni ; but this is thought very unlikely by many. 
 Be this as it may, he was sole King- of all Eug- 
 land. 
 
 1037. 
 
 This year iElfgiva the widow of King Cnut 
 and mother of Edward and King Hardacnut, was 
 banished, and she sought an asylum witli Bald- 
 win over sea in the soulii, and he gave her a re- 
 sidence in Bruges, and he protected and main- 
 tained her as long as she was there. 
 1038. 
 
 This year Archbishop yEthclnoth died on tlic 
 calends of November; and within a short time 
 iEthelric Bishop of Sussex died also: and then 
 before Christmas Brihteh Bishop of Worcester- 
 shire ; and very soon after that ^Ifric Bishop of 
 East Anglia. Then Bishop* Eadsige succeeded 
 to the Archbishoprick ; Grymcjtel received the 
 Bishoprick of Sussex ; and Living that of Wor- 
 cestershire and Gloucestershire. 
 1039. 
 
 This year King Harold died at Oxford on the 
 ICth of the calends of April, and he was buried 
 
 • Eadsige was not a Bishop, but the King's Chaplain. 
 
188 
 
 at Westminster : he governed England four years 
 and s?xteen weeks, and in his reign a tax was 
 raised for (keeping up a fleet of) 16 ships, at 
 the rate of eight marks to every sailor, even as 
 it had been in the days of King Cnut. And the 
 same year King Hardacnut arrived at Sandwich 
 seven days before Midsummer, and he was forth- 
 with received as King by the English and by 
 the Danes : but those who promoted his acces- 
 sion paid dearly for it afterwards. Then they 
 determined upon raising a tax to keep up a fleet 
 of 62 ships, at the rate of eight marks for every 
 sailor. And (he same year the saester of wheat 
 sold for 55 pennies and even mofe. 
 1040. 
 This year Archbishop Eadsige journeyed to 
 Rome, and this year the army-tribute was paid ; 
 it was twenty-one thousand and ninety-nine 
 pounds : and eleven thousand and forty-eight 
 pounds were afterwards paid for 32 ships. And 
 the same year Edward the son of King ^thelred 
 came hither from abroad ;* he was a brother of 
 King Hardacnut, for they both were sons of 
 ^Ifgiva Emma the daughter of Earl Richard. 
 1041. 
 This year King Hardacnut died at Lambeth 
 
 * From Normandy. 
 
189 
 
 en the 6lh of the ides of Juire. He was King 
 over all Eni^land two jears all but ten days, and 
 he was buried with bis father King Cnut in the 
 old monastery at Winchester; and his mother 
 cave the head of the martyr Saint Valentine for 
 Iiis soul's sake to the new monastery. And before 
 he was buried all the people chose Edward King 
 in London, and he held the kingdom as long as 
 God permitted him. And all this year was a 
 very heavy time in many different ways, from the 
 inclemency of the Avoather, and from the destruc- 
 tion of the fruits of the earth. So many of the 
 cattle also perished this year both from disease, 
 and from the ill season, as had never before been 
 remembered. At this time iElfsige Abbot of 
 Peterborough died, and the monk Arnwi was 
 chosen in his place, because he was a good manj 
 and one of a singular simplicity. 
 10i2. 
 On Easter-day, this year, Edward was conse- 
 crated King with great worship at Winchester. 
 Easter then fell on the 3d of the nones of April. 
 The Archbishop Eadsige consecrated him, and- 
 instructed him well before all the people, and 
 admonished him for his own good and that of the 
 nation. And the Priest Stigand was consecrated 
 I^ishop of East Anglia. And soon afterwards 
 
190 
 
 tlie King gave command to over-ride the lands 
 which his mother held of hira, and he took from 
 her all that she possessed in gold and silver, and 
 treasures innumerable, because she had not been 
 liberal towards him. 
 
 1043. 
 
 This year Eadsige gave up his Archbishoprick, 
 because of his infirm iti^s, and he consecrated 
 thereto Siward Abbot of Abingdon, with the 
 consent and advice of the King and of Earl God- 
 win. This transaction was disclosed to few be- 
 fore it was completed, because the Archbishop 
 thought that if it became known to many, some 
 other man in whom he trusted and confided less^ 
 would beg or buy the preferment. And thi^ 
 year there was a very great famine over all Eng« 
 land, and corn was so dear as was never before 
 remembered, so that a saester of wheat sold for 
 60 pennies, and even more. And the same year 
 the King went out to Sandwich with a fleet of 
 35 ships. And the Churchwarden ^thelstan was 
 made Abbot of Abingdon. And Stigand entered 
 upon his Bishoprick. 
 
 It was in this year (1043) that Edward took 
 for his Queen the daughter of Earl Godwin. — 
 The same year died Brihtwold ; he had held his 
 Bishoprickj that of Sherbourne^ 38 years, and 
 
191 
 
 the King's Priest Ilercman succeeded Iiim. And 
 (his year Wulfric was chosen Abbot of Saint 
 Augustine's (CanterburyJ at Christmas time, on 
 St. Stephen's day, witli the consent of the Kin"- 
 and of the Abbot ^Ifstan, because of the great 
 iulirmities of tlie latter. 
 
 1044. 
 
 This year Living Bishop of Devonshire died, 
 and tlie King's Priest Leofric succeeded him.— 
 And this year ^Elfstan Abbot of St. Augustine's 
 died on (he Sd of the nones of July. And the 
 same year Osgot Ciapa was banished. 
 1045. 
 
 This year Grymkytel Bishop of Sussex died, 
 aud Heca the King's Priest succeeded him. — 
 And this year ^Ifwine Bishop of ^Vinchester 
 died on the 4th of the calends of September, and 
 Bishop Stigand was translated from the north to 
 that see. And the same year Earl Swegn went 
 out to Bruges in the land of Baldwin, and he 
 abode there all the winter, and departed thence 
 in the summer. 
 
 1046. 
 
 This year ^thelstan Abbot of Abingdon died, 
 and Spearhafoc, a monk of St. Edmund's Bury, 
 succeeded him. And this year Bishop Si ward 
 died, and Archbishop Eadsige resumed the whole 
 
192 
 
 diocese. And the same year Lothcn and Yrling 
 came to Sandwich Avith 25 ships, and they plun- 
 dered, and collected spoils innumerable, seizing 
 men, gold and silver, so that no man knew what 
 the ■whole amount Avas. And they sailed round 
 about Thanet, and -would have done the same 
 there, but the inhabitants made a si out resist- 
 ance, and kept them from landing and from en- 
 tering the river, and wholly put them to flight ; 
 and then they came upon Essex, and there they 
 plundered, and carried off men and whatever 
 they could find ; and thence they bent their 
 course eastward to the land of Baldwin, and they 
 sold their booty there, and then they returned to 
 the east whence they came. 
 
 " Battle of Yal des Dunes."* 
 
 In this year (1046) the great synod was held 
 at St. Remy, at which the Pope Leo was pre- 
 sent, with the Archbishop of Burgundy, the 
 Archbishop of Besan^on, the Archbishop of 
 Treves, and the Archbishop of Rheims, and 
 many other wise men besides, both clergy and 
 laity : and King Edward sent Bishop Dudoc 
 
 * In Normandy : between William, assisted by Henry of 
 France, and the Barons who refused to acknowledge his right 
 to the succession. 
 
193 
 
 tliiilier -will) Wulfric Abbot of S(. Ani^tistinc':-, 
 and the Abbot iElfwinc, to the cud that tliey 
 miglit report to him -what was tlierc determined 
 upon with regard to the Christian rcli<rion. 
 
 The same year King- Edward went out to Sand- 
 wich Avith a hirge fleet, and Earl Swegn came 
 Avilh seven ships to Boseham, and treated with 
 the King, and it was promised him that he should 
 be put in possession of all that he had before ; 
 then his brother Earl Harold and Earl Beorn 
 interfered, and prevented his enjoying (he King's 
 grant, and four days were allowed for his return 
 to the shii)s. In the mean while word was 
 brought to the King that an hostile fleet lay off 
 the west, and was plundering. Then EarlGod- 
 win sailed westward with two of the King's 
 ships, one of which was commanded by Earl 
 Harold, and the other by his brother Tostig, and 
 with 42 of the ships furnished by the people. — 
 Then Earl Harold was removed from the king's 
 ship which he had commanded, and they sailed 
 as far as Pevensey, and lay there weather-bound. 
 And within two days Earl Swegn came thither 
 and spake with his father and with Earl Beorn, 
 who was^ then with Godwin ; and he entreated 
 Beorn that he would go with him to the King 
 at Sandwich, and assist him in obtainiifg the 
 King's favour : and Beorn consented to this, and 
 s 
 
194 
 
 they departed as if tbcy would go to the King. 
 But, as they rode along, Swegn begged him to 
 go with him to his ships, for he feared that his 
 sailors would desert unless he returned speedily: 
 and they both proceeded to the place where the 
 sliips lay at anchor, and when they came thither 
 Earl Swegn desired Beorn to go on board with 
 him ; this he wholly refused, until the sailors 
 seized him, and threw him into a boat, and 
 bound him, and rowed to the ships, and put liim 
 in one of them. Then they hoisted sail, and 
 proceeded westward to Exmouth ; and they kept 
 him w ith them until they slew him, and they took 
 his body and buried it in a church. His friends 
 and the seamen of London afterwards came and 
 took it up again, and carried it to the old mo- 
 nastery at Winchester, and there he is buried 
 beside his uncle King Cnut. And Swegn went 
 away eastward to the land of Baldwin, with 
 whose full leave he abode at Bruges during the 
 whole winter. And the same year died Eadnolh 
 Bishop in the north,* and Ulf was appointed his 
 successor. 
 
 1047. 
 This year a great council was held at London 
 in the middle of Lent, and nine of the ships be- 
 
 * Of Dorchester, Oxon. 
 
195 
 
 longing to (lie seamen Avcrc sent out, and five 
 were left there. And the same year Earl Swcgu 
 came to England. And a great synod Mas as- 
 sembled at Rome this year, and King Edward 
 sent tliither the Bishops Horcman and Ealdred, 
 and they arrived on Easter eve. And after this 
 the Pope held a synod at Vercelli ; and Bishop 
 IJIf came there, and his staff would have been 
 broken, if he had not given large sums of 
 money ; for he did not know his office so well as 
 he ought. This year Archbishop Eadsige died 
 on the 4th of the calends of November. 
 1048. 
 This year, during Lent, King Edward being 
 in London, nominated Robert Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. And the same Lent he went to 
 Rome for his pall. And the King gave the 
 Rishoprick of London to Sparhafoc Abbot of 
 Abingdon, and the Abbacy of Abingdon to his 
 kinsman Bishop Rothulf. The Archbishop re- 
 turned from Rome one day before the eve of 
 tlie feast of St. Peter, and he was installed in 
 Christ Church on St. Peter's day, and immedi- 
 ately afterv/ards he proceeded to the King. Then 
 the y\bbi)t Sparhafoc came to him with the King's 
 letters and seal, to the intent that he should con- 
 secrate' him Bishop of London. But the Arch- 
 
196 
 
 bishop refused, and said that the Pope had for- 
 bidden it : the Abbot endeavoured to persuade the 
 Archbishop, and he earnestly desired the promo- 
 tion, but the other constantly denied him, still 
 saying that the Pope had forbidden it. The Abbot 
 notwithstanding returned to London, and resided 
 there in the diocese which the King had granted 
 Lira all the summer and autumn, and this with 
 his full permission. And Eustace arrived from 
 beyond sea soon after the Archbishop, and he 
 proceeded to the King and spoke with him all 
 that he would, and then he journeyed home- 
 ward. When they had gone as far east as Can- 
 terbury he and his men rested to eat, and thence 
 they went on to Dover. And when he was a mile 
 or more from Dover he put on his breast-plate, 
 and so did all his followers ; and they came to 
 Dover. And when they were there, they would 
 fix on their quarters according to their own plea- 
 sure, and one of his men came, and would have 
 lodged in the house of a certain person against 
 his will, and he wounded the master of the house, 
 but the householder slew him. Then Eustace 
 mounted his horse, and his followers theirs, and 
 they fell upon and slew the householder on 
 his own hearth. And thence they went to- 
 wards the town, and they killed within and witK~ 
 
197 
 
 out inore than twenty men. And on the other 
 luuid the townsmen slew nineteen of Eustace's 
 train, and wounded they knew not how mauy. 
 And Eustace g;ot off with a few others, and re- 
 turned aijain to the King, and related partially 
 what had occurred. And the King was very 
 angry with the townsmen, and he sent Earl God- 
 win, commanding him to march into Kent, and 
 to take vengeance upon Dover ; for Eustace had 
 told the King that the townsmen were more 
 in fault tlian himself, but it was not so, neither 
 was the Earl consenting to this expedition, 
 for he was unwilling to ruin his own vassals. — 
 Then the King sent for all his Witan, and de- 
 sired that they should come to him at Gloucester, 
 soon after St. Mary's day. At this time the 
 Welch had built a castle in Herefordshire, in the 
 territory of Earl Swegn, and they did all man- 
 ner of despite and injury to the King's subjects 
 in the neighbourhood. Then Earl Godwin, and 
 the Earls Swegn and Harold, and many with 
 them, met at Beverston, that they might pro- 
 ceed to their liege Lord and his Witan then as* 
 sembled, and that they might obtain their advice 
 and aid for avenging this insult offered to the 
 King and all his people. But the Welch were 
 with the King beforehand, and accused the Earls^ 
 S 3 
 
198 
 
 so that they were not admitted into his presence, 
 because the others had said, that they were 
 coming with treasonous designs against the King. 
 Earl Siward and Earl Leofric and a great num- 
 ber of men from the north had joined the King, 
 and it was told Earl Godwin and his sons that 
 the King and those who were with him, were 
 about to attack them, on which they fortified 
 themselves strongly, albeit they were loth to act 
 against their natural Lord. Then the Witan on 
 either side advised that they should abstain from 
 hostilities, and the King gave the peace of God 
 and his own full friendship to both parties. — 
 Then the King and his Counsellors determined 
 that another meeting of all the Witan should be 
 held at London, at the autumnal equinox : and 
 the King commanded that an army, as powerful 
 as might be, should be raised both from the south 
 and from the north of the Thames. Earl Swegn 
 was declared an outlaw, and Earl Godwin and 
 Earl Harold were summoned to be at the meeting 
 with as much speed as they could make. When 
 they were come thither, they were called before the 
 Council, and they desired hostages and security 
 that they might go in and out of the Council 
 safe from treachery ; and the King demanded all 
 the Thanes whom the Earls had with them, and 
 
199 
 
 they delivered them all into his hands. Then 
 the King sent to them again, and desired that 
 tliey should come into the Council with twelve 
 attendants, but the Earl again desired security 
 and hostages, that so he miglit clear himself from 
 every charge whicli had been • brought against 
 liim ; but these hostages were finally denied him, 
 and five days wore allowed him, in which he 
 was to depart from the country. Then Earl 
 Godwin and Earl Swegn went to Boseham, and 
 they put to sea, and sought shelter with Bald- 
 win, and they abode in his land the whole winter. 
 And Earl Harold sailed westward to Ireland, 
 and remained there through the winter, under tlie 
 protection of the king of that country. And as 
 soon as all this had happened, the King sent away 
 the Lady, who had been consecrated as his Queen; 
 and he caused all that she possessed of gold, and 
 of silver, and of every other thing, to be taken 
 from her; and he put her under the charge of his 
 sister at Wherwcll (in Hampshire). And the Abbot 
 Sparhafoc was driven from the Bishoprick of 
 London, and the King's Priest William was con- 
 secrated thereto. And Odda was appointed Earl 
 of Devon, Somerset, and Dorset, and of Wales ; 
 and the Earldom which Harold had enjoyed was 
 given to iElfgar the son of Leofric. 
 
200 
 
 1052. 
 This year died xEIfgiva Ymma (he mother of 
 King Edward and of King Ilardacnut. And 
 the same year the King and his Witan resolved 
 that a fleet should be assembled at Sandwich, 
 and they appoi;ited the Earls Raulf and Odda 
 to command it. Then Earl Godwin went with 
 his ships from Bruges to Ysera (the Yserer), and 
 thence after one day's voyage he arrived at the 
 Ness south of Romney on Midsummer's eve. — 
 The Earls who w ere stationed at Sanflwich were 
 informed of his arrival, and they sailed in pur- 
 suit of him, and a land army was also called out 
 to oppose him. But in the mean time Earl God- 
 win was warned of their intentions, and he put 
 into Pevensey, and the weather was very stormy, 
 so that the Earls could not find out whither he 
 was gone; and Earl Godwin sailed out again 
 and went back to Bruges, and the other ships 
 returned to Sandwich. Then it was advised that 
 the fleet should be brought back to London, and 
 that other Earls and officers should be appointed, 
 but they delayed so long that all the ships sepa- 
 rated and returned home. When Earl Godwin 
 heard this, he set sail and hastened westward to 
 Wight, and there they landed and plundered 
 until the inhabitants gave thera as much money as 
 
SOI 
 
 they chose to exact. And tlience they proceeded 
 •westward, till they came to Portland, and there 
 they landed, and did all the mischief that they 
 could. At this time Harold had left Ireland 
 with nine ships, and he arrived at Porlock, and 
 a large body of the inhabitants were collected to 
 oppose him ; nevertheless he feared not to go in 
 quest of provisions, and he landed and slew a 
 great number of these people, and seized what- 
 ever fell in his way, cattle, men, and money. — 
 And thence he proceeded eastward to join his 
 father, and they sailed together to Wiglit, and 
 there they seized whatever had been left before. 
 Thence they sailed to Pevensey, and they took 
 away with them as many ships as were in the 
 harbour : thus they proceeded to the Ness, and 
 they took with them all the ships that were at 
 Romney, Hythe, and Folkestone; and thence 
 they turned eastward to Dover, and there they 
 landed, and obtained as many ships and hostages 
 as they would ; and so they proceeded to Sand- 
 wich, and they did the same there, and the 
 people every where gave them the hostages and 
 provisions tliat they demanded. And from this 
 place they made for the North Mouth (Buoy of 
 the Nore) ; and so they proceeded towards Lon- 
 don : but some of the ships stopped at Sheppey, 
 
202 
 
 and did much daniag:e there, and at King's Mil- 
 ton also, and thej burned that town, and then 
 they followed the Earls to London. When they 
 were come to London, the King and all his Earls 
 had stationed themselves with fifty ships to op- 
 pose them. Then the Earls sent to the King, 
 and desired that all their possessions of which 
 Ihey had been unjustly deprived should be re- 
 stored to them : this demand the King resisted 
 for some time, even so long, that all the people 
 who were with the Earls became furiously en- 
 raged against him and his party ; so that the 
 Earls themselves scarcely quieted them. At 
 length, by God's help, and the intervention of 
 Bishop Stigand, and wise men from the city 
 and the country, an exchange of hostages was 
 brought about. When Archbishop Robert and 
 the French heard this, they took their horses 
 and rode away, some westward to Pentecost's 
 Castle, and others nortlnvard to Robert's. And 
 Archbishop Robert and Bishop Ulf and their 
 train rode out at the east gate, and slew or 
 wounded many young men, and they proceeded 
 to EaldulPs-ness (the Nase, Essex), and the 
 Archbishop embarked in a mean little vessel and 
 went away beyond sea, and he left his pall and 
 his Archbishoprick in this land, even as God 
 
203 
 
 willed, since he liad at first obtained the same 
 in a manner that pleased not Him. Then a great 
 Council was convened out of London, and all 
 the Earls and the chief men of England were at 
 this meeting : Earl Godwin there took up the 
 word, and he protested before his Lord King 
 Edward and tlie people of this land that he was 
 guiltless of all that was charged against him, 
 and against his son Harold, and all his cliildren. 
 And the Kirjg restored to the Earl and his child- 
 ren his full friendship, and iiis whole Earldom, 
 and all that had belonged to him : and he grant- 
 ed the same pardon to the men who were with 
 him : and the King gave the Lady all that she 
 possessed before. And Archbishop Robert and 
 all the Frenchmen were fully outlawed, because 
 they had been the chief promoters of the differ- 
 ence between Earl Godwin and the King. And 
 Bishop Stigand was translated to the Archbishop- 
 rick of Canterbury. And at this time Arnwi 
 Abbot of Peterborough, being in sound health, 
 gave up the Abbacy to the monk Leofric, with 
 the consent of the King and of the monks, and 
 be lived eight years afterwards. And the Abbot 
 Leofric gilded the monastery, so that men called 
 it Golden Borough ; and it became very rich in 
 lands, in gold, and in silver. 
 
204 
 
 1053. 
 
 This year Earl Godwin died on the I7th of the 
 calends of May, and he is buried in the old 
 monastery of Winchester. And his son Earl 
 Harold succeeded to the Earldom, and to all that 
 his father possessed, and Earl jElfgar received 
 Harold's Earldom. 
 
 1054. 
 
 This year Leo the Holy Pope of Rome died. 
 And this year there was a great murrain amongst 
 the cattle, such as men remembered not for many 
 ■winters before. And Victor was chosen Pope. 
 
 " Battle of Mortemer."* 
 1055. 
 
 This year Earl Siward died. And a meeting 
 of all the Witan w as appointed seven days before 
 Mid-Lent. And there Earl ^Ifgar was out- 
 lawed, for he was accused as a traitor to his 
 King and all the nation, and he was convicted 
 before the King and all who were there assem- 
 bled, though the sentence grieved him sorely. — 
 And the King gave the Earldom which Siward 
 had held to Tostig the son of Earl Godwin. — 
 And Earl iElfear went to the castle of Griffin in 
 
 * In Normandy : between the forces of William, and those 
 »f Henry of France, in which the latter were totally routed. 
 
205 
 
 North Wales; and the same year GiiiTm and 
 /Elfi;;ar burned St. ^thclbryht's monastery and 
 tlic whole town of Hereford. 
 
 1056. 
 " This year Henry Emperor of the Romans 
 died, and was succeeded by his son Henry." 
 
 1057. 
 This year Prince Edward the son of Kini^ Ed- 
 mund came to this land, and he died soon after- 
 wards, and his body is buried in St. Paul's 
 monastery at London. And Pope Victor died, 
 and Stephen Abbot of Monte-Cassino w as chosen 
 as his successor. And Earl Leofric died, and 
 his son iElfgar succeeded to his father's Earl- 
 dom. 
 
 1058. 
 Tliis year Stephen died, and Benedict was con- 
 secrated Pope : the same sent hither a pall to 
 Archbishop Stigand. And this year Heaca 
 Bishop of the South Saxons died ; and Arch- 
 bishop Stigand consecrated iEgelric a monk of 
 Christ Church to that Bishoprick, and the Abbot 
 Siward to that of Rochester. 
 
 1059. 
 This year Nicholas Bishop of Florence was 
 chosen Pope, and Benedict the former Pope was 
 di*ivcn out. 
 
 T 
 
206 
 
 1060. 
 This year Kynsige Archbishop of York died 
 on the 11th of the calends of January, and 
 Bishop Ealdred succeeded him : and Walter re- 
 ceived the Bishoprick of Hereford. 
 
 " This year Henry King of France died, and 
 was succeeded by his son Philip." 
 1061. 
 This year Duduc Bishop of Somerset died, 
 and was succeeded by Gisa. And this year 
 Bishop Godwin died at St. Martin's (Canter- 
 bury), on the 7th of tlie ides of March. And 
 the same year Wulfric Abbot of St. Augustine's 
 died in Easter week, on the 14th of the calends 
 of May. When word was brought to the King 
 that the Abbot had departed this life, he chose 
 JEthelsig a monk of the old monastery (of Win- 
 chester) to succeed him, and he repaired to 
 Archbishop Stigand, and was consecrated Abbot 
 at Windsor on St. Augustine's day. 
 1062. 
 " This year the province of Maine was brought 
 into subjection to William Earl of Normandy." 
 1063. 
 This year Earl Harold and his brother Earl 
 Tostig invaded Britain* with an army and 
 
 * S. Wales. 
 
207 
 
 fleet, and they conquered the country ; and the 
 inhabitants gave hostages and submitted to them, 
 and afterwards they went and slew their King 
 Griffin, and brought his head to Harold, and he 
 set another King over them. 
 1064. 
 This year the Northumbrians assembled toge- 
 ther, and outlawed Toslig their Earl, and they 
 slew all his retainers whom they could meet with, 
 both English and Danes : and they seized all his 
 arms at York, and his gold, and his silver, and 
 all his treasures that they could find. And they 
 sent for Morkcr the son of Earl yElfgar, and 
 chose him for their Earl ; and he marched south- 
 ward with the troops of that country, and of 
 Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Lincolnshire, 
 till he arrived at Northampton ; and his brother 
 Edwin joined him with the men of his Earldom, 
 and many Britons also came with him. Then 
 they were met by Earl Harold, and they charged 
 him with a message to King Edward, and they 
 also sent deputies with him, and they desired 
 that they might have Morker for their Earl. — . 
 And the King granted this, and sent Harold 
 again to (hem at Northampton on the eve of St. 
 Simon and St. Judc's day, and he reported the 
 same to them, and put into their hands the King's 
 T 3 
 
S08 
 
 absent, and there he rene^ved the laws of Canute, 
 And the northern men did much damasre about 
 Northampton -whilst he was gone on their errand, 
 for they slew men, and burned houses and corn, 
 and took all the cattle they could find, being 
 many thousand head, and many hundred men 
 did they seize and carry off into the north ; so 
 that this county, and the others adjoining-, were 
 the worse for them during many years. And 
 Earl Tostig and his wife, and all who were 
 of his party, went over sea southward to Earl 
 Baldwin, and he received them all, and they re- 
 mained there the whole winter. 
 1066. 
 This year the Abbey Church of Westminster 
 was consecrated on Childermas-day. And this 
 year King Edward died on the eve of Twelfth- 
 day, and he was buried on Twelfth-day, in the 
 Church of Westminster, newly consecrated. — 
 And Earl Harold succeeded to the kingdom, 
 even as the King had granted it to him ; men 
 also chose him thereto, and he was consecrated 
 King on Twelflh-day, and reigned forty Meeks 
 and one day. And the same year that he was 
 made King, he went out with a fleet against Wil- 
 liaiti ; and in tlie mean time Earl Tostig en- 
 tered the Humber with 60 ships, but Earl Edwin 
 
20[) 
 
 came up with his troops and drove him axvayj 
 and the crews of his vessels also deserted him. 
 Then he went to Scotland with twelve smacks ; 
 and JIarold Kint^ of Norway joined him with 
 300 ships, to whom Tostig gave up the com- 
 mand, and they entered the [lumber together, 
 and proceeded to York : and the Earls Morker 
 and Edwin fought witli them, and the Norwe- 
 gian King gained the victory. King JIarold, 
 being informed of what had passed, came with 
 a great army of Englislimen, and he met the 
 King of Norway at Stasng-fordes-brycge (Stan- 
 ford bridge), and he slew him and the Earl Tos- 
 tig, and routed their whole array. 
 
 And in the mean time Earl William landed 
 at Hastings on Michaelmas-day, and Harold 
 marched from the North, and fought with him 
 before all his own army had come up, and he 
 fell there with his two brothers, Gyrth and Leof- 
 win. And William conquered this land, and he 
 came to Westminster, and the Archbishop Eal- 
 dred consecrated him King, and men paid him 
 tribute, and gave him hostages, and afterwards 
 bought their lands again. 
 
 Leofric Abbot of Peterborough was in this 
 campaign, and whilst he was with the army he 
 became ill, and he returned home, and died soon 
 
 T3 
 
210 
 
 after on All Saints' night. May God glorify his 
 soul ! In his days was all bliss and all prosperity 
 at Peterborough, and he was beloved of all men, 
 so that the King granted to St. Peter and to him 
 the Abbey of Burton, and that of Coventry which 
 his uncle Earl Leofric had founded, and also 
 those of Croyland and Thorney. And he enriched 
 the monastery of Burh with gold, with silver, with 
 vestments, and with lands, more than any other 
 before or after him. And the Golden Borough 
 now became the borough of wretchedness. Then 
 the monks chose the Provost Brand for their 
 Abbot because he was a very good man, and very 
 wise ; and they sent him to Edgar ^theling, for 
 the people of those parts supposed that he should 
 be the King ; and the iEtheling willingly con- 
 firmed him in his office. When King William 
 heard this he was very wroth, and said that the 
 Abbot had treated him with contempt ; but good 
 men interfered and reconciled them, because of 
 the excellence of the Abbot. He gave the King 
 forty marks of gold for his favour, and he lived 
 but a short time after, only three years. After 
 this all tribulation and evil came upon the mo- 
 nastery. May God have pity on it. And this 
 year Christ Church was burned, and a comet 
 appeared on the 14th of the calends of May. 
 
211 
 
 1067. 
 
 This year the King Meiit over sea, and took 
 with him hostages and treasures. And lie caine 
 back the next year on St Nicliolas' day ; and ort 
 his return he restored to every man his land. — 
 And this summer Childe Edgar and IMacrleswegn, 
 and many others witii them, departed and went 
 to Scotland, and King Malcolm received them 
 all, and took the Childe's sister Margaret lor 
 his wife. 
 
 1068. 
 
 This year King William gave (he Earldom of 
 Northumberland to Earl Robert, and the men of 
 that country came against him, and slew him and 
 900 others with him. And then Edgar yEtheling 
 marched with all the Northumbrians to York, 
 and (he townsmen treated with him ; on which 
 King William came from the south with all his 
 ti'oops, and sacked the town, and slew many 
 hundred persons : and the ^'Etheling went again 
 to Scotland. 
 
 1069. 
 
 This year Bishop vEgelric, being at Peter- 
 borough, was accused and sent to Westminster ; 
 and his brother Bishop ^Egelwin was outlawed. 
 Then between the two feasts of St. Mary, the 
 ^ons of King Swcgn and his brother Earl Os» 
 
212 
 
 beam came from Denmark witli three hundred 
 ships ; on which Earl Waltlieof marched forth, 
 and he and Edgar ^theling, and many hundreds 
 with them, came and joined this fleet in the 
 Huraber, and they proceeded to York, and they 
 landed and stormed the castle, and slew many 
 hundred men, and carried much treasure to their 
 ships : and they kept the chief men in bonds ; 
 and they wintered between the Ouse and the 
 Trent. And King Williiim went into those parts, 
 and laid them all waste. And the same year 
 Brand Abbot of Peterborough died on the 5th 
 of the calends of December. 
 1070. 
 This year Landfranc Abbot of Caen came to 
 England, and in a few days he was made Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. He was consecrated at 
 his metropolis on the 4th of the calends of Sep- 
 tember, by eight Bishops his suffragans ; the rest 
 who were absent signifying through messengers, 
 and by writing, why they could not be there.* — 
 This year Thomas, who had been chosen as 
 Bishop of York, came to Canterbury, that he 
 might be consecrated there after the old form, 
 but when Landfranc craved the confirmation of 
 his subjection by oath, he refused, and said that 
 he was not obliged to give it. Then was the 
 
213 
 
 Archbishop Landfranc wroth, and he command- 
 ed the Bishops, who were there at his behest to 
 assist at the ceremony, and all the monks, to un- 
 robe him; and they did as he desired: so this 
 time Thomas returned home without a blessing. 
 It happened soon after this, that the Archbishop 
 Landfranc went to Rome, and Thomas with him: 
 and when they Merc come thither, and had said 
 all that they would on other subjects, Thomas 
 began his speech, saying how he had come to 
 Canterbury, and how the Archbishop liad de- 
 sired of him an oath of obedience, and that he 
 had refused it. Then the Archbishop Landfranc 
 began to make manifest with clear reasoning, that 
 he had a right to demand that which he required ; 
 and he proved the same with strong arguments 
 before the Pope Alexander, and before all the 
 council then assembled : and thus they departed 
 home. After this, Thomas came to Canterbury, 
 and humbly performed all that the Archbishop 
 required, and thereupon he received the blessing. 
 This year Earl Walthcof made peace with the 
 King. And during this Lent the King caused 
 all the monasteries in England to be despoiled of 
 their treasures. The same year King Swegn 
 came from Denmark into the Humber, and tliQ 
 people of those parts came to meet him and mado 
 
214 
 
 an alliance with him, for they believed that lie 
 "would conquer this land. Then the Danish 
 Bisliop Christien, and Earl Osbearn, and their 
 Danish retainers, came into Ely, and all the 
 people of the fens joined them, for they believed 
 that they would conquer the whole country. — 
 Now the monks of Peterborough were told that 
 some of their own men, these were Hereward 
 and his train, would pillage the monastery, and 
 this, because they had heard that the King had 
 given the Abbacy to a French Abbot named 
 Turold, and that he was a very stern man, and 
 that he was come into Stamford with all his French 
 foUoAvers. There was, at that time, a church-war- 
 den named Ywar ; and he took all that he could 
 by night, gospels, mass-robes, cassocks, and other 
 garments, even all and each of such small things 
 as he could carry away, and he came before day 
 to the Abbot Turold, and told him that he sought 
 his proteclion, and told how the outlaws were 
 coming to Peterborough, and he said that he 
 had done this at the desire of the monks. Then 
 early in the morning all the outlaws came with 
 many shi})s, and they endeavoured to enter the 
 monastery, but the monks withstood them, so 
 that they were not able to get in. Then they 
 set fire to it, and burned all the monks' houses. 
 
215 
 
 and all those in the town, snvc one : and thcj 
 broke in throuf^h (he fire ;it Bolhithc-g-eate (the 
 Bulldyke gate), and the monks came before them 
 and desired peace. But they gave no heed to 
 them, and they went into the monastery, and 
 climbed up to the holy crucifix, and took the 
 crown from our Lord's head, which was all of 
 the purest gold, and they took the footstool of 
 red gold from under his feet. And they climbed 
 up to the steeple, and brought down the cope 
 which was hidden there ; it was ail of gold and 
 silver. They also seized two gilt shrines, and 
 nine of silver, and they carried off fifteen great 
 crosses of gold and silver. .And they took so 
 much gold and silver, and so much treasure in 
 money, robes, and books, that no man can com- 
 pute the amount ; saying they did (his because 
 of their allegiance to the monastery : and after- 
 wards they betook themselves to their ships and 
 went to Ely, and there they secured their trea- 
 sures. The Danes believed that they should 
 overcome the Frenchmen, and they drove away 
 all the monks, leaving only one named Leofwin 
 the Long, and he lay sick in the hospital. Then 
 came the Abbot Turold, and eight score French- 
 men w ith him, all well armed ; and when he arrived 
 he found all burnt both witliin and without, ex- 
 
216 
 
 cepting the church itself; and all the outlaws 
 were then embarked, knowing- that he would 
 come thither. This happened on the 4th of the 
 nones of June. Then the two Kings, William 
 and Swegn, made peace with each other, on 
 which the Danes departed fiom Ely, carrying 
 with them all the aforesaid treasure. When they 
 were come into the midst of the sea, there arose 
 a great storm, which dispersed all the ships in 
 which the treasures w ere : some were driven to 
 Norway, some to Ireland, and others to Den- 
 mark, and all the spoil that reached the latter 
 country, being the cope and some of the shrines 
 and crosses, and many of the other treasures, 
 they brought to one of the King's towns called 
 
 ' , and laid it all up in the church. — 
 
 But one night, through their carelessness and 
 drunkenness the church was burned, with all 
 that was in it. Thus was the monastery of Peter- 
 borough burned and pillaged. May Almighty 
 God have pity on it in his great mercy : and 
 thus the Abbot Turold came to Peterborough, 
 and the monks returned thither and performed 
 christian worship in the church, which had stood 
 a full week without service of any kind. When 
 Bishop ^Egelric heard this, he excommunicated 
 all the men who had done this evil. There was 
 
217 
 
 a great famine this year; and this summci' Uie 
 fleet from the H umber sailed into the Thames, 
 and lay Ihere two nights, and it afterwards held 
 on its course to Denmark. And Earl Baldwin 
 died, and his son Arnulf succeeded him ; and 
 Earl William (Fitz Oi>bernj and the Frencli 
 King should have been his support : but Earl 
 Robert came and slew his kinsman Arnulf, and 
 the Earl ; and put the King to flight, and slew 
 many thousands of his men. 
 
 + + + 
 " In the second year after Lanfranc's conse- 
 cration he went to Rome. Pope Alexander so 
 greatly honoured him, that contrary to his custom 
 he rose to meet him, and gave him two palls in 
 token of especial favour : Lanfranc received onti 
 of them from the altar after the lioman manner, 
 and the Pope, with his own hands, gave him the 
 other, in which he himself had been accustomed 
 to perform mass. In the presence of the Pope, 
 Thomas brought forwards a calumny touching 
 the primacy of the see of Canterbury, and the 
 subjection of certain Bishops. Lanfranc briefly 
 and clearly states thft conclusion to Avhich this 
 aflfair was afterwards brought in England, in an 
 epistle to the aforesaid Pope Alexander. This 
 year a general council was held at Winchesterj 
 u 
 
218 
 
 in which he deposed Wulfric Abbot of the new 
 monastery, and made many regulations touching 
 Christian discipline. A few days afterwards, he 
 consecrated Osbern at London as Bishop of 
 Exeter, and Scotland at Canterbury as Abbot of 
 St. Augustine's. 
 
 *' In his 3d year he consecrated Peter at Glou- 
 cester as Bishop of Litchfield or Chester. This 
 year also a great council was held at a place 
 called Pinenden (Pinnenden orPinclienden Heath, 
 near Maidstone), in which Lanfranc proved that 
 he and his cburch held their lands and their 
 rights by sea and by land, as freely as the King 
 held his : excepting in three cases : to wit, if the 
 highway be dug up ; if a tree be cut so as to fall 
 upon it ; and if murder be committed and blood 
 spilt : when a man is taken in these misdeeds, the 
 fine paid shall belong to the King ; otherwise 
 their vassals shall be free from regal exactions. 
 
 " In his 4th year he consecrated Patrick at 
 London as Bishop of Dublin, in Ireland, from 
 whom he received a profession of obedience, and 
 he moreover gave him very memorable letters to 
 the Kings of Ireland. 
 
 *' In his 5th year a general council was held at 
 London, the proceedings of which Lanfranc 
 committed to writing, at the request of many. 
 
219 
 
 *' In his 6(li year he gave the bishoprick of 
 Rochester to Hernost, a monk of Christ Church, 
 whom he also consecrated at London. A council 
 was held at Winchester : and the same year Her- 
 nost departed this life. 
 
 "In his 7th year, he gave the bishoprick of 
 Rochester to^Gundulf, whom he consecrated at 
 Canterbury. This year Thomas Archbisliop of 
 York sent letters to Lanfranc, requesting that he 
 would send two Bishops to consecrate a certain 
 priest, who had come to him with letters from the 
 Orkneys, to the intent that he might be made 
 Bishop of those islands. Lanfranc consenting to 
 this, commanded Wolstan Bishop of Worcester, 
 and Peter Bishop of Chester, to go to York, and 
 to assist Tlioraas in completing the ceremony. 
 
 " In his 8lh year, a council was held at Lon- 
 don, in which Lanfranc deposed Ailnod Abbot of 
 Glastonbury. 
 
 " In his 1 Ith year, a council was held at Glou- 
 cester, wherein, by the King's order, and with 
 the consent of Lanfranc, Thomas Archbishop of 
 York consecrated William to the Bishoprick of 
 Durham ; and because he could not be attended 
 by the Scotch Bishops his suffragans, the Bishops 
 Wolstan, Osbern, Giso, and Robert assisted at 
 Ibis ceremony by the command of Lanfranc. — 
 V2 
 
no 
 
 At this time Lanfranc sent letters rich in sacred 
 lore to Bishop Donald in Ireland. 
 
 *' In his 16th year Lanfranc consecrated Dona- 
 tus, his monk at Canterbury, to the bishoprick 
 of Dublinj by the desire of the King, clergy, 
 and people of Ireland. This year a council was 
 ield at Gloucester, wherein Lanfranc deposed 
 Wulstcetel Abbot of Croyland. He consecrated 
 Robert to the bishoprick of Chester, and Wil- 
 liam to that of Elmham, in one day, at Canter- 
 bury. At Winchester also he consecrated Mau- 
 rice as Bishop of London, who brought noble 
 gifts to his mother church of Canterbury a few 
 days afterwards. 
 
 " In the 18th year of Lanfranc's prelacy, ort 
 the death of King William beyond sea, he ac- 
 knowledged his son William, as he had done his 
 father, and consecrated and crowned him in St. 
 Peter's Church, which is in the western part of 
 London. The same year, and at his metropoli- 
 tan city of Canterbury, he examined and consc- 
 rated Godfrey as Bishop of Chichester, Wido 
 also as Abbot of St. Augustine's and John as 
 Bishop of Wells. The next day Lanfranc, on 
 his own authority, and taking with him Odo 
 Bishop of Baieux the King's brother, who was 
 then at Canterbury, conducted the Abbot Wido 
 
221 
 
 to St. Augustine's and commanded the Brothers 
 of the Order to receive him as their own Abbot 
 and Pastor ; but they, vvitli one accord, answered 
 that they would neitlier submit (o him nor receive 
 him. Thus Lanfranc came leading the Abbot, 
 and when he found that the Monks were obstinate 
 in resistance, and that they would not obey him, 
 he commanded that all the refractory should 
 come out one by one. When therefore nearly 
 all had lefl the monastery, Lanfranc and his suite 
 led in the Abbot with much pomp, placed him in 
 the chair, and delivered the church up to him. 
 He also seized the Prior, Elfrin by name, and as 
 many others as he thought fit, and he put them 
 forthwith into claustral imprisonment at Canter- 
 bury ; but he sent those who had the greatest 
 influence, and were the authors of this scandal, 
 to the castle to be confined there. After he had 
 returned home having finished all, he Avas in- 
 formed that the monks who had left tlic monas- 
 tery were assembled, near St. Mildred's church. 
 Hereupon he sent to them, saying, that if they 
 would, they might return to the church before 
 the 9th hour, but that if they delayed longer, 
 they would not be allowed free entrance, but be 
 treated as renegadoes. Having heard this message 
 they doubted whether to return or to remain, but 
 U 3 
 
222 
 
 at the hour of refection, wheo they became an- 
 hungered, many repenting of their obstinacy sent 
 to Lanfranc and promised submission. These he 
 treated with lenity, and desired that they should 
 return directly and confirm by oath their profes- 
 sion of obedience to the aforesaid Abbot. Thus 
 they returned and swore faithfulness and obedi- 
 ence to the Abbot Wido, upon the relics of St. 
 Augustine. Lanfranc seized those who re- 
 mained behind and placed them in various mo- 
 nasteries of England, confining thera till he 
 brought thera to profess their submission. About 
 the same time he seized one of them named 
 Alfred, who had attempted to flee, and con- 
 fined him loaded with irons at Canterbury, to- 
 gether with some of his fellows : and he exer- 
 cised upon them the utmost severity of their 
 order. But when these inonks were thought to 
 be sufficiently humbled and had promised amend- 
 ment, Lanfranc taking pity on them, had them 
 brought from the several places whither he had 
 banished thera, and reconciled them to their 
 Abbot. 
 
 *' The same year the dissentions were renewed, 
 and the monks plotted the death of their Abbot, 
 but one of them, named Columban, being taken, 
 Lanfranc caused him to be brought to him. 
 
223 
 
 And as he stood there before him, Lanfranc 
 asked if he desired to murder his Abbot. And 
 the monk forthwith replied " Yes ! if I could 
 I would certainly kill him." Then Lanfranc 
 commanded that he should be tied up naked by 
 the gates of St. Augustine's and sutler flagella- 
 tion before all the people, that his cowl should 
 then be torn oft', and that he should be driven out 
 of the city. This order was executed, and 
 thenceforth during Lanfranc*s life, sedition was 
 repressed by the dread of his severity. 
 
 " In the 19th year of his prelacy, died the 
 venerable Archbishop Lanfranc, and he was 
 buried at his metropolitan see of Canterbury, of 
 "which he had been possessed eighteen years, nine 
 months, and two days. His deeds, his buildings, 
 alms, and labours, are only in part recounted in 
 the writing which is read on his anniversary, 
 for they were very numerous. After his death 
 the monks of St. Augustine's, openly rebelling 
 against their aforesaid Abbot Wido, stirred up the 
 citizens of Canterbury, who, with an armed 
 force, attempted to slay him in his house. But 
 his family made resistance, and when many had 
 been wounded, and some killed on both sides, 
 the Abbot with much difficulty escaped unhurt 
 from amongst them, and fled for refuge to the 
 
^24 
 
 mother church of Canterbury (Christ Church). 
 On the report of this disturbance Walkclm 
 Bishop of Winchester, and Gundulf Bishop of 
 Rochester, suffragans to the see of Canterbury, 
 with some noblemen sent by the King, hastened 
 to Canterbury, that they might take vengeance 
 on the delinquents ; and when they had eiiquired 
 into tlie causes of the sedition and had found 
 the monks unable to clear themselves, they con- 
 demned them to sufier public punishment be- 
 cause they had transgressed openly. But the 
 prior and monks of Christ Church, moved with 
 piety, pleaded against this sentence, lest, if they 
 were to receive their discipline before all the 
 people, they should henceforth be accounted in- 
 famous, and so their profession and office come to 
 be despised. Wherefore it was granted on their 
 intercession, that the punishment should take 
 place in the church, into which the populace 
 should not be admitted, but those only who 
 were appointed to see it executed. And two 
 monks of Christ Church, Wido and Norman, 
 were called in, and they inflicted the punish- 
 ment at the command of the Bishops. Then 
 the rebellious monks were dispersed into various 
 monasteries of England ; and 24 monks of 
 Christ Church were substituted in their place, 
 
225 
 
 together with the prior, named Anthony, who 
 had been sub-prior at Christ Church. The 
 townsmen who entered the Abbot's hall in arras 
 were seized, and those who were convicted of 
 having struck him lost their eyes. 
 
 "After the death of Lanfranc the see remained 
 vacant four years, nine months, and nine days, 
 during which time it suffered much adversity. 
 At length, in the year of our Lord's incarnation 
 1093 and on the 2d of the nones of March, the 
 Archbishoprick of Canterbury was given to .\n- 
 eelm Abbot of Bee, a good and an upright man, 
 of great learning, and amongst the most noted 
 of his time. He came to Canterbury on the 7lh 
 of the calends of October, his earlier arrival 
 having been prevented by many sufficient causes, 
 and he w as consecrated on the 2d of the nones of 
 December." 
 
 1071. 
 
 This year Earl iEdwin and Earl Murker with- 
 drew themselves and wandered through the woods 
 and fields. Then Earl Morker took ship and 
 went to Ely ; and Earl Eadwin was slain 
 treacherously by his own men: and Bishop Egel- 
 win, and Siward Beam, and many hundreds 
 with them, came into Ely. And when King 
 William heard this, he called out a fleet and 
 
^26 
 
 array; and he surrounded that land, and he made 
 a bridge and entered in, his fleet lying off the 
 coast. Then all the outlaws surrendered ; these 
 were, Bishop Egelwin and Earl Morker, and all 
 who were with them, excepting only Hereward, 
 and his followers whom he led off with great 
 valour. And the King seized their ships, and 
 arras, and much treasure ; and he disposed of the 
 men as he would ; and he sent Bishop Egelwin 
 to Abingdon, where he died early in the winter. 
 1072. 
 This year King William led an army and a 
 fleet against Scotland, and he stationed the ships 
 along the coast and crossed the Tweed with his 
 array ; but he found nothing to reward his pains. 
 And King Malcolm came and treated with King 
 William, and delivered hostages, and became 
 his liege-man ; and King William returned home 
 with his forces. And Bishop Egelric died ; he 
 had been consecrated to the Archbishoprick of 
 York, of which he was unjustly deprived, and 
 the see of Durham was given to him ; this he held 
 as long as he would, and then resigned it and 
 went to the monastery of Peterborough, and there 
 he spent 12 years. Then after King William had 
 conquered England, he removed Egelric from 
 Feterborough, and sent him to Westminster, and 
 
227 
 
 he died on the ides of October, and he is buried 
 in the Abbey, in the aisle of St. Nicholas. 
 1073. 
 
 This year King William carried an army of 
 English and French over sea, and conquered the 
 province of Maine : and the English did great 
 damage, for they destroyed the vineyards and 
 burned the towns, and they laid waste that pro- 
 vince, the whole of which submitted to William, 
 and they afterwards returned home again. 
 1074. 
 
 This year King William went over sea to Nor- 
 mandy ; and Childe Edgar came thither from 
 Scotland, and the King received him and all his 
 men into the protection of the law, and he re- 
 mained at Court, enjoying such privileges as the 
 King granted him. 
 
 1075. 
 
 This year King William gave the daughter 
 of VV^illiam Ohbearn's son in marrioffe to Earl 
 Ralph: the said Ralph was a Welch man on his 
 mother's side, and his father was an Englishman 
 named Ralph, who was born in Norfolk. Then 
 the King gave the Earhhim of Norfolk and Suf- 
 folk to his son, who brought his wife to Norwich, 
 but there the bridal feast was the bane of all : for 
 Earl Roger and Earl W altheof were there, and 
 
228 
 
 Bishops and Abbots, and they took counsel to 
 depose the King of England. And this Avas 
 soon reported to the King then in Normandy, 
 and it was told him withal that Earl Roger and 
 Earl Ralph were the heads of the conspiracy, 
 and that they had brought over the Welch to 
 their side, and had sent eastward to Denmark 
 for a fleet to assist them. And Earl Roger de- 
 parted to his earldom in the west, and gathered 
 his people together in rebellion against the King, 
 but he was checked in his attempt. And Earl 
 Ralph also being- in his earldom would have 
 marched forth with his people ; but the garrisons 
 of the castles of England, and the inhabitants of 
 the country came against him, and prevented his 
 effecting any thing, on which he took ship at 
 Norwich : and his wife remained in the castle, 
 and held it till she Imd obtained terms, and then 
 she departed from England with all her adhe- 
 rents. And after this the King came to Eng- 
 land, and he took his kinsman Earl Roger and 
 put him in prison ; he also seized Earl Waltheof. 
 And soon afterwards 200 ships arrived from Den- 
 mark, commanded by two chieftains, Cnut the 
 son of Swegn, and Earl Hacon, but they durst 
 not risk a battle with King William, and they 
 bore away for Flanders. And the lady Eadgith 
 
229 
 
 died at Winchester seven nights before Christ- 
 mas, and the King caused her to be brought to 
 Westminster with great pomp, and to be laid by 
 her Lord King Edward. And the King was 
 at Westminster during Christmas, and there all 
 tlie Welch men who had been at the bridal feast 
 at Norwich were brought to justice ; some were 
 blinded, and others banished. Thus were put 
 down the traitors to William. 
 1076. 
 This year Swaegn King of Denmark died, and 
 Harold his son succeeded to tlie kingdom. And 
 the King gave Westminster to Vithde, who had 
 before been Abbot of Bernay. Earl Waltheof 
 was belieaded at Winchester, and his body was 
 carried to Croyland. And the King went over 
 sea and led his army into Britanny, and besieged 
 the castle of Dol, and the Bretons defended it 
 till the King of France came up, and then Wil- 
 liam departed, having lost both men and horses 
 and much treasure. 
 
 1077. 
 This year a peace was made between the King 
 of France and AVilliam King of England, and 
 it lasted but a little while. And this year, one 
 night before the Assumption of St. Mary, there 
 was a more dreadful fire in London than had 
 ever happened since the town was built. And 
 X 
 
230 
 
 this year JEge\vfig Abbot of Evesham died on the 
 14th of the calends of March. Bishop Heremaa 
 died also on the 10th of the calends of March. 
 1079. 
 
 This year, between the two feasts of St, Mary, 
 King Malcolm invaded England with a large 
 army, and laid waste Northumberland as far as 
 tlie Tync ; and he slew many hundred men, and 
 carried home much money and treasure and 
 many prisoners. And the same year King Wil- 
 liam fouffht against liis son Robert without the 
 borders of Normandy near a castle called Ger- 
 borneth (Gerberoy), and there King William 
 was wounded, and the horse on which he sat was 
 killed, and his son William was also wounded, 
 and many men were slain. 
 1080. 
 
 This year Walcher Bishop of Durham was 
 slain at a gemot, and a hundred French and 
 Flemings with him : Walcher himself was born 
 in Lorrain. The Northumbrians perpeti»ated 
 this in the month of May. 
 1081. 
 
 This year the King led an army into Wale«, 
 and there he set free many hundred persons. 
 1082. 
 
 This year the King arrested Bishop Odo. 
 And there was a great famine this year. 
 
231 
 
 1083. 
 This year a quarrel arose in Glastonbury be- 
 tween the Abbot Thurstan and his monks. It 
 was first caused by tlie Abbot's unwise conduct, 
 in that he treated his monks ill in many respects, 
 but the monks were lovingly-rainded towards 
 him, and begged him to govern them in right 
 and in kindness, and (hey would be faithful and 
 obedient to him. But the Abbot would none of 
 this, and wrought them evil, and threatened worse 
 One day the Abbot went into the Chapter-house, 
 and harangued the monks, and would have 
 taught them amiss ;* and he sent for laymen, and 
 they came in all armed upon the monks in the 
 Chapter-house. Then the monks were greatly 
 terrified and knew not what to do, and some ran 
 for refuge into the church and locked the doors 
 from within ; but the others followed them, and 
 would have dragged them forth when they durst 
 not come out. Rueful things happened there on 
 that day, for the French broke into the choir and 
 threw darts towards the altar where the monks 
 were collected, and some of their servants went 
 upon the upper fioor and shot down arrows 
 
 * He would have substituted the chant of William of Fes- 
 camp for tliat of Grcgoi y. Florence of Worcester, 
 X2 
 
2S2 
 
 towards the chancel, so that manj arrows stuck 
 in the crucifix which stood above the altar, and 
 the wretched monks lay around the altar, and 
 some crept under it, and they called earnestly 
 upon God and besought his mercy, since they 
 could obtain no mercy at the hands of men. 
 What can we say, but that they shot without 
 ceasing, and others broke down the doors, and 
 rushed in, and they slew some of the monks and 
 wounded many, so that the blood ran down from 
 the altar on the steps, and from the steps to the 
 floor. Three were smitten to death and eighteen 
 wounded. And the same year Matilda the wife 
 of King William died on the day after the feast 
 of All l^aints. And the same year after Christ- 
 mas the King caused a great and heavy tax to be 
 raised throughout England, even 72 pence upon 
 every hide of land. 
 
 1084. 
 
 This year Wulfvvold Abbot of Cherlsey died 
 on the 13th of the calends of May. 
 1085. 
 
 This year men said and reported as certain, 
 that Cnut King of Denmark, the son of King 
 SwaBgn was bent hitherward, and that he de- 
 signed to conquer this land, with the assistance 
 of Kobert Earl of Flanders, whose daughter he 
 
035 
 
 had married. When King William, who was 
 then in Normandy, heard this, for England and 
 Normandy were both his, he hastened hither with 
 a larger army of horse and foot, from France 
 and Britanny, than had ever arrived in this land, 
 so that men wondered how the country might 
 feed them all. But the King billetted the sol- 
 diers upon his subjects throughout the nation, 
 and they provided for them, every man accord- 
 ing to the land that he possessed. And the 
 people suffered much distress this year : and 
 the King caused the country near the sea to 
 be laid waste, that if his enemies landed they 
 might the less readily find any plunder. After- 
 wards when he had received certain information 
 that they had been stopped, and that they would 
 not be able to proceed in this enterprise, he 
 let part of his forces return to their own 
 homes, and he kept part in this land through 
 the winter. At Christmas the King was at Glou- 
 cester with his Witan; and he held his court 
 there five days; and afterwards the Archbishop 
 and Clergy held a synod during three days ; and 
 Maurice was there chosen to the bishoprick of 
 London, William to that of Norfolk, and Robert 
 lo that of Cheshire ; they were all chaplains of 
 the King. After this the King had a great con- 
 
 X3 
 
234 
 
 sultation, and spoke very deeply with his Witaii 
 concerning this land, how it was held and what 
 were its tenantry. H e then sent his men over all 
 England, into every shire, and caused them to as- 
 certain how many hundred hides of land it con- 
 tained, and what lands the King possessed therein, 
 what cattle there were in the several counties, and 
 how much revenue he ought to receive yearly 
 from each. He also caused them to write down 
 how much land belonged to his Archbishops, to his 
 Bishops, his Abbots, and his Earls, and, tliati may 
 be brief, what property every inhabitant of all 
 England possessed in land or in cattle, and how 
 much money this was worth. So very narrowly 
 did he cause the survey to be made, that there 
 ■was not a single hide nor a rood of land, nor — 
 it is shameful to relate that which he thought no 
 shame to do — was there an ox, or a cow, or a 
 pig passed by, and that was not set down in the 
 accounts, and then all these writings were brought 
 to him. 
 
 1086. 
 This year the King wore his crown and held 
 his court at Winchester at Easter, and he so 
 journeyed forward that he was at Westminster 
 during Pentecost, and there he dubbed his son 
 Henry a knight. And afterwards he travelled 
 
235 
 
 about, so fliat he came to Salisbury at "Lammas, 
 and liis Wilan, and all the land-holders of sub- 
 stance in England, mIiosc vassals soever they 
 were, repaired to him there, and they all sub- 
 mitted to him, and became his men, and swore 
 oaths of allegiance, that they would be faithful 
 to hi»n against all others. Thence he proceeded 
 to Wight because he was to cross over to Nor- 
 mandy ; and this he afterwards did, but first, 
 according to his custom, lie extorted immense 
 sums from his subjects, upon every pretext he 
 could find, whether just or otherwise. Then he 
 went over to Normandy, and King Edward's 
 kinsman Edgar ^theling left him, because he 
 received no great honour from him : may Al- 
 mighty God give him glory hereafter. And the 
 iElheling's sister Cristina went into the monas- 
 tery of Romsey, and took the holy veil. And 
 the same was a very heavy year, and very dis- 
 astrous and sorrowful ; for there was a pestilence 
 among the cattle, and the corn and fruits were 
 checked ; and the weather was worse than may 
 easily be conceived : so violent was the thunder 
 and lightning, that many pei'sons were killed : 
 and things ever went worse and worse with the 
 people : may Almighty God mend them, when 
 such is his will. 
 
236 
 
 10S7. 
 The year 1087 after the birth of Christ our 
 Saviour, and the one and twentieth of King Wil- 
 liam's reign, during which he governed and dis- 
 posed of the realm of England even as God per- 
 mitted him, wa^ a very grievous time of scarcity 
 in this land. There was also so much illness, 
 that almost every other man was afflicted with 
 the worst of evils, that is, a fever ; and this so 
 severe, that many died of it. And afterwards, 
 from the badness of the weather which we have 
 mentioned before, there was so great a famine 
 throughout England, that many hundreds died 
 of hunger. O how disastrous, how rueful were 
 those times ! when the wretched people were 
 brought to the point of death by the fever, then 
 tlie cruel famine came on and finished them. — 
 Who would not deplore such times, or who is 
 so hard hearted that he will not weep for so much 
 misery ? But such things are, on account of the 
 sins of the people, and because they will not 
 love God and righteousness. Even so was it ia 
 those days ; there was little righteousness in this 
 land amongst any, excepting the monks alone 
 ■who lived piously. The King and the chief 
 men loved much; and over much, to amass gold 
 
237 
 
 and silver, and cared not how sinfully it was 
 gotten, so that it came into their hands. The 
 King sold out his lands as dear as dearest he 
 migljt, and then some other man came and bid 
 more than the first had given, and the King 
 granted them to him who offered the larger sum ; 
 tlien came a third and bid yet more, and the 
 King made over the lands to him who offered 
 most of all ; and he cared not how iniquitously 
 his Sheriffs extorted money from the miserable 
 people, nor how many unlawful things they did. 
 And the more men spake of rightful laws, the 
 more lawlessly did they act. They raised op- 
 pressive taxes, and so many were their unjust 
 deeds, it were hard to number them. And the same 
 year, before harvest, St. Paul's holy minster, the 
 residence of the Bishops of London, was burnt, 
 together with many other monasteries, and the 
 greater and handsomer part of the whole city. 
 At the same time likewise almost all the princi- 
 pal towns of England were burnt down. O how 
 sad and deplorable was this year, which brought 
 forth so many calamities. 
 
 The same year also, before the Assumption of 
 St. Mary, King William marched with an army 
 out of Normandy into France, and made war upon 
 his own Lord King Philip, and slew a great 
 
SS8 
 
 number of his people, and burned the town of 
 Maiite, and all the holy monasteries in it, and 
 two holy men Avho served God as anchorites Avere 
 burned there. This done King William re- 
 turned into Normandy. Rueful deeds he did, 
 and ruefully he suffered. Wherefore ruefully? 
 He fell sick and became grievously ill. What 
 can I say ? The sharpness of death, that spareth 
 neither rich nor poor, seized upon him. He 
 died in Normandy the day after the Nativity of 
 St. 'Mary, and he Mas buried in Caen, at St. 
 Stephen's monastery, which he had built and 
 had richly endowed. O how false, how unstable 
 is the good of this world. He, who had been a 
 powerful King and Lord of many territories,. 
 He, then, of all his lands, possessed not 
 more than seven feet of ground; and He, 
 who was erewhilc adorned with gold and with 
 gems, lay then covered with mould. He left 
 three sons : Robert the eldest was Earl of Nor- 
 mandy after him ; the second, named William, 
 wore the crown of England after his father's 
 death ; and his third son was Henry, to whom he 
 bequeathed immense treasures. 
 
 If any would know what manner of man King 
 William was, the glory that he obtained, and of 
 how many lands he was Lord ; then will we de- 
 
239 
 
 scribe him as \vc Iiave known him, nc, ^ ho Iiave 
 looked upon him, and who once lived in his 
 court. This King William, of whom we arc 
 speaking, was a very wise and a great man, and 
 more honoured and more powerful tlian any 
 of his pndecessors. lie was nuld to those good 
 men w' o loved God, but severe bnyond mea- 
 sure towards those who withstood his will. He 
 founded a noble monastery on the spot where 
 God permitted him to conquer England, and lie 
 cstablislied monks in it, and he made it very rich. 
 In his da}s the great monastery at Canlerbnry 
 was built, and many others also througliout i'^ng- 
 land ; moreover (his land was filled wilh monks 
 who lived after the rule of St. Benedict; and 
 such was the state of religion in his days that 
 all that would, might observe that which was 
 prescribed by their respective orders. King 
 William was also held in much reverence ; he 
 wore his crown three times every year wlien ho 
 was in England : at Easter he wore it at Win- 
 chester, at Pentecost at VV^estminstcr, and at 
 Christmas at Gloucester. And at these times, 
 all the men of England were with him. Arch- 
 bishops, Bishops, Abbots, and Karls, Thanes, 
 and Knights. So also, was he a very stern and 
 a wrathful man, so that none durst do any thing 
 
240 
 
 against his will, and he kept in prison those 
 Earls who acted against his pleasure. He re- 
 moved Bishops from their sees, and Abbots from 
 their offices, and he imprisoned Thanes, and 
 at length he spared not his own brother Odo. 
 This Odo was a very powerful Bishop in Nor- 
 mandy, his see was that of Baieux, and he was 
 foremost to serve the King. He had an Earldom 
 in England, and when William was in Nor- 
 mandj' he was the first man in this country, and 
 him did he cast into prison. Amongst other 
 things the good order that William established is 
 not to be forgotten ; it was such that any man, 
 who was himself aught, might travel over 
 the kingdom with a bosom-full of gold unmoles- 
 ted ; and no man durst kill another, however 
 great the injury he miglit have received from 
 him. He reigned over England, and being sharp- 
 sighted to his own interest, he surveyed the king- 
 dom so ihoroughly that there was not a single hide 
 of land throughout the whole, of which he knew 
 not the possession, and how much it was worth, 
 and this he afterwards entered in his register. 
 The land of the Britons (Wales) was under his 
 sway, and he built castles therein; moreover 
 he had full dominion over the Isle of Mann 
 (Anglesey) : Scotland also wa« subject to him 
 
from his great slrengtli ; the land of Normandy 
 was his by inheritance, and he possessed the 
 Earldom of Maine ; and had he lived two years 
 longer he would have subdued Ireland by his 
 prowess, and that without a battle. Truly there 
 was much trouble in these times, and very 
 great distress ; he caused castles to be built, 
 and oppressed the poor. The King was also 
 of great sternness, and he took from his sub- 
 jects many marks of gold, and many hundred 
 pounds of silver, and this, either with or with- 
 out right, and with little need. He Avas given 
 to avarice and greedily loved gain. He made 
 large forests for the deer, and enacted laws 
 therewith, so that whoever killed a hart or a 
 hind should be blinded. As he forbade killing 
 the deer, so also the boars ; and he loved tlie tall 
 stags as if he were their father. He also ap- 
 pointed concerning the hares, that they should 
 go free. The rich complained and the poor 
 murmured, but he was so sturdy that he recked 
 nought of them ; they must will all that the 
 King willed, if they would live ; or would keep 
 their lands ; or would hold their possessions ; 
 or would be maintained in their rights. Alas ! 
 that any man should so exalt himself, and carry 
 himself in his pride over all ! May Almighty 
 Y 
 
24^ 
 
 God sliew mercy to his soul, and grant bim 
 the forgiveness of his sins ! We have writ- 
 ten concerning hira these things, both good and 
 bad, that virtuous men might follow after the 
 good, and wholly avoid the evil, and might go 
 in the way that leadeth to the kingdom of 
 heaven. 
 
 We may write of many events which hap- 
 pened during this year. In Denmark, (he Danes 
 who were formerly accounted the most loyal of 
 people, turned to the greatest possible perfidy 
 and treachery, for they chose King Cnut, and 
 submitted to him, and swore oaths of allegiance, 
 and afterwards they shamefully murdered bim in 
 a church.* It also came to pass in Spain, that 
 the heathen men Mciit forth, and made war upon 
 the Christians, and brought great part of the 
 country into subjection to themselves. But the 
 Christian King, whose name was Anphos (Al- 
 fonso), sent to all countries and begged assist- 
 ance. And allies flocked to him from every 
 Christian land, and they went forth, and slew or 
 drove away all the heathens, and they Avon their 
 land again by the help of God. The same year 
 
 * A Church at Odensee, dedicated to St. Alban, whose 
 relics had been brought from England by this Canotc. 
 
243 
 
 also many great men died in this land : Sfigand 
 Bishop of Chichester, and the Abbot of Saint 
 Augustine's, and the Abbots of Bath and of Per- 
 shore, and the Lord of them all William King 
 of England, concerning whom we have spoken 
 above. 
 
 After his death, his son "William, of the same 
 name with his father, took to himself the govern- 
 ment, and was consecrated as King in West- 
 minster by Archbishop Lanfranc three days be- 
 fore Michaelmas : and all the men of England 
 acknowledged him, and swore oaths of allegi- 
 ance to him. This done, the King went to Win- 
 chester and examined the treasury, and the 
 hoards which his father had amassed ; gold and 
 silver, vessels of plate, palls, gems, and many 
 other valuables that are hard to be numbered.— 
 The King did as his father before he died comr 
 manded him ; he distributed treasures amongst 
 all the monasteries of England, for the sake of 
 his father's soul : to some he gave ten marks of 
 gold, and to others six, and sixty pennies to 
 every country church, and a hundred pounds of 
 money was sent into every county to be divided 
 among the poor for his soul's sake. And before 
 he died he had also desired that all who had 
 been imprisoned during his reign should bf re- 
 Ya 
 
244 
 
 leased. And the King was at London during 
 Christmas. 
 
 1088. 
 This year the land was much disturbed, and 
 filled with treason, for the principal Frenchmen 
 here would have betrayed their Lord the King, 
 and have had his brother Robert instead, who 
 was Earl of Normandy. Bishop Odo was the 
 cliief man in the conspiracy, together with Bishop 
 Gosfrith, and William Bishop of Durham. — 
 The King esteemed the Bishop so highly, that 
 the affairs of all England were directed after his 
 counsel, and according to his pleasure, but the 
 Bishop purposed to do by him as Judas Iscariot 
 did by our Lord. And Earl Roger was con- 
 cerned in this conspiracy, and many others with 
 him, all Frenchmen. This plot was concerted 
 during Lent ; and as soon as Easter came, they 
 marched forth, and plundered, and burned, and 
 laid waste the lands of the crown ; and they 
 ruined the estates of those who remained firm in 
 their allegiance. And each of the head con- 
 spirators went to his own castle, and manned and 
 victualled it, as best he might. Bishop Gosfrith 
 and Robert the Peace-breaker went to Bristol, 
 and having plundered the town, they brought 
 the «poils into the castle ; and afterwards they 
 
245 
 
 sallied forth and plundered Bath, and all the sur- 
 rounding country, and they laid waste all the lord- 
 ship of Berkeley. And the chief men of Here- 
 ford and all that county, and the men of Shrop- 
 shire, with many from Wales, entered Worces- 
 tershire, and went on plundering and burning, 
 till they approached the county town, and they 
 •were resolved to burn this also, and to plunder 
 the cathedral, and to seize the King's castle lor 
 themselves. The worthy Bishop Wulfstan see- 
 ing this, was much distressed in mind, because 
 the castle was committed to his keeping. Never- 
 theless his retainers, few as they were, marched 
 out, and through the mercy of God, and the 
 good desert of the Bishop, they slew or took 
 captive 500 men, and put all the rest to flight. 
 — The Bishop of Durham did as much harm 
 as he could in all the northern parts : one of 
 the conspirators named Roger, threw himself 
 into Norwich castle, and spread devastation 
 throughout that country : Hugo also was in no 
 respect less formidable to Leicestershire and 
 Northampton. Bishop Odo, with whom these 
 commotions originated, departed to his Earldom 
 of Kent, which he ravaged, and he wholly laid 
 waste the lands of the King and the Archbishop, 
 find brought all the plunder into his castle at 
 Y 3 
 
2^16 
 
 Rochester. When the King had heard all this, 
 and with what treason they were acting towards 
 him, he was greatly disturbed in mind ; and he 
 sent for the English, and laid his necessities be- 
 fore them, and entreated their assistance. He 
 promised them better laws than had ever been in 
 this land, and forbade all unjust taxes, and 
 guaranteed to his subjects their woods and hunt- 
 ing. Biit these concessions were soon done 
 away. Howbeit the English came to the aid of 
 their Lord the King, and they then marched to- 
 wards Rochester desiring to seize Bishop Odo, 
 for they thought that if they had him who was 
 Ihe head of the conspiracy in their power, they 
 might with greater ease subdue the others. — 
 Then they came to Tunbridge castle, in which 
 were the Knights of Bishop Odo and many 
 others, resolved to hold out against William. 
 But the English came on, and stormed the 
 castle, and the garrison capitulated. They then 
 proceeded towards Rochester believing that the 
 Bishop was there ; but the King was told that he 
 was departed to his castle at Pevensey, and tlie 
 King and his troops went after him, and he be- 
 sieged that castle full six weeks with a very large 
 army. In the mean time Robert Earl of Nor- 
 mandy, the King's brother, gathered together a^ 
 
2^7 
 
 great multilude, and thonglit that he should win 
 England with the aid of the disaffected of this 
 country. And be sent some of his troops to this 
 land, intending to follow them himself. But 
 the English who guarded the sea attacked these 
 men, and slew and drowned more than any one 
 can number. At length provisions became scarce 
 in the castle, on which the insurgents prayed for 
 a truce and surrendered the place to the King, 
 and the Bishop took an oath that he would de- 
 part from England, and never return unless the 
 King sent for him, and (hat he would also give 
 up Rochester castle. After this the Bishop pro- 
 ceeded thither that he might deliver up that for- 
 tress, and the King sent his men with liim, but 
 then the soldiers who wore in (he caslle arose, 
 and seized the Bishop, and the King's men, whom 
 they put into confinement. There were very 
 good knights in this castle : Eustace (he younger, 
 the three sons of Earl Roger, and all the best 
 born of this land, and of Normandy. When 
 the King knew (his, he set for(h with all the 
 troops then with him, and he sent over all Eng- 
 land and commanded that every man of mark, 
 French or English, from town and from country, 
 should c.ome and join him. Many were (hose 
 who flocked to him and he inarched to Rochester 
 
S48 
 
 and besie<recl tlic castle till the garrison capi- 
 tulated. Bishop Odo and those who were with 
 him departed over sea, and thus the Bishop 
 lost the station he held in this land. The 
 King afterwards sent ati army to Durham, and 
 besieged the castle, and the Bishop capitulated, 
 and surrendered it, and he gave up his Bishop- 
 rick and went to Normandy. Many Frenchmen 
 also left their lands, and went over sea, and the 
 King gave their estates to those who had held 
 fast to him. 
 
 1089, 
 This year the venerable father and patron of 
 monks Archbishop Lanfranc departed this life^ 
 but we trust that he hath entered into the king- 
 dom of heaven. There was also a great earth- 
 quake throughout England on the 3d of the ides 
 of August. And it was a very late year both as 
 to the corn, and fruits of all kind, so that many 
 men reaped their corn about Martinmas, and 
 even later. 
 
 1090. 
 Tilings being in the state we have described,. 
 as regarding the King, his brother, and his 
 people, William considered how he might take 
 the surest vengeance on his wretched brother 
 Robert, and win Normandy from him. To this 
 
249 
 
 end, be gained the castle and port of St. Valeri by 
 stratagem or bribery, and also Albemarle Castle, 
 and he placed his knights in them, and they did 
 much harm, ravaging and burning the country. 
 After this he got possession of more castles in 
 that land, and in these also he stationed his 
 knights. When Robert Earl of Normandy found 
 that his sworn liege-men revolted and gave up 
 their castles to his great injury, he sent to his 
 Lord Philip King of France, who came into 
 Normandy with a large army ; and the King and 
 the Earl with an innumerable force besieged a castle 
 defended by the King of England's soldiers : but 
 King William of England sent to Philip King 
 of France, and he, for love of William or for 
 Lis great bribes, deserted his vassal Earl Robert 
 and his land, and returned ta France, leaving 
 things as they were. During all these trans- 
 actions, England was greatly oppressed by unlaw- 
 ful taxes, and many other grievances. 
 1091. 
 This year King William held his court at 
 Westminster at Christmas, and the following 
 Candlemas he departed from England to Nor- 
 mandy, bent on his brother's ruin : but whilst he 
 was in that country, peace was made between 
 t'hem, on condition that the Earl should give up 
 
250 
 
 Fescamp, the Earldom of Eu, and Cherbourg, 
 to William, and withal that the King's men 
 should be unmolested ia those castles of which 
 they had possessed themselves in the Earl's des- 
 pite. And the King, on his side, promised to 
 reduce to their obedience the many castle& con- 
 quered by their father, which had since revolted 
 from the Earl, and also to establish him in the 
 possession of all their father's territories abroad, 
 excepting those places which the Earl had then 
 given up to the King. Moreover all who had 
 lost their lands in England on account of the 
 Earl were to regain them by this treaty, and the 
 Earl also was to receive certain estates in Eng- 
 land then specified. It was also agreed that if 
 the Earl died leaving no legitimate son, the King 
 should be heir of all Normandy, and in like 
 manner if the King died, that the Earl should be 
 heir of all England. Twelve of the chief men 
 on the part of the King and twelve on that of the 
 Earl guaranteed this treaty by oath ; yet it was 
 observed but a short time. During this peace 
 Edgar ^^theling was dispossessed of those lands 
 which the Earl had granted him, and he departed 
 and went from Normandy into Scotland, to the 
 King his brother in law, and his sister. Whilst 
 King William was out of England, Malcolra 
 
251 
 
 King of Scotland invaded this country, and 
 ravaged great part of it, till the good men to 
 whom the keeping of the land was entrusted, sent 
 their troops against him and drove him back. — 
 When King William heard this in Normandy, 
 he hastened to return, and he came to England 
 and his brother Earl Robert with him. And 
 they called out a fleet and army, but almost all the 
 ships were lost, a few days before Michaelmas, 
 ere they reached Scotland. And the King and 
 his brother proceeded with (he army : and when 
 King Malcolm heard that they souirht to attack 
 him he marched with his array out of Scotland 
 intoLothian in England, and remained there. And 
 when King William approached. Earl Robert 
 and Edgar iEtheling mediated a peace between 
 the Kings, on condition that King Malcolm 
 should repair to our King, and become his vassal, 
 in all the like subjection as to his father before 
 him; and this he confirmed by oalh. And King 
 William promised him all the lands and posses- 
 sions that he held under his father. By this 
 peace Edgar yEtheling was reconciled to tlie 
 King. And the Kings separated in great friend- 
 ship, but this lasted during a short time only — • 
 Earl Robert abode here with the King till Christ- 
 mas drew near, and in this time he found little 
 
good faith as to the fulfilment of the treaty, and 
 tAyo dajs before the feast he took ship from 
 Wight and sailed to Normandy, and Edgar 
 iEtheling with him. 
 
 1092. 
 
 This year King William went northward to 
 Carlisle with a large army, and he repaired the 
 city, and built the castle. And he drove out 
 Dolfin who had before governed that country, 
 and having placed a garrison in the castle, he 
 returned into the south, and sent a great number 
 of Englishmen thither with their wives and 
 cattle, that they might settle there and cultivate 
 the land. 
 
 1093. 
 
 This year, in Lent, King William was very 
 sick at Gloucester, insomuch that he was uni- 
 versally reported to be dead : and he made many 
 good promises in his illness; that his future life 
 he would lead in righteousness — that the churches 
 of God he would guard and free — and never 
 more sell them for money — and that he would 
 liave all just laws in his kingdom. And he gave 
 the Archbishoprick of Canterbury, which he had 
 hitherto kept in his own hands, to Anselm who 
 was before this Abbot of Bee, and the Bishoprick 
 of Lincoln to his Chancellor Robert ; and he 
 
253 
 
 g^ranted lands to many monasteries, but after- 
 Avards, when recovered, he took them back, and 
 he neglected all the good laws that he had pro- 
 raised us. After this the King of Scotland sent 
 desiring that the stipulated conditions miglit be 
 performed; and King William summoned him 
 to Gloucester, and sent hostages to him in Scot- 
 land, and afterwards Edgar iEtheling and others 
 met him and brought him with much honour to 
 the Court. But when he came there he could 
 neither obtain a conference with our King, nor 
 the performance of the conditions formerly pro- 
 mised him, and therefore they departed in great 
 enmity : and King Malcolm returned home to 
 Scotland, and as soon as he came thither, he as- 
 sembled his troops and invaded England, rava- 
 ging the country with more fury than behoved 
 him : and Robert Earl of Northumberland with 
 his men lay in wait for him, and slew him 
 unawares. He was killed by Morael of Barn- 
 borough, the Earl's steward, and King Malcolm's 
 own Godfather : his son Edward, who had he 
 lived would have been King after his father, was 
 killed with him. When the good Queen Mar- 
 garet heard that her most beloved Lord, and her 
 son were thus cut off, she was grieved in spirit 
 unto death, and she went with her priest into the 
 
^54 
 
 church, and having gone through all befitting 
 rites, she prayed of God that she might give up 
 the ghost. And then, the Scots chose Dufenal 
 the brother of Malcolm for their King, and 
 drove out all the English who had been with 
 King Malcolm. When Duncan the son of King 
 Malcolm heard all this, for he was in King Wil- 
 liam's Court, and had remained here from the 
 time that his father gave him as an hostage to 
 our King's father, he came to the King, and did 
 such homage as the King required ; and thus 
 with his consent he departed for Scotland, with 
 the aid that he could muster, both English and 
 French, and he deprived his kinsman Dufenal 
 of the throne, and was received as King. But 
 then some of the Scotch again gathered them- 
 selves together, and slew nearly all his men, and 
 he himself escaped with few others. They were 
 afterwards reconciled on this condition, that 
 Duncan should never more bring English or 
 Frenchmen into that country. 
 1094. 
 This year, at Christmas, King William held 
 Lis Court at Gloucester : and there came mes- 
 sengers to him out of Normandy from his bro- 
 ther Robert, and they said that his brother re- 
 nounced all peace and compact if the King 
 
255 
 
 Vould not perform all that they had stipulaled in 
 the treaty ; moreover they called him perjured 
 and faithless unless he would perform the condi- 
 tions, or would go to the place where the treaty 
 had been concluded and sworn to, and there 
 clear himself. Then at Candlemas the King 
 went to Hastings, and whilst he waited there for 
 a fair wind, he caused the monastery on the field 
 of battle to be consecrated ; and he took the staff 
 from Herbert Losange, Bishop of Thetford. — 
 After this, in the middle of Lent, he went over 
 sea to Normandy. When he came thither he and 
 his brother Earl Robert agreed that they would 
 meet in peace, and they did so, to the end that 
 they might be reconciled. But afterwards, when 
 they met attended by the same men who had 
 brought about the treaty, and had sworn to see 
 it executed, these charged all the breach of faith 
 upon the King ; he would not allow this, neither 
 would he observe the treaty, on which they sepa- 
 rated in great enmity. And the King then seized 
 the castle of Bures and took the Earl's men who 
 were in it, and he sent some of them over to 
 this country. And on the other hand the Earl 
 with the assistance of the King of France, took 
 the castle of Argentses (Argcntan) in which he' 
 seized Koger the Poitevin and 700 of the King's 
 Z2 
 
256 
 
 soldiers ; and he afterwards took the castle of 
 Hulme ; and frequently did each burn the towns 
 and take captive the people of his rival. Then 
 the King sent hither and ordered out 20,000 En- 
 glishmen to aid him in Normandy, but when 
 they reached the sea, they were desired to return, 
 and to give to the King's Treasury the money 
 that they had received ; this was half a pound 
 for each man, and they did so. And in Nor- 
 mandy, after this, the Earl with the King of 
 France and all the troops that they could collecty 
 marched towards Eu, where King William then 
 was, purposing to besiege him therein, and thus 
 they proceeded until they came to Longueville, 
 and there the King of France turned off through 
 treachery, and on this the whole army dispersed. 
 In the mean time King William sent for bis 
 brother Henry who was in the castle of Dom- 
 front, and because he could not pass through 
 Normandy in security, he sent ships for him, 
 with Hugo Earl of Chester. And when they 
 should have made for Eu, where the king was, 
 they directed their course instead to England, 
 and landed at Southampton on the eve of All 
 Saints' day ; and they then remained in this coun- 
 try, and were in London at Cliristmas. 
 
 The same year also the Welsh ;gathered them* 
 
257 
 
 selves locrether, and made war upon the French 
 in Wales, or in the neighbouring parts, where 
 they had been before deprived of their lands, 
 and they stormed many fortresses and castles, 
 and slew the men, and afterwards their numbers 
 increased so much, that they divided themselves 
 into many bodies ; Hugo Earl of Shropshire 
 fought with one division and put it to flight, but 
 nevertheless the others abstained not, during the 
 whole year, from committing every outrage in 
 their power. This year also the Scots conspired 
 against their King Duncan and slew him, and 
 they afterwards took his uncle Dufenal a second 
 tjme for their king ; through whose instructions 
 and instigation Duncan had beeu betrayed to his 
 death. 
 
 1095. 
 This year King William was at Hwitsand 
 during the first four days of Christmas, and after 
 (he fourth day he set sail and landed at Dover. 
 And the King's brother Henry remained in this 
 country till Lent, and then he went over sea to 
 Normandy, with much treasure to be employed 
 in the King's service against their brother Earl 
 Robert : and he gained ground upon the Earl 
 continually, and did much damage to his lands 
 and subjects. Then at Easter the King held his 
 
 Z3 
 
258 
 
 Court at Winchester, and Robert Earl of Nor- 
 thumberland would not repair tliither; therefore 
 the King's anger was greatly stirred up against 
 ^ him, and he sent to him, and sternly commanded 
 that if he would remain in peace he should come 
 to his Court at Pentecost. This year Easter fell 
 on the 8th of the calends of April, and after 
 Easter, on the night of the feast -of St. Ambrose 
 the 2d of the nones of April, there was seen all 
 over the country a great multitude of stars fall- 
 ing from heaven during nearly the whole of the 
 night, not one or two at a time, but so thickly 
 that no man might number them. After this at 
 Pentecost the King was at Windsor, and all his 
 Witan with him, excepting the Earl of Northum- 
 berland, for the K ing would neither give host- 
 ages nor pledge his troth that he should come 
 and go in security. On this the King called out 
 an army, aad marched against the Earl into 
 Northumberland, and as soon as he came thither 
 he seized almost all the chief men of the Earl's 
 court in a certain fortress, and he put them in 
 confinement. And he b'^sieged Tinmouth castle 
 until he took it, and there he seized the Earl's 
 brother, and all who were with him : thence he 
 proceeded to Bamborough, and there he besieged 
 the Earl ; and when the King found that h& 
 
could not reduce him, he caused a castle to be 
 built over against Bamborough, and called it in 
 his speech Malveisin, which is in English " the 
 evil neighbour," and he garrisoned it strongly, 
 and afterwards he departed southward. Then 
 one night soon after the King's return into the 
 south, the Earl went out of Bamborough towards 
 Tinmouth, but those in the new castle being 
 aware of his design, pursued and attacked him, 
 and they wounded him, and afterwards took him 
 prisoner, and some of his followers were slain, 
 and some taken alive. In the mean time the 
 King was told, that the Welch had stormed a 
 certain castle in Wales, called Montgomery, and 
 had slain Earl Hugo's men who defended it; on 
 this he commanded another army to be called 
 out in haste, and after Michaelmas he proceeded 
 into Wales. He divided his forces, and his 
 troops made their way through all parts of the 
 country, and met at Snowdon, on All Saints' day. 
 But the Welch ever fled before him to the moun- 
 tains and moors, so that no man could get near 
 them, and the King at length returned home- 
 wards, because he fouud that he could do no 
 more there that winter. When the King came 
 back, he commanded his people to take liobert 
 
260 
 
 Earl of Northumberland and lead him to 
 Bamboroufi^h, and to pnl out both bis eyes, un- 
 less the besieged would surrender the castle, 
 which was defended by bis wife, and his 
 steward Moreal, who was also his kinsman. 
 On this, the castle was given up, and Moreal 
 was received at William *s Court; and through 
 him many were discovered, both clergy and 
 laity, who had aided this rebellion with their 
 counsel. Then the King ordered some of them 
 to be imprisoned before Christmas, and he 
 straightly commanded throughout the king- 
 dom, that all who held lands of him should 
 be at his Court on that festival, as they would 
 retain his protection. And the King had Earl 
 Robert brought to Windsor, and confined 
 there in the castle. This year also, a little before 
 Easter, the Pope's Legate came to England ; 
 this was Walter Bishop of Alba, a man of a very 
 virtuous life, and at Pentecost he presented 
 Archbishop Anselm with his pall from Pope 
 Urban, and he received it at his metropolitan 
 city of Canterbury. And Bishop Walter re- 
 mained here great part of this year, and on his 
 return the Romescot, which had not been paid 
 for many years before, was sent with him. Thi» 
 
261 
 
 year also the weather was very unseasonable, so 
 that the fruits of the earth were much injured 
 over all the country. 
 
 1096. 
 This year King William held his Christmas 
 Court at Windsor; and William Bishop of Dur- 
 ham died there on New Year's day. And the 
 King and all his Witan were at Salisbury on the 
 octaves of Epiphany. There Geoffrey Bainard 
 accused William of Eu the King's relation, say- 
 ing that he had been concerned in the conspiracy 
 against the King, and for this cause he fought 
 with him and overcame him in single combat, 
 and after he was vanquished the king command- 
 ed that his eyes should be put out ; and the king 
 also caused his steward named William, who Avas 
 his aunt's son, to be hanged on the gallows. — 
 Then also Eoda Earl of Champaignc the King's 
 uncle, and many others, were deprived of their 
 landsf, and some were brought to London, and 
 there executed. At Easter, this year, there was 
 a very great stir in this country and in many 
 others also, through Urban, who was called Pope, 
 though he was not in possession of the See of 
 Rome : and an innumerable multitude of men, 
 with their wives and children, departed to go 
 and conquer the heathen nations. The King 
 
262 
 
 and his brother Earl Robert %vere reconciled in 
 consequence of this expedition, so that the King 
 •went over sea, and received from the Earl all 
 Normandy for a sum of money, according to 
 contract. And thereupon the Earl departed, and 
 with him went the Karls of Flauders and of 
 Boulogne, and many other chieftains. And Earl 
 Robert and those who accompanied him abode 
 in Apulia that winter. But of those who went 
 by Hungary, many thousands perished miserably 
 there, or on the road, and many, rueful and 
 hunger-bitten, toiled homewards against winter. 
 These were very hard times to all the English, 
 as well because of the manifold taxes, as of the 
 very grievous famine which sorely afflicted th« 
 land. This year also the nobles who had charge 
 of this country frequently sent forth armies into 
 Wales, and thus they greatly oppressed many, 
 and for no purpose, but with much loss of men 
 and of money. 
 
 1097. 
 This year King William was in Normandy 
 at Christmas, and before Easter he sailed for this 
 land, intending to hold his Court at Winchester, 
 but he was kept at sea by bad weather till Easter 
 eve; and Arundel was the first place to which 
 Ke came, therefore he held his Court at 
 
^63 
 
 Windsor. After this, he marched into Wales 
 "With a large army, and his troops penetrated far 
 into the country by means of some Welch men 
 who had come over to him, and were his guides. 
 And William remained there from Midsummer 
 till near August, to his great loss of men and 
 horses and many other things. 
 
 When the Wolch had revolted from the King 
 they chose several headers from among them- 
 selves, one of these was named Cadugan, he was 
 the more powerful of them all, and was the son 
 of King Griffin's brother. The King seeing that 
 he could not effect his purpose returned into 
 England, and he forthwith caused castles to be 
 built on the marches. Then at Michaelmas, on 
 the 4th of the nones of October, an uncommon 
 star appeared shining in the evening, and soon 
 going down : it was seen in the south-west, and 
 the light which streamed from it seemed very 
 long, shining towards the south-east ; and it ap- 
 peared after this maimer nearly all the week. — 
 Many allowed that it was a comet. Soon after 
 this, Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury obtained 
 permission from the King, though against his 
 inclination, to leave this country and go over sea, 
 because it seemed to him that in this nation little 
 was done according to right, or after his desirce. 
 
^64 
 
 And at Martinmas the King went over sea to 
 Normandy ; but whilst he waited tor a fair wind, 
 his train did as much injury in the county in 
 which they were detained, as any Prince's re- 
 tinue, or even an army could have committed in 
 a peaceable land. 
 
 This year was in all resjjects a very heavj 
 time, and the weather was singularly bad at the 
 seasons when men should till their lands and 
 gather in the harvest ; and the people had never- 
 theless no respite from unjust taxes. Many shires, 
 moreover, which are bound to duty in works at 
 London, were greatly oppressed in making the 
 wall around the tower, in repairing the bridge 
 which had been almost washed away, and in 
 building the King's hall at Westminster; these 
 hardships fell upon many. This year also, at 
 Michaelmas, Edgar ^theling, with the King's 
 aid, led an army into Scotland, and woir that 
 country by hard fighting, and drove out the King 
 Dufenal, and established his kinsman Edgar the 
 son of King Malcolm and Queen Margaret, as 
 King holding of William, and then he returned 
 into England. 
 
 1098. 
 
 This year King William was in Normandy at 
 Christmas; and Walcelin Bishop of AV inches- 
 
265 
 
 ter, and Baldwin Abbot of St. Ednmnd's, both 
 died during this festival. This year also died 
 Turold Abbot of Peterborough. Moreover in 
 the summer of tliis year a spring of blood burst 
 out at Finchamsted, in Berkshire, according to 
 llie declaration of many men of credit, who said 
 that they had seen it. And Earl Hugo was slain 
 in Anglesey by foreign pirates; his brother Ro- 
 bert suceedcd him, having obtained this of the 
 King. Before Miehaelmas-day the heaven ap- 
 peared as it were on fire, almost all the night. — • 
 This was a year of much distress, caused by the 
 manifold oppressive taxes : nearly all the crops 
 in the marsh lands failed also from the great 
 rains, which ceased not the A^hole year. 
 1099. 
 This year King William was in Normandy at 
 Christmas ; and at Easter he came hither ; and 
 at Pentecost he held his Court for the first time 
 in the new building at Westminster, and there 
 he gave the Bishoprick of Durham to his chap- 
 lain Rannulf, who had long been the chief 
 manager and director in all the king's councils 
 held in England. And soon afterwards William 
 went over sea, and drove Earl Elias from Maine, 
 and brought that province into subjection ; and 
 at Michaelmas he returned to this land. This 
 Aa 
 
26() 
 
 year also, on St. Martin's day, there was so very 
 high a tide, and the damage was so great in con- 
 sequence, that men remembered not the like to 
 have ever happened before, and the same day 
 was the first of the new moon. And Osmond 
 Bishop of halisbury died during Advent. 
 1100. 
 This year, at Christmas, King William held 
 his Court in Gloucester ; and at Easter in Win- 
 chester ; and at Pentecost in Westminster. And 
 at Pentecost blood was observed gushing from 
 the earth, at a certain town of Berkshire, even 
 as many asserted wlio declared i!iat they had 
 seen it. And after this, on the morning after 
 Lammas day, King William was shot wi(h an 
 arrow by his own men, as he was hunting, and 
 he was carried to Winchester and buried there. 
 This was in the thirteenth year from his acces- 
 sion. He was very powerful, and stern over his 
 lands and subjects, and towards all his neigh- 
 bours, and much to be dreaded, and through the 
 counsels of evil men which were always pleasing 
 to him, and through his own avarice, he was 
 ever vexing the people with armies and with 
 cruel taxes ; for in his days all justice sank, 
 and all unrighteousness arose, in the sight of 
 God and the world. He trampled on the Church 
 
267 
 
 of God, and as to the Bishopricks and Abba- 
 cies, the incumbents of wliich died in liis reign, 
 Le either sold them ou(righl, or kept them in 
 his own hands, and set them out (o renters ; 
 for he desired to be the heir of every one, church- 
 man or layman, so that the day on which he 
 was killed he had in his own hands the Arch- 
 bislioprick of Canterbury, the Bishopricks of 
 "Winchester and Salisbury, and eleven Abbacies, 
 all let out to farm, and in fine, however long I 
 may delay mention of it, all that was abominable 
 to God and oppressive to men was common in 
 this island in William's time : and therefore he 
 was hated by almost all his people, and abhorred 
 by God as his end shcwcth, in that he died in 
 the midst of his unrighteousness, witliout repent- 
 ance or any reparation made for his evil deeds. 
 He was slain on a Thursday, and buried the next 
 morning ^ and after he was buried, the Witan 
 who were then near at hand, chose his brother 
 Henry as King, and he forthwith gave the 
 Bishoprick of Winchester to William Giffard, 
 and then went to London ; and on the Sunday 
 following he made a promise to God and all the 
 people, before the altar at Westminster, that he 
 would abolish the injustice which prevailed in 
 bis brother's time, and that he would observe th« 
 A a2 
 
26S 
 
 most equitable of the laws established fn the days 
 of any of the Kings before him : and after this 
 Maurice Bishop of London consecrated him as 
 King, and all the men of thi» land submitted to 
 him, and swore oaths and became his liege-men. 
 And soon afterwards, the King, by the advice of 
 those about him, caused Rannulf Bishop of Dur- 
 ham to be taken and brought into the Tower 
 of London, and confiPred there. Then before 
 Michaelmas Anselm Archbi&hop of Canterbury 
 came to this land ; King Henry having sent for 
 him by the advice of his Witan, because he had' 
 left the country on account of the injustice done 
 him by King William. And soon afterwards the 
 King took for his wife Mahald the daughter of 
 Malcolm King of Scotland and of the good 
 Queen Margaret King Edward's kinswoman, of 
 the true Royal line of England ; and on Martin- 
 mas day she was given to him with great pomp 
 at Westminster, and Archbishop Anselm wedded 
 her to Henry, and afterwards consecrated her as 
 Queen. And soon after this Thomas Archbishop 
 of York died. This year also, in the autumn, 
 Earl llobert came home into Normandy, and 
 Robert Earl of Flanders and Eustace Earl of 
 Boulogne also returned from Jerusalem, and on 
 Earl Robert's arrival in Normandy he was joy* 
 
269 
 
 fully received by all the people, excepting those 
 in the castles which were garrisoned with King 
 Henry's men, and these he made many eflforts to 
 win. 
 
 1101. 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry held his 
 Court at Westminster, and at Easter at Winches- 
 ter. And soon afterwards the chief men of this 
 land entered into a league against the king, both 
 from their own great treachery, and throuifh 
 Robert Earl of Normandy who had hostile de- 
 signs upon this land. And then the King sent 
 out ships to annoy and hinder his brother, but 
 some of them failed at time of need, and deserted 
 from the King and submitted to Earl Robert. — 
 At Midsummer the King posted himself with all 
 his troops at Pevensey to oppose his brother, 
 and he waited for him there. And in the mean 
 time Earl Robert landed at Portsmouth twelve 
 nights before Lammas, and the King marched 
 against him with all his forces ; but the chief 
 men interfered and made peace between them, on 
 condition that the King should give up all those 
 places in Normandy which he then detained 
 from his brother by force of arms ; and that all 
 who had lost their lands in England on the Earl's 
 account should have them again, and that Earl 
 Aa3 
 
270 
 
 Eustace should also have his father's estates in 
 this country, and that Earl Robert should re- 
 ceive yearly 3000 marks of silver from England ; 
 and it was stipulated by this treaty that whicli- 
 ever of the brothers outlived the other, he should 
 inherit all England together with Normandy, 
 unless the deceased left legitimate issue. And 
 twelve men of the highest rank on either side 
 confirmed this treaty by oath : and the Earl 
 afterwards remained here till after Michaelmas ; 
 and his men did much harm wherever they went, 
 wliilst the Earl staid in this land. This year 
 also, at Candlemas, Bishop Rannulf escaped by 
 night from the Tower of London, in which he 
 was confined, and went to Normandy. It was 
 at his incitement chiefly, that Earl Robert was 
 spirited up to invade this land. 
 1102. 
 This year King Henry was at Westminster 
 during the feast of the Nativity, and at Easter 
 he was at Winchester. And soon afterwards a 
 difference arose between the King and Robert 
 of Belesme, who held the Earldom of Shrews*, 
 bury in this country, which his father Earl 
 Roger had enjoyed before him, and who had 
 other great possessions both here and abroad; 
 and the King went and besieged A rundel castle^ 
 
271 
 
 and when he found that he should not be able 
 to take it speedily, he caused castles to be built 
 before it, and garrisoned with his men ; and then 
 he led all his troops to Bridj^enorth, and re- 
 mained there till he had reduced the castle, and 
 deprived Earl Robert of his lands, and he took 
 from him all that he possessed in Enoiand, so the 
 Earl departed over sea, and the King's soldiers 
 •were disbanded and returned home. On tlic 
 Michaelmas following the King was at West- 
 minster, with all the head men of this land, both 
 clergy and laity ; and Archbishop Anselm held 
 a synod, at which many decrees were made 
 touching the Christian religion; and many Ab- 
 bots, both French and English, lost their staffs 
 and their abbacies, because they had obtained 
 them unlawfully, or had lived unrighteously 
 therein. And the same year, in Pentecost week, 
 there came robbers, some from Auvergne, some 
 from France, and some from Flanders, and they 
 brake into the monastery of Peterborough, and 
 carried off much treasure of gold and silver ; 
 crosses, chalices, and candlesticks. 
 1103. 
 This year King Henry was at Westminster at 
 Christmas. And soon afterwards the Bishop 
 William Giffard departed from this land^ because 
 be would not against right, receive consecratioa 
 
272 
 
 from Gerard Archbishop of York. And at 
 Easter the King held his Court at Winchester; 
 and afterwards, Anselm Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury' journeyed to Rome, as he and the King had 
 agreed. This year also Earl Robert of Nor- 
 mandy came to this land, to speak with the King, 
 and before he departed hence he gave up the 
 SOOO marks which King Henry should have paid 
 him yearly according to the treaty. This year 
 blood was seen gushing out of the earth at 
 Hampstead, in Berkshire. This was a year of 
 much distress from the manifold taxes, and also 
 from a mortality among the cattle, and from the 
 failure of the crops, both of the corn and all 
 fruits of trees. In the morning also of St. Law- 
 rence's day, the wind did so much damage to all 
 the fruit of this hind, that no man remembered 
 the like to have ever happened before. The 
 same year died Mathias Abbot of Peterborougli, 
 •who had not lived more than one year after he 
 was made Abbot. After Michaelmas, on the iSlh 
 of the calends of Novemijer, he was received in 
 procession as Abbot, and the same day the year 
 following he died at Gloucester, and there he 
 was buried. 
 
 1104. 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry held his 
 Court at- Westminster, at Easter at Winchesterj 
 
273 
 
 awd at Pentecost again at Westminster. This 
 year the first day of Pentecost was on the nones 
 of June, and on the Tuesday after, at mid-day, 
 there appeared four circles of a white colour 
 round the sun, one under the other as if they 
 had been painted. All who siw it wondered, 
 because they never remembered such before. — 
 An alliance was afterwards formed between Ro- 
 bert Earl of Normandy and Robert of Belesmc, 
 whom King Henry bad deprived of his estates, 
 and driven out of England, and from this, the 
 King of England and the Earl of Normandy 
 became at variance. And the King sent his 
 people over sea into Normandy, and the head 
 men of that country received tliem, and admitted 
 them into their castles in treachery to their Lord 
 the Earl, and tliey greatly annoyed the Earl by 
 plundering and burning his territories. This 
 year also, William Earl of Moreton (Mor- 
 taigne) departed to Normandy, and being there, 
 he took arms against the King, on which the 
 King confiscated all his possessions and estates 
 in this country. It is not easy to describe the 
 misery of this land, which it suffered at this 
 time through the various and manifold oppres- 
 sions and taxes that never ceased or slackened : 
 moreover wherever the King went his train fell t» 
 
274 
 
 plundering bis wretched people, and Avitlial there 
 was much burning and manslaughter. By all 
 this was the anger of God provoked, and this 
 unhappy nation harrassed. 
 1105. 
 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry held his 
 Court at Windsor, and the following Lent he 
 went over sea to Normandy ai^ainst his brother 
 Earl Robert. And whilst he remained there he 
 won Caen and Baieux from his brother, and 
 almost all the castles and chief men of that land 
 became subject to him ; and in the autumn lie 
 came again to this country. And all that he hac^ 
 conquered in Normandy remained to him after* 
 wards in peace and subjection, excepting those 
 places which lay in the neiglsbourhood of Wil- 
 liam Earl of Mortaigne, and which he harrassed 
 continually as much as harrass he might, in re- 
 venge for the loss of his estates in England. Then 
 before Christmas Robert de Belesme came hither 
 to the King. This was a year of great distress 
 from the failure of the fruits, and from the mani- 
 fold taxes which never ceased, either before the 
 King went abroad, while he was there, or again 
 after his return. 
 
 1106. 
 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry was at 
 
275 
 
 Westminster, ami tliere he held his court, and 
 during this festival Robert de Btiesine doparti'd 
 from the Kino- in enmity, and left this connlry 
 for Normandj. Afier this, and before Lent, 
 the KiniT >vas at Northampton, and his brother 
 Earl Robert of INormandj came to him there; 
 and because the Kin<j would not give up that 
 which he had won from the Earl in Noimandj, 
 they separated in enmity, and the Earl soon went 
 again over sea. In the first week of Lent, on 
 the evening of Friday, tiie 14lh of the calends 
 of March, a strange slar appeared, and it was 
 seen a while every evening for a long time after- 
 wards. This star appeared in the south-west, 
 it seemed small and dim, but the light that stood 
 from it was very bright and like an exceedingly 
 long beam shining to tlte north-east ; and one 
 evening it seemed as if a beam from over against 
 the star darted directly into it. Some persons 
 said that they observed more unknown stars at 
 this time, but we do not write this as a certainty 
 because we saw them not ourselves. One night, 
 the morrow being the day of our Lord's Supper, 
 that is, the i'hursday before Easter, two moons 
 appeared before day in the heavens, the one in 
 the east and the other in the west, both full; 
 and the same day was the I4lh of the moon. 
 
§76 
 
 At Easter the King was at Bath, and at Pente- 
 cost at Salisbury, because he would not hold his 
 Court over sea during his absence from this 
 country. After this, before August, the King 
 ■went into Normandy, and almost all the inhabit- 
 ants bowed to his will, excepting Robert de Be- 
 lesme, and the Earl of Mortaigne, and a few 
 other chiefs who yet held with the Earl of Nor- 
 mandy : the King therefore came with an army, 
 and besieged a castle of the Earl of Mortaigne 
 called Tinchebray. Whilst the King was be- 
 sieging this castle, Robert Earl of Normandy 
 and his army came upon him on Michaelmas eve, 
 and with him were Robert de Belesme and Wil- 
 liam Earl of Mortaigne, and all who wished well 
 to their cause, but strenglh and victory were with 
 the King. The Earl of Normandy was taken, 
 together with the Earl of Mortaigne and Robert 
 de Stutteville ; and they were afterwards sent to 
 England, and kept in confinement ; Robert de 
 Belesme was put to flight, and William Crispin 
 was taken, with many others ; Edgar ^^iheling 
 who had gone over from the King to the Earl a 
 short time before, was also taken ; but the King 
 afterwards let him depart unhurt. After this, the 
 King subdued the whole of Normandy, and 
 brought it under his own will and power. This 
 
277 
 
 year, also there was a very terrible and sinful 
 war between the Emperor of Saxony anil his son, 
 during which the father died, and the son suc- 
 ceeded to the Empire. 
 
 1107. 
 This year King Henry was in Normandy at 
 Christmas and reduced that land, and having 
 settled the government, he came to England the 
 following Lent; and he held his Court at Wind- 
 sor at k'aster, and at Pentecost he held it at 
 Westminster. And in the beginning of August 
 he was again at Westminster, and there he gave 
 away Bishopricks and Abbacies, disposing of 
 such as were without elders and pastors, both in 
 England and Normandy ; the number of these 
 was so great that no man remembered that so 
 many were ever before given away at one time. 
 And amongst others who then received Abbacies, 
 Ernulf Prior of Canterbury obtained that of 
 Peterborough. This was about the seventh yeap 
 of King Henry's reign, and the one and fortieth 
 year that the French ruled in this land. Many 
 said that they saw various tokens in the moon 
 this year, and its light waxing and waning con- 
 trary to nature. This year died Maurice Bishop 
 of London, and Robert Abbot of St. Edmund's 
 Bury, and Kichard Abbot of Ely. This year 
 Bb 
 
278 
 
 also Edgar King of Scotland died on the ides of 
 January, and his brother Alexander succeeded to 
 the kingdom with King Henry's consent. 
 1108. 
 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry was at 
 Westminster ; and at Easter at Winchester ; and 
 at Pentecost again at Westminster. After this^ 
 before August, he went into Normandy. And 
 Philip King of France dying on the nones of 
 August, his son Louis succeeded him, and there 
 ■were afterwards many battles between the Kings 
 of France and of England, whilst Henry re- 
 mained in Normandy. This year also Gerard 
 Archbishop of York died before Pentecost, and 
 Thomas was afterwards appointed as his suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 1109. 
 
 This year King Henry was in Normandy both 
 at Christmas and at Easter; and before Pentecost 
 he came hither and held his Court at Westminster, 
 at which place the stipulations were ratified, and 
 the oaths sworn, relative to the marriage of his 
 daughter with the Emperor. There was much 
 thunder this year and that very terrible. And 
 Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury died on the 
 J 1th of the calends of April, and the first day of 
 Easter was on the greater Litany. 
 
I 
 
 279 
 
 1110. 
 This year, at Christmas, Kin<^ Henry held his 
 Court at Westminster ; and at Easter he was at 
 Marlborough ; and at Pentecost he held his 
 Court for the first time in the New Wind- 
 sor. This year, before Lent, the King sent his 
 daughter with manifold treasures over sea, and 
 gave her to the Emperor. On the fiflh night 
 of the month of May the moon appeared shining 
 brightly in the evening, and afterwards its light 
 waned by little and little, and early in the niglit 
 it was so wholly gone that neither light, nor 
 circle, nor any thing at all of it was to be seen, 
 and thus it continued till near day, and then it 
 appeared shining ful' and bright ; it was a fort- 
 night old the same day : the sky was very clear 
 all the nighl, and the stars shone very brightly 
 all over the heavens, and the fruit trees were 
 greatly injured by that night's frost. After this, 
 in the month of June, there appeared a star in 
 ihe north-east, and its light stood before it (o the 
 south-west, and it was seen thus for many nights, 
 and ever as the night advanced it mounted up- 
 wards and was seen going olf to the north-west. 
 This year Philip de Brause, and William Mal- 
 let, and William Baynard were deprived of their 
 Bb2 
 
280 
 
 lands. This year also died Earl Elias, who whilst 
 living held Maine of King Henry, but on his death 
 the Earl of Anjou took possession of that pro- 
 vince, and kept it against the King's will. This 
 was a year of much distress from the taxes 
 which the King raised for his daughter's dowry, 
 and from the bad weather by which the crops 
 were greatly injured, and nearly all the fruit on 
 the trees destroyed throughout the country. — 
 This year men first began to work at the new 
 monastery of Chertsey. 
 
 1111. 
 This year King Henry wore not his crown at 
 Christmas, nor at Easter, nor at Pentecost. — 
 And in August he was called over sea to Nor- 
 mandy, by the hostility of certain of his enemies 
 on the marches of France, and principally by 
 that of the Earl of Anjou who held Maine against 
 him : and after his arrival many were the in- 
 trigues and great the burning and plundering 
 carried on by either party against the other. — 
 This year liobert Earl of Flanders died and his 
 sou Baldwin succeeded him. The winter was 
 very long this year, a heavy and a severe time, 
 by which the fruits of the earth were much in- 
 jured ; and there was the greatest pestilence 
 among the cattle ever remembered.. 
 
2Sl 
 
 1112. 
 All this year King Henry remained in Nor- 
 mandy, on account of the war in which he was 
 engaged with France, and with the Earl ot" 
 Anjou, who held Maine against him. And whilst 
 he was there he deprived the Earl of Evrenx 
 and William Crispin of theif lands, and drove 
 them out of Normandy : and he restored to Philip 
 de Brause the estates which had been taken from 
 him, and he caused Robert de Belesme to be 
 seized and put into prison. This was a very 
 good year as to (he crops, the trees and fields 
 being very fruitful ; but it was a very heavy and 
 a sorrowful time, by reason of a dreadful pesti- 
 lence among men. 
 
 1113. 
 This year King Henry was in Normandy at 
 Christmas, at Easter, and at Pentecost. And in 
 the summer he sent hither Robert de Belesme, to 
 be confined in Wareham castle, and he himself 
 came to this land soon afterwards. 
 
 1114. 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry held his 
 Court at W'indsor, and he held no Court again 
 this year. And at Midsummer he entered Wales 
 with an army, and the Welch came and treated 
 with the King, and he caused castles to be built 
 
 B bs 
 
282 
 
 in that country. And in September he went over 
 sea to Normandy. In the end of May, this year, 
 a strange star with a long light was seen shining 
 for many nights. This year also there was so 
 great an ebb of the tide every where in one day, 
 as no man remembered before, so that men went 
 through the Thames both riding and walking, 
 east of London bridge. This year there were 
 very high winds in the month of October, and 
 more especially on the night of the octaves of 
 St. Martin, as was apparent in all woods and 
 towns. This year also the King gave the Arch- 
 bishoprick of Canterbury to Ralph Bishop of 
 Rochester ; and Thomas A rchbishop of York 
 <lied, and the King's Chaplain Turstein succeeded 
 him. At this time the King went towards the 
 sea, and he would have gone over but he was 
 detained by the weather. In the mean wliile he 
 sent his writ to Ernulf Abbot of Peterborough, 
 desiring him to come to him with speed, for that 
 he would speak with him on something of im- 
 portance. On Ernulf's arrival, the King and the 
 Archbishops and Bishops, and the English No- 
 bility who attended the King, forced him to 
 accept the Bishoprick of Rochester ; he with- 
 stood them long, but his resistance availed no- 
 thing. And the King commanded the Arch- 
 
283 
 
 bishop to take Jiim to Canterbury, and to conse- 
 crate liiui as Bisliop whether he would or not. — 
 This was done in (lie town called Burne (Sitting- 
 burn?) on the 17th of (he calends of October. 
 When the monks of Peterborough heard this, 
 they were so sorry as never before, because 
 Ernulf was a very good and a mild man, and did 
 much good wi(hiii the monastery and out of it 
 whilst he remained there. May Almighty God 
 be ever with him. Soon afterwards, at the re- 
 quest of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the King 
 gave that Abbacy (o a monk of Sees named John. 
 And soon after this the King and the Archbishop 
 sent him to Rome for the Archbishop's pall, and 
 with him a monk named Warner, and the Arch- 
 deacon John the Archbishop's nej)hew, and they 
 sped well on their journey. This was done on 
 the 11th of the calends of October, at the town 
 called Rugenor (Rowner, near Gosporl), and the 
 same day the King took ship at Portsmouth. 
 1113. 
 This year, during Christmas, King Henry was 
 in Normandy, and whilst he was there he caused 
 all the chief men af Normandy to do homage and 
 swear oaths of allegiance to his son William, 
 whom he had by his Queen ; and afterwards in 
 the month of July he returned hither. This year 
 
284 
 
 the winter was so severe with snow and with frost, 
 that no man then living remembered a harder : 
 and it occasioned much disease among the cattle. 
 This year Pope Paschal sent hither a pall to 
 Archbishop Ralph, and he received it with much 
 pomp at his see of Canterbury. Anselm an Abbot 
 of Rome, the nephew of Archbishop Anselm, and 
 John Abbot of Peterborough, brought the pall 
 from Rome. 
 
 1116. 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry was at 
 St. Alban's, and there he caused the monastery io 
 be consecrated ; ai\d at Easter he was at Wudi- 
 hara (Odiham). Ar)d this year also, the winter 
 being severe and long, it was a very heavy time 
 for the cattle and all things. And soon after 
 Easter the King went over sea, and much trea- 
 chery was practised, and there was plundering 
 and taking of castles between France and Nor- 
 mandy. The chief cause of enmity was that 
 King Henry aided his nephew Earl Theobald de 
 Blois, who was then at war with his Lord Louis 
 King of France. This was a very calamitous 
 year, the crops being spoiled by the heavy rains, 
 which came on just before August and lasted till 
 Candlemas. Mast also was so scarce this year 
 that none was to be heard of in all this land, or ia 
 
 I 
 
~ 285 
 
 Wales : moreover this land and nation were' 
 many times sorely oppressed by the taxes which 
 the King raised both within the towns and out of 
 them. This year also the whole of the monas- 
 tery of Peterborough was burnt, with all the 
 houses, excepting t!ie chapter-house and the 
 dormitory : and the greater part of the town was 
 burnt also. All this happened on a Friday, be- 
 ing the 2d of the nones of August. 
 1117. 
 All this year King Henry abode in Normandy, 
 because of the war with the King of France and 
 his other neighbours ; then in the summer the 
 King of France, and the Earl of Flanders with 
 him, entered Normandy with an army, and re- 
 mained in the country one night, and went away 
 again in the morning without fighting. And 
 Normandy was greatly oppressed by taxes and by 
 the levies of troops that King Henry raised to op- 
 pose them. This nation also was sorely ag- 
 grieved in like manner, to wit, by the manifold 
 taxes. This year also there was a violent storm 
 of thunder arjd lightning, rain and hail, on the 
 night of the calends of December ; and on the 3d 
 night of the ides of December (he moon appeared 
 for a long time as it were bloody, and then it was 
 darkened. Also, on the niijht of the ITlh of the 
 
286 
 
 calends of January the heaven appeared very 
 red, as if it were burning. And on the octave of 
 St. John the Evangelist's day there was a great 
 earthquake in Lombardy, by which many monas- 
 teries, towers, and houses were thrown down, and 
 the inhabitants suffered greatly. This was a very 
 bad year for the corn, through the rains which 
 ceased scarcely at all. And Gilebcrt Abbot of 
 Westminster died on the 8th of the ides of De- 
 cember, aiid Farits Abbot of Abingdon died on 
 the 7th of the calends of Blarch. And the same 
 
 year 
 
 1118. 
 All this year King Henry was in Normandy, 
 being at war with the King of France, and with 
 the Earl of Anjou, and with the Earl of Flanders, 
 And the Earl of Flanders was wounded in Nor- 
 mandy, on which he returned to Flanders. The 
 King was greatly impoverished by this war, and 
 lost much money and land, and he was most 
 harrassed by his own men, who continually re- 
 volted and betrayed him, and went over to his 
 enemies, and treacherously gave up their castles 
 in ihe King's despite. England paid dearly for 
 all this by the manifold taxes which ceased not all 
 this year This year, one evening in Epiphany 
 week, there was dreadful lightning which caused 
 
gST 
 
 many deaths. And Queen Maliald (Matilda) 
 died at Westminster on the calends of May, and 
 was buried there. And Hobert Earl of Mellent 
 also died this year. This year also, on St. Tho- 
 mas' day, there was so exceedinoly jiigh a Avind 
 that none who then lived remrniljcred a grealef, 
 and this might be seen every where from tlie state 
 of the houses and of the trees. Pope Paschal also 
 died this year, and John of Gaieta, whose other 
 name was Gelasius, succeeded to the Popedom. 
 1 1 19. 
 All this year King Henry remained in Normandy, 
 and was greatly harrassed by the war with the 
 King of France, and by the treachery of his own 
 men, who were continually revolting from liim, 
 till at length the two Kings with their forces met 
 in Normandy. The King of France was there 
 put to flight and all his best men taken, and 
 many of King Henry's vassals who had kept their 
 castles against him, now submitted, and were 
 reconciled to him, and some of the castles he took 
 by force. This year, William the son of King 
 Henry and of Queen Mahald went to Normandy 
 to his father, and the daughter of the Earl of 
 Anjou was there given and wedded to him. On 
 Michaelmas eve there was a gteat earthquake in 
 some parts of this land ; and it was felt most in 
 
288 
 
 Gloucestershire and Worcestershire. The same 
 year Pope Gelasius died on this side of the moun- 
 tains, and he was buried at Cluny ; and the 
 Archbishop of Vienne was chosen Pope, his 
 name was Calixtus. He afterwards came to 
 Rheims, in France, on the feast of St. Luke the 
 Evangelist, and held a council there. And Tur- 
 stein Archbishop of York journeyed thither, and 
 because he received consecration from the Pope, 
 against riglit, and to the prejudice of the see of 
 Canterbury, and against the King's will, Henry 
 wholly forbade his return to England ; and being 
 thus deprived of his Archbishoprick, he proceeded 
 with the Pope towards Rome. This year also 
 Baldwin Earl of Flanders died of the wound 
 which he had received in Normandy, and was 
 succeeded by Charles the son of his aunt and of 
 St. Cnut, King of Denmark. 
 1120. 
 This year peace was made between the Kings 
 of England and of France, and after this all King 
 Henry's own men in Normandy made their peace 
 with him ; also the Earls of Flanders and of Pon- 
 thieu. Then the King ordered and disposed of 
 his castles and land in Normandy after his own 
 will; and so, before Advent, he returned to Eng- 
 land. And the King's two sons William and 
 
289 
 
 Richard were drowned in the passage, together 
 with Richard Earl of Chester, and Ottuel his 
 brother; and very many of the King's Conrt; 
 stewards, and chamberlains, and butlers, and 
 other men in ollice, and an innumerable multi- 
 tude of all ranks, were also lost. The manner of 
 their death was a twofold grief to their friends, 
 first because they lost their lives so suddenly, 
 and next that few of their bodies were ever found. 
 And this year that remarkable light twice came 
 upon our Lord's sepulchre at Jerusalem, once at 
 Easter, and again on the Assumption of St. Mary, 
 according to the report of men of credit, who 
 came from thence. And Turstein Archbishop of 
 York was reconciled to the King through the 
 Pope, and he came to this land, and was put in 
 possession of his Archbishoprick, though much 
 against the will of the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. 
 
 I12I. 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry was at 
 Bramtun (Brampton ?), and before Candlemas 
 Atlielis was given him to wife at Windsor, and 
 afterwards consecrated Queen ; she was the 
 daughter of the Duke of Louvain. And the 
 moon was eclipsed on the night of the nones of 
 April, being the 14th day of the moon And 
 Cc 
 
290 
 
 the King was at Berkeley at Easter, and the 
 Pentecost following he held a great Court at 
 Westminster, and in the summer he entered 
 Wales with an army, and the Welch came to 
 meet him, and made a treaty with him on his 
 own terms. This year the Earl of Anjou re- 
 turned from Jerusalem to his own land, and after 
 this he sent hither to fetch away his daughter 
 who had been married to the King's son Wil- 
 liam. And on the night of Christmas eve there 
 was a very high wind throughout this land, as 
 might be seen plainly in its effects. 
 1122. 
 This year King Henry was at Norwich at 
 Christmas, and at Easter he was at Northampton. 
 And the town of Gloucester was burned the 
 Lent before, for while the monks were singing 
 mass, the deacon having begun the gospel " Prce- 
 tcriens Jesus,^^ the fire fell on the top of the 
 steeple, and it burned the whole monastery, and 
 all the treasures in it, excepting a few books and 
 three vestments : this happened on the 8th of 
 the ides of March. And there was a very high 
 wind on the Tuesday after Palm Sunday, th« 
 11th of the calends of April : and after this many 
 strange tokens were noticed throughout England, 
 and many ghosts were seen and heard. And on 
 
291 
 
 the night of the 8th of the calends of August, 
 there was a great earthquake throughout Somer- 
 Betshire and Gloucestershire. Again on the 6th 
 of the ides of September, St. Mary's day, there 
 was a very high wind, which continued from 
 nine in the morning till dark night. The same 
 year Ralph Archbishop of Canterbury died on 
 the 13th of the calends of November. After this 
 many shipmen were at sea, and on the water, and 
 said that they saw a fire in the north-east, large 
 and broad, near the earth, and that it grew in 
 height unto the welkin, and the welkin divide^ 
 into four parts and fought against it, as it would 
 have quenched it; nevertheless the fire flamed 
 «p to heaven. They observed this fire at day- 
 break, and it lasted until it was light every 
 where : this was on the 7th of the ides of De- 
 cember. 
 
 1123. 
 This year King Henry was at Dunstaple at 
 Christmas, and the messengers from the Earl of 
 Anjou came to him there, and ht proceeded thence 
 to Woodstock, and his Bishops and all his Court 
 with him. Now it fell out on a Wednesday, 
 being the 4th of the ides of January, that the 
 King rode in his deer-park, and Koger Bishop 
 of Salisbury was on one side of him, and Robert 
 Cc2 
 
293 
 
 Bloet Bishop of Lincoln on the other; and they 
 
 rode there talking. Then the Bishop of Lincoln 
 
 sank down, and said to the King, "Lord King! 
 
 I am dying," — and the King alighted from his 
 
 horse, and took him between his arms, and bade 
 
 them bear him to his inn, and he soon lay there 
 
 dead ; and they took his body with much pomp 
 
 to Lincoln, and Robert Bishop of Chester, who 
 
 was called Pecceth, buried him before St. Mary's 
 
 altar. Soon after this the King sent his writs 
 
 over all England, and desired his Bishops, his 
 
 Abbots, and his Thanes, that they should all 
 
 come to the meeting of his Witan at Gloucester, 
 
 on Candlemas day, and they obeyed ; and wh^n 
 
 they were there assembled the King bade them 
 
 choose to themselves whomsoever they would as 
 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, and that he would 
 
 confirm their choice. Then the Bishops spake 
 
 among themselves, and said that they would 
 
 never more have a man of any monastic order 
 
 as Archbishop over them. And they all with 
 
 one accord went to the King, and entreated that 
 
 they might choose one of the clergy for their 
 
 Archbisiiop, and to this the King consented. — 
 
 All this had been set on foot by the Bishop of 
 
 Salisbury, and by the Bishop of Lincoln before 
 
 he died, for they never loved the monks' rules, 
 
293 
 
 but were ever against the monks and their rules 
 also. And the Prior and monks of Canterbury 
 and all others of the monastic order who were 
 there, resisted this proceeding two full days, but 
 in vain, for the Bishop of Salisbury was very 
 powerful, and swayed all England, and he was 
 against them with all his might. Then they 
 chose a clerk named William of Corboyl, he was 
 a canon of a monastery called Cice (St. Osith) ; 
 and they brought him before the King, who gave 
 him the Archbislioprick, and he was received by 
 all the Bishops ; but the Monks and Earls, and 
 almost all the Thanes who were there, would not 
 acknowledge him. At this same time the messen- 
 gers of the Earl departed from the King dissatisfied, 
 nothing regarding his gifts. At this time also a 
 Legate arrived from Rome; his name was Henry, 
 and he was Abbot of the monastery of St. Jean 
 d'Angely. He came for the Romescot ; and he told 
 the King that a clerk had no right to be set over 
 monks, and that therefore they had formerly 
 chosen the Archbishop in the chapter, as was 
 befitting ; but, for love of the Bishop of Salis- 
 bury, the King would not undo his act. Soon 
 afterwards, the Archbishop went to Canterbury, 
 and was received, though unwillingly, and he 
 uras forthwith consecrated there by the Bishop 
 
 C c3 
 
294 
 
 of London, and Ernulf Bishop of Rochester, and 
 William Giffard Bishop of Winchester, and 
 Bernard Bishop of Wales (St. David's), and 
 Roger Bishop of Salisbury. Then early in 
 Lent the Archbishop journeyed to Rome for his 
 pall, and Bernard Bishop of Wales, and Sefred 
 Abbot of Glastonbury, and Anselm Abbot of St. 
 Edmund's, and John Archdeacon of Canterbury, 
 and Gifard who was the King's chaplain, went 
 with hira. Thurstan Archbishop of York went 
 to Rome at the same time by order of the Pope, 
 and he arrived three days before the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury, and was received with much 
 honour. Then came the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, and it was a full week before he could 
 obtain an audience of the Pope, because the 
 Pope had been given to understand that he had 
 received the Archbishoprick in opposition to the 
 monks of the monastery, and against right ; but 
 that which overcomelh all the world, namely 
 gold and silver, overcame Rome also, and the 
 Pope relented and gave him his pall, and the 
 Archbishop swore obedience in all things that he 
 should impose, on the heads of St. Peter and 
 St. Paul, and the Pope then sent him home with 
 his blessing. Whilst the Archbishop was abroad^ 
 the King gave the Bishoprick of Bath to the 
 
 - 
 
295 
 
 Queen's Chancellor, named Godfrey; he was of 
 Louvain : this was done at Woodstock on the 
 day of St. Mary's Annunciation. Soon after- 
 wards the King went to Winchester, where he 
 remained during the festival of Easter ; and 
 while there he gave the Bishoprick of Lincoln 
 to a clerk named Alcxaniler, who was a nephew 
 of the Bishop of Salisbury, and he did this all 
 for love of that Bishop. Then the King pro- 
 ceeded to Portsmouth, and stiid there over Pen- 
 tecost week ; and as soon as he had a fair wind 
 he sailed for Normandy, having committed all 
 England to the care and administration ol Roger 
 Bishop of Salisbury. The King was in Nor- 
 mandy all this year, and a great war broke out 
 between him and his Thanes, for Earl Waleram 
 of Mellent, and Hamalri, and Hugh of Mont- 
 fort, and W^illiam of Roumare, and many others 
 revolted from him and held their castles against 
 him ; and the King on his part opposed them 
 with vigour, and the same year he won from 
 Waleram his castle of Pont-au-de-mer, and from 
 Hugh that of Montfort, and after this his affairs 
 continued to prosper more and more. The same 
 year, before the Bishop of Lincoln came to his 
 see, nearly the whole town of Lincoln was burnt, 
 with a great number of persons, both men and 
 
296 
 
 •women, and so much harm was done that no 
 man could tell another how great the damage 
 was. This happened on the 14th of the calends 
 of June. 
 
 1124. 
 All this year King Henry was in Normandy, 
 being detained there by his great wars with 
 Louis King of France, and the Earl of Anjou, 
 and with his own subjects most of all. Then it 
 befel on the day of St. Mary's Annunciation that 
 Waleram Earl of Mellent was going from one 
 of his castles called Beaumont, to another, Watte- 
 ville, and Amalri the steward of the King of 
 France, and Hugh the son of Gervais, and Hugh 
 of Montfort, and many other good Knights went 
 with him. Then tlie King's Knights from all 
 the neighbouring castles came against them, and 
 fought with them, and put them to flight, and 
 they took the Earl Waleram, and Hugh the son 
 of Gervais, and Hugh of Montfort, and five and 
 twenty other Knights, and brought them to the 
 King ; and the King caused Earl Waleram and 
 Hugh the son of Gervais to be confined in the 
 castle of Rouen, and he sent Hugh of Montfort 
 to England, and caused him to be put in evil 
 bonds in that of Gloucester, and as many of the 
 others as he thought fit he sent north and soutb 
 
297 
 
 to his castles for confinement. Then the King 
 went on, and won all Earl Waleram's castles in 
 Normandy, and all the others which his enemies 
 held against him. All this was on account of 
 the son of Robert Earl of Normandy named 
 William. The same William had married the 
 younger daughter of Fulk Earl of Anjou, and 
 for this cause the King of France, and all the 
 Earls and great men held with him, and said that 
 the King did wrongfully keep his brother Robert 
 in confinement, and that he had unjustly driven 
 his son William out of Normandy. This year there 
 was much unseasonable weather which injured the 
 corn and all fruits in England, so that, between 
 Christmas and Candlemas, one acre's seed of 
 wheat, that is two seedlips, sold for six shillings, 
 and one of barley, that is three seedlips, for six 
 shillings, and one acre's seed of oats, being four 
 seedlips, for four shillings. It was thus, because 
 corn was scarce, and the penny was so bad, that 
 the man who had a pound at the market, could 
 hardly, for any thing, pass twelve of these pen- 
 Dies. The same year, the holy Bishop of Ro- 
 chester Ernulf, who had been Abbot of Peter- 
 borough, died on the 'u\es of March. Therv-^af^er 
 died Alexander King of Scotland, on the 9(h of 
 the calends of May, and his brother David, then 
 
298 
 
 Earl of Northamptonshire, succeeded him, and 
 lield at the same time both the kingdom of Scot- 
 land and the English earldom. And the Pope 
 of Rome called Calixtus died on the 19th of the 
 calends of January, and Honorius succeeded 
 to the Popedom. The same year, after St. An- 
 drew's day, and before Christmas, Ralph Basset, 
 and the King's Thanes held a Witenagemot at 
 Hundhoge (Huncot), in Leicestershire, and there 
 they hanged more thieves than had ever before 
 been executed within so short a time, being in all 
 four and forty men : and they put out the eyes of 
 six. — Many men of truth said that several there 
 suffered with great injustice, but our Lord God 
 Almighty who seeth and knoweth all hidden 
 things, seeth that the miserable people is op- 
 pressed with all unrighteousness; first men are 
 bereaved of their own, and then they are slain. 
 Full heavy a year was this ; he who had anj 
 property was bereaved of it by heavy taxes and 
 assessments, and he who bad none, starved witU 
 hunger. 
 
 1125. 
 
 Before Christmas, this year. King Henry sent 
 
 from Normandy to England, and commanded that 
 
 all the raoneyers of England should be deprived of 
 
 their limbs, namely of their right hands. — And 
 
f99f 
 
 this, because a man might have a pound, and yet 
 not be able to spend one penny at a market. And 
 Roger Bishop of Salisbury sent over all England, 
 and desired all of them to come fo Winchester at 
 Christmas; and when they came thither his men 
 took them one by one, and cut off their right hands. 
 All this was done w ithin the twelve days, and with 
 much justice, because they had ruined this land 
 with the great quantity of bad metal w hich they all 
 bought. This year the Pope of Rome sent John 
 of Crema, a Cardinal, to this land. He first 
 came to the King in Normandy, and the King 
 received him with much honour, and commended 
 him to William Archbishop of Canterbury, who 
 conducted him to Canterbury ; and he was there 
 received with much pomp, and a great pro- 
 cession, and he sang the high mass at Christ's 
 altar on Easter day ; and then he journeyed over 
 all England, to all the Bishopricks and Abba- 
 cies, and he was honourably received every 
 where, and all gave him great and handsome 
 gifts ; and in September he held his council in 
 London full three days (beginning) on the Nati- 
 vity of St. Mary, with the Archbishops, Bishops, 
 and Abbots, and the clergy and laity, and he 
 sanctioned the laws which Archbishop Anselfn 
 had made, and he enacted many others, though 
 
300 
 
 they remained in force but a little while.-— 
 Thence he went over sea soon after Michaelmas, 
 and so to Rome. William Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, and Thurstan Archbishop of York, and 
 Alexander Bishop of Lincoln, and John Bishop 
 of Lothene (Glasgow), and Geoffrey Abbot of 
 St. Alban's, accompanied him, and were received 
 with great honour by the Pope Honorius, and 
 they remained there the whole winter. The 
 same year there was so great a flood on St. Law- 
 rence's day, that many towns were deluged, and 
 men drowned, the bridges were broken up, and 
 the corn fields and meadows spoiled ; and there 
 was famine and disease upon men and cattle; and 
 it was so bad a season for all fruits as had not 
 been for many years before. The same year 
 John Abbot of Peterborough died on the 2d of 
 the ides of October. 
 
 1126. 
 This 3'ear King Henry was in Normandy till 
 after harvest ; and he came to this land between 
 the Nativity of St. Mary, and Michaelmas, ac- 
 companied by the Queen, and by his daughter 
 whom he had before given in marriage to the 
 Emperor Henry of I^orrain. He brought with 
 him the Earl Waleram, and Hugh the son of 
 Gervais^ and he imprisoned the Earl at Bridge- 
 
301 
 
 uortli, and he afterwards sent bim to Walling- 
 ford, and he sent Hugh to Windsor, and caused 
 him to be put into hard bonds. And after 
 Michaelmas David King of Scotland came hither, 
 and King Henrj received him with much honour, 
 and he abode through the year in this land. — 
 The same year the King caused his brother Ro- 
 bert to be taken from Roger Bishop of Salisbury, 
 and delivered to his son Robert Earl of Glou- 
 cester, and he caused him to be removed to 
 Bristol, and put into the castle. All this was 
 done through the advice of his daughter, and of 
 her uncle David King of Scotland. 
 1127. 
 This year, at Christmas, King Henry held his 
 Court at Windsor, and David King of Scotland 
 was there, and all the head men of England, 
 both clergy and laity. And the King caused the 
 Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls, and all the 
 Thanes who were present, to swenr to place Eng- 
 land and Normandy after his death in the hands 
 of his daughter the Princess, who liad been the 
 wife of the Emperor of Saxony. And then he 
 sent her to Normandy, accompanied by her bro- 
 ther Robert Earl of f Gloucester, and by Brian 
 the son of the Earl Alein Fergan ; and he caused 
 her to be wedded to the son of the Earl of Anjou, 
 Dd 
 
302 
 
 named Geoffrey Martel, Howbeit this displeased 
 all the French and the English, but the King 
 did it to obtain peace from the Earl of Anjou 
 and aid against his nephew William. The same 
 year Charles Earl of Flanders was slain in Lent, 
 by his own men, as he lay before the altar in a 
 church, and prayed to God during mass. And 
 the King of France brought William the son of 
 the Earl of Normandy, and gave him the earl- 
 dom, and the men of Flanders received him. — 
 The same William had before taken to wife the 
 'daughter of the Earl of Anjou, but they were 
 afterwards divorced because of their nearness of 
 kin, and this through the interference of Henry 
 King of England ; he afterwards married the 
 sister of the King of France, and on this account 
 the King gave him the earldom of Flanders. — 
 The same year Henry gave the Abbacy of Peter- 
 borough to an Abbot named Henry of Poitou, 
 who was in possession of the Abbacy of St. Jean 
 d'Angely; and all the Archbishops and Bishops 
 said that this grant was against right, and that 
 he could not have in hand two Abbacies. But 
 the same Henry made the King believe that 
 he had given up his Abbey on account of the 
 great disquietude of the land, and that he had 
 done so by the order and with the leave of the 
 
303* 
 
 Pope of Rome, and of the Abbot of Cliiny, and 
 because he was Legate for collecting the Rome' 
 scot. Nevertheless it was not so, but he wished 
 to keep both Abbeys in his own hands, and he 
 did hold them as long as it was the will of God. 
 In his clerkship he was Bishop of Scesscuns 
 (Soissons), afterwards he was a monk at Cluny, 
 tiien Prior of the same monasttry, and next he 
 was Prior of Savenay ; after tiiis, being related 
 to the King of England and to the Earl of Poi- 
 tou, the Earl gave him the Abbey of St. Jean 
 d'Angely. Afterwards by his great craft he 
 obtained the Archbishoprick of Besan^on, an(f 
 kept possession of it three days ; and then lost 
 he it right worthily, in that he had gotten it with 
 all injustice. He then obtained the Bishoprick^ 
 of Saintes, which was five miles from his own 
 Abbey, and he kept this for nearly a week, but 
 here again the Abbot of Cluny displaced him, 
 as he had before removed him from Besan9on. 
 Now he bethought himself that if he could be 
 sheltered in England, he miglit have all his will, 
 on which he besought the King, and said to him 
 that lie was an old man, and a broken-down, and 
 that he could not endure the wrongs and oppres- 
 sions of that land, and he asked the King, him- 
 self, and through all his friends, by name for the 
 Pd2 
 
304 
 
 Abbacy of Peterborough. And (he King granted 
 it to him, forasmuch as lie was his kinsman, and 
 in that he had been one of the first to swear 
 oaths, and to bear witness, when the son of the 
 Earl of Normandj and the daughter of the Earl 
 of Anjou were divorced on the plea of kindred. 
 — Thus vexatiously was the Abbacy of Peter- 
 borough given away at London, between Christ- 
 mas and Candlemas ; and so Henry went with 
 the King to Winchester, and thence he came to 
 Peterborough, and there he lived evrn as a drone 
 in a hive ; as the drone eateth and draggeth for- 
 ward to himself all that is brought near, even so 
 did he ; and thus he sent over sea all that he 
 could take from religious or from secular, both 
 within and without ; no good there he did, nor 
 any did he leave there. Let no man think 
 lightly of the marvel that we are about to relate 
 as a truth, for it was full well known over all the 
 country. It is this; that as soon as he came to 
 Peterborough; it was on the Sunday when men 
 sing '' Ex surge quart O Dornine /" several per- 
 sons saw and heard many hunters hunting. — 
 These hunters were black and large and loathly, 
 and their hounds were all black, with wide eyes 
 and loathly, and they rode on black horses and 
 oB black bucks. This was seen in the very deer* 
 
 I 
 
305 
 
 ptirk of the town of Peterborough, and in all the 
 woods from the same town to Stamford ; and the 
 monks heard tlie blasts of the horns which they 
 blew in the night. Men of truth kept in the 
 night their watch on them, and said that there 
 might well be about 20 or 30 horn-blowers. — 
 This was seen and heard from the time that the 
 Abbot came thither, all that Letit, until Easter. 
 Such was his entrance, of his exit we can say 
 nothing yet : God knoweth it. 
 1128. 
 AW this year King Henry was in Normandy, 
 on account of the war between him and his 
 nephew the Earl of Flanders ; but the Earl was 
 wounded in buttle by a servant, and being so 
 wounded he went to the monastery of St. Bertin, 
 and forthwith he was made a monk, and lived 
 five days after, and then died, and was buried 
 there : God rest his soul ! He was buried on the 
 6th of the calends of August. The same year 
 died Randulf Passeflarabard Bishop of Durham, 
 and he was buried there on the nones of Septem- 
 ber. And this year the aforesaid Abbot Henry 
 went home to his own monastery in Poitou, with 
 the King's leave. He had given the King to 
 understand that he would wholly quit that mo- 
 nastery, and that country, and abide with him in 
 Pd3 
 
306 
 
 England, and ai his monastery of Peterborough. 
 But so it was not, for he spake thus guilefully, 
 wishing to remain there a twelvemonth or more, 
 and then to return again. May Almighty God 
 have mercy upon this wretched place. The same 
 year Hugh of the Temple came from Jerusalem 
 to the King in Normandy, and the King received 
 him with much honoiir, and gave him much 
 treasure in gold and silver, and afterwards he 
 sent him to England, and there he was well re- 
 ceived by all good men, and all gave him trea- 
 sures ; and in Scotland also : and they sent in all 
 a great sum of gold and silver by him to Jeru- 
 salem. And he invited the people out to Jeru- 
 salem, and there went Avith him and after him 
 so great a number, as never before since the first 
 expedition in the days of Pope Urban. Yet this 
 availed little : he said that there was a furious 
 ■war between the christians and the heathens, and 
 T\'hen they came there it was nothing but leasing. 
 —Thus were all these people miserably betrayed. 
 1129. 
 This year the King sent to England after Earl 
 Waleram, and after Hugh the son of Gervais ; 
 and there they gave him hostages, and Hugh 
 went home to France his own country, and 
 \V aleram remained with the King, and the King 
 
307 
 
 gave him all lils lands, excepting his castle alone. 
 Then the King came to England in harvest, and 
 the Earl came with him, and they were as great 
 friends as they had been enemies before. Then 
 soon, by fhe King's counsel and consent, Wil- 
 liam Archbishop of Canterbury sent over all 
 England, and commanded the Bishops, and Ab- 
 bots, and Archdeacons, and all the Priors, Monks, 
 and Canons of all the cells of England, and all 
 who had the charge and oversight of the Chris- 
 tian religion, <Iiat they should come (o London 
 at Michaelmas, to hold conference upon all God's 
 riglits. When they came thither, the meeting 
 began on Ihe Monday and lasted till the Friday, 
 and it came out that it was all concerning the 
 wives of Archdeacons and Priests, that they 
 should part with them by St. Andrew's day ; and 
 that he who would not do this, should tbrego his 
 church, his house, and his home, and never be 
 permitted again to claim them. This was or- 
 dered by William Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 and all the Bishops of Eno;land ; and the King 
 gave them leave to depart, and so they went 
 home, and these decrees were in no respect ob- 
 served, for all kept their wives, by the King's 
 permission, even as before. The same year Wil- 
 liam Gili'ard Bishop of Winchester died, and 
 
308 
 
 was buried there on the 8th of the calends of 
 February ; and after Michaelmas the King gave 
 the Bishoprick to his Nephew Henry Abbot of 
 Glastonbury, and he was consecrated by William 
 Archbishop of Canterbury on the 15th of the 
 calends of December. The same year died 
 Pope Honorius, and before he was well dead, 
 two Popes were chosen. The one was naned 
 Peter, he was a monk of Cluny, and descended 
 from the greatest men of Rome, and the Romans 
 and the Duke of Sicily held with him ; the other 
 ivas named Gregory, he was a clerk, and he was 
 driven from Rome by the other Pope and his 
 kinsmen, and he was acknowledged by the Em- 
 peror of Saxony, by the King of France, by 
 Henry King of England, and by all on this side 
 the mountains. There was now so great a 
 division in Christendom, that the like had never 
 been before : May Christ appoint good counsel 
 for his miserable people ! The same year there 
 was a great earthquake on St. Nicholas' night, a 
 little before day. 
 
 1130. 
 
 This year the monastery of Canterbury was 
 
 consecrated by Archbishop William, on the 
 
 4th of the nones of May. The following Bishops 
 
 were there ; John of Rochester, Gilbert Uni- 
 
309 
 
 versnlisof London, Henry of Windiosfer, Alex- 
 ander of Lincoln, Roger of Salisbury, Simon 
 of Worcester, Roger of Coventry, (Godfrey 
 of Bath, Everard of Norwich, Sigefrid of Chi- 
 chester, Bernard of St. David's, Audoenns of 
 Evreux, in Normandy, and John of Seez. 
 On the 4th day after this. King Henry was at 
 Rochester, and nearly the whole town was burnt 
 down ; and Archbishop VViiliani and the afore- 
 said Bishops consecrated St. Andrew's monastery. 
 And King Henry went over sea to Normandy 
 during harvest. The same year Henry Abbot of 
 Ang-ely came to Peterborough after Easter, and 
 said that he had wholly given up that monastery. 
 After him, the Abbot of Cluny named Peter 
 came to England with the King's leave, and he 
 was received with much honour wherever he 
 went ; he came to Peterborough, and there the 
 Abbot Henry promised that he would obtain for 
 him the monastery of Peterborough, and that it 
 should be annexed to Cluny ; but as it is said in 
 the proverb, " The Hedge still stands — That 
 parts the Lands." May Almighty God frustrate 
 evil counsels! And soon afterwards the Abbot of 
 Cluny went home to his own country. 
 liSi. 
 This year, on a moonlight night after Christ-" 
 
310 
 
 mas, during the first sleep, the tmrtherni half of 
 the heaven was, as it were, a burning fire ; so 
 that all who saw it were more afirighted than 
 ever they were before ; this happened on the 3d 
 of the ides of January. The same year there 
 was so great a pestilence amongst animals over 
 all England, as had not been in the memory of 
 man ; it chiefly fell on cattle and on swine, so 
 that in the town where ten or twelve ploughs had 
 been going, not one remained, and the man, who 
 had possessed two or three hundred swine, had 
 not one left him. After this the hens died ; and 
 flesh-meat became scarce, and cheese, and butter. 
 God mend the state of things when such is his 
 will ! And King Henry came home to England 
 before harvest, after the latter feast of St. Peter. 
 The same year before Easter the Abbot Henry went 
 from Peterborough over sea to Normandy, and 
 there he spoke with the King, and told him that 
 the Abbot of Cluny had commanded him to come 
 over, and resign to him the Abbey of Angely ; 
 and that then, with his leave, he would return 
 home : and so he went to his own monastery and 
 abode there till Midsummer day. And on the 
 day after the feast of St. John, the monks chose- 
 an Abbot from among themselves, and brought 
 hini into the church in procession; they sang 
 
Sll 
 
 Te Deutn laudamus, they rang the bells, and they set 
 him on the Abbot's seat, and they did all obedience 
 to him, even as they would to their Abbot; and 
 the Earl and all the chief men and the monks 
 drove the other Abbot Henry out of the monas- 
 tery, and well they might, for in five and twenty 
 years they had never known a good day. All 
 his great craftiness failed him here, and now it 
 behoved him to creep into any corner, and to 
 consider if perchance there yet remained some 
 slippery device, by which he might once more 
 betray Christ and all christian people. Then 
 went he to Cluny, and there they kept him, so 
 that he could go neither east nor west; the 
 Abbot of Cluny saying that thoy had lost St. 
 Jean through him, and his great sottishness ; 
 wherefore seeing he could give no better compen- 
 sation, he promised and swore on the holy relics, 
 that if he might proceed to England he would 
 obtain for them the monastery of Peterborough, 
 and would establish there a Prior of Cluny, a 
 church- warden, a treasurer, and a keeper of the 
 robes, and that he would make over to them all 
 things both within and without the monastery. 
 Thus he went into France and abode there all 
 thfe year. May Christ provide for the wretched 
 monks of Peterborough, and for that miserable 
 
312 
 
 place, for now do they stand in need of the help 
 of Christ and of all christian people. 
 1132. 
 
 This year King- Henry returned to this land : 
 then the Abbot Henry came, and accused the 
 monks of Peterborough to the Kingf, because he 
 desired to subject that monastery to Cluny ; so 
 that the King was well nigh beguiled, and sent 
 for the monks ; but by God's mercy, and through 
 the Bishops of Salisbury and Lincoln, and the 
 other great men who were there, he found out 
 that the Abbot dealt treacherously. When he 
 could do no more, he wished that his nephew 
 might be Abbot of Peterborough, but this was 
 not the will of Christ. It was not very long after 
 this that the King sent for him, and made him 
 give up the Abbey of Peterborough, and depart 
 out of the country, and the King granted the 
 Abbacy to a Prior of St. Neot's named Martin, 
 and he came to the monastery, right worshipfully 
 attended, on St. Peter's day. 
 1135. 
 
 This year, at Lammas, King Henry went over 
 sea : and on the second day, as he lay asleep in 
 the ship, the day was darkened universally, and 
 the sun became as if it were a moon three nights 
 old, with the stars shining round it at mid-day. 
 
313 
 
 Men greatly marvelled, and great fear fell on 
 them, and they said that some great event should 
 follow thereafter — and so it was, for the same 
 year the King died in Normandy, on the day 
 after the feast of St. Andrew. Soon did this land 
 fall into trouble, for every man quickly began to 
 rob his neighbour as he might. Then King 
 Henry's sons and his friends took his body, and 
 brought it to England, and buried it at Reading. 
 He was a good man, and great was the awe of 
 him ; no man durst ill treat another in his time : 
 he made peace for men and deer. Whoso bare 
 his burden of gold and silver, no man durst say 
 to him aught but good. In the mean time his 
 nephew Stephen de Blois had arrived in Eng- 
 land, and he came to London, and the inhabit- 
 ants received him, and sent for the Archbishop 
 William Corboyl, who consecrated him King on 
 midwinter-day. In this King's time was all dis- 
 cord, and evil-doing, and robbery ; for the 
 powerful men who had kept aloof, soon rose 
 up against him ; the first was Baldwin de Red- 
 vers, and he held Exeter against the King, and 
 Stephen besieged him, and afterwards Baldwin 
 made terms with him. Then the others took 
 their castles, and held them against the King, 
 and David King of Scotland betook him to 
 Ee 
 
314 
 
 Wessien,* but, notwithstanding his array, mes- 
 sengers passed between them, and they came 
 together, and made an agreement, though it 
 availed little. 
 
 1157. 
 This year King Stephen went over sea to Nor- 
 mandy, and he was received there because it was 
 expected that he would be altogether like his 
 uncle, and because he had gotten possession of 
 his treasure, but this he distributed and scattered 
 foolishly. King Henry had gathered together 
 much gold and silver, yet did he no good for 
 his soul's sake with the same. When King 
 Stephen came to England he held aii assembly 
 at Oxford ; and there he seized Roger Bishop of 
 Salisbury, and Alexander Bishop of Lincoln, 
 and Roger the Chancellor, his nephew, and he 
 kept them all in prison till they gave up their 
 castles. When the traitors perceived that he 
 was a mild man, and a soft, and a good, and that 
 he did not enforce justice, they did all wonder. 
 They had done homage to him, and sworn oaths, 
 but no faith kept they ; all became forsworn, and 
 broke their allegiance, for every rich man built 
 his castles, and defended them against him, 
 
 * Carlisle ? 
 
315 
 
 and they filled the land full of castles. They 
 greatly oppressed the wretched people by making 
 them work at these castles, and when the castles 
 were finished they filled them with devils and 
 evil men. Then they took those whom they 
 suspected to have any goods, by night and by 
 day, seizing both men and women, and they put 
 them in prison for their gold and silver, and tor- 
 tured them with pains unspeakable, for never 
 were any martyrs tormented as these were. They 
 Jiung some up by their feet, and smoked them 
 with foul smoke ; some by their thumbs, or by 
 tlie head, and they hung burning things on their 
 feet. They put a knotted string about their heads, 
 and writhed it till it went into the brain. They 
 put them into dungeons wherein were adders and 
 snakes and toads, and thus wore them out. Some 
 they put into a crucet-house, that is, into a 
 chest that was short and narrow, and not deep, and 
 they put sharp stones in it, and crushed the man 
 therein so that they broke all his limbs. There 
 were hateful and grim things called Sachenteges 
 in many of the castles, and which two or three 
 men had enough to do to carry. The Sachen- 
 tege was made thus: it was fastened to a beam, 
 having a sharp iron to go round a man's throat and 
 neck, so that he might no ways sit, nor lie, nor 
 Ee2 
 
316 
 
 sleep, but that he must bear all the iron. Many 
 thousands they exhausted with hunger. I cannot 
 and I may not tell of all the wounds, and all the 
 tortures that they inflicted upon the wretched men 
 of this land; and this state of things lasted the 19 
 years that Stephen was King, and ever grew worse 
 and worse. They were continually levying an 
 exaction from the towns, which they called Ten- 
 sery,* and when the miserable inhabitants had no 
 more to give, then plundered they, and burnt all 
 the towns, so that well mightest thou walk a 
 whole day's journey nor ever shouldest thou find 
 a man seated in a town, or its lands tilled. 
 
 Then was corn dear, and flesh, and cheese, 
 and butter, for there was none in the land — 
 wretched men starved with hunger — some lived 
 on alms who had been erewhile rich : some fled 
 the country — never was there more misery, and 
 never acted heathens worse than these. At 
 length they spared neither church nor church- 
 yard, but they took all that was valuable there- 
 in, and then burned the church and all together. 
 Neither did they spare the lands of Bishops, 
 nor of Abbots, nor of Priests ; but they robbed 
 the monks and the clergy, and every man plnn- 
 
 A payment to the superior Lord for protection. 
 
317 
 
 dered his neii2:liboiir inasmuch as lie miirlit. If 
 two or three men came riding to a town, all the 
 township fled before them, and thought that (hey 
 were robbers. The Bishops and clergy were 
 ever cursing them, but this to them was nothing, 
 for they were all accursed, and forsworn, and 
 reprobate. The earth bare no corn, you might 
 as well have tilled the sea, for the land was all 
 ruined by such deeds, and it was said openly 
 that Christ and his Saints slept. These things, 
 and more than we can say, did we suffer during 
 
 19 years because of our sins. Through all this 
 evil time the Abbot Martin held his Abbacy for 
 
 20 years, and a half, and eight days, with many 
 difficulties : and he provided tlie monks and 
 guests with all necessaries, and kept up much 
 alms in the house ; and withal he wrought upon 
 the church, and annexed tliereto lands and rents, 
 and enriched it greatly, and furnished it with 
 robes : and he brought the monks into the new 
 monastery on St. Peter's day with much pomp. 
 This was in the year 1140 of our Lord's incar- 
 nation, the 23d year after the fire. And he went 
 to Rome and was well received there by Pope 
 Eugenius, and he obtained sundry privileges, 
 to wit, one for all the abbey lands, and another 
 for the lands that adjoin the monastery, and had 
 
318 
 
 he lived longer he meant to have done as much 
 for the treasurer's house. And he regained cer- 
 tain lands that powerful men 'possessed by force; 
 he won Cottinghara and Easton from William 
 Malduit, who held Rockingham castle, and from 
 Hugh of Waltville he won Hyrtlingberi (Artie- 
 borough), and Stanwick, and sixty shillings 
 yearly out of Aldewingle (Oldvvincle). And he 
 increased the number of monks, and planted a 
 vineyard, and made many works, and improved 
 the town ; and he was a good monk and a good 
 man, and therefore God and good men loved 
 him. — Now will we relate some part of what 
 befel in King Stephen's time. Tn his reign the 
 Jews of Norwich bought a Christian child before 
 Easter, and tortured him with all the torments 
 wherewith our Lord was tortured, and they cru- 
 cified him on Good Friday for the love of our 
 Lord, and afterwards buried him. They believed 
 that this would be kept secret, but our Lord 
 made manifest that he was a holy martyr, and 
 the monks took him and buried him honourably 
 in the monastery, and he performed manifold 
 and wonderful miracles through the power of 
 our Lord, and is called St. William. 
 1138. 
 This year David King of Scotland entered this 
 
319 
 
 land witli an immense army resolving to conquer 
 it, and William Earl of Albemarle, to -whose 
 charge the King liad committed York, and other 
 trusty men, came against him with few troops, 
 and fought with him, and they put the King to 
 flight at the Standard, and slew a great part of 
 his followers. 
 
 lUO. 
 This year Slcplicn attempted to take Robert 
 Earl of Gloucester the son of King Henry, but 
 failed, for Robert was aware of his purpose. — 
 After this, in Lent, the sun and the day were 
 darkened about noon, when men eat, so that they 
 lighted candles to eat l)y. This was on the 13th 
 of the calends of April, and the people were 
 greatly astonished. After this William Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury died, and the King made 
 Theobald Abbot of Bcc Archbishop. Then 
 tliere arose a very great war between the King 
 and Randolf Earl of Chester, not because the 
 King did not give him all that he could ask, 
 even as he did to all others, but that the more he 
 gave them, the worse they always carried them- 
 selves to him. The Earl held Lincoln against 
 the King, and seized all that belonged to the 
 King there, and the King went thither, and be- 
 sieged him and his brother William de Romare 
 
320 
 
 in the castle : and the Earl stole out and went 
 for Robert Earl of Gloucester, and brought him 
 thither with a large army ; and they fought 
 furiously against their Lord on Candlemas day, 
 and they took him captive, for his men betrayed 
 him and fled, and they led him to Bristol, and 
 there they put him into prison and close confine- 
 ment. Now was all England more disturbed 
 than before, and all evil was in the land. After 
 this, King Henry's daughter, who had been Em- 
 press of Germany, and was now Countess of 
 of Anjou, arrived, and she came to London, and 
 the citizens would have seized her, but she fled 
 with much loss. Then Henry Bishop of Win- 
 chester, King Stephen's brother, spake with 
 Earl Robert and with the Empress, and swore 
 them oaths that he never more would hold with 
 the King his brother, and he cursed all those 
 that did hold with him, and he said that he would 
 give up Winchester to them, and he made them 
 come thither. But when they were in that place 
 Stephen's Queen brought up her strength and 
 besieged them, till there was so great a famine in 
 the town, they could endure it no longer. Then 
 stole they out and fled, and the besiegers were 
 aware of them, and followed them^ and they 
 took Robert Earl of Gloucester and led him to 
 
S2\ 
 
 Roclicster, and imprisoned him there : and the 
 Empress fled into a monastery. Then wise men, 
 friends of the King and of the Earl, interfered 
 between them, and they settled that the King 
 sliould be let out of prison for the Earl, and the 
 Earl for the King; and this was done. After 
 this the King and Earl Randolf were reconciled 
 at Stamford, and they took oaths and pledged 
 tlieir troth, that neither would betray the othei : 
 but this promise was set at nought, for the 
 King afterwards seized the Earl in Northampton 
 through wicked counsel, and put him in prison, 
 but he set him free soon after, through worse, on 
 condition that he should swear on the cross and 
 find hostages that he would give up all his 
 castles. Some he did deliver up, and others 
 not ; and he did worse than he should have done 
 in this country. Now was England much 
 divided, some held with the King and some with 
 the Empress, for when the King was in prison 
 the Earls and tlie great men thought that ho 
 would never more come out, and they treated 
 with tlje Empress, and brought her to Oxford, 
 and gave her the town. When the King was 
 out of prison he heard this, and he took his army 
 and besieged her in the tower, and they let her 
 down from the tower by night with ropes, and 
 
3^2 
 
 she stole away, and she fled : and she went on 
 foot to Wallingford. After this she went over 
 sea, and all the Normans turned from the King 
 to the Earl of Anjou, some willingly, and some 
 against their will •, for he besieged them till they 
 gave up their castles, and they had no help from 
 the King. Then the King's son Eustace went to 
 France, and took to wife the sister of the King 
 of France : he thought to obtain Normandy 
 through this marriage, but little he sped, and 
 that of right, for he was an evil man, and did 
 more harm than good wherever he went : he 
 spoiled the lands, and laid thereon heavy taxes : 
 he brought his wife to England, and put her into 
 
 the castle of ; she was a gootl woman but 
 
 she had little bliss with him, and it was not the 
 will of Christ that he should bear rule long, and 
 he died, and his mother also. And the Earl of 
 Anjou died, and his son Henry succeeded him ; 
 and the Queen of France was divorced from the 
 the King, and she went to the young Earl Henry 
 and he took her to wife, and received all Poitou 
 with her. Then he came into England with 
 a great army and won castles ; and the King 
 marched against him with a much larger army, 
 howbeit they did not fight, but the Archbishop 
 and wise men went between them and made a 
 
S23 
 
 treaty on these terms ; that tlic King shonld be 
 Lord and King while he lived, and that Henry 
 should be King after his death, and that he 
 should consider him as his father, and the King 
 him as his son, and that peace and concord 
 should be between them, and in all England. 
 The King, and the Earl, and the Bishop, and 
 the Earls, and all the great men swore to observe 
 lliese and the other conditions that were then 
 made. The Earl was received with much honour 
 at Winchester and at London, and all did hom- 
 age to him, and swore to keep the peace, and it 
 soon became a very good peace, such as never 
 was in this land. Then the King was more 
 powerful here than ever he was ; and the Earl 
 went over sea, and all the people loved him, be- 
 cause he did good justice, and made peace. 
 1134. 
 This year King Stephen died, and he was 
 buried with his wife and his son at Favres-field 
 (Feversham) ; they had built that monastery. — 
 When the King died the Earl was beyond sea, 
 and no man durst do other than good for very 
 dread of him. When he came to England he was 
 received with much honour, and was consecrated 
 King at London on the Sunday before Christmas, 
 and he held a great Court there : and on the 
 
same day that Martin Abbot of Peterborough 
 should have gone thither he sickened, and he 
 died on the 4th of the nones of January. And 
 that day the monks chose another Abbot from 
 among themselves. He is named William de 
 Waltville, a good clerk, and a good man, and 
 well beloved of tlie King and of all good people : 
 and they buried the Abbot honourably in the 
 Church, and soon afterwards the Abbot Elect 
 and the monks went to the King at Oxford, and 
 the King gave hira the Abbacy, and thus he de- 
 parted, having received ******* 
 
 i^ini^* 
 
 
Index to the Saxon Chronicle. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 656 AbON Alderman (a. d. 664) - 40 
 
 710 Acca Bishop of Hexham - - 56 
 
 733 expelled - - - 60 
 
 737 dies - - - - 60 
 
 785 Adrian 1st, Pope, sends to England 71 
 
 794 dies - - - - 73 
 
 675 Adrian, Legate, in England (A. D. 680) 48 
 
 897 iEbba killed . - - 114 
 
 1007 ^dric Alderman of Mercia - 163 
 
 1009 favours the Danes - - 165 
 
 1015 murders Sigeferth and Morcaer 175 
 
 1015 deserts to Cmit - - 176 
 
 1016 his treachery towards Edmund 179 
 
 1017 receives the government of Mercia 
 
 from Cnut - - 181 
 
 1017 killed - - - 181 
 
 1017 iEdwig, ^theling, banished by Cnut 182 
 
 933 ^dwine. Prince, drowned - 131 
 
 1002 ^fic, High Sheriff, murdered - 158 
 
 650 iEgelbyrht, or iEthelbryht, Bp. of Wessex 33 
 
 660 leaves England - 42 
 
 Ff 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1058 ^gelric Bishop of Chichester - 205 
 
 1070 excommunicates Hereward 216 
 1069 ^gelric (abdicated) Bp. of Durham, arrested 211 
 1072 dies - - - 226 
 1077 -^gelwig, Abbot of Evesham, dies - 230 
 1069 iEgelwin, Bishop of Durham, outlawed 211 
 
 1071 joins Morker at Ely - 225 
 1071 dies - - - 226 
 
 603 -3Egthan, King of Scots, defeated - 24 
 
 1006 iElfelm, Alderman, killed - - 161 
 
 961 ^Ifgar, Edgar's kinsman, dies - 138 
 
 993 ^Ifgar, son of iElfric, blinded - 152 
 
 1048 iElfgar, son of Leofric, receives Harold's 
 
 Earldom - - 199, 204 
 
 1055 outlavred and joins Griffin - 204 
 
 1057 succeeds to Leofric's Earldom 205 
 1002 iElfgiva Emma, Ethelred's Queen, the daugh- 
 ter of Richard Earl of Normandy, 
 
 comes to England - 158 
 
 1013 takes refuge m Normandy - 172 
 
 1017 marries Cnut - - 182 
 
 1036 Regent of Wessex - - 186 
 
 1037 expelled - - - i87 
 1042 her treasures seized by Edward 190 
 1052 dies - - - - 200 
 
 985 ^Ifheah Bishop of Winchester - 131 
 
 951 dies - - - 136 m 
 
 984 iElfeah St. Bishop of Winchester - 149 
 
 993 his counsel to iEthelred - 152 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 0. PAGE 
 
 994 iElfeah St. conducts Anlaf to ^Ethelred 153 
 
 1006 Archbishop of Canterbury 160 
 
 1012 martyred - - 170 
 
 1023 relics of, removed to Canterbury 184 
 
 963 ^If here, Alderman of Mercia (a. d. 972) 142 
 
 975 expels the monks - 147 
 
 983 dies - - - 149 
 
 1012 ^Ifhun, Bishop of Durham, buries the body 
 
 of St. ^Ifheah - 170 
 
 1013 sent abroad with ^thelred's sons 172 
 792 iElfled wife of ^thelred - - 73 
 
 1088 Alfred, Monk, confined - - 222 
 
 634 ^Ifric, the father of Osric - - 30 
 
 983 ^Ifric, Alderman of Mercia - 149 
 
 985 banished - . . 149 
 
 > his treachery - - < 
 
 1003 J ^ Zl59 
 
 994 ^Ifric Archbishop of Canterbury - 152 
 
 997 goes to Rome - - 154 
 
 1005 dies - - - - 160 
 
 1016 iElfric, Alderman, killed - - 180 
 
 1023 ^Ifric, Archbishop of York - 184 
 
 1038 iElfric, Bishop of East Anglia, dies 187 
 
 963 iElfsige, or ^Ifsi, Abbot of Peterborough 
 
 (A. D. 1006) - - 143 
 
 1013 in Normandy with Queen Emma 173 
 
 1041 dies - - - 189 
 
 1032 ^Ifsige, Bishop of Winchester, dies - 186 
 
 Ff2 
 
INDEX. 
 
 *• '>• PAGE 
 
 963 ^Ifstan, Bishop of London, witness to 
 
 Edgar's grant (a. d. 972) 142 
 
 992 commands ^Ethelred's fleet 151 
 
 1044 Mfstan, Abbot of St. Augustine's, dies 191 
 925 ^Ifweard, son of King Edward, dies 130 
 679 iElfwine, the brother of Eeferth, killed 49 
 
 1032 iElfwin Bishop of Winchester - 186 
 
 1045 dies - - - - 191 
 
 1046 ^Ifwine, Abbot, sent to St. Remy - 193 
 1011 ^Ifword, Sheriff, taken - - 168 
 
 656 iElhmund, Alderman (a. d. 664) - 40 
 
 477 .^Ua arrives in Britain - - 13 
 
 490 takes Andredes-ceaster - 14 
 
 660 succeeds Ida in Northumberland 20 
 
 588 dies - - - - 22 
 
 827 his power noted - - 81 
 
 867 ^Ua, usurper of Northumberland, killed 90 
 
 1011 MlmsiT, Abbot, betrays Canterbury 168 
 
 1016 jElmaer the DarUng - - 178 
 
 455 ^sc reigQs with his father Hengest - 12 
 457^ 
 
 466 y his battles . - - 13 
 473 J 
 
 488 sole King of Kent - - 14 
 
 992 iEscwig Bishop of Dorchester - 151 
 
 674 ^scwine King of Wessex - - 44 
 
 675 fights with "Wulfere - 45 
 
 676 dies - - 49 
 778 ^thebald - - - - 69 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGB 
 
 716 iEthelbald (or JEtbelwold) King of Mercia 57 
 
 733 takes Somerton - 60 
 
 737 lays waste Northumberland 60 
 
 743 fights with the Welsh - 61 
 
 752 defeated by Cuthred - 62 
 
 755 killed - - - 65 
 851 ^thelbald, Prince, son of iEthelwulf, fights 
 
 with the Danes - 85 
 854 succeeds to the kingdom of 
 
 Wessex - 16, 88 
 
 860 dies - - 88 
 
 656 ^thelbold (a. d. 664) - - 40 
 
 652 ^thelberht (iEthelbriht or iEgelberht) born 20 
 
 660 King of Kent - - 20 
 
 568 defeated by Ceawhn - - 21 
 
 616 dies - - - 26 
 
 his dominion - - 81 
 
 766 iEthelberht Archbishop of York 67 
 
 780 dies . - 70 
 
 776 ^thelberht Bishop of Whitehorn 69 
 
 797 dies - - 76 
 
 854 ^thelbryht, King of Kent, Essex, & Sussex 88 
 
 860 King of Wessex - 16, 88 
 1055 iEthelbryht's St. monastery burnt - 205 
 
 748 ^thelbyrht King of Kent - - 62 
 
 760 dies - 66 
 
 792 JEthelbyrht King of East Anglia, beheaded 73 
 633 iEthelburg, Edwin's widow, takes refuge in 
 
 Kent ... -30 
 
 Ff3 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 722 ^thelburh Queen demolishes Taunton 58 
 
 673 ^theldryth St. founds Ely Monastery 44 
 
 679 dies - - 49 
 
 963 relics of at Ely - 139 
 897 ^thelere, Frisian, killed - 114 
 593 ^thelferth, or ^thelfrith, King of Northum- 
 berland - - 23 
 
 603 defeats ^gthan - 24 
 
 607 defeats the Britons - 25 
 
 617 killed - - 27 
 
 897 ^thelferth Alfred's herdsman killed 114 
 913 iEthelfled, Lady of Mercia, builds fenced 
 
 towns - - 120 
 
 916 takes Brecknock - - 121 
 
 918 Derby - 123 
 
 920 Leicester - 124 
 
 922 dies . - - 129 
 
 964 JEthelgar, Abl)ot of the new monastery, 
 
 Winchester - - 144 
 
 988 Archbishop of Canterbury 150 
 728 ^thelheard King of Wessex - 16, 58 
 
 741 dies - - - 61 
 790 ^thelheard (or Athelard) Archbishop of 
 
 Canterbury - 72 
 
 796 holds a synod - - 75 
 
 799 goes to Rome - - 76 
 
 803 dies - - 78 
 
 794 iEthelheard, Alderman, dies - 74 
 
 852 ^thelbeard, Alderman - - 86 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A.l>. PAGE 
 
 837 iEthelhelm, Duke, killed - 84 
 887 yEthelhelm, Alderman, carries alms to Rome 102 
 
 655 iEthelhere, brother of Anua, killed 34 
 
 750 iEthelhmi, Alderman - - 62 
 
 894 TEtbehu, Alderman of Wiltshire - 109 
 
 898 dies - - - 115 
 
 1013 iEthelmer, Alderman, submits to Swegn 172 
 
 800 .'Ethelmund, Alderman, killed - - 77 
 
 894 ^thelnoth, Alderman - 109 
 
 1022 iEthelnoth (or iEgelnoth) Archbishop of 
 
 Canterbury - 183 
 
 1023 removes the relics of St. iElfeah 184 
 1023 dies - - 187 
 
 664 iEthelred brother of AVulfhere at the con- 
 secration of Medeshamstede 36 
 
 675 King of Mercia - 45 
 
 676 lays waste Kent - 49 
 680 confirms Wulf here's grant 47 
 695 loses his Queen - 55 
 704 becomes a monk - - 55 
 716 buried at Bardney - » 57 
 774 ^thelred King of Northumberland 68 
 778 deposed - - 69 
 790 regains the throne - - 72 
 792 marries ^Iflted - 73 
 794 killed - - - 73 
 978 iEthelred King of England - 148 
 986 lays waste the diocese of Rochester 149 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 992 ^thelred raises a fleet - - 151 
 
 993 makes peace with Anlaf 152 
 1000 lays waste Cumberland - 156 
 1002 makes peace with the Danes 158 
 1002 massacres the Danes - 158 
 1011 sues for peace - - 168 
 1013 besieged in London - 171 
 
 1013 goes abroad - - 172 
 
 1014 recalled - - 174 
 1014 defeats the Danes in Lindsey 174 
 1016 dies - - - 178 
 
 588 ^thelric King of Northumberland - 22 
 
 1038 -ffithelric, Bishop of Sussex, dies - 187 
 
 1016 ^thelsige Alderman - - 180 
 
 1016 ^thelsige, Abbot of Abingdon - 181 
 
 1018 dies - - - 182 
 
 1061 ^thelsige, Abbot of St. Augustine's 206 
 
 836 -3Ethelstan, King of Kent, Essex, and Sussex 83 
 
 851 defeats the Danes - 85 
 
 883 iEthelstan, Alderman, sent to Home 99 
 
 925 ^thelstan King - - - 130 
 
 927 expels Guthfrith - 130 
 
 934 mvades Scotland - 131 
 
 938 defeats Anlaf and Constantine 131 
 
 941 dies - - - 134 
 
 1010 iEthelstan, Etheldred's son in law, killed 166 
 
 1043 .S:thelstan Abbot of Abingdon - 190 
 
 1046 dies - - - 191 
 
 I 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 888 iEthelswitb, Queen, dies - - 103 
 661 iEtbelwald, King of Sussex, receives Wight 42 
 
 828 iEthehvald, Bishop of Litchfield, dies 81 
 901 iEthelwald, Prince, revolts and defeated 115 
 
 904 invades England - 116 
 
 905 killed - - 117 
 994 iEthelvvard, Alderman - - 153 
 
 1016 ^thelward, son of iEthelsig, killed 180 
 1001 iKthelweard, High Sheriff', killed - 156 
 
 963 ^thelwin. Alderman (a. d. 972) 142 
 
 992 dies - - - 151 
 
 1018 iEthelvvin Abbot of Abingdon - 182 
 
 737 ^tbelwold. Bishop of Hexham, dies 60 
 
 888 JStbelwold, Alderman, dies - 103 
 
 1017 iEthelword, son of yEthelmer, killed 181 
 1020 iEthelword, Alderman, out-lawed - 182 
 
 836 ^thelwulf King of \yessex - 83 
 
 > battles of, with the Danes 
 
 851 S 
 
 853 conquers North Wales - 86 
 
 854 grants the tithe of his lands to 
 
 the church - - 87 
 
 854 goes to Rome - 87 
 
 854 marries Judith (a. D. 855) 87 
 
 854 dies (a. d. 857) - - 87 
 
 i iEthelwulf, Alderman, defeats the Danes < ^, 
 
 871 3 (91 
 
 871 killed - - - 92 
 
 806 ^tliered King of Wessex - 89 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 868 iEthered, King of Wessex, aids Burhred 90 
 871 battles of, with the Danes 91, 92 
 
 871 dies - - - 93 
 
 - 870 ^thered Archbishop of Canterbury 91 
 
 888 dies _ . - io3 
 886 JEthered, Alderman of Mercia, Governor 
 
 of London - - 101 
 
 894 godfather to a son of Hastings 108 
 
 894 besieges the Danes at Bultington 109 
 
 912 dies - - - 120 
 
 901 ^thered, Alderman of Devon, dies 116 
 
 1034 ^theric, Bishop of Dorchester, dies 186 
 
 680 Agatho, Pope, rescript of - - 45 
 
 911 Agraund, Hold, killed - - 120 
 
 65 L Aidan, Bishop of Lindisfarne, dies - 33 
 1070 Ailnod, Abbot of Glastonbury, deposed 
 
 (A. D. 1077) - - - 219 
 
 283 Alban St. martyred - - 8 
 relics of, removed to Denmark (a. d. 
 
 1080) - - - 242 
 1116 Alban's St. monastery consecrated - 284 
 780 Alchmund, Bishop of Hexham, dies 70 
 788 Aldberht, Abbot, dies - - 72 
 709 Aldhelm, Bishop of Westwood, dies 56 
 727 Aldulf Bishop of Rochester - 58 
 731 consecrates Archbishop Tatwine 59 
 731 Aldwine Bishop of Litchfield - 59 
 1127 Aleiu Fergan, Earl of Britanny and Rich- 
 mond (A. D. 1084—1119) - 301 
 
INDEX, 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 114 Alexander 1st, Pope, decree of - 6 
 1070 Alexander 2d, Pope, decides for the supre- 
 macy of Canterbury (a. d. 1071) 213, 217 
 
 1107 Alexander King of Scotland - 278 
 
 1124 dies - - - 297 
 1123 Alexander Bishop of Lincoln - 296 
 
 1125 goes to Rome - - 300 
 1130 at the consecration of Christ 
 
 Church - - 309 
 
 1137 imprisoned by Stephen - 314 
 
 853 Alfred, or Alfred, sent to Rome - 86 
 
 854 consecrated as King, by Leo (a. d. 
 
 857) - - - 88 
 
 871 defeated with JEthered - 91 
 
 871 King of Wessex - - 93 
 
 875 defeats the Danes at sea - 95 
 
 876 makes peace with the Danes - 96 
 878 driven by the Danes to Athelney 97 
 878 defeats the Danes, and is godfather 
 
 to Godrun - - 98 
 
 883 sends alms to Rome and India - 99 
 
 888 to Rome - 103 
 
 885 delivers Rochester - - 100 
 
 886 repairs London - - 101 
 894 defeats the Danes at Farnham 106 
 894 in the west 109, 110 
 
 896 blocks up the Lea - - 112 
 
 897 long ships of, defeat the Danes 114 
 901 dies - - - 115 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 907 Alfred, Sheriff of Bath, dies - lis 
 
 799 Alfun, Bishop of Dunwich, dies - 76 
 
 778 Alfwold, or Alwold, King of N orthumberland 69 
 
 780 sends to Rome 
 
 789 killed 
 
 852 Alhhim Bishop (of Worcester ?) 
 
 765 Alhred King of Northumberland 
 
 774 deposed - - 
 
 798 Alric killed - - 
 
 1123 Amalri, or Hamalri (Amaury 4th) Earl of 
 
 Evreux, at war with Henry 1st 
 
 1124 defeated - _ _ 
 1130 Andrew St. monastery of, at Rochester, 
 
 consecrated _ - _ 
 
 477 Andred, forest of - - - 
 
 490 Andredes-cester besieged 
 449 Angles arrive in Britain 
 653 Angles, Mid, converted 
 636 Anglia, East, converted 
 823 submits to Egbryht 
 
 836 receives a Danish army 
 
 890 colonized by Godrun 
 
 905 laid waste by Edward 
 
 1000 Anglesey plundered 
 
 Anjou, Earls of — see Fulk 5th, Geoffrey, 
 Henry 
 911 Anlaf, the Black, killed 
 938 Anlaf, King, defeated by iEthelstan 
 942 dies - - - 
 
 70 
 72 
 86 
 67 
 68 
 76 
 
 295 
 296 
 
 309 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 33 
 
 31 
 
 80 
 
 89 
 
 103 
 
 117 
 
 156 
 
 119 
 132 
 135 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 944 Anlaf, King of Northumberland, expelled 135 
 
 949 returns _ - . i^q 
 
 952 expelled - - - 136 
 
 654 Anna, King of East Anglia, killed - 33 
 
 1093 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury 225, 252 
 
 1095 receives a pall - - 260 
 
 1097 leaves England - - 263 
 
 1100 recalled - - . 268 
 
 1103 goes to Rome - - 272 
 
 1109 dies - - - 278 
 
 1125 laws of, sanctioned - 299 
 
 1115 Anselm, an Abbot of Rome, in England 284 
 
 1123 Anselm, Abbot of St. Edmund's Bury, goes 
 
 to Rome - - _ 294 
 
 1089 Anthony Prior of St. Augustine's - 225 
 
 875 Anwind, a Danish King - 95 
 
 1070 Arnulf, Count of Flanders, and killed 217 
 
 1041 Arnwi Abbot of Peterborough - 189 
 
 1052 resigns - _ _ 203 
 
 1102 Aruudcl castle besieged by Henry 1st 270 
 
 1016 Assandmi battle of - - - 180 
 
 1020 church built at - - 183 
 
 910 Asser, Bishop of Sherborn, dies - 119 
 
 1121 Athelis married to Henry 1st - 289 
 
 961 Athelmod, Priest, dies - - 138 
 
 884 Athelwold, Bishop, dies - - 99 
 
 963 Athelwold Bishop of Winchester - 139 
 
 repairs Ely and Medeshamstede 139 
 
 984 dies - - - 149 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 J)03 Athulf, Alderman, dies - - 116 
 
 972 Athulf Bishop - - - 142 
 
 1130 Audoeniis Bishop of Evreux - 309 
 
 597 Aiigustin St. arrives in Britain - 24 
 
 601 receives a pall from Gregory 24 
 
 604 consecrates Bishops - 24 
 
 607 prediction of, verified - 25 
 1070 Augustine's St. monks, rebellion of (A. D.1087) 221 
 
 B 
 
 871 Bagsaec, a Danish King, killed - 92 
 
 924 Bakevrell built - - - 130 
 1037 Baldwin 5th, Earl of Flanders, receives 
 
 ^Ifgiva - - - 187 
 
 1046 receives Earl Swegn - 194 
 
 1064 Earl Tostig * 208 
 
 1070 Baldwin 6th, Earl of Flanders, dies 217 
 
 1111 Baldwin 7th, Earl of Flanders - 280 
 
 1117 invades Normandy - 285 
 
 1118 mortally wounded - - 286 
 
 1119 dies . - - 288 
 1098 Baldwin, Abbot of St. Edmund's, dies 265 
 1135 Baldwin de lledvers rebels - 313 
 
 791 Baldwulf Bishop of Whitehorn - 72 
 
 823 Balred, King of Kent, deposed - 80 
 
 547 Bamborough built by Ida - - 19 
 
 993 pillaged - - 152 
 
 1095 besieged and taken 258, 260 
 
 1124 Barley, high price of - - 297 
 
 669 Basse, a Priest, founds Reculver monastery 44 
 
I 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 577 Batb taken by Cuthwin - - -22 
 
 973 also called Acemanues-cester - 14-> 
 
 1088 plundered - - - 245 
 
 1087 Battel Abbey founded (a. d. 108G) 239 
 
 1094 consecrated - - - 255 
 
 734 Bede dies - - - 6o 
 
 571 Bedford, battle near - - - 22 
 
 919 fortified by Edward - 124 
 
 921 garrison of defeats tbe Danes 126 
 
 1016 Bedfordsbire laid waste by Canute - 177 
 
 482 Benedict St. miracles of - - 13 
 
 509 dies - - 17 
 
 596 monastery of, destroyed 23 
 
 1087 order of, prevalent in England 239 
 
 1022 Benedict 9tb, Pope, consecrates ^Etbelnotb 
 
 Arcbbisbop of Canterbury - 183 
 
 1058 Benedict lOtb, Pope - - 205 
 
 1059 expelled - - 205 
 911 Benesing, Hold, killed - - 119 
 894 Benfleet fortress - - 107, 108 
 888 Beocca, Alderman, sent to Rome 103 
 775 Beonne, Abbot of Medesbamstede, lease of 68 
 710 Beorbtfrytb, Alderman, figbts witb the 
 
 Picts - - - - 56 
 
 851 Beorbtulf, King of Mercia, defeated 85 
 
 897 Beorbtulf, Alderman of Essex, dies 113 
 690 Beorbtwald, or Brilitwald, Archbishop of 
 
 Canterbury - - - 52 
 Gg2 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 693 Beortliwald, or Brihtwald, consecrated 53 
 
 731 dies _ - _ 59 
 
 780 Beorn, Alderman, burnt - 70 
 
 1046 Beorn, Earl, murdered - - 194 
 
 887 Beorngar, or Berenger, King of Lombardy 102 
 
 890 Beornhelm, Alderman, sent to Rome 103 
 
 802 Beornmod Bishop of Rochester - 77 
 
 905 Beornoth Prince - - 118 
 
 755 Beornred, King of Mercia, and deposed 65 
 
 823 Beornwulf, King of Mercia, slain - 80 
 
 897 Beornwulf, Sheriff of Winchester, dies 113 
 
 684 Berht, or Briht, Alderman, invades the 
 
 Scots - - - 50 
 
 699 killed - - - 55 
 
 1088 Berkeley, Lordship of, laid waste - 245 
 1123 Bernard, Bishop of St, David's, goes to 
 
 Rome - - - 294 
 
 1130 assists at the consecration of Christ 
 
 Church - - 309 
 
 634 Bernicia, kingdom of - - 30, 49 
 
 501 Bieda arrives in Britain - - 17 
 
 671 Birds, battle of the - - 44 
 
 628 Blecca, first Christian convert in Lindsay 29 
 
 685 Blood, rain of - _ - 5I 
 1098 >v f265 
 1100 \ springs of, in Berkshire - J 266 
 11033 (272 
 
 678 Bosa, Bishop of York - - 49 
 
I 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 654 Botiilf, founds a monastery at Boston 33 
 785 Botwine, Abbot of Rippon, dies 71 
 Boulogne, Earls of — see Eustace 2d, and 
 Eustace 3d - - - 
 876 Bracelet, oath on the - - 95 
 1066 Brand, Abbot of Peterborough - 210 
 1069 dies - - 212 
 916 Brecknock taken - - 121 
 759 Bregowine Archbishop of Canterbury 66 
 762 dies - - 66 
 1127 Brian, son of Alein Fergan - - 301 
 912 Bridgenorth built _ _ . 120 
 1102 besieged - - 271 
 1038 Brihteh, Bishop of Worcester, dies 187 
 693 Brihtelm dies - - 53 
 970 Brihtnoth Abbot of Ely - 139 
 972 Brihtnoth Alderman - - 142 
 993 killed - - 150, 152 
 1009 Brihtric accuses Wulfnoth - 163 
 1009 fails in his expedition against Wulf- 
 noth - - 164 
 1017 Brihtric killed - - 181 
 1006 Brithwold, Bishop of Sherborn - 160 
 1043 dies - - - 190 
 1087 Bristol plundered - - - 244 
 Britain, description of - - 1 
 conquered by Julius Caesar 2 
 46 by Claudius - 5 
 GgS 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 189 
 189 
 443 
 
 607 
 656 
 775 
 938 
 918 
 1016 
 822 
 853 
 
 874 
 1066 
 685 
 1131 
 784 
 787 
 800 
 905 
 634 
 635 
 639 
 932 
 934 
 
 PAGE 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Britain coaquered by Severus 
 Britons converted to Christianity 
 
 apply to the Angles for aid against 
 
 the Picts _ _ - 
 
 Brockmail, a British Alderman, defeated 
 Brordan (a. d. 664) 
 Brordan, Alderman, grant of 
 Brmianburh, battle of - - 
 
 Buckingham fortified 
 Buckinghamshire ravaged 
 Burhelm, Alderman, killed 
 Borhred, King of Mercia, reduces North 
 ^Vales, and marries .^thel- 
 wulf's daughter 
 
 expelled by the Danes 
 Burton Abbey held by Leofric 
 Butter turned into blood 
 
 scarcity of - - 
 
 Byrhtric King of Wessex 
 
 marries Eadburga 
 
 dies _ _ _ 
 
 Byrhtsig, son of Prince Beornoth, killed 
 Byrinus, Bishop, converts the West Saxons 30 
 
 baptizes Cynegils - 31 
 
 and Cuthred - 31 
 
 Byrnstan Bishop of Winchester - 131 
 
 dies - - - 131 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 68 
 
 131 
 
 123 
 
 177 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 94 
 
 210 
 51 
 
 310 
 71 
 71 
 77 
 
 117 
 
INDEX. 
 
 C 
 
 A. ». PAGE 
 
 1097 Cadugan leader of the Welch Rebels 263 
 
 1087 Caen, St. Stephen's Monastery at - 238 
 
 1119 Calixtus 2d, Pope - - 288 
 
 1124 dies - - - 298 
 
 1010 Cambridge burnt - - - 166 
 
 1010 Caml)ridgeshire men, valour of - 166 
 
 1010 Cambridgeshire ravaged - - 168 
 918 Camaleac, Bishop of Landaff, taken prisoner 122 
 754 Canterbury burnt - - 62 
 851 taken - - - 85 
 
 1011 betrayed to the Danes - 168 
 
 1013 Canute, or Ciiut, the son of Svvegn, in England 171 
 
 1014 declared King by the fleet 173 
 
 1014 deserts the men of Lindsey 174 
 
 1015 reduces Wessex - - 176 
 
 1016 reduces Northumberland 177 
 1016 besieges London - - 178 
 1016 defeats Edmund - - 180 
 
 1016 treats with Edmund - 181 
 
 1017 sole King of England - 181 
 1017 marries ^Ifgiva - - 182 
 
 1019 goes to Denmark - - 182 
 
 1020 returns - - 182 
 1025 fights with the Swedes - 184 
 1028 conquers Norway - - 184 
 1031 returns to England, goes to Rome, 
 
 and invades Scotland - 185 
 
 1036 dies ... 180 
 
INDEX, 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1064 Canute, or Cnut, laws of, renewed - 208 
 1075 Canute, or Cnut, Prince of Denmark, in- 
 vades England - - 228 
 
 1085 King of Denmark designs of, against 
 
 England - - 232 
 
 1087 murdered - - , 242 
 
 1119 stiled a saint - - 288 
 
 1092 Carlisle repaired - - 252 
 
 897^ ril3 
 
 986 150 
 
 1041 189 
 
 1054 204 
 
 1086 )> Cattle, pestilence among « <;' 235 
 1103 ' 272 
 1111 280 
 1125 300 
 1131J UlO 
 
 664 Ceadda Bishop of York - - 43 
 
 633 Ceadwalla ravages Northumberland - 30 
 
 686 Kent and Wight - 51 
 
 687 Kent - - 52 
 
 688 dies at Rome - - 52 
 560 Ceawlin King of Wessex - 20 
 568 fights with ^thelbryht - 21 
 591 deposed - - - 23 
 593 dies . - - 23 
 827 power of, noted - - 81 
 429 Celestinelst,Pope,sendsPalladiustotheScotch 9 
 661 Cenbyrht, King, dies - - 42 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 704 
 
 709 
 
 716 
 
 676 
 
 681 
 
 643 
 
 645 
 
 646 
 
 648 
 
 652 
 
 658 1 
 
 661 
 
 672 
 
 796 
 
 819 
 
 905 
 
 805 
 
 897 
 
 830 
 
 870 
 
 709 
 
 715 
 
 716 
 
 852 
 
 591 
 
 597 
 
 607 
 
 794 
 
 796 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cenred King of Mercia - - 55 
 
 goes to Rome - - 56 
 
 Cenred King of Northumberland - 57 
 
 Centvvine King of Wessex - - 49 
 
 defeats the Britons - 50 
 
 Cenwalh King of Wessex - - 32 
 
 expelled - - 33 
 
 baptized - - - 33 
 
 grant of r - 33 
 
 >- battles of - - 33, 42 
 
 dies - - -44 
 
 Cenwulf, King of Mercia, ravages Kent 75 
 
 dies - - - 79 
 
 Cenwnlf, Abbot, killed - - 117 
 
 Ceolburh, Abbess, dies - » 78 
 
 Ceolmund, Alderman of Kent, dies 113 
 
 Ceolnoth Archbishop of Canterbury - 82 
 
 dies - - - 91 
 
 Ceolred King of Mercia - - 56 
 
 fights with Ina - - 57 
 
 dies - - - 57 
 
 Ceolred Abbot of Medeshamstede - 85 
 
 Ceolric King of Wessex - - 23 
 
 Ceolvvulf King of Wessex - 23 
 
 fights with the South Saxons 25 
 
 Ceolwulf, Bishop (of Dorchester ?) flees 74 
 
 dies - - - 74 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A.D. PAGE 
 
 819 Ceolwulf King of Mercia - 79 
 
 821 deposed - - - 80 
 
 874 Ceolwulf, Thane, made King of Mercia 94 
 
 877 retains a share of Mercia - 96 
 
 851 Ceorl, Alderman, defeats the Danes 84 
 
 495 Cerdic arrives in Britain - - 14 
 519 conquers ^Vessex - 15, 18 
 
 534 dies - - - 18 
 
 ""Jcharles (Charlemagne), wars of P» 
 
 788 3 C '^^ 
 
 800 Emperor - - 77 
 812 dies - - - 79 
 854 Charles (the Bald), King of France, re- 
 ceives ^Ethelwulf - - 87 
 885 Charles (Carloman) killed - - 100 
 885 Charles (the Fat), King of France 101 
 887 deposed and dies - - 102 
 
 1119 Charles Earl of Flanders - 288 
 
 1120 makes peace with Henry I. 288 
 1127 killed - - - 302 
 1131 Cheese scarce - _ - 310 
 1110 Chertsey, monastery at, founded - 280 
 
 894 Chester occupied by the Danish array 110 
 
 907 repaired - - - 118 
 
 1031 Christ Church, Canterbury, grant to 185 
 
 1066 burnt - - 210 
 
 1071 rebuilt by Landfranc 239 
 1130 restored and consecrated by 
 
 AVilliam Corboyl - 308 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1070 Christien, a Danish Bishop, comes to Ely 2l4 
 
 ^ , ^ S Circles round the sun - - ^ 
 
 1104 i 2 273 
 
 477 Cissa son of iElla - - - 13 
 
 46 Claudius conquers Britain - - 5 
 
 922 Cledauc, a Welch King, suhniits to Edward 120 
 92 Clemens 1st, Pope dies - - G 
 
 964 Clergy expelled from the Diocese of Win- 
 chester - - - 139, 143 
 1001 Clifton burnt - - - 157 
 
 568 Cnebba, Alderman, killed - - 21 
 
 1001 Cola, Sheriff, defeated - - 157 
 
 921 Colchester taken by the Danes - 127 
 
 921 repaired - - - 128 
 
 679 Coldingham burnt - - 49 
 
 664 Colman, Bishop of Lindisfarne, leaves England 43 
 
 560 Columba Abbot of lona - - 21 
 
 1070 Columban a seditious monk (a. d. 1087) 222 
 
 678^ f 49 
 
 729 
 
 891 
 
 905 
 
 59 
 
 104 
 
 . 118 
 > Comet - - - - <: 
 
 975 ^ ' 146 
 
 995 154 
 
 1066 210 
 
 1097 J L263 
 
 1140 Constantia, daughter of Philip l.st, marries 
 
 Prince Eustace (a. D. 1153) - 322 
 
 938 Constantino defeated by iEthelstan - 133 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 A.D. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Corn injured — see Crops 
 
 
 1039 V 
 
 /-188 
 
 1043f ^ u- u ' e 
 > Corn, high price of 
 
 V90 
 J297 
 
 1137^ 
 
 ^316 
 
 254 Cornelius, Pope 
 
 8 
 
 i Cornwall laid waste 
 9975 
 
 5 ''^ 
 1 154 
 
 1066 Coventry, Abbey of, founded (a. 
 
 D. 1054) 210 
 
 1086 Cristina, Princess, takes the veil 
 
 235 
 
 1041] 
 
 ri89 
 
 1043 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 1086 
 
 
 
 235 
 
 1089 
 
 
 
 248 
 
 1095 
 
 
 
 261 
 
 1097 
 
 
 
 264 
 
 1098 
 
 
 
 265 
 
 1103 
 
 
 
 272 
 
 1105 
 
 > Crops, failure of - - 
 
 ■ 
 
 274 
 
 1110 
 1111 
 
 
 
 280 
 
 1116 
 
 
 
 284 
 
 1117 
 
 
 
 286 
 
 1124 
 
 
 
 297 
 
 1125 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 1137 
 
 
 
 316 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 .317 
 
 1112 Crops good - . . 
 
 281 
 
 199 
 
 Cross Holy, found 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 883 Cross Holy, a piece of the, sent to Alfred 99 
 
 774 Cross seen in the Heavens - - 68 
 
 806 in the moon - - 78 
 
 1066 Croyland Abbey annexed to Peterborough 210 
 
 (261 
 
 1096) 
 1128 5 
 
 Crusades 
 
 1 306 
 
 593 Cryda King of Mercia, dies - 23 
 
 755 Cumbran, Alderman - - 63 
 
 945 Cumberland reduced by Edmund - 135 
 
 1000 laid waste by Ethelred 156 
 
 568 Cutha, or Cuthwulf, defeats ^thelbyrht 21 
 
 571 killed - . - 22 
 
 656 Cuthbald Abbot of Medeshamstede (673) 42 
 
 685 Cuthberht Bishop of Hexham - 50 
 741 Cuthberht, or Cuthbryht, Archbishop of 
 
 Canterbury - - 61 
 
 758 dies . - - 65 
 
 775 Cuthbriht Alderman - - - 68 
 
 Cuthburh daughter of Cenred - 16 
 
 718 founds Wmborn Monastery 57 
 
 639 Cuthred King baptized - - - 31 
 
 648 receives lands from Cenwalh 33 
 
 661 dies - - - 42 
 
 741 Cuthred King of Wessex - - 61 
 
 ''^H fights with the Welsh - J^^ 
 
 753 5 (G2 
 
 752 defeats ^thelbald - 62 
 
 754 dies - - - - 62 
 805 Cutlired King of Kent dies - " 78 
 
 Hh 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 Cuthwin father of Cuthwulf or Cutha 16, 59 
 
 577 defeats the Britons - 22 
 
 Cwenburh the daughter of Cenred - 16, 57 
 593 Cwichelm, the brother of Ceawhn, dies 23 
 614 Cwichelm, son of Cynegils, defeats the Britons 25 
 626 being King of Wessex with his 
 
 father, sends an assassin to 
 murder Edwin - 28 
 
 628 fights with Penda - 29 
 
 636 baptized and dies - - 31 
 
 Cycle of Easter - - - 18 
 
 of Dionysius - - - 27 
 
 477 Cymen arrives in England - 13 
 
 799 Cynebryht, Bishop of Wessex, goes to Rome 76 
 611 Cynegils, King of Wessex - 15, 25 
 
 614 fights with the Britons - 25 
 
 628 with Penda - 29 
 
 635 baptized - - - 31 
 
 754 Cyneheard, Bishop of Winchester - 62 
 784 Cyneheard Prince, killed - 64, 71 
 964 Cyneweard, Abbot of Milton - 144 
 975 dies. Bishop of Somerset 146 
 721 Cynewulf Prince, killed - - 58 
 737 Cynewulf, Bishop of Lindisfarne - 60 
 780 resigns his See - - 70 
 782 dies - - - 70 
 
 755 Cynewulf deposes Sigebryht, and made King 
 
 of Wessex - - 63 
 
 775 fights with Offa - - 68 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 
 A. D. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 784 Cynewulf killed 
 
 63,71 
 
 778 Cynewulf, Higli-sheriff, killed 
 
 (39 
 
 495 Cynri 
 
 c arrives in Britain 
 
 14 
 
 495 >. 
 
 
 y-14 
 
 508 i 
 
 
 1 17 
 
 519 f 
 
 527 r 
 
 bis battles with ibe Britons 
 
 1l8 
 
 530 1 
 
 
 / 
 
 550 -^ 
 
 
 ^20 
 
 534 
 
 succeeds to tbe kingdom of Wessex 19 
 
 748 Cynric, Prince, killed 
 
 62 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 Daelreodi 
 
 - 2, 24 
 
 715 Dagobert 2d, dies 
 
 57 
 
 787 Danes arrive in England 
 
 71 
 
 793 
 
 plunder Lindisfarne 
 
 73 
 
 794 
 
 their ships wrecked 
 
 74 
 
 832 
 
 ravage Sheppey 
 
 - 82 
 
 833 
 
 defeat Egbryht 
 
 82 
 
 835 
 
 defeated by Egbryght 
 
 83 
 
 837-851 
 
 harrass England 
 
 84 
 
 851 
 
 defeated by iEthelwulf 
 
 85 
 
 851 
 
 whiter in the Thanet 
 
 - 85 
 
 854 
 
 winter in Sheppey 
 
 87 
 
 860 
 
 take Winchester, and defeatec 
 
 1 by Osric 88 
 
 865 
 
 winter in Thanet and ravage 
 
 Kent 89 
 
 866 
 
 winter in East Anglia 
 
 89 
 
 867 
 
 conquer Northumberland 
 Hh2 
 
 - 90 
 
IXOEX. 
 ^- D- PAGE 
 
 868 Danes treat with Mercia • 90 
 
 869 at York - - - 90 
 
 870 defeat St. Edmund and conquer East 
 
 Anglia - - 91 
 
 871 their battles with ^thered 91, 92 
 
 871 with Alfred - - 93 
 
 872 winter at London - 94 
 
 873 in Lindsey - - 94 
 
 874 conquer Mercia - - 94 
 
 875 in Northumberland and at Cambridge 95 
 875 defeated by Alfred - 95 
 876. make peace with Alfred - 95 
 
 877 again defeated and make peace 96 
 
 878 reduce Wessex - - 96 
 
 878 defeated by Alfred * 97 
 
 879 colonize East Anglia - 98 
 879 one division of, departs to France 98 
 885 besiege Rochester - 99 
 885 defeat Alfred's fleet - - 100 
 893 from France, arrive at Limine-mutha 105 
 893-897 their battles with Alfred and war in 
 
 England - - 105-15 
 
 905 of East Anglia defeated by Edward 117 
 
 907 of East Anglia and Northumberland 
 
 make a treaty with Edward 118 
 
 911 of Northumberland break the peace 
 
 and defeated - - 119 
 
 917 ravage Mercia - - 122 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 918 Danes invade AY ales and defeated 122 
 
 818 depart to Ireland - 123 
 
 921 of Mercia and East Anglia ravage 
 
 England - - 125-7 
 
 921 submit to Edward - 127, 128 
 
 991 first receive tribute - - 150 
 
 992 defeat the East Anglian and London 
 
 ships _ _ . 1,^1 
 
 993 defeat Byrlitnoth near Maiden 152 
 997-999 annoy the southern coast - 154-6 
 
 1000 sail to Normandy - - 156 
 
 1001 ravage the south and west of England 157 
 
 1002 receive tribute from Ethelred 158 
 
 1002 massacred by order of Ethelred 158 
 
 1003 take Exeter - - 158 
 
 1004 under Swegn, invade East Anglia 159 
 
 1005 fleet of returns to Denmark - 159 
 
 1006 again invade England and winter in 
 
 Wight - - 161 
 
 1007 receive tribute - - 163 
 
 1009 plunder many parts of England, and 
 
 winter on the Thames - 165 
 
 1010 defeat Ulfcytel in East Anglia 166 
 
 1010 burn Northampton - 167 
 
 1011 take Canterbury - - 168 
 
 1012 receive tribute - - 169 
 
 1012 45 ships of the, join Ethelred 170 
 
 1013 under Swegn, conquer the north of 
 
 England, but repulsed at London 171 
 Hh3 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1013 Danes masters of England 
 1014 
 
 PAGE 
 
 172 
 
 choose Cnut as King on the death of 
 
 Swegn - - 173 
 
 ravage England - 176, 177 
 
 batdes of the, with Edmund 178, 179, 180 
 and English united under Cnut 182 
 
 59 
 
 > Daniel Bishop of Winchester 
 
 1016 
 1016 
 1018 
 
 709 
 
 731 
 ' 721 goes to Rome 
 
 744 resigns his see 
 
 745 dies 
 
 1124 David King of Scotland 
 
 1126 
 
 1135 
 
 1135 
 
 1138 
 
 visits Henry 1st 
 invades England 
 makes peace with Stephen 
 invades England, and defeated at the 
 battle of the Standard 
 
 • Deira, kuigdoni of - - 
 
 909 Denulf, Bishop of Winchester, dies 
 
 918 Derby taken by ^thelHaed 
 
 823 Devon, men of, fight with the Britons 
 
 851 
 
 878 
 
 V Devonshire attacked by the Danes 
 897 
 
 997 
 
 1001 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 297 
 
 301 
 
 313 
 
 314 
 
 319 
 30 
 32 
 49 
 
 118 
 
 123 
 80 
 85 
 97 
 
 107 
 
 113 
 
 154 
 
 157 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 665 Deusdedit, Archbishop of Canterbury 35 
 
 6G4 dies - - - 43 
 
 1092 Dolfiu, "Warden of Cumberland, expelled '252 
 1085 Doomsday Book - - 234, 240 
 1070 Donald, Bishop (1081) - - 220 
 1070 Donatus, Archbishop of Dublin (1085) 220 
 
 , \ , > Dorsetshire invaded by the Danes - \ 
 
 1015 3 ^ J 175 
 
 1048 Dover, riot at - - - im; 
 
 703 Dragons, fiery - - _ 73 
 
 891 Dubslane, an Irish pilgrim - 104 
 
 833 Dudda, Alderman, killed - - 82 
 
 1046 Dudoc, Bishop of "Wells, sent to the Synod 
 
 of St. Keuiy - - ij)2 
 
 1061 dies - - - . 207 
 
 1093 Dufcnal, King of Scotland, and deposed 254 
 
 1094 regains the throne - 257 
 1097 again deposed - - 264 
 
 741 Dun, Bishop of Bochester - 61 
 
 1093 Duncan, King of Scotland - - 254 
 
 1094 murdered - - 257 
 925 Dunstan, St. born - - - 130 
 955 banished - - 137 
 957 recalled, and receives the Bi- 
 
 shopricks of Worcester and 
 
 London - - 133 
 
 961 Archbishop of Canterbury 138 
 
 978 escapes at Calne - 143 
 
 988 dies - - 150 
 
INDEX. 
 
 E 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 616 Eadbald, King of Kent - - 26 
 renounces Christianity, and recon- 
 verted by Laurentius - 26 
 640 dies - . . 31 
 794 Eadbald, Bishop, leaves Northumberland 74 
 725 Eadberht, King of Kent - - 58 
 748 dies - - - 62 
 664 Eadberht Alderman - - 40 
 738 Eadbryht, or Eadberht, King of Northum- 
 berland - - - 60 
 757 becomes a monk - 65 
 768 dies - - - - 67 
 794 Eadbryht Prsen King of Kent - 74 
 796 taken prisoner, and loses his eyes 75 
 787 Eadburhge, marries King Beorhtric 71 
 819 Eadbyrht, Alderman, dies - 79 
 1043 Eadgith, or Editha, married to Edward 190 
 1048 deprived of her treasures - 199 
 1052 regains them - - 203 
 1075 dies - - - - 228 
 678 Eadhed 2d, Bishop of Sidnacester, in Lin- 
 colnshire - •■ - 49 
 1012 Eadnoth 1st, Bishop of Dorchester, removes 
 
 the body of St. lElieah 170 
 
 1016 killed at Assandun - 180 
 
 1046 Eadnoth 2d, Bishop of Dorchester, dies 194 
 
 1001 Eadsige, Sheriff, defeated - 157 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1038 Eadsige Archbishop of Canterbury 187 
 
 1040 goes to Home - - 188 
 
 1042 consecrates Edward - 189 
 
 1043 Eadsige resigns his Archbishoprick 190 
 1047 dies - - - 195 
 
 897 Eadulf, Thane, dies - - 113 
 
 924 Eadulf, sons of, submit to Edward - 130 
 905 Eadwald, the son of Acca, killed - 117 
 
 1010 Eadwig, the brother of ^fic, killed IGG 
 
 1017 Eadwig, tlie King of the Peasants, banished 182 
 984 Eadwin Abbot of Abingdon - 149 
 
 989 dies - - - 150 
 
 905 Eadwold, Thane, killed - - 117 
 
 851 Ealchere, or Ealhere, Alderman, defeats 
 
 the Danes - 85 
 
 853 killed - - 86 
 
 823 ) Ealchstan ]3ishop of Sherborn defeats the 1 80 
 845 > Danes - - (84 
 
 867 dies - . 90 
 
 722 Ealdbryht, or Ealbyrht, Prince, exiled 58 
 
 725 killed - - 58 
 
 685 Ealdferth, or Aldfrith, King of Northumber- 
 land . - 50 
 705 dies - - 55 
 718 Cuthburh, his Queen - 57 
 1047 Ealdred Bishop of ^Vorcester sent to Rome 195 
 1060 Archbishop of York 20Q 
 1066 consecrates A^^iUiam as King - '^Oa 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 727 Ealdulf Bishop of Rochester - 58 
 778 Ealdulf, Sheriff, kUled - - 69 
 972 Ealdulf, or Aldulf, Abbot of Peter- 
 borough (972) - 140 
 972 enriches the monastery - 143 
 992 Archbishop of York - 151 
 1002 dies - - 158 
 897 Ealheard, Bishop of Dorchester, dies - 113 
 766 Ealhmund Bishop of Hexham - 67 
 784 Ealhmund King of Kent - 71 
 903 Ealhswitha Alfred's Queen - 116 
 905 dies - - 118 
 780 Eadbald 1st, Archbishop of York 70 
 796 dies - - 74 
 
 796 Eanbald 2d, Archbishop of York - 74 
 
 797 receives a pall - - 76 
 806 Eanberht, Bishop of Hexham, dies 78 
 626 Eanfled, the daughter of Edwin, born 28 
 617 Eanfrid, the son of iEthelfrith, banished 27 
 634 KingofBernicia - - 30 
 845 Eanwulf, Alderman, defeats the Danes 84 
 795 Eardwulf King of Northumberland - 74 
 806 deposed - - 78 
 
 1089 V ^248 
 
 1119 f„ ...„,,. 1287 
 
 291 
 
 n 99 r ^^J'thquakes (in England) - ■< , 
 
 1129 ' ^308 
 
 1117 (in Lombardy) - 286 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 449 East Anglia, by whom peopled - 12 
 
 636 converted to Christianity 31 
 
 823 submits to Egbriht - 80 
 
 838 harrassed by the Danes 84 
 870 conquered by the Danes - 91 
 
 879 colonized by Danes - 98 
 
 905 laid waste by Edward - 117 
 
 907 makes peace with Edward 118 
 
 921 submits to Edward - 128 
 
 , ^ t invaded by the Danes - \ 
 
 1010 i -^ liG6 
 
 678 Eata Bishop of Hexham - - 49 
 
 778 Ecga killed ... qq 
 
 664 Ecbyrht or Ecbriht King of Kent - 43 
 
 673 dies - _ . 44 
 
 716 Ecbyrht St. reforms the monks of lona 57 
 
 729 dies - - - 59 
 
 734 Ecgbriht Archbishop of York - - 60 
 
 766 dies - - - 67 
 
 800 Ecgbyrlit, or Ecgbryht, King of Wessex 77 
 
 813 ravages Cornwall - 79 
 
 823-827 conquests of, in England 80, 81 
 
 828 reduces Wales - - 82 
 
 833 defeated by the Danes - 82 
 
 835 defeats the Danes - 83 
 
 836 dies - - - 83 
 803 Egberht Bishop of Lindisfarne - 78 
 916 Egbriht, Abbot, killed - - 121 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 670 Ecgferth, or Ecverth, King of Northum- 
 berland - - 44 
 678 expels Archbishop Wilfrid 49 
 
 684 sends an army against the Scots 50 
 
 685 Ecgferth, or Ecverth, killed _ . 50 
 794 Ecgferth's monastery (Monk Wearmouth) 
 
 plundered - - - 74 
 
 785 Ecgverth consecrated King - - 71 
 794 succeeds to the kingdom of Mercia, 
 
 and dies - - 74 
 
 897 Ecgulf, Alfred's Horse Thane, dies - 113 
 538^ r 19 
 
 540 
 664 
 733 
 807 
 879 
 1135 
 1140 J 
 
 ^Eclipses of the Sun 
 
 19 
 43 
 60 
 78 
 98 
 312 
 L319 
 
 795^ ' r 74 
 
 800 
 802 
 806 
 
 77 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 827 Y of the Moon - - <^ 81 
 
 904 116 
 
 1110 279 
 
 1117 285 
 
 1121 J 1^289 
 
INDEX. 
 
 *• D. PAGE 
 
 956 Edgar King of Mercia - - 137 
 
 957 ofWessex - - 137 
 957 recals St. Dunstaii 138 
 963 charters Medesbamstede (a. d. 972) 140 
 969 lays waste Tbanet - - 144 
 978 consecrated as King - 144 
 975 dies - - - . 145 
 
 1066 Edgar iEtheling, presumptive heir of Edward 210 
 
 1067 takes refuge in Scotland - 211 
 
 1068 invades Northumberland - 211 
 
 1069 plunders York - - 212 
 1074 received into favour by William 227 
 1086 departs from William - 235 
 1091 deprived of bis estates by William 
 
 2d, takes refuge in Scotland 250 
 
 1091 reconciled to William 2d - 251 
 
 1097 aids Edgar the son of Malcobn 264 
 
 1106 taken prisoner by Henry 1st - 276 
 1097 Edgar King of Scotland - - 264 
 
 1107 dies - - - 278 
 870 Ednmnd St. King of East Anglia, killed 91 
 941 Edmund King - - 134 
 942^ 
 
 944 > conquests of - - 135 
 945) 
 
 946 dies - - - 135 
 
 971 Edmmid, the sou of Edgar, dies - 144 
 
 1015 Edmund, son of Ethelred, marriage of 175 
 
 li 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1016 Edmiind lays waste the western counties 177 
 
 1016 chosen King - - 178 
 
 1016 battles of, with the Danes 178, 179, 180 
 
 1016 makes peace with Cnut and dies 181 
 
 946 Edred King - . _ 136 
 
 954 possesses himself of Northumberland 136 
 
 955 dies - - - 136 
 901 Edward (the elder) Kmg - 115 
 
 905 
 
 lays waste East Anglia 
 
 - 
 
 117 
 
 907 
 
 makes peace with the East 
 
 Angles 
 
 
 
 and Northumbrians 
 
 - 
 
 118 
 
 911 
 
 defeats the Danes 
 
 - 
 
 119 
 
 912 
 
 takes London and Oxford into liis 
 
 
 
 own government 
 
 - 
 
 120 
 
 913^ 
 
 
 ^120, 
 
 121 
 
 918 
 
 
 [ 
 
 123 
 
 919 
 
 
 ) 
 
 124 
 
 920 
 
 > fortifies his towns 
 
 { 
 
 125 
 
 921 
 
 
 |127, 
 
 128 
 
 922 
 
 
 f 
 
 128 
 
 923> 
 
 
 ^129, 
 
 130 
 
 921 
 
 receives the submission of East 
 
 
 
 Angha 
 
 - 
 
 128 
 
 922 
 
 of North Wales and Mercia 
 
 129 
 
 924 
 
 of the King of Scots 
 
 - 
 
 130 
 
 925 
 
 dies 
 
 - 
 
 130 
 
 975 
 
 Edward (the Martyr) King 
 
 
 146 
 
 978 
 
 murdered 
 
 - 
 
 148 
 
 980 
 
 body of, removed to Shaftesbury 
 
 149 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1013 Edward (the Confessor), the son of iEthel- 
 
 red, sent abroad - 172 
 
 1014 sent to England - - 173 
 
 1040 arrives from Normandy - 188 
 
 1041 chosen King - - 189 
 
 1042 consecrated - - 189 
 
 1043 marries Emma, daughter of Godwin 190 
 1048 banishes Eail Godwin and dismis- 
 ses his Queen - - 199 
 
 1052 restores their estates - 203 
 
 lOGG dies - - - 208 
 
 1057 Edward, Prince, the son of Edmund, dies 205 
 1093 Edward, Prince, the son of Malcolm, killed 253 
 617 Edwin King of Northumberland - 27 
 
 626 escapes assassination, and conquers 
 
 Wessex - - 28 
 
 627 baptized - - - 29 
 633 killed - - - - 30 
 
 1064 Edwin, son of ^Ifgar, joins Morker 207 
 
 1066 defeats Tostig - - 208 
 
 1066 is defeated by Harold, King of Nor- 
 
 way - - 209 
 
 1071 flees from William 1st, and slain 225 
 
 055 Edwy King _ - . . \3q 
 
 957 dies - , - 137 
 
 686 Egbalth Abbot of Peterborough - 51 
 
 1140 Eleanor, Queen of France, marries Henry 
 
 Earl of Anjou (a. d. 1152) - 322 
 
 Ii2 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. U. PAGE 
 
 189 Eleutherius Pope - - - 7 
 1070 Elfrin, Prior of St. Augustine's, impri- 
 soned (A. D. 1087) - - 221 
 1099 Elias, Earl of Maine, expelled - 265 
 1110 dies , - _ 280 
 673 Ely, monastery at, founded - - 44 
 963 abbey at, founded by Bishop Athel- 
 
 wold (A. D. 970) - - 139 
 
 1070 Danes at - - 214, 216 
 
 1018 English and Danes united imder Cnut 182 
 1066 English the, redeem their lands from Wil- 
 
 ham 1st - - - 209 
 
 1096 Eoda, Earl of Champaigne, loses his lands 261 
 
 905 Eohric, a Danish King, killed - 117 
 
 626 Eomer attempts to murder Edwin - 28 
 
 661 Eoppa preaches Christianity in Wight 43 
 
 632 Eorpwald baptized - - 30 
 
 911 Eowils, a Danish Kmg, killed - 119 
 
 640 Ercenberht, (or Arcenbryht) King of Kent 31 
 
 664 dies - - 43 
 
 640 Ercengota daughter of Ercenberht - 31 
 
 640 Ermenred son of Eadbald - 31 
 
 1107 Ernulf Abbot of Peterborough - 277 
 
 1114 Bishop of Rochester - 282 
 
 1123 assists at the installation of Wilham 
 
 Corboyl - - 294 
 
 1124 dies - - - - 297 
 449 Essex, or kingdom of the East Saxons 12 
 604 converted to Christianity - 24 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 823 Essex submits to Ecbryht - - 80 
 
 913) recovered from the Danes by Ed- C 120 
 
 921 > ward - - - (128 
 
 994 ravaged by the Danes - - 153 
 
 1011 under the power of the Danes 168 
 
 1130 Everard Bishop of Norwich, at the conse- 
 cration of Christ Church - - 309 
 1137 Eugenius 3d, Pope, grants certain privileges 
 
 to Peterborough (A. D. 1145) - 317 
 
 1048 Eustace 2d, Earl of Boulogne, his affray 
 
 at Dover - - 196 
 
 1088 concerned in the conspiracy against 
 
 Wilham2d - - 247 
 
 1096 Eustace 3d, Earl of Boulogne, goes to Jeru- 
 salem - - 262 
 
 1100 returns - - 268 
 
 1101 recovers his lands from Henry 1st 270 
 1140 Eustace, sou of Stephen, marries Constance, 
 
 the sister of Louis 7th 
 
 322 
 
 1140 dies (a. d. 1153) 
 
 322 
 
 877 Exeter taken by the Danes 
 
 96 
 
 894 besieged by the Danes 
 
 107 
 
 894 relieved by Alfred 
 
 - 109 
 
 1003 taken by the Danes 
 
 158 
 
 1135 besieged by Stephen 
 F 
 46 Famine in Syria 
 
 - 313 
 
 5 
 
 792) . ^ ', 
 
 975 5 m England - - . 
 
 C7B 
 
 (147 
 
 Ii3 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 976^ 
 1005 
 1043 
 1070 
 
 1082 r-Famine in England 
 1087 
 1096 
 1125 
 1137> 
 
 577 Farinmail, a British King, killed 
 1117 Farits, Abbot of Abingdon, dies 
 
 636 Felix, Bishop, converts the East Angles 
 
 PAGE 
 
 149 
 160 
 190 
 217 
 < 230 
 236 
 262 
 300 
 316 
 
 22 
 286 
 
 31 
 
 829 Feologild, Abbot, chosen Archbishop of 
 
 Canterbury - - 82 
 
 829 dies _ - - 82 
 
 961 Fever in London . - - 133 
 
 1087 throughout England - 236 
 
 1125 Flood - - - - 300 
 
 1013 Florentine St. relics of - - 173 
 
 1087 Forest laws were enacted by Wilham I. 
 
 (A. D. 1084) - 241 
 
 1088 amendment of, promised by 
 
 Wilham II. - - 246 
 
 1135 of Henry 1st (a. d. 1108) 313 
 
 626 Forthher stabbed by Eomer - 26 
 
 709 Forthhere, Bishop of Westwood - 56 
 
 737 goes to Rome - - 60 
 
 803 Forthred, Abbot, dies - - 78 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 871 Fraeua, a Danish Earl, killed - - 92 
 
 993 Frteua, a leader of the English, flees 152 
 
 425 France, first Kings of - - 9 
 
 887 Empire of, divided - - 102 
 
 780 French fight with the Old Saxons - 70 
 
 76G Fritheberht, Bishop of Hexham, dies 67 
 
 993 Frithegist, an English General, flees 152 
 
 910 Frithestan, Bishop of Winchester - 118 
 
 933 dies - - 131 
 
 763 Frithewald, Bishop of Whitehorn, dies OG 
 
 1110) C279 
 
 ^ ,>r rost severe - - - i 
 
 1115 3 (284 
 
 1103^ r272 
 
 1110>Fruit trees injured - - < 279 
 
 3 (28O 
 
 1112 productive - - 281 
 
 737 Frythogith, Queen, goes to Rome - 60 
 
 1110 FulL 5th, Earl of Anjou, seizes Maine 280 
 
 11111 f280 
 
 1112 > at war with Henry I. - •<281 
 
 1118) C286 
 
 1119 his daughter Matilda married to 
 
 AVilliam, son of Henry I. 287 
 1121 returns from Jerusalem and takes 
 
 back Matilda - - 290 
 
 1123 sends messengers to Henry 291 
 
 1123 messengers of, return dissatisfied 293 
 
 1124 at war witli Henry I. because of 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGK 
 
 William, son of Robert Earl of 
 JSTormandy, who had married 
 his daughter Sibylla (afterwards 
 divorced) - - 297 
 
 1127 makes peace with Henry I. on 
 
 the marriage of his son Geof- 
 frey with the Empress Matilda 301 
 G 
 
 1118 Gelasius 2d, Pope - - - 287 
 
 1119 dies - - - 288 
 1096 Geoffrey Bainard, overcomes William of 
 
 Eu, in single combat - - 261 
 1125 Geoffrey, Abbot of St. Alban's, goes to Rome 300 
 1127 Geoffrey Martel, son of the Earlof Anjou, 
 
 marries the Empress Matilda 302 
 1140 being Earl of Anjou, reduces Nor- 
 mandy - - 322 
 1140 dies (A. D. 1151) - - 322 
 1103 Gerard, Archbishop of York, his right to 
 
 consecrate Bishops denied 272 
 
 1108 dies - - - 278 
 
 710 Gerent, a Welch King, fights with Ina 56 
 
 1122 Ghosts seen - - 290 
 
 1123 Gifard, Henry's Chaplain, goes to Rome 294 
 693 Gifemund, Bishop of Rochester, dies 53 
 
 1117 Gilebert, Abbot of Westminster, dies 286 
 
 1130 Gilbert Universalis, Bishop of London, at 
 
 the dedication of Christ Church 308 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1061 Gisa Bishop of Wells - - 20G 
 1070 assists at the consecration of William 
 
 Bishop of Durham (a. d. 1080) 219 
 688 Glastonbury monastery built by Ina 
 
 (A. D. 698 or 708) - 52 
 
 1083 tumults at - - 231 
 
 577 Gloucester taken - - - 22 
 
 1122 burnt - - - 290 
 988 Goda, a Dane, killed - - 150 
 
 1070 Godfrey Bishop of Chichester (a. d. 1087) 220 
 
 1123 Godfrey Bishop of Bath - 295 
 1130 at the consecration of Christ 
 
 Church - - - 309 
 
 693 Godwin a Galilean Bishop - 53 
 
 994 Godwin flees from the Danes - 152 
 
 1001 Godwin, Sherift; killed - 166 
 
 1011 Godwin 2d, Bishop of Rochester, taken 
 
 prisoner _ . _ . 169 
 
 1016 Godwin, Alderman, killed - 180 
 
 1036 Godwin, Earl, supports Hardacnut 186 
 
 1043 
 
 
 his daughter Eadgitha marries 
 
 
 
 
 Edward 
 
 190 
 
 1048 
 
 
 accused of treason 
 
 197 
 
 1048 
 
 
 outlawed 
 
 199 
 
 1052 
 
 
 invades England 
 
 200 
 
 1052 
 
 
 restored to the King's favour 
 
 203 
 
 1053 
 
 
 dies - - - - 
 
 204 
 
 1061 
 
 Godwin 
 
 3d, Bisliop of Rochester, dies 
 
 206 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1088 Gosfrith, Bishop, rebels - - 244 
 
 435 Goths take Rome - - li^ 
 
 592 Gregory 1st, Pope - - 23 
 
 596 sends Augustine to Britain - 23 
 
 606 dies - - - 25 
 
 1129 Gregory — see Innocent 2d - - 308 
 
 1055 Griffin, King of Wales, burns Hereford 205 
 
 1063 killed - _ _ 207 
 
 903 Grimbald, Priest, dies - - 116 
 
 1038 Grymkytel Bishop of Selsey - 187 
 1045 dies - - - 191 
 1070 Gundulph Bishop of Rochester (a. d. 1076) 219 
 
 911 Guthferth, Hold, killed - - 120 
 927 Guthfrith King of Northumberland, ex- 
 pelled - - - 131 
 944 his son expelled - - 135 
 714 Guthlac St. dies - - 56 
 1066 Gyrth, the brother of Harold, killed 209 
 
 H 
 
 1075 Hacon, a Danish Earl, invades England 228 
 920 Haelfwin deprived of the government of 
 
 Mercia - _ . - 125 
 
 1036 Hardacnut in Denmark at Cnut's death 186 
 
 1039 succeeds to the kingdom of Eng- 
 
 land _ - - 188 
 
 1041 dies . _ - 188 
 
 871 Hareld, a Danish Earl, killed - 92 
 
 1036 Harold 1st, King of England - 186 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1039 Harold 1st (lies - - - 187 
 104G Harold 2d, the son of Godwin, opposes his 
 
 brother Swegn - - 193 
 
 1048 accused of treason - 197 
 
 1048 outlawed and goes to Ireland 199 
 
 1052 invades England - 201 
 
 1052 reconciled to Edward - 203 
 
 1053 succeeds to his father's Earldom 204 
 
 1063 conquers Wales - 20C 
 
 1064 negociates with Morker - 207 
 1066 King of England - 208 
 1066 killed at the battle of Hastmgs 209 
 1066 Harold (Hardrada) King of Norway, in- 
 vades England, & killed at Stanford bridge 209 
 
 1076 Harold (Hein) King of Denmark 229 
 
 893 Hastings invades England - - 105 
 
 894 receives his wife and children from 
 
 Alfred - - 108 
 
 805 Heabyrht, Alderman, dies - - 78 
 
 1045 Heaca Bishop of Selsey - - 191 
 
 1058 dies - - . - 205 
 
 963 Headda, an Abbot of Medeshamstede 
 
 (A. D. 870) - - - 140 
 
 871 Heahmund, Bishop of Sherborn, killed 93 
 
 898 Heahstan, Bishop of London, dies - 115 
 
 871 Healfden, a Danish King, killed - 92 
 
 875 Healfden conquers Northumbei-land 95 
 
 876 divides the land among his tioops 96 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. 
 
 911 Healfden, a Danish King, killed 
 1098 \ 
 
 ""^Heaven the, appear, on fire - 
 
 11221 ^^ 
 
 1131^ 
 
 676 Hedda, Bishop of Winchester - 49 
 
 703 dies - - - - 55 
 
 449 Hengest arrives in Britain - - 12 
 
 455-473 fights with the Britons - - 13 
 
 1046) Henry I. King of France, at war with C 192 
 
 1054 5 William Duke of Normandy ( 204 
 
 1060 dies - - - 206 
 
 1056 Henry 3d (the Black) Emperor, dies 205 
 
 1056 Henry 4th, Emperor - - 205 
 
 lioe dies . _ _ 277 
 
 1106 Henry 5th, Emperor - - 277 
 
 1110 marries Matilda - - 279 
 
 1086 Henry> the son of William the Conqueror, 
 
 knighted - - 234 
 
 1087 heir to his father's treasures 238 
 
 1094 comes to England - - 256 
 
 1095 at war with Bohert, Earl of Nor- 
 
 mandy - - 257 
 
 1100 Kujg of England - - 267 
 
 1100 marries Matilda, daughter of Mal- 
 
 colm - - - 268 
 
 1101 his war and treaty with Robert 269, 270 
 
 1102 reduces Robert Earl of Shrewsbury 270 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. 
 1105 
 1106 
 
 1107 
 I 1108 
 ^ 1110 
 
 nil 
 
 1114 
 1115 
 
 1119 
 1120 
 1121 
 1121 
 1123 
 
 1124 
 1126 
 1127 
 
 1128 
 1129 
 1130 
 1131 
 1132 
 1135 
 1135 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Henry invades Normandy - 274 
 
 again inrades and conquers Nor- 
 mandy - - - 276 
 fills up the vacant sees in England 277 
 at war with Prance - 278 
 gives his daughter in marriage to 
 
 the Emperor Henry 5th 279 
 
 in Normandy - - 280 
 
 reduces Wales - 281 
 
 -causes the Barons of Normandy to 
 
 do homage to his son AVilliam 283 
 defeats Louis - - 287 
 
 makes peace with Louis - 288 
 
 marries Athelis of Louvain 289 
 
 invades Wales - - 290 
 
 at war with his Thanes in Nor- 
 mandy and with France 295 
 his victories - - 296, 297 
 returns to England - 300 
 causes the English to swear obedi- 
 ence to Matilda - - 301 
 
 305 
 307 
 309 
 310 
 312 
 312 
 - 313 
 
 in Normandy 
 returns to England 
 goes to Normandy 
 returns to England 
 returns to England 
 goes to Normandy 
 dies 
 
 Kk 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1123 Henry, Abbot, a Papal Legate in England 293 
 1 127 Henry, Abbot of St. Jean d'Angely (son 
 of William 7th, Earl of Poitou), 
 obtains the Abbacy of Peter- 
 borough _ _ _ 302 
 112B goes to Poitou - - 305 
 
 1130 returns, and promises to subject 
 
 Peterborough to Cluny - 309 
 
 1131 goes to Normandy - 310 
 
 1131 expelled from St, Jean d'Angely 311 
 
 1132 fails in his attempt to subject Peter- 
 
 borough to Cluny, and deprived 
 
 of the Abbacy - - 312 
 
 1129 Henry Bishop of Winchester - 308 
 
 1140 deserts his brother Stephen 320 
 1140 Henry, Earl of Anjou, marries Eleanor, 
 
 Queen of France (a, d. 1152) 322 
 1140 invades England (A. D. 1153) 322 
 1140 his treaty with Stephen (a. d. 1153) 323 
 1154 King of England - - 323 
 1131 Hens, mortality amongst - - 310 
 1094 Herbert Losange, Bishop of Thetford, de- 
 prived of his staff - - 255 
 838 Herebryht, Alderman, kiUed • 84 
 833 Hereferth, Bishop of W^inchester, killed 82 
 656 Herefrid Alderman (664) - - 40 
 1055 Hereford burnt - - - 205 
 1043 Hereman Bishop of Sherborn - 191 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A.D. PAGE 
 
 1047 Hereraan sent to Rome - - 195 
 
 1077 dies _ . - 230 
 
 1070 Hereward plunders Peterborough - 214 
 
 1071 escapes from William 1st '1'2G 
 1070 Hernost, Bishop of Kochester, and dies 
 
 (A.D. 1075) - - - 21!) 
 
 710 Higbald killed - - - .>(j 
 
 780 Higbald Bishop of Liudisfarne - - 70 
 705 assists at the consecration of King 
 
 Eardwulf - - 74 
 
 803 dies - - - - 78 
 785 Higebryht, Archbishop of Lichfield 68, 71 
 
 870 Higwais, a Dane, kills St. Edmund !)1 
 
 eso Hilda, St. dies - - - 50 
 
 670 Hlothere Bishop of Winchester - 44 
 
 685 Hlothere, King of Kent, dies - 51 
 
 905 Hold, a Danish title - - 118, 127 
 
 627 Honorius 1st, Pope - - 29 
 627 writes to the Scots touching Easter 29 
 
 634 sends Byrinus to England - 'SO 
 
 1124 Honorius 2d, Pope - - 289 
 
 1129 dies - . . :30« 
 
 627 Honorius Archbishop of Canterbury 29 
 
 654 dies - - - 34 
 
 449 Horsa arrives in Britain - - 11 
 
 455 killed > . - 12 
 
 922 Howel, a King of Wales, submits to Edward 129 
 
 918 Hroald, Earl, invades England and killed 122 
 Kk2 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 887 Hrothulf (Rudolph) King of Burgundy io2 
 
 853 Huda, Alderman, killed - - 86 
 
 1003 Hugh loses Exeter - - 158 
 
 1088 Hugh (Grentmesnil) rebels - - 245 
 
 1094 Hugh (Lupus) Earl of Chester, brings 
 
 Prince Henry to England - 256 
 1094 Hugh, Earl of Shrewsbury, defeats the 
 
 ^Yelch - - - 257 
 
 1098 killed - - - 265 
 
 1123 Hugh of Montfort revolts - - 295 
 
 1124 taken, and confined at Gloucester 296 
 1124 Hugh, the son of Gervais, taken prisoner 
 
 and confined at Rouen - 296 
 
 1126 removed to Windsor - 301 
 
 1129 H berated . - - soG 
 1128 Hugh of the Temple proclaims a false 
 
 crusade . _ _ 306 
 1137 Hugh of Waltville surrenders certain lands 
 
 to Peterborough _ _ _ 313 
 
 744 Hunferth Bishop of A¥inchester - 61 
 
 921 Huntingdon repaired - - 128 
 
 1016 Huntingdonshire ravaged by Cnut - 177 
 
 I 
 
 547 Ida King of Northumberland - - 19 
 
 560 dies - - - - 20 
 
 640 Idols destroyed in Kent - - 31 
 
 1031 lemarc, a Scotch King, submits to Cnut 185 
 
 110 Ignatius St. martyred - - 6 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 656 Immine Alderman (a. d. 664) - - 40 
 
 688 Ina King of Wessex - - 52 
 
 694 his treaty with Kent - - 53 
 
 709 fights M'ith Gerent - - 56 
 
 715 with Ceolred - - 57 
 
 721 kills C} newiilf - - 58 
 
 722 fights with the South Saxons - 58 
 728 goes to Home, and remains there during 
 
 the rest of his life - - 58 
 
 718 Ingild, tlie brother of Ina, dies - 57 
 731 Ingwald, Bishop of London, assists at the 
 
 consecration of Tat\\ ine - - 59 
 
 403 Innocent 1st, Pope, rescript of - 9 
 
 1129 Innocent 2d, Pope - - - 308 
 
 1014 Inundation of the sea - - 174 
 
 560 lona, Abbey founded in (a. D. 565) - 21 
 
 716 monks of, observe the Catholic Easter 57 
 
 655 Ithamar, Bishop of Rochester, consecrates 
 
 Ueusdedit - - 35 
 
 656 at the consecration of Medes- 
 
 hamstede (a. d. 664) - 36 
 
 J 
 763 Jeanbyrht (or Anbryht) Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury - ' 6G 
 785 deprived of part of his diocese 71 
 790 dies ^ - - 72 
 922 Jeothwel, a Welch King, submits to Ed- 
 ward - . - - 129 
 Kk3 
 
INDEX. 
 A. ». PAGE 
 
 656 Jeruman, Bishop of Lichfield, witness of 
 Wulfere's grant to Medeshamstede (a. d. 
 
 664) - - , - 40 
 
 431 Jews of Crete drowned - - 10 
 
 1137 of Norwich crucify a child (a. d. 1144) 318 
 
 685 John Bishop of Hexham - - 51 
 
 685 Archbishop of York (a. D. 705) 51 
 
 685 resigns (a. d. 718) - - 51 
 
 721 dies - . _ 58 
 
 1070 John Bishop of Wells (a. d. 1087) - 220 
 
 1114 John, Abbot of Peterborough, and sent to 
 
 Rome - - - 283 
 
 1115 returns - - - 284 
 1125 dies - - - - 300 
 1114 7 John, Archdeacon of Canterbury, goes to C 283 
 1123 3 Home - - - (294 
 1130 Bishop of Rochester, at the conse- 
 cration of Christ Church - 308 
 
 1125 John of Crema, Cardinal, in England 299 
 
 1125 John, Bishop of Glasgow, goes to Rome 300 
 1130 Jolm, Bishop of Seez, at the consecration 
 
 of Christ Church - 309 
 
 Julius Caesar invades Britain - - 2 
 
 604 Justus consecrated Bishop - 24 
 
 604 receives the see of Rochester - 25 
 616 Archbishop of Canterbury (a. d. 622) 27 
 
 627 dies - - - - 29 
 
 449 Jutes - - - - 12 
 
INDEX. 
 
 K 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 449 Kent peopled by the Jutes - - 12 
 
 GIG laid waste by .Etlielred - 49 
 
 G8G by Ceadwalla - - 51 
 
 8G5 by the Danes - 89 
 
 994 by the Danes - - 153 
 
 1088 by Bishop Odo, Earl of 
 
 Kent - - 245 
 
 992 Kemilf Abbot of Medeshamstede - 151 
 
 9G3 Bishop of Winchester (a. d. 1005) 143 
 
 lOOG dies - - - IGl 
 
 656 Kyneburg and Kyneswith, sisters of Wul- 
 fere, witnesses of his grant to 
 Medeshamstede (a. d. 664) 40 
 
 i)63 bodies of removed to Peter- 
 
 borough (A. D. 1005-1041) 143 
 
 1060 Kynsige, Archbishop of York, dies 206 
 
 L 
 1070 Landfranc or Lanfranc, Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury - - 212 
 1070 his dispute with Thomas Arch- 
 bishop of York, touching the 
 supremacy of Canterbury 212, 213 
 1070 goes to Rome (A. D. 1072) • 213 
 1070 the acts of his Prelacy, (a. d. 
 
 1072-1089) - 217, 223 
 
 1089 dies - - - 248 
 1086 liandholders of England swear allegiance 
 
 to William I. - 235 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1083 Land-tax - - _ 232 
 616 Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 dies (a. d. 617) - - - 26 
 
 896 Lee, river, blocked up by Alfred 112 
 
 920 Leicester taken by iEthelfl^d - 124 
 942 recovered from the Danes b}^ 
 
 Edward - - 135 
 439 Leo I. Pope - - _ n 
 797 Leo III. Pope, deposed and restored 76 
 800 consecrates Charlemagne Em- 
 peror - - 77 
 814 dies - - - 79 
 1046 Leo IX. Pope, holds a Synod at St. 
 
 Remy (a. d. 1048) - 192 
 
 1054 dies - - - 204 
 
 1001 Leofric, Sheriff, killed - - 156 
 1036 Leofric, Earl, supports Harold - 186 
 1048 with Edward, at Gloucester 198 
 1057 dies - - - 205 
 1066 founder of Coventry Abbey (a. D. 
 
 1057) - - - 210 
 
 1044 Leofric Bishop of Exeter - 191 
 
 1052 Leofric Abbot of Peterborough - 203 
 
 1066 dies _ . - 209 
 
 1002 Leofsig, Alderman, banished - 158 
 1001 Leofwin, High Sheriff, killed - 156 
 1011 Leofwin, Abbot, taken at Canterbury 169 
 1022 Leofwin, Abbot of Ely, clears himself 
 
 before Pope Benedict - 183 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1066 Leofwin, the brother of Harold, killed 209 
 
 1070 Leofwin the Long, a Monk of Peterborough 2l-> 
 
 854 Leothete (or Judith) marries iEthelwulf 87 
 
 1120 Light, supernatural, on the holy sepulchre 280 
 
 793 
 
 1086 
 
 1109 . ^. , . 
 
 /Liijhtuina: 
 1117 
 
 1118 
 
 1122 
 
 626 Lilla, Edwin's Thane, stabbed - 28 
 942 Lincoln recovered by Edward - - 135 
 
 1123 burnt - - _ 295 
 
 1140 besieged - . . 319 
 
 793 Lindisfarne pillaged - - 73 
 
 627 Lindsey, Christianity preached in - 29 
 838 slaughter in - - 84 
 993 laid waste - - - - 152 
 
 1013 submits to Swegn - 171 
 
 1014 to Cnut, and laid waste by 
 
 iEthelred - 174 
 
 1013 Living Archbishop of Canterbury - 170 
 
 1020 dies - - - 183 
 
 1038 Living, Bishop of Devon, obtains the see 
 
 of Worcester and Gloucester 187 
 1044 dies - . . 191 
 596 Lombards destroy St. Benedict's monas- 
 tery - - - - 23 
 
fires of 
 
 237 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A. D PAGE 
 
 887 Lombardy, war in - - 10^ 
 
 1117 earthquake in - - 286 
 
 839 London, slaughter at - - 84 
 repaired by Alfred - 101 
 besieged by Anlaf and Swegu 152 
 attacked by the Danes - 165 
 besieged by Cnut - 178 
 
 C229 
 
 u 
 
 tower walled round, and bridge 
 
 repaired - - 264 
 806 London, men of, defeated - - 111 
 896 seize the Danish ships 112 
 1013 submit to Swegn - 172 
 1016 treat with the Danes 181 
 1140 attempt to seize the Em- 
 press Matilda - 320 
 1046 Lothene plunders the coasts of England 192 
 
 840 Louis 1st, Emperor of France, dies 84 
 1108 Louis 6th King of France - 278 
 
 1116 at war with the Count de Blois 284 
 
 1117 invades Normandy - • 285 
 
 1119 defeated by Henry - 287 
 
 1120 makes peace with Henry - 288 
 1124 again at war with Henry - 296 
 1129 acknowledges Innocent II. as Pope 308 
 1140 Louis 7th divorced from his Queen Eleanor 
 
 (A. D. 1151) - - - 322 
 
INDEX, 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 >189 Lucius, a King of Britain converted to 
 
 Christianity (a. d. IGl) - 7 
 
 897 Lucumon, SlierifF, killed - - 114 
 
 825 Ludecan, King of Mercia, killed - 81 
 
 891 Macbeth, an Irish pilgrim - 104 
 
 1031 Ma.-lba'th, a Scotch King, submits to Cnut 185 
 
 891 Maclinmun, an Irish pilgrim - 104 
 
 1067 Majrleswegn retires to Scotland - 211 
 
 1100 Mahald (Matilda) married to Henry 1st 268 
 
 1118 dies - . - 287 
 
 1062 Maine, province of reduced by William, 
 
 when Duke of Normandy 206 
 
 1073 again reduced by William 1st 227 
 
 lO&Sf conquered by ^^'illiam 2d - 265 
 
 1110 seized by Fulk, Earl of Anjou 280 
 
 1031 Malcolm 2d, King of Scodand, submits to 
 
 Cnut - - - - 185 
 
 1067 Malcolm 3d, King of Scotland, marries 
 
 Margaret, the sister of Edgar 
 
 .Ethehng - - 211 
 
 1072 does homage to William 1st 226 
 
 1079) • , r- , , ^230 
 
 > mvades England - < 
 
 1091 ^ '' ^250 
 
 1091 his treaty with AVilliam 2d 251 
 
 1093 his journey to Gloucester, and 
 
 quarrel with ^Villiam 2d 253 
 
 1093 killed . - . 253 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. U. PAGE 
 
 920 Maiden fortified - - - 124 
 
 921 besieged _ _ - 127 
 1095 Malvoisin Castle - - 259 
 
 923 Manchester repaired - - - 129 
 
 921 Manna, Earl, killed - - 127 
 
 1087 Mante burnt by William 1st - - 238 
 
 1067 Margaret (the daughter of Edward, the son 
 
 of King Edmund) marries King 
 
 Malcolm - - 211 
 
 1093 dies - - - - 253 
 
 883 Marinus Pope, present from, to Alfred 99 
 
 885 dies - _ - 101 
 
 1098 Marsh lands, crops of, spoilt - 265 
 
 444 Martin St. dies - - - 11 
 
 1132 Martm Abbot of Peterborough - 312 
 
 1137 goes to Rome (a. d. 1145) - 317 
 
 1154 dies - - - 324 
 
 1116 Mast scarce - . . 284 
 
 1103 Matthias, Abbot of Peterborough, dies 272 
 
 1083 Matilda, Queen of Wilham 1st, dies - 232 
 
 1110 Matilda, daughter of Henry 1st, marries 
 
 the Emperor Henry 5th 279 
 
 1126 returns to England - 300 
 
 1127 receives oatlis of allegiance 301 
 1127 marries Geoffrey of Anjou 301 
 1140 comes to England (a. D. 1139) 320 
 1140 besieged in Winchester and flees 
 
 (A. D. 1141) - - 320 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1140 Matilda besieged in Oxford and escapes 
 
 (A. Dt 1142) - - 321 
 
 1140 goes abroad (a. d. 1148) - 321 
 
 1140 Matilda, the daughter of Eustace Earl of 
 Boulogne, and Stephen's Queen, 
 besieges the Empress Matilda 
 in Winchester (a. d. 1141) 320 
 
 1140 dies (a. d. 1152) - - 322 
 
 1085 Maurice Bishop of London - - 233 
 
 1107 dies . - - 277 
 
 655 Medeshamstede Abbey founded by Peada 
 
 and Oswy - 34 
 
 656 chartered by Wulfhere, 
 
 (A. D. 664) - 37 
 675 chartered by jEthelred, 
 
 (A. D. 680) - 47 
 686 grant to from Ceadwalla 51 
 775 from Brordan 69 
 870 burnt by the Danes 91 
 963 rebuilt by^thelwold and 
 chartered by Edgar ( A. D. 
 972) - - 140 
 963 called Burch or Peterbo- 
 rough - 143 
 1052 called the Golden Borough 203 
 1066 miserable state of - 210 
 1070 pillaged by Hereward 214 
 1102 by pirates - 271 
 1116 burnt - - 285 
 LI 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1127 Medeshamstede, apparition of hunters seen at 304 
 1137 enriched and improved by 
 
 Martin - 317 
 
 Mellent (or Meulent) Earls of — see Robert 
 3d, and Waleram 3d 
 G04 Melhtus Bishop of London sent into Essex 24 
 616 Archbishop of Canterbury (a. d. 619) 27 
 
 624 dies - - - 27 
 
 440 Mercia peopled by Angles - 12 
 
 655 converted to Christianity - 34 
 
 827 . conquered by Egbryht - 81 
 
 > makes per^ce with the Danes < 
 
 872 5 (94: 
 
 874 given by the Danes to Ceolwulf 94 
 
 877 partition of, by the Danes 96 
 
 i laid waste by the Danes < 
 
 911 > ill9 
 
 912 governed by J^thelflaed 120 
 922 submits to Edward - 129 
 
 1016 ravaged by Cnut - 179, 180 
 
 1033 Merehwit Bishop of Wells, dies - 186 
 
 772 Mildred Bishop of Worcester, dies 67 
 
 759 Moll iEthelwold King of Northumberland 66 
 
 761 kills Oswin - - 66 
 
 963 Monasteries, many founded by ^thelwold 139 
 
 1070 despoiled by WiUiam 1st 213 
 
 1086 many built in his reign 239 
 
 663 Money er at Stamford, for Peterborough 141 
 
 1125 Moneyers punished for issuing bad coin 298 
 
INDEX. 
 
 > Moon appears bloody - - < . 
 
 11073 (277 
 
 806 cross seen in the - - 78 
 
 1107 tokens in the - - 277 
 
 1106 Moons two, appearance of - - 275 
 
 1123 Montfort Castle taken by Henry 1st 2J)5 
 
 1095 Montgomery Castle taken by the Welcli 25i> 
 1093 Moreal, Earl Kobert s stew ard, kills King 
 
 Malcolm - - 253 
 1095 surrenders Bamborougb, and in- 
 forms against the conspirators 260 
 1015 Morcfer, Thane, murdered - 175 
 1064 Morker Earl of IN orthumberland - 207 
 1006 defeated by the King of Norway 209 
 1071 revolts from William 1st - 225 
 1071 surrenders himself - 226 
 1104 Mortaigne, William Earl of, revolts 273 
 1106 taken prisoner - - 276 
 1054 Mortemer, battle of - - 204 
 
 822 Muca, Alderman, killed - - 80 
 
 686 Mul, the brother of Ina, ravages Kent 51 
 
 687 burnt - _ . ^i 
 694 his death compounded for - 53 
 
 N 
 
 508 Natanleod, a British King, killed - 17 
 
 810 Nicephorus 1st, Emperor of Constantinople 79 
 
 343 Nicholas St. dies - - . 8 
 
 1059 Nicholas 2d, Pope - - 205 
 
 L12 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 921 Niel, a King of Ireland, killed - 129 
 
 560 Ninna, Bishop, converts the southern Picts 
 
 (a. d. 400) . _ _ 21 
 
 1070 Norman, a Monk of Christ Church - 224 
 876 Normandy conquered by RoUo - 95 
 
 1096 mortgaged to William 2d - 262 
 
 1106 conquered by Henry 1st 276 
 
 1140 revolts to Geoffrey Earl of Anjou 322 
 
 Earls of, see Rollo, Richard 1st, 
 Richard 2d, Richard 3d, Ro- 
 bert 1st, WiUiam the Con- 
 queror, Robert 2d 
 
 10107^^ , , , , ^167 
 
 >-JNorthampton plimdered - < 
 
 1017 Northman killed - - - 181 
 
 449 Northumberland peopled by Angles - 12 
 
 633 ravaged by Ceadwalla 30 
 
 737 by ^thelwold 60 
 
 i by the Danes } 
 
 794) i74 
 
 827 submits to Egbryht 81 
 
 867 civil war in - 89 
 
 875 conquered by Healfden 95 
 
 876 divided amongst the Danes 96 
 924 submits to Edward 130 
 944 reduced by Edmund 135 
 954 by Edred - 136 
 
 1017 under the government of 
 
 Yric - - 181 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1064 Northumberland, men of, outlaw their Earl 
 
 Tostig - - 207 
 
 1069 laid waste by William 1st 212 
 
 1079 laid waste by Malcolm 230 
 
 1028 Norway conquered by (Jnut - 184 
 
 1030 Norwegians slay their King Olaf 185 
 
 1066 invade England - 209 
 
 1004 Norwich plundered - - 159 
 
 1075 bridal feast at - - 159 
 1075 castle of, defended by Emma wife 
 
 of Earl Ralph de Gwader 228 
 1088 castle of, defended by Roger Earl 
 
 of Hereford - - 245 
 736 Nothelm Archbishop of Canterbury receives 
 
 a pall 
 
 60 
 
 741 dies _ _ - 
 
 61 
 
 922 Nottingham repaired 
 
 129 
 
 924 fortified 
 
 130 
 
 942 recovered from the Danes by 
 
 
 Edmund 
 
 135 
 
 1016 Nottinghamshire laid waste 
 
 177 
 
 710 Nun fights with Gerent 
 
 56 
 
 O 
 
 
 1124 Oats price of - - 
 
 297 
 
 887 Oda (Eudes) King of France 
 
 102 
 
 1048 Odda Earl of Devon 
 
 199 
 
 1052 appointed to command the fleet 
 
 200 
 
 961 Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, dies 
 
 138 
 
 L13 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1070 Odo, Bishop of Baieux, at Canterbury, 
 
 (A. D. 1087) - - 220 
 
 1082 arrested - - - 230 
 
 1087 his cliaracter - - 240 
 
 1088 rebels against William 2d - 244 
 1088 leaves England - - 248 
 
 617 OfFa, Prince, banished - - 27 
 
 709 Offa, King of the East Saxons, goes to Rome 56 
 
 755 Offa King of Mercia - - 65 
 
 775 fights with Cynewulf - - 68 
 
 792 beheads ^thelbyrht - 73 
 
 794 dies . - _ - 73 
 
 911 Ohter, Earl, killed - - 119 
 
 918 Ohtor, Earl, invades Wales - - 122 
 
 1028 Olaf (St.) King of Norway, expelled 184 
 
 1030 killed - - - 185 
 
 964 Ordbryht Abbot of Chertsey - 144 
 
 894 Ordhehn, Thane, killed - - 110 
 
 997 Ordulf's monastery burnt - - 154 
 
 46 Orkneys conquered by Claudius - 5 
 
 1070 obtain a separate Bishop (a. d. 
 
 1076) - - 219 
 
 871 Osbearn, Earl, killed - - 92 
 
 1069 Osbearn, Earl, invades England - 211 
 
 1070 comes to Ely - - 214 
 1070 Osbern Bishop of Exeter (a. d. 1071) 218 
 1070 at the consecration of WiUiam Bishop 
 
 of Durham (a. d. 1080) 219 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 807 Osbryht, King of Northumberland, deposed 89 
 
 8G7 killed - _ - 90 
 
 875 Oscytel a Danish King - • 95 
 
 905 Oscytel, Hold, killed - - 118 
 
 970 Oskytel, Archbishop of York, dies 144 
 
 911 Osferth, Collector of Tribute, killed 120 
 
 633 Osfrith, the son of Edwin, killed - 30 
 1044 Osgot Clapa banished - - 191 
 
 508 Oslac, Alderman, killed - - 21 
 
 (>17 Oslac, Prince, banished - - 27 
 
 9CG Oslac Alderman - - - 144 
 
 975 banished _ - - 147 
 
 617 Oslaf, Prince, banished - - 27 
 
 833 Osmod, Alderman, killed - 82 
 
 1099 Osmond, Bishop of Salisbury, dies - 266 
 
 705 Osred 1 st. King of Northumberland 55 
 
 716 killed - - - 57 
 
 789 Osred 2d, King of Northumberland - 72 
 
 790 deposed _ _ - 72 
 792 killed , . . 73 
 
 634 Osric 1st, King of Deira - - 30 
 716 Osric 2d, King of Deira (A. D. 718) 57 
 731 killed - _ . 59 
 755 Osric Alderman - - - 64 
 
 > Osric, Alderman, defeats the Danes \ ^^ 
 
 860J ' ' (88 
 
 675 Ostrithe, Queen of Jithelred - 48 
 
 695 killed - - - 55 
 
 757 Osulf, King of Northumberland - 65 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 617 Oswald (St.) banished - - 27 
 
 634 King of Northumberland - 30 
 
 642 killed - - - 32 
 
 827 his power noted - - 81 
 909 his body removed from Bardney 
 
 into Mercia - - 118 
 728 Oswald, the son of iEthelbald, fights with 
 
 ^thelheard - - 58 
 
 730 dies - - . 59 
 
 992 Oswald, Archbishop of York, dies - 151 
 
 1010 Oswi killed _ _ . igg 
 
 644 Oswin King of Deira - - 32 
 
 651 killed . - _ 33 
 
 761 Oswin, Prince, killed - - 66 
 
 617 Oswiu or Oswy banished - 27 
 
 642 King of Northumberland - 32 
 
 655 founds Medeshamstede with Peada 34 
 
 670 dies - - _ 44 
 
 827 his power noted - - 81 
 
 617 Oswudu, Prince, banished - 27 
 
 911 Othulf, Hold, killed - - - 119 
 
 1120 Ottuel, brother of the Earl of Chester, 
 
 drowned _ _ . 289 
 
 1009 Oxford burnt by the Danes - 165 
 
 1140 lield by the Empress Matilda against 
 
 Stephen (a. d. 1142) - - 321 
 P 
 
 429 Palladius sent to the Scots - 9 
 
 1001 PalUg revolts from Ethelred - - 157 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 816 Paschal 1st, Pope - - - 71) 
 1115 Paschal 2d, Pope, sends a pall to Arch- 
 bishop Ralph - - 284 
 1118 dies - - - - 287 
 
 430 Patrick St, sent to the Scots - 10 
 1070 Patrick Archbishop of Dublin (a. d. 1073) 218 
 
 >St. Paul's burnt 
 1087 > 
 
 1 
 
 138 
 237 
 
 001 Paulinus 
 
 
 24 
 
 02-5 
 
 Bishop of Northumberland 
 
 
 27 
 
 626- 
 
 baptizes Eanfled 
 
 
 28 
 
 027 
 
 baptizes Edwin 
 
 - 
 
 29 
 
 633 
 
 escapes to Kent and receives 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 Bishoprick of Rochester 
 
 
 30 
 
 644 
 
 dies 
 
 . 
 
 32 
 
 653 Peada 
 
 I Alderman 
 
 . 
 
 33 
 
 655 Peada 
 
 King of Mercia, and founds Medes- 
 
 
 
 hamstede - - - 
 
 
 34 
 
 656 
 
 kiUed 
 
 
 S5. 
 
 381 Pelaa;ian heresy 
 
 
 9 
 
 626 Penda 
 
 King of Mercia 
 
 . 
 
 29 
 
 628 
 
 fights with Cynegils 
 
 
 29 
 
 633 
 
 ravages Northumberland 
 
 . 
 
 30 
 
 642 
 
 defeats Oswald 
 
 
 32 
 
 645 
 
 expels Cenwalh 
 
 - 
 
 33 
 
 655 
 
 killed 
 
 - 
 
 34 
 
 1125 i^""^ 
 
 1 
 
 297 
 299 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 714 Pepin, King, dies - - 5G 
 
 1087 Pershore, Thurstan Abbot of, dies 243 
 
 664:^ y- 43 
 
 871 J i 93 
 
 897 f lll3 
 
 gg^>Pestilence - - - "^^g^ 
 
 1112 1 /28I 
 
 1125/ ^300 
 
 616 Peter St. chastises Laurentius - 26 
 
 1070 Peter Bishop of Litchfield and Chester 
 
 (A. D. 1072) - - 218 
 
 1070 sent to assist at the consecration of a 
 
 Bishop of the Orkneys (a. d. 
 1076) - - 219 
 
 1129 Peter (Anacletus 2d) chosen Pope 308 
 
 1130 Peter, Abbot of Cluny, comes to England 309 
 1060 PhiUp 1st, Kuig of France - 206 
 
 1076 at war with William 1st - 229 
 
 1077 makes peace with William 1st 229 
 1087 at war with William 1st - 237 
 
 mandy < 
 
 J deserts Robert Barl of Normauuy s ^,^ 
 ( 2o6 
 
 1108 dies - - - 278 
 
 1110 Philip de Brause loses his lands - 279 
 
 1112 regains them - - 281 
 
 Picts from Scythia arrive in Ireland - 1 
 
 sent to Britain - - 2 
 
 660 southern converted (a. d. 400) - 21 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A.. ]>. PAGE 
 
 560 Picts northern converted - 21 
 
 710 fight with Beorhtfrith - - 56 
 
 875 invaded by the Danes - 95 
 
 890 Plegennind Archbishop of Canterbury - 103 
 
 923 dies - - 130 
 1127 Poitou, Earl of, (William 7th) gives St. 
 
 Jean d'Angely to Henry - 303 
 1140 Poitou, Earldom of, devolves to Henry 
 Earl of Anjou, on his marriage (a, d. 
 
 1152) - - - - 322 
 1120 Ponthieu, Earl of, (M'illiam 3d) makes 
 
 peace with Henry 1st - - 288 
 
 501 Port arrives in Britain - - 17 
 
 1052 Portland plundered by Godwin - 201 
 
 775 Pusa Abbot of Medeshamstede - 69 
 675 Putta, ]iishop of Rochester, at the Synod 
 
 of Hatfield (a. d. 680) - - 49 
 
 763 Pyhtwine Bishop of Whitehorn - 66 
 
 776 dies - , - G9 
 
 R, 
 685 Rain of blood - - - 51 
 10981 r265 
 1116 r Rains heavy - _ . ^ 284 
 1117^ ^286 
 1052 Ralph, Earl, commands Ethelred's fleet 200 
 1075 Ralph de Gwader, Earl of Norfolk, mar- 
 riage of - - - 227 
 1075 his rebellion and flight - 228 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1114 Ralph Archbishop of Canterbury - 282 
 
 1115 receives a pall - - 284 
 1122 dies ... 291 
 1124 Ralph Basset - - - 298 
 1140 Randolf, Earl of Chester, revolts from 
 
 Stephen - - 319 
 1140 together with the Earl of Glou- 
 cester defeats and imprisons 
 
 Stephen (a. d. 1141) - 320 
 1140 reconciled to Stephen (a. D. 1144) 320 
 
 1140 imprisoned (a. d. 1145) - 321 
 
 1099 Rannulf Passeflambard Bishop of Durham 265 
 
 1100 imprisoned - - 268 
 
 1101 escapes to Normandy - 270 
 1128 dies ... 305 
 
 669 Reculver monastery founded - 43 
 
 878 Raven, the Danish standard, taken - 97 
 617 Redwald, King of East Anglia, defeats 
 
 ^thelfrith - - 27 
 
 827 his power noted - 81 
 
 923 Regnold or Regnwald, King, takes York 129 
 
 924 submits to Edward - 130 
 942 confirmed - - 135 
 944 expelled - - 135 
 
 Reoda, a leader of the Scots, conquers 
 
 part of Britain - - - 2 
 
 942 Richard the elder, Earl of Normandy 135 
 
 994 dies - - 154 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 994 Richard 2d, Earl of Normandy - 154 
 1002 his daughter Queen Emma conies to 
 
 England - - 158 
 1013 receives Ethelred - 172 
 1024 dies - - 184 
 1024 Richard 3d, Earl of Normandy - 184 
 1107 Richard, Abbot of Ely, dies - 277 
 1120 Richard, son of Henry 1st, drowned 289 
 1120 Richard, Earl of Chester, drowned 289 
 1 123 Richard, Bishop of London, assists at the in- 
 stallation of William Corboyl - 294 
 604 Ricola - - - - 24 
 1024 Robert 1st, Earl of Normandy - 184 
 1031 goes to Jerusalem - - 185 
 1031 dies (a. d. 1035) - 185 
 1048 Robert Archbishop of Canterbury - 195 
 1048 dispute of, with Sparhafoc - 195 
 1052 flees from England - - 202 
 1052 outlawed - - - 203 
 1068 Robert, Earl of Northumberland, slain 211 
 1070 Robert 1st, seizes the Earldom of Elanders 217 
 1085 in alliance with Cnut - 232 
 1096 Robert 2d, Earl of Flanders, goes to Jeru- 
 salem _ _ _ 262 
 1100 returns - - - 268 
 1111 dies - - _ 280 
 1070 Robert Bishop (of Hereford ?) at the con- 
 secration of William Bishop of Durham 
 (A. D. 1080) - - - 219 
 M m 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1079 Robert, son of William 1st, rebels - 230 
 
 1087 succeeds to the Earldom of Nor- 
 
 mandy - - 238 
 
 1088 his party in England - 244 
 
 1088 attempts to invade England 246 
 
 1091 his treaty with William 2d - 249 
 
 1091 accompanies William to England 251 
 
 1091 returns to Normandy - 252 
 
 1094) . ^ .- ,„„,. C 255, 256 
 
 S a^am at war with William < 
 
 1095 5 ^ 257 
 
 1096 sells Normandy to William, and 
 
 goes to Jerusalem - 262 
 
 1100 returns - - - 268 
 
 1101 invades England, and treats with 
 
 Henry 1st - - 269, 270 
 
 1103 gives up his pension - 272 
 
 1104 aids Robert of Belesme - 273 
 1106 taken prisoner by Henry 1st 276 
 1126 confined at Bristol - 301 
 1085 Robert 1st, Bishop of Chester and Coventry 233 
 1123 Robert 2d, Bishop of Chester and Coventry, 
 
 buries the Bishop of Lincoln - 292 
 
 1093 Robert Bloet Bishop of Lincoln - 252 
 
 1123 dies . . - 292 
 
 1088 Robert de Mowbray Earl of Northumber- 
 land plunders Bristol - 244 
 1093 defeats Malcolm - 253 
 1095 rebels against William 2d, and taken 
 
 prisoner - 258, 259 
 
INDEX, 
 A.D. PAGE 
 
 1095 Robert de Mowbray confined at Windsor 200 
 
 1098 Robert de Belesnic Earl of Slirewsbury 265 
 1102 quarrels with Henry 1st and loses 
 
 his estates - - 270 
 
 1104 favored by the Earl of Normandy 273 
 
 1105 returns to England - - 274 
 
 1106 again quarrels with Henry, returns 
 
 to Normandy, and defeated 275, 276 
 
 1 112 seized and imprisoned - 281 
 
 1113 removed to Warehara castle 281 
 HOC Robert de Stutteville taken prisoner 276 
 
 1107 Robert, Abbot of St. Edmund's Bury, dies 277 
 1118 Robert 3d, Earl of Mellent, dies - 287 
 1126 Robert, Earl of Gloucester, keeper of the 
 
 Earl of Normandy - 301 
 
 1140 rebels against Stephen 319 
 
 1140 takes Stephen prisoner (a. d. 1141) 320 
 
 1140 taken prisoner and exchanged for the 
 
 King (A. D. 114i; 320, 321 
 
 604 Rochester - . . 
 
 25 
 
 839 slaughter at 
 
 84 
 
 885 siege of, raised by Alfred 
 
 100 
 
 986 bishoprick of, laid waste 
 
 149 
 
 1088 castle besieged by William 2d 
 
 248 
 
 1130 burnt - _ _ 
 
 309 
 
 876 Rodla (RoUo) conquers Normandy 
 
 95 
 
 1075 Roger, son of ^A'illiani Fitz Osborne, Earl of 
 
 Hereford, rebels against W^m. 1st 227 
 1075 taken and imprisoned - 228 
 
 M m 2 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1088 Roger, Earl of Shrewsbury, rebels against 
 
 William 2d - - - 244 
 
 1094 Roger of Poitou taken prisoner - 255 
 1123 Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, power of 293 
 1123 Regent of England - - 295 
 1125 inflicts punishment on the moneyers 299 
 1130 at the consecration of Christ 
 
 Church - - 309 
 1132 opposes Henry Abbot of Peter- 
 borough - - 312 
 1137 imprisoned by Stephen - 314 
 1120 Roger, Bishop of Coventry, at the conse- 
 cration of Christ Church - 309 
 1137 Roger, the Chancellor, imprisoned - 314 
 4l8 Romans collect the gold of Britain - 9 
 435 reign of, in Britain, ended - 10 
 616 Romanus Bishop of Rochester (A. D. 624) 27 
 
 1095 }^ C 260 
 > Romescot - - - "S ^^^ 
 
 1123 5 ( 293 
 
 1048 Rothulf Abbot of Abingdon - - 195 
 
 913 Runckhorn built - - 121 
 
 S 
 
 1137 Sachentege . _ _ 315 
 
 604 Saebyrht King of East Angha - 24 
 
 1031 Sandwich harbour given to Christ Chui'ch 185 
 449 Saxons, Old (or Continental), arrive in Eng- 
 land - - - 12 
 780 fight with the French - 70 
 085 with a fleet of pirates - 100 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 655 Saxulf Abbot of Medesbamstede - 34 
 
 656 Bisbop of Litcbfield (a. d. G70) 42 
 705 dies - - - - 55 
 816 Scbool, Englisb, at Rome, burnt 7U 
 885 enfraucbized - - 101 
 
 Scots of Ireland - - - 1 
 
 684 invaded by Egfertb - 50 
 
 924 Scotland subject to Edward - - 130 
 
 934 invaded by Atlielstan - 131 
 
 946 subject to Edred - - 136 
 
 1031 to Cnut - - 185 
 
 1072 to William 1st 226, 240 
 
 1070 Scotland, Abbot of St. Augustine's (a. d. 
 
 1071) - - - 218 
 
 911 Scurfa, Earl, killed - - 119 
 
 1123 Sefred, Abbot of Glastonbury, goes to Rome 294 
 
 746 Selred, King of Essex, killed - 62 
 
 852 Sempringbam let - - - 85 
 
 774 Serpents in Sussex - - 68 
 
 189 Severus invades Britain (A. D. 207) - 7 
 
 640 Sexburli wife of Ercenberht - 31 
 
 672 Sexburb Queen of Wessex - 44 
 
 832 r, , , , ( 82 
 
 1052r^^PP^^P^""'^*''' ■ ■ 1 201 
 
 897 Ships built by Alfred - - 113 
 
 1008 by ^tbelred - 163 
 
 780 Sicga kills Alfwold - - - 72 
 
 793 dies - . . 73 
 
 Mm3 
 
INDEX, 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 977 Sideman, Bishop of Devon, dies - 147 
 
 871 Sidrac, Earl (the Elder) killed - 91 
 
 871 Sidrac, Earl (the Younger) killed - 92 
 
 754 Sigebriht King of Wessex - 62 
 
 755 deposed - - 62 
 905 Sigebryht killed - - - 117 
 961 Sigeferth, King, kills himself - 138 
 
 1015 Sigeferth, Thane, murdered - 175 
 1130 Sigefrid, Bishop of Chichester, at the con- 
 secration of Christ Church - 309 
 883 Sighelm sent to Rome with alms 99 
 905 killed - - - 117 
 921 Sihtric, King, kills Niel - 129 
 1130 Simon, Bishop of Worcester, at the conse» 
 
 oration of Christ Church - 309 
 
 799 Siric, King of Essex, goes to Rome 76 
 
 989 Siric, or Sigeric, Archbishop of Canterbury 150 
 
 991 advises the payment of tribute 150 
 
 994 dies - - - 152 
 
 1043 Siward assistant to Archbishop Eadsige 190 
 
 1046 dies - - - 191 
 
 1048 Siward, Earl, with Edward at Gloucester 198 
 
 1055 dies _ - - 204 
 
 1058 Siward Bishop of Rochester - - 205 
 
 1071 Siward Beam - - - - 225 
 
 905 Siwulf, Alderman, killed - - 117 
 
 124 Sixtus 1st, Pope - - . 6 
 
 1115 Snow - - - - 284 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 733 Somerton taken - - - 60 
 
 1015 Somersetshire plundered - - 175 
 981 Southampton plundered - - 149 
 
 104G Spearhafoc Abbot of Abingdon - 191 
 
 1048 refused consecration as Bishop 
 
 of London - - 195 
 
 1048 expelled - - 19!) 
 
 913 Stafford built - - - - 121 
 
 1016 Staffordshire plundered - - 177 
 922 Stamford fortified - - 129 
 942 recovered by Edmund - 135 
 
 1138 Standard, battle of, the - - 319 
 
 1066 Stanford bridge, battle of - - 209 
 
 1095^*^^^^^""^^ - - {2^3 
 
 1106 J ^275 
 
 1110 > strange . _ - <? 279 
 
 1114) (.282 
 
 814 Stephen 5th, Pope - - - 79 
 
 816 dies - - .79 
 
 1057 Stephen 9th, Pope - - - 205 
 
 1058 dies , , . 205 
 1135 Stephen, Earl of Blois, King of England 313 
 1137 goes to Normandy - 314 
 
 1137 state of England during his reign I 
 
 1140 at war with the Earls of Gloucester 
 
 and Chester - - 319 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1140 Stephen taken prisoner and released 
 
 (A. D. 1141) - 320, 321 
 
 1140 takes Oxford (a. d. 1142) 321 
 1140 his treaty with Henry of Anjou 
 
 (A. D. 1153) - - 322 
 
 1154 dies - - - 323 
 
 1042 Stigand Bishop of Elmham - 189 
 
 1043 obtains possession of his Bishoprick 190 
 1045 translated to Winchester - 191 
 1052 to Canterbury - 203 
 1058 receives a pall - - 205 
 1087 Stigand, Bishop of Chichester, dies 243 
 
 875 Strathclyde Britons invaded by the Danes 95 
 
 924 submit to Edward - 130 
 
 514 Stuf arrives in Britain - - - 17 
 
 534 Lord of Wight - - 19 
 
 823 Surrey submits to Egbrj^ht - - 80 
 
 449 Sussex, kingdom of - - 12 
 
 823 submits to Egbryht - 80 
 
 iZ\ P'™'*^'^'' - ' lies 
 
 1025 Swedes fight with Cnut - 184 
 
 994 Swegen 2d, King of Denmark besieges London 152 
 
 159 
 159 
 170 
 172 
 - 173 
 
 1003 
 
 plunders Wiltshire 
 
 1004 
 
 East Anglia 
 
 1013 
 
 again invades England 
 
 1013 
 
 received as King 
 
 1014 
 
 dies 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1045 Swegen, Earl, goes to Flanders 191 
 
 104G treats with Edward - 193 
 104G murders Beorn and sails to 
 
 Flanders - - 194 
 
 1047 comes to England - 195 
 
 1048 accused of treason & outlawed 197, 198 
 1048 goes to Flanders - 199 
 10G9 Swegen 3d, King of Denmark, sends a fleet 
 
 against England - 211 
 
 1070 invades England - - 213 
 
 1070 makes peace with WiUiam 1st 216 
 
 1075 sends a fleet against England 228 
 
 107C dies - - - 229 
 
 891 Swifneh dies - - - 104 
 
 1131 Swine, mortality amongst - - 310 
 
 861 S within St. Bishop of Winchester, dies 89 
 
 897 Swithulf, Bishop of Rochester, dies 113 
 
 673 Synod of Hertford - - 44 
 
 50 
 53 
 61 
 70 
 - 71 
 72 
 72 
 75 
 80 
 147 
 
 680 
 
 of Hatfield 
 
 694 
 
 of Baccanceld 
 
 742 
 
 of Cloveshou 
 
 782 
 
 of Aclea 
 
 785 
 
 of Ceale-hithe 
 
 788 
 
 of Pincanheale 
 
 789 
 
 of Aclea 
 
 790 
 
 held by Athelard 
 
 822 
 
 of Cloveshou 
 
 977 
 
 of Kvntlingtune 
 
1047 
 
 of Rome 
 
 1047 
 
 of Vercelli 
 
 1070 
 
 of Winchester (a. d. 1071) 
 
 1070 
 
 of Pinnenden (a. d. 1072) 
 
 1070 
 
 of London (A. D. 1074) 
 
 1070 
 
 of Winchester (A. D. 1075) 
 
 1070^ 
 
 of Gloucester (a. d. 1080) 
 
 1085) 
 
 - 
 
 1102 
 
 of "Westminster 
 
 1119 
 
 of Rheims 
 
 1125; 
 1129; i 
 
 of London 
 
 INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1046 Synod of St. Remy - - 192 
 
 195 
 
 195 
 
 217 
 
 218 
 
 218 
 
 219 
 
 C219 
 
 {223 
 
 271 
 
 288 
 
 C299 
 
 ^307 
 
 T 
 
 913 Tamwortli fortified - - 120 
 
 731 Tatwine Archbishop of Canterbury - 59 
 
 734 dies _ - . 60 
 
 722 Taunton razed - - - 58 
 
 921 Tempsford taken from the Danes - 120 
 
 1106 Tenchebray, battle near - - 276 
 
 1137 Tenserie, payment of - - 314 
 
 1001 Teynton burnt - - - 157 
 
 1114 Thames, extraordinary ebb of the - 282 
 
 969 Thanet laid waste - - 144 
 
 923 Thelwall fortified - - - 129 
 
 603 Theobald, brother of iEthelferth, killed 24 
 
 1116 Theobald 4th, Earl of Blois, aided by Henry 
 
 1st against Louis 6th - - 284 
 
A. D. PAGE 
 
 1140 Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury - 319 
 
 668 Theodore Archbishop of Canterbury - 43 
 
 690 dies - * - 52 
 
 >Thetford burnt - - - ) 
 
 1010 j )l66 
 
 1124 Thieves 44 executed - - 298 
 1070 Thomas 1st, Archbisho}) of York, denies 
 
 the supremacy of Canterbury 212 
 1070 loses his cause at Rome (a. d. 
 
 1071) - - 213, 217 
 1100 dies - . ^ 268 
 1108 Thomas 2d, Archbishop of York 278 
 1114 dies - . - 282 
 966 Thored ravages Westmoreland ^ 144 
 992 commands Ethelrcd's army 151 
 656 Thorney Monastery founded (a. d. 664) 39 
 1066 held by Leofric Abbot of Peter- 
 borough ». i _ 210 
 640 Thunor ^ ^ - . 31 
 1017 Thurcyll Governor of East Anglia - 181 
 1021 outlawed i. - _ 183 
 918 Thurcytel, a Danish Earl, submits to Edward 123 
 
 920 goes to France - 124 
 1010 Thurcytel Myranheafod - - 166 
 1016 Thurcytel, the son of Xafana, killed 177 
 
 970 Thurkytel Abbot of Bedford - 144 
 
 911 Thurferth, Hold, killed - - 119 
 
 921 Thurferth, Earl, submits to Edward 128 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 0. PAGE 
 
 1083 Thurstan, Abbot of Glastonbury, quarrels 
 
 with his monks - - 231 
 
 963 Tibba St. relics of - - - 143 
 
 1099 Tide high . - - 266 
 
 1114 low - =■ - 282 
 
 799 Tidfrith Bishop of Dunwich - 76 
 
 780 Tilberht Bishop of Hexham * 70 
 
 854 Tithe granted to the Church by .^thelwulf 87 
 
 693 Tobias Bishop of Rochester - 53 
 
 727 dies - - - 58 
 
 921 Toglos, Earl, killed - " 126 
 
 1046 Tostig the son of Godwin <- 193 
 
 1055 receives Siward's Earldom 204 
 
 1064 outlawed and goes to Flanders 207, 208 
 
 1066 invades England and repulsed 208 
 
 1066 joins Harold of Norway, killed 209 
 
 J^^JTokens strange - - |J^ 
 
 921 Towcester fortified - 125, 127 
 
 991 Tribute first paid to the Danes - 150 
 
 681 Trumbriht Bishop of Hexham - 50 
 
 681 Trumwine Bishop of the Picts - 50 
 656 Tuda, Bishop of Lindisfarne, at the conse- 
 cration of Medeshamstede (a. d. 
 664) - - 36, 40 
 
 664 dies - - - 43 
 
 852 Tunberht Bishop - - - 86 
 
 1070 Turold Abbot of Peterborough - 214 
 
INDEX. 
 A<D. PAGE 
 
 1098 Turold dies . - - 265 
 
 1114 Turstein, or Thurstan, Archbishop of York 282 
 1110 goes to Rome and deprived of his 
 
 Archbishoprick 
 
 288 
 
 1120 reconciled to the King 
 
 289 
 
 ^ > journeys to Kome 
 
 C294 
 (300 
 
 U 
 
 
 870 Ubba, a Dane, kills St. Eduiimd 
 
 91 
 
 1006 Ufegeat bUnded 
 
 161 
 
 XOm Uhtred, Earl of Northumberland, submits 
 
 to Swegn - - 171 
 
 1016 submits to Cnut, and killed 177 
 
 1046 Ulf Bishop of Dorchester - - 194 
 
 1047 reproved at Vercelli - - 195 
 1052 leaves England - - _ 202 
 1004 Ulfkytel, Earl of East Anglia, buys a truce 
 
 from Swegn - - 159 
 
 1004 attacked by Swegn - 160 
 1010 defeated by the Danes - 166 
 1016 killed - - - 180 
 
 1005 Urban 2d, Pope, sends a Pall to Anselm 260 
 
 1006 promotes the first crusade - 261 
 
 V 
 
 1041 Valentine St. head of, at Winchester 189 
 
 302 Victor 1st, Pope, decree of - 8 
 
 1054 Victor 2d, Pope - - _ 204 
 
 1057 dies - - - 205 
 
 403 Victricius Archbishop of Roan - 9 
 
 N n 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 903 Virgilius, Abbot of the Scots, dies - 116 
 656 Vitalianus, Pope, confirms Wulfere's grant 
 
 to Medeshamstede (a. d. 664) - 41 
 
 1076 Vithele Abbot of Westminster - 229 
 
 455 Vortigern, King, fights with Hengist 12 
 
 W 
 
 782 Waerburh, Queen, dies - - 70 
 1 070 WalceUn or Walkelm, Bishop of Winches- 
 ter, sent to enquire into the 
 rebellion of the Monks of St. 
 
 Augustine (a. d. 1089) - 224 
 
 1098 dies - - - 264 
 
 1080 Walcher, Bishop of Durham, killed 230 
 
 1123 Walerani 3d, Earl of Mellent, revolts from 
 
 Henry 1st - - 295 
 
 1124 taken and imprisoned - 296 
 1126 removed to England - 300 
 1129 released - - 306 
 1129 his friendship with Henry 1st 307 
 
 828 Wales invaded by Egbryht - 82 
 
 853 by^Ethelwulf - 86 
 
 916 by^thelflsed - 121 
 
 918 by pirates from Britanny 122 
 
 1063 by Earl Harold - 206 
 
 1081 by William 1st - 230 
 
 U2lj by Henry 1st - |^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1060 Walter Bishop of Hereford - - 206 
 
 1095 Walter, Legate, in England - 2G0 
 
 1069 Waltheof, Earl, revolts - - 212 
 
 1070 treats with William 1st 213 
 
 1075 revolts, and taken prisoner 227, 228 
 
 1076 beheaded - - 229 
 1114 Warner, a Monk, sent to Rome - 283 
 
 913 Warwick built - - - i21 
 
 1016 Warwickshire ravaged - - 176 
 
 997 Watchet plundered - - 164 
 
 1048 Welch accuse Godwin and his sons - 197 
 1075 concerned in Earl Ralph's revolt 229 
 
 1094 revolt of the - - 256 
 
 1095 storm Montgomery Castle - 259 
 1121 treat with Henry 1st - - 290 
 
 800 Weoxtan, Alderman, killed - 77 
 
 852 Werhtherd Abbot - - - 86 
 
 449 Wessex, kingdom of, by whom founded 12 
 
 C Kings of - - - 4 
 
 5195 Cl8 
 
 626 invaded by Edwin - 28 
 
 converted to Christianity - 30 
 
 96 
 
 113 
 
 102 
 
 send alms to Rome - ^ 103 
 
 103 
 
 submits to Cnut - - 176 
 
 N n2 
 
 harrassed by the Danes - \ 
 
 I 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ■*• D* PAGE 
 
 1016 Wessex, kingdom of, submits to Edmund 178 
 
 1066) f208 
 
 ^^„^> Westmmster Abbey - - < 
 
 1070 S -^ 1 220 
 
 ^ > AYestminster Hall - - ■< " 
 
 1099) (265 
 
 966 Westmoreland ravaged by Thored - 164 
 
 1039 ^ rise 
 
 1043 Cwbeat, high price of - - . ^190 
 
 1124) C297 
 
 775 Wickins monastery granted to Medesham- 
 
 stede, in Offa's reign - 69 
 
 1070 Wido Abbot of St. Augustine's (a. d. 1017) 220 
 
 1070) rebellions against (a. d. 1087) C221 
 
 1070) (A. D. 1088) J 223 
 
 1076 Wido Monk (1088) - - 224 
 
 812 Wigbryht, Bishop of Winchester, goes to 
 
 Rome - - - 79 
 
 833 Wigen, Bishop, killed - - 82 
 
 667 Wigheard, Archbishop of Canterbury elect, 
 
 dies - - - - 43 
 
 449 Wight, island, peopled by Jutes - 12 
 
 conquered by Cerdic - 18 
 
 ravaged by Wulfere - 42 
 
 converted to Christianity - 43 
 
 ravaged by Ceadvvalla - 51 
 
 rll3 
 
 by the Danes - < 157 
 
 U65 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 825 Wiglaf King of Mercia - 81 
 
 828 regains his kingdom - 81 
 
 921 Wigmore fortified and besieged - 125, 126 
 
 799 Wihtburh, relics of, found - 76 
 
 514 Wibtgar arrives in Britain - - 17 
 
 544 dies - - 19 
 
 694 Wihtred King of Kent - - 53 
 
 725 dies - . . 58 
 
 852 Wihtred Abbot - - - 86 
 
 656 Wilfrid, or Wilverth, Priest, at the conse- 
 cration of Medeshamstede (a. d. 
 
 664) - - 36, 40 
 
 664 Archbishop of York 
 
 43 
 
 675 sent to Rome 
 
 - 45 
 
 678 ejected 
 
 49 
 
 685 restored (a. d. 688) 
 
 51 
 
 709 dies - - 
 
 56 
 
 685 Wilfrid or Wilferth 2d, Archbishop of 
 
 
 York (A. D. 718) 
 
 51 
 
 744 dies _ _ _ 
 
 61 
 
 928 William 1st, Earl of Normandy 
 
 130 
 
 1031 William 2d, Earl of Normandy (the Con- 
 
 
 queror) 
 
 185 
 
 > battles of - 
 10543 
 
 C192 
 ^204 
 
 1062 conquers Maine 
 
 206 
 
 1066 defeats Harold, and consecrated 
 
 
 King of England - - 209 
 1067 goes abroad - - 211 
 
 Nn3 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1068 William the Conqueror sacks York - 211 
 
 1069 lajs the north waste - 212 
 
 1070 despoils monasteries . _ - 213 
 1070 makes peace with Swegn - 216 
 
 1072 reduces Scotland - 226 
 
 1073 reduces Maine - - 227 
 
 1074 again in Normandy - 227 
 
 1075 quells rebellion - - 228 
 
 1076 ' at war with France - 229 
 
 1077 makes peace with France - 229 
 1079 fights with his son Robert 230 
 
 1081 invades AVales - - 230 
 
 1082 arrests Odo - - 230 
 
 1085 causes a survey to be made of 
 
 England - 234, 240 
 
 1086 goes to Normandy - 235 
 
 1087 invades France & burns Mante 237, 238 
 1087 dies - - - 238 
 1087 his character - 238-242 
 1079 WiUiam^ Prince, wounded - 23C^ 
 1087 2d, King of England 220, 243 
 
 1087 his gifts to the Church - 243 
 
 1088 quells Odo's rebeUion - 247 
 
 1090 at war with his brother Robert 249 
 
 1091 makes peace with Robert - 250 
 
 1091 with Malcolm 251 
 
 1092 repairs Carlisle - - 252 
 
 1093 his illness - - 252 
 1093 quarrels with Malcolm - 253 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1094 William 2d, King of England, at war with 
 
 Robert - - 255 
 
 1095 invades Wales - - 259 
 1095 quells the Northumbrian rebel- 
 lion - - 259,200 
 
 109(5 receives Normandy for a sum of 
 
 money - - 302 
 
 1097 invades Wales - - 263 
 
 1098 in Normandy - - 204 
 
 1099 reduces Maine - - 205 
 
 1100 killed, and his character 200,207 
 1048 William IJishop of London - 199 
 1070 William Fitz Osborne, Earl of Hereford, 
 
 killed - - 217 
 1075 his daughter's marriage - 227 
 1070 William Bishop of Durham (a. d. 1080) 219 
 1088 rebels - - - 244 
 1090 dies - - - 261 
 1085 William Bishop of Elmham - 233 
 109(5 AVilliara, Earl of Eu, blinded - 201 
 1090 William de Akircy hanged - 201 
 1100 WiUiam Giffard Bishop of Winchester 207 
 1103 leaves England - - 271 
 1123 assists at the consecration of Wil- 
 liam Corboyl - - 294 
 1129 dies ... 307 
 1106 William Crispin taken prisoner - 270 
 1112 loses his lands - - 281 
 1110 \Villiam Mallet loses his lands - 279 
 
INDEX. 
 A. D. PAGE 
 
 1110 William Baynard loses his lauds - 279 
 
 1112 William, Earl of Evreux, expelled 281 
 
 1115 William, Prince, son of Henry 1st, re- 
 ceives homage from the Normans 283 
 
 1119 marries the Earl of Anjou's daughter 287 
 
 1120 drowned - - 288 
 1123 William Corboyl Archbishop of Canterbury 293 
 
 1123 with difficulty obtains a pall at Rome 294 
 1125 again journeys to Rome - 300 
 1129 holds a synod - - 307 
 1135 consecrates Stephen - 313 
 1140 dies - - 319 
 
 1137 WQliam St. crucified (a. d. 1144) 318 
 
 1138 William, Earl of Albemarle, defeats David 
 
 at the battle of the Standard 319 
 
 1140 William of Romare, Earl of Lincoln, revolts 
 
 and defeats Stephen - 319, 320 
 
 1124 William, son of Robert, Earl of Normandy, 
 
 at war with Henry 1st 297 
 
 1127 divorced from Sibylla of Anjou 302 
 
 1 127 Earl of Flanders - - 302 
 
 1128 killed _ . _ 305 
 1154 William de Waltville Abbot of Peterborough 324 
 1003 Wilton burnt - _ - 159 
 1015 Wiltshire plundered - - - 175 
 
 660 Wina Bishop of Winchester - 42 
 
 656 Bishop of London, at the consecration 
 
 of Medeshamstede (a. d. 664) 36, 40 
 718 Winborn minster built - - 57 
 
INDEX. 
 A. 0. PAGE 
 
 643 Winchester, old minster at, built - 32 
 
 963 monasteries at, fonuded hy 
 
 Athelwold - - 139 
 
 1140 besieged by Stephen's Queen, 
 
 Matilda, (a. d. 1141) 320 
 
 1103 
 
 1114 
 
 11 IB 
 
 1121 
 
 1122 
 
 •Winds hiijh 
 
 I Waiter severe 
 11 1.> i 
 
 1116-' 
 
 465 Wipped killed 
 887 Witha (Guido) Kiugof Lombardy 
 913 Witham fortified - - - 
 
 755 Wiverth Thane 
 477 Wlencing arrives in England 
 495 X 
 
 552r Woden, ancestor of Cerdic, and the AVest 
 597 L Saxon Kings 
 
 854 ■^ 
 
 647 of Ida, and the Northum- 
 
 brian Kings - 19 
 
 5G0 of iEUa - 20 
 
 449) of Penda, and the Mer-(12 
 
 626 3 cian Kings - ( 29 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ^' D. PAGE 
 
 755 Woden, ancestor of Offa - - 65 
 
 800 Worr, Alderman, dies - - 77 
 
 1006 Wulfeah blinded - - I6I 
 
 989 Wulfgar Abbot of Abingdon - 150 
 
 1016 dies - - - 181 
 
 1006 Wulfgeate disgraced - - _ kjq 
 
 823 Wulfheard, Alderman, invades Kent 80 
 
 837 defeats the Danes, and dies 83 
 
 897 Wulfheard, a Frisian, killed - 114 
 
 925 Wulf helm. Archbishop of Canterbury 130 
 
 927 goes to Rome - - 131 
 
 656 Wulfhere King of Mercia - 35 
 656 charters Medeshamstede (a. d, 
 
 664) - - 37 
 
 661 gives Wight to iEthelwald - 42 
 
 675 dies - _ . 45 
 
 1001 Wulfhere, a Bishop's Thane, killed - 156 
 
 1009 Wulfnoth, revolt of - - 163, 164 
 803 Wulfred Archbishop of Canterbury 78 
 
 812 goes to Rome - - 79 
 
 813 returns - - 79 
 829 dies - - - 82 
 852 Wulfred rents Sempringham - 85 
 897 Wulfred, Alderman of Hampshire, dies 113 
 897 Wulfric, Sheriff of Wales, dies - 115 
 
 1010 Wulfric, the son of Leofwin, killed - 166 
 1043 Wulfric Abbot of St. Augustine's - 191 
 1046 sent to the Synod of St. Remy 193 
 1061 dies - - - 206 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A., n. PAGE 
 
 1070 Wulfric, Abbot of the new Monastery, 
 
 Winchester, deposed (a. d. 1071) 218 
 
 963 Wulfstan, Deacon, dies - - 139 
 
 1084 Wulfwold, Abbot of Chertsey, dies 232 
 
 1016 Wulsige, Abbot of Ramsey, killed - 180 
 
 956 Wiilstan 1st, Archbisliop of York, dies 137 
 
 1023 Wulstan or Wulfstan 2d, Archbishop of 
 
 York, dies - _ _ 134 
 
 1070 Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, assists in 
 
 consecrating a Bishop of the 
 
 Orkneys (a. d. 1076) - 219 
 
 1070 at the consecration of William 
 
 Bishop of Durham (a. d. 1080) 219 
 
 1088 defeats the rebels - 245 
 
 1070 Wulstcetel, Abbot of Croyland, ejected 
 
 (A. D. 1085) - - - 220 
 
 Y 
 
 626 York, church built at (a. d. 627) 28, 29 
 
 741 burnt - - - - 61 
 
 923 taken . . _ 130 
 
 1068) , , C211 
 
 > sacked _ - _ j 
 
 1069 5 ( 212 
 
 952 Yric King of Northumberland - 136 
 
 954 expelled - - - 136 
 
 1016 Yric Earl of Northumberland - 177 
 
 1017 confirmed in his government - 181 
 1046 Yrling plunders Sandwich - 192 
 
 905 Ysopa, Hold, killed - - 118 
 
 1070 Ywar Churchwarden of Peterborough 214 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 9, for 410 read 418. 
 
 22, for iEtheric read Mthelric. 
 
 32, line 9, for Oswin read Oswiu. 
 
 43, for Wilver read Wilverth. 
 
 49, for St, ^thelfrith read St. Mtheldrith. 
 
 56, for Beorht read Beorhtfrith. 
 
 58, for Ealdberht read Eadberht, 
 
 69, for ^thelbald read JEthehald. 
 
 180, note, for Ashdon, &c. read Assington, near Rochford. 
 
 181, for ^tbelwold read Mthelword. 
 
 i 
 
 STEVENSON, MATCHETT, AND STEVENSON, PRINTERS, NORWlca. 
 
 I