Recent British 
 Vivisections 
 
 (1917) 
 
 A RECORD OF CRUELTIES 
 PERPETRATED UNDER THE 
 NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT 
 
 -AND IN- 
 
 PRIVATE RESEARCH WORK 
 
 By 
 
 Walter R. Hadwen, 
 
 M.D., J.P. 
 
 PRICE ONE PENNY 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 British Union for Abolition of Vivisection, 
 
 32, CHARING CROSS, LONDON, S.W. 1. 
 
 Ktli C«JHtI IB. 
 
 HCSTqfMl**- 
 
 C«lrW» C 'n«f« 
 
Mv"v9^€cIL 
 
 
 Recent British Vivisections (1917 ) 
 
 HHHE following record of cruelty in British 
 laboratories appeared first in the form of three 
 articles in the Abolitionist of September, October 
 and November, 1917. 
 
 The first chapter describes experiments on dogs, 
 cats and monkeys, and gives evidence of the 
 infliction of lengthened sufferings. The question 
 of ancesthetisation need not be considered , inasmuch 
 as the main cuelty consisted in the effects of the 
 operations performed, and not in their actual per- 
 formance. It xvill be seen that no definite or useful 
 residts were obtained, and that the experiments were 
 financed by the National Insurance Committee, 
 under which the money had been obtained for a 
 totally different purpose. 
 
 The second chapter relates some horrible experi- 
 ments upon dogs, the condition to which they were 
 reduced being plainly revealed by a photograph 
 published by the experimenters in June, 1917 ; other 
 similar photographs are added. 
 
 The third chapter reveals a further waste of 
 money raised at the expense of the nation under 
 the Insurance Act. This article gives a general 
 idea of the fantastic and absurd inquiries in the 
 interests of which so many animals are continually 
 being cruelly sacrificed. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 A NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCANDAL 
 
 IT is now nearly twenty years since we described in 
 the Abolitionist certain cruel experiments per- 
 formed upon dogs and monkeys by Dr. Edmunds, 
 consisting of the complete and partial removal of their 
 thyroids and parathyroids. From that time to the 
 present, thousands of similar experiments have been 
 conducted by vivisectors in this and other countries. 
 
 The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 
 for March, 1917 (edited by five of the chief English 
 vivisectors), brings these investigations up to date. 
 They consist of a long series of experiments in which 
 large numbers of dogs, cats, rabbits and rats were 
 used up. 
 
 The investigations were undertaken : 
 
 (1) To gain further knowledge of the disturbances of 
 the nervous system which follow the removal of 
 the parathyroids, and of their relation to a 
 peculiar nervous condition called tetany (compri- 
 sing usually a rigid condition of the muscles of 
 the extremities, spasms of the larynx and 
 epileptiform convulsions), which is chiefly met 
 with in young children. 
 
 (2) To throw some light upon the factors which were 
 responsible for these conditions. 
 
 (3) To further elucidate the functions of the 
 parathyroids. 
 
 The thyroid gland is a small swelling situated in front 
 of the upper part of the windpipe, which occasionally 
 grows to an abnormal size, when it is called goitre, and 
 the parathyroids are small bodies of seemingly similar 
 structure lying in the vicinity of the thyroid. 
 
 AFRAID OF ANTI-VIVISECTIONISTS. 
 
 Tetany in children was first described by Clarke in 
 1815 — now a little more than a century ago — and 
 experiments on animals' thyroids were, apparently, 
 first undertaken by Astley Cooper, some twenty years 
 
later, namely in 1836. He removed the thyroids in 
 two pups, a dog and an ass, and in an appendix to 
 Guy's Hospital Reports, he promised a description of 
 " the interesting symptoms which supervened," but 
 they were never published. Two writers (Drs. Noel 
 Paton and Leonard Findlay) remark : 
 
 " Probably this was one of the series of 
 
 experimental investigations, which, as stated in his 
 
 Life, he abandoned through fear of agitation against 
 
 him by anti-vivisectionists." 
 This is interesting, and, if true, would show that there 
 was an active protest against vivisectional practices in 
 this country forty years before Miss Frances Power 
 Cobbe (the foundress of the British Union for the 
 Abolition of Vivisection) commenced her agitation. 
 
 Thirty-three years later (in 1859), a German, Moritz 
 Schiff, published an account of his extirpations of the 
 thyroid in dogs, cats and guinea-pigs, all of which 
 drew a blank so far as useful knowledge was concerned. 
 
 There seems to have been a lull for another twenty 
 years, when experiments on the thyroids and para- 
 thyroids of animals became more general, and since 
 that time until now, thousands of sentient animals 
 have been exploited ; these latest experiments by Drs. 
 Noel Paton and Findlay, and others, occupy no less than 
 180 quarto pages of the March issue of the Quarterly 
 Journal of Experimental Physiology. 
 
 NO ADVANCE THROUGH VIVISECTION. 
 
 We may well ask, after all this welter of animal 
 torture and sacrifice, what has been gained thereby, so 
 far as it has any bearing upon the alleviation of human 
 suffering or the acquisition of useful knowledge ? The 
 investigators themselves provide the answer : 
 
 " Clarke, who first described tetany (1815), thought 
 that it was due to some disease of the brain, and 
 even to-day all we can definitely assert is that it is 
 characterised by, and due to, a hyper-excitability of 
 the nervous system ; but how far the brain, the spinal 
 cord, or the peripheral neurones are affected, and 
 what causes the hyper-excitability is not known." 
 This negative result, after more than a century of 
 vivisection, is a bad advertisement for the practice. 
 
 There have been many theories as to what the 
 primary causes of the tetany conditions could be. 
 
Some have claimed that they are rheumatic in nature ; 
 others that they resulted from errors in diet ; others 
 again that they were due to certain occupations. 
 Some thought they were caused by too much lime 
 salts in the brain ; others, that they arose because 
 there was too little ; in fact every theory, as it came 
 along, was associated with fallacies, exceptions and 
 contradictions. 
 
 TETANY IN "RICKETY" CHILDREN. 
 
 Rickets claimed and still claims a leading place 
 among the numerous theories of origin, as "tetany" is 
 frequently found among rickety children, but then it is 
 known to occur in breast-fed children which are not 
 rickety, and rickets does not explain tetany in adults. 
 
 It has been thought to be due to a specific infection, 
 but without sufficient evidence to support the idea. 
 
 The theory which has obtained, however, the most 
 popular favour among a certain class, during the last 
 three or four decades, has been that tetany is due to a 
 functional or organic disturbance of the thyroid gland, 
 or of the parathyroids. The idea was conceived owing 
 to symptoms of tetany having occurred after excision 
 of the thyroid gland. 
 
 The first operator (in 1880) believed it to be due to 
 the absorption of septic poison after the operation 
 (which is probably the cause of the very definite 
 condition known as tetanus, resulting from wounds 
 that have not been cleansed). Others thought that 
 injury to the nerves during the course of the operation 
 was the cause of the tetany, especially as the same 
 symptoms occurred in connection with goitre, tuber- 
 culosis and other affections of the thyroid ; but 
 similar symptoms have been known in abundance where 
 there was no goitre and no thyroid affection. 
 
 Then came the theory of the parathyroids as the 
 exciting cause of tetany. It was ten years ago, in 1907, 
 that a German, having found blood in the parathyroids 
 of children who had died of convulsions, came to the 
 conclusion that the bleeding had been caused at birth 
 in consequence of difficult labour, and the injury to 
 the parathyroids was therefore responsible for the 
 tetany. This was contradicted by many others who 
 found no blood in the parathyroids under similar 
 circumstances. 
 
A FINE CHANCE FOR THE EXPERIMENTER. 
 
 As the result of all this mass of theory and 
 contradiction, a fine field of exploration, extending 
 over years, was opened up to the view of the vivisector, 
 who came to the conclusion that the question could 
 only be answered by experiments on dogs and cats and 
 other animals. Cutting out their thyroids entirely, 
 cutting them out bit by bit, cutting out all the para- 
 thyroids, cutting out some and leaving others, cutting 
 out the thyroid and only part of the parathyroids, and 
 so on, in endless diversions, such were the experiments 
 that were conducted with a view to solving the problem 
 of tetany in children. 
 
 The work began in earnest, in 1884, by Schiff cutting 
 away the thyroid in a dog, when certain nervous 
 symptoms resulted. He then took the thyroid of 
 another dog and sewed it into the abdomen of the 
 first dog, when, he says, the nervous symptoms 
 abated. Then another German, Wagner, in the 
 same year did it in cats, and Sir Victor Horsley, 
 in 1885, wound up the series with monkeys. But — 
 as is the way with vivisectors — the authors of the 
 treatise in the Quarterly do not agree with the latter's 
 conclusions. 
 
 As the result of many hundreds of these horrible 
 experiments, the conclusion was finally arrived at that 
 if you cut away the thyroids and parathyroids in dogs, 
 cats, and monkeys, their dispositions are altered, they 
 become nervous, depressed and sluggish, they shake their 
 paws (which is called "water shaking"), they get 
 contraction of the larynx with difficult breathing, 
 sometimes their heads are thrown back and their spines 
 arched so that they rest on head and hind legs, their 
 legs jerk and show muscular tremors and stiffness, and 
 they suffer from convulsions in all degrees of severity, 
 become emaciated and refuse to take their food, fall 
 about, suffer from diarrhcea, become prostrate with 
 weakness and usually succumb in a convulsive fit. 
 
 As a variation, holes were bored in bones, and bits of 
 thyroid transplanted therein, to prevent the develop- 
 ment of tetany, and then taken out again to watch 
 results, but our present authors candidly confess that 
 
 " the benefit said to be produced .... is 
 
 frequently more apparent than real, and that it is 
 
merely one of those temporary intermissions in the 
 intensity of the symptoms." 
 
 INSURANCE MONEY REQUISITIONED. 
 
 Now, it was to continue all this sort of thing that an 
 application for financial aid was made to the Medical 
 Research Committee of the National Insurance Act, 
 and funds were granted out of the English public purse 
 for the prosecution of a scheme for studying the cause 
 of tetany under the innocent name of " Rickets." At 
 least, such is the statement made by Sir Edwin 
 Cornwall to Mr. H. G. Chancellor, in reply to a question 
 in the House of Commons, and the following is a copy 
 of the official scheme which the parliamentary 
 representative of the National Health Insurance Joint 
 Committee has supplied to our Parliamentary Repre- 
 sentative, declaring that he knows no more of the matter 
 than what appears in this innocent-looking " scheme." 
 
 RICKETS. 
 
 Investigations of the 
 common deficiency factor 
 in diets of children who 
 develop rickets, systemat- 
 isationof hospital dietetic 
 records. Relative effici- 
 encies of curative diets. 
 
 Relation of fat 
 holism to rickets. 
 
 meta- 
 
 General metabolism in 
 rickets : analytic studies. 
 
 Bristol : Work under direc- 
 tion of Prof. Walker Hall. 
 Visiting assistance, etc. 
 Glasgow : Work under direc- 
 tion of Prof. Muir and 
 Prof. Noel Paton. 
 Statistical investigation and 
 
 visiting expenses. 
 Chemist (part time). 
 Histologist (whole time). 
 Dr. Renton, surgical assist- 
 ance. 
 Dr. Findlay, clinical assistance 
 London : (i.) Dr. Corry Mann 
 (Evelina Hospital). 
 
 Visitor, etc. 
 (ii.) Work under direction 
 Dr. Garrod and Dr. Still 
 (Great Ormond Street 
 Hospital). 
 London: Absorption of choles- 
 terol and its distribution 
 in the body in rickets. 
 Dr. J. C. Gardner. 
 Sheffield : Prof. Leathes. 
 
 Assistant. 
 Leeds : Work directed by 
 Prof. Grunbaum and Dr. 
 Dudley. 
 Assistant (whole time). 
 
4. Determination of growth 
 factors, with special 
 reference to rickets. 
 
 Effects of rickets on the 
 incidence and mortality 
 of other diseases. 
 
 Cambridge : Worker directed 
 
 by Prof. Hopkins. 
 Edinburgh : Prof. Ritchie. 
 
 Relation of pituitary and 
 
 other factors to growth. 
 
 Dr. Fraser (part time). 
 London : Dr. E. Mellanby 
 (London Hospital). 
 
 Chemical Assistant (part 
 time). 
 
 Dr. Plimmer, Prosector to 
 Zoological Gardens; 
 occasional assistance and 
 expenses. 
 
 Collection of information 
 from fox-hound kennel- 
 masters. 
 
 Central Institute : Dr. 
 Brownlee and Assistants : 
 with co-operation offered 
 by Sir George Newman 
 and his staff. 
 
 WHAT THIS "SCHEME" CONCEALED. 
 
 No one could possibly suppose that, under cover of 
 this colourless " scheme," many scores of outrageous 
 experiments on animals would be perpetrated and that 
 no less than four vivisectors (Alexander Watson, 
 David Burns, George M. Wishart, and J. S. Sharpe) 
 would be engaged in the work and contribute articles 
 on the subject, whose names do not appear in the 
 official list of persons authorised to conduct the in- 
 vestigation. 
 
 It is quite impossible to say under which head these 
 experiments could have been carried out. Apparently, 
 the " scheme " having been accepted and the money 
 grants allowed, the vivisectors proceeded to do as they 
 chose, without any further control, and applied for and 
 obtained from another department — the Home Office — 
 the necessary licences to prosecute their work. 
 
 Although, probably, we know as much about rickets 
 as we shall ever know, we, nevertheless, would raise no 
 objection to harmless looking investigations such as 
 appear in the above list, conducted, as they should be, 
 among human subjects and in a way that could offend 
 no humane susceptibility. In fact, from time im- 
 memorial, such investigations have been conducted 
 voluntarily by medical men interested in the subject, 
 
and upon their results our present scientific knowledge 
 of the subject rests. But we do protest against such 
 investigations being placed in the hands of vivisectors 
 supported out of the public purse, and their being 
 allowed to pursue their work among dogs and cats in 
 physiological laboratories from which it is impossible 
 to eliminate cruelty, this work being fraught with 
 endless fallacies consequent upon differences in physical 
 constitution and all the conflicting elements associated 
 with pain, distress and operative complications. 
 
 TRYING TO PRODUCE TETANY. 
 
 In the first of the seven articles before us, written by 
 Drs. Noel Paton and Leonard Findlay, they definitely 
 say: 
 
 "Our object was to produce the condition of tetania para- 
 thyreopriva in as large a proportion of the animals used as possible, 
 and this can be done most certainly by complete thyroparathyroid- 
 ectomy." 
 
 (That is, by cutting away entirely the thyroid and 
 parathyroids in animals, in order to produce the 
 various symptoms already mentioned.) They say : 
 
 "Our first series of experiments were made upon cats. These 
 animals are specially well suited to extended series of observations 
 . . . since . . . the symptoms are less rapidly fatal than in 
 dogs. In investigating the role of the different parts of the central 
 nervous system, and in the metabolic investigations, dogs were 
 used. Some observations were also made upon monkeys, chiefly 
 with the view of noting whether in them the hands and feet are 
 affected in the same way as those parts in idiopathic tetany 
 [' idiopathic ' means, not produced by any known cause] in the 
 human subject. For some of the work upon guanidin, rabbits and 
 rats were also used." 
 
 Several detailed accounts of such results are given, 
 and carbon tracings of the tremors and jerkings in the 
 legs of dogs are reproduced. We will select one 
 example of what these animals were called upon to go 
 through in the interests of experimental physiology. 
 The number will give some idea of the numerous 
 animals of one class alone used in these experiments. 
 
 EXPERIMENT ON "CAT 91." 
 
 "Cat 91. — The right sciatic nerve cut on 18/11. Thyropara- 
 thyroidectomy [that is, cutting out thyroids and parathyroids] 
 on 19/11. On 21/11 marked spasticity, with water-shaking and 
 tremors. The facial phenomenon was marked. On 22/11 
 coarse jerkings were added to the other symptoms, and the 
 animal ran backwards and tended to fall to the left. On 23/11 
 spasticity, tremors and jerkings as before. In the morning the 
 
10 
 
 animal tended to fall forwards, with head down and hind 
 quarters up. In the afternoon, when put on the floor, it spun 
 or sprung round its long axis from right to left, and when it 
 reached the wall it leaned upon it. 24/11 very depressed. 
 Several times sudden attacks of disturbances of balance. The 
 head was flexed between the fore-legs, the legs were extended, 
 back arched, and in this position it sprang round its long axis. 
 These attacks were brought on by placing the animal on its 
 back. It was killed by chloroform." 
 
 The above description needs no comment, beyond 
 noting that this state of things went on for at least a 
 week, during which time no anaesthetic was administered 
 subsequent to its use at the initial operation. 
 
 A photograph is given of the two sides of a monkey's 
 hand ; the description is as follows : 
 
 Small RJiesus. No symptoms were observed, but the animal 
 was very dull and used its hands awkwardly. It was found dead 
 on the third day, apparently after a convulsion, the hands being 
 flexed and thumbs adducted as shown in fig. 6. 
 
 NOTHING NEW LEARNT. 
 
 In Part II. of these investigations, the experimenters 
 — Drs. Noel Paton, Leonard Findlay and Alexander 
 Watson — inform us : 
 
 " All the nervous symptoms are undoubtedly due to the 
 condition of the central nervous system." 
 
 This was what Clarke said over a century ago and a 
 fact with which we are all acquainted. 
 
 "Of the relative parts played by the three great arcs — the spinal, 
 the cerebellar, and the cerebral — a considerable amount of work has 
 been done, but it has given no decisive answer to the question." 
 
 Numerous experiments are then recorded by the 
 authors with a view to elucidate these points. They 
 completely removed both sides of the brains of cats 
 and describe the symptoms. 
 
 The poor animals lived in this condition several days, 
 and the conclusion arrived at is that " removal of the 
 cerebrum increases the violence of the symptoms." 
 What those symptoms are we have already seen. The 
 animals seem usually to have died in convulsions. 
 
 Then, after the usual parathyroidectomy, the spinal 
 cords of dogs were cut in order to see the effect in the 
 cerebellar area, and the experimenters came to the 
 same conclusion arrived at by Biedl some time 
 previously. 
 
 After this, the spinal area was considered, and the 
 spinal cord cut lower down, and the symptoms duly 
 recorded. We are told that " the epileptiform attacks 
 
11 
 
 that so often cause death are strikingly similar to 
 ordinary epileptic fits in which the cerebrum is un- 
 doubtedly involved." 
 
 We are wondering, as we proceed, what all this has 
 to do with " Rickets." 
 
 Part III. is concerned with electrical reactions 
 conducted upon large numbers of dogs and cats. 
 Many of the electrical reactions were tried after the 
 head had been removed from the body. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS MULTIPLY. 
 
 Part IV. discusses the question as to why nervous 
 symptoms such as have been recorded should take 
 place as the result of the excision of the thyroid and 
 parathyroid glands, and discusses the many theories 
 supported by numerous experimenters, and how far 
 they correspond with the writer's own. 
 
 In order to see if the nervous conditions were due to 
 certain poisonous substances being set free in the 
 system, normal animals were injected with similar 
 substances to those which it was thought might have 
 been excreted in the system. For instance, the 
 writers say : 
 
 " We have made a few observations on the effects of intravenous 
 injection of ammonium salts in cats, and we find that the move- 
 ments produced are of the nature rather of coarse jerkings than 
 of fine tremors." 
 
 After discussing the many views of others as to the 
 probability that some " guanidin-like " substance 
 circulating in the blood was responsible for the 
 symptoms, Drs. Paton and Findlay say : 
 
 " We have made an extensive series of experiments on the 
 action of guanidin hydrochloride in rabbits, rats and cats. With 
 methyl guanidin nitrate we have performed a smaller series 
 . . . . In all these experiments the symptoms produced were 
 indistinguishable from those of tetany following parathyroid- 
 ectomy." 
 
 Illustrations are then given of several experiments 
 on cats. They are very revolting, and need not be 
 further described ; they are, as the vivisectors say, a 
 repetition of the symptoms already mentioned. 
 Tremors, jerking and convulsions play the most 
 prominent part. In one case the cat " lashed its tail 
 from side to side, showed some excitement and circled 
 to the right." In another 
 
 "After twelve minutes, jerking of the left hind leg when the 
 cat was held up. Two minutes later these jerkings involved both 
 
12 
 
 hind legs and the tail. The cat could move about, but the hind 
 legs seemed paralysed. The hair on the back was erected." 
 
 Part V. records a number of experiments on the 
 urine of animals under normal conditions, and also 
 after feeding with various diets. These experiments 
 were repeated after their parathyroids had been cut 
 away. Subsequently the urine of children suffering 
 from tetany was tested. As a result, the conclusion 
 was arrived at that in the case of the last two conditions 
 (i.e., in the urine of dogs and children) the amount of 
 guanidin was increased. 
 
 NOTHING CONCLUSIVE. 
 
 Part VI. deals with some ingenious experiments per- 
 formed by Dr. Wishart in cross circulation in frogs, by 
 immersing the muscles of their legs in the blood of a 
 dog or cat killed immediately after its thyroids and 
 parathyroids had been excised. And the operator 
 concludes that the results in the frog are the same as 
 when guanidin is administered, but the susceptibility of 
 the muscles of different frogs varies so much as to render 
 the test unreliable. 
 
 In Part VII. Dr. David Burns attempts to show the 
 differences in the amount of nitrogen found in animals 
 after their parathyroids have been removed. 
 
 All the old horrible symptoms ensued, in which con- 
 dition the dogs' urine was drawn off by a catheter and 
 examined, and Dr. Burns concluded that the same 
 results are obtained when the thyroids and parathyroids 
 are cut awayas when guanidin is giventoafastinganimal. 
 
 In a final paper — Part VIII. — Drs. Noel Paton and 
 Leonard Findlay sum up the conclusions they arrived at 
 after a consideration of the results of the endless 
 experiments recorded in the preceding 174 pages. 
 Their conclusion is 
 
 "that the symptoms which follow the removal of the parathyroids 
 are due to the action upon the central nervous system of guanidin 
 or methyl-guanidin developed in the body as a result of an altera- 
 tion in the metabolism." [Metabolism signifies the physiological 
 changes and splitting up processes which take place in the system.] 
 
 THE VIVISECTOR'S THEORY. 
 
 This " guanidin," which is supposed to possess such 
 remarkable properties, is found, it appears, " only 
 in traces in the unfertilised eggs of the hen. During 
 the development of the chick it increases steadily till 
 
13 
 
 the twelfth day, when the increase stops." From what 
 it is produced in animal bodies is to form the subject 
 of still further investigations. 
 
 Apparently the theory is that, because tremors, 
 jerkings, convulsions, etc., can be produced by injecting 
 an extractive, called guanidin,. into an animal's body, 
 and because when the parathyroids are cut out there 
 are similar nervous symptoms, and the excretion of the 
 guanidin is increased ; and further because in children 
 suffering from idiopathic tetany, there are convulsions 
 and also increased guanidin in the urine; therefore, 
 tetany in children is caused by guanidin acting in some 
 mysterious way upon their parathyroids. In short, 
 that tetany in children, and tremors, etc., in dogs 
 deprived of their parathyroids, have a common origin. 
 
 It is, after all, but a theory, and it is declared by 
 other vivisectors that the evidence is not conclusive, 
 which means, we presume, that these wretched animals 
 will be called upon to undergo still further torture, to 
 establish or disestablish certain ideas which, whatever 
 happens, are of no practical value. 
 
 The fallacies connected with the theory are many. 
 An adult may have tremors and jerkings after an 
 operation on his parathyroids, as does an animal under 
 similar circumstances, but a child does not experience 
 these tremors and jerkings ; it has convulsions. On 
 the other hand, a child, like a dog, may become de- 
 pressed and emaciated, but not so a man. 
 
 THE THEORY CRITICISED. 
 
 Furthermore, sometimes one symptom may be 
 present and others absent; there is no uniformity in 
 any case. For instance, the laryngeal spasm of 
 children does not occur in animals when guanidin is 
 injected, increased excitability is a symptom practically 
 common to all, but we may venture to suggest that 
 guanidin is not the only drug which will produce 
 nervous excitability, nor is the excision of the 
 parathyroids the only operation that leaves nervous 
 symptoms of some kind behind. The chief lesson would 
 appear to be, that a disturbing operation contiguous to 
 so many important organs is calculated to lead to 
 the most unexpected and complicated results upon the 
 nervous system. We are not surprised, therefore, that 
 
14 
 
 in spite of the hundreds of experiments which have 
 been conducted, these latest investigations have failed 
 to carry conviction to the minds of other vivisectors. 
 The authors admit that 
 
 "the striking difference between the spontaneous [in children] 
 and the post-operative types of the disease [in animals and man] 
 is the rarity of muscular twitchings in the former and their great 
 frequency in the latter." 
 
 They go on to say that Pineles put this down to " a 
 difference between tetany in man and in animals," but 
 Drs. Paton and Findlay differ from him, saying, " we 
 are inclined to consider it a difference between infantile 
 and adult tetany." We would suggest that these 
 differences in physical results and the differences in 
 opinion about them by equally competent vivisectors, 
 suggest once again the truth of our oft-repeated 
 statement that you cannot argue from animals to man, 
 and that these methods, in spite of all the elaborate 
 work, and the large amount of time and money 
 expended and the manifest suffering entailed upon 
 countless sentient animals, is an altogether unscientific, 
 misleading and inconclusive method of investigation. 
 
 "PROBABLY"— THE OLD CONCLUSION. 
 
 This view we believe to be corroborated by the 
 admission on page 380 that "idiopathic tetany is a con- 
 dition which rarely ends fatally, but parathyroidectomy 
 in animals, when complete, is inevitably followed by 
 death." This is excused on the ground that " it is 
 not a difference of kind but of degree." We venture to 
 suggest that it is a difference of fact. 
 
 Their final conclusion is that 
 
 A. " The parathyroids regulate the metabolism of 
 guanidin in the body. By doing so they probably 
 exercise a controlling influence on the tone of the 
 muscles. 
 
 B. "Tetania parathyreopriva [tetany after operation] 
 and idiopathic tetany [the spontaneous variety in 
 children] are identical as regards their characters 
 and metabolism [their own evidence has proved they 
 are not] , and, although the histological evidence is 
 not conclusive, in all probability the parathyroids 
 are implicated in the latter as in the former.'* (The 
 italics are ours.) 
 
15 
 
 In short, these latest researchers, with their doubts 
 and contradictions, have left the matter where scores 
 of other researchers before them had left it. And 
 even had they succeeded in proving their theory, their 
 success would not, so far as we can discover, have 
 advanced in the least the scheme of useful knowledge 
 as applied to the human subject. 
 
 We are still wondering what all this has to do with 
 " Rickets," for the investigation of which, it appears, 
 these vivisectors claimed the assistance of funds under 
 the National Health Insurance Act, and we again ask : 
 " What right have the custodians of the public purse to 
 distribute large sums of money among English and 
 Scotch vivisectors for useless, unscientific and cruel 
 operations of this description, when this money was 
 collected from the taxpayer for an entirely different 
 purpose? " 
 
 Is it anything short of a public scandal ? 
 
16 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS ON THE BRAINS OF DOGS 
 
 FIFTY pages of the June issue of the Quarterly 
 Journal of Experimental Physiology are devoted 
 to an account of a number of experiments per- 
 formed upon a small organ of the brain called the 
 pituitary body. The text is accompanied by fifty-seven 
 illustrations. 
 
 In the Abolitionist of March, 1913, we referred to 
 
 " Observation 36. — Adult fox terrier ; a total removal of the pituitary 10 
 days after preceding heterogeneous transplant in bone marrow. Photo- 
 graph taken 4 days after operation, showing typical attitude, with arching 
 of back, etc.. characteristic of onset of cachexia hypophyseopriva." 
 
 similar experiments performed by Sir Victor Horsley on 
 fourteen dogs in the year 1886, and we published some 
 illustrations showing the horrible deformities resulting 
 from such operations. We reproduce two of them. 
 
 The present vivisector, Dr. W. Blair Bell of Liver- 
 pool, has subjected twenty-seven bitches to operation. 
 He conducted his investigations in the Pathological 
 Department of the University of Liverpool, and for 
 the facilities afforded him in doing so, he acknowledges 
 
17 
 
 his indebtedness to Professor Ernest Glynn, whose 
 many random and inaccurate assertions on " Microbes 
 and the War" were dealt with in our April issue (1917). 
 
 The pituitary body is a very small reddish-grey mass 
 lying toward the front part of the base of the brain ; 
 it weighs only from five to ten grains, and consists of 
 two lobes ; that in front is the larger and is oblong 
 in shape, and that behind is round. The two lobes 
 differ both in development and structure. In the 
 lower animals the two lobes are quite distinct, but 
 in the mammalia they become connected together. 
 
 Curiosity led Sir Victor Horsley, thirty years ago, to 
 try to ascertain what were the functions of this tiny 
 little vascular mass. And since then many others 
 have made 
 similar 
 attempts. 
 "In almost 
 every 
 case," says 
 the present 
 writer/'the 
 operation 
 was a fail- 
 ure from a 
 scientific 
 point of 
 view, or 
 post-opera- 
 tive com- 
 plications 
 resulted in 
 the death 
 of the 
 animal." 
 
 These successive " failures " and " unreliable results " 
 were largely due, we are told, to " imperfect methods," 
 the vivisectors having sought to reach the base of the 
 brain by boring through the jaw, and it is horrible 
 to contemplate what the poor animals must have 
 suffered, especially in foreign laboratories, where, as 
 we know, even an apology for an anaesthetic is dispensed 
 with if it should interfere in the least with the vivisector's 
 work or convenience. 
 
 'Obsekvation fiO. — Fox terrier puppy, 14 days after total 
 removal of the pituitary. Symptoms of cachexia 
 hypophyseopriva of 3 days' duration, and more 
 advanced than shown in previous illustration. Photo- 
 graph a few hours before death." 
 
18 
 
 Dr. Blair Bell adopted the plan introduced by 
 Paulesco, Professor of Physiology at Bucharest, of 
 boring an opening in the temples of the twenty-seven 
 animals he used up, and his object was, he says, " to 
 test the correctness or otherwise of the experiments 
 carried out by Paulesco and in attempting to gain 
 further information concerning the experimental 
 pathology of the pituitary." 
 
 THE OPERATIVE PROCEDURE. 
 
 The article gives a full description of the whole 
 procedure. Most of the dogs used were from four to 
 seven months old, as the skull plates are thinner in 
 younger than in older animals. One animal died from 
 bleeding " due to faulty surgical technique." Another 
 had an " overdose of ether." A third succumbed 
 "from some unknown cause" soon after the pituitary 
 body had been totally extirpated. 
 
 A few days prior to the main operation the dogs 
 were submitted (under ether) to an abdominal operation 
 for the removal of an ovary and another portion of 
 the genital organs. The anaesthetic for the chief 
 operation on the brain was administered mechanically 
 through the windpipe and not by inhalation, as the 
 operator wished to work comfortably without having 
 the anaesthetist in his way. He says this method was 
 " smooth, uninterrupted and safe " and the animal "was 
 easily restored to consciousness by the administration 
 of air alone" through the tube in the windpipe. We 
 confess we do not feel happy about this method in 
 the case of a dog strapped immovably to its trough. 
 No surgeon would care to perform an operation on the 
 skull of a human being under such conditions. But, at 
 the same time, it is only right to say that an anaesthetist 
 devoted himself solely to watching the animal's breath- 
 ing and feeling its heart-beat with his hand under 
 the covering cloth. The operator also says it was 
 completely under the influence of the anaesthetic before 
 he commenced the primary work of opening the skull. 
 
 AND ITS RESULTS. 
 
 The chief symptom arising from this mutilation was 
 (as in the cases illustrated on the preceding pages) 
 what is called " cachexia hypophyseopriva," that is, 
 
19 
 
 emaciation due to the removal of the pituitary hody 
 and resulting in hideous deformities. But the present 
 investigator, Dr. Blair Bell, says he does not agree 
 that the attitude assumed by dogs which have been 
 operated upon is the specific result of the operation, and 
 argues that it is " merely an attitude of weakness which is 
 always seen in dogs in an advanced stage of emaciation 
 and debility from any cause whatsoever." 
 
 If this be the case, then, what caused the 
 emaciation ? If the emaciation and deformity are 
 not. the result of the removal of the pituitary body, 
 they must be due to the general disorganisation of the 
 brain caused by the operation, and if the disorganisation 
 can produce similar symptoms to those produced by 
 removal of the pituitary, we fail to see that any 
 scientific conclusion can be drawn from the operation 
 itself. The inevitable contradiction of one another by 
 vivisectors is in this instance of some importance. 
 
 By way of control experiments, two bitches were 
 submitted to the same procedures as the others ; that 
 is, portions of the womb and ovary were excised, and 
 the pituitary body was exposed in the brain, but none of 
 it removed. The animals lived for months ; but ''neither 
 showed any symptoms until shortly before death, when 
 one of them died with convulsions." The writer thinks 
 it must have been poisoned, because another bitch 
 chained up next it died in convulsions at the same time. 
 
 ANIMALS CANNOT TALK! 
 
 In the cases where the pituitary was wholly removed, 
 all the animals succumbed in from twenty-two to 
 thirty-six hours after the operation. They became 
 dull, refused their food, then coma set in and they died. 
 
 Much the same story is told when the anterior 
 lobe only was removed; but it was found impossible 
 to remove the anterior lobe without damaging the 
 posterior. 
 
 So partial removal of the anterior lobe was tried in 
 five bitches. They were allowed to live from 9 up 
 to 40, 60, 108 and 210 days. Beyond drowsiness or 
 " animal very weak through the whole period," nothing 
 particular was noticed. Of course the animals were 
 unable to express their own feelings in language that 
 Dr. Blair Bell could understand. In some cases there 
 
20 
 
 was wasting of the genital organs, in others there was 
 none, which looked as if the conditions depended 
 upon circumstances quite outside the removal of the 
 pituitarjr. 
 
 Then the whole posterior lobe was removed in one 
 dog. It was partially removed in another dog, then 
 parts of both anterior and posterior lobes were cut 
 away in two other dogs ; then the stalk of the pituitary 
 body was clamped and separated in three others. 
 
 A TUMOUR OF WAX. 
 
 Last of all, an artificial tumour was made of wax 
 moulded into the shape of a bun, and fixed in the brain 
 
 Fig. 46. — Dog 20. 98 days after operation, showing the emaciation and 
 attitude of weakness caused by glycosuria due to the pressure on the 
 pituitary of an imitation tumour. (Photograph.) 
 
 of three dogs so as to press on the pituitary body. One 
 of the dogs was killed an hour after it came out 
 of the anaesthetic, as it appeared to be in pain. But 
 the other two were allowed to live for 57 and 
 98 days respectively before being killed. The latter 
 showed great emaciation whilst the former grew fat. 
 We reproduce the illustration of the dog that lived 
 for 98 days after having the artificial wax tumour 
 fixed in its brain. 
 
 Several pages are devoted to a discussion of the 
 contradictions among the various vivisectors who had 
 performed the same operations, and the points where 
 
21 
 
 the author agrees or disagrees with them are carefully 
 detailed. He says in conclusion : 
 
 " It is not impossible to reconcile these diverse 
 findings, especially if we study the difficulties Cushing 
 encountered when he attempted to make his experi- 
 mental results conform to his clinical observations. 
 Believing that reconciliation was not possible, he was 
 tempted to throw over his experimental results in 
 favour of the clinical evidence that was in conflict 
 with them.' 1 ' 1 (The italics are ours.) 
 This is a poor recommendation for experiments on 
 animals ! In fact, it affords strikingly clear proofs of 
 the uselessness of vivisection. 
 
 The chief conclusion which Dr. Blair Bell comes to 
 after all these repulsive operations on the brains of 
 twenty-seven bitches is 
 
 that the pituitary body is an organ essential to life, 
 
 as its removal causes death in a few hours. It is 
 
 equally fatal if large portions of the anterior lobe 
 
 are cut away. But partial removal of both lobes is 
 
 not fatal. Partial removal of the anterior portion 
 
 may, if sufficient quantity be removed, cause genital 
 
 atrophy. Artificial tumours in the brain " may 
 
 produce irritation accompanied by glycosuria [sugar 
 
 in the urine] and emaciation." The pituitary body 
 
 appears to be one organ and not two. 
 
 It is difficult to see what practical result has been 
 
 obtained by all this cruelty. " The expenses," Dr. Blair 
 
 Bell tells his readers, " were defrayed out of a fund 
 
 placed by Mr. J. Arthur Smith at my disposal for 
 
 scientific research." He does not say how much the 
 
 total outlay amounted to, but if Mr. J. Arthur Smith 
 
 thinks he has received value for his money, he is easily 
 
 satisfied. 
 
 To be told that by digging out a tiny obscure organ 
 at the base of the brain by means of a complicated and 
 dangerous operation upon the skull of a little bitch a 
 few months old," one can assure the death of the animal 
 (which is practically the only piece of positive scientific 
 information which has been obtained as the result of this 
 extensive and elaborate exploitation of twenty-seven 
 sensitive and intelligent creatures) would be grotesque 
 and ludicrous in the eyes of every ordinary thinker 
 were it not so horrible and senseless. It passes com- 
 
22 
 
 prehension that intelligent men can spend months and 
 months of valuable time in inquisitorial practices which 
 are doomed to failure at the very onset, and it is still 
 more incomprehensible that they should be allowed to 
 continue these practices under the sanction of a 
 Christian State. 
 
23 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, 
 READING. 
 
 THE following particulars constitute an excellent 
 example of the fact that the Medical Research 
 Committee appointed under the National Insur- 
 ance Act have more money than they know what to 
 do with, and are squandering it upon discreditable 
 pursuits. 
 
 In a report furnished by R. Stenhouse Williams, 
 M.B., B.Sc, D.P.H., Research Bacteriologist in 
 Dairying to the National Medical Research Com- 
 mittee and others, we learn that the object of 
 their investigations was to find out if the bacillus of 
 tuberculosis still lived " when excreted upon pasture 
 land in the faeces of cows." 
 
 The premiss apparently being accepted that the 
 tubercle bacillus is the originator of tuberculosis (which 
 is extremely doubtful) it was presumed that if it still 
 lived on pasture land after being excreted from 
 cows, the land itself might become a fertile source 
 of infection to any cows subsequently grazing thereon. 
 
 This supposition, of course, leaves out of account the 
 fact, that a so-called pseudo tubercle bacillus infests 
 nearly all dairies, and cannot be differentiated from 
 the genuine article. Apparently, it is a pseudo bacillus 
 when the cattle are not tuberculous, but it is a genuine 
 bacillus when they are ! That seems to be as far as 
 up-to-date science has penetrated. 
 
 The first step that was taken was an offer to examine 
 the faeces of the cows of any farmer who was willing to 
 grant permission for that purpose. 
 
 The description of the collection of the dung, as 
 given in detail, is most graphic, and unless the cow was 
 altogether deficient in a sense of humour, she must 
 have got more fun out of the procedure than the 
 scientist who waited upon her. 
 
24 
 
 COW WORRYING. 
 
 The scientific investigator dressed himself up in " a 
 sterile overall " and patiently stood by the cows with " a 
 sterile spoon " in his hand ready to catch the dung as 
 it fell from them when their ladyships were pleased to 
 oblige. He then promptly placed this in " a sterile 
 vessel " that he kept near, and at once hurried off with 
 the precious contents to his laboratory. 
 
 But it appears this method was found to be rather 
 " inconvenient, more especially when the dung from a 
 particular cow was desired." So a quicker and easier 
 method was decided upon. At first a specially made 
 spoon was introduced into the cow's rectum, but this 
 proved unsatisfactory ; so the hands and arms of the 
 investigator were washed and painted with iodine, the 
 orifice of the cow's rectum was also cleaned and painted 
 with iodine, and the hand was then introduced and 
 some of the salubrious material withdrawn. " With 
 the help of a sterile spoon it was then transferred to a 
 sterile vessel and brought to the laboratory " where it 
 was kept in an ice chest until required. 
 
 THE GUINEA-PIGS' TURN. 
 
 Microscopic examination was deemed to be quite in- 
 sufficient for discriminating between a real and a false 
 tubercle bacillus, so guinea-pigs were requisitioned, 
 into which, it was decided, the faeces of the cows must 
 be injected ! And if the guinea-pigs contracted tuber- 
 culosis after this sewage matter had been pumped 
 into their bodies, the scientific mind came to the con- 
 clusion that the tuberculosis was due to the germ in 
 the sewage and not to the sewage itself. 
 And this is how the sewage was prepared : 
 A quantity of faeces was mixed with a sterile saline 
 in a sterile stoppered bottle, well shaken up, poured 
 into a sterile cylinder and allowed to stand one hour. 
 At the end of that time the greater portion was 
 poured off into a centrifuge tube, some antiseptic 
 added and the whole was shaken at intervals for half- 
 an-hour. Then it was whirled in the centrifuge tube 
 at the rate of 4,000 revolutions a minute for a quarter 
 of an hour. The fluid was poured off, the sediment 
 washed with sterile saline and again centrifugalised. 
 The fluid was once more removed and more sterile saline 
 added, when this delectable emulsion of faecal matter 
 
25 
 
 and salt water was considered fit for injection into 
 guinea-pigs. It requires a " scientific mind " to under- 
 stand the rationale of these weird proceedings. 
 
 But bits of straw blocked the syringes, so further 
 refinements were found to be necessary. The fasces 
 were mixed with sterile distilled water (!), the suspension 
 was filtered through muslin and the residue in the 
 muslin bag squeezed with forceps in order to get 
 through as much of the emulsion as possible. 
 
 AMOUNT OF FILTH REQUIRED TO KILL. 
 
 The liquid faeces was then inoculated into guinea- 
 pigs— twenty-six to start with — and " none died." The 
 quantity of fasces was thereupon increased, eighty-six 
 guinea-pigs were inoculated and " all survived." The 
 proportion of faeces was still further increased and the 
 filth was injected into twelve guinea-pigs, when three 
 of them died within three days ; so the quantity of 
 faeces was reduced, and ninety-six more guinea-pigs 
 were inoculated. As only two died out of this lot, 
 it was considered a very gratifying result. 
 
 Encouraged by this scientific success of injecting 
 the faeces of cows into guinea-pigs without killing 
 them, the investigators decided to treat a similar 
 quantity of faeces for one hour with antiformin — a 
 disinfectant — which they thought would not kill the 
 tubercle bacilli, but might enable them to pump a larger 
 quantity of faeces into the bodies of the long suffering 
 guinea-pigs. So 112 guinea-pigs were inoculated with 
 this precious emulsion, and seven of them died in a 
 few days. 
 
 This seemed so to gratify the experimenters, that 
 they decided to get in a still larger proportion of 
 faeces, by treating the latter with antiformin for two 
 hours instead of one. Forty-eight more guinea-pigs 
 were requisitioned for this illuminating programme 
 and fifteen died within a few days. 
 
 Of the twenty-seven guinea-pigs which had died 
 within seven days of their inoculation, twenty-two had 
 shown marked signs of septic infection spreading from 
 the seat of inoculation, in spite of the antiformin, so it 
 was concluded that the proportion of faeces must be 
 reduced or the antiformin increased, or else the faeces 
 must be allowed first to decompose. 
 
26 
 
 Fasces two days old were then treated with anti- 
 formin for four hours and the stuff was injected into 
 six guinea-pigs, five of which died in three days. 
 
 Then they injected twelve guinea-pigs with faeces 
 that had been kept for a fortnight before the anti- 
 formin was added, and two of these died in seven daj^s, 
 suffering from diarrhoea. 
 
 FANTASTIC PREPARATIONS OF FILTH. 
 
 A hundred guinea-pigs were then experimented with. 
 By keeping the fasces a week, incubating for one night, 
 shaking with distilled water, filtering through muslin, 
 revolving this mess in a centrifugal machine at a 
 terrific rate, again incubating the sediment, adding 
 antiformin, again centrifugalising, and mixing with 
 salt and water, the scientists decided that they had 
 "diminished the danger" of septic infection and 
 " increased its chance " of not killing the germs ! 
 
 This was the sublime scientific result which they 
 arrived at, after fooling about for months with the 
 disgusting job of pumping cows' fasces into 500 
 guinea-pigs ! 
 
 Then follows a long account of the results of the 
 post-mortems on the inoculated guinea-pigs. It seems 
 that fasces were obtained from 179 cows altogether, 
 scattered among three widely-separated districts. 
 Incidentally, it is interesting to notice that, in one 
 district, twenty-five out of eighty cows gave a positive 
 reaction to tuberculin, but no evidence of tuberculosis 
 was forthcoming on examining the fasces, which looks 
 bad for the tuberculin test ! 
 
 The authors seem very elated at their " good 
 fortune " in finding a cow which gave a " positive 
 result" in its fasces, and they seem quite to rejoice 
 in the fact that of two of the guinea-pigs inoculated 
 therewith, " one died within three days and one after 
 forty-three " ! 
 
 It was found that glands of the guinea-pigs were 
 infested, the liver and spleen enlarged, and bacilli in 
 the pus. Material from these glands was injected 
 into more guinea-pigs, which died from this slow 
 torture at varying periods. 
 
 The rest of the report consists of a wearying re- 
 iteration of similar disgusting details. 
 
HARMLESS TUBERCLE BACILLI. 
 
 Three cows which yielded such profitable results 
 as tubercle bacilli in their faeces were purchased by the 
 National Medical Research Committee with National 
 Insurance money, and at the end of five and seven 
 months respectively, they were still in '"good condition" 
 although continuing to excrete tubercle bacilli — which 
 did not appear to do them any harm ! 
 
 The cows gave plenty of milk, and there is no 
 evidence that anybody was any the worse for drinking it. 
 
 The report is, in our opinion, of a most ludicrous, 
 repulsive, unscientific and inconclusive nature. 
 
 In the first place, the experimenters take for granted 
 that the tubercle bacillus is the cause of tuberculosis. 
 There is no definite ground for that assertion. The 
 presence of the tubercle bacillus is practically unknown 
 in the earliest stages of the disease and is absent in a 
 large majority of advanced cases. Moreover, they do 
 not settle the point that there are psuedo acid-fast bacilli 
 which cannot be differentiated from so-called true 
 bacilli, and no scientific evidence has yet been vouch- 
 safed to show that they are not one and the same thing. 
 
 In the second place, they conclude that when they 
 inject fasces, containing tubercle bacilli, into guinea- 
 pigs, it is the bacilli which produce infection and 
 caseation of the several organs involved, and they 
 decline to entertain any suspicion that the effete 
 matter itself, apart from any germs, might be the 
 causative factor. 
 
 In the third place, if, as Dr. Charles Creighton has, 
 we believe, conclusively proved, tuberculosis is a physio- 
 logical process and not a biological one, then sewage 
 matter would be as likely to produce tuberculosis by 
 blocking the capillary blood vessels, as would the 
 tubercle bacillus, and the latter, if responsible for the 
 condition, would only incur that responsibility by 
 reason of its mechanically inducing a similar result, 
 and not because of any imaginary vital disease- 
 producing agency in the bacillus itself. 
 
 THE WORST BLUNDER. 
 
 In the fourth place, this method of testing a theory 
 is an unscientific one. To inoculate sewage matter, 
 with or without bacilli, beneath the skin of an animal 
 directly into the blood stream, is contrary to all natural 
 
28 
 
 methods. Nature knows no entrance into the internal 
 economy except by the nose or the mouth, and she has 
 her various apparati ready to render innocuous, as far 
 as possible, intrusion by any other way. But to pump 
 material through the skin — an organ intended only for 
 excretory purposes — is contrary to natural science and 
 to all hygienic laws, and can be no possible guide to 
 a scientific conclusion. 
 
 In the fifth place, the organs of a guinea-pig are by 
 no means a scientific sphere in which to judge, by 
 analogy, conditions affecting higher animals living 
 under altogether different conditions. 
 
 In the sixth place, from a moral standpoint, these 
 acts of cruelty — bestial cruelty — towards hundreds of 
 guinea-pigs, which, however low in the animal scale, 
 are sentient and sensitive, are reprehensible ; and it is 
 equally immoral to employ cultured men who should 
 be occupied with work of national importance, upon 
 such demoralising occupations, at the expense of 
 moneys taken from the pockets of the workers of this 
 country, in times like the present. 
 
 What is of far more importance, is the description 
 given in the latter part of the report of some of the 
 byres from which the cows came. Here is one: 
 
 "The cow, which was found to be excreting tubercle bacilli in 
 her faeces stood in a shed with seven other cows ; the only exit 
 was down the dunging passage of another shed, in which stood 
 four more cows. The only means of ventilation was an eight-inch 
 drainpipe high up in one of the walls. There was no through 
 ventilation, and two fixed windows, two feet six inches by ten 
 inches in the roof, gave the only light available. The cubic space 
 per cow was 299 cubic feet. Neither the cows nor the shed were 
 washed ; indeed it was doubtful whether there was a sufficient 
 supply of water for such purposes. The result of these conditions 
 was that the cows, which only went out of the shed each day for 
 a few minutes night and morning to water, were in a very dirty 
 state and the sheds themselves showed every evidence of manurial 
 contamination." 
 
 THE OBVIOUS IGNORED. 
 
 The authors conclude that pigs get tuberculosis 
 by drinking the milk of cows living under such 
 conditions. It does not seem to occur to them that 
 pigs frequently live under conditions quite as bad if 
 not worse than these. 
 
 But, anyhow, here lies the answer, as to the cause 
 of tuberculosis. It surely is not necessary to spend 
 
29 
 
 large sums of money upon the squirting of cow manure 
 into guinea-pigs to discover how tuberculosis may be 
 prevented ! But, we presume, to start an agitation for 
 the demolition of all such scandalously insanitary 
 quarters for cows as are here described is not a 
 sufficiently "scientific" job for the National Medical 
 Research Committee, nor would it provide a per- 
 manent remunerative post at Reading University for 
 a scientific experimentalist. 
 
 There is a final recommendation of the Tuberculin 
 Test for cows, in spite of the evidence afforded by the 
 writers of its uselessness. But this they attribute 
 to its " not being carried out with sufficient care " — 
 a convenient excuse by which every market-place 
 quack explains away his failures. 
 
 That futile and ridiculous investigations of this kind 
 should be allowed to take place in the name of science 
 and under the auspices of a National Health Authority is 
 a public scandal of the gravest description, and should 
 call for the immediate attention of members of the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 If you wish to put a stop to such 
 
 practices as are dealt with in this 
 
 booklet, join 
 
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