^05 THE V8i*lA 
 
 Weldon N. Edwards 
 
 and 
 
 Marmaduke J.Hawkins 
 Libraries 
 
 ^ 
 
 Purchased by 
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY 
 
 May. 1921 
 
 f 
 
THE 
 
 ANNUAL REGISTER, 
 
 AND 
 
 VIRGINIAN REPOSITORY, 
 
 FOR 
 
 The Year 1800. 
 
 The advantages of History are of three kinds :— 
 " It amufes the fancy — it imtwoves the underflanding— 
 " and, it Itrengthens virtue." 
 
 ^'^JTTr 
 
 isxaxL I III iiiii iwniiiiiafTTOiin— -iTManfiix; 
 
 ^ROM 7'HE JiLANDIORD PRESS. 
 
 SOLD BY ROSS AND DOUGLAS, PETERSBURG, 
 
 AN© 
 
 BY ALL TH2 BOOKSELLERS IN VIRGINIA, ETC. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE favourable reception given to the fit ft attempt 
 atlbmething like a Register for the Year i8co, 
 has induced the Editor to lay before the Public a volume 
 more enlarged, and rather more methodical in its ar- 
 rangement—but he does not expedl that to give com- 
 plete fatisfadlion toothers, when he himlelf is conlci- 
 ou8 of its defe«ils. Amongfl many inconveniences with 
 which he has had to contend, was much ill health, both 
 
 in his own perfon, and in thofe of his workmen 
 
 This, with his diftance from any ready help, and the 
 difficulty he found in obtaining the necelfary intelligence, 
 have prevented its appearance in the month of January, 
 as he wiflied and expeoled. 
 
 But as every misfortune is faid to bring along with 
 it fonie alleviating circumflances, the book, in fadl, has 
 gained by the accidental delay. The Kditor has had 
 an opportunity of inlerting icveral important articles 
 relative to the late Election of a Prefident, which other- 
 wife would have been defered till next volume — indeed 
 he could nut with any propriety pafs over a tranfa6lioa 
 which fo highly intereftcd the feelings of the new, and 
 attracted the fcrioiis attention of the old world— 
 *' When the fword hung fufpended by a hair." 
 
 If fmall matrers may be compared to great, in order 
 to (hew our Readers the nature of the woik, the En- 
 glifli Annual Regider for the year 1799 was not publifli- 
 
 cd in September lall As a Record of what is pajl^ 
 
 it is not necelfary it (hould appear exactly on the fir/l 
 day of the new year like an x^hnanack — And it may ea- 
 lily be ima2,ined, that it takes ^omc time atid trouble to 
 arrange and prepare materials even for ib fmall a work 
 as theprefcnt. 
 
 la the arrangement of the materials which compofe 
 
 this little volume, it was the Editor's objc<5l to combine 
 
 hillorical inflruclion, with a collection of the local 
 
 events and occurrences of the year. His hiflorical ex- 
 
 A tracts 
 
[ I. ] 
 
 tracTs are taken from the beft authorities, and are ic- 
 Icrtcd with a View, that the people of iliis couutiy 
 might ihtre'.jy I'uiin a judgement of the nature of the 
 coriupt and toterinj; Governments i>f "Europe, and 
 learn from thtni, lo appreciate the advantages which 
 ihey enjoy ; and taking example fio u the awful fctn^s 
 now acting in that part oi^ the world, to chcrifh an>l 
 Jiipport a form of Government founded on the princi- 
 ples of jjftiee o.id natural right. 
 
 Oa a review of the materials which he had collected, 
 he ptrccived that he had as many as would make a 
 \ery thick OC:l:avo volume, all of them, in his opiniOi,, 
 \vorihy of prcfcrvation, tiihcr for yfe or entertaiii- 
 m^nt — His chief labour, tlieieibre, has been, to re- 
 ject a great many o( thefe articles, and (o lo contract 
 diid cc/Uiprtl's others, as to bring tbe-m into fwch a coui- 
 pafs as he tiiought would ht the fize uf his book, and 
 enable him to fell it at a moderate price. 
 
 It is eafy to Cce, that the Editor had in contempla- 
 tion a puhlication fnnjlar to the En^lnii Annual Rc- 
 gifher, in which fhould be rec-oided the principal Adis 
 of both the General and StateGovernmenis, the Nation- 
 al Accounts, c^c. — to iniert every article tending to en- 
 courage Agriciihure, Commerce, and IManuiaciurts, 
 all ufeful inventiont and difcoveries, the molt ren^ark- 
 ai>k occurrences of the year, &c, thefe to be enlivened 
 wi;h choice Poetry, remarks on new Publications, and 
 hiiloricai cxi-rifls an<i details. 
 
 Such a woik, if executed with calmnefs and impar- 
 tiality, it is evident, wouKi be boui a ufeiul and enter- 
 taining publication — Several Genvlemen, who are of 
 t!iis opinion, and who w.ih i'uch a fcheais cairicd inio 
 cKccurioii, have fugge-!cd to tiie Editor, eiriierio pub- 
 iifh a Ur^^e /olume annually, or a Xmaller one haif- 
 yca.ly — E;chcr way, tor fuch a work, there would ; c 
 an abni\daiice of ma;-trials, in an age when ever/ 
 wetK, almod eveiy day, produces fomcthuig new and 
 wonderful. 
 
 VVhelhcr this idea will he carried into execution, will 
 depend on certain concurring circutnitau.es, and upon 
 the reception which the prefent volume fliaM recesvt. 
 LviLc as It ia in iis appearance, and iinpcricci as it n'.ay 
 
 fcem 
 
[ III ] 
 
 l3eTT> to thofe v- ho are acoul>omed to confuh that ]MY 
 aamired work publifhed in London,* the Editor bopcs 
 that the unavoidable caufes of irs delay will plead his 
 excLife ; and that the local iifernlnefs of the arncks 
 Nvhich it contains, will recommend it to the notice oi a 
 dirccrning pnblic. 
 
 In the following paaes, two leading principle? are 
 meant to be openly and'decidedly inculcated — laniely, 
 the importance of a religious and moral conduft ; and, 
 the Ib'perior excellence of a Republicaa form ol Go- 
 vernment. 
 
 The KJitor thinks it right at once to difp'ay his 
 colours, and avowedly to declare his lentiments — in 
 order, that thofe who expe^ tc^tin.l ot'ier principles in 
 this book, by reading tbefe few lines, muy lave both 
 their time and rbeir money. 
 
 In what is now called '^ the ^^c of PvcapTn," a dn- 
 /"-r .1/o;-.v^;» is but an unthankful offi< e. The roan who 
 only ta!k«5 of Rehg-on, fuhjects himfcif to the cb.arge 
 of hvpocrif/; and if iie attempts to inculcare i% he is 
 accnfed o" piefnmptic:n — On tins fubie-it, therefore, the 
 10 !iror svill be veryconcife — In a i''ew words, he wonld 
 humbly plead the canfe of that belief in, and reliance 
 on, the (TOO Inefs and pi'ovidence of an all-feeing, al!- 
 dircfting Deity, which gives dignitv to the individnai, 
 an:! fafe^y to the comniunity ;-J- vvhi(h is a balm of com- 
 fort to the pu^r, and is a check and coutroul on tj,- 
 A 2 ri-b 
 
 * '"l'.}i)'the Anim;d Rec;ifier, by the rcflriftions laid upon 
 the Prefr, in EnHniid, has lately been obliged to oniit, or very 
 fit jhdy notice, cer'ain political ful)jefls and events, and alrh,-)' 
 it contains many articles that are unintere?.ir!g; to an American 
 : reader, yet, the importance cf its hiftorical chapters, and the 
 nu.Tiber ©f curious and literan^ articles whi'-h it a ^nually pr--- 
 fents to view, renders it a v/ork highly uieial in a Gendeniaft's 
 library. 
 
 t The fr Mowing ajiecdote is related of Dr. Franklin, -whore 
 bull, long a'jo, fhould have idled one of the vacant niches in the 
 C\pit->1 at Richmond : — A younj; man, one of th.-? j^r y Phllof.- 
 phy, after ]>ouring out a number of flippant remarks deroga- 
 tory of all religion, turned to the Dr. with a look of felf-ap- 
 pr^,ba':ioi», and alk'd his opinion 1—It is lest to beliae, faid the 
 Philofopher — The opinion of this truly great mai, afrer the 
 experience of 80 years, fhould out\veigh the ha<ly, 511-judg'd af- 
 fertions of a million of pretenders to phdofopny. 
 
rich If the word of one who has feen and ftit much 
 
 of the world could obtain any credit, he would aflurc 
 his readers, that the man, the family ,. the community^ 
 or the nation, who oblerves a religious and moral con- 
 du<ft, will, eventually, be found not only the moll 
 kappy, but alio the mod profperous. 
 
 But he docs not plead for poIiticalWeWgion — that kind 
 of religion which has exalted Kings,- and Popes, and 
 Cardinals^ and Dignitaries to high places, to riot on the 
 liaru earnings of a deluded ])eople, and which, more 
 than all the writings of Aihictls and Infidels, has de- 
 pre^fcd, and almoft annihilated, true relinrion — that re- 
 ligion, which the Kings and Dfefpots of Europe, at the 
 •rxpence of fo much blood and treafiire, are Hill en- 
 deavouring to fopport — that religion, called the Pro. 
 teftanr, which the EngliOi, in the war of 1756, fpenfi 
 fo many millions to protect — nor //w religion, the Pop- 
 iHi, which the fame nation, in the war of 1793, has 
 expended fo many more millions to reft^ore I * 
 
 In this country, and in thefe tteming times, it is 
 impoflible for ar^y Writer, or Editor, to avoid Politics. 
 — Indeed, that man muft have a cold heart, or an emp- 
 ty head, who can look on unmoved by what is now 
 palTing in the world.. Every man has his bias; and 
 every man who beholds the wonderful changes tak- 
 ing place in opinions, ia fyftems, and in empires, 
 mufl be afftc^ed. Whether the Editor has fubjc£ted' 
 hi. bias to the dictates of candour ind impartiality, at 
 leaft, to the rules of decency and good manners, th« 
 Vublic— the difpaflionate Public — will pronounce. •\r 
 
 Religion and Politics are ihe two great engines by 
 which mankind have been agitated, and deceived, and 
 
 cn- 
 
 • •' Neither Proteftant nor Papift !— Of what religion arc- 
 you then?"— Look, my friend, into the 5th and 6th chapters of 
 k'athew, and behold the fimple, unadBlterated tenets of the 
 true Religion. 
 
 ■\ With every good American, it muft be cauVe of vexation,, 
 to obferve the unbounded abiife and iUiberality v/hich daily pour 
 from many of the preffes on both fides of tlve queHion— One 
 would think, that Peter Porcupine had fpread his poisfonous 
 mantle over the whole continent, and infeaed the general mafs ! 
 
 c-uch extravagant liceatioufnefs, if it does not tend finally to 
 
 annihilate the Liberty of the Prefs, as it has done in Europe, 
 ■\. at leaft greatly imbitter its fweets. 
 
cuiiaveci, from the carlicft t'imcs. — It is not farprifing, 
 that adiverriry oi opinion (hould arile on liietaphyfical 
 lubjects — The being and attributes of the Deity, pre- 
 dellination or free will, philofophical neccllity or hu- 
 man volition, the beginning of eternity, &c. cannot be 
 brought to mathematical deinonftration by all the (kill 
 of human learning— But, one Ihould think, that the 
 fcicnce ot Government, after the experience of five or 
 Ox thoufand years, could not be fo very abltrufe and 
 myfterious a lubje<St — nor would it, but for the folly 
 and knavery of men. To a plain, unprejudiced, un- 
 fophifticated undcvllanding, can there be a doubt whe- 
 ther one man fhould rule a million by his mere will and 
 plcafurc,. or, that the million (hould govern themfelvcs 
 upon the principles of equity and jufticc ? — There 
 would not, but for ignorance on one fide, and cunning 
 on the other.* In a word, whether a Kingly or a Re- 
 publican form of Government is the mod eligible, the 
 mofl rational, and the molt conducive to the happinefs 
 of the people ? 
 
 If the question wa« to come fairly before the bar of 
 Keafon, it v^rould not admit of a moment's hcfitation-— 
 but, unfortunately, pride, ambition, ancient partialities 
 and modern antipathies, and Emolumettt^ often more, 
 powerful than all thofe together,, come in" to puzzle 
 the will, and perplex the underllanding." — When one 
 man gets a million a year for being a King, another 
 ten thoufand a year for being a Bifhop, and others thou- 
 fands a year for being a Lord of the Bed-chamber, a 
 Groom of the Stole, a iVIalter of the Hounds, a Yeor. 
 man of the Scullery, &c. &c.'J*no wonder fo many men, 
 are fouud eager to maintain fo lucrative a craft] 
 
 But 
 
 * What a degraJlno^ piaure does the hiflory of the world- 
 prefcnt to our ailonifiied view— a very fmall proportion of man- 
 kind, who were knaves, deceiving and dominetring over all 
 the reft, who were fools! — The ntw Philofophers fay they 
 will mend this matter— Yes, that they will— when Godwin ef- 
 tablifhes the pcrftctabUity of human nature .' 
 
 • Whoever looks at the English Re.l-Buok, if he can main- 
 tain the gravity of his mufcles, will not be furprized that there 
 are fo many ftreniious advocates for Monarchy with all its trap- 
 pings — indeed,' witHo\tt its truppings, there would be very little 
 tonienticn abcn: if >\ 3 
 
L VI J 
 
 But all cannot be of one opinion; divcrfity is the or- 
 der of Nature, it is to be acknowledged, that there 
 are good men nvIio adopt tlie monarchical fyllem mere- 
 ly upon principle ; and fucli men arc entuled to oiu* 
 refpect, however thty may difi'er from us in lenrimcnc 
 — But the greaisil misfortune to the caule of Liberty 
 is, that many men, particularly thofe of property, take 
 refuge under the wino^s of Kingly power, dilgufteJ 
 Nviih the tumults and diforuers of Democracy. This 
 h a rock which the Americans, in the navigating of 
 their- political baik, would do well to avoid — it is the 
 more dangerous, becaulc it is a. popular one, Dc/wo- 
 cracyy or the Will of the People, is unqueflionabiy the 
 iirft principle and ground- work of the American Con- 
 ilitutioR ; but, as foon as the people have fultilled their 
 grand, ineilimable privilege of chufing thi^ir Repie- 
 lentatives, then it becomes Republ:canij}n^ or a fyllem 
 marked and bounded by certain known and definite re- 
 gulations. The Democracy here deprecated, coiilllts 
 in a confufion of fyilem, of ill-timed interferences of 
 one body with another, and of violent andunnecelTary 
 exertions of the people, &:c. — It is this Democracy, thac 
 is kindled and euilamed by cunning and ambitious men, 
 Nvho firll raile themielves on the Hioulders of the mob, 
 and then trample on their rights, under the pretext of 
 redoring order and good government — It is this Demo- 
 cracy, that, fooner than any other, will become a prime 
 eagine in the hands oi foreign emifTaries, tirit to divide 
 the people, and vlien reduce them to/c^rf/>« obedience. 
 
 One would think that the geographical iituation of 
 the American States would keep them clear of that de- 
 ftrutSlive and all-devouring vortex, European politics, 
 and that an ocean 3000 miles broad, would protect 
 them from infult and danger. Of what import, ir may 
 be aftied, is it to the nations of Europe, whether joha 
 i^dams or Thomas Jefferfon prelides at the head of the 
 American government ? — The Connecticut preicnfions 
 can neither open nor Ihnt the Scheldt ; nor can this 
 Georgia claims either obftrutl or facilitate the naviga- 
 tion of the Baltic— Bui it is the baneful nature of the 
 Kin^'y fyrtem ever to intermeddle with the alfairs of 
 oth^r nations—The hiltory of Europe is full of ir— A- 
 
 jBcnofl innumerable iaiUnces fufficc it tome w lion, that 
 ^ bviili 
 
[ VII ] 
 
 both tlie profligate Charles and the bicvottefi James of 
 Ei)gland were ))etirK)ners of Fiance, wliich count rv, 
 tiir lately, litld Swtderi in her pay — At prelent, Rullia 
 eiclicr pays or overawes both Sweden and Dennjark — 
 tiiu infamous partitiiui of Poland is (iill nelh iii uur minds 
 — and EnglaiKl, amiait all her incumbrances and dit- 
 hculties^ is gr ifping either at conqucji or irjlheixd in 
 every country in the wurld I 
 
 • It is the peivadiuii;, prevailino; ambition of the two 
 ri^al nations, t>vANCt and England, that will lon^ 
 be endeavouring to exert itielf over and in the coun- 
 cils of t/?is country — They are ihe Sylla and CluniUdis 
 
 of America ^ut it is from the laft-mentioncd of 
 
 thefe Powers that ihe American Union is in moll dan- 
 j>;cr, and has moft lo t'ear. The bitter recollections of 
 llie American llevolutioii, the rooted hatred which WiQ 
 holds for Kepubiicaa principles, and her iniatiable tliirlt 
 atiei' to^/iw^c-/ art/ dominion, will, for a lon^- time, ren- 
 der her a dangerous enemy. — A^ainit an enemy fo 
 powerful and ent^rprifing, poffeiTcd of innumerable 
 means either of Coriubixn or Coriquaft^ the people (>f 
 thefe States cannot be loo muck on their guard— Let 
 them remember, that their befi guard is Union; and 
 thdt whilit they a^t towards England agreeably to the 
 rules of ju(lic«, they iliouid ever be vigilantly and jca- 
 louflyon the watch to counterac; her machinations, or 
 check vjr ambition. -^^ 
 
 Uuihiickled by a Monarchy, a Nobilitv, and an Hier- 
 arciiy, America, at prelent, is divided between two 
 great interdls, the Agricuhuial and Commercial. — 
 Ajif/iculture and Commerce are faid to be intimately 
 allied, and ro dej)end on the mutual aiTillance of each 
 other — We beiicvt ihey do — but the latter fliould al- 
 ways be fubordinatc lo the former. In chat tonnirv 
 where agriculture predominates, the people will have 
 the beit chance of maintaining their independence — 
 where the latter prevails, they will fmk, by rapid Heps, 
 inLo a ftate oi luxury, venality, and fuljeclion. 
 
 It 
 
 * Let it he underftoorl, th?.t the v.ritcr of tl'is article makes 
 a Tvide diftinrtion beivve?n ti^ people of England and their 
 Rulers — V/hila he difaprivovf s, nav ahhoiR what feems to be 
 t-ie amoitifus and tyrannical conduiTi of the latter, he think?; he 
 ci.:; ;*r;-vex c;^oagh applaud the geidu:? niid virtue^ ox ti;t i'^rmei. 
 
[ viii ] 
 
 It is with nations as with individuals; they mufl 
 firlt be in a ftate of probation, and acquire wiidom by 
 cxijeriencc— But no people ever began the bufinefs of 
 Government with fo much advantage as tlie Americans 
 With the whole hiftory of the world before them, and 
 the awful example of perturbed Europe preftnt to their 
 view, they have in their hands, be it for good or for 
 evil, the importantexperiment of R.epresentati VE 
 Republicanism — with them it is to be proven, wh«- 
 tiicr it be a real, fubftantial good, or only an idle 
 dream, a fanciful theory. 
 
 Shall it be faid, that what the. power of Great Bri- 
 tain could not achieve in a fierce and bloody war, was, 
 in a few years, effeded by petty, perfonal ! roils, pe- 
 cuniary inteicfls, and provincial antipathies? — Shall 
 the Federal chain fo foon be broken, and Republican- 
 ifm become the theme of Arilh)cratical derifion? — Shall 
 it be faid with Monarchical fcorn,,that thev virtue of the 
 Americans depended on the exiltence of one Man, 
 and that when Walhington ceaft^d todiredt, they would 
 fink into dil'cord, anarchy, and difunion >- 
 
 What the Greeks, and Romans, and other nations- 
 have tried in vain,, fhould be a leiTon to the people of 
 thefe countries, to examine with caution, and to decide, 
 with prudence, neither adopting rafhly, nor expunging- 
 precipitately — Abfolnte perfe^Vion is not to be found in 
 this world; we muft deal with human nature ts it is,. 
 not as STC wifh it to be, and what it never will be-^ 
 The lefier evil mufl give way to the greater good ; the 
 wifli of the minority mull yield to the voice of the ma- 
 j )rity — The eifervefcences of Zeal have often been as 
 fatal as the machinations of Malignity — On one fide 
 They have *' the turbulent Ocean of Democracy," on 
 the other " the calm fea of Defpotifm" — Republican- 
 ifm is a goodly, regular fabric, flanding halfway bcr 
 tween the lawlefs rage of the Mob and the arbitrary 
 
 will of the Sovereign^ If after a fair experiment, 
 
 they perceive that their labour is in vain, and that the 
 ereat Political Panacea is not to be found, they know 
 the alternative — if they cannot be freemen, l:t them 
 be ftaves— they caji gei a King a: any lime. 
 
A N 
 EXPLANATORY and APOLOGETIGAt. 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 ALMANACK. 
 
 L RINTERS and Pkinces have long been in thf hallt of 
 fpeaking and writing in the imperative ftyle plural, as, we do 
 tbit, WE ordei- that, and fo forth. If any of our Federal read- 
 ers fliould be offended at the Printer preceding the Prince, let 
 them recoiled, that this is, asyet, aRepublican country, and that 
 both of them are often, very ofcen, mifchievous charaders. It 
 is true, they don't much like fighting in their own proper per- 
 fons, but often, too often, they are the caufe of much blood 
 being flied by others. 
 
 Be it knov.n then to all the good people of this Common- 
 wealth, that the Printer hereof v/ill'defcend from his impera- 
 tive chair, and, for a little while, condefeend to talk like a 
 common Citizen, in the f.rft perfon fnigular. 
 
 When Urban 's .slmanack made its firft appearance, it na- 
 turally attracted the attention of all the Critics in that line of 
 literature, and two grand faults were found with it, namely, 
 that it had too much religion, and too little weather. — To do 
 the Sovereign People * julUce, there was fome truth in the firfl 
 remark; the book was rather dull for a winter evening's a- 
 muie.nent; and however good the thing may be in itfelt, it is 
 not right to cram religion down a man's throat whether he will 
 
 • " Sovereign People" 1 believe this very emphatical ex- 
 
 preffion was firft made ufe of by that fuperior genius Mirabeau^ 
 at the beginning of the French Revolution— —Edmund Burke» 
 •when he faw things thro' another metlium, and got a penfion of 
 3 or 4oocl. a year, called the people " the fwinifti multitude" 
 
 And Fenno, the compeer and fucceflbr of Porcupine, whilfl 
 
 he was Printer to the Senate, and pnblilhed his libels within a 
 few doors of their chamber, had the boldnefs to liken the Fe- 
 deral Government and the difterent States, to " a fow with her 
 
 farrow of pigs !" Here was the liberty of the prefs with a 
 
 vengeance — Where was the Sedition Law then, or was it only 
 Kiade to punilh the blackgaardilm of one Party ?- — In London,, 
 for an exprelfion half as grofs upon the King or Government, 
 the Printer would foon have found himfeU' incloled wuhiu the 
 ftrong walls cf Newgate. 
 
[ X ] 
 or not — befides, there Is no law fcr fuch doings in this country j 
 now, in England, a man mull fwallow the 'i'rinity, the Athan- 
 ahan < reed, the 3y Articles, &c. at one gulp, or woe be to 
 both his tempor.d and Ipiritiial concerns. * 
 
 To remedy the hrll complain*^, there v/as no great difficulty 
 — with one daili of my pen, I Twejjt the whole pack of Saints, 
 ^'artyr.s, and Virgins out of the Calendar! — "Ladies and Gen- 
 tlemen (laid I to them very civilly — putting the Virgins fore- 
 moft) yon lee there is no bufmei's for yon here ; here there arff 
 neither images, nor ilirines, nor cathedrals, nor votaries- 
 Heaven knows it was not worth your whiles to leave your fnug. 
 births at home, to crofs the Atlantic ocean for all the profit, 
 or honour either, you have got in this country. — G'"d help yen, 
 j>oor emigrants, I don't knov/ where you can now frjourn, un- 
 lets it be among the Chickifaws and Catabaws, who live, or 
 
 rather wander, lome hundreds of miles beyond the Chio. 
 
 Now, as I gave you a decent welcome to my table — and would 
 liave kej)t you there, if my mafters had been fo pleaf-^d— the 
 only requelt I have to make of you is, that you wiil be fo kind 
 as take this vile Ague and Fever along with you, and drop it 
 in one of the lakes on to'ther fide of the mountains—If yon do, 
 I Iball pray for you, and t« you, ail the days of my life." 
 
 On the fubjeft of Religion, I have only to add, that I have 
 retained a iew of the capital Saints, juft tofhew that there were 
 lucn a people once npon a time, and to put fome folks in mind 
 
 wJien they may expeft a merry day By the bye, I never 
 
 could learn the reafon, why thefe holy men are placed, as one 
 may lay, at the very head of orr drinking parties — It is faid, 
 indeed (but I don't pretend to vouch for the truth of the report, 
 as it has too much the appearance of scandal J that both St.An- 
 drevi and Si. Patrick were fond of a little whifkey in the morn- 
 ing ; and r^Ir.Gihb'm has given us to underftand, that St. George 
 was not fo holy a man as John Bull imagined h'm to be. — ^ 
 Be this as it rnay, I can't conceive hew the two jfohns, who 
 were laid to have been remarkubiy I'ober {.^aints, iiappened to 
 be of the Frarernity. — The only v,-ay I can account fcr fo cu- 
 rious a connection is, that with all their outward fanAity, like 
 fome of our modern Parfons — in the old country — they liked, 
 " under the role", goou eaiing and drinkiiig as well as their 
 neighlx'iirs. 
 
 I'o remove the fecond complaint, I fcon found a much mere 
 ferious undertaking- -it was the more dilhcult, becauie uncx- 
 
 pefted 
 
 * Take a peep into the Englifh ftatute book (it only con- 
 tains about ICO folio volumes) and lee how the rod of CGcleii- 
 altical Pov^er is held over the People in that country, and yet it 
 is perfeft freedom when compared with the Popiih' countries— . 
 Lt would api>ear, that the old nations had too much religion, 
 
 and that fome of the new ones nave too Uitlc. Is there no 
 
 mediuin ? 
 
[ x^ 1 
 
 •p^^ed. It never entered into my head, that "the moil erl^yht- 
 ened nation in the world" would h<ive aik'a me to roreteh ail 
 ti-.e gulls and ftorms of the enluing year ! — 1 couid not help 
 thinKing the requcil, or rather comniand, a lirtie unrealon.ibte 
 — but there is no accounting for the whims of your very i.u- 
 fible people; and fo, right or wrong, I mull obey ; 1 mufl ne a 
 
 Loiijuvor, nolens volens, as the fa) ing is. Well, what n-as 
 
 to bo done ? — Haac briggs, a plain honeit Qiiaker, declarcti he 
 never made a gull or a Itorm iu all ids life ; and tiie otii^r /jrar- 
 gazers faid, that as I was no cuftomer of theirs, th^y ^v ould 
 
 lia^e nothing to do with it I rua from one end of ih'j lowu 
 
 to the other, in a hot day, poi)pi-.ig my head in-.o evoy optn 
 door, and begging of every one 1 law, to foretv.l nie next 
 3 ear's weather—Nobody knew ai> thing of the m.>. • r — Even 
 liie jViayor, who, by virtue of his ofiice, is by niucn the wifc.t 
 
 r.ia.i in the community, could tell noc'ning about h In fliov;, 
 
 1 was completer* pos"d--a3 the inun in the piay fa^s, " I'faiiii 
 ic u as a pu/./iit-r." 
 
 In this dilemma, I luc\lly caft my thoughts on the capita), 
 the city on the kill- — Surely, f.iid 1, llrikiug die paini of n-y 
 right hand on. my forehead, if there are any weathei-wil'e men 
 in the nadon, there the^ miiit be, and thither wilt I go— -Iso 
 fooner faid than done —'1 lluiT'd niyfelf into the llage-wa;,goa 
 for Richmond, and, in little more than 48 hours, was furnn;.- 
 ed with *' as pretty an allwrlmeut of weather," as any Alinan- 
 ack-maker in tlie 16 Unitevl States v;f America, with the weiLer.i 
 
 Territory into the bargain Not fatisucd with this expedition, 
 
 1 fent olf a fpecial melTenger (as 1 could not go myi'elf ) to Ra- 
 leigh, the capital ciiy of North - arolina, and got from thence 
 another parcel; by whicli means I have become p olVeired of a 
 " weli-ati'-irted Itock" botli from die Aorth and fnmi the Souti.. 
 — And having now got into the right track, next year, I am 
 determined, for the iatisfadijn of my cuilomers, to have wea* 
 tlier f.-om tjie Eaii and from the well, and every poinc of tiie 
 compafs. 
 
 It is not \ZTy decent for a man to blow his own trumpet— 
 y^t, mediinkj, I do defcvve w'eii of :he Couiitry. 
 
 Now, other Printers would iiave done ail '^his in f.lence, flily 
 pretendii;g it be their own cieveraels * — -wherei.:; I freely owii 
 my obligadons to other heads— I let every man have his due- - 
 
 I would "' give die Devil hii; due" Betides, it anfwerii two 
 
 good purp'des — In the lirft plice, it ihews the Tuper-'-nty of my 
 candor- — In the next place, if it diould happen, that ibnie of 
 
 the 
 
 * A Printer in a neighbouring town has very induflrioufly 
 borrowed almoil the wii ;le of our this >ear's Calendar, without 
 laying, by your leave I:;aac Briggs, or with yom- pcrmi.Tion 
 / i lie r Urban; even Nrigloaur S/jng^-am is thru. I ;.. to nil up 
 a barren title-page ! — 1 here iii (lineviiing .u an -.IS bock aoout 
 modelly, decency, &c. 
 
the frofts iand fnows do not fall exaftly in their right places, re- 
 member. Citizens, it is none of my fault— let the wife -acres of 
 Richmond and Raleigh anfwer for their miftakcs — it is enough 
 for me to be at the trouble of printing them. 
 
 But, notwithftanding the putting out of the Saints, and the 
 putting in of the weather, I am not vain enough to fiippofe, 
 particularly in tliefe combuiluous times, that all the world will 
 be pleafed with my work — A French writer has fomewhere faid, 
 " Parbleu, dit le meimier, eft bien fou du cerveau, 
 •• Qui pretend conteuter toutle monde ell fon pere." 
 "Which, in plain Englilh, is as much as to fay, " he's a great 
 fool who thinks he can pleaie every body" — And a celebrated 
 Poet, who well knew the imperfections of human nature, has 
 laid, *' Whoe'er expeils a faultlefs piece to lee, 
 
 *' Expefts what never was, and ne'er will be." 
 
 I can only fay, that 1 will do the bell in my power to pleafe 
 the Public, by giving them much good advice, acoUeilion of 
 comical fiories and anecdotes, a number of wife layings and 
 ufeful tables, and the very beft weather that can be had on the 
 continent — Over and above all thefe good things,! will introduce 
 them X9 the heathen Gentry, to Jupiter and Juno, i^:ercury and 
 Venus, &c. * who were very great folks in their time, and with 
 whom, if they fliould hapjjen again to come into power, it 
 would prudent to be acquainted f — Stranger things have come 
 to pafs ; as one fyflem goes out, another comes in its place— 
 The Whale muft have have a tub before it of iome fafliion or 
 other — Even Mr. Harper's tubs amufed for a while ! 
 
 Now, all this and a great deal mere, may be had for a very 
 fmall price indeed—for nine-pence, a man will get what may 
 be of iervice to him all the days of his life ; whilft that fum 
 will fcarccly get me as much bread as will ferve mv breakfaft. 
 
 ^ -uch goad may this cheap book do the Sovereign People — 
 and if there be any efficacy in a Printer's bleffing, I give them 
 tbat into the bargain — fincerely praying, tViat peace, and plenty, 
 and liberty, may be the portion of us all this year, and everj 
 year during the century— at the end of tiiat period, methinlis, 
 the ycungeil and the ftouteft of us now, will then be far beyond 
 the reach of either hunger or thirft, of ficknefs or forrow. 
 
 O. 
 
 ♦ ^■r. Gibbon fliews a confiderable partiality for thefe gen- 
 try; he calls them "the elegant ^H•thology of the Greeks;" 
 and feems as if he would have no obje(5llon to their once mor« 
 «' ruling the roaft." See Cotton's 'i'ravefty. 
 
 I '■ Wit going into the Pantheon during the meiidiau fplen- 
 dor ©f the Popilh religion, made a very low bov/ to the ftatuc 
 of Jupiter — " Remember, ^ afLer Jupiter (faid he) if ever you 
 come into power again, that I took notice of you when in ad« 
 verfity." 
 
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS. 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE LIFE OF VOLTAIRE, 
 
 TIRED of the lazy and fyci-phantic life vvLich 
 I was obliged to lead at Paris, and meeting 
 with a young lady who happ-tneti to think nearly as 
 1 did, In the year 1733^ we took the refolution to 
 go and rj:jend iome years in the country, there, far 
 irom the tninult and corruption of Courts, to culri- 
 vatcJier underflanding, and increafe her knowledge. 
 
 This lady was the Marchionefs de Cliatelet, who, 
 of all the women in France, had a mind the mofl 
 capable of all the branches of Science. Her fa- 
 ther, the Baron de Breteuil, had taught her Latin, 
 which file underflood perfectly ; flie knew, by rote, 
 the mofl beautiful pallages in Virgil, Horace, and 
 Lucretius, and all the writings of Cicero were fa- 
 miliar to her. Seldom has there been united in tlio 
 lame perfon, fo much jufhiels of difcernment and 
 elegance of tafte, joined to fo ardent a deiire for 
 information. 
 
 At Cirev, on the borders of Champagne, we 
 fought onlv inftruvSiion, and troubled not "ourfelves 
 >vith The follies of the world — but, after having 
 fpcnt fix years in our retreat, we were obliged to 
 go to Biullels, where the family of the Ci.arelets 
 liad long been embroiled in a law-luit with the fa- 
 mily of the Honbrooks. I had the pleafure of ter- 
 minating rlie law-fuit, by which the two families 
 had been ruining each other with law expences for 
 iixty years, and, by an amicable accuaiir.odacion, I 
 B gained 
 
2 VOLTAirxK.- 
 
 gaiije<1 226.OCO livres in ready money to the Maf- 
 (jui? dii Charclcr. 
 
 While at BrulTl-ls, in the year 1740, the iron- - 
 lifarted Frederi -k William, the unpol-.fhed King of 
 Pruflia, died at Berlin. His (on, who has lince 
 gained (i> (iivnilar a reputation, had held a regular 
 correfpontieiKe with me feveral year-;. The world 
 never, perhaps, btlield a father and Ton who lefs re- 
 fembled each other than thefc two Monarchs. 
 
 The father was an abfolnte Goth, a Vandal, \vho 
 thought of no other thing, during his whole re'gn, 
 than amaflihg money, and maintaining, at the lealt 
 pofTible expence, the finelt army in Europe. Never 
 were rnhjcih poorer, or King more rich. He bought 
 up, at a low price, the eflates of a ^^reat part oi his 
 Nobility, wht) foon devoured the little money they 
 got for them, mofl of which returned to thelloyal 
 colFers by means of heavy taxes, All the King's 
 lands were farmed out to tax-gatherers, who held 
 the double office of Judge and Excifeman ; inlbnuich, 
 that if a tenant did not pay on the very day appoint- 
 ed, he put on his [udge's robe, and condemned ti)c 
 poor delinquent to pay double th.e fum. It muf* a'.(b 
 be obfervetl, that if this fame Excifeman did not pay 
 by the lafl day of the month, the day following he 
 M'a*. himfelf obliged ro pay treble to the King I 
 
 Did a man kill a hare, or lop a tree, or any other 
 trifling offence, he was inftantly condemned to pay 
 a fine to the King — Money ! Money I — Was a poor, 
 deluded girl found guilty of making a child, the fa- 
 ther, or the mother, or fortje other relation, was 
 obliged to pay a fum of money to h's M^jeiry ! * 
 
 The Raronefs of Kniphaufen, who ar that time, 
 ^▼as the richefl widow in Berlin, that is tfs f;^v, /be 
 had between 3 and 400I. a year, was accufed of h^v- 
 
 * His flier* f^or, the rreat Frederick as he i.- fotr.etimes 
 Cy^Ued, purfusd ^ difi'er«*iit fyflen^ — He did not care how mz-'' 
 ny children were g-otten in his dominion?:, rcr after what, 
 fafhion. provided h'i got foldierr. enough— The virtue of 
 chaftity w?v:-, no": ia very ^dgh repute with his Majefly.— — ^ 
 See MQQre i^id othtr traveilers. 
 
 I 
 
voit.'Irf:. 3 
 
 ing macic a child tUindcflincly in the fccorsd year of 
 her v;i>-io\vhoo':!. His Alajefiy was cracioiifly pleaf- 
 f d to write her a letter with bis own Kf)yal hand, 
 informing her, tliar it was iieccffary, if (lie meant to 
 .jirefervc her ciiara<i:ler, ro fend liim 30,0:0 livres, 
 -(:2'5ol.) — S!ie v/as obiig-cd to borrow the film, and 
 N\ as luined I 
 
 His Majefty had an Ambafnidor at tbe Hague, 
 wlii'ie name wasl.nfius; and certainly of ail tbe 
 Ambafiadors that ever appertained to lloyalry, be 
 was paid the worO. Tbis poor man, that he migljt 
 be able to keep a iire, had cn»- down f ^n'jc bviflics in 
 the Royal domain. His next difpatches brougbt J)im 
 word, tbat the Kin?;, his gracious Sovereign, had 
 mulcted iiim a year's f'alary ; and Liiiiii^, in a tit c{ 
 defj^air, cur b.is tbroat with the only razor he iiad ! 
 —An old valet nnhappily laved Ijis life — I afterwards 
 met his Excellency at the Hague, and gave him aims 
 at tbe gate of the Palace, wh;:re this wretched Am- 
 hafTadorhad formerly lived, 
 
 it was by fiuh means tl a*- he acquired 120 tnilli- 
 ons of crowns (15 millions flerling) all cafked rp in 
 barrels, honp'fl with iron, and deporued in double 
 vaulted cellaTf?, 
 
 This Monarch y\fe(\ to w alk from hi' palace cloth- 
 ed in an old blue coat, wit!i Lirge Cf>ppcr buttons 
 half way down b's thighs, and when he bought a 
 new one, which was bat fcldom, thefe buttons were 
 made to ferve again. It was in ti»is drefs, with ^ 
 large rufty hat and patched boots, and armed with a 
 liuge cane, rUat his Majeliy Tallied forrli every day 
 to review his regiment of giants, Tliefe giants 
 >vere hi.s grcared nelighr, and for whom lie went to 
 the heavicft expellee. The men \yho ficod in the 
 front rank were none of them lefs than 7 feet high, 
 and he fent to purchafe them from every part of 
 Europe. Tliev were afterwards made Heiduques iiy 
 the new King to a'tend the f>iieen"s coach. As 
 they walked on each Tide of an old ill fltapen coach, 
 in ordt-r ro keep it fron\ falling, theie Heiduqnes 
 could ihake hands with each other over the roof. 
 
 A 2. Aftef 
 
4 VOLTAIRE, 
 
 After his Majefly had been graciouf.y pleafcd to 
 review his giants, he ulcd to walk thro* the towi., 
 \vhen every bo;!y fled from before him. If he liap- 
 pcned to meet a womarit lie ileriily demanded, why 
 ihe Haid idling lier time in tbc llrects—'* Get konie,. 
 ye lazy b — h ! an honed woman lias no bufintis o- 
 ver the thre^. old of her own door" — \>hich words 
 he would accompany with a bc^x <n the ear, a kick 
 en the b — ddc^ or fonie llrokes on the (lioulders with 
 his hnoecane 1- — Nor did this gracious Monarch treat 
 the hoiy Minidprs of Religion in a more gentle ftile, 
 if ever he caught them wasidering near to his parade. 
 — The bai.c fight of his cane was more terrifying to 
 them, than the ibund of the Inquifitiou is to an 
 uuprorec^ed heretic i 
 
 in fhort, Turkey is a Republic when compared 
 to the deipotiuii ex.erciled by Frederick William of 
 Pruh'ia ! 
 
 . We may eafily imagine, what wonld be the wrath 
 of a Vandal like this, to find he had a (on endowed 
 \yith wit, fenfe, and good breeding; who was eager 
 m the acqviifitiou of knowledge, who made verlcs, 
 and afterwards let them to mufic. If his Majesty 
 caught h.is fon with a book in his hand, he rudely 
 took it from him, and threw it into the fire ; or 
 playing on the fiute, he broke it into pieces ; and he, 
 often treated the Prince as he did the unfortunate 
 women aiid preachers when he caught them near to 
 his parade. 
 
 The Prince, at length weary of the attentions of 
 fo /t//i(i a father, determined to elope, witl:out well 
 knowing whether to fiy, to France or to England— 
 His father's economy deprived him of the power of 
 travelling even in the flile of an Englifli tradelmao, 
 and he was obliged to borrow a fmall Turn of money. 
 — Two young gentlemen, both very amiable, were 
 lo accompany him. One named Kat, the txnly ion. 
 of a brave Officer ; the other Keir, who had mar- 
 ried the daughter of ilie Baioneis Kniplianfen, who 
 bad to pay 30,000 livrcs for making a child wi'.houc 
 his Majelly's pcrmiihon, as before mentioncc. The 
 
 d«/ 
 
VOLTAttie. b 
 
 «?ay artel hour were appointed ; but the jealous Mon- 
 arch iTctting intelligence oi* the affnir, the Prinze 
 And his two companions were arreted, and lent to 
 jprifon. 
 
 At firft, the Kincr believed that tlie Princefs Wil- 
 helmina, his daughter, was concerned in tlie plot ; 
 and as he was re"markable for dilpatch in the exe- 
 cutive branch of judice, he inilautiy proceeded to 
 kick her out of a large window, which ieachedfro:n 
 the floor to the cielinj^. Tiie f)vicen Mother, wlio 
 happened to be preCent at this kingly exploit, wiih 
 grcdi djfnculiy faved her dauj^lutr, by catching hold 
 of her petticoats atthe inouictu fhe was going out ot" 
 the window. The Princefs received a violent con- 
 tufion on her bieafl, theuKirkof whicli remained 
 >vith her during life, and which Ihe did me the hcu- 
 our of fliesving io.ne years afterwards- 
 
 The Prince had a fort of miftrels, the daughter of 
 a fchool-mafter. This girl played tolerably well on 
 the harpfichord, and the Prince accompanied her 
 with his Hute ; he thought he he was in love, but he 
 was mifirikcn — However, the King exrended his 
 Royal authority over this mifgudcd girl, by canfuig 
 her to be paraded by the public hangman, and 
 afterwards wliip'd in the Prince's prefence ! — TIis 
 Majefty then iei^ his fon to the citadel of Cultnii, 
 fiiuated in the midft of an unwholeiome mat ft ; here 
 he was clolely confined for fix mor^ths, in a fort of 
 dungeon; at the end of which time, his Roval fa- 
 ther was gracioufly pleafed to allow him afoldier as 
 an attendant. 
 
 This foldier, who was young, handi'bme, and play- 
 ed upon the flute, had more ways than one of amuf- 
 ing the Prince — So many fine qualities njade his for- 
 tune ; and 1 fmcc knew him, at once Valet de Oiani- 
 bre and Prime MiniAcr, with all the pcrtnefs and 
 infolence w liich two luch prime polls may be lup- 
 pofed to inlpire 
 
 WhiUl the Prince was in the citadel of Cuflrin,one 
 
 xnorniHg an Officer entered his apartment weeping, 
 
 accompanied by four grenadiers. Frederick had no 
 
 B 3 deubt 
 
6 VOLTAIRE. 
 
 dcubt he was going to be made a hea<? /Iicrter— ihe 
 OlEccr, i\\\\ in rears, ordered the oreiiadj<^rs to take 
 the Prince re rhe witiow, and liolci ins head out of lE 
 by fcrte, that lie mig,hr behold the <xtcuiion of his 
 i'r eric Kat upon a {i-i.ilV-ul built for the nirpoie. — 
 'Jhe render-hearted Monarch /Ic-od prei'enc at this 
 exhibinon, as he had btcL at tlic j>oor girl's wliip- 
 pu>}-r bout ! 
 
 Kelt, the orrer ccnfidant, had fled into Holland, 
 Nvhfc-iher the Kirg dilparciied his niiiuury nu-ifengtrs 
 to ieize hin*. Luckily he eicaped by a niinure, e;n- 
 liarked ur Poirugal, abd lijcie icn^air.ed i li the 
 ctcuh i)f the niofl tendcr-hcarrtd £rederi\.li William, 
 Ki:jg of Pri'.fTa. 
 
 Bur iu WvTs nor his IN'Iajefty^s intention to have f'Op- 
 ped ijLie ; it v.-^s his dciigrj ;o i^avc beheadtdtbe 
 Prill.. L alio. He (-oijiltiercd, li.at he iiad thiee oil'tir 
 {ons, liwt one oF wlioin wrote veries, or pla>cdoa 
 the llutc, and that they were (ufficienr. to maintain 
 the ^naudr^ir of the Pruflian ti'rons. JMtrafnrea Nvtre 
 actordiiigiy conceited la n;aki him iLiTtr, as rhe 
 CzaiosN 111 , ^]dt(\ Ton of Peter i. ha-.i beure iuiieref;*, 
 
 Ic is iK.iver', clt-ar, from aiiv rs-gular laws, either 
 hninan or diviu**, r'nat a ncsn rrii>uhi have his head 
 Jtiuch olr' bccauiciK' liad a ^vi/h to iraveh Bm xh'w 
 leRder-i;eatted Kuiir had f<-iind jujiges in PiuFJa. c- 
 cuilly as learned ard cqnitaide as ti e Ri.fhan cx- 
 jo.ind<frs of law — Btfides, his o\fn pa.'cmai autho- 
 jitv, in cal'e t)f need, uould, at aii) rin>e, iidfice. 
 
 The Ci^-unt tJti^cntlorf, whom I lince ki.ew in Sax- 
 ony, declared to me, that it was with great d iTicuhy 
 iudted, that he could prevail with the King not to 
 behead his Ion I — This is the fame Sckendorf who 
 cosnmaiidcd tiic armies of Bavaria, aiid of whom the 
 
 Prince 
 
 *• See the inrercftinjr hiftory of the Czar Peter I. v/hp 
 v/as one df.Y v, jTrcut muu, and the nexc a fcrocicus favage— 
 ^ee alfo the Life ef that moll iUuilrloiis Lud m:!! nutuifi-. 
 tein t niprefs Caihcrine IL during whofe rei;;^n tw^i i*i-»^«. 
 fcrtful and Inhuman game vvas played in more infiances than, 
 one.— Inlhefe inilruaivc Hiitoviesthe American reader wiU 
 ciicovcr the methods taken to cbbain a tlirone, and ho^r Id, 
 kci-p pofeiHon of it. 
 
VOLTAITIE, 7 
 
 Prince, when he hecarne a King, drew a hideous 
 ponrau in his Hiilory of Branvicnl'urp^h — Who w on'id 
 iiot, after this,, ftrve Princes, and prevent Tyrants 
 iVoin ciirtingor their heads I 
 
 Ai'xtiV 18 months cloil- iarpriilinincnt, the (olicita- 
 tioiis of the Emperor, and ihc rears of riie Q_uecn, 
 obtained the I'rince hii l.'oerty. — As tlje Kin^ did 
 :iot fuifer h.im in have ^ ny C(Minet9.io'.i with the al- 
 fiir:> of ti'V«-»*nrociit (the olfiits «.f wh'ch <Mjiy con- 
 futed in review inp; troops, aiid oppreffin^ the people 
 for money) \\\c Prince c:« ployed his time in willing 
 10 n>en of letters in F/ance — He ikttcred me as 
 romething f'iiinc, and i hin: as a pe; feot S )lon:icn ! 
 — Lpirlveis coifc us n.Jthinr^ — i took the Lhcny to fend 
 liiin a bcautdul ink-fhi^d, and he had ihc ^.oodnci's 
 to lend me a few yew-gaws :ii amber — hut iliey canjo 
 {.ow. a Prince, and all France envied mv good for- 
 tnne i — Certainly, if 1 had been incll.ied* to ;ndi;Iixe 
 ])er{'onal hi>pcs, I had great reafon fo to do; f^)r the 
 l^rince, in his jeivers, alvvays called ine *■• his dear 
 fiiei>d," and frequently mentioned tlic lolid tnarks 
 of friend (Iiip wh'ch he intended to con:^r en me whea 
 he Hiotiid aliii)'.: the throne. 
 
 Well, at K;noih Providence was pltafed to take 
 the iron-lied) ted uioaarch. to another world, and t!;c 
 Prince fncteeded to tiie thione. He hegan his reign 
 ^vith a piece of wit. He fent one Camas, who I/ad 
 loit an arm, as his Amb?.irador to Fiance; lie faid, 
 as there was a Miniiier from Paris at Berlin who 
 liaJ only one hand, it was right to fend his Mo/b 
 Cliridian M^ijcfiy an AmUafladur wiili only one ami I 
 
 My kin-f/ly S'.)h)ivion came to Sttufliurgh — a whim 
 
 had hrought him, inco<^:nito, to view the frontiers 
 
 and trovips of France. From Strafburgh he went ro 
 
 vifit his territories hi Lower Germany, and n^^nifitd 
 
 B 4 ' his 
 
 * Voltaire did indulge perfonnl Siopes, and facrificed his 
 fame tohii vanity, by itriitving- about in t)ic Court of Pots- 
 dam with a gt Id key dangling at his button-hole ! — Even af- 
 ter the gi-ofb treatment which he received from the Kin?^'s 
 myrmidons at Frraikfcrt, he again became the dune cf Fre- 
 derick's cunning, who, in his own expre.Tive words, •• full' 
 f-ciafc<';:ed the orange, and then thr^w away the fKin." 
 
8 VOLTAIRE. 
 
 liis wifh to fee me at Briiirds — Apartments were pre- 
 pared for him in Chateau cle Mcuft:, wlicre I went 
 to wait upon his IMajcfh'. One lokiier was the only 
 guard 1 found — rlie Minjftcr of State, Rambonet, 
 was walking in the court-yard, bluwino; his fingers ; 
 he had on a dirty fhirt with long dirty ruffles, an old 
 Jiat all in holes, and an old iudn^e''s wi^r, one wing 
 of which hung into his pocket, whiiU the other 
 icarccly touched his Ihoulcier. 
 
 I was conducted into his Majtfly's anartraent, in 
 v.'hich I faw ivjihiiig but four bare walls. By the 
 ligh: of a boujrie, i perceived a iraall truckle-bsd, 
 in a fort of cloler, upon which lay a little thin man 
 wrapped in a morning gown of blue cloth — It was 
 })ls Prufilan PJdjefty, who lay /leaking wiih a lit of 
 the ague under a beggarly coverlet. I made my 
 bow, and began my acquaintance by feclirg his puhe 
 as if I had bccn his £r(i phyfician. — The ague Icfc 
 him, he arofe, dreflcd himfelf, and far down to ta- 
 ble with Algarotrj, Mav^.pertius, tlie Ambafiacior, and 
 myfclf, where, at fuppcr, we treated moftprofcHmd- 
 ]y on the immortality of tlie foul, of natural liberty, 
 and the Androgynes o{ Plato. 
 
 Whilft we were thus philofophizing upon liberty, 
 the Miniirer Rambonet, mounted upon a poft-horfe| 
 in his judrc's wig, was riding all night towards 
 Liege, at the gates of which, neKt day, he pro* 
 claimed, widi found of trumpet, rlie name of the 
 King his mader, whiUt zooo foldicrs laid the cityj 
 under contribution ! — The pretext for this fine ex-: 
 ploit was, certain rights which his Majcdy pretend'* 
 cd to have over a part of the fuburbs. The drawing 
 lip of the manifedo was committed to me, which! 
 performed as well as the nature of the cafe would 
 let me — not lufpecSing that a King, with whom I 
 had the honour of fupping, who called mc his dear 
 friend, and who talked fo beautifully of natural jof- 
 tice and the immortality of the foul, could pofiibly 
 be in the wrong. The affair was foon brought to a 
 conclufion ; the innocent people of Liege were oblig^; 
 «d to pay a million of livrcs in hard calli, which more, 
 
 tha« 
 
VOLTAIFxE. 9 
 
 than defrayed his Majofty's expences caufed by his 
 journey to fee iStraPourgli, ^'c 
 
 I ibou felt ail attaciimeiu for him, as he had wit 
 and an agreeable rt^anner, and, mortover, he was a 
 King, which is a fedu(Stion fcldom vanquifiied by 
 hunian weaknefs. Generally, autliors flatter Kinj;? ; 
 but, in this inflance, I was praifed by a King ironi 
 the crown of my head to the fole of my foot. 
 
 Some time before ilie death of his father, the 
 Prince had written againfi: the dctcltable principle* 
 of Machiavel — but this was before he becan^e aKino^, 
 and whiHl his father gave him no great rtafon to ad- 
 mire defpotic power. This manufcnpt he had lent 
 to rae at* Bruflels, to have il corrcv5ied and printed. 
 With all my admiration for my kingly friend, I could 
 not- help feeling fome remorfe at being concerned in 
 printing this Anti-machlavelian book, at the very 
 moment tiie Royal author, who had a iiundred mil- 
 lions in his cellars, was robbing the poor inhabitants 
 of Liege of a million of livres I 
 
 I began to perceive, that my kingly friend would 
 not lh>p here. His father had left him 70,000 well- 
 difciplined troops ; he was bufily augmenting them, 
 and appeared to have a vaft inclination to give them 
 employment the very iirft opportunity. 
 
 In the month of Oclober 1740, the Emperor Char- 
 les VI. died of an indigeftion caufcd by eating ciiam- 
 pignons, which brought on an apoplexy — and this 
 plate of champignons occafioned the death of many 
 thou faPids of brave men, and changed the order of 
 things in Europe, It was loon very evident, that 
 the K.ing of PrufTia was not fo great an enemy to 
 Machiavelifra as the Prince Royal! 
 
 He had already afiembled his troops, yet none of 
 his Minifters or Generals knew his defigns. I had 
 fome reafon to fuppofe, that he meant to quarrel 
 with France; as, three months before, he had fent 
 to me a political diiTertation, written in his manner, 
 wherein he confic'ered France as the natural enemy 
 of Germany — But it was conftitutional in Frederick 
 10 do the very reverfe of what he faid or wrote. 
 
 B5 H^ 
 
lo VOLTAIRr:. 
 
 He departed, qn tl.e i.^rh of December, for the 
 conqued of Silefia, at the head of 50,000 \vell dif- 
 cipliiied conioaidius. As the Qjicen cf Boleiuia uas 
 illy picpiiied to repel him, he icon tifet^ed his pnr- 
 pofc. lie wrote a hiltory of that conqueU, which 
 he Hie wed to me — Here follows one of the para- 
 graphs, which I carefully tranfcribed, as a thing 
 svorthy of recording ; — 
 
 " Ambition, inierell, and a dcfire to make the 
 world fpeak of me, dciermined me to go tij war ! — 
 Add to thefe confidcratiojis, 1 had a fine army and a 
 full trcafury ; thefe, v/ith the vivacity of my na- 
 ture, urged me to make war on Maria Thercla, 
 ihe Qticen of Bohemia and Hungary !" 
 
 It IS much to be regretted, that 1 prevailed upon 
 him to oniAt: thefe paflages, when I afterwards cor- 
 rcCicd his works. A confeflicn ih uncommon fhcuid 
 have palTed to poflerity, in order to fhew upon what 
 principles Kings make svar, and flied the blood of 
 their deluded iubJe<Sls. 
 
 I now recunied to Cirey, and afterwards palTcd the 
 Nvintcr in P-ris, where I had a multitude of ene- 
 mies ; for, having written the Hiflory ot Charles 
 Xlt, prefenied feveral fuccefsful pieces to the thea- 
 tre, and C'jmpoled an epic potm, 1 had, of courfe, 
 all thofe who write either In bad verfe or profe as 
 my enemies — and, as £ wrote likewile on pkilofo- 
 phic fuh'-ecis, of neceffity, according to ancient cul- 
 tOiU, I was treated as an Athicit by all Church bi- 
 gt);8 arid c'evotces. 
 
 1 was the iirlt v.liodar»d to developc to the people 
 of France, in an intcUigiLie /^/lc, the difcovcries of 
 the p^rcat Newton. 1 was iikewifc an adn^ iter of 
 L.''CK"? I cor-ndcred him as ihc only resii-nable me- 
 taphyilcian, I jraifed that moderation fo new, To 
 prudent, w^here he fays, >^'e have not fntllcieni kn^Nv- 
 iedge ro determine, by the light of reafon, ihat God 
 could not grant the gifts of inought and fenfation to 
 a being vvhich we call mareriai. — i'he pjor creatures 
 vho were the mol\ forvvard aid ihe hotted in this 
 ^ifpuic, kueiv very little of either icaticr cr ipirit, 
 
 '*'he 
 
VOLTAIRE. ti 
 
 The fu'il is, that none of us know what or how 
 wc are, except that wc are convinccci we liavc life, 
 inoiion, and ihou<rht, bat without the le.ifl concep- 
 tion of how we came by them. The very clcmeDts 
 of matter are as much hidden from us as tiic rcit — 
 We are blind creatures, groping in the dark — and 
 Locke was right when he allerted, that it was not 
 for us to deurmine what the Almighty could or 
 could not do. 
 
 Whillt the literary jrrubs of Paris were making 
 war upon ine, the King (,f France be^;an to make 
 war upon the Oiieen of "Hungary upon principles e- 
 <]ually iniquitous a^ thofc of ihe King of Prullia. — 
 Aiier having fclemnly guaranteed and fworn to the 
 Pragmatic Sanation, and the fuccellion of Maria 
 Thctclii to the inheritance of her father, and after 
 having received Lorraine £s the pr.rchc.fc of ihefe 
 promiles, it does not appear to be cciiGiUnt with 
 the rights of nations, or the ideas of common jultice, 
 to break fuch facred engagements. 
 
 The King of France was in alliance with the 
 King of Prullia, at the very time lie was fcizing up- 
 on Silefia I — Two armies werefent into Germany at 
 a time when the Oiieeii of Hungary had none — Tlie 
 King of PrufTia having gained his prize, he made a 
 i'eparare peace, and left his brother King to get out 
 cf the fcraije as well as he could I — The French Ge- 
 nerals being left to fight their own battles, made 
 many blunders, and, with diflicuky, regained their 
 own country, after lofing half of their army* -* 
 
 Tlie King of Pruflia now turned his attention to 
 the embeiiifnment of the city of Berlin, where he 
 built fevcral beautiful edifices, and whether he in- 
 vited 
 
 * This is one inftancc among-fl many, how Kings make 
 alliances, and brtak them in a manner that Vi^ould difgrace 
 private gentlemen. — After the many millions fpent by the 
 Englifh Miniilry in bribing and fut5iidizir,g the German 
 Prmces tc take part againil the French Ropi;blic, all of 
 them, one by one, after receiving vhe Englilh gojci, delcrted 
 the ^oiliticr, and left Britaii alone to fight thtir qiiarvei' — 
 Even the Eitctor of Hanover left his brother George in the 
 lurch : 
 
J- voltaihf:; 
 
 vited artids of all denominations— His Majefty wilh- 
 cd to acquire ^lory of every kind^ but, like liii. fa- 
 ther, he wiflicd to obtain it in the cheapclt manner 
 pofTible. 
 
 His father had refided at Potfdam in a vile old 
 lioufe ; he turned it into a palace ; Jiud Potfdam be- 
 can^ea pleafaut town. Berlin grew daily more ex- 
 ter.fi/e, and the PrufTians began to taflc the com- 
 forts of life. Some people began to have furniture 
 in their houfes, and lome even lo \vcar fliirts ; ft>r- 
 mcrly, like thtir iron-hearted Monarch, ihey only 
 ^vore fleeves and fore-bodies, tied on with pack- 
 thread . 
 
 FROM THE LIFE OF CATKERINE II. 
 
 A Book has lately ajjpeared, whicla lias excited very general 
 
 attention-^it is entitled, " Tlie LiTe of Catherine II. Em- 
 
 prefs of Riifiia." It not only developes much of the ferret 
 
 hiftcry of that extraordinary woman, in her private life 
 
 nnd amours, bu: alfo difcovei-s a gi-eat deal of tlie political 
 
 manoeuvres both of the RuiFxan and other EuropeanCcurts. 
 
 — The importance of this publication maybe judged of, hy 
 
 the uncommon demand for it in every country in Europe, 
 
 and the extreme folicitude v/hich the Emperor Paul fhcAvs 
 
 to have it fuppreifed wherever his power, or influence, ojp 
 
 authority, can reach. Beiides the general hiftory of the 
 
 limes, which v>-ere fufiiclcntly eve.itful and intereiling, the 
 
 bock. coiUains many curious anecdotes, not only of the 
 
 EmpVeis herfelf, but of many public chara^ers which the 
 
 ig^norant and uninformed world were wont to reverence efr 
 
 eileem — I: exhibits, in bold and leg'.ble charaflers, the 
 
 deep def.gns of Courts, and the treacherous Venality of 
 
 Courtiers — front a view of which, every honeil Anicricjin 
 
 will be thankful to Providence for placing his country at fo 
 
 great a diftance from that bufy, perturbed icene, where a 
 
 combination of Kings, and Politicians, and Generals, by 
 
 their intrigues and their ambition, are daily miileading arid 
 
 oppreffii.g mankind. — In fliort, after a careful perufal qf 
 
 thefe entertaining and inilru<f>ive volumes, we are at alofs 
 
 •which moll to abhor the artful and cruel m.eans by which 
 
 Catherine afcended and then kept pofleriion of the Imptrial 
 
 throne, or to wonder at the furprifni^ addrefs with which 
 
 Ihe ruled her vail Empire, whilll llie guided, or agitated, 
 
 VT cciivulfed, the politics of almoll all Europe. 
 
catherinf: ii. rs 
 
 TH E book opens with a iuccin6l account «t* oc- 
 currences in the Court ol' PeterPoiirgh previuns 
 to the Kcvohjrion of 1762, when the unfortnnare 
 Peter ill. (hnfoand of Cdiherine II.) was dethroned 
 and put to death — As this part of the hillory is too 
 lengthy tor our prefeut purpofe, we fclc(5^ for the 
 iittcntiun of cur Readers, the melancholy flory of 
 the PrinceC'! Tarrakanoff, daughter of the Eiriprcfs 
 Klizaboth, who bt'came a vk'-lim, by the bnlcil means, 
 to the jealt.iis and unrcl-ntina policy of Catherine — 
 Let it be remembered, that the treacherous agent in 
 this infiduous bufiiiets, Alcxhis OrlolF, was the prin- 
 cipal murderer ot the Emperor Peter But we 
 
 mud fir(t,give fomc account of the Emprels Eliza- 
 beth 
 
 Elizabeth Petrovna was the daughter of Peter the 
 Great, and the hrll Caiherine, wiio was obliged, at 
 her death, to leave tlie throne to the young Pet^^r 
 II. (in 172,7) fon of the unfortunate Tzarovitch A- 
 lexius, beheaded by order of his father. — Peter II, 
 reigned only three years, and was ft)Iiowed by the 
 Emprels Anne, daughter of the Tzar Ivan, elder 
 brother of the firfl Poter, 
 
 To Anne, in 1740, iiicceeded hernephew Ivan the 
 Third, yet in his cradle, and who, by a confpiracy 
 licadcd by a German fargeon named Leilock, v/as 
 dethroned, 13 months afterwards, in order to raife 
 Elizabeth to the throne. 
 
 Elizabeth, it is faid, had a refemblance to her mo- 
 ther, the handfome Catherine, But, iffhe equalled 
 her in thofe advantages which render the fv)cietv of 
 women fo agreeable, (lie furpaffed her in the immo- 
 derate love of vicious plcal'u]"e. Initead of having 
 the art of commanding, like her mother, Elizabeth 
 fubmitted herlelf to the guidance of others ; and 
 this weaknefs was the primary caufe of the misfor- 
 tunes of Peter III. 
 
 That die might maintain her independence, El'za- 
 beth refufcd to take a hufband, with whom llie muft 
 have {Iiared the empire ; but Ihe did not the more 
 
 ab- 
 
24 CATIIEFaNE II. 
 
 jbfbin from voluptuous gratifications ; and as, with 
 her other ir.firmirics, Ihc had that of being a bigor, 
 the Field Mariltal llazmiiouiky, her Grand Vencur, 
 liad the art to pcrlbade her to give him her hand in 
 a private manner. The two Counts '1 arrakiuoU" and 
 their lilier, were the frui: of this clanclcitine union. 
 Elizabeth, however, did not content heri'elf with one 
 lover; Hie had frequent changes ; but Razumouiky 
 permitted none to approach iier, except fuch as he 
 thoui^ht to have too little underftanding, or ambition, 
 to attempt a competition witii iiini. 
 
 To her violent propenfity to voluptuonlnefs, Eliz- 
 abeth added tirfl the love of good eating, and then 
 the pleaiarcs of wine. Banquets, feaih, balls, maf- 
 qucradcs, and the moll frivolous amufcnicats, were 
 preferred to bulinefs — By degrees, flie proceeded 
 from moderate cnjoymenrs to tlie extravagance of 
 fenfualiiy; and her taile for devotion augmewted hir 
 voluptuoafnefs, and added to the abfurdity of her 
 character. She continued whole hours on her knees 
 before the picture of her favourite Saint •*', to wiiich 
 fhe fpoke, and which fhe even confuhed — She palfed 
 alternately from a<5LS of bigotry to the intemperance 
 of lufl:, and from fcenes of extreme lalcivicalhefs to 
 the quieting opiates of prayer — To defcribe her un- 
 blufliing cxceiles, would i>.ain the page of Hiflory, 
 and fhock the ear of Modeftv. 
 
 Such was the woman deflined to rule a mighty 
 Empire, and who had it in her power, at any time, 
 to infiime all Europe, and faciificc the lives of thou- 
 fands of men I At» 
 
 • The Ruffians are of v.'hat is called the Greek Church 
 and differ in certain pavticula; s from the Chiucli of Rome — 
 for ir.ftance, they v.lli not wordu-p a-ny ^raveii image, but they 
 kneel before and pray to pah^ti-d onta ! — This is only one of 
 the many grofs abiurditles which mankind have faUen into 
 andpraaiied thefe 15 or 1600 years. Whenever they de- 
 parted from the original purity of the Gofpel, their errors 
 became innumerable, and the Prieflhood artfully encouraged 
 them. — Tije Romilh fuperftitions are nearly come tc a con- 
 clufion — thofe of the Greek Ci.urch are ftill in full operation; 
 the Sim of Knowitdge has not yet beamed ivy^n the fruijea 
 regions of Auffia. 
 
CATHERINE II. r.; 
 
 At length, on Chri/lmas-dny 1761, afrer an in- 
 glorious rei^^^n of zi yta;s, LI zabciii expire tl in tlic 
 ^2(1 year ot" her age. — Tiie indoleiice of her charav^icr 
 ftibje(5\ecl htr to xhc leltilh and wicked dtii^ns of her 
 Farourites^ who made a bad life of her aurhoriry. — 
 Her dcvolion ifciiclered her impious, and hcrciemen- 
 cy cruel. Ai the commencement of her reicn, fhc 
 made a vow, never to purnih a maJefadtor with de.it'ii; 
 the Judges, thciefore, who couhl noi decapitate cri- 
 minals, c'errivtd them of life by the barbarous pan- 
 iihment of theknonr ; and never were more tongues 
 cut our, or uufcrable wretches Tent to Siberia, than 
 under the i/Vaac/;/ reign of the Emprefs Elizabeth !— . 
 In dungeons not far from her own jialace, were lan- 
 gui(l)ing in nufery, a dethroned Emperor, leveral 
 Prince"? and Dukes, bcfules many Courtiers, Srates- 
 men, Generals, Oliicers, and even women I 
 
 It is computed, that her condu(St coit the Empire 
 every year at lealt a thouland lives, either by im- 
 priloninent or baniihmcnt. Nothing was more eafy 
 than to obtain di Jecret order ior thefe cruel purpofes^ 
 by the bafe flatterers tiiat always furrounded her oer- 
 fon *. It was luiTicient fjr one of the Maids of Hon- 
 our to think herfelf flighted, to obrain an order to 
 have a perfon taken our o\' bed in the night, carried 
 away gagged aud blindfolded, and immured uuder- 
 ground, there to drag out the remainder of a mifer- 
 a))le life m a loathfome dungeon, without ever bein«y 
 charged with any crime 1 — Many of thefe uufortii' 
 paie perlbns were known to be ftill exi fling under the 
 balHons and towers of diflerent fortreffes io late as 
 the year 1780, l-elides the snany hundreds that were 
 lent to faujifii in the fro/.en regions of Siberia. 
 
 [Upon the death of Elizabeth, the ill-f.ifcd Peter 
 III- fucceeued to the throne^ wht^fe ilepofition and 
 niurder are ably and circuinftaiiualiy narrated in 
 tliefe volumes.] It 
 
 * This w?,s exa(Pay the cafe, by ieftre? de Cachet, uncler 
 t"'.c cid t'egimf in Frurce, w^.ich the Britiih ',\ inliby are I'o 
 . nxious to reilore — All the diSerence is, that the Grand o-. 
 (•; '.rl\ had no Siberia to vhich ne cciild baniia his iubjeifts j 
 i;i.i he h vi abundance of ialuica. 
 
i6 CATHERINE II. 
 
 It lja>> already been mentionetl, that the Emprefs 
 Elizabeth had three children by her ciandcftine mar« 
 na^^e with rhe Grand Veneur, Alexcy Gregorievitch 
 llazamoiffk;/. The youngeft of thele children was a 
 gill, brought up under the name of Princefs Tarra- 
 kanoff. Prince lladzivil, informed of this fecret, 
 and irritated ac Catherine's trampling underfoot the* 
 rii3;hts of the Poles*, conceived that the daughter of 
 Elizaheiii would furniih him with a fignal means of 
 revenge. He thoHght that it would not be in vaiit 
 if he oppofcd to the iSovereigii, whofe aimjes weref 
 fpreading defolation over his ui^happy covmtry, a ri- 
 val whole mother's name fhould render dear to the 
 Ruflians. Perhaps his ambition might li;ggell to 
 liira yet more lofty hopes — Perhaps he might flat- 
 ter himfeif u irh being one day enabled to nu/unt the 
 throne on which he intended to place the youiig Tar- 
 rakanoiT. Hosvever this be, he gained over the 
 pcrfons to whom the education of this Princefs was 
 committed, carried her oi£y and conveyed her to 
 Komc. 
 
 Catherine, having intelligence of this tranfa<5lion, 
 took immediate fteps to fru(hate the defigns of Prince 
 Racizivil. Taking advantage of the circumflance of 
 his being the chief of the confederacy of the Mal- 
 contenrs, file caufed all his citates to be feized, and 
 reduced him to the necefiity of living on the pro- 
 duce of the diamonds and other valuable ctfetfis he 
 had carried with him to Italy. Theie lupplies were 
 foon exhaufled. Radzivil fet out in order to pick 
 up what intelligence he could concerniiig affairs in 
 Poland, leaving the young Tarrakanoir' at Rome, 
 
 un- 
 
 * The Reader will perceive, that this pafiage alludes to 
 the infamous partition of Poland, the King of which, otani- 
 Haus (formerly Prince Poniatovi-fky), had been one of the 
 Empref&'s Favourixts. As a reward for his Services^ fliC 
 fet him on the Polirntrione — in a few years after, at the 
 final dlvifion of that vnha!)]iy country, {he unthroned the pup- 
 pet, and 1^ died a contemptible penfioner m Peterlbuigh ! — 
 It is one of vhe grand iifes of Kiftory, to ^vtthdraw the \'wl^ 
 and to develops cliura<fters \yho have in-pofed upon the cre- 
 dulous world. 
 
CATHERINE II. 17 
 
 under the care of a fingle Gouvernante, and in cir- 
 cumftanees extremely confined. Scarcely had he 
 reached his own country, vs' hen an offer \vas made 
 to reflore him his poUeflions, on condition that he 
 ^vou^d take his young ward to fxujfTia. He refufed 
 to iubmit to lb difgraceful a propofal ; but he had 
 the weaknefs to promiie that he would give himielf 
 no farther concern about the daughter of Elizabeth, 
 —This was the price of his pardon ! 
 
 Alexey Orloff, chars^eu sv)rh the execution of the 
 Avill of the Emprels, liczod the iirlt moment on his 
 arrival at Lcgliorn, of laying a fnarc for the Prln- 
 cefs Tarrakanoi^*. One of tliofe intri<;i5crs who are 
 fo comnion in Italy, repaired immediately to Pt.ome ; 
 e»nd, after haying difcovercd the lodgings of the 
 youns: Ruijian, he introduced himlclf to licr in a mi- 
 litary dreis, and under the name of an ofiker. He 
 told her tlu'it ho had been brought thither by the fole 
 defire of paying homage to a Princcfs wht^fefatc and 
 fortunes were higlily inierefting to all her cocntry- 
 rien. Yivjhjh'i'd vcvy much sirc<fied at the liate of 
 deftitution in which he found her; he oflered her 
 fome hlTiiiance, which nectfli:y forced her to accept ; 
 and the traitor appeared to this unfortunate lady, 
 as well. as to tlie woman that waited on her, in the 
 light of a faviour, whom H;?aven had fent to her 
 deliverance ! 
 
 Wiicn this treacherous emilTary thouirvht he had 
 fufhciently gained their confidence, lie declared that 
 he was commiflioned by Count Alexius Orlol^' to of- 
 fer to the daughter of Elizabeth the throne that had 
 been filled by her mother. He laid, that the Ruffi- 
 ans were dilcontentcd with Catl.erine; that Orlolif 
 efpeciallv could never forgive lierfor her ingratitude 
 and her tyranny; and that, it the young Princefs 
 Nvould accept of the lervices of that General, and 
 recompence him by the grant of her hand, it 
 would not be long ere (he faw the breaking out of 
 tliat revolution which he ha.i prepared. 
 
 Propofals fo brilliant ought naturallv to have o- 
 pened the eyes of the PrinceisTarrakanoff, and Ihewn 
 
 her 
 
1% CATHERINE II, 
 
 fctr the treachery of him ihat made them. But her 
 iijtxpcf ieijce and her candour ]iermittfd her not lo 
 inipecl any guilr. Beli.ies, the hinguaj^c of rlie cm- 
 iiTary of Alexius Oilolf feemeu atialngoiis with the 
 notions Hie had imbibed froin Prince Radzivil. She 
 imagined hericlf deltincu to liic ihronc ; ai;d all the 
 airy dreams that afty way related to that opiiiioa 
 could not bat eacovirjigc the deceit. S!ie accordin}^- 
 lygavc herfi-if up lo thefe ilriUeiiiig hopes, and 
 v.Mth a grateful heart, concurred in the defiv^ns of 
 her treacherous advifcr, who •■"riattcrM but to d-c- 
 liioy.'' 
 
 Some time after Alexius OrluiF came to Rome. 
 HiS emiiTary had a'rjady aruiuunced hiir!. — He was 
 received as a henetactor. — However, iornc per ions 
 to whom the PrlnccU and her gouvcrr.anre commu- 
 r.icared ilie ^.o^d fortune that v.as pron-.ifcd them, 
 adviied thtm ro be on thrir guard agai.Jl the de- 
 figiis of a iiiaa whqfc character for wickednefs had 
 been long cftabUnied, ani who douhiltfs lad too 
 jnucli reaibn to reiiiaia faithfal to the Emprcfs lo 
 ttiink of coafpiring agaiaft her. Far froiu prohtiiify 
 by this good coaac.l, tue Princofs was i'o impriiden:* 
 iy frauk as to fpcak of it to Alexius Orloif, wlio 
 \virh great eale delivered his jailificatiun, and 
 theoceforih ilnew a deeper fhadc of diiiiuiulaiion and 
 addrefs into Ijis fpeeches aiid behaviour. Not faiis- 
 fied with faniiing tiie ambition of the young Ruliian, 
 iie put on the icuiblance of a pafTion for her, a:ul 
 i'ucceeded Co far as to inlpire her with a true one. 
 So foon as lie was affured of ir, he conjured her to 
 enter into a union with him by the molt facred ties. 
 She unhappily confenred ; and it was even with joy 
 that the poor unfortunate Lady pronnfed to iblem- 
 nize a marriage which mui\ coi^fummate her ruin. 
 She thought that the title of fpoule of Count Alex- 
 ius Orloti' would fhclter her invincibly from thole 
 treacheries which Ihe was taught to apprehend. 
 She entertained not the leaft fulpicion that a man 
 could make religion and the moft facrcd titles fubler- 
 vient to the dellrucfnon of an innocent victim. Bur, 
 
 alas^ 
 
CATHERINE II. 19 
 
 alas! was any religion, was any title facred to the 
 barbarian into whoie Inares ilie had iallcn i — He \\ ho 
 CMuld Itratigic the unfortiinaic r'etcr lii, touid he 
 dread 10 diilionour the daughLcr ot" Eiizabcih } 
 
 i-cigiiing a defile that tiic maniage ceremony 
 fhuLld he ptrformed according to the rirua! of the 
 Greek Church, he fuborncd liibaiiern villains tod;I- 
 guile lhe»-.si't.lves as prio-fts and lawyers. Thus 
 pruiLiiaiion v,-as combined with impo^h're agaiidb 
 the innocent and unprotected Tarrakanciii 
 
 When Alexius Orloif was become the Jii.ibaud, or 
 ratiier ti:-e ravjli)er of this unliappy Prir.cels, he re- 
 preiciued to her, that their llay at Rome expofed 
 bt r M) too dole oblervaticu, and that ir woi.dd be 
 adv^leable for her to go ro iorne other city of Italy, 
 to wet for the breaking out of ilic confpiracv that 
 was to call her to the llirci;e. Believing this ad- 
 vice to be dictated bv love and prneence, flie an- 
 Iwercd that llie wordd ibliow Isini vvhereve;- he chofe 
 to conduct her. He brou>ihr her iminecliai.ely to Pi- 
 fa, wjicre lie had yreviciinv hired a nia^^nihcent pa- 
 lace. rS.wii; lie cuutinned to treat licr w;ih niaiks 
 of lenden.els and reipeCt ; but he ptrniitted none 
 to come near i.er, except pcrlons who were entirely 
 at ids devotion; and when ilie wen: to the play or 
 to the public prouicnade, lie accompanied her al- 
 v/avs hiinieU". 
 
 Tils diviri')n of the Ruffian fqcadron under the 
 conimand of Admiral Greig, I'lad jnit entered the 
 port of Legliorn. On reiaring this news to the 
 Princefs, Orlotr told her, that Ir.s prcl'tnce was ne- 
 ceisary at Leghorn for the jurpofe of giving Tome 
 order?, and tufered to take her with hity. To this 
 ilie readily con.'ented, as ihe had heard much talk of 
 the beauty of the port of Lcohorn and the niagniti- 
 cence of ihc RuiJiaii ihips. — Imprudent Lady ! the 
 nearer Ihe approached the caraltrophe of the plot, 
 the more ilie trailed 10 the tenderaefj and the (incer- 
 ity of her faiihlcfs betrayer! 
 
 She dc-partcd from Pilk with her cuftcnay attend- 
 aius. Oil arrivhig at Leghorn, ilie landwd at the 
 
 houfe 
 
20 CATHERINE II. 
 
 houfe of the EtipJiHi Conful, who had prepared fol* 
 her a luitabie apartment, and who received l)er 
 >vith marks of the profoundeit rerpc(5l. Sevtial la- 
 dies were early in makinp; their vifils, and fcdnloufly 
 attended her on all occalions. She law herfelf pre- 
 fently furroundcd by a numerons court, eager to be 
 beforehand with all her deiires, and liecming to 
 jiiakc it. their only Ihidy incefiantly to procure her 
 ibme new entertainment. Whenever flio went out^ 
 the pcopL" ran in her way. At the ti)eatre all eyes 
 ^vere dire;5ted to her box. Ail circumllances confpir- 
 cd to lull her into a fatal Iccurity, All tended to 6ii- 
 pel the idea of any danger at hand. 
 
 It is doubtiefs impoflible to believe that an Englifii 
 Conful ^> an Engliih Admiral, and ladies of their fa- 
 mily or acquaintance, could be fo bale, fo inhnman, 
 as to draw into the fnare, by deceitful refpe<St and 
 carefles, a victim, whole youth, whofe beauty, 
 whole innocence, was capable of aitedting the n-.o!! 
 infenfible heart. It is not to l)e imagined that ihey 
 M'ere in any degree privy to the p>ot contrived a- 
 gainfl her, or that they ftudioufly infpired her with a 
 confidence, only the more infcUibly to betray her. 
 
 The young Tarrdkanoff was fo far from lufpecl- 
 jng her dangerous fituation, that, after having 
 paffed feverai days in a round of amuieiuents and dti» 
 fipation, fheaiked of herftif to be Ihewn the Ruflian 
 ileet. — The idea was applauded, — The necenary or- 
 ders were immediately given ; and the next day, on 
 rifiu'r from table, every thing was ready at the wa- 
 ter-fide for receiving the Princefs. On her coming 
 down, fhe was handed into a boat with magniticent 
 awnings. The Conful, and feverai ladies, feated 
 themfelves with her — A feeond boat conveyed Vice- 
 Admiral Greig and Count Alexius Orloff; and a 
 third, lilled with Ruffian and Englifh officers, clofed 
 
 the 
 
 * The EngUn-i Editor, anxious, no doubt, for the honour 
 of his country, denies that the Englifh Conful had any know- 
 ledge of this infamous tranfaction — we h.cpe and believe tliat 
 he had not — ^but we know, that Admiral Greig Avas a Scotch- 
 man, and that he had many Enghlli and Scctch Olacers on 
 board of his fleet. 
 
CATHERINE II. 2t 
 
 the proceffion. 7 he boats put olf from fliore in 
 light ot" au immenfe multin.ide oi* people, and were 
 j-cteiveil by the C^lcl with a 1)3 nd of mufic, fahites of 
 ariillery ajul repcateil hr'zz^s I — As the Prince fs 
 came alonofide the V.v.p of v«hich fne was to go on 
 board, a fpicndid chnir was let down from tlie yard, 
 HI which being; feared, fhe was hoifled upon deck; 
 and it was oblcrvcd to her, that thefe were particu- 
 lar honours paid to her rank. 
 
 But no focuier was fne on board than fhe was hand- 
 cufled — In vain ike implored for pitv of the cruel be- 
 trayer, V. lioni (be ftill railed her hufband — In yain 
 ilie tinew herftlf at his feet, and watered thttn 
 with her tears — No anfwer was even vcuchfafed to 
 l-er lamentations — Jihe was carried down into the 
 hold, and the next day the fleet let fail for Ruffia ! 
 
 On arnvingr at Pererfbr.rgh, the young vicStim was 
 fliut up in a fcrtrcfs; and what became of htr af- 
 terwards was never certainly known — Some thouoht 
 that ihe was drowned in the waters of the Neva; 
 others, with more probability, that fhe was poifon- 
 cd in prifon. ^'' 
 
 Tiie inhabitants of Leghorn, who had fcen the 
 Princefs embark, heard fl.ordy after, with horror, 
 tijat, inftead of a ^fand entertainment, which Uic 
 ■was led ro expect on board tie fieet, ilie was put in 
 irons. The GrandDuke of Tufcany, whofe territory 
 was fo {iiamefuUy infulted, wrote immediately to 
 I'ienna and to Peterfbuigh to complain of the out- 
 r<i^;e ; but the iron-hearted Oiloff infolently braved 
 both the complaints of Leopold and the public indifr- 
 
 narion. 
 
 [We have fecn, by the extrafl liere. given, that 
 the i'yflem of Favonriti.'^m had been inToduced into 
 the Ruliian Court by the Emprtfs Elizahtth, in a 
 manner not very refined or decorous — Cdtherine nnr- 
 fued the fame lyflem, but in rather a more ord 
 
 orlv 
 
 and methodical manner, ahho' not Icfs open and a- 
 
 vowed 
 
 * The v/retcheJ fate of the y^-vn^TarvaKanoff" may be- 
 compared to tlat of the daughter c.\: Sejamis : " A caraifice 
 *' laqueum juxta, coirprclVum — '* — Tacit. Aim. lib. v. 
 
• l* 
 
 %z CATHERINF. II. 
 
 vowed — Catherine's pafTion"^ "vcrc a<; 3rf!cnt as FJiz- 
 abetlrs, I nt fl'c condiK^tcd aJ! her affairs, wlictiicr 
 of bnfineis or plcafurc, with vaOly n)ore f.silland 
 addrefs — Tiic gratification of lirr dcfires, however, 
 Mas pr^*. obtained but at a •rrenr price ; t!ie Reader 
 is afli ivKhed at the funis of nonevi jewelc, r^nd pa- 
 laces, ^vjveii totheie Paramonrs, panirularly to Po- 
 ten^kin, who had the art to obtain from his imperial 
 
 m'itrcfs a ifffi hmidrd marriage * V/irh a Hiort ac- 
 
 connt-of Cathcrire's method of condoc^in^ her fyf- 
 tcm vS Two our it if m^ we (hall conclude thefe extra61s.] 
 
 The pof> of Ri-vv.rntf beinir peculiar to R-jfila, it 
 wfi'i naturally be expcitcd that it rnnuld here be 
 treated of fomewhac more at large. — Ever fince the 
 year 17.^0, this rLmpire has been governed b; wo- 
 men, tlie reig;n of Pet^^rlll. hivmg been x^M^ fliort ro 
 form any fii iking exception, or f<u- giving the Ruflj- 
 ans a no'ion of any o her government. It is a trite 
 remark, that when Kings reign Women rule, and 
 \vlien Women reign Men govern; but there feems 
 norhing more in tliis pretended axiom than an ?.nti- 
 theds confccratcd bv cuflom, and repeated from fine 
 to the otijer, like njany more, without rene(*^tion or 
 fonndntion. Henrv IV, Guflavus Hi. Carl-erine II. 
 r.re inv-ncible proofs that both iiicn and womtn are 
 capable of grand undertaking.?, without tlie aid of 
 the other lex, not to mention mc^-e examples in confir- 
 mation of the fad. For a fe^ics of feventy years the 
 MonarcliS of RuHla have always had Favourites offi- 
 cially : it is no wonder rhen that the cu^lom, thus 
 faD(5iioncd for I'o long a period, and fcrr'pMloufiy ob- 
 ferved by four En)pre{re'S, Ihould be a -molt deemed a 
 fundamental law of the Empire, and an appendacre 
 to imperial, grandeur I — As the reign of Catharine 
 ^vas of a longer duration than anv of the Emp- efTes 
 lier predecefl^rs, it is highly natural that the number 
 of her Favourites fiiould be more confiderable. 
 
 * It appears by this HifLory, that fclie pre fent Emperor 
 ir, iT^tthc fon of her huiland, Peter III but c f a Count £ul- 
 t!ko>v, Vice Chairiberlain to the then Grand Duke, who, 
 f^iord/ afrer her n-,aniage, had the honour of becoming Cz.- 
 th^r'ixi&'^f.rst Favourite. 
 
CATIiiCrJNE II. 23 
 
 Tr is neccffiry then to fhew what were the duties 
 end difiinctir>ns of the favourftes of Catherine.--- 
 When her fslajedy had fixed I'cr choice on a new 
 Favourite, fhe created him litr General Aid-de- 
 c-amp, in order that he might accompanv her every 
 wljere without attrac^ling reproach or inviting o't- 
 fervation. Thenceforward the F'avonrite occuried 
 in the palace an apartinent benearh that of tiie Em- 
 prcfs, to which it communicatee by a private ftair- 
 cafe. Tlie vfirli day of his indalhr.ent lie received a 
 prclent of 100,000 rubles, and ever) man. h he found 
 12,000 on his drcHiug-table. The JVlarfhal or" the 
 Court was cornmifiioned to provide him a table of 24 
 covers, and ^o defray all the expencts of his Ijoiife- 
 hold. The Favourite attended the Euiprcfs on all 
 parrie.=: of amufoment, at the opera, ac balls, pro- 
 menades, excurfions of pleafure, and tlie like, and 
 was not allowed to leave the palace without exprefs 
 permifnon. He was jxiven to uiideifland, tliat it 
 would not be taken well if he convcrfed familiarly 
 with other wffiinen ; and if he went to dine with 
 any of his friends, the miflrefs of the houfe was al- 
 ways abfcnt ! 
 
 Whenever the Emprcfs cafl her eves on one of her 
 fubjcc^^s, in the defign of raifnio; him to the pofl of 
 Favourite, {ne aivAcd him to be invited to dinner by 
 fome lady in her conlic'ence, on whom flie dropped in 
 as if by chance — There llie would enter in o ilif- 
 ccnirfe with the new comer, with a view to di ("cover 
 whether or not he was worthy of the honour (lie de- 
 fi;^ned to vouchia^e him. When the judgement fhe 
 formed was favourable, the confidant was informed 
 cf it by a {ifrnifirant look, who took care to notifv it 
 to liim who had the happinefsto pleafe. The day fl- 
 lowing he received a vifit from one of the j>hy(ici- 
 ans of the Court, who came to inquire into ^^^y?(7/(? 
 of his kcMth ; and the fame evening he accompanied 
 the Emprefs to the hermitajre, and took polieOion 
 of the apartment that had been prepared '.or him. 
 It v.as on the feleflicn of Potemkin that rhefc for- 
 malities h-^gRT) ; and fince that time they h.ivc been 
 cooflantly obferved. U'J.vn 
 
-24 CATHEFJNE II. 
 
 lVhe72 a Favourite had lofi the fewer cf making him'^ 
 felfugreeable^ there was alfo a particular manner ot' 
 giving him his difmifiion. He received orders to 
 trave?; and fiom that moment he was debarred all 
 accels to her Majedv. But be was (me of finding at 
 the place or his deilmatiOQ recompenct;s v.oithy cf 
 the munificent Catherine, 
 
 — [To be continued,']'-' 
 
 HORACE WALPOLE, LORD ORFORD. 
 
 Mr. Wal])cl^ v/ns the your^eH fon of the famous Sir Rob. 
 \\ ?.1pole, many years prime .\ inifter to G»org;e I. and II. 
 — Horace was bom in thie year 171 5, and received a com- 
 plete education at Eton fcViool, at Cambridgi^s irnd by Kis 
 travels in Ituly, Sec. He was many years a ixendber of 
 Pi'riianient, latterly he afcended to the Peerage, v/as ac- 
 quainted witli the fir4 wits of the age, was difencuniber- 
 ed of either wife or children, ar.d was p-^iTefied of an in- 
 depeiident fortune — in lliort, he had every oppor-.unity 
 that a man could have, to improve his mind and increafs 
 his knowledge. He died in the 80th year of his age, 
 leaving a fortune of 95,000!. in the 3 percent. Sto.k. — 
 He bequeathed io,oool. to the Duchefs of t'louceHer, 
 50C0I. to Lady .'i aldegrave, 5000]. to each of tlie Mifs 
 Berrys, and 500I. to each of his nepliews. — v\ heri he was 
 above 70 ) ears of age, he offer'd to marry eiiher cf the 
 IN ifs Eeirys, but, Jlrange to tell, both of them had the 
 courage to re fufe a Lord and 95,000!. yet l:e gei^erouliy 
 remembered them in his will. — To \,rs. Danier (celebrated 
 for her uncommon tafte as a ilatuary) he left 2000!. and 
 the beautiful feat of Strawberry Hill, fituated on the 
 bank cf the Thames, near to London. 
 
 After Mr. Walpole had retired from Tailiament, he dedi- 
 cated himielf entirely to the fine arts and literary pur- 
 fuits. He publif'ied a Catalogue of Rcyai and NcMe Au- 
 tliors, which difplays much inda.-ry and judicious criti- 
 cifm. His hilioric doubts refpetfling the life aad true cha- 
 racter of Richard HI. are replete v/ith great ingenuity 
 and found argim'.ent. The cnly dramatic worl<. he ever 
 produced was. The Myfterious Mother, a tragedy, jr/inted 
 at his own prefs (for he was both a Poet and a Printer, 
 kindred Arts) at Stra.wberry Hill ; the IlCvv is wcichy of 
 penilal in the cloiet, but too hrrrid, perhaps too indelicate, 
 for public reprefentaticn. The Lafde of Otrant-j, a ro- 
 mance 
 
HORACE WALPOLE. 25 
 
 -r^ance, is an unique of its kind, was favourabTx- received, 
 -and w?.,s the prolific parent of a number of incclierent 
 compofitions that daily load and difgrace the prefs.* He 
 alfo inibiiriied entertaining Anecdc-es of Painting, with 
 fome interefi'.ng particiilars of tlie celebrated Hogarth. — 
 He wus one of the combination of Wits who fuj)j)orted 
 Moore in his periodical naj.^er entitled The World. — iv r. 
 Walpole's works, particularly Lis Ictiers, are charaifierifed 
 -by a playfuliiers of in-iagination, and a delicacy of -v^-it, 
 a talent ieldom acquired by Writers in general. He wai 
 iincomnioniy agreeable in his manners, (hone ^really in 
 company, and was thouglit to poffefs a ^eater ftock of 
 literary and political anecdotes, than any gentleman in 
 hngland; indeed it may be laid, tha*:, with his genius, no 
 man had ever better opportuniries of acquiring know ledge, 
 having it in his ])o\ver, for 60 yc\rs, to airociate v.itlt 
 every man in Great Britain and France, from the Prince 
 to the loweil grade in fociety. 
 
 MR. Walpole's works are hanrifomcly printed 
 in 5 volumes 4to. adorned with a number of 
 well-engraved copper-plates — Thefe volumes, how- 
 ever, with an American reader, cannot have very 
 iniich interelt ; tliey are almofl entirely adapted to 
 an A^/^/f/Zz reader, one too arquainted withlhe times 
 they delcribe, and the cbaraclers that then fi'Tared 
 on the public flage. Mr. VV. aware of this, ac- 
 l^nowledges, " that his books are only calculated iqc 
 tiie idle and the curious" — but the curious reader 
 will find many articles wortliy of his attention, as 
 Tvlr. VV. had a very general conne6iion with both 
 the falhionabie and political world, and an iatimate 
 knowledge of all the leading men, and women too, 
 of the times in which he lived, 
 
 Mr. Walpolc was a fiaunch Whig, and, in fome 
 inflances, borders even on Rcpfiblicanifm. He de- 
 lineates ch=ira«5Lers with much wit and ridicule, and 
 withdraws the veil which had hidden fevera I ^^f^/-,?.?^ 
 C men 
 
 * The Old Engll fn Baron m-iiy be confidercd as the bell 
 imitaiion of the Caille of Dtrani;o — but, be. ond all modern 
 V/riters, the fanciful pen of .'V rs. Radcliffe has carried the 
 marvellous to the higheft pitch of imagination, whiiil, in 
 due time, llie naruraliy accounts for all her feemingly fuper- 
 natural appv^aranccs. 
 
26 HORACE WALPOLE. 
 
 men " from the world's ken," * — At prefent, wc 
 feledl from his works fome parts of what he calls 
 his Reminifcences^ which contain interelling anec- 
 dotes relative to the two firfl Georges, who, with 
 all their Gothic clumlinefs and German (latellnefs, 
 had their Favourites and their Mljtreffes^ for w horn the 
 Englifh nation, as ufual, had to provide both in 
 tides and penlions J 
 
 George I. while Electoral Prince, had miviieJ his 
 coulin the Princ«fs Dorothea, only child of the Duke 
 of Zell ; a match of convenience to reuntie the do- 
 minions of the family. Though Ihe was very hand- 
 Ibme, the Prince, was extremtjy amorous, and had 
 leveral Mi/lrt-JJis ; which provocation, and his abfencc 
 in the army of the Confederates, probably difpofed 
 the Princefs to indulge fome degree of coquetry. 
 At that moment arrived at Hanover the famous and 
 beautiful Count Konifmurk +, the charms of whofe 
 ])erfon ought not to havje obliterated the memory of 
 his viie alfaffination of Mr. Thynne. His vanity, 
 the beauty of the eiedtoral Princefs, and the neglcdl 
 under which he found her, encouraged his prefump- 
 tion to make his addrefTes to her, and that not very 
 lecretly ; and fhe received them rather too indifcreet- 
 ly. Th/E old Ele6lor flamed at the infolence of fo 
 ftigmatized a pretender, and ordered him to quit his 
 dominions the next day. The Princefs, furrounded 
 by women clofely conne^lcd with her huiband, and 
 confequently enemies of the lady they injured, was 
 pprfuaded by them to fuffer the Count to kifs her 
 hand before his abrupt departure ; and he was adlii- 
 
 ally 
 
 * We admire the ftyle of Mr, W's letters ; they are 
 witty, Ipriglitr, , and unaiTeded; he writes like a Genrletnan 
 and a Sch:4xi-, and wields the weajxni of ridicule with unr 
 common dexterity. We think his manner a model for cer- 
 tain kinds of familiar correfpondence, perhaps pi-eferable 
 even to that of Lord Cheflerfield 
 
 f Brother of the beautiful Countefs Konifmark, mistress 
 of Auguitus II of Poland. — The Count had the honoxir of 
 ,eing wounded at a bull feait in Spain, where he behave<i 
 ^yith vaft iatrepijiity ! 
 
HORACE WALPCLE. 27 
 
 ally introduced by them into lier bed-chamber the 
 pext inorning before the role. B rom that moment he 
 dilappeared ; nor was it known what became of him, 
 till oi the death of George 1. on his fon the new 
 King's firll: journev to Ilaiiover, fome alterations in 
 the palace being ordered by him, the body of Konif- 
 iTjark was difcovercd under the floor of the eltdoral 
 Princefs's drefling room, the Count having probably 
 been ftranglcd there the inltant he left her, and his 
 body fecreled. — The difappearance of the Count 
 made his mnrder fufpe(fti.d, and various reporfs of 
 the difcovery of his body have of late yeai?> been 
 iprea:!, but not with the authentic circun^flancts. 
 
 Of the circumflances that eniued on Ko 11 ifm ark's 
 •dilappearance I am ignorant; nor am 1 acquainted 
 with the laws of Germany relative to divorce or i'ep- 
 aratlon : nor do 1 know or ihppofe that Defpotifm 
 and Pride allow the law to iniilt on much formality 
 when a Sovereign has rcafon or a mind to get rid of 
 bis wife. Perhaps too much difficulty of untying 
 the Gordian knot of Matrimony thrown in the way 
 of an abfolutc Prince would be no kindnefs to the la- 
 <lies, but might prompt him to ufc a fharper wear- 
 pon, like thit butchering hufband our Henry VIII. 
 Sovereigns, who narrow or let out tlie law of God 
 according to their prejudices and padion?, m.ould 
 their own laws no doubt to the flandard of their con- 
 venience. Genealogic purity of blood is the predo- 
 minant folly of Germany : and the code of Malta 
 ieems to have more force in the empire than the ten 
 Commandments. Thence was introduced that moft 
 abfurd evafion of the indiflblubility of marriage, ef- 
 poufals with the left hand \ as if the Almighty had 
 retrained his ordinance to one half of a man's per- 
 fon, and allo%veJ a greater latitude to his left (ide 
 than to his right, or pronounced the former more 
 ignoble than the latter ! — The confciences both of 
 princely and noble perlons inGermany are cpiieted, if 
 the more plebeian fide is married to one xAio would 
 
 degrade the more illuftrious moiety but, as it 
 
 the laws of Matrimony had no reference to the chil- 
 C a dren 
 
28 I^OP.ACE WALPOLE. 
 
 dren to be thence propa|Tatecl^ the children of a left' 
 havdccl .-illianee are not eiitititid to inherit. Shock- 
 ing confequencc of a fenfekfs equivocation, that 
 only latisfics Pride, not Jiiflice; and calculated for 
 ah acquiial at thit' Herald's OHice, not at the laft 
 TribundK 
 
 Tlie Duchcfs of Kendal, of wliom I have faid To 
 nuich, was nhen Mademoifille Sciuderobcrg, maid 
 of honour to the Ele^rcfs Sophia, mother of King 
 George I. and dclHned by King William and the ac!t 
 of fettlement to fucceed ^ueen Anne. George fell 
 in iove ^vi^h jVlademoifclie Schulcmberg, though by 
 wo means an inviting objedl — lb little, that one c- 
 vening when fce was in waiting behind the Elc6t- 
 refs's chair at a ball, the Princefs Sophia, who had 
 made herfelf miflreis of tlie language of her future 
 i'ubje^ts, faid in Englifii to Mrs. Howard (afrcrwards 
 Coun'^cls of Suiiolk), then at her cowrt, '*Looh at that 
 ijiawkin, and think of her being my fon's pafiion 1" 
 
 The Duchefs, under whatever denomination, had 
 attained and preferved to the lad her allendant over 
 the King: but notwitbflandingthat influence he was 
 not more conltant to her than iie had been to his a- 
 vowed wife: for another acknowledged mifbefs, 
 \vhom he alfo brought over, was INIadame Kihnan- 
 legge, Countefs of Pliten, who was created Coun- 
 teis of Darlin^,5on, and by whom iie was indifputa- 
 bly tather of Cliarlotte married to Lord Viftotint 
 Howe, and mother of the prefent Earl. Lady 
 Howe was never publicly acknow ledgcd as the King's 
 daughter; but Princefs Amelia treated her daugh- 
 ter Iv'irs. Howo, upon that foot; and one evening, 
 ^vhen I was prt Tent, gave her a ring with n Iniall 
 portrait of Gtorpc L with a crown of diamonds. 
 
 Lady Darlingron, whom I faw ar my mother's in 
 my inlancy, 'm\(\ whom I remember being terrih?J 
 at her enormi) is figure, was as corpulent and ample, 
 as the Duchefs was long and emaciaied. Two Herce 
 black eyes, large and rolling beneath two lofty arch- 
 ed eye-brows, i wo acres of' cheeks fnread with crim- 
 fon, an ocean of neck that overflowed and was not 
 
HORACE WALPOLE. 29 
 
 d^irtingui /lied from the lower part of her tody, ajid 
 Jio })drt retrained by (Uys-^no wonder that a child 
 dreaded fuch an O^rrefs, and that the mob of London 
 weic iii;jljly diverted at the importation of i'o un- 
 comnion a vSeraglio f-^They were food for all tiie 
 veiior.i of the Jcico!)itcs; and indeed nothing could 
 he grofil-r than the ribaldry thr.t was vomittd oiu in 
 lampoons, libels^ and every channel of ahufc, a- 
 gaiail the Sovereign and the new Court, and ch.anted 
 even in their hearing ahont tbe public llrecis. ^^■ 
 
 It was not till the laft year or two of his reign 
 that tiicir foreign Sovereign paid tlie nation the conir 
 ])iiinenc of takin-T ope;;ly a;) £-:g::p miltrels. That 
 j)erlonagc was Anne Brelt, eidclt ddiighrer by her 
 fecoiicl huiband of the repudiated wife of the Earl of 
 Macclesfiekl, the unnatural mother of Savage the 
 poet."jr Mifs Brett svas very haiidlbnie, but dark e- 
 noui»;h by her eyes, coinjjlexion, and hair, for a Span- 
 ifn beauty, Abi?hag was lodged in the palace under 
 the eyes of Bathlhcba, who feenied to maintain her 
 power, as other favourite j'uhanas have done, bv iaf- 
 fering partners in the Sovereign's aite^^lions. When 
 his Majeily fiioidd return to England, a Conntcls's 
 coronet was to ha^ e rev/arded the young lady's co^n- 
 pliunce^ and marked her fecondary rank. — She 
 iTiighr, however, have proved a troublefume rival, 
 as fne ieenn^d fo cor.iident of the power of her 
 charms, that, whatever predominant afcendant the 
 Duchcfs might retain^ her own auth.orityin the pa- 
 lace (he thougii': was to yield to no one elfe, George 
 I. when hiii Ibn the Prince of Wales and the Princcfs 
 C 3 had 
 
 * The folloNving Anecdote is related oi George I. — 
 When his iNajefty came firil to London, in 1714, the only 
 cxpveiTion h-^ cculd uttor any v/ay intelligibly, when the 
 fcnlelefs mob were huzzaing- him thro' the llreets, wap, 
 *' My }<ocd peoples, I pe kum for yoin- koods" — " Yes (laid. 
 
 a Wit) andiorour chattels too, by G — ."^ Wlien we con- 
 
 fider the load-of heavy taxes under which the Englijli people 
 now groan, the Income Tax the moil vexatious of all, the 
 Wit fpoke prophetically. 
 
 t See Lr. Johnfon's Life of Savage, fiii to betheiioft 
 iiniilied piece cf Bio^iaphy in the tngiilh language. 
 
so HORACE WALPOLE, 
 
 had quitted Sr Jameses on their quarrel with him^ 
 had kept back :heir three eldefl daughters who lived 
 with him to his death, even after there had out- 
 wardly been a reconciliation between the King ani 
 Prince. IVlils Brett, when the King (et out, order- 
 ed a door to be broken out of iier apanment into the 
 royal garden. Anne, the clcl(-ft of the PrinctfTes of- 
 fended at the freedom, and not choofing fuch a com- 
 panion in her walks, ordered the door to be walled 
 up ae;air — Mil's Brett as imperioufly rcverfed tliat 
 ccmn^.and. The King died fuddenly, and the cm} ire 
 of the new millrefs and her promiled coronet vanilh- 
 ed. She afterwards married Sir William Leman, 
 c.nd \va€ forgotten before her reign had tranfpired 
 beyond the coniir;es of Wefiminfler, 
 
 Mifs Henrietta Hobart was daughter of Sir Henry 
 aYKJ iifler of Sir John Hobart, fince ctcated Earl of 
 IJuckinghsmihire, She was rrarried to Mr. Howard,, 
 afterwards Earl of Suffolk, iVIr, Howard was not 
 opulent, the King was amorous in iheGerman man- 
 ner, and the lady was incorilant, or amb'tious. The 
 intrigue would not have attra(51ed much public no- 
 tice, but for tiie indifcretion of the huflr.aTul, who,. 
 far from ceding his wife quietly to the Royal couch, 
 when healed v/irh wine, went one night into tl;e 
 qAiudrangie t>f Sr. James's, and vociferrufly dejnan- 
 «fcd her to be reiK)red ro him before the foidiers,&c. 
 Being thruli out, he ftnt a letter to her by the Arch- 
 bifliop of Canterbury, who gave the letter to the 
 Qi.cen, who had the malicicHis pleafurc of deliver- 
 ing It to her. — During the innamer, a negociation 
 was commenced with tfcc obltreperous hufband, who 
 iold his own honoar and his wife's chaltity for a 
 penfion of izcoK a year I 
 
 After the death of the ^ueen. Lady Yarmouth 
 came cv€r, who was the King's milhefs at Hanover. 
 She was created a Countefs, and had much weight 
 with him. — The King's laft years palled as r«gu:ar- 
 Jy as a clock. Ai 9 at night, he liad cards in the a- 
 partment of the Princtffes Amelia and Caroline, 
 with Lady Yai mouth, two w three of the late 
 
 Qiieen's 
 
HORACE WALPOLE. 31 
 
 Q^ueen's ladies, and as many of the favoured Offi- 
 cers of his own houfhold. Every Saturday he car- 
 ried this party to dine at Richmond ; they went in 
 ildie coaches about the middle of the day, with the 
 heavy horfe gnards kicking up the dult before them. 
 They dined, walked an lionr in the garden, and 
 then returned in the fame dufty parade to St. James's 
 —and fo his Majefly fancicdhimlclf t lie molt gallant 
 and lively Prince in Europe f 
 
 WALPOLlANA. 
 
 1 h^ expcnfive fyftein of Fu-vouritijm (on this occa- 
 fion, we ViMchw female Favouritifm) lo (ay nothing of 
 its immorality, fcemj> to be an alinofl infeparable ac- 
 cumpanytncnt of Monarchyifm. Both religions and 
 profane Hiilcry is full of it. We Ihali lay nothing, 
 at prcfcni, of the jewifii authorities, but point en- 
 tirely toEngl^fh chronicles. — Williiim the Conquer- 
 or, liimlclf a baflard, is the Ic_^al founder of the 
 Englifii fylleni— PaiTing ovcrfevcial ages o^ Fwnourit^ 
 ifm^ we have only time to remark, that fomcof the 
 inii\ Nobles in England are tiie offspring of Ciiarlcs 
 ll's titled concnbiscs — James II. v;ithaU his gloomy 
 fupei (lition, had his Miflredcs '*■ — and even William 
 III. with all his Dutch taciturnity, had likewife his 
 Favourites— all of whom, together with thofc ot 
 C 4 the 
 
 * Lady Dorchefter, well known for her coarfe wit, faid, 
 " that ftie wondered f^r what James chofc his millrefTes — 
 We are none of us hanjlome (continued Ihe), and if we have 
 wit, he has not fenfe enough to find it out!" — This fame 
 I.ady meeting the Liuchefs of Povtfmoutli and the Countefs 
 of Orkney, Kini;^ William's favourites, one day at the draw- 
 ing-room of George I. "God! (fhe exclaimed) who would 
 have thought, that we three whores ihouid have met here ?" 
 — Havi)ig, afier James's abdication, married Sir David Col- 
 lycar, by whom Che had two fons, (he faid to them, " If any- 
 body fliould call you " fons of a whore," you muft bear it, 
 for you are fo ; but if they call you baftards, fight till you 
 die, for you are the fons of an honeft man." 
 
 Lady Sufan BclJaiis, another of James's mifirelTes, had 
 wit but no beauty — Vlrs. Godfrey had neither. Grammont 
 has recorded why l]'..e was chofen. 
 
32 WALPOLIANA. 
 
 the two firil Georges,*' were pcnlioned and ennobled: 
 at John Bull's expence ! 
 
 Lord Harvey had dedicated himfelf to the Qiieen, 
 and ftood well with Sir Robert Walpole ; and he con- 
 trived to make a deep imprefllon on the heart of tbc 
 Princefs Caroline. A change of Miniflry afterwards 
 tlifplaced him ; ^'^g^t difappointment, and a dille:n- 
 pered conllitution carried liim off, and overwhelmcl 
 his Princets with grief, who never after appeared' 
 ia public '\' 
 
 Trie celebrated Dr. Johnfon, who was a Jacobite 
 both in politics and religion, lield the whole Hano- 
 verian race in utter contempt, and was prctiyfreo 
 in Irs e?:pi effions of diflike, until (by ineaws of Lord 
 Bate) he obtained a penfion of 200I. a year, when 
 the Doclor found it neceiTary to be more circumfpedi 
 — See Bolwell's eiideavcur ro white-M alli his btar- 
 iili friend. 
 
 Tne Rotorioufly reprobate Lord Rofs being on his 
 i^eath-bcd, ^vas deOred by his Chaplain, *•'• to call cri: 
 God.''- — "- If 1 go that way (faid the dying Peer), 
 but I don't believe Ifha:!," 
 
 A Vicar and Curate of a village where tl'cre was 
 to be a busial, were at variance. The \''.car not 
 caminir in time, the Curate began the fervioc, antl 
 was reading liic words " I am ihe refurreiftion,"' 
 when the Vicar arrived, almoU out of breath, an4 
 fharching the bOi>k out of tlie Curate's hand, cry'J, 
 ia a pailion, " You the re fnrre^^ ion—you lie — 'ris / 
 
 who am thv rerurre(5tion !" 
 
 Mr, 
 
 * To the credit of Georc^e IIL none of hir '»v— 5 difjrace 
 the Eng!ifh PeeTag:e. Kis lav/ful prcgeny are biirthenibme 
 enough in a'l canlcience cu his people, without the aid of 
 Uft-handi-J produfdons. 
 
 t Lord Har/ey had a violent Ureak ^vith FrederickPrlnce. 
 *f Wales, v/iieii his Poyal Highnefs came to know, that 
 his Lordfnip had lliared the favours of Mifs Vane, one of 
 the Alaick of Honour, r.nd one of th.e Prince's miftrefles. — 
 AVhen this virtuous J\^aid of Hmour was delivered cf a foil 
 at S^. James's, Ihe faid it was the Prince's; whiift Lord 
 Tiarvey, and Loird A. c;nd feveral other Lords, each of them, 
 thought tlae child Us !, 
 
WALPCLIAtN^A. 33 
 
 Mr. ^alpole, fpeaking of the late Lord Clive, 
 has the following juft and noble ientiments, of the 
 triuli of which, the people of England, Ave believe, 
 has this day the fulleft experience : — *•* Lord Clive "^• 
 was qualilied, like Cefar, either to write or to con- 
 q.ier. Siill, however, one who neither reverences 
 Roman ulurpations, nor Spaniih moffacres, will nev- 
 er allow his pen to applaud the invafions and de- 
 }M-edarion3 of the Englifh in India. Suffered totraf- 
 tic as merchants, we have llarvcd ')-, plundered, eL- 
 flaved, and butchered the innocent inhabitants of 
 foreign countries. All the imported diamonds of the 
 r.afl canBot ont-blaze the crimfon tliat ought to (lain 
 our cheeks, or the indignation that ought to fire 
 them, when mere recent MachiAvcL- have called for- 
 applanfe on thefe fliocking devaftations X — Sur, as 
 Cefar's conquers lifted the yoke on the neck of Ro- 
 mm liberty, Indian gold has already undermined 
 the Englifh conilitution — For wlicn Heaven infli(its 
 H'.:roes on mankind, it generally accompanies them 
 with their conftqufnces, the lofs of liberty — to tliQ 
 vanquifiied, certainly — to the vi^fiorious, often, 
 "By fortign gold are Brififh morals chang'd, 
 ''And Afrlc'§ fons, and Ihdiu's blood, aVen^'d."' 
 
 C 5 A 
 
 * In the white -waili'ug of thir. Lord m the Houfe of 
 Conmons, the pvefent Lofd Lon<:^hboroiigh, then ^-r. Ale'^;. 
 Wedaerburn, firft diilin»;uiihed iiimfelf, and laid the foim- 
 da.tio.1 of his prefent fortune. ^ — But altho'- his eloquence could 
 cuiet t\.v fcrupies of a ven?d adembly, he could net bring to 
 his client a quicv confcience ; h'.i cruehies in India fo con- 
 tiniiaUy haunted his guilty mind, that at length he dallied 
 out h'S brains againft a marble ftatue in his own garden ! 
 
 + A'.luding to the famous rice mon(;poly in India, when, 
 acoo/dir.g to fome accounts, two millions of the innocent it)- 
 habit^rts wei'e ftarved to death ! — Several Peers and Naboha 
 r.ow fiourilh away in England op. the produce of that infa- 
 mous traufaftioa. 
 
 + Our readers muft recoUea the mock-trial of W.Haftings, 
 which lafted feven years, and "concluded with giving him' a 
 pt'nfion of ^oool. year, as an iintQui.vocal approbation of 41 
 iiis atrocities in the £,;.J3. ! * v 
 
34 WALPOLIANA. 
 
 A Clergyman at Oxford, who was remarkably 
 abfent and nervous, going to read prayers at St. 
 Mary's, heard a fliow-man in the fame Itreet, who 
 }iad an exhibition of wild bealls^ofteh repeat, ''Walk 
 iii and fee the (bow; all alive, all alive, ho!" — The 
 ioua'-is flruck the abfent man, and ran in his had fo 
 much, liitot when he began to read the Service, and 
 came to the words " doeth that which is lawful and- 
 right, he IhaH fave his foul alive," he cried out 
 witli a louder voice, "he fiiall fave his foul aHve,;. 
 *' all alivej all alive, ho t" — to the afloniihment of 
 ■ti>e congregation. 
 
 Anecdote. Sampfon Gideon, a Jew, having 
 
 accumulated a great fortune in England, had a mind 
 to make his fon a Chriftian, and conform to the elta- 
 bliftiti religion of the country. Accordingly, he re- 
 ceived Epifcopsl baptifm, and was put under ilie 
 care of a clerical tutor, in order to learn the formu- 
 laries of that branch of the Chrillian faith. After 
 iome time, Sampfon had a curiofity to know what 
 progrefs his fon had made in the new religicin ; and 
 having heard the Tutor eixamine him in the Care- 
 chifm, he thought he would proceed in the iaBie 
 manner — ** Who made you?" (aid the old Jew to 
 the young Chriftian ? " God," anfsvered the hoy — 
 ** Wiio redeemed you?" — " Jefus Chrift" — Here, 
 unluckily, old Samplon forgot the next queftion, and 
 ftood foolilhly twirling his fingers, flriving to recoi- 
 3e(ft bimffclf ; at length, determined to fay Ibmething 
 or other like the third quefkion, '' And who gave 
 you that hat?''— "The Holy Ghofl," anfwered the 
 youth ! 
 
 This fame youth was afterwards admitted to all 
 the rights and franchifes of an English fubjedl — was 
 iirft -created a Baronet — then a Lord — and is now, by 
 virtue of his patent, a well-beloved coufm of the 
 King himCeif, and an hereditary Legifiator of the 
 Imperial Kingdom of Great Britain — greater hon- 
 ours, in the ef^imation of this world, than all that 
 ihe i^laccabcts received ! 
 
 \To be continued.^ 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 MODERN ROME, 
 
 TmTnediately previous to the trench Revolution. 
 
 ON coming out of the Pantheon, I went to the 
 Caiptol. — This is the place which gave law 
 to the univerfe ; where Jupiter had his lemple, and 
 Rome her fenaie ; from whence the Roman eagles 
 were continually flying to every quarter of the globe, 
 and from every quarterof the globe continually wing- 
 ing their way back with victories ; and from whence 
 a lingle word from the mouth of Scipio, of Pompcy, 
 or of Cefar, quickly reached the inoft distant nations, 
 nienaciiig their liberty, or dooming their Kings to 
 death ! — Alas, where is now all its greatnels ? — Its 
 Senate, its Citizens* its Liberty? — Rome retains ou- 
 ly her name; flic is now only known by her ruins ; 
 by the pufillaoimous fuperllition of her Nobles, and 
 by the bigotted ignorance of her degraded, inhaai- 
 tants \ 
 
 At Rome there is now only three claflcs ; the 
 Pope, the Clergy, and the People, 
 
 The number of inhabitants is estimated at 170, 
 000 — Fully io,ooooftheffe are beggars; menial fcr- 
 vaats are more numerous; and the Clergy may be 
 reckoned a fixth part of the whole. 
 
 Such is the ilate of profefTed celibacy, that up- 
 wards of five women are recTioned to one man.-i— 
 This will enable us to form an idea of the lihertinifm 
 of popifhRome — The beft education a girl here cau 
 get, is to get none — The multitude have fome wit, 
 a ^reat deal of imagination, and no reafon 1 
 
 Tue Eccleflaflical State, without troops, without 
 money, (hrroundcd by Stares catting a longing eye 
 sn its poflTelhoDS, Ihould Teem an ealy prey to the firit 
 ambitious invader. — Obferve, that the jealoufy of 
 thefe States with-holds rhem from the attack; the 
 political interefl of the Catholic Princes watches 0- 
 ver a Deipotifm upon which every other depends, 
 that Kingly maxim, more powerful than armies, vii;. 
 That all uuthority is dirwed'fiom Gcd^ 
 
 It 
 
3^ MODERN ROME. 
 
 It is inconteftible, tljat it is the crown of the Mo- 
 narch that fiipports the tiara of the Pontiff — To fe^ 
 parate them, would be to deflroy both. 
 
 The temporal auihority of the Pope will, proba- 
 bly, never be loi'V, till no religion Ihall exift, but one 
 free from fuperftition. * 
 
 What a duration does this promife?~For it isim- 
 poflible for Reafon or Philofphy ever to purge the 
 Catholic religion of all fupcritition, ^r 
 
 The natural weaknefs of the human mind, the ig* 
 Korance of the lower clafTes, the power of habit, and 
 the intercfl of various palfions, prevent the ChriiU- 
 aa rtligion from attaining a (late of perfedl purity ;. 
 from elevating itfelf to Heaven, from whence it de- 
 icended, and from retursjing to thofe fimple and fu- 
 blime ideas, to which vulgar minds can never rife. :J:' 
 
 It is eafy to explain the tranquility which reigns at 
 Rome. — Tho* the Pope is in polfcfTicn of abiolute 
 power, he is not much in the way of abufing it — he 
 is not born a Prince — the crown is to him the gift of 
 Forruce— and he is an old man before he gets ir. 
 
 The dcfpotifm of the Popes, therefore, confiT.s 
 mere in not exerting their power, than in abufing ir. 
 
 With refpe6t to the people, an infinity ot moral 
 caufes bends their obedience, like their faith, under 
 the Fontiiical yoke. They have an abfohue maii^r, 
 Jeut they have only one, and they belie.ve his autho- 
 riiy is derived from God I 
 
 If 
 
 * In this point the writer was miflaken — We have ften 
 the French Republic overturn the power of the Pope, and 
 cat the Goidian Knot. It is tr.ue, the combiixed Kings, 
 both Catholic and Protefl^nt, h^ivic reJftor^d the puppet ; but 
 the v<;U is withdrawn, tiie myllery is idi^-lofed ; and the 
 !f©pe's political ex.iilleijic.^ han^s, jitprefeot, on the point of 
 Baonaparte's fwcrd. 
 
 -f This fentiment is the more remarkable, as it cornes 
 from a Frenchman, who, very probably, was bre(jl a Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 - !^ We hope the American people will difprove this po- 
 rtion, j^nd ll.ew 'the world, that Liberty and a rational fyf- 
 tem of Religion cAnexiii together, wi^ut the a;4 of Su« 
 JJtriiition or a Kindly hierarchy. 
 
 I 
 
MODERNS ROME, 37 
 
 If tl Q people of Rome live in pt'acc, tho' neither 
 kept in ordf r by a f>outl police, ncr rtlh-ahicd by re- 
 gular iullicc, it is becanle the abience of the caiiles 
 of dilbrder there fupplie? iLe place of the nfual 
 means of preferving. order. — Robberies gnd houie- 
 breakings are rare, but afTafiinations are frequent.—- 
 Thele, however, occaiion neither diitu! l.uucp or 
 horror; the inhabitants of Rome cqoIIv Ise thc-m 
 committed, and relate them with indiifercnce ; the 
 murderer is not looked upon cither as dangerous or 
 infamous; '' No doubt (fay they) he has had pro- 
 yoeation !'' 
 
 Thus, the dagger is the dupl of the populace— 
 and thus, revenge conllitutcs thp police of Kcmc 1 
 
 Jn fliorr, in Rome, there is neither jnilitary fpirir, 
 nor municipal juUicf. — Bjlides, ther^ are ivear teveii 
 hand red 1- laces of Refuge in Ronif , and pvery houfe 
 on which a Cardinal has placed his arms, is a place 
 of refuge lor crcdirors ! — Some Carditials make ^ 
 gainful trafhc o\' th^ir afylums i 
 
 r/Iendicity, tliat degeneration of poverty, the pre- 
 carious flate of which in ether countries is ths ordi- 
 jiarv Ibnrce of robberies, has not thac inconvewience 
 ai Rome ; here it is a certain profefuon. A man, a 
 woman, or a child, has only to hang out a fesv rags, 
 or expofc a fore, and they procure vicSluais. The 
 pity of ti;e Ron^ans never rpafons — and wliat does a 
 mendicant want ? — Degraded by mifery, or diiea.'jc, 
 or idlenels, animal life is enough for him ; jtive hini 
 fometiiing to ear, apd he is as happy — as his dog ! 
 
 Tijere arre more beggars at Rome than any oth.cr 
 City. They fwarm on all Tides; and the pilgrim- 
 ages add to their number. Every place is open to 
 laea'j ; they are penoitted to feek every ^^ here for 
 cji^rity. Deli;acy fuflers and murmurs at thir, ; but 
 liumsnity bids us to cocfider that they are men. 
 
 At R-ome, therclore, u:ifcry, indolence, ambition, 
 cr the defire of women, do not excite to robbery— I 
 fay, the dcflrc of the fcx ; for the climate and th* 
 manners of the country, furnilh v^omen even to fa. 
 tiety — Private debauchery is lo great, thit public 
 debauchery is not pcr:civt.d I In 
 
3& MODERN ROM£- 
 
 In the hiflory of civilized nations, the Chapter o( 
 Women is divided into three le(ftion£ ; Beauty, Gai- 
 lantry, and Drefs. The Roman women, like ihe 
 Italian women in general, ar» dill in a f^ate of ig- 
 norance in an art ib extenfive and in)})ortant as that 
 of Drefs ; in the art of adapting ornamejit to dreis, 
 and both to the fhape, features, complexion, ago^ 
 and the diiFereiit hours of the morniHg or evening ; 
 in the art of Ibftcning by gradations, of adjufling by 
 Jhadcs, of availing tiiemrdves of com rafts — in fhon, 
 in that art, fo coftly and Icientiiic, of completely c- 
 quipping a woman for vanity, coquetry, or faOiion. 
 
 Shall I tell it ?— Will it be believed '—All the wo- 
 men in Ronie wear Wigs ! — It is a facrifice made 
 to indolence by their coquetry. Accuftomed to lye 
 down every day, after dinner, till (ix in tlie evening, 
 to place a fecond night in the middle of tiie dav, 
 they have found ip too troublcfomc to build up the 
 edifice of a liead-drels twice in tke ianie day, and 
 therefore indolently refign their locks to the IcilTors. 
 
 The Roman ladies are in tiie habit of putting oii 
 white paint when in full dreis. The Italian lady 
 wiflyes to be a lilly V the French lady, a role What, 
 Kas not beneficentNature made them women ? — Why 
 >vill they thus disfigure thcmfelves ? — Thty muit 
 liave gauzes, feathers, flo\^ ers, and artihlciai headsr; 
 has not Nature given them beautiful hair ? — Rou^o ; 
 lias fhe not adorned them with the bluih of modelty ? 
 — White; altho' (he has given^them the moll deli- 
 cate complexion ? ||^ 
 
 It is- a fadl, that the (uperfiuity of exigence, if I 
 may ufe the cxpreffion^ never fails to produce that 
 uneafy fenfation, which the French call snmii^ and 
 fhe Englifti, lidlifsnefs, fometimes^ nothing tj do'ijh- 
 fufs. — But this fuperfliiity of time, after t!)e grati- 
 fication of their moll preding appetites, the modern' 
 Romans expend in fleep, io love, in frivolities, or 
 ia religious proceflionsi 
 
 From dinner they pafs to fle«p, which lafts till fix 
 in the evening; they then do nothing, or in trifles 
 Y^hich ikmount to nothings Night arrives ; ail bufi- 
 
 licis 
 
MODERN ROME. 09 
 
 ncfs is fufpentkd, and all the fhops are fliut 'jp; men 
 and womcny boys and girls, every body takes fligiit 
 till three or four in the morning. Tliey haficn to liic 
 public walks, to the Corib, to coteries, and to ta- 
 verns — In Ihort, every night is a public feiliva!, at 
 M'hich love, or rather luit prefidta. The Itnfcs 
 i'peak to th«; fenfes, and they foon make tliemfelves 
 underllood. — • Intrigues are ib numerous in Kome, 
 That nothing can Le called an intrigue — l"n modem 
 Home, the morally beautiful is abiblutely loil and 
 unknown. 
 
 The modern Romans have a wonderful faciiit-y of 
 rljapging faces ; they are perpetually mafked, — In 
 their dealings with each other, they never give cre- 
 dit to countenances, to language, or eveo prolcflious 
 —they believe only in the event ! ; 
 
 Throughout all the intercourfe of the great with 
 the great, and of the great with the little, in Rome, 
 there reigns a certain cafe, politenefs, and univcrfal 
 flattery. This proceeds from the oppoi tunities For- 
 tune here enjoys of exercifing all l;cr caprices, and. 
 this., generally, in fecret and in flkrce, by means of 
 vaietn, mcnks, itcrctaries, and intriguing women. — 
 Nobody, therefore, is acquainted with whom he has 
 to do,— lb-morrow, perhaps, that Prieft may be a 
 Pope, that Monk may be a Cardinal, or that valet 
 a man in power. — In this Hate of doubt, every body 
 js civil to every body ; and, in this flate of uncertain- 
 ty, every body lavifhes good wilhes, fmiles, and 
 rfjucezes of the hand I 
 
 Would you wifli to know the behaviour of a Car- 
 dinal when he vifits another Cardinal, efpccially 
 when the latter is in place? — On entering the firfl 
 anli-cLamber, where the fervants are, his Eminence 
 niakes a profound bow ; in the fccond, where fit the 
 valcrs de chambre, he fmiles; in the third, where 
 the CcLvdirnVs ge/ifi^meK (lay, he takes them by the 
 hand ; in the fourth, where he finds theinrrodud'tor, 
 iie again bows, and fmiles, and takes him by the 
 hand, and even chats with him; at length, he ar- 
 livts at the great man's chamber. In appearance, 
 
 you 
 
4» BIODERN ROME,. 
 
 you fee two friends cordially embracing each other 
 "—no iiich thing ; they are two rivals, ready to cut 
 each other's tiiroat ! 
 
 Life, here, knows only child-hood and age — The 
 other feaibns are \yaiiciug —Yet the people here ap- 
 pear to be fatisHed. Their hunger is not violent j. 
 one daily repaft fatisfits them. Their thiril con- 
 fumes little wine, bur great quantities of ice and le- 
 moni. '/y.id as for clothing, tl>e clitnare reduces this 
 to a mere covering ; every body not naked, is cloth- 
 ed. — Tlie wants of the fexcsf.nd aliment in Cidjheifm^ 
 the manners or' the country, and in religion ! 
 
 Tlic Roiiiilh religion, by jts abfolutions,- thro\ys 
 a convenient veil over the paft, and, ^i^ its-pronjifes, 
 gives a favourable colouring to the future. The 
 common people are thofe wii® fear the leaf!, and 
 hope the moih Tiicy poiTefs a mofl comiiioiious re- 
 hg'ion. Let theiTi be preiea: at their religious cere— 
 iTujnies, that is to fay, their facred theatrical cxhi- 
 birions, to make certain figns, and pronounce cer- 
 haio words,, and they are lure of Heaven I 
 
 Religious cerenionits are very frequent in Rome j 
 indeed thev are neceiTiay'to amufs, and to deceive, 
 this vvorthlefs people j but I thought tl-.em uninter- 
 e(Hng, wiihout dignity or propriety — The procefiion 
 of the Ftie Dieu owes its fpkudor to the prefence of 
 the Pope. 
 
 All the Monies, all the Priells, all the Preh^tes, 
 a-U the Cardinals, &c, are now in St. Peter's, and- 
 the proceffion is arranging. — VVhiKt this is ordering, 
 1 walk in the church, and am hurried about by the 
 crowd — What noife, v-'hat confuGon ! occalioncd by 
 the floods of people perpetually pouriog in, and ths^ 
 Boods milling out I — By devotees, who, preffing a- 
 found the feet of St- Perer, are conrcnding for the 
 happinefs of kiffing them ; by pftrlor.s of every dc- 
 icription, every fex and age, kneeling belbie Con- 
 feflionaU hlled v/ith crafty Klonks, and receiving, ab- 
 folution difpenl';;d at the end of a long fvvitc)), which, 
 the Monks {hake over their heads; by young rnea . 
 and girls, wacderiog from tomb to tomb, wauton— 
 
MODEUN ROME. 47 
 
 jng with each other, and talking of love ! — Here i 
 fee Engliilimcn gravely taking tlie di:ncniions of the 
 pillars; Frenchmen, ikipping about and jelHng ; 
 Germans, afioni/hed to perceive on the gates of tiie 
 fineft church in the world, tlie nioft lalcivious pic- 
 tures I — On the other tide, 1 obfervc a row of ^bbes 
 bending tlieir bodies to the earth, and riattering the 
 Cardinals, who, as ihey pafs, aifume great ftateii- 
 ncfs ; and a number ol' mendicants, who, to in^jpofe 
 on pity, or fatigue delicacy, fliock every eye with 
 fores and nudities ! 
 
 At length, the order of march is given — Behold a 
 numerous train of dirty penitent?, \vho tile ofT, And 
 make room for a mulii'.ude of dirty monks, dirty 
 curates, and a tliouram! dirty wretches, clad in dir- 
 ty furplices, bearing; each of them a flambeau, and 
 exciting, every where as tiny pafs, by iheir gro- 
 tcfque ai)p(arance, an univerfai laugh. Kow come 
 the Prelates, the Cardinals, and the Pope himfeii' I 
 — His miiirary attendants receive him, and the holy; 
 .Sa' ramer.t that is vvaicing for him. The union of 
 the two powers tskcs place, to the found of trani- 
 j.cts ; the Pope and rh.s S>)vereigri are intermingled, 
 iind the Crosvn and the Tiara uniteil on the fame 
 liead ! — Th^' Pontiif King then iiiounts on a throne, 
 and !eats hifiiltir with the Hod before hirn, yet it is 
 fo managed, that he appears as if on his knees, whilst 
 a dozen robu't men bear hirc along. It is in this 
 manner th.it the chief of the Chriliian Bifliops ad- 
 vances among the people, lidding the Sacrament in 
 liis hands, and his eyes lifted towards Hcavei', \vhiiil 
 n general rnurmur runs thro' the crowd, whilpering 
 ILvf ha7idj077:e the pgpe L 1 — The proceihon returns to 
 the Church ; a thou fa nd torches arc ranged aiorg^ 
 tic v.'ho'e extent of the immenfe building, and rountr 
 ti e High Altar. The Pope defccnds from his mov- 
 irg throne, crofies (he church, mounrs tiie iteps of 
 ti e ahar, and, depositing the Hoft, fahs upon his 
 kncer — riies up again — gives his bcncdulion — and. 
 tiiC bwfweis is conciudcd^. 
 
42 MODERN rxdME. 
 
 Is this the religion of Chrifl ? — Are thefe the cere** 
 monies of the meek and lowly Jefus ? — Truly has it 
 been faid, that if Peter and Faul, and the whole 
 Twelve, were to return on earth, they would not 
 believe that this was the religion for wl'iich tluyh\^di 
 and fufFercd, but that thele whimfical ceremonies 
 were the fantaitic and unhallowed rites of a Pagan 
 
 I* 
 
 peopl 
 
 V/hat a contrafl between the religious feflivals of 
 modern Rome, compared with tliofe of the ancienc 
 Romans — in which, priefts crowned with laurel, 
 priedelfes with myrtle, young virgins decked with 
 flovvers, augurs, flamens, veftals, a band of vcnc- 
 rabit men, the flower of the Roman youth, and the 
 con(jjerors of the world in flowing robes, ei'trering 
 witii gold and purple, followed the facred llatues, in 
 ivory or gold, of Apollo, juno, or Jupiter, svhich, 
 furrounded by the fpoils and trophies of Afta, and 
 borne on triun^phal cars drawn bv lions and leopiirds,. 
 defcended majeftically from the Capitol, and follow- 
 ed by the Roraan people, the fovereigns of the worldy 
 amongft whom Kings themfelves are confounded, 
 advanced, to the found of cymbals and clarions, thro' 
 the flreets of the capital of the univerfcT under tri- 
 umphal arches, and before the ftatues of their great 
 men, either to the Forum, the Paatheon^ or the 
 field of Mars — and thu& advancing, amidft all the 
 fplendor, all the magnificence, all the religion, and 
 all the Republican virtue of Rome, leemed to be the 
 Gods themfelves, of whom they were the images, 
 defcending fram Olympus, and alighting amongfl 
 men I Some 
 
 * Such are the people, and fuch the renp;lon, cf modem 
 Rome — fe>f which religion, the people of England, not many 
 years ago, ilood in fo much fear, and to deilroy which, they 
 flied fo much blood, and fpent fo much money — and, flrange 
 to relate, to rellcre this fume fupcriliiion, they are now 
 faerificing fo many thoufandij of lives, and wafting fo many 
 millions of money ! — What is all this State juggling ? — Is it 
 King-craft, or Prleft -craft, or both ? 
 
 I'low wonderful, how immeafurable, ?,re the folly and the. 
 wi-ckednefs of man I 
 
MODERN Rome:. 45 
 
 [Some of our Rcacier<;, no doiibr, have feen Sv, 
 Paul's Church in London, and admired that nol>l« 
 pile, worthy of fo great a city, and of fo opulent a 
 people — How much will they be lur prized to hear, 
 that that building is ss nothing when compared lo 
 St. Peter's Church in Rome ! — With the Author's 
 account of that celebrated llru<5ture, sv;; fhaii cou« 
 elude thefe extracts.] 
 
 . If I have not yet faid any thins^ of the famous 
 Chu.chof St. Peter, it is, becauCe no language tail 
 furnifii exprtflions to fj eak of it as it dGi'crvcs. 
 
 The iquare wliich is before this fuptrb building-, 
 h one of the Ijandf^meft in Europe. — In the middle of 
 aH immenle inclolure, furrouncltd by a va't portico, 
 >vh:ch fu])ports, cm 4C0 majoflic cohiinns, z«jo co- 
 loflal natucs ; be'.ween two fupei b bafons, blackened 
 with bronze and lime, wh.ofe waters, perpetualiy in 
 motion, Ipout up, fparkle, fall down again, and 
 murmur nigkt and cay, a magnificent Obei^fk pon;- 
 pouflv rears its head. 
 
 This Obcli'k is of the fineft granite, and was hewn 
 in Egypt — It was ertvl-ted by Ikxtus V. 
 
 B'ot It is not very aflonifhing that St Peter's niou'd 
 become io pn;digious an edifice. it was projcxitd 
 by the vanity cf Julius iF. who defired that hiS 
 tomb Ihould be a ttmple. It was undertaken by tlie 
 genius of l.eo X, * who was ambitious of forming 
 one perfect work from the maltti iv produ'Rions vi 
 all ilic Fine -.'\rls. At length, at the end of feveral 
 
 CCl\r 
 
 * It was the fcandalous fale of Inthilgencies in order to 
 raife -r.oney for tV>if; buildini;^, that gave rife to the Hefor- 
 n^ation, and which )^utl>er fo boldl\ and fucccfs fully carri- 
 ed into etlet^t. The unfortniraie WicklitF had attempted a 
 reformation of reli;;ion long htfrre (about the year 1350), 
 tut he appeared too foon ; he had not tliC noble Art of 
 Printing to alTirt his endeavours, by o])enh-!g the minds of 
 the people ; and fo he and his fcllovv ers fell beneath the 
 
 power of the Roman Ponifls. Here again we fee the ef. 
 
 fe<fts oi succi'Si- — WicklifF is Itigmatifed as a Heretic; Lii- 
 t>ier is celebrated as a Reformer '.—Walhington is a Hero j 
 O'Connor is a Rebel ! 
 
44 MODERN ROME. 
 
 centuries, it was finiflied by Sextus V. * who wifli-* 
 ed to finifh every thing. 
 
 This is one of the nioft extenfive edifices the work! 
 has feen. It divides the Vatican Mount inro tv^'o 
 parts ; it covers the circus of Nero ; and doles tip, 
 between Rome and the world, the Triuinrhal Way. 
 
 It is impoliibie to give an idea of the lenfations ' 
 \vbich lill thefcui on entering, for the hvi\ time, Sc^ 
 Peter's Church — at Mnding ourfslves on tliat exten- 
 five pavement, amid/fc enormous pillars, and before 
 thefe coliMTins of bronze ; at the iigbt of all thofe" 
 paintings, of all thole iiatues, of all thofe tombs, of 
 all thofe altars, and under that vart dome — in a word- 
 where the pride of the molt powerful Pontiifs, and 
 T] e arajbition of all the £'ine Arts, have, for centu- 
 tnries, been adding to it ornaments of gold, granite, 
 niarb'e, bronze, and canvas, iiicrcaling its grandeur 
 and magnihcence, and infuting its beauty and dura- 
 tion ! t 
 
 It is poUibJe, no doubt, to pi'e up to a greater 
 height, and on a mc-"e ami)]e fuperhcies, a greater 
 number of Itones. But, from fi> many cololfal parts 
 to compofe one cdiiSue which fha!! appear wholly 
 grand ; from fu many rich and brilliant materials, to 
 «reit a building sviiicb fhall appear wholly magiiifi- 
 ccnt} and, itoia i'o many parts,, to form one iingle 
 
 whole 
 
 * A cotemporary o£ Qiieen Elizabeth, both of them bold 
 and {ingulur charu-'fterc, uad whofe hiitcries are vrell worthy 
 of peniftl. — It v/as cnce prcjecled to marry them togcther.- 
 If they had, it v/a? faid, they ^vould Irave produced Heroes 
 capable cf cxwlavin?,,. or deftroying, the -world. 
 
 I It took 56 years to build St. Paul's church in London, 
 and it coft one million fterling. — Sir Cbriftopher Wren had 
 the linj^ilar good fortune to hegin and llniih it. — St. i'aul's 
 is iniqi'.ef'-ionably the noblsfc piece of modern Church arcliir 
 teeturc in the Britilh dominions ; but thofe who wifli to 
 form an idea oi the Gotiiic ftilc cf building, will look with 
 wonder and aftoniiiiment on the great Cathedral at York. 
 
 Had bir Chrifcopher Wren's plan been fallowed in re* 
 building London after the great fire of^ 1666, it now hai 
 been the handfor.ieU as well as the lar^eft city iu Europe^ 
 perhaps in. the world.. 
 
MODERN ROME. 45 
 
 awliole, mufl be acknowledged to be a mafier-piece 
 ©f human art and ])erjlvcrance. 
 
 And this inader-piece, in part, is the work of 
 Michael Angelo — it contains the labour of 2.8 years 
 of the great Michael An^elo i 
 
 But, fays the nice Critic, there are faults — None 
 to my mind; not eveii to the eye. if there arc any, 
 they u)ull be found by the compafs. 
 
 And woul::1 you take a rule to mcafure the gran- 
 oeur of this Temple ? — No — All the time i was in 
 it, I thought only of God — of laernity ! — By iii- 
 fpiring inch ideas, confifts its true oTandeur. 
 
 It rs impoifiblc, in this noble edihce, to entertain 
 ordinary ientiments or vulgar ideas. 
 
 What a theatre is here for the eloquence of Re- 
 ligion, for the demondration of Virtue ! — I could 
 wiJh, amidu: all the fpiendor of Roniii'li pomp, that 
 the voice of St. Paul hircfelf migbt thunder on a 
 iudi^en, rolling from tomb to tomb, re-echeed by all 
 thefe vaulted roofs, and denouncing to an audience 
 of Kings, in the awful voice of the King of Kings, 
 demanding an account from the awakened conlcien- 
 ces of thofe pale and trembling Mcnarchs, for aJl 
 the blood fhed, and all the tears Sowing, at this very- 
 moment, by thur command, in every quarter of the 
 ^vorl) ! 
 
 [We are forrv we have not room for this Author's 
 account of Naples; perhaps \^ e may find room for 
 it on another t)CcafK)n — In fome refpects, however, 
 it is only a repetition oT the fad corruption of mo- 
 dern Italy, the ikme floth, ignorance, and fuperfti- 
 tion, mixed with the fame clfemiaaccy, proliigacy, 
 and abominable debauchery !] 
 
 P. s — Our Readers know, that afrcr the larc Tope 
 Pins Vi. had ()een driven out of Ron-re by rhe Frenc^^ 
 armv, and attempting to obtain fcvcral afylums, he 
 at Icngtii took j-efu^e in France, where he died; 
 when u f^am cle^ion was held ar Venice, and a crea- 
 ture of the Koufc of Ar.flria was advanced to 'the 
 dangerous and degraded honour of the I'^opeJom. — • 
 
 lie 
 
4^ MODERN ROME. 
 
 He took opon him the name of Pius VII. and when 
 the French Avere, in their turn, in li^e abfence of 
 Bunoparte in Egypt, obliged to relinquiili their con- 
 riiefts in Italy, the new Pope took poirefhon of the 
 Pontifical chair, when one of his fird avfts was, to 
 rellore the Liquifitiony that powerful but mo/l abomj- 
 i3able inf!rument of flavery and delpoiiim! — From 
 "'vhidi ac^ we cannot be at a loi's to jvucfs tlic views 
 ijind intentions of the combined Monarchs, and julli- 
 fyiiig the fcnriment of the Writer from whom we 
 have made ourex-ri6ls: " That it is the crown of 
 the JMonarch wliich fiipports tl!c tiara of the Pontiff, 
 and that both eonfpirc to ktep the people in fub- 
 jeaion." 
 
 On this occafion, it cannot be improper to relate 
 the following Anecdote of the atniabie Ganganelli, 
 ClementXlV. commonly called the Prorcflant: Pope. 
 
 An Englifh rentleman, on his travels, taking leave 
 of Voltaire, laid to him in a jocular manner, that 
 as lie was going to Rotne, he wiflied to know if he 
 had any commands to the Pope? — " Prefent my 
 >-umble refpecT^s to the Holy Father (anfwered the 
 Philofopher) and tell iilm, I would be much obliged 
 To 1 im, if he would fend me the eyes and ears oithe 
 Ino^uifitor General." The Englilliman, on his arri- 
 val at Rome, being prefented to the Pope, was fo 
 charmed with his affability and condelcenlion, that 
 he thought he might, without offence, venture to 
 execute the Philofopher's comrniflion — ^' When you 
 return to Ferney (faid the good old man) make my 
 compliments to M.. Voltaire, and affiue him, that 
 the Inqointor General has neither eyes nor ears Hnce 
 Ganganelli became PontifF." * 
 
 • It is generally believed, that this good man died by 
 polfon ; his liberal and truly chriilian mind gave oiience to 
 the more rigid members '>f the Conclave, as well as to cer- 
 tain Catholic Princes ; fuch liberality did not fuit eirher the 
 temporal or the fpiriturd views of the Parties. On his death, 
 the Conclave chofe & man of a contrary difpofit ion ; one of at 
 gioomy. moroie difpofition, fuperilitious, bis^otted, and an 
 infle:vibie obferver cf all the dogn;as of Mother Church. 
 
 It is of Clement that ivioore relates the excellent ftory of 
 the Scotchman's going from Aberdeen t© Rome, in order to 
 convert :he Pope to Prefb/terianifm! 
 
( 47 ) /: 
 
 MODERN PAPaS, 
 
 Li the fixth Year of the Revolution. 
 
 IF the morning, in Paris, is devoted to bufincfs, 
 the evening at leaft belongs ro Pleaiare. Over 
 thole hours fhe holds an iindivi<fed empire, but is 
 worfhipped at innumerable altars, and hailed by 
 ever varvying rituals. 
 
 During the lafl winter the amufements of .24 the- 
 atres, which were opened every night, were every 
 night fucceeded by public and private bails, in I'ucli 
 numbers, that there were no kfs than 2000 ball 
 rooms infcribed on the regillers of the Police, which 
 keeps its wakeful vigils over every Tort of amufe- 
 inent, in all their gradations, from the bright blaze 
 of waxen tapers which difplays the charms of 
 nymphs dreffed a la Suuvage^ ov a la Grec, who grace 
 the iplendid ball de Richlieu ; to rhe oily lamp which 
 lights up the feventh fh)ry, or the vaulted cellar, 
 where the blind fiiiler's animating fcrape calls the 
 Sovereign people to the cotillion of wooden fhoes. 
 
 Thele 2000 ball rooms of the capital afford ample 
 proof that no revolution has taken place in the man- 
 ners of the French, and that they are /till a dancing 
 nation. 'J hey have indeed of late fully demond ra- 
 ted to the wcrld that they are capahle of greater 
 things; and that when the energies of their fouls 
 are called forth, they can toUow Buonaparte acroi's 
 the bridge of Lodi ; but when their minds return to 
 its natural pofitioa, every barrack has a room appro- 
 riated for dancing, and the Heroes of Arcole, as well 
 as the M'.ifadins of Paris, 
 
 " All knit hands, and beat the ground 
 " In a light fautallic round." 
 
 The fetes of the Court, it is afTertcd by the few 
 perfons remaining in France, by whom they were 
 fdqueated, were but tawdry I'plendour compared 
 witli the clafiical elegance which prevails at the 
 feles of our republican Contractors. As a ipccimen 
 of thefe private balls, 1 ftiali trace a ftiort Iketch of 
 
 a 
 
4B MODERN PARIS. 
 
 a dance lately given by one of the furninjers of 
 ffores for fleets ahd armies, in his ipacious Hotel, 
 where a'l! the furniture, in compliance with the pre- 
 fent fafijion at Paris, is antique; wnere all that- is 
 rot Creek is Roman ; where (lately liiken beds, 
 maffy fophas, worked tape/lry, and gilt ornaments, 
 are thro'.vn afide as rude gothic maaniiicencc, and e- 
 vcry couch refembics that of Pericles, every chair 
 thofe of Cicero ; where every wall is hniihcd in ara- 
 befque, like the baths of Titus, and tvery table, 
 upheld by Caflors and Polluxes, is covered with A- 
 thenian bufls and Etrufcan vales ; where tiiat modern 
 piece of furnirure a clock is concealed bcriearli the 
 clafiic bar of Phocbas, and the dancing hours ; and 
 every chininey-iron is ilipported by a Sphinx, or a 
 Grfffin. 
 
 The drefs of his female vifltors was in perfect 
 J^armony with the fuiniture of his hotel; for al- 
 though the Parifian Jadies are not fufpec^led of any 
 obttinate attachment to Grecian modes -of govern- 
 ment, they are mod rigid partizans of Grecian 
 modes of drefs, adorned like the cotemporaries of 
 Afpafia — the locfe liglit drapery, the naked arm, 
 the bare bofom, the fandaled feet, the circling zone, 
 tfee golden chains, the twifling treffes, all diiplav 
 the mofl inflexible conformity to tke laws of republi- 
 can coflunie. The myifl fafliionable hair-drefler of. 
 Paris, in order to accommodate hin^felf to the claflical 
 talle of his fair cuttomers, is provided vv^ith a varie- 
 ty of antique bufls as models ; and when he waits on 
 a lady, eaquire?if flie chufes to be dred that day a la 
 Cle-.patu., In Tjia-nne^ or la Pfyche ? — Sometimes the 
 chanfcful nvmph is a veflal, fom-etimes a Venus ; 
 but the \^{{ rap;e has been the Niobe ; of late fat and 
 lean, cray and fr-rave, old and young, have been all a 
 laNiob? ; and the many-curled periwig, thrown afide 
 by the ialhiona'DJe clafs', now decorates the heads of 
 petty {hopkeepers. 
 
 The fair Grecians being determined not to injure 
 the contour (»f fine form.; by fuperfuious iucumhran- 
 ■ces, no failiionablc lady at Paris wt*rs any ptckets, 
 
 a lid 
 
MODERN PARIS. .?9 
 
 and the inconvenience of being ^virh^llt is obviated 
 by Iticking her fan in her belt, fliciing in a flat puri'e 
 of Mi>rocco leather, only large enough to contain a 
 iew louis, at the fide of her neck, and giving her 
 fnufr-box and her pocktt-hai'dkerchicf to the care (»f 
 the genileman ^vho attends her, and to whom llie ap- 
 plies for rnem whenever (he has occafion. 
 
 For a fiior: time daring tlie winter, in defiance of 
 froil and fnow, the cof!ume of a few reigning belles 
 vas not a la grecy but a lafa.ivagc. To be drelled a 
 fauvagpy was to have all that part of the frame 
 s^hich Nvas not left uncovered clad in a light drapery 
 of fiel'h colour- The boddice under wliich no lintn 
 was worn (lliifts being an article of drcfs long fincc 
 rejected at Paris, bcth by the Greeks and the Sava- 
 ges) the boddice v»-as made of kuifcd illk, clinging 
 txadly to the ihape, which is ptrfcdly difplaved ; 
 liie petticoat was on one fjde iwiiltd up by a light 
 feitoon ; and the feet, which were either bare or co- 
 vered with a filk flecking of flefh colour, fo woven 
 as to draw upon the toes like a glove upon the lingers, 
 were decorated with diamonds. Tiiele gentle fava- 
 ges, however, found themfclves fo rudely treated 
 whenever they appeared by the fovcreign multitude, 
 that at length the fafhions of Oraheite were thrown 
 afi:le, and Greece remains the Handing order of the 
 day. 
 
 But to return to the ContraiHor, and his ball — Af- 
 ter feveral hours had pafl in dancing cotillions, 
 ^vhich the young women of Paris perform with a 
 degree of perfc(^tion — a light nymphifh grace unfeen 
 clfewhere — and after the walfe, which is now never 
 forgotten at a Paris ball, had proved that the fleady 
 heads of Niobes were not to be made giddy, the 
 coiTip:iny were led to a fupper furnifhed with Eaflern 
 n^agniticence, and decorated with attic tafle. After 
 fupper the folding doors of the faloon were thrown 
 open to a garden of conCdcrable extent, beautifully 
 illuminnied with coloured lamps, and its trees bend- 
 'ing with laviili clultersof fruits ol every feafon, and 
 every climate, formed of ice, while fountains pour- 
 ed forth ilreams of orgeat, lemonade, and liqueurs! 
 D But 
 
^p MODERN PARIS. 
 
 But svbile tliefe imitators of Greece and Rome are 
 revelling in Afiatic luxury, you hear tbem lameuiing 
 mofl padierically the ftibveriion of the ancicni Re- 
 gime ; [hat Regime, which would at leai't have had 
 tlms much of jultice, that it wolKI have retained 
 thefe perfor.ages in the anti-cliambers of the faiocHis 
 they now occupy ; to which anti-chambers !i]cy 
 Avouid with a counter-revolution mod probabiy re- 
 turn. One is obliged to offer up an invoca-ion to 
 Patience, na hen condemned to IKlen to their Mcrlri- 
 niations againfl that new order of things lo v. 1: '; 
 iolely they owe their elevation. 
 
 There is indeed one clafs of perfons, before whofe 
 complaints of the Revolution, however bitter, the 
 mind humbles itfelf in fympathetic forrow. The 
 poor Noble, while he fips his Spartan black-brcth, 
 which he is forced to procure by parting, in fad g'"a- 
 tlation, with all the relicks of his former f])len{!our, 
 with watches, rings, furniture and clothes *, he in- 
 deed, if he complains, is to be pitied, and if h.e 
 forbears complaint, it is to be revered 1 But alas, 
 there is fo much of tragical detail in the pages of 
 the Gre,at Book, a thing- which has long lince been 
 called a great evil, that we muft give it at Icafl a 
 ■whole chapter to itfelf. 
 
 At prefect I Ihall only obferve, that the reign of 
 Terror has acfled upon this country like ibme mighty 
 peftiience, which not only (weeps away devoted mil- 
 lions in Its fury, but leaves an obnoxious taint upon 
 every objedl where it l>as pafled. The reign of ter- 
 ror has given a fatal wound to the energies of public 
 fpirit ; ordinary mine's have miftaken the execrable 
 abufes of Liberty for an effeel of the generous prin- 
 ciple itfelf the vifiims of revolutionary government 
 have lifted up their complaining voice ; all emotions 
 of fympathy, arid all the feelings of indignation 
 have been called forth ; and the partizansof the an- 
 cient Regime have left no art unpra6tifed, no feduc? 
 tion untried, to take advantage of thefe difpofitions 
 ?n favour of their own fyftem. 
 
 Thofe 
 
MODERN PARIS. ci 
 
 • Thnfc who Iiave been too rapidly cnricheJ by the 
 iicvoUition, have endeavoured to hide the obCcurity of 
 their orioin, by min:ieking i\w. tones of thoCe who 
 have titles and honours to regret, till Arillocraey 
 has (ieicended lb low, that it will loon };efhaps bo 
 cxpludf'd,. like any other fafhion, when taken up by 
 the vulj.v'jr. Thcfj very ladies, who Jiavc taughc 
 their new-made Licge Lords to ape their coup>ter- 
 rovolutionary follies, will at length be ainamed of 
 their Ariflocracy, when t'ley find how incceisfully 
 they are rivalled in tho{«; fentinients by their mil- 
 liners and inantua-raakers, A writer of a late poli- 
 tical pamphlet has given an admirable rcaibu why 
 onr Parhian belles will foon lay afidc the tone of e- 
 ternal lamentations for the overthrow of defpotifm. 
 '-'• .Seven years," fays he, '^ have already elapfcd 
 fiiice the e'^;ocha of tlie Revolution : fcven years is a 
 period of feme length in the hiflory of a youthiul 
 beauty, and a lady will not regret the Monarchy 
 under the penalty of palTing for old." I believe 
 every perfon who has lludied the female heart, will 
 agree with this writer, that the Republic has a tol- 
 erable chance upon this principle of obtaining'' ere 
 long many fair prolelytes. 
 
 Public balls, as well as concerts, \vcrc held lafl 
 ^v inter at the Theatre Francuis^ which) ai'ter having 
 been long fiuit up, was repaired, embcllidied, and 
 baptized by the Greek name of the Odcon; and that 
 no jealouiy might exifl: between the balls and con- 
 certs, on account of this clallical nomenclature, the 
 balls immediately received the appellation of 
 Th'afes, 
 
 But the mnflfingular fpecies of amufemcnt which 
 the lafl winter produced, were fubfcriptior.-balls, 
 entitled as des balsa la ViHime. Such, and fo power- 
 ful was the rage for pleaiure, that a certain number 
 of its votaries who during the tyranny of Robcf- 
 pierrc, had loft their neareh relations on the fcalibld, 
 inflituted, not days of fuch folcmn, lad commemo- 
 ration, as is dear to the fuperftition of fendernefs, 
 >Yhen, in melancholy proceHion; clad in Table, and 
 D ?. Nvreath- 
 
J 2 MODERN PARIS. 
 
 wreathed in cyprefs, they might hav« I<nelr, a 
 mourning multitude, around the Ipot wlicce il)e mu- 
 tilated bodies of their murdered parents liad been 
 thrown by the executioner; and bathed the iod with 
 thofe bitter tears which iilial atleytion, or organized 
 love, Ihed over tiie broken ties of nature, or of paf- 
 fion — nol — the commemorative rites which thele 
 mourners offered to the manes of their maflacred re- 
 lations, were feftive balls ! To thcfe ilrange, unhal- 
 lowed orgies, no one could be admitted who had not 
 Io(l a father, a mother, a hufband, a wife, a bro- 
 tlier, or a (iHer, on tlje guillotine; but any perfon 
 with a certiticate of their execution in his pocket 
 book, not only obtained admiffion, but migjht dance 
 US long, and as heart could wifli. Had Hofbein been 
 prei'cnt at Inch a fpe^tacle, no doubt he would have 
 enriched his death-dance with new images, and led 
 forward eich gay nymph by -an attendant headlefs 
 fpe6\re. Tlie indignant cry of public opinion, how- 
 ever, was at length heard above the mufic of the 
 \val(e and the cotillion ; and the bal a Iz vidhm' exi/U 
 no longer to bear its powerful teflirnony to a depra- 
 vation, not merely of manners, but of the heart. 
 
 If in the winter, conformibly to ourGrecian ideas 
 at Paris, concert rooms became Odeo7is, and the Ni- 
 ches and the Titus's danced in a fhiaftf, fummer can 
 boaft of more than equal honours ; lince then we ne» 
 ver tread but once the attic ground, and never fufter 
 ourielves to he pleafed but when pleafnre prefcnfs 
 henelf with a claflical appellation. Witncfs ye 
 gardens '-f Tivoli, ye bo^vers of Idalia, ye winding 
 walks of F.lyfium, ye grotos of Venus, ye vales of 
 Tempc, ye groves of ThefTalyi witnefs with what 
 fond alarriir the lovers of antiquity fly in multitudes 
 to your cnchanti:ig reccfle-, where the arching trees 
 are hung with innumerable lamps of varying co- 
 lours, wjicrc the car is exhilerated with the ibunds 
 of muf-c, acd the eye 15 clieared with the move- 
 ments of the dance ; and where every evening the 
 hour of ten ferves as a general fignal, at wliicb the 
 whole eitv of Paris feems one vaft theatre for the 
 ^ dil- 
 
MODERN PARIS. 53 
 
 difplay of fireworks. A (Iranger who fhould enter 
 tliis city at nia,ht by the bridge of Neuilly^ might: 
 Ibppofc he l^ad reached this fceiie of gieat events at 
 Ibmc important epociia, which had occalloned a gen- 
 eral rejoicing. On his right he would dilcein the 
 lights of SagaielUy beaming throngh the Bois de 
 Botdo?;ni'^ and would pais dole to the brilliant en- 
 trance of Idalia ; on his lett lie would be dazzled by 
 the illumination of the Elynum ; while, as he ad- 
 vanced, he would dilcern, above every quarter of 
 the town, the tali Iky rockets dartirg iheir viviii 
 fladi, and would hear, in all directions, the light 
 explofions of enchanted palaces, with urighl arcades 
 and fairy columns : 
 
 " The crackling; flames appear on high, 
 
 •' Ar.d driving fparkles daiice akng tlie fky." 
 
 B^gatflle alone, the once gay retreat of the Comie 
 d'Ariois, is fulfered, by our Grecian amateurs, to 
 re'.ain its old sppellation in favour of the regal in:ia- 
 ges which it brings to memory. What food for the 
 jamblings of the mind along the piihs of hiftory, 
 ^vhen it contriiUo the lig^t [Trench modern graces of 
 Bagatelle, with tlie maiT;/, Gothic gloom of Holy- 
 rood-houU^! - — it may be obferved tliat, the rer'bns 
 
 WliO 
 
 * A r-loomy Gctliic bailding at Edinburgh, formerly the 
 paltt-^.f^ '^\ t"*.c Kin.rr,!; cf Jcotlinci. — It was this fo:r.bre dwell- 
 ing that Avas afSgned by the BritifiA goverument for the refi- 
 Jence of I'is Royal Highticfs ;hc Count d'ArtoiS, and v/herc 
 h-^ did r'ii;.ie i;;r ^crne liine, eatirg his e^^^/iiteeri peiiny din- 
 i.tir.", a ih-;'<.in j; c ntrait tc ^he fplendid and vciajjtuous evi- 
 fertainrr.ents a; VeriaiUt^. in the abie.ice of Buonaoarte in 
 I'-KypM '-^^^ -.vhea the French airaies v. ore driven out of Italy, 
 r:.f wlairs ot the Royaii'ls bore a more prcmi^.ng appear- 
 u:,c£, the Cviifit v/as cali'd up to London, and ha'i various 
 meetings v>ith the ci-devant Noblea, Biohops, ^c. preparatcry 
 to their cmbatAiiijj in tiiumph for frarre — It was then that 
 younj; OiieuiuT, ihe fame who was foxrie time in this ccuntr} , 
 . fdlupon iiir. kneep, fr-td ttars of contrition, and received 
 the Royal pardon' — Cn a fuddcn, the Conqueror cf Italy- 
 made hiT appearance in France, and the affairs of the Roy- 
 
 aliib once more aflurned a dciperate appearance. At prt- 
 
 leut, the world waits in awlul CApcCtatior., to fee whether 
 ^ 3 Buona- 
 
54 MODERN PARTS. 
 
 ^v]lO are forever lamenting the fubverfion of the srp- 
 cicnt Regime, arc ndt prevented bv their regrets 
 lro'.n giving all the encouragement in their power to 
 ihoib who convert one palace al'rer another into 
 scenes of public amnibmenr ; and ihat ihey eagerly 
 purcbsfe for half a crown, the privilege of treading 
 i^aiiy every evening with the plebeian multitude, 
 liioic magnificent gardens and f'uinptiiuns hotels, of 
 ^vhich the poiltirors have, for the mofr part, as in 
 iormer proicriptions, paid for ilieir beautiful retreats 
 i\t Aiba, with their lives. Rjit while tbefe lovers of 
 d'jfpotifjn forget their regrets m their picafi;res, the 
 philofophicmind woadcrs ofien in n-ufing mood along 
 ihefe fcfHve haunts, where the moil fingular combi- 
 lioiior.s croud upoo reflection ; and, amidll: the glow- 
 ing enthufialrn of liberty, mourns thofc partial evils 
 ih-it have clouded its biightnefs, and abhors thole 
 ciiicl abufes that have fullied its caufe ! 
 
 When rVie li/uliiplied engagements of the evening 
 uo nor cfrer leifure for an excuiiion to Tivoli^ or a 
 trip to IJalia, tijc gay v.orid at leaft find iiifricient 
 time in the interval between the play and the Jetit 
 paper, to ioiu-.gc for half an hour at one of the faflii- 
 oiitihle (J/ir a iiv. A glacier is a fort of coiTce-hcu^e, 
 ♦Jbblillied in the fine hotels of emigrants, lylcnciuly 
 illi^niinated, open to perfbns of both lexcs, and 
 v^licre you pay for your adniiiiion by eating ices, for 
 ^vhich there is now lb extraordinary a demand !« 
 Paris, that if the following winter fliould prove 
 inilcl, the ice-purveyors perhaps will be forced to 
 lend to the department of Mont Blanc, in order to 
 furnifii themfelves with means of fupplying the enor- 
 mous v.-ants of their cuRomers. 
 
 ( As the foregoiwg piclure is drawn by a friend of 
 I-ibcrty, the friends of Liberty will have ftrong fears, . 
 that fo frivolous and fantaftic a people arc unfit to 
 
 en- 
 
 Euonaparte will beccme another General Monk, whether he 
 v> ill endeavour to retain the power in his ov.ni hands, or 
 Avhether he will refiorc to the French people their rights, cmd 
 llberdes. 
 
MODERN PARIS. 5j 
 
 cnjoy or unable to pra61ice the principes of Free- 
 rJoVn. — The various events of the ilevolutioir, how- 
 ever, have gone beyond all human calculation or 
 conpclure, and Ave have fcen the wonders that this 
 A'Dliitile, but truly brave people have performed. — 
 Surrounded by all the Dei'pots o[ Europe, and not: 
 yet entirely divefted of reiipions prejudices and fu- 
 perAition, they arc liable to the innumerable fr.ares 
 and machinations of ihcir former Prieds ar.d Nobles ; 
 and it is long before ancient habits and opinions can 
 
 be eradicated even in a flare of tranquility.-- But 
 
 as they tliey fiiook off the bloody feiters of Robe- 
 fpierre, let us cherifii a hope, that they Avill at 
 length overconrje all their dirticukies, that tiicy will 
 etcape tiie bold and detp dcficHis of" Buonaparte, ii 
 he is infincere, and finally enjoy the bleffin^s of true 
 and well-regulated Libwrty.] 
 
 MODERN LONDON, 
 Ji the Chfc of the i^th Ce.itury. 
 
 LONDON, the metropolis of Great Britain, one 
 of the largelt and moft opulent cities, in the 
 AYorld, is mentioned by Tacitus as a place of con- 
 fiderable note in tiie time of Nero. London is near- 
 ly 8 miles long on the banks of the Thames, abovs 
 3 miles wide, and 24 miles in circumference, con- 
 taining coooftreetG, lanes, and alleys, and 65 fquares 
 in which are above 362,000 houfcs, befulcs ware- 
 Ijoufes and public buildings ; the inhabitants are rec- 
 koned 1,250,00c, being fully 400,000 more than 
 what arc eftimared in the city of Paris, Taking a 
 compafs of ten miles round St, Paul's church, which 
 would include nearly ico towns and villages, the 
 number of inhabitants would then be 1,500,000, a 
 fourth part of the whole of the people in tlie United 
 States elHmated at their greatefl number, and more 
 than all the inhabitants of Virginia, both black and 
 >vhite ! 
 
 D 4 Lon- 
 
56 MODERN LONDON. 
 
 London, with all its opulence, is not remarkabfe 
 for its ejcgance. The streets are crooked, narrow, 
 and irregular; nor are its public bni!ding$ appropri- 
 ately magailiccnt. St. Paul's CbiM-cli is the moU re- 
 markable modern fabric ; indeed it is a noble pile, 
 and only inferior to 8t. Peter's in Rome. It is zzya 
 feet in ci re urn Terence, and 365 i'cet in heiglit ((ee 
 Note p. 44) — As a Gothic buildin^r, WelfminUer 
 Abbey is a grand fpecinicn 6f that k.nd of architec- 
 rure; it was t'onndcd by the iCait Saxons in the year 
 610 ; it is 365 ftct in length, and 195 broad. It 
 tontair.s a greater number and variety ot' inoniinici»i9 
 th.an any churchin the world ; and Henry the Viirs 
 Chaptl has been called one of.th.e Wonders of the 
 World. The bridges over the Thames aie a great 
 omainent 10 Lcnrlon. The rnoit ancient is Londoa 
 bridge, fir.i/hed about the year 1200; it has 19. ar- 
 rbcs, and i^ 950 feet long. Welinnuikr bridge is 
 one of the finclt in the world; ic was built by La- 
 beile, a native of Switzerland, and was iiniflied in 
 the year 1750; it has 15 arches, and is 121^ ^""S* 
 Elackfriar's bridge, built by Siylne, a Scotchmaiirv 
 v/as completed in the year 1768 ; it is 995 feet long, 
 ,and.coidilh of 9 elliptical arcl^es, the centre one too 
 feet wide, end all of them wider than the famous 
 Rialro at Venice. 
 
 But as wc Lave not room to particularife all the 
 ptiblic buildings, wc muil mention in the grofs.— 
 London contains 246 churches and cliaptls of the e- 
 Ifabliliicjj Religion; 207 Mceting-houies for Diffcnt- 
 tc;s of diiKjrcnt denominations; 45 Chapels for Fo- 
 rcijxaers ; and 6 Synagogues for Jews. It has 4050 
 i<.;T>iaaries -of FJducaiion, 170 Ahns-honfes, and 750 
 Lriliturions for charitable ufes, ike. &:c. (kc. 
 
 The broad ilream of the river Thames flowing be- 
 \vicciiLozcon ziid South wark, continually agitated 
 !)y a brii}-w c'srreriT, or a rapid tide, brings conflatit 
 ihppiJes of freiri i:nd. wlfolcfome air into this vaffc 
 city, which is remarkably healthy, confidering its 
 f:ze. The cleanlirers of London is greatly aiocd by 
 irs liruarioD m the Thirncs ; and the New lliver fur. 
 
 ther 
 
MODERN LONDON. j^j 
 
 ther contributes to the abundance of tliafvery ne- 
 Cf (lary element. The fituaijon alio is fortunate with 
 regard to navigation ; had it been placed lower on 
 the Thames, it would have been annoyed by un- 
 wholelbme marihes, and more liable to the attacks 
 of foreign enemies; had it been higher, it would 
 not have been acceirible to vellels of burthen. It now 
 poircflcs every advantage that can be derived from a 
 iea-porf, without its dangers; and, at tbe iame 
 time, by means of its noble river, enjoys an exten- 
 live communication with the internal parts of the 
 country. London, therefore, unites in itfelf all the 
 hcnetits aiifing from navigation and commerce, with 
 thofe of a metropolis at which all the public bufinefs 
 of a great commercial nation is tranfaclcd. In the 
 port of London alone, 1 3,500 velTels, and 50,000 
 waggons (including their repeated voyages and jour- 
 riies) annually bring and carry away property to tlie 
 amount of 120 millions .' — Add to this fum, the mer- 
 chandize, provifions, bank-notes, ca(h, jewels, &c, 
 dtpofited, and in cnnftant. circulation wirliin the me- 
 tropolis, in the courie of the year, the whole may 
 fairly be c/linriated at 170 millions Iterling ! ♦ 
 
 D 5 Paris 
 
 * Agrpregate Value of Goods imported into Lcn- 
 
 dcTi in one Year — — — 29,706,477 
 
 Erltifh IV CTchandize exported 11,396,540 
 Fcrrig^i Do, Do. 14,203,915 — 25,605,455 
 
 Vaifle CI Goods imported in upwards of coco 
 coaftir.g vcfTels, averaged at 500I. 
 each, — — 4,500,000 
 
 Do. e."«portcd coaflways in about 
 
 7000 vefltls, at loool. each 7,000,000 — 11,500,000 
 
 Total Anoiint of Property fnipp'd andunih.ipp'd 
 
 in the river Thames in the courfe of a Year, — ■»— «, 
 
 eftim^ted at — — X. 66,812,033 
 
 Be fides the numerous fmall inland cargoes of merchan- 
 dize, grain, malt, flour, coals, and ether articles laden ar.d 
 difcharged in the Thames and the Lea ; and alfo the tack- 
 lin.^, apparel, (lores, and provifions of Tibove 13,500 Hiips ar.d 
 vciTcls (including their repeated voyages), which lade ar.d 
 unlade in the courfe of a year, eaimated at four millior,s 
 more — making a floating, moving, circulating capital of 170 
 millions ilerling, greater, by far, than any city in the world J 
 
j8 MODSRIh LONDON. 
 
 Paris is calUd the Seat if Phufurs ; London^ the ^c-'i; 
 if Ccmmcict;, We have icen, that Paris, with much 
 lewer inhabitants, has 20 or ^4 theatres; whiilt 
 London has only two in winter, and one in i'urnmer. 
 — It is th.ereiorc not only a. commercial, but alio a 
 manulaclLiring city ; foijie manufaclures are peculiar 
 to iifclf, as minillering to ihe demands of ihulicd 
 Iplcndor and reiined luxury, luch as the richeit filkj, 
 gold and filvcr works, jewelery, ac. The poriei- 
 brewery is of vafl coniequcLcc to LondoD, both as to 
 home and forqif^n conibmption ; and fcveral impor- 
 tant branches of commerce are entirely ccntlncd to 
 its port, Inch as, the Turljey, Hudfon's Bay, and 
 ihe Eaft India trade, that great Ibyrce of weaithj and 
 luxury, and corruption ! 
 
 V/here there is much good, it too often happens 
 that there is alfo much evil.- — If London contains a 
 great portion of the moft ufeful and the moll meri- 
 torious of mankind., it alfo contains an aiionifjiing 
 num.ber of tlic vileft and moft corrupt of both fcxes, 
 who refort to this great emporium of wealth and 
 luxury, and either individually, or in conjunc'tion, 
 pillage and defraud the community by a thcqfcirid 
 dili'erent fchemes ! — It cannot be uiienterraining, and 
 it may be infhucHng, to take a fhorc view of the 
 various claffes of unfortunate perfons who live by 
 ^Icalth, or fraud, or violence, in the city of London, 
 — Vv'hiUl it demonflra-t«s the vaft riches and popula- 
 fion of that immeni'e metropolis, it will fliew the 
 corruption of great cities, and prove the neccfTity 
 of jult and vigorous lav.s. 
 
 ESTIMATE of Perfons who are fuppofed to fupport t-:em- 
 felves in and near Loi.don either by immoral, illega], or 
 trlminal pradices. 
 Coiners, coloiircrs, r.tterers of bafe money, Sec. 3)5co 
 
 Thieves, ])ih'erers, embezzlers of goods, &c. 10,000 
 
 Kiverpilferers, lumpers, fcufHe-hunterr,, mud-larks, &c 2,500 
 Itinerant Jews, wandering from llreet to ftrect, hold- 
 ing out tem]Jtations to pilfer and ileal, and Jew- 
 boys crying bad fliillings, &c. and who receive and 
 '.jurchaie f:olen iirticles from unfai'.hful fervanls, &.c. o^f^QO 
 
 Pr*>- 
 
MODERN LONDON. 59 
 
 PforcueJ thieves, burglars, hi2:h\vay robbers, pick- 
 pockets, and river pirate;:, t<c. — Note, There will. 
 
 . be a confiderab-.e increale to this Iqiiad on the re- 
 turn of peace * — — — 8500 
 
 Profeftod and known receivcrr. of flolen goods, fe ,e- 
 
 ral of whom are very opulent, — ico 
 
 Receivers of ftclen floods from jietty pilferers at llore. 
 
 fliops, i-ag and thrum {hops,. &c. — 4cco 
 
 Chimney-fvveepers, coilarcUmongors, afs-drivers, duil- 
 
 r.Aen, rabbit-iVUers, bear-baiters, dog-keepers, Sec. 1500 
 
 V/arehouie porters, journeymen, apprentices, and un- 
 der clerks, who defraud in a little way, — ,. 35^0 
 
 A clufs of fwindlers, cheats, and low gamblers, com- 
 pofed of idle and diiTjlute charaiTters, who have a- 
 bandoned every honeit pv.rfuit, fuch as Morccco- 
 m'*n, Ruffians, Blud;?;eon-men, Lc. who, at times, 
 ad'iimc the trade of duffers, hawkers, pedlars, horfe- 
 uealei's, gamblers with E O tables at fairs, races, S«.c. 7520 
 
 Various other claffcs not included in the above, 1000 
 
 idle, diirdute, and fraudulent Publicans and Tavern- 
 keepers, who harbour &r are conne(fied with idle 
 and criminal characters, who allow their houfes to 
 be rendezvous for gamblers, fwindlers, thieves, &,c. 1000 
 
 A clafs of inferior Oflicers in the Revenue, who con- 
 nive at pillage and thefts, and fharc the plunder, ico© 
 
 A clafs of perlbn.s who keep Chandler's Shops ; the 
 total number is faid to be 10,000 in the n\ctropolls,, 
 many of v/hom cheat their cuilorners by falfe v/(s. 3500 
 
 Strangers out of work who have wandered up to Lon- 
 don in fearch of employment, ike. above IJOO 
 
 Scr- 
 
 * It is one of the mofb plaufible arguments for war, that 
 it rids the country of men fit for nothing elfe than being fol- 
 diers, and that the halberds tame thofe who do not fear the 
 gallows. — The argument would be a good one, if, after tak- 
 ing away thcfe ufelefs beings, it would keep them away ; 
 but we knov/, that on the return of peace, and the diitand- 
 iiig of the army, they return again in double numbers, and 
 doubly corrupted (as is fcated above), to annoy and difturb 
 the community.. Thus,, to malie the argument complete, we 
 fnould always be- at v/ar, in order always to keep the coun- 
 try clear of idlers and vagabonds. — The truth is, that, with 
 certain Politicians, who have cer!:ain cbjedts in view, ivar 
 is a gaiiful trade, and a Standing Army is a ufeful thing, 
 even at the expence of eight percent. intcrelL! 
 
 Good and elfefbual laws fhould either provide employment 
 for idle men, punifh them if tiicy are wicked, QX bs-uifli thein 
 from tlie country entirely. 
 
6o AlODERN LONDON. 
 
 Servants, male and female, porters, bofller^, ftable- 
 -■ boys, &c. out of place, principally from ill behavi- 
 our and lofs of character, — — loooo 
 Perfons called Blaci: Legs, and others profelyted to the 
 vice of raming, who are in the habit of frequent- 
 ir.g honfes opened for play, of which there are at 
 kail fifty ill Weflminfier, where Pharo Banks, Sec. 
 are kept. Ol ti.eie f.ve are kept by Ladies of Fa- 
 fnitm, who receive 50!. each rout, bcfides i-8ih of 
 tiie prcfxti ! — Seven are iubfcription hnules, 5 have 
 particular culionitrs, and 13 admit foreigners and 
 t.\ety idle aud diiiolurc chaiac)er, — 2500 
 Spendthrifts, rakes, giddy young men ine.rperienced 
 and in the purfuit of falfe plealure ; profligate, 
 loofe, and dhToiute charafters, vitiated in tlienifel- 
 . ves, and in the practice of fed ucing others to drun- 
 
 kennefs, lev/dnefs, debauchery, gambling, Sec. 5000 
 
 Foreigners, v;ho live ciiieliy by gambling, — 500 
 
 rommon beggars and vagranis alking alms, fuppofing 
 
 one to every two ftredrs. — — 4000 
 
 Strolling minfirel", ballad-iliijers, fnovv-men, &c. 1500 
 
 Grubbers, Gin-drinl:ing idle V/cmen, deftirute boys 
 and girls, wardering and prov;!ing aLout the llreets 
 picking up nails, chips, cM mC^als, &.c. and^vho are 
 conllar.tiy on the watch to piUtr or fteal, 2oco 
 
 Bavvds, who keep honfes of iil fame, brothels, he. 2000 
 Unf'rrtv.r.att Females of all descriptlor.s, •uho support them- 
 
 sei'i.es partly or 'aholly bj prc:tiVutiori! — 50000 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Annuallois by Small Thefts — — 710,000 
 
 Thefts upon the river and quays 500,000 
 "^'hefts in the d'^ck-yards, f^c. 300,000 
 Eurglarie5,highwayrobberies,8cc. 250,000 
 Coining bafe money 200,000 
 
 Forging bills, fwindling, &c. 200,000 
 
 Total Annual Lofs — L. 2,150,000 
 
 This fum will aftonifli the Reader at firft view; but when 
 the vaft extent of the trz.de and commerce of London is con* 
 fidered, and that in the exports and imports of the Capital 
 alone, there ic an annual movement of about 70 millions of 
 property laden and unladen in the river Thamies, indepen- 
 dent of the great quantity of llationary or fixed property, 
 all which cannot amount to lefs than loo millions — it wiU 
 ceafe to be a matter of furjjrize, that under a defective fyf- 
 tem of Police, the depredations are eftimated fo high. 
 
MODERN LONDON. 61 
 
 In contemplating this fhocking catalogue of hu- 
 man depravity, \vhich, however, does not include 
 every dcfcripiion cf fraud or dilhonefly prav5\ilcd, be- 
 fore the iDJnd {haW imbibe unfavourable iniprcflions, 
 it may be ncccifary to remind the reader, that in or- 
 der jnfily to apprcciace the moral turpitude which 
 attaches to lucii a corrupt communiry, in many re- 
 fpcCts dehidcd and milled by the numerous tci-npta- 
 ticns Vv'liich affail them in a rich and Iri^uriant city, 
 it mMi\ be mcaiuicd by a Icale proportioned to the 
 unparalkled extent and opulence of the metropolis. 
 — London is not only rhe grand magazine of the Bri- 
 tifh err])irc, but alio the general reccpracle for iiie 
 idle and the depraved ofalmoii every country in the 
 ^vorld — where, temptations for criminal pleafures, 
 gambling, fraud, and depredations, a!mo/i exceed 
 imaginatJOD — betides, being the feat of Goverr.ment, 
 and tlie centre of fafliion, amufemenrs, diffipaticn, 
 folly and extravagance, it is a greac manufacturing 
 town, and ibc hill coinmercial city in the univeifc, 
 
 Uiitierthefe circnmfianccs, whiHl: iminoraliry, H- 
 centiouihels, and crimes are knov/n to advance in 
 proportion to riches, it is much to be lamented, that 
 in the rapid increaie of liic latter, fufficient attention 
 has not been beilowed to remedy the defecfts, by a 
 better i'yiicin of police, and a more cifcClive code 
 of iawse 
 
 [From the foregoing account, onr Readers will 
 naturally draw a comparilbn between the police ot 
 Paris and that of London. But befldcs that Paris is 
 Icfs than London by 3 or 400,000 jinhabitants, tliey 
 v^ili rccollevSi, that the police of the former is tlie 
 work of a long feries of defpotifm under the KirQ-ly 
 Regifr.ei and, as a fyflem of police, it was wondW- 
 fully complete and ef/edlive, but fubvctfive of everv 
 principle of Liberty ; it is faid, the Court of Ver- 
 
 iailles had a fpy in almolt every houfe in Paris i 
 
 Since the Revolution, the fame fyitem has been con- 
 tinued hy the different leaders, or ufurpers, of the 
 French government — It was cxcrcifed by Robefpicre 
 
 ' ia 
 
62 MODERN LONDON. 
 
 io order to perpetrate hi;* horrible butcheries ;, and 
 i: is now cxercilcfi by Bnonaparic, to maintain iIlc 
 kingly powers of liis Conlalare !— -^Happily the people 
 of Eiiglaiid have not yet been llibjeclcd ro luch Ai^i- 
 potic rules; and, whatever may be the faulis of their 
 iVliniflers, or rhe ambitions projedls of iheir Kings, 
 "We hope ia God they never Nvill.] 
 
 C R I T I C I S M, 
 
 KUME's H1STOE.Y. 
 
 Fcr the ViPvC-TN I AN Repository. 
 
 SIH, 
 
 THE Editor of the Colle^iion, entitled Wash* 
 iNGTONiANA, has taken UDon Jiinito recom-- 
 mend Hume's Hiftory of England for *' the purity of 
 its flyle." 1 know it is a common opinion, that AlK 
 Kunie is a very elegant hiflorian ; a powerful let of 
 men, who find it their intcxefl to fupport a conjunc- 
 tion of Church and State, have faid fu — but a popu- 
 lar opinion is not always a jutl one ; tl;e voice of the 
 People is not always the voice of Gcd, in liter- 
 ary diIqui{itions ; and, ia the prelenr cafe, 1 am in- 
 clined to think, that the public has been led to be- 
 lieve v/hat will not bear the telt of a critical exami- 
 nation. — 1 ann one of thofe who think, that the (lyle 
 of Hume's Hiflory docs not deferve fuch high re- 
 commendations as it has received ; on the contrary, 
 it appears to me to be often clurafy, frequently in- 
 correct, and never elevated beyond mediocrity. 
 
 As the fubjtd is worthy of conlideration, 1 am in 
 liopes you will give the following obfervaiinns a place 
 in your Ilepofitory. — 1 freely confefs, however, that 
 they are not altooether original ; but they will not, 
 I prefume, bs confidercd the lefs curious and impor- 
 tant, becaufe tl.'cv happen to accord with the judge- 
 Eicnt of an able Critic in London, And I tbii;k it 
 
CRITICISM. 63 
 
 a diiity X owQ to my fellow citizens of the United 
 Stares, not only 10 jniard ibcm aga'uill Toryinii an.d 
 InfvJclity, '"''- but alio from being led believe, that 
 ilicfc are purity aad elci^aiice of ilyle where ihcy 
 «rc not, 
 
 Ai Mr. Hiirnc's cbaradlcr of Onccn Elizabeth has 
 bf:cn particularly adniircd, I lluiU fcleiTt tliat portion 
 oi' his HKtory, and-tryit l-»y the touchfcone of grain- 
 matical correclacls and claincai puriiy. 
 
 " There arc few pcrfniagcs in fliltory, who have 
 been more cxpoftd to the caKin'sny of enemies, and 
 t?ie adulation of friends, than {Jjieen Elizabeth/ and 
 yet there fi^arcely is any \vlrolt* reputation has been 
 more certainly determined by the unanimous confeat 
 of po/terity." . 
 
 Now, tlie writer did not mean what is here af- 
 ferted. Elizabeth's charadlcr is no more expofcd to 
 eahimny and adulation, than the charaiTter of any 
 other perfonagc, bocanfe Calumny and Adulation 
 make no rational dliHntftions. Her character may, 
 indeed, have incurred more caljmny and adulation, 
 or have been the ohjtd of t]ien7, than that of moi\ 
 other people; and this is what theWriter would have 
 expreffcd, had he known how to write Englifn. 
 
 " Tiie unulhal length of her «i//72z/Z7y?rrt.//5?:, andtljs 
 {\.\-or\gfeaiurss of her chara<L"ier, were able to over- 
 come all difhcnlties } and obliging her detractors to 
 abate much of their inveclivcs, and her admirers 
 fomewhat of their panep;yrics, have, at laft, in fpite 
 of political factions, and, what is more, of religious 
 
 ani- 
 
 * Mr. Flume's f-ril cHav as a HlHorian was tvro volumes 
 in defence of the Hoxife of Stewart. Thefe met with fo 
 favourable a reception from a numerous Party, tiiat he leng- 
 thened his book into a Hiilory of England, including the 
 affairs of Scotland. From wlience it will be ^ttw, that ^, r. 
 Hume's outfet Avas a profelfed defence of Tory principles, 
 and how unfit he is to be confidered as an impartial hlftori- 
 
 . cal guide withrefpea to pohiical doarines— indeed he is the 
 favourite Author of all the advocates for Monarchy, and is 
 
 . confidered by them as a ilandard authority. 
 
 Qoldfmith was alfj on the Tory fide, r..id yet his Abridge 
 r^-iht is become ?. i:Jekool-book i 
 
64 CRITICISM. 
 
 animcfities, produced a uniform judgement with re- 
 gard to her conducFi." 
 
 No judge of I he EngliHi language will venture to 
 fay, that there is either purity or elegance in this 
 pafFagc. A cone^Tl writer wouid have put reign in- 
 head of adminijiration. Tlie fancy too of vl feature as 
 able to overcome a prejudice, will have but few ad- 
 r.jirers amongft readers of taftc and dijcernment. — 
 indead oftf uniform, it (hould be written an uniform 
 judgetnetit, he. And how infipid is the concluiion ? 
 — .*' a uniform judgement with regard to her con- 
 ducf i" — The poprcit icribbler for aNews-paper could 
 not have clothed his feni iment in more beggarly 
 language. 
 
 *•• Ker vigo-ar, her cmpancy^ her magnanimity, her 
 penetration, vigilance, addrefs, arc allowed to merit 
 the highei^ prail'cs, and appear not to have been lur- 
 paiTed by any perfon that ever filled a throne," 
 
 Where is the elegance of this palTage ? — Befides, 
 conftancy^ in its general fcnfe, is well reprefented by 
 \.\\Q conjiar.tia o^ tne Romans, but Englifn readers ap- 
 ply the word to love or friendfhip. Perfeverance^ or 
 jlrmnefs^ or fome equivalent expreilion, would much 
 better have reprelented t})e writer's intention in this 
 place. h\\(\ the lalt claufe of the paffage is particu- 
 larly cold and undignified. 
 
 *' A conduit lefs rigorous, lefs imperious, more Hn- 
 cere, more indulgent to her people, tvozild have been 
 requifiie to form a perfect characTter,"- 
 
 How, ivcu/d have been ? — It lliould be '^ is requifite" 
 in addition to her excellencies. 
 
 *' By the force of her mind, flie controlled all her 
 more a<rtivc and Wronger qualities^* and prevented 
 
 them from running into cxcefs."- 
 
 This 
 
 * Acccrdir.g to the idea cf fcT.e Writers, the word (f,ia- 
 Ihy doe^ not properly apply to Vice, but only to Virtue. — 
 Thus we fay, the quality oi conrage, oi temperance, or rif cJbas- 
 tity; but we cannot, according to this opinion, with pro- 
 priety, fay the quality of coMjiirdice, o^ dnvikennessy or o£ ias- 
 civ'.ousiiess — Thefe, fay they, v^xq propetisiiks, not qualities —* 
 A queftion for the Criucs. 
 
CRITICISM. 6/? 
 
 This pafTage is a flat contraciicftion to the former. 
 Ifilie were tree from excejs \n her llronger qualities, 
 why ihaultl we wilh lier to have been Iti/s imperious, 
 or lefs rigorous than flie was? — The Writer appears 
 to be actuated by a llron^ delire to exhibit a lit iking 
 antiihefis, without poHicfling a clearneis of coiiccpiion 
 or a dexterity of language, fuificient fur liis purpofe. 
 It is this fupcrficial glitter th.at impoics upon tUa ne- 
 gligent or unlkiltul rcarier, but will not iinpofc upon 
 the calm and judicious Critic. — The whole cf this 
 fcntence is infi jid, and does not Hicw a iingle ilroke 
 of a njalter artill. 
 
 *' Her heioilm was exempt from temerity, her 
 frugality from avarice, her friendHiip from partiality, 
 her active ten^per from turbulence and a vain anibi- 
 tion."-— -- 
 
 The wordincr of this pafTage may be well enough 
 put together, but the pofltious are very difputable, 
 and will be accedtd to bj* very few who have care- 
 L'My and impartially iluaied this* Queen's charac- 
 ter. 
 
 *• S'le j-narded" not herfelt with equal care, or e- 
 rual I'liccefs, from Iclfer ir.tirmities ; the rival/liip of 
 beauty, the deiire of admiration, and the fai'lics of 
 aiiger.^'^ 
 
 ** I ijc dcfire of admiration" wants vijvnnr, and the 
 '* lallies of nnger"mnke a jnoft nnrnufical ronclufion. 
 A wsllrtunM ear will perceive liie lupeiioriiy of h 
 ditfercnt arraugemenr. ; ** the Tallies of anger, and 
 the jcalouues of iovw." 
 
 Few 
 
 * " Rivalfnip cf Beauty" — Qiiee-n Elizabeth had no beau- 
 ty to fcrait ti"; on the contrary, by the beil: acccunts we have 
 c: her priicn, fhc was a very ordiirar'-', forbiddinfj fgure, 
 b^'. pOiT^ncd CI ftrcr.g p<i(uor.s, a:A immxlera-tly fond of 
 aciriiiratkn ; cvem the groffeft -battery was accep»^able to her. 
 — r^ence a,rofe her implacai-k hatred to Queen Mr.ry, who 
 was the moil bcaTLiful wcnian cf the age. — Per Long; pre- 
 r.-ieaitat-;rl murier of the uniortu'.iatc. Mary, uneler. the moc- 
 kery of le^:a\ forms, Hands upon authentic reords, as the 
 Jijofi-airocicus and treacherous act that has been perpetraied 
 in 4^/ couhtr/. — Taking in all tne circumilances, it is one 
 
 cf 
 
66 CRITICISM. 
 
 ''^Fcw S-V/creions of Engiaud fuccecddd to the tlirone 
 in more difficult circuniHances ; and none ever coir- 
 <iu(51ed the govcx'-nment with iuch uniform fuctefs 
 amlfdliciiy, ■ ' 
 
 The ipcciiic xevm fuccecdcd lias no propriety in this 
 place ; he Tuould Jiave iaid, ajccnded the ihrcr.e. And 
 Avhat a tame redundancy in the two luil words of the 
 Iciitcncc— they /Iiould be ex])iinged» 
 
 '* Tiio' her ene:n;es were the mofl powerful Prin- 
 ces in Europe, the nioiififiivc, the mofl enierprifing, 
 the Icuft fcntpulons^ fhs was able, by her vigour, lo 
 make deep imprcffions on their flatcs ; her own- 
 grcatnefs, meanwhile, remained antouchtd aiid un- 
 impaired.'^'* 
 
 *■'• The leafl fcrHpulous"— ^in what ? — Some addi- 
 lion is uccciTiry to a clear perception of the Writer's 
 meaning; and v/c may readily conclndc, tliat what 
 has been tir.iouched is uni^npaircd. The whole para- 
 graph wants cojifccution, cojienon, and ccrrelpci;- 
 tlencc. 
 
 '^ The fame of this Piinccfst tho' it has furmounf- 
 cd the prejudices both of Fa^lion and Bigotry, yet 
 lies dill cxpofed Xo avcther prejudice^ which is more- 
 durable, bccaufc more jiatiiral -, and which^ according 
 to the difi'ercnt view s in whicli we furvey her, is ca- 
 pable eitlicr of exalting beyond meafure, or diminilh- 
 i r.^the Inllrc of her chara<^ter."^ 
 
 As nothing was faid above of aay thing but reli- 
 gious faciious,. the words '•^ both of Faction and Bi- 
 gotry'' are inaccurate and inoHlinc^. The charaflci-; 
 of the paflage, inltead of the disparaging term ^7:0- 
 t her prejudice y GvldcziiU required a word of middle 
 
 power 
 
 of t'ne moft afTecf^ing; Hories relp.ted i'l Hiflory. — [For tlie heft' 
 r.crounts of Mary's life and misfortunes, ccnfult Robertfon 
 on one llde, and Stewart on the other.] 
 
 Irom the adan^cd clctnky of Elizabeth — fhe v/as called the 
 Virgin ^ise/i — arofe the name of this State, Virginia. Per- 
 haps the ]n-efent generation of Virginians will ap])laud the 
 htnefs of this appellation — certainly they v\m11 wonder at the 
 ci'rioiis, and ofc-tinies ridiculous circumftanccs, which grve 
 rift; to the mci: important affairs of the vrcrlJ. 
 
CRITICiSM. 67 
 
 power, as it is made fufceptible of twooppofite ap- 
 plications. Mere natural is ibcliih ; no comparilou 
 is neccllary, and none, in rcaiity, was intended. — 
 V/liethcr <•<- to I'urvey according to a view" be either 
 P^.n^iifli orienlc, I r.nich qnedion ; and, *'■ to exalt a 
 luftre," will command no admiraiion iVom readers of 
 tafle ; bcfides, regularity demands iliis collocation: 
 '^ either oi'cxauino;, or diinini/iiing, beyond meaiurc, 
 the iudre — ", Mcafure^ too, as applied to kijh-<j 1 — 
 It is l;ke a peck of mooiijhivt' i 
 
 " The true method of eltiniating her merit, is to 
 Isy alide all thele ca:iJid(iraiioin^ and cc?r/:/c?r her mere- 
 ly as a raiicnal beina:, placed in aialjoriry, and inr 
 tru/ted witii tlie p^overnaicnt of mankind," 
 
 lias tl;is nallagv; any claim to pvirity or elegance? 
 — None, 
 
 '* We nay Hnd it di-TIcuIt to reconcile cur fancy to 
 licr as a wile or a mi.'lrels; bnt her qii:Jities as a 
 Sovereign, tlio' with Tome conOderable ey.cepiions, 
 a e the objiiP: of undifputed applaule and approba- 
 tion."' — 
 
 The latter part of this period is every way illaud- 
 aldc. V/hat is meant by the words " tho' with (ome 
 t-onliderable e:;cepticns," is not clear from their po- 
 fition in the context. Indcad of ^Z{/a7, he ftould have 
 put /,'/i-':-c7 ; and aj-phyjc^ according to the rulss of 
 propriety, flionld have followed ff//'rc&^//o«. 
 
 in fliort, Mr. Editor, I feel no diiricuky in (iating 
 it as my opinion, that the flyle of Hume's hliOiory is 
 replete with harflinefs, coarfenels, clnmriuefs, and 
 impropriety ; that correc^nefs and elegance arc very 
 .rarely ibund, and true dignity of compofvtion never. 
 .There is no infiance an recorj, I tiiink, of lo great a 
 reputation ihat reds on fo flimfy a foundation. If 
 any of his admirers, after feeing what Hume w, 
 ihould be inclined to view v/hat he »j ?7c?, let them 
 turn to Johnfon's preface to his edition of Shake- 
 fpear, and their conviction will be complete. They 
 >vili pais from the contemplation of a puny bantling, 
 to the achievements of a mighty giant, **- piling 
 OOa on Olympus, and Pelium on Oita, till he reitch 
 ihen-.les!^" CRITO. 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 Memoirs of the Author of ** A Vindication cf the Rights 
 of IVoman.^* By VV M . Go D w i n . 
 
 VULGAR tears fall and evaporate withom lea- 
 vino; any iracc behind thuiii : but tlic tears ofat- 
 fedi >n is often chryllialiicd by the power oi genius, 
 and convened into a permanent literary brilliant. 
 Mr. Godwin, whole al-^ilitics are indifputable, endea- 
 vours thus to dignity and render iiluflrious his Ibr- 
 roNvs for the lois of his v/iTe ; we therefore regret 
 the necefiiry of obferving that not only the general 
 reader, but the mo/l jndicious and rcfiedting part of 
 mankind, will arraign the prudence and tlic utility 
 of ihefe raemoirs, though he himfelf commences 
 them with this fcntenf e of high expecftation : — 'there 
 are not many individuals with whole charv^ter the 
 public xvslfare and improv&mti^t are more ultimately 
 connected, than the anchor of ** i\ Vindication of 
 the Rights of Woman." 
 
 After an exordium fo fplendid, we could nor ex- 
 pert to ^iX\<\ fiich a narrative i — a narrative which 
 -we mufl indeed read with pity and concern, but 
 which we tliould have advifcd the autlior to bury in 
 oblivion, Biuflies would luffufe the checks of mofr 
 huibands if they wt^r^ forced to rtlate thole anecdotes 
 of their wives which Mr. Godwin voluntarily pro- 
 claims to the world. The extreme cxen:ricity of 
 Mr. G.'s feutimenrs will account for this conduCl:. 
 Virtue and Vice are weighed by him in a balance of 
 his ov/n. He neither locks to marriage with ref- 
 pect, nor to fuicide with horror. He relates wirh. 
 complacency of Mary Wollftonecaft, afterwards his 
 Avife, that Ihe cultivated a/^^/o«j> affedlion for Mr, 
 Fufeli tlie painter: — that fhe cohabited Avirh Mr. 
 imaly as his wife, took his name and had a child by 
 him, without being married ; and that flit even li- 
 ved with Mr. G. himfelf, and was pregnant by him ; 
 and that it was only her pregnancy which induced 
 them to think of marriage ; fearing that, otherwile 
 f]ie might be excluded from focicty. He gravely 
 records; alfo, (what was mentioaed at the time in 
 
 the 
 
CRITICISM. 69 
 
 the Kew (papers, and was confiderct! by foroe perfons 
 as calumny')) her attempt to drown herfelf in the 
 Thames, in conftquence of xV'<' ill-trcatjr.ent which 
 ihe experierioed from Mr. Iinlay. 
 
 How the public welfare and improvement are 
 connedled v.-irh or can be adviiiiced 'yths,* fiuditd 
 and 'jniforiT! euiogium of fuch conduct will not be 
 eafily perceived ; nor will any reader of difccrnnient 
 v>})0 appre:-iarts rhe merits of this unfortunate fe- 
 male, even on the evidence of her own hufband, be 
 able to fay vvirh him that Hherc are no circumflances 
 in her life ihar, in the juJjTmcnt of honour and rea- 
 fon, could brand her with dilgracc I' — Peace to her 
 manes! She was the child of Genius, but (he was 
 alio the child of Error ! 
 
 Mod of the iiicidcnts whi..h compofed her fljort 
 life are neither vtry fingular nor very fhiking. 
 Where ihe was born her hiifbaiul docs not know. 
 She con>menced the ce.reer of fame, like Milton, Sir 
 Richard Blackmore, Dr. Johnfon, and others, by 
 keeping a fchool ; • — fhe then became a writer for 
 a bookiciler, and an occafional critic. She attracted 
 notice by entering the HHs againft Mr. Burke, and 
 particularly by her *•• Vindication of the Kigl.ts of 
 Woman;" by the publication of which, in t!)e o- 
 pinion of hqr biographer, * fhc will perhaps be found 
 to l:ave performed more fubfiantial fervice for the 
 caufc of her fex, than all the other writers, male or 
 female, that ever felt themfclves animated in the 
 'beiialf of oppreffcd and injured beauty.' Tliough, 
 this mull be deemed exaggerated praifc, it may be 
 forgiven from a huiband, who, no doubt, moH fin- 
 cereiy mourns her lofs ; and our other female au- 
 thors mafl not take it amifs that he (hould wifii ro 
 have it believed, that 'no female writer ever cb- ^ 
 tainedfo great a degree of celebrity throughout Ku-s 
 rope.' 
 
 ]Mr. and Mrs. Godwin poffefTed congenial rninds, 
 and perJiaps no two people ' etter fuited each other.; 
 though, (as this memoir relates) at the firO time of 
 their meeting, they did not reciprocally excite any 
 
 very 
 
70 CRITICISM/ 
 
 very prepofTening impref?ions. At iaf>, 'lowever, a 
 fh'onjy and mutual aiicciioii took ];]ace, and ripened 
 into love. 
 
 ' There was (Mr. G. fays) no pciiod of throes 
 and reioiute explanation aiitnclinc on tlu; tale. It 
 wc- ' -'■•■-: :-'^'':n^T into love, Previohflv to our 
 v.: ich lc!t aflured, yet eat i, /< L a 
 
 ' '. ■. c aHlnaacc com- 
 
 ; .v'.;>. o» f-* ti^f finvcrity and ardrur of 
 .i.'.unal r;:fii ;:•!, it is ctinciTelv ad.icd, ' V/e did 
 nj *r.'-»-ry,' — - anJ liicr. 7: Hows this poL;r, tuj-giJ at- 
 tempt d: a jull:ncat:i().a ? — 
 
 ■ ' Ic is d;ifiii.!t CO rt consniend aiiy thins; to indifcri- 
 niin.ite aclcprioxi, conrrirry fo the citablifl^ed rules 
 and prcjuc^ires of n'aukind ; but certainly nothing 
 can be \o ridi..nlous upon the face of it, or To contra- 
 ry to the genereil march of /entitnera, as to require 
 the overftoA injv; of the foul to wait upon a ceremo- 
 ny, and that \vhi«-h, whiereever delicacy aiui imagi- 
 nation exid, is of all things moil facredly private, to 
 blow a trumpet before it, 'and to record the moment 
 when it has arrived at its climax.' 
 
 Apprehending that this very refined and fentimen- 
 ta! logic would not be fufncient to convince the pub- 
 lic of the propriety of their condndl in this refpcc^t, 
 Mr. G. adds — <• There were other reafons why we 
 did not immediately marry — Mary felt an entire 
 convi61ion of the propriety of her conducl:.' — We 
 queftion this. Her experience, with Mr. Imlay, of 
 the miferablc confequences to which a woman expo- 
 ies hcrfelf by an unmarried conne<51ion, muji have 
 tanghr her the impnidence at leall of difrejrarding the 
 law of fociety refpecfting marriage. ISo evil may 
 refult from recording the Vow of Love ; but many 
 evils mtift reiult from a nein^lc^t, or a contempt of the 
 Law of Marriage. It is one of the rnofl important 
 infKitntions of civil fociety. 
 
 On this fubjee^, Mr. Godwin rather gives his own 
 opinions than thofe of his wife ; or, he exhibits hcr's 
 \vith the coloui^ing of his theoretical fyllcm thrown 
 
 over 
 
CRITICISM. 71 
 
 over ^em. — Bjt let us liftcn to his accovint cS her 
 religion ? — 
 
 * Her religion was little allied to ^ny iyllem o 
 forms ; it was founded rarher in tj/k^ than in tiic 
 niceties of polemical diCcuflion,, .Her mind conrtiru- 
 rioaally attached itleif lo \\\q fublii^ie and ihc amiable^ 
 She round an inexprcuibie delight in the beauties oi' 
 ■:i ^w- and in the fplendid reveries of tho ima^J/iution / 
 
 ? walked aniidd the \vonders of Narurc, 
 . - ,,,. ■■■ ..^ ;0'5ve''^V "';'.: G -d. To hz:' 
 o:-:d J.; TiOl icis a.niablc, kiiv! -o^ui 
 . . V.V-: . jvtat, Nvile, and exalted In facl, 
 iiio !k: 1 rec'ved few ieifons o' religion in her youth, 
 ?:id i.or rc'igio.i was alm<;fl entirely of her own cre- 
 a\i(n.--' She could not re.ollei-t the time when (lie 
 had believed tie .!o6irine of future puui.limenrs, — 
 Tre tenets t.f her fyfiem were the growth of her 
 o*v n in )'-al tafle, and her religion was a gratiiicatioii 
 not a terror to her. She fometirnes liftened to the 
 -f.' -mons of Dr. Price, hut more frequently attended 
 public woriliip according to the forms of the Church 
 of England. Latterly lier attendance on DivincScr- 
 vice became lei's confrant, and at length was wholly 
 difcontinued. — I believe (continues Mr. G.) th.at no 
 perfon of a well furniftied mind ^ that has fnaken off 
 the implicit lubje(^tion of youth, and is not the zeal- 
 ous partizan of a Se;5i, can bring himfelf to conform 
 to the regi'dar routine of fermons and prayers !' 
 
 The matrimonial happinefs of Mr. and Mrs. God- 
 Avin was but of fhort contiuance. Their marriage 
 was declared in April 1797? and flie died the Sep- 
 tember following, in child-bed, aged 38. 
 
 * Here Ave perceive the f.^'Urce of all MifsWolftancroft's 
 mi;-. fortunes, " the want of an early religioir education." — 
 She entered into the world without a T/uem of eithermorals 
 or religion, ?\\<t fell a vio im to a " g'uyxing iinacrhiation,'' and 
 became an obj jcfl of fhame, and repropxh, and mifery ! — Such 
 are the etfei^s of a gh\chg inr agination, particularly in a fe- 
 male, without the rtitraiiiin.'j helps of Morals and Reli^^ion. 
 — Y/c underftand by her life, which has been lately puhlini- 
 cd, thit her father was of an unfettled difpof.tion, continu- 
 ally movinij from place to place, until at laft he Vy-afted nrll 
 his property, and died in poverty. 
 
72 CRITICISM. 
 
 In the pofthumous worksof IMrs.Gothvin, wc per- 
 ceive a (tries of letters to Mr. L who lived with her 
 at Paris for a Ihort time in matrimoniitl intit?7acy^ but 
 without the forms of marriage ; he forfook her when 
 ihe v/as pregnant, a prey to dcjpair, end took up 
 ^vith another woman. — Almoin any other liuiband 
 than Mr. Godwin would have rupj^rtfTc d rhele let- 
 ters ; yet he not only publifhcs them, but introdiaces 
 them \vi:h a preface, in which he declares iheui to 
 ' contain the hneft examples of the language of fenm 
 tim:7-:t and pafjion c\€\' prefented to tlic world!'—. 
 We think fach ianouage little fhort of infaniry ; ef- 
 pecially when it appears, that her fentirrttuii not be- 
 ing guided hy prucknce^ (he was left to flianie, mifery 
 and defpair ! 
 
 The following extract from ohc of her letters to 
 her unfaithful lover, will give our readers an idea 
 of her gloiving imagination : — 
 
 *• I obey an emotion of the heart, which made me 
 think of wijliing thee, my love, a good night, before 
 1 go to re(l, with more tendernefs than I can to- 
 jinorrow, when writing a hafly line under Colooel 
 
 's eye. You can fcarcely imagine with what 
 
 pjcafure 1 anticipate the day, when we are to begin 
 /c live together ; and you will fmile to hear how many 
 plans of em.ployraent I have in my head, now that 
 i am confident my heart has found peace in your bo- 
 iom — ^delnd^d, miffaken Tvomar?!] — Cherifh me w ith 
 t\\diX digr.Ji.d ter.deivefr^ which I have only found in 
 you ; and your own dear girl will try to keep under 
 a qidcknefs of feelings that has fometimes given you 
 pain ! — Yes, 1 will be good, that 1 may deferve iq 
 be happy ; and, whilft you love me, 1 cannot again 
 fail into the miferable ftate which rendered lile a 
 burthen almoU too heavy to be borne. 
 
 " But, g0(vj night — God blcfs you ! — Sterne fays, 
 that is equal to a kifs ; vet I would rather give you 
 jthc kifs into the bargain I ■ ' ■'■ 
 
 *^ P. cS", 1 will bc^at I he Barrier a little after ten 
 o'clock to-morrow"' 
 
 The 
 
CiUTIClSM. -^l 
 
 The confequence of this barrier aulgnation v. [is a 
 child. It was called t!ie Harrier Girly from a belict 
 that file owed her ex^ftencc to this willhii; interview- 
 on the Lady's fide — The man who could refill fuch 
 an invitation, rnufl; be more than a JofephI 
 
 Aitho' Mifs W, went, of her own accord, without 
 f^nn or folicitatioij,on this occafion, to make a child, 
 yet (lie freqtiently lamented the evils to which Na- 
 ture had ililjcCted her lex in the article of children ; 
 a fubjti>.4 which /lie never could difcuis with patience, 
 it being an evil to which man was not fubjedted, 
 
 '* What figniiies (cried flic) all the freedom of our 
 fouls, all the exaltation of our intelle(ft3, if we arc 
 to be confined for months to carry a burthen which 
 we have no means to lay down ; and v\ hen tlie little 
 wretcli appears to the world, what a dreadful idea I 
 — With intcllet^ts that foar beyond the firniament, 
 are we to be confined to fwaddle and dandle an ani- 
 mal that has no ideas, and would at every moment 
 dedrov itfelf, if we did not prelerve it ? — O horrid I 
 that Nature did not provide fome middle, fome Ilu- 
 pid, hunpiih beinc;, to r^a^' 3i'd take care of the hu- 
 inaa progeny — Why not make man an oviparous ani- 
 mal ? — Then we might have hatched the eggs in 
 ftoves, as they do chickens in Egypt I" 
 
 Is this a woman to be held up as a pattern for th,e 
 £c:ii ? — Are her writings fit to be put into the hands 
 of our wivfs and daughters ? — We may pity her mis- 
 fortunes, but we mult blame her conduct, and deteit 
 her fentiments. 
 
 If Mr I. was foon cloyed v/lth the exceflive fond' 
 refs of i\\\s ivilling damfy it muft be confefied, that 
 Godwin and her were *' congenial fonls," both ot 
 them di (regarding the ceremonies of tlie Law, and 
 the refpe.t of the Community. Indeed the whole of 
 Godwin*s do6lrines tend to deltroy all law* and all 
 dsoency, under the fiimfy, but deceiving pretext of 
 what he calls *' the perfeftability of human nature." 
 E But 
 
 * Strivuig to realize Pope's well-known /joef/ca/maxirn, 
 *' Curfe ou all laws but thofe that Love ha.'^ made." 
 
74 CRITICISM. 
 
 — But, let liim fpcak for himrdf, and let every good 
 ciiizen think of the coiifcqucnces ; — 
 
 ** If geuuiiie liberty were eltablifiied, all the fe- 
 m'ile fex would be within our choice. — What bufi- 
 nefs has one man to monopolize a woman to himfelf? 
 — Love and aii-edlion are as various as any other paf- 
 fion, — \vMiat are the names of Mother, and Wi^e, 
 and Daughter, and Sifler ? — In a (late of nature, 
 men purine their o\> n inclinations, and do not each 
 j^rafp a female to himfelf, the Have of his caprice — 
 Over this imaginary prize, ir.en watch with perpet- 
 ual jealoufy, and one man will find his defires to cir- 
 cumvent as much excited, as the other is excited to 
 traverfe him. — As long as this (late of fociety coa- 
 rinues, philavthrophy [what a perverfion of the word!] 
 will be crolfed and checked in a thoufand ways." — 
 
 '* When the diflinctions of fociety fliall be con- 
 founded, and men fhall ceale to appropriate a whcle 
 female to themfelves, two men might eafily enjoy one 
 ^.voman ! — becaufe it would be her company they de- 
 fired, and the fenfual gratitication would be confider- 
 ed as a trifle, Reafonabk men will propagate their 
 fpecies, not becaufe a certain pleafure is annexed to 
 the action, but becaufe it is nght the fpecies fiiould 
 be propag.iied, and the maimer \n which they exer- 
 cife this function, will be regulated by the diclaies 
 of duty and reafon I — It is true, in fuch a (tate, it 
 will not be afcertained who is the father of tliis or 
 that child — What matter — it is of no confequence ! 
 — I ought to prefer no human being to another, be- 
 caufe that being is my father, my wife, or my fon 1" 
 
 Again — '* The inlHtution of marriage is afyj-.cm 
 cj fraud! — It is true, marriage is law, but it is the 
 worfl of all iuivs! — Vv'hatever our underdandings may 
 tell us of theperi'oH from w hofe connection we fljould 
 derive the greareft improvement, of the worth of 
 one woman, and the demerits of another, we are o- 
 bliged to confider wi'at is law, and not whatisjuf- 
 tice. So long as I leek to engrofs one woman to my- 
 felf, and prohibit my neighbour from proving his 
 fuperior deferts, and reapirg the fruits of them^ 1 am 
 guilty of the moft odious of all monopolies i" 
 
Tbcfe extracts are taken from Godwiii's Political 
 TuUice, an impofing title to very pernicious do(Brints. 
 
 The laft work we have Teen of Godwin's is or.e 
 entitled St. Leon. It is written in his ufual Ityle, 
 vf (Iron'j^ and nervous language, and contains a v-i-ll 
 <]rawn pkUire of the fatal efre^^s of^- wing, wlijch, 
 wljcii rhe^r meet with the book, v/e rt ciMunicnd that 
 J. art of it to our gainbling rcai^.crs — Bui never was 
 book written, fince the days of witchcraft and cre- 
 dality, on foabfiird and iiupicbable a principle, viz. 
 the luppoftrd exigence of the Pliilofopher's Stone, 
 and of a Panacea to prcfcrve life perpetnally! — 1'he 
 a' iurdity of the pl?n, however, is perl'e(9.1y inno- 
 cent when compared with its immoral tendency. — 
 As a proof, we fc!'.'ci from St Leon the following 
 pair^gc :— 
 
 *' It mufi be confeiTed, that this ofTs^nce (Gallantry 
 — the hero of rlie work is then fuppoftd to be at Pa- 
 ris) has a thoufand advantao,es ever Gaming. Few 
 women of regular and reputable lives, huve the erfe 
 of manners, that flow of fancy, and that ^/v/cy/i// z;^- 
 iyepid'^*y of thihking end c^:prijjlng thentjel'vesy that is to 
 be ''oand among tbofe Nvho have dijcha-ged thsn^fehes 
 fycjn the tyranny of cuficm. There is fomet'ring itre- 
 ii'libly captivating in that "ooluptuovfneft^ \\ liith, while 
 it afTumej: a certain air of freedom, conforms itfeli 
 to the diclates of t'jzfophiflicated delicacy ! — A Judlcicus 
 'volupiuoupitfs is neceflary to the cultivation of the 
 mind, ti> the polifliing of the manners, to tite refin- 
 ing of fentimcnt, and the dev^lcpctnent of the nn- 
 cVi (landing'; ; and a woman deiicieui in this refpe<R^, 
 nay be of in'e m the nianaonnent of our families, 
 I lit can neither add to the evjoy'>ne>:ts, nor fix the /^r- 
 t'.ul'jy of a man oi tnfle or animation .'" 
 
 Such is the V/riter, v»'hofc works are put into the 
 hinds of our young men, to prepare their minds for 
 a general fyfleni of immorality and licenticnfnefE — 
 to free our young women from the tyranny of cnfi:niy 
 to difengage rheni from the diftufes cf /rfphijiicattd deli- 
 cacy y and to give them a co^th.itir.g voluplncufi.efs 1 
 E 2 V. 
 
( 7'^ ) 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 UioGHAPiiy is the Eye of Uvjtokx, 
 
 I 
 
 BUONAPARTE. 
 
 T requires but a very fi^pcrficial examination in- 
 to the hiflory of maukiud to difcover, tliat great 
 events are proclufiive ot* great characlers. They 
 excite t!ie paflions ; invigorate individual talents^ 
 rel'cue merit from und^^lerved obfcurity ; and letting 
 afiJe the Hc^ilious diflinl-lions founded on the follies, 
 rather than the conventions of fociety, pive full 
 play to exertion, and ample fcope to j^cnius. But 
 tills faO h never more iatisfaftorily illuitrated, than 
 in the contcih conne^Sled with, and founded en, \hz 
 love of Freedom, a princ:j)le intimately hlcnded with 
 our exIHence and our happinefs, and \vhich, hein^r 
 foimded in nature, is latent in the baicli: and moit 
 fcliifh hearts. 
 
 The hemifphere of Greece exhibited a galaxy of 
 1 ,e oes, durina her llruggle for Liberty, againft the 
 domedlc tyrants who opprefled, and the foreign 
 kings v;ho endeavoured to enflave her. The names 
 and actions of Peiopjdas and Epaminondas; of Le- 
 oni'Ja-: andAgis ; of tiarmodius and AriOogiton ; are 
 familiar to every chihcal fcliolar, and have been 
 long dear to mankind. In Rome, we behold one 
 Brutus arifo to expel Tarqnin, and another to punifli 
 Cselar. The burnrng liand of Scan'o^a appalled the 
 heart of the king of Etifuria ; and a fcngle citir:cn, 
 in the peribn of Horatius Codes, defending a bridge 
 agamft a litrle army, flruck an aflonifhed enemy 
 with terror and difmay. 
 
 Similar caufes in Fi-nnce have produced nearly fi- 
 , milar effects, and the triumplis of the r-/Ionarchy 
 I'sve been already obliterated by the glorie? of the 
 Republic. Diibrganiled, iindilciplined, dilfatisfied, 
 her armies, at the beginning of the contefl, exhibit- 
 ed numbers without valour, and ensrerprife without 
 fucceis. It can have been no comrooo principle, 
 
 then 
 
BUONAPARTE. 77 
 
 then, that lias forced the veteran troops of Europe 
 to tur/i _pale hc^ovc hcv freHi levies, and the Brunf- 
 v/icks, the Cierfayes, rlie Wurmlcrs, to lend their 
 filvcr locks to men, new to the Icience of war, and 
 unknown to hiftory. At one time we have i'een Du- 
 Riouricr feeb-ly oppofing the allies, and a'5iuallv' de- 
 precating their ellbrts ; at another time, invading 
 their ])oficinons, and, foon afrer, flying to them for 
 fncconr and protection. jourJan, by the exertion 
 of foldieriy bravery alone, taught the enemy to ref- 
 pc(^t his countrymen ; Pichcgru d;fplaved all the re- 
 iburces of a great tactician, and diredied every 
 niovernent by the rul-rs of art. fvlorcan, in imitation 
 of Xenoi>bon, acquired more glory by retreat, than 
 others have achieved by viclory ; and Buonaparte, 
 by uniting the w arrior and the Uatesman in his own 
 perfon, has confummated tlie glory of his adopteU 
 country. 
 
 This extraordinary man, Buonaparte, was born 
 Jn the town of Ajaccio, in Corfica, in 1767, is the 
 ion of Ch.ar. Bjonaparic and LaetiriaRaniolini. His 
 father, who was alfo a native Ajaccio, was bred to 
 the law, at B.ome, and took part with the celebra- 
 ted Paoli, in the me^vorable ftruggle made by a 
 hau'lful of brave iflander?:, againfl the ryranniral ef- 
 forts of Louig XV, and the Macliiavelian fthemes 
 of his minider, Choilevil. 
 
 1 am aflt.u'cd, by a near relation of tl:c famil'/, 
 that he not only Uiid afiOe t)ie jrown I'.pon this occafi- 
 on, but a;?iuaiiy carried a ir-uiket as a private cen- 
 tinel. 
 
 On the conq»-,cri of the iAand, he v;if]icd to retire, 
 \\'h\\ the galiint chieftain who had lo nobly ilrug- 
 gled for its independence; but he Vv-as prevented by 
 his uncle, a Canon, wlio exerciibd a parental au- 
 tiioriiy over him. 
 
 In 1773, a de}>t!tation from the three efla-es was 
 fent to wait on the king of E'tance; and, on tins 
 occafion, Charles Buonaparte was fcleCtcd to repre- 
 fent the Nobles. He was foon after promoted to the 
 cfiice of Procuroioie Reale of Ajaccio, where his 
 E z an- 
 
73 BUONAPAKTH. 
 
 anceHors, fuppofed to liave been originally fromTuC- 
 caiiy, haJ been fettled nearly two liundrt;d years. 
 
 The family of the el !cr Suvjnapajte was numer- 
 ov.s, for he had fevtn children : four fon?, and ihree 
 daughters. It was his good fortune, however, to 
 be cherifhed by the French ; and both he and his fa- 
 mily lived in the greeted intimacy witli M. dc Mar- 
 boeuf, the Governor, wlio received a revenue o 
 60, ceo livres a year, on condition of doing noihing ! 
 An Iiitendant w;;s paid nearly as much, and a (wai ni 
 of hungry leeches, engendered in the corruption of 
 the court of Verfailles, at one and the fame time 
 Jacked the blood of the Corficans, and drained the 
 treaflire of the mother country ; in fliort, like the 
 conq'ieds of moje recent times, the fubjugation oC 
 iLat illand I'eems to have been achieved for no oiher 
 p-irpofe, than to graiify avarice, and fatiatc ra]-a- 
 ci'^y. 
 
 On the deat'i of his friend, Ch.arles Buonaparte,, 
 M. dc Marboeuf continued to patronize his family,, 
 and placed his fecond fon, Napolcone, the fubje6l of 
 thefe memoirs, ax the Ecole Jdilita.'re, or Military A- 
 caden'iy. The advantage refulting from Lhis lemina- 
 ry, which ha!^ produced more great men than any o- 
 ilier in Europe, were not loi'i in ycnng Cuonaparte ;. 
 he there applied himfelf wi-:h equal afnduity and ad- 
 d:efs to nia:aer::iatics, and Ituditd the art of war 
 as a regular fcitnce. Born in the midil of a repub- 
 lican Itrurgle, in hii native land, it was his g(<od' 
 f Ttune to ijurit into manhoc d, at the moment when- 
 the country of his choice flio k cff tie chains wltk 
 \vhich (he iiad been manacled for centuries. There 
 wosallo fomething in his manners and habits that 
 jinoiuKcd him eql.al to the fiiuation for which he 
 ilenis U) have been deflined ; inftcad of imitating 
 the frivolity of the age, his mind was continually 
 oc cupied by ufeful ihidies ; aiul from the Lives of 
 Plurarcb, a volume of which he always carried in, 
 his pocket, he learned, at an early age, to co))y the. 
 nianuers, and emulate the ai^lions, of antiquirv. 
 
 With 
 
BUONAPARTE, 79 
 
 Whh This flifpofition, it is but litrle wonr^er tliat 
 he ihould have d.dic:ircd liis liie to ihe profciilon of 
 arms. Wc accordnigly Hnd him, wiule yet a boy, 
 prelcn^iiig himfelf as a candidaie for a eommi(iiv)n in 
 tne artillery ; and his iucceis equalled the expecUii- 
 ops of his friends, fur he was the iztiion tlje lilf, 
 ont of tlie 36, who proved victorious in the contef!. 
 In confeqnence of this event, he became a lieuten- 
 ant in the French army, and fervcd as furh during 
 TWO or three years, in the regiment of La Fe e. 
 
 On the Ibcond expedition htied out againlt Sardin- 
 ia, he embarked with his countrymen, and iai.iied 
 in the little ifland of lYladd-tlena, which lie took pol- 
 fvii^oa of, for the Fiench llcp\iblic; but tinding ilje 
 troops that i,ad been got logeiht-r for this eK]>edition 
 iititucr pofrcilcd organization, nor dilciplinc, he rt- 
 itJiMed ro the port ol' Ajr cio, whence he had let out. 
 
 In the mean time, a ii^lieme was forming iur the 
 annexation of C'Mfi a to the crown of England ; and 
 tiie cabitiet, in an evi' hryur^ acceded to a propofitjon 
 wliich w'-ile it diminifned ihe wcahli, has contribu- 
 ted but lime either to the honour or advantage of 
 t!at country. 
 
 Bwonapp.'-te had a dimvult part to at^ wpon this 
 o-calion ; he was perfonaily attached to Palquale 
 Paoli ; he refented the treatment ho experienced ciu- 
 rl -ijv the reign of the TerroriJ]s, and had at'^.ually 
 drawn up, with hi? osvn band, the renionftriHue 
 tianfmirted by the Mnnici; al:ty of /^jaccio agaiiu't 
 tiie decree declaring the General an enemy to the 
 Commonwealth. Indeed, he was fut^pofed 10 be io 
 inrimarely connefled with him, that a warrant was 
 a^lually ifTued bv Lacombe de St, Michel, and tl^e 
 two other commiflioners of the Convention, to arreii 
 young Baonaparte ! — NotwithOanding this, he was 
 d^'termined to remain faithful to his engagements, 
 and learning that the Englidi fleet, in the Mediter- 
 ranean, had failed for the pnrpofe of feizing his na- 
 tive ifland, he embarked, along svith his family, for 
 the continent, and fettled wi*thin eighteen leagues of 
 Ti)ulon. 
 
 E 4 That 
 
So BUONAPARTE. 
 
 Tiiat town^ the fccond Tea-port: in Fraiire, was at 
 fliis moment iia the pof!ci!ion of ihe i::ng'ilh, having 
 beenjuft f'cizcd upun by Admiral Lord Hood, who 
 liad fiibflituted the Criiifli ciofs in the place of i ho 
 three-coloured Hag. The military talents of the 
 young Cotlican \vtre well known to ^alicctli, who 
 introduced him to Barras, to wliou) he aftorded in- 
 dubitable proof of the fmcerity ot his profcffions, at 
 a period wlien fuipiciou was judilicd by the molt is- 
 rioLJS and frequent defcctionsv Me was acccrdinyly 
 adavnced from the rank of Chief de Brigade,^ to 
 that ol General of Artillery, and directed, under 
 General Dngommicr, the attacks of the various re- 
 d^jubis tliat iurrounded and (rrcngihened rh'is inipor- 
 tant pert, in wliich Coliot de Hei!)ois focn after de- 
 clared, '^ that he had fciind the gaiiey-iiaves alone, 
 faithful to the RepnblicI '*— i: is aJnK)U needjti's to 
 add, that the ener|:y of the Fiench t!oo]>s, adiied lo 
 the fciefiiific arran;;emenrs of the ci'^jineer,. over- 
 came the zeal and me reiiOance ofrhe inotely oarn- 
 fon, and rclfored the key cf the M'^ditci ranta'n to 
 France. 
 
 The conqiTefl of Toulon contribnted not a little (o 
 ralfe the credit of Buonaparte ; and it proved tqudl- 
 ly advantageous to his friend Barj'as. That deputy 
 lidd been aifo bred a military rrjan, and was em]>loy-. 
 cd by his colleagues on all great energies-. One of 
 t))efe foon occurred ; this was the cotnmoiicn among 
 the fc'^ions of Paris, kj;ov/n by the name of the Ju- 
 Jcirre^ii'jri of Vtndctiiui/-e. On this occafion, he tcndt 
 care to be furroundtd by able men, among them 
 was General Buonaparte, whom lie had inveiled 
 with the command of the artiller), at the ric^;e of* 
 Toulon. It was to another Coriican, Jvowever,. 
 that he confined the fureriniendance of the army ; 
 this was Gentiii wlio had jntl acquired a great repu- 
 tation, by his gallapit defence of Baftia. On trial, 
 however, it was immediately df.overed, tliat the 
 deafnels of Gentiii was an invincible bar to fuccefs, 
 as he could neither hear nor attend to the multiplied 
 and complicated reports of the Aids, du Camp, whp 
 
 w:cr<j 
 
BUONAPARTE. 8t 
 
 wnerc continuaHy bringing him nieiTages, rr af!ditr- 
 fi.tj, !-i i) rddtive to ihe fiiuanou oi the Ci-imy. 
 Luck.iv for the Cdiivcntion, Nap- leoiit Buosiaj ar-e 
 ^V4A, ur »l)is cniiceil and dcc:(i V c jiunKiii:, appoinied 
 h > .'mceiljr, and r is to be tlie maiteiiy ;ilpt firu^ns 
 mil;; b/ him, that the triunijih of tie tcy rclcnta- 
 t;ve bodv is lo be printii-allv'. aiiribtd it ts but j.il« 
 ti e to add, that the moderation clifplaNcdon this 
 occdHv)!! IS perhaps iifitqiiailed in ihe hiilory of the 
 civ.l v.a'sor' m )'lcrii times ! 
 
 A nnbler tield now opened for the exertions of Bu- 
 oti?.;>drtc, for he was loon after invefkd uitli the 
 cli ef commaiKl t)f the Fieiicli aimv in italy, \\hich, 
 under his d: c tion, prepared to open the campai<^n 
 ot \'j:)S In the fpr:ng of that year, we iiiid ilie 
 A;i(lc .-Sardinian army (^'t^^tated within forty miles 
 of Turin ; i5»ooo were e ther killed or taken pnlon- 
 crs on t .is occafi/.n, and the cannon and camp iqiii- 
 page iiezed on by the vidors. The army of L<!in- 
 bard-/ was alfo doomed to experience a moii hiimdia- 
 t u^ de:"cat, although led on bv a cautit-us ve leran^ 
 Beanlicu, m perfon ; t is was attributed folcly to the 
 mauv^evivres of the commander in chief, feccuKied by 
 tjie active exertions of Ger.crals Laharpe, Maffcna, 
 and C'jrvona. TheAulfrianGeneral Provtra s\ as ta« 
 ken in a third engagtmtnt ; in conftquence of 
 which, forty ficid-p eccs, with the horfes, nu.Its, 
 and artillery wag-trons, $iz. were captured by th? 
 French ; zjoo of the allies killed, and <i,cco made 
 prifoncrs- In ihort, the batilesof iM.liefimo Dcgo, 
 jMjiid.Jvi, Monte Leiino, and Monienorre, were 
 de-ilive of the fate of Sardinia ; and the a^ed aiid 
 iuperftitious iMonarch then I'cared on the throne, 
 found himfelf reduced to the hum.lia.ing fituarion <if 
 rclinqn fiitiiJ Sivoy and N-ce, and fvibicribing lo fu.h 
 terms as were granted bv a gener<^iJ3 coiiqncrcr, 
 \vi^) could have driven li m f. om his throne, and 
 cbiircd him to Ipend the Ihort remainder of a 
 wrerched life in c^ le, antl.perhaijs in poveitv ] 
 
 file battle of Lodi, fonglit on the 2iit floreal 
 (Mviy joih) nearly . torn pletcd the overthrow of t^e 
 K 5 . Auih 
 
Bi BUON.iPAllTE. 
 
 Auflrian power in Italy, and added greatly to th& 
 reputation of the French arms. On this occarioi>, a 
 battalion of grenadiers bore down all before then:, 
 and reached the hrid^^e of Lodi, fiioutin>;, " I-'Ong 
 ij/e the l\epublic!" but the dreadful lire kept up by 
 the enemy h^^ving fbpt their progrcfs, Generals i3er- 
 thier, MiviTcna, Cervon), &:c. ruined forward ; eveiL 
 their prefence would have proved inefiet^ual, had it 
 r.ot been fcr intrepidity of Buonaparte, \%ho Inatch- 
 3!ig a llandard from the I'and of a fubaliern, like 
 Ccfar, on a iiini'ar ooc&{ion, placed hinilclf in front, 
 and antiinating his fjldiers by his actions and gerti- 
 cuJations (for hi:: voice was drov%'ned in the noile of 
 the cannon and mu&etry) viilory once more arran- 
 ged hcrfelf under the Gallic banners. 
 
 In confequence of this llgQal defeat, or rather fc- 
 ries of vii5lories, Ei-aulieu v.^as obliged to yield the 
 palm to a younger riv^l, for he feltTiimfelf reduce<'. 
 to the neceflity of retreating among the moiintaiLc 
 «f Tyro], on which the French took pofTdlion of the 
 gre^Ltcr part of Lombardy, and acquired aflonifliing- 
 reJonrces, and immtnfe magazines, 
 
 After croiling the Mincio, in the face of the Auf- 
 Mians, the republican army entered Vt^rona, \vliith 
 fo lately had aftbrded an alyjam to one of the titular 
 kings of JJ'rance, and liezed on Pavia. Here a nev/ 
 and a more dreadful enemy attempted to flop the 
 progrefi of the conquerers. It was Superiiirion, 
 clothed in cowls and furpiices, brandifhing a poniard 
 in one hand, and a crucifix in the other ; but the 
 fpeedy puniHiment of the prieds and other adherents 
 put an end to the jnfnrrecliun, and thus laved Buon- 
 aparte and his arn^y from a more em.'neut danger 
 than they had as yet experienced, and from which 
 no French army that has hitherto crofled the Alps, 
 has been exempt". 
 
 At lengti), Mantua, alone, remained in pofTelllon 
 of the Auflrian:, and this alfo was foon inverted by 
 the vi<5tors, who, at the fame time, made inroads 
 Snro Tyrol, and, by the battle of Reveredo, and tlie 
 pouellioQ of Trent, became mailers of the pafits 
 tliat led to Vienna. . In 
 
BuONAP:^P.TE. 83 
 
 In the mean time, tlie gallant Wurmfer determin- 
 ed to fliut himfeU up, wicb the remainder of his 
 dilpirited troops, in IVlantna ; and the Auflrians 
 made one more grand effort, by means of GeneralAl- 
 vinzy, to refcue his befieged army, and regain their 
 ancient preponderance in Italy. Bat the battle ot 
 Areola completely difappointed their exve(51ations, 
 and the capture of Mantua at one and the lame time 
 concluded the campaign and their humiliation. 
 
 In the winter of 1796, General Buonaparte was 
 united to Madame Beauliarnois, a b^-autiful French- 
 woman, who had experienced a variety of perfccn- 
 tions during the time of Robel'pierre. Her former 
 hufband had atU'ned the rank of General in the fcr- 
 vice of the Pvcpuhlic, and had always condu5^ed 
 himfelf as a friend of liberty. On that memorable 
 day, w'len Louis XVI, and his familv, repaired to 
 Paris, M. dc Beauharnois fat as prefident of the Na- 
 tional AflTembly, exhibited great dignity of demeanor; 
 notwithllanding this, he fell a victim to the Tcrro- 
 rifts, who, joining the narrow ideas of fc(5>ariils to 
 the ferocious character peculiar to themfelves, pcr- 
 iccuted all whole opinions were nctexavTtly cciiform- 
 able to their own flandard. M. Bar:as, at length, 
 luckily for her, extended his protet^ion to the 
 widow, who is now the wife of his friend. 
 
 The campaign of 1797 opened under the moft 
 anfpicious circumdanccs for France, as well as 
 Spain, who was now in alliance with her ; Sardinia 
 a^^ed a fubordinate part under her control ; Tuicany 
 obeyed her requifitions ; Naples had concluded a fep 
 arate peace, and Rome was at her mercy. In thir> 
 fituation, the eyes of the Court of Vienna, and in- 
 deed of all Europe, were turned to the Archduke 
 Charles, who was faid-to inherit tlie military talents 
 of the Huufe of Lorraine. It was accordingly de- 
 termined, that this young Prince Ihould be appoint- 
 ed Commander in Chief, and that the hero of Kehl 
 should oppofe the hero of Italy. The contell:, liow- 
 cver, was not long between Birth and Genius — be- 
 tween a young man of Royal extravftion, educated in . 
 
 tiie 
 
Sj*. BUONAPARTE. 
 
 the corrupting circle of a Court, and fi^rroiir-cfcd hy 
 flatterers; and a lardy Cot fuan, briHiciit up an. dll 
 perils, acciillon.ed to danger, and breailiirifi; 'lie Ipi- 
 ric of rej'ublicanifm ; acqiiainted with all the ma- 
 chinery of war, and boldy cin! tkilaillv dire(^liiig c- 
 very mnvesntni under l.is o\vu eye — whofe miltrefs 
 was the Coirimonwtahli, and svhofe companioa 
 ■was Pluiarch ] 
 
 Tne war was then thought to be at an end^ — An 
 Emperor and a Pope humbled ; the Imperial Crow a 
 reduced to almofl a,i empty name, and the l^ontifi- 
 cal one hel.l at the will of the Connnrn^r— two Kings 
 fu'i jedtcd ; one to huni'lia it)n, the oiht-r to unc<'n- 
 ditional fubir.iftron— -Coi iica rcfk;red^tr/ France — and 
 a new and formidable Republic erec^ted in Italy, 
 ■\vhich beheld the ovcrthroiv of hive ai mies belonging 
 
 to its late maiter ! Such is ilie fiimmary ol tfe 
 
 poliiica) and martial achievements of a General be- 
 fore he had attained the 30th year of his a^e ! 
 
 As to his perfon, Buonaparte is of irnaii Itatiire^ 
 but well proportioned ; he is of a f] are habit of bo« 
 dy, yet robuil, and calculated to undergo rf.e great- 
 eil fatigues. His complexion, like that of all the 
 malts of loiuhren ciunatcs, is olive; his eves blue* 
 bis chin p' onnnent, the lower parr of 1 i. face tkin, 
 and his forehead Iquare and projecMinp; — The whole- 
 leni^th Italian pririt, publifnea in London bv Stflohrii^ 
 exhibits a good likenefs ; but the beil portrait ever 
 taken of him wa"? at Verona, in ct)nlcquence of the 
 felicitations of an Lnyl.fh artifl, who applied to him 
 for this putpt>le, bv tr.eans of a leiier from London. 
 
 In relj-eit to his mmd, h« poffclfes great and lin- 
 common talents, lie converles freely, and withoirt 
 pedantry, on almoii all fubicft.>, and wrifes and 
 JpeaUs with fluency and elcqiience. Above all, he 
 lias atremp ed, and obtained, a madery ovtr bis paf- 
 lions ; he is aWtemious at his TOcals, and was never 
 feen intoxicated. He has n^any friend.^, but no mi- 
 nions ; and he prei'ervts an inviolable fccrecy, by 
 means of a rigorous filence, far better than fome o* 
 ther ni'sn do b^ a h)pj<.viiical loquacity. 
 
 An 
 
BUONAPARTE. g^ 
 
 p:^ Ait account of the tre^uv of Campo Formio;, 
 in u::kIi rlie Frciali tnoU Uiijii/tly ceccd V^inre to 
 the r.mucrui, a .d wdieli ireaiy ibe t'>«npcrf,r afier- 
 warJs fiiu.Ticfiiliy violated — BuDPMj.'ane's fxped;tion 
 to t^yj't — hisliidden refuru (o Fi ciu< c ; his new mo- 
 deil;ii^ the Coiifhtutiou, and his rt{rumin;,r the Cliief 
 C^)nl"u!ihip — his unparaiicTd iix v\c.ek«; canij-aigri in. 
 Picdintiiir, wleie, »n the ever-niciTsoraUle battle ivf 
 Maringo, this mofr extraordinary mari, again prol- 
 trii-ted the Iniperiui Kc^-ile at the lect of the Gallic 
 
 Cock thcie, with othtr of i»is li.irprirm{r tran- 
 
 fa£lioiis, uuilt be delericd mril our vn^m Ilegilicr j 
 
 NO nation in Ein-ojie l>as experienced a p;reater 
 degicc o' drgenevac^ than the inl:abitHn s ot ino 'era 
 Italy £!ce our account oi' modern Runic], Dues 
 this proceed iVom SuperftitJon that dcrxradcs. Tyr- 
 anny that dcbales, or a womanilh corruption iliat 
 bnrUs into ch lu.ih eeflacies at the elft minate waib- 
 \\u<^^ o? a Cc'firaiOi that unmans the lex. in or er to 
 deceive the car, that cats off population to g>atify 
 the monien.ary !orgin2;s of a debauched appetne ? 
 
 it has been afiertcd bv a reipec^a'^le Traveller, 
 that tl:c defccndants of a nasion (the Greelts) which 
 once enriched the world with the Arts and Sciences, 
 aud afforded the nobieil nionuincnts of human virtus 
 and of human Ikill, not wiihitaiuling the cruel, de- 
 grading yoke of tbe Muntlmans, 11 1! call to raind 
 the greaTr»efs of their anceffors. We are alTiired, 
 that ihev frequently boali that ihey aiefprnng froni 
 thoie Greeks who arc no lefs memorable in arts than 
 arnjs, and that 'hev not onlv rccapicidattt the teats 
 oftl.eii prot»eni:ors,but actually point out the fcenes 
 of their glory. 
 
 N<>rvvithftand'ng very unfavourable appearances, 
 this IS alio 'he cafe withfome of the moderiulomaiis. 
 A Mong thein, too, it nnilt be remeir/nercd, fi.'/J: a:ofe 
 ■the indipendcnt little IlepuUlics of Euro; e ; and the 
 feeds of early lii'cr;y have iH)i been entiiclv cho'ced 
 by tlie triple fcrvitude of civil, rcligiouis, aad foreiga 
 
 do- 
 
85 MASSENA. 
 
 iiorninution. And the foundations of a new Repub- 
 lic have lately been laid in a cbflic foil, and the 
 names of Baonaparte, Maffena, Cervoni, &c. may 
 Itrve to re'.r.ind them, in feme degree, of the Bru- 
 Uifes, the CuoR, and xhe Scipios of antiquity. 
 
 General iyiaifena is now about 40 years of age. — 
 Kc was born in Nice, at a period when it appertain- 
 ed to the Houfe of Savoy into whole fervice he en- 
 tered early in life. Tlie reproach is not i)ecu!iar to 
 tiie Court of Turin, that, without courtly protec- 
 tion, nitrit makes but flow progiefs. How many 
 Officers of talents have we beheld in obfcurity, whilfl 
 tiie fon of a King;, or the baltard Ion of a Lord, has 
 been lifted to high command and rich eniolumcnls ? 
 — It was well obferved by an Eiiplifh fubaltern, that, 
 *•'■ in order to attain a rapid prom<jtion in the Englifh 
 r.?-my, he would rather be backed by a ro/U-/: borough 
 than pr-ffofs the talents of a Turenne I" 
 
 MdiTcna became an Enlign in the Sardinian army, 
 and an Enfiga he might have remained to this day, 
 had he continued in that fervice. But another dcf- 
 tiny awaited him; he threw up his commiHion, and 
 entering into a French legion, his talents foon began 
 to be dillingui/Jied. — It was at the capture of Sof- 
 pellotliat he rirJt developed his m-litaiy talents, and 
 it was entirely owing to him, that Saorgio, in tbe 
 campaign of 1794, yielded to the French arms. For 
 this important iervice he was made a General of 
 Diviiion. 
 
 When Buonaparte was appointed Com.mandcr in • 
 Chief in Italy, the local knowledge, the intrepidity, 
 and military experience of MalTena, pointed him oi^t 
 a? an Oiiicer every way capable of adding fuccefs to 
 liis plans. A'.cordingly, we find him, in the fpring 
 of i79^>7 adiing a brilliant part under the command 
 of that wonderful Gener^iil, at the battles of Monte 
 Lezina and Monte Notta, againfl tbe Sardinian ar- 
 ir,y, in which he had formerly ferved as an obfcure 
 irdividual. — He was alfo prefent at the battles of 
 Dego, Millefimo, Mondovi, and Caflaria, in which 
 he diltinguiflied himfelf by ihe Ikilful and impetuous 
 
 val- 
 
MASSiilHA. 87 
 
 valour with which hw artacked the arniics unu'. r Pro- 
 ycyia, and iicaulieu. He was no- lei's iuccclsfal a- 
 guin(^ the aged and experienced Count Wurnnler, 
 and ccntribiired not a linle ro the capture ot" the al- 
 1110ft imnregnable fortiti's of Mantua. 
 
 When the war recommenced at the infratlion of 
 the treaty of Campo Forir.io by the Emperor, Mafle-^ 
 na was aoaiu called to the lie id ; but, in the aM'encc 
 of Biionaparte to romrnarid, and of Carnct to direct, 
 ilie Fiench arn)ies, dii'organizcd and undifcipliued, 
 were no longer Ibccersrulj iind ihey lolt Italy as ra- 
 pidly as they iiad gained it. Buc when Baonnp:irte 
 returi'ed from Egypt, and w'len Carnot a-vain clirct^K- 
 ed the great and complicated machine of war, lo 
 powerful were tlieir oenius and '.heir influence, that 
 the republican arnis again appeared in ti-iumph I — 
 iMafTcna was the firft and only General that '^ave a 
 Liow to the warlike fame of Snwarrow; he baftled his 
 dcfigns and chec! cd his prcgrcfs in SwifJerland ; and 
 the hoary Barbarian ''■•■ returned in chagrin and dif- 
 appointment, to die in difgrace alnioU in tiie pit* 
 jcnce of the capricious tyrant liis mader I — AlafTcna's 
 defence of Genoa, which he furrendered jult a day 
 loofoon, and th.e furprizing eifecls of the decifive 
 battle of Marino^o, are evencs too recent to require 
 Jjerc a repetition. 
 
 It has been lately faid, that Maflena has tarni/lied 
 his laureh by an exceHive foodnefs of money, and ic 
 has been hinrcd, that he iullcred, if not lliared, in 
 peculation and unjult contributions— Whatever miay 
 be the caufe, he has been removed, by the Chief 
 Conful, from the command in Iraly ; nor does he, at 
 prefent, appear in any a<5tive capacity in the armies 
 of the French Republic 
 
 * " Hoary barbarian" — What o«^her epithet can we he- 
 ftjw on a nian nurfed in llavery, whofe trade was tl-e fpill- 
 ivg of hmr.an blood, and who ilaiightered thoufands at the 
 command oi' a Tyrant ! — Wif-nefs his horrible raaiTacres av 
 Ifmail ard V/crfaw. Ilis maxim was, " that the more men 
 he; billed \r. battle, the fooner would the war be concliided " 
 — After a long career of fuccefs, he at length became un- 
 fortunate ; and, after all his butcheries, he died in uu- 
 n:cri:ed difzrace. 
 
( 88 ) 
 
 Mr. JLFFERSOW. 
 
 X F-ToMAS Jefferson was lu.rn in the year 174*:?* 
 in riic c luitv o Atbcjiifirlc iu Viig ula ; h;s it* iicr 
 W a^ a repurabie Uiidljoldcr, ajxi gave this, iiis tlHcd 
 foiiy a (.(illege edLKa;u>n ar tl,c Uuivtifiiy i;t William 
 and IViarv. Aix^t palliii^^ h:S dcjj^icxs, being dtfijin* 
 cd ior ihe Bar, Mr. jettciibn con>inci)ccd a (tu<icrii at 
 Jaw under tlie gu. dance of Mr. Wythe, .h- vcueia- 
 Lie Judge and Clidiicclltir ot Virgin a. 
 
 Ill i76''i, Mr. Jetiei Urn can-e to il-e bar of the 
 Sujjreme Court, and cintinued to pratl ce with luc- 
 ce'.s and reputation until the commenrtnjent of fhe 
 Kevivliition i.i 1774? siid the con'tqucni ci-n^lufiou 
 of the Cc»uns r-i Juliirc. Dnriiig the pern/d of !us 
 practice, his indultrious mind I'oia.d time to di^ei} a 
 volu'.iie of Reporia of adjut'ji^ed Cdlts iu the ^;u{>rt^l^e 
 Coi'.rts of Vi'ffinia — a boi.k that is adn in. d n<>s\ to 
 be a good aiithont\, as it is an honourable evitiercc 
 of his early labours and uf'cfiil taleii;s. 
 
 In the y-ear 1774, wten all Anurica was roufed 
 into aelion by the ■ ncoitilitoiionai clain-.s ot the Bri- 
 tjfii G vernj-jieni., Mr. JtlFcribn Itepped forward a 
 bold a. id able champion of his cotnxiy's tights, aHtl 
 pubhdied h:s niuch acifnired pamphlet, entititd, *^A 
 iuTimai V View of tht Righis of Brinfh Asrerit a, 
 addreirc! to the Kinji," ^A-hich bmught a^^ainlt the 
 "writer tnri.ats of prultcution by Lose) Dunniorc, then 
 Governor of Virgii.ia — • threats uhich j)r< dmed ro 
 other eft'eit on tie iii;'epeudent mind of Mr. Jeiier- 
 fon, than pviblicly to avow himielf the autiior, pre- 
 pa'-cd ro meet every < onl€q'~«ente. 
 
 About th's time, Mr, JcHbrfon married the daugh- 
 ter ot i^/lr. VVavIes, an emiuciu lawyer, and lie en- 
 joyed much diMiieftic ielicitv i.» the fociety of oue of 
 the nio(t am able of women, till the year I78<», when 
 by her dcatn he bci ame the niournt^r of Ijer virtues, 
 
 •Old 
 
 * Dr. Franklin v/z-z bnri in the yenr xyn^ — Gen. V^z.flj- 
 ington 1732 — r. /.dams 1733 — r. jcilerfon 1745 — aa^ 
 Mr. Burr, according to the foUowir.^ acccuat, in J j^o. 
 
Mr, JEFFERSON. 89 
 
 end rli.e guardian of two daughters anc? only fnrviv- 
 ing ilTae-, to whofc efincation and IctrleiT^cnt in life, 
 lic. ha.s ever il^cc faitlifuiiy devorcd i-iinifelf, fliii re- 
 maiiiing a widower 
 
 In the year 1775, Mr. ]. was elecled a member of 
 the Virginian Convcntitni ; and, on the 4ti) of Aii- 
 pufl in tiie fame year, one or the ineinbeis to lepre- 
 Icnt the ftate (then cohmy) of Virginia. 
 
 In the memorable year 1776, the natal year of 
 American freedom and independence, Mr. Jefiej-foa 
 ^vas one of a Coniniirtee of Five, viz. Tho. jefFerion, 
 John Adams, Benj. Franldin, Roger Siieririan, and 
 k. LivIn?,fUin, appointed by Congrels to draft tlie 
 Declaration of iudepcndencc ; aad it was from the 
 able pen and cnlij,htencd mind of I\lr. JtiTcrfon, firil 
 named (;f the Cxi'mtr.ittcc, that evei--nicir,oraMe in- 
 IhiirTA-nt proceeded, wliich was rcpovied hy thcCom- 
 riiif-iee, and unanimonfly a-d'3pted by Corigrefs. 
 
 in the iame year^ the ardent mind of P/ir. Jcucr- 
 f-^n, eagerly pur(hing the glorious princip'cs of the 
 Kevoliition, and fortfteing that io long as the cor- 
 ruptions of Britifli fyliems exilied, we were inde- 
 pendent in name, br.t not in faii, produced for the 
 adoption ot tlie Leg'.flarure, the foUovviug Ac^ts, viaL 
 
 1. An AtSl to ellabliih religious Freeiiom. 
 
 2,. An Ai\ to regiilate defcer.t?, to prevent eliates 
 cnta.l and ihe rights of primogeniture. 
 
 3. An Act ibr the apport.oiiment cf crimes and 
 pvininimems. 
 
 4. An Act to eflabliili public Schools. 
 
 Tlie influence of tiieie Acts upon the relative prin- 
 cipbes they embrace, will be iecn and felt by all 
 thofe w!io nei/.e Civil Liberty as a ]V/im-:iry ble'ling — 
 \vhiH> fyliems of univeifal toleration in matters of 
 religion ; for an equal diftriburion of property, and 
 a fnbverfuv.i of the unjail, ariilocratiral principle of 
 of entail and primogenirure riglit ; for anteliora^ing 
 ibe fanguinarv code of criminal law ; and for ex- 
 tending to the poored of citizens the benefits of e- 
 du ation; mufl be viewed as the emanations of a 
 great and good mind, zealoufly endeavouring to pro- 
 iPiOtc ihe happiiitfs of his fellow mca. 
 
90 Mr. JEFFERSON. 
 
 Equally evincive of a watchful re|;ard for the 
 rights of his countrymen, was his riiogeflion for the 
 formation and adoption of the Conititiition of Vir- 
 ginia, in the fame year, and for prefixing iheret;* 
 ** A Bill of Kigiits, declaratory of the natural and 
 unalienable Rights of Man" — which was according- 
 ly d.)ne. 
 
 In the year 177S, Mr. Jeiferfon being then a mem- 
 ber of the Virginia Lcfriflaivire, preTented 'to that 
 body " An Ad to prever.t the importation of Slaves'' 
 >vhlch wasenaA^Lcd into a law, ami ^vas (honly afrer 
 followed by another humane Acl ^'^to antliorize Man- 
 iira:'Tior,«i," being the ccnimencement of a fyUem of 
 gradual emancipation, alio propnfed by liim. 
 
 In the year 1779, at il;e age ot 36, Mr. Jeflerfcn 
 %v as c^iofen Governor of Virginia, a^;d continued in 
 ll>at ofr:;;e until June 1781, during which the State 
 fi'.ltered by three .'nvafions, and was alfo brought into 
 a critical condition refpe<:"ting its boundary liiies witli^ 
 Pennfylvania and North Garolina. His condutft in 
 that flation, amidft the jarring conflicts and trying 
 difficulties of both foreign invafion and don)eftic 
 feuds, was fuch, as fecured to him, fix months afier 
 he left the ofTice, and upon the fullt/l enquiry, the 
 unanimous i hanks of the Legiflature, then confilting 
 of 180 members, for " his attentive admini/lration 
 of the powers of the Executive while in ofike." 
 
 During die year 178:, airJdfl the cares of govern- 
 Tuent aiid fcenes of private afHidion, Mr. Jef^. 
 fcrfon prepared his celer.rated work, which he mo- 
 cleftly ilyled Nores on Virginia, * In this work, fo 
 
 jufl- 
 
 * About the year 1797 or 8, when the political fervor ( f 
 the country had been trepaurjed into a -vvr-jng bias by the 
 arts of a cer;ain Faaion, and War was loudly reeommen- 
 ded by high authority, a rude and wanton attack was made 
 upon Mr. jeL'erfon, in Porcupine's Brhhb Gazette, by a Mr. 
 T^ artin of Iviar land, all edging; that the celebrated ilory of 
 Lotrau was a fabrication calculated to injure the reputation 
 of Capt. CrelTop, &.c. — 'v r. JeiTerfon, in an Appendix to 
 his Notes, calmly invelHgates all the circumlLances, and 
 authenticates the fad. The calumny now recoils on thfi 
 
 heads 
 
Mr. JEFFERSON. 91 
 
 juniy admired for ira j^hilofophical refearclj, inc^eni- 
 ous theory, and able dilquilhion, the author, in a 
 luperior (liain of cluquenct;, boldly attacks and fully 
 rcfurcs the fallacious theories of Buiion and ilayna!, 
 ^vhicli tended to difparage both ti.e man and the 
 bcafl of America, and rtduce them to an inferior 
 Ica'.e with thofe of Europe ; and vindicating the e- 
 q'-iai diitribution of Nature's bkllincs to this conti- 
 iicnc both in the animal and vegetable creation. 
 
 In the year 17B3, Mr. Jtfferion was a^^ain appoint- 
 ed to a feat in Congrefs from his native (tare, and the 
 tl:e following ytar, on the yih of iViay was noniina* 
 tcJ by that hon. body i\lini/ter Plenipotentiary of 
 t: e United States to the Court of France, as the 
 iuccefior of our illufirious Franklin, whither he em- 
 barked early in the fainc year, and remained abltnt 
 from the United Sates, in the exjcution of the dritits 
 cf that importaRt trull, until ih^ monili of Ocrobcr, 
 3; 89, when he returned home by permillion of the 
 then Prefuient, Wafhington, who, upon bt;ing e- 
 lected Lo the chief mag'iiracy of thcFetlcral Guvtrn- 
 menr, immediately dc'tmed Mr. Jtifcrfon the ntxc 
 moQ, honourable and cor.fidential liation in the exe- 
 Cistive government, near his own perfon. 
 
 During his mliTion to F;ancc, IVlr. Jeiferfon, \\:lh 
 that pevuiiar addrcfs, intelligence and attention to 
 promote tie eifential intereds of the United Slates, 
 which directs all his aiftions, obtiii;ied from the 
 French King, an arrette, highly beneficial to the 
 American cominerce, for the free admifllon, exempt 
 from the cn{u>mary foreign duties, of oil, hih and 
 whalebone, the produft of the x'^merian fiflieries, in- 
 to ctrtain ports, and for tlie (ale of American built 
 ihips in all rheporrs of France — benefts, vvhich our 
 Eaftern brethren continued to reap the peculiar ad- 
 vantage of, until the commencement of the revolu- 
 tionary ccnvulGons wliich have, urdiappiiy, too long 
 .'iijitated that country. 
 
 About 
 
 heads of rhcTe pcrf-nis who rafnly undertook the dirty work 
 oi" a mifc'iievous Taftion, in order to blacken the fair fa na 
 oi" .r,r. JeJerfon, — bee his Appendix. 
 
9^ r\lr. JEFFEIISON, 
 
 /ibont the fame period Mr. Jcfforrop, in conjvrjC' 
 tion with our immortal t'rankiin, ntpoiiated with 
 a INlinifter from the court of Pri ilia, ilicn at Hague, 
 tiiat celebrated trc^ity known by the name of *•' The 
 rruflian Treaty,'* in which an afloniilied \vorld h^s^ 
 for the lirll time, fcen a pr.biic avowal and pofitive 
 provilion by treaty, between two fovercign and in- 
 dependent rxaiioDS, for the eflabiiiliincnt of thofc 
 two great and glorious principles, promotive of uni- 
 verlal peace, and happinefs, to wit, lit. ** That 
 fr&^ ihips make free goods ;" and, 2d. *■'• That prij- 
 vateering in the time of war be aboliflied ;" priii- 
 cipies whicio it were to be wiPned could be 'rendered 
 unsverfai and eternal. Mr. Adams now Prcfident of 
 the United States, was one of tlie comirjifiion to ne- 
 gotiate this treaty, and on its completion, it was 
 ient over to London, where Mr. Af-aius then redded 
 as mliiifler of the United S^i^tes, for his {jgnaiure. 
 Ii" is greatly to be regretted that j>1r. Adams could 
 not he content to'reiain to himfeif a fiiare of the 
 ri,lory which reiledison the authors of this celebrated 
 treaty. Bur, unhappily for our country, fince he- 
 became l-refident of the United States we have feeri 
 him nominate his fon John Qjjincy Adams, as rninif- 
 ter to the court of Pruflia, ior the exprefs purpofe, 
 as declared, of rentwiug the treaty with that na- 
 tion, whicii having been iiinited to continue in force 
 for ten years only, had expired. Accordingly ano- 
 ther trcacy has been made by his fon Nvith PrufTu,. 
 which has been approved by a majority of the Senate 
 and ratified by rhe Prefident, but which, initead of 
 renewing and contintiing the old treaty, is in itfclf 
 a new one, expreisly abandoning and renouncing the 
 two i}»c(Umable ptinciples, if^. ** That free fliips 
 make fi-ee goods," and 2d. *'• That privateering in 
 time of war be aboli/ned ;'* principles which, it 
 a})pears, fronj the correCpondence accompanying the 
 Logotiation, laid before the Senate of the United 
 Slates by the Prefident, the wife and enlightened 
 n:iini{}crs of the Pruffian Monarch were brought, 
 ^^ith great diflKuhy and reluilUnce, to abacdon, on 
 
 tn< 
 
Mr. ji:rcr:R30N. <P3 
 
 •the earnefl folicitatioa antl rciteraieJ deinand of the 
 /American nejvotiator, nnJ^r the iiigoeflion chat the 
 maritime: powers, parriculaily Grea: Britain, avouU 
 never fanclion or permit th m. * 
 
 la ths vcar J7S(;, Mr. Jtfien'bn being returned to 
 the Unite.'] States, ami ap])o!iited by Preildcnt Wafii- 
 iiigton. Secretary to the department of Srate» im- 
 mediately entered on the arduous duties of that 
 isTiportaiir, flation, having previouily ftipulated witli 
 the Prefident, tliat, on conlideration of the many- 
 years ahfeaee from his fanidy and c(Ute, he migiit 
 be permitted at the expiration of the conibiutioiuil 
 term for which the Prefident was cLiled, to retire 
 from the public fervice. 
 
 The fir(l refalt of the labours of Mr. J-. iTerf )n in 
 the department of flate, were exhibited to Congrefs 
 in tbe folio wini>; leports, — !"o wit, 
 
 I. A report on the tifheries of the United Stales. 
 
 z. A report on coins, wei^?;!its and meafures. 
 
 3. A report on the wai'e and unappropriated land 
 of the Uruted Stares. 
 
 4. \ report on privileiies and reilrifiions on the 
 commerce of tlie United S arcs in foreign countries. 
 
 Each of thelc reports difplayed the uliial accuracy, 
 inf)rmar!on, and intelligence of the svriter. 
 
 But it was reiVrvc^d for a more critical an.ddeUcare 
 period in the alfjirs of the United Sta'-es, that the 
 .pre-eminent talenfs of the American Secretary 
 Ihould become mod: confjfiruous, and interefling''y 
 ufc(ul to his country. Tlie non-execution of the 
 
 treaty 
 
 * Of the alleviations contained in the above paragraph, 
 we dr> not fpeak wi'.h abfolute precifion-— As in the coHIiion 
 of party vicw-s, and in the confufion of i'elGfti reprefenta- 
 tions, it is diiFicuh: to difcover the truth (ci\id which, infpite 
 of the j^reateil political fagaciLy, often depavids on contin- 
 gent circumitances) it becomes us to be diriident. The 
 
 new Treaty, which contains 37 Arricl*'?., and is to continue 
 a.no':her ten years, has la:ei/T3een piihliflied, and is open to 
 the impartial inveili^^acion cf the pubfic. — If the Kiii;j^ of 
 T'ruiTia obtains poflefSon of that great commerial city, Ham- 
 burgh, the Treaty will be of more confcquence to America, 
 thuii cipher JNlr. Adams or liIs opponaau at hril imagined. 
 
^^ Mr, TEFrERiON. 
 
 / T- .J 
 
 tfeaty of jx-ace >vith the United Stales, on the part 
 o^ Greai-Britain, her detention of our WcfJern 
 pods, and the attendant fpoliations on our cern- 
 merce, both by Great-Britain and France, then at 
 \var with each other, added to the irt^i^'uss of the 
 AliniHer of the latter, Genet, all conduced to a fitu- 
 ^iiivHi dfTiCiilt and perple>;ing. Befides which, Spaia 
 vontinwied to withhold from us the free navigation of 
 the Milnflippi, ip tiTential to all V/eOcrn /iraerica. 
 In this (tute of things, the jult tci.fidtnre, which 
 the difcriminating mind of Waf];jiR^^toii,liad repofcd in 
 Mr. JcfTerfo^n, was amply repaid, by the prompt- 
 nefs, zeal and ability, with which tlie Amtriian 
 Secretary, contributed, by his labours, to relieve tl-.e 
 txccu live from eiribariaffrretn. Through a fcrv'ce 
 of niaHerly and uneqvialied diplomatique ccrrefpond- 
 ence, wiiich he maintained, at the fame time, wi"h 
 X\\Q refpetPtiye »riini(^ers of Great- Britain and France, 
 r.amcK Flammcud and Genet, lie ttaverkd and re- 
 burrcd their refpeCtive caufes of d ara;e and covii- 
 plalnt agaiiifl the United States, and having fuily 
 proved the various s^gief^^ons and infra<ftions of trea- 
 ty on the part of ti)cir rei'pecftive governments, 
 pointed to the means of preferving the honour and 
 maintaining the rights of his own country, whil(^, 
 a! ke fuperior to the intiigues o\ Great Britain or of 
 Fiance, he fully manifeHed that he held no panicn- 
 Jar attachment to any foieign nati«>u, but \\ as ecjual- 
 Iv prepared, with the ct cifjcn, £rmnefs and intelli- 
 gtnce of a true American, to oppoic and refift the 
 ai'iM-cflions of all. T/ie recal of Genet; and 
 appoiiiinicnt of his fucft-iTor, with the fubfcqueut 
 proceeding's between the United States and France, 
 the appointment of Mr. Jay, his treaty with Great 
 Britain, and the recal of pi'l r.Hummond, the appoirt- 
 ment of Mr, LiOon, and tlie fuhfcquent proceeding 
 wirh Great Britain, are all uel! kr.own. 
 
 In refpe<5l to Spain, the laboi rs of i\'^r. JcfTetf n 
 were more immediately elfcftive and ccMT;plt;e. 
 Having podtfTed the Cor miflicners of the United 
 Slates then at Madrid, rcfictiatng a treaty \^\xh the 
 
 Court 
 
 i 
 
Mr. JF.FFERSON. 95 
 
 Court of Spain, witii tlie mcfl amiile and pointed 
 inltrii61ions, and alfo of tlie A urn and provifions of 
 a treaty, predicated on the bafis of the fiee naviga- 
 tion of the Mifiiilippi, it remained only for J'Tr, 
 Thomas Piiickney, llicn Minifler of tlie United 
 States at London, under fpccial inftruction from tlie 
 Prelidcnt, and appointed Knvoy for tl:at purpofc, to 
 repair to Madrid, and ieizingthe favourable moment 
 for efi'ecling it, to accomplifli this d^lirable work. 
 This was accordingly done, with equal pjomprntis 
 and decifion on his part, and joimly to that, and the 
 labours of the American Secretary in thv Cdbiutt, 
 are the United States indebted for the molt liberal, 
 honourable, and beneficial treaty, they have ercr 
 yet entered into v. ith a foreign nation. 
 
 About this rime, having, av the pre{]]ng entreaty 
 of the then Prefident, Wafliington, remained one 
 year longer at the head of the department of flatc, 
 than he had before flipnlated to do, he refigned l;is 
 office, and retired with the warmcrt thanks and 
 regret of the Prefident, VVafniitgr on, to hiseftate at 
 Monticello, in Albemarle county, Virginia, where 
 he continued for upNvards of two years uninttrruj r- 
 edly to enjoy the fweets of domellic' cale, and a 
 i-cfpite from the fatigues of public life, followino- 
 with avidity his favourite purfuits of philofophic ai 
 refearcli and agricultural improvement, until the voice 
 of his Country again fummoned him to tlie more 
 a^51ive fcenes of public duty, and placed him in 
 nomination for the prefidential chair, as the fucctfl- 
 or of Wafliington. The ifTue of that eie(5tion is 
 well knov.n, aud but ^or a falfe return in < nc flare, 
 and the fuppredion of a return in another, Mr Jcf- 
 fcilon would have been declared Prefident ; as t' e 
 returns iiowever (lood before Ci'ngrefs, it appears 
 that he had 68 votes, and Mr. Adams 71, confe- 
 quently the latter was declared Prefident, and ilie 
 former Vice Prefident of the United States. 
 
 The tongue of Party malite, which is never at 
 refl, and gives to every fubjedt a malignant hre, 
 perceiving Mr. JeHerfort's riling popularity, in order 
 
 to 
 
96 Mr. JEFFERSON. 
 
 to prejudice the public mind, and ro dilappoint his 
 future clcclion, brought forward a charge, that he 
 ■^vas indebted to the Britifli, and took mealurcs to 
 difappoint his creditors. This charge has been re^ 
 futed in a manner highly honourable to Mr. Jeftcr- 
 ibn's chara^iier, by certain gentlenicn in Philadel- 
 phia, who took particular pains to invefligate the 
 fubjec^. r.-nmt;diately after Mr, JefFerfon's arrival 
 in Virginia, in the fail of 1789, he procured a jneet- 
 ing wiiii ihe Agent and the geiKlemen inierefted, and 
 an amicable fettlemeiit \vas made in writing on the 
 principles of liis letter.* Mr. Jeffcfon again -f" 
 ibid proj)erty to the amount of the debt, and, in the 
 courfc of the firfl: and fecond ^ears, delivered over 
 th'j obl^fr^^'<^'is received for ir to the Agenr, who 
 took on himfclf ihe collection of the money — io that 
 • it is now feven or eight years fi.ice he paid the debt. 
 
 But there was another claim made by the Agent 
 of the houl'e of Farrel and Jones a}i,aiji(l ttjc execu- 
 tors cf Mr. V/ayles, and another for a cargo of a- 
 boiit 4000I vair.e, to be fdd on commifli'm, on ac- 
 connr of the confignecs. Mr. ■VVaylcs afl-ided in tlie 
 fale, but died foon afcer, when the whole collection 
 furvived to liie other confignee, who received it, 
 walled it, and died a bankrupt. The Agent thought 
 he would try the chance of recovering the money 
 from the execnrors of Mr. Wayles, alfho' he knew 
 they had not received ir ; on the trial, 11 of the jury 
 detcr:r.iiie 1 apainff the liability of the executors, but 
 the i2rh difitnting, the cale was laid over to the 
 next Federal Court, when a fecond jury unanimouf- 
 
 ly 
 
 * Referring to a letter from ^''r. JelTerfon, dated the 5^1 
 oF January 1787, wherein lie made amicable piopofalc of 
 fettling and paying the demands agaisll him, and which 
 were accepted. — vVe are forry we have not room for this 
 letter, as it does much honour to his feeliug;j and principles, 
 bcOdcs (lie wing the diurcllVtd liaCc of tiie country during die 
 revolutionary war. 
 
 f r. caning, diat he had before paid tlie amount of the 
 debt into the treafury of Virginia, agreeably to the then 
 law of that State, which f.rll payment proved an entire lofs 
 to V.r. Jcfltrfon ! 
 
Mr. JEFFERSON. 97 
 
 1'/ concurred with the eleven of the lirfl, and gave a 
 verdi6^ for the executors, agreeably to the opinions 
 of Judge Iredell wlio prefided at one hearing, and 
 of Judge Patterfon who prtfidcd at the otlier. 
 
 Periiaps there is no man in America better calcu- 
 lated to fill the chair of ftate than Mr. Jefferfon. — 
 Few men who have travelled at all, have travelled 
 with more advaniage, and had a greater capacity of 
 receiving improvement from this mode of it, than 
 liim. Tlie genius of each nation, its particular cul- 
 toms and manners, and the great relative intcrcHs 
 which regulated the policy of Courts, v.ere fubjecls 
 with which he was acquainted ; and eminently fit- 
 ted him, to fill a department, the peculiar organ of 
 their communications. Controverfy, which lb fre- 
 quently betrays the fallibility of the underftanding, 
 beraule it begets intemperance, never makes him a 
 viiftim to the defigns of his opponent. He liflens 
 to" his argument with icrupuloi;s attention ; drav-fs 
 new fources of information from conflictino' princi- 
 ples ; and, if he is animated at all, it is vvith the 
 difcovery of a new truth. There are, perhaps, few 
 men better calculated always to triumph, and al- 
 ways to leave upon the other's mind, at lead, the 
 juoil favourable impredions, if not the mofl decifive 
 conviction. This is not diilicult to account for, when 
 applied to Mr. Jeflerfon ; becaufe few men, like 
 him, dcfcrves the application. He never hazards an 
 opinion without the authority of experience, and 
 the convi<5lion of reafon. Travel and oblervatioii 
 have matured the one, and cxtenfive application and 
 r^^fieclion, liavc invigorated the other. His princi- 
 ples, thcTcfore, convey the flrongell imprefiions, 
 which be inforces by logical deducTtion and mathe- 
 narical precifion, drawiug froni an exparded intcl- 
 le^.H, tliat ftparatcs, v/iih^infinire facility, the purity 
 of Trut-h from tiic grofler materials of Error. 
 
 Difdaining the charaaer of the Courtie", where 
 ptifillanimity and tlattery are the flep^ by which the 
 obfcquious arife to diftinaion, Mr. Jeiien'on has fill- 
 ed the highcfl: ofFues of government, by his own 
 F in- 
 
98 Mr. JLFFERSON. 
 
 intrinfic merit. The fimplicity of his manners, and 
 the refervednefs of his temper, are the charadlerif- 
 tics of a vigorous mind, which grafps at higher ob- 
 jefts than the mere arts of plealing. Yet there is 
 no man in private life, more amiable, none more 
 dignified, and none whofe manners, polTefs, in a 
 higher degree, the incomparable felicity of infpiring 
 the combined emotions of attachment and refpedt. 
 He has contemplated miCn and things in the different 
 lights in which they are, and in which they fliould 
 be. His refledlions on this fubjedt, are the fources 
 of his humanity and forbearance ; qualifications 
 which travel, bufinefs, and books, have matured 
 into practice, and given to his mind a degree of phi- 
 loibphical tranquility— But let not this placidity of 
 temper, be millaken for coldnefs of apprehenfion. 
 He pofTefTes an underflanding, capable of being in- 
 ipired with intrepidity, when great objccfts demand 
 its energy. The American Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, his negotiatior^s in feveral of the moil fubtle 
 cabinets of Europe, and his communications with 
 the intriguing Miniflers of France and England, 
 while Secretary of Sate, will remain the durable 
 memorials of a great mind, at once capable of com- 
 bining the various qualifications of energy, pene- 
 tration, and deliberate coolnefs. 
 
 It has been fneeringly faid, **0, Mr. Jeiferfon is 
 a PhiloiOpher," — meaning, tl at from the habits of 
 iiis lif€, he is unfit to be the Chief Magiflrate of an 
 active, mix^ed, extended community. — If Mr. J. had 
 all his days be^n fecloded in a clofet or a cloyffer, 
 the infinuation might not be improper — We have 
 fl]ewn the contrary ; that, to the attainments of a 
 Scholar, and the accomplifiiments of a Gentleman, 
 he adds the neceflary qualifications of a StateTman, 
 «*one well acquainted with the world and its ways" 
 — But wx do not believe that Mr. J. himlelf ever faid 
 he was a Philofopher ; he knows too well the vaft 
 dignity of the character; he is too modeft and too 
 fenfihle a man, to take upon himTelf a title which 
 requires a rare afiemblage of all the exalted qualities 
 
 of 
 
Mr, JEFFERSON. 99 
 
 of fhe human mind, united to all the poffible attain- 
 Rienrsof jiuinan learning. — We believe Mr. J. is not 
 or the NEW Philolbphy, the iargon of the day, that 
 vague, iindeiineH jUmble of words, which pulls dov/n 
 every lydem, whether moral or religious, and lets 
 up nothing in their place, leaving the pocr wanderer 
 in a wildernefs, and depriving fociety irfelf of a 
 guide ! — Nor of that old, cold-blocded, machiavel- 
 ian Philolophy, which, under the femblance of 
 *'^ political (Vilem," connects immorality, fraud, am- 
 bition, and tyranny, facrificing, on the altar of Dtf- 
 porifm, the liberty of nations, and the felicity of 
 
 millions ! * 
 
 Our readers know the iiUie of the late elcClion ; 
 that a decided majority of tiie people of America has 
 given their voice for Mr. jelferlbn to be Prefident 
 of the Federal Government of the i6 States. — At 
 the moment that tliis flieet is going to prefs, the 
 people of America are waiting in anxious, awful ful- 
 penfe, to fee whether the prefeut Congrcfs will cO' 
 incide with or oppofe their choice. 
 
 Philofophical Hall, Philadelphia, Jan. i, i8ot. 
 
 AT a Meeting of the Ameykan Pbilosopkic.il Society, the fol- 
 lowing Members were duly eleded Officers for the eufuing 
 Year agreeanle to Charter. 
 
 Prefklent, Thomas Jeffei^so:'!, Efq. 
 
 V'ice-Prefidents, Cafper WilVar, R.Patterfon, A. EUicet ; 
 
 Secre i.ries, John R. Loxc, A. Seybert, J. Clay, B. Alifon; 
 
 C^uriiellors for three years, Jon. B. Smith, William Currie, 
 Sam. Wheeler, P. S. Duponceau ; 
 
 Curators, C.W.Peelo, J.R.bmith, Rob.Leflie ; 
 
 Tveafurer, John Vaughan. 
 
 "" Among ft many others, Louis XIV. of France, and Fre- 
 derick of Pru.'P.a, are notable inilances of this fcrt of philo- 
 fophy ; perhaps the late Catherine of RuiEa excelled both 
 thefe kingly gentlemen. — - It is almoft needlefs to remark, 
 that the French revohuioo has begottena liolt of /xj/Zf/cc/Zphi- 
 lolophers on both fides of the queftion — Robefpierre fet out 
 on the NEW fcheme, and a bloody ufe he made of it. Be- 
 fore he died, however, he meanly fkulked from one fcheme 
 to the other, and both of them failed him. — Anvrnglt many 
 others, poor Mifs -• clftoncraft fell a vidim to the deluding' 
 ideas of the ne^Ji Philufophy. F j, 
 
joo Mr. JEFFERSON. 
 
 [At the rcquefl: of a Correfpondent, we infert the 
 follosving exira(5t from Mr. Jelferfon's ** Notes on 
 Virginia." It is that part of them nhich has been 
 the fubjeift of fo much cavil and criticifin ; v/hich has 
 given lo mt^cli ofi'ence to tend:r coniciences, and which 
 has been To greedily (hatched at by the dircij.les of tlie 
 iieiu Philofophy — We therefore deem it a neceifary 
 acccmpanyment to an account of that Gentleman's 
 life and chara(fier. 
 
 WlnHl v/e believe that m;)ny of the remarks made 
 upon this portion of Mr. JefFerfon's Notes have come 
 frosn pious and Nvell-meaning men, we mufl at the 
 fame time obferve, that the groffeft and mofl illiberal 
 lbi6lures have been made by others fiomfolitical and 
 Jelfijh motives, as was fuliy evidenced pending the 
 late election. — It is thus that tiue Religion is dif- 
 lionoured ; the fpiritua! affairs of the other world are 
 dragged into the temporary concerns of this — it is 
 thus that Religion is thrown cut as a tub to ihe 
 \Thale, in oider to deceive and miflead the unthink- 
 ing multitude I 
 
 To that part of the extract which appears mofl 
 objectionable, our Correfpondewt has fubjoined a note 
 of obfervation, which we inlert verbatim.] 
 
 EXTRACT from Mr. Jefferson's Notes. 
 
 In anfwcr to the queflion, What religion is in the 
 Hate of Virginia? — Mr. JefFeribn proceeds thus : 
 
 " The prefent flate of our laws on the fubje6l of 
 Religion is this. The Convention of May 1776, in 
 their Declaration of Rights, declared it to be a 
 truth, and a natural right, that the exercije of Religion 
 Jhou-ld be free; but when they proceeded lo form on 
 that declaration the ordinance of government, in- 
 ftead of taking r.p every principle declared in the 
 Ijill of Rigiits, and guarding it by legiflative fanc- 
 tion, they paffcd over that wliich afferted onr religi- 
 ous rights, leaving them as tl:ey found them. The fame 
 Convention, however, when tl;ey met as a member 
 of the general aiTembly in October 1776, repealed 
 sU Avfls of Parliment wliich had rendered criminal 
 
 the 
 
Mr, JEFFEllSONT. lot 
 
 the maintaining any opinions in matters of religion, 
 the forbearing to repair to church, and the exerciling 
 any mode of worfliip ; and Ibfpended the laws giving 
 laiaries to the Clergy, whicli iuipenfion was made 
 perpetual in Oiitober 1779. Statutory opprellions in 
 rciioion bcinp; thus wipt-d away, we remain at pre- 
 ll-nc under thofe only impofed by the common law, 
 or by our own Acts of /iiiembly. Ai the common 
 law, Herafy was a capital offence, puniiliable by 
 burning. Its delinition was left to the eccleliafHcal 
 judges, before wiioni the conviction was, till the 
 Itatute of the 1 Eliz. c. i. circumfi-rlbsd it, by de- 
 claring, *' Tl at nothing Hioald be deemed H:refyi 
 but wiiat had been fo determined by authority of the 
 Canonical Scriptures, or by one of the four firf> Ge- 
 neral Councils, or by fome otlier Council having lor 
 the grounds of their declaration the eiiprtfi aud 
 plain words of the Scriptures." Hereiy, thus cir- 
 camfciibed, being an oflence at the common laWy 
 our a(5t of iifTembly of 1777, c. 17, gives cognizance 
 of it to the General Court, by declaring, that the 
 jurifdiction of that Court, ihall be general in ail 
 matters at the common law. The execution is t>y 
 the writ Dd H<:?retico canbtirendo. By our own ?-ii of 
 Alfcmbly of 170.';, c. 30, if a ptrfon bcought up in 
 the ChridJan religion denies the being of a God, or 
 the Trinity, or allerts there are more Guds than one, 
 or denies the Chriftian religion to be true, or the 
 Scriptures to be of divine authority, he is punishable 
 on the firfl olfence by incapacity to hold any cilice or 
 employment ecclefialtical, civil, or military ; on the 
 fecond by diiability to fue, to take any gift or legacy, 
 to be guardian, executor, or adminiltraror, and by 
 three years imprifonment, without bail. A father's 
 right tQ the cultody of his ov/n children being fouKd- 
 ed in law on his right of guardianihip, this being 
 taken away, they may of courfe be fevered from him, 
 and put, by the authority of a court, into more or- 
 thodox hands. 
 
 '' This is a fummary view of that Religions Slave- 
 ry, under which a people have been willing to re- 
 F 3 main 
 
102 Mr. JEFFERSON. 
 
 main, who have laviflied their lives and fortunes for 
 the cflablifhment of their civil freedom. The error 
 feeins not fufiicienily eradicated, that the operaiioRS 
 of the mind, as well as the acls of the body, are 
 lubjed to the coercion of the laws. But our rulers 
 can have authority over Ibth natural rights only as 
 we have fubmitted to them. The rights of confci- 
 ence we never iabmitted, we could not fubmit. 
 \Vc are anfwerable for tijem to our God. The legi- 
 timate powers of Governinent extend to I'uch aCis 
 only as are injurious to others. But it does me no 
 injury for my neighbour to fay, there are twenty 
 Gods-, or no God ;'^' it ncith-cr picks my pocket nor 
 breaks my leg. if it be faid^ his teliimony in a 
 
 Court 
 
 * It fometimes happens, that even the befl Writers, in 
 their endeavours to eilablilli a fad, or iljullrate a principle, 
 urge too much, and overfhoot their mark. — With great def- 
 erence to the higlily refpeAable Author of the Notes on 
 Virginia, I think the above paiTage a proof of the remark — 
 nay more, it appears to nje a very objedionable one ; and I 
 do not wonder at irs giving cf.ence to pious minds, and of 
 being made the gr'ound-work of much cenfure and mifrepre- 
 fentation, — After the kncv.lcdge he now has of human na- 
 ture, does T- r. Jeiierfon really think, that the man who be- 
 lieves in no God, is as good, or as uleful a member of foci- 
 ety, as he ix^lo b<el!eves in one, or three, or twenty Gods ? — 
 Mr J. is too dignlfted a character to make a needlefs play 
 npon words, of -* picking pockets, or of breaking legs — but 
 it may eaiily be imSigined, and experience confirms the fa«S, 
 that the man who dilbelieves all Deity, and who has diveft- 
 ed himfelf of all mor^l and religious obligations, v/ould not 
 only pick pcckes and break legs, but alfo commit theft and 
 perpetrate murder, to gratify his greed or his revenge, i-f 
 he could a£l v.'idi impunity. — What piudent man would en- 
 truit the honour of his wife, or his daughter, or his filler, or 
 the care of his goods or his money, to the keeping of a pro- 
 felfeJ Athieil, who is difengaged from every facred tie, who 
 is afraid of no law but the pii^.ol or the gallows? — 
 
 I cc-uli fay much more on thi.3 fubjedl, IV r. Editor, if you 
 would give me room — but tlie pofition Is fo very plain and 
 demonkrative, that it requires no ingenuity to fupport It — 
 1 therefore conclude with only remarking, that in a book 
 which is fo ably and laudably calculated to vindicate and 11- 
 Inftrate the ijoble principles of Civil and Religious Liberty, 
 
 I am 
 
Mr. JEFFERSON. 103 
 
 Court of Juftlce cannot be relied on, reje(fl it then, 
 and be the ftigma on him. Conltraint may make him 
 worie by making hi:n a hypocrite, but it will never 
 make him a truer man. It may fix him obliinately 
 in his errors, but will not cure them. Real'on and 
 free enquiry are the only eftedual agents agaiuil er- 
 ror. Give a loofe to tliem, they will fupport the 
 true religion, by bringing every falCe one to their 
 tribunal, to the tell of their invelHgarion. They 
 are the natural enemies of error, and of error only. 
 Had not the Roman government permitted free en- 
 quiry, Chriflianity could never have been introdu- 
 ced. Had not free enquiry been indulged, at the 
 ?era of ihe Reformation, the corruptions of Chriih- 
 anity could not have been purged away. If it be 
 retrained now, tlie prefeut corruptions will be pro- 
 tected, and new ones encouraged. Was the go- 
 vernment to prefcribe to us our medicine and diet, 
 our bodies would be in fuch keeping as our fouls are 
 now. Thus in France tlie emetic was once forbidden 
 as an article of medicine, and the potatoe as an ar- 
 ticle of food. Government is juft as infallible too 
 when it iixes fydems in phyfics. Galileo was lent 
 to the Inquifition for affirming that the earth was a 
 {]"»liere : the government had declared it to be as fiat 
 as a trencher, and Galileo was obliged to abjure his 
 error. This error however at length prevailed, tlic 
 earth became a globe, and Delcartes declared it was 
 Avhirled round on its axis by a vortex. The govern- 
 ment in which he lived was wiie enough to fee that 
 this was no queltion of civil jurifdi^lion, or we 
 fhould all have been involved by authority in vorti- 
 ces. In fa(St, the vortices have been exploded, and 
 the Newtonian principle of gravitation is now more 
 firmly ^abliihed, on the bafis ot Reafon, than it 
 would be were the government to flep in, and to 
 luake it an article of necelTary faith. R.eafon acd 
 F 4 Ex- 
 
 I am forry to fee fuch a paiTage ; and I cannot help thinking, 
 that the cool judgement and mature experience of the writer 
 muft now make him wifh, that it never had appeared among 
 his Notes. O. 
 
104 Mr. JEFFERSON. 
 
 Experiment have been indulged, and Error has fled 
 before them — It is Error alone which neej^s the fup- 
 
 port of Government — Trtith. can jland by iijdfy 
 
 London edition, page 262, 
 
 Copy of a Lettrr from Mr. Jefferson to a 
 Gentie:nan in Berkley County, dated IVlonticello,. 
 4th Sept. 1800. 
 
 **S1II, — YoiT favour of Augu(l 216th, has been 
 duly received, and is entitled to my thankfulneis for 
 the perfonal conliderationsyon are pleafed to exprefs 
 in ir. How far the meafure propofed miglii have 
 the expevfle J eficiil, you can bell judge ; however^ 
 in the great exerciie of right in vNliich the Citizens 
 of America are about to aci, I have on mature con- 
 liJeration, feen, that it is my duty to be pafllve. 
 The intereris which they liave at flake are entitled 
 to their whole attention, unbiaffed by perfocal ef- 
 teem or local coniiderations ; and I am far from the 
 prcfumption of ccnfidering myfclf equal to the av/ful 
 duties of the firfi magillracy of ihis country. That 
 tlicre Ihouki be cilTerences of opinion among our 
 fellow-ciiizens, is to be expected always. IVlen 
 who think freely, and have the right of expreiling 
 their thoughts, will diifer. It is true that thefe dil- 
 fcrences have of late been artiHcially increaltd ; but 
 th.ey are now again fubfiding to thtir natural level, 
 and all will foon come right if no adis of violence 
 intervene. The great quttlion which divides our 
 citizens is, wlieiher it islafell that a preponderance 
 of power fhould be lodged with the monarchical, or 
 the republicaa branch of our Government r — Tempo- 
 rary panics may produce advocates for the former 
 opinion, even in this country ; but the opinion v.'iJl 
 be as fhort-lived as the panic with tlie great mafs of 
 our fellow-citizens. There is one circumdance 
 which will ahvays bring them to rights: a prepon- 
 derance of the executive over the Icgifiative brancli 
 cannot be maintained but by immcnfe patronage, by 
 ir.ultiplying offices, making them very lucrative, by 
 armies, liavies; &c, which may enlill on the fide of 
 
 the 
 
Mr. JEFFERSON. 105 
 
 the patron all thofe whom he can inrerefb, and all 
 their families and connexions ; but tkei'e expenccs 
 mui\ be paid by the bbcuring citizen ; he ccinaot loni^ 
 continue, therefore, the advocate of opinions, whicli, 
 to fay only the leafl of them, doom the labouring 
 Citizen to toil and fweat tor ulelefs pageants. 
 
 *' I Hiould be unfaithful to my own feelings were I 
 not to fay, that it has been the grcatcfi- of ail human 
 confolatioiis to mc, to be confidcred by the republican 
 portion of my fellow-citizens as the fafe dcpolitary 
 of their rights. The lirft wifli of my heart is, 10 
 fee them fo guarded as to be fafe in any hands, and 
 not to depend on the perfonal difpofirion of the depo- 
 fitaiy: and 1 hope this to be practicable as long as 
 the people retain the fpirit of freedom. When that 
 is loit, all experience has fiicwn, that no forms can 
 keep them free againft their own will. Eut that 
 corrupt Hate of mind muft be very didantin a coun- 
 try where, for ages to come, unoccupied foil will 
 ftill offer itfelf to thofe who wifh to reap for them- 
 felves what themfelves have fown. 
 
 ** Our chief object at prefent fnould be, fo reconcile 
 the diinfions zuhich have been arUficially excited^ and to 
 rejhre Society to its zuoJited harmony* Wiier.cver this 
 fhall be done, it \vill be found, that there are few 
 real opponents to aGovernmcnt e!c(5^ive at Ihovt inter- 
 vals. Accept alTuranccs of the refpect cf, 
 
 Sir, your's,&e. THO. JEFFEllSON.- 
 
 Mr. BURR. 
 Aaron Burr was born at Fairfield ; he was edu- 
 cated at Princeton College, New Jerfey, of which 
 ieminary his father was Prefident. In the year 1775, 
 when be was at the age of 25, he was made Aid de 
 Camp to General Putnam, and dillingniOied himftlf 
 in fo eminent a manner as an able Officer, that he 
 wasfelicSled by General Waihicgton to be Lieu. Col. 
 of cne of the 12 additional Regiments. Tnrou*rh 
 the whole of the war, he was djftin^ruifhed by the 
 fame ardent devotion to the principles of Liberty, 
 the fame courage and judgement, which mark liis 
 character at this day, F 5 At 
 
ic6 * Mr. BURR. 
 
 At the ren:ora!:ion of peace, having cxhaufted an 
 ample patriinony in the fervice of his Country, Mr. 
 Burr found himfelf compelled to the profefTion of the 
 Law as the means of fubfillcnce. Here, not with- " 
 finadiag the conjpetition of Mr. Hamilton and otlaer 
 gentlemen of great talents in New York, he foon ob- 
 tained an high reputation ; and the rapid fortune he ' 
 acquired from an exisnfive pradlice, declared the 
 favourable opinion of his fellow citizens. PoflcfTed 
 once more of an independent fortune, he forfook the . 
 troublefome occupation of an Advocate, for one more 
 fuited to his inclination, and better adapted to the 
 difplay of his talents. He entered the Legiflature of 
 New York, then became a Senator of the U. States, 
 and in both places he was equally refpe^lable and al- 
 ways patriotic. 
 
 Endowed with a mind firm, liberal, and compre- 
 henlive, America can claim but few citizens as fit as 
 Mr. Burr to be placed as a fecond in the government 
 of the country. With an energy and decifion ot 
 character peculiar to himfelf, while orher men are 
 debating, he refolves j while they think, lie a(5ls. — 
 His manners are amiable, his reputation unblemifh-'' 
 cd. He has overthrown the dangerous influence of 
 Foreigners intheflate of New York; and, in conjunc- 
 tion with his highly refpetTlable compeer Mr. Jeifer- 
 fon, it is hoped, that they will banifti it from the 
 national councils altogether, leaving A)nerica to be 
 governed by its own Citizens. — In (horr, Mr. Burr 
 isanunifurm, conHilent, tried Republican, 
 
 We conclude this lliort account of Mr. Burr, with 
 giving a place to the following extract of a letter 
 'written by hiin ro a Member of Congrefs, when he 
 learned that it was probable the votes would be e- 
 qual for Mr. Jeifcribn and himfelf, in order to con- 
 vince Cono^rel's in particular, andAraerica in general, 
 that he difclaimed all idea of contefting the pofl of 
 honour with that Gentleman. — The letter retle(Sts 
 much credit on Mr. Burr, and muft raife him (fill 
 higher in the eftimation of his fellow citizens. 
 
Mr. BURR. 107 
 
 Extra^l of a Letter from Colonel Burr to General 
 Smith, dated New York, Dec. 16, 1800. 
 
 " I think it not probable that 1 (hall have an 
 
 equal number ot votes wiihMrJefferlon ; but if fuch 
 fhould be the refult, every man who knows me ought 
 to know, that 1 fhould utterly difclaim all competi- 
 tion. Be aflured, that the Federal Party can enter- 
 tain no wifli for fuch an exchange. As to my friends, 
 they would difhonour my views, and infult my feel- 
 ings, by a fufpicion that I could fubmit to be inftru- 
 mental in countcra^ling the wifhes and expectations 
 of the people of the United States. And I now con- 
 llitute you my proxy, to declare thefe fcntiments if 
 the occafion fliall require." 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 
 
 The political (lorm, which lately raged with fo 
 much violence, has at length happily fubfided. — The 
 two Parties have tried their ftrength, and fuccefs 
 has crowned the efforts of the Republicans in the 
 ele<5\ion of Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 To Republicans it muft be a caufe of fmcere feli- 
 citation, that their Country has furmounted, with- 
 out any other agitation than that of public fentiment, 
 the choice of their Firfl Magiflrate — The example 
 is auipicious to the deflinies of the world — Whilft 
 other nations^ the victims of Monarchical power, or 
 Aridocratical ambition, on fimilar occafions, appeal 
 to the fword, America prefents the augufl fpet^acle 
 of a great people reforting only to argument, and 
 to republican principles. 
 
 On fuch a refult as this, every friend to his coun- 
 try, every true American, will reflect with high fa- 
 tisfac^ion — Beholding in the fyflem of Reprelenta- 
 tlon, founded on the right of general fuflVage, the 
 fource and (trengrh of his political freedom, he will 
 rejoice to behold the confirmations of experience im- 
 parting new (lability to the republican flrudiure. — 
 And while he mourns over the tctter'ng ruins of 
 European fyftems and dates, and over the miferies 
 of the nations of the old worlxj, he will, with proud 
 
 phi- 
 
io8 PIIESIDZNTIAL ELECTION. 
 
 philanthrophy, prefent his own fyftem to them as a 
 cure for all their evils. 
 
 On this great occafion, it is the duty of every 
 friend to republican Libert/, to fupport the caulb 
 with gentlenefs and equanimity — Having the gene- 
 ral v/elfare at heart, and luperior to the gratifica- 
 tion of perfonal motives, whilll his joy is animated, 
 let it be ration.il and unalloyed with party refent- 
 inent — Let him hold out the hand of friendfiiip to 
 his neighbour, of whatever opiaion or country, and 
 fay, " I refpe<5l virtue and talent wherever they are 
 "• found ; come, let us live in fellowfhip ; let every 
 '* man flrive to deferve well of the Country, al- 
 ** ways remembering the important maxim, UniUd 
 ** ive fland^ divided ive falL^^ 
 
 " In Union and Harmon)' let us combine, 
 
 •' And kneel with devotion at Lieeiitv's flirlne.'* 
 
 RETURN OF VOTES for Prefident and Vice-Prefident 
 ©f the Unitep StxIteg — Dec. 1800. 
 
 New Hampfhirc — 00660 
 
 Maffachuffets — o o 16 16 o 
 
 Rhode liland — 00431 
 
 ConneAicut — 00990 
 
 Vermont — 00440 
 
 New York — iai2 o co 
 
 New Jerfey — 00770 
 
 Penfylvania — 88770 
 
 Delaware — 00330 
 
 Jvlaryland — 5 5 5 5° 
 
 Virginia — 21 ai o o o 
 
 North Carolina — 88440 
 
 South Carolina — 88000 
 
 Georgia — 44000 
 
 Kentucicy 
 Tennefiee 
 
 Total ^ 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 73 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 I 
 
( ^^9 ) 
 
 PEACE BETWEEN FRANCE and Ay.ElUCA. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Parts, 0<ft. 2, 1800, Yeilerday a treaty of Amity and 
 Commerce between tlie French K.epiiblic and the United, 
 States of America, was I'gned by the three Fre^f^h Mir.illers 
 on one fide, and by three American Con-'miili )n?;ri on tl.c 
 other — rcUoring, wc hope, a fyllem of Concord between the 
 two countries, which, as Republics, ought never to be at 
 variance. 
 
 0<a, 6. — Citizen Jofeph Buonaparte,Prefident of the Coir.- 
 jnittee of ivinliit'.rs Plenipotentiary charged to negociate 
 with the Miniilcrs IMcriipotentiary of the Un. States of Ame- 
 rica, gave a moll fplendid entertainment to thcle iVjiuiUcrs, 
 oil the 3d inil. at i\iCrfontaine,- to celebrate tlie return of an 
 amicable underilandiiig bsftween tlic tv/o Republics. There 
 Avere prefent the thr;e Confuls, all the IViiniilers and mem- 
 bers of the Corps l")iplomatique, the CounicUors of State, 
 ^c. and feveral gentlemen friends to America, among whom 
 vve obferved General La Fayette. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, the Mi.iiller fur foreign affairs delivered to 
 the Firil Conful, a copy of the Convention, which was an- 
 nounced by a difchargc of cannon. The dinner ccnfifced o{ 
 180 covers, ier/ed on three tables in three hulls comniuui- 
 cating with each other. The firll was the Hall of Union ; the 
 fecoiid and third bore the names of Franklin anti Wa-^hington, 
 and were ornamented with the bulls of thefc illullriou.s cha- 
 raeters. The hril hall, however, was the moll brilliantly de- 
 corated, prefenting emblamatic devices of all the moll re- 
 niarkable events of the American Revolution. 
 
 After dinner, feveral toalts were drank. The Firfl Con- 
 ful gave, " To the manes of the French and Americans who 
 died in battle for the independence of the new world." 
 
 The Conful Cambacerea gave, " To the fucceffcr of Waih- 
 ingion." 
 
 The Cor.ful Lebrun gave, " To the union of America 
 •with the Powers of the North, to enforce refpedl to the Li- 
 berty of the .'^eas." 
 
 After dinner were fire-wcrks emblematic of the occafion, 
 which were fucceedtd by a concert, and that was followed 
 by a f])e'ilacie, which clofed the bnfmefs of the night. 
 
 On the i2th, about mid-day, the American Ajiniiters took 
 leave of the Chief Conful, to whom they were prei'e.'itcd by 
 the Minifier of Foreig-n Affairs. N r. Elfworth, in the 
 name of his colleagues laid, " that he hoped the Convention 
 would prove the bafis of a lafting friendfnip between France 
 and America;" and ^ r. Murray added, " that rhe ^^ mcrican 
 Iv'.iaifiers would aegleifl nothing to promote this defirablc 
 
 Gb- 
 
I TO FRENCH CONVENTION. 
 
 objeft." The Chief Coniul anfwer&d, " that the differencerj 
 between the two nations being adjufted, there fnould no 
 longer remain any trace of them; that the liberal principles, 
 witli regard to navigation, confidered in the Convention, 
 onght to be the balls of a growing intimacy; and that, m 
 the preient circumltances, it was more than ever the intereft 
 of the two nations clofely to adhere to them." 
 
 The Aiiniiler of War to the Maritime Prefeds. 
 
 " I make haite to inform you, Citizens, that the Con- 
 vention of Amity and Commerce between the French and 
 American Republics, has juft been figned by the Minifters 
 Plenipotentiary of France and the American Ccmmiffioners, 
 — I pray you to communicate this news immediately to the 
 military Officers of the Adminiftration, as well as to the 
 Commerce of your City. (Signed) FORSAIT." 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 Norfolk, Dec. 5. Arrived, the Portfmouth fhip of war, 
 dire<fl from France, on board of which is Governor Davie, 
 one of our AmbaiTadors to France, with the Treaty of A- 
 mity and Commerce with the French Republic. 
 
 Washington (Federal City), Dec. 15. Mr. Davie, one 
 of our Envoys to France, has arrived in this city. He is the 
 Messenger of Peace, being the bearer of the Treaty v/ith the 
 French Reublic. — iv^r. Davie left xN^efT. Elfworth and Murray 
 in France. 
 
 OFFICIAL COPY. 
 CONVENTION between the French Republic and the 
 
 Uniteu Si ates of America. 
 THE Premier Conful of the French Republic in the name 
 of the People oi France, and the Prelident of the United 
 States of America, equally defiruus to terminate the difler- 
 ences which have arifen between the two States, have re- 
 fpefiively appointed their Plenipotentiaries, and given therrr 
 full powers to treat upon thofe difterences, and to terminate 
 the lame; that is to fay, the Premier Conful of the French 
 Republic, in the name of the people of France, has appoint- 
 ed for the Plenipotentiaries of the laid Republic, the Citi- 
 zens Jofeph Buonaparte, ex-Ambaffador at Rome and Coun- 
 fellor of btate ; C. P. Fleurieu, member of the National In- 
 lliiute, occ. and Pierre L. Roederor, member of the fame, 
 &c.— and the Prelident of the United States of ^imerica, hj 
 and with the advice and conient of the Senate of the faid 
 Sates, has appointed for their Plenipotentiaries, Oliver 
 Elfworth, Chief Juitice of the United States, Wm. R.Davie, 
 late Governor of North Carolina, and Wm. Vans Murray, 
 rcfident ^.inifter of the U. States at the Hague — who, after 
 having exchanged their pov.'ers, and after full and mature 
 difcuffion of the refpe^live interefts, have agreed on the fol- 
 lowing articles : • Art. 
 
FRENCH CONVENTION. iii 
 
 ' Article I. There Hiall be a firm, invioliable, and univer- 
 fal peace, and a true and fincere friondihip between the 
 French Republic and the United States of America, ar.d be- 
 tween their rei'peftive countries, territories, citiea, towns, 
 and people, without exception of places and perfons. 
 
 II. The ^Unil\ers Plenipotentiary of the two parties not 
 being able to agree at prefent refpefting the Treaty of Al- 
 liance of Feb. T778, the Treaty of Amity and Commerce of 
 the fame date, and the Convention of Nov. 1788, nor upon 
 the indcvnnities mutually due or Ciaiir.ed ; tke parties wifl 
 negociate furtlier on thcfe fubjefts <^t a convenient time ; 
 and, until they may have agreed upon ihefe points, the fald 
 Treaties aud Conventions Ihall have no operation, and the 
 relations of the two coi^ritrles Ihall be regulated as follows : 
 
 III. The public ilvips which have been taksn on one ]jart 
 and the other, or which may be taken before the exchange 
 «f ratifications, {hall be reltoi-ed. 
 
 VI. Property captured, and not yet definitively condem- 
 ned, or which ma/ be captured before the exchange of rati- 
 fications (contraband goods deftined to an ene?ny':3 port ex- 
 cepted) fhall be mntualjy reliored on the following proofs of 
 ownerHiip, viz. the proof on both fides with refpeft to mer- 
 chant fiiipr,, whether armed or unarmed, Ihall be a PaiTport 
 in the fallowing form : — 
 
 " To all who fnall fee thefe Prefents, Greeting: 
 
 " It is hereby made known, that leave andpenniffion has 
 been giv^n to mailer and commander 
 
 of the (hip called of the town of 
 
 burthen tons, or thereabouts, lying at prefent 
 
 in the p«>rt or haven of and laden with 
 
 after that hi r, Ihip has been viuted, and before failing, he 
 llrall make oafh before the OtF»cers who have the jurifdicftion 
 of maritime affairs, that the faid Ihip belongs to one or more 
 of the fubjef.s of the ad whereof (hall be put 
 
 at the end of thefe prefents, as likewife that he w^ill keep, 
 and caufe to be kept by his crew onboard, the marine ordi- 
 nances and regulaiions, and enter in the proper ofRce a liil, 
 iigned and witiielTed, containing the names and furnames, 
 the places of birth and abode of the crew of his fliip, and of 
 all who fliall embark on board her, whom he fhall not take 
 on board without the knowledge and permiiSon ®f the offi- 
 cers of the marine, and in every port cr haven where be 
 fhall enter with his fliip, he fliall Ihew this prefent leave to 
 the officers and judges of the marine, and fnall giveafaivii- 
 ful account to them of what pafied and was dons during hi.s 
 voyage ; and he (liall carry the colours, arms, and eniigns of 
 the French Republic, or the United States, during his voy- 
 age. — In wltnefs whereof, we have figned thefe pre fent.s, 
 and put the feal of our arms thereunto, aud caufed the fume 
 to be counterligned by at on the 
 
 duy of Anno Domini." 
 
ria. FRENCH CONV'EXTION. 
 
 And this pallport v.ill be fufficient -without any other pa- 
 per, and ordinance to tlie contrary notwiihllanding; v/hiclt 
 paHpnrt fiiall not be deemed requiflte to have been renewed 
 or recalled, Avhatever nuniiier of voyages the faid Ihip may 
 have made, unlefs Ihe fliail have returned home v.'itlvin the 
 fpace of a year. Proof with refpecl to tbe cargo fhall be 
 certircates, containing the feveral particulars of the cargo, 
 the place v.-hence the fliip failed and Mhither Ihe is bound, 
 fo that the forbidden and contraband gc'ods may be diftin- 
 guifhed by the certiiicates ; which certificates Ihall have 
 been made out by the ofllcers of the place whence the ihip 
 fet fail, in the accuRomed form of the country. And if 
 fuch pafiport or certificates, or both, ihall have been deilroy- 
 ed by accident, or taken a-way by force, their dehclency 
 may be fupolied by fuch other proofs of ownerfliip, as are 
 iidmiffibie by the general nfage of nations. Proof with 
 rL.Tped to other than merchant Ihips, fnall be the commiiuon 
 they bear. 
 
 This article {hall take eiteii from the date of the fignature 
 of the ])refcnt Convention. And if, from the date of the 
 faid fignature, any property fhall be conJemnc^-i contrary to 
 the intent of the faid Convention, before the knowledge of 
 this ilipiilation fliall be obtained, the property fo condemn- 
 ed fliali without delay be reftored or paid for. 
 
 V. I'he debts coniracTied by one of the tv^ro nations with 
 iidividuals of the other, or by the individuals of one with. 
 the individuals of the other, ihall be paid, or the payment 
 may be profecuted in the fame manner ?.s if there liad been 
 no mifunderfumding between the two 8ta';es. But this 
 claufe friail not extend to indemnities claimed on account of 
 captuies or confifcations. 
 
 VI. Commerce between the parties fnall be free. The vef- 
 fels of the two nations and thsir privateers, as well a? their 
 prizes, fnall be treated in the refpec^cive ports as thofe of 
 the nation tiie moft favom-ed ; and, in general, the two 
 parties fnall enjoy in the ports of each other, in regiu'd to 
 commerce and navigation, the piivilcgcs of the moil fa- 
 voured nation. 
 
 V.II. The citizens and inhabitants of the United States 
 {liall be at liberty to dilpoie, by teflament, donation or o- 
 •fnerwiie, c,f their goods, movable and immovable, holdcn 
 in the ttrrit(-ry of the French Republic inEurc]ie, and the 
 citizens of tae French Republic fhall have the fame liberty 
 with regard to goods, moveable and immovable, holdcn in 
 the territory of the United States, in favour of fuch per- 
 fons as they fliall think pro];er. The citizens and inhabit- 
 ants of either of the two countries, who fliall be heirs of 
 goods, moveable or immovable, in the other, ihall be able to 
 Succeed ab imestc a j^wiihGnt. being obliged to ebtain letters of 
 
FRENCH CONVENTION'. 113 
 
 jiattTrali ration, and without having' the effe<ft of this provi- 
 fion contelled or impeded, undei- any pretext whatever ; and 
 the faid heirs, whether l\jch by particular title.cr ah h;iestato, 
 fhall be exenipt from every duty whatever in both countries. 
 Jt is agreed that this arciclc Ihall in no manner derogate 
 from th;; laws which either fiate may now have in force, or 
 may hereafter enadl, to prevent emigration ; and alfo that 
 in cafe of the laws of either of the two lla':es fnunlil reflraia 
 llrangers from the exercire of t!ie rights of property with 
 refpe(5l to real ellate, fuch real ellate may be fcid, or other- 
 wife difpofed of, to citizens or inhabitants of the country 
 where it may be, and the other nation fnall be at libsrty to 
 cnaA fjmilar laws. 
 
 VIII. To favour commerce on both fides, it is agreed, 
 that, in cale a war ihould break out between the two na- 
 tions, which God forbid, the term of {ix months after the 
 ciec)aratton of war {hall be allowed to the nierchckcts and cu- 
 ther citi/t-us aiid inhabitants, refpedivcly, on one fide aaid 
 the other, during which rime ihey fiiail be r,t liberty to 
 withdraw themfelves with their effects and moveables, 
 v/hich they Hiall be at liberty to carry, fend away or fell, as 
 they plea'.e, \^ ithont the leatl ob llru 611 on ; nor fliall their 
 e^tC\<, much kis their perfons, be feizcd during fuch ttim 
 cf hi months, on the contrary paHports which ihall be valid 
 for a time necelTary for their return, fliall be given to them 
 for their velTels, ai'.d the eilefis which they iliall be willing 
 to fend away, or carry with them ; and fuch palfpovts 
 flr.ll be a fafc condiuft againil all inl'ults ajid prizes which 
 privateers may atten-.pt againil their perlbna and eifefts. 
 And if any thing be taken from them, or any ii\jiiry done 
 to them or their efieAF, by one of the parties, their citizens 
 er inhabitants, >\-irhin the terra above prel'cribed, full latif- 
 fcition fnall be made to them on that account. 
 
 IX. Neither the debts due from individuals of the one 
 nation to individuals of the other, nor fliares, nor manies, 
 whicii they may have in public funds, or in tho public cr 
 jnivate banks, flia.ll ever, in any event of war, or of nation- 
 al diflerence, be fcqueflered cr conr.fcated. 
 
 X. It fliall be free for the two contrafting parties to ap- 
 point commercial agents for the protection of trade, to re- 
 lide in France and ihe United States. Eitlier party may 
 c::cept fuch })lace as may be thought proper, frem the resi- 
 dents of thefe agents. Before any agent ihall exercife his 
 funcliou, he Ihall be accepted in the ufual forms by the party 
 to whom he is lent ; and when he fliall have been accepted 
 and furnilhed with his exequatur, he fliall enjoy the rights 
 and prerogatives of the ilnulav agents of the piofl favoured 
 nations. 
 
 The 
 
114 FRENCH CONVENTION. 
 
 XI. The citizens of the French Republic fliall pay in the; 
 ports, htvens, roads, countries, illands, cities and towns of 
 the United States, no other, or greater duties or impoils, of 
 what nature foever they may be, or by what ^name foever 
 called than thofe which the nations moil favoued are, or 
 fhall be obliged to pay ; and they fhall enjoy all the rights, 
 liberties, privileges, immunities and exemptions in trade, 
 navigation and commerce, whether in passing from one 
 port in the faid itates to another, or in going to and from 
 the fame from and to any part of the v/orld, which the faid 
 nations do or Ihall enjoy. And the citizens of the United 
 States fhali reciprocally enjoy in the territory of French Re- 
 public in Europe, the fame privileges and immunities, as 
 well for their property and perfons, as for what concerns 
 trade, navigation and commerce. 
 
 XII. It ihall be lawful for the citizens of either country 
 to fail with tlieir flii})S and merchandize (contraband goods 
 always excepted) from any port whatever to any port cf the 
 enemy of the other, and to fail and trade with their fliips 
 and merchandize, with perfect fecurity and liberty, from 
 the countries and ports, and places of thole who are ene- 
 mies of both, or of either party, without any oppcfition or 
 difturbance whatfoever, and to pafs not only diredly from 
 the places and ports of the enemy aforementioned, to neu- 
 tral ports and places, but alio from one place belonging to an 
 enemy, whether they be under the jurirdidion of the fame 
 power, or under ftveral; unlefs fuch ports or places fhall be 
 actually blockaded, befieged, or invef.ed. 
 
 And whereas it frequently haj^pens, that veffels fail for a 
 port or place beL')nging to an enemy, without knowing that 
 the fame is either befieged, blockaded, or invefled, it is 
 agreed that every veflel, io circumfLanced, may be turned 
 away from fuch port or place, but (hall not be detained, nor 
 any part of her cargo, if not contraband, be confifcated, 
 unlefs, after notice of fuch blockade or inveftment, fhe 
 fhall again attemot to enter : but flie ihall be permitted to go 
 to any other port or place (he fliall think picper. Nor fhall 
 any veilel of either, that may have entered into fuch port or 
 place before the fame was aAually befieged, blockaded, or 
 invefled by the other, be reftraiued from quitting fuch place 
 with her cargo, nor if found therein after the reaudion and 
 furrender of fuch place, ihall fuch veffel or her cargo be li- 
 able to coniifcation, but they fliall be reltored to the owners 
 thereof. 
 
 XII r. In order to regulate what fnall be deemed contra, 
 band of war, there fliall be comprifed under that denomina- 
 tion gunpowder, faltpetre, petards, match, ball", bombs, 
 grenades, carcalfes, pikes, fwords, belts, piftols, holtflers, 
 cavalry laddies and furniture, cannon, mortars, their car- 
 riages 
 
FRENCH CONVENTIOIC. ii=5 
 
 rlages and beds, and generally all kinds of arms, ammuni- 
 tion of war, and initruments fit for the ufe of troops ; all 
 the above articles, vvher>evcr they are deflined to the port of 
 an enemy, are hereby declared to lie contraband, andjuit 
 objee^s of confifcation ; but the vef^cls in which they are 
 laden, and the refidae of the cargo iV.ali be confidered free, 
 and not in any manner infefted by the prohibited goods, 
 whether belonging to the lame, or a diil'erenL owner. 
 
 XIV. It is hereby llipulated, that free Ihips IhiuU give a 
 freedom to goods, and that every thing fnall be deemed to 
 be free and exempt, which Ihall be found on board the (liips 
 belonging to the citizens of either of the contracting par- 
 ties, although the whole lading, or any part thereof, Ibould 
 appertain to the enemies of either, contraband goods being 
 always excepted. It is alio agreed, in like manner, that 
 the fame liberty be extended to perfons who arc on board a 
 free (hip, with this eftea, that although they be enemies 
 to either party, they are not to be taken out of that free 
 fnip, unlefs they are foldiers and in ailual fervice of the 
 enemy. 
 
 XV. On the contrary, it is agreed, that whatever fliall be 
 found to be laden by tlie citizens of either parry on any 
 fnip belonging to the enemies of the other, or their citizens, 
 fnall be ccntifcated without dilUntStion of good*-, contraband 
 or not contraband, in the fame manner as if it belonged to 
 the enemy, except fuch goods and merchandize as were put 
 on board inch fhip betcre the declaration of war, or even 
 after fuch declaration, if lb be it were done without know- 
 ledge of fuch declaration ; fo that the goods of the citizens 
 cf either party whether they be of the nature of fuch as are 
 prohibited, or otherwife, as is afore laid, were put on board 
 any Ihip belonging to an enemy before tke war, or afrer the 
 declaration without delay to the proprietors demanding the 
 fame, but fo as that if the faid merchaudizer, be coatraband, 
 it fnall not be anyways lawful to carry them anerwards 
 to any ports belonging to the enemy. 
 
 The two contracting parties agree, that the term of two 
 months being pafied after the declaration cf war, their ref- 
 pedive citizens, from whatever part of the world they come, 
 Ihall not plead the ignorance mentioned in this article. 
 
 XVI. The nierchant fliips belonging to the citizens of 
 either of the contra-iting parties, which fnall be bound to a 
 port of the enemy of one of the paities, and concerning 
 whole voyage, and the articles of their cargo, there fhall 
 be jnll gi'ounds of fufpicioa, iliall be obliged to exhibit, as 
 well upon the high feas as in the ports or roads, not only 
 their palTports, but likewife their certincates, {I'.ewing that 
 their goods are not cf the quality of thofe which are (pecifi- 
 ed to be contrband i:i the thirteenth article of the preient 
 Convention. And 
 
ii6 FRENCH CONVENTION. 
 
 XVII. And that captures on light fiifpiclons may ht a- 
 voided aud injuries thence arifing prevented, it is agreed 
 that when one party fliall be engaged in a\ ar, and the other^ 
 I)arty be neuter, the Ihips of the neutral party fliall be fur- 
 nillied with pallports limilar to that delcribed in tlie fourth 
 Article, that it may appear thereby that the fliips really 
 belong to the citi2ens of the neutral party ; they Ihall be 
 valid for any number of voyages, but Ihali be' renewed every 
 >ear, that is, if the fi-iip happens to return home in the 
 fpacc of a year. If the H.ips are laden, they fiiail be pro- 
 vided not only with the pafiporcs above m.eu'.i'cned, but alfo- 
 •^yi^hcertii:cate3 fimilar to thoie defcvibcdin the fame i.rticle, 
 lo that it may be known v/hether they carry any contraband 
 goods. No other paper fhall be required, any ufage or ordi- 
 nance to the contrary notwithftanding. And if it fliall ap- 
 j;ear from the faid cenificates that there are contraband 
 goods on beard, the Ihips Ihall be permitted to proceed en 
 tlieir voyage. If it fliall" appear frcm the certiRcates, that 
 there are contraband goods on board any fiieh (hip, and the 
 ommander of the fame ihvU offer to deliver them up, the of- 
 fer flmll be accepted, and the fnip fliall be at liberty to purfue 
 i*s voyage, Uhlefd thi cxmntity of the contraband goods be 
 g-reater than can ccn/eniemly'be received on board the Ihip 
 of v/ar or privateer, in which cafe the fhip may be carried 
 into port for the dehver}- of the fame. 
 
 If any fldp ihall net be furniihed with fuch paflport or 
 certificates as above required for the fame, fuch cafe may be 
 exami)ied by a proper judge or tribunal,and if it fball appear 
 from other documents or proofs, admiffible by the ulage 
 of nations, that the fhip belongs to the citizens of the neu- 
 t'-a) party, it fnall not be confifcated,but fhall be releafed with 
 her cargo (contraband goods excepted) and be permitted to 
 proceed on her vov age. 
 
 If the raalter of v. fhip, named in the pafTport, fhculd 
 ha{;pcn to die or be removed by any other caule, and ano- 
 ther })ut in his place, the fliip and cargo fhall neverthelels be 
 equally fecure, and the paaport remain in full force. 
 
 XVIII. If the fhips of the citizens of either of the par- 
 ties fhall be met vv iih, either failing along the coalls, or on 
 the high feas, by any ihip of war or privateer of the other j 
 for the avoiding of any diforder, the faid fl;lps of war or 
 privateers Ihall remain out of cannon fnot, and may fend 
 their boats on board the fhip which they fliall fo meet 
 with, and may enter her to the number of two or three m.en 
 only, to whom the mafler or coinmander of fuch fliip fliall 
 exhibit his })afrport concerning the property of the fliip, 
 made out according to the form prefcribed in the fourth ar- 
 ticle. And it is exprefsly agreed that the neutral party 
 ihiiil in no cafe be required to go on board the examining 
 
 vei- 
 
FRENCH CONVENTION. 117 
 
 •vefTel for the purpofe of exhibiting his papers, or for any- 
 other exarriiaation whatever. 
 
 XIX. It is exprefely agreed by the.two contra^ling par- 
 ties, that the ftlpulations abnve mentioned, relative to the 
 conduit to be obferved on the fca by the cruifers of the bel- 
 ligerent ])arty towards the (hips of the neutral party, fl-.all 
 be ap\)lied only to fliips failing v/ithout convoy, and when 
 the faid {liij>s fliall be convo) ed, it being the intention cf the 
 parties to obJerve all the regard due to tlie ])roteftion C'f the 
 flag difplayed by public fliips, it fliall not be lawful to vilit 
 them, but the verbal declaration of the commander of the 
 convoy, that the Ihips he convoys belong to the nation whcfe 
 flag he carries, and that they have no contraband goods en 
 board, fnall be confidered by the rcfpet^ive cruifers as fully 
 fufficient: the two parties reciprocally engaging not to ad- 
 mit under the prote«ftion of their convoys, fl/ips which (hall 
 cari-y contraband goods delLined to an enemy. 
 
 XX. In all cafes where vtiTels Ihall be captured or detained 
 under pretence of carrying to the enemy contraband goOvk, 
 the cn.ptor fliall give a receipt for fuch of the papers of the 
 veflel as he fnall retain, which, receipt fliall be anne>:cd to a 
 defcripiivc lill of the faid papers : and it fliall be unlav/ful 
 to break up or open the hatclics, chells, trunks, calks, 
 bales, or vefiels found on board, or remove the finallell part 
 of the goods, imlefs the lacliiig be brou-irht on fliore in pre- 
 fcnce of the competent ofiicers, and an inventory made by 
 them of the faid goods. Nor Ihall it be lawful to fell, ex- 
 change or alietiate the fame in any manner, unlefs there have 
 been lawful prccefs, aTid|the com.petent judge or judges fliall 
 have pronounced againft fuch goods fentence of confifcation, 
 faving always the fiiip and the other goods which it con- 
 tains. 
 
 XXI. And that proper care may be taken of the vefiel 
 and cargo, and embezzlement ])reven'ied, it ir. agreed, that 
 it fliall not be lawful to remove tlie mailer, commander or 
 fupercargo of any captured fliip from on board thereof, ei- 
 ther during the time the fliij) m.ay be at fea after her ca]>ture,' 
 or pending the proceedings againft her, or her cargo, or any 
 thing relative thereto, /jnd in all cafes where a veflel of 
 the citi/.cns cf either ja-rty fliall be captured, or fei/ed, and 
 held for adjudication, her ofiict'rr., paifengers and crew fliall 
 be hofpitably treated. They fliall not be imprifmed or depri- 
 ved of any part of their wearing api^arel, nor of the poflef- 
 fion au'l uie of their money, not exc:'^ding for the captain, 
 fu)/en-.»r^o and mate tiv hundred doll srs each, and for the 
 I'ailovs 3nd ]):i!lengers. oric hundred dollars each, 
 
 XXII. It is further agreed, that i.i all cafes, t!\e eftahliflied 
 ronrrs for pri;':e caufes, in the country to Avhlch the prizes 
 ma; be con^uded, fnaii alone txlc cc>g:ii;;u.rice of thefn. 
 
 And 
 
ii8 FRENCH CONVENTION. 
 
 And ^vhenevcr fuch tribunal of either cf the parties fliall 
 pronounce judgement againft any vellel or goods, or property 
 daimed by the citizens of the other party, the fentence or 
 decree fiiall mention the reafons or motives on which the 
 famelhall have been founded, and an authenticated copy of 
 the frntence or decree, and of all the proceediiigs in the 
 cufe, {hall, if demanded, be delivered to the commander or 
 agent of the faid vefiel, without any delay, he paying the 
 legal fees for the fame. 
 
 XXIIT. And that m^ore abimdant care may be taken for 
 the fecurity of the refpedive citizenr, of rhe contraf-ing par- 
 tits, and to prevent the'r differing injuries by rlie men of 
 \\-ar or privateers of either ])arty, all commanders of ihips 
 of war and privateers, and all others the fiid citizens, ihai'l 
 fi^rbear doing any dam.age to thole of the otli.^r party, or 
 comimitting any outrage agalnil them, and if they adt to the 
 contrary they Ihall be puniihed, and fliall alio be bound in 
 perfons and eftates to make fatisfadion and reparavicn for 
 all damages and the intereft thereof, of whatever natiu-e the 
 faid damages may be. 
 
 Foi' this caufe all commanders of privateers before they re- 
 ceive their comniilFions, (hall h.ercaf:er be obliged to give, be- 
 fore a com})etent judge, fufticient fecurity by at leaft tv/o re- 
 fponfiUe fureries, who have no intereft in the laid privateer, 
 each cf v/hom, together w ith the faiu cornmarider, liiati be 
 jointly and feveraily boimd in the fum of 7000 dcllars, or 
 36,820 francr., or if fuch fliips be jjrovided v. ith above 150 
 feariTcn or foldiers, in the fum of 14000 dollars, or 73,640 f. 
 to farisfy all damages and injuries which the faid privateer, 
 OT her officers or men, or any of them may do or commit 
 during their cruife, contrary to the tenor of this Convention 
 or to the lavv's and inilrucf^icns for regulating their conduft ; 
 aiid further, that in all cafes of aggiellions, the laid com- 
 mifKon il.all be revoked and annulled. 
 
 XZIV. When the fhips cf war of the two contraifting 
 parties, or thole belonging to their citizens which are arm- 
 ed in v.-ar, fliall be admitted to enter v/ith their prizes the 
 jjorts of either of the two parties, tlie faid public or private 
 fnii)s, as well as their prizes, fl:all not be obliged to pay any 
 duty either to the olScers of the place, the judges, or any 
 others; nor ll;all fuch prizes, when the} come to and enter 
 the ports of either party, be arrelled or feized, nor flmll the 
 officers of the place make examination concerning the law- 
 fulnefs of fuch prizes, but they n-.ay hoift fail at any time, 
 and depart aiul carry their prizes to the places expreifed in 
 their comm.iiiions, which the commanders of fuch fiiips of 
 w ar fnall be obliged to lliew. It is always imderflced, that 
 the ftipulations of this Article fliall not extend beyond the 
 privileges cf the moil favoured nation. It 
 
FRENCH CONVENTION. 119 
 
 T.XV. Tt dial! not be lawful for any foreign privateers 
 v.'ho have commifTions from any Prince or State in enmity 
 M ith either nation, to fit their (hips in the ports of either 
 nation, to fell their prizes, cr in r.ny manner to exchange 
 tliem ; neither ihall they he allov.-ed to purchafc provifions, 
 except fuch as fhall he necefTary for their going to the next 
 port of that Prince or State from which they have received 
 their comniiflions. 
 
 XXVI. It is further agreed, that both the faid contraaing 
 parties fliall not only refufe to receive any pjirates into any 
 of their ports, havens, or towns, or permit any of their in- 
 habitants to receive, proteft, harbour, conceal, or affift them 
 in any manner, but will luring to condign punifliment all 
 fuch inhabitants as (liall l)e guilty of fuch ortences. 
 
 And all their fnips, vith the goods or merchandizes taken 
 bv them and brought into the port of either of the faid i)ar- 
 ties, fliall be feizcd as far as they can be difcovert-d, and 
 fliall be reftored to the oAvners, or their factors or agents 
 duly authorized by them (proper evidence being firft given 
 before competent judges for jn-oving the property), even in 
 cafe fuch effetfls flioiild have jjalfed into other hands by fale, 
 if it be proved that the buyers knew, or had good leafon to 
 believe, or fufped, that they had been piratically taken. 
 
 XXVII. Neither party will intermeddle in the fifheries of 
 the oth.er on its coails, nor diiturb the other in the exercife 
 of the rights which it now holds, or may aci]uire, on the 
 coaft of Newfoundland, in the Gulph of St. Lawrence, or 
 ("Ifewhere on the /American coaft northward of the United 
 States. But the whale and feal fiflieriei fnall be free to both 
 in evers' quarter of the world. 
 
 This Convention {hall be ratified on both fides in due 
 form, and the Ratifications exchanged in the fpace of fix 
 months, or fooner, if polTible. 
 
 In faith whereof, the refpedive Plenipotentiaries have 
 figned the above Articles both in the PVench and Englifh 
 languages, and they have thereto affixed their feals ; de- 
 claring neverthelefs that the figning in the two languages 
 fliall not be brought into precedent, nor in any way operate 
 to the prejudice of either party. 
 
 Done at Paris t]\e 8th day of Vendemrare of tl.c pth year 
 of the French P.epublic — the 13th da,y of Sept. 1800. 
 
 L.S. Jo.BuoNAPRTE, L.S. Ol.Elswortw, 
 
 L.S. C.P. C. Fi,E«REiu, LS. W. R. Davie, 
 
 X..y. P. L.ROEDEHER, L.S. Wm. V. IVIURUAY. 
 
( 120 ) 
 
 CITY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 THE clofe of the i8th Century will be a remarkable, and, 
 we hope, an aufpicious period m the hiliory of the New 
 World — In the month of November t8oo, the Reprefenta- 
 tives of the People of the United States commenced their 
 deliberations for the public good in the City of Wash- 
 ington, deftirted to be the Capital of the confederated lie- 
 publics of America. It has been faid, that the founding 
 
 of this City was a fym])tom of vanity in the illuftrious per- 
 fonage whofe name it bears — May it be afked, is there nei- 
 ther envy nor pecvifhnei's in the remark ? —We are inclined 
 to afcribe its rife to a laudable motive ; it was the i'uggclli- 
 on of a great and compreheniive mind, looking forward to 
 the prcf};erity andhappinefs of future generations ; an hon- 
 ourable wifh to perpetuate his name to poilerity by a ufeful, 
 a durable, and a noble monument, a great and flouriihing 
 City. — The man v/ho is the means of raifmg but one blade 
 of grafs, is faid to be praife-worthy— the building of but 
 one houfe adds to tlie comfort of the community — how much 
 more praife-v/orthy is that man, who is the fouiider of a 
 City intended to be the elegant depofitaryc f the Arts andSci- 
 ences, the empcrium of a Free Feo])le, and the capital of a 
 £rest Republic ? — Other great men, as tliey have been erro- 
 neouily called, have rendered their names famous by the 
 deftrutftion of Cities, and by the mifery of Nations — Wafh- 
 ington's fame rells on other principles; in having fought 
 for the liberties of his countrymen : in a/Tuling to frame for 
 them a free Conllitutlon ; and in devifing means for their 
 future happinefs and ]jrofperity. 
 
 Let us confult both ancient and modern hiftory Tlie 
 
 city of Alexandria long ftood a monument of propitiation 
 for the deftruftive wars and mad ambition of Alexander — 
 The new city of Peterlburgh makes us forget, and ahnofl 
 ftrrgive, the coarfe manners and cruel deeds of the tirll Peter 
 — What a fuperior chara^ler is our Wadiington to thefe 
 men ? — The even tenor of his conduft fubjefts bis fame to 
 
 no fucb unpJeafant drawbacks Shall we then attempt to 
 
 weigh all the circumftances of his life in the nice fcales of 
 fcrupolofity, or witli a microlcopic eye fearch for blemilT\cs, 
 and jjecviihly map,ii!fy deA'cls from which no hnmian bc"ng 
 is excmj)ted ? — Is Kepublicanifm of that hadb, ungracious, 
 uncharitable temper, as lligh^Jy to pafs over the beauties, 
 and dwell v/ith malicious pleaiure on the imperfeftionsof the 
 pi«5lure ? — Forbid it Generofity, forbid it Giatitude, forbid 
 it Patriotifm ! 
 
 yay the City of IVnahivf^-ton, therefore, fulfilJ the inten- 
 tions of lis illullrious foiUHicr — JVIay it be the feat of juf- 
 ticc, je?.rning, and fcience ; the fountain of good iavvs ; arid 
 the raJlyiug point of all the republican virtues. V. 
 
CONOISSIONAL AFFAIRS. t2i 
 
 '^CiTv of Wasiiixgton, Nov. 17, 1800. 
 
 The Legiilature of the United States of America meet this 
 '■.y. ? s they are tbe [irand depofitory of natio;i?.l cotiP- 
 '■< ncr, to whom are entrofied powers, on the correaexerclfe 
 tif which the public felicity greatly depeiids, it is natural 
 that a pen^ral foiicitiule fuculd accompany their delibera- 
 : Ions. PoiTeiring the power of prefervinr peace or declaring 
 
 ir, of increaiiii^- or diminiraing taxes, the welfivre of the 
 .on*.m.inity, on ooints of the deep-P. and mcft cxtenuve iii- 
 te-.nl, can'uot f-nl to be ars much promoted bv an enlighten- 
 ed, 3s It would be injured by a contracted policy. 
 
 There is one circiimftance which leads us to hope, that 
 Congrei's commences ivs proceedings in the new Cai)ital at 
 via aufpicinus period. —The unfortunate difleieiices wliich 
 have too long fubfifted between the French and American 
 Repu.hlics, are, we triiH, nearly terminated; and that iLc 
 t^i-o countrler,, fitted by their forms of government, to be on 
 rmicable terms, will henceforth he on terms of concord and 
 harmony. — Wirh refpcct to tlie nature of the Treaty, no one 
 v;lU imagir.e, that the American Envoys, either from parti- 
 cdity or prejudice, will have conferred any advantages on 
 France, not divflated by a [crupulous adherence to the prln- 
 c iples of a jujl reciprocity. The fenvimenrs they are known 
 to poiVefr,, and their high refpeclability and integrity, are 
 AifTiciont pledges of their upright cov.dud. 
 
 The prt-IervH^ ion of peace i.s ib plainly and unequivocally 
 • .e policy of KepuldicE, and lb pecViliavly the policy of this 
 'Jountry, that every true fne^odto it.s prcfpcriry wiil rejoice 
 ■ I an honoui^able temriuation of difputes, thcct hazarded its 
 tranquility at home, and diilivrhed its relations abroad. 
 
 The American per.ple are not averfe to w r»r, bccaufe they 
 fear to try their ftrengrh v^ifn any fne that menaces th.eir 
 rights — l»at they deprecate war as one of the gr^ateii curies 
 •nilicled upon mankind. Knowing that it renders nations 
 depnived, and gcver"im?nt.<5 defpo*-ic, they view li as the 
 inltrunient of Tyra-i.-.y andOppreilon — as fuch, they do v.-eil 
 to be jealous of the=.r Rulers, and by an unfi-eping vigilance, 
 io reihaia that fpirit of encroachment and donTinatioa 
 \\ hich y\rril.itlf>n is perp>etu3{!v prompting. — Nothing can be 
 m ^rc ciear'.y expreiVcd by the late elections, from one end of 
 the Unioi> to the other, tlvan the marked hoilility of the pub- 
 lic mind to war wi:h any nation, unlcfs f5r::ed upon che 
 country by dire neceJiVy. 
 
 Among the immediate hcne.fits v/hich may be expecied to 
 flov.' from the akc-evl ilxte of our atTairs, is a repeal of cer- 
 tain laws, whole only apology was looked for in " the war- 
 like attitude of the country." — .A.nd irav we not euterLa^n a 
 fjncoi 2 M ilh for the revocation of t'-e Alien Law, whole e.%r 
 iilenci has, in all probability', wicli-heid from our ccunti-y 
 G many 
 
1-2 CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS, 
 
 inauy weaUl-.y merchants, ingenious meclianics, ami induftTJ- 
 ous farmers, * while it has proved no reftraint upon idle and 
 diTorderly charafcers. Taxes 
 
 * The Alien Law, and the general complexion of the 
 then American Government, did difcourngc leveval ulcful 
 and opulent men from coming to this country. — Asa prccf 
 of a hofiile difpcfition to emigrants, the following circum- 
 
 P^ance is related. A Gentleman whofe moral condu£l would 
 
 llandthe iiri<l^eft fcrutiny, whofe difpo^non is temperate and 
 religious, but whofe principles were repuhlican, obtained jier- 
 rniClon of the government of Ireland ro bring himfelf and his 
 })roperty (about 30,000!.) to the I. ni ted States ; to his great 
 furprife, obftacles were thrown in his way by the American 
 Minifler in London ; at length, after a tedious ar.d difagree- 
 able procefs, he was permitted to come, but he was rudely 
 given to undeviland, " that he muH behave himfelf!" — as if 
 the principles for w^hich he was banifhed from his native 
 country were adverfc to thofe of the peopjle of thefe States — 
 Was it natural to fuppofe, that a m.an of ftricl "integrity and 
 conHderable property, v.ho hod fuffered every ttujig but death 
 for fupporting republicanifm. in Ireland, would come to ovei-- 
 throY^ the republican Governrr.ent of Anicrica ? — Or, are v.e 
 to believe, that .he American Rulers were Ccjcled into a dif- 
 pofition to abet the fell^fli views of England to the manifell 
 prejudice of their own country ? 
 
 Where was the conhfLency, where w^as the good policy of 
 this aft? — If the poor, ailiiaed people of Ireland, after ages 
 of oppreiTion and contumely, were provoked to reiiitance, 
 what a damnable deed did MelTrs. Walhington, Adams, and 
 Co. commit in their rebellion ! 
 
 It is proper, however, to obferve, that the above circum- 
 flaace took jdace duriiig the deluiion of 98 or 99, v;h©i-i 
 Fcter Porcupine v.'as confidered as the Saviour of America ! — 
 Tvtr. A. was then deep in the trammels of the New York fac- 
 tion — We are inclii'-ed to believe, that he new entertains a 
 very different opinion of the political vuiv.cej'Kves of that me- 
 morable period n^ the hiftory of tlie United States. 
 
 P. S Tbe unfortunate Gentlemen nov/ languifhing in a 
 Scottifli prifon had alfo obtained permlfGon to come to A- 
 merJca — Whatever may be the real faft, tiie pretext v/as, 
 *' that the American G<wernment Would not receive them." — 
 Upon this ground, whether true or falfe, the Iri!^h Rulers 
 broke their compaft — If it had been adhered to, thefe Gentle- 
 rr.en could have l)rought property v/ith them, to the amount of 
 
 rriore than loo.oool. 'I'hs particidar.^ f this tranfuction, 
 
 v.-ith feveraJ others concerning that ill-fated country, Ireland, 
 we are obliged to omit; perhaps they may come before us iu 
 ?i fuccecding volume — From an able writer, the/ would mfike 
 a moft intcreftin^^ and inllruftivc hiitcry. 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIKS. 123 
 
 ixes, uudpr mofl governments, are a n^ceirary evil ; but, 
 .1: a Republic, where ihc Rulers arc vvile and hcnell, they 
 •ceaie to be a grievance. Impoicd on principles of jui^ite 
 ami equality, and devcted only to obje(fls of national im- 
 .pnrtaiice, they are not thout^ht opprelfive, and feldom be- 
 ■conie the obje6^s of populr.r difcontent. A»d to the honour 
 of the Am-'rican people, the juft wants of their government 
 )iavc rlways been Supplied \vith rcadijicls and liberality. 
 
 !■ ihouid, however, ever be imprefied upon the minds cf 
 "^tp-.rlentatives of the People, that the ])ublicimpo{itious 
 .1, .: I niver rile above the real wants of the government— 
 JVu the fame fpirit that gives with cheerfrilntls whatever is 
 ■■needed for national purpofes, will refill every impofitioa 
 that is unjuil and unneccfiar\ . 
 
 The prcfent crifis of human aff"airs is deeply awful and 
 momentous. The European werld prefents the almoil uni- 
 form fpf-c'tacle, of governments oj^prefilng theii fubjecis, or 
 ■of fubjecls rifiiig in iirms againit tlieir governments — War, 
 dcftiudive V/ar, rages with all its calamities — Human life, 
 for the protedion of which governments were iulliLuted, is 
 there facrificed to lawkfs ambitic-i, to the red of power, or 
 to The fword of the onqucrcr ! 
 
 ]Vbat an cnvfiil, Kv/.iat an instructive lesson is here for the A- 
 nier/can people and goven-.wcnts ! 
 
 Rifuir in. o national impcrtancc on the principles of Re- 
 publicanifm, ourGovcrncrs need only to be guided by rhoie 
 princ'ples, to be beloved by their country, and applauded 
 by the world. Puri'u.ing the plain path of juilice with re- 
 f])e(fl to foreig-n natiois, and dlalufng amcmg their Citizens 
 the bleffings of equal rights and impartial laws, the fpirit of 
 candour, cf harmony, and conciliation will be dii^'ufcd, cal- 
 culated to lical the canrarouswounds inadeby party violence, 
 ptrfonal animofitj-, and political difcord. 
 
 I The following Refolutions were agreed to in the Se!^iate 
 ' of tlie United States: 
 
 Dec. Z2. tRoo. — Refolvcd, That all crnfidentiai communi- 
 ticns, made by the Prelident of the United States to the Se- 
 nate, <lu.il l)e by the members thereof kept Inviolably fec-et ; 
 3knd that all treaties, which may hereaf er be laid before the 
 %z-Jx, fhil! alio be kept fecre^ until the Senate ftiall. o)' 
 their refoluti on, take oft" t],e ii^junfTtion of fccrecr. 
 \ Jnn. 6, 1801.— Refoived, as a landing Rule. That when- 
 cvvi- a Treaty {\\\\\\ be laid before the Senate for ratiPcation. 
 i^ liiall be read a f rft time for inform.ation only; ^.hcn lio 
 imovion vo reject, ratify, or nudity, the whole or any part 
 fluiil be received 
 
 That its fecond rending {hall be for confiUeration, and 
 |on a fubfcquent day, when it fltall be taken up as iii a 
 G 2 Com- 
 
t:4 congressional AFFAIRS. 
 
 Cojnmiitce of the whole, nnd every one fliall be free to ir.ove 
 a queillon on any particular article in this form, " Will tht 
 Senate advife and con font to the ratil-.cation of this article ;' 
 or to propoied amendments thei-eto, either by infertirg or : 
 leaving'out v/ords, in which laft cafe the qucftion Ihall ! 
 '• ShalUthe words uand part of the article?" And in every 
 tl;e faid cafes, the concurrence of tvx-o-thirds of the Stnat , 
 pvefcnt {liali be requihte to decide affirmatively. And w].- 
 through the whole, tl-:C proceedings fliall be flated to ;l. 
 houfe, and queftions be acain fcverally ])ut thereon for con-. 
 firmation, or new ores prc})ofed, requiring in lil;e nir.nr.er»| 
 concurrence of two-third;-, lor whatever is retained or infervrl. ' 
 That the votes fo conf.rmed fliall, by the I-Ioufe, or a Coni- 
 niitte thereof, be reduced into the form of a ratification v. uli 
 or without raodifcations, as may have been decided, ; 
 fhall be }Vroi)ofed on a fubfequent da)-, v.hen every one !l 
 be free to move amendments, either by inferting or ka\ 
 out words.; in vrhich laft cafe the quefLion fnall be, ''SI 
 the words fcand part of the refoluticn ?" And in both c . 
 the concurrer.ee of two-thirds fliall be requilite to carrv : 
 ruFivmative ; as well as on the fmal queuion to advife ai.l 
 confent to the ratilicalion in the form agreeed to. 
 
 The Comm/jttee of Wavs and Means, who v.ere inflrutf^e^! 
 enquire into the cxpedincy of repealing the "Ad to pro. 
 for the Valuation of Lands and dwelling Houfes, and 
 EnvuTieration of Slaves within the United States," 
 >?€i)ort, That the valuation of lands and dwelling ho. 
 has not yet been completed in all tlie States ; and to repeal 
 law bf-fore that cbjeft is accompli Ihed, would, in its el', 
 defeat the direft tax in thofe States v/here the valuation re 
 mains incompleat. 
 
 Tluit one great obje£l contemplated at the time of pafEni 
 
 the law, and which it is prefumed ftiUexiils, was to organizi 
 
 a fvRem for laying dire<fl taxes, to which the ieglHature migh 
 
 retort if the exigencies of government fliould require more re 
 
 veviue than could conveniently be drawn from indirctfl taxes 
 
 and to relinquifh this obje<fi, after the e.xpence of accon } : 
 
 ing it has be6n incurred, might be a proof of inftabilit) , •■ 
 
 not of VvMfdom. . , r' 
 
 That the expence of procuring the diltrd)Ution and transti 
 
 of real eltate;'. to be recorded in the lui-veycr's office, incurrr 
 
 by individuals, is, in the opinion of the Committee, an obje 
 
 of little importance when oppofed to the advantages arilis 
 
 fi-'om a publ'c record cf titles, and ihc more important advaJ 
 
 ta{yes which the government will derive from the fyftem^ v 
 
 aii'y event fnould render a direct tax necefTary. J 
 
 Although it is to be hoped that no further dire(^ taxes wi 
 
 become ncceffary, yet, as it is impcfible to j/rouounce, avM 
 
CO^^GRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 125 
 
 .certainty, that this will not be the cafe, theConlmlttec believe 
 thciL it is hig'nly expedient to puvlue a fyilem, which, in 
 tales of ernergeucy, may be ufed to draw into the Trealury, 
 with certainty and expedition, any realonable l\ims which 
 the public neceffiues may require 
 
 liie Committee are therefore of opinion, that it is not ex- 
 pedient to repeal the aft providing for the valuaiiun of lands 
 and dwelling houfc:;, and the eiuimjradon of llavea within 
 the United States. 
 
 .The following are the AM£NDMu:ris to the ConiVitu'.ion is 
 prr;p-ned by Mr. Nicholas. 
 Previoiiily to reading th?m, Mr. Nicholas noticed the 
 propofitions iubniitted by hira during the lail icrCon, and 
 the extraordinary provilions made in a bill reccivea frr.m 
 the Senate, and u.ited the improbabiMty of his voting ior 
 his ov.'a Dreporitions, in cafe they had been called up by tiic 
 Houie. ' 
 
 Uefolved by the Sv:nate and IJnv.Ce. of Reprertntatives fvc" 
 the U. States, tv/o thirds of both Hcul'es concurring, 
 that the following Articles be propoied to the ljCvHH- 
 tuves of the U. States, as Amendments to Uic Ci>u;ii;:a- 
 lion cf the United States : — 
 
 I. That af;er the 3d day of March, in the year 1801, the 
 cliolce of Eiefijrs of Prefident and Vice-Prefident, Ihall be 
 made by dividing; each fiate iato a number of d-iLvids, equal 
 to the number of Eleitors, to be chofen in fucU ilate, and 
 by the perfons in each of tiicfe dlilrids v/ho ihali have the 
 qualinc'itions requiiite for eieltJrs of tiie moii numerous 
 branch of the le[;iilature of fuch f.ate chulin^? one eleftor in 
 the u"ianner v/hich the legifi?<,ture thereof Ihall prercribe. 
 
 II. Th?.t the tlccc'ivon of reprefentatives to ferve afver the 
 3d day of March In the year ii<c3, Ihali be by dividing each 
 ttatc into a num.ior of diftrift-^i equal to the number ol re- 
 prefentatives to -^'hich f'lcii ilate iliall be enaded, and by 
 the people in each of ihofe diilriiUs who (hall have the qaal- 
 iikatlons reoviifiie for the cle-Jlors of the moll nv.iserous 
 branch of the leijillatue af fiuh ilate chufing one representa- 
 tive in the manner which the le^iliature thereof Ihall pre- 
 fcrVoe. 
 
 REPOIIT of the Select Committee, to whom were referred 
 Mr. Nicholas's propofed Amendment to the Confiitu- 
 tion in relation to the mode of elecling a i-'rciidcnt and 
 Vice Prefident, and Mcmberii of the floi.fe of Pveprefeu- 
 tative:,. 
 
 The Committee to whom were referred the foregoing Re- 
 ■folutions, have had the fame under their confideration, and 
 as the refult of that confideration; beg leave to make the 
 foUov.ing Report : G 3 ll 
 
126 CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 It is conceived that it may be aflumed as one of the irojff 
 indifputahle maxims of Air.ericcTi pdky, that no charge in 
 the Coiiititutlon of the United States be admitted, without 
 a well p-ounded ailarance of the attainment of iome gvfati. 
 er gcod under the ])ropofed change, than under the e-xiiliiij; 
 prcvifions cf the Conlt itutiou 
 
 In relation to the object of the firft of the a-fcrelaid P.e- 
 foluticns, the exiiiing provifions of the i. onflitu'iioa of tliu 
 
 tinited States are in the fcllcwing- teims : ('Il.e Co:r.- 
 
 i>i!ttee here quote the Coniiitution, and then go on to arg ;.:<.' 
 againft the Rerdutlon,) 
 
 A mode of eitxfting- the Piefident and Vice-Pifefjdent of tire 
 United States, v/hich might at once combine the expvcflion of 
 tJie public fentiments cf the people of the icfpeciive ilatcs, 
 with a due appointment of the electors fur that impcr^art 
 purpf.fe, is a difcnvery gvea-ly to be dfeCiea; that fuch nvcie 
 miij- be found, under the prefent prcvllions of the crnfti-i.- 
 tion of the Unite;' States, and will be diicovercd by the good 
 fenfi of the American people, when a'.deJ by further experi- 
 ence, is confidently hoped Under fiich circumilances, vr; 
 adept exclufivcly the mode proposed by the f.rfi refokuioa . 
 ferred to your C03iimittee,might not only j;reclude ihe ■■x^\: 
 tages of further exj)erience and ii;e adcp-acn of a mere t 
 gibk m.ode, but ir;;£,ht tend to perpeu;a'.e, as well as to i* 
 dtr m.ore frequent the occurrence of tliofe exceptior r. 
 incidents which have been before fnggeiied, and fcr wldcii 
 is riiiTxuh, if not impradicable, to ihul adequats ar.d vt..- 
 venjent means cf prevention or rcnacdy. 
 
 Thefe Conf.derations indtjcc }-oi:rCommittee to prefer tl e 
 cxiiling proviilcns of the C<»viiutr»tion of the Unittd Sta-c;, 
 to the chsiv;e propofed by the fail of iLe refcluticna refti- 
 Tcd to tliem. 
 
 I-.i rfla'.ion to the fecond Refclution referred to yc.,i- 
 Cqnimittee.thcy report that the rbjecis diret'y c(ntcn-:phreil 
 therein, i-.rc already wi.hin the limits of the legiilalve ::u- 
 t.Aority cf the gcverninent of the Uni'ed States. To c( .- 
 vert a ccnllitii'.ional prcvihon for the excrcife of legilla":' 
 authcriiy, to which rttuiience may be had at all times, a. 
 under which luch ricdii)cations may be introduced, fi( .^^^ 
 time to time, as the public good and convenience may rr- 
 q' lire in the ordinary forms of legislation, into a Ipecil c 
 conftitutional prefcription, feenis to be both Ancrtlucus ar d 
 iijtonvenient. i i> r , 
 
 T]:c adcpti< n of tlie plan propofed in the lecond l<e5( Ki- 
 lion, would ;'.iio, in the opinion of your committee,indirt::- 
 Iv tend to vviihdraw frcrn tlie government of the Unj ^ 
 States, its exilliiig coniroul over the appointment of one < ; 
 i\s moft efl'cutiul larauches, and to veil tliat authority exel;:- 
 fVelv in the ftate Governments. Such arrangement miglit 
 
 I 
 
C0XGK.ES5I0NAL AFFAIRS. 127 
 
 pv^duce confequences not contcmj)latecl, and too unpleafant 
 to be anticipated. Your Comniittee therefore conceive it to 
 be inexpedient to adopt tlie propoled change on this iubjea, 
 and lubmit the followinjj relolutions to the conlideratiou of 
 the Houlc 
 
 Rcljlved, That it is inexpedient to change the ConRitn. 
 tioii of tiie United Slates, in the manner propofed by the 
 firil of the aforefaid jefolutions, in relation to the eleftioii 
 of thi Preiident ond Vioe-Prefident of die United StateJi. 
 
 Reiolved, (hat it is i.iexpedioiU to ciiange the Conllitu- 
 tjcn of the Unitei.1 States, in the man'ier p50j)ored by the 
 fecoiid of the aiorelaid refolutinis, in rela:io/j to tht elec- 
 tion of naembcrs of tiie Houfc of iiepreicata-.ivcs of the 
 United Stales. 
 
 The following Kefolutions were laid before Conjrefs by 
 Mr. Harper, and ordered to be primed: — 
 
 Refolved, Tliar for comij'ea.ing the public buildings alrea- 
 dy commenced at the City of Wafnington, tlie funi cf 
 dollars to be paid in annual inilallnijnts cf ioo,&oo dollars 
 ttj.ch, ought to be advanced by the Uniied States by way of 
 I4 )an ; and tha: the public property in the faid ciiy, after dil- 
 cViur^iug the incumbrances, incurred for former advances tor 
 the faid city and buildings, oa,^ht to be jdedged and applied 
 under the dlre<rtion of Congreis, as a fund tor the reiniourf- 
 jnent of the faid lean. 
 
 Rcfolved, That the faid ium and all other fums applicable 
 to the fame objeds, and hereaf'er to be received, or now on 
 hand, ought to be apjilied under the direcfiiou 01 tiie Secre- 
 taries of the Sia e, Treafury, I^ avy and War departments, 
 •\7ith the appiobatiun of the Prefident of the United Srates; 
 and tiiat the laid Secretaries, or any three cf them, ought to 
 be empowered to employ a proper clerk or clerks for keeping 
 the accounts of the faid openditures, and all fuitablc ai- 
 chitefcs, agents and workmen, for carrying on at.d compleat- 
 iiig faid buildings. 
 
 Reiolved, That a fuitable apartment or apartments, in that 
 part of the Capitol already linifhed, owght to be ntted up for 
 the temporary accommodation of the Courts of the United 
 States, appointed, or hereafter to be appointed, to be held in 
 tlie faid city, and of fuch Couris as may hereafter be ap- 
 pointed to be held therein for the Territory of Lolunibia ; 
 and that in compleating the Capitol, permanent accommoda- 
 tions for the faid Couits ought to be provided therein. 
 
 Refolved, That the fum of dollars annually ought 
 
 to be appropriaced towards the eftablilhmcnt of a I\atiowal 
 Library, to be applied under the diredion of the Secretary of 
 State, and that a fuitable apartment in that part of the Capi- 
 tol which is now iiniflied, ought to be fitted up for the recep- 
 G 4 tion 
 
I iS CONGRESSIONAL AI- FAIRS. 
 
 tion of the fa id Library ; and thst v.-hcn the Capitcl fliail he: 
 compleated, fuitable apartments for the reception and lue of 
 tne iliid Library oi^ght to be provided' therein. 
 
 Rerdved, That the fum of ddiars oug-b.t to 
 
 be approp/iuied ft.r the fuirable fumifi/ij-'g of the Preiicient's 
 houfe, to be applied under the dirsxf^lpn of the Secretaries of 
 titate, Treafury, War :ind Navy departments, ^A'ith the ap- 
 prcbation of the PreJident of the United States; and that 
 the laid Secretaries, cr any three of ihein, ci:ght: to be em- 
 powered to employ a fuitable agent for that purpclc. 
 
 Reroived, 1 hat the bi'ard of comruf3orier& fcr the City of 
 W^Ihingtcn, ought to be dilconihiued, and i he public pro-- 
 perty in die faideity to be placed under the di;;e6ion of th&. 
 Secretary of the Treafury, with amhcrity tj appoint luch 
 clerk or clerks for the particuiur nian.igemcrt thcvecf, as he 
 may judge neceffary, ami that dtpo-cvtrs, liglits, -duties, and 
 truiis, l•o^y veited in, or belonging to ietid bcwu, ought to 
 •be tr:>nsiured to the fcid i;eciei:ary. 
 
 AMOUNT of the Pusj.ic Degt, as flatcd by tl.e Gcmnrlt- 
 
 •:ee appointed to examire the Acccu. t^ of the Lf^aitedScates, 
 
 ai'd reported 8i:h May iSoo. 
 ITorniuctl Amount of the National Debt on Brs. Cu. 
 
 the ill of Jamasiry 17C.C, — 7-.^37.3-i 97 
 
 True Amount of Debt ill Jan. 1751 74,185-59'^ ^^ 
 
 >kminai Amount of Debt ii\ Jjin. 1800 £o,2yi,82o 30 • 
 
 True Amount of^ Debt ill Jan. iSco 70,212,718 16 . 
 
 " From v/hence it refults (fay ihe Committee) thkt if thfe 
 amount of Dr-bt in Jan. 1800 is ccnip^aved with that- 1791, . 
 the debt has diminished 3,572,878 drs. and 66 cents. 
 
 " The Committee dcvm it iinportrint to add, that the ex- 
 traordinary exrence which has ariien wifhin a.fev'/ years, 
 hr.s fwallcwed up large fums of the. public \vrealth, and di- 
 verted tiie application of thole inonies which migUt oti.erwifc 
 liave gone io\lie extinguisinnent of the ]>ublic debt, ;o cbjeeis 
 ccnne-fttd wi:.h the honour, and, in Ibine cafes, with the -im- 
 mediate exiitence of the Government 
 
 " In this clafs of evpence w ill be included a large fum oc- 
 cafioucd by the Indian war— one millicn ewo hundicd and fif- 
 ty thoufand dollars, ey.per.ded in qnellingtwo infarreaicns in 
 tiie Hate of Pennfylvania— more ihan ore million and giu half 
 expended in our tianiaaions whh Algiers and the other Med- 
 iterranean powers, together with a much larger expeucu occa- 
 honed by the unprovoked aggrefilons of France upon this 
 country.^ Had it been ])oT:ble, fteadily to have applied ?h.ofe 
 various funis to the purcliaie of debt, it b tallly to coixeive 
 hov.' rapidly the fame might have been extinguished — The 
 connnitLee have likevvile noticed the large iumswVach have 
 been neceliaiily expended iu' the erection of lighthoufes, rs- 
 
 pair- 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 129 
 
 pairing fortifications, in purchales for replenishing ourrr.ill- 
 tary and naval arfcnals, and in the building, purchafe, and 
 equipment of more than forty fail of ships and armed veucls, 
 together with a confiderable loan of money to the ccmmifiion- 
 ers, of the City of NVashingcon. The money expended en 
 thefe objecls, it is well known, arifes to a very large amount, 
 and the property thus acquired by the government:, and 
 which is now oa hatid, cannot be efclmated, on the moft mo- 
 derate calculations, at a fum lefs than four millions of dol- 
 lars. The value of this property mig)it be ccnlidtred as ccm- 
 ])ofnig another item in the credit of the general account of 
 debt, but the Commirtee have not thought it necefiaij- to in- 
 clude it, arid have noticed it particularly at this time, for the 
 purpoie of exhibiting a more general view of the extraordi- 
 nary expence incurred by the govcrnment.and for the purpofe 
 prtfcnting all that information, in relation to the debt, 
 which will enable th^ Houfe accurately to appreciate the great 
 and increafing relburces of the country; and on this point 
 the committee cannot forbear to remark, that the progvefs of 
 tiic government, in its financial operations, muit aftbrd the 
 moll flattering prefages of its future fucccfs, if the fani3 
 fyitem is purfued. which has liitherto proved 10 fuccefsful. 
 
 "It cannot certainly be unworthy of remark that ten years 
 have not at this time elapied fince the government fairly 
 commenced its operations ; that during that period it has 
 been necefiary to liquidate, to fund and to provide for a large 
 capital of floating debt which has grown out of the difoi- 
 deirs of tiie Confederation; that during the fame iliort period, 
 the government has been compelled to concend with one ex- 
 penlive war on the frontier, with two infuvre»ftions in tiic 
 centre of our country, and with depredation and hoitiliiy 
 from the naLions of Europe ; that thefe embarraJfuients have 
 neverthelcfs .been faced by tlie government ; moft of the 
 ciifficulcies have been furmounted; the debt has been liqui- 
 dated and dlminilhed, and the nation has flill continued to 
 increafe in we?Ji'n and population beyond all former exam- 
 ple ; and although the conteft in which we are now engaged, 
 may, for a {hr.n period, retard the further extingaiftimeut of 
 debt, or perha],)s produce a fmall addition to that which al-. 
 ready exiils, yet it cannot be doubted, that v;hilif we retain 
 order at home, no exterior circnmitances can .e::hauft or 
 greatly diminifh the increafmg refources of the nation." 
 
 We have thus impartially flated, as far as our limits will, 
 allow, the diiierent fums at the ditFerent periods, as rc])re- 
 fented by the Commiitee. It is probable Ibme of our read- 
 ers may be pu/.;:ieJ between, the 7wnn>,oi and tn:£ amounts ; 
 >nd'--ed the Report fays, that " there was a difference of cpi- 
 nion in the Committee,"* therefore the debt is ftated both 
 ways — *' When DodorD. differ, wha shall decide?" 
 
 G 5 On 
 
ijo CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 On this Important fubjeil, let us hear what Mr. Galiatii. 
 fays— His abilities in Fmancial matters few men will vtn- 
 ture to difpure — If he has intentionaUv mifreprefeuied tlit 
 fubjea in the face cf the world, he mull be both a bold and 
 a bad man. — Thofe who wish to cf>me at the truth, would 
 do well to take Mr. G's pamphlet in one hand, and the Coiii- 
 mictce's Report i.i the other, and judge for theml'elves. 
 
 " I'he Secretary of the Treafurv (lavs Mr.G.) in a letter 
 to the Committee of Wavs and Means, dated Jan. 1800, gave 
 It as his opinion, «' that' the principal of the public debt had 
 increase i, ihice the eflablishment of the prelent Gcverrmel:^ 
 in the fum of 1,516,338 dollarr.." A Committee of thcHou; 
 of Reprefentatives,* appointed in March, to examine t)\e A- 
 counts ofthe United States, reported, on the 8th of May, i 
 number of lia-.eme.its, and, as tlie rclult drawn from liicni, 
 that the Public Debt, inllead of having increail'd, as ilatcd 
 by the Secretary, had, on the ill of Jan. 1800, dimnnshedhy 
 a fum of 1,092,841 dollars, if contrafted with the debt ct 
 Jan. 1790, and 3,972,878 dollars if compared with the debt 
 of 1 79 1. — <■ The Report was printed by order of the Houur. 
 but never afteJ upon,, nor any occafion ofiered to inveiiigate 
 its principles. 
 
 " The different refults exhibited by the Secretary in Janu- 
 ary, and by the Committee in May, shew that the fubjeft 
 may be confidered in different ways, embracing not only nia;t- 
 ters of faft, but queilions of opinion, XVhether the view 
 taken by the Committee i.s cerreft or not, is to be decided by 
 reafoning; and thtir Report, not being conlined, as feems to- 
 have been intended by the Hcufe, to matters of Jact, mull be 
 confidered only as the opinion of a few individuals. — It is in- 
 tended, in this Efiay, to examine lome of the fads co)»tained 
 in the Treafsry ftatcm.ents, to difcufs the grounds of the opi- 
 nion of the Committee, and to add fome obfervations on tlie 
 financial operations of the governmeit ofthe United States." 
 —(Mr. G. then prcceeds to examine the fads in a variety of 
 calculations, which are too lengthy for our book, but which- 
 we recommend to the feriousperuial of thofe who are defirous 
 •f being acquainted with the financial aifairs of the United 
 States— We tlieiefore feleft from a variety of tables what we 
 think are his concluiive f^atements.) 
 
 " From thcfe con fide rations it appears, that the Public 
 Debt may, according to the two diilerent views of which the 
 fabjeit is fuiceptibie, be corredly ftated as follows : 
 
 * MeHVs. Grifwold, Wain, SewaV, S.Smidi, Sheaff, Ki- 
 choias, and Gallatin, were the Committee, and the latter 
 gentleman is accufed of " unbluiliing mifreprefentatioi in 
 his pamphlet"— Certai»ly his being on the Committee ga', e 
 him an opportunity of being intimately acquainted with all 
 the items— If he has mifrepVefented the public accounts, he 
 mferves pufclic execration. 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 131 
 
 I. Nominal Amount of Public Debt in January 179c. 
 
 Amount ftatcd by the Sec. of the Treafury 72,237'3C'' 97 
 
 AJ(I, difference for intcreft on donieftic debt 17.67° 4^ 
 
 72,254,97- 4-3 
 Deduct, difference on the French debt 1,216 73 
 Premiums on Dutcli debt 263,000 o 
 
 Diill'rence on interefl to for.officers 11, 6i'^- 53 
 Grant to Gen. Green 's ttilate 71.453 Z^ 
 
 Debts difcharged before 1790 15,927 13 
 
 By lands fold to Pennfylvania 151,392 41 
 Debt affumed for debter eilates be- 
 yond their proportion 2,000,000 o 
 
 2,514,606 16 
 
 Amount of Debt ill Jan. 1790 69,740,366 27 
 
 On the I ft of January 1800. 
 
 Amount ftated by the Sec of the Treafury 79,403,820 30 
 
 ^Ji, Outflanding debt due to foreign ofBcers 100,184 18 
 
 Deduct, Six per cent, ftock re- 
 turned from Holland 20,373 ^2 
 Premiums on Dutch debt 59,000 o 
 Advance on Bank ftock 222,000 c 
 
 79,504,004 48 
 
 io^373 33 
 
 Amount of Debt ift Jan, 1800, 79,202,631 15 
 
 ift Jan. 1790, 69,740,366 27 
 
 Nominal increafe of Debt from 1790 to 1800 9,462,264 88 
 
 li. Comparative View formed by deducing, from the nomi- 
 nal Amount of Debt, the funds aAually acquired by 
 Government. 
 Jan. 1790— Nominal amount as above 69,740,366 27 
 
 Deduct, debts due under former 
 
 government the U.States in cash 62,586 74. 
 Do. received in ftock — 24,091 31 
 
 Cash in Holland, the Treafury,&c. 351,447 8^ 
 
 438,125 88 
 
 60,302,240 39 
 
 Jan. T 800 — Vominal amount as above 79,202,631 15 
 
 Deduct, Cash in Treafury, ?<c. a,694,l7 5 48 
 Remittances faid to be made to 
 Holland beyond the jiayments 
 due in J 799, -« 548,955 84 
 
 3;243.07^ 3a 
 
 A- 
 
ija CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 Arr.oust of Debt ift Jan. i8co, *;■ j%959'550 83 
 
 liV Jan. 1790, 6y, 302,340 3 y 
 
 Leaves for increase of ('elt fcr thole ten years, ... ■ ■ , ^ 
 aft'ir dedu^^ang ali Cat. fiiuds a*f^ua'l\ acquired 
 by Government, and v^'hich may })offibh' Le 
 apj^Iied towards a reduction of the debt, (^A5'],'>,io 4^ 
 
 " And here it is proper to obferve, that the amount of Cuf- 
 tom-houle bonds, credited by ilie Ccn.mitiee, and excluded 
 from the above ftaten-.c.it, is, for Jan. 17^0, 590,468 dcjicrs, 
 and for Jan. 1800, 5,826,214 dcyllars ; difference 5,235,745 
 dollars; -which deducted from 6,657,319, ftill leave, even uii 
 the inadniiffible fuppofition that the fe bonds ought to be de- 
 (lufced, an imrtuae of debt, during thofe ten years, of 1,421, 
 574 dollars." 
 
 PUBLIC ESTIMATES. 
 The Secretary of the Treafury reported to the Houfe of Re- 
 
 prefentatives, that the following Appropriations are iiecef- 
 
 fary for the Year iSoi. 
 For the Civil Lilt, or, the fupport of Gcvemment, 
 
 including the contingent expences of the feveral 
 
 Departments and 0»ilces, the fum of 594, toi 37 
 
 For th.e payment of Annuities and Grants i»753 33 
 
 For the fupport of the f/iint Efiablishment 13,300 
 
 For the expences of imercourfe vrith fcr.nations 85,000 
 Fcr expences incident to the treaties with i^ngland, 
 
 t pain, and the IVfediterranean Powers 361,364 
 
 Fcr the expences of fupporting the claims of onr 
 
 Citiz.ens tc property captured in foreign countries 64,000 
 Fcr aid to diltrefled American feamen in f.countries 30,000 
 For defraA-ing the expences incident to the valuation 
 
 of dwcliing-'noiifes, landii, ^cc. — 40,000 
 
 Fcr the Military Dqjartment, including the pay of 
 
 the /-Armv, rations, clothing, ordiuince, &c. 1,400,000 
 For the payment of military penfiojis 93,000 
 
 For the Navy Department, including the pay and fub- 
 
 fiftence of the Officers, &c. marines; completing 
 
 docks, navy-yards, h.z. and fcr building fix 74 
 
 gun fi.ips, agreeably to eftimate, — 2,342,35295 
 
 For the fabrication of cannon and fmall arms for 
 
 the Army, >7avy. Militia, {kc. — 400,000 
 
 Fcr the fuppoit of light-houfes, beacons, &c. 33>622 70 
 
 For the 2d enumeration cf the peo])le — 60,000 
 
 For fatisfying mirccllai-iecus Claims, including the 
 
 expences of returning votes for Prelident, &c. 5.600 
 
 Amounting to — 5»5a9'<^95 15 
 
 The Funds out of which Appropriations may be made for 
 the purpofes before-mentioned, are The 
 
CONCKSSSIONAL AiVAUi::. 
 
 1. 'i'lie uim of 000,000 dollars of tVie proceeds nf fluj-i ^t 
 iniporla and tot;nu2;e whick uccnic i-i the ytr.r i So i,. which 
 lum is by law amiually refcrved for Government. 
 
 2. The furplus of the inconie-of the United St-ptes. which 
 may uccnie to the end of the year iSoi, after fatisfyiiig the 
 objeds for whith approjvriationi have been niade. 
 
 After this general Sta«-enient, the Seci'etarv defcends to a 
 m(ire particular fpeciiication,. the principal of vvhick are thi 
 following: — 
 'I'o the Prelident and Vice-Prefidcnt 
 
 Senate and lioufe of Reprefentatives 
 Judiciciry 
 
 Treafnrv Department — 
 
 Lean Ofncers r.nd Clerks — 
 
 Dej'.annient of State — 
 
 NMvit — 
 
 War Department — 
 
 Navy IDcpartment — 
 
 General Fcll-Oft^ce — 
 
 Surveyor Gereral's Department 
 Ten-itcry Norrh-well of the Ohio 
 
 ii\:r 
 
 and Indi 
 
 3c,cca 
 20{;^70 
 78,900 
 92.7x3 
 28.-250 
 
 2.^,8£0 
 23,600 
 
 3''. 76^' 
 24,489 
 12,1 12 
 
 28,000 
 5,500 
 
 1 I,OGO 
 
 1.75.1 
 20,000 
 72,000 
 
 Annuities and Giants — — 
 
 Demands unprovided for — — 
 
 Indian Depanment — — 
 
 I\ 1 fillers to Evi.eland, PruHia, Spain, and Portu- 
 gal, 900? each, — — 
 Minifter refident at the Batavian Rep;iblic 
 Confiils at Algici's, 'Iritioii, Morocco, delicien- 
 
 cies, contingencies, &c. i.i all — 
 
 Canylvig into eireot the trea'y with Great Bri- 
 tain, ialaries to Commiffioners, &c. in all 
 FrofecLiting the clai.ns of American Citizens 
 
 forprnpcriy capiured by theBritifli, Sec. 
 Relief of Am.erican feamen in forelgr. countries 
 Experces incident to tne valuation of Lands, 'cc, 
 Pay of the Army, confiding; cf 1400 officers, 
 
 artificers, ma'icians, and 4040 privates, See. i, 
 Ordnance Department — — 
 
 Defonfive proteflion of frontiere, &c. 
 ]M[ilitary penfions — — 
 
 N?.val Ellablifhment — — 
 
 Tb^ Secretary of the Navy. further efiimatcs, 
 Frr prog-eifmg with ilx 74 gun fhips, and for com- 
 pleting navy yards, docks, wharves, &.c. 500,000 
 For eve£ting Mar-nc barracks — 20,000 
 For the maintenance of Fvcncli prifoners — 30,000 
 
 36,000 
 4,5^0 
 
 361,364 
 
 64,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 . 40,000 
 
 167,091 
 
 100, coo 
 
 30 000 
 
 (,.0,309 
 
 a.447.3i)2 
 
 Total Naval Sftimate 
 
 3.'=42,352 
 
r:,-; CON'^HESSIONAL AFFAIR.^. 
 
 But ths a]>propriations heretofore made for the dif- 
 ferent objects relating to the Navy will not be ex- 
 haufted at the end of thcprefent year b\ -d fum e- 
 qual to 700,000 dollars, fo that it may not be necei- 
 fary to appropriate for the year 1801 for all the 
 Navy purj)ofes, exclulive of providing timber to be 
 laid up in ilore, more than — 7Co,©cc 
 
 EXPENDITURES of the United States from Od. 1739 
 to Sept. 1800. 
 To the Prefident, Senate, Houieof R.eprefentatives, 
 
 Judges, Government OiTjcei-s, kc. 7*7.253 23 
 
 Military Department — — 2,654,281 5^ 
 
 Naval Department — — 3,143,047 98 
 
 Dii)lomatic Department, Sec. the vrhole mak- 
 ing a total fum of — — 15,262,161 75 
 By a Statement of Balances (figned John Nourfe, 
 Regifter) cf certain Appropriations, there v/ere 
 unexpended on the3othoept.lafl, the fum of 8,370,766 
 
 PROGRESS of the Revejjues of the United States. 
 
 -Anr.ual Heceipts. 
 
 1795 
 
 — 
 
 9'5i5.758 59 
 
 1791 — 4,772,200 26 
 
 1796 
 
 — 
 
 8.740,329 65 
 
 17-2 — 8,771,600 93 
 
 1797 
 
 — 
 
 8.758,780 99 
 
 1793 — 9'45o,i95 Id 
 
 1798 
 
 — 
 
 8,179,1.79 80 
 
 1794 — 9'43 9.855 65 
 
 1799 
 
 — 
 
 I -,549:3 3 1 9S 
 
 NAVY of the Uni 
 Ships Guns Men 
 
 United States 44 400 
 
 Conftitutrpn 44 400 
 
 Prefidjgij.i' 44 4oo 
 
 Chefapeak 44 400 
 
 Philadel]}liia 44 400 
 
 Conftellation 36 340 
 
 Congrcffs $6 340 
 
 New-York 36 340 
 
 I nf urgent 36 340 
 
 Bodon 32 260 
 
 E{re.\ 32 260 
 
 G.V/afiiington 32 120 
 
 Gen. Green 32 220 
 
 John Adams 32 220 
 
 Adams 32 220 
 
 Ganges 26 180 
 
 Connecticut 24 180 
 
 ^ aryland 20 180 
 
 Portlmouth 24 180 
 
 Merrimack 114 180 
 
 TED States. 
 Commanders. 
 Com. Earry 
 Capt. Talbot 
 
 Truxtou 
 
 ijarron 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Murray 
 
 Sever 
 
 Morris 
 
 Fletcher 
 
 Little 
 
 Preble 
 
 Pen*v 
 
 Crofs 
 
 • RoLinfon 
 
 Muilovvny 
 
 • Tryon 
 
 — — Rogers 
 
 M'Neil 
 
 ■ ■ ■ Brown 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. ijj; 
 
 fetapfco 20 130 GecMes 
 
 Delaware -o 180 
 
 iialtimois; 20 i^o Cowper 
 
 Herald 18 140 iluiTel 
 
 TnirnbiiU 18 740 Jewet 
 
 Warren iS 140 
 
 Richnioud 16 ico 
 
 Aiigu.lla if> ICO ~ Vllroy 
 
 Eagle 14 70 Campbell 
 
 Pickering 14 70 ( iiler 
 
 Scaraniel 14 7^ Furnel 
 
 Experiment iz, 70 iv aley 
 
 Enterprize iz 7^ ihaw 
 
 Recapitulation 3 Frigates of 44 guns — 4 of 36 — 
 
 2 of 32 — 4 cf 24 gu.is on gim-cleck, and 8 on the quarter- 
 deck — 8 of 20 to -4 guiis — 3 of 18 — a of i6 — 5 of 12 
 
 Total 33 — and 7 galliCs. 
 
 [The above Lift is taken from an authenticated Copy — 
 except the names of the Captains, which \ve cannot 
 vouch as beiiig pcrfe(flly correc'^.] 
 
 The Secretary cf the Navy makes the fallowing Eftimates of 
 the Vs.y, Subfiftance, and either E.vpences of the following 
 Defcriptrons of bhips of War, viz. 
 
 VelVeh of 44 gmis and 400 men — ii5>945 
 
 36 guus and 340 men — 9^ '347 
 
 32 gtnis and 2^0 men — 74>y99' 
 
 24 en gun-deck and 8 on qr.deck, 220 men, 66,785 
 20 to 26 guns, and i3o men — ^ 57>269 
 
 ]8 guns and 140 men — 43,780 
 
 16 to 18 guns and loc men — . 35'73 7 
 
 12 to 14 guns and 70 men — 24,2x3 
 
 Galley, 28 meu — — 9,200 
 
 Marine Corps, 1143 men, including Officers, 166,903 
 5 Frigates of 44 g«ns — 579.7^^ 
 
 4 Do- 3*^ — 393.391 
 
 2 Do. 32 — ^49.999 
 
 4 Do. 32 (fmaller) — 267, ©35 
 8 Ships of 20 to 26 guns — 458,158 
 
 3 clonps of 78 guns — 1 37.341 
 2 Brigs of j6 to 18 gnns — 7^.474 
 
 5 Brigs and Schooners 12 to 14 guns 121,069 
 7 Gaiiies — — 64,400 
 
 Contingent Expences --^ — 37,850——, 
 
 Making a Total of — Polls. 2,447,352 
 
 . ESTI^ 
 
36 CONGili: 
 
 '>3Io::al affairs. 
 
 
 :STIMATE oit];c Numbei- of Peifons 
 
 compoUng 
 
 the Crews 
 
 ol" tlie iXavy of the United States. 
 
 
 5 Frigates of 
 
 44. guns, ^nd 
 
 4CO men, 
 
 2,CC0 
 
 4 Do. 
 
 36 
 
 340 
 
 1,560 
 
 2 Do. 
 
 ■" 
 
 260 
 
 5io 
 
 4 Do. finaller, 
 
 32 
 
 220 
 
 880 
 
 a Ships of 
 
 ao to 26 
 
 loo 
 
 1,440 
 
 3 Sloops of War 
 
 i3 
 
 140 
 
 420 
 
 2 Brigs 
 
 16 to 18 
 
 luo 
 
 2CO 
 
 5 Do. and rchoons 
 
 12 to 14 
 
 70 
 
 350- 
 
 7 Gallic^ 
 
 — 
 
 28 
 
 19 r 
 
 Total, 
 
 including Mari 
 
 nes, — 
 
 - 7-366 
 
 Ships and Vefiels taken from the French by the American 
 Navy fincc the Commencement of tea holliiities : 
 
 L'Infargent i3,4guns, Le Berceaii 26, Deux A'.^.ges 20, Sans 
 Fareil 16, LeCroyahle 14, Lajahoux 14, Maglcienne 14, 
 Jeunefle 12, ItalianGonquelt 12, L'Atftive 12, Marfain 10 
 
 . DaVokigeufe lo —then follow the names of a number of 
 fmailer vell'els carrying fo low as 2 guns, amounting in all 
 to 74 Captures — befides 80 Re-cantures. 
 
 REPORT of the Secretary of theTreafury to the Com- 
 miilioners of the Sinkmg Fvr.d. 
 
 THAT no purcliafes of the Debt of the United States 
 have been niade fmce the date of the laft report to Gongrefs 
 of the iTth day rf December, 1799; and that the fums of 
 \\\t Capitol Stock heretofore purchafed and transferred, pri- 
 or to the prefci'it year, in truil for the United States the in- 
 \f:rft^. r/hereon is appropriated by lav/ towards the redu6^ion 
 oi'.the public debt amount to 4,704,219 dollars 60 cents, as 
 will more particularly appear from documents hereto an- 
 nexed, marked A. 
 
 I'hat the follov/ing fums have been applied towards the 
 difcharge of the, principal debt of the United States fmce 
 the date of the lall report to Cqngrefs of tlie nth of Decem- 
 ber, 1709. 
 
 1. To the 5th inftalment of the fix per cent. Hock, 
 bearing a 3)refent intereH, which purfuant to 
 the aft, emiiled " An a^, making further provi- 
 sion for the fupport of the public credit and for 
 redemption of the jmblic debt" pafied on the 3d 
 ef March, 1795, and the a<fl in addition thereto 
 paiTcd on the 23 th day of April 1796, became 
 
 . payable on the iiril day of January, 1800, the 
 ium of — ' _ 716,894 36 
 
 2. To the payment of the eighth infialment ai 
 the fubfcription loan for Bank Stock, due on 
 
 the iait c.^y of December, 1799, 2co,ooo 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. t 
 
 To the payment of the third inftalmcnt of a 
 loaa fof one miilion of UuUvlers obtained in lid- 
 land, which fell dv.e tlce prefer.t year, j)urfuant to 
 a contraet dated f rit ff June 1787, ellimated av 
 40 cents p«r Gniider. 80,000 
 
 To the payment cf the fecond iuflalmcnt of 
 'oan of joco,coo of Guilders obtaii^cd inHoUanJ,. 
 and whi^h fell due in the preient yeir, f miuant 
 t& a coiUraift dated the i^tiiof March, C788, ef- 
 tirnated at 40 cer.ts pjr Guilder, 80,000 
 
 To the T)ayraent ci the iirft inllalment of a loan 
 of 3000,000 of Guilcierr. obtaine.i in Hoi! and, and 
 which fell dye in the prefent year piuiuant to a 
 cnntraft dated the f rll of January, 1790, eRima- 
 ted at 40 cents per GuiUer, 240,000 
 
 Araountinfriit the whole to — Dclhrs 1,316, 894 36 
 
 The payiTientE before enumerated have heca made out of 
 the i'c llowin;; fupxio : 
 
 1. The intereH lund^ or the fums ^vhich accrued v]p- 
 on the fi-Cck ■ purchaled :.'.nd transferred tc the 
 CommilTioners* cf the Sinking Fund, in truit for 
 rhe Uii'ited States, as pariiculaxiy uated ii\ the 
 d-Timcnt, nmrkea E. 522.3"3 ^* 
 
 2. The fund ariling from .the payment cf d^:l>is 
 wlilcli originated prior to the pre lent . onillai'.iou 
 cf the United Stages ass-prticularly ilatcd in the 
 dociimev.tr marked C. _ 2,943 39 
 
 •3. The fund afiiing trcm dividends on the capiral 
 Utodi btlongiiigto the Uni-ted States, in thebavik 
 cf th.e Unite-l f-tatep, from the I'ii of Jidy, 1790, 
 to the joih of June, 1790, after deJuaing: tlie \\\- 
 terelt en the u:brc;ip*^^ion loan f<^r the ibine peii- 
 od, as jjarticularly Itafed -in the document hereto 
 anneKed, mY.rked D. 29,040 
 
 4. The proceeds of the du'aes on goods, wares and 
 merch.undi;'.e impovted; on the toniiaee of iliips 
 cr veii'eis, and on fpirits diiiiiled v^ithin the Uni- 
 ted State?;, and fvUls appropriated by ^the 8ti\ fcc- 
 t) on of vhc a£i; of March 3d, 1795, intiiled" An 
 a^ft making f-jrther- provilions for the fiipport of 
 ])ublie credit, and for tlie r-^df mption of tne j:>iib- 
 lie debt,'" being fi-r the ptri( d and in the refer- 
 ence to the objects mentioned in this Report, 762,587-85 
 
 1,316,894 30 
 
 ^'^aking in the whole ai> equal amount tc tl»e reimburle- 
 ments before mentioned. 
 
158 CONGP.ESSIONAL AFFAIRS, 
 
 There remetined in the hands cf the Treafnrcr of the IX- 
 r.ited Slates, as agent of the Board of Coniinifnoners, on 
 the 25th day of the prefent month, i6c;,c87 dtnlars 4 cents, 
 \v-hich with the growing produce of otner appropriated 
 funds, will be fuiTicient for the rcimburiemeut,at the clofe of 
 tlK; prefent year, of the 6th inilalmeut cf ti.e 6 per cent 
 itock, bearing ?, prefent in;ereu, and the yth iuilalment for 
 the bank of the United States j which reitnbu; it n;ents are re- 
 quired to be made by the nth fe-ilion of the act of Congrcfs, 
 jjafTed on the 3d of Ifarch, 1795, herein before mentioned. 
 
 By the 'national Accounts Ia\cl; publiihed, from Ot^l, 1799 
 to Sept. i8cc, it ai.j-ears, that the total expend! nue fcr ihat 
 year amounts to 15,162,161 dollars 75; cents — Tiie receipts 
 tiniount to e>:ardy the lame fum.— In this account, however, 
 are included " the unexpended appropria'.ions,'' as ilated by 
 hit. ixourie, amountirig to 8,370,766 dollars. — Lee p. 134. 
 
 Or. the 14th of (anuary laix, a menage was delivered from 
 the Prefident to Congrefs, tvanfmiiiir.g to that Hon. Ecdy 
 liis annual account of " the application of grants for con- 
 tiii^ent charges for the year 1800," by which it appears, 
 that out of the 2.0,000 dollars intrat'Led to h;3 care, he had 
 cniy granted 50 dollars to a W.trni.h Shaw •' for his ex- 
 peaces en a jnifTion from Fhiladelpl-ia to iv cuHt Vtrncn en 
 public bulinefs." — Of courie, iy,yio dollars rev evL to the 
 public purfe. 
 
 In jufiite to ^"r. Adams, with plcafure v/e give a place 
 to this article. — The Firi\ Magillrate cf a Republic, if ever 
 entitled to the appiaufe of the Feojjie for difcharging his 
 duty, is on no occafion more entitled to their thanks, tiian 
 fbr a rigid devotion of the public monies to national nfes. 
 
 JUDICivUlY BILL. 
 " The Bill to providi.- for the more convenient organization 
 
 " of the Co lilts of the United States," as palVed in the 
 
 Houfe of ReprelentatiYes, directs, 
 
 T. That after the next fehion oi the Supreme Court of U. 
 S. the faid Court ihall be held twice a year in the city of 
 Wafhington, viz. On the firft Monday of Juiie and Decem- 
 ber. 
 
 a. That after the I'kext vacancy the court fhall confift of 
 five jufliccs. 
 
 3. That the feveral Hates Hiall be divided into aa dif- 
 tnas. 
 
 4. That the faid 22 di{lri6ls ftiall be clafled into fix cir- 
 cuits, viz. I. Confiding of diflrifls of Maine, New-Hamp- 
 fldre, MaiTachufetts and Rhode-Iiland; atConfiflingof Con- 
 necticut and Vermont; 3. Confiiting of diilii^b of Jerfey, 
 
 £afl 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. ij^ 
 
 Eaft VA\d Well Pcnnfylvania and Dtlawave; 4. Confiiling of 
 diilrids of Blarylaud, and Fail and Weft Virginia; 5. Con- 
 fiftiug of diftriifts of N»orch-Ca.roliiia, Soutli-Caroliua and 
 Georgia; 6. Coniiliing of diTirids of Eaft TennciTce, "Weft 
 TennefTee, Kentucky and Ohio. 
 
 5. Tliat in each o£ thefc circuits there fhill be three jud- 
 ges, two of whom (ball form a qiKiniin, to held two feflions 
 annually ar cer:ain fpecined places, and one of whom faall 
 be commifEoued as chief jufticc. 
 
 6. That the circuir covirts ihall have all the powers hereto- 
 fore veiled in the courts of the United Slates. 
 
 7. That the fald circuit courts rerpe(5uveiy, fiiali have cog- 
 nizance of all crimes and offences cognizable under the an- 
 thcrity of the Uni.ed S-a-ies, and cornmitred v/itliin their 
 rclpedlve diftricts, or upon the high ieas ; and ahb of all 
 cui'es iii law or equity, arinng under the conuitution and laws 
 of the United ttu-tes, and treaties made, or which fhall be 
 rriade under their authority; and aUo of all ailiuns, or fi-its 
 of a civil j-.ature, at coninion law, or in equity, where the 
 United States fhall be j.-laintifis or complanrants ; arid ajfo of 
 all aftlons, or fiuts, matters or things cogni;able by the ju- 
 dicial authority of the Uiiited States, unoer av^d by virtue 
 of the ccr4ii:u:iori ihereof. where the matter in difpute Jh.ail 
 amount to Jbur huadred dollars, and v.'hete (liginai jurifdis- 
 tion is not given by the confiitutiori of the Uru'cd Siateb to 
 the fupvenie court thereof or cvclufive jarifdidion b> law to 
 the dilhii'il courLs (f tlie Uuiied States : Provided always^ 
 that in all cafes where the tide cr bounds of land il*ali c©nie 
 into qaeiiion, the jurifdl(?lion of t'le faid circiit courts Ihnll 
 lict be reiuj-liied tiy reafon of the value of ihe land in dif- 
 pure. 
 
 8. " That all aliens, faits, procefs, pleadingR, and other 
 proceedings of what nature cr khid foever, dcpeudir.g or ex- 
 iiling in any of the prefent circuit courts of the United 
 States, or in any of the prefent diftridl courts of theU.States 
 ailing as circuit courts, ihall be, and hereby are, contiuued 
 ever to the circuit courts eiiahliilied by this a(fl." 
 
 9. That each of the circuit judges fnall be allowed 2,000 
 dollars per annum; except the judges of the 6th circuit who 
 fnall be allowed 1,500 dollars. 
 
 10. In the oth circuit there is to be an additional judgv- ap- 
 pointed, who, with the two prefent diilrid judges, aie to 
 compofe the circuit court for tlrat ciicuit. 
 
 11. All the prefent pov/ers with which the diftriifl courts 
 are veiled arc transferred to the circuit courts, excepting 
 admiralty powers. 
 
 Mr. Eilcworth having veCgned the oiTice of Chief Juftice 
 of the United i,tatcs, and Mr, Jay being ncmh.ated, lie de- 
 clined the ofiice — Mr. Marfliall was then ncminattd, and ui>. 
 animouHy approved of by the benate. 
 
U3 CONGRESS rONAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 Features of a Bill for the Government of the Diilri^ 
 
 of GOLITMBIA. 
 
 1. A Legiflature is to be eftabiiflied, to confift of a Senate 
 and Hoi.fe of Reprefentativts. 
 
 2. The diflrivl ihall be divided into two.prccin(5ls, one on 
 the well, the oi her on the eaft fide of the Fotomak. 
 
 5. The HouTe of Reprefentatives fhall coni'.it of fourteen 
 niemlxrs, feven reudeat in the Eallern, and feven in the 
 Weuern precimfi, choien for two years, by citizens of tJ.S. 
 rcfident 12 mon-hs in the dillrict and i mcnth in the nrecincl 
 of the Uniied States, who are freeholders. 
 
 The qualifications oi a niernber of the Houfe of R.epre- 
 fentarlvcs arc, bf-.ing25 yeai's of age, being a citizen cf tr.e 
 United ttates, re£dent in the diftrict for 12 months, and in 
 tiie previnA for i month, and being a freeholder therein 
 
 4- The Senate fnall coniift cf fix members, three ref.dent 
 in the Ea.lern, and three in the Weflern preanit, chcien 
 for fi:-: years. 
 
 The qualincations of a Senator are, being thirty years cf 
 a.je, being a citizen of the Uai^ed Itates, reiidentin the 
 dirtricl for iv/elve months, and in the precinft for one month 
 and. being a freeiiolder therein. 
 
 The benatcrs are to be chofen by eight eleftors, four 
 wljereof to be elefted by the citizens of the Eakern, .xrA 
 four by the citi:?ens of the V/ellern i^recin*^, v/hich elciTtGrs 
 fiiaiihave the fame qaalitications as members cf the liovife of 
 Keprefciitutive-s, and who liiail be elected by the fame citi- 
 zens who vote for members of the Houfe of Repreicu'.a- 
 tivcs. 
 
 The Senate to be divided, at -the organizatioii, into three 
 claiies, one of which 13 to be replaced every fecond year. 
 
 5. 'i ne members t f the legifiaturs to be compenfated by 
 •the diftri'fl. 
 
 ^- A Governor frc-li be appointed, by the Prefident ofi the 
 United vSt-a-es ftr three years, nnlefs fooner removed. 
 
 The Governor Ihail be a citizen, and 35 years of age, 
 
 Ke i'hall appoint ail oiiicers eredted by the legiilature of 
 the diftrifl. 
 
 He inail have a i-eio upon the paiTage cf all laws; and if 
 after his difajn)r.oving a law it fnall berepalTed by two thirds 
 of each hcufc, he fnall lay the law before Cong-refs to be 
 acled upon by them. 
 
 7. The Governor, Memljcrs cf the Legislature, and Elec- 
 tors Ihall be prohibited from holding any cifice under the 
 Unired States, or any f:ate. 
 
 8. Taxes, ey.cepting excifes, impofts and tonnage duties, 
 maybe layedbythe legiflature; but no lav/ fljall be palled 
 for taxing the diiirirt for opening, paving, repairing, impro- 
 ving, lighting or regulating the ilrtets, in any town or city 
 v/idiin the dulricl Two 
 
 1 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIP.S. 14-, 
 
 t). T\YO meriffs Hiall be appointed aanuallv hv the Gover- 
 
 i^or, one for the Eailern, and one for the Weftem -ovecinct 
 
 ^vho befi(V.3 the ordinary dudes of fl.eritFs, fiiall hold and'bc 
 
 jiul^es of all elections. 
 
 10. The judicial power of the diftrict fliall be vef^.Nl in 
 two fupencr and t^vo inferior Courts; the jodjres to b° an- 
 pointed by the Prefident to be psid by the United Statcl 
 and to hold their oinces during ^^ood brhavionr 
 
 IT. The laws of Virginia and ^^arvland, as thev now 
 exif.. fhall remain in fcrce, fo far as the fame may be'confif- 
 •tent w-.th the motives of the cefuon bv faid fates! 
 
 12. The ieg-tla^iire may pnls all laws needful for tlie '^n. 
 verrunent and police of the dllirxt, repcalablc or alrcra^le 
 ijy Conpfc, ,vho niav make any law which i1iall be fupreme 
 
 13. A go^crnv-^r (Vsil be immediatclv anpointcd 
 
 14. Tne election of the members Jf the legiHature fh.iH 
 be held on the ifl Monday of A]>ril, and the leKld^-are ninl 
 convene at Wafhington on the ill Monday in Jii le. 
 
 .f'?K^\^-- ^\^^''^i- ''"^ '^^^^^^ ^^^ impartial Editt,r 
 of The Nalinnal Intelligencer, by a memoriaJ, afkt^d i^ave 
 of the Koufe of Reprefentatives to have d ijiace wlthiri\he 
 the bar to note the debates, he wa«; refufed ! — The follow 
 nig- are the Yeas snd Nays on tlie lubjeol of his requeft, niii^h 
 are fuppoled to d-elcnbe, pretty cleaVly, the p,^liii.^-,l r,>nH 
 ments of the two Parties-' bierve. that the Yeas area^^aind 
 the prayer of the Printer, tlie xVavs f.-r him. ^ 
 
 Yeas — Baer, Bardet, End, J.Brown, Champlin. Cr-n-r 
 C;-ai.<, Dana, J- Davenport, F.Davenport, Deanir,, Edrvln i* 
 r.vans, Fofler, Freeman Glen, C.Goodrich, E.Good.ich; 
 Gnhvold. Grove, r enaerion, Hu-er, Imlav, KiM-eri J e- 
 
 J.Reed, N Aeed, Rutledge, Smith, Tennev, Ti-.atche- ! 
 C Tnomas, R.Thomas, Wadfworth, wkhi, Williirn. 
 Woods— 45. "ills, 
 
 Xa75-Amon,Bailev,Biniop, R.Brown, Chriitie, Claiborre 
 
 Clay, Condu% Davis, Dawlon, Dent, Dickfon, Kp-:de^lot; 
 
 Elniondori Gooae, Gray, Gregg, Hanna, Ileifttr, Fip' 
 
 f^^dmesjackfon, Jones, Kitchell. Leib, Macon, Muhlen: 
 
 hur^ New, Nicholas, ^icho!l^m. Randolph, Smilie, Sair 
 
 Sniuh^ hm.th, ^pai^hn Stanfml, Ltone.^umpter, l>i;.: 
 
 £;S; Val^S!-;."''^^^^' J-^^^^^' ^^— lUanCor:. 
 
 The Speaker, :?r. Theodore Sedgcwick. having given hi. 
 
 caflr.g vote agumft the Memorial, the Printer, waf of roirfe 
 
 not P^rm.ttea tu cr.me within the bar, as had b^en thfe cnf' 
 
 torn .nPhdad.lpuia-TheSpeakerwas pleafed not to donh" J 
 
 for he would not only not permit Mr.S;^V:'-h to take n of e^ 
 
 outfide of the bar. but had him turned out .f the gaile^ t 
 
 the bcrj^aut at Arms ! e'^'^^'J uy 
 
I4S CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS?. 
 
 IN the mrnth of November 1800, the fcilcwing, it is faid, 
 ■was ihe poUtica! complexion of th-e diHereut members of the 
 then Congrefs — As a change of men is about to trJ<e place 
 ('Hea'.-f n grant that their mearures may be gocd), v. ill it be 
 ^Tempera nvutantur, iffc. ? 
 
 Ne^ Hampshire — Senators, John Langdon r. S.Livermorey. 
 
 — Reprefentatives, Feller, Freeman, Sheaf, Tinneyyi 
 XTassachmcts — Senators, Mafon , Fofter f. — Reprefer.tatives, 
 
 t.edgev.-ick (Ipeaker), Otis, I.yman, N.Reed, J. Reed, Lee, 
 
 Eartlet, Shepard, Thatcher, Wadsworlh, \\ iliiams/. 
 
 Ei^n^p, Lincoln, Varnimi ;•. 
 jRbode /i/^2?.'</— Senators, Fofter, Green /;--E.eprefentatives, 
 
 Champlln, J.B 
 
 1 -Vvvn 
 
 Cotyfiecticut — Senators, Killhcufe. Traceyy! — Reprefentatives, 
 Dana, Edmcnd, C. and E. Goodrich, GriiVold, Daven- 
 port, J.C. Smith/ 
 
 Vtrm&vt — irenator^i, Chlpman, Payne/ — Reprefentatives, 
 i\ 'orris/ Lyon /•. 
 
 2Ter; Tork — Senators, Morris/ Arrr.ftrong r. — Reprefenta- 
 tives, Bird, Cooper, Glen, Piatt/ Bailey, Elmeudorf, Li- 
 vingfton, Thompfon, Cortlar.dt, J.Smith r. 
 
 'Ktrsj ^e;-fpv— Senators, Dayton, Sxhureman/ — Reprefenta- 
 tives, Imlay, F.Davenport/ Condit, Kirchell r. Linn d. 
 
 Pennsyhar.ia — Senators, Birigham, R..ofs/ — Reprefentatives, 
 Hartley, Kittera, Thomas, AValn, ".Voods / Gallatir, 
 Brown, Greg, Hana, Heifter, Leib, Muhlenburg, Sm.ilie;-. 
 
 Di'luizarc — Sena.tors, Latimer, Wells/ — Reprefentative, 
 J. A. Bay 3 rd/ 
 
 Mcryland — Senators, Howard, Loyd/ — Reprefentatives, 
 Baer, Craik, Dennis, Thomas/ Chiirtie, Nicholibn, S, 
 Smith r. G.Dent i/. 
 
 Virginia — Eeeators, Mafon, Nicholas r. — Reprefentatives, 
 Evans, Lee, Gocd, Gray. Pcwell, Page, Farker/ Cabel, 
 Dawfon, Clay, Egglef.on, New, Nicholas, jacklbn, Ran- 
 d('li*U, A. and J.Trigg, Tazewell r. 
 
 Norih Ccrolma — Senators, Rloodworth, Franklin r. — Repre- 
 fentatives, Grove, Hcnderfon, Hill, Lickfon, Cpaight/ 
 IN.'accn, Stanford, Stone, Williams r. Aliion d. 
 
 Soitth Carolina — Senators, Read/! Finkrey r. — P.cprefenta- 
 tives, Harper, Huger, f- f tt, 'J .I'iukney/ Sv.mpier r. 
 
 Gtcrgia — Senators, ^Gunn/ Baldwin r — Reprefentatives, 
 Jones, Taliaferro r. 
 
 Kentucky — Senators, Brown r. Tv'arfnal d. — P.eprefentatives, 
 Davis, Fov.ler r. 
 
 TcTiressee — Senators, Anderfon, Cccicc r.— Repreientative> 
 Claiborne r. 
 
 / For FederaJh^-r for F.cpublican—c/ fcr dcubifiJ. 
 
( U3 ) 
 WA SUING 7 ON 'a- jMA LSOL E UM, 
 
 HOV/ happy he wlio finks to reft, 
 Ey all regretted, lov'J, and blcil ! — 
 Forhi^n th' affiiaed mehs in woe. 
 For him the widow's tears fliall Mow ; 
 For hirn the orphan's pray'rs fliall life, 
 And waft his fpirit to the fkies ! — 
 To deck his grave fhail Virtue brings 
 Th' eavlieil tribute of the fpring; 
 And FricrdHiip, weeping, fnall repair 
 To ])hint her mournful cyprefs there; 
 "Whilft in our hearts we'll raife a tomb, 
 Round which immortalv/reaths fnail blocm: 
 
 OUR reader?, ro don'ot, have heard, that laft fe^lion, a 
 Bill pa'Ted the Hivjfe of Reprefcntatives, granting; 70,000 
 dollars to ereft a mcnurc.ent ♦^o Gen. \^'■afl^ington, and that 
 the Bill was reje^fled by the Fcnate — This feiTion, the i'cheme 
 was r3newed ujion a much more expenfive jjlan, wiiich, as 
 might be expetfled, occafioned much debate and dilTerence of 
 opinion— Some of the members were for no other memorial 
 of tbe departed Generals virtues, thati what could "be fix'd 
 in the hf^arfs of liis fellow citi7ens * — o*' er:: were for fiich a 
 monum.ent of him as w?.s voted by the old Conp-refs — others 
 ag-ain, and thefe the majority, 4-'j- to 4.0, tjave their voice for 
 
 a lZax::o[ciim, on a grand and extenfive fcale On this u»b- 
 
 jo.1, we think it ncccHary to infert the fallowing 
 
 * It v.-an a good idea, fug-j^elled by one of the mcrcbrrr. 
 in Ihi.. del)ite, t'lat a concife hillory of the Revolution, and 
 the li/V of Gen.Wafnin;^;ton, rticuIJ be made ichool-books— 
 Amontf the hrli rudiments of leanii^ig taught thejoung I'fiijO-, 
 Urfiiould bt a knowledge of his own country. 
 
144 WJSmyGT'ON's MAUSOLEUM. 
 
 Copy c.r a Letter from Mr. WesTj the celebrated Americaa 
 Artift in -London, to Mr. King the American Minifter at 
 the British Court, on the fubjeft of a Monument to hz 
 eiecTted to ihe Memory of Geneial Wasliii'gton, 
 SIR, London, ^■E■.y 25, 1800, 
 
 Observing the Ri^ohitions paiVcd by the UniteJ 
 States of America, for removing the boc'y of George 
 Washington from the family vti'lt to the city bearing his 
 name, and their intentien to iaifs an app-apviate monument 
 to his memory in that city, I tho»'ig-ht the foilowinj^ obferva- 
 tlor.i,, witli the ])!an for a monur.icvit, from me as an /.meri- 
 can and one not altogether cbfcure in the elegant arts, might 
 }}e acceptable to thole in that country, who are deiircus of 
 paying the lafl tj ibute to his memory, by a monumental re- 
 cord, ];laced-:n the Federal City. 
 
 The raifmg of monuments to departed virtue, has ever 
 ce«n an objert of the firil attention in all civilized countries, 
 ard ne people ever had fo prcud an inftance in doing this as 
 the Americans, by rpifing one to true x'iitue and r^al worth, 
 as that v.'hich pr^fents irfelf to them in the charaAer of Gen- 
 eral Wafliington, an'd that the _ placing of fixh records in 
 public fiU'.ations has ever been coniidered trtie policy, by all 
 vv-iie governments, for v/hich the highways, fquares and cir- 
 cufes for i'uch records have been preferred, v.'e have the 
 highcil authority froin tiie Egyptians, Grecians, and Ro- 
 mans. — That tiie raiur.g of a monument to rhe memory of 
 General Waihir.gton, I believe, is the wiili of all the civili- 
 zed world. I do therefore recommend, that the mioftdirabi^ 
 form for Inch a norument be a^PJited, whicli is, that of the 
 Triaiigle or Pyram>id, and that Tts fituation be the moil cou- 
 fpicuons in the Federal City ; ifs height one hundred and lifty 
 feet, and its bans the fame. The place or fquare, where it 
 is erefted, to be planted with trees to give inviting shade, 
 and to be opened to the public: this will atTord the parent or 
 tutor an oppovtunity to incr.lcate the vir':ues of that great 
 man, in the juvenile mind of the riling cifipring. Thie in- 
 fide of the pyramid has a conic cavity to fave the cxpence in 
 building, and at the farnc time gives as rristch rtvengt^i rs 
 tliough folid; within that is built a roturdo, lighted from 
 the top, in which is placed the pcdeilrian ilaue ct the Gene- 
 ral in bronze, to be in height not lets than feven feet, and 
 round the rotundo eight balio-relievos in the fame metal, four 
 containing mSll'rary, and four civil fubjects. in pl?xe of the 
 frize and dado rvund the rorundo, a grove to be cut, to a 
 considerable depth, and in the fame m.annev round the eight 
 baifo-reljevos. This will give a monumental fimtjlicity, 
 which belongs to its cha^a^ier, and tr»e whole cf the ipari> 
 men!" to lie ific natural cflonr of the ilone with wnicn u ts 
 buil;i one -of tiie four eritiancea into tiie rorundo to be clqmj., 
 
 for 
 
WASmNGT027*s MAUSOLEUM. 145 
 
 ^nr the place where the remains of that j^-eat mnri should 
 
 depoflied in a Hone coffin, which should be elevated, and 
 
 p.dcr it a pioper inlcription. The three entrances which 
 
 ■id into ihe rotundo, to ha^'e iron j;p.tes, to be opened on 
 
 xed days, for feeing; the fepnlchre. Such a rnonnment 
 
 v/ou!d be an aj^propriate one to the exalted charadler of 
 
 C;eorp;c "Washington, and worthy t>.e United Stages of A- 
 
 • ..rica to raife to his meriory. It shcnlcl ftaiid })re-eminefl«; 
 
 1 magnitude, as tht; chararier it records flood ]<re eminent in 
 
 v.rtue. as well as to give a taile to any monuments that Tnay 
 
 in future be e-^xfie.d — it will both adoni ilie City, and infpire 
 
 the people wi*h virtue from genera; lc:i to ^^eneration, for 
 
 thoufands of years. 
 
 The better to clucida-C the ccn{lru<fliov. of fuch a monu- 
 ment, I fend yoiv the plan, feftion, and elevaaon ; they are 
 goemetrical, and laid down to a fcale The ellimate of fuch 
 amonimicnt inereftinj, the workmen in America will be able 
 to alcettain, as the Vv-hcle is to be of Rone. The wcrkr. cf 
 ar^, fuch as the llatue and baffo-relievos, their expence will be 
 .afceriained in EiirnjrV, agreeable to fimiiar works. 
 
 i have the honour to be, &c, BEN. WEST. 
 
 Glory, bring thy fairefl. wreath, 
 
 Place it on ll\e Hero's wrn , 
 -f/rrcy, in foft accents breathe, 
 
 " He never made fair Virtue mourn." 
 EvVy Virtue here attend. 
 
 Bending o'er his facred earth; 
 Gratitude, thy iiifiuence lend, 
 
 Muie u£jkel bis mighty viOTth ! 
 
 The follov/ing are the Yeas and Nays on the engrofiirg 
 
 ■of Wari)ingt!)n's Maufolenm BiU : — 
 
 Yeas — Iveifrs. Baer, Harriet, Brown, Champlain, Cooper, 
 Craik. Davenport, Dennis, Dent, Dickfon, Edmond, E- 
 vans, Foih-r, Frep.nian, Glen, Good, Goodrich, E.Good- 
 rich, Grifwold, Grove, Harper, Hcnderfon, Kill, ITuger, 
 Inilay, Kittera, H.Lee, !V:orr)s, Nott, Otis, Pinkney, PJat, 
 Powell, Reed, N.H.eed,Ilntledge, Smith, Tenney, Thatcher 
 Thomas, R.Thomas, Wadfwcrrh, vVilliinr,<:, Woods— 44, 
 
 Nays— ■'■ e^Frs. Albion, Eailey, Bird, Bifhcp, R.Brown, Clay, 
 Chrifcie, Claiborne, Condir, J.Daven])ori:, Davis, Dav/fon 
 Eggleiion, Elmondorf, Gray, Gvegg, Hanna, Heifter, Leib 
 Holmes, Jackfon, Kitchell, Lyon, Linn, ?vlacon, ?v:uhlen- 
 bcrg, Randolph, bhepard, Smilie, S.Smith, Spaigh% Stan- 
 f?rd, Sumpter, Talioferro, Thompfon, A.Trigg^ J.Trigg, 
 Ta/.Cvvell, VanCortlandt, Varnum— 40. 
 This Bill, which granted 200,000 dollars to begin the 
 
 v/ork, wa:j altered, in the Senate, to 50,000 dollars to ered 
 
 an equellrian llatue, under the direftion of J. Iv^arlhal, Bufh. 
 
 Waliiingtcn, ,.l o\\ ard, and T.Leaf. H 
 
i<6 CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 SEDITION LAW. 
 T-iie fcllowhig arc the Yeas and i\'ays on agreeing to tlve 
 Report of the v_ommittee of levifal and unfiuiflied bufineis, 
 recommending a continuance of the Sedition L'liv. 
 Yeas — ;\'?eiTrs Bavtlct, Bayard, Bird, J. Brown, Champlin, 
 Cooper, Crajk, Bana, F.BavCLiport, J.Davenpart, Dennis, 
 Lickicn, Edn-iCnd, Evans, Follsr, Ficeman, Goodrich, E. 
 Goodrich, Glen, Grove, Grif-.vold, Harper, Hill, Hender- 
 fon, Imlay. Flittera, H.Lee, 8. Lee, iMorris, Otis, Page-, 
 Plnknev, Plat, Powell, J. Read, N.Read, Riiriedg-, Shep- 
 ard, j. C.Smith, Shcaff, Tenney, Thatcher, J, cYhomas, 
 R.Thomas, Wadsv.'Grth, V/aln, Williams, V/oods — 48. 
 Nays—VenVs. /.lllon, Bailey, Biiliop, R.Brov.-n, Clay, Chrif- 
 tie, Claiborne, Condit, liavis, Dawfon, Dent, Egglefton, 
 Elmondorf, Gallatin, Good, Gray, Gregg, Hanna, Heifter, 
 liclmcs, Kuger, Jackfon, Kitchell, Leib, Lyon, Lini-;, > a- 
 con, IN'juhlenburg, New, Nicholas, Nott, Parker, Randolph 
 Smilie, J.Smith, S. Smith, Spaight, Stanford, Stone, Sum- 
 ter, Talloferro, Thorapfon, A. Trigg, J. Trigg/ VanCort- 
 iandt, Vanium, R. Williams — 48. 
 
 The numbers being thus equal, the Hon. Speaker, Mr. T. 
 Sedgewick, after having turned the Printer out of the Houfe, 
 very confiftently gave hi:i vote for a continuance of the law. 
 
 We have read, v/ith fome attention, the debates on this 
 conteiled point, which, like many other queflions, admits of 
 ftror.g arguments either we-y — for, with all our partiality to 
 the Liberty of the Prefs, we mufl acknowledge, that a llan- 
 derous, foul-mouth'd Printer fliculd be as amenable to the 
 rules of Truth and Jullice as any other member of the com- 
 munity. — — Mr. Bayard for the law, and Mr. ) uger againfl 
 it, appeared to take the lead as to force of reafoning. The 
 l;.;ter ger.tleman acknowledged the right of Congrefs to »n- 
 a6l fuch a law, but fliev.ed, by very cogent and cor.clufive 
 arguments, its prefent untitneis and.inexpedier,cy. 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT. 
 
 Altho' every one knows what a dollar is, yet, fev/, very 
 few, compiehend the fi'.ni of 80 millions of dollars, and 
 therefore f'.rm very imperfeol ideas of the vveight and mag- 
 nitude of the National Debt. — A dollar weighs 17 dv.-ts ni.e 
 3-4 grs. Troy weight ; and 80 millions of dollars would weigh 
 2090 tons 1125 lbs. aver-du-poifc weight. Now if waggons 
 were employed to carry So miillions of dollars, at a ton a 
 ,load, and the waggons four rods afunder, they would oc- 
 cupy the fpace of 26 miles and i-8th. 
 
 Pretty well for a Government not yet 21 years of age ! 
 
 The National Debt of England is fully 500 millions fteH. 
 about 2000 millions of dollars, but this debt began in King 
 
 William's time. 
 
AMERICAN COMMERCE. 147 
 
 SuMMAKY Value cf Exforts from the United St ateo. 
 
 
 In 1797. 
 
 In 1798. 
 
 In 1799. 
 
 New H amp fn ire 
 
 275,840 
 
 .'.61,453 
 
 361,789 
 
 ■MaflTacViiuTers 
 
 7,502,047 
 
 8,03';.25i 
 
 11,421,591 
 
 Rhoae IT) and 
 
 975.53^ 
 
 947.8^7 
 
 J.c55'273 
 
 ConneAicut 
 
 814.506 
 
 763,12s 
 
 1,1/^3.818 
 
 Vermont 
 
 
 
 2c,4Go 
 
 New York 
 
 13,5.-8,064 
 
 1 4, 3 00, r,. J 2 
 
 i8,7i<',527 
 
 New Jerley 
 
 i8,i6t 
 
 61,^:77 
 
 9,722 
 
 Pennfy'vania 
 
 11,446,291 
 
 8,015.463 
 
 12,431,967 
 
 Delaware 
 
 98,929 
 
 183,729 
 
 297,065 
 
 r aryland 
 
 9,811,799 
 
 12,746,190 
 
 16,299,600 
 
 Virginia 
 
 4,9^^8,7 '3 
 
 6,113-451 
 
 6,2^2,986 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 540,900 
 
 338,124 
 
 485,921 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 949,622 
 
 6,9 94, 170 
 
 8,729,615 
 
 Georgia 
 
 644.3^7 
 
 961,848 
 61,327,411 
 
 I •39'''. 7 59 
 
 Total — 
 
 51,294.710 
 
 78,665,521 
 
 Value and D 
 
 ESTINAO ION 
 
 of the Exports. 
 
 
 In 1797. 
 
 In 17^8. 
 
 In 1799. 
 
 To 11 u ill a 
 
 3-45'^ 
 
 60,732 
 
 46,230 
 
 ernfua 
 
 
 
 617,046 
 
 Sweden 
 
 898,315 
 
 733.462 
 
 617,046 
 
 1 e.imark ScNcrw 
 
 • :i,533.2^4 
 
 2,900,511 
 
 951.577 
 
 l.'?"iih W.Indies 
 
 
 
 3>3';7.26?. 
 
 Nefherhinds 
 
 S.S45>'^^5 
 
 7,420,660 
 
 696,96s 
 
 Dutch W Indies 
 
 
 
 
 5,154,535 
 
 G'.'atBritain,&c 
 
 8,569,748 
 
 17,086,189 
 
 20.263,733 
 
 Bviiiih W.Indies 
 
 
 
 6,285,254 
 
 Imperial ports 
 
 
 7-.730 
 
 105,647 
 
 I amburgh, £cc. 
 
 9,589,853 
 
 14,492,613 
 
 17,144,400 
 
 Fia.ice, &c. 
 
 1 1,664,090 
 
 6,^41.485 
 
 
 Treixh W. Indie 
 
 
 
 
 2,776,604 
 
 French Airican ] 
 
 OitS 
 
 
 
 3,5^0 
 
 S[»uin, &c. 
 
 5096,253 
 
 3,740,553 
 
 7,400,009 
 
 
 
 10,497,493 
 
 Portiijvid, 8:c. 
 
 463,3^-0 
 
 729,c?p 
 
 857.731 
 
 Karbary States 
 
 15,000 
 
 19,188 
 
 48,000 
 
 Lallan pcrts 
 
 767,064 
 
 i.324:<"36 
 
 I,T57,2I'i 
 
 K. Indies general 
 
 h' 387'3io 
 
 261,505 
 
 595,249 
 
 \V .1 ndies do. 
 
 1,508,044 
 
 248,181 
 
 92,200 
 
 Attica do. 
 
 230,873 
 
 132,883 
 
 23.1,596 
 
 Em-ope do. 
 
 207,077 
 
 7^., 858 
 
 i8,Ti8 
 
 N.W.Coalt Am 
 
 ?r. 15,007 
 
 7^,545 
 
 72.941 
 
 Touil — 51,294,710 61,327,411 73,665,5^1 
 
( U3 ) 
 Mi%"TSTmAi> and CoNsuLAn Appointment.-?. 
 Rufus Kinc:, ^■a'l■uler Plenlpo. at ^h^ Court of London.; 
 Chriih Gore and WTn.Finkney, Commiffiov.erE under the 'jta 
 
 Article of the Tien.t\' of Amity, &,c. 
 Sam.H illiams and Sam.Cobet, Agents to Do. 
 Tho Fi.fimons and Sam. Sitgreaves, Commiffionevs under the 
 
 rth Article of the Trcr.tv of Amity, Sec. 
 John Read, American Agent attached thereto ; 
 David Lenox, Agent for the relief of Seamen in London; 
 Sam. Williams, Couful, in Do.— E.Vanderhoril, Do. Briftr-U 
 Rcb.W.Fox, Do. Falmouth; — JamesA.aury, Do. Liverpool; 
 Tho.AUljo, ViceDo. Poole; — Geo Knox, C cnful, Hull; 
 Jc'f.Wilion, Confui. Dublin ; — Jas.Hclmes, Do. Belfaft; 
 John Church, Do. Cork ; — Kenry Grant, Do. Leiih ; 
 jchn Gavino, Do. Gibraltar; — Turil Tufts, Do. Surrinam; 
 isicholas RoulTiilet, Do. Demarara and Eficquibo ; 
 John Elmflle, jun. Do. Cape of Good Hope ; 
 — Ol. Elf'vvorth, \Vm R.Davie, and Wm. V X un-ay, Envoys 
 
 Extraordinary to r ranee ; 
 Ifaac (J. Earnet, Agent, Bourdeaux ; — P.Dobrce, do. Nantz ; 
 Etienne Cathalan, jun. do. Marfeilles ; 
 I dw. Stevens, Conlni Gen-eral for St Domingo ; 
 Rob. Rlrchje, Confui at Port au Prince ; 
 
 H. ^^ammond at CspeFrarcois ; Jacob Lewis, Ifle of France. 
 — D. Humphreys, ^ in liter Plenipo. at the Court of Madrid ; 
 MofesY^^ung, Confui at Madrid.; — L. O'Brien, at St.Andero ; 
 Jof.M.Yzardi, at Cadiz ; — Wm.Kirkpa'rrick, at r/alaga ; 
 Rob.Mcntgomery, at Alicant; — \^'m.Ellis, at Barcelona; 
 Evanjone-;, at ]Se\Y Orleans ; — V/.Fulings, ViciConrul at Do. 
 JamesBlake, at St. Domingo; — J.BIakely, at St.Jago deCuba. 
 —■"vVm.Smi^h, "Miniftcr Plenipo. at the Court of Portugal; 
 Tho.Bi'lkeiy, Confui atLiibon; — JohnStreet, at Fayall. 
 ~-W.V.Tvjuna>', R'5iniller to the Batavian Repv.biic; 
 Sylvanus Bourne, Confui General at Am.ilf;rdam ; 
 E.-^.Furman, Ccnfr.l at Rotterdam ;—B. Williams, atCurrac^a, 
 — I-IansSabye, Confui aiCcpenhagen; — 1: .Cooper at St. Croix. 
 — John Q. Adams, ^linil^erFi';nipo. at the Court of Lerlin; 
 Fred. W. Lutee, Confui at Stettin. 
 
 ini, Coiifulat Hamburrih ; — F."^Vikelhrvfcn,atBrem. 
 
 TtUr- 
 
 E'i.Eackman, at Gottenburgh; — JobWall, atSt.Bartholomev. .s 
 
 Tho. Appletcn, at Leghorn ; — iobn A''athi?H, at Naples; 
 
 JchnB.Sartori,at Rome ; — r.G.Wallofton, at Genoa. 
 
 — James Simpfcn, Confui to the Empire of ^iorocco ; 
 
 Rich.O'Brian, Ccni'ul General at Algiers . 
 
 Wm. Eaton, Ccnful at Tunis ; — J.L.Cathcart, at Tripoli. 
 
 SamwelSuow, Confui at Canton hi China. 
 
 fWe cannot say, that tl>e-ie lists are perfect ; the pveserj: very 
 unsettled state of Europe nudes it dijfcidt to ohtcdn a correct Ihk. 
 '—Biit a-^ry information ov il^is or cry other subject. v:ill be thank- 
 ftdly received a7id duly attended to. J 
 
( 149 ) 
 Mi^JiSTzRs and Co:^sulsj^c^4 Foreign Powers, 
 l^oh.I/dlori.Etq. Miniller Pleuipo. ficm the Court of London ; 
 Tho.Barckiy, ( onful General to the Ealtsrn States 
 Phineasttond (Philadelphia), Do. middle and louthcm Do. 
 Tho.M'i)ona2,h, Do. to New Hampfliirc, MalTachuietE, J?ic. 
 John Breeie/Vice-Confiil to Rhode lliand ; 
 Johnllamilton (Norfolk) Virginia; -Gib. Wood, Baltimore ; 
 Ben.'V'.oodle, to NorthCarolina, SouthCarolina, and Georgia ; 
 John Wallace, Vice-Conful to Georgia. 
 —The Chevalier de Yriijo, T/liuiiler I'lenipo.from Spain; 
 Jol'eph Ignatius do Viar, Coniui General ; 
 Anionio A. Viilalcbus, Coniui to Virginia ; 
 Don ^:anuel P.engil, Vice-Con ful for Georgia; 
 Diego ?'. urphy, Conful to North and South Carolina. 
 — The Chevalier Friere, Mlniiler fromi Portugal ; 
 Ignatius Polyart, Ccnful General; 
 
 J.Abram, Vice-C. to NewYcrk ; — J.Vernock, tD S.Carclina. 
 — R.G.VanPolanen, Miuiller irom ihc Baiavian ilcpviblic j 
 Adrian Valk, Coniui to r^aryLT,nd and VLi-ginia ; 
 JauC.GravesConful for South Cajroiina and Georgia. 
 — Charles G. x'^aleiki, Conful General from Pruili^ ; 
 Jan2rnei1C.^chaltz, Conful for BaUimore. 
 — Rich. Lcdcriaoxn, Conful General from L'.veden; 
 Simon Lynch, Vice -Conful for Virgmia; 
 Jon.bwift, Vice Ccnful fc-r the Ports on the PotOinak ; 
 joha BoriLZ, Do. f^r Nonh Carolina. 
 
 ARMY o:> the UNiTILD^ STATES. 
 Cavalhy. 
 Captains, James Taylor, James V. Ball — Lieuteiiants, Joha 
 V/ebb, Stephen G. Simmons, Wm. Tharp, Arch. Lee. 
 Fiis: Bc^iment of >^ k i tLLERiiTs mid Ei'JGI veers. 
 Kenry Euibcc:-:, Licat.CoICGmmasdaiit — Majcrs John Jac. 
 W. Rivardi, C. Free man, jun. Ivxr-h. Fcrd, Mofes Porter. 
 Secord Re^lmtr^cJ hniL-Lz.^v.\aXZ and £ngin'Eers. 
 Levvi3 Touf.iid, Lieut. Col. Commandant — :,. ajors Eaniel 
 JacLfoa, Deciiis VVadswonh, Wm. iV.'Rea. 
 F^rst F.tgimait of Infa::jtrv. 
 John F. Hamtramck, Lieut. Ccl.Ccmmandaut ~y.z]oxz, The. 
 Hunt, The. H. Cufhing, Tho. \ artin. 
 
 St'cor.d JHegitneat cf Infantuy. 
 David Strong, Lieut. Col. Commandant — rr-'ajors John H^ 
 Buell, Jacv^b Kinsbvry. 
 
 Third litr^liT.ci.t cf Infantry. 
 
 Henry Gaither, Lieut. Col. Commandant — Maiors Ion. Cafs. 
 
 Zeb. Pike. ^ •' 
 
 Fourth Ecg'.-.nent of Infantry. 
 
 Tho. Bader, Lieut. Col. Commandant -~ iv. ajors V.'m. Peters, 
 
 Dan Bradley, 
 
 H 3 
 
I50 VIRGINIA. 
 
 iFor a List of the Officers, Courts, ISfc. of the State of Virginia^ 
 see page a6 of the Almanack. ^ 
 
 SENATE. 
 Richard Kennon, Speaker; 
 District. CLASS I. ' Members. 
 
 Amelia, Cliefterfield, Nottaway, Cumberl. Creed Taylor \ 
 EruniXvtck, Lunenburg, r^TecLlenb. Greensv. lUch.Ktnnon ; 
 Chp.rlesCiiy, jamesCity, NewKent, Bur.Bassett; 
 
 Henrico, Goochland, Louifa, Tho. Roystifr ; 
 
 Augufta, RrckiHiam, Rockbridge, Shenan- 
 
 do, Pendleton, Bath, — Ar.d. Mocre ; 
 
 J.aucaller, Richmond, Northumberland, yohn Tayke. 
 
 CLA^S II. 
 l!le of Wight, Surry, Prime George, Nich. Fatdcon ; 
 
 Charlotte, Halifax, Prince Edward, Gid. Spencer ,■ 
 
 Gloucefter, Middlefex, ^'athews Hould. Iiudgitisi 
 
 Spotfyivania, Orange, Culpepper, Vadifon, Fr. Strother; 
 Loudon, Fauquier, — — Fra. Peyton ; 
 
 Frederick, Berklev, Kainpiliire, Kardv, Cha. Mag'dl. 
 
 CLASS m. 
 
 Dinwiddle, Southampton, Sufiex, . Eenj. Wychc ; 
 
 liotetour;, Walhingron, Mont-jomery, Rui^el, 
 
 Greenb. Kenhav.'a, Wythe, Lee, G\i\\K}W,'JamesFrebion\ 
 Hanover, Caroline, — — johi Homes } 
 
 Lifex, K.vV iiliai-n, King & Q_ueen, Tho. Roane; 
 
 Prince Willitim, Fairfax, — Thcvip. Mason', 
 
 Tvlonor.gaheia, Chio, L'arrifon, Randolph, Tho. Wilson. 
 
 CLASS iV. 
 r. Anne, Norfolk, I"2neremond, — 5^c. iv^«;t(;;? ; 
 
 Buckii.ghara, /-Jbemarie, Amherft, Flnvan. Nich. Cid.ell\ 
 Bedf Ci>mp. hciiry, VvvS. I'atrick, PranU. Ceo.Fcnn; 
 Klizalnilh Ciiy, W ar-vvicK. York, — Fob. Sawnders; 
 Weitmcreiand, Siaiicrd, K.George, Ban. M'Cajty ; 
 
 Accorf.ack, Ncrtnampton, — 'John Eyre. 
 
 Huin. Erooke, Cieik;--Arch. Denhclm, Serjt. at Arms; 
 
 HOUSE cf DELEGATES. 
 Lakkin i.MiTi?, Speaker, 
 
 COUSTIES. T' EMBERS. 
 
 Accornach, • Tho. M. Bailey, John WiTe ; 
 
 AiUniarle, - Frr. Walker, En>v. Garland; 
 
 Amelia, - jofiiua ChaHin, Edmllarrifon ; 
 
 Amherst, - David S. Garland, Wni. B. Hare; 
 
 Augusta, - Ar.d. .-^nderfcn, Rob. Doak; 
 
 Jjath, ' ts-rc. Vance, ^am. Blac!;burn ; 
 
 Beujord, - Sam. Hancock, ir3ac Otey; 
 
 Bciktiy, - Alex. White, James Stephenfon; 
 
 Botetourt, - Jam?'* Brackenridg*, Wm.^ 'Clenahan; 
 
 Brook, - John G. Ycung, Fra. ^'Gu ire; 
 
 Bruns^Mck, - J ame3 Fletcher, \Vm. Ruinu; 
 
Buckinghiirn, - 
 
 CiiiupocU, 
 
 Caro!i>:c', 
 
 Charlotte, 
 
 Charles City, - 
 
 Chester field, 
 
 Culpeppir, 
 
 Cvmberland, • 
 
 Dhr^iddie, 
 
 F.'izabttl City, 
 
 11.^ sex, 
 
 Fahfax, 
 
 Fuiu^uitr, 
 
 Fluvanna, 
 
 Frederick, 
 
 Fianklln, 
 
 Ghvcsit€>-, 
 
 Gooc/Jiiitiu, 
 
 GrctjSon, 
 
 Greeni'rif, 
 
 Gi cehSvilit, 
 
 H^lifa:., 
 
 H.irnp>t.bire, 
 
 IFno-ve'-, 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 IlMd.', 
 
 I!.t:iry, 
 
 llci^rlco, ^ - 
 
 I. -le of V/fvbt, - 
 
 yuTntsGt:, - 
 
 /Cir.g ^ ^hjeet, 
 
 KeuuiuLa, 
 
 ?.i.':g Ceonje, - 
 
 King IViUiani, 
 
 Lcu.caAer, 
 
 Li?, 
 
 Loudon, 
 
 Louisa, 
 
 Limenbvjg, 
 
 JMtic.i-ienburg, - 
 
 I\fac'iio-n, 
 
 JTatbsxs, 
 
 Mkldltser, ' 
 
 Monongalia, - 
 
 J\Ljnroe, 
 
 Af77:fgon:e)y , - 
 
 2r''ar.ss}nondl, 
 
 Ktii) Kent, 
 
 No)folk, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 15 
 
 Cha. Yancy, Vv m. Ferkins ; 
 Tho. Weil, Achlileii > oorman i 
 Dan. Ccleman, Roh.G.Robb; 
 Wm. Pi-ice, Tho. Pcttus; 
 Sam. Tyler, Edw. Warren ; 
 yatt. Cheatham, Tho. A.Taylov i 
 Moles Green, John Rob,;rts; 
 \V m. Paniel, jun. James Deane ; 
 Peter. Coodwyn, johu Pegram ; 
 Geo. Booker, 'Worlich Weilwood; 
 ]ohn Duinfrtrfield. Js.M. Garnet; 
 Tho. Sw^n, Mch. Fiti;L»urgh; 
 Guil.B.Korner, /iug-. ennings ; 
 lames Payne, Jof. Hadea ; 
 Arch. Magili, Geo. Elkrlo^ie j 
 Bcnj. Cook, Moles Greer; 
 John Page, Wm. Hall; 
 jas Pleaianls, jtm. tas. Carter; 
 Philip Gainc, Minhree jones ; 
 John Iv'athewE, Jof.Hanna; 
 Per. VV illramron, Nath.Kives ; 
 John B. tcott, V/m. Terry ; 
 Ojburn Sprig, John ' 'gjins ; 
 'i'uo. 'Jtarke, Tho. White ; 
 John G. jaclubn, John Frimty; 
 Jacob Fllhei-, Chrilt. Simon; 
 jo. iv artin, Geo. Waller ; 
 Wm. Price, Geivas Stcors ; 
 James johnlton, Miles Eley, 
 I.. W.Tazewell, Wrn. Lightfoot ; 
 I!er-j. Dabney, Larkin Smith ; 
 'I'no. I.,?\vis, Wm. IV^orris ; 
 John Taliofero, jun. St. r ansfrrd ; 
 Rob.?cllai-d, Nath.Euiweli ; 
 Benj.C.Spillcr, Wm Euitace; 
 l'e:er Fulkeri'on, {.am. Ewing ; 
 Jo. Lewi?, jun. Wm.Ncland; 
 Kob. Yancy, Gar. Anderfon; 
 Luw.Jones, W.Taylor ; 
 Wm. \\'i uniord, Wm.Sione ; 
 licnry Hiil, Pafchar Early ; 
 Zadock Litchfield, Jo.Billups; 
 Wm. Scc,ur, Ch. Elakey; 
 Bsr.j. Pi.ec:der, Wm. John; 
 Wm. fjaynes, John Gray; 
 Dnn. Howe, James Craig; 
 Willis Riddick, Joliah Kiddlck; 
 John D. Watkins, ja:;. Taylor; 
 Jumes Cullis, Tho.Shepard ; 
 
 H 4 Wur. 
 
l^orihanipton, - 
 
 Xorthumbcriaiid, 
 
 Notto-May, 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Ci ange, 
 
 Pendleton, 
 
 Pittsylvmiia, - 
 
 Fow.batan, 
 
 P)i.Antie, 
 
 Prince Edward, 
 
 Pr. Gcurge, 
 
 Pr.WiUiam, - 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 Picbmoiid, 
 
 P.ochinidge, 
 
 Rockingharr.f - 
 
 P.ustel, 
 
 ^htr.ardo, 
 
 Louth amp ton, - 
 
 tpfittsjhania, - 
 
 L-'tal/'crd, 
 
 Suhy, 
 
 Sussex, 
 
 TuzeiveU, 
 
 War=aick, 
 
 V/askiiiguvi, - 
 
 V/tctr.norela'.id, 
 
 Wood, 
 
 Wj^the, 
 
 Tcrk, 
 
 City of RltU.xmd, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Kath.Darby, IN'ajor S. Pitts; 
 tiieram L.Opey, Wm.Ball; 
 Free. Eppes, The. Eppes; 
 Wm.Jv.'Kinley, Feniy iimith; 
 liacc Davis, jas.Earbor, jun. 
 Cha. Folter, John i.ugiies; 
 Win.M'Koy, Jacob hull; 
 Tiio.H. Wooding, Rob.Devin ; 
 WnLMofely, Fred. Woodfon ; 
 Jan'cs Rcbinion, Wrn. J^ewfv.mi 
 Peter joiuiiloii, A.B.Tenable ; 
 James Cureton, Benj. i arriibn ; 
 Thc^iafon, Math. I- arrilon ; 
 Wm.Wilion, }. dam £ee ; 
 Rich. Bai-nes, Win. r 'Carry; 
 Jolm Bowyer, Ar.d. Al«xandtr ; 
 Benj. Harriion, Geo. ! vfton ; 
 James i\ 'Farlane, Rich. Price ; 
 J ames A.llen, ! chn G alew cod ; 
 V/m. Blow, Wm. Bailey; 
 John Mercer, L.ar. Stannard ; 
 Dan.C Brent, Nat. Fox ; 
 Nich. Scbrell, Sam. Bailey ; 
 Benj. Peeie, John R. r.iafon ; 
 
 Rich. Gary, John Eurnham ; 
 
 ^arn. Tvleek, Rob. Craig, juii. 
 
 Geo. Gamer, John P. > ungerford ; 
 
 i ugh Pheips, John G. 1- enderrcn; 
 
 Daniel ^ie£ey, John EvaiiS ; 
 
 Samuel thieid, John V/alier ; 
 
 Charles Copelaixi; 
 Burcv.gh (j llorjolk; Robert B. Taylor; 
 City IViiaains&urg, Benjamin C. V/aller. 
 
 \7m.Wirt, Clerk; Moas, Lerjeant at Arms. 
 
 At the opening of the Afiembly, the Governor fent a let- 
 ter (alcr.g with other communication.s) dated lii Dec. i8cc, 
 
 of which the foilov/iag is the fubiiance : I is ExcUency 
 
 •notices the ilate cf the Penitentiary Koufe, which lie thinks 
 Dv.rht to be llrergtliened and furrounded v.ith an external 
 will, &c. — ^encicns tlie Marine hofpital at X^orfolk, to be 
 ceded to the Ur-iteJ Slates on certain conditions; alio, a cer- 
 tain rr&Ct cf ia::d cdlod Gofport, " as loon as he iliould be 
 iatisSed the United biate;i were v.'iHi)ig to pay the amount, 
 at which the faid ti ad ihould be valued by agents' appointed 
 by eacii party." — i,e takes notice of the coniagious difeafe 
 which lately ajTiided Norfolk and Bakimore, and the mea- 
 i.iiQS be t'jck to enftrce quarantine, SvC. — He recites the pre- 
 
 ceec 
 
 ;r 
 
VIRGINIA. 153 
 
 tttdmgs takca in regard to tiie AcT. for appointing Eleflors 
 to chufe a J^reddeut and Vice-Prefldent of the United States, 
 ami " the chearfulneis with which faid Law was received 
 and executed by trve patriotic Citizens of this State."—— 
 The paragraphs concerning the Alien and Sedition Laws, 
 and tbat f. uchiF.g the conduit of a certain Magilbate inNor- 
 folk, we Ihaii infert verbatim, for the information of our 
 Readers: — 
 
 "■ .-.s foon as the requifite nvraber of copies of the Report 
 of the SeleA Commitiee of the laft feiTi'^.n on the Anfwers 
 cf feveral cf the dates to the RefohKicns cf the General 
 AiTembly, which pailed at the preceding i:'cffion, relative to 
 the Aliea az-.i Sedition Laws of the United States, and the 
 InUriKftions to the Senators cf this State in the Congrefs of 
 the United States weve printed, the Executive hallcned to 
 diilribute them among tiie feveral Counties of the Ccmmou- 
 wealrh, in compliance with the Refohition of the 20th of 
 January laft. It is believed, that no public docnnienis illuC- 
 tiative of public trjuifadicus, however intereiHng, were 
 ever more generally read or thoroughly a])proved, thanthefe 
 were ; ncr can if be doubted that the light which they 
 communicated on the very important rubie(f> to which they 
 referred, tended to incioare in a high degree, the conhdencc 
 of the good peocle cf this Commcnwealrh, in the wifdom 
 and rcflitude of the pel icy which governed the General Af- 
 feinbly. In connedion with that fubjcft it is proper to add, 
 that fnice your lafl. Si^fiion, the Sedition Law, one of the 
 Avis complained of, has beea carried into efieel iri this 
 Conimonwealrh, by tha decifian of a Federal Court. — I no- 
 tice this event, not v^i;h ^ view of cenluring, or even criti- 
 cirnv; it. The tranfaftion has gone to the world, and the 
 impartla'.will judge of it, as it deferves. I notice it iov the 
 purpofe of remarking, th^it the decifion w;vs executed with 
 the fame order. and tranquil fubmiffion ou the part of the peo- 
 ple, as could have been ihevrn by them on a fimliar occafion 
 to any the moll neceil'«try, conftltutional, and popular AtHs 
 of the Government. The conilitutional authorities and the 
 good people of this Cr>mmonv/ealth, are at- ached to the U- 
 nion, and cheriih it with their fondeft. wiilies. The ccloni- 
 zation of their anceftors in this VVcilern world, was gener- 
 ally from the fame country, at the fame time, and produced 
 by the fame cauie ; they alike groaned under an oppreffion 
 v.'hich reprefied their growth and checked their profperity : — 
 they fought and bled in the fame battles, in defence of the 
 fame rights, and have hnce experienced, with unexampled 
 harm' ny ajid unanimiiv, a variety of new and intcrefting 
 cccunenc: s which ad-.n^jniia them,they iljl) arc and ought to 
 remain forever united. The General AlTen-bly, anU the 
 g^od pcO|de of ti^is Commonwealth, have aciiuittcd thcra- 
 H 5 ftives 
 
T54 VirvGINIA. 
 
 ieives to their own cor.iciences, and to their brethren in 
 America, in Aippcrt of a cuule, which they deemed a na«r 
 tjonal^one, by the Hand they ir-ade, and the i'entiments they- 
 exprelTed of thofe afts of ths General Government; hue 
 they have looked for a char.3;e in that refpecl, to a change in 
 the public opinion which ought to be free, not to meafures- 
 of violence, difcord and difunion, v/hich they abhor." — 
 
 " Some time in April hft I vv-as advifed by a refpectabla 
 citizen in Norfolk, that a Magiurate of that Borough had 
 received fror^.i the Captain oi the Confiellation, a frigate of 
 tae Uiiited Srates.a perfon faid to be one of the mutineers on 
 board hir, Britannic i\ ajeily's fhip the Hermione ; that he 
 committed the faid perfon to jail, with an order to the jailor 
 to furrender hinri to the Britlili Conful, on his application; 
 that he was furrendered accordingly to the faid conful, who 
 fent him to a Britifn Inand where he v/as executed. A con- 
 duct fo extraordhiary as that alledged, could not otherwife 
 than excite the a'tonifhrnent of the Execurive. Evcrv man 
 within the jjrifdiction of the ftate, is under ceiiain exceji- 
 tiuus, amenable to its laws and eniitled to its protection. If 
 he comnmlts an offence agaiiift the foverelgnty, or other 
 rights of the United States, he is amenable to their go- 
 vernment and iav/s fcr the infraction But the act v.dnch was 
 denounced did not appear to proceed from, or to be fanction- 
 ed by the authority of that government. T'o dcfignate a 
 man within the jurifdiction of a fiate, as one not entitled to 
 its protection, or that of tlie United States, to diveft him of 
 fuch protection, and furrender him to a t'?reign power, to be 
 fent abroad, tried, condemned, and execired, by tiie fen- 
 terice of a foreign trii>unal, are important acts of ibvereign- 
 ty, in which th« character and agency of the chief public 
 functionaries {h^ould be feen and for which they are highly 
 refponfible, Evt nothin?' of the kind appeared in the prc- 
 fent inilance. No relpectfi.l, though llrict analylis, by the 
 competent authcrity, of the refpective claims to jurisdiction, 
 betv^esn the itate and the Linitecl Stjites, with refpect to the 
 fugitive, who iought an afylum here; no circumfpedl ex- 
 amination of treaties between theUnitedStates and a foreign 
 power, y-hich ou*>lit to pvrcede an act derogating in fon.e 
 refpetts from the na'-i -ral fovereignty, were heard of The 
 rnagifhale who acted was net t\en an officer of the federal 
 government, but of this fiate, in which ligiit, he was in a 
 peculiar degree refponfable to its autjiority. The act was 
 ftated to be fu:rmary and peremptory, and ftrictly that of 
 the magiilrate himf'^lf. As ho-wever this communication 
 compromitted tlie cbaracter of a cci iul of a foreign power, 
 and an olticer of the United States, as veil as tiai of anagi- 
 I'^rate of this Comrron wealth, the Executive v.' as carefwl t^ 
 obierve in the part it took, the utmcll deference to the rights 
 ^ of 
 
VIRGINIA. 155 
 
 o£ thofe who were to be afteaed by it. The information 
 was given in writinj^ by a rcfpeftahle citizen, but yet that 
 did not feem to be un evidence fufticiently formal and au- 
 thentic, to juftify a prompt proceeding under it. It was 
 deemed more confiftent with the principles of juftice,_ and 
 becoming the charaAer of a free State.to caufe the verity of 
 thefe charges to be afcertained by attidavit, with due notice 
 to the parties before any Hep was taken. And as the Attor- 
 ney General war. neceilarily engaged in public bufinefs in 
 one of the fiiperior courts at the time, that truft was com- 
 mitted to George Hay, a citizen of merit and talents, by 
 •whom it wao executed, with that degi-ee of judgement and 
 propriety its delicacy and irrportance required. 1 am forry 
 to add tkat the refult of the enquiry did not diminifh the 
 pvefumption that the charges alledged were true. It was 
 deemed of fafficient force to impoie en the Ejvccutive an 
 obligation, to refer the fubjefl to the Attorney General, 
 with a reciieil that he would take fuch meafure s in reference 
 to the tranfavElion as in his judgement might be fui table. I 
 fuhniit a copy of all the papers neceifary to give a full view 
 of this intereiling occurrence to the General Afiembly ; with 
 whofe wifdcm it will remain to determine, wh.ether any 
 further provilicn ought to be made by law for fimilar offen- 
 ces in future," 
 
 Copy of Mr. Lee's Letter, referred to in Governor Mon- 
 roe's ^ddrefs to the Legillature : 
 SIR, — Without apology for my not baling perfoually 
 know n to you, I take the liberty of addreiTmg to ycu as 
 chief magiilrate of the Coirimonweakh of Virginia, on a 
 AmjeA ;n my judgement highly intereiling to the liberty and 
 happinefs of my fcUovz-cirizens, 
 
 Some time in the fpring of laft year, Cap/ain Truxton,of 
 the Cnnileriation frigate, fent to Uoclor J. K. Read, one of 
 the aldenr.en of the borough of Norfolk, a man wiio he faid 
 had acknowledged hlmielf one of the mutiiieers on board 
 the Kerraione fiigaie; the man was committed to jail, fub- 
 jedl to the order of tl^e Britifn conful, by iilm taken cut, 
 fent to Jamaica, and tiiere e.'iecuted. Tliis information is 
 from Dr. Read himi"e!f, in the prefence of ieih Foiler, J. 
 Nivifon, OtwayByrd, Dr. Uarraud, the Britifli Conful and 
 feveral othei's ; for on being alked by cap*. Tnruttion on tun- 
 day laft, what had become of the man he had fent as one of 
 the mutinfcvs onboard of the Hermione frij;are, he replied 
 that he had delivered him to the Britifh conful. Mr Hamil- 
 ton, who was prefenr, obferved, he had fent him to Jamai- 
 ca, where he was hanged, .-lihough this co'-.fef^cn was 
 made in the ];re fence of Haunch federal ills ^nd men of order, 
 yet the principle was alarming, and of ccuife made fonie 
 
 noife 
 
1^6 VIRGINIA. 
 
 noife. As foon as I heard of it I aj;plied to the jailer. The 
 refuit of ray enquiry is, that there was fuch a T)erfon commit- 
 ted by Doctor Read, fubject to the order of the BritiihCoa- 
 ful ; that he was taken out of jail, and put on beard of a 
 BritiHi veird — but what his fate v.- as, he knows not. — The 
 mittii-rius he fays is either loft or millaid. Tke jailor r.lfo in- 
 formed nie, that previous to this another man was commit- 
 ted by D(ticrllead for the fame ofTence, but that he died in 
 jailbefcre there was an oj)jiortunity to fend him away; a 
 copy of this mittimus I herewith fend you. 
 
 I fhall forbear to remaik on the dieadful confeqi'ences that 
 may arife from a cor.ducl of this fort, and fliall only obfei-ve, 
 that if men cloathed wiih authority can be made inllru- 
 ments cf opprefiion to gratify the views of a Britilh Conful, 
 we may bid adieu to the liberty and happinefs cf ouv coim- 
 try, and every thing dear and valuable to us in it. From con- 
 vidtion in my mind, that doftor Read's conduft has been im- 
 proper, I have thought it incumbent on me to give you this 
 information. 1 am very rei'pcdfdiy, your's &c. 
 
 James Monroe, Efq. &c. RICH. E. LEE. 
 
 Mr. Davis, Norfolk, L'ec. 25, i8co. 
 
 THE fubjoined letter was written by me to Governor 
 Monroe, and went to the hope, that his Excellency, fenfilile 
 of the injury he muft have done ir.e, in his letter of ccm- 
 municaticn to the legillature, would have thought it right, 
 to reqiieil a rufpeniion of the public opinion, until the event 
 of that prcfecution which he has ordered againlt m.e, and 
 which is dependi:.g and 'undettnn'mcd, fliculd be known. But, 
 his Excellency has neither dei^aed to notice my letter, or to 
 tr.ke any meafures for foftening the feverity of hiu denun- 
 ciation, 
 
 is It not noveiry in the ?j(°«ophilofophy? Is it not a phenome- 
 non in the i-KCcutive Department of any free country, to 
 appoint an Inquiiitor, for the e^vprefs purpofe of inviting, 
 fciiciting, and cuUiyig fuch teftimony exparte, as fliall fuit the 
 dark ptirpofes cf a malicious infcimtr? Is it not new, that 
 the unguarded cpennefs of private converfaticn, in domef- 
 tic ciixies (like the domiciliary viiits of Robefpierre) flail, 
 be betrayed, and tortured into matter of information and 
 iriapeachment ? aid that from fuch evidence, and the hypo- 
 thetical opinion of an Attorney General founded thereon, a 
 Chief Magiftrate, fhall think himfelf authorifed to prejudge 
 a care—denoimce an individual, and ccnfign him to the re- 
 fentment and execution of his fellow citizens — untried, un- 
 heard? 
 
 Confcious that I liave never have been governed by im- 
 proper motives, in any ail pf my oiiicial dwty, I feel little 
 apprehenficn for the confequences of tliis profecution— the 
 
VIRGINIA. 15,7 
 
 errors of judment nay be imputed to me (for 'tis the portioa 
 of human nature to err,) but the honours which uirrounded 
 hjs Excellency, with a much better ialary luperadded, would 
 be coniiderations infuiTicient to induce me to coivir.iit an ad, 
 which tlic dictates of my ov/a heart did not fully julli fy. 
 
 For theft-, and many other reaibns, I think it netcfiary, 
 through the medium of your paper, to requelb a fufpetuion of 
 the public oj/mion, until the event of the profecution now 
 depending, Ihall be known. 
 
 As to the illib3ral,unjuiliriaLle, unexampled and violent lan- 
 gurge, which has been uted by many members cf yilTembly, 
 both within and without the houfe, proceeding; from the im- 
 preffions which were made by the communications, 1 (liall 
 forbear to make any other remark, tiian to leave tlie perfons 
 who are implicated, to the unavoidable a:cufations cf their 
 €>wn confciences, or to bo more and mere expofed by their 
 own obfiinate itupidlty. J. K. R£AD, 
 
 LE'crER to the Govebxor. 
 
 Norfolk, Dec. ic, 1800. 
 SIR, — I •Tr.all lie par.irned for afferting an inherent right 
 cf ccniplainivig v/hrn an injury is done m?, however eleva- 
 ted the ilation of him, by v/hcm fuch injury is meditated. 
 
 I complain. Sir, of an unjuilifiable and wanton exevcife 
 of your powers., as Chief Tvlagiilrate of this CommoaiwealtJi, 
 in the expofition cf documents, taken exparte, and which 
 yen knew were not leitimony, even in that Court, from 
 whcfe archives you have taken them, and in which th.e pro- 
 fecuuon.by your order inllituied again il me, is dependinj^ and 
 undetermined, to die Legillaiuve cf Virpjiiia, in your letter 
 of communication to thai, honorable body, i lay unju-'stificblc, 
 becaule, I am at this moment a fubje3. cf legal prcfecuiion 
 before another tribunal, and the law- which made you a Go- 
 vernor, forbade your prejiidgihg ^cdca^e, or tixing a guiit cF 
 offence, on a man thus circumllanced, ere that guik had 
 been proved by a legal and impartial trial ! 
 
 The proceaure complained of, was vyaaton, becaufe, as no 
 legiilative interference could pc:libly affect me, for a iuppcfed 
 oft-ence hereUifore committed, and as you have honoured me 
 with executive, I can by no means become the objecl of le- 
 giilative attention ; therefore, no valuable purpole, could 
 refult, fromconfigningme, to the execration and refentment 
 cf my feilow-chizens at large, by a cc:mnnunicaiion thus 
 highly lanaioned, u)ilefs indeed, it was calculated 10 poifon 
 and iniluence the public mind, to the develiilion of that im- 
 parl laliy, v^hich ihould be the firft feature in the event of 
 every legal procefs. 
 
 I forbear entering fully into this novel and extraordinary 
 precedure, leil under Cwc preifure of the injury you have done 
 nie, 1 liiould be temi)ted lo lofe fjght of' thatVeipe.% which I 
 
 have 
 
15^ VIRGINIA. 
 
 have ever confidered s.s due to the conilimted authorities of 
 my ccumr) . i ihall only take occaiion further to alk yo'jr 
 Excellency, if in the event of this caafe (doubtful, notwith- 
 ilandin^ the respectability of your Citizen informer, or the 
 talents of your miasionaty) a verdiA fnculd be given in my 
 iavour, vhat method will you adf>])t to eradicate the poifon, 
 you have fo fuccefsfully infiilled into the niinds of my ffcUow 
 citizens, to reftore me to their conhdence and efteem ? 
 
 1 am, tec. J. K. READ 
 
 f.' is Excllency James Monroe. &cc. 
 
 In the Hrufe cf Delegates, Jan. 14, Mr. Edm. Han-ifon 
 reported from the committee appointed to inveiligatc and re- 
 port upon the condu(ft of john Hamilton, the conuil refident 
 at Norfolk, in the tranfadlion alluded to in the Governor's 
 ccmmunicaticn relative to the alledged delivery cf Hugh 
 Jones, by John K. Read, and at the requeil of t\e faid con- 
 ful, that the committee had, according to order, had the faid 
 fubjedl under their ccnfideration, and are of cpir.ion, that 
 John Hamilton, as conful, v. as not arthorifed uTiderthe laws 
 of the United States, or any exifting treaties, betweefl his 
 Eritannic Majeily and the United States to demand the fur- 
 render cf any perfon whatfcever, as he is reprefenied to 
 have done. 
 
 They are alfo of opinion, that the delivery of the faid 
 Hugh Jones, if made as reprei'ented, was dene without any 
 authority under the exilting laws of this Hate or cf the Uni- 
 ted ilates, and rhat i'uch delivery if fo unlawfully made, does 
 in no degree extenuate or diminilh the offence of the faid. 
 John Hamilton. 
 
 And Witereas it is provided by the Ccnftitution of the U- 
 rit-^d States, that the judicial pov;er of the United Stages Ih.all 
 extend to all caft-s ahe<Sting Ambailadcis, or other public 
 Ivliniiters or Confuls. 
 
 Refolved, That the Governor be requeiled to traafmit to 
 the Preudent of the United states, a cup\ cf the beforemen- 
 tior.ed con"!municatJon,tcgtther with the dccuments accompa- 
 nying the fam:, wivli a requeft that he will caufethe trar.fac- 
 trm to be er.quired into by the competent authority ; and that 
 iuth redrefs may be given, as the laws cf nations and the 
 United States will w-ariant. 
 
 Relblved, That provificn cught to be made by law, for 
 punifiiing any like oillnces that may happen in future. 
 
 Then tlie iirfi Refclution being twice read, was en the quei*- 
 tion being put thereujjon, agreed to by houfe. 
 
 The fecoiid Refululon bei.ig twice read, a motion was 
 made to amend the fame by llril<ing oiu. the words " hap])en 
 in future" at the end thereof, and inferting tie words " in 
 future be cc-mmitted by any peifou fubject to the jurifdidlion 
 cf "ihia Siate." And 
 
VIRGINIA. 159 
 
 And the oueftlon beinf put, it pafied in the aiTirmative. 
 
 And tbe cueltion being put on the Refolution iis amt-nded, 
 it paiied in the ailirHiative. 
 
 Ordered, Th?.t a Biii b-? brovght in purfuant to the fecond 
 Refolution, and that th<e Committee who reported it do pre- 
 pare and bring in a bill accordingly. 
 
 In the Kouie cf Delegates, Dec 31, Mr. Edm. Harrifon 
 reported frcm the Committee to whom Avas referred the Go- 
 vernor's letter on the fr.bied of the late ccnfpiracy of liaver, 
 and a peticion of fundry citizens of this Comnionweahh, 
 complaining of various f,Tievances arlfing from the la\v for 
 freeing negrces, and praying a repeal cherecf, that the 
 committe'-i had according to order, had the fame under their 
 confideration, and hi-.d agreed upon the following rel'oiu- 
 tions : 
 
 r. Refolved, as tho opinion of this committee, that tiie 
 Executive be re-^ueited to diilribuie arms to the citi^ens of 
 NorfoU:, Portfinou*^^!!, Petenturg, Manchefter, Richmond, 
 Frenerickiburg and j'iiexanclria, under Inch regulations and 
 rellraints as will inlure the fafe keeping cf faid arms 
 
 2 Refolved, as the cjnnion of this committee, that a law- 
 ought to ])afs, autliorifir.g magiftrates to cail out patrcies, 
 and fu'.)]c(n;ing the military in certain cafes to the orders of 
 the civil authority. 
 
 3. Refolved as the opinion of this committer, that a law 
 ought to paf«, to prevent free negroes or mulattoes from rc- 
 liding within the liniiis of the town.-^ 01 NorfoilcPcrtfinoutii, 
 Pererlburg, Manchefter, Richmond, Fredericklburg or Alex- 
 andria, uulefs autliorifed by me court of the tov^-n, or by the 
 county court in which fuch town may be wh.ere th>= to-.vn it- 
 felf has no court, nor (haii any free negro or niuiatto rel:de 
 nearer than miles from the faid towns, unlefs 
 aiuhcriied bv the court of the county in which fuch negro or 
 mulatto reiides. 
 
 4. Refolved, as the cpin'on of this commitee, that the 
 Governor be requeited to correfpond with the Preiiden- of 
 the United states, on tiie iubjecrt cf pu?-v;hafir.g lands without 
 the limits cf this ftate, whither pcrfor.s oonoxiou.3 to the 
 laws, or dangerous to the peace of fociety may be removed. 
 
 5. Refolved, Thit it is th; opinion of this ComrniLtee 
 that a law ought to pafs, anthorifmg the raifmg cf 
 
 men to be fta'Joned in Richmond. 
 
 6. Refolved, That it is the opini(;n of this comtnitree, 
 th.at a lav.' ought to pafs, empowering the G(>vern( r tc pur- 
 cin'.fe and fet free, in behalf of the Co;n nonweal.h, Pr aro- 
 aix a llave, the property of Philip Sheppard, ao<d Tom a ( £.ve, 
 the property vt' Eli/a'oe h Shejipard, and that the faid Pha- 
 roah and Tom be allovved a ptufion of dollars each 
 per annum. Re- 
 
i6o VIRGINIA. 
 
 7. R.cfolved, as the opinion of this committee, that a la\r 
 cught to pais, authorifing the Executive to tianfpurt ceitain 
 (laves, new under lenteuce of death, for confpiracy, to be 
 icld for the bcneht of thisComniumvealth. 
 
 The ii\, 2d, 3d, 4th, 6th and 7th refolutlons being twice 
 read, were on the quelllon put thereupon, agreed to by the 
 houfe. The 5th rerdution being read, a motion was made 
 to amend the fame, by adding at the end theieof the fol- 
 lowing words, " in addition to the prefent guard and artificers 
 at the Point of Fork, who, wirh the arms and ammmiition 
 there, {hall be removed to the city cf Richmond." 
 
 And the quelticn being put thereupon, it paffcd in the 
 affirmative. 
 
 And then the quellion bei»g put on the refolutlons as 
 amended, it paiTed m the affirmative. 
 
 Ordered, That a bill or bills be broughtin purfuant to the 
 ift, 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th and 7th refoluiions, and that the Com- 
 mittee who reported the refolutlons do prepare and bring 
 in the fame. 
 
 Ordered, That the Clerk do carry the 4th refolution to th^' 
 Senate for iheir corxurrence. 
 
 In the Houfi: of Delegates, Dec. 23, P/r.Scoker reported 
 from the Committee appointed to meet aCom.mittee from the 
 Senate, and jomtly with them to examine the Treafurer'a 
 accounts, that the committee had, according to order, met a 
 Committee from the Senate, and jointly wirh tkem proceed- 
 ed to examine the faid accounts, and hai agreed upon a re- 
 port as fcUcv,'s: 
 
 Your Committee find, that at the lail annual fettlement of 
 the Treafurer's accounts, viz. on the 30th of September, 
 1799, there vera<.ined a balance in the treafury of 109,778 
 dollars and i cent, in fpecie. In crop toebacco received 
 from Thorn asLee.Efq, agent for the (late for the rents of its 
 
 lands in Prince V/lliiam, formerly the property of .. . 
 
 Brilloe, a Britilh iubjcdl, 32,162 pounds nett. Indents to 
 the amount of 279 dollars and 94. cents. 
 
 Your Committee find that fince the faid fettlement, there 
 hath been received by William Berkeley, treafurer, on pub- 
 lic accounts, the fums following, viz : 
 
 Oil account of arrearas-cs of the 
 
 1784 
 J786 
 J737 
 1788 
 1789 
 17(^1 
 
 Tagcs of tr 
 
 le revenue 
 
 fum of 
 
 
 3347 13 
 
 T792 
 
 4i!/4 96 
 
 1794 
 
 2677 4^1 
 
 1795 
 
 206 99 
 
 1796 
 
 T409 6S 
 
 1797 
 
 43 1 I 2 
 
 1798 
 
 1^6 93. 
 
 ny9 
 
 624 
 
 X 
 
 971 
 
 78 
 
 1199 
 
 43 
 
 2554 
 
 58 
 
 9227 
 
 53 
 
 88,875 
 
 16 
 
 4^,^31 
 
 ip 
 
\-IRGINrA. x6t 
 
 Your Committee find alio that the fum of 1527 dollars 
 and 7a cents hath been received by hiin on account of the 
 purchafe of uncppropiiated land, 9230 dollars and 77 cents 
 from clerks, i^,:;!? dollars and 22 cents, from infoeilors of 
 tobacco, and on accoiint of tobacco faved at the burnhi^ of 
 Iloben Boiling's warehoufe, 255 dollars and 33 cents, for 
 compoiition on iurveys, 668 dollars and 44 cents, from i'un- 
 dry perfons for tlie redemption of their lands returned for 
 the non-payment of their taxes due thereon, 8765 dollars and 
 94 cents, from iheriiTs on account of militia fines, 1684. 
 dollars and 6 cents, on account of the arrearages of the cev- 
 tiilcate taxes, amountiiig in the %vh<,ic; (incliidnig the balance 
 which remained due ac the lait fettlement) to 416,958 
 dollars and 36 cents. 
 
 Your Committee find further, that the faid Treafurer hath 
 difburfed and admitted in difcount agreeably to law to the 
 amount of 216,247 dollars and 52 cents, as appears by the 
 receipts to them produced ; the correfponding warrants after 
 having been carefuli'y exam.ined a:id compared with the re- 
 ceipts, were burnt. 
 
 Your Committee find further, tliat the fnid Treafurer hath 
 admitted in difcount as tlie law diicils for the arrearages cf 
 the ceriiricate taxes, certificates to the amount cf 1669 dol- 
 lars and 82 cents. 
 
 Your Committee find further, that the faid Treafurer hath 
 admitted in difcount as the law direfts fcr the arrearages cf 
 the revenue ta.xes, tobacco which at the rates at which it 
 was received in the treafury, amounts to 1^,^;^ dollars. 
 
 'I'he credits being duly hated, there remained a balance in 
 the trcaiiny on the 30th of September, iGoo, of 270 dollars 
 and 94 cent in indents, and 96,218 dollars and o ceuis in 
 ipecie, and 32,162 pounds nett tobj^co, as will appear by 
 the gei.cral account hereto annexed. — That tiie ftiid balance 
 8ind the faid tohacco were duly accounteJ for, the annexed 
 ceriificaie, figned by the members of council duly authorlfed 
 to exa.mine the Trcafurer's office, v/iii fiiev/ : to which certi- 
 fi,;ate and the account hereto annexed, your Committee beg 
 leave to refer 
 
 And the faid Certificate cf the Coimcll is as follows: 
 
 The Treafurer being enjoined to clofe the accounts o^ his 
 ollke on the 30th of September annually : We the undevfgn- 
 ed (thereto appointed by the Zxecudve at the requeil of the 
 Treafurer) rtipaired to the treafury on the morning ol the ill 
 of O'itober, in order to afccrtain the amount of inoitey, to- 
 bacco and other facilities atpLuaily in the treafury received on 
 p'lblic account, and conitituting the balance due therefrom 
 tlie 30th of ;:eptember, 1800. 
 
 Having examined a.id carefully counted and weighed the 
 money, we find it p.mount to 96,300 dollars. 
 
 We 
 
i6z 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 We find alfo tobacco notes now in the treafury, received 
 on public account, viz. for 55 hoglheads, quantity, 56,815 
 lb. of crop tcba.ccc, and 2491 lb. transfer, vvhich at tiie raits 
 received by law, amouuts to 2543 dcllars. 
 
 We rind aUb notes for thirty hogflieads of tobacco, quan- 
 tity, 32,162 lb nett, which was received by Thomas Lee, a- 
 gent for the ilate for rents in the county of Prince Willi- 
 am: and inJciiLS to amount of 27^ cioilars and 94 cents 
 
 Yreufury, J. PENDLETON. 
 
 (^a. 2, 1800. JOHN GUERRr.NT. 
 
 ESTIMATE of the Expences of the ( ivil Government 
 from Sept. 1 8 00 to Oa. 1801, and of the Debts payable 
 ill the fa id Periods 
 
 For the General AiTembly — — 
 
 Oihcers of Government — — 
 
 To. tv ilitia — — 
 
 Contingent expences — — 
 
 Criminr.' cbarges — — 
 
 Slaves ex tented — — 
 
 Expences of guards — — 
 
 Reprefentation to Ccngrefs — — 
 
 Lunatic Holpiial — — 
 
 Commiiiiouero of Revenue — — 
 
 I'enfioners — — 
 
 Llfmal Swamp Canal Company ■ — 
 
 1 he Guard to be kq»t at Richmcnd — 
 
 Arfenai and manufaciory 01 arms — 
 
 Peniteatiaiy — — 
 
 Public Bui.din^s — — 
 
 Public Vv'aie aoufes — — 
 
 Public fervices of Clerk.^. of Diftrid Courts 
 Intereil on paper money funded 360 
 
 Do, oii military certincates 3>2co 
 
 Do. on loans, includii;g interefl on cer- 
 tifica:es iffued for re payment of mo- 
 ney paid into the Treai'ury for Britilh 
 
 debts — 29,721 
 
 Amo.ip.t of v.-arrant.'; iff.iedrncre than the revenue 
 
 of lafi V ear produced — — 
 
 Amount ci warrants drawn on the contingent 
 fund fmce Oi'L iait cu account of the late in- 
 furreaions — — 
 
 Monies before appropriated for arms 199,000 
 Expended — — 39>(>^5 
 
 Novv- iubjca to the difpcftticn of the E.^ecuiive 
 For building iiore-houl'es for tobacco on James 
 River aiid Appomatox Canals as provided by 
 law — .. 
 
 41,000 
 6o,oco 
 
 4,500 
 12, coo 
 18,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 6,000 
 300 
 
 4,000 
 15,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 i>50o 
 
 12, coo 
 
 33>cco 
 
 3:, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 r,oco 
 
 1,800 
 
 33,^81 
 10,963 
 
 159.314 
 
 8,CQO 
 
VIRGINIA. ,^^ 
 
 Balance in favour of refources to meet this Eflimate ""ll^ll 
 
 Dollars — 568,884 
 
 Resources to meet this Estimate 
 Nett amount of tax according to taxation for 1790 
 
 on lands, lots, and other pronerty __^^ -sct •,« 
 
 Surplus on tobacco exported _ ^57.7oc> 
 
 'J'ax on law procefs, is.c. _ __ io,coo 
 
 Do. on Regillers' fees _ "I'S^o 
 
 Cafli in the Treafiirv ift Oa. 1800 _ J,'°^° 
 
 Arrears of taxes for the year i^j^ _ ,9^.^-90 
 
 Sale of Gofport to the United iLes H H'ltl 
 
 Amount due from James River Canal Company 5,517 
 
 Dollars — 568,884 
 On comparing the Eftimate of Expences and Debts pav- 
 able .rom i,cpt. 1800 to (JCc 1801, with the itatem^nr of the 
 amount of annual revenue, ca(h in thcTreafury, &.c. and 
 prefumino^ that tlie prefent Genertl Aff-nblv ^viU th^nJ' it 
 ju'l to continue the appropriation of the arreaWes of taxes 
 pnor to I7g6, to the reuempa..]. of cer-itlcates of tiie deb^s 
 o'/^ n '^' '* appears to the Committee, that the fum cf 
 5;o,o8o dollars, which is ibwnd in favour of the refouices cf 
 the Commonwealth, gives ample fcci.nry againll anv pro- 
 bable deacit 1,1 th. receipt of the revenue, and juftiiWthe 
 pohcy o. m$.:^ir.g apprcpnalions according to the ^.tcgolu^ 
 ell 1 mates. ft 5 
 
 Ref.ived, Thit it is the opinion of this Committee, ti;at 
 ta^:^5oa^n£ to be contmued the fame as heretoi.re. 
 *^.'\^^r ^l ■•^i;"^^--^^nts made to the fcrcgvnng Eftimate in 
 the Hoale of Belegatce, 15,000 dollars ^vere Itrickcn from 
 the apprcpr.acions for the r^rfcnai and Penitentiary. 
 
 Public Taxes p?.yaLie for the Year i3oo. 
 
 On lands, for every 100 dr.Iiars vaUie, aereeablv to 
 the equalizing law, ' 
 
 For every f.ave above the age of la years, exceot fuch 
 as ,;av-e oeen cr fi.ali be exempted bv reafon^of ap-e 
 ov irnrmity by the reipe^ive county or cerporation 
 courts, «^ l__ 
 
 For every ftud-horfe or jac'c-afs, twice the price at " '^'^ 
 
 wii.cn fuch horie or afs covers a mare for the feafon. 
 
 J- or a.i other r:orfo.s, mules, rnarcs, and colts, each o i z 
 
 !■ or evtry ordinary licenfe — _ 1 ^ 50 
 
 For every 4-vvheeI, riding carriage, except phxuous * 
 
 and llage-w?ggons, per wheel 1- ^ .q^ 
 
 .18 
 
1 64 VIRGINIA. 
 
 For all phaetons arc! flaj^e -waggons, per wheel o 8-$ 
 
 For e\-*:ry ctjier riding carriage with two wheels, each o 4S 
 And for all lots and houles iii towns i dcliar 56 cents 
 on every ico doilars cf the reivt therecif, to be af- 
 certained by the rent yjaid by the tenant, and wheie 
 I'liCh hcule or lot is in the occupation cI the pro- 
 prietor, the yearly rent or value (hall be aicertai li- 
 ed by the CommiiHoners cf the Keveiiue, or either 
 of them, by a compariibn of its value with other- 
 houfei; and lots a<£iuai!y rented. 
 On mercnants I'eliing by v.'holefale — 4c 
 
 On do. felling by retail — — 15 
 
 The following Bill was prefented in the Houfe cf Dele- 
 j^tes of this ftate, by Mr. Munford, and read the hril time ; 
 and the farther confideration thereof, was poflpcned till the 
 ijd of April next. 
 
 Ak the inconveniences attending the prefcnt fyftem of 
 Courts of Chancery, from.th^ dc4riys a-aending the mode cf 
 proccisding a:.d the vaft accurnukiticn cf buHiieifi, have octa- 
 fioned mikcii compraivjt, ft-veral plans have been projxfed as 
 remedies for the evil. A bill wliicii was warmly advocated 
 by many membti-s, to chan^^c tl^e fyiiem cf the High Court 
 of Chaiicery, by dividing the- .'state into 5 dilbidts, under- 
 went a long and tlabora'.e difculfion at tl.'is fcflion. That 
 bill was pri.nced at the public expence, and is novv fubmitted 
 to the co.M'iU^: ration cf the people. 
 
 Actuated by a conviclion thai the beft mode of obtaining 
 thes objd<ft dehred, is to enabLe the Courts cf conimon iav/ to 
 give relief in ail cafes, to which tiieir powerri can be extend- 
 ed, other^i wfire of ofinioathal the fcilowing bill crght to be 
 preferred. — It is therefore hcie inferred, that the people may 
 give It due examination, and may, if they think proper, ex- 
 pr'ffs their opinion on the iLtjeft, by iuHrudtions to their 
 Keprefentatives, or petitions to the ne.tt General Aflembly. 
 A lliLU to ei:abls the Courts cf Common Law to give Relief 
 in certain Cafes. 
 
 Whereas the delays incident to the prefent fyflem of the 
 Higii Court of Cnancery, and oilier Courts of iirnilar jurif- 
 di:iicn are fo great as oiten to amount to a denial of jultice, 
 which dtlays ari.e from ihe number cf cafes in which the 
 Courts of Common Law are at prefent unable to give relief; 
 for remedy thereof, be it tnacied ey the General AlFembly, 
 that tiie defeudant in any a6ion in a Court of Common Law, 
 may plead in his tieieuce all fuch matters of the things ar. 
 may be jxil and equitable ; the plaintilf when required by the 
 UefL-ndaut, liiall reply on oath, and no demurrer to any plea 
 fhall be fuiUixie^, uulefs fuch j^iea be liad, not only in law, but 
 hi equity. When- 
 
VIRGINIA. 16;; 
 
 1. Wh'2r!?,vcr any le^jal or equitable caiifc cf (lefence flinU 
 -atife, or come to the knowledge of the defendanL afcer tl^e 
 trial nr j'ulgement:, on afTidavii: tlicreof by the defendant, the 
 Court may on motion av/ard a new trial, or permit a new 
 plea or pleas to be filed, and farther proceeding's to be had in 
 the cauie pcr.ordincj to the jufticc and right of the caie : Pro- 
 vided, that unnereflTary delay fnall not h?.ve been praftifed bv 
 the defendant after the j;r >und of the faid application {hall 
 have arifen or come to his knowledge. 
 
 3. No objection (liail hereafter hr: taken in point of form to 
 the declaration o»- plT^dings in any a«5lion v.'hatever, but ob- 
 je "lions to the fubrtanoo only fhali be admitted. 
 
 4. Any perion entitled to a 'egac;/ may recover the fame in 
 an a<^ion on the cafe againil the evecutor or adminiftrator of 
 the decedent, and ia cafes where at pr^efcnt friendly bills and 
 anl\ver''^ in chancery are reforted to for the diviiion af eftates, 
 th^ fame fliall and may be dorc on monr«n to the Court of 
 the Diilrift, cciinty or corpfnifion in which the eflates to be 
 divided e.\ill. — And where the faid eRa^es are not all in one 
 Diftridl, but in din'erent Dillricts, on motion fro the General 
 Court f-r High Court of Chancery, at the difcretion of tlie 
 party apply iji<^ for the fame, The C curt to which the faid 
 motion Ihail be made ilvaii an])oint commifiioncrs *:o make fuch 
 divifion, and report to toe (aid Court for th^ir final decifion ; 
 Provi.lod that all partie.-? interefted fhtU! be lawfully confent 
 inj; to t'.e faid motion. 
 
 5. And be it further cnafled, that fpecial a^^ions on the 
 cafe m.ay be inJliuted for the forodofnre of mortgages 'o 
 compel the rendition and fettlement of accounts, the fpecific 
 |)erformance of contra'T^s, the p rrpetHation rf evidence, the 
 difcoxery of fa'ft-j wi'hin the private knowleg«* of defendants. 
 and relief againil all kinds of frard, in which acVion the 
 pl.'as fliall be on oath, whrre the plaini liT in his declaration 
 demands it, all fp.<3s controverted between the parties fnall be 
 tried by jury, and the Courts (hall enxr i'uch intcilocutory or 
 final judgements as the nature of each may require, may ap- 
 point commifrioners to examine, fta^e, and fettle acco(\nts, or 
 to ma':« fale cf mortgage ])rf>perty, and VotM IHue any 
 v/rit of execution, atiaciurfnt or dilb-mga'; wliich may be 
 necelfary to can-y tlio faid jndgeTi«*nts into el^/efl. — The writ:!? 
 in the fahi actions on •ihe cafe Ibail and may be executed and 
 yeturnexl in the fwm? manner as ful-prenas in chaicer/, and 
 if any of "thf dePrmdants are out of the c^mmmv/ealth, the 
 lame ■proceeiing'; fliail be had againil the faid a!)fent defe.i- 
 dantr. as are had in the C^'nrts of equity in f.milar ca'es. 
 
 6. Writ'^ of }w exeat fnall and may be granted and dilfolvej 
 T)v any county or corj»o radon court in the fam ', manner, and 
 v.niler the fame rcgulaiions as the fame are grznttd and dif- 
 foiv :d by the High Court: of Chancery. 
 
 The 
 
i66 VIRGINIA. 
 
 7. The High Court of Chancery and other Courts of Equi- 
 ty iball in no aife have jurifdiftion when an adequate remedy 
 can be had in the conns cf comirion law, but in other 
 cafes the powers cf the faid courts fliall remain as heretofore. 
 
 8. All afts and parts of ails, which are contrary to this 
 ?.ft, are hereby repealed. 
 
 9. This a<ft iliall ccminencc in force from the 1 ft day of 
 March next. 
 
 An Azi to empower the Governor of this Comni'^nwealth to 
 tranfpcrt Slaves ccnden-med when it fi.all Ui tleemed ex- 
 pedient. — (Faffed Jan. 6, t8oi.) 
 . BE it enacled by the General A&mfclv. That the Gover- 
 rior, with the advice cf Council, be, ar.d he Js hereby au- 
 thorized, when it fliall be deemed expedient, to contraft and 
 «.5i-ee with any perfon, or perfcns, for the fale and purchaie 
 of all the (^aves who now are, or hereafter may be, under 
 feulence cf death, fcr cciafpiracy, infurredlion, or any other 
 crin-«e. The ] ericn cr peifons, at the time of making fuch 
 purchafe. (liall ei-ter into botid v,i;h fuTicient fecurity, under 
 the penalty of 500 dollars for each Aave, payable to the Go- 
 vernor, cr his iucceffcjT, f cr the ufe of t]ie Commonweakh, 
 with condition that he or they will caiTy out of the U- 
 nited States all the flaves by him cr them purchau-d who are 
 now, or may hereafter be under fen ten ce of death ; and the 
 fale and diipofai of every fuch fiave fliall amcuidto a reprieve 
 of him or them from fuch fentence of death ; aVid the I'ale 
 cf every fucli Have iliall amount to a re]jrieve : Provided 
 always. That if ar.y Have fo fcld pursuant to this ad, fliall 
 r^rtira into this State, he fliall be apprehended and executed 
 urder the fentence of the Court, as if no rej>rltve had taken 
 plice. And in all cafes where any f:ave rr flaves flvall be 
 tried a>»(i convi(9ed for any crime v.'hich may alTeift life, 
 the Couri, before whom fuch triv-ls fliall be had, Vhall caufe 
 the teflimcny for and againft everv fuch Have to be entered 
 on veccrd, and a copy of the whole proceedings to be tran- 
 fniitted fortiiwith to the Executive, 
 fo fold or trai.fpr rted, fl^.all be ]>aid 
 £oi- flaves eicecutcd. 
 
 This Ad fliall comm.ence and be in 
 
 The ov/ncrs 
 
 cf all flaves 
 
 in the 
 
 fame 
 
 manner as 
 
 1 force 
 
 from 
 
 its paiung. 
 
 An A^ to am.end the A<ft eniitled " an Act to reduce into 
 one the feveral Acts concerning irlaves, free Negroes, and 
 Malattoes." 
 
 EE it enadred by the General AiTciribly, Tliat if anv per- 
 fon f'.all permit his or her flave, or any ilave hired by him or 
 her, to go 2.: large or hire him or herfelf out, it fliall be lav.-- 
 ful fcr any pcrlbn, and it fl all be tiie duty of even' flierifT, 
 deputy flierifi', coroner and ferjeant cf a coi-pcration, to ap- 
 prehend and carry fuch flave before a magilirate of the 
 
 coua- 
 
VIRGINrA. 1.-^7 
 
 ^CH'nty c? crvvporatlon wViere apprehended; and if it fhall ap- 
 pear to t'le magifiratc that fuch fiave comes within the pr.i- 
 vievv of this a(S, he fliall order him or her to the jail cf the 
 county or corporation, t)iere to be fafely kept until the next 
 court, when if it fhall apjiear to the ccin-t that the flave fo 
 ordered to Jail hath been permitted or fmiered to iiirc him or 
 hi-rff Ifoi.it contrary to the meaning of this Ael.ic Iholl be lav- 
 f«'.l f.-r faul court, and they are hereby required to order the 
 fli'.'.ritf or other orTiccr, to fell every fuch flave for ready mo- 
 ney at the next court held for the faid county or corporation, 
 notice being given at the court-houfc doer at leaft tAvenrv 
 days befire inch fale. Provided always.that no lale purfuant 
 to this aft fliall convey a greater intereft in Inch (lave than 
 tlie perfon hi;";nlcif or heilclf" iiad who c(»min!ts a breach of 
 fi is la-v, iinlefs it (hell appear to tie court that the owner of 
 fi:.-h llave was privy to or connived at fuch breach. 
 
 Any perfon who ihall fuftcr a ilavc held by him or her as 
 tr'ifcee, guardian, erecutcr or oecutri.v, ad.riinijlratcr or ad- 
 miniibMtrix, toVure him or herielf out contrary to the mean- 
 ing of this a^-'l, ihv.W forfeit and pay forty d liars, to be reco- 
 vered by any peHbn who will fue for the fame, by a£lion of 
 debt or i^.Tcrnia'don, in any court cf record v;i;hin this com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 Cne third of the a^onnt of the fal- '^f every fu.:h fls^-e 
 fhall be applied by tiie court ordering fuch fale towards lei- 
 fening the county or corporation levy, and the refidue fhall 
 be pa'd by the flieriT or other officer, and deducling fix per 
 centum on the whole amount for his trouble, and the jailor's 
 fees, to the perfr-n who fliall inform thereof, r.-^d caidb the 
 fii.fi to be eftahlifhcd. And v>'here there Ihall he no informer, 
 then the whole proceeds of the fale, afLer deducing tiie com- 
 mi-Uon of tiie l!ierllf and other officers, the jailor's fees, as 
 rf^refaid, fnall be applied towards leiTening the county or 
 corporation levy. 
 
 Any negro or mulatto bond or free fliall be a good v/iincfs 
 /'n pleas af the common wealth for or againil ne>^voes or mu- 
 littoesbor.d or free, or in civil pleas wdiere free negroes or 
 tnulattoes iliail alone be parties. And wliere^s e.\p'erience 
 has eviiuicd that the fouilh fedion of ihe aci enricl"d an aft 
 to prevent the migration of free negroes urd inulatroes into 
 thi.sConur.nivealth. is defcflive — fur remedy v/hercof, Be it 
 ena£ied, that if aiiy fja\e ftiad hereafter be brought or come 
 into tliis Jtaie fr'-m any piaee wirhout the limits of the fame, 
 it fl^.all be the d'ity of any magiurate of the county or corpo- 
 ration where J uch flave (hall be f'und, upon information to 
 him given, to caufe fuch Have to be immediately ?,oprehended 
 and brought before him or fome other magiftrate of the 
 county or corporation, who upon fati.sfa(flory evidence had 
 fliiU commit fuch Have to the jail (if his ccunty or corpora- 
 tion ; and the magilLvate fo conuiiittiiig fliall forthwith give 
 
i6S VIRGINIA. 
 
 notice to the Govevnov of his proceeding"?!, Avho with the atl- 
 vice of Council, (Tiall take fuch fleps for the renvoval and 
 tranfportation cut of this Commonwealth, of the fiave or 
 {laves fo ccmmitted at the public exper.ce, as they in their 
 flifcretion may think proper. And tire expences fc incurred 
 Ihail be jmidby the p^rfon importing or holding fjch fave fo 
 icmove4, and (ball i>e recoverable againft any fuch peifon as 
 ?.?orcfa'd, his or her exeri-''-nrs or adniiniflrators in the name 
 r.f the Governor r.f the Commonwealth for the time being, 
 hy mO' ion or fuit, in which every fuch perfon may be held to 
 bail in any court of record of this Commonwealth, prcviced 
 ten days previous nctic? be given of fuch motion to the per- 
 fon? to be affected therrhv; provided alfo tiiat the Governor 
 fha'i have poM'er to order fuch Have to be fold and tranfpor ed 
 v/ithout the limits of this Commcnv.-eal.h, if the perfcn 
 holding cr importing faid flavc be unable to reimburfe the 
 Co:rin;Miv^"ealth, the exjence of commitment, removal and 
 tran'^pcrLatien — Provided alfo, that nothing herein contained 
 Ihail be ccnilraed to repeal the fourth fesfrion of the a<ft enti- 
 tled an AS. to red\ice into one the fe\eral afts concerning 
 fiavcD, free negioes and mulattoes. 
 
 At'd b-r it fiuther pnacTed,Thatit fhail be the duty of every 
 Coni^ifficner nf the Revenue annually to return to the coiu-t 
 cf his county, or ccrpcvaticn, at the time of returning other 
 lifts of taxable property, a complete liil of all free negroes 
 and mu'iattoes Avithin his diilri^il, together with their names, 
 fex, places of abode, and particular trades, occupation, cr 
 calling ; a copy of which lift (hall be fixed by the Clerk of 
 fald co^mty cr corporation at the Court-boufe deer, and the 
 original be dejjoriied for fafe keeping in his ofiice. Every 
 Cor.»rnilEouer of tlie Revenue, cr Clerk of a Court, failing 
 in faid duty, fnali forfeit and pay the fum of 20 dollars, to 
 be recovered by motion or information, one half to the ufe 
 of the ccviu+y rr corpcra*-ion, and the relidue to any perfcn 
 who fcall *uc fcr the fame. 
 
 If any frer r.egro or midatto fo regirtcred flail remove in- 
 to another county, it fhall ar.d may be lawful for any magi- 
 ftraie of the county or corpoiation in v/hich he cr fhe may 
 refide, to iffue a warrant to apprehend faid free negro or 
 mulatto : and if upon examination it be found th.at he or fl:e 
 has no h-roel!: employment by wh.ich to maintain him cr hcr- 
 felf, fucii free negro or mulatto fr.all be deemed au.d treated 
 as a vagrant. 
 
 All the courts of l?.w within this Ccmmcnweahh Ihall con- 
 ftantly give this art in charge to the grand juries cf their 
 cour*:s at the times when fuch grand juries fliall be iworn. 
 
 All aifls and parts of aiSls contrar) to this aft, fhall be, 
 a'.i.J the fame are hereby repealed. 
 
 This ad fhall cciEmcnce in force from the ift ddj of June 
 next. 
 
VI RGINIA. 169 
 
 Jan. 23. fSoi. — This day both branches of the Genera^ 
 Aflembly of t'hts Comniohwea'lth adjourned,— iJuring the 
 Seifion, the following Bills \verepa:Ted : 
 
 1. To amend the ad, entitled, " An ad to amend an ad, 
 entitled, an ad for appointing Eledors, to choofe a Piefident 
 and Vice-Prefident ot the United States." 
 
 2. Concerning the Difmal Swamp CanalCompany. 
 
 3. To amend an ad, entitled, " An ad to reduce into one 
 the feveral ads, concerning milb, mill-dams, and other ob- 
 Itrudions of water courfts." 
 
 4. To amend the ad, for incorporating the truftces of the 
 I..eefburg Academy, in the comity of I.oudon. 
 
 5. For eilablifliing the town of Fairfield, in the comity of 
 Rockbridge. 
 
 6. To prevent obftrudions to the navigation of the Little 
 KenaAvha. 
 
 7. To eilablifh an infpedicn of flour at Mead Anderfon's 
 mill in the county of Halifax. 
 
 8 To increafe the falary of the infpedors of tobacco at 
 Dixon's Ware-houfe. 
 
 9. To authoriTe the commilTtoners of the revenue to re-af- 
 fefs lands in certain cafes 
 
 10. For increafing the povw'er of the trufiees of the town 
 of rran.'vlin, in the coimt)/ of Fendi-^ton. 
 
 11. To eftablii'ii an iiiipedion of tobacco on the land of 
 John liroek, in the county of Campbell. 
 
 12. To amend the ad, to autiiorife the opening a turnpike 
 road, ovci- the fouth mountain. 
 
 13. To regulaire cofls in certain cafes. 
 
 14. C jncernlijg the town of Watfon, In i\ie county of 
 Flarnj?fh're. 
 
 15. To incorporate theTruilees of JelTerfon College, in the 
 cDimty of Amciia. 
 
 16. To e.Uablin^ an infpedion of flour on the lands of 
 Thomas M. Randolph. 
 
 17. For ad-lip.g part of tlie county of Kenawha, to the 
 count}- of Wood. 
 
 18. Concerning the to v/n of Lexington, in the county of 
 Rockbridge. 
 
 19. To ellabliili an itvfpedion of tobacco on the lands of 
 Thomas M. Raniclph, in the county of Albemarle. 
 
 20. To incorporate a company, for eflablifhing a turnpike 
 read, frim the mouth of lavage river, or George's creek, on 
 tae Potowmak, to tlic neaieft V/eltern navigation. 
 
 21. To authorife Robert Watkins to build a toll bridge o- 
 ver Appamanox rivtr. 
 
 22. To elHblifh an Academy on the glebe land of Martin 
 Brandon's pari/li, in the county of Prince George. 
 
 23. for ercding warehoiues on the James river and Appo- 
 mattox canals. 1 To 
 
VIRGINI 
 
 x\. 
 
 Z4. To eilablira feveral new ferries. 
 
 25. To increafe the falaries of the infpe^ters at Dearie's 
 and Spring Ware-houfes. 
 
 a6. To revive the infpeflion of tobacco at Totufky ware- 
 houfes, in the county of Richmond. 
 
 27. For altering the court days and quarterly feffions in 
 certain counties. 
 
 a8. Authorifmg the traftees of the Chanty School of 
 FrederickRiUig, to fell and convey certain property therein 
 mentioned. 
 
 29. To authorife William Calley, to build a toll bridge 0- 
 ver Smith's creek, near the Borough of Norfolk. 
 
 30. For dividing the county of Berkeley. 
 
 31. To eftaWifli feveral towns. 
 
 32. Giving further time to the owners of lots, in the 
 town of Jonefville, in the county of Lee, to build thereon. 
 
 33. To purchafe Pharoah and Tom. 
 
 3^. To amend an ad, entitled, "An a(!l;to authorife a lot- 
 tery for the purpofe of opening and repairing certain roads." 
 
 35. To increafe the rates of ferriage at certain places. 
 
 36. To eiT!pow3r the courts of certain counties to aj^oint 
 perfons to lbkmni7:e marriagts. 
 
 37. To empov.er the Gtivernorto tranfpcrt flaves when 
 it ilall be deemed convenient. 
 
 38. Eilablifhing an infpefticn of flour at Aylett's ware- 
 houfe, in the county of King William. 
 
 30. To extend thejurifdifiion of juftices of peace. 
 
 40. Releafmg to Ambrofe Cramer the right of the Com- 
 monwealth to a certain traA or trails of land. 
 
 41. Concerning patrcles, 
 
 42. To prevent the killing of deer within oenain periods 
 annually. 
 
 43. Concerning the towli of CharlottefvlUe. 
 
 44. Concerning certain taxes in the county of Botetsurt. 
 
 45. Appointir.g CommiClcners to view and mark out -a 
 way for a road through the counties of Culpeper, Fauquier, 
 Prince William and Fairfax, to the turnpike road leading 
 to Alexandria. 
 
 46. Concerning the docks and wharves in the Borough of 
 I orfolk. 
 
 47. To r.rm the militia of certain towns. 
 
 48. To eiilarge the town of Woodville in Culpepper co, 
 40. Concerning the manufacture of tobacco. 
 
 50. -Concerning the Bank of Alexandria. 
 
 51. Cv-^nceiT.irg the feveral afts of Aflembly, refpeoTdng 
 the turnpike roads from. Snigger's, Veilel's, and Afhby's 
 gaps, on the Blue Ridge, to Alexandria. 
 
 52. To amend the aiTt, eiititled, an aft to reduce into one 
 the feveral afts, concerning ftaves, free negroes and mulat- 
 toes, i", 
 
\1RGIN1A. 171 
 
 •53. In addition to the adl, entitled, " An aft to amend the 
 ■^enal laws of this comm'^nwealth." 
 
 54 For paving the expcnce of removing criminals from 
 the di{lvi(ft jails, -to the penitentiary houfe, and for other 
 purpcfes. 
 
 ■5^.. To rncreife the rates of ])ilot2!re at certain places. 
 
 j6. Direcfling t^e allowance cf witnelVes in ceriain caies 
 
 57. To revive and anicud an Vi^, for opening a read 
 through the counties of Berkeley and Hainpiliire. 
 
 5S. leaving taxes for thefup])ort of government. 
 
 59. To difpofeof par^ f f the ground where{;n the court-h. 
 ilai'ds, in the town of C.iaiioctiVille and co. AlHeinarie. 
 
 60. To authorlfe tiie cour*- of Cumberland county, to an- 
 point a principal furveyrr .ner Wills' river 
 
 61. For paying the odRcers cf the General AlTemblY for 
 tiieir fervices the prcfent lefTon. 
 
 62. To amend the -iit, entitled, " An afl to revive and a- 
 mend the a(fl, entitled, an a£l for improving th.e navigation 
 of Appomattox river, from Broadway to Pocohonta's bridge." 
 
 63. To a])propriate the ])ublic revenue. 
 
 64^. To eltablifha gur.rd at the city of Richmond. 
 
 65 Enabling Thomas Mcuntjoy, to diicharge by inflal- 
 me.its, certain public claims againll him. 
 
 66 Paying joieph Jones, Wlliam Cole, and William 
 Clark, for their fervices under the ?,ci, entitled, " An aft 
 making com.penfation for the tobacco deftroyed by the burn- 
 ing of Rob'irt Boiling's ware-houfe, and for other purpofes." 
 
 67 For appropriating a further fum of money for complet- 
 ing a waggon road from the fiate read lo the rnoudi of Little 
 K.>nawha.' 
 
 68 To amend the a-fl, entitled, " An ad direcflirg what 
 prlfoners (ball be left to bail." 
 
 69 To prevent the Execu'ave from remiting fines on a-- 
 mcrcemcn^;:.. 
 
 70 To explain in patt an aft, entitled, "An aft to impcfe 
 cerrain taxes on law procehs, and for other purpofes." 
 
 In the Houfe of Delegates, Jan. 2, Mr. Venable reported 
 1. iTi the Commiitee for Courts of Julliee, that the Commit- 
 t.:e had according to order, had under thiir confideration a 
 )e'.rer from the Governor with its enclofarc, rclauve to the 
 prefervation of the ancient records of this Commonwealth, 
 to tl:e laid Committee referred, and had come to the follow- 
 ing refolutions thereupon : 
 
 Refolved, That it is the opinion of this Ccmmittee, that 
 the prefervatioti of the ancient records of this country, is 
 an ol.jeft which highly merits the attention of theLeglilature, 
 lince on rhem the rights of property, the interelts of fociety, 
 and the means of hiitorical information eifentially depend. 
 I 2 Re- 
 
1.-JZ VIRGINIA. 
 
 BefwIv'fcJ therefore, That an edi<:icn oF all the laws paffeS 
 by the Legifiature of this counlry, prior to the year 178*, 
 -which can now be found, be printed at the public expence — 
 that the Governor and George Wythe, Efq. be requefted to 
 faper intend the colleft'on and printing thereof; and that they 
 be authorifed to employ a proper perfon or perfons to aid in 
 the completion of the work. 
 
 And the faid refolutions being twice read, were, on the 
 queftion put thereupon, agreed to by the Houfe. 
 
 Ordered, That a bill he brought in purfuant to the faid Rc- 
 fcluticns, and that the Committee for Courts of Juftice do 
 prepare and bring in the fame. 
 
 A Bill has pafTed the Legiflature of Virginia, to ircc-rpo- 
 rate a Company, for eftabliiliing a turnpike road from the 
 mouth of lavage river or George's creek on the Potomack, 
 to the neareil v/eHeni nuvigaticn. It is proj)cfed that this 
 turnpike fiiculd ccmmence at the mouth of Savage river, 
 which is 21 miles aoove Fort Cumberland, and about 200 
 from Georgetown. A fubfcription is to be opened for 50,000 
 doila,rs, in fijares of 50 dollars each. The i"ipcrtant bcnehts 
 to be derived from cairying this plan into effect, will more 
 fully appear from the follovving preamble to the bill : 
 
 Whereas it is conceived that great advantages would ac- 
 crue to the trade of Potomack and to this Commonwealth 
 generally, by making eafy the commiaiication between the 
 head navigation of that river and the neare fl v.-eftern naviga- 
 tion, which v/ould caufe the produce of a la'-ge extent of tbe 
 v/eftern country to take its ccurfe into this channel, inftead 
 of going 2,500 miles partly thiOligh the dominion of a fo- 
 reign nation to a m.arket at New-Orleans. And whereas it is 
 reprefen^ed to this General AfieivTbly, that tliefe navigations 
 may be made to communicate by a road of abcut 40 mile?, 
 and that an afibciation of citizens will be v.iliing to under- 
 take to make tbx road if proper legi fiat ive encouragement be 
 given l5y the ftates cf Virginia and Maryland, through both 
 of v.hich the road will have to pafs about an equal dillance, 
 kc." 
 
 A work has been pybliihed at Berlin, j>rof;;fP.ng 10 give re- 
 cret anecdotes relative to P.ufi:a: — Among ether things it i". 
 faid, that *' r. adame LeUrun, no lefs ceieiirated for her af- 
 fairs of gallantry with Vandrc;:il and '. alonae than for her 
 talents, intended to draw a Por:ralt of Catherine II. after 
 her death. The following advice was given her up<»u this 
 occafion— let the map of R-ufHabe your canvas, the darkneis 
 of ignorance your back-ground, the fpoils of Poland your 
 drapej-y, human blood your colouring, your outline che monu- 
 nienrs cf her reign, and youriharie the firl* fix moachs of 
 therei^n of her fon." — (See p. Lft of this book.) 
 
VIRGINIA, 173 
 
 Rrci:.\roNE, Dec. 5. The following gentlemen, Eleacrs 
 of -a Preiident and Vice Prelident of ihe United States, met 
 at the Capitcl, in this city, on Wednefday lait, and gave a 
 unanimous vote for Tho. jelFeribn and Aaron Burr— vi^. 
 
 TICKET FOR I\'r. JEFFERSON. 
 George Wyfhe, city of Richmond ; 
 Wm. Kewi'ura, of Princels Anne ; 
 Dan. Coleman, Caroline — for Edm. Pendleton, abfenti 
 V/m. H. Cabell, /) mherft ; 
 Jamc3 Madifon, jun. Orange ; 
 John Page, Gloucefter; 
 Tho Ne.vton, jun. Norfolk ; 
 
 Dr.Shore, Petersburg — for C B.Harrifon, abfcnt; 
 General jofeph Jones, Dinv\'iddie; 
 VS^ni.B. Giles, Amelia ; 
 Creed Taylor, Cumberland; 
 Tho. Read, fen. Charlotte ; 
 Geo. Fean, Pairick ; 
 Walter Jones, Novthumberlatid ; 
 Rich. Ercnt, Prince V/iUiam ; 
 \Vm. Elzey, Loudon; 
 
 JohnBov.yer, Rockbridge — for And. Moore, alfent ; 
 GenercJ John Erowr., Hardy; 
 General John Trefton, Montg-omery ; 
 Hugh r olmes, Frederick ; 
 Arch. Stewart, Auguiia. 
 
 TICI-IET FOR Mr. ADAMS. 
 
 John Blair, of the e:ty cf 
 
 W'illiamfburg; 
 lohnWiie, Accomack; 
 Gha. Dabney, i an^vur; 
 V\^m. Cabell ; Amherft ; 
 John lamifon, Culpepper; 
 Car Braxton, K. William ; 
 John Nevifon, NrrfoLk ; 
 Geo.K.Ta.ylGr, Pr. George; 
 oterl. Edmunds, Brunswick ; 
 Ber. Markham, c hefterheld ; 
 
 JamesxMcrton, of P.Edward; 
 Wm. Morton, Charlotte ; 
 Joel Lef tvv ich, Campbcil ; 
 Burdet .-fhton, K.G'earge; 
 Bail. V/arr.iiig;cn, Fairfax ; 
 John Bluckv/cU, Ficuquier ; 
 J.Brackenridge, Eotf.ourt ; 
 Ifaac VanniCcCi, fiardy ; 
 Rob. Crocket, V/ythc ; 
 Jof.S.vearingen, Iserkely; 
 /lex. St.Ciuir, Auxulta. 
 
 STRAW PAPER. 
 In England a mode has been difcovered of manufa<5hirir:g 
 paper from ^traw. It h of ftrong confidence, and tixough it 
 retains the colour of the material from which it is made, 
 will ferve for packing parcels, printing hand-bills, and I'ucli 
 other ordinary purpoles. It is hoped thorefore, that this in- 
 vention will reduce the prefent advanced price of rags and 
 paper, and dettroy 9. monopoly. 
 
 I 3 
 
174 VIRGINIA. 
 
 The following is the moil correft Return of the Votec in the 
 diiierent Counties which we could procure. 
 
 
 Ad. 
 
 y^/ 
 
 
 Ad. 
 
 :?^c^- 
 
 Accomack 
 
 284 
 
 22 
 
 Lee 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 Albemarle 
 
 J8 
 
 561 
 
 Louifa 
 
 27' 
 
 440 
 
 Amelia 
 
 — 
 
 243 
 
 Lunenburg 
 
 z6 
 
 243 
 
 Amherll 
 
 IV 
 
 3^3 
 
 Mecklenburg 
 
 109 
 
 ay a 
 
 AuguiU 
 
 463 
 
 237 
 
 Middlefex 
 
 32 
 
 X18 
 
 Bath 
 
 55 
 
 112 
 
 Monongalia 
 
 iii5 
 
 254 
 
 Bedford 
 
 164 
 
 269 
 
 Montgo-.ncry 
 
 ^7 
 
 212 
 
 Berkely 
 
 371 
 
 417 
 
 Mathews 
 
 29 
 
 171 
 
 Botetourt 
 
 96 
 
 144 
 
 Madifcn 
 
 25 
 
 aj8 
 
 Buckingham 
 
 
 501 
 
 Monroe 
 
 42 
 
 I55« 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 ^5 
 
 385 
 
 Nanfemond 
 
 26 
 
 181 
 
 Brooke 
 
 3^ 
 
 220 
 
 T^ew Kent 
 
 87 
 
 105 
 
 Campbell 
 
 6y 
 
 211 
 
 Norfolk Ccunty 
 
 30 
 
 241 
 
 Caroline 
 
 6 
 
 369 
 
 Nottoway 
 
 
 190 
 
 Charlote 
 
 26 
 
 342 
 
 Northampton 
 
 143 
 
 ?8 
 
 Charles City 
 
 5^ 
 
 ITI 
 
 NorthumberlSvi-id 
 
 27 
 
 a:o 
 
 Ciiefteriield 
 
 6 
 
 460 
 
 Ohio 
 
 61 
 
 164 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 11 
 
 2S9 
 
 Orange 
 
 7 
 
 33 7 
 
 Ctilpepper 
 
 ICO 
 
 372 
 
 Pittfyivania 
 
 40 
 
 5^4 
 
 Dinwiddle 
 
 10 
 
 3^3 
 
 Patrick 
 
 — 
 
 130 
 
 Eiizabcch City 
 
 20 
 
 82 
 
 Powhatan 
 
 2,2 
 
 1S3 
 
 Eifex 
 
 46 
 
 209 
 
 Pr.Edward 
 
 3 
 
 344 
 
 Fairfax 
 
 ai8 
 
 240 
 
 Pr.Gerrge 
 
 9 
 
 197 
 
 Fauquier 
 
 131 
 
 308 
 
 Pr.William 
 
 42 
 
 168 
 
 Fluvanna 
 
 9 
 
 246 
 
 PrincefsAmie 
 
 176 
 
 2C4 
 
 i" ranliiin 
 
 29 
 
 531 
 
 Pendleton 
 
 106 
 
 m 
 
 Frederick 
 
 211 
 
 527 
 
 F;ichi-aond 
 
 23 
 
 123 
 
 Gloiiceiler 
 
 54 
 
 203 
 
 R.ockbiidge 
 
 164 
 
 219 
 
 Goochlar^d 
 
 8 
 
 a 8 
 
 Rockingliam 
 
 7^ 
 
 534 
 
 (jfeenbrrer 
 
 280 
 
 28 
 
 RuHbl 
 
 _. 
 
 fft 
 
 Greensville 
 
 6 
 
 .:J94 
 
 Pvandolph 
 
 21 
 
 31 
 
 Gray ion 
 
 — 
 
 117 
 
 SheViando 
 
 41 
 
 710 
 
 Halifax 
 
 ^5 
 
 764 
 
 Scuthr-mpton 
 
 94 
 
 214 
 
 Hampfnire 
 
 ■2 JO ' 
 
 180 
 
 Spotf^lvania 
 
 J3 
 
 «77 
 
 Jfardy 
 
 J40 
 
 yo 
 
 StaiiVrd 
 
 9^ 
 
 151 
 
 Hanover 
 
 45 
 
 2Cl 
 
 S;:ny 
 
 6 
 
 184 
 
 Hanr/ 
 
 71 
 
 184 
 
 l^ul-ex 
 
 5 
 
 379 
 
 ■ :avrjfi>n 
 
 <ij 
 
 163 
 
 Warv.-ick 
 
 6- 
 
 53 
 
 Henrico 
 
 43 
 
 217 
 
 Wy^he 
 
 ij 
 
 1^3 
 
 U?e of Wight 
 
 7.6 
 
 •^54 
 
 WeitrHjreiand 
 
 89 
 
 73 
 
 James City 
 
 35 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 
 Kly.g Zc Qiieen 
 
 47 
 
 237 
 
 V/alhirgton 
 
 6 
 
 290 
 
 King George 
 
 ^H 
 
 gi 
 
 Y.)rk 
 
 £4 
 
 77 
 
 King WiUiam 
 
 80 
 
 J28 
 
 Williamlbnrg 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 iCeiiawha 
 
 — , 
 
 
 
 Norfolk Borough 
 
 118 
 
 III 
 
 Lanca,ft9r 
 
 54 
 
 '39 
 
 Richmond City 
 
 72 
 
 79 
 
 Loudo:^ 
 
 2C;,- 
 
 *Ui 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 6,024 
 
VIRGINIA. 175 
 
 JCtMCUNT of Wrirrants if-ued for E:q;ences incurred in car- 
 rying into Effe(ft the A£t:s of Aflembly concerning the two 
 laft Elertions of Prefident and Vice-Prefident of the Unit- 
 ed Stales. 
 
 Amount of Expences for comparing the Poll in 
 the year i7(;6 — — 
 
 Amount of Expence of Eleflors travelling, he. 
 
 Amount of Expence of Clerk 16, Door-keeper 4, 
 
 Ds. 
 
 a. 
 
 399 
 
 63 
 
 299 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Amount of Expences for printing circular Tet- 
 ters to Commiilianers, &c. to fuperintend 
 the ele<2ion of Ele<flors to chufe a Prefident 
 and Vice-Prehclent in the year 1800 — 
 
 Do. for printing commifTusns for do. — 
 
 Do. for printing the AS. concerning the Ele£lors 
 Do. fur printing pnrclamation to n.cet in Riehmond 
 Do. for conveying Csmmiflioiis to Cummiffiuners 
 Do. for conveying the returns, &c. — 
 
 Do. for notifying the Eleiflors, &c. — 
 
 Do. fur attendance and travelling of Eledlors 
 Do. incurred in Glouceller conducting the cleifticn 
 Do. incurred in Fairfax do. — 
 
 Do. incurred in Vionongalia do. — 
 
 Do. incurred in Norfolk Borough do. — 
 
 Do. incurred in ^:onroe do. — — 
 
 Do. incurred in Henrico do. — ^- 
 
 Bo. incurrea in Rockbridge do. — — 
 
 Lo. Lynchburg news-draper for publifhing the Names 
 of the Eiejflors — — . 
 
 719 53' 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 d 2 
 
 50 
 
 433 
 
 66 
 
 717 
 
 6i 
 
 179 
 
 98 
 
 i74 
 
 3^ 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 ^9 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 58 
 
 6 
 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 8 
 
 ;3 
 
 i5 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 1707 
 
 63 
 
 — r 
 
 ,485 
 
 1790 — Number of inhabitants in Frederic kfLurg 
 
 By the la'.e Cenfus of the State of PennfvKania wclearn, 
 that the city of Philadelphia has decreafed about 500 Tux- 
 tUi.'es fiace the year 17^3. T» tal Taxaiies \\\ the whole ftave 
 iTi,6i2, being an iacreafe in 7 years of 20,462. — New 
 Goundcc ereded in that time 14. 
 
 M. Achard, the Pruilian chcm'ft, l:as at ]ength brought his 
 difcoveries, in the article cf fugar from vegetables, to fuch 
 nerfeAiDn, that he is enabled to vend it at fix fous per lb. 
 
 The largefl Ox ever feen in America was railed in Morris 
 county, iTevvJerfey, and was lately exhibited as a fhow in 
 Philadelphia. It meafured 17 feet 3 inche;; from the nofe to 
 the tail, exclufive of the brufii ; 6 feet 3 inches high, and the 
 girth 9 feet 4 inches. It weighed 2996 lbs. being larger than 
 the famous Blackwell Cx, at Dartmouth, the largeft Ox ever 
 feen in England. I 4 
 
176 VIRGINIA. 
 
 CITY OF RICHMOND. 
 James M'Clurg, ^ ayor — Geo. Niche If'on, R.ecorder~John^ 
 Burnet, Wm. Richardfon, John FoUer, llcb. Pollard, Geo. 
 Picket, Sam.rsjyers, x-^.ldermcn — '■ Rob. Mitchell, Geo.W. 
 Smith, Wm.Marihall, Jacob Cohen, David Halloway, Js. 
 Brown, JohnD. Blair, Edw.Carrington, Crmmcn Coiuicil- 
 men — Adam Craig, Clerk ~ Ji,. Whillelav/, Serj-eant—- 
 Kier, High Ccnftable. 
 
 CENSUS of ihe City of RICHMOND. 
 Cenfus of tie Year 1790, — — 3»7^i 
 
 iSco— White IV ales under 10 years 351 
 
 of 10 and under 16 — 174 
 
 of 16 and under 26 — 512 
 
 — '■ — of 26 and under 45 — 440 
 
 — — ef 45 and upv/ards — 150 — 1627 
 
 White Females under 10 — 337 
 
 '— — cf 10 a.nd under id — 154 
 
 of 16 and under z6 — 337 
 
 of 26 and under ^15 — :-.79 
 
 • of 45 and u]7\vards — 103— 12 id 
 
 Total of White People of both Sexes 2&37 
 
 of Free People of Colour 607 
 
 — — of Uaves — 2203-^2900 
 
 Total Inhabitants, except a few Indians, ~ 5.737 
 
 Increafe — — ^>91^ 
 
 ift,z' 
 
 TGEACCO iirfpeaed at Richm.cnd in the Year 
 
 CRding if': Cft. 2799, — — 
 
 Do. in the Year efidii^g 0£k. jtoo, — 
 
 At Byrd'? — — ^ 15^3 
 Do. received from upper Infpecis. 1175 
 
 Do. fhip'd — — 1460—4178 
 
 At Shcckce — —^ 36O 
 
 Do. received from upper Inlps. 5000 
 
 Do. fhip'd — — 5600—10968 
 
 At Rockets — — 3414 
 
 Do. received trom upper Infps. 744 
 
 Do- fnip'd — — 1172 — 3330 
 
 Total Hhds. — 18,476- 
 
 FLOUR Infpefted for the Year ending 31ft / ug. 
 
 1799, — Total' BIe. — 76'754. 
 
 }3o. for the Year ending do. i8od — 63,672,- 
 
 Amount cf Toll received in the Year 1800 
 
 at James River Canal, — Z'-S/Si i^ 4 
 
 Do. in the Year 1799, — -— 42^3 4 io 
 
 C'an?*l Company: Dr.Fmifl-.ee, Frefident; Geo. Pickett, 
 
 Edw. Carrington, Rob. Gamble, jas. Brown, Diredlors— 
 
 Rob. Pollaid, Secretary, Treafurer, and Clerk. 
 
VIRGINIA. 
 
 TOBACCO iiifpeaed at Manchester in i8co. 
 At Mancheiler Ware-hoafe 19^9 
 
 Johnfon's — 1816 
 
 Trent's — 1 2o:i 
 
 FLOUR inipeaed at Mancheiler in 1799, 
 JJo. Do. i3oc, 
 
 Bis. 
 
 177 
 
 4.9^7 
 8,^78 
 9'j99 
 
 LIST of the praaifing- Coui.cil in 
 Chancery, Virgin!; 
 Philip Narbone Nicholas, Efq. At 
 
 the Hicrh Court cf 
 
 torney General. 
 
 Wni. Pope, Geo. K. Taylor, 
 
 W. W. Hennmg, David Robertlcn, 
 
 Tho. P^. Rootes, John i\ inor, 
 
 Geo. W. Smith, James PlcaiV.nts, 
 
 Alex. M'Rae, Cha. F. Bates, 
 
 Arch. Campbell, Hugh Holmes, 
 
 James Rind, Rich. Gregory, 
 
 Fra. T.Brooke, John F.evenham, 
 
 Auftin D Leake, Edm.Jen.Lee, 
 
 Nath. Pope, Benj. Botts, 
 
 John Heath, Wm. Wirt. 
 Bennet Taylor, 
 
 LIST of LAWYERb*\vho have qualified in the Court of 
 Appeals. 
 
 Dan. Call, Philip Dodridge o 
 
 Wm.C. Williams, Geo. K.Taylor, 
 
 Cha. Copeland, Geo. Hay, 
 
 Henry Banks, Alex, Stewart o 
 
 W.W.Henning, David Robinfon, 
 
 Geo. W. Smith, Edm J; Lee, 
 
 John Heath, Fra T. Brooke, 
 
 Sam.M'Craw, Cha F. Bates, 
 
 Ben. Taylor, Nath. Pope, jun. 
 
 Benj. Botts, Wm. Wirt. 
 PN. Nicholas, 
 
 Thofe marked thus o do not at prefent praftice in either 
 
 the Court of Appeals or the High Court of Chance ry. 
 
 Edm. Randolph, 
 John Marfhall, 
 John Wardea, 
 Wm. Duval, 
 Thomas Nelfon, 
 Charles Copeland 
 Wm.C. Williams, 
 John Wickham, 
 Dan. Cajl, 
 Sam. M'Cravsr, 
 George Kay, 
 Henry Banks, 
 
 Edm. Randolph, 
 John Taylor o 
 Bart. Williams o 
 John Marlliall, 
 John F. Mercer o 
 Cha. Lee o 
 Wm. Short o . 
 Wm. Duval, 
 Tho Nelfon, jun. 
 Jamts I- on roe o 
 John W^ickham, 
 
 Expence of the Manufadory of Arms from hs 
 
 commencement to Dec. 1800, Dols. 
 
 Do. Penitentiary Houfe, «• — 
 
 58,300 
 92,000 
 
 DOLLARS AND CENTS. 
 The ^''erchants and Brokers of Philadelphia have very 
 pi-operly declaied, that they know no money in theie States 
 but Dollars and Cents ; there are no fuch coins here as pounds 
 fliillings, and pence ; and that in future tliey will buy and 
 fell only in the legal money of tlie country— Indeed it is very 
 ilrange, that the people long before have not unanimonfly a- 
 dopted the calculation of American monies by a mode fo very 
 dear, fimplc, and demonftrative. 
 
178 VIRGINIA. 
 
 The following Articles have been cleared at the Port of 
 Richmond for difTerent Ports of the United States (ex- 
 clufive cf thofe within the State of Virginia) ; the moft 
 confiderable Quantities for Bofton, New York, and Phila. 
 
 Tear I ^^^^^" * I ^"■^^■^^'^' \ ^i-^ds. I Bis. 1 Bushels 
 ■ Md. Tab. V/beat Tcbazco Flour \ Ccal 
 
 ^19^ I 2313 
 1799 i'S8 
 
 a-iiSo I 610 j 38816 I 248142 
 7226 3467 27698 264733 
 
 i3co J 4110 3795 I 6798 j 27433 i 311989 
 
 * The Kegs weigh on an average 150 wt. 
 This ftatement does not include all the prcdiice that has 
 been (hipped from Richmond during the lail three years, as 
 before the divifion of the Diftricft cf Bermuda Hundred and 
 City Point, vefiels frequently cleared at City Point with ar- 
 ticles taken on beard ut Richmond ; and as the laws do not 
 compel veffeis w'th articles of the above defcription and d^t^- 
 lined for Korfclic, to clear at Richmond, c&iirec[uently many 
 vefTels have lardtd fuch articles at Norfolk, from v/hevice 
 they Lave been afterwards flapped to the Northern ports, 
 '^uftom-hciiie — James Gibbon, Ei<i. Colledcr. 
 James Rowland, Purveyor. 
 
 CENSUS of the Town of ALEXANDRIA. 
 Jenfus of the Year 1790, — — 2,748 
 
 1800 — White Males under 10 years — 590 
 -* — of 10 and undtr 16 — 246 
 
 — : of 16 ar.d under 26 — 41 5 
 
 of a6 and under 45 — 4^<^ 
 
 of 45 ar.d up^^■ards — I92 — 193a 
 
 White Females under 10 — 551 
 
 of 10 and under 16 — 255 
 
 of 16 and under 26 — 406 
 
 of 26 and under 45 — 424 
 
 of 45 and upwards — 162 — 1798 
 
 'J'otal of V/hi e JP erp'.o of both Sexes 3730 
 
 of free Mulattces and Negroes 365 
 
 of Slaves — ■ — 905 — 1270 
 
 Total Inhabitants — 5,000 
 
 increafe — — ^,252 
 
 A late Paris Paper informs us, " That the Chief Conful 
 has ordered the I\:'iniller of the Interior Department to ereft, 
 in the great gallery of the Thuillcries, the Itatues of Demof- 
 thenes, Alexander, t annibal, Scipio, Csfar, Cicero, Bry- 
 t^is, Ca*o, Alfred, Gullavus Adrlphus, Turenne, Ccnde, 
 Marlborough, Eugene, Fredt-rick, Ftaiiklin, Waihi/ipto?:, Ju- 
 bert, Deflaix,&c." — We will: to know where is the iimilarity 
 of charaaer between Alexander and Ca;far, and Franklin 
 and WafhJngton ? — 
 
FREE MASONRY. 
 
 19 
 
 NAMES cf the OFFICERS of the GRAND LODGE 
 . of VIRGINIA. 
 The Moft Worfhipful Wm. Austin, Grand Matter ; 
 
 Right Worfhipful Alex. M'Hae, Dep. Grand*Mafter; 
 Worflupful PhmpR. Thompson, Sen. G. Warden; 
 WorfliipM ^ames Byrne, Jun. G. Warden ; 
 
 W. H. Fitzi!cbylsonn, G. becretary ; 
 Jos. Danmtadt, G. Treafurer ; 
 Bkh. B. Cck)de, Sen. G. Deacon ; 
 EldriJge Harris, Jun. G. Deacon ; 
 Mattb. Moody, ? ^ ^ 
 Wm.Bavidson, S ^- Stewards, 
 And. Smith, G. Purfuivant ; 
 Wm. Mann, G. Tyler. 
 The Grand Lodge meets on the 2d Monday in December 
 in eveTy year, at the ^:afon's Kail in the City of Richmond. 
 
 LIST of the Lodges under the Jurlfdi 
 Lodge of Virginia — A.L 
 N'o. Najue Where held. 
 
 \ Norfolk, ^ BojTOiigh of Norfolk, 
 
 KilH.\:inrdngCross,? .Koy-sA, CarolineCo 
 Blaniifc ' "' 
 
 4 Fredericjbsburg, 
 
 5 Si.7aminy, 
 
 6a Williamsburg, 
 
 7 Botetourt, 
 
 8 Cabin Folnty 
 
 9 Tork, 
 
 10 JRichmond, 
 
 1 1 Northampton, 
 
 12 HempsniUle, 
 
 13 Staunton, 
 
 14 Manchester, 
 
 15 Peitrshurg, 
 
 16 Wisdom, 
 
 17 Charlotte, 
 
 Blandford, near Pg. 
 
 Frederickfljiirg, 
 
 (Suspended) 
 
 City of Williamsb. 
 
 Glouceiler County, 
 
 (Susp.) 
 
 (Susp.) 
 
 City of Richmond, 
 
 Northampton Co. 
 
 Princcfs Anne Co. 
 
 AuguRa Co. 
 
 Cheller£eld Co. 
 
 Petersburg. 
 
 Pcrtfrnouth, 
 
 Charlotte Co. 
 
 (Sion of the Gkand 
 5801. 
 
 Time of Meeting. 
 iflThurfday. 
 
 3d Wednefday gen, 
 ill Friday. 
 
 3d Saturday. 
 
 2d Tuefday. 
 
 ill Friday. 
 Lall Thurfday. 
 3d Tuefday. 
 4th Thurfday. 
 ill Monday. 
 4th Friday. 
 
18 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 '^3 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 -7 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 31 
 3^ 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 3''> 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 
 4:7 
 48 
 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 5^ 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 
 FREE i^IASON^RY. 
 
 Simth/eldU.uon,me of Wight Co. 
 Ricbmondllciid. City of Richmond, 
 
 Scotsville, 
 Baltijr.ofc, 
 
 DiniAddie, 
 Pitts, Ivaiiia, 
 Lexington, 
 Washington, 
 
 (ExTiNc r ) 
 (S-jsi'.) 
 Alexaiidria, 
 Diiuviddie Co. 
 Pittrlylvania Co. 
 Kentucky, 
 „ , Eotetourt Co. 
 
 Rociin^bamUn. Rockinghani Co. 
 
 Cumbsrlmid, (Susp.) 
 
 Ill Tliurfdav. 
 lil Wednefday. 
 
 [^' on Jay. 
 Thurfday after 3d 
 
 2d Friday. 
 2d Monday. 
 
 3d Thurfday* 
 
 Solomon^ s 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Geojgif^ 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Benesiclcnt, 
 
 Paris, 
 
 St Jobn\ 
 
 Hicks' s Ford, 
 
 BucLingbam Un 
 
 Marshall, 
 
 Stephensburg, 
 
 Lebanon, 
 
 Bath Union, 
 
 Fairfax 
 
 Nanfemond Co. 
 
 Fluvanna Co. 
 
 Amherft Co. 
 
 Albemarle Co, 
 
 Southampton Co. 
 
 B ourbonC o . Kent ucky 
 
 City of Kichmoiid, 
 
 Greensville Co. 
 
 Buckingham Co. 
 
 Lynchburg Town, 
 
 Culpepper Co. 
 
 Goochland Co. 
 
 Bath Springs, 
 , „ Culpepper Co. 
 
 Boortop-ijtiie, Charlottesville, 
 Aberdeen. Campbell Co. 
 
 Scot Co. Kentucky, 
 
 Alexandria, 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 Broche, 
 
 Abingdon, 
 
 Greenbrier, 
 
 Dumji'ies', 
 
 Paines'ville 
 
 Bruns^'Xich, 
 
 Cbuckatiick, 
 
 yenisalem, 
 
 Fraternal, 
 
 Napbtali, 
 
 Greenbrier Co. 
 
 Pr. William Co. 
 
 Amelia Co. 
 
 Brunfwick Co. 
 
 Nanfemond Co. 
 
 City of Richmond, 
 
 M' vthe County, 
 
 Nrrfolk Town, 
 Frankfort Hiram ,Frankfort, Kentucky 
 Bay, Louifa Co. 
 
 Hiram, V* eftmoi-elartd Co. 
 
 Widov) Sons, Milton, Albem.Co. 
 Chester, FrontRoyal, Fred. Co. 
 
 2d Saturday. 
 4th Saturday. 
 rH Saturday. 
 3d Monday. 
 
 I ft Saturday. 
 
 Wed. before 4thTh; 
 
 Sat. before 2d Mon. 
 
 Wed. before iftTh. 
 
 3d Saturday. 
 
 2d Thurfday. 
 
 2d Thurfday. 
 
 I ft Friday. 
 
 Laft Saturday. 
 
 2d Monday. 
 
 Tuef. after 4thMon. 
 
 I ft Thurfday. 
 
 3d Tuefday. 
 
 ^ on . before Ift'.Tuell 
 
 Wed. after rft Mpb^ 
 
 2d Friday. 
 
 2d Friday. 
 
 2d Thurfday. 
 
 3d Tuefday. 
 
 2d Tuefday generally 
 
 ift Tuefday. 
 
 4th Monday. 
 2d Saturday. 
 2d Friday. 
 
 A perfon who is in the habit of taking notke of News- 
 paper accounts, fays, that in the laft fix raontht there havft 
 been 21 duels, in which fix have been killed, and eleveft 
 wouiided. 
 
NORFOLK. i«i 
 
 Corporatio:n o? Noi^fclC. 
 
 Seth F(;fior, EL'a. Wayor— Tho.Newtcm, R.ecoi-rltir— 8 Alder- 
 men— 16 Coniraon Councilmen — Wm. Shaip, Ckrk. 
 CusTOM-HcvSi:, Nor^roLK. 
 
 Vi'm.Davis, £fq. Cdle^lor— Phil. Gatev/ocd, Nav;il OEIccr— 
 Ccpe.Parker, Surveyor — Ldw. Archer, Weigher r.jtd Guag- 
 er — Bay. Hill, ^eariirer — 1 1 ill. Moiely, J.George, — Saun- 
 ders, J. r. Smith, C deKiauman, InfpeiTror.s — J.LeiCngv.eil, 
 Do. at Pcrtfniouth — ^J. Rogers, Do. at Gclporc. 
 
 Directors of the Branch Bank, Norfolk. 
 
 Rob. Taybr, Efq. Prefident ; ? ofes >:yers, Win, Pennock, 
 John Granbei'y, John Co\vi)er, LukeWheeler, \V. AHJey, 
 Conway Whittle, Alex. M'Cluve of Norfolk;, Kich.Elow of 
 Portfmouth ; James Young of Gofport; John Hopkins and 
 Rob.Pollard of Richmond, Direflors— Cha. Reafliav/, Ca- 
 fhier — Wm. Finnic, out-door Clerk. 
 
 Notaries PubHc, John Morrifon, Rob. B. Taylor, and Tho. 
 Newton, ju:i. 
 
 Norfolk, in the year 1790, contained orily 2959 inhabi- 
 tants; at prefent, tve are aiTured, its population is above 
 8000 ; a very rapid increafe indeed, but not more than might 
 be expedled from a ])ktce fo advantageoufly lituated for both 
 foreign and domeflic commerce. — On this occafion, we muft 
 refort to a late publication, the Duke de Liancourt's Travels 
 in America in the years 1705, 96, and 97, wherein his Grace 
 gives an account of the to\vn and trade of Norfolk. 
 
 The Duke gives the following partial ftatement of tie ex» 
 ports of Norfolk, which wc copy verbatim: — 
 
 QUANTITIES. 
 
 1791 I 1792 I 1703 I 1794 I 1795 
 
 Bals. Flour 35,071 | 45,909 |. 52,836 | 78,981 \ 66, ^2^ 
 
 BlG.In.Corn 341,9^4 2a6,334 |. 258,735 | 211,313 442,075 
 
 Cs.N.Stores 29,376 \ 4^,665 I 26,753 | 23,286 j 14,704 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 Flour, dols. 191,63') 
 IndianCorn 120,733 
 Naval Stores 52,333 
 
 24^=357 
 
 104.977 
 
 62,6 ',1: 
 
 296,415 1 43(5,352 \ 629,384 
 
 154,264 I 105,601 172,499^ 
 
 45,0141 45»504 I 33»iii 
 
 i-^rjS — ^Veflels from foreign Ports entei-'d at Norfolk * 262 
 
 j'j(^^ — Do. Do. Do. 326 
 
 i8oo — Do. Do. Do. 356 
 
 Coafters cleared out at Norfolk in iSoo — 738 
 
 CTie aitide marked tbit^ * iue recei'ved from a very oblighig 
 Correspondent, fro7n ivbom, on ajtother occasion, ive sbct^l i)c glad 
 'to receive a n'^uiar account of the trade of Norfolk Jrom the com- 
 mence nient of t.'jc Federal Government J ; 
 
i«i NORFOLK. 
 
 " Thus we fee (fays the Duke) that a bitrrel cf flour, 
 whofe medium v^lue in 1791 was 5 dollars 55 cents — ini7^3, 
 
 5 drs. 3 cts. — 1m 1793, 5 drs. 15 cts. — in 1794. 5 drs. 56 cts. 
 roi'e, in 1795, to 9 drs. 35 cts. — r.nd that Indian Corn, an 
 article but of fecondary deniaiid, v/as at 37 cents the-bvifliei 
 ]n 1791, at 54 in 1792, at 61 in 1793, at 51 in i7(,4, and at 
 
 06 in 1795. 
 
 *' The ^xportaticns from Norfolk amounted, in the year 
 1791, to 1,028,789 dollars — 101792, to 1,147,414 — in 1793, 
 to 1,045,525 — in 1794, to 1,687,104 — in 1795, to 1,934,827 
 — and already to i,o88-,i05 dcllurs for the firil quarter of 1796 
 When we ccnfider the increafe of the exports for feme 
 years back, ,we mull recoUeJl that the difference is much 
 more conliderable in the value than in the quantity. The 
 necelfitics of Europe have more thari doubled the price ; and 
 altho' it be certairJy a fact that the clearing cf new grounds 
 augments the quantity of produce, that augmentation bears 
 no prcporatiou to the difference of value piefented by the 
 tables for three years back fent in frcm the diSerent Cuilom- 
 houfes." 
 
 The Duke, after giving a curious account of his unplea- 
 fant voyage from Charleftcwn in a fniall, encumber'd veirtli, 
 proceeds to defcribe Norfolk, &,c. — 
 
 •' Norfolk is built on Elizabeth-River, at nine miles frcm 
 the fpot where it difcharges its waters into the bay. In the 
 i.itervcning fpace there are fewhoufes, and thcfe few aimolt 
 2.1] preient a wretched apjeararice. An aimolt ur.iiiterrupted 
 fucceiEcn cf pines are tlie only objeft Vv-hich meets the voy- 
 agers eye. Crar.ey Illand lies nearly in the middle of the 
 river at a (hort dlAance above its n;cuth. Two points of 
 land, which rpproach within a quarter oF a mile of each c- 
 ther in front tf !. 01 folk, are flrengtheiied wiih forts whicli. 
 tre capable of fiiccefsfuUy defending the entrance. That on 
 the Norfolk fide is in better condition than the ether, which, 
 hov/ever, might be fpeedily repaired, at no great expence. 
 
 "Portfmouth, a linall aflemblage cf houfes on the opDoCtie 
 f.de of the river, did not ihare in the conflagration cf Nor- 
 folk. From its fituation it feem.ed entitled to expe<S all the 
 commerce of Elizabeth-Kiver : at its quays the greateft 
 depth cf water is found: at the higheli tides, it is there 12 
 feet deep, whereas it is only 6 at Norfolk; the pump-wafer 
 at the former place is net brackilh, a» at the latter; the foil 
 on which the town is built is more dry, and the air more 
 falubrious. But, ac the conalufion of the peace, the inhab- 
 itants incenfcd againft the Englifh, refiifed to admit any 
 merchant of that nation, or any new-comei whole political 
 principles were liable to fufpicion. To this rancorous difpo- 
 lition was attributed a political motive of a leis generous 
 kind — an apprehtinhon on the part cf the American m.er- 
 
 chants 
 
NORFOLS:. .^183 
 
 ^hants who had remained at Fortfmoiith, left the new traders 
 who came to fettle among them, fhould, by the advantage of 
 bringing in greater cai)itals than they themfelves poiVeiied, 
 be enabled to outdo them in the line of commerce. 
 
 "; 'owever this m:\) be, th^ coniequences has been, that the 
 inhabitants have removed to the oppoiite fide ; that Norfolk 
 has been rebuilt, aad that its trade is twenty times more 
 confiderable than that of Portfmouth ; nay.the fev/ merchants 
 who ftill refide in the latter town, purchafe at Norfolk almolt 
 E.I1 the articles that conilitme their cargoes, and fonic of 
 them even have their compting-houfes there. 
 
 " At the clofe of the year 1783, there were not 12 houfes 
 rebuilt in Norfolk; at prefent (1796) there are between 7 and 
 800. It is one of the uglieft, moft irregular, and moft iilthy 
 towns that can auy where be found. The houfes are low 
 and unfighdy, almofl all conflrafled of wood, and ereiTted 
 without any attention to regularity ; not ao «>f them arc built 
 with brick. The llreets ar« unpaved ; the town h furroun- 
 ded by fvvamps ; the naitinefs and ftencii which prevail are 
 exceluvc, and add to the natural infalubrity of tiic fiuiation, 
 and of the climate, which is extremely hot. 
 
 " Frpm thefe concurrent fources of unheahhinefs, it re- 
 falts, that difeaies are liabitual at Norfolk in f.mimer and 
 autumn, and tliat malignant ej)idemics are frequent. Laft 
 year the Yellov/ Fever is faid to have carried oiT 500 perfons 
 from a popula;iou of 4000; 300 died at the time liie dif- 
 tcmpcr prevailed, the others fell victims to its coniejiience.s, 
 — The inhabitants of Xorf/lk, even thofc among them who 
 arc the moft opulent, fancy that the ufe of wine and ftront- 
 liquors furnifnes theci with a prefervative a?ainft the infa- 
 lubrity of the climate, and they make a li'jeral ufe of the 
 remedy. — Previous to the war, Norfolk is faid to have con- 
 tained 8&C0 inhabitants. 
 
 " Norfolk carries on a confiderable trade with Europ'-, 
 the Anrilles, and the northern States. Her exports are rtour] 
 Avheat, Indian corn, timber of every kind, particularly 
 planks, ftaves, and fningles, fait meat and tifh, iron, lead, 
 tlax-feed, tobacco, tar, turpentine, and hemp. AW thefe ar- 
 ticles are the produce of Virginia, or of North Carolina, 
 which latter State, having no fea-ports, or none that are 
 good, makes her exportatioas chiefly thro' thofe of Virginia. 
 
 " Norfolk is the only port for the foutliern part of this 
 extenfive State ; for, as no vefiels above 120 tons can go up 
 to Peterft>urg or Richmond*, the produce of the back conntrs', 
 which is brought to thofe places by land, is for the moft part 
 
 fent 
 
 * Here the noble Duke has been miftnformcd — Any vef- 
 ftil drawing lef; than 17 feet water may come up JamesRiver 
 to City Point, the delivering-place for Petersburg; and theri 
 is 12 feet water at Rockets, the Undiag-place for Richmoiid. 
 
i84 NOtlFOLK. 
 
 fent clo\V-!i in lighters to Norfolk, from whence it is ex- 
 ported. Tlius, this port alraoil fmgly carries on all the 
 commence ci that part of Virginia v/hich lies fouth of the 
 Rappahannock, and of North Carolina far beyond the 
 Roanoke. 
 
 " Ten years ago, Norfolk cov-ld not reckon ten large vef- 
 fels of her own ; whereas at prefent (lie pofic^lfes fifty of that 
 defcription, exclufive of fifty others of fmaller fize employ- 
 ed in the Weft India trade. Under the name Norfolk, are 
 to be underilood Norfolk and Fcrtfraouth, as they conftitute 
 hue one jjort of entry, and are both fubjecfl to the fame 
 Cuftom-houfe. — The prefent tonnage of Norfolk is 15,567 
 tons, exclulive of the vef^els employed in the coafling trade. 
 
 *' The exportation of Tobacco from Norfolk has, by the 
 diminwtion of the culture of that article in Virginia, been 
 rtKluced above one third within the lail five years. In 1793, 
 it amounted to 15,000 hhds. — in 1794, to 11,054 — and, in 
 ^795> *^° 9>9^^ hhds. I have net been able to procure an 
 accurate f^atement of the quantities in 1791 and 92." 
 
 (At prefent we m.ufl conclude our extracts from this work. 
 It is not written in tliat lively, vivacious flyle which gene- 
 rally diftinguifh French, authors, but this may be ov/ing to 
 the Tranflator ; and, as may expeded, the Duke fometimes 
 writes with the partiality of a Frenchman, particularly when • 
 he fi:)eaks of England or Englife men. — Upon the whole, 
 how^ever, we recommend this Book to the perufal of all 
 Americans, and among them the good people of Virginia ; 
 it contains many articles worthy of their moll ferious atten- 
 tion. — Do Vv'C willi to hiow onrsehes, will we con iult only 
 thofe who are partial to us ? — If we defire to have a right 
 knowledge of our own characlers, and to know what really 
 are our faults and imperfedions, let us confult llrangers and. 
 tiiofe vrho are not partial to us — it is fometimes even necef- 
 fary to liRen to the remarks of our enemies. — We do not 
 mean to intimate, that the Due de I..iancourt is an enemy to 
 America; on the contrary, he fpeaks with eileem and grati- 
 tude yf the hofpitable reception which he received in almoil 
 every part of the Union.) 
 
 The Perpetual Motion. 
 In the gaol of Gofhen, in N. York, two men are confined 
 on fufpicion of counterfeiting hard dollars. During their 
 imprifonment.withoat any ether inilrument thaii a pen-knife, 
 they have fabricated a machine of cedar wood which difco- 
 vers the Perpetual Motion. The machine confifts of about 36 
 cog and fpur v,heels, cf various dimenlions, and is let in 
 motion by weights. It can be adapted to a clock, faw-mill, 
 jrrifl-min, or any other piece cf machinery that moves by 
 Vv'cights, water, cr windj and Avill continue them in motion 
 fo long as the machinery will lail. 
 
KORTH CAROLINA. 185 
 
 State of North Carolina^ 
 Governor, his Excellency Benjamin Williams; 
 Secretary of State, Wm. White ; 
 Private Secretary to the Governor, J.W.Grifon; 
 
 Trealurer, J.ohn i-'aywoodj ompcroller, johr. Crave.i. 
 
 Councilors to the Governor, John i-iinton, Br) an V/hitKeld, 
 
 Reu. Wood, jas. Giilelpie, Law. Smith, Jofeph J. Aillon, 
 
 Rob. Burton. 
 Judges of the Superior Courts, John L. Taylor, Spr. Macay, 
 
 Sam. Johmlon, John Hall. 
 Attorney General BlakeBa-ker — Solicitor Gcr\. Ed.Jones, 
 Oiiictrs of the United States for North Carolina. 
 John Sitgreaves, judge — Benj. V/ocds, Attorwey — J.S.Wcfi-, 
 
 Iviarfhal— Wm.Polk, Surveyor of the Revenue — Sherwood 
 
 haywood, Commiffioner of Loans. 
 
 Officers for the Colle<ftion of the iutern&l Revenue. 
 V/m.Polk, Supervifar — Tho. Averton, Infpe<ftor of Survey, 
 
 No. T. — Hardy Murfree, do. No. 2. — Wni. Polk, No. 3. — 
 
 JohnWhitaker, N0.4 — Dan.M'Kinack, No. 5. 
 
 Oir.cers for the Cwliedion of the exterral Revenue. 
 Oris. JohvirvI'Ree, ColieiW of the Dlilrid of "Vvihning^on — 
 
 Fra. Hawkes, do. Newbern— ^Vni. K.eas, do. V. afhington 
 
 — Sam.Tredvveil, do. Edenton — En. Sawyer, do. Cajr.din. 
 
 iV EMBERS of Co;.GaE.EE. 
 
 Senators, JefTe Franklin, David Sloiie. 
 
 Keprefentaiives, Arch.Henuerfon, Wm.B. Grove, N.Macon, 
 
 Rob. Williams, Wn*.K.:-.iLl, John vV. Stanley, atan- 
 
 foid, Willis Ahlon, janiis iic'Uaud, David Scone — (elet^ed 
 
 Senator, no elec\ion ftnce.) 
 Major Generals o£ A jiitia, The Bracon, Wm. Lenoir, Rob. 
 
 S.-nith, Stephen W. Caj-ney, Reading Blount. 
 Brigadiers, James « ilier, Rcb Irwin, joret)h v 'Bowel, John 
 
 *;amiiton, Benj. Smith,. John Willis, ba.n. Benton, jofeph 
 
 Keddick, V/m.V*'iIliams. 
 
 A Court of Conference is held at the city ef Raleigh by 
 tlie judges cf the Superior Courts, in order to fettle queilions 
 of Law or Equity wl « h have occurred in the Circuit, on 
 the loth 01 Jansary ana ioih cf June in every year. — Dun. 
 Cameron, lidlfborcugh, Clerk. 
 
 Tiiere tv/o new Counties erefted in Noilh Carolina, viz. 
 Afhe and VVaiiiington. 
 
 ( For jurthtr p.irtt'.itiars relcttke to the State of Noitb Ccn-olina, 
 set pa^e zy of the Almanack. J 
 
 The Legifiature of the territory North-Weft of the Ohio, 
 convened at Ghillicothc, and on the 6th chofe two Delegates 
 to reprcfen'; the Territory in the U. States, viz. W.M'Miilon 
 in the room of W. H. rjarrifon, to ferve till 4th of .varch; 
 and Paul Fearin to leiTe for two years from that day. 
 

 NORTH CAROLINA. 18S 
 
 ST of the Cfficeks of the 
 
 Grand Lotge of Nortjt 
 
 
 Carcli 
 
 ZnA. 
 
 wan 
 
 ajji Po/i, Grand 
 
 r^- ailer ; 
 
 ychn 
 
 Z^u/c? Taylor, Deputy 
 
 Grand IVTafter ; 
 
 Jfoni 
 
 y^;? Stokes, Grand Senior Warden ; 
 
 'robn 
 
 Wiiislcrcj, Grand 
 
 junior Warden; 
 
 W::t. 
 
 Duffy, Grand i 
 
 ^ cnior Deacon ; 
 
 Carg, 
 
 ill Miu-senturgy Grand 
 
 junior Deacon ; 
 
 Stephen jr.Canisj' Gvaiid Marfl^.all ; 
 
 ^/'iirl 
 
 '. Alsxaiida-, Grand 
 
 Pui-ruivant ; 
 
 Fetcr 
 
 CiW6, Grand 
 
 Steward ; 
 
 Tio. Fcu:ia, Giand 
 
 Tyler. 
 
 ST of Lodges under the Jurifdiaion of the GrandLod|^ 
 
 
 of Ncnh C 
 
 arolina. 
 
 I 
 
 St. yohn. 
 
 Wilmington. 
 
 2 
 
 JRo,.:l White Hart, 
 
 Halifax. 
 
 3 
 
 St. John, 
 
 Newbern. 
 
 4 
 
 St, John, 
 
 Kinglton, 
 
 ti 
 
 Boy ill EJ-win, 
 
 Windfcr. . 
 
 6 
 
 (L*IjSOLV£I>) 
 
 
 7 
 
 (1:0.) 
 
 
 u 
 
 Fbce:Ax, 
 
 Favettevilfe. 
 
 9 
 
 Old Core, 
 
 Salifbury. 
 
 lO 
 
 yobv.iion Casmell, 
 
 Warrentcn. 
 
 II 
 
 (Dis.) 
 
 
 12 
 
 (Do.) 
 
 
 13 
 
 St. y^bn. 
 
 Dupiin County. 
 
 14 
 
 (Dis.) 
 
 
 *3 
 
 tVas.'jir.^tan, 
 
 Beaufort Co. 
 
 i6 
 
 St. Tiitniny, 
 
 T> artin Co. 
 
 17 
 
 AivCfiCun George^ 
 
 IMurfreefbcrough. 
 
 i8 
 
 Ki i» Sclo7non, 
 
 Jones Co. 
 
 ip 
 
 (Li..) 
 
 
 20 
 
 (:c-c.) 
 
 
 21 
 
 (Do.) 
 
 
 22. 
 
 (Dei 
 
 
 23 
 
 (.00.) 
 
 
 =4. 
 
 Jxiram, 
 
 Williamfljur^.- 
 
 *j 
 
 j/zr.jcrjyia, 
 
 Mocre Co. 
 
 20 
 
 D i'iic Gics-^cm}, 
 
 Green Co. 
 
 27 
 
 Jlsicr.t I-Zcria, 
 
 Iredell Co. 
 
 23 
 
 Cohimiiav, 
 
 Wayne Co. 
 
 29 
 
 Harmony, 
 
 Naftiyille, Teneree. 
 
 2'3 
 
 St. Tivniry, 
 
 Wilmington. 
 
 31 
 
 FLalaKX," 
 
 Charlotte. 
 
 3i 
 
 Stokes, 
 
 Cabarras Co. 
 
 33 
 
 Ftse-laitd, 
 
 Kov/an Co. 
 
 34- 
 
 Unanimity, 
 
 Rctkferd. 
 

 NORTH 
 
 CAROLINA. 
 
 35 
 
 Jerusalem, 
 
 Carteret Co. 
 
 3^ 
 
 Friends/jifi, 
 
 Fort Barnwell. 
 
 37 
 
 Wm. R. Daxhy 
 
 Lexington. 
 
 33 
 
 Rising Sia:, 
 
 Moyanton. 
 
 39 
 
 Davie, 
 
 Bertie Co. 
 
 4o 
 
 Hiram, 
 
 Raleigh. 
 
 41 
 
 Te.tessce, 
 
 Kiioxville. 
 
 42 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Lmcolnton^ 
 
 187 
 
 MEDICAL fcOCIETY. 
 
 Rai.eigh, Dec. 9, i8co. The Medical Society of Nortli- 
 Carolina met in this city on Monda}' iaft, aiid clofed their 
 fleeting on Wednefday. 
 
 Docftors Ofljorn, Mitchel, Sibley, ArmfLead n.nd FreKch^ 
 ■were admitted members, j^n Eflay on the caufes, fymptoms 
 and treatment of Gout and Rheumatifm, was jnefenied bj 
 Dodor J. Webb, of Hirii'borv'^iigh, wliich merited the- wanrrJ'i 
 commendation of the Society. — Do(?^or Webb aU'o appeared 
 as a writer on the dyfentery (the Ivbiecl given at ihe lafl 
 annual meeting for competition) with conlpicuou.s merit. 
 The thanks of the Society were av;arded him for the zeal 
 and talents di^p]a^ cd iu his exertion for the advancement of 
 the objecls of the inrtiiution. 
 
 Mr. Charles Smith preicnted himAlf as a candidate for 
 admifiion, was examined by the CerJors in the prefence of 
 the Society, and admitted a member. 
 
 It was refclved, that the ^•edicai Geri'lercen of each dif- 
 tri8t within this State, be invited to form themfelvcs into 
 AiTociations, tn meet at fuch time and place in their rcfpec- 
 tive diflric^s, as they may think proper, to confer on tiie 
 mean:, of promoting the cbjccls of tins Jrociety. 
 
 'i'he fuliov/irg premiums are ottered for the culture of the 
 following !v edicinal Articles in this State: For the largeft 
 tpaan'.ity not lefs than ten pounds, of Foxglove, tcu dollars ; 
 fijr the largeft quantity, not lefs th^.a hve pouacis, of Opium, 
 tweuty-Hve dollars (to be e>.hii«iied at the next meeting of 
 the Scciery) for the Inrgtll quantity, not leis than ten pounds., 
 of Rhubuvb, exhibiiea to the Society in four years, thirty 
 dollars; for the largeii qiir.nti^y of Caftor Oil, not lefs than 
 five g.i.llo.13, to be obtained v.-i;hout l^eat, ten dcliaisj and 
 for the larfj-eit qumtiry, not iels than fifty pounds, of Senna, 
 ten doilarr,. Each of v;hich is to be of as good quality as 
 thcfc articles ufually are v.-hen imported, and they mult tje 
 exhibited to the Society accompar.ied v/ith certiiicates on 
 cath, that it is the prouifi: of this State, and except Rhu- 
 barb, the ])rodu£L of one year, and cultivated by one perlon. 
 Tiie premium v/ill be paid in money, and the aiticles will be 
 pnrchafed at twelve and a half per centum advance of the 
 uiual f^ilin^; prices in N^w-York -ciidi Piiilcciclrihia, 
 
 Tho 
 
itt l^ORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The Society propofe the Cholera Infantum as a fubjeft for 
 competition in tiie enfuing year, and hivire Medical Gentle- 
 men to a communication of remarks on that difeafe, at their 
 meeting' on the Hril day of L'ecemljer next. The difTertation 
 may be conveyed to the Correfponding Secretary, at any jjeri- 
 od previous to the meeting of the Society, accompanied by a 
 fealed letter, containing the nam.e and place of refidence of 
 the author, infcribed with a motto, which fliall be the fame 
 with that periixed to the eCay. The letter of the fucccl'sful 
 candidate will be opened in the prefence of the Society, and 
 tliofe of the unl'uccefsful ones deilroyed. 
 
 Doners: Palleur, Wheaton, Loomis, and I^'and, were ap- 
 pointed to deliver Eilays on fome medical iubjeifl at the next 
 anr.iial meeting of iVxc tociety. 
 
 The following Gentlemen' v/ere eleded Ofncers for the en- 
 fuing year: 
 
 John C. Cfoorn, Prefident ; 
 
 Thomas Mitchell and Richard Fenner, Vice-Prefidents^ ■ 
 
 James Webb and John i ibiey, Cenfors ; 
 
 Sterlins- ^Vheaton, 3^ec. Secretary ; 
 
 Calvin Jones, Correfponding £ec;, 
 
 C Maiknburg, Treaiuier. 
 
 FREv:lUMS. 
 
 To induce the culture of Medicinal 'Articles in this Statr,. 
 the T-'edical Society clTer the loilcvv-ing Premiums : 
 lor the largCit Qt'.amity, not lefs than five pounds of 
 
 Gpium, — — 25 
 
 Fertile ia-rrgft Calamity, not lefs than ten pemids, of 
 
 Fox-glove, 1 o 
 
 For the larger!: Qiiantity, net lefs than fve Gallons (to 
 
 be prepared v/ithout Hetir) of Cai^jor Oil, i© 
 
 For the targtit Qr.antity, not lefs than £fty pounds, of 
 
 henna, — — lo 
 
 To be exhibited at the next annual meeting of the Socie- 
 ty, v.'hich wiU be on the firft Monday in- December next. 
 Fcr the largeft Qimmity of Rhubarb, not lefs thaa 
 
 ten pounds, — — 30 
 
 To be exhibited to the Society in four years. 
 
 The Articles are to be of as good: (juality as thcfe ufually 
 are when imported, and to be accompanied wirh fufScient 
 proof that they are the j)rodudr of this State, and cultivated 
 by one perfon, and (except the Rhubarb) arc the product of 
 one year. 
 
 The Premiums will be paid in cafti, and the articles pur- 
 chafed at twelve and a half per cent, advr.nce on the ufual 
 felling prices in Philadelphia and New York. 
 
 C. Massekburg, Treaf. 
 . Raleigh, Tec. 13, 1800. 
 
>T(>IITH CAROLINA. i?^ 
 
 X^ y: noirespondr.it takes this ofrportinity of expressing his 
 ■hearty cppyobation rf the foregoing lustitution ; it reflects credit 
 on the GentLCwen 'taho have set it on foot, and he has no doubt it 
 myill be productive of aahitary advantages — At the same time, he 
 cannot help expressing his surprize and regret, that no siniilar 
 insr htttion exists in Viirlnia — Are cvr Profe,^sors <f Medicir.c so 
 'oery slUfi.l, that they reqriire no further himvledge, cr are tb 
 Hies of the Citizens cf this State less valuable than those of N^. 
 Carolina? — As it has long been tegretted, that there is no regxdar 
 School of 3fedicive established on the Continent, even the sem- 
 blance of such institutions xoould shexo, that oxtr Doctors were ivu'l- 
 ir.g to ai'ginent their knovjleJgc; and, by frequent associaticnis cf 
 the kind, c School might at length be formed, conducive, as in other 
 ■countries, to the dignity of the Fr^^cssors, arul the health cf the 
 ^Feople.] * 
 
 . R.ALE1GH, Nov. i3. Ye^lerday the General AiTembly of 
 th\P State commenced its leflicn. 
 
 In the Sesiate, there were tv/o candidates for the chair, 
 vi:^. Mr. Reddick and Mr. Carney. On a ballot, thei-e ap- 
 peared for the firil gentleman 32, for the fecund 17. — Meif. 
 Stokes and Williams were elected Clerks, and N. Murphy 
 and John Wifon, door-keepers. 
 
 In the Houfe of Commons there wpre three candidates 
 for the chair, viz. ^•e^'. Cabarras, Moore, and Benton. On 
 the fecond ballot the votes ilocd thus : For jMr. Cabarras 64, 
 for kr.Moore 3a, for Mr. Benton 13. — Mefl'. Jolm Bunt and 
 P. rcnderfou were chofen Clerks, and I'ho. Pound and John 
 Lumfden door-keepers. 
 
 Dec. 23. — On Saturday evering, the General AiTembly 
 clofed their felF.on, during- v/hlch they paGed 98 Bills. 
 . Agreeably to the vote 01 the Senate, Dnncan M'Farland, 
 the mejT.ber from Richmond county, whofe ieat had been 
 contefled (on a enlarge <>f having fuled with the enemies 01 
 the Revolution) api)eared with his w itnefies ; but the fef^ion 
 being fo near a clote, a motion was made by Mr.Caller, that 
 the report of the Cornmittee on the memcrial rf llcb. Webb 
 4>e laid over till next Aiiembly, which was carried. 
 
 SICILY WHEAT. 
 Two barrels of SicUy Wlieat have lately been imported 
 by .f^ eilr*. Ilofier and llowlet, and by tl-.cm piefen^ed to the 
 Alban}- Society of AgriiHiiinrc, fee. felicia'ing thersfelvcs 
 that it may one day be ])rodu6ivc of adv?.n'ar;es to the Uni- 
 ted State;-.. One of tne fjKjciesis very har.l, tranfpar.;nt, 
 ar.d large; iL i;s called i>i that country, Graiiti dir di I'cnnhv,' 
 Termini is the name of the town near which it grows in a- 
 bundance; — the other is called Ricellidi Tctmini, which is a 
 fofier grain. 
 
 * ice Liancourt's Travels, vol. 7, pc'gc 42;. 
 
tpD 
 
 N. CAROLINA PETERSBURG. 
 
 The fellow ing Gentlemen were chofen Electors for North 
 Carolina for Frefident and Vice-Prefident of tlie U. States : 
 
 For Edenton Diftria, 
 Newbern, 
 
 Northampton, - 
 Halifax, 
 
 Raleigh, - 
 
 flillflDorouFh, - 
 
 Jlcckingham, — 
 
 Morgan, - 
 
 Kdgecumbe, - 
 
 V/iimnigton, - 
 
 Fayetteville, - 
 ScJiihuvv, 
 
 John Hamilton ; 
 Evv-an WhJtf.dd ; 
 Thomas V/ynnc ; 
 Gideon y^lilcn; 
 Jofeph Taylor; 
 Abfalom Tatem ; 
 Joleph Winilon ; 
 V/iliiam Tate ; 
 Nathan A aro ; 
 Thomas Brown ; 
 V/illiam TV artin ; 
 Spruce ?.'acay. 
 
 N B. Tile fivft-named eight voted for Mr. Jenerfon — tlie 
 a'A four icr Mr. Adams. — See page io8. . 
 
 PETEkSEUllG. 
 Sept. I, 1800. — This dny the annual eleaion fcr this Cor- 
 >ration took place at the Cf^nrt-houfe. Upon the clcfe cf 
 
 had the greateft ruiniber 
 
 \\\e poll, the fclloNving Gentlemen 
 of votes, viz. 
 
 John WiMer, 
 
 I)?.vid Maitland 
 
 Wm. Prentis, 
 
 Jofeph Harding:, 
 
 Geo Pegram, 
 Wm. Durell, 
 Dan. Dodfon, 
 V/m. Coriing, 
 
 Robert Mocre, 
 Eben Stott, 
 Dan. Mackinzie, 
 Alex. Brown, 
 Edw. JeiTcrs, 
 John r»'orriibn, 
 jam^es Knox, 
 Greg. Johnibu. 
 
 From them the following OiTicers v.'ere cnolen : — 
 EavJd Maitland, Eiq, I^ ayor — Wm.. Prentis, Recorder — 
 
 Rob. Moore, D.^ ackjnzie, Dan Dodlon, Wm. Durell, John 
 
 Morrifon, and Geo. Pegram, Aldermen — Edward JefFers, 
 
 Chamberlain— Rob. Lanier, Serjeant. 
 
 APPOMATTOX CANAL. 
 Truftees. Jofeph Eggleitcn, Edm.. Harrifon, Edw. >^umford. 
 
 Rich. W. Venable, jot^n Epperfcn, Ncl. Patterfon, John 
 
 '^Viley, John Royal, Peter ?. Archer, John Arclier, Vt m. 
 
 ]V. urr'ay, Fra.Eppes, and Rob. Belling — Enginetr, V, m. 
 
 Booker; Then um.ford, Clerk and Treafnrer. 
 
 THe five Gentlemen firil named are Maiagers chofen 
 
 to 
 fuperinterct the wcr!;?. 
 
 Since the navigation was rj)ened, about a year fince, the 
 following quami'ies of produce have been brcught down the 
 rlvcv: — ' Tobacco, — 500 hds. 
 
 Flcnr — 1,500 bis. 
 
 Wheat — 4,cro bufh?. 
 
 It is expeded that the Canai vriil be £nii1;ed i:i four years 
 — lialf toll ccmmencedthe lA of Ofiober lui^. 
 
PETERSBURG. 15^1 
 
 Aggregate Statement of the Corporation Accounts as they 
 
 ftood on the T4th of July 1800, when Mr, C. Stimpfcn re- 
 
 •iigned the Chamberlainliiip to Mr. Edw. JeSers. 
 
 Corporation Fund — 6-T li 8 
 
 Court Do. — 3^55 
 
 Watch Do. — 3T1 19 9 
 
 97 3 17 10 
 CaHi — — 171 15 6 — ii*J5 13 4 
 
 Advances of Cafn to Watch and Ct^Fuads n,8 iz o 
 
 1:184 5 4 
 Due from the Town — j 21 11 8 
 
 BalaiiCi- — Z. 1161 13 8 
 
 Me{^vs.'^Toorc and Maltlnnd examined thc.'e Account.*?, and 
 reported, " tliat they found the fame ]?erfe£llyccrre<^t, leavip;'^ 
 a balance to lie transferred to the new Ciiamherlam of 171I, 
 15s. 6d." which was h&nd3d over to Mr.jeilers accordingly. 
 
 CENSUS of the Towx of PETERSBURG. 
 Cenfus of 'be Year T790, — — 2,734 
 
 ji»oo— White ^'^^ale? under 10 years — 180 
 
 — — of 10 and under 16 —-83 
 
 of 16 and under 26 — 286 
 
 • of 26 and under 45 — 304 -j 
 
 — — cf 45 and upwards — 71 
 
 AVhite Ferp-ale? under 10 years — ibH 
 
 of 10 and under 16 — C6 
 
 of i*^ and under .26 — 173 
 
 of J.6 and under 45 — 184 
 
 — ~ of 45 and upwards — 66 
 
 Total White People of both Sexes 150T 
 
 Free Perfons of Colour — 428 
 
 -Slaves — — — 1 49 1 
 
 Total Inhabitants — . -3,520 
 
 COURTS. 
 
 A Diraict Cou:t is held in Petersburg- for the Counties of 
 Dinwiddie, Amelia, Nwov.ay, Prince George, and Suilex ; 
 it fur. twice a year, the i^xh April and 15th .Sept. and jna/- 
 •co-!rinue 12 or 14 days. The Court is comjjofed o? tv.- > 
 Jnd-^fcs from the General .Court, who take their tcur of dut/ 
 by lot. iralker Cmtcbfield, Clerk. 
 
 A ultiug's Court for the Town is lield monthly, and by 
 quar*:eriy Seilions ; fame jiiriidiflion as ilie count} Courts be- 
 tween residents of -lie tow.i. Tne Court compoled of the 
 r ayor. Recorder, and lix Alderm-n, or any four oi them. — 
 yjjH Gramriup , Clerk. 
 
,6a PETERSBimO. 
 
 TOBACC3 infpefted at the Petersburg Warehoufes m the 
 two laft Years ending Sept. 1800 
 
 Boyd's Warehoufe, in 17-99, 
 
 , 2309 
 
 in i8co, 1414 bMs. 
 
 Davis's 
 
 — 
 
 2363 
 
 159^ 
 
 Blandfcrd 
 
 .» 
 
 2130 
 
 1798 
 
 BoUingbrook 
 
 •~ 
 
 1979 
 
 1408 
 
 Welibrook 
 
 1^ 
 
 2126 
 
 1478 
 
 Wcilhill 
 
 — 
 
 2599 
 
 25C0 
 
 Cedar Point 
 
 .~ 
 
 1779 
 
 1526 
 
 Earksdale 
 
 — 
 
 2601 
 
 1478 
 
 High-ftreet 
 
 — 
 
 2415 
 
 1803 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 — 
 
 2152 
 
 2146 
 
 J. Bollir.g"s 
 
 — 
 
 1507 
 
 IC65 
 
 R. Boiling's 
 
 — 
 
 1920 
 
 BlOKt 
 
 Total — 25,880 18,207 
 
 FLOUR infpecVed by D, Moore from 
 
 Sept. 179910 Sept. i8oo, — Els. 35,102 
 Difi'erent other Infpeftions, about 10,000 — 45,102 
 
 Inipeded the preceding Year — 4'^, 6^-^ 
 
 Cufcom-houfe — Wm. Keath, Efq. Colle(flor ; 
 
 And, Torbcrn, Surveyor City Point. 
 
 E. B. Holloway, Edwin Fcrt, and Rob.Hincs, Commiffioners 
 of Bankrupt inrbe djftrid included between James River 
 and the North Carclina boundary, except Koii'olk, Ports- 
 mouth, and their adjacent counties. 
 Conrad Webb, Attorney at I-..a\^', Solicitor to faid Commif- 
 
 ficnerc. Sam, Davies, Notary Public. 
 
 033EnvATio:>-5. Oiir cbfervatlons cannot differ m-uch 
 
 fr'^m thofe v.'e liad occafion to make lail year. We then faid 
 " that the town of Petersburg Hood in need of many in- 
 l-roxhneMs''' — it now Hands in nearly the fame condicion ; a 
 laud'able exertifin was indeed made laitfummer towards mend- 
 ing the main ftreet ; it cert2,inly is the better of it. and the 
 f'de-path", bele and thex-e, are ra her more palVable. '^Ve 
 then adivifed, and do again adviib, that the fide paths be 
 cowple'.ed, botli for the convenience pf ioclal interccurfear.d 
 the benefit of trade ; and let th-^re be, on both fides cf the 
 i:.ree':, a row of Poplars, not only to cover houfes not very 
 handfcme, but for the fake of flmde and of he..lth, as tlie 
 trees v/ould aft as powerful condudtcrs to ccrry off difagree- 
 able vapours and impure air : The inhabr-ants wcnid do vrcll 
 to attend to this circirm (lance, of having more trees about 
 their dvellings. — An Aft cf Afl'erably was obtained to brin<; 
 v,'ater-jnto the ilreets and hrufes, th.ar mofl necefiary of all 
 elcment-s, particularly in a vvarm clin.i^.e, and in a wooden 
 town ; but no flei>s have yet been taken to cany this iaiutarjr 
 lavi? into effefl. 
 
PETERSBURG. 793 
 
 On the fubje;5l cif improvements, wc have only to add, that 
 •ther; is nothing ab nit the town of Peterfturg that fo much 
 xequir'es to be improved, i.e. new built, as Pocohunta bridge. 
 — or all the bad bridges in the coiuitry, this fcems to be the 
 worll. — Leading into a place of confiderable commercial con- 
 fequence, and placed en the great fourhern road, its prefent 
 condition is both Icandalous and dangerous. — If the Princefs 
 could raifeher head, her Highnefs would be afharaed of the 
 prefent iiofTeiTors of her property, for the very little refpeft 
 paid to her memory, and the very little regard held for the 
 public convenience and proiperity. 
 
 It is faid, we do not know upon what gi-ounds, that the 
 owners of property in and about Feterlburg, by a churlilli, 
 rmpolitic difpofition, are very far from being cncouragers 
 
 of improvement We can fcarcely believe this report — Be- 
 
 fides the wifli of feeing a refpec^able and flourifhing com- 
 mwnity rifnig around the;n, the idea cf being confidered tbe 
 promoters of public profperity and happineCs, and the fu- 
 preme pleafurc of being cJteemed and beloved by all their fel- 
 low citizens — they mult know, tha' every improvement made 
 by others, augments the value of f^t'/r property, and that 
 they themfelves, ulrimately, will be the greatell gainers. 
 
 There is ore other obfervatlon which we think it not un- 
 fit to make Akho' the inhabitants of Peterfourg are made 
 
 up from various nations, American.-:, Engliili, ^J^cotch, Irifli, 
 French, &c. and entertain very ditTerent opinions, yet there 
 Is lefs pt lis icul afpericy difplayed among ihvm, tlsan perhaps 
 in any town on the continent ; "peace and good neighbour- 
 hccd" feems to be their favourite maxim. W ithoni; attempt- 
 ing to fcarch for the caufc5 of this pleafnig efTecl, we, at 
 once, afcribe it to the good fenfe of this people. ~Long may 
 tai 3 amiable fuavity continue to be the diUmguiilnng cba- 
 ra.^-eriitic of the town of Pete-tljurg — God knows %ve have 
 enough of the real troubles of life, without creating artificial 
 cties — let us ncrt embitter the bieiTnigs we enjoy, by unnecef- 
 fary difculTions, nor difturb the public harmony with foolifh 
 <|.»arrels aUuut " the colour cf beards, or the length of nofca." 
 
 THREK irJNS. 
 On the 1 2th of January laft, about 8 in the riorring, feve- 
 ral pevfons in Soutliern Prufna law three Suns appear on n. 
 Jadien. They rofe majeftically from the horizon. ''Ax. feven 
 o'clock the ficy was clear and ferene; a few minut^es after it 
 was covered with clouds; and at iialf pail eight, there were 
 leen in the E ift three columns of firer tlie ;nid'^''le one of 
 which rofe to the height of 45 degrees. The two others, 
 formed by the other two funs, were only a third as big as 
 the middle o le ; they feejned to burn like a blazing Hre, and 
 as they loie produced a very majeHic and awful efi'ed. 
 K 
 
".r lo\oest. 
 
 I'ker. 
 
 highest 
 
 
 Af- 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Mo 
 
 '. V: 
 
 Wb:d. 
 
 3^ 
 
 N.Eafterly 
 
 14—50 
 
 65 
 
 Sou till. 
 
 40 
 
 Eafterly 
 
 24—55 
 
 67 
 
 S.W. 
 
 33 
 
 E. 
 
 17-62 
 
 80 
 
 s. 
 
 63 
 
 E. 
 
 
 75 
 
 S.W. * 
 
 55 
 
 E. 
 
 15—72 
 
 87 
 
 s. 
 
 77 
 
 Wefterly 
 
 15—80 
 
 89 
 
 s'. 
 
 77 
 
 Noitherly 
 
 i6— 82 
 
 9^ 
 
 S.W, 
 
 80 
 
 N. 
 
 ^2« — 78 
 
 88 
 
 s. 
 
 77 
 
 N.^.r. 
 
 — 14—75 
 
 80 
 
 S.W. 
 
 63 
 
 w. 
 
 
 83 
 
 s. 
 
 3>> 
 
 w. 
 
 i— 60 
 
 66 
 
 S.W. 
 
 44 
 
 N.W. 
 
 — 27-65 
 
 67 
 
 s. 
 
 J 54 PETERSBURG. 
 
 ABSTRACT of the Deghees of the TiiERivroireTER 
 for the Year 1800. 
 Not having room for the Monthly Tables at Icr.gth, we are 
 under the neceffiiy of only giving the follov.inj Abflra«ft cf 
 
 the Year's Obfervations as tai.en at Blandfoicir The firH 
 
 part contains the days of each month M-l.en the IVJercur/ 
 was at the ianest ; the fecond, when it was the highest. 
 
 Therriioiiw. 
 Month. M-O. 
 Jan. 29 — 22 
 f'eb. 1—33 
 >?ar, 7—28 
 April 22 — ^45 
 May 10 — 52 
 June 20 — 62 
 July 2—68 
 nx\g. 7 — 68 
 Sept. 12 — 62 
 
 oL 25-45 
 
 Nov. 24—30 
 Dec. 2—28 
 
 It need fcarcely be mentioned, that there v/as much more 
 rain th.is yerr than ufual^ that it injured the wheat crop, and 
 that the fall fcaibn was very unhealtliy. 
 
 [If th - - - 
 
 fiirniflied with the proper inftruments, who keeps a regular 
 account of the weather, &.c. we fliall be glad to profit by his 
 remarks, being v.^illing, as far as it may be in our power, to 
 encourage a fpiriv of inveiiigation into whatever may tend 
 to elucidate the phyPical ^as \a ell as the moral) ftatc of .he 
 couiury, and of producing correal meteorological tables and 
 obfervaticns.] 
 
 * In this month, about the 12th or T3rh, an uncommon 
 cirGKmftance took place, vi;:. the fail cf very ccniiderable 
 quantities of a yellow powder refembJing brimllone. In the 
 walks of the gaiden where the writer of this article faw it, 
 it could be lifted up in tea-fpoonfids. On this fubjedt, we 
 refer to a paragraph in the New York paper, defcribing the 
 fame phenomenon, and which ll.ews that the defceat of this 
 powder mulljhave been very exteriive indeed. 
 
 Nr.wYoRK, Apn) 17, 1800. On Saturday evening, i»e- 
 tween 10 and 12, a fevere lloim of rain was experienced m 
 this city, accompanied with vefy vivid flaflies of lightening 
 atid fome thunder. The wind v/as foutherly, and the at- 
 mofphere was remarked to be very thick and fi.ltry, yielding 
 a fiilphurous f-nell. Yciteiday nurniiig, after ';)ie ftorai had 
 abiv^cd^an impalpable powder m&z pcrcwi»ed ia the itreers.f^t- 
 
PETERSEtJRG. 105 
 
 pecially In thofe parts where the water had fubfided, and in 
 the rain-water ca!k.->, refer^hling brimilone. iiovrie Ingenious 
 gentlemen have made a colleftion of this i'ubilance, for iJu; 
 purpofe of experiment ; by one of thole gentlemen we are 
 aiTured, that he riielted a i'mall quantity of it, and found it 
 anfwer the purpofes of common brimftone in the making of 
 matches.— 1 his circumftance is, perhaps, unprecedenter! ; 
 and we mention it with a hope, that wherever ic may have 
 occurred, it will atlia^t the notice of philofophy, as a lub- 
 jea in evevy refped deferving a minute inveiiigation. 
 
 Before we conclude the articles relative to Vivgriia, we 
 muft mention, but very briefly, that a confpiracy of the Ne- 
 groes was difcovered in the momh of Anguit lah. The dil- 
 covcry was firll made at Peterlburg, where Uttie credit was 
 given to it — it was fhortly fefter more fully difclofed at Rich- 
 mond, Avhere 20 or 30 of thefe unfortunate wretches wtre 
 tried, condemned, and executed. 
 
 This is one of thofe fubjeas in which "more muft be meant 
 
 than meets the eye." We Ih all therefore only fny, vliat a 
 
 great evilexills in the fouthern States, deeply aife^ing their 
 charafter, their fafety, and their profperity — The Virj/inians 
 are men too fenilble and too quick-fightcd not to know, th?.t 
 the tranfaftions which have lately taken place in the Weil 
 Indies, and what is daily doing in the nonhero States, cannot 
 be hidden from the people alluded to. — It Is imjwlhble to re- 
 move the evil all at once, but it is very poffible to do it by 
 
 gradual moarures Look to it in time, ye L'.xw-makers and 
 
 Proprietors, or the Itorm v/ill one day bmit npon ve in thun- 
 der. [Couiuk I.iancourt and other Travellers.] 
 
 LOMBARDY POPLAR. 
 
 A gentleman from Uaiy, who lately tiavelled through the 
 United States, gives the following account of this Tree : — 
 
 1 It moderaies the heat of the funimer fun in meadows, 
 and protects and encreafe.o the quantity of hay arid paltuvc. 
 
 2 The body of the tree, when full grown, after its bark is, 
 taken off and it is thoroughly dried, makes good rails. 
 
 3 Its brancV.rr., when cut down and dried, aflbrd excellent 
 fire -wood, particularly for cooking in fummpr. 
 
 4 The leaves and fmall twigs of the tree, when plucked 
 ©r cut in the fall of the year, and dried, make a whckfcme 
 fodder for catile and fneep during the winter. 
 
 It is hoped our Gentlemen farmers, where their naMve 
 foreft trees have become fcarce and dear, will attend to 
 thefe fads, and hereafter cultivate the Lombardy tree with 
 more afliduity. 
 
 (Mr.Walpole fays, a gentleman brought the full L. poplar 
 tc England in his chaife — bat whether it came to America. 
 from England or Italy, we do not know.) K 2 
 
C ^9^ ) 
 
 BRITISH NAVAL FORCE. 
 In pert and fitting — 73 7 04 
 
 Guard Ships — 4. 
 
 In the Englifh k IrifnChannels o 
 In the Downs and North Sea 2 
 ^^^eil India Iflands, &c. 3 
 
 At Jamaica — 7 
 
 America and Newfoundland 2 
 Cape of Good Hope, E.Indies, 8 
 Cnaft of Africa — o 
 
 Gibraltar, Portiiga)-, ?'ed!ter. 12 2 
 Hofijital and Prifon Ships 30 3 
 K.ecciving Ships — 71 
 
 ?er\iceable and repairing 5 o 
 
 111 Ordinary .^ 20 z 
 
 Building -« — 21 a 
 
 ^3 
 II 
 iS 
 17 
 5 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 o 
 6 
 I 
 20 
 9 
 
 132 
 
 o 
 
 41 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 16 
 
 7 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 Total 
 Snips taken from France 
 Spain 
 iJutch 
 
 Total 
 Privateers of all Nations 
 
 194 25 24.5 331 
 
 51 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 131 1^5 
 12 19 
 
 32 32 
 
 30^' 
 5 
 64 
 44 
 37' 
 42 
 16 
 40 
 
 5 
 68 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 S3 
 
 32 
 
 8 J75 176 
 000 
 
 795 
 308 
 
 39 
 88 
 
 435 
 751 
 
 Total Britifh Naval Force — 1192 ! 
 
 Along with this aftcnifliing naval force, England main- 
 tarns above 300,000 men in arms (befides her fureig^n fubfi- 
 dies) ; fo that her Nax'y and Army alone coil her 25 millions- 
 :fterljng — Her expenditure for the year 1800, as ILared by ;' r. 
 Tierney, and accedexl to by Mr. Fitt with not miK:h differ- 
 ence, was 64 millions and a half! — Her peace eftabljfhmenr, 
 fiippofing peace to take place this winter, will be at leaft 36* 
 jniilions and a half ! -Thefe few lines will iiew the amaz- 
 ing power and refonrces of this wonderful nation ! 
 
 Mr. Tierney fays, that the odious and oppreilive Income 
 Tax mull continue ten years after peace is concluded — Un- 
 fortunately, the late^T; ixcccunts from Europe ftate, that in- 
 ilead of peace taking pjlace, as w^e had fondly hoped, the 
 v?ar had been reuev/ed with frefii vigour, and on a broader 
 fcale — and, that the Em.peror of Ruffia, befldes detaining all 
 the Englifh fhips in his ports, had entered into what is call- 
 ed a-a Armed Neutial icy with the Northern Powers, in order 
 to check the exorbitant infcience of the Britilh Navy. 
 
 From the firft day of the prefent year, the King of Eng- 
 land was to crop the vain tide of Kir.g of France, and is to 
 be henceforth called Kir.g of the British — Is there any thing 
 ominous in the change ? — Louis XVI. changed his title, and 
 then how fhort and unfortunate was his reign ! 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 197 
 
 FRENCH TREATY. 
 
 Washington, Jan. 24. — Yellerday the Senate proceeded 
 to conlicler the form of ratification of the Treaty reported bv 
 a felefl Committee, which was fubftantially that the Treaty 
 be ratified widit'ae exception of the 2nd, and 3rd Anicles, 
 and with the addition of two new Article?, one declaring 
 that the Treaty fliould not be conllrued in any of its propofi- 
 ons to afied any pre-exifling treaties formed with other ir*- 
 tions, and the other lirtiiting its duration to eight years. 
 
 A diyifion of the diftinft queftions contained in the form 
 of ratification was called for, when the following qiiellions 
 were taken: — 
 
 ift. Shall the 2nd article of the treaty be excepted? — Two 
 tliirds of tiie members not concurring, the queftion was loil, 
 and of confcquence the id article was not excepted. 
 
 2. Sliall the 3d article of the treaty be excepted? — Tv.'o 
 thirds of the members not concurring the queftion was loft, 
 and of confequence the 3d article was not excepted. 
 
 3. Shall the article declaring that this Treaty lliall not af- 
 fcSi any prc-exifting Treaties be agreed to? — Two thirds 
 of the members not concurring, the queftion w^as loft, and of 
 confequence the n^w article was not agreed to. 
 
 4. Shall the article-, limiting the Treaty to eight years be 
 agreed to ? — This queftion was agreed .to by nearly an unani- 
 mous vote. 
 
 The firft three members of the- form of Ratification beirg 
 virtually difagreed to, theRatification remained uncondition. 
 al, except as to the limitation of the Treaty to eight years. 
 
 On agreeing to this form of ratification there were 16 
 Yeas, 14 Nays.- — The ratification was therefore loft, there 
 not being two thirds of the members in favour of it. 
 
 The Yeas and Nays were as follow : — 
 Yeas — '\ CiTrs. Langdon, Livermcre, T. Fofter, Green, Paine, 
 
 Chipman, .Armftrong, S. T. Mafon, Nicholas, Blord- 
 
 vfovth, Fvartkiin, Marlhall, Brown, Baldwin, Cocke, An- 
 
 deifon, — 16. 
 Nay.s— Meffrs. J. Mafbn, D. Fofter, Tracy, Hillhoufe, Mor. 
 
 ris, Dayton, Schureman, Bingham, Rofs, Latimer, Weils, 
 
 fiindman, Howard, Read — 14. 
 
 ' Feb. 3 — This day was brought on in the Senate the re- 
 conslleration of the treaty with the French Republic. The 
 form of Rai:ifica«:ion propofed an exception of the 2d arcicle 
 and a claufe of limitation in point of time, to eight years* 
 and in this fliape it was aflented to, 22 for it, 10 againft it' 
 (See p. 1 1 1 . ) 
 
 On Tutfday, Feb. 10, Mr. S. Smith, chairman of the 
 Committee rf Commerce and Munu failures, reported, ac- 
 cording to order, ♦' A bill to continue in force an z£i furthf r 
 to fufj'end the con^mercial interc- urfe between the United 
 States and Fiance ..nd the dependauces thereof." 
 
 K 3 The 
 
ipS CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS- 
 
 The exiAing a<S is limited to continue in force till the 3(3 
 day of March next, the bill now reported, re-enacts to conii- 
 iiue it till the 3d day of Pvlarch, 1S02. It was once read, and 
 on the fjUculon whedier it fliould be read a fecond time, a 
 motion was made by Mr. Davis to rejeft the bill. 
 Yeas— MelFrs. Allton, Baer, Bird, Bifaop, I. Brown, R. 
 Brown, Cabell, Cliriftie, Clay, Claiborne, Condit, Craik, 
 Davis, Dawfon, Dennis, Dennis, Dickfon, EggleHon, 
 Elmendorf, Fowler, Gallatin, Gocde, Gray, Gregg, Grove, 
 Hanna, Heiiler, Holmes, Hill, Jackfon, Kitchell, H. Lee, 
 Leib, Lincoln, Lyon, Llvingtlon, Macon, IViuhlenburg, 
 New, Nicholas, Page, Powell, Randolph, Smilie, J. 
 Smith, S. Smith, Spaight, Stanford, Stone, Stewart, Ta- 
 liaferro, J. C. Thomas, Thompfon, A. Trigg, J. Trigg, 
 Van Cortlandt» Tazewell, Varninn, R. V/illiams — 59. 
 Nays— Meffrs. Bartlett, Ba}-ard, Charaplin, Cooper, J. Da- 
 venport, F. Davenport, Edmond, Evans, Foller, Freeman, 
 Glen, C. Goodrich, E. Goodrich, Grifwold, Hai-per, Ren- 
 derfon, ijiiger, j\ attoon, Morris, Nott, Otis, Parker, 
 Pinckney, Piatt, Read, N. Read, Rutledge, Sheppard, J. 
 C. Smith, Sheafe, Tenney, Thatcher, R Thomas, Wadi- 
 w»rth, \Valn, L. Williams, Woods— 37. 
 
 SEDITION BILL. 
 
 Feb. 21.— The Houfe v^ent into Committee of the whole, 
 Mr. Morris in the chair, on the Sedition Bill. 
 
 The Committee reported the Bill v/ithout amendment, and 
 on the queftion of engroflment for a third reading, it was de- 
 cided in the negative, and of courle the bill v^ao loft — The 
 yeas and nays were as follow : 
 
 Yeas — Meflrs. Baer, Bartlett, Bayard, J. Brown, Champ) in, 
 Cooper, Craik, Dana, J. Davenport, Dennis, Dickfon, 
 Edmond, Kvaus, Poller, Freeman, Glen, C.Goodrich, E. 
 Goodrich, Grifwold, Grove, Harper, Henderfon, Hill, 
 Imlay, Kittera, H. Lee, S. Lee, Mattoon, Morris, Otis, 
 Page, Pinckney, Piatt, Powel, J Read, N. Read, Rut- 
 ledge, Sheppard, J. C. Smith, Sheaf, Tenney, Thatcher, 
 J. Thomas, R. Thomas, Wadfworth, Wain, L. M i!i:ams. 
 Woods — 49. 
 I^ays — MeflVs. Alfton, Bailey, Bifhop, R. Brown, Cabell. 
 Chriliie, Clay, Claiborne, Condit, Davis, Dawfon, Dent, 
 Egglefton, Elmendorf, Fowler, Gallatin, Goode, Gray, 
 Gregg, Fanna, Heiiler, Holmes, Hiiger, Jackfon, Kitch- 
 ell, Leib, Lincoln, Lyon, Linn, Livingilon, ^.acon, 
 Muhlenbui-g, New, Nicholas, Nichclfon, Parker, Ran- 
 dolph, Smilie, J. Smith, S. Smith, Spaight, Stanford, 
 Stone, Sumpter, Stewart, Taliaferro, Thompfon, A. Trigg, 
 J. Trigg, Tuzewell, Van Cortlandt, Vanium, R. Willi- 
 
 &ms-53. 
 
 After 
 
CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. i^v. 
 
 After which, PIr. Eaynrd made ti^e following r.iotio'i, and 
 ordered to lie on the table : 
 
 Refojvc d, That a Committee be ajjpointed to prepare and 
 brir^ in a bill to ameml tU dymnhm Lave, To as to denne and: 
 limit the puviiQiment upon profecutions for libels, and to ena- 
 ble a defendant, upon fuch i)roreciiiion, to give the triith of 
 the matter charged as a libel, in evidence, in his defence. 
 
 Thus, a Law has at hngtli been got rid of, whicli never. 
 ou^ht to have beea enacfled, if, as its advocates alledge, the 
 Common Law v.-as fiiily competent to the evil complained 
 of — As to Mr. Bayard's exj)!ai-!ation, it has the api>carancc; 
 of fairnefs, viz. to enable tlie Defendant to plead the truth 
 of the alledged libel — Mr.Couper fays, he v/as not permitted 
 ro prove the truth of /5/a' allertions, as judge Ciiafe would 
 not allow him to fammon Mr. Adams as a witnefs. 
 
 LLECI'ION of PRESIDENT. 
 
 Washixoton, Feb. ti, iSot. 
 
 This day at ii o'clock, the Honfe of P^e])i-er.mtatives re- 
 paired to the Senate chamber, where the votes for Preiident 
 and Vice-Prefident were counted, when it appeared, that 
 Tbomcj ycjferson and Aaion Burr had an equal number of 
 votes— (See pagi; 1 08.)— The Houle ♦:hen returned to its owu 
 chamber, and, with clofed doors, jn-oceeded to ballot. 
 
 U])on the ballots being counted, they f.ood thus : — 
 >"'or Mr. JeR'erfon. — 8 States. 
 
 Mr. Burr — 6 
 
 Divided — - z IVTaryl. U Vermont. 
 
 There being no ele.ftion, the Houfe immediately proceeded 
 to a fecond ballot, Vvhcn the refnlt was tlie lame— and thus 
 they contnnied baUoting till Thurfday morning at 9 o'clock; 
 after the 27th ballots, the e^hauHed members agreed to p^ft- 
 pone bulinefs till 12 o'clock. 
 
 At 12, the 28th ballot was taken, and the refult was the 
 fame— After whicli, all further balloting was fufpended till 
 next day, Friday. 
 
 At 12 o'clock on Friday, tlie 29th ballot, and at i, the 
 3Dth baliot were taken, and the refult the fame. It was then 
 determined to adjourn till next day. 
 
 On Saturday, at 12 o'clocJ;, the Moule went into the 31ft 
 ballot, and the refult was tlie fame. 
 
 Af.er the 32d ballot, Mr. Dickfon of North Carolina de- 
 clared, that it was hip;h time to put an end to the conteft, • 
 aiid that h.enceforth he ihould vote for Mr. Tetierfon. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, the 33d ballot was taken, and the refult. the 
 fame— It was then refoived, to poP.iwne further balioting till 
 Tuefday. ^ ^ 
 
 This 
 
100 CO^TGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 This aay, Tueulay the i8th, at i o'clock, after an awFul 
 fiiipenfe which had excited the fears of all America, and the 
 malicious hopes of her enemies, 7?e/«Z'iVc<2.'2/5/ji w 5 s triumph- 
 ant — on the 36tli ballot, it a})pearcd, that ?- r. Jelferfon had 
 TO States for him, 4 for A r. Burr, and two were blank. 
 For IMr. ieiTerfon, Vermont. New York, New Jerfey, Penn- 
 
 fylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, 
 
 Kentucky, and Tennelfee. 
 Fcr Mr. Burr, Rhode lUand, \ aflachufets, New Harrplhire, 
 
 and Ccnne.5licut. — ^/a/j/^ States, Delaware ai^id S Carolina. 
 
 For Vermont, Mr. ISicrvis abfented himlelf — For South 
 Carolina, Mr. Knger, who had always voted for Mr. jeHer- 
 lon, from a fpirit of accommodation, alfo withdrew, which 
 enabled South Carolina to give a blmik vote — For Iv aryland, 
 there were four blank votes, and four for Mr. Jeifevfon. 
 
 That tlie People of the United States may know how their 
 Bepreientatives \oted upon this important occafion, we give 
 the fcUo wmg llateraent : — 
 
 NeKv HaiMpshhe — 4 for Mr. Burr, viz. MelTrs. Fofter, Sheafe^ 
 Tenney, and Freeman. 
 
 Massachusetts — 11 for Eurr viz. T.^'clTrs. S. Lee, Otis, N. 
 Read, 3.1. Shepard, Thatcher, Wadfv/orth, L. Williams, 
 
 liartiett, Niattoon, J. Read, fcedgewick. 3 for f.Cr. jef-' 
 
 ferfon, viz. Mefirs. Bifiiop, Varnum, Lincoln. ^ 
 
 Rhode-Island — 1 for Burr, viz. Mefirs, Champlin and Brownr. 
 
 Connecticut — 7 for Burr, viz. Melfrs. Goodrich, E. Goodrich, 
 Griiv.'old, Dana, J. Davenport, Edmond, J. C. Smith. 
 
 Vermont — i for jefferion, viz. Mr. Lyon— — i fcr Burr, viz. 
 Mr. r. Jon-is. 
 
 ji^s^x-York — 6 for Mr. Jefierfon, viz Mefirs Bailey, Thomp- 
 fon, Livingfton, Eimendfrf, Van Cortland, J. Smith 
 4 for ?.Ir. Burr, viz. ?v"e{Trs. Bird, Glen, Cooper, Plate. 
 
 Nc^.yersey ^1 for Mr. Jefterfon, viz. MelTrs. Kitchell, Con- 
 dit, Linn 2 for Burr, viz. iS elTrs. Davenport, Imlay. 
 
 Fenns)ii=riama~<) for Hr. jctierfon, viz. PyJeiTrs Gallatin, 
 Grearg, Hanna, Leib, Smilie, Muhlenberg, Heiller, Stew- 
 art, R. Brown 4 for Burr, viz. Mellrs. Wain, Kittera, 
 
 Thomas, Woods. 
 
 J?3iawaf2-^ I for Mr. Burr, viz. Vr. Bayard. 
 
 Maryland—^ for .. r. Jefferfor, viz. Mefirs. S. Smith, Dent, 
 
 Nichciroii, ekriftie 4 for Mr. Burr, viz. Iv.elirs. J. C. 
 
 Thcmas, Craik, Dennis, and Baer. 
 
 VVffuU'O. — 14 invariably fcr Mr. Jefferfon, viz. Mefli-s- Ni- 
 ctioias, Clav, Cabell, Dawfon, Eggieiton, Goode, Gray, 
 Holmes, Jackfon, New, Randolph, A. Trigg, J. Trigg, 
 
 Tazewell 5 for Mr. Buironfome ballots, z of whom 
 
 on the rirft ballot voted for Mr. JelTerfon,) viz. Mefirs. E- 
 VJins, lL. Lee, Page, Parker, Powel. 
 
 Kortb 
 
CONGRSSIONAL AFFAIRS. 2of. 
 
 N'orth -Caroline — 6 invariably for I\'r. Jefferfon, viz. MciTrs. 
 Aillon, aiacon, Stanford, Stone, R. Williams, b'paight — 
 — 4 for 'Vir. Burr on feme ballots, 3 of whom on the firfl 
 ballot voted for Cr. jeilerion, viz oacflVs Hill, ilenderfon, 
 Bickfon, Grove. 
 
 SoT.tb-Caroliiia — The individual votes of the Reprefentatives 
 of this State are not accurately known, but it is generally 
 believed that Mr. Kuger votes for Mr. Jcfferfon, and r.Ir. 
 Rutledge .\ r. Pinckney, and Mr. Harper vote for Mr, 
 Burr. Mr. Nott's vote is doubtful. He has g-one home. 
 
 Georgia — i for I'^r. Jefierfon, viz. IV^r. Taliaferro .\ r. 
 
 Jones, who is dead, would have voted the fame way. 
 
 Kentucky — 2 for Mr. Jefferfcn, vi?.. MelTrs. Davis and Fowler. 
 
 Tennessee — 1 for Mr. jefferfon, viz. i\.r. Claiborne. 
 
 On the firfl ballot, the individual votes were, 55 for Mr. 
 JefFerlbn, and 49 for Mr. Burr. "'/r. Jones dead — Mr. Sum- 
 ter fjck — .\;r Nicholibn was alfo very fick, but he had him- 
 felf carried on his bed and laid upon tlie fioor of the HalJ, 
 where he conftantly ballortcd for Iv.r. jefierfon. 
 
 Thus happily terminated a contcft which had excited fo 
 much alarm among the people of then- States — May the great 
 Difpofer of all human aclions, infpiie the perfon chofcn to 
 fdhli his important oaice with fuch purity, dignity, and 
 ftrength of underftanding, as may infure to ihefe couniries 
 
 peace, liberty, and happineis The eyes of the opprthVil 
 
 of e*ery nation in the woild, are anxiouily caft upon the peo- 
 ple of America— if they are inc:xpabie of realizing the blef- 
 iingo of a Repv.blican Gcverr.ment. it is a vain purfuit, and 
 there is no political redemption for the human race ! 
 
 Before we ccnchid-e thip fi'.bjeft, \v^ juit remark, tha^, on 
 this occasion, the Fed-rrai paity left a nohle opportui.ity of 
 Ihewing their mugnammity, by unanimouily voting, after the 
 itrft or feccnd ballot, for Mr. Jefferfon — Inftead of Avhich, 
 they percinaclouily withttood the Vvfifn of the majority, and 
 peeviihiy continued to vote for a man they diiliked, and 
 whom, they well knev/, was only fticond in the public choice 
 — They have " fear'tl tlieir reputation," and given room for' 
 verv injurious Imputations. — It had been well for their cha- 
 iT.<Se;, if t-iey had copied frofu the laudable extimple of y^r. 
 |ay CI New York, who fubmitted at once to the gcner^;! will, 
 proving himfelf to be a good Citi/.en, a Republican in the 
 true fenfe of the word.^ — ■ — (i^ee his very leniible anivver to 
 the addrefs of the Fedeial party in New York.) 
 
 At the fame time, however blameable the ill-timed rbRi- 
 nacy of the Fcderalifts in Congrefs have been in the o))inioa 
 of many people, it is ri;ifht to fay, that the moil refpeflable 
 of that party out of Congrefs decidedly diiapproved of their 
 conduiSl, and quietly acceded to the general will. 
 
232 CrONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 The Ccnimittee (i\ eflVs. Pinkney, Tazewell, and Baj-ardf) 
 in(lru«!led to wait on the Frefident Eleft, and notify him of 
 his Eledlion, — Report. That they have, acccrdinj to order, 
 peiforined that fervice, and addrelled the Frefidej-it ElcA in 
 the following words, to wit : 
 
 " The Committee beg leave toexprefs their wifhes for the 
 profperity of your adminiRration ; and their lincere defire 
 that it may promote your own liappinefs and the welfare of 
 your country." 
 
 To which the Prefident Eleft was pleafed to make the fol- 
 io^.ving reply : 
 
 " I receive, gentlemen, with profound thankfulnefs, this 
 teilimony of confidence from tlie gi-eat repvefcntative council 
 of our nation. It fills up the meafure of that grateful fatis- 
 fa^lion, v.'hich had already been derived from the fuffrages 
 of my fellow-citizens themfelves,- defignating me as one of 
 thofe to whom they were willing to commit this charge, the 
 moll important of ail others to them. In deciding between 
 the candidates, whom their equal vote pre Tented to your 
 choice, I am fenfible that age has been refpefted, rather than 
 more aftive and ufeful qjaaliii cat ions. I know the difficulties- 
 of the ftaiicn to which I am c?Jled, and feel and acknow- 
 ledge my incompetence to them. But whatfcever of under- 
 Handing, whatfoever of diligence, whatfcever of juftice, ot^ 
 of affeifcionate coricern for the happinefs of man, it has 
 pleafed Providence to place within the compafs of my fa- 
 ciikies, fliall be called forth for the difcharge of the duties 
 confided to me, and for proctTring to my fellow-ciiizens all 
 the benefits v/hich ourConiliturion has placed under theguar- 
 dianfhip cf the general Government. Guided by the wifdcm. 
 and patiiotiim of tiicfe to whom it belongs to exprefs the le- 
 giiladve will of ibe nation, i will give to that will a faithful 
 execution, I pray you to convey to the houoinable body 
 from which you are deputed the homage of my humble ack- 
 nowledgements, and the fentiments cf zeal and fidelity, by 
 which I ihall endeavor to merit thefe proofs of confidence 
 from the nation and its repi-efentaiives. 
 
 "Accept yourfelves, gentlemen, my particular thanks for 
 the obliging terms in which you have been pleafed to com.- 
 »unicar.e tneir wHl. 
 
 February 20, i8ci. THOMAS JEFFERSON. "> 
 
 BRITISH SPOILATIONS. 
 
 CongTefs hcis puiTed a Refolution to the following eire«a:— 
 " Tha; the Prciident of the United States be direaed to have 
 laid before this Houfe, an account of toe dcpredatiaiis com- 
 mitted on the commerce of these States by Briiish ships of war, of 
 
 which complaint has been made to Gcvernmeat " We are 
 
 ferry to hear, that thefe depredations are becoming more 
 fc-Uinfive and moi-e ^-ievous every day. 
 
E}!PORTS, S:c. 
 
 ao3 
 
 • ■ As our work was nta.rly brought to a clofe, the following 
 •Sta.temeiu made its apjjearance, and v.e thought i: too im- 
 portant to be deferred till next volume. — Our Readers will 
 tnrn to page 147, and lee the amount of American Exports 
 for the years 1797, 98, and 99. 
 
 Summary Vamte of the Exports for the Year j8oo. 
 
 From N.Hampfhire 
 Vermont 
 MaOachufets 
 ■^hode lilaiid 
 Conne«5iicut 
 New York 
 New Jerfey 
 Pennfvivania 
 
 431,836 
 
 57.041 
 
 11,316,876 
 
 J, 3 i-. 94 5 
 
 1.114.7+3 
 
 14,045,07V 
 
 11,949,679 
 
 List of the moil conJlderaMi 
 To England and her Dependencies 
 France (fee the year 1797) 
 
 French Well Indies 
 Spain and hev Dependencies 
 Portugal and her Dependencies 
 The Italian Ports — 
 
 Netherlands and Dutch Well I. Iflands 
 Hamburgh, Bremen, &c. — 
 
 iiAveden and her Dependencies 
 China and the EaPt Indies generally 
 Noriih-weil Coafi of America 
 
 From Delaware 418,695 
 
 rv'arvland j 2,264,331 
 
 Virginia 4,430,1^89 
 
 North Carolina 769,799 
 South Carolina' 10,663,510 
 Georgia 2,174,268 
 
 Total, Drs. 70,971,780 
 
 xPORTS to foreign Nations. 
 
 — 27,310,289 
 
 — 40,000 
 
 — 5.T23.433 
 
 — 15,660,606 
 
 — 1,265,844 
 
 — 2/)o7,9<'.»t^ 
 
 5, 66 9,0 Ik) 
 
 8,013,846 
 
 563,685 
 
 1,047,385 
 
 940,153 
 
 STATE BALANCES. 
 
 The Committee appointed to inquire into the expediency 
 of extinguiihing cercain Stare balances, 
 
 Reijort, That the ConrmiiRoners reported there were yet 
 due certain balances, that is to fay, from 
 
 New York Dols. 2,074,846 
 Pennfylvania 70,707 
 
 Ddaware 612,428 
 
 Maryland. 
 Virginia 
 North Carolina 
 
 151,640 
 
 100,879 
 501,082, 
 
 M I N T. 
 The Report on the Mint ltate.>, that its expendi;ures for 
 the year 1800 amount to 20,686 dols. 'iocentr, ; and, during 
 that period, tlie fuiiowing Coins have been llruck, vii. 
 
 Fa!wc. . l)s. a- 
 
 25,965 Eagle.B, and 1 1,611 half do. — 317,760 
 
 :220,920 13oilars, 21,760 Dimes, 24,000 half do. 224,296 
 2^8 22,j 75 Cents, 21,1,580 half do. — 20,279 40 
 
 Total -- Dols. 571.335 40 
 During the fame perio<l, a gain ha.s been made by theTyllifit 
 on copper coined, c£ 5,030 dollars 68 cents 5 miKs. 
 
S04 AIVIERICAN NAVY. 
 
 A vevy impcrtant State Paper has juft made Its appear- 
 ance, figned by the Secretary of the Navy Department, 
 which are the iirft fruits of oi-r accommodation with France, 
 and gives a profpedi; of a redu«!^ion of our war expences in 
 the naval line.— JS'Sr. Stoddart prcpofes to fell all the veirels 
 of war now belonging to the United States, except the fol- 
 lowing 13 frigates, viz, the U.States, Frefident, Confiitution, 
 Chefapeak, Philadelphia, NewYork, Ccnfiellaticr,, Congrefs, 
 Eliex, .1 o lion, /.dams, John.AcUirns, arid Gen. Green. 
 -.. Ke then recommends the building a nurabev of 74 gmx 
 men of war, and the erection of dock-yards at the foUov»ing 
 places, viz. at Portfmouth, NewRampfnire, BoRon, Phila- 
 delphia, Wafhington, and Norfolk — " and meafares have 
 been taken to procure gTotind at Ne>v York for capacious 
 dock-yards, &c. contracts have been made for cannon, &c. 
 
 " When the United States (fays j\Ir. Stoddart) ftiall own 
 a nnnber of 74 gun fnips, and a fuflicient number of {trong 
 frigates, and that it is known they have the means of en- 
 cif aiing, with facility, their naval force, it is ho])ed \\t may 
 then avoid thcfe wars in which we have no intereil, and not 
 iufter ourfelves to be plundered cr inful.ed. An amuial fum 
 ni' only 117,387 dollars, would, in a lev/ years, raife us to 
 this deiirable fiate of fecurity." 
 
 We are forry we have not room for tliis letter, as it con- 
 tains much information. We recommend it to the pcrufal 
 cf the public, .us in it will be feen the dawnings of a Naval 
 force, which is one day to lift the Stares cf /jmerica up to 
 an expenlive, yet, periiaps, unavoidable rivalfliip with the 
 great Naval Pov/ers of Eurcpe. 
 
 [ '^* IFe ha-k? at /ergtb brcugbt our Work to a clo^c, iiot f}hb- 
 cvt cmiuing "jety mavy articles 'wbich tut thoiight either useful or 
 rMatuir.irg — arnoi^gst otber^f, a Description (^' the Public Bjiild- 
 iriga, ilfc. at Richmond — This cmissioji -joas occasioirtd fry a very 
 7iyjbreiX'cn and unpleasant accidert fa7^d i:bich Hvas one of the 
 causes of' retarding an earlier fvibiicaiiot) J , the It jus of the iiibo'e 
 impyesswn of a Ccpper-platc liepresdiJtation cf tlse Cajiitol trbicb 
 bad been ergntved at Philadelphia , avd sent by tve hiou- not what 
 coiroeyance, as tijcy ba'oe swt yet caure to band — Perhaps th>ey may 
 come in time for X\\\fy year's Pcgister.'] 
 
 E R R A r U M: 
 
 Ir pa[^e 64, line 10, dele the word " lirfidcs," and begin the 
 fcnience thus: — "Conllancy, in its ge.ieiiil fenfe, &.c." 
 
[ 205 ] 
 
 PRESIDENT'S SPEECH. 
 
 Washington' City, V/ednesday, March 4, 1801, 
 
 THIS day at iz o'clock, THOMAS JEFFERSON, Prefi- 
 deni ofihelTniTED Si'ArES^ took the oath cf o;^ce re-: 
 quired by the Conjiitiition, in the Seriate Chamber^ in ths' 
 prrfence ofihe Senate^ the members of the Hoiife of Re- 
 ^refentaiives, the public Officers, and a latge cor.courfe of 
 Citizem — Previously to lubkh he delivered the following 
 Address : 
 
 Friends and Fellow Citizens, 
 
 CALLED upon to undertake the duties of the firft Ex-- 
 ecutive Office of our Country, I avail inyftlFof the prefence 
 of that portion of my Fellow Citi?;ens which is here afl'em- 
 bled, to exprefs my grateful thanks for the favor with which, 
 they have beea pleafed to look towards me, to declare a fin- 
 cere confcioufnefs that the ta(k is above my talents, and that 
 I approach it with thofe anxious and awful prefentimcnfts 
 which the greatnefs of the charge and the weaknefs of my 
 powers fo juftly infpire. A rifing nation, fpread over a wide' 
 and fruitful land, traverfmg all the feas \vith the rich pro- 
 dufiions of their induftry, engaged in commerce with nati- 
 ons who feel power and forget right, advancing rapidly to 
 deftinies beyond the reach of mortal eye — when I contem- 
 plate thefe tranfcendent objeds, and fee the honour, the hap- 
 pinefs, and the hopes of this beloved country, committed 
 to the ilTue and the aufpices of this day, I fnrink from the 
 contemplation, and humble myfelf before the magnitude o£ 
 the undertaking. Utterly indeed fliould I defpair, did not 
 the prefence of many whom I here fee remind me, that, in 
 the other high authorities provided by our Conftitution, I 
 fliall find refources of wifdom, of virtue, and of zeal, on 
 which to rely under all difficulties. To youthen, Gentlemen, 
 who are charged with the fovereign functions of legiflation, 
 and to thofe affociated with you, I look with encouragement 
 for that guidance and fupport which may enable us to fteer 
 with fafety the vefitl in which we are all embarked amidll 
 the confli-fting elements of a troubled world. 
 
 Daring the conteft of opinion thvo' which we have paft, 
 the animation of difcuflions and of exertions, has fometimes 
 worn an afpecTt which might impofe on llvan^ers unufed to 
 think freely, and to fpeak and to write wl^ at they think- 
 but this being now decided by the voice of the nation, an- 
 nounced according to the rules of the Conftitution, all will 
 of courfe arrange themfelv^s under the will of tiie Law, and 
 
so6 PRESIDENT'S SPEECH. 
 
 unite in common efforts for the common good. All too wHi 
 bear in mind this facred principle, that tho' the will of the 
 majority is in all cafes to prevail, thatwijl, to be rigktfiri, 
 muft be reafonablc ; that the minority polTefa their eqml 
 rights, which equal laws muft proteft, and to violate would 
 he oppi-efiion. Let us then, Fellow Cihv^ens, unite with one 
 heart and one mind, let us rcfiore to focJal intcrcourfe that 
 harmony and afTedtion without which liberty, and even life 
 itfelf, are but dreaiy things. And let us reiiedl, that having 
 baniuiedfrom our land tliat religious irAolerance under which 
 mankind fo long bled and fuSered, we have yet gained iitde, 
 if we countenance a political intolerance, as defpotic, as 
 v/icked, and capable of as bitter and bloody periecutions. 
 During the throes and convulfions of the ancient world, du- 
 ring tlie agonifing fpaiVn 5 of infuriated nu-m, icekiiig thro* 
 blood and daughter his long-loft liberry, ir v/as not wondci-- 
 ful, that the agitation of the billows ihould reach even this 
 dlftant and peaceful fncre ; that tliis fnculd be more felt and 
 feared by feme and kis by others; and ftiould divide opini- 
 ons as to meafurcs of fafety ; but every difference of oiv.niou 
 is not a difference of jjrinciple. We have called by dilfer- 
 ent names brethren of the fame principle. We are all Re- 
 publkans : ice are all Federalists. If there be any among us 
 ivho v/ould wiih to diffolve this Union, or to change its re- 
 publican form, let them ftand undifturbed as monuments of 
 the fafety with which error of opinion ma/ be tolerated, 
 where reafon is left free to combat ir. I know indeed that 
 fome honeft m.en fear that a republican government cannot 
 be ftrong ; that this government is not ftrong enough. But 
 would the honeft patriot, in the full tide of fuccefsful expe- 
 riment, abandon a government which has fo far kept us free 
 and fmn, on the theoretic and vifionary fear, that this go- 
 vernment, the world's beft hcpe, may, by pcIEbility, v/ant 
 energy topreferve iticlf ? — I truft not. I believe this, on the 
 contrary, the ftrongeft government on earth. I believe it the 
 only one, where every man, at the call of the law, would fly- 
 to the ftandai-d of the law, and would meet invafions of the 
 public order as his own perfonal concern. — Sometimes it is 
 faid that man cannot be trufted with the government of him- 
 i'eif. Can he then be irufted with the governmeur of others ? 
 Or have v;e found angels, in the form of kings, to goveni 
 him? — Let hiftory anfvver this queftion. 
 
 Let us then, with courage and confidence, purfue our own 
 federal and republican principles ; our attachment to Union 
 ar/d reprefentative Government. Kindly feparated by na- 
 ture and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one 
 qrarter of the globe ; too high minded to endure the degi-a- 
 dations of the others, poflefling a chofen country, with room 
 enough for our defcendants to the'houfandth and dioufandth 
 generation, entertaining a due fenfc of our equal right to the 
 
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH. afoy 
 
 uCc of our own faculties, to the acquifitions of our own in- 
 tliiftry, to honor and confiderxe from our Fellow Citizens, 
 rciulting- not from birth, but fiom cur adiions and their fenfe 
 of them, enlightened by a ben).g;n religion, profcCed indeed 
 and pi-a«5lifed in various forms, > et all of them inculcating; 
 honcity, truth, tempf-rance, gratitude, and the love of man, 
 acknowledging av.d adoring an over-ruling rrovidence,whicU 
 by all its difpcnfations proves that it delights- in the bappi- 
 nefs of man here, and his greater happiuefs hereafter ; with 
 all thcrcblellings, what more is neccirary to riake us a happy 
 y-nd a profperous people ? — ttiU cne thing more, Fellow Ci-. 
 tizens, a wife and frugal government, which fnall rcliraiu 
 men from injuring one anotlicr, finall leave them otherwife 
 free to regulate their own purfuits of induftry and improve- 
 ment, and Ihail not take from the. mcuth of labor the bread 
 it has earned. This is the fum of good government ; and 
 this is necefiary to clofe tlie circle of cur felicities. 
 
 About to enter, Fellow Citizens, on the e,\ercife of du- 
 ties Vvhich comprehend every thing dear and valuable to you, 
 it is proper you fhould undtrfiand vvhat I deem the eflential 
 principles of our Government, and confequemly thofe which 
 ought to flvape its adminiilration. I will comjn-efs them 
 ivitliin the narroweil ccmpafs they will bear, Hating the ge- 
 jieral principle, but not all its limitations. — Equal and exacl 
 j-uilice to all men, of whatever (late or perfua'ion, religious 
 or political: — peace, commerce, and honeil friendfhip with 
 all nations, entangling alliances v/ith none r-^—the fupport of 
 the State governments in all their rights, as tire moil compe- 
 tent adminillrations for ourdomeilic concerns, and the fureft 
 .bulwarks againft anti-republican tendencies : — the preferva- 
 tion of the general government in its whole conuitutional 
 vigor, as tlic facet anchor of peace at home, and fafety 
 abroad : — a jealous care of the right of election by the peo- 
 ple, a mild and fafe corrective of abufes which are lopped 
 by the fword. of revolution v/here peaceable remedies are un- 
 provided : — abfolute acquiefcence in the dtcifions of the ma- 
 jority, the vital principle of Republics, from v. hich is no ap- 
 .pcal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of 
 defpotifm ; — a well difciplined militia, our bell reliance in 
 peace, and for the f ril n^oments of war, till regulars may 
 'relieve them : — the fupremacy of the civil over the military 
 authority: — economy in the public expence, that labour may 
 .be lightly burtheued :— the honeil payment of our debts and 
 facred prefervation of the public faith : — encouragement of 
 agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid: — the diifufi- 
 on of information, and an-aignment of all abufes at the bar 
 of the public reafon : — freedom of religion ; freedom of the 
 prefs ; and freedom of perfon, ur.der tne prote^don of the 
 Habeas Corpxis : — aiifl trial by juries impartially felecTted. 
 Thcfe principles form the briglit cciuUUation, winch has 
 
goite before us, and, guided our iltps throuj^li an age of revo- 
 lution in<a/ reformation. The wifdom of our fages, and blood- 
 of our lieroes, have been devoted to their attainment : — they 
 fnould be the creed. or our political faith ; the text of civic 
 inftrucliou, the toucnftone by which to try the fervices of 
 thoie we truft ; and fi:.oiild we wander from them in moments 
 of error or of alarm, let us hailen to retrace our Heps, and to 
 regain the road which alane leads to peace, liberty, and 
 fafety. 
 
 I repair then, Fellow Citizens, to the poft you have af- 
 figned me. With experience enough in fubordinate offices 
 to have fecn the diffiCi.lties of this the greateft of ail, I have 
 learnt to e.xped that it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfeft 
 man to retire from this flation with the reputation, and the- 
 favor, which bring him into it. Wiihoutpreteniions to that 
 high confidence you repoied in our Erft and greateft revolu- 
 tionary Charafter, whcfe pre-eminent fervices had entitled 
 him to the firft place in his country's love, and deilined for 
 him the faireft page in the volume of faithful hiftory, I aik" 
 fo much confidence only as may give finnneis and effect to 
 the legal adminiftration of your affairs. I H-.all often go 
 wrong through defect of judgment. When right, I friall of- 
 ten be thought wrong by thoie whofe portions will not com* 
 maud a view of the v/hole ground. I afk your indulgence for 
 my own errors, which v,-!!! never be intentional ; and your 
 liipport againfh the errors of others, wlio may condemn what 
 they would not if ittn in all its parts. The approbation im* 
 plied by your fuffrage, is a great confolation to me for the 
 pall ; and my future fclicitude will be, to retain the good 
 opinion of thofe v/ho have beftowed it in advance, to conci" 
 Hate that of others by doing them all the good in my power^ 
 and to be mftrumental to the happinefs and freedom of all. 
 
 Relying then on the patronage of your good will, I ad^ 
 vance with obedience to the work, ready to retire from it 
 whenever you become fenfible hov^r much better choices it is 
 in your power to make. And may that iniinite Power, 
 which rules tiiC deftinies of the univerfe, lead our councils to 
 what is beft, and give them a favorable iiTae for your peace 
 and profperity, 
 
 C N. B. 77:6 abcyve very adminible Speech did not come to hand 
 nj.til the Register vja>? finished and part of the infpression sold, 
 but as vje thought it of too much importance to tk^ liberty and hap- 
 piness of the people of America, to lay over till neict year's Register, 
 iise hastily add it to the booh not yet sold. Any purchaser lufjo 
 ivishes to have a copy of it ivill apply at the Book -Store in Peters- 
 burg. J