/'"»-. /mc(t^4^^ /^/cVwA-^ Vw^' Gfor^f IVashingtori Flowers Mt'morial Collection 1)1 KF I'NIVFRSITV I IBRARV KtTABLlHHi:t) BY THE rAMILY or COLONEL FLOWERS liNSTRUGTION HEAVY ARTILLERY; fRKTAHKn BV A BOARD OF OFFICERS, filU THr, I SK ii» THK AKMY ()K THE rMTKI* STAPHS- 41 RICHMOND. VA. WEi^T A JOHNSTON. U;. .MAIN STREET. KVANS a COfiHWELU PRIMERtI, No. U Hkoad Strekt, Charlemto.n, S. C. ^ West Point, N. Y., Angu«t 23, 1850. Bvt. Lt. Col. W. G. Frekman, Asul. Ad ft Gen., Ifead-Qiiartr.rs U. S. Army, New York, N. Y. Sir: The Board of Officers, conxxncd by General Orders, No. 12 dated Julj' 27, 1849, has the honor to submit herewith "a complete .-ystem of instruction for Siege, Garrison, 8ca-coast and Mountain .\rtillery." B. HUGER, Capt. of Ord. and livt. Col. C. F. SMITH, Cnpt. 2d Arf. and litt. Col. F. TAYLOR, Capt. \tt Art. and Bit. Lt. Col. R. ANDERSON, Capt. M Art. and Bvt. Mai. J. W. PHELPS, CapU ith Art. WAR DEPARTMENT, Washijoston, 3fay 10, 1851. The system of "IssTRrcTioN for Heavv Artillery," prepared by a Board of Army Officers, pursuant to orders from the Genrral-in- rAfc/, having been approved by the PREsmENT of the Uniteii States, is hereby adopted, and published for the use of the Army; and, under the Act of May 12, 1820, for the observance of the Militia of the United State.". C. M. CONRAD, . Secretary of War. CONTENTS. P A U T I . SERVING HEAVY ART ILL Ell Y ARTICLE I, PAGE Service of the inccc 1 Lesson I. Service of a gun mounted on a siege carriage 6 Lesson 2. Service of an 8-in howitzer mounted on a 2-l:-pdr. siege carriage 19 Lesson 3. Service of a 10-inch siege mortar 30 Lesson 4. Service of an 8-inch siege mortar 39 Lesson 5. Service of a Cochorn mortar 41 Lesson C. Service of a 1 0-inch sea-coast mortar 43 Lesson 7. Service of a 13-inch sca-coiist mortar 45 VI CONTENTS, Lesson 8. PAGE Service of a stonc-mortar 46 Lksso.v 9. Service of a gun mounted on a barbette carriage 47 Lesson 10. Service of an 8-inch sea-coast howitzer mounted on a barbette car- riage 53 Lesson 11. Service of a Ifl-inch sea-coast howitzer mounted on a barbette car- riage 59 Lesson 12. Service of a gun mounted on a casemate carriage GO Lesson 13. Service of an 8-inch columbiad mounted on a casemate carriage.. 07 Lesson 14. Service of a 24-pdr. howitzer mounted on a flank-casemate car- riage 68 Lesson 15. Service of an 8-inch cohimbiud mounted on a columbiad carriage 73 [The addenda at page 271, is recommended in lieu of paragraphs 153, 157 and 158, for the 8-inch columbiad.] Lesson 16. Service of a 10-inch columbiad mounted on a columbiad carriage 80 AUTICLE IL Furmntion of ii i-umjntny into thldv/iiiiciitii /i>r the service of a hat- tcry of mrvrnl /litres 81 Service of lace blocks under the chase and reinforce 122 VIM CONTENTS. PAQB To remove the blocks 123 To rai^o tbu howitzer upon its muzzle 123 To slew the howitzer while standing upon its mu/.zlc 124 Lksson 19. A niorfnr lying upon the ground, to raise it upon its muzzle 125 To slew thc'mortar 126 To slew the mortar-bcd 126 Lesson 20. To place a long roller under a mortar-bed 127 To remove the long roller 128 Lesson 21. To limber 129 To unlimber 130 To move a piece, or its carriage, to the front or rear 130 To cross-lift a piece 131 Lesson 22. A gun being on its carriage, to place a short roller under the rein- force '. 1.32 A howitzer being on its carriage, to place a short roller under the reinforce 133 To remove the short roller 133 To insert handspikes in the tiunniou-holcs 134 To remove the handspikes 135 Lesson 23. To shift a gun from the trunnion-holes to its travelling bed ..... 136 To shift a gun from its travelling bed to the trunnion-holes 138 To .shift a howitzer from the trunnion-holes to its travelling bed . . 138 To shift a howitzer from its travelling bed to the trunnion-holes . . .138 To change a limber when the gun or howitzer is on its travelling bed 140 To change the limber of a loaded mortar-wagon 140 CONTENTS. IX ARTICLE III. " PAGE Mana-uvren with the hantinpilcc 141 Lksson 24. To roouDt a gun upon its carriage 141 To dismount the gun 144 To mount a howitzer upon its carriage 145 To dismount the howitzer 145 Lesson 25. To mount a howitzer as a field piece 1 46 To dismount the howitzer 147 Lesson 26. To mount a siege mortar upon its bed 140 To dismount the mortar 150 Lesson 27. To mount a siege mf>rtar upon the mortar-wagon 152 To dismount the mortar 154 LicssoN 28. To mount a gun upon the mortar-wagon 157 To dismount the guu 160 To mount a howitzer upon the mortar-wagon 162 To dismount the howitzer 16'S Lesson 29. To shift a gun from one carriage to another 1 64 To shift a howitzer from one carriage to another '. 166 Lesson 30. To shift a gun from the mortar-wagon to its carriage 167 To shift a gun from its carriage to the mortar-wagon 168 To shift a howitzer from the mortar-wagon to its carriage ]6'.( To shift a howitzer from its carriage to the mortar-wagon 169 X CONTENTS. Lesson 31. PACE To chanfjc or to grcnsc a wheel I-TO To (lif7. To put the gin together 204 To reeve the fall 205 To carry the gin when put together 20.^ To raise the gin 206 To move the gin when raised 207 To lower the gin 207 Lesson 38. To mount a gun 208 To dismount a gun 211 To mount a howitzer 211 To dismount a howitzer 211 To sling a mortar mounted on its bed 211 To sling a mortar without its bed 212 GarriHon and casemate ginn •^' • The u»e of the gin as shears 21 .5 Manoeuvres with the gin as shears 216 Lesson 39. To raise a piece over the crest of a parapet or edge of a wall 216 To lower a piece over the crest of a parapet or edge of a wall into the ditch 221 To raise a piece and pass it through a casemate embrasure, or any similar opening 221 To pa«s a piece through a casemate embrasure, or any similar opening, and lower it into the ditch 223 XII rONTF.NTS. PAOE The thng-cnrt 225 MtiiDiuvriH irith (he gliiig-i-art 226 Lesson 40. To sling a siege gun, howitzer, or mortar 226 To lower a siege gun, howitzer, or luortar, to the groun il 227 To sling a sca-ooa.«t howitzer or eohimbiiid 228 To sliiig a 10-iuch cohunbiud 228 To sling a siege mortar mounted ou its bed 228 To sling a sea-coast mortar 229 To transport a siege piece short distances by a limber 229 To raise a piece upon one or more blocks by a limber 229 To sling a piece ou two limbers so that it may be transported with horses 230 The caneiiintr truck 231 MiinuuvreH with the ctinvniate truck 232 Lksson 41. To place a casemate chassis on the truck 232 To lower the chassis to the ground 233 To remove the chassis from the cascmat e 234 To place a gun-carriage on the truck 234 To lower the gun-carriage to the ground 234 To shift the gun-carriage from the truck to its chai^sis 234 To shift the gun-carriage from its chassis to the truck 235 JjKsso.v 42. To place a heavy gun on the truck 236 To remove a heavy gun from the truck anallH in a pile 26.1 Kangei of heavy ordnance 26i LIST OF IM.ATKS, PAOB No. 1. 24-iMlr. bilge o.''.» No. 1 1 . 24-)idr. Gun on barliettc carriage '>y No. 12. .■j2-pdr. (Jun on barbette carriage — horizontal projection.. M No. 1 3. Sea-coast Howitzer •'■• No. 14. 8-inch Columbiad on a casemate carriage ''7 No. 15. 24 jidr. Howitzer on a flank -cascniatc carriage 72 No. 16. 24-pdr. Howitzer < No. 22. Block. Half Block. Skid. Shifting-plank Ill Xo. 2:J. ManwHvring-bandspike. Long Kollcr, Sh-rl n<.11cr. Half ^ Roller, Gun-chock, Wheel-chock. Koller-chock, Trun- * nion-loop ' ' ' Xo. 24. To shift a Piece from the trunnion-holes to its travelling bed '^" No. 2h. To change a Limber when the piece in on its travelling bed 14M N<». 26. To mount a tJun u|.on il« carriage '<•' N«. 27. Mort«r wagon '^® XVI LIST OF IM.ATKS. PACE No. 28. .Mortar- wajfon — horir.ontal projccliim 156 Nu. 2(1. To mount a Sicf^c Mortar un the mortiir-wagon.. ...... . Ijfr No. .'<0. Tn uioiint a Gun on the iu>. 39. Crown for head of Gin, Knot«, Looi)8, Hitches 188 liNSTRUCTION FOR HEAVY ARTILLERY PART I. S E R V I N G II E AY Y A R T I L L E R Y ARTICLE 1. SERVICE OF THE PIECE. 1. Tlic cannoneer, previous to receiving instruction in Heavy Artillery, should bo tlioroughly instructed in the School of the Piece, Field Artillery. 2. The manner of serving heavy artillery varies with the kind of piece, and the carriage upon which it is mounted. • 3. There are four kinds of heavy jiicfos in llie land service, viz: the (tin, the Howitzer, (he .Mortar, and the ("on mbiah. They arc arapet, or scarp, their breasts eighteen inches f)utside of the wheels of the carriage or cheeks of the mortar-bed, as the case ma}' be; and tlic other numbers and the gunner, dressing 4 SERVICF. OF TIIK IMKCK. [PAUT 1. on Nos. 1 and 2 rospoctively, at intorvals of one yanl. t'Xo«»pt that hotwocn Nos. 8 and .'> tluTc is an intiTval of two yards. AVitli tlio mortar, Nos. 1 and 'J, are opposite to tlie front maniece, and two 3'ards in rear of the platforni or rearmost ])art of the carria<^e. lie communicates and attends to the execution of all ordere ho may receive in relation to the service of his piece: as, for instance, the kind of ammunition to bo used, tho wcijjjht of charge, the kind and K-ngth of fuze, etc. 9. Tlie movements of the cannoneers at the battery arc in double-quick time. 10. Posts aro changed at tho discrotion of the in- structor. 11. To allow the detachment to rest, tho instructor commands : In place — Hkst; or, Rest. 'i'he caiinoneei's lay down their handsjiikos. In the tirst case, the men remain at their ]H)sts; in the second case, they may leave their )»osts, but will remain near the piece. To resume the exorcise, the instructor comniantls: Attention — Dktachmknt. At which command, all resume their posts and hand- s])ikes. AllT. J.] GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 5 12. Until the cannoneer becomes well versed in his duties at the piece, the instructor will himself, by way •of example, occasionally execute the movements which he orders. In the intervals of rest he will minutely instruct the men in the names and uses of the imple- ments, and in the nomenclatures of the piece, its car- riairc or bed, and of the parts of the fortification near the battery. In the course of the instruction he will require every man to point out and designate by name all the parts enumerated in these nomenclatures, and to answer questions relative to the service of the piece : such as the weight of charge, the manner of making cartridges and wads, of heating shot and throwing hot shot, of laying platforms, pointing, etc. And although he is to consider precision of movement as highly essential, yet ho is to inculcate that something more is necessar}' than a merely mechanical performance of duty. lie will, therefore, endeavor to impress upon the cannoneer not onl^' the habit of a soldier-like man- ner of working his gun, but an accurate understand- ing of all the elements necessary to the efficiency of its fire. 13. To leave the battery, the instructor commands : 1. Detachment, rear. 2. March. At the first command, the detachment is faced from the epauiment by the chief of piece. At the second command, it marches to the rear — the cannoneers of the left closing upon those of the right — files to the right, and is halted and faced to the front ' b}- the chief of piece, so as to bring its centre opposite to the midrlle of the platform, and four yards from it. The chief of piece places liimself ujion the right. The detachment is inarched fi*om the battery by a flank. tiKRVlCK OK TIIK I'lKCK. [I'AIIT 1. Lesson I. Service of a Gun mounted on a siege carriage. Pl-ATES I, II. III. IV, V AM) VI. Seven men arc necessary : one guniior, and si.\ otin-r t-aniioiieers. 14. Tlic piece is in battery upon its platform. The imjilements, etc., arc arranged as follows : Handspikes. RPONOE Kammku Pass-ijox Three on each side of the carriage, leaning against tlie epaulmcnt, in line wilh the canonccrs. One yard behind and jiarallcl in the line of cannoneers of the right, the sponge u]»permost, the sponge and rammer-heads turneil from the epaulmcnt, and supporl('rimin^ wire, gimlet, vent-punch, and chalk. Suspended from the knob of the cascable. One on each side of the piece, near the ends of the barter. Vent-cover Covering the vent. ToMPiON Tn the muzzle. Broom. licaning against the epanlment, outside of the pile of balls. When several guns are served together, there will be only one gunner's level and two vent-i^unches to each battery not exceeding six pieces. To the same battery there will be one iconn, one ladle, and one wrench. The balls are regularly' piled on the left of the piece, near the epanlment, and close to the edge of the platform. The wads are placed between the epaulment and the balls, j)artly resting on them. 15. The cannoneers having been marched to their posts, the instructor directs them to place their mus- kets against the epaulment, and then explains to them the names and uses of the implements, and the nomen- clatures of the gun, its carriage, and the battery. IG. To cause the implements to be distributed, the instructor commands : Take implements. The gunner steps to the knob of the cascable; takes off the vent-cover, handing it to 'So. 2 to place against the cjiaulment, outside of the ])ass-bf»x ; gives the tubo-puuch to No. iJ ; equips himself with his own K KKRVICK OF TIIK I'lKCK. [I'AUT I. pouch ami tlio fin«;or-stall, wenrinpr the latter «>n tho Hceond firif^iT of tlie lot\ hand ; levels the j)ieeo hy tho clevatinjj-scTCw; ai»plies his level to ascertain the hij^h- cst pctints <»f the ItaHc-rinLj and swell of the niu/./.le, which he marks with chalk ; and rcsunics his post. No. 3 equips himself with the tiilK'-jtoueh. No». 1 and 2, at\er passini; two handspikes each to Xo8. 8 and 4, take each one f«»r himself Nos. 5 and G receive theirs from Kos. 3 and 4. 17. The handsjtike is held in hoth hands; the hand nearest to the ejiaulmeiit /^raspini; it near the small end atid at the heij^ht of the shoulder, hack c»f the liund down, elhow touching the liod y ; the other hand hack up, the arm extended naturally; the hutt of the hand- spike upon the platform on the side farthest from tho ejiuulment, and six inches in advance of the alignment. IS. When the cannoneer ltt3'8 down his handspike, he places it directl}* hefore him, ahout six inches in advance of and parallel to the alignment, tho small end toward the epaulment ; and whenever he thus lays it down for the discharge of any j)arlicular duty, he will I'csunie it t)n returning to his post alK-r the completion of that duty. H>. The instructor causes tho service of tho pioco to bo cxecuterl hy the following commands: 1. From ijattery. Tho gunner moves two jiaces to his right. Is'os. I. 2, 3, 4, i) and ('», facing from the epatilment, omhar: Nos. 1 and 2 under the front of the wheels; Nos. 3 and 4 through the rear spoki-s of the wheels, near the felly, under anlaceB the left hand on the staff, l»a:irl< uji, hitwoon the hands of Tso. 1. II, in executing these niotions, or the corresponding ones with the rammer, it be fcnind that the sponge or rammer is at hon>e at the third or fourth motion, then what is prescribed lor the tillh motion will be per- formed at the third or fourth. The knee on the side toward which the body is to be inclined is always bfnt, tin* other straightened; and the weight ol' the bodv ailded. as much as jiossible, to the eli"ort exertetl by the arms. 3. Sl'O.NliK. 22. Nos. 1 and 2, pressing the+^ponge Hrnily against the bottom ol" the bore, turn it three times I'rom right lo lelt, and threv times from lelt to right; replace the hands on the thighs; anil withdraw the s])onge by motions contrary t<» (hose j)rescribi'(l for inserting it. Utmnrh. To liandle the sponge when it is new and fits tiglit, it may become necessary for Nos. 1 and 2 to uk«* both iiantls. In this case, it will be inserted and withdrawn by short and ipiick motions. ART. I.] SIEGE GUN. 11 No. 2 quits tlie staff, and, turniiif^ toward No. 4, receives from him the cartridge, whicli he takes in both hands, backs down, and introduces into the bore bottom foremost, seams to the sides ; he tlien grasps the rammer in the way prescribed for the sponge. No. 1, rising upon the right leg and turning tOAvard liis left, passes the sponge above the rammer with the left hand to No. 3, and receiving the rammer with the right, presents it as prescribed for tlie sponge, except that he rests the rammer-head against the right side of the face of the piece. No. 3, as soon as the sponge is withdrawn, passing the rammer under the sponge into the embrasure with the right hand, receives the sponge from No. 1 with the left, re])laces it upon the prop, and resumes his post. No. 4, setting down the pass-box, takes out the car- tridge, and presents it in both hands to No. 2, the choke to the front; returns the pass-box to its place, and picks up a ball, and afterward a wad, should one be required. Nos. 1 and 2 force down the cartridge by the mo- tions prescribed for forcing down the sponge. 4. Ram. 23. Nos. 1 and 2, drawing the rammer out to the full extent of their arms, ram with a single stroke. No. 2 quits the staff, and, turning toward No. 4, receives from him the ball and wad, whilst No. 1 throws out the rammer, and holds tlie head against the right side of the face of the piece. No. 2, receiv- ing successivelj^ the ball and wad, introduces them into the bore, the Itall first, and seizes the staff with the left hand. No. 4 then resumes his post. Nos. 1 and 2 force flown the ball and wad together by the same motions, and ram in the same manner as prescribed for the cartridge. No. 2 quits the rammer; sweeps, if necessary, the platform on his own side; jiassos the broom to No. 1 ; and resumes his post. N«i 1 throws f»ut the ramnicr, and jdafcs it upon the 12 SERVICE OF THE PIECE. [iWRT I. |»n»p Ih'Iow tlio ppon^jc ; flniBhcs the sweeping; and rcHunu't* liih post. TIic ^unniT jtricks, leaving tlio priming wire in the vent; rcHumcH his jmst ; and, if firing bo3'ond point- blank range, adjuHtH the breech-sight to the distance. 5. I.N HATTKRY. 24. NoH. 1 and 2 uncho(dt the wheels, and, wilh N<»*. 3, 4, 5 and (», all facing toward the epaulnient, cmlmr: Nos. 1 and 2 through the front spokes of the whufJH. near the fi'lly, luulor and jierpenditularl}- to tlu" chreks; Nos. J{ and 4 under the rear of the wheels; and NoK. r> and under the nianceuvring-bolts per- pentlii'ularly to the stock. All being ready, the gunner coniniands IIk.wk. and the piece is run into battery — Nos. 5 and (5 being careful to guide the chase into the middle of the cmlirasure. As soon as the wheels touch the hurter, he commands Halt. All unbar, and Nos. 1,2, o and 4 resume their j»osts. (■). ]*ol.\T. 25. No. I{ lays down his handsj)ike; passes the hook <»rilie lanyard through the eye of a tube from front to rear; and holds the handle of the lanyard with the right hany the eievatingscrew gives the propci- elevalioii. reciifs iiiM- 1 1,1. direction if necessary. ART. I.] SIEGE GUN. 13 The moment the piece is correctly pointed, he rises on the left leg, and trives the word JIkady, making a signal with both hands, at which Nos. 5 and 6 unbar, and resi;me their posts; takes the breech-sight with the left hand; and goes to the windward to observe the effect of the shot. No. 3 inserts the tube in the vent; drops the handle, allowing the lanyard to uncoil as he steps back to his post, holding it slightly stretched with the right hand, the cord passing between the fingers, back of the hand up; and breaks to the rear a full pace with the left foot, the left hand against the thigh. At the word Ready, Nos. 1 and 2 take the chocks, and breaking off with the feet farthest from the epaul- ment, stand ready to chock the whcjels. 26. In directing the piece to be fired, the instructor will designate it by its number, as, for example : 7. Number one — Fiee. No. 3 gives a smart pull upon the lanyard. Immediatel}' after the discharge of the piece, Nos. 1 and 2 chock the wheels, and resume the erect position. No. 3 resumes the erect position, and rewinds the lan- yard in St. Andrew's cross upon its handle, returning it, if dry, to the tube-pouch. The gunner, having observed the effect of the shot, returns to his post. 27. Whenever the piece is to be fired by a lock, port- fire, or slow-match, it will be done by No. 3, as pre- scribed for No. 4 in the instruction for field artillery. 28. To continue the exercise, the instructor resumes the series of commands, beginning with From bat- tery. It SERVICE OF TUE I'lECK. [PAUT I. To change posts. 29. To chango |)08t«, the instructor coininaiids : 1. Change posts. 2. March. '■'. Call off. Al tiu' lu-l «<>iinnainl, iht* cnnnoiHMM's lay down (lioir linni*; place tlioir oqiii]iiiic'iitH on the parts ot'llic carriap? nearest to tliein, and face to tlieir lelt. At the second command, they step (»!!', each advanc- ing; one post; No. li taking that of" 5so. 1. N<»s. li and 5 pass to the rear of tl»e trail; No. 2 on the outside of all the cannoneers. On arriving at their post«, they face to the piece and equip tluMnselvcs. At the third command, they call off, according to the ])OHt8 they are to occujjy. To load for action. .'JO. The cannoneers having been suHicienlly in- st meted in the details of the movements, the instruct- or commands : Load for art ion — liO.VD. The piece is run from hattery, loaded, run into hat- tery, pointed, and prejmred for firing, l»y the folli»\ving ce smallest munber of men with which heav}' ]>iece» can V)e served with facility, has hccn u;ivcn as five. It may he necessary, liowcvcr, from tiie men hoini; disahlcd, <»r from other circumstances, to servo a ^un witii a less nuiiilu-r. With four men. Tlic}- will l>c told oif as i^nmncr, and Nos. 1, 2 and 3. In this case, No. 2 will, in addi- tion lo his own duties, perform those of No. 4. With three men. They will be told off as ii^unncr, and Nos. 1 and 2. No. 1 performs the duties prescribed for No. 3, as well as his own. No. 2 performs those of No. 4, as in the ])recedini]c case. When No. 2 serves ammunition, he goes for the car- tridj^c. and places the pass-box behind his post, before assisting No. 1 to sj)onge. Transportation. 30. The transportation of a 24-])(li-. '^\u\ requires ten horses and five drivers; an 18-pdr. cigiit horses and four tlrivers; a battery-wagon six horses and three drivers; and s])are can-iagcs — at the rate of one for every Hve pieces — rc<|uire, each, six horses and three drivers. Charges, etc. 37. The ordiiiary service charge of powder for heavy guns is one-fourth the weight of the shot. For tiring doultle shot it is one-sixth that weight. The breach- ing charge is one-third the weight of the shot. KaiiKi- of n 2-«-|.:c IJ lbs. . 800 " Uimjjc of an l.S.|..lr.. at an anj,'le of 6°, char;;e -lA \h» 1600 " Proof ranf^c of ])nt with their calibre. The mean result, from several experiments, ^ives the jtenotration of a 24-pdr. ball, with the charge of one-third of its weight, at the distance of one hundred yards, as follows : Ki'i't. Inehos. In earth of <»lil parapt-ts S 6 In earth recently thrown up 15 In oak w<»o«l, sciund and hard 4 6 In rubble stone masonry 1 10 In brick :} S s ? s-J '^ Si •>» (TT ^~^ ■». I"C ;.>._' ^ :»^ ?i S. 1-= jl 'J«^^^ ^ ^ H, ■* BtHJinmiH. !-*j*rflM t§ Ct i fK m. n km H mii m .*c <§ ^ .s. r a * ^^ i; ^ ^' 5 "S 5^ ■■ • ■ -5r>?:^3a: ■t^'h.S'Art.ilat: ufCnyt^nK JI .fc^wtai fi £1 a Ho flic t''j Tfrtin/f rji .jrM«aAr<«4. /<->> J?XATE € UM.MJInjrik.r'^trt IffTt ART. I.] 8-INCH SIEOR IIOWITZKR. 19 Lesson II. Service of an S-itich Siege Jlou'iizcr, mounted on a 2-i-pdr. siege carriage. Plate VII. Handspikes Sponoe and Ram- mer Haversack Tube-pouch Five men arc necessary : one gunner, and four other cannoneers. 42. The piece is in battery upon its platform. The implements, etc., are arranged as follows : Three on the left of the carriage, and two on the right, leaning against the epaulment, in lino with the cannoneers. On props, eighteen inches behind and parallel to the cannoneers of the right, the sponge-head turned toward the epaulment. Containing fuzes, a jiair of sleeves, and a priming-wire, bent at right angles at the point, for with- drawing the cartridge used in instruction. .Suspended from the knol) of the cascable. Containing friction-tubes, and the lanyard wound in St. Andrew's cross ui>on its handle. Sus- pended fron\ the knob of the cascable. 20 SERVICE OF TOE PIECE. [PAUT I. Gunner's pouch. LoAPIN«i-TONOS (^UAl)UANT I'lA'MMET Scraper Wiper Sl'I.INTS (llUMMKT WA1>.. Chocks Vent-cover. To.MPION Quoin Broom Containiiifr tlie i^nnnor's level, breeeli-sight, tinj^er-stall, ]>rini- ineaning against the epaulnient, (jutside of the basket or shelf When several howitzers are served together, there will be only one gunner's level and two vent-])unches to each battery not exceeding six pieees. To the same battery there will be one icrenr/i. One shell and one bombazine cartridge-bag for in- Blruction — the bag tilled with sawdust, and having loo|)s of thread at the ehoke end — are at the maga- zine, or other sale plaee in i-ear of the piece. 4;i. The cannoneers having been marched to their •])0sts, the instructor directs tliem to place their muskets against the ejniulment, and then explains to them the names and uses of the implements, and the nomencla- tures of the howitzer, its carriage, and the battery. 44. To eauso tiio implements to be disti-iliuted, the instructor commands : TaKK IMI'I-KME.NTS. ART. I.] 8-INCH SIEGE HOWITZER. 21 The gunner steps to tlie knob of the cascable; takes off the vent-cover, lianding it to No. 2 to place against the epaulment, outside of the basket ; gives the tube- pouch to No. 8, and the liaversack to No. 4 ; and equips himself with liis own pouch and the finger-stall, wear- ing the latter on the second finger of the left band. No. 2 puts on the sleeves. No. 3 equips himself with the tul)e-i)ouch. No. 4 equi])S himself with the haversack, which he wears from the right shoulder to tlie left side; takes out the sleeves; and assists No. 2 to put them on. Nos. 1 and 2, after passing handspikes to Nos. 3 and 4, and the gunner, take each one for himself. The gunner, receiving his from No. 4, lays it in the align- ment, the small end toward the e]iaulment, and two yards to bis right. The other handspikes are held, laid down, and resumed, as prescribed in Nos. 17 and 18. The gunner directs No. 3 to raise the breech to enable him to level the piece; applies his level to ascertain the highest ])oints of tlie base-ring and muz- zle-band, which he marks with chalk; and resumes his post. 45. The instructor causes the service of the piece to be executed by the following commands : 1. From rattkry. The gunner moves two paces to his right. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, facing from the epaulment, embar: Nos. 1 and 2 through the rear spokes of the wheels, near the fell}*, under and perjjcndicularl}* to the cheeks; and Nos. 3 and 4 under the mana'uvring- bolts. All being ready, the gunner gives the command IIk.wk. which will be repeated as often as may be neeessary. He sees that Nos. 3 and 4 guide the trail in prolongation of the directrix of the eml>rasure. anar and resume llu'ir posts. Nos. 1 ami '2 chock iho wliccJH. Jjond hy detail — Loap. 40. Nos. 1, 2 and 4 lay down tlieir handsjiikos. Jso. 2 lakes out tlie toinjiion, and places it near the vent-cover ; s\vee])S, if necessary, his side of the j>lat- forni ; passes the hroom to the right side of the piece; anon<;e tt) the hot- toni of the chamber; and <;rasps the statl" with Ixjth liands ; all neai'ly as in field artillery. No. 8, facing; toward the ejiaulment, embars under tlic hrecch or knoh of the cascahle, until he receives a signal from the gunner to unbar, when ho resumes his post. No. 4 goes to the rear for a cartridge and sliell ; lints the cartriieee. If the ])ieec is to he fired horizontally, or at an anijlo of depression, No. 4. havini; rejilacecl the wiper, hundd a splint to Ho. 2, and resumes his post. No. 2 prcBses the splint under the shell with the lof\ hand ; replaces the tongs ami hrooni ; and resumes his post. The gunner ])ricks, leaving the j)riniing-wire in the vent, and resumes his post. 5. In battery. 40. Nos. 1 and 2 unc-liock the wheels, and with Nos. 3 and 4, all facing toward the epauhnent. einhar: Xos. 1 and 2 through the front sjxikes of the wh?els, near the felly, under and ])er]tendicularly to the cheeks; and Nos. 8 and 4 under the rear of the wheels. The gunner, seizing his handsj)ike, embai*s under one of the manaMivring-holts ; <'ivos the command IIk.wk; and guides the piece to tiie middle of the em- lirasiire. As soon as the wheels touch the hurter, he commands J1.\lt. All unliar, and resume their posts. 6. Point. r>((. Nos. 1 aixl 4 eiiili.ir under and pei-pendiculariy to the trail, near the man(euvring-holts. No. 2, facing toward the cj)aulment, enthars umler the breech or knob of the cascable. No. 3 lays down his hanper side of the knoh of the cascahlo Avith the left hand, and drawing out the quoin with the right, in order to elevate, or taitping ujiward on the lower side, and shoving in the (pioin, in order to de- press the piece; rectif^Mng the direction, if necessary. If the piece is to be fired point-hlank, horizontally, or at an angle of depression, lie does not apply the breedi-sight. If the piece is masked from the object fired at, he ])laces himself astride the stock, or in rear of the trail, and gives the direction by the plummet. To give the elevation when the piece is masked, or when the (lesired range is greater than the l>reech-siglit ranges, he applies the quadrant to the upjter surface of the lock-piece, making the allowance due to its incli- nation with the axis of the piece, whicli ought to be previouslj' determined. The moment the ]»iece is correctly pointed, he rises on the left leg, and gives the word IU:ai)V, making u signal with both hands, at which Nos. 1, 2 and 4 un- bar, and resume their ]»osts; takes the breech-sight with the left hand, and goes to the windward to observe the effect of tlic shot. No. 8 inserts the tube in the vent; drops the handle, allowing the lanyard to uncoil as lie steps back to his post, holding it slightly stretched with the right hand, the cord ]»assing Itftwccn the fingers, biiek of the hand up; and Itreaks to the rear a full jiacc with tlie left fof»t, the left hand against the thigh. Nos. 1 and 2, on resuming tlieir posts, take the chocks, and break off with the feet farthest from the epaulment, inclining well to that side in order to avoid the blast. 4 2() SKRVIOK OF THK PIECE. [I'AUT 1. 7. Xumhrr one (or the liko) — Fiiik. fil. lOxocuted as in Xo. 20. Wliut is prt'HCTibcd in No. 27 will apply to tluH piece. r)2. To continue the exercise, the instnu-tor resumes the series of commands beginnin/^ with From hattery. To unload. r>3. The piece having l>oen run from hattery, the instructor directs No. 2 to take out the siicll and car- trid/^e; No. 4 carrying tiicm to their jjlace in rear of the piece. No. 8 assists No 2, hy raising tlie l»rccch until the shell rolls to the muzzle. To scrape the piece. r)4. In the course of firing it may become necessary to scrape the |>iece. To cause this to be done, the instructor directs the piece to bo moved from battery, and then comniands : SCRAPK TIIK I'IKCK. No8. 1 and 2 lay down their handspikes. No. 2 takes the scraper and wi])er, giving the latter to No. 1 ; thoroughly scrapes the chamber ami bore; draws out the scraj)ings with the spoon ; retni-iis the scraper to its place; and resun)es his jtost. No. 1, envelo|»irig the sponge-head in the wiper, wipes out the liore, and ri-turns the wiper to No. 2, who replaces it; puts the sponge upon the props; and resumes his post. To change posts. To load for action. To cea.se firing. To .secure piece, and replace implements. To leave the battery. ART I.] 8-INCII PlEr.E HOWITZER. 27 Executed as in Xos. 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33; No. 4 assisting No. 2 to take off the sleeves. To serve the piece with reduced numbers. Executed as in No. 35. Transportation. 55. Tlic transportation of an S-inch siege howitzer requires eight horses and four drivers. Charges, etc. 5o. Greatest charge of powfler 4 lbs. flreateft charge, shell filled with lmllct.« 3 Ihs. Charpc of the shell filled with powder 2 Ih?. 9 o/,. Bursting charge of the shell 1 lb. Charge to hlow out the fuze 4 oz. Greatest elevation the carriage admits 15° Greatest depression the carriage admits 10° Range at an angle of 1°, charge 4 llis 4.30 yards. Range at an angle of 5°, charge 4 lbs 1150 " Range at an angle of 15°, charge 4 Ibe 2.300 " Proof range of powder ,300 " Weight of shell 45 lbs. Weight of the shell filled with b'ullcts f.5 lbs. The blaf-k fuze l)urn8 to the inch 2" The rfH fuze burns to the inch ,3" The ffreen fuze burns to the inch 4" The yelioir fuze burns to the inch 5" At 2°. elevation, black fuze, full charge, I = a I 500 to 600 yds. At ,3°.25 " red do. do. I -f J2 | POO to »00 " At 4°.25 " green do. do. * £ I SOO to 1000 " At5°.25 " yellow do. do. |hJ I 1"00 to IJOO «* A proper charge for enfilading, at the distance of 600 3'ards, on a horizontal plane, relief of the cpaulmcnt seven feet, elevation 2°. 75. red fuze, is three pounds. See Tal.losin Part III. To }irrp(irf ammunition. 57. If the amniunition for howitzers is to be pre- pared and issued l.y the artillery, two men, numbered 28 SERVICE OF THE IMECE. [I'ART I. 6 and (», are added to each detachment for that jnir- poHC. Thev are Kent to the mairaziiie. where they aro provided with the l<»II<>wiii<; iiiii>lt'ineiits and stores: 1 Set of rowj)EH mkasuues. 1 Ft NNEL. 1 FUZK-MAI-I,ET. 1 FlZK-SETTEH. 1 FlZK-l'LU<» REAMER. 1 Hasi'. 1 Hasket. Containini; fiizo-phiirs. 2 (Jri MMET wads, or ) On which to phice llio shells 2 lIoi.Low HI.OCKH. ) whileputtinj^in the charge. 1 WlI'ER. 1 HlDOE-liARREI.. 1 Dahk-lanter.n. Tow. For stoppers. ('artriimjk-ha(J8. Of bombazine. TWI.NK. P(»wi»Ea. MUSKKT HIILLET8. l.NCE.MHARV (dMl»08ITI0N. They tirst till and tie a numjKr of cartrid'^es, accord- ing to the diiH'ctiiins received from the Itattery, and then prepare a cori'esponding numl)er of shells. To Jill (he cartridifis. One holds the bag, while the other (l»y means of the tunnel) pours in the powder. The cartridges thus tilled are placed upright in a box until tied, when they are transported to the budgo- barrel. Ctirtridfjts of reduced cfiaryes for riehot firiinj, may be mariming-wirt\ tric- tiitn-tuhes, :ind the lanyaril wound in St. Andrew's cross ujton its handle. Attached to the tompion, and iN'ing upon the mortar. ( 'ontaining tin- gunner's level, gim let, vent-jiunch. and chalk. At- tached to the tomjiion, anti lying ujion the mortar. GUNNKllS pttucii. ART. I.] lO-INCH SIEOF. MORTAR. 31 In a basket, l)otwcon the clieeksof the mortar-bcd. Quoin With the basket. Quadrant Plummkt PolNTINCl-CORD SrRAPKR AViPER 8UKLL-IIOOKS .... ToMPiON In tlie muzzle. Under the mortar upon tlie l)olstor, its handle to the left. Pointing-stakes. Maul Broom When several mortars are served together, there ■will be onlj' one gunner'H level and two vent-punehea to each battery, not exccedin<^ six pieces. To the same battery there will be one hammer-wrench. One shell and one paper cartridge-bag for instruc- tion, are at the magazine or other safe place in rear of the piece. 50. The cannoneers having been marched to their posts, the instructor directs them to place their mus- kets against the cpaulment,and then explains to them the names and uses of the implements, and the nomen- clatures of the mortar, its bed, and the battery. 60. To cause the pointing-stakes to be established in position, the instructor commands : Plant the pointing-stakes. The gunner, assisted by Xos. 1 and 2, j)lants the "takes, as prescribed in pointing mortars. No. 103. 2s'o. 1, having driven the pointing-stakes, drives another stake one >"ard behind his ]>ost for holding fho wiper, and replaees the maul near the basket. The gunner lays the slack of the pointing-cord at the foot of the epaulnient, leaving the plummet at tho stake in rear of tiic piece. All resume their posts. 82 KKRVICE <1K TIIK I'IKCE. [VART I. fil. To cause the implements to be distributed, the instructor comniunds : Take implkments. The gunner steps t<^CTie front of the piece ; pives to N<». I tlie sleeves and the wi])er; to No. 2 the basket and maul; to No. 15 the tul»o-pou(.'h and broom; and to No. 4 the liavorHack ; equips hinisi'lt' with the gunner's ]iou<'h ; ajtplies his level to ascertain the line of metal, whieh he marks with chalk ; and resumes his ]>ost. No. 1 places the wiper upftn tiie stake behind him, and, assisted by No. ;{, puts on the sleeves. No. 2 removes the tompion, which he places, with the basket and maul, one yard bihind liiin. and lays the shell-hooks (Ml the ground between hinisell'and tlio basket. No. 'i lays tlu' broom on the gnnind behind him, and e(piips himself with the tube-pouch. No. 4 ear: Nos. 1 and 2 under the front manteuvring bolts, and Nos. 3 and 4 under those in the rear, engaging the bulls of their hamlspikes about three inches. ART. 1.] lO-INTH SIEOK MORTAR. 33 All bcincj rcnd^-, the minncr gives the command Heavp:, which will be rcjteatcd as often as may he necessary. As soon as the piece is on the middle of the platform, he commands IIalt. All unbar, and re- sume their posts. 2. Load by detail — Load. CA. Nos. 1, 3 and 4, lay down Iheir liandspikes. The gunner, taking the scraper, places himself in front of the muzzle, and scrapes the bore and chamber ; draws out the 8cra])ings with the spoon ; returns the scraper to the basket; and again places himself at the muzzle, one yard in its front. So. 1, turning to his right, takes the wiper with the right hand; faces to his left, and places tiie left foot near the niananivring-bolt, the right in front of the muzzle, the left hand u])on the face of the piece; thoroughly wipes out the chamber and bore; and re- sumes his post. No. 3, as soon as the piece is wiped, clears the vent witii the priming-wire; sweeps the platform, if neces- sary; and resumes his post and handspike. 2S'o8. 2 and 4, facing to their right — No. 2 holding his handspike at the middle under the left arm, butt end foremost, and taking the shell-hooks in the right — go to the rear for a cartridge and shell. While No. 4 is getting the cartridge. No. 2 inserts the shell-hooks in the ears of the shell, and passes the small en\viK'r; relunis the cartrid^o-ba;; to i\'o. 4; and distriluitos the j)owder ovenly over the bottom of tlie chamber. In tiring with )ia)n'r fu/A's, he receivefl one Irum No. 4, and inserts it in the fiize-phig. No. 4, returninii; the cartridge-bag to the haversack, lakes the wiper. Nos. 1 and L' raise the shell antl hold it about a foot from the ground, while No. 4 wipes it; they then litt it into tlie muzzle. The gunner steps forward, and with the left hand over the handspike, tlie right hand under and nearer to it, seizes the shell-hooks and assists to lower the shell gent I)' into its place. No. 2 then withdraws his hand- sjiike lron the bolster, under anil per])endicularly to the piece. 'J'he gunner t:iking the quadrant finni the basket, ajiplics it to the lelt side ol' thi' liice of the ))iece with the left hand, and inserts or draws out the (pioin with the i-ight. giving the conmiaiid JJ.msk, or Ja)Wkk, until tiie |iiece is at the elevation rc(|uire°. Iliturning the ((uadiant to the basket — Nos. 1 and 2 at the sanu- time unbarring and icsuming their posts — he jdaccs himself in I'ear of the rear jiointing-stakc, and holding the pointing-cord in the leil hand and the ART. l] 10-INCn SIKOE MORTAR. 35 plummet in the right, gives the direction : commanding Mortar left — Mortar rkjht — Muzzlk lkft — Muz- zle RioiiT — Trail left — Trail right, as maj' be required. To throic the mortar to the left. Nos. 2 and 4 facing each other, embar under the manoeuvring-bolts. Xos. 1 and 3, facing toward the epaulment, embar under the notches near them. When all arc ready, the gunner gives the commands Heave — Steady. The cannon- eers remain unbarred until he gives some other com- mand, or makes the signal to unbar. To throic the mortar to the right. Nos. 1 and 3 em- bar under the manoeuvring-bolts. Nos. 2 and 4 embar under the notches. To throir the viuzzle to the left. Nos. 1 and 3, facing toward the ejiaulment. embar under the front notches; No. 1 under the inside of the left notch. To throw the trail to the left. Nos. 1 and 3, facing toward the epaulment, embar under the rear notches; No. 3 under the inside of the left notch. The muzzle or trail is thrown to the right, in a simi- lar manner to the preceding, by Nos. 2 and 4. The direction having been given, the gunner gives the word Ready, and makes a signal with both hands; leaves the plummet at the stake; returns the ])ointing- cord to the foot of the epaulment; and goes to the windward to observe the effect of the shot. Nos. 1, 2 and 4, taking their handspikes with them, go four yards in rear ot the platform, and ftice to the front; No. 4 between Nos. 1 and 2, their handspikes held erect bj- the right side, the right arm extended naturally. No. 3 lays down his handspike six inches in his front, ' parallel to the edge of the platform, and makes ready a friction-tube, as in No. 25; advancing the right foot, lie puts the tube in the vent; rises on the lefl leg. and moves three paces to the rear in prolongation of the right chock ; faces to the front; holds the handle of the lanyard with the right hand, the lanyard slightlj- stretched, the cord passing between the fingers, back 36 SERVICE OF THE PIECE. [PART I. of tho lianion, and assists No. 1 to pull up the pointinij- stakes. The gunner receives the implements from the cannoneers, and replaces them between the cheeks. To leave the battery. Executed as in No. 33. Transportation. 69. One mortai'-wagon is allowed to each 10-inch siege mortar and bod ; to transport which, requires eight horses and four drivers. Charges, etc. t 0. Greatest charge of powder 4 lbs. Ordinary service charer fuze is marked with the number of seconds whieh it burns per inch. It may be cut with a knife to any desired length. Time of flight. 72. The time of flight for siege mortars, at an eleva- tion of 45°, with ordinary charges, is ncarl}' equal to the square-root of the range in feet divided by four. The exi)erimental length of yie fuze may bo given according to this rule. To ascertain the distance by the report of fire-arms. T.'i. Multijily the nniiiber of seconds which elaj)se between seeing the flash and hearing the report by 1100; the product will be nearly the distance in feet. Juijiiiliti/ of nriiiij. 74. Siege mortars can be Hred conveniently at the rate of twelve rounds an hour continuously ; but they may, in case of need, be fired with greater rapidity. AUT. T.] 8-INClI SIEOf: MORTAR. 39 Lesson IV. Service of an S-inch Siege Mortar. Plates VIII anp IX. Three men are necessary : one gunner, and two otlicr cannoneers. 75. The mortar is upon its platform. The implements, etc., omittiui^ two handspikes, and adding one grummet wad, arc the same as prescrihed for the lU-inch siege mortar in No. 58. They arc arranged as proscribed in that number. The wad is in the basket. 76. The instruction for this piece is the same as that prescribed in Lesson III, with the following modifica- tions : At the command Take implements, No. 1 performs the duties enjoined on No. 3, and No. 2 those of No. 4, each in addition to liis own. No. 2 assists No. 1 to put on the sleeves, and places the wad on the platform in front of the transom. 77. At the command In battery. No. 1 cmbars unoureottotn of the chaml»er; jmts the liize in the fuze- nlug; inserts the hooks in the ears of the shell; raises It al»oul a f(»ot from the ground, aiul holds it, while No. 2 wipes it ; and then places it in the bore. No. 2 replaces the wiper uiton the stake; la3'8 the slack o{ the jiointing-cord over the left manceuvring- bolts; and resumes his post. 7*.*. At the command I'<»iNT, Nos. 1 and 2 embar uiicb-r either «d' the front or rear notches, as recpiired. At the signal from the gunner, No. 1 jirepares to fire the piece, as jirescribed tor No. 3 in No. Go. TniuMportatioH. W. One inortar-wijgon will carry three S.jn. siego mortars, with their beds; to t laiispoit which, requires eight honK*H Hiid four drivers. VhargeSy etc, **!• <• .rjfc of ix.wiliT 2 Ihi. Ordinatx ,.>:.• 111.. 12 oi. I'barcp • : -■■• iillfl with |)uwdi>r '.'lbs. 9 oc. Bur>itii|; rliarKP "^ ('■■' ilicll 1 lb. Clian't t > !nw •.lit llw fun* 4 or.. Hi. •-• ll.ii.. limi- u! IliKhl 20" is;t7 jd». It.. I| lb., liiue of Jligbl N" IM.{ " Pr. -..^. ..1 |>ow0 •' Wvijcht o| fbrll 45 Ibn. Sc»e TnbleB in Part III ART. l] COEHORN MORTAR. 41 Lies SON V. Service of a Coehorn Mortar. P L A T K IX Three men are necessary: one gunner, and two other cannoneers. ^2. The mortar is upon its platform. The implements, etc., and their arrangement, are the same as prescribed for the S.inch siege mortar in Xo. 7.T. A 24-pdr. shell is used. S3. Tl oh«r)fP of powilor 8 ot. Cbarfrr of Ihc nhcll fillivl with powder 1 lb. nuntinK rharKc nf the (hell S oi. rhark'c to l)lwdor 5 " Bi,. ..• ..f l»i<- «hill 2 " CI . ^ out lh<- furr 5 ot. Kai... 10 n.ii . time nf llipht, .10" 4250 yd«. Proof r»ti|cr of powder .100 " Vifx^U of .hell WO lbs. See Tables in Pari 111. AKT. 1.] l:i-INCII f?EA-COAMT MOUTAIl. 45 Lesson VII. Service of a IS-mch Sea-coast Mortar. Plate IX. Five men are necessary: one gunner, and four other cannoneers. 90. The mortar is upon its platform. The implements, etc., and their arrangement, are the same as prescribed for the lU-inch sea-coast mor- tar in No. 87. 91. The instruction for this piece differs in no respect from that prescribed in Lesson VI. Charges, etc. 9L. (}rc«tc!'t charjrc c)f powder 20 lbs. Charjre of the phell filled with powder II " Bursting; charge of the fhcll 6 " Charjre to Mow out the fure B ot. Range, charge 20 lb».; lime of flight (about) 40" 4.32.i yd*. Proof range of powder ■'<00 " Weight of the fhcll 200 Ibo. See Tables in Part ill. 4rt HERVICR OF THK PIECK. [pART I. l.KSM.N VI 11. ^Service of a Stone-Mortar. P 1. A T r. I X Five men are necessary: one gunner, and four other cannoncen*. r»:{. Tl)o mortar is upon its plattbrm. Tlio iniploinciits, otc., and tlu-ir arrangement, are tlic same as pre8cribed for the 10-inch sea-coast mortar in No. 87. 94. The instruction fi»r this piece differs in no respect from that jirescrihed in Lesson VI. A woodiii hottom i» placed over the mouth of the cliamber to receive the basket which contains the charge of stones. Chanje.-i, rtr. 95. With a <*l)arge of a pound ami a hall' of pnwilor, and one hundred and twenty pouiid.s of stones, at an elevati(»n of G((°. the stories are thrown from one hun- dred and fifty to two hundred and fifty yarils. With fifteen G-jxlr. shells, fuze fifteen seconds, charge of powder one pound, elevation ;]o°, the shells may bo thrown from fifty to one hundred and fifty yards. HO. As the shells are liable to hurst on leaving the bore, llie j)iece is fired by a slow match applied to a train of quick match, giving the men tinie to place themselves under cover. FLi^V t: 8 1. 1 K nTfiti^ .'^rf v„ f^-B*-*" ^_J ' — V to f — ' ll- Jt»SBjr7Z««»-/<*<.ammkr Pass-box. Two on each side of the carriage, leaning against the parajiet, in line with the cannoneers. One yard beliind the cannoneers of the right, the sponge upper- most, the sponge and ranimer- h(.ads lurncd from the parapet, iiH-liiu'd slightly from the piece, and supported upon a prop; or, Avlien tiiis cannot be nra]iot, oml»ar, near tlio tire: Nos. 1 aixl 12 — first ]ila«-iii<; tlio chocks on tlio mils in front of the rollers — throui^h the front Hpokes of the wheels, over the front nianaMivrinj^- bolts ; and Nos. '.i and 4 thron<;h the rear s])oke8, under the rear nian«euvrin;^-holts. Shoidd there he no rear niana'Uvrin<;-l)olt. Xos. 3 nniece, the right in the most con- venient j)osition ; and rests the end of the s]K)nge in till' mu/.zle, the stall" in the ])rolongation of the bore, supportc<| by the I'igiit hand, the right arm extended, the left hand flat against the side of the thigh. luiniirh. In order that Nos. 1 and 2 may load with facility without standing on the chassis, a han(pietto should be placed between the head of the chassis and the wall, or a jihitfnrm attacheil to the head of the chnshis. No. 2 st«'ps u|)oii the rail on his side, and occuj)ies a jtosition on the left of the piece corres])on(ling to that of No. 1 on its right. ]Ie seizes the staff with the left hand, back down, near to and outside of the hand of No. 1. ART. I.] BARBETTE GUN. 51 No. 3, as soon as the sponge is inserted in tlie bore, steps over the rammer, and seizes the staff with both hands, as prescribed for the sponge; returns to his post; and stands ready to exchange Avith No. 1. No. 4 takes the pass-box and goes to the rear for u cartridge; returns Avith it, and places himself, facing the piece, about eighteen inches to the rear and right of No. 2. The gunner mounts upon the tongue of the chassis, placing the left foot about six inches from the rear transom of tlie gun-carriage, and breaks well to the rear with the right foot, the toe to the right; closes the vent with the second finger of the left hand, bend- ing well forward to cover himself by the breech ; and turns the elevating-screw with the right hand, so as to adjust the piece conveniently for loading. 104. In the meantime, Nos. 1 and 2 insert the sponge by the following motions, at the words one — TWO THREE FOIJR FIVE : Ist motion. They insert the sponge as far as the hand of No. 1, bodies erect, shoulders square. Iri motion. They slide the hands along the staff, and seize it at arm's length. 3f/ motion. They force the sponge down as prescribed in the fir.st motion. Ath motion. They repeat the second motion. bth motion. Thej* push the sponge to the bottom of the bore. No. 1 replaces the left l)and on the staff, back up, six inches nearer to the muzzle than the right. No. 2 places the right hand, back up, between the hands of No. 1. If in executing these motions, or the corresponding ones, with the rammer, it be found that the sponge or rammer is at home at the third or fourth motioji, then what is prescribed for the fifth motion will be per- formed at the third or fourth. Tlie knee on the side toward which the l»oon the prop, and resumes his post. No. 4, setting down the pass-box, takes out the car- tridge and jtresents it in both hands to No. 2, the choke to the i'njnt ; returns the ])ass-box to its place; and jiicks uj) a ball, and af\erward a watl. should one be rt'fjuireil. Nos. 1 and 2 force down the carti'idge by the mo- tions prescribed for forcing down the sponge. J. Kam. 106. Nos. 1 and 2, drawing the rammer out to the full extent of their arms, ram with a single stroke. No. 2 quits the start", and, turning toward No. 4, receives from him the ball and wad. while No. 1 throws out the rammer, and holds the head against the right side of ART. 1.] BARBKTTE (UTN. 58 the fuco of the piece. No. 2, receiving successively the ball and wad, introduces them into the bore, the ball first, and seizes the staff with the left hand. No. 4 then resumes his post. Nos. 1 and 2 force down the ball and wad to<;ether by the same motions, and ram in the same manner as ])rescrihed for the cartridge. No. 2 quits the rammer; sweeps, if necessary, the jilatform on his own sidej passes the broom to No. 1 ; and resumes his post. No. 1 throws out the rammer, and places it upon tiie prop below the sponge; finishes the sweeping; and resumes his post. The gunner pricks, leaving the priming-wire in the vent, and, if firing bej'ond point-blank range, adjusts the breech-sight to the distance. 5. In battery. 107. Nos. 1 and 2 unchock the rollers, and with Nos. 8 and 4, all facing toward the parapet, embar : Nos. 1 and 2 through the front spokes of the wheels, near the tire, under the manwuvring-bolts; and Nos. 3 and 4 under the braces, near the manoeuvring-stajiles. All being ready, the gunner commands IIeavk, and the piece is run into batter}^; the gunner following up the movement. As soon as the rollers touch the hur- ters, he commands Halt. All unbar, and Nos. 1, 2, 8 and 4 resume their posts. 6. Point. \0H. No. 3 la3-s down his handspike; passes the hook of the lauN-ard through the eye of a tube from front to rear; and holds the handle of the lan^-ani Avith the right hand, the hook between the thumb and fore-finger. Nos. 1 and 4 go to the traverse- wheels, and, facing toward the parapet, embar under the fork-bolts or under the wheels. No. 1, in passing from and to his post, moves on the outside of No. 3. 64 SERVICE OF TIIK PIECE. [I'AKT 1. Tho jiiinnor withdraws tlio ])iiminattr'ry. loaded, run into bat- tery, pointed, and prepared for firing, by the following conjmands from the gunner: From battery — Lo.vi) — In b.attkry — Point — Keady. At the command, or signal, from the instructor to commence firing, the gunner gives the command Fire, 56 SKRVICK l.K THK I'lKCK. [I'ART I. and continues the action until the instructor directs (he firintj to cease. To cease firing. 114. 'r<» cause the firing to cease, the instructor commands: CeASK FlUINC. Whether the cannoneers are loadini; hy detuU or for action, the piece is sponi^ed out, and all resume their posts. It" the cartridLTC has heen inserted the loadinq; will be con)])leted, unless the instructor should other- wise direct. To secure piece and replace implcTAents. lir>. To discontinue the exercise, the instructor hav- injj ordered the firinuj to cease, and caused the ])iece to bo run into battery, gives the IblUjwing commands : 1. Secure piece. No. 2 returns the tumpioii to the iniiz/.le. The gun- ner puts on the vent-cover, which ho receives Irom No. 2, and depresses the piece. 2. liKl'l-Ai'K IMl'LK.MKNTS. Nos. 1 and 2 rejjlace the handsj)ikcs against the parapet. Nos. .'} and 4 ])assing theirs to them for that purpose. The gunnt-r hangs the pouches upon the Knob of the cascaMe. To leave the battery. lift. The iuNtriictor forms the detaciiiiieMt in rear of the jtiece, and marches il from the balteiy as pre- scribi'd ill No. li{. ART. I.] BARBETTE GtlK. 57 To serve the piece with reduced numbers. Executed as in No. 35. Charges, etc. See Tables in Part III. TVads. Rapidity of firing. Penetration of shot. Bee Nos. 38, 40 and 41. 5s SKKVK'K OK TlIK IlKCK. [TAUT 1. Lesson X. Sfrvire of an i<-inrh sea-coast hoiritzrr mounted on a harbttte carriage. r I, A T K H X . XI. XII AM. XIII Fivf iiuMi aiv iieci'ssnry : (tiii" ^umu-r, ami four olluT caniKHUHTH. 117. Tlu' ]>ii'co is ill lialtrrv. Tlu- iiii|»l('iiKMits, etc.. jumI (hoir arranijcniput, are flif saiiu' as prt'scrilii'd lor llit' ltarl>et(r i^uii in No. !•?, Kiilthlitutiiii^ fidi'irsdck — worn Ity No. 4 iVoiii tin' ri^clit r«lioiilJ.j3T£ jo V 1 .1 m/jrun^ z^jirtjAt rnrtg/ fef m' ACI l Mu^ rj^mJ / JPXATjE 21 8 I- I ^- ■ ■ UJf SBtuh. ?'jIt% 4til Z^*rtfi^lfnflia,f:harrtgTenS i 7» TtMnnfK ?«,*.< 4,1. K^.mn^r ^ t nn .Ck.-rCiiltt^f f P2^TE jn it ■^ .^ klfl U 1 ^ 5 Hi *~ N C^ ^ Vf. HJt m Mm*' I'4n, «M •f*!?'-*' art i.] 10-lncii sea-coast how. — t5ahrktte. 59 Lesson ^1. Service of a 10-inch sea-coast howitzer monnted on a • barbette carriage. Plates X, XI, XII and XIII. Seven men are necessary : one gunner, and six other cannoneers. no. The piece is in batterj^. The iin]ilcnients, etc., with the addition of one hand- spike, and their arrangement, are the same as pre- scribed for tlie flinch sea-coast howitzer in No. 117. 120. The instruction for this piece varies but sliglit- ly from that prescribed in Lesson X. The shell is brought up in the following manner: No. 6 takes the handspike and goes for the shell, fol- lowed b}' No. 5. He passes the small end of the hand- spike through the ring of the shell-hooks, if the shell has ears, or through the loop of Ihe rope handle ; No. 5 holds the small end of the handspike with the right hand, No. 6 the butt end. No. 5 in front. They bring it up on the left of the piece, and place themselves parallel to the jiarapet, No. 5 behind No. 2. No. 5, stcp])ing between the parapet and the fjice of the piece, gives his end of the handspike to No. 1, and places himself on the tongue, or on the platform, opposite to the muzzle ; No. gives his cnfl of the handspike to No. 2. Nos. 1 and 2 raise the shell until it is ojijtosite to the muzzle, when No. 5, applying his hands under it, raises the sabot and inserts it in the muzzle. No. 2 withdraws the handspike and passes it to No. 6, who replaces it. No. ;') pushes the shell into the muz- zle, and returns to his post ur other (.•aimoncerH. llil. riie piece i.s in l>a(lei'y. riie impieinciits, etc., are ui ranged as follows: TurrK-iiAM)- Sl'lKKH Kl,KVATIN(i-llAM)- MMKKS TllAVERSl.Nii- ilA.NDSl'lKKS iloLLKH-lIAND- .**I'IKK One on each side of the earringo, leaning against the ■wall, in line with the eannoneers. One on each side of the carriage, leaning against the wall, behind Nos. 3 and 4.* One on each side of the carriage, leaning against the wall, oppo- site to the end of the tongue.* Leaning against the wall, behind the gunner, or laid down in the alignment on his right. * Tbo«o ara mauauvrtng hand8)iikc8. With two piooes in one onso- iiinU', «>r where the piccoH «ro nul HopuraU'd Iiy piers, Ihoy iimy '>e plHi'tMl ii);HiiiNl (ho iiuuroal wall, ur liiiil ilnwii in th(> most cuiivuiiiuii t p balls, partly rcHlin^ on thorn. lL'2. Tlu" caninnu'crH liavin<^ lioon niaivliod to their ]>osts, the iustriK-tor explaiiiK t<> tlu'iu the iiaines and lines of the iinpUMni-nt^. and the nomenclatures of the ^iin. its carria^i'. and tin' I»at1«'rv. lli:{. 'I'o cause tln^inipicMicnts to bo distributed, Lho instructor commands: Takk implements. The t;iiiuu'r nioiiuts upon the tont^ue; takes off the vont-covor, handintj it to No. 2 to place ai;ainst the scarp; i^ives the tubo-j)ouch to No. iJ; and equips hini- soll with his own pouch and the tinijor-stail, woarin;^ the latter on the seconil timber of the loll hand. With the assistance of No. IJ he levels the piece, and applies his level to ascertain the lino of metal, which, with tlio assistance of No. li, he marks with the chalk-line. (If the ;;un has jiormanont si-fhts. this is only neces- sary for instruction, or for verifying the siost. This handspike is hold vertically with the riijht hand, the lower end upon the <;round in line with the toes, the arm extended naturally. No, 3 eon the ground in line with the toes, the arm e.xtt'ndeil naturally. Ili4. The instructor causes the service of the ])iece to be executed by the followin-f commands: 1. I'koM ll.\TrKKV. The gunner embars in the h-ft mortice of the roller. Nos. 1 and 2, facing from the scar]> wall, embar in AKT. I.] CASEMATE OUN. 63 the most convenient front mortices of the truck- wheels, the hand farlliest from the earriaire at the top of the handspike, the other hand eii^ht inciies h)wer. Nos. 3 and 4 ^o to tlie assistance of Nos. 1 and 2, and, faeini^ toward Ihein, seize the handspikes with both hands between those of Nos. 1 and 2. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, in ajiplyin^ themselves to the carriage, either to run it from or to battery, break to the rear with the foot nearest to the carriage. All beinii; read^y, the gunner presses the roller under the rear transom of the gun-carriage, by bearing down upon iiis hands]»ike, and gives the command IIkavk. Nos. 1, 2, 3-nnd 4 act together, and bear upon the handspikes until thej^ are nearly down to the rails. The gunner then disengages the i-oller from under the transom by raising his handspike, and commands Unbar. Nos. 1 and 2 let go the handspikes with the hand nearest to the carriage, and ciiock the wheels. Nos. 3 and 4 withdraw the handspikes and pass them to Nos. 1 and 2, who reinsert them in the front moi"- lices. The gunner again bearing down u])on his handspike, gives tiie command Heave, and so on, until the face of the piece is about one yard from the wall, when, raising his handspike, he commands Halt, and shifts it into the right mortice of the roller. Nos. 1 and 2 chock the wheels, and replace their handspikes against the wall. All resume their posts. 2. Load by detail — Load. 125. Executed as in Nos. 103 and 104, with the fol- lowing modification: No. 3, facing toward the scarp, embars under the breech, and maintains the jiiece in a convenient ])Osition for inserting the sponge, until he receives a signal from the gunner to unbar. 3. Sponge. 126. Executed as in No. 105. 64 SERVICE OF TIIK I'lECE. [I'AKT I. 4. iiAM. r_'7. Hxccutcd as in No. 106. 5. In n.vTTERV. 128. NoH. 1 and 'J uiuliock the wliocls, and. liiciiiir i'rom tlu' scarp wall, ai)i»ly their hunds to llio Iront ot till' clieoks. Nos. 3 and 4, facing* toward the scarp wall, lay huld of tlic handles. The gunner hears down carefidly upon the roller- handsjiike, and the piece is run into hattery. As soon as the wheels touch the barters, ho commands Halt. Nos. 1, -, -i and 4 resume their posts. C. Point. 120. Nos. 1 and 4 take the travcrsint^-liaTidsj^ikes, and, facini^ toward the scarj) wall, einhar under the eiuls of the rear transom of the chassis. No. 1, in iiassin^ from and to his jiost, moves on the outside ot No. :{. When the elevation is ifiven hy the <|uoin, No. 2 takes an elevatiiiic-handspike, and enil)ars upon the left cheek under the reinforce. The gunner withdraws the priming-wire, and. aideil b}' Nos. 1 and 4. gives the direction, as in' No. 1U8. He then a]»])lies the breech-sight, if necessary, and points the piece; commanding Lowkk, or Kaise, tap- ]>ing, at the sanie time, on the ui)i)er side of the knob of tiie cascahU' with tlie left hand, and drawing out the (pioin with the right, in order to elevate, or tajjping upward on the lower side and shoving in the (juoin, in onicj" to depress the piece. The moment the j)iece is correct I}' pointed, he rises on the left leg, and gives the word Jvkadv, making u signal with hoth liamls. at which N'os. 1, 2 and 4 unhar, replace llii-ir liamlspikt's, and resume their ])osts; takes the breech-sight with the left hand, the I'olU r-hainlspiUe ART. I.] CASEMATE GUN. 65 "vvilli the right, and disposes himself to observe the effect of the shot. If the elevation is given by a screw, No. 3 turns its handle by direction of the gunner. No. 3 having passed the hook of the lanyard through the eye of a tube from front to rear, inserts it in the vent, and stretches tlie lanyard as in No. 1U8. At the word Ready, Nos. 1 and 2 take the chocks, and, breaking off with the feet fjjrthest from the wall, stand ready to chock the wheels. 7. JVumber one (or the like) — Fire. 130. Executed as in No. 109. What is prescribed in No. 110 will apply to this piece. 131. To continue the exercise, the instructor resumes the series of commands beginning with From Battery. To change posts. To load for action. To cease firing. To secure piece, and replace implements. Executed as in Nos. 112, 113, 114 and 115. To leave the battery. 132. The instructor forms the detachment in rear of the piece, and marches it from the battery as pre- scribed in No. 13. 133. Remark. The service of a gun mounted on a casemate carriage of the old pattern (which is without the eccentric roller) will rccpiirc the following modifi- cation : The roller-handspike is dispensed with, and the gunner, at the command From battery, moves two paces to his right. To serve the piece with reduced numbers. Kxecuted as in No. 35. tW; tSERVITE or TUl. IMKCE [I'AHT 1 l.'U. The ordinary servico fhar<;o of jiowdor for liouvy ^uns is onf-fourth tlie wi'i^lit df tlio shot. For firiii;; double shot it is one-si.iili lliui wciirht. Ilanfrc of a -l-'-jHJr.. «t nn ricvation of 1° ;;0'. olinr>:o lOJ IbK.. SCO y"« rc»»ion the curriaRf ailiiiilx 4° Seo Tables in Part III. Wads. luipiility of firinff. Piuitnition of shot. SeoNos. 38,4(1 and 41. trs-jiM^ jw \ 6 I >^ * P t ?S I I . ^3XlliuK t*Art€Ui. n^i^ 6un.f,irrin 1 '/ Jlttir tr,iiuitrin t^ilolf^. JVr*f)r nhtfl* TraU fttttifi/r* •t I'i'ii ntf r fiiirtif:, TfMLt Transom, hrtntfu. Hit hendcfchitJu Jtnru f rtnf < »M. ttntrUitcn S. C ART. l] S-INCII COLUMHIAl) — CASKMATE. 07 Lesson XIII. Service of an ^-inch cohrmhind mounted on a casemate carriage. Plat i: X I V. Five men are necessary: one gunner, and four other cannoneers. 135. The piece is in battery. Tlie implements, etc., and tlieir arrangement, are the same as prescribed for the casemate gun in No. 121, substituting haversack — worn b}' No. 4 from the right shouhier to the left side — for pass-box. The shells are at the magazine, or other safe position, and are brought, as required, to the place prescribed for the budge-barrel. 136. The instruction for this piece differs in no ma- terial respect from that prescribed in Lesson XIL It is loaded with a shell, which is attached to a sabot. The shell is brought up liy No. 4, together with the cartridge, and is set home in the same manner as the ball, except that it is not rammed. Charges, etc. lot. Greatest charge of powder 10 lbs. CliBrpc of the fhcll filled with powder 2 lbs. 9 oz. Burbling charge of the shell 1 lb. Charge to blow out the fuze 4 oz. I Axis of the I Range at an angle of 1°, charge 10 lb?.. | piece 16 feet | 919 jards. Range at an angle of 5°, charge 10 lb?., above the I 1813 " I water. | Proof range of powder 300 " Weight of the shell 50 lbs. See Tables in Part III. 68 SKUVICE OF TllK I'lECE. [I'AUT I. LK8S(»N XIV. Service of a 2-l-jxlr. hoiritzcr mounted on a /lank-case- mate carriage. P L A T K S XV AND XVI. Three men are necessary : one gunner, and two other cannoneers. 138. The piece is in haltnv. The iriiplenicnts, etc., nw an-;mgcd as follows: lioLLEK-HANn- Sl'lKE .Si'O.VUE A.M» liA.M- MER Haversack TlHK-I'dlTII Leaning against the scar]» wall, behind No. -. Leaning against the scarp wall, heliind No. 1, the raniiiior-head upon the ground. Suspended Iroia the knoh of the cascable. Containing the iMigiT-stall, ]>rini- ing-wire, friction tuhcs. and the lanyard, wound in St. Andrew's cross uj)on its handle. Susj)endcd from the knoh of the cascable. Vent-covkh Covering the vent. ToMi'ioN In the nuizzle. i'>u\i Oil the left of the pi<'cc. ART. 1.] 24-ri)R. now. FLANK-CASEMATE. 69 BUDOE-BARREL Containing cartridges, at tlic safest and most convenient place in rear of the piece. The rounds of canister are arranged against tlie scarp wall, behind No. 2. The shells, if used, arc at the magazine, or other safe position, and are brought, as required, to the place prescribed for the budge-barrel. 139. The cannoneers having been marched to their posts, the instructor explains to them the names and uses of the implements, and the nomenclatures of the howitzer, its carriage, and the battery. 140. To cause the implements to be (^jstributed, the instructor commands : Take implements. The gunner takes the priming-wire and finger-stall, wearing the latter on the second finger of the right hand ; gives the tube-pouch to No. 1, and the haversack to No. 2 ; takes off the vent-cover and places it against the scarp wall outside of the canisters; seizes the roll- er handspike with the right hand ; and resumes his post; holding the handspike vertically on the right side, its lower end in line with the toes, the arm ex- tended naturally. No. 1 equips himself witli the tube-pouch. No. 2 equi])S himself with the haversack, which he wears from the right shoulder to the left side. 141. The instructor causes the service of the piece to be executed by the following commands : 1. FlU)M TtATTERV. The gunner, embarring in the lefl mortice, preeses llic roller und«'r the rear (ransom, and seizes the \vf\ handle witli the lefl hand 70 SERVICE OF TUF I'lKCK. [I'AIIT I. No8. 1 anosito to tlio muzzle, close to the carriage, and breaks off with the right foot; at the same time throwing the sponge-staff into the left hand, back down, and extending both hands toward the ends of the staff so as to enter the rammer-head into the embrasure and bring the sponge o|>])osite to the muzzle. Jle then inserts it,an, in No. 2(). What is prescribed in No. 27 will apply to this piece, substituting No. 1 for No. H. I - SERVICE OP THE PIECE. [PART I. 14S. To continue the exercise, the instructor ro- sunu'rt the series of commands, beginning with From BATTERY. To change j)osts. To load for action. To cease firing. To secure piece, and replace implements. To leave the battery. E.xecuted as in Nos. 112, llo, 114, 11.') and IIG. Charges, etc. l-i.K Charge of powder 2 lbs. Kiiiipo at an anj^lc of 0°, charKO 2 11)8., shell 29.'> y>U. Kaiijic at an aiijrle of 1°, cliarfio 2 llis., shell 61(5 " Kan);e at an ati>;Ic of 5°, iharge 2 Ihs.. i-hoU 1.S22 " KaiiRC at an anjrle of 2°, char;;o IJ lbs., fi[)h'l case, time 2".'. 600 " Kanf;e at an angle of 5°.S0', charfre IJ lbs., i. 74 TlAVKUSArK TunK-poucii SKRVICK OF THK IMKCE. [I'AHT I. Gunner's pouch. riKiCKR. Suspciulcd from the kiiol) of tho cascablc. Contaiiiiiii^ frii-t ion -tubes, and (he lanvanl, womul in 8t. Andrew's cross ujion its handle. Su«- ]>on(l»'ii>io.N In the muzzle. HlinoM. BuDOE-nAUUKL. Tjcaniui^ a<;ainst the parapet, to the left of the jiiece. Containing cartrid<^cs, at tho safest and most convenient place in ri'ar of the piece. When several columltiads are served together, there will be only one gunner's level and two vent-j»unches to each battciy n«)t exceeding six pieces. To tho same battery there will be (^ne worm and one wrench. The shells are at the magazine, or other safe posi- tion, and are brought, as required, to the place pro- scribed for the budge-barrel. !;')!. The caiinoncei's having been marched to their j»osts, the instructoi" explains to them the names and uses of the implements, and (he nomenclatures of tho columbiud, its carriage, and tho battery. ART. I.] S-TNf'II COT.UMTtlAlt — l?.\RnETTE. 75 1. ■)•_'. To cause the implcnicnts to be distributed, the instructor comiuiinds : Takk implements. The gunner steps to the knob of the cascable; takes off the vent-cover, handing it to No. 2 to place against the parapet, in roar of his j)ost; gives the tube-pouch to No. 8, and the haversack to No. 4; equips liiniself with his own pouch and tlie finger-stall, wearing the latter on the second finger of the left hand; takes the elevating-bar, and, stepping between the rails, levels the piece conveniently for loading ; applies bis level to verif}' the line of sight which is marked on the piece, marking it, if necessar}', with the chalk-line, assisted by No. 2; and resumes his post, bedding the elevating-bar with the right band. No. 3 equips himself with the tube-pouch. No. 4 equips himself with the haversack, which he wears from the right shoulder to the left side. Nos. 1, 2. 3 and 4 take the truck-handspikes with the bancl farthest from the parapet, and carry them to that side, holding them vertically, the arm extended naturally. 153. The instructor causes the service of the piece to be executed b}- the following commands: 1. From battery. The gunner moves two paces to the right of his post. N<»s. 1, 2, 8 and 4, facing from the parapet, ])lace the wrenches on the ends of the axle-trees, the hand- Ki»ikcs elevated al»out 3(»° to the rear, and at the word Heavf. by the gunner, l»ear df»wn and throw the wheels into gear; Nos. 3 and 4 immediately after laying their handspikes on the platffirm in front of their ]>osts. Nos. 1 and 2, facing from the parapet, embar in the 76 SERVICK OF THK I'lKCK. [I'AKT I. most C'onvenicnl front mortices of tlic truck-whools, the hand farlhost from the c:irria;;c' at the top of tho liandspikr, llic otiicr iianil oi^lit incites lower. Nos. 8 and 4 ^o to tho assistance of Nos. 1 and 2, an:> and li'l. The gun- ner, if necessary, adjusts the piece conveniently for loading before closing tho vent. No. 4 brings uj) a slicll together with the cartridgo. 8. Sponge. 155. Executed as in No. lUo. art. 1.] 8-incu columbiai) — harbette. 77 4. Eam. 15(5. Executed as in No. 1U(5, except that the 8hell is set carefully home without being rammed. 5. In battery. 157. Xos. 1 and 2 unchock the wheels, and place the chocks on the tiers. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, facing toward the parapet, apply the wrenches of their handspikes to the ends of the axle-trees; Nos. 1 and 2 so as to throw the front wheels into gear, and Nos. 8 and 4 so as to throw the rear wheels out of gear. The gunner commands Heave, when the front wheels are thrown into gear. Should the carriage run too easily after it is in mo- tion, the gunner will command Hear wheels out of gear, when the rear wheels are thrown out of gear. Nos. .3 and 4 each take a chock and hold it in front of the rear wheels, ready to apply it under them if necessary. When the head of the cheeks is about one foot from the end of the rails, the gunner commands Chock, when Nop. 3 and 4 chock the rear wheels. The wheels are unchocked. and the piece run gently into battery, b}' Nos. 3 and 4 throwing the rear wheels alternately out of and into gear. As soon as the head of the car- riage touches the hurters, the gunner commands Out OF OEAR, when the front wheels are thrown out of gear; also the rear wheels should they be in gear. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 take their posts, and la}* their hand- spikes on the platform ju^l in front of them. (I. Point. 15H. No. 3 passes the hook of the lanyard through the eye of a tube from front to rear; holds the handle of the lanyard with the right hand, the hook between 78 SKRVICE OF THK PIECE. [PAUT I. the tliuinb and forefinger; and stands read}- to liand it to the gunner. Xos. 1 and 2. ]>assinix outsido of tlie other eannon- cers, move to the rear of the chassis, and. each takinj^ one of tlie niainvuvrini^-haii y* mrrr r%^^rf^ .'T PI. ATE JH '■' n BHr.^ J"-4f-f *W • ^Ct ^ m tH XI—fTti^^^i t PL a Th- in /.' Pffrj..j:K . •:4rf w •^rt/g-ntti-htrrftu^m. .' C ART. II.] FdRMATION OF DETACHMENTS. ^1 ARTICLE II. FORMATION OF A COMPANY INTO DKTACHMKNT8 FOR THE SERVICE OF A BATTERY OF SEVERAL PIECES. SERVICE OF A BATTERY OF SEVERAL PIECES. Formation of a company into detachments for the service of a battery of several pieces. 104. A compan}- being in one rank, faced to the riijlit (see paragraph 410, Infantry Tactics), and told off into the number of cannoneer.s requisite for serv- ing the pieces, is formed into detachments by the fol- lowing commands: 1. In two ranks, form detachments. 2. March. At the first command,, the leading man of each de- tachment faces to the front. At the secon«I command, the other cannoneers step off together. The second man, counting from the right, in each detachment, places himself behind the first, and faces to the front. The two following men will, in like manner, on closing up. form the next file, and so on. The remaining files, if any, are added to the detachment as supernumeraries, and numbered in regular succession with the detachments to which they arc assigned. 9 82 SERVICE OF A BATTKRY. [pART I. The Pcr^oanl8, ncoonlin^ (o seniority, take diarpje of the (k'latlimoiits froTii rij,'ht to K-fl.din-ct tlicir men to fall olV, and then place theinseivos f)ii the right. The sergeant in eluirge of a detachment is desig- nated chief of piece. 105. The detnchnients being in line, are formed into divisions of any desired number of pieces. Each division is commanded by an officer, who takes post two paces in front of its centre. The commander tl»en wheels the detachments into column, or faces them b}' a flank, either to the right or left: to the right, if he is to ajijiroach the battery on the loft; and to the lelt, if ho. is to approach the battery on the right. 1()G. in column, the chief of piece is two jiaces in front of the centre of his detachment ; faced by a flank, he is at the side of the leading front rank man. 107. In column, the officers commanding divisions are two paces from the jtivot flank, and o]>posito to the centre of their divisions; marching by a flank, they are opposite to the centre of their divisions, on the side of the front rank, and two jiaces from it. ART. II.] SERVICE OF A nATTERY. 83 Service of a battery of several pieces. \(S^. When the detachments arrive at the distance ol four yards from the left or right of the battery, the commander orders : 1. Detachments, opposite your pieces. 2. March. As each detadiment arrives in rear of its piece, it is lialtcd by its chief of piece, and wheeled into line, or faced to the front, four yards in rear of the plat- form, its centre in line with the axis. The chiefs of pieces place themselves on the right of their detachments, and the chiefs of divisions one pace in front of the centre of their divisions. 100. The cannoneers are then marched to their posts as prescribed in No. 7 ; and at the conclusion of the exercise arc formed in rear of their pieces as pre- scribed in No. 13. 170. During the exercise, the chiefs of division re- main on a line in rear of their respective divisions, three yards from the year of the platform ; and the chiefs of pieces one jard behind the line of the can- noneers of the left, and two j'ards in rear of the plat- form, except when the stiperintendence of their re- spective commands may require tiicir presence at some other point. 171. The pieces arc numbered from riglit to lefl. In directing them to be fired, they are always desig- 84 SKRVirK (If A HATTERY. [PAHT I. natcd bj* tlioir numhorH, as, yumher one — Fiuk; Xum- brr luo — Fiuk ; etc. When the wiixi comes from the ri^lit, the tiriiii^ BhoiiM commence on tlie lefl, and reciprocallN". 172. In morlar batteries (which should not exceed three or four pieces) the cannoneers remain at their posts until the signal, or commaml, Com.mknck firino; all then move to tlie rear of the jilatform (except No. 3) of the mortar which is to commence tiring. After having fired, each No. 3 joins his detachment, which remains in its position until all the pieces hav- ing been discharged, the signal, or command, To YOUR I'OSTs, is given. A similar ])recaution may be necessary to avoid the blast, in a battery composed entirely of howitzers. ART. IIT.] POINTING GUNS AND HOWITZERS. 85 ARTICLE III. POINTING GUNS AND HOWITZERS, AND MORTARS. TABLE OF TANGENTS AND TANGENT-SCALES. RICOCHET FIRING. FIRING HOT SHOT. NIGHT FIRING. PLATFORMS. Pointing guns and houitzers. Plate V. 173. The dispart of a piece is the difference between the semi-dianicters of the base-rin^ and swell of the muzzle; or. it is the tangent of the angle which the line of metal makes with the axis, the radius being the distance between the rear of the base-ring and the highest point of the swell of the muzzle. 174. The li7ie of metal, called, also, the natural line of flight, is the right line passing through the highest pointn of the base-ring and swell of the muzzle. 175. In ordinary practice there is but one case where the object is struck by directing the line of metal upon it. The firing in this cano is called point-blank firing, and the range the point-blank range. 86 POINTINO OUNS AM* HOWITZERS. [lART I. A kno\vlc{l<^o of this rnnj^c, wliich nuist ho nRCcr- tninod Ity oxporiincnt, is css»Mi(iaI to accuriuy in ]>oint- in. To point the gun when the line of metal ])nsses over the object, the gunner's quadrant, or a brooch- sight (tangent-scale), Itocomos necessary. Tho use of those instruments sujiposos that tho distance of tho oliject, and tho degree of elevation necessary to roach it. are both known. 177. To jioint with t/ir (juijiimnt. The gun is aimed at the oltjoct by the line of metal ; tho <|uadrant is then a|)pliod cither by its longer branch to tho face of the ])ieco, or this branch is run into the bore jiarallol with the axis, and the elevating-screw turned, or the quoin adjusted, until the required degree is indicated. 17S. To point with the breech-sight. The sight is set to corres])ond with tho distance; it is then a))plied to the highest point of metal on the baso-rii^g, and by tho elevating-screw, or quoin, tho notch of tho brooch- sight, tho highost ])oint on the swell of the muzzle, and till- olfjoct, are l>rought in tho same lino. 17'.*. In the absence of a breech-sight, or (piadrant, tho gunner may point his giui by placing one or more fingors of tho left hand upon the base-ring perpendic- ularly to tho axis, and using them as a breocli-sight. ISO. 'I'iic tlicoiy of ])ointing is basoPl'ly>'iii the quadrant to the face of the piece, and adjusting the quoin until tliat number of degrees is indicated. 190. The charge of powder is varied to suit tlie re- quired range. To give ihe shell for the same range a greater velo- city in the descending hranch of its trajectory, the mortar is sometimes fired at an angle of 60°; in which case, the charge of powder must he increased accord- 191. As mortars are usually masked from the object to be bombarded by an e]>aulmcnt or para])et, different means from those which are used with guns and how- itzers become necessary for giving them their direction. There are several means proposed ; all of which, however, are reduce*! to determining practically two fixed points, which shall be in line with the piece and the f»bject, and sufficiently near to be readily distin- guished by the eye. These points being covered by the plummet, determine a vertical plane which, when including the line of metal, becomes the plane of fire. 90 roiNTINQ MORTARS. [PABT I. Prcniisinjj that the platform is so hiion the epaulment : one upon its crest and the other ahout a yarr four feet in front of it in line with the object. To this stake the cord is temporarily attached, and stretched by the first stake, just j^ra/ini; it, to a point on the <;round one yard in rear of the jilatform. At this ])oint, a third stake is driven. The pointing-board* is laid on tho ground at * ThiH 18 u piece of Wood one fuut Iniij;, two or three inches wide, and one inch thick, hiivin;; u notch cut in the midillc of one side to fit on the Htuke, and which in Krii inches .45 1 j Natural angle ( of liighl. 2 00 .03492 inches .97 " .90 30 .04;!fi6 1 " .94 1 " .35 3 00 .05240 2 " .91 1 " .80 SO .00116 3 " .88 2 " .25 4 00 .001)92 4 " .85 2 •' .70 30 .II7S70 5 " .82 3 " .15 5 00 .08748 1 6 " .79 3 " .60 30 .09023 1 7 " .76 4 " .05 A 00 .10510 1 8 •' .76 4 " .50 30 .1 l.i9;i ' 4 " .96 7 00 .1227S 5 " .42 30 .13105 5 '• .88 8 00 .14054 6 '• .34 30 .14945 " .80 9 00 . 1 5838 7 " .26 30 .16734 7 •' .72 10 00 .17032 8 " .18 1 ART. III.] RICOCHET FIRING. 93 Richochet Firing. 196. The thcor}' of projectiles in vacuo proves that the angle of fall is equal to the angle of elevation; but in air the angle of fall is somewhat the larger. 197. It is known by experiment that the projectile which fails upon ground of ordinar}- firmness, at an angle not greater than ten degrees, or upon water at four or five degrees, will generallj- make one or more bounds. In this case the projectile is said to ricor-],et. 198. The object of ricochet firing is generally to en- filade a face of the enemy's work; which is eff'ected by causing a projectile to Ijound along the terreplein of the face, with the view of annojing his cannoneers, and dismounting his pieces. The object to be fired at in this case is usuallj^ some point of the interior crest of the parapet which covers a flank of the terreplein to be reached. 199. The point of the terreplein which is first struck by the projectile, after having grazed the interior crest, is called XMi} poii^t of fall. 200. The angle of fall is the angle made at the point of fall by the tangent to the trajectory with a hori- zontal line in the piano of fire. 201. The charge and elevation depend upon the dis- tance of the object from the battery; upon the differ- ence of level between these points; the distance of th^ 94 RirornET firincj. [part i. desircci point of fall from the j^arapct ; the height of the parapet, etc. These havin<; been determined, if the enjlii-asurc throuj;h which the ]>iece is fired is so constructed as to allow the line of metal to l)e directed u])on the object, the piece is pointed in the manner alread}' prescribed. Hut if the enjbrasure is such that the object is masked, the direction must be ^iven. as with the mor- tar, by the ])Iummct. This is held liy the ])ers(in who ]>oints in such a manner as to cover both the line of metal and the object. The elevation is then i^ivcn by the quaied by the troops. Against fortresses, forts, and fortitied lines, this angle will be found to vary from three to six and nine de- grees above the horizontal. 203. A ricochet battery will not j)i"obably be very effective if established at a greater distance from the object than six hundred yai-ds. The ])rojectile should be made to graze the ])arapet while in the descending branch of the trajectory; and this must be effected by regulating the charges, and elevating or deiiressing the piece until the shot is seen to fall just over the interior crest of the parapet. Light charges arc generally used; varying from two-thirds to one-eighth of the or- dinary charge. 204. Rules for enfilade firing must, however, be de- duced from ex])eriments. As our service is deficient in this respect, a few data arc here given from that of the French. In their aj>j»lication to our artillery, they can only be relied upon as approximative; serving merely as guides to facilitate our obtaining more ac- curate results. ART. III.] RICOCHET FIRING. 95 CHARGES. 205. Charges for a flattened ricochet for siege guns at an angle of about 3°: Distance. Elfvation. Charge. Remarks. 660 yards. 550 " 440 " 330 " 220 " 2° 45' 3° 3° 15' 3° 35' 3° 35' 1-12 weight of ball. 1-15 " 1-20 " 1-30 " 1-40 " 206. Charges for a flattened ricochet for siege how- itzers at an angle of about 3°: Distance. Elevation. Charge. Remarks. 550 yards. 440 " 330 " 220 " 1° 45' 2° 15' 2° 15' 2° 45' 3 lbs. 2 lbs. 3 oz. 1 lb. 12 02. 1 lb. 2 oz. 207. Charges for a cvrvated ricochet for a siege how- itzer at an angle of about 10°: Distance. Eleration. Charge. Remarks. 5.'J0 yards, i 1° 30' 1 lb. 4 oz. I ] The height of tl)« ob- 440 " I 7° .30' 1 lb. 1 or,. I I ject above the level of 3.10 " 7° .10' 14 o7.. [ the baftfTT being ^up- 220 " 7° 30' I 10 oz. J \>nrtA to be 20 feet. 9(i KIRINU HOT SHOT. [I'ART I. Firing Hot Shot. P I. A T r VI. 20S. The use of hot shot lor settinj^ fire to ships, huildin<^s, etc., renders some nioditications in the ser- vice of the piece necessary. For the lieiivier calibres, tlie detaclimont consists of seven men. 209. The additional implements required are placed as follows : 2 PoKEiis ] . r For stirring the fire. 2 InoN KnUKS «> For takiiin out the shot. 1 Rast a For rk'iininjj ovcr-hcatcd i I 3 For cU'Bninp sliot on. 1 I'aiii of T0SG8 « For httndliiiK shot. 1 luoN RAKK "S For romovintr pinniilnicnt, nciir the pnss-box. 1 Wonx With the sponge and rammer. 1 Ladle WlicMi (lay wads are iiscmI. the rammer has a circu- lar iron plate upon its head to remove clay from the sides (»f the hore. 210. The cartridjje-hags are made of woollen stulf, and the cartridge is inserted, choke lorcmost, in a cartridge-bag of the next higher calibre, and the end AKT. rir] FIRINO HOT SHOT. 07 folded iindor. The bags rIiouM be examined carefully ; and too i^roat care cannot be taken to prevent the jtowder from spilling or sifting in the bore. 211. The wads are made of chiy or ha}'. Clay wads should consist of pure clay, or fuller's earth, fruG fron) sand or gravel, well kneaded, with Just enough moist- ure to work well. The}' are cylindrical, and one cali- bre in length. Hay wads should remain in the tub to soak at least ten or fifteen minutes. Before being used, the water is pressed out of them. When hay wads are used, vapor may be seen es- caping from the vent on the insertion of the ball ; but as this is ojdy the effect of the heat of the ball on the water contained in the wad, no danger need be apprehended from it. 212. With proper precautions in loading, the ball may be permitted to cool in the gun without igniting the charge. The ])iece, however, should be fired with as little delay as possible, as the vapor would diminish the strength of the powder. To load with hot shot. 213. The ])icce should be sponged with great care, and the worm Irequently jjassed into the bore. As a precaution, it is well to insert a wet sponge just before ]>utting in the ball. The muzzle being sufficiently elevated to allow the ball to roll down the bore, the cartridge is inserted, the mouth of the outer bag foremost, the fold down, anon the ejiaulnient, or on the 8ole of the einhrasure. No. T), steppinif between the cpaulinent and the faco of the piece, <^ives his handle of the ladle to No. 1, and No. (5 _L;ives his handle to No. 2. Nos. 1 and 2 j>ut the slujt in the bore; No.«;. ;"> and take the ladle and i^o t(» tlu' furnace for another shot; No. 1 siczes the rammer; and the service of the piece is continued as heretofore prescribed. 215. In the exercise for instruction, a sawdust car- trid<^e, enveloped in another as above described, with the wads anil hot shot, should always be \)\it into the gun. 210. When the instructor ilirects the jtiece to be unloaded, Nos. 1 and 2 stand ivady with the ladle to receive tlie shot; the j^unner dejjresses the muzKle until the shot rolls out ; Nos. ;') ami (> return it to the lurnace ; and N<». 1 draws out the wad and cartridge with the worm. Charges, etc. 217. Small char<^cs should be used in hotshot tiring, var3'ing from one-fourth to one-sixth of the weight of the ball. Halls tired with small velocities s])lit the wood in a manner which is favorable to its burning; with n great velocity the hole closes, the ball sinks deep, and, dcj)i-ivcd of air, it chars without setting tire to the sun'ounding wooil. Hot shot should not ptMutrate dccpi r than ten or twelve inches. They do not set fire to the wood until some time alter their penetration. They retain sufli- ART. III.] FIUINO HOT .SHOT. 99 cient heat to ignite wood after having made several ricochets upon water — though a total immcrHion of four or tive seconds will deprive them of this property. Furnaces for heating shot. 218. Furnaces for heating shot are erected at the forts on the sea-coast. These furnaces hold sixty or more shot. The shot being placed, and the furnace cold, it requires one hour and fifteen minutes to heat them to a red heat; but after the furnace is once heated, a 24-pdr. shot is brought to a red heat in twent3^-five minutes ; the 32-pdr. and 42-pdr. shot require a few minutes longer. Three men are required to attend the furnace; one takes out the hot shot and places them on the stand to be scraped; another scrapes thcni and puts them in the ladle; and the third supplies cold shot and fuel. Grates for heating shot. 219. In siege or other batteries, where there are no furnaces, a grate is used for heating shot. This grate consists of four bars 1.75 inch square, three feet long, placed four inches apart on three iron stands one foot in height. It is placed in an excavation one loot in depth, of the width of the grate, perpendicular at the back and side, open in front, the legs resting on bricks or stones rising about four or five inches from the bottom. A roof is made over it with hoops of flat iron, covered with sods and eighteen inches of earth, having in the back part a chimnej' six inches square. The shot are jd.Tced on the back part of the grate, leaving one-fourth of its front part free; and under and on the frrmt jiart the wood is put, cut in pieces about fourteen inches long and two inches thick. A lliick sod is used as a register to regulate the draught of the chimne}', so that no flame can issue from the front. This grate, which will contain about fifteen 24-pdr. balls, heats them to a red heat in an hour, and 1(1(1 HKIN(i HOT SHUT. [I'.XHT 1. will supjily lluvi' ^uiis. It iviiuires ihc attoiulancc of OIK' man. 220. Expansion of shot heated to a white heat: Kxpaneion 8-tB. In. .149 1 42pdr. SS-pdr. 24.|Mlr. 18-pdr. In. .11 In. .10 .08 In. .00 IS.pdr. .04 Jlcatod shot do not return to their original dimen- sions on cooling, but retain a permanent enlargeracot. 221. For calibres below the 24-pdr., a ladle with a Kiimlo iiandlo is used ; and only one additional man is n^iiirod to serve shot. ART. Ill] NIOUT FIHINCJ. 101 Night Firing. 222. Wlicn a fixed object is to be fired at by nigbt, the piece should be directed during the day, and two narrow and well dressed strips of wood laid on the inside of the wheels, and two others outside of the trail, of a siege carriage, and nailed or screwed to the platform. The traverse-wheels of a barbette carriage are chocked in the proper position. 223. To preserve the elevation, measure the height of the elevating-screw above its box, or take the mea- sure between two points: one on the gun, the other on the stock; cut a stick to this length, and adjust the gun on it at each fire. 224. Night firing with gvns^ should be limited to a small number of rounds, as it consumes ammunition to little advantage. 225. For mortars, the direction is preserved by nail- ing or screwing two boards to the platform outside of the cheeks. The elevation is marked on the quoin, or the quoin may be nailed in the proper position. 1(»2 PLATFORMS. [part 1. Platforms. 220. To in.«!nre aocuraoy of fire with heavy f^niiH nnd mortars, it is ahsolulel}- necessary to have solid and sul'slatitial ])latfbrnis. 227. Kor casemate and barhette batteries in fortifica- tions, fixed phitlorms are constructeil with the works. 228. IMatforms f<»r siej^e ])ieces are constructed at tlio arsenals, and shouUl accom|)any every piece. As tlieso move with the army, it is desirable to have them us light as iscomi»atiblo witli sufficient strength to endure the shock of firing. The ])latforms for guns, howitzers, and mortars, lierealter described, combine in a Idgh degree the essetitial (jualities of strength and portability. All tlio pieces composing them are of the same dimensions j and as the weight of each j)iecc is only fifty jtounds, an infantry soldier can carry one from the depot to the batteries, or an}' moderate distance, in addition to his arms and etpiipments. Another platform for mortars is desi-rilied, which is very 8imi)le, strong, and weJl suited to positions where trees or timber can be easily procured. This is desig- nated the rail platform. ART. Ill] SIEOE GUN OR IIOAVITZER. 103 Platform for a siege gun or howitzer. P L A T K XX 229. To lay lliis platform, establish the centre line of the enihrasure, and stretch a cord on this line from the middle of the emhrasurc to the rear. This is the directrix of the platform. La}' the two outside sleepers parallel to this directrix, their outside edges being fiftj'-four inches distant from it. The four other sleepers are laid parallel to these, the edge of each fifteen and a half inches from the edge of the next. The upjier surface of the front ends of these sleepers to be lifty inches, on a vertical line, below the sole of the embrasure. They are laid with an elevation to the rear of one and a half inches to the yard, or four and a half inches in their whole length. This elevation may be deter- mined by jilacing a block four and a half inches high on the front end of the sleeper, and laying a straight- edge, with a gunner's level on it, from this block to the rear end. then so arrange the earth as to bring the level true in this position. The next set of sleepers arc laid against and inside of the first, overlapping them three feet, having the rear ends inclined outward, so that the outer edges of the exterior ones shall each be fifty-four inches from the directrix, anfi the spaces between the rear edges of the others the same as in the first set, viz: fifteen and a half in PLATFOIIMS. [I'AKT I. The ricijclut pldtjonn. T.\'2. To lay tliis jilatfonn, place tlic Imrtrr por])on- dicular to llie line of fire, and secure it l»y lour stakes, one at each end and two in front, thirty one and a half inches from the middle, toward each end; lay the three slecpei's ]»arallel to tlie hurter, the first sixteen inches from the rear e(l<;e of the hui'ter, the seconlank (eiifhty-four inches htnu;), its front end one hundivd and six inches from the rear C(l;^e of the hurter. This j)latfoi'm will hear firiiii^ with charges as high as three pounds. I'latforms of this kiml of larger dimensions may he used for guns and howitzers in fii-ing at a fixed ohject with full chart'cs. ART. III.] DIMENSIONS, ETC. 107 233. Dimensiojrs, etc., of siege platforms. KAMES OF PIECES. GUNS AND HOW- MORTARS. ITZEUS. 3> V O V o e. , Q. . o ^ B o la H .a o .a .J3 a 6C o >5 a o •J ^ d c ^ H ITiirter Slcciicrs I)crk plankf! Slake (peruring).. . Stake? (implcincntg). StAkes (pointinf;).. . Eye-bolts (iron).... /n. 108 1 121108 14 .75 rn'd Lbf. 51 608 1854|18 70: 6 10 /«. In. 96 5 108 5 48 3.5 III. 3.5 3.5 2 1 r'nd Lbs. 230 i 927 70 234. Dimensions, etc., of the rail platform. 5AWF,f« OF PIECES. SIEGE MORTARS. o V o a. a J3 ■kA c CO be o !5 1^ ^ ^ ^ .''lepper," Kaili. StakoH (Mcuring). . Platform complete. In. In. In. 1 Lbn. 1 3 60 11.5 8.5 2 84 10 10 14 48 3.6 3 "»U 108 PLATFORMS. [PART I. 235. Dimensions, etc., of the ricochet platform. 5AMRR OF riECKS. * G> U a. M J3 e a J3 to •B to o S5 ^ H ^ KIND OP TIMBER U8KD. Ilurtcr Sleepers Planks Plank Piece of plank Stakes Total weight . . In. 96 108 8 5.5 12S|13 1 84 13 2.25 60 1 30 13 2.25 21 18 48 1.25 1.25 32 , , .... • • • • • • • • 600 In. Lh». 8 174 Yellow pine. 5.6 147 Yellow i)ino. 2.25| 166 Reech, vellnw pine, or oak. 60 Reecli. vollow ])ine, sf — 1 / \l ■ » gXnjOu r'JriJJ, /\aT,f4^i'MlnJ!. '5'~ PART IT. MECHANICAL MANCEUVKES. ARTICLE I. GENERAL DIRECTIONS, Plates XXII and XXIII. 23G. The mechanical manoeuvres are the simplest application of the mechanical powers for mounting, dismounting, moving and transporting heavy artillery. 2;)7. The implements generally used for the execu- tion of the manoeuvres with siege pieces are : 6 Handspikes. 2 Long rollers. 3 Short rollers. 2 Half rollers. 16 J^LOCKS. Half blocks. 2 Quarter blocks. 6 Gun-chocks. 6 Wheel-chocks. 6 Roller-chocks. 2 Skids. 1 SniFTl NO-PLANK. 1 Trace-rope. 2 Trunnion-loops. 1 IIammer-wkench. 110 MECnANICAL MAN(ErVRE8. [pART II. 238. The detachment for mechanical mancDuvres consiHts of a non-commissioned ofticcrand cloven men. It is fornio/" o/ (Ictnr/nnrnf. The gunner is always uncovered. Tlio men are marched to and from their posts, and their posts arc changed, as in Nos. (», 7, !•'{ and 29. The}' arc posted two yards from the axis of the piece; Nos. 1 and 2 opposite to the muzzle ; the other num- bers and tlie gunner, dressing on Nos. 1 and 2 rcspec- tivel}', at intervals of one yard, except between Nos. 3 and 5, where there is an interval of two yards. The chief of detachment is posted two yards in rear of the breecii or trail, or on the letl of the pole, two yards from and opposite to its end, according as the piece is dismounted, unlimbcrcd, or limltered. During the execution of the mana-uvres, he will go wherever his ])reseiice may be necessary; but will habitually I (lace himself oj)j)osite to the gunner, in the interval >otween Nos. 3 and o. 230. The men having been marched to their posts, the instructor goes with them for the imjileinents, if they are not already in j)o,sition, and explains their names, dimensions, uses, and who are to have charge of them. Ho then commands : Prei'Aue to MAN(EUVKE. 'riic 111(11 take the im])lements, repair to their posts, and place them upon the ground in their rear; the handspikes behind Nos. 1,2, 3,4, f) and 0, perpendicu- larl}" to the axis of the jdece, their small ends on a line with the right tt)e; the skids ])arallcl to the ])iece, their middle behind Xos. 3 and 4; the blocks, half blocks, quarter blocks and chocks C(|ually divided, behind and jieipi'ndicular to the skids, the long rollers ART. I.] (lENKRAL DIUKCPIONS. Ill and half rollers near and parallel to the blocks, behind No. 4; and the short rollers, shiftinijj-plank, trace-rope, trunnion-loops, and hammer-wrench in rear of the gunner. 240. Whenever, in the course of a manoeuvre, an implement is not in immediate use, it is returned to its designated place. 241. The instructor gives the commands, and has a general su])crvision of the manneuvrcs. lie sees that each man performs the duties assigned him; that every thing is in a proper state of readiness before giving the command of execution ; and that ])articular care is taken to avoid all shocks and sudden movements. 242. The chief of detachment attends directly to the execution of the movements, and jiarticularly assists and directs the gunner in all his duties. 243. The gunner places the shifting-plank; attaches and takes off the trace-rope; removes and replaces the elevating-screw; places and removes, and chocks and unchocks, the short rollers; superintends the righting of the piece; directs the pole of the limber, etc. No8. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 have charge of the hand- spikes. Nos. 1 and 2 rig and work the windlass; raise and lower the chase, etc. Nos. 3 and 4 chock and unchock the wdicels, the gun, and the long rollers; take off and replace the cap-squares; place and remove the skids, blocks, lialf blocks, quarter blocks, long rollers, and half rollers; assist Nos. 1 and 2 in lowering and raisingthechase,etc. Nos. 5 and embar on the cheeks, and under the manoeuvring-bolts ; steady and right the piece; assist Nos. 3 and 4 in placing the skids and lialf blocks ; haul on the rope, etc. Nos. 7, S, and 10 assist the others. Nos. 7 and ^ generally assist Nos. 1 and 2, or 3 and 4 ; Nos. 9 and 11-' MECnANir.M, MAXrEUVRES. [PARTII. 10 assist No8. 3 and 4, or 5 and G. Thoy help to ])lacc the imjilcmcnts in j)rcparin^ to manaMivrc ; haul upon the rope; and appl}' themselves by hand to move the carriage. 244. "When men on the opposite sides of a ]»ieco a]»|»ly themselves to a han(ls])ilplied in the order of the numbers of the men to whom they belong, those of the highest numbers nc:ii-est to the trunnions. 247. The haiids|»il. 240. At the completion of each movement of a ma- na'uvre, the men retain the places they are in at its ART. I.] OENERAL DIRECTIONS. 113 conclusion, ready to proceed to the next movement; resiimini; their ])Osts only at the command To your POSTS, Aviiich is given at tlie end of each manauvrc. 250. The front, when a piece is unlimbered or dis- mounted, is the direction in Avhich its muzzle points; when limbered, it is the direction in which the pole points. In the execution of the following manoeuvres, when a piece is put in motion upon rollers, the terms back and forward are applied to the direction of the breech and muzzle. 251. A body moving upon a roller gains twice the distance passed over by the roller. 252. The ground should be level and firm, and the implements in good order. 253. The number and kind of implements vary with the manoeuvre; but as Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and G always have handspikes, these are omitted from the list of implements given at the head of each manoeuvre. II I MKCIIANICAL MANOiUVRES. [part II. 254. Dimensions and weights of the implements used in the meehinical maniruvres. {Siege.) I- •2 C5 H ■9. *■ <— "E.-S a 2 o » «• _ d o 2 -r — -. -H H M Total weight. OOOOOO O '^aOOOOX: <« Weight . ooeee oo oeooc '^ TbicknesB.... .8 round. round.^ 8 8 4 04 e^MMOOM* g g 1 e o Width •= 1 «o »>. «D ec 00 00 ^tOOOOM^^- 1 Length .B "t M M « O O 00 ''«> ^ '« N e^ o CC t^ t~ M t^ O 00 1 e>5 Number <0 C4 CC M « « M /rBh'.k- r/,, % 1 7?h r/.- 1 ,^ r ''ryTyftA^Jny '\' --V" \%-\ < - tJfS7?>,/>K ?f'ff* A/ EvantS/'agimval^CJkaf^jtpn.S < j'J.ATi: ■■::) UnXJIm^^A'*^^ S^MvfC^^'Mi ART. II.] rRELIMINAUY MANOiUVRES. 115 PRELIMINARY M A N (E U V R E S . Lesson XVII A gu7i hjing upon the ground, to place blocks under the chase and reinforce. To remove the blocks. To slew the gun. To move the gun short distances to the front or rear. To move the gun short distances by rolling it. To roll the gun up an inclined-plane. 255. The implements necessary are : 2 Blocks. 6 gun-cuocks. 2 Skids. 2 Trunnion-loops. A gun lying upon the ground, to place blocks under the chase and reinforce. 256. The instructor commands : Raise the chase. The gunner takes the handsjiikc of No. 4, runs its small (MkI inlo iho bore, the other end projecting eigh- teen inches, bevelled side up, and chocks it above. UG MFXHANICAL MAN and Id respectively; Nos. 1, 2, 5 and (i facing the axis of the j»iece, and Nos. 7 and '.», and S and U», facing each other. No. 4 stands ready with a block, and is assisted to place it by No. 3. Heave. 257. The men at the ]ian, assisted by Nos. J) and 10, cmbar under the knob of the cascablo. No. 3 stands ready with a block. art. 11.] preliminary man(euvres. 117 Heave. 202. Nos. 3 and 4 place the block under and pci7)en- dicular to the direction of the piece, at tlie middle of the reinforce. Ease away. 268. The piece is allowed to rest upon the block. Nos. 3 and 4 immediately chock it. To YOUR POSTS. 2G4. The implements are replaced, and all resume their posts. To remove the blocks. 265. The instructor commands : Raise the breecii — Heave — Ease away. The gunner puts the liandspike of No. 4 in the bore, as in 'So. 256. Nos. 1 and 2, assisted bj- Nos. 7 and 8, cross their handspikes over it and bear down. Nos. 5 and 6, assisted by Nos. 9 and 10, embar under the knob of the cascable. No. 4 takes out the block, and the breech is allowed to rest on the ground. Raise the chase — Heave — Ease away. 266. The men. at the handspikes embar under the swell of the muzzle. Nos. 3 and 4 run the blocks for- ward, jnst in rear of the chase-ring. The men at the handspikes take another purchase under the hand- spike in the bore. Heave — Ease awat. 267. Nf». 3 takes out the liloek, and the ]»iecc Ih allowed to \>'h\ ii| fb»' grouml. 118 MECOANICAL MANff.rVRES. [lAHT II. To YOUR POSTS. 20S. Tlic iini»Kiiu'nts are replaced, ami all rosumo their posts. Memarfis. 200. This manoDuvrc can he performed by usin^tho 1 ill! her of a sieifc carria<^e as a lever. A truniiion-rinu;, or a chain with a hook at one end, is r('<|iiirc'«l. liun the small end ol" a handsjiiUe into the bore, its l>ult projecting ei/^hteen inches; hack the limber to the muzzle; raise the pole; ])ut the triinnion-rini;, or the chain, around the hands])ike in the bore, and fasten it on the ])intle; raise the chase, by bearing down the ]>ole. and ])lace a block under it. The breech can be raised in a similar manner, by l»lacing the trunnion-ring or chain around the caseable. 270. The limber makes a ])owerful lever, and Hiay be used as such in many cases. If the weight to bo raised is too high to iij'ply the lrunni(»n-i-i!ig from the ])inth', the j)ole should l>e turned over so as to bring the jtintle below (first reversing the linch-jiins), and Jii)j)ly the rear end of the fork under the weight to be raised. To slew the gun. 271. If the vent is not uppermost, the instructor commands : Slkw thk pieck to the left (or right) — Heave. The gunner ]»asses a trunnion-looj) over one of the ti'unnions, and inserts the haiids|)ike of No. 8 or 4, a. Nos. 2 and (» chock the piece on the lell by placing their handspikes horizon- ART. II.] PRELIMINARY MAN(EUVRE8. 110 tally upon the Mocks, and perpendicularly to the axis, the butt ends aon the (jround, to jdare blocks under the chase and reinforce. To remove, the blocks. To raise the hoiritzer upon its inuzzle. To slew the howitzer while standing upon its muzzle. 280. Tlie implements noccssaiy aiv : 5 Blocks. 1 JI.\LF Block. (i (ir.N-('H(K'KS. '1 WllKKL-CIIOCKS. 1 'rUACK-UOPK. 2 Trunnion-loops. A howitzer lying upon the ground, to place blocks under the chase and reinforce. 2Sl. Till' instructor (•oininaiHls : IIaisk TiiK (MASK — IIkavk — Eask awav. No8. 1 and 2 insert their lian(is])ikes ei<;litccn inches in the hore, which the gunner ehocUs above with u wheel-chock. >«'o8. 7 ami S assist Now. 1 and 2. No. 4, assisted by No. ."5, jdaces a block under the chase, as near the trunnions as it will go, and chocks. art. ll] preliminary manoeuvres. 123 Lower the chase — Heave — Ease away. 282. Nos. 1 and 2 nhift the wliocl-ehock below their handspikes, and bear down the nmzzlc. Nos. 4 and 3 phicc a block under the breech, and chock. The gun- ner lifts at the knob of the cascalde, and steadies the breech. To remove the blocks. 288. The blocks are removed in the inverse way to the ibregoing, by the same commands. To raise the hountzer upon its muzzle. 284. The howitzer is lying upon two blocks : ^ne under the front of the trunnions, the other under the breech. 285. The instructor commands : Raise the chase — Heave — Ease aavay. The chase is I'aised as in No. 281. A half block is placed upon the front block, and the piece is chocked. Lower the chase — Heave — Ease away. 2S6. The chase is lowered as in Xo. 282. A block is placed upon the rear block. Raise the chase — Heave — Ease away. 287. A block is added to the front scaffold, the half block topmost. Lower the chase — Heave — Ease away. 288. A block is placed upon the rear scaffold. No8. 3 and 4 alternate in placing the blocks — No. 4 124 MKCIIAMCAL MANCKUVRKS. [I'ART H. i)laclnp the first — and carefully attend to the chocks. Nos. 5 and G stead}' the scaffolds \vitli their handspikes. l.OWKU THK MUZZLK — HkAVK — lv\SK AWAY. 2Sn. No. 1 takes out the whoel-chock. Nos. 5 and enibar under the front of the trunnions, to steav al)out an incl), bevelled sides up. The j^unner lashes (hem to the trunni(»ns with the rope. Nos. 1 and ."{, and 2 and 4, apjtly IhemselveK to the small ends of" the hand- spike.s to haul in opposite directions. Heave. 20S. The mortar is turned nuind ui)on its axis. By alternately bearin<; down upon one handspiUc and haiilin02. To slew the bed to the left, Nos. 1 and 8 embar umler the front notches, and Nos. 2 and 4 under the rear notches. ART. II.] PRELIMINARY MANCEUVRES. 127 • Lesson XX. To place a long roller under a viortar-hed. To remove the long roller. 303. The implements necessary are: 1 Long roller. 1 Block. 2 Half blocks. 2 Quarter blocks. 2 WlIEEL-CHOCKS. 2 EoLLER-CnoCKS. To place a long roller nnder a mortar-hcd. 304. The mortar is on its bed, and the bed upon the ground. 305. The instructor commands : Raise the right cheek. No. 1 cmbars under the notch nearest to liim, ])or- pendiotdarly to tiic cheek, and is assisted by No. 7. No. 5 enil)ars in like manner under the rear notch, assisted by No. 9. Heave. 300. No. 3 places a half block lengthwise under the cheek, its middle five inches in rear of the vertical riS MECHANICAL MAN;UVRKS. [PAUT II. To unlimber. 314. The instructor i-oimnaiKls : U.NLI.MHKR. No8. 3 and 4 chock the wheels. No. 3 unhooks the Insliini^-chain. All aii|)Iy thonisolvos as in liniliorine takt-n. 132 MECHANICAL MANlEUVRES. [I'ART II. Lesson XXII. A gun being on its carriage, to place a short roller under the reinforce. A howitzer bring on its carriage, to place a short roller under the reinforce. To remove the short roller. To insert hands]>i/(rs in the trunnion-holes. To remove the hatidspilies. 325. The implements necessarv are: 1 Shout koli.ku. <) WlIKKL-CIIOCKS. 2 ]{oLLER-CU0CK8. A gun being on its carriage, to place a short roller under the reinforce. ;{2(). Tlic ))iefc is eillier limbered or iinUiubered. 327. The iiistruetor commands: LoWKR TIIK CH.VSE. No. 2 inserts his liands|)ike in the bore, and is assisted to bear down by ]So. 1. Nos. 3 and 4 chock the wheels I'ront and rear; take off the cap-stjuares, and then j)repare to assist Nos. 1 and 2 by ajiplyin^ themselvcH to the handspike of No. 4, which is crossed uj)on the muzzle, both lacing to the rear. Nos. 5 and G embar between the cheeks and reinforce, as near the AllT. II.] I'RELIMINARY MAN(EUVRES. i'-i'-i trunnions as practicable. The <;nnner takes tlic hIioiI roller and a chock, and advances to the reinforce. IIeavk. 328. The chase is lowered. Nos. 1 and 2 thrust the handspike farther into the bore in proportion as the muzzle nears the ground, and tlien apply themselves to the handspike of No. 4. The «;unner inserts the short roller porpendicularly to the stock, its ends equi- distant from the cheeks, as far under the trunnions as it will go. and chocks it. Ease away. 329. The piece is carefuUj' rested on the roller. The gunner takes out the elevatin^-screw and places it in rear of his post, resting it upright upon its handles. To YOUR POSTS. 330. All resume their posts, No. 2 leaving his hand- spike in the bore. A howitzer being on its carriage, to place a short roller under the reinforce. Executed as prescribed for a gun in Xo. 326 and fol- lowing. The roller rests under the reinforce, at its junction with the recess. The gunner removes and returns the quoin. To remove the short roller. 331. The instructor commands : Lower the chase. No8. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and (j apply themselves as in No. 327. The gunner replaces the elevating-screw. l;)l .MKCIIANKAL M ANltt VUKS. [I'AUl' U. UkAVK. 332. The cliasc is lowered sufticicnlly to emiMo the t;unnor to remove the roller. Ease away. 333. The base-ring is carefully rested on the elevat- ing-screw. To YOUR POSTS. 334. No.s. 3 and 1 unchock the wheels, ami |iut on the ca]»-s and () run the hutts oi" their handspikes under the trun- nions, bevelled sides to the front, the ends resting against the rimbases. The trunnions are allowed to rest upon the butts of the handspikes. To YOUll I'OSTS. 337. .Ml ri'sunu' their ])08t8; Nos. o and •) leaving theii' handspikes in the I i-iinnion-hules. ART. II.] PRELIMINARY MAN(EUVRES. 135 To remove the handspikes. 338. The instructor commands : Raise the chase — Heave — Ease away. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 raise the chase, to enahle Nos. 5 and n to take out tlic liandspikcs, and then case tlie trunnions into tlioir holes. The instructor tlicn causes the short roller to be removed, as in No. 331 and following. 130 MECHANICAT, MAN(EUVRES. [PAUT II. Lesson XX III. To shift a gun from the trunnion-holes to its travelling bed. To shift (J gun from its travelling bed to the trunnion- holes. To shift a howitzer from thr trunnion-holes to its travel- ling bed. To shift a howitzer from its travelling bed to the trun- nion-holes. To ehange a limber when the gun or howitzer is on its travelling bed. To change the limber of a loaded mortar-wagon. Platks XXIV A.NP XXV 31}9. The neccssaiy iin])lemont8 arc: 1 Short uoi.lkr. 4 Blocks. 1 J1ai,k hi.ock. WhKK.J, CHOCKS. 1 TllACK-ROI'E. To shift a (/un from the trunnion-holes to its travelling bed. y4(J. The instructor having caused the j»icce to 1)0 limbered, commands : Place the short roller undkr the reinforce. ICxccutiMl as in No. '.\'H\ an61. The iinplcnieiits necessary are: 1 Short roller. 2 Half rollers. 14 Blocks. 4 Half blocks. Gun-chocks. w heel-chocks. 2 lioLLER-CHOCKS. 2 Skids. 1 t race-rope. To mount a gun upon its carriage. 362. The piece is on two blocks: one under the junrtion of the chase with the reinforce, the other un- 142 MFXHAMCAL MANiKT YKKS. [PAIIT II. ik-r the inidtllo of the reinforce; the caniaire limbered, cnp-squarcs removed, is in the proioii^:iti<»ii of the axis of the piece, tlic head of its elioeks two yards from the knob of the casoabK'. HGS. The instructor commaiMls: 1Ja1.sk THi; (1IA.>*K. No. 2 inserts the butt of liis haiids|iike. in the bore; chocks it above; and is assisted by No. 1. No. G ci-osses his hands|»ike under that of No. 2, close to the niuz/lc, and is assisted by Nos. o, it and 10. No. 8 crosses the hands])ike of No. 4 under that of No. 2, eighteen inches farther to the Iront, and is assisted by No. 7: All face toward the muzzle. Nos. 8 and 4, as- sisted by the gunner and chief of detachment, place the skids parallel to the axis of the piece, their middle opposite to the ti-unnions, and their inner faces one inch outside of the face of the trunnions. No. 4 stands ready with a half roller. Heave. 3G4. The chase is raised. No. 3 takes out the front block, and assists No. 4 to place the half roller under the junction of the chase with the reinforce, its ends resting I'cuially upon the skids; ihcy chock the ])iece on the half i-ollcr. LowKii TiiK ciiASK — 11eav>:. .'{('»'). Nos. (5 and H cross their handspikes alu)ve the handspike in the bore, and the chase is borne iece is allowed to mm forward until its trunnions are over the half roller. Nos. 3 and 4 chock the ])iece. The gunner takes ott" the roi)e. DUAW OLT TllK I'AUHIAdK. 373. Nos. 1 and 2 steady the piece, wliile Nos. 3 and 4 unchock the wheels. The gunner and Nos. 5, 6, 7, pmjitk ee /.' riminta (htn tifwn tf^ ( fifiimie Fkj 2 J^t^^ It JtJLFivih. :. ^fUfJU Jfninf Jf.^tf'.' irr/l' ( /hi r/rA. n.SC ART III] WITH THE HANDSPIKE. 145 8, 9 and 10 draw out tlie carriage. Nos. 3 and 4 build up the rear scaffold of i'onr Itlocks on each side, and ]ilace the other halt" roller on top of it, under the rein- force. Then, by altcrnatel_y raising and lowering tlio chase at the command of the instructor, the scaffold is low- ered, beginning with the half blocks, until the piece rests upon two blocks. 374. Before executing this manoeuvre on the plat- form, under the fire of the enemy, the embrasure should be closed with sand-bags. To mount a howitzer ypbn its carriage. To dismoujit the howitzer. Executed as for the gun. 14 140 MECHANICAL MAN(£UVRRS. [I'AUT II. Lesson XX \. To mount a hoicitzer as a fiehl-picce. To dismount the hoicitzer. 37;'). Tho implements necessary aiv : 5 Blocks. 2 Half blocks. 6 WnKKL-cnocKS. 1 Trace-ropk. 2 Trunnion-loops. To mount a hoicitzer as a field-piece. 37G. The carrin«os. 3 and 4 chock the wheels fi-ont and rear. The gunner attaclies one end of the roj)e to a maii(i'uvriiig-b(»lt. Nos. 1 and 2, 1) and 10, 7 and S, and ;') and <», aj)ply thcmsclvt's by han<, o and «» successively n-pair to the rope; they hold on well, and ease the muzzle upon the Idocks without a shock. The LCnnner, followini; uj) the movement, places the butt of his handspike under the rear nut of the elevatini;-box. Nos. 1 and 2 go to the assistance of No.s. 3 and 4 ; Nos. ;') and go to the stock and assist the gunner. Nos. 3 and 4 draw back the rear chocks twelve inches; run the carriage carefully back that distance; and chock. LOWKU TlIK trail. 3S1. All l»ut Nos. 8 and 4 go to the stock, and assist the gunner to lower it. lie gradually retires to the end of the trail, when he withdraws his handspike, and the trail is lowered to the ground. AUT. III.] WITH TIIK HANDSI'IKE. 149 Lesson XXVI. To mount a siege mortar upon its bed. To dismount the mortar. 382. Tlie implements necessary are : 1 Trace-ropk. 1 Hammer-wrench. To mount a siege mortar upon its bed. 383. The mortar being placed upon its muzzle, h\x inches in front of the bed, vent outward, as in No. 295 and following, the instructor commands : Mount the mortar. The gunner removes the bolts and cap-squares, and hands their parts to Nos. 1, 2, o and 4, who place them on the ground near the butts of their handspikes; makes a double-hitch with the middle part of the rope around the mortar close to the muzzle-band, the tie to the front, and passes the ends up over the trunnions to the rear, to Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Nos. 1 and 2 run their handspikes under the trunnions and rest the butt ends, bevelled sides up, upon the ground or platform. Heave and haul. 384. Nos. 1 and 2 acting at the trunnions, and Nos. 5, 0, 7, !^, 9 and lO with a steady inill on the rope, cant the mortar against the front of tlie bolster. Nos. 150 MECHANICAL MAN(EUVRES. [PART. 11. 1 and 2 shift the butts of their handspikes to the top of the bolster, inc-linini^ the small ends a little out- ward. Nos. 3 and 4, fai-ing to the front, insert ihoir handspikes between the front of the cheeks and mor- tar, in order to press its mu/,7,le outward and upwai'd. IIeAVK AM) HAUL. 385. All act steadily toi^ether ; Xos. 1 and 2 lifting at the truiinions. and Xos. 3 and 4 at the muzzle. As soon as the muzzle is sulticiently elevated to])ermitit, No. 4 ])asse8 quickly to the front and inserts his hand- spike in the bore. The men continuinj^ to haul upon the rojie, the muzzle is raised and the trunnions desceiKi to their j)laces. Xos. 1 and 2 then insert their hand- spikes in the bore, and the u;unner slijis the rope from tlie muzzle to their small ends. The men at the rope haul upon it until the mortar is nearly vertical. Xos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 brintj forward the bolts and cap-squares, and assist the gunner to ])lace them. This done, the men ease away upon the rope, and allow the mortar to rest upon the bolster. To disijwinit the mortar. 380. The instructor commands : DlSMOlNT TllK .MOKTAR. Nos. 1 and 2 place their handspikes in the bore. The gunner making a double-hitch with the middle of the ropo arouu mortar is upon its bed, wliich is ujx)!! the ^n-oundj the trail of tlie inortar-wa«f()n, its stakes and holster removed, is two yju'ds in roar of tlu' middle transom. .■)!•!. The instructor having caused a long roller to he placed under the bed, as in No. 304 and following, commandH: IJl N VV TMi; \VA< bearing down ujion the hands]»ikes of Nos. 1 and 2, inserted between the windlass and the rear cross-bar, being careful to diminish their efforts i^i pro- portion as the Hlock is raised. 154 MECnANirAI, MANCFAVRES. [i'ART II. Stow the m<»rtar. 304. Nos. 1 and 2 cast off the rojio from the wind- lass. Nos. 7 and 8 take it to tlio iVont, beiii^ assisted to haul upon it byNos. *J and 10. Nos. 1 anil 2 einhar under the rear manivuvring-bolts. Nos. 8 and 4 take the chocks from the roller. No.s. 5 and G stand ready with their hands])ikes to case the bed when it cants to the front. IIkavk ami maul. 395. The mortar is drawn forward until it cants. Nos. 3 and 4 give each a half block and wheel-chock to the gunner, wiio ]ilaces them as fulcrums on the rear of the wagon. Nos. 1, 2, 7 and S, by rejieated purchases, lower the bed upon the wagon. 396. If the mortar is to travel, the Itcd is tii-nily chocked. The blocks, rollers, hainlsjjikes, i-tc. are stowed on the wagon, and well lashed to their places. Jh'7narks. 307. Should the mortar take a diagonal direction upon the stock, .it can be gradually righted by giving a counter-diagonal direction to one of the rollers. When the lower roller reaches the nuts of the lunette-]>late, it is relieved by shifting the n])per roller. Nos. 3 and 4 are assisted in this oi)eration by Nos. 5 and (1. who eniliar under the rear of the cheeks. To dis7noun( t/tc mortar. 398. The instructor commands: Place a long roller — JIea\ i;. Nos. 3 and 4 tiirnish the gunner with two half blocks and 2 wheel-chocks, which he adjusts as ful- ART. III.] WITH THE HANDSPIKE. 155 crum.s on the roai* of the wagon ; they then chock tho wheels front and roar and stand read}' to place a long roller brought up by Nt). 4. Nos. 1, 2, 7 and 8 raise the bed, and tlie roller is run under it until its vertical diameter is in a line with the vertical diameter of tlie trunnions. Era THE WINDLASS — Heave. 809. Nos. 1 and 2, assisted by Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10, Avind the rope upon the roller of the windlass, and the gunner attaches its ends by an anchor-knot to the rear manoiuvring-bolts. The mortar is drawn to the rear until the cheeks touch the rear cross-bar plate. Nos. 7 and 8 embar, with the handspikes of Nos. 1 and 2, under the rear manoeuvring-bolts, to case the bed when it cants to the rear. Nos. 3 and 4 chock the roller front and rear. Nos. 1 and 2 secure the windlass bj^ allowing the hand- spike of the upper mortice to rest against the mortar. Unlimber. 400. Executed as in No. 314 and following. The stock is carefully" raised to free it from the pintle, and then lowered, without a shock, to the ground. Nos. 1 and 2 insert their handspikes between the windlass and the rear of the wagon, and are assisted by Nos. 7 and 8 to bear down upon them. Nos. 3 and 4 place the half blocks and quarter blocks at the end of the stock to receive the lower roller, and then unchock the roller. Ease away. • 401. Nos. 1 and 2 allow the rope to unwind. Nos. 5 and place their bands]»ikes as in mounting the niorlar. Nos. 3 and 4 shift the rollers until the mor- tar finally rests on one roller upon the half blocks. 156 .mkchanical man^ivres. [i'aut ii. Back thk wa(H)N 402. No8. 3 and 4 uiuhock the wheels. Xos, 1 ajid 2 and the gunner take off the rope. The wagon is run hack, as in No. 301. The h)ng rolkr is ihen removed, as in I^esson XX. The gunner rephices the bolster. :p±a3-f. ^7 'ni ^ ftf^ntmU. Charlfstttm J C Vl.M rz" ^S : y /;' BPnth : ^Jtrl, iece, itH trail on the ground, about two yards from the knob of the eancable. 158 MECHANICAL MANOiUVRES. [PART II. 405. Tho instructor commands : Kaisk the fiiASK — IIkavk. No. 2 inserts the butt of liis han(ls])ike in llie hore, and is assisted hy No. 1. No. G crosses his liandspikc nnder tliat of No. 2, near tlie muzzle, and is assisted by Nos. ;'). {) and 10. No. 8 crosses the handspike of No. 4 under tiwit of No. 2, eighteen inciies from the muzzle, and is assisted by No. 7. Nos. 3 anil 4 ]daco the skids ))aralK'l to the axis of the piece, their midille opposite to the trunnions. The chase is raised. No. 3 removes the front block, and assists No. 4 to place a long roller under the rein- force, just in front of the trunnions; they chock it front and rear. J.,()WKR THK CHASK — IIk.WK. 406. Tho men at the handspikes bear down tho chase. No. 3 removes the rear olock, and assists No. 4 to place the long roller under the reinforce, al)Out five inches in rear of the trunnions; tliey chock it in rear. Raisk tiik chase — He.we. 407. The men at the handspikes raise the chase. No. 4 removes tho front roller, and the muzzle is lowered to the ground. Run up tiii: wacon — Heave. 408. The wagon is run forward, as in No. 301, the stock under the breech, until the breech rests upon a long roller ])laced by Nos. 4 and 3 on the stock in rear of the lunette-plate bolts. Nos. 3. and 4 chock tho wheels front and rear. ART. III.] WITH THE HANDSPIKE. 159 Ria THE WINDLASS— Heave. 409. Nos. 1 and 2 c;o to the rear of the wat^on, and attach the middle of the rope to the windlass. The <:;unncr passes its ends over and under the trunnions, the standing part innermost, and ties them hy a right- knot on the top of the ]iiece ; lie then forms a loop of the ends of the rope, inserting in it the hands]iike of No. 4, in order to steady the pieee, and places the short roller on the ground under the chase. Nos. 1, 2, 7 and 8 heave upon the windlass, and Nos. and 10 press against the rope with the handspikes of Nos. 1 and 2, to prevent its turns spreading too much upon the roller. Nos. 3 and 4 attend to the long roller. Nos. 5 and follow the upper roller with the butts of their hands]>ikes, ready to chock it. The lower roller, on becoming disengaged, is re- moved by No. 4. When the breech is drawn against the breech-hurter, the windlass is secured by allowing the handspike in the upper mortice to rest against the knob of the cascable. Nos. 3 and 4 chock the roller front and rear. . Raise the stock on four blocks and a half BLOCK — Heave. 410. Nos. 3 and 4, assisted by Nos. 5 and 6, remove the skids, and form a scaifold of a block and a half block on each side in front of the muzzle, their inner ends even with the stock, and place upon it a half roller to serve as a fulcrum. Nos. 1 and 2 embar upon this half roller under the swell of the muzzle, inclining the small ends of their liandspikes outward, and are assisted by Nos. 7 and 0, and H and 10 respectivcl.y, Nos. 7 and 8 on the outside of the handspikes. Nos. 5 and () bear down uj)on the end of the stock with the butts of their handsj)ikes. The muzzle is raised. Nos. 3 and 4 remove the long roller. Nos. 5 and G embar under the trail por])en- dicularly to the stock, in order to assist the men at the inO MECnANICAL MANOEUVRES. [PAUT IT. niuzzle. Nos. 3 and 4 jilaco a scaltold of two blocks .Mini a liaW block under and j)i and 0, while Nos. 3 and 4 move forward the rear scaffold until it rests just Itehind the mancciivrinir- stajih's. |{y i^raduall}' raisin<; the fi->>nt scaffold. aixl rcjieatini; the purchases, tiie stock is i-aisc*, and 10 bear down the \h)\o. Nos. Ji and 4 remove the rear scaffold. No. 8 hooks the lashinir- ciiain. To YOUR POSTS. 412. Nos. 1 an and 4 unchock the wheels and put in the stakes. The implements are rej)lacetl, and all resume their posts. To (lisiiu)utd the (J tin. ■\]'l. TIk' iiisti-uctor commands : lll(i TIIK WIM»I, .\SS. Nos. H and 4 remove the stakes. Nos. 1 and 2 attach the I'ope b}' its middle to the windlass, and take as many turns (about five) around the roller as will allow the piece to descend. The <;unner passes the ends of the rope over and under I lie I run n ions, and 1 ies ART. III.] AVITTI THE ITANDSPIKE. 161 them by a ritjlit-knot on top of the piece, tlic standing part oftlie rojje beinii; innermost; he then forms a loop of the ends of the ro])e to receive a han(ls])ike lor steadyini;- the ])iece. No. 1 secures tlie windlass l)y inserting a iiandspike in the upper mortice, and allow- ing it to rest against the knob of the cascable. Unlimber. 414. No. 3 unhooks Ihc lashing-chain. Nos. 8 and 4 chock the wheels front and rear, and jilace a scaffold of four blocks under the stock close in rear of the ma- noeuvring-staples. The gunner and Nos. 7, ^, 9 and 10 go to the pole, and raise it sufficiently to enable No. 6 to insert the butt of his handsjiike between the fork and the stock in rear of the pintle. The pole is then borne down, and No. 4 jilaces a half block on toj) of the scaf- fold, when the pole is raised and the limber drawn out. Nos. o and 4 form a scafl'old of three blocks and a half block on each side. ]>arallel to the axis of the piece in front of the muzzle, and ])lacc the half roller on top of it. Nos. 1 and *2, assisted by Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10, embar upon the half roller under the end of the stock, and raise it. No. 4 removes the half block from tlie rear scaffold, and, assisted by No. 3, moves forward the scaffold under the bolster. By gradually lowering the front scaffold, and repeat- ing the purchases, the trail is lowered until it rests ujion one block. Tlie men at the handspikes then embar unrler the swell of the muzzle. No. 4 removes the block, and, assisted by No. 3, places a long roller under the reinforce just in front of the trunnions. Place the skids. 415. Nos. 3 and 4 remove the front scaffold, and place the skids, one on each side of the stock, and ]»arallel to its direction, their inner ends opposite to the bolster. 162 MKCIIANirAI. MANlKUVRF.S. [PAUT 11. Eask away. 410. No8. 1 and 2, assisted by Xos. 7 and S. allow the piece to desceiid, and Nos. :{ and 4 receive the chase on a loni; roller at a point ahoiit two teetin rear of the chase-rint:. The piece is lowered until it rests Ti])on this roller on the skids. Xos. 4 and -i |)lace the liair roller under the reinforce, about a foot in roar of the trunnions. Back tiik wauon. 417. Nos. '.) and 4 unchocU the wheels. Nos. 1 and 2 an tipi Fvans j- Cr^irrrm^/. fAxr&gHmJC PLAT^ .-<•/ 7MMT,tl /V»»*? f*>^riuii^^,' r ART. Ill] WITH THE HANDSPIKE. 163 To dismount the howitzer. Executed as for the gun. To unlimber and to place the long roller arc executed in the reverse manner to that prescribed in Nos. 419 and 420. Remark. 421. The gun can be placed ujion the mortar-wagon without using the windhvss, in tlic following manner: The wagon, unlimbercd, its stakes removed, is in the prolongation of the axis of the piece, its trail on the ground, about two yards from the knob of the cas- cable. Raise the gun as in Xo. 362 and following, until it is on a scaffold of one half block, three blocks, and a half block on each skid, and the half roller under the trunnions. Maintain the piece on this half roller, and run the wagon up until the side rails nearly touch the scaffold. ]?aise the stock of the wagon on a scaffold of four blocks, placed crosswise under it just in rear of the staples. Bear down on the muzzle, and place a long roller on the wagon just in rear of the front cross-bar plate. Raise the muzzle and remove the half rglk-r and the half l»locks from its scaffold, and place a second b)ng roller under the chase at its junction with the reinforce. Attach the rope to the knob of the cas- cable, and run the gun back to its place on the wagon. The rollers arc then removed, and the wagon lim- bered, as prescribed in No. 410 and following. It'll MECHANICAL MANOCUVRES. [PAUT II. Lkkson X XIX. To shift a gun from one carriage to another. To sliift a howitzer from one carriage to another. Pi. ATK XXXII. 422. Tlio implcnuMils necessary are: 8 SlKtKT RctLLKRS. G WnKKi-ciiorKs. G IJol.LKU-riKiCKS. 1 SllIFTI.\(i-PLANK. 1 'I'h.v(i:-1{i)Pi:. To shift a gun from one carriage to another. 42.'5. The piece is unliinltered; the spare carriai^o, liiiihered — cap-squares taken t>ll", and elevatinij-screw removed — is jihiced accurately in prolongation ol' tlio Ibrnier, two j-ards Irom its trail. 424. The instruetor havini; caused handspikes to bo inserted in the trunnion-holes, as in No. 335 and lol- lowinir, commands: Hack tmk cAituiAOK. Nos. 7, S, and 10, ai)i)l3' tliemselves t* (lie hind wheels of the sj)are carria-fc, and Nos. T) and ti a))ply themselves to ihe lore wheels. The •gunner directs the pole, and (he carria-^e is hacked, wheel against wheel, (o (ln' uidimhered eaiTJage. Nos. 3 and 4 trans- ART. III.] WITH THE IIANDSI'IKE. 165 for the rear chocks from the uiilimbored carriai^e to the front of the hind wheels of tlie limbered carriage. Place the plank and rollers, and attach the Hope — JIeave and haul. 425. The gunner places himself on the inside of the wheels between the two carriages, and lowers the rol- ler on the stock until it is in a position to sup])ort the plank, when he chocks it; runs the plank, which is handed him by No. G. under the chase as far as it will go, l)evelled side down; places a roller on the plank under the reinforce, as far forward as possible, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 depressing the muzzle for that purpose; at- taches the rope to the knol)of the cascable, and passes its ends to Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10; places a third rol- ler at the end of the plank on the stock of the spare carriage, with a roller-chock in front of it, near the 8crew-box; and then applies himself to the rope. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 i-aise the chase, and the piece is drawn back until its trunnions are over the chin-bolts of the sjiare carriage; they then depress the muzzle sufficiently to enable the gunner to return the third roller to the end of the plank. Nos. 7 and 8 take two turns with the rope around the manoeuvring-bolts. Draw our the carrtage. 426. Nos. 3 and 4 unchock the wliecls of the unlini- bercd carriage, and, assisted b}* Nos. 1 and 2, slightly raise the chase to enable the gunner to remove the roller which is under it. Nos. and 10, and 5 and <>, move the carriage forward about six inches, wlien tiie chase is lowered, the swell of the muzzle resting on the stock. Nos. and 10, assisted by Nos. 3 and 4, draw the car- riage slowly out, its trail Iwo yards fi-om tiie muzzle, tiie gunner :ii ili<- same time removing the plank ICG MKCllA.MCAL MANcEUVRES. [PART II. Slack off. 427. Nor. 7 and 8 slack off equally and oarofiilly upon tlio roj>o,and ease the trunnions into their holes. The nhort roller is thrn reinovol from under the reinforce, as in No. 381 and following. To shift a howitzer from one carriage to another. lO.Nocuted as for (ho ^un. liemark. 428. A piece may he shifted from one earria«;e to aiK'tlu'r hy jilaein^ it as prescrihed in No. .'!71 and fol- lo\vin«;. and then substituting the new carriage tor the old. J'J^TJ^ 3"? r/fi.Hnnji,, r'^M.Hri Evnnt K/'ce is drawn back until the trunnions are over the chin-l)olts. Nos. 7 and S take two turns of the rope around the nianceuvrinic-bolts. Nos. o an lift and push at tlic muzzle, and the piece is drawn back until the trunnions are over the chin-bolts, wlicn Nos. 7 and 8 take two turns of the rope around the nian(EUvring-bolts. Back the wauon — He.wk and haul. 437. Nos. 5 and 6 cnibar between the chase and cheeks in order to raise the muzzle, and the wagon is backed, wheel against wheel, with the carriage. Nos-. 3 and 4 chock its hind wheels in front; place a long roller on the rear part ot the wagon under the chase; chock it in front; and stand read^' to insert the othei' long roller. The gunner takes off the rope, and attaches it to the muzzle. Nos. 3 and 4 unchock the long roller, and place the chocks near the fi-ont cross- piece of the wagon. The piece is drawn forward until the breech is slightl}' in advance of the brcechdmrter. Remove the long rollers. 438. The gunner takes off the rope, and adjusts a fulcrum at the end of the stock of the wagon. Nos. 1 and 2, by bearing down the muzzle, enable Nos. 3 and 4 to remove one of the long rollers, leaving the other under the trunnions; they then embar under the muz- zle, and lower it into the bolster. Nos. 4 and 3 run out the remaining roller by the front. Draw out the carriage. Executed as in No. 426. To shift a hoivifzrrfrom the mortar-icagov to its carriage. To shift a howitzer from its carriage to the mortar-wagon. Both executed as for the gun. When the wagon and carriage are brought together, their hind wheels ovcrlaji each other, so as to i»ring the head of the stock as near as possible to to the rear of the wagon. i<; 170 MKCHAMCAI, MAMKl VKKS. [I'AKT 11. Lesson XXXI. To change or to (jrrasr a trhccl. To dismount a carriagr and its limber. To remount the carriage and its lijnber. To dismou7it the mortar-xcagon. To remount the tnortar-n-agon. I> I. A T K X X X I I I 439. The implcmcntH neccRsary are: Blocks. 2 Half hlocks. (> WllEKL-CIIOCKS. To change or to grease a wheel. 440. Tlie ]»icco may be cither limbered or unlim- bered. The spare wlieel is lying u)>oii the ixround, near llie wlieel to be ehangeil. •in. The iiistruetor coininamls : ClIANOK Tin; lUtillT III.NK WIlKKI,. Tin- jMtU' is moved to tlie h-lt, and No. 8 ehoeks tho hdl hind wlieel IVont and rear. The ^^iinner beiiiij fiir- nislied Ity Nos. .'5 and 4 eaeh with one block, one hali' block, and a wheel ehoek, lays the half blocks on liio gi'oimd, end to end, under the ri])ly themselves to it, lift it oft', and roll it out of the way; raise the spare wheel, apply themselves to it in the same manner, and lift it on. Remarks. 443. When the piece is unlinibcred, a wheel ma}' be changed by using the trail as a lever, in the following manner : To change the right icheel. No. 4 chocks the left wheel front and rear. No. 3 removes the linch-pin and washer. The trail is raised as in Iiml)ering, and the gunner places a jirop about thirty inches in length under the right cheek close in rear of the axle-tree. y>\ bearing down the trail, tiie right wheel is raised from the ground, when it may be changed or greased by Nos. 3 and 4. 444. In travelling, the wheels should be greased at least once in two days. To dismount a carriage and its limber. 445. The carriage is without its ])iece, and unlim- berc iipj^lv themselves l»y hand to the stock. The trail is raised. Tlie Ljuniu'r lays one hh)ek njion the j^roiind, K'ni^th- wise under the sloeic ; ]»hices the other hh)ek upriifht ujion it; and upon the ujiri^ht hloek a wlieel-ehut-k jierjK'ndicuiarl}- to the direction of the stock, and twenty inclies in rear of the axle-tree. In order to steady the carrini^c, Nos. 1 and '1, facini; to the rear, embar under the axle-treo and a<^ainst the clieeks, the butts of their handspikes on the ground. LoWKH Tin: THAir. A.M» TAKK <»FF TIIK WUKKLS. 44H. The trail bein<; borno down, the wheels are raised free from the i^round. Nos. :{ and o, and 4 and G, apiiiy themselves to the wheels. IIlCAVK. 449. Actin;^ to-^ether, they lift them hoth otV at the same time and let them fall outward uj)on the ground. irVISE Tin: TKAIh. 400. The trail is raiseil until the axle-tree rests unon the scaffolds which are under it. The gunner then lays two blocks, one on top of the other, under and j)erpendicular to the stock at the rear ends of the cheeks, and jilaces the whei'l-chock on them. ART. III.] WITH TIIK 11AN1)8PIKK. 173 Lower tiik -pcait,. 451. As the trail is lowered, Nos. 3 and 4 remove the bh^cks from under the axle-tree. Eaise the trail. 452. Nos. 1 and 2 ease the head of the cheeks upon the ground, and the gunner removes Ijis two blocks. Lower the trail. 453. The trail is lowered to the ground, and Nos. 3 and 4 replace the linch-pins and washers. To the limber. 454. Nos. 3 and 4 remove the linch-pins and washers from the limber-wheels. Nos. 1 and 2 run their hand- spikes between the sweep-bar and the axle-tree, and rest tlie butt ends upon the splinter-bar; they arc assisted to lift by Nos. 7 and 8. Nos. 3 and 5, and 4 and 6 apply themselves to the wheels. Heave. 455. Nos. 1, 2, 7 and 8 lift the limber, and at the same time Nos .3 and 5 and 4 and G lifl off ihe wheels and allow them to fall outward to the ground. The limber is lowered, and Nos. 3 and 4 replace the linch- pins and washers. To YOUR POSTS. 450. All resume their jiosts at the stock of the car- riage, and replace the implemente. 17 4 MKCHANICAL MAN i.imukr. Nor. H and 4 v.u-h furnish the jjunnt-r with a block ; remove the iinc-ii-pins and washers; and phiee chocks nearly in the jiosition which (hey will occupy when the wlieds are on. Nos. 1 and 2 stand ready to steady the carriai:;e hy emharriiiic inuier tlie iVont of the axle- tree. Nos. 0, 10, 7, 8, 5 and apjdy tliemsclvcs by hand to the stock. Eaisk tmk trail. •l.'tS. The trail is raised, and the <^unni'r forms a scaffold of his two blocks under and j)erpendicular to the stock at the ends of the cheeks, and places a chock upon it. Nos. 3 and 4 each take a block, and repair to the front of the axle-tree. Ji(»WKU TIIK TRAIL. 45U. The trail is horiu' down. Nos. 5 and (1 each ^ive a block lo Nos. '.i ami 4 respectively, and Nos. 3 and 4 lorm two scalU)lds of blocks uiuK-r the axU'-tree. HaISK TIIK TRAIL. 400. Nos. 5 and (I assist to raise the trail. The gun- ner shifts his two blocks; lays one upon the i^roiiml ; sets the other uj)ri^ht ujjon it; and upon the upriijht block ])laces the chock, twenty inches in rear of the axU'-tree. l.oWKR TIIK IKAIL ANU ITT O.N TIIK WIIKEL8. 4. and 4 and (> raise the wheels, and briiii:; tliem near the ends of the axle-tree. art. iii.] with the handspike. 175 Heave. 462. The Avhccls arc put on at tlio same moment. Nos. 3 and 4 tighten the chocks, and replace the linch- pins and washers. Lower the trail. 463. Nos. 1 and 2 em bar through the wheels under the cheeks. The gunner removes his blocks, and the trail is lowered to the ground. To THE limber. 464. Nos. 1 and 2 insert their hands])ike8 as in dis- mounting the limber, and are assisted to lift bj* Nos. 7 and 8. Nos. 3 and 4 remove the linch-pins and wash- ers, and, assisted by Nos. 5 and 6, raise the wheels. Heave. 465. All act together and the limber is raised, and the wheels put on at the same time. Nos. 3 and 4 replace the linch-pins and washers. To dismount the mortar-wagon. 466. The instructor commands: Dismount the wagon. Nos. 1 and 2 run their handspikes under the Avind- lass and over the axle-tree, and are assisted to lift b^' Nos. 7, X, and 10. Nos. 3 and 5, and 4 and 6, apply themselves to the wheels. Heave. 467. All act together, and the wheels are lifted off and allowed to fall outward, when the body of tho wagon is lowered to the ground. ]~*\ MECHANICAL MANfEUVRKS. [PART II. To remount the moriar-icagon. Tlio wapon is mounted in the inverse way to that prescribed for dismounting it. Remark. 4r»S. A carriage may he (iisnidimted or mounted by a single lilt, in the foliowiiii; numner : The gunner hiys a hhx-iv iimUTand perpendi«'uh»r to the stock, just in rear of the axle-tree. Xos. 1 and 2 ])as8 their liandspiiies uivder the a.xle-tree to Nos. 5 and G, and are assisted hy Nos. 7 and S, and ami 10. Nos. 8 and 4, assisteci b}' the chief of dotaclimont and gunner, take oft" or ]>ut on the wlieels. J'JU^TF, .t.-i JJ^JfJiu.'h. 7iirf.rlrl ^*v*njt£^^if*'^^^'"^^j^'^-'' i ART. III.] WITH THE HANDSPIKE. 17' Lesson XXXIl. To lower a barbette carriage from its chassis, the piece being mounted. To remount the barbette carriage upon its chassis. To grease the rollers of a barbette-carriage, the piece being mounted. To grease the forks of the traverse-toheels. Platr XXXIV. 469. The implements necessary arc : 3 Blocks. 2 Half blocks. 4 Wheel-chocks. 2 Planks, 15 feet long, bevelled at the ends. 1 Field limber, ammunition-box removed. To lower a barbette carriage from its chassis, the piece being mounted. 470. The piece in in battery, and tlic limber placed accurately in the prolongation of its axis, about six yards to the rear. 471. The instructor commands: Raise the trail. Nos 3 and 4 chf>r'k llio rollers, and jilafo car-li a wheelchor-k upon the rails, near the man«TPUvring-sta- 178 MKrilANIPAL MANOCUVRES. [PART II. pies, to servo as fnlfnimp. Nos. ;') aii«l oml>ar upon these eliocks under tlie 8ta]>les. No. 2 inserts his handspike in the hore, and is assisted {o Itear down hy No. 1. No. 4 stands ready with a block. IIkavk. 472. As tlie trail is raised. Nos. 4 aner])endicular to the chassis, about four inches in rear of the niiildle ti'ansom, and then jdace the planks i-esting on them, their inner edges against the rails of the chassis, and their front ends about four inches in front of the middle transom, bevelled sides up ART. III.] WITH THE HANDSPIKE. 179 Back the limber. 476. The gunner and Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10 back the limber up the ])lanks ; raise the pole to engage the pintle in the lunette; and then bear down upon the pole in order to raise the trail. No. 4 removes the block from under the trail. No. 3 keys the pintle. Run down the piece. 477. Nos. 3 and 4 unchock the wheels. All apply themselves by hand, as in No. 320, and run the piece carefully down the planks to the terreplein. To remount the barbette-carriage upon its chassis. 478. The rear of the chassis rests upon the traverse- circle, and the piece, limbered, is placed accurately in the prolongation of the tongue, about six yards to the rear. 479. The instructor commands: Place the planks. Nos. 3 and 4, assisted by Nos. 5 and 6, place the planks, as prescribed in No. 475. Back the piece. 480. Nos. 1 and 2 embar through the wheels near the tire, under the front mana-uvring-bolts. Nos. 3 and 4 embar in a similar way over the rear mana'U- vring-boits. Nos. 5 and 6 embar under the rear of the carriage-wheels. Nos. 7 and 8, and 9 and 10, apply themselves by hand to the limber-wheels. The gunner directs the pole 180 mkchamcal manceuvrks. (i'art ii. IIkavk. 4^1. The pieco is liackcd un the planks into battery. NoH. ;{ and 4 c-liOfU the wheels. iiAISK THK TRAII, — DrAW ()1;t TIIK I.IMHKR. 4H2. The /gunner and Xos. 7, H, and 10 bear down the pole, while Nos. 4 and 3 place a block uiuKt and ]»er]iendicu!ar to the transom and axle-tie. The polo is then raised to dison>;am' the pintle IVoni the lunetto, anil the limber and jtlanks are removed. Keplace the tka verse-wheels. 4S3. Nos. 8 and 4 stand read}' with the traverse- wheels. The men ajjply tliemselves to the rear of the chassis, as prescribed in No. 473. Heave. 484. As the chassis is raised, Nos. 3 and I put in the wheels. The gunner rejilaces the ]»ri>p. The block under the transom and axle-tie is removed by the means prescribed for plaein;^ it in No. 471 and lbllowin<^. Remark. 485. The iron parts of carriages which are Jiot lackered should always be ke])t well greased. To grease the rollers of a harlietle-earriuije, the piece being mounted. 4H0. The piece is run from batter}*, as in No. 102. Nos. 3 and 4 I'cmovi' the wlu-i'ls; ])lace two half blocks lengthwisi- on the rail of tlie chassis, one in front and the iitber in real- <»f tlu' roller to be greased; and M|)on them two wheel-ehooks to serve as fulcrums Nos. I TLAT'E .-?■* ^fOTt* k O^wif^./^htxT'h^^rmS ART. III.] WITH THE HANDSPIKK. 181 and 2 embar on these fulcrunis, under the front and rear manceuvring-bolts, and, assisted by Xos. 3 and 4, raise tlie roller from the rail. The gunner moves out the roller about six inches; greases the spindle; and pushes the roller back. Nos. 1 and 2 unbar. Nos. 3 and 4 put on the wheels. To grease the forks of the traverse-wheels. 487. Eaise the rear of the chassis, as prescribed in No. 473, and remove the nuts of the fork-bolts with a Avrench. 1^-* MECHANICAL MAN(EUVRES. [PAIIT 11. Lesson .\ X X 1 1 1 . To place the chassis for a 2-i-pdr. howitzer >. Two liaiidsjiiUos are j^issed across and uiulor the clia.'^sis. one in rear ol' the traverse-fork, the other two leet Irom the j)intle-hole. and lour men, one at each end of these handspikes, lift the eha.'^si.s, and carry it to its plaee. The men at tlie rear handspike raise tiiat end of the chassis. . Tiie gunner with the wrench takes off the three nuts which attach the fork and removes it, when the trail is lowered to the ground. ART. Til.] WITH THE HANDSPIKE. 183 To mount the howitzer. 490. The skids are laid in rear and in prolongation of the chassi.s, their outer edges in line with those of the chassis. The piece is rolled upon tiiese skids, its muzzle even Avith their front ends. A handspike is run into the bore, to which four men a])j)ly themselves, and the muzzle is raised; the half rollei- is then laid across the skids under the junction of the chase and reinforce. ]?}' alternatel}' liearing down and raising the muzzle, the piece is raised upon the half roller, on one block and one half block, laid across the skids; the half roller being placed three or four inches in front of the junction of the chase and reinforce. The cap-squares are removed, and the front of the carriage ])laced on the skids, as near the gun as con- venient, tlic trail resting on the ground. !Nos. 1 and 2 bear down on the handspike in the bore. No. passes his handspike under the cascable, and is assisted to lift by Xo. 5. The gunner and Nos. 3 and 4 run up the carriage until the trunnion-holes arc nearly- under the trunnions. Nos. 8 and 4 ])ut on the caji-squares. All then run the carriage forward until the head of the cheeks touch the hurter-bolts. To mount the carriage upon its chassis. 401 . The gunner bears down on the roller-handspike. Nos. 1 and 2. assisted by No. 5. lift at the handspike in the bore, and raise the front of the carriage. The others push the carriage forward until the rollers in the head of the cheeks ]>ass over Ihc countcr-hurters, and the guide on the front transom enters into the guide-space. The gunner boars down on the roller-handspike. No. 2 lays down the handsjiike. and all pusli the car- riage forward; No. witir a handspike at the trail assisting to pa«« it ovn<;. tour hv three inehes, the ends htvelled on opposite sides, with a niortiee on the lower side to receive the eounter- hurler, may l)e laid on the rear of the rails. The ear- riaite will roll on tliese over the coiniter-hurters.) No. then jiasses his handsj»ike across the hreech of the ])iece under the knob of the caseahlc. Nos. 5 and (t ]>lace themselves at each end of this handspike. Nos. ;{ and 4 take hold of the handles. Xos. 1 and 2 seize the rin o ••I §5 .2 S le r^ u eS — o •< — s, ° s o o < -* o 00 or o c rr • «: o IM i- CC --D 5£ t~ • StrcB (rt.Vl ..•■••••• ;^ CK M l~ 1- c c- '^. ; 1 K*"" ^^ ^^ : CC o o> oc O OO O i-H -^ 1 Of the whole -- - o • Leng fh c^ >o o !0 OO CC 00 O O O cj M 1- -r M « © Girt! [■•••■•••••■■» •^ ^ -. H« H* H« r»» «o -^ eo « W r-l ^ o ■s s o e c c- t^ b c -^ • o c c »^ CS s c c 9 D H w O c G e tc b c g £ -1 C C c " 1. *e A c c J2 ^ b e a c C a c b d 1- C e V. f- < '•z 188 MKCHANICAL MAN(EUVRE8. [PART II. The ]>n»loni;cs ahovo doscriltod arc tlioso used in the mechanical manefore luvaking. A ditter- once of quality in the hcni)) may iiroMA.Ti: rjs ^ ^ T^yPrT,- D 3 s c (1 J) 1 1 . '=fe (Ss -J? /* nsHmtl,. ?*ytrl>J,r Tym_-fl„^»,a(h„rTalTi^ 'f TiXjUTJS .TW /rarr'rsoT) &in/ f^m 9 h i \ 7 ^r"/ Br-(i^t^ \ \ 5 T'lxIleAj 7 \\ / / ■" / / ^^ 7 \\ // ^ ' w /reech ; raise the muzzle again, and bring forward the front block to the desired position. 192 MECHANICAL MAN4 MK.rHANirAI. MANO'.rVRKS. [I'AIIT II. 507. Apply tlu' head of llic jack imdor llic swell of tho muzzle, and raise it — the Itreicli resting on the bolster; reniove the rollers; lower the ])ieee to its travellini; position ; untie the rope; rejtlace the cap- squares; ami unchock the wheels. To shift a picce/rom its travelliiuj bed to the trvnttion-holrs. 508. Chock the wheels, and remove the cap-squares. TiOO. Apply the jack under the muzzle, and raise tho chase, placing two rollei's under the j»iece, one just in rear of the elevating-screw hox, the other midway between this and the triiimion-hoies; chock theluriner toward the muzzle, and hold the latter in jtlace until the piece bears upon it. olO. Attach the rope to the neck of the gun, and unchock the breech roller; haul uj)<)n the I'ope until the trunnions are over the chin-bolts ; jdace a chock uj»on the stock at such distance from the breech i-oiler as to allow the trunnions to come over tlu^ir position, and untie the rope. r>ll. A]i])ly till' luail (it the jack under the swell, inclining it toward the muzzle, and raise the chase so as t(j allow the trunnions to jiass over the chin-bolts; ])ush the piece forward until the trunnions are over the holes; chock the front roller; bear down on tho muzzle to remove the breech roller ; and lay a half block on the stock, in rcai- of ami against the box of the elevating-screw. 512. A]>])ly the jack under the muzzle, and raise tho chase to remove the chase roller; allow the piece to dcseend into the trunnion lutles by lowiring the jack. 5i;{. Hi-ar down on llie muzzle, and rcnunc the half Itlock from the stock ; replace the elevating-screw and cap-s<|uare8, and unchock the wheels. ART. IV.3 WITH THE LIFTINO-JACK. 195 Lksson XXXVI. To mount a sifge gun. To dismount the gun. To mount an ^-inch siege hoxcitzer. To dismount the hoxcitzer. To change, to grease, or to raise a ivheel. 514. The implements necessary are: 2 Half hollers. 16 Blocks. r» Half blocks. 4 Wheel-chocks. 2 Skids. / To mowxt a siege gun. 515. The piece is lyinc; upon two hlocks, one under the base-ring, the otlicr under the trunnions; and the carriage, unlimbered, is on a line with and in front of the piece, the trail about two yards from the muzzle. 510. Lay the skids parallel to the axis of the piece and two inches outside of the trunnions, their ends on a litie with the knob of the cascable. 517. Insert the small end of a handspike, bevelled side lip, in the liorc ; a]i])ly the jack under it, and raise the muzzle, placing a half roller under the trunnions. Lower the muzzle bj' bearing down upon the hand- spike in the bore, and place a half roller under the reinforce, near the base-ring. 196 MRCHANICAI. MANtEUVRKS. [part II. 518. Contimio (ho maixvuvrc Ity altornsitoly raising the niuzzK' witli tlio jack, apjilyirii; it as may \>v IouikI most convcMiifiit, and lowoi'in;^ it hy moans of llio lian(is])ikc in the horo, as follows : Jvaiso tlie niu/.zio, and aj>- j»ly the foot of the jack undor tlie swell of the muzzle — the lilting-block laid on edge. Lower the muzzle Kaiso the muzzle, the lift- ing-block laid flat upon the loot of the jack. Kaise the muzzle, the lifting- ing-block placed upright. Place a half block under eacli end of the front half roller. Place a block under each enlace the half block by a block. ART. IV.] WITH IIIK I,1FTIN(J-JACK. 101 Lower the muzzle Place a block. Eaise the muzzle, the jack and lifting-block as be- fore. Eai.se the muzzle; place two half blocks under the bed of the jack, and apply the head under the swell of the muzzle. Place a half block. Replace the half block by a block. 519. The gun now rests upon two scaffolds; the half roller of the rear scaffold, which is four blocks high, nearly under the base-ring; that of the front scaffold, of four blocks and a half block, under the trunnions. 520. Back the carriage, the trail passing between the scaffolds, until the rear of the cheeks touch the IVont half roller and the muzzle ))rojects beyond the head of the cheeks. Bear down •n the handspike in the muzzle, and place a half block under each end of the half roller on the rear scaffold. 521. Apply the head of the jack under the swell of the muzzle, and raise it sufficiently high to allow the chin-bolts to pass under the trunnions; remove the front scaffold, and back the carriage until the trun- nions are over the trunnion-holes. 522. Lower the jack, and let the trunnions descend upon the ends of two han«lspikes inserted in the trun- nion-holes; bear down on the nmzzle, and remove the half block from uiKicr the half roller. 52o. Apply the jafk under the muzzle, and raise it sufficiently to withdraw the bandsjiikes fi-om the trun- nion-holes, then lower the trunnions to their places. 524. Remove the l)locks and skids; rej)lacc the cap- -quares; and unchock the wheels. 198 MmiANICAL MANO:UVRKS. [I'AKT II. To dismount the gun. 52.'). The fjirriagc is unlimbered. 526. Chock the wheels; remove the cap-squares; la}' the skids ])arallcl to the axis of the jiiccc, two inches (njtsidc ol" the ti'uimions, the rear ends on u line wilii the kn(»h of the cascable; and ]»lacc on each Bkid a scatlbld of lour blocks and a half block, the middle of each a little in front of the basc-rini^. Insert the small end of a handspike in the boro ; l(»wcr the muzzle by bcarinj^ (l(»\vn on this handspike, and place a half roller on the blocks. 527. Haise the muzzle with the jack so as to allow the chin-bolts to j)ass under the trunnions; unchock the wheels, and run the carriage forward until the rear ends of the checks are eight inches in front of the ti'unnions; chock the wlieels. 52H. Place upon ?ach skid a scaffold of four blocks and a half block, the middle opposite to the trun- nions; la}- a half roller on ihe blocks; lower the muz- ;.le so as to allow the gun to rest upon the scaffold ; and run out (he carriage until the trail is two yards from tlu- muzzle. 520. Continue the maiuxMivre by alternately raising ami lowering the muzzle, as in mounting the piece — diniinisliing the scatlold each time by a half block (by ri'placing each block as it is rcmovetl by a half block), until the piece is lowcreil upon two blocks. h'( /lutrk. 5vi0. When the ])iece is on its jdatform, l)}- jilacing the. ri'ai* en. Lay the lifting-block on the head of the jack, which is raised on a block, and run up the screw until the piece is raised from the front half roller; take away the front scaffold; back the carriage until the trunnions are over their holes, and lower the screw until the trunnions settle in them; remove the rear scaffold, and put on the cap-squares. To disimovnt the howitzer. 537. The carriage is unlimbered. 538. Chock the wheels; remove the cap-squares; and lay the skiro- jectiiiix one foot lie^-ond the knol) (»t' llie caseuble. 580. IJiar (low II (he inuzzio so as to raise the breech siiflic'ieiilly hii^h to jilacc under it a scaffohl of five bh)ckM and a half n»ll«)r, and rest the neck of tlie cas- cable on the liall' roller. 540. Insert two hand.spikes in the l>ore, as prcscrihed in No. 585, and place the jack, supported on a hlock to give it sutticient heij^ht, under their ends. Raise the piece until the trunnions clear the chin-bolts; un- chock the wheels; hack the carriafje as close to the jack as possible, and chock the wheels. 541. Place a scatl'old of four blocks and the half i-oller under th6 trunnions, or as nearly so as the travcllin-^- bolts will jierinit, the front ends of the blocks op])0sito to the trunnions; lower the piece until it rests on the half roller; remove the jack, and run out the carria<^e. Lowci- the piece to tho ground as j)rcscribed for the gun. ]!('mtirk. 542. This inaniiMivre can be performed on the rec- tangle of the platform, as prescribed for the gun (No. 530;. To change, to (fveasc, or to raise a wheel. 548. Aj)ply the jack under the head of one of tho cheeks, or at the end of I he axle-tree. ART. IV.] THE OIN. 201 THE GIN 544. There arc three kinds of gins used in servicer tlie Field and Siege, the Garrison, and the Casemate, The last two differ from each other only in height; the first differs from the others in construction and size. Either of tliem may be used as shears, for garnishing with their guns such works as are without ramps. 19 202 MECHANICAL MANIKi.K <.IN Lesson XX XVII. Tn put the gin together. To reeve the fall. To carry the gin when put together. To raise the gin. To mox^e the gin when raised. To lower the gin. 64'.». The implements necessaiy are: 5 Handspikes. 1 Fall. 1 Slin(;. 1 LASIHNti-l.lNK. 1 IIammku-wkkncii. ti I'lECES OF I'LANK, with a .small hole in each Lo re- ceive the points of the gin. 7b ptit the gin together. 550. The diflbn-nt jiarts of tlu' ifin' having been brought to tiio plaeo designated, the instructor com- mands : Put tuf. gin Tring up the windlass. Mos. 3 and b bring the right log, and lay it with it^ outside nndor- ART. IV.] WITH THE SIEGE GIN. 205 neath, in its proper position with reference to the wind- lass. No8. 4 and 6 brinrng it around the middle brace. 552. If the gin has been raised, the instructor gives the same command, when the gunner, mounting upon the upper brace, receives from Nos. 1 lind 2 one end of the fall, which he passes over the left sheave from •without to within. The fall is then reeved in the manner prescribed. To carry the gin uhen put together. 553. The gin is lying upon the ground, its outside downward. 200 MKCIIAMCAl, MAN(i:i VRKS. [I'ART II. 554. The instructor commands : CaKIIV THK »iIN. Tlie gunner applies himself at tlu- lu-ad. Nos.5 and ft ajtply themselves at the ends of the upper braces. Xos. o and 4 !ipj)ly themselves at the ends of the mid- dle braces. >.os. 1 and 2 apply themselves at the ends of the lower liraces. 555. The instructor, iiaving indicated the direction, commands: MARCtC. The men lift the i^in togetlu'v. and march ort', keep- ing step. 55(». The haiidspiUcs, I'all and »ling may be carried cither on the gin or by the remaining men. To raise the cjin. 557. The instructor commands : RaISK TMK (IIN. The gunner apjilies himself at the head of the gin. Nos. 1. 2, o and 4 ajijiiy themselves near the uj)per brace. Nos. y ami (J lach jjlaco a foot ftgainst the lower ends of the legs to steady them. TIkavk. 558. The gin is raised. Nos. 5 and G take hold of the ])ry-j)ole as soon as there is no longer any danger of the legs slipping, and, b}' pulling down upon it, assist in raising the gin. ART. IV.] WITH THE SIEGE GIN. 207 To move the gin xohen raised. 550. The instructor wi.shing to move the gin a short distance, commands : Move the gin. Nos. 1 and 2 ]ihice each a handspike under the windlass from without, retaining the small ends; Nos. 3 and 4 seize the hutt ends. Xos. 5 and \citzer. To sling (V2. The implements necessary are: Handspikes. 1 Fall. 1 Slinc. 1 Lasiiinc-line. 1 Hammkii-wkench. 8 IMecks ok I'LANK. with n small iinlo in each to receive tlic points of the gin. To mount a gun. It is ininiaterial iipc»ii w liicii side of tlio ])ii'ce the legs of the gin are jtlaced, hut for uiiift)rmit y they are generally jdaced on the right. 5(i3. The gin heing j)laced with its ]»ullies directly over the trunnions, and the foot of the pry-])oie thirteen feet from the lower hraie, tiie instructor eommaniis: MolNT TllK J'U;cK. No. 1 puts a iiandsjiike in the hoi-e. No. 2 passes the eye or h)op end of the sling around the knob of the ART, IV.] WITH THE SIEGE OIN. 209 case-able ; ^«o. 1 passes the otlior end uiulcr the hand- spike in the bore and hands it to No. 2, who draw^s it through the loop and IJastcns it either b}' a knot or Avith tlie lashing-ropc. The gunner hooks the single pulley to the shng Just in rear of the trunnions, a!id fastens the loose end of the fall to the sling near the same place. Nos. 1 and 2 then go to their places at the windlass. The gunner applies himself to the handspike in the bore to steady the piece. Nos. 7 and 8 pass the running end of the fall from the outside under the windlass, and take three turns with it from right to left around the left of the windlass ; they then step back three paces, holding on by the running end or slack, No. 7 being nearest the windlass. Heave. 564. Nos. 1 and 2, or 8 and 4, according to the posi- tion of the windlass, place their handspikes in the upper mortices, and bear down until the ends of their handspikes are near the ground, the other two hand- spikes being inserted in the then upper mortices. No. 1 gives the command IIeavk, at Avhich the first two hands]»ikes are withdrawn and tossed to the inside of the gin, the small ends resting on the lower brace and against the legs. Nos. 1, 2. 3 and 4 bear down on the handspikes. Nos. 5 and in the meantime put the disengaged handspikes in the upper mortices. The operation is thus continued until the piece is raised to the required height ; No. 1 always giving the com- mand Hr.AVE. and Nos, ;"> and (J ])lacing the disengaged handspikes in the upper mortices. Secire the windlass. 565. The men at the handspikes secure the windlass by allowing the handspikes in the upper mortices to bear against the middle brace and legs. 21 M MKCHANK AI. MAXCELVRES. [pART 11. Kin ri' tiik carriaok. 5G0. All the men, except Nos. 7 and S. hrinix up the carriage as in No. 309, until the trunnion-holes are directly iiiulcr the trunnions. Slack off. 567. Nos 7 and 8 shick oft' the fall slowly; the gun- ner steadies the piece b}- means of the hands]>ike iu the bore; and the piece is lowered into its proper ]iosition. Nos. ?> and 4 put on the caji-squares. antl key them. Eemark. 508. If. from any circumstance, it is not convenient to sling the piece in tiie manner prescribed, it may be slung with a short piece of rope passed around each trunnion, and the ends iastened together on the top of the |>iece; or, the trunnion-rings may be ))ut on. Hook the ))ulle3' to this sling, or to the trunnion- rings; hear down with one or two men on the hand- sj)ike in the bore to balance the piece, and when it is raised sufticiently high, run the carriage under it, and ])lace a piece ot' handsjiike in the trunnion-holes, and a block on the stock (or on the rear transom in a case- ujnte carriage) to receive the breech. Lower the gun, the trunnions directl}' over the trunnion-holes, until the lower surface of the gun bears on the piece of handspike, llemove the sling from the trunnions, and run the carriage, with the gun on it, hack until the head of the cheeks are in rear of a perpendicular let full iVom the head of the gin. Pass the sling around the chase ; hook the pulley to it ; and woi'k the gin until the weight no longer bears on the piece of hand- •sjjike in the trunnion-holes ; remove this piece, and lowei- the trunnions to their places; bear down on the muzzle, and remove the block from under the breech. ART IV.] WITH THE SIEGE GIN. 2.11 To dismount a gun. 5(39. The ^in is placed in the same position with reference to the piece as described for mounting it. 570. The instructor commands: Dismount the piece. The piece is slunii;, the ca]i-squares taken off. and the running end of the fall passed around the wind- lass, in the same manner, and by the same men, as prescribed for mounting it. The commands IIkave, Secure the avindlass, Kun OUT THE carriage, and Slack off, are then given and executed in the manner already prescribed. Remark. 571. If the ground is not firm, ]>ieces of plank, pre- pared for this ]nirpose, must be ])laced under the legs and the pry-pole before raising the piece. To mount a howitzer. To dismount a howitzer. A howitzer is slung, mounted, and di.smounted, in the manner already prescribed for the gun. To sling a mortar mounted on its bed. 572. The sling* is passed under the front notches, then crossed over the top of the mortar and ])assed under the rear notches. The single pulley is hooked to the sling where it crosses tin; top of the mortar. The mortar is raised or lowered by the gin in the manner prescribed for the gun. * Made of 4i inch wJiitc rojic, 24 fpct long, with the cndu spliced together. -I- MKCMANICAL MANfKlVRK.S. [I'AKT II. - To sling a mortar vrithmit its bed. 573. The sling is passed around ihe trunnions. To shift thr full. .')74. As llic lurns'ifain (Mu-o llie r A S K M A T K ole until the men can get near enough toward the head to support it ; it is then lowered upon the piece or on the ground, as the case may be. Batchet-windtass. 581. A ratchet-windlass is now applied to gins, and the handspike is inserted in a box to which a pawl is attached. This pawl catches in the notches of the ratchet when tho hands])ike is borne down, and slides over them as it is raised. Another pawl is hung from the legs, which catches in the o])posilc nt)tches of the ratchet, and ])reveiits the windlass from turning back- \varIAN(KU VRF.S. [part II. M A N CE U N' 11 F. S \\- I T H T H K (J I N A S S H K A R « . Lf.sson XXXIX. To raise a piece over the crest of a parapet or edge of a wall. To lower a piece over the crest of a parapet or edge of a wall into the ditch. To raise a piece and pass it through a casemate evihrasure or any similar opening. To pass a piece through a casemate embrasure or any similar opening, and lower it into the ditch. 584. The implements necessarj'^ are: IIa-ndsimkes. 1 Fall. Or more if the height requires it. 1 TRUN.M(»N-sLiN(i. Strong rope, the ends knot- ted or spliced together. 1 Doi'RLK I'Roi.oNr.E. I'"'or the counter guy. 3 8iN(ii-E PR(,>L0NOES. Two for guys to the gin, and one for steadying the gun. 1 Trace-roi'E. 2 LASHIN(i-LINES. 1 8lN(iI,E PULLEY AM) FALL. Kxtra. 3 Mauls. G Stakes. 5* feet long, their heads banded with iron. 1 Collar. For the head of the gin. To raise a piece over the cret^t of a parapet or edge of a wall. 585. The lower brace ii* removed A piece of plank two and a half to three inohep thick, with holes to ART. IV.] .WITH THE UlN AS SHEARS. 217 receive the points, is placed under the gin. If the ground is not sufficiently firm, this may be placed upon two other pieces laid perpendicularly to it, and under the lioles made to receive the points. 586. The gin is l3'ing on the ground, its outside downward, the feet toward the ditch, and the head raised on a block placed under the right leg. The implements are placed twoj'ards from the head of the gin, the handspikes laid ])arallel to the braces. 587. The instructor commands : Equip the gin. The chief of detachment moves five paces from the head of the gin, and places himself in the prolongation' of its axis, when he marks a point for a stake at four paces to the right, and anotlicr at four paces to the left of his position. No. 5 ])laces a stake at the first, and No. 6 one at the second point. Nos. 7 and 8 take each a maul, and assist Nos. 5 and 6 to drive these stakes, giving them a considerable inclination from the gin ; they then drive two others, inclined as the first, two paces bej'ond them, in the direclion the gu3's will take when the gin is raised. (In practice, these dis- tances cannot be observed ; but the guys should be given as nearly this inclination as possible, and advan- tage taken of any permanent objects to attach them to.) No. 9, directed by the chief of detachment, places himself in prolongation of the axis of the gin, facing toward it, and about fifteen paces from the foot of the wall, and there places a stake; assisted by No. 10, he dfives this stake, inclining it from the gin, and then drives a second stake, inclined as the fii'St, two paces beyond it. The chief of detachment and Nos. 1 and 2 reeve the fail, etc., as prescribed in No. 551 ; attach the single prolonges to the collar, and pass their ends to Nos. 5 and 6, who stretch them in the direction of their 20 -\^ MECHANICAL MAXCEUVRES. ^ [PART II. PtakCB ; attacli the double proloiifjo to the oj>posite side <»f the colhir; pass tlie end (into the diteli) to Nos. 9 aixl 10, and tlien place the collar on the head of the gin so as to allow each gin* to take its ])roper direction. JRaise the gin. 588. The chief of detachment and Nos. 1. 2. 3, 4, 7 and 8 raise the gin — Nos. 5 and (J slacking up their gu3-s, and Nos. and 10 assisting by hauling on Ihe counter gu}* — and place it about two paces from the crest. Nos. o and (5 take each a turn of his guy around the first stakes, and slack or tighten it as directed by the chief of detachment. The gin being raised until its head is slightly inclined toward the ditch, the guys arc fastened to the second stakes by a double-hitch, and the counter guy is at- tached to its stakes in a similar manner. Sling the piece. 589. Nos. 9 and 10 pass the trunnion-sling over the trunnions. Nos. 1 and 2 overhaul the fall, and lower the ]nillc3- into the ditch. Nos. 9 and 10 jiass the hook of the ])ulley through the bight of the sling, and attach a single ]y.'olonge to the sling to serve as a guy to guide or steady the gun while being raised. Raise the piece. This is done as prescribed in No. 563. 590. To tighten the lowts (tnd stretch the ropes, the instructor will cause the weight to be partly raised and llu-n lowered; and, without altering tiie ropes, ho will have the feet of the gin moved forward to within twcnty-tive inches of the crest of the ])arapet or vdtro of tlie" wall. 591. The inclination of the gin. measured from the middle of the line joining the feet to u perpendicular ART. n'.] WITH THE OIN AS SHEARS. 219 let A\ll from its liearl, should not exceed twenty-five inches; the he.'ivier the weic;ht the greater the neces- sity for not allowinir this inclination to be exceeded. 592. When the gin is placed in its new position, ■work the windlass and raise the piece; Nos. 5 and G observing their stakes and giving notice if anything becomes deranged. After the weight bears fairly upon the stakes, Nos. 5 and 6 may be emploj^ed in other duties if required. 593. When the trunnions are about one foot above the crest, the instructor commands : Halt — Bring in thk meck. The men cease heaving at the windlass, and secure it by letting the upper handspikes bear on the legs. The chief of detachment mounts on the second brace; receives from No. 4 a single pulley, whicli he hooks to the third brace near the left leg, the point of the hook turned from the ditch ; doubles (with the casemate or garrison gin) tlic end of a I'ope, which he attaches by a timber-hitch to the left leg (when the muzzle is turned toward the left, and vice versa) as high lyi as he can conveniently reach while standing on the second brace, and passes the hook of the single pulley through the bight; and receives from No. 2 the end of a fall, which he ]>asses thiough the pulley. Xo. 4 overhauls the end of the fall toward the ditch, and attaches it to the neck of the piece by a timber- hitch on t1ie top of the guji. The muzzle is su]iposed to be toward the left leg; if it is reversed, the duties here jircscribed lor the even numbers will then be pci-formcd by the odd numbers. The chief of detachment descends and takes a hand- spike. No. 8 attaches a lashing-rojie to the knob of (he cascablo b^• a doublo-hitrh, and pn-^scs tlw end 220 MECHANICAL MANOJl'VRES [I'AHT II. nnrlcr tlio winHlMss, hotwoon the logs. Nos. 8 and 4 liaiil on tliis r<))i«'. Nos. 1 and 2 :iii(l tho diiofof dotncliMwiit. witli their handspiki's. and Nos. 8 anlanks on oaeh side (d'lhe jiiece, at a suitahle distance to receive rollers. Tiie chief crr a piece over thr crrst of a parapet or edge of a wall into the ditch. 5U7. The piece is passed under tlie windlass of the gin on tlio rollers, the muzzle toward the ditch, and is pushed forward until the trunnions arc^ nearly- over the crest, Avhen the gin is equipped, and the piece slung, as prescribed in No. 589. 598. The windlass is worked, and when the trun- nions are about a foot above the crest the instructor commands : Halt — Pass the piece. The men cease heaving, and leave the handspikes in the upper mortices, bearing against the legs. The chief of detachmcift takes a handspike. Xo. o attaches a rope to the knob of the cascable, passes it under the windlass between the legs, and carries it to the right of the gin. Nos. 3 and 4 haul on this rope. The chief of detachment and Nos. 1 and 'J. with their handspikes, and iSos. 8 and 4 at the rope, assisted, it necessary', by the spare men, pass the piece between the legs and place it parallel to the windlass, the breech to the right. No. 3 unties the rope from the cascable ; fastens a prolonge to the trunnion-sling; and throws the end to the men in the ditch. Lower the piece — Ease away. 599. Nos. 7 and 8 slack off the fall slowly, and the piece is allowed to descend into the ditch. To raise a piece and pans it through a casemate embra- sure or any similar opening. 600. The additional implements necessary are : 4 Handspikes. ) t *u * 2 Rollers. j ^^ ^^^ casemate. 1 GuN-SLiNo. (Or a piece of fall, about three times the length of the gun.) In the ditch. •J22 MKCHAMCAL MANffiUVBES. [PART II. Besides the usual dctnchmont for working the j;in, four additional men are n]) with a right-knot. (These knots may be made with a bow. or a tool handle may be inserted in tlicm. so that tlu-y can be eiusily untied.) \ ju-olonge is fastened around the trunnions to serve as a guy to steady the piece while raising it. The gin is worked as previously pr.-<<(i mikI ilio piece raised breech foremost. ^ [I'ART II. MANffiUVKES WITH THK SI, INorAHT Lesson X L. To sling a sicrje gun, Itnu-ifzer, or mortar. To lower a siege gun, hou-it::(r, or mortar, to the ground. To .ut in an inverse majincr to that Just prescribccl. Now. 1 and 2 l)ear the end of the ]iole to the ground. The chief of dctaehmt-nt unhooks the cascable chain. Nos. 1 and 2 allow the j)olc to rise genii}- until it is nearly vertical If the pieoo doee not then rest ujwn 228 MECHANICAL MAN'(EUVRES. [PART II. the ground, it is blocked up and unslung; when, by repeating the inana'uvre, ii may l>e lowered to the ground. Alter the ])iece has been unslung, Nos. 8 and 4 case the pole down carefully, by means of the ])rolonge. until Nos. 1 and 2 can reach it with their hands; tlie latter then assist them in casing it down. To sling a sea-coast hoicitzer or cohnnUind. To sling a lO-inch columbiad. Executed as prescribed for a siege piece in No. G12 and following. To sling a siege mortar, mounted on its bed. The instructor gives the same commands, and the duties are ])erfornied by the same numbers, as pre- scribed for a siege piece in No. G12 and following. <»1(). The sling-cart is backed over the mortar — the pole being in the direction of the breech, and the axle directly over the trunnions. If the bed is resting on the gi-ouud, it may be slung by first raising the j^ole nearly vertical, passing the sling-chain around the front niaiueuvring-holts, hook- ing it over the axle-hooks, and hauling upon the pro- ion ge. • It is then blocked up, and the sling taken otf the bolts and ])assed under the bed just in front of the cap-square bolts; this brings the sling a little in front of the centre of gravity of the mortar and bed. The pole being now horizontal, Nos. 1 and 2 bear down upon it until the end rests upon the ground. Nos. 8 and 4 remove the blocks. The chief of detach- ment jiasses the other sling-chain around the rear nianceuvring-bolts and over the pole, and then hooks it in such a manner that the bed will be level when Nos. 1 and 2 raise the j)ole until it rests on the pole-proj). The bed is thus raised about eight inches from the ground. ART. TV.] WITH THE SLINO-CART. 229 Ifncces.sary. it may be blocked u]), and raised higher by a similar maiKx?uvre. HI . . The breech should always nlightly preponderate in order to prevent the pole from flyini;- up. To sling a sea-coast mortar. 618. tSea-coast mortars and their beds must be slung separately. 619. The mortar is raised by passing the sling-ehain through the clevis, over the axle, and hooking it around the pole at its junction with the axle, the pole having been previously raised for this purpose. The bed is I'aised and slung in a similar manner to that already prescribed for the siege mortar on its bod. To transport a siege piece short distances by a limber. 620. The piece is raised upon two blocks, one under the breech, the other under the muzzle, when a chain is passed around the piece just in front of the reinforce, or about six inches in front of the trunnions. The limber, its pole being in the direction of the breech, is run over the piece until the pintle is over the chain, when the pole is slightly raised, and the chain passed over the pintle and fastened. The pole is borne to the ground, the front block removed, and a rope fastened over the pole and around the knob of the cascable. The pole is then raised, and the rear block removed. 621. If the chain is passed around the piece any nearer to the trunnions than prescribed, the pole will have too great a tendency to fly up. To raise a piece upon one or more blocks by a limber. 622. The trunnion-loops, or an ordinary . Two han and 10, and the chief of detach- ment, run tlie truck under tlio chassis near tlie men, and turn it so that its a.xis may ho in the same vertical plane with that of thu chassis, the end of the trucl^ ART. IV.] WITH THE CASEMATE TRUCK. 233 from which the wheel has been removed being on the ground toward the rear of the chassis. 630. The men at the handspikes lift, and the truck is run to the rear, until the centre of the wheels are four and one-half to five feet from the centre of the rear transom, and the chassis is balanced on the truck. Nos. 1 and 2 su|)])ort and direct tlio front of the chas- sis, and the gunner and ^'os. and 10 its rear. Nos. 3, 4, 7 and !^ take bricoles and hook into the rings. Nos. 5 and G carry a handspike on each side opposite to the wheels, to work at the bolls when it is neces- sary to overcome any obstacle. All move the chassis to its embrasure, the tongue near the tongue-hole. To lower the chassis to the ground. 631. Two blocks are placed lengthwise under each rail, and a half block crosswise on the top of them, near -the middle of the chassis, and near the truck. The rear of the chassis is raised. Nos. 1 and 2 bear down on the front of the tongue. The gunner and Nos. 8 and 9 take out the truck, and lower the chassis on the blocks, 632. The men move to the front of the chassis and raise it. Nos. 9 and 10 remove the blocks. The gun- ner places a long roller under the front transom. If the pavement is uneven, the long roller should be placed on two boards. 633. The men move to the rear of the chassis. Nos. 1 and 2 embar with their handspikes under the rear transom, to raise the rear traverse-wheels from the pavement. All push the chassis forward. The gun- ner sees that the tongue goes fairly into its opening. 634. If the roller runs out before the chassis is placed, the gunner calls the handspike men to the 234 MECHANICAL MAN(EUVRES. [PART II. from transom, raises it, and ro]ilaces the roller. When the traverse-wheels are on their circK*. he puts in the pintle. To remove the chassis from the casemate. (Wo. The ])intle is taken out. With'two handspikes passed under the front transom, the front of the ehas- sis is raised, and the lonj; rojler placed under the rails. The rear of the chassis is raised; the tonjjue run out of the tonlacetl upon the truck as prescribed in No. (529 and following. Remark. 036. To prevent injury to the pavement, planks should be laid under the wheels of the truck. To place a gun-carriage on the truck. 037. The gun-carriago is on tlie ground, standing on the head of its cheeks; the truck near it witli its front wheel and tongue removed. 038. The truck is run up, the end on' the ground un- der the guides, and its wheels chocked ; the trail of the carriage is lowered upon it. The trail is borne down, and tlic head of the carriage raised sudiciently higii for the gunner and assistants to rejilace the truck-wheels and tongue. Nos. 1 and 2 appl}' themselves at the tongue. The others ap])ly themselves as ])rescribed in Xo. ()30. The carriage is then moved on the truck to its place. To lower the gun-carriage to the ground. 639. The front wheel of tlu' truck is removed, and its front transom rested on the ground. The carriage is then raised on the head of its cheeks. ART. IV.] WITH THE CASEMATE TRUCK. 235 To shift the guji-carriage from the truck to its chassis. 640. Tlie front of tlio truck is placed at riglit angles, or nearly so, to the chassis, and as near to the front transom as possible. The front wheel is removed, and the front transom of the truck rested on the rail of the chassis, when the wheels are chocked. The carriage is turned uj) on the head of its cheeks, as near the front transom of the chassis as it can be placed, and slewed until its axis is on a line with that of the chassis. The trail is then lowered to its place. To shift the gun-carriage from its chassis to the truck. C)41. The gun-carriage is turned u]i on the head of its cheeks, and slewed so as to have the guides turned toward the truck, wliich is placed as prescribed in No. 640. The trail is then lowered upon the truck; the wheel replaced J and the carriage moved off. 28U MECHANICAL MANtEUVRES. [part II. Lesson XLII. To place a heavy gun on the truck. To remove a heavy (jun from the truck and place it on two blocks. To place a heavy gun on the truck by a gin. 642. Tlie implements necessary are : 1 Lifting-jack. 2 Half rollers. 8 Blocks. 4 Half blocks. 4 (rUN-CHOCKS. 4 Wheel-ciiocks. 2 Skids. To place a heavy gun on the truck. 043. The gun is on two blocks. 644. The skids are laid as prescribed in No. 510; then, by means of handspikes, or the lifting-jaek, the gun is raised on a half roller under the trunnions; the half roller resting on one block on each skid. The muzzle is borne down, and two blocks jilaced on the ground lengthwise, side by side, their middle under the base-i-ing, and two others crosswise upon them; thus f(n"ming a scaffold of three blocks high for the base-ring to rest on. The muzzle is raised with the lifting-jack; the truck, with the wheel and tongue out, passed under the gun ; the front of the truck (which now rests on the ground) ART. IV.] WITH THE CASEMATE TRUCK. 237 under the breech, the trunnions of the gun nearly over tlie middle transom, and between it and the wheels of the truck. The wheels are then chocked ; the gun lowered upon the truck; and the jack removed. The muzzle is borne down — the gun pressing on the rear transom of the truck will raise the front part under the breech — the wheel and tongue inserted, and the gun moved to its place. To remove a heavy gun from the truck and place it on two blocks. 645. The muzzle is borne down and the truck-wheel and tongue removed. The blocks are ]ilaced under the breech, as for mounting; the muzzle raised with the jack ; and the truck removed. The skids, blocks, and half roller are placed, and the piece lowered on two blocks. (See No. 64-i.) 646. In mounting guns in a casemate gallery, the carriage farthest from the door of entrance is to be placed tirst, and its gun put in position, before the next gun and carriage is brought in. To place a heavy gun on the truck by a gin. 647. The gun is raised by means of the gin, and the truck run under it. The gun is then lowered to its place ; the trunnions just over the front of the middle transom. SAH MECHANICAL MANOJUVRKS. fPART 11. Lesson XLIl 1. 7o mount a gun. To dismount a gun. 648. The implements necessary arc the same as pre- scribed in No. 027. with the addition of :i eusenuito 9 Lesson XIjIV. To remove or to grease the truck-wheels when the gun is mounted. 652. The implements necessary are : 1 Man(EUVRing-iiandspike. Siege. 1 Wheel-chock. Siege. 653. The gun-carriage is run from batter^'. Nos. 3 and 4 remove the liucli-pins. Nos. 1 and 2 place the chock on the rail close to the front of the axle-tree, and cmbar with the handspike, on the chock as a ful- crum, under the understrap of-the side of the carriage to be raised. Nos. 3 and 4 remove the truck-wheel. The gunner greases it as well as the spindle. Nos. 3 and 4 replace the wheel. Remarks. 654. The traverse-wheels cannot be greased when the gun is mounted, 655. When necessary, the piece should be dis- mounted, the gun-carriage removed, and the chas-sis withdrawn and turned over; the caps of the journal- boxes taken off, and the axles greased and replaced'. 656. The truck and travcrso-wheols should be greased before mounting, with hog's lard or a mixture Of fitih- oil and tallow 240 MECOAKTCAL MANeing used. 65H. A wrench should be provided for each lialtery, and the nuts always tightened before the carriage is used. i I PART III. M I S C E L L A X E O U S . A K T 1 C L E 1 . To embark and disembark artillery and ordnance stores. 059. When artillery and its stores arc to be shipped for an expedition, prepare fir.st a list of all the articles, statin*:; their number, individual weight, and the total weight of each kind. 660. In estimating the weights, allow double for that of bulky articles, which occupy much space with- out weighing much. 661. Divide the total quantity to be transported among the vessels, and make statements in duplicate of the articles on board each vessel ; one of which lists should go with the vessel, and the other remain with the officer shipping the stores. 662. The articles must be divided among the vessels according to the circumstances of the case ; but as a general rule place in each vessel everything necessary for the service required at the moment of disenibarka- 22 24 J MIKCKLLANFOUS. [I'AltT III. tion, so (hat \\\vrc will l>o no inconvenience should other vessels he (lehi\«'hould be laden solely with such powder and ammuni- tion as ma}- not l>e required for the immediate service of the pieces. 673. If it is necessary to reship, or leave any arti- cles on board the vessels, care should be taken to note them on the list. 674. Boats of ]iroper capacity must be provided for 244 MISCELLANEOUS. [PAUT 111. tlie disembarkation, according to the circumstances in each case. 675. It maj' be necessary to establish temporary wharves on trestles, and to erect shears, cnincs, or derricks. 676. On a smooth sandy beach, heavy pieces, etc., may be landed b^- i-ollin«]f them overbuard as soon as the boats ground, and hauling them up with sling- carts. ART. II.] TABLES. 245 ARTICLE 11. Tables of Dimensions and Weights of Guns, Car- riages, Shot, Shells, Machines and Implements; OF Charges for Shells; of Ranges for Heavy Ordnance, etc. L'lO MISCELLANKOUS. [part 111. (577. Principal dimensions and weights of gu7is. M e CO C4 ^ M a» o o . «D »- •* eo »-e>aos ^ oo « la to o» o M 1 _• . . . . . . . « .... oes i — <-!" e»5MaceDoo>o««„e-it^— '.^-TM _r 1 ©MO»^ oO.»T — t- -.C * * »-^ ^^1-^ *-* ^" •E •o o a cc to oi~w i. ti tnus «o bo 00 -• " a> es •O ^ O M ^ (N _0^^^_ « -* 1 a es 9 f-l r< ^ r- e^ -^ to o» X N o» o •« O . IX. r- .O W »- O -^ QO O 0» C^ to •<* _• . . . . • o • . t-e4 e^ O r-l ^ M rt — 2^ r> N -< to "* 1 1 in 00 o o . -t^tct- MC^I~ •M-»'l~-»< to OtOl N M .»* ^ M < tc 1^ tc -* ..-5 — i^ e-i • e-i ?i o to to oo ^^ 1 a d o o a to -H in o o ^ »^ M •.* e^ >* "O « to -* 1 CO M ■» .^ "* •C t~ O O t~ OS (M Of. •« cc -r e-i «~ «c = <* ^ ,- „ ^ M ^ ^ ■<«> M C^l 1- '"''"'•"' " ■ ; ^ X •O 'J d _c c ■^ t^ ;: 3 s k. c = o ^ o ^ N B3 u & o a <5 S U » a o c sc < U be c<_^ s o «.S •E C-- X ea c I in diam f base-r e piece . he base- lie swell hese sen Ofll t, . . . . J.s l.i Z c "o o ouo^ — w— -ruca-^ucx ^ f the boi f the bor rtmi rear i);,Mh of t meter of meter of between infrle of i from rea of the b between of the t f the tru from axi o ^ : o u I 'Si*'5~'2 5-'y'?''2 2*'oci5c J2 5 « = acpjc3Ba»i-2!od'>ie8B» .SPe. s « — t. ii a a T^ sj rj — ~ — — — — 4> — ,,^ u (= f- H- h: ^ K V. e >? fi C c fi tJ fi fS &, 1 ART. II.] TABLES. 247 678. Principal dimensions and weights of columbiads and howitzers. St CD I ^ n 53 CO ^ M >-l ■« CO « 1— I lo to ■^ in ei C) .— -o o o 1— lO ; oc c c<> ;c — c; '7 "^ ?5 ": ^ ci — C-. o r^ ^ i SJ 'fa •- c « ~ _c ~ — C a ~ o = o _ _ & - I. 1. * '- e! o C - i^ or. Gj r; «j ft 1; "S a :-^ I = i i"^ S"^ w' = c = ~ =:2 t 3 - s = « u = s-f ■ e b€ S = CcSCCjBEHr I, -J jj .^ 5, e ^ g, ._ _ . _ .^ . _ „ .^ . _ U I 248 MISCELLANEOUS. [PART III. G70. Principal dimensions and weights of 7nortars. Heavy. 13-in. lO-in. Diameter of the bore True windage Length of the bore, exclusive of the chamber Length of the bore, exclusive of the chamber, in diameters Superior diameter of the chamber (at the bottom of the shell Inferior diameter of the chamber Length of tiic chamber M'hole length of the mortar Distance from face of muzzle to front of trunnions Distance between the rimbascs Length of the trunnions Diameter of the trunnions Tn. 13 .13 Weight 11,500 5,775 1,852 13 53 41 36 8. 12 1,1. 10 .13 25 2.5 7.15 5.64 10 46 37 27.5 6.5 9 Light. lO-in. Lbs. Lis. In. 10 .13 15 1.5 7.6 5 5 28 20 20.5 5 Lbs. Lbs. In. 8 • 12 12 1.5 6.08 4 4 22.5 16.5 16.25 4 930 680. Dimensions and weights of shot. 13-in. 12-in. 10-in. 8-in. 42 In. 32 24 In. 18 In. 12 /». In. In. //.. In. Diameter 12.87 11.87 9.87 7.88 6.84 6.25 5.68 5.17 4.52 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Weight 294 231 128 65 42.7 32.6 24.4 18.6 12.3 ART. 11.] TABLES. 249 G81. Dimensions and rreighfs of shells. 1— I 0> OS OC M o> to 00 lo lO o ci CO o> o> CO ro s> CO O O »0 lO Ci M O C: « o> CO to rH ri .-^ ' ' NMC^— 'Ni-trlh- .5 g £ 250 MISCELLANEOUS. [PART III. 682. Dimejisions and weights qf^spheriral-case shot. Diameter Thickness of [ True metal at J. Greatest the ."{(le."! ( I/CBst Thi<-knes.« of inctiil iit fuze-hole., Railiu.s of reinforce at fu/.e-hole. . Diameter of f E.vterior fuze-hole. \ Interior Mean weight 8-in. 43 32 * 1 24 /„. In. In. 1 J... 1 7.88 6.84 6.25 5.68 .7 .65 .60 .55 .725 .675 .625 .575 ' .fi75 .625 .575 .525 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 .S 2.75 2.5 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 .9 .96 .975 .975 .735 Lb». .Lbn. Lb8. Lbn. 30 20.32 16 11.86 /n. 5.17 .5 .525 .475 1.1 2.1 .9 .735 Lb». 8.7 The thickness of metal at the fuze-liole is supposed to be measured in the axis of the fuze-hole between the spherical surfaces of the shell and tlie reinforce. The luze-holes of shell and s])herical-case shot taper .15 in. to one inch. 68.S. Weights of carcasses. *- weight 13-Jn. 10-in. S-in. 42 32 24 Lbn. 16 18 Lb». 12.5 12 Mean Us. 194 Lbn. 86 Lbs. 43 Lbs. 30 Lb». 21.60 Lb: 8 Carcasses are shells havincj three additional holes of the saint' . ^ Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Weight of stand complete. 74.5 51.25 39.75 30.61 22.15 14.84 A stand of grajK' c(jiisisls of nine shot, put to<>:ether by means of two cast-iron plates, two rings, and one pin and nut. ART. 11.] TABLES. 253 689. Principal dimensions of siege gun-carriages and limbers. d 3 d 9 Gun -inch tzer. Ok u CO 24-pdr. and 8 Howi In. //.. In. Height of axis of trunnions above the ground.. 52.2 52.6 53 13° 12° 12° Vertical field zontal line.. (Howitzer 15° 4° 4° 4° zontal line. . \ Howitzer 10° Distance between the points of contact of the wheels and trail with the ground line 100 101 101 Distance from the front of the wheels to the end of the trail, the i>iecc being in battery 141 142 142 Tx- » r^i, 1 r lu f Gun, in front of Distanceof the muzzle of the ^ , , .. ~ .1 wheels piece in battery from the • ti •. J, » o .1 u 1 Howitzer, in rear front of the wheels y ,,,. ^^^^^^ 30.74 B5.35 35.. 34 7.66 Length of gun-carriage, without wheels 1.30 133 133.6 176.65 176.65 176.65 Length of limber, witliout wheels or pole 59.8 59.8 59.8 Length of limber, with wheels and pole 184.9 184.9 184.9 278.9 280.9 280.9 81.8 81.8 81.8 60 60 60 60 60 60 2 2 2 M 254 MISCELLANEOUS. [part hi. 690. Principal weights of siege gun-carriages and limbers. Gun-carriage, without wheels Limber, without wheels One wheel ■ Gun-carriage, complete, without implements. . Limber, complete Gun-carriage and limber, without implements s B 9 G! O u u •a & U. 1 e^ CO " '^ LU. Lbs. 1,440 1,542 585 585 404 404 2,248 2,350 1,393 1,393 3,641 3,743 Lbs. 1,714 585 404 2,522 1.393 3,915 691. Dimeiisions and weights of mortar-beds. Length Exterior width, including manoeuvring bolts Weight Sic gc- c o 8-in. 10-in. o O In. In. In. 42 51.8 31 34 40 15 Lb8. Lbs. Lbs. 920 1,830 132 Tn. 22 22 Lbs. 280 >.', ART. 11.] TABLES. 255 692. Principal dimensions and weights of harhette carriages. •unf) -apd-jt. qoai-g pui! 'qua -Jpd-gg ■uno -.tpd-ts to 00 1~ l~ M O ■»1< O 3» ^ r- rt 1— CO ^'^ •uno -jpd-gl ■nni) -apd-si to — * ^ "~ n .o ■n on i^ i^ fl n fi « o oa r-i 00 o o CO to W ►> .« o -t 3! o C<3 ^ i- f-.rf 00 03 e •^ ■« 00 ^- t— to -^ CO o oa r^ to ^ T— 1 cc to c^ eS •B "« u ^ •5 ~ IS c c! 85 c ^ c s B_ Z> '*" ?^ 5 '5. ■^ a o -. S f^ H » t t i 5 ^ E ^ ~ ■'■ -^ Si o £ I 5.= <4 .2 o u o o c M a c = c 3 ja OO 003C/ ift^ 256 MISCELLANEOUS. [part in. G03. Principal dimensions and ireights of carriages. -nmte ft <3 •p«iq •nno apd-gf. •uiif) -jpd-gg •nno ipd-i-z lO o o OM-roo «0 C4 f— ^ ^ WMOO»COC»1— "O e . o o ... >-< M «0 •« 0(5 >>i O 00 ■* l^ 0> 05 "O lO to 00 •>»• w s r1 es ^N .o •« ■« «o ccoo»oe>««oc>5 «D eco0>«oec . o o ... ^ M >n lO 00 ~^ O 00 •* »~ OS «0 'O >n to 00 ^ CO — es >-3 ri M 1^ e^ ui in o o ■^CCOOOiHOOO o> M .— o ^ tCMr^ClcOO^OO e . o . . • C M •» O «0 ■^ 0» 00 "* i~ o> ■* •« ^ to 00 -"J- CO *^ ^ W 1-1 M t- CO .-« • GO . . 00 a> ^ t>- o o lO I* « 00 -J" CO 00 CO 3> e^ o o) c e^ ^ 00 C4 0> CO o> o t- ■s.B C ■ » ■^ O t, tl » 4J ' : - w B S 2 z »■ o d .a o S 2- 'Z.2 . S J c) o fc. a : s a a) ja )00 u o ART. II.] TABLES. 257 094. Weight of lifting-jack. p « i Thickness. Weight. In. In. fn. 160 12 5.5 .3.5 4 5 695. Dimensions and weights of gins. niMENSlOSS. a . c o rs be ■^VJ eS Ph o Lengtli of legs WEIGHTS. Of pry-polc Of gin without b'locks f Single . Of pulley blocks, -j Double I [ Treble. In. 175.5 Ll.x. 55 455 ?,7 In. 256.5 Lbf. 224 82.3 65 84 In. 172.5 Lb$. 175 642 65 84 « 258 MIsrKI.I.ANF.dlS. [part 111. OOf). Dimef^ionf and xreight of the sli tig -cart. DIMBMIOVS. L.igc. , UauU. /.I. In. LfiiRth from rcur of wlu-vU to front end of pole. . . , 242.4 100.76 LcnRlh of nxic-trcc | 9^ 76.50 Height of wbt'cl8 96 72 I'istsncc between the whceU on the gruunil ;'>>^.7.'> 'i0.4 WKICIITS. ! Lbi. I Lb*. Oik- whoi-1 701 ' .... Whole wei;;ht (without oling-ohnins) ; 2,282 1.1 1') Truuuion-uhuiu iinJ rings I 23 .... .Sling-cb&in j 84 | •••• 697. Dimensions and weight of the mortar-wagon. DIMKNSIONS. Incboa. Length 143.6 Whole k-ugth when linihcrcd u| 2S7.S6 WKiiiiiTS. Lb: Garrlagc body, without wiiecls 9S4 One wheel 404 Limber, without whceig • • 685 ('Hrriage and limber, complete (without implement.^). | 8,195 ART. II.] TABLES. '2^*J 698. Lengths and wri^jhfs of fniahrd hnplemenis. •mjo^ 'll>«7 'jaurav^ •eSaodg •q?3a9i » >o o o o o 5 «-^ t-^ l-i t^ t^ ao o> t> ,• M « »~ 00 cc ■« CO e» .5 ■ - i V a » - .= r .C ~ ■w g ■^ E- -i ■= ' '' .: -a -^ i: ,E i ^ X.S .E 1 = '7 '7 «t r: © —■ — T. X. M — — et 2(50 MISCELLANEOUS. [part hi. 699. Weights of implements. Trail-handspike Manoeuvring-handspike . . Long manoeuvring-band- spike Truck-bainlspike ■ Kdlk'r-handspikc Pa!'s-b(i.\ Budgc-barrel ■ Gunner's haversack Pointing-wire Gunner's gimlet Vent-punch Finger-stall Breech-sight Vent-cover Lanyard (for friction-prim ers) Fuze-scttcr Fuze-mallet Fuze-saw Fuze-ra.sp Fuze-auger Fuze-gimlet Shell-plug screw Fuze-])lug reamer ..... Fuze-extractor Gunner's pincers G unner's callipers 7.25 8.25 12 18.5 7 7 15.5 1.86 .08 .08 .OS .00; .65 .45 .1 2.66 2.75 .75 .75 .3 .1 .31 .3 3.53 .85 .5 , jTarpaulins. Gunner's quadrant (wood) Gunner's level Maul Quoin (for siege mortars). Chock Plummet Scraper Gunner's sleeve Basket ( Large .... ■( Small iMortar tompions. j ,„ . Broom (corn) Shells Funnel ("4 07... Powder measures, < , ,/" ' [3 lbs! Tar bucket Watering bucket (leather) Shovel Pickaxe Felling-axe Handbill Drag-rope Men's harness .84 .6 10 7 1.4 1 2.3 .25 4 54 9 5 7 1.25 2 .32 .3 .5 .75 1.6 7 8 4.75 6.5 16.5 2Z ART. II.] TABLES. 201 700. Dimensions of cartridge-bags. 1 1 CO cd .9 CO •^ <£> o> 1-1 OS <3 00 in u o CO .9 ^ •0 e<3 CO 00 - as IM © « •7 (U ►c M -* M »* OS •^ ^ CO tfi o» ac -<1 .s >5 to e< 00 pa cc c lO 5C .^ 00 c •-> i~ -* cq -t •^ -' '-' "^ L^ r^ w 1/" • -S M C^ >«, •^ c^ ~f to u iT- is "73 -1 ^ p p< .A to o 4 "»» ^ — or OS ^ M h to >« m r- >o CLi ji »& CO '-»i 10 .- 00 ._^ e^ 0- 1. CO '^ 05 • >n c» .0 ■-«, to CO — ci • ^^ ^ •^ _c t. t ^ , ~ ) — - c c ' s J~ a j c 1 0. : ^ u. ^ •: (x ^ ♦ » c a 5 ^ 1 1 ? i "c - t r 1 f ^ 1 i ' -i ; 9 ? « > -? 1 - ja > i s : i J; i 1 3 "SftC > : i 4/ "a 5 a d 1 .^ 'z E -^ c 1 ..3 a " >^ K. C 2G2 MISCELLANEOUS. [r.MiT III. 701. Mnnnrr of strapping shells. Sabots for shells for lieavy guns, howitzers, and c()lnml)ia(ls, arc made of'plank. The slu'lis are placed in the sabot, and the straps put on in such a manner that the fuze-hole may fall in one of the ani^les between two stra))s. and tiiat the axis of the fuze-hole may stand at an angle of about 4')° with that of the sabot. The eyes of the shell should not be covered hy the straps. The straps are fastened at each end with two nails in the side, and two in the bottom of the sabot. In hjadinij the ])iece, care must be taken to place the fuze-hole in the uj^per part of the bore. 702. Charges for shells for mortars. To fill the shell II To bur.-it the shell . . . To blow out the fuze. T. ,. I Of cannon powder For orJinary ] r\r ■ j- . i •' ■< Of incendiary - match, or (^ other composition 13- nch. 10-inch. Lb». oz. Lbn. oz. 11 5 6 2 6 5 7 3 8 6 8 -inch. LbB. oz. 2 9 1 4 1 12 5 ART. H.] TABI-ES. 2G8 703. Charges for shells, for cohimbiads and heavy guns. COLUMBIADS. GUNS. CHARGK. in-in. 8-iTi. 42 32 24 18 12 LhK.oe. Lbs.os; Lht.oz. Lbs.os. LbB.OZ. Lbs.oz. Lhs.oz. To fill the shell... 3 4 1 12 1 8 1 6 1 11 8 To burst the shell. 1 6 1 12 11 8 7 5 To blow out fuze- y 10 8 6 2 2 li 1 For ordinary ser- • vice 3 1 8 1 4 1 12 10 7 The fuzes for tlicse shells are made with paper cases, and arc inserted at the time of loading the piece. The fnze-plugH are made of wood, or of brass, driven or screwed into the fuze-hole; they are .covered with a cap of peculiar construction, which contains the priming of the fuze. The size of the plug is indicated by tliat of the fuze-hole in the shell. The bursting charge is poured into the shell through the hole in the fuze-plug. 704. The number of balls in a pile. In the following table of the number of l)alls in a pile, the second line shows the number iD a triangular pile, the base of which is the corresponding number in the first line. The other numbers show the con- tents of square and oMong piles; the length and wi o 2 11 X o 1 i i5 1 31 SI ^1 1 1 SI a S 1 00 oo 1 l~ 1 II 11 SI i 1 U5 i| . 1' SI SI t II g 1 •O 1 o § II i il ill « •O 1 S| c ■ a. 11 11 M sl i' g •* ?< 31 i 6! i i 1 X 1 s i| tt Ij 3 6 "1 00 l| 2 1 o i| 11 1 g i S o i| 00 o> §1 ^1 i n 3 -* 1 o •a i 3 i o 00 00 §1 . ll i| o s CO 3 i a CO N ? i 1 i|s t- s| O 1 11 11 ^1 sl o s| "1 i S .<«• 5| to g o •< . to '~ 00 a» o IH 1 " 1 " 1 "* o 1 '^ «~ h 2 l8 ART. II.] TABLES. 265 705. Ranges of heavy ordnance. The range of a ^un or howitzer in this table is the first graze of tlie ball on the horizontal-plane on which the carriage stands. * ! c _c a Kind of Ordnance. 13 ^ "S c Remarks. "3 a> 3 P^ K s rt' Lb«. 1 Yd,. 18-PDR. SIEGE AND 4.5 Shot. 1 641 GARRISON GUN. 4.5 tt 2 950 On barbette carriage. 4.5 " 3 1,256 4.5 " 4 1,450 4.5 5 1,592 24-PDR. SIEGE AND 6 Shot. 412 GARRISON GUN. 6 " 1 842 On siege carriage. 6 " 1 30 953 6 " 2 1,147 6 « 3 1,417 6 " 4 1,666 6 " 5 1.901 8 " 1 883 8 " 2 1.170 8 <• 3 1,454 8 " 4 1,639 8 6 1,834 32-PDK. SEA-COAST 6 Shot. 1 45 900 GIN. 8 " 1 713 On barbette carriage. 8 " 1 30 800 8 " 1 35 900 8 1 " 2 1,100 8 >< 3 1,433 8 « 4 1.684 8 « 5 ,1,922 10.67 " 1 780 10.67 <• 2 1.15;. 10.67 " 3 1.517 < 24 ^ 266 MISCELLANEOUS. Ranges of heavy ordnance. [part III. O - 6 i. « Kind of Ordnance. 13 o ^ 1 i 1^^ Rcniurks. "3 0) w s ♦ Pk n S " pj » Lbs. O 1 Yd». 42-PI)R. SEA-COAST 10.5 Shot. I 775 GUN. It). 5 ' 2 1.010 On barbette carriage. 10.6 3 1,300 10.5 4 1,600 10.5 5 1.955 14 1 770 14 2 1,128 14 '30 1,380 14 4 1,687 14 5 1,915 Shell. 10-INCH SEA-COAST 12 90 lbs. 1 580 HOWITZEK. 12 2 891 Time, 3 sec. On barbette earriage. 12 3 1,185 Time, 4 sec. 12 3 30 l.;i00 12 4 1,426 Time, 5.25 sec. 12 , 5 1.650 Time, 6 seo. * .tC' Shot. 8-INCH COLUMBIAD. 10 65 lbs. 1 919 Axis of gun 16 On barbette carriage. 10 2 l.llfi feet above the 10 3 1,402 water. 10 4 1,608 10 5 1,813 10 6 2,010 10 8 2,397 Shot ceased to 10 10 2,834 ricochet on 10 15 3,583 water. 10 20 "^.322 10 25 4,875 10 27 4,«1 - 15 " 27 30 4,S12 ART. II.] TABLES. 267 Ranges of heavy ordnance. u _o V Kind of Ordnance. TS ea M Remarks. O "3 a Cu cq H P^ Lbs. Shell. o t Ydo. 8-lNCH COLCMBIAD — 10 50 lbs. 1 919 Continued. 10 2 1,209 10 3 1,409 10 4 1.697 10 5 1.81.3 10 6 1.985 10 8 2.203 10 10 2,657 10 15 .3,556 10 20 .3.716 10 25 4..387 10 27 4.171 15 27 30 4,468 Shot. 10-INCH COLUMBIAD. 18 128 lbs. 394 Axis of gun 16 On barbette carriage. 18 " 10 7«2 feet above the 18 " 2 1,002 water. 18 « .3 1,230 18 n u 4 1.570 18 ti 5 1,814 18 " 6 2.037 Shot ceased to 18 " 8 2.519 ricochet on 18 « 10 2,777 water. 18 i< 15 3,525 18 " 20 4,020 18 " 25 4,304 18 « .SO 4,761 18 1 i .35 6,433 20 39 15 5,654 Shell. 12 100 lbs. 1 800 » 12 '< 2 1.012 12 " .3 1.184 12 " 4 1.443 268 MISCKLLANEOUS. [I'ART 111. Ranges of heavy ordnance. i 1 i e % Kind of Ordnance. "S- _. 1 CS bO Remarks. » B o "5 es Pk n H « Lbt. Shell. O 1 Yd». 10-INCH COLUMBIAD — 12 100 lbs. h 1,604 Continued. 18 " 4-18 18 " i 1 747 18 « 1 2 1,100 18 « 3 1,239 18 « 4 1,611 18 " 5 1,865 18 " 6 2,209 18 <( 8 2,489 18 « 10 2,848 18 (< 15 3,200 18 20 3,885 18 • " 25 4,150 18 It 30 4,651 18 It 35 4,828 Time, 35 sec. Sbcll. 12-INCH COLUMBIAD. 20 172 lbs. 10 2.770 Time, 11 sec. 20 « 15 3,7:u Time, 16 sec. 20 « 22 4,2S0 Time, 20 sec. 20 « 25 4,718 Time, 26 sec. 20 " 30 5,004 20 (< 35 5,3:i9 Time, 32 sec. 20 i( 37 5,266 Time, 31 sec. 20 « 39 5,064 25 " 10 2,S81 Time, 11.5 sec. 25 << 15 3,542 Time, 15 sec. 25 *> u 30 5,102 25 35 5,409 Time, 32 sec. 25 « 37 5,373 Time, 32 see. 25 ii 39 5,606 Time, 36 sec. 25 180 lbs. 35 5,644 25 " 39 5,615 28 (( 35 5.671 28 39 5,761 3i miles. Time, 36 sec. • i ART. II.] TABLES. 260 Ranges of heavy ordnance. ■- a o _o o Kind of ordnance. i _• "3 be c Remarks. o "3 their proper handspikes and apply the wrenches to the rear axle-trees, to throw the rear wheels out of gear. The gunner then commands Kkar wiikels OTT OF OKAR, which will be executed by Nos. 3 and 4 as nre- scribed. and all the handspikes will be disengaged and laid on the platform : Nos. 1 and 2 leaving the chocks in front of the front wheels. ADDENDA. In battery. (157.) Nos. 1 and 2 will iinchock the front wheels, and stand ready to place the chocks in front of them should the piece move too rapidly. Nos. 3 and 4 will place the wrenches of their handspikes on the ends of the rear axle-trees in a position to throw them out of gear. At the command Hkavk, they will throw their rear wheels into gear, and hold on to their handspikes in readiness to throw them" out of gear at the word. As the piece descends the chassis, the gunner will check it as he sees necessary, and to do so, com- mands Out of gear. Nos. 3 and 4 throw the rear wheels at once out of gear, while Nos. 1 and 2 place the chocks at the same time in front of the front wheels. If necessary, the chocks will be removed, and the rear wheels replaced in gear until the piece is in battery. Nos. 1 and 2 then ])lace the wrenches of their handspikes on the ends of the front axle-tree, and at the command Front WHEELS out of GEAR, cxecute it ; and, should the rear wheels be in gear, they will also be put out of gear. All the handspikes arc removed from the axle-trees and laid on the platform in front of the position of each cannoneer, and the chocks are placed in a convenient and safe position. Point. (158.) Nos. 1 and 2 embar with their manojuvring-handspikes at diagonal points at the end of the chassis, and change from point to rear, as may be required to change the directions of the piece, passing outside the other cannoneers. Nos. 3 and 4, should it be necessary, assist Nos. 1 and 2. No. 3 passes the hook of the lanyard through the eye of a tube from point to rear, holds the hook between the thumb and fore- finger, and stands ready to hand it to the gunner. The gunner withdraws the priming-wire, inserts the pawl of the elevating machine in tlie projier mortice by means of the elevating-bar, and with the breech-sight, or tangent-scale, gives the proper elevation: No. 4 turning the handle of the screw according to directions. Should the gunner require any assistance to depress the piece, Nos. 1 and 2 will, by his direction, embar under the breech of the j)iece with the manaHivring-handspikes. The moment the piece is ready and correctly jxiinted, the gunner rises on his left leg and commands Ready; all resume their posts. «k. i