DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/historicalarchol01fons_0 AFFONCO DE ALBUQUERQUE. Y ^1- < hander, / ' hi /turn i Jundniwfl i / .itiii/udi • Vtlun \\ Arnbrlun /’ i i ii/nnijiu iU'u Mtuuu. Hutrtin llli/lt- • i /iiinirn x. A SHOUT STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE TEBHITOEY OF GOA. CHAPTER 1. Position and area — boundaries and divisions — physical fea- tures — RIVERS — HARBOUR — ISLANDS — CLIMATE MINERALS TREES AND FORESTS — ANIMALS* Position and Area. — The territory of Goa lies on the Malabar Coast between 15° 44/ 30* and 14° 53' 30* north latitude, and 73° 4b' and 74° 26' east longitude, and is distant about 250 miles SSE. from Bombay. Its extreme length from north to south is 60 miles, its greatest breadth from east to west 30 miles, and its entire area 1060 square miles. Boundaries and Divisions.— On the north the territory is bounded by the Tiracol or Araundem river, which sepa- rates it from the Savantvadi State, on the east by the Western Ghats, on the west by the Arabian Sea, and on the south by the district of Kanara. It is divided into the Velhas and Novas Conquistas, or the Old and New Conquests. The for- mer, which came under the Portuguese sway at an early date, comprise the three provinces of the Ilhas, Salsette, and Bardez, with an area of 48, 102, and 72 square miles respectively. The latter, conquered at a comparatively recent date, consists of four divisions composed of the following provinces : — Pernem, 73 square miles ; Bicholim or Batagrama, 67 square miles ; Satari, 144 square miles ; Ponda or Antruz, 79 square miles; Canacona, 113 square miles; Embarbacem, 1 9 2 186 square miles; Cacora, 5 square miles; Chandrovadi, 37 square miles ; Ball i^ 57 square miles ; Astagrar, 77 square miles. The last five are collectively known under the name of Zambaulim , or Panch-Mahal. The island of Anjediva and the district of Tiracol, having each an area of one square mile, are also, for administrative purposes, included in the territory of Goa. Physical Features. — Goa is a hilly country, especially that portion which is known as the Novas Conquistas. Its most distinguishing features are the Sahyadri mountains, which, skirting a considerable portion of its north-eastern and eastern boundary, branch off into numerous spurs and ridges westwards across the district, the valleys between them forming the beds of rivers. Of the isolated peaks with which this range of mountains is studded, the most conspicuous are on the north Sonsogor, 3827 feet above the level of the sea ; Catlanchimauli, 3633 feet; Yaguerim, 3500 feet, and Morlem- chogor, 3400 feet, all in the Safari mahal or province. On the east and west Sidnato at Ponda, Chandarnate at Chandrovfidi, Consid at Astagrar, and Dudsagor at Embarbacem are no less prominent, but their exact altitude has not yet been determined. Rivers. — The territory is intersected by numerous rivers, which, being mostly navigable, are, in such a hilly country, the natural highways of communication between its most distant provinces, only requiring here and there a few small canals to complete the system of internal navigation. Be- ginning with the north the principal rivers are the following : — 1. The Tiracol or Araundem river, so called from the fortress of that name guarding its estuary, has its source in the Western Ghats in the Savantvadi State, flows south-west for a distance of 14 miles, and, forming the northern boundary of Pernem and of Goa itself, discharges its waters into the Arabian Sea. 2. The Chapora or Colvalle river, 18 miles long, rises at Ram Ghat, and after separating the provinces of Bardez, Bicholim, and Sanquelim from that of Pernem, takes a zigzag s direction to the south-west through the villages of Salem,. Bevora, Colvalle, &c., and empties itself into the sea close to the village of Chapora. 3. The Baga river, only a mile long, rises in Bardez, and, passing by a redoubt of the same name, falls into the Arabian Sea. 4. The Sinquerim river, 3^- miles long, also rises in Bardez, close to the village of Pilerne, and, after describing almost a right angle westwards and southwards and forming the peninsula of Agoada, falls into the bay of the same name. 5 . The Mandovi, 38J miles in length, is the most impor- tant river in the Goa territory, both the ancient and the modern Portuguese metropolis being situated on its banks. It rises in the Parvor Ghat in the province of Safari, first runs north-west of Ponda, and then south-west of Bicholim and Bardez, and, after forming some islands and passing Pangim or Nova Goa, discharges its waters into the bay of Agoada. Its principal branches drain the villages of Mapuca, Tivira, and Assonora, and the provinces of Bicholim, Sanquelim, and Zam- baulim, and are named after the localities through which they flow. 6. The Zuari is the longest river in Goa, exceeding the Mandovi by half a mile in length. It rises at the foot of the Digni Ghat in the province of Embarbacem, runs northwards, separating Salsette from Ponda, and falls into . the bay of Mormugao. Like the Mandovi, it has numerous tributaries, one of which joins that river between Marcaim and Sao Lourengo after forming the island of Tisvadi. 7. The Sal river, 1 5 miles long, runs close to the town of Margao and through some neighbouring villages, and dis- charges itself into the Arabian Sea near the fort of Betul. 8. The Talpona river, 7 miles long, rises at Ambughat, in the province of Astagrar, and, running westwards through the province of Canacona, falls into the sea near the small fort of Talpona, from which it derives its name. The boats by which these rivers are navigated are called ln.od.de or tonas, and the ferries across them, of which there are more than a hundred, are designated tari or passagens. Harbour. — Goa has a fine harbour formed by the promonto- ries of Bardez and Salsette. Intermediately between these extremities projects the Cabo (Cape) from the island of Goa, dividing the harbour into two anchorages, those of Agoada and Mormugao. Both are capable of safely berthing the largest shipping from September to May ; but Agoada is virtually closed to navigation during the south-west monsoon, owing to the high winds and sea, and the formation of sand- banks in the estuary of the Mandovi at that period ; while Mormugao, where these causes act with less or no force, is accessible at all times. Islands. — The necessary consequence of the intersection of numerous rivers is the formation of many islands, of which the principal are the islands of Goa (Tisvadi), Chorao, Divar, Cumbarjua, Jua or Santo Estevao, De Ratos, Acado or De Mota, Tolto, Dongorim, De Capao or Yanxim, De Sao Venan- cio, Panelem, Corjuem, Dos Ranes, Sao Jacintho, Quelossim, and Vanxo. Climate. — Except in a few localities, the climate of Goa is generally salubrious. The seasons, being the same as in the neighbouring Ivonkan districts, call for no special remarks, The rainfall for the three years ending 1875, as registered by the Meteorological Department, was 79’96, 1 1 8*58, and 102G2 inches respectively. The prevailing endemic diseases are intermittent and remittent fevers, diarrhoea, and dysentery. According to a statement published in the Boletim do Governo, epidemics, chiefly of fever, have, on several occasions, raged in the following places: — In the old city of Goa in 1570; in the villages of Pomburpa and Sirula, in Bardez, in 1775; at Talei- gao, Santa Ignez, Pangim, Murda, in the Ilhas, in 1781 ; at Margao, in Salsette, at Colvalle aud Revora, in Bardez, in 1782 ; at Talaulim, Goalim, Moula, Batim, Gancim, Mandur, Azossim, Carambolim, Corlim, and Neura, in the Ilhas, in 1783; at Loutolim, Mormugao, Chicalim, Vaddem, and Bogmalo, in Salsette, in 1785; at Bachol, in Salsette, in 1787 ; at Malvara, Agagaim, Goa-velha, Neura, and Sao Lourengo, in the Ilhas, in 1790; at Sancoale and tlie neighbouring villages in Salsette in 1792; at Divar, in the Ilhas, and at Sinquerim, in Bardez, in 1840; at Chimbel, in the Ilhas, in 1842; at Mormugao, Vaddem, and Chicalim, in Salsette, in 1843. In addition small-pox and cholera have on various occasions prevailed with more or less virulence, the outbreaks of the latter in 1775, 1845, 1849, 1853, and in the middle of the present year being specially worthy of notice. Minerals. — Laterite is the stone most abundant throughout the district. Iron is found at Baga, Satari, Pernem, and especially in the provinces of Zambaulim. Though no other mines or quarries are worked, the above by no means represent all the geological resources of the country, which are very imperfectly known, owing to the soil not having yet been scientifically explored. Trees and Forests. — Goa is rich in trees, shrubs, and plants. Stately forests are found in the Novas Conquistas. The reserved and other forests, — which are scattered over an area of 30,000 hectares, or 74,133 acres, — of the aggregate value, according to the report of the Forest Committee of 1871, of £700,000, are divided into four zones, corresponding with the four provinces of Pernem, Satari, Embarbacem, and Canacona, The principal timber trees are Nanon ( Lagerstroe - mia- parviflora) , Asson ( Briedelia spinosa), Marthi ( Terminalia glabra), Babul ( Acacia arabica), Hedu ( Nanclea cordifolia), Kinzol ( Pentaptera paniculata) , Sailo ( Tectona grandis), and Sisso ( Dalbergia latifolia). Honey, lac, and other forest products do not appear to be utilized for revenue purposes. The pernicious practice of Jcumri or wood-ash cultivation, till very lately prevalent in the forest tracts, greatly denuded them of valuable trees. More attention is now paid to this important branch of public admi- nistration, and the conservation is entrusted to a special depart- 6 ment. In 1874 the forest revenue amounted to £1040-7-6, and the expenditure to £426-16-0. Animals. — The ferae naturae are the tiger ( Felis tigris), bison ( Gavceus gaums), monkey ( Presbytis entellus), black bear ( TJrsus labiatus), jackal ( Cams aureus ), common grey jungle- cat ( Felis chaus), &c. The domestic animals consist of buffaloes,, oxen, cows, pigs, dogs and cats, as well as of turkeys, fowls, and ducks. The forests abound with the various species of birds common to the Kohkan, while the rivers and estuaries are plentifully stocked with fish, which forms an important element in the diet of the country people. The following is an official return of some of the domestic- animals in Goa in 1877 : — [ Table Domestic, Animals, 1877. 7 Pigs. Value. £ s. d. 2,507 10 10 1,082 3 10| 15,460 15 6 271 0 0 49 8 4 624 7 6 304 4 2 20,899 10 2{ No. 9,940 23,951 45,346 1,400 890 3,891 1,976 87,394 Sheep. Value. ''7' £ s. d. 0 3 4 0 16 8 0 13 4 1 13 4 No. i-l : CQ : CM ; ; VO Horses. Value. £ s. d. 207 10 0 48 0 0 87 4 5j 77 12 6 21 12 6 18 18 4 10 8 H«o VO VO No. 29 24 34 20 37 11 2 157 District. d © .“} o d o ’k g £ > ^ ^ T3 -g « r© £ Q 6H 3 i- ^ -o r 3 -rj 73 £ m d u, ’S >-H Pd CO rH j 8 CHAPTER II. POPULATION — CLASSES AND CASTES — BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS — IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION — LANGUAGE — HOUSES — FOOD DRESS AND ORNAMENTS— GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS — * DAILY LIFE VILLAGE COMMUNITIES. Population. — The total population of Goa in 1800, not including the Novas Conquistas, was estimated at 178,478, of which 91,436 were males and 87,042 females. No suffi- ciently detailed statistics of the whole population of the Yelhas and Novas Conquistas have been published since 1851, the census for which year gave a total of 363,788 inhabitants, or a density of 342'54 to the square mile, being an increase of 1044 over that of 1848, when the aggregate was returned at 362,744 souls. By the enumeration of 1851 the population was classified under the following heads : — I. — Sex : — Males 180,240, females 183,648. II. — Age : — Males and females from birth to five years of age 52,387 ; from five to fifteen 73,633 ; from fifteen to twenty-five 85,895 ; from twenty-five to fifty 104,856 j from fifty to a hundred 47,006 ; above a hundred 11. III. — Races : — (A) European males and females and their descendants 1851, (B) Asiatic males and females 361,241, (C) African males and females and their descendants 696. IV. — Social Condition : — Married males 81,522 ; married females 81,682 ; widowers 16,753 ; widows 35,202 ; un- married males 81,965 ; unmarried females 66,664. Y. — Religion : — Christians 232,189 ; Hindus 128,824, Mu- hammadans 2,775. The present population of Goa, as gathered from the statis- tics published in the Boletim, do Governo , is as follows: — Population, 1877 . 9 Grand Total. 46,107 101,827 116,806 25,163 31,578 34,387 36,366 392,234 Women. c3 - 1-3 O H 23,796 52,266 60,323 12,385 15,270 15,894 17,710 197,644 Widows. 3,651 10,898 10,073 2,038 2,279 2,435 2,991 34,365 Married. 11,059 23,541 22,347 6,402 7,923 9,535 9,286 90,093 Unmarried above 14 years. 3,696 4,978 11,959 306 1,774 1,068 1 ,304 25,085 Under 1 14 years. 5,390 12,849 15,944 3,039 3,294 2,856 4,129 48,101 Men. Total. 22,311 49,501 56,483 12,778 16,308 18,493 18,656 194,590 Widow- ers. 949 3,068 3,332 409 1,026 1,093 1,478 11,355 Married. 11,040 23,242 22,212 6,505 7,626 9,974 9,279 89,878 Unmarried above 14 years. 4.511 9,086 15,251 1,360 3,228 3,197 3,169 39,802 Under L4 years. 5,811 14,165 15,688 4,504 4,428 4,229 4,730 tO t(0 to CO tO District. ci 75 .2 . t o .2 6 6 8 H : n > ns ^ ns » ,2 o p 2 a “ ^ ^3 - - PH ffl CZ2 r-< cq CO t? ' -v — ■ — / v ' •se^smbnoQ •SBqsmbuoQ seAOjjj 2y 10 The total population of Goa was in 1 877_, according to the preceding statement; 392 ; 234; against 1 78^4 78 in the year 1800 in the Yelhas Conquistas alone. But supposing that the popu- lation was in both these years the same in the Novas Conquis- taS; about which nothing is known as regards the latter year, there would appear to have been an increase of 86,262 in 1877, or a density of 369 - 335 to the square mile. Classes and Castes. — The inhabitants of the country are divided into three classes — Europeans, Eurasians, and natives. The natives are again subdivided into Christians and pagans. The former, who constitute about two -thirds of the entire population, are the descendants of Hindus converted to Christianity on the subjugation of the country by the Portuguese, and can still trace the caste to which they origi- nally belonged. The predominating caste among the Hindus is that of Shenvis, or Sarasvati Brahmans. The Chitpavans and Karadas are also to be found, as well as the low or de- pressed castes, as Mahars, Chambars, &c., who are generally distinguished from the former by their darker complexion. There are a few Muhammadans in the territory, who, as a class, are in a poor condition. Births, Marriages, and Deaths. — The average number of births to each marriage is from four to six children. The native Christian males generally marry between the ages of twenty and twenty-five, and the females between thirteen and eighteen. The Hindus of course, as everywhere in India, marry earlier. On the occasions of marriage, the native Chris- tians invite all their relatives and friends, even those living in distant villages, and continue to feast for two or three days, the rich giviug balls and sumptuous entertainments, and their less favoured brethren contenting themselves with homely but profuse dinners, followed by their country dance called mando. On the occasion of a death, the relatives and friends of the deceased meet at his house, and all the males accompany the funeral to the last resting-place. The family for a few days after the event keep strictly to the house, and abstain from 11 every kind of work. So closely is this rule carried out in some villages tliat they do not even cook at home, the neigh- bours sending them food at the usual hours for meals. The following tabular statement shows the number of births, marriages, and deaths in each district of Goa in 1876 : — District. Births. Deaths. Excess of Births over Deaths. Marriages. Ilkas 836 689 147 473 Bardez ... 2264 1809 437 896 Salsette ... 2887 2424 463 782 1st Division of Novas Conquistas 220 155 65 172 2nd Division of do. 508 316 192 225 3rd Division do. 471 188 283 221 4 th Division do. 473 235 238 270 Total... 7641 5816 1825 3039 Immigration and Emigration— In the zenith of its prosperity, Goa was the centre to which the enterprising people of almost all the countries of the East flocked for commercial purposes . Hence it was for a long time one of the most populous cities in India during the Portuguese ascendancy. At present, however’, there is little occasion for immigration, and, with the exception of a handful of Gavalls who annually resort from British territories to S atari for grazing cattle, scarcely any people think of fixing their abodes permanently in the once flourishing settlement of Goa. On the other hand, for the last forty or fifty years it has been noticed that a vast pro- portion of the natives of the place, principally belonging to the menial classes, annually emigrate to British India in search of employment. The total number of such may be esti- 12 mated at 25,000 or 30,000. Their stay is, however, temporary, for after some years they I’fcturn to their native country. In 1874 the number of those who returned to Goa amounted to 6938, and of those who left it to 5969. Houses and Furniture. — According to the statistical re- port of Captain Kol published in 1850, the following was in that year the ratio of the number of houses to the population in each district of Goa : — In the Ilhas the houses stood in the same relation to the population as 1 to 3'626, or 989 souls to every square mile; in Salsette they were as 1 to 3'368, or 945 souls to the square mile ; in Bai’dez, which is by far the most cultivated and thickly populated province of the whole territory of Goa, as 1 to 3‘457, or 1331 souls to the square mile ; and in the Novas Conquistas, the most extensive but least populous and cultivated, as 1 to 4'598, or scarcely 144 souls to the square mile. The present number of houses — or rather fogos (hearths), as they are generally styled — amounts in the Velhas Conquistas to 42,972, or 19T839 per square mile, and in the Novas Con- quistas to 15,323, or 1 8'285 per square mile. The better class of houses, which are built of stone and covered with tiles, are of two kinds, two-storied and one- storied. The former, found especially in the city, contain on the upper floor all the requisite accommodation, such as a hall, which is generally spacious, a passage, a dining-room, two or more sleeping apartments, and a few other rooms intended for various purposes, the groundfloor being ordinarily used as shops, granaries, storehouses, etc., or converted into habitations for the poor. The latter, more numerous, and seen chiefly in the villages of the Velhas Conquistas, have the groundfloor elevated to a height of three to seven feet, in consequence of which they are called meio sobraclos or half- storied. Most of the houses of either description have windows with thin and transparent oyster-shells instead of glass. They cost from £100 to £1000 each. Those of the humbler classes, chiefly in the Novas Conquistas, are built of mud and covered 13 with tiles, palm leaves, or grass, and cost from £5 to £10 each. Scarcely any house is let to tenants in the villages ; but in the citv and towns a house can be hired at from two shillings to three pounds a month. Most of the indispensable and even ornamental articles of furniture that constitute the internal appendages of a modern European household may be seen in the dwellings of the well-to-do citizens. Language. — All classes of the people speak the Kohkani dialect, except the Europeans and educated natives residing in the capital and the principal towns and villages, who use Portuguese, which is also the official language. French is understood by some, and English chiefly by those who have resided for a long time in British territory. Food. — Rice is the favourite article of diet, supplemented among the upper and middle classes by various dishes of meat, fish, and vegetables, dressed in the modern European style, and among the poor by fish and vegetables, meat being- indulged in on Sundays or festive occasions alone. The meals are generally wound up by a course of fruits and sweets by those who can afford these luxuries. Owing to the compara- tive cheapness of the necessaries of life, the ordinary monthly expenses of a family of five persons would be among the rich from £5 to £10, among the middle class £3, and among the poor from 10s. to £1. Dress and Ornaments— The males among Christians for the most part adopt the European costume ; while a great ma- jority of the females still adhere to the primitive sari known as oil or pan]? cilo. This dress for domestic purposes is very simple and chaste, consisting of a simple web of cloth seven or seven and a half yards long, and a bodice or choli. The fox-mer is woi-n as it comes from the loom, and can be ai-x-anged in such a manner as to cover the whole body. It is first wi-apped twice or thi’ice round the waist and the lower part of the body, and then one of its ends is di-awn over the back and shoulder and brought down again over the breast, the remaining portion being gathei’ed into small folds which are fixed, or tied with a 14 string. This web of cloth has at each end a narrow border of silk or common thread, and two others of greater width at the extremities lengthwise, called paloum. On festivals and occasions of marriage the dress is very costly and gaudy. The church attire consists of the above garments made of materials of a superior description, and a long piece of cloth, called Ml, which serves to cover the whole body cap-a-pie. Be- sides this dress there is another much used, called bujjn-toropo, composed of two articles, one of which covers the lower, and the other the upper part of the body, respectively known as toropo and baju. The former is wound several times tightly round the waist and the nether part of the body, and one of its ends is collected into a number of uniform folds. The latter, which forms the complement of this dress, covers the shoulders and breast, and beiug loose resembles the upper part of a chemise rather than the Hindu choli or bodice ; its sleeves are short, loose, and ornamented with frills, while round the neck narrow pieces of silk or rich embroidered velvet are stitched, according to the taste or means of the wearer. The church attire of this class of women is identical with that of those who wear the oil, described above. Both of these dresses, however, are gradually giving way to the Euro- pean costume, which is being introduced now-a-days amongst the rich and educated classes. On an average the outlay on dress in a middle-class family is said to amount to about £15 a year. The principal ornaments worn by men belonging to the lower classes are a girdle called munz or gof, and round the neck a small quadrangular green stone ( fator or pedra verde ) encased in gold and suspended from a piece of thread, or a chain made of the same material. Round the loins of children immediately after birth is tied a piece of thin blue cord, for which are afterwards substituted coral and gold beads intermixed and strung together. To these are added, after some time, gold or silver anklets, chains of either metal, and other trinkets of various shapes. Those of the females who appear in the costumes described above wear during their infancy earrings and small pendants, and on reaching the age 15 of womanhood three gold carab or crcovos, flower-shaped ornaments, fixed in the ear by means of a short screw, or sometimes joined by a small chain usually drawn over the ear and fastened to the hair; a short chain about the neck with a green stone encased in gold ; a necklace, fugudor, consisting of a gold brooch (with three small pen- dants) surmounted by an image of Christ, appended to a species of chain made up of minute gold beads skilfully arranged on fine threads ; and glass bangles. On festivals they wear, in addition to these, a fugilad, or neck ornament made up of thin, flat, and small quadrangular pieces of gold hooked together, a rosary of coral and gold beads, costly chains of exquisite workmanship, bracelets, pendants, and a large gold comb. On occasions of marriage a more brilliant display is made of the numberless personal decorations sanc- tioned by long established usage. The educated and ad- vanced classes are, however, more moderate in the use of jewellery. Amusements and Games.— It is a circumstance worthy of notice that the people of Goa, as a rule, possess a peculiar taste for music; but it is only amongst the upper and educated ranks that the principal European musical instruments are in use. The humbler classes still adhere to the national musical instruments, such as gumhot, a quasi-semicircular earthen vessel ending in a small open tube, and covered in the front with lizard skin ; and madlem, a cylindrical earthen vessel covered on both ends with the same skin. The former is played with the right hand, and is specially used as an accompaniment to the popular country dance of mando, and the latter with both. The chief games and amusements among the educated are cards, backgammon, and chess. Of those in vogue among the lower ranks the following maybe mentioned: — (1) Ta- bula are a kind of draughts played on a quadrangular board divided into four rows of twelve squares each. The squares in the lateral rows are filled respectively with pebbles and small shells. The players consist of two or more persons, and the game is played by throwing four flat and tain pieces of bamboo., called tabolas , whence its name, on the ground, and removing the pebbles*or shells from the squares which they occupy into the inner rows according to the number of points indicated by the fall and position of the tabolas. (2) Gircundio is a species of game in which one boy stands with a piece of stick on the ground at the foot of a tree whose boughs are not very high, and other boys climb up the tree and perch on its various branches. The latter endeavour to descend and touch the stick, while the boy guarding it tries not only to prevent them from doing so, but also to climb the tree in order to touch his comrades. Should the boy below succeed in his efforts, he is relieved from the task of guarding the stick, while the boy touched is compelled to take his place at the foot of the tree. (3) Follio is played thus : — A large parallelogram is formed on the ground and divided into many others which are intersected by a line parallel to the sides of the parallelog’ram. Each cross line is guarded by a boy. Two or more boys stand out of the paral- lelogram and endeavour to enter the inner ones without being touched by their adversaries, and again, after entering- and passing them, to return to the place whence they started. (4) Appa-lippa is identical with the English ‘ hide-and- seek’ ; and (5) Andruboia is the same as ‘ blind man’s buff.’ The last two games are also played by the children of the upper classes. Daily Life. — The daily routine of life in the villages of Goa varies, as everywhere else, according to the sex and the social status of the members of each class. The males of the rich and middle ranks, who are most- ly landed proprietors ( batlcaras ), advocates, doctors, and priests, pursue a somewhat similar course of life, modified in some degree by the pecularities of their respective avocations. The bdthara is the very type of a Goa country gentleman, simple in his tastes but of a cultivated mind. He rises in the morning about seven, and after finish- ing his toilet and sipping a cup of tea or coffee starts for church or the nearest chapel to hear Mass. After Mass 17 he joins in a familiar conversation with his friends, either in the parochial hall or the church corridor, for some time ; then he returns home for breakfast, which he takes at nine o’clock. Many, however, do not go to church, but after taking tea sit in their balconies, either poring over a newspaper, or talking with their neighbours. After breakfast, owing to lack of occupation, some while away their time in card-playing, or reading novels and other light literary works, till one or two o’clock, when dinner is served. This is fol- lowed by a short siesta, and at four o’clock by tea, with sweets or fruits, after which they sit in the balcony or parlour talking with their families till sunset, when they go for a walk, meeting their friends at various places of rendezvous. At nightfall they return home, recite the rosary with their families, bathe if they have not already done so at noon, sup at nine, and retire to rest at ten. The landed proprietors of the mid- dle class, being generally unable to engage the services of an inspector or mukatlain. to superintend the agricultural opera- tions in their fields, look after this business themselves till noon or evening, when they return home if their property is not situated at a considerable distance from their dwelling- places ; otherwise they make temporary arrangements for living in their fields till the harvest-time. The rich, on the other hand, seldom or never visit their fields, all the work being performed by their dependants and servants. Advocates commanding a large practice generally reside in the city, or in towns where courts of justice are located. Many, however, have their abodes in adjoining villages, and attend the courts twice a week, or oftener when necessary. Medical practitioners are found equally in towns and villages, though comparatively in less numbers in the latter than in the fonner. The members of these professions are mostly rich landed proprietors, and therefore care little for practice, their aim being solely to obtain diplomas, and with them a higher social status. Their mode of living is almost identical with that of the landed proprietors described above. The number of priests is considerable in all the districts of 3 g IS the Velhas Conquistas, which contain a vast proportion of Catholics. Some of them, preferring the paternal roof, con- tinue to live in the bosom of their families, but their mode of living is in perfect harmony with their sacred calling. The rest are employed either as vicars of churches, curates, or professors in public and private schools. The females of the rich and the middle ranks also rise early, and, after finishing their toilet, generally go to church. Afcer breakfast their attention is directed for some time to- wards the management of the household. Amongst the middle class, however, some women perform no small part of the duties usually devolving on servants. The rest of the time before and after dinner is passed in sewing, knitting, playing on the piano or guitai', reading romances or religious books, or teaching their children. The poorer classes, composed chiefly of cultivators and day-labourers, rise with the dawn, and after a light break- fast set out at about seven, with coarse blankets (kambliih) on their heads and agricultural implements on their shoul- ders, for the fields rented by them, or for those of their mas- ters. There they toil very hard, enlivening the work at times with an interchange of views on their landlords’ character, or talking about affairs relating to the parish and the village com- munities. At noon they obtain a short intermission for the midday meal, which is usually preceded by a visit to the nearest liquor-shop for a dram of urralra, or distilled todd} T . The meal, consisting of a large quantity of coarse rice and curry, is either taken at home, if their dwellings are near the scene of their labour, or brought to the place by a female member of the family. After partaking of it heartily and taking a smoke, they stretch their weary limbs on bamboo mats, enjoying rest for about an hour. Work is then resumed with redoubled energy, and finished at six o’clock, when they are seen once more wending their way, in small groups, to the favourite tavern, where they spend an hour or so in drinking and wrangling on topics that are at the moment uppermost in their minds. Thus 19 refreshed, they return home with their comrades, sit talking for some time, chiefly regarding the prospects of the harvest, then recite the rosary with their families, take a warm bath followed by supper, and, after saying the night prayers, go to rest at eight o’clock. This dull and monotonous routine has, howevei’, a good many diversions in the year— on the principal festivals of the Church and on Sundays, on which occasions, the primary duty of attendance at Mass being accomplished, they devote the rest of the time to sauntering, and amusements suitable to their tastes and walks in life. With the agricultural classes the burden of toil falls gener- ally most heavily in the ploughing season, which continues through the months of March, April and May, when they plod through their work from early dawn till late in the evening, and often after dusk. This is, however, compensated for by the lightness of work in the monsoon, in which season gossip and games occupy a large share of their attention. The Kunbis belong to the lowest ranks, and generally obtain work by contract. They have to undergo greater toil than their brethren of the other classes, and sometimes even sacrifice their hours of sleep for the sake of gain. The toddy-drawers [rendeiros ) , fishermen, and some other people of this descrip- tion lead a comparatively easier life, working only for a few hours in the day, but their lives are often exposed to the danger inseparable from the nature of their occupations. Amongst the rural population and the poor classes generally, all the domestic duties devolve on women, who rise at four, when the first streaks of light begin to glimmer, and the church bell invites Catholics to recite the angelic salutation to Mary, and before sunrise go through a great part of the household work, such as washing the earthen cooking utensils, cleaning the brass plates and all kinds of vessels, sweeping the house, fetching water from the wells, feeding the cattle if any, looking after the poultry and pigs, and cooking food. When the men and children awake, the women serve them first with breakfast, and then take it themselves. 20 Thus fortified, they either go at seven o’clock to labour in tho fields, or are hired to carry stones and other materials neces- sary for building houses, or to do any other work. In the forenoon they obtain a short recess for taking the midday meal, and, having partaken of it, resume work, continuing to perform it till evening. On returning home, they fondle and caress the children, — who stand near the door anxiously watching for their mothers’ return, — fetch Avater, cook their food, and, after washing themselves and the children, sit in front of the door, teaching the young ones catechism, till the arrival of the men, when they recite the rosary and take supper. After this, they clean the pots, put them in safe places, fasten well the doors and windows, shut up the poultry and pigs, and after reciting the night prayers go to bed. In households containing a great many females, the daughters- in-law- perform the hardest work, the elder women only superin- tending the culinary business and amusing themselves Avith the children. The elder girls take the cattle to pastime, and collect fireivood for preparing the day’s meals. When tho women have leisure, they busy themselves with grinding’ grain, washing clothes and cutting grass, the rest of the time being employed in gossip. The routine of daily life in the city and towns does not vary much from that in the villages, the chief point of difference worthy of notice being’ the change in the hours of breakfast and dinner, which necessarily arises from the fact that most of the residents of the former places being Government servants have to attend to their avocations for a specified number of hours from 9 a.h. to 2^ p.m. Village Communities. — At the time of the conquest of Goa by Affonso de Albuquerque in a.d. 1510, its inhabitants were found to be divided into village communities, enjoying certain special rights and privileges. Unwilling to destroy their time-honoured institutions, that wise and able ruler deter- mined not to disturb the constitution of these communities, or to impose on them any ether taxes than those exacted 21 by the Muhammadan rulers. The policy thus chalked out was followed by his successors, and in 1526 a register, called t oral de TJsos e Costumes, containing the peculiar usages and customs of the communities, and the privileges enjoyed by them from times immemorial, was compiled. This register served as a guide-book to subsequent rulers. But in course of time the communities were burdened with additional imposts, and placed under certain restrictions. In the 17th century, being unable to meet the pecuniary demand made by the Government for the defence of the State, then attacked by the neighbouring chieftains, they were constrained to sell certain shares which they held, called tang as, melagas, etc., to persons alien to their associa- tion, whence arose a class of individuals known as cuntocares or interessados. These, notwithstanding- the interest they na- turally had in the welfare of the communities, were not allowed to participate in their regime. About the same time several other alterations were effected in the administration of the communities, which in 1735 received a fresh set of regulations, generally called Regimento das Communidadcs. At present they are under the control and supervision of the Government, which appoints in each district ( conselho ) of the Velhas Con- quistas an officer called Administrador das Communidades to keep a sharp eye on their proceedings, and in each division of the Novas Conquistas a functionary entitled Adminis- trador Fiscal, who is entrusted with the same task in addition to his other duties. Thus circumstanced, the communities are precluded from spending even the smallest sum without the sanction of Government, and have to pay certain contributions to the parish churches, as well as for the construction and repair of roads, the maintenance of schools, etc. Amongst their other functions, they are entrusted with the collection of the Govern- ment taxes in the villages to which they respectively belong. The staff of village officials and servants is not uniform everywhere, but in most places it comprises the following members — the tax-collector ( sacador ), the clerk ( escrivao ), the carpenter (carjpinteiro) , the barber ( barbeiro ), the shoe- 22 maker ( alparqueiro ), the washerman ( mainato ), the crier ( parpoti ), and the Mahar ( faruz ) ; there is, however, no head- man. These, especially the last, live apart from the other villagers. On questions affecting the interests of a whole village, a sort of pancli or council is held, composed of one or more members of each clan ( vangor ), and the decisions are regulated by the majority of votes given. In the Yelhas Con- quistas a great portion of the lands is held by the village communities, which, after paying* the usual rents and other Government taxes, divide the annual produce amongst them- selves ; while in the Novas Conquistas the lands are distributed among the vangors, who cultivate them and enjoy their net produce. The total number of village communities is 394, of which 137 are in the Yelhas Conquistas, and 257 in the Novas Conquistas*. The aggregate revenue of the villages com- prehended in the Yelhas Conquistas amounted in 1872 to £77,111-6-0, and their expenditure to £26,436-6-8. 23 CHAPTER III. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY — AGRICULTURE — COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES — MONEY-LENDING, WAGES, AND PRICES — ROADS AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION — CONVEYANCES — TELEGRAPH AND POST OFFICES. Commerce and Industry. — Prior to the close of the fifteenth century the Venetians enjoyed a monopoly of the whole trade of Europe with the East, receiving the produce of the Eastern countries through Syria and Alexandria. But the discovery of a new route to India by the Cape of Good Hope, and the conquest by Albuquerque of Ormuz and Malacca, the two chief ports to which the Arab traders, who principally supplied the Venetians with merchandize, resorted, worked a complete revolution in the commercial world, and contributed to enhance the importance of Goa by rendering it the principal emporium of trade between the East and West. From this time goods were conveyed to Europe by new hands and by a new track. The Venetians were supplanted by the Portuguese, while the goods, instead of being transmitted through the ports of the Levant and the Mediterranean Sea, were exported, on a considerably larger scale, from Goa to Lisbon, which had at this time become the greatest mart of Europe. Claiming the sole right of using the new route, and the absolute command of the Eastern seas, the Portuguese prevented, by means of their powerful navy, the vessels of every other nation from navigating therein, unless they pos- sessed duly authenticated passports. Purchases were usually effected either in retail at the various ports visited by the Portuguese vessels, or by means of regular 24 contracts entered into with, native princes and merchants; and the rich commodities thus obtained were annually conveyed to Europe in a fleet of about twenty sail. The King reserved to himself the monopoly of the trade in spices, which were trans- mitted every year to Portugal to the extent of about 30,000 quintaes (3,840,000 lbs.). The profits accruing therefrom have been estimated at about £45,000. Other goods were also largely imported, yielding a profit of at least thirty per cent., or in other words, the sum of £150,000. In 1587 the royal monopoly of the spice trade was sold to a company of merchants denominated the Companliia Portuguese das Indies Orientaes , which, however, owing to the strong competition of the chief authorities at Goa, who were also engaged in the same traffic, did not realize the expected profits. Nevertheless, in accordance with the stipulations made with the Portuguese Government, 20,000 quintaes (2,560,000 lbs.) of pepper, costing £100,833, were yearly conveyed to Lisbon towards the close of the 16th century, a quintal being purchased at the rate of 10s. LI. About the same period private trade had increased to such proportions that fleets composed of several ships were successively sailing to various parts in search of merchandize on private account. One of these fleets is related to have consisted of 240 merchantmen. In 1697 another company was started under the designation of the Com- panliia do Commercio da India , which received the royal charter on condition of paying a yearly contribution to Govern- ment of £2,763-17-6; but, meeting with the same obstacles which its predecessor experienced,- it was dissolved four years later. This was followed in 1788 by a third trading company, which was equally unsuccessful. Meanwhile the power of the Portuguese in the East had been almost completely crippled, and, as a natural consequence, their commerce sustained a serious blow. Nevertheless Goa continued to trade for some years with the mother-country, Brazil, and Mozambique, but the returns were very small. In 1847 a company was orga- nized to revive the decayed commerce, but its efforts proved abortive. 25 At present, Goa, which was once the chief entrepot of com- merce between the East and West, has dwindled into insigni- ficance. There being scarcely any enterprise amongst its inhabitants, few manufacturing industries of any importance are encouraged. Yet the country is not devoid of excellent and skilful artizans, such as goldsmiths, carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers, etc., who, however, have few inducements to work more than is sufficient to ensure a bare livelihood. Some of the articles produced are disposed of privately, while others are exposed for sale at the weekly and annual fairs held in various places. The principal exports are cocoanuts, betelnuts, mangoes, water-melons, jack and other fruits, cinnamon, pepper, salt-fish, gum, coir-work, firewood, fowls, and salt. Of these the last forms one of the principal sources of profit, the numerous salt-pans that exist in the country yieldiug a large quantity of salt over and above the local demand, in conse- quence of which it is exported for foreign consumption. The following is a table of the manufacture and consumption of salt in 1876, a hhandi being equal to about 2 66 lbs. : — No. of Salt- pans. No. of Consumption. District. No. of Villages. Labourers working in Salt-pans. Manu- facture. For p Domestic Manure. use. . CO fllhas 11 104 546 Khandis. 160,415 Khandis. 40,210 Khandis. 40,210 c6 m | ~ 'B < Salsette ... © cr . 12 197 466 46,117* 20,000 10,000 IBardez 8 64 339 78,400 2,820 11,600 '1st Division 5 21 380 8,440 3,000 955 to £ ci oQ S'g.^ 2nd do. 11,001 3,000 a a 3rd do. 10,472 7,627 ° -4 th do. 13,140 2,620 Total... 36 386 1,731 293,372* 100,643 76,012 4 cr fl 1 q bBardez 121,419 0 "1st Division 34,297 0 m m c3 - 4-3 2nd Division 28,949 0 > o 525 3 < O" 1 a o 3rd Division 17,155 16 o 4th Division 11,388 11 Total... 443,171 17 Next to rice, the culture of cocoanut trees ( Gocos nucifera) is deemed most important, owing chiefly to the variety of uses to which their products are applied. They grow abundantly in beautiful groves on all lands not hilly, or serviceable for the production of rice, and along the sea-coast, which is finely 29 fringed with them. Hilly places and inferior soils are set apart for the cultivation of such cereals and pulses as nachni (Eleusine Goracana), Uriel (Phaseolus radiatus), culit ( Dolichos unijiorus), orio ( Panicum miliaceum ) , mug ( Phaseolus Mun- go), and tori ( Gajanus indicus ) ; of fruit trees, the most im- portant of which are the mango, ambo (Mangifera indica), the jack, ponos ( Artocarpus integrifolia ) , the cashew, caz {Anacardium occidentals) , and the plantain, guelmo ( Musa pa- radisiaca ) ; of oil and fibrous plants, as till ( Sesamum indicum), son ( Grotalaria juncea) ; and of various kinds of vegetables, as potatoes ( Convolvulus Batatas), radishes ( Raphamts sativus), yams ( Dioscorea sativa ), bende ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) , melons ( Cucumis Melo), water-melons ( Gucurbita Citrillus), cucumbers ( Gucumis sativus), pumpkins ( Gucurbita Pepo), bottle gourds {Gucurbita lagenaria ) , and snake gourds (Trichosanthes anguina). Besides these, chillies ( Capsicum frutescens ), ginger ( Zingiber officinale), turmeric ( Curcuma longa), onions ( Allium Gcepa ), and certain vegetables of daily consumption are extensively cultivated in some villages. In the province of Satari enter- prising foreigners rented some years ago from Government certain plots of ground for starting coffee plantations. Several experiments were tried, but the result did not prove very encouraging. The chief agricultural implements in use in the country are the plough, hoe, reaping-hook, rake, and mattock. Goa is seldom visited with great floods. Some of its pro- vinces, indeed, occasionally suffer from partial inundations, especially during heavy rains, but no great damage results therefrom to the crops. In times of drought the agricultural classes sustain heavy losses, but the people at large are supplied, though at great cost, with rice from British territories. It is only when a famine occurs in these territories that palpable signs of distress are visible amongst the inhabitants of Goa. Formerly this country suffered frequently from fa- mines ; the years 1553, 1570, and 1682 particularly are said to -have been seasons of great scarcity. In subsequent years the constant incursions of the Marathas, who on each 30 occasion ravaged and plundered the territory of Goa, occa- sioned great distress, misery, and want amongst the people. The condition of the agricultural classes in the Velhas Con- quistas has of late improved considerably, owing partly to the general rise in prices of all kinds of agricultural produce, and partly to the want of labourers, caused by the large emigra- tion of people to British territory. In the Novas Conquistas, however, the cultivators have been reduced to great want and misery, through the oppression of the land-owners on the one hand, and their own insolvent circumstances and general poverty on the other. As a rule, the tillers of the former district are much more honest and regular in their habits than those of the latter. Coins, Weights, and Measures— One of the earliest institutions established by Albuquerque in Goa was a mint, and the first coins which it turned out were of gold (manueis ) , silver ( esperas and meias-esperas) , and copper ( leaes ). These were brought into use with great pomp and solemnity, and superseded the coins then in force, except a few, such as the gold pardau, worth 360 reis (Is.), which still remained in circulation. During the administration of Nuno da Cunha and of Martim Affonso de Souza new copper pieces were successively coined, while Garcia de Sa, who was at the helm of the government in 1548-49, issued a gold coin called Sao Thome, of the value of 1,000 reis (£0-2-9^), followed by a silver piece of the same designation. Dom Luis de Atbaide, some years afterwards, not content with the existing currency, sent into circulation another silver coin, valued at about 300 reis (10 d.) and called bastiao, after St. Sebastian, whose impress it bore. Subsequently other pieces of money were coined from time to time, including pardaus or copper xerafins, bcizarucos of tutenag, silver and pewter, and gold coins. In 1713 the most important gold coin was the Sao Thome novo (‘ new Sao Thome’), as distinguished from the earlier piece of the same metal and designation already mentioned. This coin was of three kinds, called double, single, and half Sao Thome, valued respectively at 3,000 (8s. 4 d.), 1,500 (4s. 2d.), and 750 reis 31 (2s. Id!.). Silver rupees, each worth 600 reis, were for the first time circulated in. 1720, followed by silver pardaus of 300 reis, meios-pdrdaus of 150 reis, tangas of 60 reis, and meias-tangas of 30 reis each. In 1726 some small brass pieces were coined and issued, viz. two tangas, one tanga, meia-tanga , one vintem, fifteen reis, ten reis, five reis, and two and a half reis. These coins have been renewed, with slight variations in their form, on different occasions, the last of which was during the government of the Yiscount of Sao -Januario in 1871. At present, besides the coinage of the Bombay mint, and that of some other foreign countries, the following are the coins chiefly current in the country. The public accounts, however, are generally kept in reis. Gold. £ s. d. Pega or meia»dobla (15,000 reis) ... ... 2 1 8 Meia-pega (7,500 reis) ... ... ... 1 0 10 Silver. Rupia (720 reis) Meia-rupia, xerafim or p&rdau (360 reis) Um quarto de rupia, meio-xerafim, or meio- pardau (180 reis) 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 Copper. Xerafim or pardau, 5 tangas (300 reis) ... 0 0 TaDga (60 reis) ... ... ... ... 0 0 Meia-tanga or ortang (30 reis) ... ... 0 0 Vintem (20 reis) ... ... ... ... 0 0 Rubo (15 reis) ... ... ... ... 0 0 Vis duddu (12 reis) ... ... ... ... 0 0 Da res (10 reis) ... ... ... ... 0 0 Polemvintem or pondra duddu (9 reis) ... 0 0 Panch dombdio (7f reis) ... ... ... 0 0 Da duddu (6 reis) ... ... ... ... 0 0 Ordem vintem (4f reis) ... ... ... 0 0 Panch duddu (3 reis) ... ... ... 0 0 Of weights and measures, the following are chiefly in use. They, however, vary in some provinces. 10 2 of Of Of 0t 3 o 0 * Of 0* OjV 32 Weights for solids. Khandi = 20 mans. Man = 32 lbs. for copra. Man = 26 „ for sugar, bees’ wax. Man = 24 ,, for onions, garlic, iron, &c. Man = 4 doras. Dora or Doddo = 6ilbs. for almonds, coffee, saffron, ginger, etc. ; sometimes it is equivalent to 8 lbs., or about 4 lbs. Pavonxeri or Painxeri = 4 ratto. Ratto = 1 lb. Pavonratto = | lb. Ordoratto = * lb. Pauratto = i lb. Weights for liquids. Xero = 12f ozs. 1 Ordoxero = 6f ozs. j Pausero = $5 ozs. )-For oil and butter. Noutango =• If oz. | Ordemnoutang = Of oz. j Measures for solids. Khumbo = 20 khan d is. Khandi = 20 kuros. Kuro = 2 pailis. Paili = 4 poddis. Poddi — 2 ordipoddis. Ordipoddi, Sol- guem, Natti Ordnati or Ard- — 2 ordnattis. nati = 2 guirnatis. Guirnati Solaho or So- 2 solahos. lavem — 2 bothisavos or bothisolavem. The pov, which may be taken as a basis of these measures, consists of 48 cubic inches. Measures for liquids. 1 khandi = 1 man — 1 calao = 1 Canada = 1 meiarcanada — 1 quartilho = 20 mans or almudes. 2 caloes or colsos. 6 canadas ; in Salsette 4 canadas. 2 meias-canadas. 2 quartilkos. 1 sero. The sub-divisions of the xero are similar to those in the table of weights for liquids. Roads and Means of Communication.— Goa is devoid of railway communication, and till 1846 was intersected by few roads of any importance. Since then many projects for con- necting' the provinces by means of roads have been made and carried into execution. Thus, there are at present thirty- one lines of roads, some of which are still in course of construc- tion. According- to the data furnished by the Chief Engineer in 1876, the following are the principal lines, with their length actually completed : — (1) A road, 14 miles long, runs northwards in the province of Bardez from Verem, opposite Pangim, through the villages of Pilerne, Saligao, and Parra, to Mapuca, and thence proceed- ing through Cunchelim to Colvalle, where it is interrupted by the river of the same name, continues its northward course from Macasana, in the province of Pernem, to Naebaga, on the confines of the Savantvadi State. (2) A line, 10 miles long, begins at Cunchelim, where it meets the above road, and threading- Tivim, Assonora, and Doromarogo towards the north-east, terminates at Sanquerval, in the province of Bicholim, also on the borders of Savantvadi. (3) A road, 22| miles in length, runs eastward from San- quelim, in the province of Safari, and joius it with Codival, in the same province. 5 g 0 A (4) A road, 5 miles, commences at Sanquelim, and, taking* a north-eastern direction, stops at Ckorlem, also in Safari. (5) A road joins Dona Paula, in tlie island of Goa, -with the capital, and thence running* to Sao Braz or Gandaulim, in the same island, where it is interrupted by a branch of the Mandovi, continues its course through Usgao, in Bicholim, to the Tirfern Ghats in Embarbacem. It is 35 miles long, and proceeds first from south-west to north-east, then from west to east, nest from north-west to south-east, and again from west to east. (6) A road, 23 miles in length, commences from the capi- tal, and after being interrupted in its course by the river Zuari, continues in a southward direction, passing through the villages of Cortalim, Verna, Margao, Navelim, Dramapur, and others in the province of Salsette, and terminating at Polem, in Canacona, on the borders of Kanara. (7) A road, 91 miles, runs north-eastward from Barbate, in the province of Ponda, to Pilicm, in Embarbacem. (8) A road, 4f miles long, going* in a south-western direc- tion, joins Baia with the town of Margao, both in the province of Salsette. (9) A road, 2 1 miles in length, running westward in the province of Chandrovadi, joins Mulem with Paroda. (10) A road of the same length, taking* a northward course, connects Colem with Molein, in the province of Embarbacem. The total length of the roads already constructed is about 128 miles, and their cost has been estimated at £108,800. Conveyances. — There are scarcely any bullock or horse carriages in Goa, the principal conveyances consisting of palan- quins of various shapes, known as mcicas , catres, cadeirinhas, etc. These are carried by four men, called hoycis, belonging either to the Mahar, Kunbi, or Sudra class. The Mahars carry them on their shoulders, and the Kunbis and Sudras on their heads; the latter are generally preferred for their activity and bodily strength, There being no fixed fares, the bearers often demand 35 . exorbitant rate's, besides troubling the passengers, in long journeys, with frequent calls for ‘tango.’ (about 2d.), in order to refresh themselves with liquor, at almost every shop. But the ordinary rate is four or six shillings a day, and if the convey- ances are hired for a month three and a half to four pounds, The conveyance formerly used was the nmcMlla, which, owing to its inconvenience, has now gone out of fashion. The water conveyances are rather wretched, consisting of boats, called hodcle or tonas, of two or four oars. They are ill- constructed, and have very common awnings, and can be hired for about four to six shillings a day for long, and sixpence for short distances. Money-lending-, Wages, and Prices. — Except a branch of the Banco TJUramarino, there are no banking establishments, or professional money-lenders in this country. But in cases of necessity money can be borrowed from wealthy proprietors and religious confraternities at five per cent. In districts in- habited by Hindus, however, the current rate of interest is about ten per cent. Owing to the litigious propensities of the people, and the difficulty of obtaining speedy redress in courts of justice, lenders seldom enter into large transactions without good security. Nevertheless some land-owners not unfrequent- ly advance petty sums, or their equivalents in kind, without interest, to such of the cultivators or labourers as are their dependants, or live in their oarts (butt or palmares ) , deducting these amounts by monthly instalments from the wages due to the latter. In the Novas Conquistas, however, the rate charged for an advance of grain is generally half as much as the value of the advance, and sometimes more. Owing to the want of labourers, and the comparative in- crease in the price of grain, wages have of late risen consider- ably. Formerly they varied from two to three pence a day, but at present a male labourer earns as much as sixpence, and a female twopence halfpenny. Agricultural labourers generally receive their wages in kind, either daily or weekly. Good masons and carpenters are paid at the rate of a shilling a 36 day; and male servants at about four shillings a month, be- sides food. Wherever female servants are employed, they, as a rule, receive no fixed wages, but it is usual to give them perio- dically some suits of clothes, and some jewels at the time of their marriage. The average price of a good cow is about one pound, of a pair of oxen or buffaloes five pounds, of a pig sixteen shillings, of a score of fowls ten shillings, and of a score of ducks one pound. Rice ( Oryza saliva ) was sold in 1874-75 at 26 lbs. for two shillings, Urid ( Pliaseolus radiatus) at 30 lbs., and Culita ( Doli - clios uniflonis) at 50 lbs. Telegraph and Post Offices. — There is only one tele- graph office in Goa, — at Pangim, the capital of the country, — maintained jointly by the British and Portuguese Governments, the latter contributing yearly the sum of £160, besides paying £3 monthly as house-rent. During the year 1874-75 the total number of messages sent was 1,294, aud of those received 1,869. The total receipts amounted to £198-3-9, and the expenditure to £256-1 1-6 j. The head-quarters of the Post Office are also at Pangim, but it has some branches established at Margao, Mapuca, Ponda, Bicholim, Chinchinim, and Pernem. Letters sent from Goa to any part of British India, or vice versa, bear respectively the postage stamps issued by the Portuguese and English Governments. The delivery of letters in Goa is made by a staff of carriers paid by the local Government. The total receipts were in 1876 £1,114-2-11. 37 CHAPTER IV. NAVAL AND MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS— -FORTRESSES. Naval and Military Establishments. — The Portu- guese owed the foundation of their once extensive dominion in the East to their powerful navy. Their armaclas or fleets, then re- puted the best in the world, regularly crossed the Indian Ocean, of which they had the sole command, subjected towns and cities, and monopolized the entire commerce of Asia. From 1497, the memorable year in which Yasco de Gama opened out a new way to India, till 1612, it is computed that 806 ships of various sizes, under 107 chief captains ( cajoitaes mores), left the shores of Portugal for the Indian waters ; out of which 425 returned safely to Europe, 285 were permanently stationed in the East, and the rest were lost. The expense of fitting up these armadas varied in each year. In 1588 a fleet of five ships is said to have cost the contractors £11,926-15-0, in 1589, £14,125-15-7, and in 1590, £15,483-2-10, Usually the construction of a single vessel intended for India, the pay of the captain and crew for one voyage, and the purchase of the necessary supplies for them, cost together nearly £4,076-18-10. In 1525 there were in India six ships, eleven galleons, and a very great number of other vessels, measuring from 100 to 550 tons, and armed with several guns. The Madre de Dens, seized in 1592 by the English, was 165 feet long from the beak-head to the stern, and 46 feet 10 inches broad on the second close deck. She drew 31 feet of water, and had three close decks, seven storeys, a main orlop, a forecastle and a spar deck of two floors; her keel was 100 feet long, her main- mast 121 feet, and her main yard 106 feet. Besides those sent from Europe, there were some built in Goa and Daman, the most celebrated being the Constantina. This vessel was con- •38 structed about the middle of the lGtli century, and doubled the Cape of Good Hope seventeen times, having brought from Europe five viceroys, and lasted for twenty-five years in a perfectly good condition. To guard the western coast of India against pirates, the Portuguese stationed a fleet called Armada do Norte to the north of Goa, and another called Armada do Sul, to the south of it, which cruised along the Malabar Coast down to Cape Comorin. In the beginning of the 17th century these two armadas together consisted of sisty small vessels called cjaleotas, and a couple of large ones called gales. Besides these, in cases of emergency special fleets were occasionally despatched from Goa to several places in the East. Each large ship thus employed in the Indian service had on board two or three hundred soldiers, and each small vessel forty or fifty. All these soldiers were enlisted at the India House in Lisbon, and served generally for seven years. From an early period embezzlement on a large scale was practised in this department, for wdiile only four thousand soldiers were actually in service the pay abstracts exhibited for some years the names of seventeen thousand, and the extra money thus obtained naturally found its way into the pockets of the per- sons in charge of that department. During the ascendancy of the Portuguese iu the East, armadas consisting of five to ten ships were annually sent to Goa and other settlements in Asia, but about the begin- ning of the 17tli century their power began rapidly to decline, and with it also their once superb and splendid navy. The chief cause of this was the sudden appearance in the East of the Dutch and the English, who had by this time become great naval powers, and were, by their superior skill, endeavouring to undermine the influence of the Portuguese. The latter, meeting with opposition on all sides, and finding the returns of their trade on the decrease, could hardly maintain a large naval armament. In 1744 it consisted of two men-of-war with 64 and 48 guns respectively, three frigates with 48, 38, 30 and 30 guns, one palla with 24 guns, two corvettes with 14 guns each, and twenty-one small vessels. The sum spent on ac- count of this naval force amounted annually to £7,555-13-4. In 1811 this force was reduced to two corvettes, with 22 and IS gnus respectively, and a few small ships; but the State had nevertheless to set apart for this purpose more than double the amount mentioned above, viz., £18,139-4-9. Later on it could hardly count more than one gcillia, called the Torres Novas. At present, there is no naval force at all in Goa, but the settlement is made to contribute yearly a large sum of money towards the maintenance of the Portuguese navy. In the year 1874-75 this charge amounted to £9,815-15-0. While the Portuguese were the undisputed masters of the sea, and their navy was the object of dread to their enemies, they stood in no need of a large fixed army in Goa. In 1566, however, a militia w r as for the first time organized, to be em- ployed in cases of emergency, and in 1630 a regular company, called Terfo , of 2,500 men, and a battalion of 5,000 men were employed to defend the country against foreign invasion. In 1671 two extra terfos were added, w 7 hich had, however, no special work in time of peace. In 1683 a body of cavalry was raised for the defence of Salsette and Bardez, which was disbanded in 1732, but soon after re-established. In 1708 a subsidiary regiment w r as added, consisting of twenty-three companies, seven of which were composed entirely of native sepoys. Several changes were in subsequent years made in the military department. In 1 768 the total number of pei’sons in military service amounted to 6,532, which was reduced in 1840 to 4,291. In 1860 the total force consisted of 4,294, but, owing to a rebellion which broke out eleven years after, it was disband- ed, and a battalion composed wholly of Europeans des- patched from Portugal. This force consisted in 1874 oi 313 men, including officers. The entire strength of the police was in the same year 970, distributed proportionally in the city and the principal places in the districts. The 40 village police is little more tlian nominal. It receives no pay- ment aucl is unable to protect life and property. The total expenditure for the public force was in 1874-75 £49,687-6-0. Fortresses. — After their settlement in Goa, the Portuguese erected from time to time several fortresses for the defence as well of the city and the harbour as of their newly acquired provinces. Besides these, many others, originally built by the neighbouring chieftains, came successively into their posses- sion by the right of couquest. All of these being once strongly garrisoned, and mounted with 1,204 guns, presented an im- posing aspect of the military strength of the country ; but at present many have fallen into ruin. The following is a list of them, with the number of guns found therein both previous to, and about, the year 1870, accompanied with a brief descriptive sketch of their position. The first two, from their importance, belong to the first order, and the rest (such of them at least as still remain) to the second and third orders. 1. The Fortress of Agoada encloses the whole peninsula at the south-western extremity of the province of Bardez, and forms the northern extremity of the Goa bay. It was erected in 1612, as appears from an inscription on its main gate, which runs thus : — “ Reinando o mui Catholico Eei D. Filippe 2° de Portm gal, mandou a Cidade faser esta Fortaleza do dinheiro de um por cento para guarda e defensao das Niios, qne a este Porto vem, aqual foi acabada pelos Vereadores do anno de 1612, sendo Vice-Rei Ruy de Tavora. 5 ’ / Translation. “ In the reign of the Most Catholic King, Dom Filippe IT. of Portugal, the Municipality ordered the construction of this Fortress with the money realized from the one per cent, duty for the protection and defence of the ships coming to this Port, which fortress was completed by the members of the Municipality of the year 1612, Ruy de Tavora being Viceroy.” 41 Its circumvallation skirts the sea-shore, and ascends the summit of the bare and rocky headland called the Agoada Point, which is 260 feet above the level of the sea. On this point stands a castle or citadel with a lighthouse in the form of a circular tower, about 86-g- feet in diameter and 42 feet in height, which exhibits a light revolving once in seven minutes, and supports a huge clock with a bell, the largest in Goa, once belonging to the Convent of St. Augustine. Contiguous to this lighthouse are a flagstaff and semaphore. Within the citadel lies a large square cistern measuring 11 5 1 feet across, and capable of containing about 2,876,000 gallons of water. It is divided into five compartments by sixteen columns supporting its vaults. This fortress has two powder- rooms, two magazines, two prisons, four barracks, a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Good Voyage, and several buildings for the residence of the commandant, the chaplain, the surgeon, and other officers. At present no traces remain of the build- ings erected by the Bombay Government in 1808, when British troops occupied the fortress. Within its precincts are also seen several fountains and wells, which have from olden times been supplying the shipping with water; in consequence of which circumstance the spot has derived its name of Agoada, or watering-place, from agoa, ‘'water/ One of these fountains was cut out of a rock in 1624, during the administration of Dorn Francisco da Gama, grandson of Vasco da Gama, as seen from an inscription over it, which is as follows : — “ Reinando o mui Catholico Rei D, Fillipe 8° de Portu- gal, e sendo segunda vez Vice-Rey deste estado o Conde de Almira, D. Francisco da Gama, mandou a Cidade faser esta Fonte do dinheiro de urn sporeo, para nella faserem agoada as Naos deste Porto; a qual mandaram faser os Vereadores do anno de 1624.” Translation. “ The Most Catholic King Dom Filippe III. reigning in Por- tugal, and the Count of Almira, Dom Francisco da Gama, beino’ 6 9 42 Viceroy of this country for the second time, the Municipality ordered this fountain to be made out of the money of one sporeo for the purpose of providing the ships of this port with water, which fountain the Municipal Officers of 1624 caused to be built.” This fortress contains 79 guns, and is defended by a guard with four officers. Close to it, on a hill, stands the Church of St. Lawrence, facing the harbour, and commanding a distant view of the beautiful scenery around. The construction of this edifice was begun in 1630, under the auspices of the Count of Linhares, the then viceroy of Goa, and completed in 1643, as testified by the following inscription on its main door : — “ Reinando em Portugal o Catholico Rei D. Filippe 3° N. Sr. e governando este Estado o Vice-Rei D. Miguel de Noronha, Conde de Linhares, mandou faser esta Ermida do Bemaventurado S. Lourengo, com parte do dinheiro do dito Sancto, e parte do seu, no anno de 1630.” Translation. “ The Catholic King Dom Filippe III. our Lord reigning in Portugal, the Viceroy, Dom Miguel de Noronha, Count of Linhares, who governed this State, ordered this Chapel of the blessed St. Lawrence to be made, partly with the money of the said Saint, and partly with his own, in the year 1630.” Here annually towards the close of the monsoon is cele- brated with great pomp and eclat the feast of St. Lawrence, amidst a large gathering of people who traditionally believe that after his feast the port can safely be opened for ships and country craft. 2. The Fortress of Mormugao lies to the south of the port of Goa, in a peninsula at the extreme north-western point of Salsette. Its construction was commenced in 1624, as appears from an inscription over its gate, which runs thus : — “ Reinando em Portugal o Catholico Rei D. Filippe III. deste nome, sendo Vice-Rey deste Estado 2. vez D. Francisco da Gama, 43 4. Conde De Vidigueira e Almirante da India, do Conselho d’Estado de Sua Magestade e seu Gentil-homem da Camara, fez esta Fortaleza. E lancou a 1. pedra aos de Abril de 1624 a qual se fez C tas Terras concederam per dellas.” Translation. “ The Catholic King Dom Filippe, the third of this name, reigning in Portugal, Dom Francisco da Gama, fourth Count of Vidigueira, Admiral of India, a member of His Majesty’s Council and a Gentleman of the Royal Household, being Viceroy for the second time, this Fortress was begun, the first stone being laid on ... April 1624 ” This fortress, which is upwards of two leagues in circum- ference, and in a good state of preservation, contains twenty bulwarks, three magazines, five prisons, a chapel, and quarters for the guard. There are, besides, still traceable at Mormugao, some vestiges of the edifices erected in 1681, when the Govern- ment contemplated transferring the capital to that end of the country. The fortress possesses two beautiful fountains with abundance of water, one of which, “ Fonte de Malabar,” sur- mounted with the royal arms, is popularly believed to obtain its supply from a spring in a gold mine ; and the other, “ Fonte de Santo Ignacio,” also well-built, from a spring in a sulphur mine. It derives its significance from the protection it affords to the entrance of the port, and hence in a military point of view it is the most important fortress on the western coast. It has 53 guns, and a garrison with four officers. 3. The Fortress of Cabo is situated on the western extremity of the island of Goa. It was once a large structure supple- mented with a citadel, and crossed fire with those of Agoada and Mormugao, from the latter of which it is distant three miles. But it is now in so ruinous a condition that scarcely anything remains to indicate its former size and greatness except a few vestiges, amongst which the most interesting are three large cisterns. The project of erecting a fortress on this site, which 44 might supersede that standing at Pangim, originated in 1540 with the governor, Dom Estevao da Gama, but it was not real- ized till some years later. Prior to this, however, a chapel dedi- cated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, under the invocation of “ Nossa Senhora de Cabo/"’ had been raised within the space subsequently comprehended in the fortress, and to this was attached a convent of the Reformed Franciscans during the administration of the Viceroy Mathias d 7 Albuquerque in 1594. Of these two edifices, which still exist, the latter deserves special notice. Owing to its salubrity and the pano- ramic view with which it is surrounded, the building was selected in the seventeenth century as a temporary residence of the archbishops. Subsequently the Count of Rio Pardo, who evinced a great predilection for the Franciscans, made some improvements to the convent, and was wont to spend there some months every year. After the abolition of the religious orders in Goa, it was placed in charge of a friar, and once more served as temporary quarters to the archbishops. It was subsequently repaired by the Count of Torres Novas and his successor, at an outlay of about £1000, and has since then been converted into the summer palace of the Governors of Goa. About the beginning of the present century, this fortress was occupied for a time, with the consent of the Portuguese Government, by the British, who erected there a hospital, barracks, and some other buildings, which in 1848 were demolished by the Portuguese so completely that hardly any traces of them are now visible. A cemetery is the only monument which still attests this occupation, and for its preservation and safe custody the Government of Bombay allows the sum of six rupees monthly to a guard posted there. Of the thirty-eight tombs found in the cemetery, six only bear epitaphs. 4. The Fortress of Reis Magos is situated on the south- eastern extremity of the table-land on the right bank of the Mandovi, in the province of Bardez, about two miles to the north-east of Agoada. It was constructed in 1551, enlarged 45 subsequently on different occasions, and finally re-erected in 1707, as is shown by the following inscription on its gate : — “No anno de 1707 foi re-edificada esta Fortaleza gover- nando o Vice-Rey Caetano de Mello e Castro, e se poseram estas annas sendo Capitao della D. Aleixo de Almeida.'” Translation. “ In the year 1707 this fortress was rebuilt, during the administration of the Viceroy Caetano de Mello e Castro, and these arms were placed when Dom Aleixo de Almeida was Captain thereof.” Though far inferior in size to the fortress of Mormugao, yet, standing on an eminence, it commands a splendid view around. It is in a good state of preservation, and is defended by 33 guns and a small garrison. Towards the east, at a little distance from it, flows a spring with abundance of excellent water ; while at its base rises the Church of the Reis Magos, ascended by a beautiful flight of steps. This edifice was built on the ruins of a pagoda in 1550 by the Franciscans, with the sum allowed them by the Government, and bears a crown on its faqade, and the royal arms on its sanctuary and other places. The pavement is dotted with inscriptions, the most important of which, found in the sanctuary, indicates the spot enclosing the remains of Dom Luis de Athaide, Count of Athoughia, who twice held the sceptre of India as viceroy. In this church is celebrated an- nually on the 6th January the feast of the Epiphany, or Reis Magos, with great pomp, and near it is held a popular fair. Side by side with this sacred edifice stood the College of the Franciscans, now decayed, where the viceroys resided for a time on their arrival in India, previous to assuming charge of their office. 5. The Fortress of Gaspar Dias is situated in the island of Goa on the left bank of the Mandovi, one and a half miles to the north-east of the Cabo, and faces the fortress of the Reis Magos. It was erected in 1598 by the 46 viceroy, Dom Francisco da Gama, on a site owned by one Gaspar Dias, from whom it receives its name. It was con- siderably damaged during tbe military revolt of 1835, but was restored to its primitive condition in 1842. At present, however, it is in a dilapidated state. 6. The Fortress of Eachol lies to tbe east of tbe province of Salsette, at a distance of about four miles from Margao, on tbe left bank of tbe river Zuari, and opposite tbe village of Siroda, in Ponda. Wrested from tbe king of Bijapur in 1520 by Krishnarav, Raja of Vijayanagara, it was shortly afterwards ceded by tbe latter to tbe Portuguese, under tbe administra- tion ofDiogo Lopes de Siqueira. This fortress, once tbe chief bulwark of defence in Salsette, was frequently attacked by tbe Muhammadans and the Marathas during their incursions into Goa. Tbe damage thus caused called for frequent repairs, which were executed successively in 1604 by tbe governor Ayres de Saldanba, in 1684 by tbe Viceroy tbe Count of Alvor, and afterwards by other Viceroys. The last occasion on which it underwent important repairs appears, from tbe following inscription on a gate of its citadel, now in ruins, to correspond with tbe period following its investment by Sambaji : — “ Sendo o Conde de Alvor, Vice-Rey da India, mandou re- formar esta Fortaleza, depois de se defender do cerco de Sam- baji, 22 Abril 1684.” Translation. “ Tbe Count of Alvor, being Viceroy of India, caused this Fortress to be repaired after its defence from tbe siege of Sambaji, 22nd April 1684.” In 1745 tbe Marquis of Alorna bad some additional works erected, and a ditch dug. From its having been tbe bead- quarters of the general of Salsette and bis troops, tbe resi- dence of tbe chief authorities, and a place of refuge for those of tbe inhabitants of tbe province who, on tbe approach of the enemy, flocked thither to save themselves and their property from tbe impending danger, tbe fortress of Racbol 47 once enjoyed a high celebrity. It was defended by more than a hundred guns, which, number was reduced in 1832 to sixty-five. It was abandoned ten years later, and lies now in utter ruin. Of all the elegant buildings, both public and private, with which this renowned fortress was in its palmy days embellished, the parochial church and the Royal Seminary with its church have alone escaped destruction. The parochial church was built in 1576, and dedicated to “Nossa Senhora de Neves/'’ but, being of weak construction, was rebuilt in 1596, the foundation-stone of the new edifice having been laid twelve years previously. It has a pretty appearance, and is remarkable chiefly for some of the epitaphs which are to be seen in it. Two of these are particularly interesting. The first, being in the sanctuary, indicates the spot where the martyrs of Cuncolim were at first interred, and runs thus : — “ Debaixo desta campa grande forao depositados os corpos de cinco Religiosos da Companhia de Jesu, Rodolfo Aquaviva, Affonco Pacheco, Antonio Francisco, Pero Berno, Sacerdotes, e Francisco Aranha, Irmao Leigo, aos quaes os idolatras matarao em Cuncolim aos quinse de Julho de mil quinhentos oitenta e tres, e cujas reliquias forao tresladadas para o collegio de S. Paulo de Goa em Julho de mil quinhentos noventa e sete.” Translation. “ Under this large slab were deposited the bodies of five members of the Society of Jesus, Rodolfo Aquaviva, Affonso Pacheco, Antonio Francisco, and Pero Berno, Priests, and Francisco Aranha, a Lay Brother, whom the idolaters put to death in Cuncolim on 15th July 1583, and whose relics were removed to the College of St. Paul, of Goa, in July 1597.” The second inscription is over the grave of the famous Captain Diogo Rodrigues, who destroyed a large number of the Hindu pagodas in Salsette, and is as follows : — ff Aqui jaz Diogo Rodrigues o do Forte, Capitao desta Forta- leza, o qual derrubou os pagodes destas terras. Falleceu a 21 de Abril de 1577 annos.” 48 Translation. cc Here lies Diogo Rodrigues, (called) f o do Forte/ Captain of this Fortress, who destroyed the pagodas of these territories. He died on the 21st April of the year 1577.” The seminary, formerly a college of the Jesuits, was origin- ally founded at Margao in 1574, but the building having been reduced to ashes by the Muhammadans in 1579 the establish- ment was removed to Rachol in the following* year. Subse- quently it was reti’ansferred to Margao, and eventually to Rachol, where it now stands, the latter being regarded as a place of greater security. The foundation-stone of this building was laid on the 1st November 1606, under the auspices of King Dom Sebastiao, whose portrait on horseback hangs in the principal room, called after his name. While under the Jesuits it possessed a hospital for the destitute, a school for poor children, a house for catechumens, a printing-press, and classes for teaching theology and the Portuguese and Canarese languages. At Margao it was called the College of the Holy Ghost, but on its removal to Rachol its name was changed first to the College of all Saints, and subsequently to that of St. Ignatius of Loyola, patron of the church attached to it. After the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Portuguese dominions, the college was converted into a seminary for the education of the clergy. This institution, the only one of its kind extant, is supported by the Government. Its lower classes are designed for preliminary training, and the higher for studies indispensable to the clerical calling. The curriculum in the former comprises Marathi, English, Latin, moral and mental philosophy, and the elements of literature ; while that in the latter embraces a complete course of theology, moral and dogmatic. The seminary is provided with a library con- taining upwards of five thousand volumes. The church attached to the seminary is, as stated above, dedicated to St. Ignatius of Loyola, and is pretty large and well built. One of its side altars bears an image of the Infant Jesus of exquisite workmanship, which, according to a legend, 49 was found by a Jesuit Father, Bento Ferreira, seated on a rock on the coast of Africa, and brought to the church of Collua, of which he was the vicar. Subsequently it is said to have been removed by the Jesuits to the college, though the inhabitants of Collua hold that a similar image in their church is the original one. Close to the chief door of the church lie the relics of Sao Constancio, martyr, placed in a special chapel, with a vial marked with his blood. He is represented in a military uniform, like a soldier of Christ. These relics, brought from Borne to Goa in 1782, were arranged in the form of a body by Archbishop Dom Fr. Manoel de Santa Catharina, and exhibited publicly on the 18th October 1783. A certificate of their genuineness is affixed to the walls. The saint is said to have worked many mii’acles. The parish of Bachol, which in the beginning of the 16th century had more than 6000 parishioners, counts at present only 1555 souls, the greater part of whom belong to the agricultural class. 7. The Fort of Naroa, situated in the island of Divar, which is opposite the old city of Goa, in the Ilhas, was originally built by the Muhammadans. It was abandoned in 1834, and is nowin ruins. The island of Divar, the ancient Dipavati, is one league in length, and a quarter of a league in breadth. Celebrated in ancient traditions for its sanctity, it was the site of a tirthei and of a Hindu temple which existed up to the time of the Portuguese conquest. This island became subsequently the residence of many of the noble families of Goa, but now, on account of the unhealthy character of the locality, its population is much reduced . Besides three parochial churches, it possesses a chapel containing two images of Christ held in great venera- tion by the Catholics of the place. The ruins of the fort are discernible on the northern part of the island, called Naroa ; and opposite to them, on the bank of a tributary of the Mandovi, lies the modern t'irtha, to which the Hindus annually flock in great crowds to perform their ablutions. “ y 8. The Fort of Sao Bartholomeo lies on the north-cast of the island of Chorao, in the province of the Ilhas. It was probably erected at the same time as the preceding fortress, and having been abandoned in 1811 is now in rains. The island of Chorao is next in size to that of Goa, being more than a league and a half in length, and three-quarters of a league in breadth. It had once many villas owned by Por- tuguese grandees, and a novitiate belonging to the Jesuits — a superb edifice, converted in after years into a seminary for the training of the clergy. The ruins of the building are still visible from the old city. The island is now almost deserted, on account of its insalubrity. It possesses two churches, and a population of 2200 souls. 9. The Fortress of Alorna lies on the north-east limit of Pernem, on the right bank of the Chapora or Colvalle river, about three miles from the British frontier. It was taken from the Bhohsles on the 4th of May 1 746 by the Marquis of Castello Novo, for whom this acquisition earned the title of Marquis of Alorna, It was, however, restored to the Bhohsles in 1761, in consequence of a royal mandate; but the Portu* guese, under Dom Frederico Guilherme de Souza, found occasion to recapture it on the 25th of August 1781. It has four guns, and is at present in a dilapidated condition. 10. The Fort of Chapora j eight miles to the NNW. of Agoada, is situated on the western extremity of Bardez on a high bluff point on the south side of the mouth of the river of the same name. Its erection was commenced in 1717 by the Count of Ericeira, viceroy of Goa, and completed, during the administration of his successor, Francisco Jose de Sampaio e Castro. This fort was dedicated to St. Anthony, and was intended not only for the defence of the mouth of the river, but also as a place of refuge to the population of Bardez when harassed by the Maratha freebooters or the Bhohsles. It was taken in 1683 and 1739 by Sambaji and the Bhohsle chieftains respectively ; but the former retained it only for a month, and the latter were, after a precarious tenure of two 51 years, forced to surrender it to its former owners. This fort began to be of less consequence after the acquisition of the province of Pernem by the Portuguese, and is now in a some- what decayed condition. It has nine guns and a small garri- son, whose commander resides in a newly built house near it. Chapora possesses a chapel, a custom-house, and some springs, of which the best is situated on the slope of the hill to the south of the fort. It is destitute of a bazaar, and its inhabitants are very poor. 11. The Fortress of Colvalle, standing on the northern frontier of Bardez, on the left bank of the river of the same name, was erected in 1681 by the Count of Alvor as a barrier against the inroads of the Marathas and Bhonsles. It was taken by the latter in 1739, and recaptured by the Marquis of Lourical on the 13th of June 1741, and had a small garrison, besides a regiment, posted about the same time in a convenient situation. The regiment was removed to Mapuca in 1841, while the fortress, which had been abandoned and neglected a few years previously, went to ruin, and now presents but few traces of its former condition. Nor has the decaying influence of time spared any of the buildings which graced its interior. Colvalle has a population of 3800 souls, a church and two schools. It is said to have been once selected as a place of residence by a Hindu prince. 12. The Fortress of Tivim, which lies to the east of the fortress of Colvalle, was originally intended to answer the same purpose as the preceding. It was constructed by the Count of Linhares in 1635, as seen from the following inscrip- tion on its gate : — - “Beinando o Catholico Bei D. Filippe 3°, governando este Estado o vigilantissimo D. Miguel de Noronha, Conde de Linhares, foi feita esta obra no anno de 1635.” Translation. “During the reign of the Catholic King Dom Filippe III., and the administration of the most vigilant Viceroy Dom Miguel de Noronha, Count of Linhares, this structure was finished, in the year 1635.” This fortress was called Forte Novo da Tivim. Subse- quently in the same village in 1681 two auxiliary forts were raised by the Count of Alvor, respectively named Forte de Assumjpcao do Tivim and Forte de Meio de Tivim, which were connected with one another and with that of Colvalle by a strong wall protected by a deep ditch, originally dug for joining the river Mandovi with that of Chapora. The ditch, however, was not completed so as to effect that purpose. The two forts mentioned above were taken by Sambaji in 1683, who retained them only for a short time. In 1834 they were forsaken, and the nineteen guns found in them removed to the arsenal. The Forte de Meio stands in a pre- carious condition, and the rest are in total ruin. The village of Tivim has a population of 6000 souls, a church and a school. 13. The Fort of Quitula, erected in the village of Aldona, on the north-eastern frontier of Bardez, ow r ed its origin to Yasco Fernandes Cezar de Menezes, who -was at the head of the government from 1712 to 1717. It was abandoned, together -with some other forts, in 1834, and there is now hardly any ti’ace of it left. In the same year it had three guns, Aldona is a flourishing village with an industrious population, and has a church and schools. 14. The Fort of Corjuem lies in the island of the same name in Bardez, to the east of the village of Aldoni, from which it is separated by the Mapuca river, a branch of the Mandovi. It was taken from the Bhonsles by Caetano de Mello e Castro in 1705, and was subsequently rebuilt. In the begin- ning of the present century it was assigned to the students of the Military School as a place for being initiated in military manoeuvres. Abandoned in 1834, till which time it was de- fended by four guns, it is now in a somewhat decayed condi- tion. The island of Corjuem is two miles long, and a little less than half a mile wide, and is very fertile, with an industrious population. It has a chapel, which is subordinate to the parochial church of Aldona. 15. The Fortress of Bicholim, situated in the heart of the province of the same name, on the bank of a small tributary of the Mandovi, was owned by the Bhonsles till its capture and partial demolition by Caetano de Mello e Castro, Viceroy of Goa, in 1705. But it was soon retaken and rebuilt by the Chief of the Savantvadi State, who continued, except for a very short period, in its possession till the 1 7th of May 1746, when it fell once more into the hands of the Marquis of Alorna. Subse- quently, however, a royal decree ordered its cession to the native chieftains, from whose feeble grasp it was eventually snatched in 1781 by the Portuguese under Dom Frederico Guilherme de Souza. In 1834 it was abandoned, and the eight guns which defended it were removed to the arsenal, in consequence of which the fortress fell into ruin. Nevertheless the Govern- ment stationed a regiment at Bicholim till 1871, for whose use military quarters, a bazaar, and some private buildings were erected. Tradition points to the existence of a- Hindu city on- the site occupied by this fortress. 16. The Fort of Sanquelim, standing on the left bank of a river of the same name, a tributary of the Mandovi, was con- quered in 1746 by the Marquis of Alorna, and was regarded as a very important military point. There were eight guns in it in 1817 ; but it is now in a ruinous condition, At present Sanquelim boasts of a custom house, a bazaar, a church, and the residence of the Administrador Fiscal of Safari, as well as that of a Desai. Through it runs also the important road leading to the Queula Ghat. 17. The Fort of Nanuz occupies a central position in the province of Safari, andlies on the right bank of the river Madey, a branch of the Mandovi. The date of its construction remains yet to be ascertained; it was probably erected, or re-erected, by the Portuguese after the conquest of the same province, but it is only of late that it has found a place in the official 54 list of fortifications. There is nothing in it that deserves special mention save a spring close by. 18. The Fort of Arabo is situated towards the south-east of Pernem, on the right bank of the Chapora river, and faces the village of Colvalle at Bardez. It was taken from the Bhonsles in 1746 by the Marquis of Alorna, and having been lost was recaptured by Dorn Frederico Guilherme de Souza in 1781. It is a small fort, and in 1842 bore seven guns. It was deserted shortly after, and is now in ruins. Near it is the residence of the Desai of Arabo, the population of which place, consisting chiefly of Hindus, is very poor. 19. The Fortress of Tiracol, situated six miles from Chapora, stands on the brow of a hill on the right bank of the river of the same name, which, as already stated, forms the northern boundary of the territory of Goa. It was taken from the Bhonsles in 1776, and is particularly known for a horrible massacre which took place there on 27th May 1835, during a military revolt. It is tolerably well preserved, and has twelve guns, a barrack and a chapel. The village of Tiracol is poor and devoid of interest. 20. The Fortress of Cabo de Rama, situated towards the south-west of Goa, at Colla, on a high, bluff headland bearing the same name, was taken from the prince of Sunda, by whom it was retaken shortly afterwards. It fell, however, again into the hands of the Portuguese, during the administration of the Count of Ega, on the 1st of June 1763. It is in a somewhat decayed state, and has twenty-one guns. Besides the military barracks, it contains a chapel, and quarters for the use of the commandant and other officers. Within its precincts is to be seen a quadrangular well, while in its vicinity flow two springs. One of these lies to the NNE. at a short distance from the fortress, and has, according to an official report, two stone spouts, through which issues water of unequal temperature — the cold being used for drinking purposes ; and the more tepid, which is said to be sulphureous, for 55 bathing, by people suffering from cutaneous diseases, especially during the hot season. Besides the above fortresses there are some small forts or redoubts, viz. those of Colla, in Salsette ; of Uguem, Doroma- rogo, Canacona, and Collem, in the Novas Conquistas ; and of Baga, in Bardez. The last-named place is now much resorted to during the hot season. The above list does not include the fortresses built for the defence of the old city, as they are mentioned elsewhere. CHAPTER V EDUCATION — PRINTING PRESSES — NEWSPAPERS AND LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS — HOSPITALS — CHARITABLE AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS. Education. — Having placed the administration of Goa, after its final capture, on a firm basis, Albuquerque cherished, even at that early period, the desire of diffusing the light of educa- tion in the newly conquered city, and indeed established a rudimentary school for this purpose ; but his hasty departure from the settlement, on a military undertaking, possibly pre- vented him from fully carrying out his plan. His successors, too, amidst the more weighty and onerous cares and anxieties of go- vernment, had hardly any leisure to give attention to this sub- ject, and thus the glory of inaugurating a systematic and mature scheme of education in Goa belongs chiefly to the religious orders, especially the Franciscans and Jesuits. These inde- fatigable missionaries not only applied themselves with zeal and energy to the work appertaining to their sacred ministry, but also endeavoured to confer on the natives those “ vast moral and material blessings which flow from the diffusion of useful knowledge.” At first their efforts in this respect were restricted to teaching the catechism and imparting rudimentary instruc- tion, but as early as the year 154*1 an educational institution, the first of its kind in the country, called the Seminario cfo Santa, Fe, or the Seminary of the Holy Faith, was founded, to which not only the youth of Goa, but also those of other countries of the East, flocked to be instructed in the languages and sciences of the West. Such indeed was the usefulness and fame of this institu- tion, which was placed under the direction of the Jesuits and was pompously called the University, that the Government endowed it with the large funds accruing from the landed properties 67 confiscated by the State on the demolition of the Hindu pagodas to which they once belonged. In 1545 the system of instruction became more popular, elementary schools having sprung up in almost all the parishes. These schools exist up to this date, in increased numbers, and maintain the same course of study which was then introduced and which embraced, among other things, sacred music. By this time almost all the religious orders possessed colleges of their own, and vied with each other in promoting the spread of education, but foremost amongst them was the Society of Jesus, which, in addition to the abovementioned Seminary, owned a college at Margao, which was transferred in 1610 to Rachol. This institution is still kept up, under the superintendence of secular priests, and is devoted to the training of candidates for the priesthood. After the expulsion of the Jesuits, their Novitiate in the island of Chorao and their House of Bom Jesus were converted, by order of Government, into public seminaries, but the latter was of short duration, while the former continued till 1858, when it was closed. Besides these, there existed special schools for the benefit of the neophytes and of the fair sex. The latter, though limited in number, were brought up in the convent of Santa Monica, and in the retreats of Nossa Senhora de Serra and of Santa Maria Magdalena. In 1773 the Government, resolving' to give an impulse to education, established in various parts of the country public grammar- schools, for the support of which a special cess was im- posed, and founded two other institutions intended to teach the military and naval arts; these were followed in 1812 by a Mathematical School. In 1817 the three latter institutions were amalgamated into one, under the designation of Academia Militai • de Goa , which name was subsequently changed to Esenia Mathematica e Militar. In 1844 a Medical School was founded, in 1854 a Normal School as well as a High School, called Lyc.eu Nacional de Nova Goa, and about the same time a class for teaching chemistry. In addition to these higher- grade establishments, there were 49 public lower-grade schools. Of late education has been comparatively better cared for in % 9 58 Goa than formerly. In 1869-70 there were 137 lower schools, with 6027 pupils of both sexes, of which 52 were public and 85 private; 29 higher schools, — including the Lyceu Nacional or High School, with 2433 pupils, all males, — of which 21 were public and 8 private ; the Medical School, with 60 pupils ; the School of Chemistry, with 48 pupils ; the Mathematical and Military School, with 137 pupils; the Seminary for priests, with 92 pupils. Besides these there were three public schools for girls. The Military School is, however, now closed, and a college for experimental sciences, called Instituto Professional , has been created in its place. The total expenditure for public instruction in 1874-75 was £3319-8-10. Printing-Presses, Newspapers, and Literary Asso- ciations. — The art of printing was first introduced into Goa by the Jesuits. Not long after the foundation of their educational institutions, they brought from Europe two presses, which were located in their colleges of St. Paul and Kachol. The earliest book printed by them of which any record exists was a catechism composed in 1557 by the great Apostle of the Indies for the use of children. Subsequently on various occasions many other pamphlets, chiefly religious tracts and hornbooks, in Portuguese, Tamil, and Konkani, were printed in the Koman character, those in Tamil having been prepared in 1581 by Joao de Castro, a Jesuit who had acquired great proficiency in that dialect. These presses continued to be worked till 1683, as evidenced by the books which issued from them up to that year. Since then little or nothing has been heard of them, and no record remains to show why and how they ceased to exist. From a document bearing the date of 1754, it appears that the Home Government was averse to the establishment of printing-presses in the territory of Goa, either by the local Government or by private individuals, and that accordingly, instructions were issued to the then viceroy, the Count of Alva, recommending the adoption of stringent measures in the matter. For nearly a century this narrow-minded policy was rigidly followed, regardless of the intellectual and moral advancement 59 of the inhabitants of the settlement; and it was only in 1821, the same year in which the constitutional system of govern- ment was introduced, that a Government press was established for the first time. The following is a list of the newspapers and other periodi- cals which have from time to time been printed at this press : — Gazetcc de Goa, a weekly official paper, continuing from 22nd December 1821 to 1826. Chronica Gonstitucional de Goa, also a weekly official news- paper, from loth June 1835 to 30tli November 1837. Eoletim do Governo do Estado da India, commenced on the 7th December 1837, and continuing still; formerly a weekly, since 1856 a bi-weekly paper. Echo da Lusitania, weekly, from 7th January 1836 to 5th March 1837. 0 Vigilante, weekly, from 13th July to 22nd October 1838. 0 Observador, fortnightly, and afterwards monthly, from 15th February 1839 to 31st October 1840. 0 Gorreio de Nova-Goa, weekly, from 4th January 1844 to 8th March of the same year. A Voz dos Povos da India, weekly, from 3rd July 1845 to 3rd March 1846. 0 Defensor da Orclem e" Verdade, fortnightly, from 24th August 1852 to 31st August 1853. Jornal da Samta Igreja Lusitana do Oriente, a religious periodical of irregular issue, continuing from 22nd May 1844 to the end of the year 1845, and again from January 1846 to March 1849. 0 Defensor do Beal Padroado, both religious and political, from 1st September 1853 to March 1854. Till 1859 the Government press was the only one of its kind ; but since then several private presses have been started, and the following periodicals have issued therefrom : — ■ 0 Ultramar, begun on the 6th April 1859 and continuing still. A India Portugueza, commencing on the 4th January 1861 and continuing still. A Phenixde Goa, from 6th April 1861 to 30th December 1862. 60 A Harmonia , from 12th April 1862 to 27th October 1864. A Aurora cle Goa , from 6th January 1863 to 1st July 1865. A Sentinella da Liberdade, from 7th October 1864 to 31st December 1869. Jornal de Noticias , from 1st October 1868 to 30th April 1869. A Imprensa, from 18th November 1870 to Api’il 1876. A Gazeta de Goa, from 16th July 1872 to 30th December 1873. 0 Mensageiro, from 16t.h August 1872 to 12th December 1873, 0 Paiz, from 4-th February 1873 to 27th October 1874. 0 Progresso, from 7th April to 21st June 1873. A Opiuiau Publica, from 2ud July 1873 to 22nd September 1875. 0 Oriente, from 7th March to 27th November 1874. A Gazeta de Bardez , begun on 17th October 1874 and con- tinuing still. Nova-Goa, from 15tli July 1876 to 1877. A Patria, started on 10th January 1877 and continuing still. The Dexassudharanetxo (Marathi) lasted from July to Sep- tember 1876. This paper was again started, in Marathi and Portuguese, in January 1877. It was followed by two others, A Givilisafdo and Impartial, published respectively in 1877 and 1878, and continuing to this date. With the exception of the last, and of the Dexassudharanetxo, which was a monthly periodical, and the Imprensa, at first hebdomadal, and subsequently irregularly issued, all were weekly papers treating of politics and literature. The Jornal de Noticias was, however, confined, as its name imports, to giving the news of the day. Besides these, the Oriente Gatlwlico, a religious paper issued fortnightly, was published from 15th March 1866 to 31st December 1870; at present its place is supplied by the Cruz, which was started on the 15tli July 1876. At the above presses a number of literary and scientific periodicals have also been printed. Of these the following may be mentioned : — O Encyclopedico, published from 31st July 1841 to 30th June 1842, monthly. 61 0 Compilador, from 7th October 1843 to 28th December 1844, weekly. And again from 15th July to the end of December 1847, fortnightly. 0 Gabiaete Litterario das Fontainlias, from January 1846 to December 1848, monthly. Jornal de Pharmacia e Sciencias Medicas da India Portu- gueza, monthly, from 15th June 1862 to 15th December 1863. Archivo de Pharmacia e Sciencias Accessorias da India P or - tugueza, from January 1864 to December 1871, monthly. Pevista Medico-militar da India Portugueza, monthly, from October 1862 to January 1864. Periodico Militar do Ultramar Portuguez, from 16th March to 16th October 1863, monthly. Illnstracdo Goana, from 30th November 1864 to 31st December 1866, monthly. Goa Sociacel, from 1st March to November 1866. Harpa do Mandovi, from 7th June 1865 to 20th November of the same year ; this paper did not appear at regular periods, and only contained poetry. 0 Clironista de Tissuary, from 1866 to June 1869, monthly. Jornal de Pharmacia, Ghimica e Historia natural medico , , from January 1872 to December 1873, monthly. Institute Vasco da Gama, from January 1872 to December 1875, monthly. Album Litterario, from 1875 to 1876, monthly. Fstreia Litter aria, from April to July 1877. There are at present two or three literary associations, found- ed by some educated young men for mutual improvement. Hospitals, Charitable and other Institutions. — Of the two hospitals in Goa, one, called Hospital Militar de Goa, is situated at Pangim, and is intended for military men ; the other, called Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericordia, or Holy House of Mercy, situated at Ribandar, for poor and destitute natives. The former, which is supported by Govern- ment, admits also, by special sanction, Government servants on forfeiting a portion of their pay, and in 1871 contained 2232 62 patients. The latter had in the same year on its roll 290 patients, of whom 153 were males and 137 females. The most important charitable institutions are the Santa Casa de Misericordia, or the Holy House of Mercy, at Chimbel; Sociedade da Caridade, Charitable Society, at Pangim ; Hospicio de Sagrado Corafao de Maria, Asylum of the Sacred Heart of' Mary, at Margao ; and Asylo de Nussa Senhora de Milagres, Asylum of Our Lady of Miracles, at Mapuga. The first dates almost from the conquest of Goa by the Portuguese, and supports the hospital of the same name, and two establishments for the improvement and education of females. In 1874 these two houses contained thirty-eight and ten inmates respectively. The receipts and expenditure of the Santa Casa were lately estimated at £ 2608 - 8 - 23 -. Besides these, there is in Goa an association of great useful- ness called Monte Pio, or Family Pension Fund. It was estab- lished in 1862, and now possesses a large fund. 63 CHAPTER YI. RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS — LIST OE THE ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF GOA. The propagation of the Christian religion was one of the main objects which the Portuguese had constantly in view in carrying their successful arms into the distant countries of Asia. Hence, when Goa passed into their hands, they soon turned their attention to the conversion of the natives, inviting for this purpose from time to time several pious missionaries; and such was their success that the settlement became in course of time the centre of all their religious institutions in the East, as it was of their power and commerce. The first missionaries, sent to India after the discovery of the new route, were some Dominican friars, who came out as chaplains of the fleet brought by Albuquerque. They landed at Goa immediately after its second capture by that great captain in 1510, and, in the absence of a proper building consecrated to Catholic worship, celebrated Mass for some time in a suitable place in the castle of the city. Not long after, a church was built through the piety of Albuquerque, and dedicated to St. Catherine, owing to his having taken the city on the day of her festival. These friars, however, made scarcely any conver- sions at that time. The glory of sowing the first seeds of Christianity in Goa belongs to the Franciscans, who ar- rived in 1517. For nearly a quarter of a century they alone prosecuted the work of evangelization in tbe East, preaching the Gospel not only in various parts of India, but also in some of the neighbouring islands and places. "Within the first eight years after their arrival, they held as many general baptisms in Goa, during which seven thousand 64 natives were received into the Catholic Church, and spread the glad tidings of the Gospel with almost equal success throughout Daman, Agassaim, Bassein, Tanna, Karanja, Canna- nore, Calicut, Cochin, and some parts of the Daklian. In 1530 they preached in the Molucca islands, in 1540 in Porca, Quilon, Travancore, and Manaar, and in 1542 in Ceylon, Pegu, and other places. Pope Paul III., delighted with these successes of the missionaries, raised the city of Goa to an episcopal see on the 3rd November 1534, placing under its spiritual jurisdiction all the Portuguese possessions from the Cape of Good Hope to China. It was, however, made suffragan to the archbishopric of Funchal, in the island of Madeira, to which ever since 1515 all the foreign missions founded by the Portuguese had been subordinate. The first bishop appointed to the see of Goa having died before his departure from Portugal, the Pope invested with episcopal authority a Franciscan friar, named Dom Fr. Joao de Albuquerque, who took charge of his diocese in 1538, and established a chapter in the same year. This prelate was celebrated for his sanctity, and imparted a fresh impulse to the spread of Christianity in the East. During his administration the Seminary of the Holy Faith was founded, through the efforts of two priests, Miguel Yas and Diogo Borba, for the education of young neophytes, the revenues of the properties once belonging to the demolished pagodas in the Ilhas being employed for its support. By this time the voice of the missionaries had already resounded even in the palaces of some of the Eastern princes, and had won many a member of royal blood to Christianity. Among these the most noteworthy were the king and queen of Tanore, the brother of the king of Manaar, the queen of Jaffnapatam, and some other princes of Ceylon. In 1542 St. Francis Xavier, a member of the newly founded Society of Jesus, came to Goa. He was the most zealous and successful of all the missionaries ever sent to the East. Xavier began his mission by attempting to reclaim the Portu- guese from their dissolute habits, and inducing them to lead a purer life. He next proceeded to preach the Gospel not only in Goa, but also southward as far as Cape Comorin, in Malacca, Amboyna, Ternate, Java, and Japan • and such was his success that in the short space of ten years he is said to have brought within the pale of the Catholic Church one million two hundred thousand people, of both sexes and cf every age and condition. During this period he endured with astonishing patience the greatest irrigations and hardships, faced with unexampled courage the most appalling trials and difficulties, and performed with marvellous energy the most arduous duties connected with his pious mission. Nor was his mission confined to the work of evangelization, He visited and tended the sick in the hospitals, helped and consoled the poor and destitute, looked after the orphans and widows, and directed the religious and secular education of the young converts in the Seminary of the Holy Faith, or the College of St. Paul. The career of this great apostle was brought to a close in 1552. The other members of his Society, who had followed him to the East and who had also been employed in a similar work, preached in the Ilhas, where they baptized up to 1560 thirteen thousand and ninety-two persons. In the same year they proceeded to evangelize in the province of Salsette, which became thence- forward the chief field of their labours, the village of Cortalim being the first to witness the celebration of mass by them. The conversion of the inhabitants of this province was indeed very rapid, hundreds and thousands of them being baptized almost every year. Owing to this, several churches were erected on the ruins of the Hindu temples, two hundred and eighty of which are said to have been razed to the ground in 1567. Some of the churches thus erected were, however, burnt by the Muhammadans during their inroads into the territory of Goa in 1571 and 1578, but they were promptly rebuilt. The Jesuits employed themselves not only in proselytizing, but also in educating their young converts, for which purpose they opened a college and schools. Besides these they founded a hospital, established a printing-press, published catechisms 9 y 66 and divers tracts in the veniacular dialect, and held public discussions with the Hindus on religious subjects. While the Jesuits were thus employed in Salsette, the Franciscans successfully prosecuted their work in Bardez, and evinced almost equal zeal and activity. They too erected, in 1555, a college and church at Reis Magos, the first of this kind in the province, gradually founded several parishes, the popu- lation of which amounted in the beginning of the 17th century to 32,000 souls, and imparted education to the people. The court of Lisbon manifested a lively interest in the labours of the missionaries, and directed the executive autho- rities of Goa and other settlements to cooperate with them in the prosecution of their pious work. In accordance with these instructions, the viceroys and governors allowed consi- derable sums of money from the public treasury for the erection and support of their institutions, and gave every encouragement to the converts. The latter enjoyed, moreover, several special privileges, in preference to their pagan brethren, who were excluded from every public office, depi’ived of some of their rights, and prohibited from publicly performing their religious ceremonies and erecting new temples. For the benefit of the Christians the Government created the office of a curator called Pae dos Christ cions, ov ‘ Father of the Christians/ who was entrusted with the task of advancing their spiritual and tem- poral welfare. In 1560 the tribunal of the Inquisition was also introduced into Goa, and subsequently into other Portu- guese possessions. Besides its other functions, this tribunal kept a strict surveillance over the proselytes, lest they should relapse into paganism. Pleased with the interest thus taken, and the sacrifices made by Portugal, the Holy See honoured its sovereigns with the title of Patron of the Catholic Missions of the East, conferring on them at the same time several other privileges. It also elevated Goa to the dignity of an archiepiscopal see by a Bull dated 4th February 1557, and placed under its jurisdiction the bishoprics of Cochin and Malacca. Subsequently, owing 67 to the progress of Christianity, these dioceses were subdivided into those of Macao on 23rd January 1575, Japan on 19th February 1588, Angamale (called also the archbishopric of Crangauur) on 4th August 1600, Meliapur on the 9th January 1606, Pekin on 10th April 1690, and Nankin on the same date. Mozambique with the whole eastern coast of Africa was also formed into what was called a jorelazia , or a district subject to a prelate with episcopal jurisdiction, but without episcopal dignity. The bishops of all these places were suffragan to the archbishop of Goa, who assumed from 1 606 the title of Primate of the East. When the archiepiscopal see, however, was vacant, the bishop of Cochin was entrusted with its administration, and in his absence the archbishop of Cranganur, and next to him the bishop of Meliapur. Goa, being the chief diocese in the East, became the seat of five provincial councils, which were attended by the suffragan bishops, the superiors of the religious orders, several doctors of divinity, and other distinguished theologians, as well as by a representative of the viceroy. The first and second councils were convened and presided over by the archbishop Dom Gaspar de Leao Pereira, in 1567 and 1575 respectively; the third in 1585 by the archbishop Dom Fr. Yincente de Fonseca; the fourth in 1592 by Dom Fr. Matheus de Medina ; and the fifth in 1606 by Dom Fr. Aleixo de Menezes. In these five councils 316 decrees were framed relating to ecclesiastical discipline. The large number of Catholics subject to the archbishop of Goa and the suffragan bishops were under the immediate care of the Franciscans, the Jesuits, and the members of the other religious orders which had from time to time settled in Goa. These orders possessed their own convents in the city, and founded in various countries missions supported by public and private contributions, and by revenues derived from the landed property belonging to them. The Franciscans from the beginning of the 17th century were divided into two com- munities, one of which followed the old rules of the Observan- tines, and the other those of the Reformed Franciscans. The former founded missions in Bardez, Quilon, Cochin, Ceylon, 68 and Japan, as well as on the Coromandel coast. These friars, having in course of time greatly relaxed in their primitive zeal, were removed from Bardez in 1766, and replaced by the secular native clergy. The Reformed Franciscans had charge of the missions of Mozambique, Diu, Daman, Tanna, Cochin, St. Thome, Malacca, and Ceylon. The Jesuits possessed missions not only in Goa, but also in several countries in the East. These missions were divided into four proviuces. The first two were called the provinces of the north and south of Goa, the third the province of China, and the fourth that of Japan. The number of Jesuit Fathers in 1636 was 1710, and their houses were more numerous and magnificent than those of the other orders. They were expelled from Goa and the other Portuguese settlements in 1759, when 221 of them were imprisoned, and their missions divided among the other religious communities. The Dominicans were, as already stated, the first missiona- ries who came to Goa, but they did not settle there as a community till 1548. They established missions in Eastern Africa, the Ilhas (Goa), — which were divided between them and the Jesuits, — Jaffnapatam, Malacca, China, Solor, and Timor. The Augustinians followed the Dominicans in 1572, and possessed houses in Mombaca, Bassora, Muscat, Persia, Bengal and several other parts of India, The Barefooted Carmelites established themselves in Goa in the first quarter of the 17th century, and established missions in Surat and Bombay, as well as in several places subject to the Moghul emperor. They were expelled from the Portuguese settlements in 1707, owing to their refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the King of Portugal. Jn 1750 the Carmelites of the Third Order established a convent at Chimbel, in Goa, and sent their brethren to Quitur, Kanapur, and Tamaricopa. The Theatines, or Friars of the Order of St. Cajetan, arrived in Goa in 1640, and after founding a convent there 'established missions in the Dakhan, Malabar, Golkonda, Sumatra, and Borneo. 69 In 1681 tlie Order of St. Jolin of God was introduced into Goa, and its members served in the hospitals not only of that place, but also of Daman, Diu, &c. The Congregation of the Oratorians, or Priests of St. Philip of Neri, was founded in Goa in 1683. They were chiefly entrusted with the missions of Ceylon. There was only one nunnery in Goa, called the Monastery of St. Monica, founded in 1606 by Dom Fr. Aleixo de Menezes, archbishop of Goa. It followed the rules of the Order of St. Augustine. All the religious orders mentioned above were in a very flourishing condition during the ascendancy of the Portuguese in the East, and began to decline gradually after the collapse of their power. The large funds once belonging to them, and the number of their members, were considerably reduced towards the beginning of the present century. The following tabular statement, framed in 1804 by an order of Government, shows the number of the convents then existing, and of their inmates, together with their respective funds : — Religious Order. No. of Con- vents. No. of In- mates. Capital. Income. Franciscans (Observan- tines) 3 63 £ s. d. 3,649 15 0 £ s. d. 598 14 lOf Reformed Franciscans 7 72 4,325 13 5i 281 7 4 Dominicans... 10 61 29,929 6 11^ 1,592 6 2 x u Angnstinians 9 79 21,971 4 2 1,362 19 5 T n Carmelites ... 1 28 6,018 6 8 292 0 2 t ’_ Theatines ... 1 13 3,399 4 21 144 4 If Members of the Order of St. John of God 4 30 2,595 0 10 373 2 6 Oratorians ... 2 61 13,420 4 11*$ 663 13 10^ Nuns of St. Monica 1 61 11,070 0 0 568 7 4 Total ... 38 468 96,378 16 2§§ 5,876 15 11 70 The tribunal of the Inquisition, already mentioned, was abolished in 1814 by a royal decree of the 21st May, and the same fate overtook the religious orders in 1835. The convents and other buildings belonging to these orders were conse- quently abandoned, and their property, both moveable and immoveable, of the aggregate value of £122,566-4-0, was appropriated by the Government. The number of friars who were turned out of their monasteries, and who received a moder- ate pension from the State, was 248, viz. : — Franciscans (Obser- vantines) 27, Beformed 31, Dominicans 41, Augustinians 59, Theatines 16, members of the Order of St. John of God 15, those of the Order of St. Philip Gf Neri 36, and Carmelites 23. Their extensive missions were transferred to the secular clergy, while some of the parishes comprised in them had already been occupied by the missionaries of the Congregation De Propa- ganda Fide. According to the Concordat of the 21st February 1857 made by the Holy See with the King of Portugal, the ancient right of patronage of the Portuguese sovereigns was restricted to the metropolitan archbishopric of Goa, the arch- bishopric of Cranganur, the bishoprics of Cochin, Meliapur, Malacca, and Macao. At present besides the archbishop of Goa there are two suffragan prelates, viz. the bishop of Macao and the prelate of Mozambique. No other suffragan bishops have of late been appointed in the other dioceses, which, together with the other missions, are under the direction of vicars -general appointed by the archbishop. According to the Government Budget of 1873-74 the State contributed towards the maintenance of 110 missionaries the sum of £2145-16-8. The annual salary of the Archbishop is £666-13-4, of the Dean of the Cathedral £55-11-1^, of each of the four chief dignitaries £33-6-8, of each Canon £27-15-6. The total expenditure on the ecclesiastical establishments in the above year was £4955-14-0. The majority of the present population of Goa profess the Boman Catholic religion. They are divided into ninety-three parishes, having as many churches, the chief being the Cathedral or metropolitan church, called the Se Primacial de Goa. These 71 churches are under the care of secular priests, all of whom are natives of the place. The total number of Catholics in Goa in 1722 was reported to be 181,565. The present number is estimated at 245,415. The Hindus and Muhammadans enjoy perfect liberty in the exercise of their religions, and have their own places of wor- ship. The chief Hindu temples are those of Mangesh, Malsha, Santadurga, Kapilesvar, Nagesh, and Ramnath, all of which are situated in the Novas Conquistas. The Muhammadans have mosques, but none worthy of notice. Archbishops and Bishops of Goa. — These prelates ranked next to the viceroys and governors, and once vied with the latter in magnificence and ostentation. The archbishops especially have always been treated with the high honour due to their dignity. As aheady stated, in the event of their death or absence the temporary administration of the diocese devolved by right of precedence on the bishop of Cochin, and next to him on the bishops of Cranganur and Meliapur. The following is a list of the archbishops and bishops who have governed the diocese of Goa, from the date of its founda- tion to the present time ; — (1) Dom Fr. Joao de Albuquerque, the first bishop of Goa, arrived in India in 1538, and died in 1553 ; when the govern- ment of the diocese was taken by a vicar capitular chosen by the chapter, and from 1558 the episcopal functions were dis- charged by Dom Joao Nunes Pereira, patriarch of Ethiopia. (2) Dom Gaspar de Leao Pereira, the first archbishop of Goa, arrived in India towards the close of the year 1560, and resigned his office in September 1567. (3) Dom Fr. Jorge Themudo, bishop of Cochin, governed, sede vacante, in Goa from 1567 to 29th April 1571. (4) Dom Gaspar de Leao Pereira was again appointed arch- bishop of Goa, and assumed charge of his see in 1574. He died on 15th August 1576. (5) Dom Fr. Henrique de Tavora, bishop of Cochin, having been transferred to Goa in 1578, owing to the death of the preceding archbishop, governed the diocese for three years. 72 (6) Dom Fr. Vicente da Fonseca came as archbishop of Goa in 1580, and died six years later, on his return voyage to Portugal. (7) Dom Fr. Matheus de Medina, bishop of Cochin, was transferred to Goa in 1588, and resigned his office in 1592. (8) Dom Fr. Andre de Santa Maria, also bishop of Cochin, was entrusted with the administration of the diocese in 1593, which he held till 1595. (9) Dom Fr. Aleixo de Menezes, archbishop of Goa and first Primate of the East, assumed charge of his diocese in 1595, and g-overned till 1610, when he returned to Portugal, entrusting the administration of the see of Goa to one of his coadjutors, Dom Fr. Domingos de Trindade, bishop of Sale, who held the office till his death on 30th December 1612. (10) Dom Fr. Christovao de Sa e Lisboa, bishop of Malacca, was transferred to Goa in 1616, and governed till his death on 31st March 1622. (11) Dom Fr. Sebastiao de S. Pedro governed as bishop of Meliapur from 1623 to 1625, when he was appointed arch- bishojD of Goa. On his death on 7th November 1629 the chapter assumed the government of the diocese, and delegated its functions at first to the dean, Goncalo Velloso, and afterwards to Dom Fr. Joao de Rocha, bishop of Hierapolis. (12) Dom Fr. Miguel Rangel, of Cochin, took charge of the diocese in 1634, and governed it for some time, in conse- quence of the death of Dom Fr. Manuel Telles de Brito, the newly appointed archbishop of Goa, on his voyage to India. (13) Dom Fr. Francisco dos Martvres, archbishop of Goa, took charge of his diocese on 21st October 1636. After his death, which occurred on 25th November 1652, the see of Goa remained vacant for twenty-two years. Dom Fr. Christovao da Silveira was appointed archbishop of Goa in 1672, but died on his voyage to India. (14) Dom Fr. Antonio de Brandao, archbishop of Goa, arrived on 24th September 1675, and died on 6th July 1678. (15) Dom Manuel de Souza e Menezes, archbishop of Goa, governed his diocese from 20th September 1681 to 31st January 1684. 73 (16) Dom Alberto de Silva, archbishop of Goa, arrived in India on 24th September 1687, and governed the diocese till 18th April 1688. (17) Dom Fr. Pedro de Silva, bishop of Cochin, was trans- ferred to Goa in 1689, and continued to govern the see till ]5th March 1691. (18) Dom Fr.~ Agostinho de Annunciacao, archbishop of Goa, arrived on 1691 and died on 6th July 1713. (19) Dom Sebastiao de Andrade Pcssanha, archbishop of Goa, governed his see from 24th September 1716 to 25th January 1721, when he resigned his pest. (20) Dom Ignacio de Santa Thereza, archbishop of Goa, governed his diocese from 1721 to 1739, when he was trans- ferred to the bishopric of Algarve, in Portugal. He was suc- ceeded by the bishop of Macao, Dom Fr. Eugenio Trigueiros, who died on his way to Goa. (21) Dom Clemente Jose, bishop of Cochin, took charge of the diocese after the death of the foregoing’, and governed it till 1742. (22) Dom Francisco Vasconcellos, bishop of Cochin, suc- ceeded on 20th December 1742, and governed the diocese till his death on 30th March 1743. (23) Dom Fr. Lourenco de Santa Maria, archbishop of Goa, governed his see from 1744 to 1750. (24) Dom Antonio Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira, archbishop of Goa, arrived 23rd September 1750, and govern- ed till 4th March 1775. (25) Dom Francisco da Assumpcao e Brito, archbishop of Goa, took charge of his diocese in March 1775, and governed it till 5th February 1780. (26) Dom Fr. Manoel de Santa Catharina, at first governor of the archbishopric, and subsequently archbishop of Goa, took charge of his diocese in February 1780, and died in February 1812. (2*) Dom Fr. Mauoel de Sao Galdino, archbishop of Goa, governed his see from 18th February 1812 to 15th July 1831. After his death the chapter, sede vaccmte, appointed succes- 10 sr 74 sively four vicars-capitular, one of them being Dom Antonio Feleciano de Santa Rita Carvalho, who was appointed arch- bishop, but was not consecrated. (28) Dom Jose Maria de Silva Torres, arch bishop of Goa, took charge of his diocese on 7th March 1844, and governed it till 26th March 1849, when he returned to Portugal. For thirteen years the see of Goa remained vacant, being governed by vicars-capitular, one of them being Dom Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho, who held the office for a long time. (29) Dom Joao Chrysostomo d’ Amorim e Pessoa, archbishop of Goa, arrived on 3rd January 1863, and returned to Portugal on 5tli February 1869; he did not, however, resign his office till 1874. (30) Dom Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcellos is the present archbishop; he arrived in Goa on 27th December 1875. 75 CHAPTER VII- JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION — CIVIL ADMINISTRATION — MUNICIPALITIES — REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. Judicial Administration. —The administration of justice in Goa has, since the conquest, been mainly regulated according to the laws obtaining in Portugal, but in certain respects modifications have been introduced to suit the peculiar cir- cumstances of the country, especially those relating to the Hindus, whose usages were codified, for the first time, in 1526. In the early days of the Portuguese rule, justice was dis- pensed by a judicial functionary called the Ouvidor Gera, l, who exercised both civil and criminal jurisdiction in the settle- ment. In 1544 a High Court, presided over by a Chancellor, was organized under the appellation of the Relcifao das Indias, having its seat in Goa, but its jurisdiction extending over all the Portuguese possessions in the East. Subsequently several alterations were effected in its constitution, the chief among them relating to the number of the judges, which in 1587 amounted to ten, in 1628 to five, and in 1748 to six. It continued in existence for upwards of two centuries, having been abo- lished in 1774, when again the Ouvidor Qeral was solely invested with all the powers conferred upon and exercised by this defunct tribunal. In addition to his other duties, he was empower- i ed to hear appeals from the decisions of the judges in the districts of the Velnas Conquistas, who were called ouvidor es. In 1763 the Novas Conquistas were placed under an officer invested with judicial powers called Intendente Geral das Novas j Conquistas (Intendent General of the New Conquests). This arrangement came to a close in 1778, and was superseded by the aforesaid High Court. This tribunal was completely re- 76 organized in 1837., previous to which it was twice closed tem- porarily, on ttie first occasion its place liaving been taken by a Bench called Junta da Justica, which lasted from 1822 to 1827, and on the second by a court called Tribunal da segunda instancia , which continued for only two years, from 1835 to 1837. At present Goa with its dependencies in India, viz. Daman and Diu, and with Mozambique, Macao, and Timor, consti- tutes, for judicial purposes, but one district. This district is divided into comarcas, which are subdivided into - julgados , and these again into freguesias or parishes. Each parish is superintended by a justice of the peace, whose duty it is to arbitrate between litigants in civil suits, except those affecting the interests of minors, lunatics, idiots, etc., as well as those relating to mortmain. It is also incum- bent on this functionary to institute preliminary inquiries into criminal matters previous to their submission for trial before the competent judicial authorities, to try municipal offences, and decide petty suits not exceeding in amount or value 2500 reis fortes, or a little above 12s. Against his decision an appeal lies to the court of a judge of higher jurisdiction called Juiz ordinario. The office of justice of the peace is honorary. In every julgado there is one Juiz ordinario, with an establish- ment consisting of a sub-delegate of the Attorney General, two clerks, two or more bailiffs, and a translator or interpreter. All these officials are paid by Government and are besides entitled to fees, except the clerks, who receive no fixed com- pensation from the public treasury, but only certain fees sanctioned by law. The Juiz ordinario holds his sittings twice a week for the purpose of deciding such civil and criminal cases as are within his jurisdiction. The former are chiefly suits concern- ing landed property not exceeding the value of 8000 reis (£2), or moveable property of not more than 12,000 reis (£3), and the latter relate to offences for which no higher punishment can be awarded than a fine of 3000 reis (15s.) or three days 5 < 7 rigorous imprisonment. Against these decisions no appeal lies to any tribunal. In almost all other cases this officer can- not exercise judicial functions beyond making’ certain prelimi- nary investigations in regard to those cases which are heard by a Juiz de direito, who, besides his own duties, — which will be specified below, — hears appeals against the decisions of a judge of ordinary jurisdiction. The rank of Juiz de direito is identical with that of District Judge in British India. He is placed in charge of a comar ca, and has a staff composed of a delegate of the Attorney General, three clerks, one interpreter and translator, an accountant, and four or five bailiffs, all of whom, except the clerks and accountant, receive, in addition to certain fees, fixed salaries. A judge of this class exercises ordinary and extraordinary jurisdiction in matters both civil and criminal. He holds his ordinary sittings twice a week, and extraordinary, in cases of emergency, on any day. He has, moreover, to go on circuit annually to the julgados, where he receives and hears com- plaints against the judicial functionaries- subordinate to him, examines their proceedings, and registers and sometimes tries those suits within his competence which may not have been submitted to his tribunal by the judges of ordinary jurisdic- tion. His decision in suits relating to landed property ex- ceeding in value £10, and moveable property above £15, may be appealed against in the High Court of Goa. Within the limits of the j id g ado where the seat of his tribunal is fixed, this officer exercises the functions both of a judge of ordinary jurisdiction and a district judge (Juiz de direito), but in other places within the comarca over which he presides he performs the duties proper to his office. The supervision over the above judges is entrusted to a High Court ( Tribunal da Relacdo) which is located at Nova Goa, in consequence of which it is called Relacdo de Nova Goa. This court consists of the chief justice ( Presidente ) and three puisne judges, with a staff consisting of an attorney general, an assistant, a registrar, two assistant registrars, an 78 accountant, and two bailiffs, all drawing salaries from tlie public treasury besides certain perquisites. The High Court has jurisdiction, both ordinary and extra- ordinary, in all cases, whether civil or criminal, and is invested with appellate powers. Its decisions are final in all suits except those relating to immoveable property exceeding in value £150, and moveable property above £250, in which an appeal lies to the Supreme Tribunal of Portugal. Besides the High Court, there are in Goa three courts of the Jtiiz de direito, established in the three comcirccis of the Ilhas, Bardez, and Salsette. The Ilhas are divided into two jidgcidos — those of Pangim and Ponda; Bardez into four — the first of Mapuca, the chief town of the comarca, the second of Calangute, the third of Pernem, and the fourth of Bicholim ; and Salsette into three — those of Margao, Chinchinim and Quepem. The offices of the Judges of the High Court and of District Judges are filled by Europeans, and those of Judges of the julgados by natives. The annual salary of the Chief Justice is £416-13-4, of each Judge of the High Court and of the Attorney General £312-10-0, of the District Judges £260-8-4, and of a Juiz do julgado, or Subordinate Judge, £58-6-8. The total sum spent on judicial administration amounted in 1873-74 to £5551-16-0. In 1874 there were in the High Court 167 civil and 164 criminal cases, total 331. Civil Administration. — After the discovery of the new route to India, the Portuguese entered on a career of conquest by subjugating various parts of the East, and thus gradually established an empire comprising a great number of the most important towns and commercial ports, from Sofala to Ormuz, and from Cambay to China. The whole of this vast empire, of which Goa was the metropolis, was subject to one chief authority, with the title of Viceroy or Governor. Under his 79 supervision were placed five governors; who ruled over Mo- zambique; Malacca; Ormuz, Muscat and Ceylon; besides the captains of several fortresses exercising, within their respec- tive jurisdictions; civil and military authority. The Viceroy; whose tenure of office was generally limited to three years; was invested with almost absolute powers, and had the entire control of all branches of the administration. In military, naval, and civil affairs his authority was held supreme; in civil suits his court was of final resort, and in criminal matters his power extended even to the passing of capital sentences, except in the case of Portuguese noblemen, whom he could not order to be executed without the royal sanction. He was assisted in the government by two councils, the one called the “ Council of the State/’ and the other the “ Council of Three Estates.” The former, composed of the highest func- tionaries, was intended to act, in certain respects, as a check on the Viceroy, but practically its action was hampered by his influence. The latter was composed of the representatives of the three principal classes, viz. civil, military, and ecclesi- astical, and amongst other functions it had the power, which appears to have been seldom exercised, of selecting an interim Governor in the event of the death of the Viceroy and in default of a person previously appointed by a royal patent. About the year 1570 the empire had attained the climax of its grandeur, and owing to its expansion was divided into three governments, one of which extended from Cape Guardafui to Ceylon, the second from Pegu to China, and the third embraced the territories situated on the eastern coast of Africa. The first of these was immediately under the Viceroy, and the other two under separate governors; but this arrangement prevailed only for a short time, and the Viceroy reassumed the government of the whole empire. In course of time a great portion of this empire was wrested from the Portuguese by the Dutch, and in 1752 the province of Mozambique became a direct dependency of the Crown. In 1844 Macao and Timor also severed their connection with Goa, thus leaving only Daman and Diu subordinate to it. Many reforms were also intro- 80 introduced successively in tlie administration of Goa; wliile the title of the Viceroy, which was once changed into that of Captain General, was soon altered to Governor General. Since 1821 the State of Portuguese India has been enjoying the same political rights as the mother- country, and has been represented in the Cortes by deputies, many of whom are natives of the place. At present Goa is regarded as an integral portion of the Por- tuguese empire, and with Daman and Diu forms for adminis- trative purposes one province. This province is subject to a Governor General, who is appointed directly by the King of Portugal, and holds his office for five years. Besides his ordi- nary functions, he is invested with the highest military authority in the province. His personal staff consists chiefly of two Aides-de-camp and a Secretary, styled the Chief Secretary of the Governor General of Portuguese India, and likewise appointed by the King. Though the chief executive functionary, the Governor General cannot, except in cases of emergency, impose new taxes or abolish the existing ones, contract loans, create new appointments or reduce the old ones, retrench salaries, or even incur any expenses not sanctioned by law. Nor can he, under any circumstances whatever, leave the pi’ovinco without the special permission of the Home Government. In the administration of the province he is aided by a council composed of the Chief Secretary, the Archbishop of Goa (or in his absence the chief ecclesiastical authority exercising his functions), the Judges of the High Court, the two highest Military Officers in Goa, the Attorney General, the Secretary of the Junta cla Fazenda Fublica (Council of Public Revenue), the Health Officer, and the President of the Municipal Cham- ber or Corporation of the capital ( Camara Municipal de Capital). As a rule, all the members give their opinions and votes in every matter on which they are consulted by the Governor General. Besides this, there are three other councils called Junta Geral da Provincia (General Council of the Province), Junta da Fazenda Fublica (Council of Public Revenue), and Conselho de Provincia (another Council of the Province). The first is composed of the Chief Secretary, 81 the Archbishop or his substitute, the Attorney General, tha Secretary of the Junta da Fazenda Publica, the Director of Public Works, the Health Officer, a Professor of the Medico- Surgical School, a Professor of the Institute) Professional , a Professor of the Lyceum, a Professor of the Normal School, and a representative of each of the municipal corporations of the province. This Junta discusses and decides all questions relating to public works and the expenses necessary for their execution, the preservation of public health, the establishment of schools, the alteration of customs duties, etc. When, how- ever, the Junta passes any illegal or hasty resolution, the Governor General is empowered to suspend its operation pend- ing a reference on the subject to, and final decision by, the Home Government. The second consists of the Governor General as President, the Attorney General, the Secretary of the same Council, and the Accountant General. This Junta exercises a direct and active control over the public revenues, making the requisite provision for their proper collection and expenditure ; and no payment can be made without its sanction. The third council is not important, and does not, therefore, call for special remark. In addition to the above machinery of civil administration, there are subordinate agencies employed for the local government of the different districts. In connec- tion with these agencies, Goa is divided into Velhas and Novas Conquistas. The former is subdivided into three districts ( concelhos ), viz. the Ilhas, Salsette, and Bardez, and each of these again into parishes, of which there are 93 in all. Every district has a municipal corporation, and is placed under the charge of a functionary called Administrador do Goncelho. This officer is appointed by the Governor General, and is entrusted with duties of an administrative character, besides those connected with the public safety and* health, and the due collection of taxes sanctioned by law. Every parish has likewise a minor council called Junta da Paroehia, and has a magistrate called Begedor, whose duties are to inspect and 11 9 82 direct tlie police establishment of the parish, keep a strict surveillance over liquor-shops, gaming-houses, etc., open -wills and testaments, and report generally every important occur- rence within its limits to the Administrador, to whom he is subordinate. Similarly in each of the four divisions into which the Novas Conquistas are subdivided, there is an officer called Administra- dor Fiscal, who combines the duties usually performed by the Administrador do Goncelho with those of the Administrador das Communidades. The functions of a Begedor are here exer- cised by a village Kulkarni. Of the abovenamed four divisions the first consists of Pernem ; the second of Sanquelim or Safari and Bicholim ; the third of Ponda and Embarbacem ; the fourth of Astagrar, Balli, Chandrovadi, Cacora and Canacona, with Cabo de Rama. Each of the subdivisions of the Velhas and Novas Conquistas is also known by the name of province. The offices of Governor, Chief Secretary, Attorney General, and some other important functionaries are almost invariably filled by Europeans, while those of Administrador do Goncelho and Begedor are held by natives. The annual salary of the Governor is £1,250, and that of the Chief Secretary £305-11-1^. The total expenditure for administrative purposes was in 1873-74 £27,069-2-0. Muncipalities. — As stated above, there are three muni- cipalities, the chief being that of the Ilhas. The receipts and expenditure of this in 1874-75 were estimated at £1232-15-0. Revenue. — The total revenue of the State in 1873-74 was £112,473-18-10, and the expenditure £110,059-15-2. The chief sources of revenue are tithes on rice, cocoanuts, and salt; customs and postal dues ; seal and stamp duties ; tobacco licenses ; licenses on liquor shops, etc. 83 CHAPTER YIII. HISTORY— LIST OF THE VICEROYS AND GOVERNORS. History- — The ancient history of Goa is involved in ob- scurity. The accounts handed down by the Puranas teem with legendary tales on which little historical reliance can be placed. Some of the inscriptions lately deciphered, however, show that Goa had long been the metropolis of a vast kingdom under the sway of the Kadambas, whose first king, Trilockana- kadamba, is supposed by some antiquarians to have flourished in Kali Yuga 2601, or about b.c. 500. This dynasty con- tinued to rule there till the latter part of the 13th century, when Goa became subject to the Yadavas of Devagiri. In 1312 it fell for the first time into the hands of the Muham- madans, who were, however, compelled to evacuate it in 1370, on their defeat by Vidyaranya Madhava, the prime minister of Harihara of Vijayanagara, under whose successors it re- mained for about one hundred years. In 1469 it was con- quered by Muhammad Gawan, the general and vizier of Muham- mad II., the 13th Bahmani king of the Dakhan, and incorpora- ted into the dominions of that sovereign. After the downfall of this house, Goa became subject to the Adil Shahi dynasty, reigning at Bijapur, about the time that Yasco de Gama landed at Calicut in 1498. This family retained possession of the city till the 17th February 1510, when it w r as captured by Alfonso d ; Albuquerque. But shortly afterwards Yusuf Adil Shah, king of Bijapur, marched against the place with a consider- able force, and retook it on the 23rd May of the same year. Beinforced, however, by the large armament that opportunely arrived from Portugal about this time on the coast of India, Albuquerque hastened back to Goa with the Portuguese fleet, and conquered tlie city a second time, after a sanguinary con- test, on the 25tli November. Immediately after this event, he occupied himself in fortifying the place, embellishing the city, and establishing there the Portuguese rule on a firm basis. From this time Goa began rapidly to rise in importance, and eventu- ally became the metropolis of the Portuguese empire in the East, which is said to have been about 4000 leagues in extent. In 1543, during the governorship of Martim Affonso, who came to India along with the celebrated St. Francis Xavier, the two important provinces or m ah ah of Salsette and Bardez were ceded to the Portuguese by Ibrahim Adil Shah, who however, not long afterwards attempted to recover them, but, being foiled in his endeavours by the intrepidity of Dom Joao de Castro, had to abandon the project. To guard against any future invasion on the part of the Muhammadans, a scheme was formed to protect the eastern part of the island of Goa by means of a long wall, but before it was realized Ali Adil Shah had marched against the city with an overwhelming force of a hundred thousand men and laid siege to it, in 1570 ; so bravely and effectively, however, was it defended by the little band within, under the Viceroy, Dom Luiz de Athaide, that the Muham- madan army, greatly thinned in numbers, retreated precipi- tately after a tedious siege of ten months 5 duration. This gallant defence of Goa, and the other important successes gained by the Portuguese over their foes in other parts of India, contri- buted to raise considerably their reputation as a military people, and to deter their enemies from attempting to attack their possessions. But about this period they were greatly alarmed by the appearance, on the coast of India, of a new and very formidable enemy. The Dutch, having shaken off the yoke of Spain, assumed a warlike attitude towards them ou account of their connexion with that country, and began to annoy them in every quarter of the globe. Having come over to India with a large armament, this people blockaded Goa in 1003, but soon withdrew from the place. In other parts, however, they were more successful, wresting from the Portuguese several of their important possessions. These losses, together 85 with the constant attacks to which the latter were exposed from the enemy, tended in a great measure to paratyze their once flourishing’ trade in the East, and from this time Goa began rapidly to decline. During the administration of the Count of Alvor, this settlement was visited in 1683 by the predatory hordes of the Marathas, but was, it is believed, preserved from falling into their hands by St. Francis Xavier. Subsequently the Bhohsles, from the Savantvadi State, invaded the territory, and though at the outset partially successful they were eventually defeated by the Portuguese, who took from them the islands of Corjuem and Panelem, and destroyed their fortress at Bicholim, besides inflicting on them other serious losses. To defend the place against the future inroads of these troublesome neighbours, the Viceroys who then governed the state built a fortress on the fron- tiers of Bardez, and another at Chapora, between the years 1712 and 1717. Notwithstanding these defensive measures, the Bhohsles continued to harass Goa by their frequent in- roads, but the Viceroy Joao de Saldanha da Gama success- fully repelled their attacks, conquering from Phond Savant the fortress of Bicholim, which was, however, offered to his son Nag Savant, who had rebelled against his father. During the administration of the Count of Sandomil, which commenced in 1732 and ended in 1741, the Portuguese became once more involved in a war with the Marathas, and lost some of their most important possessions towards the north of Goa. In the same year (1741) the latter renewed hostili- ties, and invaded the peninsulas of Salsette and Bardez, threatening the city of Goa itself, with a powerful body of horse. At the same time the Bhohsles, seeing the Portuguese thus hard pressed, availed themselves of their critical situation to overrun their settlement. While these things were going on, a new Viceroy arrived in Goa, the Marquis of Lourigal^ bringing with him from Europe a reinforcement of twelve thousand men. V T ith this army he encountered and overthrew the Marathas at Bardez with great slaughter, captured the celebrated fortress of Ponda and other minor forts, and com- 86 pelled tliem to retire from Goa. He then marched against the Bhohsles, and after a crushing defeat forced them to sue for peace, making their Chief, Khem Savant, a tributary of the Portuguese. Not long afterwards, however, the Bhohsles renewed hostilities, but were on this occasion also overthrown by the Marquis of Castello Novo, who conquered Alorna (whence his later title), Tiracol, Neutim, Rarim and San- quelim or Safari. In 1750 the Marathas and Bhohsles jointly attacked the fortress of Neutim, which they closely invested both by sea and land. The Viceroy, the Marquis of Tavora, hastened to the relief of the place with all the available force at his disposal, and compelled the enemy to raise the siege; after which he turned his arms against the king of Sunda, — who, like the Bhohsles, was continually annoying and ravaging the settle- ment of Goa, — and captured the fortress ofPiro (Sadashivgaclh). His successor, the Count of Alva, prosecuted successfully for a time the war against the Marathas, but eventually lost Rarim and Neutim, and was killed at the siege of one of the fort- resses which had fallen into the hands of the enemy. These reverses of the Portuguese would most probably have been followed by others, had not the Marathas become by this time involved in a war with another people, which necessi- tated the withdrawal of their forces from Goa. About this period the Court of Lisbon sent peremptory orders to the Viceroy, the Count of Ega, to restore the fortresses of Piro and Ximpemto the king of Sunda, and of Bicholim, Sanquelim, and Alorna to Khem Savant II. Subsequently, however, the former allowed the Portuguese to possess themselves of Ponda, with the adjacent territory of Zambaulim, Cabo de Rama, and Canacona, during the time that his dominions were invaded by Haidar Ali. After some years of repose, Khem Savant again attempted to disturb the Portuguese, but, being defeated, had to surrender to them Bicholim, Sanquelim or Safari, Alorna, and Pernem. From 1794 to 1815 the territory of Goa and other Portuguese settlements in India received little attention or help from the Court of Lisbon, owing to various causes, the chief of which was the invasion of the Iberian peninsula by 87 the French. To protect the former, however, against any con- tingency, an English auxiliary force was allowed to garrison the two fortresses commanding its port till the general peace in Europe after the battle of Waterloo. In 1 8 1 7 the Viceroy, the Count of Rio Pardo, repelled the inroads of the predatory forces from the Savantvadi State, capturing the fortresses of Uspa and - Rarim. This Governor was, however, deposed in consequence of a revolution which took place in 1821, in which year a constitu- tional system of government was proclaimed in Goa. In 1835 a native of the place, named Bernardo Peres da Silva, was ap- pointed Governor or Prefect of the Portuguese State of India by Dona Maria II., in return for his loyalty and adherence to the house of Braganza during the usurpation of Dom Miguel. But his reforms in Goa during the seventeen days of his government provoked a disturbance, fomented by his adver- saries, which ended in much bloodshed and his own flight to Bombay. For about sixteen years after this event Goa, except a military rebellion in 1842, was undisturbed either by external foes or intei-nal dissensions. During the adminis- tration of Pestana, however, the insurrection at Savantvadi, and the shelter afforded in Goa to the rebels who had fled thither, threatened at first to bring about a rupture between the governments of Bombay and Goa. But, owing to the prudence of both governments, their differences were in a short time satisfactorily settled. In 1852 the Ranes of Safari, headed by Dipu or Dipaji, raised the standard of revolt, which was quelled with difficulty after an obstinate and protracted resistance. In 1871 a rebellion of the military force at Goa broke out, in consequence of the refusal of the Government to grant their exorbitant demands. To suppress this insurrection the Court of Lisbon despatched a reinforcement, accompanied by the King’s own brother, Dom Augusto. On the restoration of peace the regiments that had revolted were disbanded. List of Viceroys and Governors. — During- the Portu- guese ascendancy in the East the Viceroys and Governors dis- played much of the pomp and pageantry characteristic of Oriental courts. The first title was, comparatively speak- 88 mg, conferred on a few of those sent to Goa, as a mark of special favour from the King, while the other was more general. Both of these were changed in 1774 into that of Captain Gene- ral, but soon afterwards were restored. They were finally replaced by that of Governor General, which is still in use. At first on the death or in the absence of a Viceroy or Governor the administration of the State vested generally in the persons mentioned in a royal patent called Via cle Successao, or f The Way or Patent of Succession/ but nowadays it devolves on a Council composed of the chief functionaries of the country. The following is a list of the Viceroys, Governors, &c., from the earliest times to the present date : — 1. Dom Francisco de Almeida, the first Viceroy, left Lisbon on 25th March 1505, arrived in India on 12th September fol- lowing, and after four years of administration was murdered on his return voyage by some negroes at the Cape of Good Hope, on the 1st of March 1510. 2. Affonso de Albuquerque succeeded the preceding Vice- roy, with the title of Governor, towards the end of October of the year 1509, and on his return from Ormuz died in the harbour of Goa on 16th December 1515. 3. Lopo Soares de Albergaria succeeded Albuquerque on 8th September 1515, and returned to Portugal on 20th January 1519. 4. Diogo Lopes de Siqueira, the next Governor, arrived in Goa on 8th September 1518, and remained there till 22nd January 1522. 5. Dom Duarte de Menezes took charge of the government in January 1522, and left Goa for Portugal in December 1524. 6. Dom Vasco da Gama, Count of Vidigueira, came as 2nd Viceroy in September 1524, and died in Cochin on 24th December following. 7. Dom Henrique de Menezes assumed the government, according to a patent of succession, on 17th January 1525, and continued to exercise his functions till his death, on 21st February 1526. 89 8. Lopo Yaz tie Sampaio succeeded the foregoing 1 in virtue of a royal patent of succession, and governed till 18th Novem- ber 1529, when he was sent to Portugal iu chains. 9. Nuno da Cunha left Lisbon on 18th April, arrived in Goa on 22nd October, and took charge on 18th November 1529. He governed till 14th September 1538, and died on his voyage back to Portugal. 10. Horn Garcia de Noronha, the 3rd Viceroy, arrived in Goa on 14th September 1538, and died on 3rd April 1540. 11. Horn Estevao da Gama, son of Vasco da Gama, suc- ceeded the foregoing by a patent of succession, and governed till 6th May 1542, when he returned to Portugal. 12. Martini Affonso de Souza took charge on the day following his arrival from Portugal, on 7th May 1542. His administration lasted till 10th September 1545. 13. Dom Joao de Castro, who came out as Governor on 10th September 1545, was promoted to the rank of Viceroy in 1547, but died on the 6th June of the following year. 14. Garcia de Sa assumed the government in virtue of a royal patent of succession, and died on 13th June 1549. 15. Jorge Cabral also took charge in virtue of a similar patent, and governed till November 1550. 16. Dom Affonso de Noronha, the 5th Viceroy, arrived in Cochin in November 1550, and took charge immediately. His administration lasted till 23rd September 1554. 1 7. Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, the 6th Viceroy, arrived in Goa on the 23rd September 1554, and governed till the 16th June 1555, when he died. 18. Francisco Barreto assumed the government in virtue of a patent of succession, and ruled till 8th September 1558. 19. Dom Constantino de Braganca, the 7th Viceroy, came out to India on the 3rd September 1558, and governed till 7th September 1561. 20. Dom Francisco Coutinko, Count of Eedondo, the 8th Viceroy, left Portugal on 15th March, arriving in Goa on 7th September 1561. He died on the 19th February 1564. 12 (j 90 21. Joao de Mendonga governed till 3rd September 1564, in pursuance of a patent of succession. 22. Dom Antao de Noronha, tlie 9tli Viceroy, arrived in Goa from Portugal on 3rd September 1564, and governed till lOtli September 1568. 23. Dom Luiz de Atbaide, the 10th Viceroy, came out to India and assumed tlie government on tlie above date. His administration lasted till tlie 6tli September 1571. 24. Dom Antonio de Noronha, the lltli Vicerojq arrived in Goa from Portugal on the 6th September 1571 ; he was relieved of his office on 9th December 1573 by a royal letter. 25. Antonio Moniz Barreto succeeded the above on the same date, and governed till September 1576. 26. Dom Diogo de Menezes succeeded the foregoing in virtue of a royal patent of succession, and governed till 31st August 1578. 27. Dom Luiz de Athaide came out to India a second time as Vicei’oy on the 31st August 1578, and died in Goa on the 10th March 1581. 28. Fernao Telles de Menezes assumed the government after the death of the above, and continued in power till 17th. September 1581. 29. Dom Francisco Mascarenhas, Count of Villa da Horta, was the 13th Viceroy. He arrived in Goa on 16th September 1581, and governed till November 1584. 30. Dom Duarte de Menezes, Count of Tarouca, the 14th Viceroy, arrived on 25th October 1 584, and died on 4th May 1 588. 31. Manuel de Souza Coutinho assumed the government in virtue of a patent of succession. His administration lasted till the 15th May 1591. 32. Mathias de Albuquerque, the 15th Viceroy, arrived on the 15th May 1591, and governed till 25th May 1597, when he returned to Portugal. 33. Dom Francisco da Gama, Count of Vidigueira, and grand- son of Vasco da Gama, arrived on 22nd May 1597, and took charge immediately afterwards. His administration lasted till 25th December 1600. 91 34. Ayres de Saldanha, the 17th Viceroy, came out to India on 25th December 1600, and governed till the middle ox January 1605. 35. Martim Affonso de Castro, the 18th Viceroy, arrived in January 1605, and died in Malacca on 3rd June 1607. 36. Dom Fr. Aleixo de Menezes, Archbishop of Goa, held the reins of government, in virtue of a patent of succession, till 27th May 1609. 37. Andre Furtado de Mendonqa governed three months and eight days, when he returned to Portugal. 38. Ruy Lonrenco de Tavora, the 19th Viceroy, commenced his administration on 5th September 1609, which continued till about the close of 1612. 39. Dom Jeronimo de Azevedo, the 20th Viceroy, assumed the administration of the State on the 15th December 1612, and governed till 18th November 1617. 40. Dom Joao Coutinho, Count of Redondo and 21st Viceroy, took charge on 18th November 1617, and died on 10th Novem- ber 1619. 41. Fernao de Albuquerque succeeded the above, in virtue of a patent of succession, on the 11th November 1619. His administration terminated on the 19th December 1622. 42. Dom Francisco da Gama, Count of Vidigueira, came out to India as Viceroy for the second time cn 19th December 1622. His goveimment lasted till the end of January 1627. 43. Dom Fr. Luiz de Brito, Bishop of Meliapur, succeeded the above as Governor by a patent of succession, and died on 29th July 1628. After his death the affairs of the State were entrusted to a committee. 44. Dom Miguel de Noronha, Count of Linhares, the 23rd Viceroy, reached Goa on 21st October 1629, taking charge on the next day. He governed till 8th December 1635, when he l’eturned to Portugal. 45. Pero da Silva, the 24th Viceroy, came out to India on 8th December 1635, and governed till 24tli June 1639. 46. Antonio Telles de Menezes assumed charge on 4th Octo- ber 1639, and governed till 21st September of the following year. 92 47. Joao da Silva Tello de Menezes, Count of Aveiras, the 25tli Viceroy, arrived on 20th September 1040, and governed till 1046. 48. Dom Filippe Mascarenhas, the 26th Viceroy, took charge in Goa on 30th December 1640, and governed till 31st May 1651. Pending the arrival of his successor, a committee was entrusted with the administration of the State. 49. Dom Vasco Mascarenhas, Count of Obidos, came out as 27th Viceroy on 3rd September 1652; he was deposed, in consequence of a rebellion which took place on 22nd October .1053, the government having been usurped by Dom Braz de Castro, who fomented and headed the rebellion. 50. Dom Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira, Count of Sarzedas, the 28th Viceroy, left Lisbon on 23rd March, and arrived in Goa on the 19th August 1655. He died on 3rd January 1656. In the interval between his death and the arrival of his successor, the government was provisionally entrusted to several persons. 51. Antonio de Mello e Castro came out to India at first simply as Governor, and was subsequently raised to the rank of Viceroy. He governed till 1666. 52. Joao Nunes da Cunlia, Count of St. Vincent, the 30th Viceroy, arrived in India on the 11th October 1666, and died on 6th November 1668. After his death the govern- ment was entrusted to the persons appointed in the patent of succession. 53. Luis de Mendonea Furtado de Albuquerque, Count of Lavradio, 31st Viceroy, arrived in Goa on the 20th May 1671, and took charge on the 22nd. His government lasted till 30th October 1677. 54. Dom Pedro de Almeida, Count of Assumar, came as 32nd Viceroy on 28th October 1677, and left Goa on 27th January 1678, having been ordered to proceed to Mozambique, where he died in March following. In his absence the go- vernment was entrusted to the persons appointed by a patent of succession. 55. Francisco de Tavora, Count ofAlvdr, 33rd Viceroy, go- 93 verned from 12tli September 1681 to 3rd December 1686, leav- ing for Portugal on the loth of the same month. 56. Dom Rodrigo da Costa governed, in virtue of a royal patent, from 1686 to 1690, when he died. 57. Dom Miguel de Almeida held the reins of government, in pursuance also of a patent of succession, from June 1690 to January 1691, when he died. The administration devolved for a time on the nominees of a new patent. 58. Dom Pedro Antonio de Noronha, Count of Villa Verde, came as 34th Viceroy on 26th May 1693, and continued at the head of the government till 20th September 1698. 59. Antonio Luiz Goncalves da Camara Coutinho, 35th Viceroy, assumed charge on 20th September 1698, and govern- ed till 17th September 1701, when the persons mentioned in the patent were placed at the head of the administration. 60. Caetano de Mello de Castro, 36th Viceroy, governed from 2nd October 1702 till 29th October 1707, when he returned to Portugal. 61. DomRodrigo da Costa succeeded the above as 37th Vice- roy on the same date, and governed till 21st September 1712. 62. A r asco Fernandes Cesar de Menezes, 38th Viceroy, arrived in Goa on 16th September 1 71 2, and took charge five days afterwards. Plis government lasted till 13th January 1717. 63. Dom Sebastiao d’Andrade Pessanha, Archbishop of Goa, became Governor, pursuant to a royal patent, on 13th January 1717, continuing as such till 16th October following. 64. Dom Luiz de Menezes, Count of Ericeira, came as 39th Viceroy on 9th October 1717, and took charge seven days after. His government lasted till 14th September 1720. 65. Francisco Jose de Sampaio e Castro, 40th Viceroy, came from Lisbon on 12th September 1720, and assumed the government two days after. He died on 13th July 1723. 66. Dom Christovao de Mello was Governor, in virtue of a royal patent, from 13th July to 3rd September 1723, when the administration devolved on the nominees of a new patent. 67. Joao de Saldanha da Gama, the 41st Viceroy, was at the helm of the State from 28th October 1 725 to 23rd January 94 1732, on which date he made over the government to the persons named in a royal patent. 68. Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, Connt of Sandomil, 42nd Viceroy, directed the affairs of the State from 7th October 1732 to 18th May 1 741, when he returned to Portugal. 69. Dom Luiz de Menezes, Count of Ericeira, and after- wards first Marquis of Lourical, was the 43rd Viceroy, and governed from 18th May 1741 to 12th June 1742, when he died. After his death the government became vested in the persons named in a royal patent. 70. Dom Pedro Miguel de Almeida e Portugal, Count of Assumar, and first Marquis of Castello Novo, and afterwards Marquis of Alorna, came out to India as 44th Viceroy on 24th September 1744, and returned to Portugal on 27th September 1750. 71. Francisco Assis, Marquis of Tavora, and 45tli Viceroy, took charge on his arrival in Goa on 27th September 1750. He returned to Portugal on 18th September 1754. 72. Dom Luiz Mascarenhas, Count of Alva, came as 46tli Viceroy on 18th September 1754, and governed till 28th June 1756, when he was killed by the Marathas. Pending the arrival of his successor, the government was entrusted to the persons mentioned in the royal patent. 73. Manoel da Saldanha de Albuquerque, Count of Ega, was appointed 4 7th Viceroy, and assumed the government on 23rd September 1756. He returned to Portugal, giving- overcharge of the administration to the nominees of a royal patent. 74. Dom Joao Jose de Mello was Governor from 12th March 1768 to 10th January 1774, when he died. 75. Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior was at the head of the State, in pursuance of a patent of succession, from 13th January to 24th September 1774. 76. Dom Jose Pedro de Camara, Governor and Captain General, took charge on 24th September 1774, and governed till 26th May 1779, when he returned to Portugal. 77. Dom Frederico Guilherme de Souza took charge on 26th May 1779, and remained in office till 3rd November 1786. 95 78. Francisco da Cunlia e Menezes succeeded as Governor and Captain General on the last mentioned date, and managed the affairs of the State till 22nd May 1794. 79. Francisco Antonio da Yeiga Cabral, at first Commander in-Chief of the Goa Army, took charge of the government of the State on 22nd May 1794, and continued in office till 30th May 1807. He was subsequently created Viscount of Mirandella. 80. Bernardo Jose de Lorena, Count of Sarzedas, came as 48th Viceroy, and took charge on the above date. He governed till 29th November 1816. 81 . Dom Diogo de Souza, Count of Rio Pardo, 49tli Viceroy, entered in office on 29th November 1816, and w r as deposed in consequence of a military rebellion on 16th September 1821. After his deposition, two provisional committees were successive- ly entrusted with the administration till 1 8th November 1822. 82. Dom Manoel de Camara, 50th Viceroy, governed from the last mentioned date till 16th November 1825, when he died. The administration consequently devolved on a com- mittee presided over by the Archbishop. 83. Dom Manoel de Portugal e Castro, the 51st and last Viceroy, governed from 9th October 1827 to 14th January 1835. 84. Bernardo Peres da Silva, a native of Goa, came from Portugal with the title of Prefect on 10th January 1835, and took charge four days afterwards. He was deposed, in consequence of a military rebellion, on the 1st February follow- ing. Several provisional committees were successively en- trusted with the government till 22nd November 1837. 85. Simao Infante de Lacerda, Baron of Sabroso, appointed Governor General, assumed charge on 23rd November 1837, and died on 14th October 1838. A council composed of the chief authorities managed the affairs both during his illness and after his death. 86. Jose Antonio Vieira da Fonseca acted as Governor from 5th March to 14th November 1839. 87. Manoel Jose Mendes, Barao de Candal, arrived in Goa on 12th November 1839, and died on 18tli April 1840, a council assuming in consequence the administration of the State. 96 88. Jose Joaquim Lopes de Lima acted as Governor from 24th September 1840 to 27th April 1842; being compelled to leave Goa owing- to a military revolt. A council assumed consequently the reins of government. 89. Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira; Count of Antas, took charge on 19th September 1842; and governed till 25 th April 1 848. 90. Joaquim Mourao Garces Palha governed from 25tli April 1843 to 20tli May 1844. 91. Jose Ferreira Pestana assumed the reins of government on the last mentioned date; and ruled till the 15th January 1851; returning some time after to Portugal. 92. Jose Joaquim Januario Lapa, Baron and afterwards Yiscount of Villa Nova de Oureni; governed from 15th January 1851 to 6th May 1855; leaving the administration in the hands of a council. 93. Antonio Cesar de Vasconcellos Correia, Yiscount and afterwards Count of Torres NovaS; took charge on 3rd Novem- ber 1855, and governed till 25th December 1864. 94. Jose Ferreira Pestana, appointed Governor General for the second time, directed the helm of government from the last mentioned date till 7th May 1870. 95. Januario Correia de Almeida, Yiscount of St. Januario, came as Governor General on 5th May 1870, and took charge on the 7th idem, governing till 12th December 1871. 96. Joaquim Jose Macedo e Couto succeeded the above on the same date, and continued as Governor General till 10th May 1875. 97. Joao Tavares de Almeida took charge on 10th May 1875, and died on 24tli July 1877. The administration devolved after his death on a council, presided over by the Archbishop. 98. Antonio Sergio de Souza, Yiscount, came as Governor General, and assumed charge of his office on 12th November 1877. He died on 3rd May 1878, when a council, presided over by the same Archbishop, again assumed the administration. 99. Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque was ap- pointed Governor General by the royal decree of 9th May 1878. He has not yet arrived from Portugal, but is expected shortly. 97 CHAPTER IX. THE CITY AND TOWNS POLYMETRICAL TABLE OP DISTANCES OF IMPORTANT PLACES FROM THE CITY AND FROM EACH OTHER. The City. — Pangim lies in 15° 30' N. Latitude and 73° 53' E. Longitude, on the left or southern bank of the river Mandovi, at a distance of about five miles from its mouth. It has one mile of river frontage to the north, and occupies a narrow strip of the village of Taleigao, which is bounded on the east by a causeway connecting it with Ribandar, on the south by a hill, and on the west by an esplanade. Pangim with Ribandar and the old city of Goa constitutes the modern capital of Portuguese India, called Nova Goa or New Goa, though this name is commonly applied to Pangim alone. Its population numbered in 1827 about 9,000 souls ; in 1851, 9,800 ; and in 1865, 14,134: at present it is estimated at 15,000. In the vernacular dialect of the country it is called Pongi, meaning probably 'arable land that cannot be inundated.'’ Pangim was once a miserable place full of stagnant pools, and inhabited principally by fishermen and other poor people dwelling in huts. During the Muhammadan sway it was only remarkable for the castle of Yusuf Add Shah, which is now transformed into the viceregal palace. At some distance from it stood a fort or bulwark on the neighbouring hill, amidst a dense forest, from which in after years during - the Portuguese rule, firewood, according to a document of 1524, was cut and sold. This bulwark was but ill constructed, while the castle was strongly built and defended by fifteen guns and a garrison of about three hundred soldiers. It was from the castle that the Muhammadans under Yusuf Gurji offered a vigorous resistance to Albuquerque on his first invasion of 13 y 98 Goa in 1510, and it was within view of the castle that his fleet lay at anchor daring the rainy season following his expulsion from the city by the overwhelming forces of the king of Bijapur. After the second capture of Goa by the Portuguese, Pangim was selected as an important military station, in consequence of which a new bastion with a breastwork was erected, and the castle of the Muhammadans, which had been partly burnt by Albuquerque, was repaired. The castle was placed under the command of Captain Pero de Preitas, who was stationed there with two hundred sepoys to guard the city against any foreign attack on that side of the river. As a precautionary measure, all the ships that entered or left the river were subjected to the in- spection of the Captain, and obliged to obtain passports from him. In course of time a few houses were built in Pangim, in one of which a brother of the famous king of Cambay, Bahadur Shah, is said to have lodged during his sojourn in Goa in 1583. About the same period a chapel dedicated to Nossa Senliora da C once if do was erected there at the public expense, and was the first sacred edifice raised outside of the old city of Goa. This chapel, endowed in 1541 with an annual sum of £1-13-4, accruing from the rents of the property once belonging to some Hindu pagodas, was converted thirteen years later into a parish church. About this period an asylum was also built there, and then a college. The former afforded, till 1567, shelter to such ladies as had offended their husbands by their guilty conduct and fled from their homes to avoid being put to death. The latter, founded in 1584 and called Collegio de Sao Thome (College of St. Thomas), stood on a hill adjoining the above church, but was transferred in 1596 to Banguenim. Except these, Pangim possessed at this period few build- ings worth mentioning, and was almost an isolated and se- cluded spot. Yet, owing to its convenient situation, it was often selected as a place for embarking troops or fitting out expeditions to various parts of the East, and during the first century of the Portuguese ascendancy it formed a temporary 99 residence for tlie Viceroys and Governors on their arrival fronij or departure to, Portugal. Ordinarily, it was the rendezvous of fishermen and native sailors, who went thither to haul up their boats on the margin of the river. In the middle of the 16th century a great portion of this margin was bestowed as a grant on a lady named Isabella Fernandes, who raised thereon a wall, causing so much inconvenience to its inhabitants that the Government, in consequence of their repeated complaints, cancelled the grant and transferred the place to the custody of the municipality of the city. This corporation erected there a causeway, of which few or no traces now remain. During the 17th century Pangim continued still to be in- habited chiefly by fishermen and ordinary artizans. Yet there were many country-houses owned by Portuguese grandees and other wealthy persons. In consequence of the terrible epidemic which was then raging in the old city of Goa and its suburbs, the viceregal residence was transferred to this place in 1759, from which year dates its gradual rise. In 1811 the Custom-house was also removed thither, followed soon after by the Accountant General’s Office, the High Court, the Chancery- and other public offices, so that its population began steadily to increase. Several well-to-do people, and amongst them many public servants, fixed their habitation there. During the administration of Dom Manuel de Portugal e Castro ( 1 827- 35) Pangim was raised to its present conspicuous position, at an expense of £36,607-5-0, having been reclaimed from the stagnant pools with which it formerly abounded, and consider- ably improved by the construction of new roads and public edifices. In 1843 it was formally declared by a royal decree to. be the capital of Portuguese India, and is now the seat of the Governor, the Archbishop, and all the chief authorities of Goa. From the river the appearance of the city, with its row of public and private buildings all along the principal road, called Rua de Boa Vista, is picturesque. The public edifices are double-storied and of a simple style. Most of the private buildings are also double-storied and are neatly painted. 100 The first edifice that meets the sight on touching the prin- cipal pier is the Custom-house ( Alfandega ). This is the highest building in Pangim,and is 108 feet long and 72 broad. Its upper story consists of somewhat spacious halls, and is occupied by the office establishment, while the groundfloor is used as a warehouse. Close to the Custom-house, on its eastern side, is seen the Governor’s Palace. As already stated, it was originally a Muhammadan castle, and was transformed into the viceregal residence about the middle of the 18th century, as is shown by the following inscription on the gate facing the river : — “ Eege Fidelissimo Josepho primo, Pro Itege Comite ab Ega, Senates ex informi formavit. 1760.” Translation. “ During the reign of the most faithful King Joseph I., and the government of Viceroy the Count of Ega, the Senate trans- . formed the building [into the viceregal palace]. 1760.” It is a double-storied edifice, facing the south, and command- ing a beautiful view on the river-side. The entrance hall is adorned with the portraits of the Viceroys and Governors of Goa. The principal hall, which is towards the north, is called sala de docel, where a large portrait of the reigning King is hung and the chief state ceremonials take place. On the ground- floor there is, besides the civil and military departments of the Secretariat, a chapel in the vestry of which is seen the image of Christ which once belonged to the famous tribunal of the Inquisition. Opposite the Palace lies the Contadoria Geral, or the Ac- countant General’s Office. It is a large building, 249 feet long and 128 broad, and possesses good accommodation. Some rooms on the groundfloor are occupied by the Post Office. A few paces further lie the Jail, the Telegraph Office, and, at the end of the road called Bua da Relafao, the High Court, the last of these being a building 88 feet long and 82 broad, and accommodating also the District Court and the Supreme 101 Military Tribunal. To tlie south of the High Court is situated the most populous and extensive quarter of Pangim, designated Fontainhas. The chief road leading to it is called Rua de 4 de Abril. It commences almost opposite the fish bazaar, and terminates near a well-built fountain called Phoenix. Border- ing on the eastern edge of the Fontainhas runs the road, still under construction, called Rua Nova de Ourem. Returning to the principal road already mentioned ( Rua da Boa Vista), and proceeding south-west from the square in front of the Governor’s palace through a street called Rua de Conceicao, we come to the parochial church of Nossa Senhora da Conceicao, standing prominently on the slope of a hill : though inferior in size to many other churches of Goa, yet its interior is well decorated. Close to the church lies a cemetery, the walls of which are adorned by pictures formerly belonging to the convents of the old city. On the summit of the hill stands a banyan tree, which serves as a pilot’s mark to the entrance of the port, and near it there is a semaphore. From this standpoint a beautiful panoramic view is enjoyed not only of Pangim, but also of the sea, the river, and the sur- rounding fortresses and villages. At the foot of the hill a few paces to the south are seen a mosque which is a small and wretched building, and a Hindu pagoda built in 1818 and dedicated to Mahalakshmi. Close to this temple is a pretty fountain known as Cabefa de Vacca, so called from an artificial spout shaped like a cow’s head, through which the water flows. To the north-west of the Muhammadan mosque, in the square called Praga das Flores, is the Town Hall ( Camara Municipal) , 72 feet long and 105 broad. In its principal hall, which is pretty large and adorned with the portraits of the King- of Portugal, Vasco da Gama, and Affonso de Albuquerque, the chief municipal corporation of Goa holds its meetings, and in another hall the Camara Agraria, which represents all the village communities of the district of the Ilhas. In the latter is seen the portrait of Bernardo Peres da Silva, the only native 102 of Goa who held the post of Governor. The lower rooms are occupied by the offices of the two chief Administr adores or collectors of the Ilhas. Facing the building lies a square with a garden, named after the reigning sovereign, Dom Luis. Proceeding a few paces further from the northern extremity of the garden, we come back to the Custom-house, in the principal street or Iiua de Boa Vista. To the east of this building is seen the Archbishop’s Palace; it was lately fitted up for this purpose, and has not the imposing aspect of the three ancient palaces in which the Primates of the East formerly resided. Connected with it towards the south is the Public Works’ Office. To the west of the Archbishop’s Palace are the Barracks, the largest building in the city, erected in 1832 at a cost of £13,006-17-7. Itisofa quadrangular form with an open space in the middle, and is 498 long by 521 broad. On its principal door is read the following inscription : — “Nao vos hade faltar gente famosa, Honra, valor e fama gloriosa. No bom e feliz governo do Illmo. e Exmo. Sr. D. Manoel de Portugal e Castro V. Rei cla India, Anno de 1832.” Translation. “You will not want distinguished persons, honour, valour and glorious fame during the good and prosperous government of the most illustrious and excellent Dom Manoel de Portugal e Castro, Viceroy of India, 1832.” Besides the accommodation for the military force stationed in the capital, as well as for a chapel and a theatre, the eastern wing of the building is occupied by the High School or Lyceu Nacional, by the Instituto Professional, where chemistry, agriculture and other practical sciences are taught, and by the Public Library. The daily attendance in this library is considerable. There are many old books brought from the convents, but none of them are of great importance, except some manuscripts — Indian vocabularies, a Portuguese and 103 Tamil grammar and dictionary, also grammars of the Tamil and Malayalam languages, and a Dictionarium Malabaricum. The square facing the barracks is graced by a life-size statue of Albuquerque, the same which formerly stood in a niche in the facade of the Church of Nossa Senhora da Serra in the old city. The present monument consists of a cupola support- ed by large columns which once adorned the convent of St. Dominic ; in the middle stands on a high pedestal the con- queror of Goa in an imposing attitude. It was set up there amid great pomp, on 29th October 1847, by the Governor, Jose Fereira Pestana, who recited on the occasion an appropriate panegyric in verse to the memory of the Portuguese hero. Close to the barracks to the west are the new Bazaar and the Government Printing Office, and a few paces further the Military Hospital with its chapel, and adjoining it the Medical School, which have nothing in them worth mentioning. At the furthest limit of the city to the west lies the esplanade, called since 1838 Campo de Corn Manoel; it was formed by orders of the Viceroy Dom Manoel de Portugal e Castro, from whom it derives its name, and is a fashionable resort for evening recreation. It is enclosed by a small wall from north to south, hawing two piers on both sides, and a semicircular seat in the middle between two pillars. On the northern and southern extremities of it there are two bridges, those of Minerva and Santa Ignez, both seats and railing, as well as pillars, bearing the arms of the Senate and several inscriptions. To the south-west limit of Pangim, on a spot where the Eoad of Santa Ignez begins, are seen the ruins of one of the ancient palaces of the Archbishop. The same road leads through Caranzalem, a place much frequented during the hot season by the higher classes, to enjoy the sea-breeze, to the extreme point of the island called Cabo, where is the summer palace of the Governor. Towns. — Margao lies in 15° 18' N. Lat. and 74° 1' E. Long., in a beautiful plain in the centre of the province of Salsette, and in the proximity of the Sal river. It is about 16 miles 104 distant from the capital. The population of Margao in 1851 was 13,193, but has now increased to 15,178, of which 13,128 are Christians, 2,000 Hindus, and 50 Muhammadans. The number of houses is 3,298. Its revenue is estimated at £13,096-2-6, of which rice yields £9,314-7-6, cocoanut plan- tations £3,335-4-0, salt £118-16-9, and cereals and fruits £327-14-3. Margao, according to a Hindu tradition, was one of the early seats of the Aryan settlers of Goa, and the site of the chief matlia or convent, whence its name Mathagrama, or ( the village of the convent/ which was corrupted into Margao. The village is connected with Parasurama's legend, and during the Hindu and the Muhammadan rule appears to have been considered a place of great importance. At the time of the Portuguese conquest it was iu a flourishing' condition and contained many well constructed buildings, the most remark- able of which was a Hindu temple. It is described by an old Portugese chronicler as being- so large and strongly built that the Muhammadans, when they invaded Salsette, occupied it as a good military post. According to a tradition, this temple was consecrated to the memory of a native of Margao, by name Makaji Damodar, who having met a tragic death on the spot with his newly married spouse received the honours of a god. There were besides nine other pagodas in the same village, all of which were destroyed by Diogo Rodrigues, captain of Rachol, who was rewarded with the revenues of the lands belonging to them. Christianity was introduced into Margao by the Jesuit Fathers about the year 1560; and in 1565 a church was erected there, on the ruins of the chief pagoda just mentioned, at the desire of the first Archbishop, Dom Gaspar de Leao Pereira, the idol of Damodar being removed to Zambaulim. This church was burnt by the Muhammadans during the government of Dom Luiz de Athaide, and was rebuilt iu 1585; and having afterwards fallen into decay was reconstructed in 1 645 as it is seen at pi-esent. It is one of the largest and best con- structed churches of Goa, and has a beautiful facade and eight altars. The chief of these is dedicated to the Holy Ghost, the 105 patron of the Church, and one of the side ones is adorned with the image of St. Roch, through whose intercession the village is said to have been delivered from a fearful epidemic which raged there from 1772 to 1776. There are some epitaphs in the pavement of the church, and under the chief altar there is said to be a slab of black stone which covers the grave of a native child killed with some Jesuit fathers at Cuncolim. The Jesuits had also built a college at Margao in 1574, which was subsequently removed to Racliol; they had also in 1575 an hospital where poor men, no matter of what creed, were treated with great care. Margao, though for some time exposed to the incursions of the Muhammadans and Marathas, was always in a prosperous state, and inhabited by many rich families. Of late it has been considerably improved ; many public and private buildings have been erected, which impart to it a beautiful aspect. It was raised to the rank of a town by a royal decree of the 3rd April 1778. There are at present five chapels, one of which, built in 1595 at Nuvem, is particularly mentioned by the author of the Oriente Conquistado. The Town Hall ( Camara Muni- cipal) is a double-storied edifice facing the east, built in 1770 and rebuilt in 1873; here the Municipal Corporation of Sal- sette holds its meetings. Near it is the Jail, with its chapel, built in 1847. The groundfloor is reserved for the prisoners, and the upper storey set apart for the Agrarian Chamber ( Camera Agraria) and the Court of the District Judge ( Juiz de Direito). There are also other buildings occupied by the Government Schools, the Theatre, and the Asylum called Asilo do Sagrado Coracao de Maria, which was founded in 1866, and has a chapel of its own. On the western side of the town there are military Barracks, built in 1811, formerly occu- pied by a regiment, but at present by the police and a military force, as well as the Post Office. There is a bazaar at Margao, with 74 well-provided stalls, which supplies provisions to the people of Salsette, the daily consumption being estimated at from £350 to £500. There is also an association called Monte Pio 14 g 106 (a family pension fund), and a printing- press, from which a weekly newspaper is issued. Adjoining the chief buildings of the town rises a hill crowned by a chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora de Piedade, who is regarded by the people of the locality as their special patroness. The chapel was originally constructed by the Jesuit Fathers and dedicated to the Holy Cross, with the view, as their own chronicler states, of delivering the place from the annoyances of the evil spirits by which it was then haunted. It was re- built in 1820, and the image of Nossa Senliora de Piedade, which was m the church, was transferred to the chapel in a solemn procession in which the Archbishop of Goa and the Bishop of Hieropolis took part. The chapel is well decorated and richly endowed. The top of the hill commands a beautiful view, not only of the town, but also of the sea and the surrounding villages. Mapu S a lies in 15° 36' N. Lat. and 73° 52' E. Long., at a distance of about eight miles from Pangim, and is bounded on the east by the river of the same name, which is a branch of the Mandovi. Occupying almost a central position in Bardez, of which province it is the capital, it is one of the most im- portant commercial places in the whole territory of Goa. Its population consists of 12,000 souls, of whom 7,000 are Chris- tians and 5,000 Hindus. There are about 3,151 houses in it. As a pai-ish it comprises three village communities, the chief of which bears the same name, and the other two are known as Cunchelim and Corlirn respectively : of these the first yields a revenue of about £908. Mapuca appears formerly to have enjoyed some celebrity among the surrounding villages, chiefly on account of a great fair held there every Friday, whence, according to some, it takes its name — from map, ‘ measure, 5 and fa, f to fill up, 5 i.e. c the place of measuring or selling goods.’ In other respects it does not seem to have attracted much notice. After the Portuguese conquest of Goa, Christianity was introduced into Bardez by the Franciscans, and a church was 107 built at Mapuga in 1594, chiefly through the exertions of Fa- ther Jeronimo de Espirito Santo, on the ruins of the chief pagoda of the place, the idol having been removed to Dargalim, in the Pernem Mahal. This church was rebuilt in 1779. Being destroyed by fire in 1838, it was constructed anew in its present form. It contains three altars, over the middle of which is seen the image of Nossa Senhora de Milagres (Our Lady of Miracles). This image is held in great veneration not only by the Christians but also by the Hindus. On the day of her feast, which is solemnized on the second Monday after Easter, men of every class and creed come in crowds, not only from Goa, but also from the adjoining places, bringing of- ferings to the Virgin in token of gratitude for the favours received through her intercession. On the same occasion a fair takes place, which lasts for five days, and is one of the best held in Goa. In addition to this church there are six chapels, and some other public buildings very recently erected. To the west of the church is seen the Asylum of Our Lady of Miracles, where the poor and the destitute are supported by public charity. A little further lie the Jail and the Bazaar, the latter being well built and much frequented especially on Fridays by people from distant villages. To the west of the Bazaar on a little eminence stands the Town Hall, which is the best build- ing in the place. In its principal hall, adorned with portraits of the King of Portugal and some other personages, the Muni- cipal Chamber of Bardez holds its meetings, while in the apartment to the south on the same floor is located the office of the Collector or Administrador do Conselho, and to the north the Court of the District Judge or Juiz de Direito. In one of the apartments on the groundfloor is accommodated the office of the Administrador das Communidades, and in another the Camara Agvaria holds its sittings. In front of the Town Hall runs the Royal Street, leading to Duller, — a ward which contains a range of beautiful houses newly constructed, — and passing through several villages on the northern confines of the territory of Goa. 108 Leaving the Town Ilall ancl proceeding westward by the same street are seen two rows of houses, and at its extremity a large open plain through which the same road runs to the vicinity of Pangim. Near the plain stands the hill of Guirim, where formerly the Franciscans had a house, and where at pre- sent a college is built. To the west of the town are seen the Military Barracks, where a regiment was stationed from 1841 to 1871, when it was disbanded. They are now occupied by the police force, the Post Office, and several public schools. In their neighbourhood there is a chapel specially built for the use of military men, as well as a pagoda dedicated to Maroti. The aspect of Mapuca has of late considerably improved. It was raised to the rank of a town in 1859, and is now the residence of the chief local authorities and professional men. 109 Polymetrical Table showing the distances of several mportant places from the Capital and from each other. (The distances, as given in an official report, are calculated in leagues to the degree, and by the most frequented roads.) Comprehending >t °j PLAN of THE CITY OF GOA . 4 e*u' of atoul on, ,n,U aad * half /NmtUaf »«< f au*ncf —*S™ j ’>'* J-* |*«t Cnn*m~V- ^ If - 1 - J hutli ,->« — □ ..r pn ml/ ttou.-t '- ~ i larahno . Archieyucrpal pahut A WtA Auk * Old \«utf Bmu * /nfuuUum u, turn* V «/u/