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INFANTRY TACTICS, 
 
 OR, 
 
 Rules for the Exercise and Maii(Eiiyre« 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES INFANTRY 
 
 IN THE 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE 
 
 COMPILED, ARRANGID, AND ADAPTED TO 
 
 HARDP:E'S DRILL, 
 
 BY COL. JNO. H. RICHARDSON, 
 of the Provisional Army C. S. 
 
 RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 WEST & JOHNSTON, 145 Main Street. 
 1«62. 
 
Tr."r^. 
 
 Entered, according to act of Congress, in the 
 
 year 1862, by 
 
 WEST & JOHNSTON, 
 
 Iq the District Court of the Confederate States for the 
 Eastern District of Virginia. 
 
 MACFARLANE «i FER3U5S0N. PRINTERS. 
 
 ^ 
 
..,f 
 
 f 
 
 LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS. 
 TITLE V. 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 General principles and divisions of the Evolutions 
 of the Line. 
 
 990.* The School of the Battalion, compre- 
 hending the principle and details of all the 
 movements that ought, in any case, to be made 
 by a single battalion, it remains to apply those 
 principles to a line of many battalions. 
 
 991. In this instruction, a line of eight bat- 
 talions, making a corps d^armee of two divisions 
 or four brigades, will be supposed ; but the rules 
 herein prescribed are equally applicable to a bri- 
 gade, a division, or any number of battalions. 
 
 992. The School of the Battalion has been 
 divided into five parts : the same division will 
 herein be observed. 
 
 993. As often as one or more brigades or divi- 
 sions, united in the same line, manoeuvre together, 
 
 • The paragraphs of this volume are numbered in 
 the same series with those of the second volume 
 Hardee's Tactics, and the references are also to those 
 works. 
 
 45085'?' 
 
4 EYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 each battalion will be designated by its number, 
 according to its position in the line. The battal- 
 ion on the right of the whole will be nominated 
 first, that next on its left second, the next one 
 third, and so regularly on to the battalion that 
 closes the left of the line. 
 
 Posts of the General' in- Chief, of the Major- Gene- 
 rals and Brigadier- Generals, in line and in 
 column. 
 
 994. In line of battle, the General-in-Chief 
 will have no fixed position ; he will go wherever 
 he may juige his presence necessary. 
 
 995. In column, he will hold himself habitu- 
 ally at its head, in order to direct it according to 
 Lis views. In the evolutions, he will place him* 
 self at the point he can best direct the general 
 execution of the movement. In all cases he will 
 take care to leave in his habitual position the 
 next in command, or the chief of his staff, charged 
 with the execution of his orders. 
 
 996 In line of battle, Major- Generals, (Gene- 
 rals of division,) will place themselves at about 
 seventy paces in rear of the centre of their divi- 
 sions. In column, they will hold themselves on 
 the directing flank, abreast with the centres of 
 their divisions, and at thirty or forty paces from 
 the guides. 
 
 997. In line of battle, Brigadier- Generalsj 
 (Generals of brigade,) will place themselves at 
 
EVOLUTIONS or THE LIKE. 5 
 
 about forty paces in rear of the centres of their 
 brigades. In column, at fifteen or twenty paces 
 outside of the guides, and abreast with the cen- 
 tres of their brigades. 
 
 998. Major and Brigadier-Generals will look to 
 the exact and regular execution of all commands 
 coming from the General, or given by themselves; 
 accordingly they may throw themselves wherever 
 they may judge their presence necesgary within 
 the extent of their particular commands. 
 
 999. The posts of the field and staff of battal- 
 ions have been given in Titles I. and IV., Har- 
 dee's Tactics. 
 
 General rules for commands. 
 
 1000. "When the General shall wish to cause a 
 movement to be executed, he will give the gene- 
 ral commands relative thereto. Each colonel 
 will always successively repeat, with the greatest 
 rapidity, on their reaching him, these general 
 commands, unless the General has given, or sent 
 to him, an order to the contrary. 
 
 1001. The colonels having repeated the gene- 
 ral commands, as just prescribed, will immediate- 
 ly command, and cause to be executed without 
 waiting for each other, the preparatory move- 
 ments which, in their battalions, ought to precede 
 the execution of the general movement. 
 
 1002. The Brigadier and Major-Generals will 
 look to the prompt execution of these preparatory 
 movemehts in their brigades and divisions, and 
 
 45QS57 
 
lYOLUTlONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 rectify any error that may be committed by the 
 colonels. 
 
 1003. The final command, or that which deter- 
 mines the execution of the general movement, 
 ■will always be given by the General. 
 • 1004. The lieutenant-colonels and majors will 
 repeat the general commands, whether of caution 
 or execution, as often as the wind or noise may 
 prevent those commands from being easily heard 
 from one battalion to another. 
 
 1005. When, from any cause, a colonel shall 
 not have heard the general command, he will, on 
 seeing the battalion next to his own executing a 
 movement, immediately cause his battalion to ex- 
 ecute the same movement. 
 
 1006. When a line has to execute a central 
 movement, the General will throw himself to the 
 front which he may select for it, and give or send 
 to each of the neighbouring battalions the order 
 relative to the movement which each position of 
 the line has to execute, as hereinafter explained. 
 
 1007. In column, commands will be extended, 
 by repetition, according to the same princi- 
 ples. 
 
 1008. As often as a line breaks into several 
 columns, the senior general officer or colonel, in 
 each, will discharge the duties attributed above 
 to the General-in-Chief. 
 
PART FIRST. 
 
 Article T. 
 
 To ope7i and to close ranks. 
 
 1009. The General, wishing to cause ranks to 
 be opened, will command : 
 
 1. Prepare to open ranks. 
 
 1010. This having been repeated, the lieuten- 
 ant-colonels and majors will conform themselves 
 to what is prescribed, No. 23 ; the colonels will 
 immediately command : To the rear, open order. 
 The General will then add : 
 
 2. March. 
 
 1011. At this, briskly repeated, ranks will be 
 opened in conformity to what is prescribed — 
 School of the Battalion. Each battalion will ex- 
 ecute the movement, as if it were isolated ; ac- 
 cordingly it need not be attempted to align the 
 rear rank of one battalion on that of others. 
 
 1012. The General will cause ranks to be 
 closed by the command prescribed, School of the 
 Battalion. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 Article II. 
 Manual of arms. 
 
 1013. The manual of arms will never be exe- 
 cuted in line. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Loading at icill, and the firings. 
 
 1014. In line, only loading at loill will be exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 1015. The General, wishing to cause arms to 
 be loaded, will command : 
 
 1. Prepare to load. 
 
 1016. This having been repeated, the General 
 will add : 
 
 2. Load. 
 
 1017. AVhich, immediately repeated, will be 
 executed as prescribed, School oj the Battalion. 
 
 1018. The General, wishing to cause the firings 
 to be executed if the arms are loaded, will com- 
 mand : 
 
 1. Fire Inj hattalion, (or wing, or company.) 
 
 1019. This having been repeated, the General 
 will add : ^ 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 9 
 
 2. Commence firing. 
 
 1020. The fire by battalion will commence 
 with the odd numbered battalions. The com- 
 mand commence firing, having been repeated by 
 all the colonels, those of the odd battalions will 
 immediately give the commands prescribed — 
 School of the Battalion, for the execution of this 
 particular fire. The colonels of even numbered 
 battalions will not give their first command until 
 they see some pieces brought back to the shoul- 
 der in the odd battalion to their right; the colo- 
 nels of the odd batt;ilions, in their turn, will ob- 
 serve the same rule in respect to the even battal- 
 ion next to the left of each, and the fire will thus 
 be continued by alternate battalions. 
 
 1021. The fire by wing will be executed in 
 each battalion, as prescribed. School of the Bat- 
 talion ; each colonel having repeated the com- 
 mand, commence firing, will immediately give the 
 commands indicated for the execution of this fire, 
 without regulating himself by the next battalion. 
 
 1022. The fire by company will be executed 
 as prescribed, School of the Battalion. 
 
 1023. The fire by file will be executed in the 
 following; manner — the General will command : 
 
 'G 
 
 1. Fire hj/ file. 
 
 1024. This having been repeated, each colonel 
 will add : 1. Battalion ; 2. Ready. The Gene- 
 ral will then command : 
 
10 KTOLUTIONS OF THl Limi. 
 
 2. Commence firing. 
 
 1025. At this, repeated by the colonelg, tli« 
 fire will commence and be executed as prescribed, 
 School of the Battalion. 
 
 102G. The General will cause each of the fore- 
 going fires to cease by the sound to ccaae firing^ 
 or by a short roll, which will be repeated by the 
 bugles or drums, of each battalion, the moment 
 it is heard. As soon as each battalion re-loads, 
 its colonel will cause the signal to be given for 
 officers to take their places after firing. 
 
 1027. To cause the fire to be executed by the 
 rear rank, the General will command : 
 
 1. Face 1)7/ the rear rank. 
 
 1027. This having been repeated, the coloneU 
 will immediately add : 1. Battalion; 2. About — 
 Face. 
 
 1028. The Generals will then cause the several 
 fires to be executed by the commands and means 
 prescribed above. 
 
 1029. 'J'he General, after firing to the rear, 
 wishing to face the line to its proper front, will 
 command : 
 
 1. Face by the front rank. 
 
 1030. The colonels, having repeated this com- 
 mand, will each immediately add : 1. Battalion ; 
 2. About — Face. 
 
EVOLUTIONS 01 THB LINE. 11 
 
 1031. The General, wishing to give relaxation 
 to the line^ will command : 
 
 1. Order — Arms. 
 
 1032. This having been repeated and execu- 
 ted, he will add : 
 
 2. In place, rest, (or, simply reat.^ 
 
 1033. This will be executed as prescribed— 
 School of the Battalion. 
 
 1034. If, after arms are ordered, the General 
 wishes to cause arms to be stacked, he will com- 
 mand : 
 
 Stac/c arms. 
 
 1035. This having been repeated, the colonels 
 will cause the stacks to be fornied ; which being 
 executed, each will immediately cause ranks to 
 be broken, without regulating himself by any 
 other, in the manner prescribed, School of the 
 Battalion. 
 
 1036. The General, wishing to terminate the 
 relaxation, will cause a short roll, or dttfittion, to 
 be sounded, which will be repeated along the line, 
 at the instant it is heard. 
 
 1037. The sound having ceased, the colonels 
 will each command : Battalion, at ^hich the 
 men will resume the position of ordered arms ; or 
 if arms be stacked, the colonels will cause the 
 
12 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 stacks to be broken before giving the command 
 Battalion. 
 
 1038. The General will then command : 
 
 Shoulder — Arms. 
 
 1039. This having been repeated, the line will 
 shoulder arms. 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 Different modes of passing from the order in hat- 
 tie to the order in column. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 To break to the right or left info cohcnjii. 
 
 1040. The General wishing to cause the line 
 to break by company or by division to tlie right, 
 "will command : 
 
 1. — Bj/ company (or hy division) right icheel. 
 
 1041. This haying been repeated, the General 
 will add : 
 
 2. March (or douhle-quich March.) 
 
 1042. At this, briskly repeated, the line will 
 break according to the principles given. School 
 of the Battalion. 
 
 1043. The rules relative to the guides in that 
 school, will be observed from one battalion to an- 
 other, in column ; thus the leading guide of one 
 battalion will not stir after the command front 
 given by his captain, although he may not be in 
 the direction of the guide of the preceding bat- 
 
 2 
 
14 STOLUTI N3 OP THE LIN'B. 
 
 lalion ; the guides not in the direction will readi- 
 ly conic into it when the column is put in march. 
 10-14. The Cicnoral, wishing to cause the line 
 to break to the right, to march towards the left, 
 will command : 
 
 1. Breah to the right to march to the left. 
 
 1045. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 on the right will cause his battalion to commence 
 the movement, which will be executed as prescri- 
 bed, School of the Battalion. 
 
 1046. The following battalions will successively 
 make the same movement, the colonels will seize 
 the moment for causing their battalions to break, 
 and each will be put in march so that there may 
 be, between it? leading sub-divisions and the near- 
 est one of the preceding battalions the distance 
 of a sub-division and twenty-two paces. 
 
 1047. The General will cause the line to break 
 to the left, according to the same principles. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 To hrcnh to the rear, hy the right or left, into 
 column, and to advance or retire l>y the right 
 or left of companies or divisions. 
 
 1048. The General, wishing to cause the line 
 to break to the rear, by the right into column by 
 company, or by division, will command : 
 
 1. By the right of companies (or divisions) to 
 the rearj into column. 
 
ITOLUTIONS Of THE LINE. 15 
 
 1049. The colonels having repeated this com- 
 mand will immediately add : Battalion, rights-' 
 Face. 
 
 1050. The General will then command : 
 
 2. March (or doulh qutcJc-'^lARCii. 
 
 1051. At this briskly repeated, each battalion 
 will break as prescribed, School of the Battalion. 
 
 1052. The General, wishing to break into col- 
 umn by company (or division) to the rear by the 
 right, while marching in line of battle, he will 
 command : 
 
 1. By the right of companion (or divisions) to the 
 rear into column. 
 
 1053. This having been repeated, the colonels 
 will command, Battalion by tjie right Jlavk. 
 
 1054. The General will then command : 
 
 2. March, (or double ^^^^t'^^-MARcn.) 
 
 1055. At this briskly repeated, each battalion 
 vrill break as prescribed, School of the Battalion 
 When the last files have wheeled the General wil 
 command : 
 
 S. Bi/ the leftfiank — MARCH. 
 
 4. Guide left. 
 
 1056. If while in line and at a halt, the Gene- 
 ral should wish to advance or retire by the right 
 of companies or divisions, he will command : 
 
l6 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE, 
 
 1. By the right of companies (or divisions) to the 
 front (or rear.) 
 
 1057. This having been repeated, the colonels 
 •will immediately add : Battalion, right — Face. 
 
 1058. The General will then command : 
 
 2. March (or douhle-quic/c — March.) 
 
 3. Guide right (left) or (centre.) 
 
 1059. At the command march, briskly repeat- 
 ed, each battalion will break as prescribed, School 
 of the Battalion 106 and following : 
 
 1060. The movement to the front or rear by 
 the left of companies (or division) will be execu- 
 ted by the same commands and means, substitu- 
 ting left for right. 
 
 1061. If the line be in march, and the General 
 should wish to advance or retire by the right of 
 companies or divisions, he will command : 
 
 1. By the right of companies (or divisions) to the 
 front (or rear.) 
 
 1062. Which being repeated, the colonels will 
 command : Battalion, hy the right flank. 
 
 10620. The General will then command : 
 
 2. March, (or double-quick — March.) 
 3. Guide right (left) or (centre.) 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 17 
 
 1063. Which will be executed as prescribed 
 (School of the Battalion.) 
 
 1064. The General wishing to form line to the 
 front while advancing by the right or left of coin- 
 panieSj or divisions^ he will command : 
 
 1. By companies (or divisions) into line. 
 
 1065. This being repeated, he will add : 
 
 2. March (or double-quick — March.) 
 3. Guide right (left) or (^centre?) 
 
 1066. At the command march, briskly repeat- 
 ed, each company or division will be formed into 
 line, as prescribed, School of the Cowpavy, No. 
 154. 
 
 1067. If the General should wish to form line 
 facing the enemy, while retiring by the ri;;ht or 
 left of companies or divisions, he will first cause 
 them to face about while marching, and immedi- 
 ately form line by the commands and means pre- 
 scribed No. 1064 and following : 
 
 Article III. 
 
 To ploy the line into close column or mass. 
 
 1068. The General, wishing to ploy the line 
 into column by division closed in mass, in rear of 
 the first division of the first battalion, will com- 
 mand : 
 
18 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1. Close column hi/ division. 2. On the first di- 
 vision, first battalion, right in front. 
 
 1069. These eomniands having been repeated, 
 each colonel will add : battalion, right — Face, 
 which will be executed by the desi»:nated or di- 
 recting battalion, as prescribed, No. 120, and fol- 
 lowing : but in the others, all the divisions will 
 face to the right, and the chief of the first divi- 
 sion, in each of these battalions, will place him- 
 self by the side of his right guide. 
 
 1070. These dispositions being made, the Gen- 
 eral will add : 
 
 3. March (or double-quick — March.) 
 
 1071. At this briskly repeated, the colonel of 
 the first battalion will ploy it in rear of its first 
 division, as indicated, No. VZH, and following. 
 Each of the other colonels will, in like manner, 
 ploy his battalion from a halt, in rear of its right 
 division; but, pending the execution of the move- 
 ment, this division will stand faced to the flank: 
 The second, third and fourth divisions, each con- 
 ducted by its chief, will be halted as it successive- 
 ly takes its place in the battalion colunm, the chief 
 remaining by the side of his right guide; the 
 fifth will enter in like manner, and when its head 
 shall be at eight or ten paces from the right flank 
 of the column, the colonel will command : 1, Bat- 
 talion, forward; 2. guide hft, and H. 3Iarch, or 
 double-quick — March, at the instant the right 
 
E70LUTION3 OF THE LINE. 9 
 
 guide of this division is abreast wita the others. 
 
 1072. At the command march, each battalion 
 thus formed in mass will put itself in march, di- 
 recting itself to the rear towards its point of en- 
 trance into tlie general column ; taking the short- 
 est line, each division will conform its movements 
 to that of the first, preserving the distance of six 
 paces from one guide to the next, so as its first di- 
 vision shall enter the column perpendicularly, and 
 leave a distance of nine paces between its guide 
 and the guide of the last division of the prece- 
 ding battalion : the other divisions will direct 
 themselves parallelly to the first, and enter suc- 
 cessively into the general cnkunn, the chiefs of 
 divisions being up with the left guides of the col- 
 umn, will conform themselves, to what is prescri- 
 bed Nos. 1 25-6-7. 
 
 1073. The lieutenant-colonel of each battalion 
 will detach himself thirty or forty paces in ad- 
 vance, to indicate the point of entrance into the 
 column for his first division, and as each of his 
 guides successively arrives, he will assure him on 
 the direction. 
 
 1074. The General, or oilicer charged with the 
 execution of his orders, will place himself in front 
 of the left guide of the directing division, to su- 
 perintend the formation of the general column, 
 and to see that the left guides accurately cover 
 each other in file. This rule is gnirral for all 
 plof/menfs, whatever the division on which they 
 may be executed. 
 
 1075. The line will be ployed in front by the 
 
20 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 Fame commands, substituting left for ri(jlit in front. 
 In this caso, the first battalion will l-xecute the 
 movement in the manner indicated, No. loo, and 
 following. 
 
 107G. The other battalions will each execute 
 the movement in like manner, conforming itself 
 to what follows : the first division, which will have 
 faced to the right with the others, will remain by 
 the flank whilst. the battalion is ploying in front 
 of it, the second, third and fourth, after having 
 taken position in the battalion column, will be 
 halted by their chiefs, who will remain by the 
 sides of their right guides, and when the head of 
 the fourth shall be at eight or ten paces from the 
 right flank of the column, the colonel, observing 
 the order of time ijidicated, No. 1071, will com- 
 mand : i. Battalion, forward } 2. Guide right; 
 8. March. 
 
 1077. At the command march, each battalion, 
 directing itself diagonally to the front, instead of 
 to the rear, will be conducted and established in 
 the general column, with slight variations, as pre- 
 scribed, No. 1072 ; arrived at twelve or fourteen 
 paces from the flank of that column, the head of 
 the first division will incline to the right, instead 
 of the left, in order to enter perpendicularly, and 
 to take its distance of nine paces; the other di- 
 visions will conform themselves to the movement 
 of the first, and the chiefs of the whole will each 
 conduct liis division till its head is nearly up with 
 the right guides of the general column ; he will 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 2l- 
 
 then lialt his division, face it to the front, and 
 align it by the right, its right guide having faced 
 to the rear in placing himself on the direction. 
 I'he lieutenant-colonels will conform them.^elves to 
 what is prescribed, No. lOTo. 
 
 1078. As each battalion takes its position in 
 the column in front of the directing division, its 
 colonel will command : guides, ahout — Facb. 
 
 1079. To ploy the line in rear, or in front of 
 the last divih^ion of the eighth battalion, the Gene- 
 ral will command ; 
 
 1. Close column hy divisw7i. 2. On the fifth 
 division, eighth battalion, left (or right) in front. 
 3. March (or double-quick) — March. 
 
 1080. These movements will be executed ac- 
 cording to the principles given in the two preced- 
 ing cases, but by inverse means : the fifth (a last) 
 division of each subordinate battalion, being the 
 first to take its position in the general column, it 
 will be conducted by the lieutenant-colonel, and 
 the other divisions will regulate theniselves by it. 
 
 1081. If instead of ploying the line on the 
 first division, right battalion, or the last division 
 of the left as in the preceding cases, the General 
 wishes to execute the movement on an interior di- 
 vision of any other battalion, he will command : 
 
 1. Close column by division. 2. On such divi- 
 sion (such) battalion, right (or left^ in front. 3. 
 March (or double-quick — March. 
 
22 EVDI-CTIONS CF THE LINE. 
 
 1082. "Wlictlier the rhj^ht or left is to be in 
 front, the designated or directing battalion will 
 czecute its niovenient, as if it were alone. 
 
 10S8. If the ri<;htis to be in front, all the bat- 
 talions in line to the right of the directing on« 
 •will execute the movement as is indicated for 
 ploying tlie line to the front on the left division, 
 and the left battalions will execute the movement 
 as is indicated fur ploying to the rear, on the right 
 division ; if the left is to be in front, the move- 
 ment will be executed inversely. 
 
 1084. If the line be in march, to ploy it in 
 rear of the first division, the General will com- 
 mand : 
 
 1. Clo&t column, hy division. 2. On the first di- 
 vision, first battcdion. 
 
 1085. This having been promptly repeated, 
 the colonels will add: Battalion, hj the ricjhtflanJi^ 
 
 1086. At this command each chief of division 
 will move rapidly before the centre of his divi- 
 sion and caution it to face to the right: the chief 
 of the first division, first battalion, will caution it 
 to co.ntinue to march to the front. 
 
 1087. The General will then command: 
 
 3. DouUe-quich — March. 
 
 1088. At this briskly repeated, the movement 
 will be executed by the designated battalion, ajB 
 prescribed, No. 151 and following; out in the 
 others all the divisions will face, and the first di- 
 
E.VOLUTIONS OFTHE LINF. 
 
 /^/ L 
 
BYOLUTIONS 07 THE LINE. 23 
 
 visions will mark time, by the command of their 
 diiefs, until their battalions are massed, when 
 ^they will take their places in the general column 
 'as prescribed, No. 1072. As soon as the left 
 guides of each battalion are up with the left 
 guides of the directing battalion, each colonel 
 will command : 
 
 1. Battalion^ hj the left flank — qulch time— 
 March. 2. Guide left. 
 
 1089. In the several ployments, the General 
 will take, in preference, as the dircctin,^ division, 
 that of the right or left of the battalions^ on 
 which the movement is to be executed. 
 
PART THIRD. 
 
 Article I. 
 To march in column at fall dUiaiicc. 
 
 1090. Tho General, \7ishing to put the column 
 in march, ^'ill indicate to the colonel of the lead- 
 ing battalion the direction to be taken by the 
 headmo;^t guide, and the colonel will iiiiniediate- 
 ly prescribe to this guide the means to be em- 
 ployed to assure the direction of the march, 
 according to the principles established, Nos. 
 161-3. 
 
 1091. These dispositions being madc;, the Gen- 
 eral will command : 
 
 1. Column, forward. 
 
 1092. The colonels having repeated this com- 
 mand, will immediately add: (juUlc hft, if the 
 right he in Iront, or yuidc rUjlit, if the left be in 
 front. 
 
 1093. The General will then add : 
 
 ■ 2. Qiikk — March (or douhk-quicJc March.) 
 
 1094. At this, repeated with the greatest ra- 
 pidity, the column will put itself in march. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINK. 25 
 
 1095. The o;uicle of the leading subdivision 
 will maintain himself on the direction which has 
 been indicated to him, by the means prescribed, 
 School of the Battalion, and the following: guides 
 will each march in the trace of the one who im- 
 mediately precedes him, without regard to the 
 general direction. 
 
 1096. The lieutenant colonel of the leading 
 battalion will see that the headmost guide does 
 not deviate from the direction he ought to pur- 
 sue, and the same officer of each following bat- 
 talion will also see that his leading guide pre- 
 serves a distance equal to the front of his .subdi- 
 vision and twenty two paces, which ought to sep- 
 arate the battalions. 
 
 1097. When a column has to prolong its march 
 on a given line, in order to form upon it to the 
 left (or right) into line of battle, the General will 
 always cause that line to be marked by one of 
 the means prescribed, Nos. 190-91. The colors 
 and general guides will throw themselves out on 
 that line. 
 
 1098. If, in this case, the column arrive in 
 front or in rear of the line of battle, the General 
 will detach, in advance, two aides-de-camp, or 
 other mounted officers, to ascertain the interme- 
 diate points between the points of direction to the 
 right and left ; that being found, one of those of- 
 ficers will place himself on the line at the point 
 at which the head of the column will arrive, and 
 the coluniH will conform itself to what is pre- 
 
 3 
 
26 EVOLUTIOXS OF THE LINB. 
 
 scribed, No. 175, and following, or No. 184, and 
 following. 
 
 1099. The column being in march, the Gene- 
 ral, to cau.se the ahout to be executed while 
 marching, will command : 
 
 1. Column, ri(ji>t ahout. 2. MARCH. 3. Guide 
 right. 
 
 1100. Vvhich having been promptly repeated, 
 will be executed as prescribed, ScJlooI of the 
 Battalion. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Column in route. 
 
 1101. The column being at a halt, if the Gen- 
 eral wibh to put it in march in the route step, he 
 will give the commands prescribed for tb.e march 
 in the cadenced step, with this diiterence — the 
 command viarch will be preceded by that of 
 route sfcj), which will be repeated by the colo- 
 nels. 
 
 1102. The column being in march, the Gene- 
 ral, in order to cause it to pass from ihc cadenced 
 to the route step; and the reverse, will give the 
 commjirids pre^<cribed, Nos. 312,310. 
 
 1103 All the principles relative to columns in 
 route, having been developed in the Schools of 
 the Coiiij-aiiy and Battalion, it only remains to 
 add here tliut, wh m a column of many battalions 
 
EVOLClMOJfS OF THE LINI. 27 
 
 encounters a defile, ^vhich obliges it to diminish 
 the front of subdivisions, this movement will 
 only be made as each battalion successively ar- 
 rives on the ground at which the preceding bat- 
 talion had executed it. 
 
 1104. Thus, lor example, a column forvied by 
 company, encountering a defile which will only 
 receive the front of a platooa, the colonel of the 
 leading battalion will at one*, or successively, 
 according to the order of the General, dindnish 
 front by platoon ; but the colonel of the next bat- 
 talion will not repeat the commands of the pre- 
 ceding colonel until his battalion arrives at the 
 same point, and so on of the others. 
 
 1105. The chief of the column will take care 
 *' regulate the rate of the march according to 
 the ground and other circumstances; he will al- 
 ways leave with the rear of the column an aide- 
 de-camp to bring him prompt intelligence in case 
 it find a difficulty in following. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 To cJiange direction in column at fall distance. 
 
 1106. The General, wishing the column to 
 change direction, will send an aid to the point of 
 change, and notify the leading colonel a little be- 
 fore arriving at that point. 
 
 1107. Tiie change will be executed accord- 
 ing to the principles prescribed, No. 231; and fol- 
 lowinfj. 
 
28 IVOLUTIONS OF TIM LINK. 
 
 1108. Those rules will be observed in columns 
 in mauiDcuvre, altliuugli marching, at the moment, 
 in the route step. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 1100. The General, wishing to halt the column, 
 will command : 
 
 1. Column. 2. EalL 
 
 1110. This being repeated, will be promptly 
 executed. 
 
 1111. The column being halted, if the General 
 wish to form it to the left (or riglii) into line of 
 battle, he will assure the direction of the guides 
 in the following manner. 
 
 1112. If the general direction of the column 
 be nearly in conformity with his wishes, he will 
 confine himself to rectifying the positions of such 
 guides as may be without, or within, the direc- 
 tion : to this end, he will command : 
 
 Guides, cover in file. 
 
 1113. At this, repeated by the colonels, the 
 lieutenant colonels and majors will promptly 
 cause the guides who may not be on the direc- 
 tion to cover each other accurately in file. 
 
 1114. If, on the contrary, the General should 
 think it necessary to give a new direction, and 
 the <reueral jjruides be not on the flank of the col- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 29 
 
 umn, "he (or a substitute) will throw himself fiff- 
 teen or twenty paces in front of the head, place 
 himself, facing to the rear, on the direction which 
 he may wish to give to the guides, select in rear 
 of the column the second point which determines 
 that direction, and promptly establish on it the 
 leading general guide, and the colour-bearer of 
 the same battalion ; this being executed, the Gen- 
 eral will command : 
 
 1. Colours and general guides on the line. 
 
 1115. At this, the colour-bearers and general 
 guides will. throw themselves on the flank of the 
 column, and cover accurately the headmost two 
 w^ho have just been established by the General; 
 the lieutenant colonels and majors 'will promptly 
 assure (see Xo. 130) on the direction the general 
 guides of their respective battalions. 
 
 1116. The General, seeing all the colours and 
 general guides of the column correctly established 
 on the direction, will immediately add : 
 
 2. Guides, on the line. 
 
 1117. i-\t this, briskly repeated, the guides will 
 place themselves on the direction of the colours, 
 facing to the head of the column ; the lieutenant 
 colonel of each battalion, placed in front, will ?s- 
 sure the direction of the guides of its leadina- 
 wing, and the major, from a point in the rear of 
 
30 EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 
 
 his battalion, v^iV assure, in like manner, the re- 
 maining guides of the same battalion. 
 
 11 18. The guides of subdivision, in placing 
 themselves on tlie direction of the colours, will 
 each align himself correctly on the colour lances 
 in front of him, and not on the subdivision 
 guides; he will take care to place himsell' exactly 
 at subdivision distance from the guide next pre- 
 ceding hiu). Each colour-bearer will hold his 
 lance perpendicularly between his eyes. 
 
 1119. The subdivision guides being established 
 on the directi(»n, the colonels, without waiting for 
 each other, will immediately command : li/t (or 
 ri'^hf) — Dress. 
 
 1120 At this, briskly repeated by the chiefs 
 of subdivision, each subdivision will incline to 
 its guide and be promptly aligned. If the new 
 direction be such that a subdivision find itself 
 many paces from it, the chief of the subdivision 
 will cause it to m;irch by the flank. 
 
 1121. If the general guides be on the flank of 
 the column, the (general will first place himself 
 behind the colour-bearer of the leading battalion, 
 to see whether this colour-bearer and the prece- 
 ding general guide are accurately on the prolon- 
 gation of the two points in front upon which 
 they had marched, and, if necessary, to rectify 
 their positions ; the General will then throw 
 himself in front, and face to the leading gen- 
 eral guide; if the colours and general guides 
 
• EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 31 
 
 are not exactly on the direction, lie will com- 
 mand : 
 
 1. Colours and general guides, cover in file. 
 
 1122. At tin's, the lieutenant colonels will 
 promptly cause the colour and general guides of 
 their respective battalions to cover those of the 
 preceding battalions, after which the General will 
 add: 
 
 2, Guides, on the line. 
 
 1123. This will be executed and followed up 
 in the manner indicated, Nos. 1117-20. 
 
 Article Y. 
 
 To close the colwnn to half distance, or in 
 juass. 
 
 1124. ^\^hcthcr the column of several battal- 
 ions be formed by company or "by division, the 
 distance between battalions, when the subdivi- 
 sions are at half wheeling distance from each 
 other, will be equal to the front of a subdivision ; 
 this distance between battalions will be reduced 
 to nine paces, measured from the first guide of a 
 following battalion to the last guide of the prece- 
 ding one, when the battalions are closed in 
 mass. 
 
 ,1125. A column by company, at full distance 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINK. 1 
 
 right in front, and at a halt, \\licn the General 
 }-hall wish to close it to half distance, he will, 
 command : 
 
 1. To hid/ distance close column. 
 
 1126. This havin^; been repeated, the General 
 will add : 
 
 2. March (^r dotihle-quwl: March.) 
 
 1127. At the co'rmand March, the leading 
 battalion will close to platoon distance on its first 
 company, as prescibed, No. 253, and follow- 
 ing. 
 
 1128. The other battalion will continue to 
 marcn; when the leading company of the second 
 battalion is at c mpany dis ance from the rear 
 company of the first bittalion, its captain will 
 halt it and align it by the left; the other compa- 
 nies of this battalion will close on the leading 
 one, and the following battalions will conform 
 themselves to what is prescribed for the second. 
 
 1129. The lieutenant colonel of the first bat- 
 talion will assure the positions oi the guides as 
 prescribed, School of the Battcdion. 
 
 1130. The 1 eutenant colonel of each following 
 battalion will throw himself in advance to the 
 point at which the leading con;paiiy ought to be 
 halted^ and he will assu' e the positions of the 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 33 
 
 guides by placing himself in rear of each as the 
 companies are successively closed. 
 
 liol. If the column b^ in march, the General 
 ^ill cause it to close by the same command, 
 
 1132. If the column be marching in double- 
 quick time, at the first command, the captain of 
 the leading company fi st battalion, will command 
 quick time ; at the command march, the reading 
 company will march in quick, and all the others 
 in double-quick tin,e; and as rach arrives at its 
 proper distance from the preceding one, its Qw'mi 
 will cause it to inarch in quick time, and when 
 the rearmost company shall have gained its dis- 
 tance, the General will command : 
 
 DovMe-qidclc — March. 
 
 1133. When the General shall wish to halt the 
 Icolumn, and to cause it to close to half distance 
 at the .-ame time, he will have the captain of the 
 leading company notified of his intention, who, 
 at the command march, will halt his company 
 and align it by the left. 
 
 1134. The column being at a halt, the Gene- 
 ral, if he wish to close it to half distance on the 
 rearmost company of the last battalion, will com- 
 mand : 
 
34 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINK. 
 
 1. On ilir tenth cornpani/, eighth hattaUonj to hnljl 
 (h'staucf\ close, column.. 
 
 11.15. Tliis li.'ivln^ )»cen repeated, each colonel 
 ^rill coiiiinan<l : 1. Battalion, ahout — Face; 2. 
 Column, forward ; ". Guide right. 
 
 lloG. At the first coininund of its colonel, the 
 battalions will face about; each guide will remain 
 abreast with the front rank, now the rear; the 
 rearmost con)pa])y of the last battalion will re- 
 main faced to the front. At the third command, 
 all the captains will place themselves two paces 
 outside of their guides. The General will then 
 add: 
 
 2. March Cot douhh-quick March.) 
 
 1136]. At the command march the eighth bat- 
 talion wll close on its rearmost company, as pre- 
 scribed; No. 270. The other battalions will close 
 on the eighth ; when the tenth company of the 
 seventh battilion is at the prescribed distance, its 
 captain will halt it, fiicc it to the front, and 
 align it by the left, its guide remaining faced to 
 the rear; the other companies will close upon 
 this company, and the remaining battalions will 
 each execute what is just prescribed for the 
 seventh, 
 
 1137. The lieutenant colonel of the eighth 
 battalion will assure the positions of his guides 
 as indicated, No. 272 ; the ;2 utenant colonels of 
 
"EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 35 
 
 the other battalions m\\ conform themselves to 
 what is prescribed, No. 1130. If the movement 
 be execufed in double qnick time, each capiain, 
 in turn, will halt, and command : such coinpan}/^ 
 right about — Hali. At this command^ the com- 
 pany will face right about and halt. 
 
 1138. Each colonel will lace his i^uides to the 
 front as soon as all the companies of his battalion 
 are aligned. 
 
 1139. The column being in march, when the 
 General shi|ll v/ii^h to close it on the last companj 
 of the rearmo.-it battalion, he will command : 
 
 1. On the tenth rompoiii/, eijlith hattalion, to half 
 
 disLai Cfj, clone column. 
 
 1140. Thin having been promptly repeated, 
 each colonel will command : 1. Bat alion, right 
 about. 
 
 1141. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March (or doubh-quick March.) 3. Guide 
 
 right. 
 
 1142. This having been repeated, the eighth 
 battalion w'il) close upon its rearmost company, as 
 pr8.<^cribed, No. 274, and following, the other bat- 
 talions will close on the eighth as prescribed, No. 
 113G, and ioil; v^-ing. 
 
 1143. The column being at halt, the General, 
 wishing to close io on the headmost company of 
 
30 EVOIXTIONS OF THE LIVE. 
 
 an interior battalion, say the fifth, will com- 
 mand : 
 
 1. On thf first rompani/, fifth Ixittalion^ to half \ 
 
 distance, close column. I ^ 
 
 1144. This liaving been repeated, the colonel 
 of each battalion, in front of the fifth, will com- 
 mand : 1. Ihtttalion, about — Face ; 2. Colunuiy 
 forward ; 3. Guide right. The General will then 
 add: 
 
 2. March (or doullc quick March.) 
 
 1145. At the command march, briskly repeated 
 by all the colonels, ti.c fifth battalion, and those 
 in its rear, will close up as prescribed, Xo. 1127, 
 and followinir, the battalions in front of the 
 fifth will clos.: as indicated. No. 1136,. and follow- 
 ing, the left company of the fourth battalion will 
 close on the directing company, leaving the inter- 
 val prescribed. No. 1124. 
 
 114G. A column by division, at full distance, 
 will close to half distance by the same commands 
 and means. 
 
 1147 The column being at full or half dis- 
 tance, the General will cause it to close in mass by 
 the same commands substituting the indication, 
 column, close in mass, for that of to half distance, 
 close column. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 37 
 
 1148. A column left in front will execute these 
 various movements on the same principles. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 To march in column at half clktance, or closed in 
 mass. 
 
 1149. A column at half distance or in mass 
 being at a halt, when the General shall wish to 
 cause it to march, he will give the commands pre- 
 scribed for putting in march a column at full dis- 
 tance. 
 
 1150. The means of direction indicated for a 
 column at full distance will be the same for a col- 
 umn at half distance or in mass ; except that 
 the colours and general guides will not stop out. 
 
 1151. A column at half distance or in mass, 
 being on inarch, the General will halt it by the 
 same commands as if it were a column at full dis- 
 tance, and if afterwards he shall wish to give a 
 general direction to the guides, he will establish 
 the two leading guides on the direction he may 
 choose, and then command : 
 
 Guides, cover in file. 
 
 1152. At this, repeated by the colonels, the 
 guides of the column will accurately cover each 
 other, in file, and be assured on the new direction 
 by the lieutenant-colonels and majors ; which 
 being executed, the colonels will cause their bat- 
 talions to be aligned as prescribed, No. 1119-20. 
 
 4 
 
38 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1153. A column by division or company, wheth- 
 er at lull or half distance or in mass, at a halt or 
 marching, can be faced to the right or left, and 
 marched off in the new direction. 
 
 Article YII. 
 
 To clianfjC iJircction in column at half distance. 
 
 1154. A column at half distance, being in 
 march, and having to change direction, will exe- 
 cute the movmiicnt as prescribed for a column at 
 full distance, with the difference indicated, No. 
 287. 
 
 Article YIIT. 
 
 To change dirrction in column closed in jyiass. 
 
 Isf. In marching. 
 
 1155. A column closed in mass, being in 
 march, and having to change direction, the Ge- 
 neral will command : 
 
 1. To change direction to the right (or left.") 2. 
 Bij battalion in mass, hy the head of column, 
 take distance. 
 
 1156. These commands having been repeated, 
 the colonels will cause their battalions to take the 
 guide on the flank opposite to the change of di- 
 rection, if it be not already there; the colonel of 
 the first or lending battalion will put it in march 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF TUE LINE. 39 
 
 in double-quick time, and when it arrives at the 
 point indicated, it will change direction by the 
 means prescribed, No. 288, and following. 
 
 1157. The colonel of the second battalion will 
 put it in march as soon as his leading division is 
 at the distance of forty paces from the last of the 
 preceding battalion; he will next commence the 
 change of direction at the point where the first 
 had commenced, and in the same manner. 
 
 1158. The colonels of the other battalions, as 
 they successively have the distance of forty paces, 
 will each conform himself to what is prescribed 
 for the colonel of the second. 
 
 1159. As soon as the first battalion shall have 
 marched in the new direction a distance equal to 
 the depth of the column in mass, the General will 
 command : 
 
 1. Column close in mass. 
 
 1160. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the first, will caution it to continue the march, 
 in quick time ; the colonels of the other battal- 
 ions will command: 1. Battalion. Douhle qiiick. 
 
 . 1161. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March. 
 
 1162. This having been repeated, all the bat- 
 talions except the first, will march in double quick 
 time, and as each arrives at the distance of nine 
 paces from that which precedes it, will, by com- 
 
40 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LIVE. 
 
 mand of its colonel, resume the march in quid 
 time. 
 
 1163. The foregoing changes of direction will 
 be executed according to the same principles in a 
 column, left in front. 
 
 2d. To change direction from a Jutlt. 
 
 1104. The column being halted, when the Ge-j 
 ncral shall wish to give it a new direction, and in 
 which it is to remain, he will cause it to execute 
 this movement by the flanks of sub-divisions ac- 
 cording to the principles prescribed, School of the 
 Battalion. 
 
 11G5. The column having the right in front, 
 when the General shall wish to cause it to change 
 direction to the left,^he will cause two markers to 
 be established on the new direction for the lead- 
 ing sub-division, and comm-and : 
 
 1. Change direction hy the right JlanJc. 
 
 IIGG. This having been repeated, each colonel 
 will command : hattalion, right — Face. The Ge- 
 neral will then add : 
 
 2. March (or douUe-quicJc — March.) 
 
 1167. At this, the column will march by the I 
 right flank into the new direction in conformity 
 with the principles prescribed. No. 308, and fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 1168. The colonels will sec, pending the exe- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 41 
 
 cution of the movement, that the files do not open 
 out, that the sub-divisions enter in a square vrith 
 the new direction, and that the prescribed dis- 
 tance between their battalions be exactly observ- 
 ed. 
 
 1169. The lieutenant-colonel of the leading 
 battalion will place himself some paces in front, 
 and face to the guide of the first sub-division of 
 the column, in order to assure the direction of 
 the guides of his battalion ; the lieutenant-colonel 
 of each of the following battalions will place him- 
 self successively behind its left guides as they ar- 
 rive on the new direction, to assure them in their 
 positions. 
 
 1170. A column in mass will change direction 
 to the right by inverse means. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 Being in column at half distance, or closed in 
 mass, to take distance. 
 
 1st. To take distance hi/ the head of column. 
 
 1171. A column by company being at half dis- 
 tance and at a halt, when the General shall wish 
 to cause it to take distance, he will indicate to 
 the lieutenant-colonel of the leading battalion the 
 point of direction in front, and then command : 
 
 Bf/ the head of column take icheeling distance. 
 
 1172. This having been repeated^ the first bat- 
 
42 EVOLUTIONS CF THE LINE. 
 
 talion will take its distances by the means indicat- 
 ed, No. 324, and following. 
 
 1173. Each of the other battalions will take its 
 distances in like manner; but it will not com- 
 mence its movement till the last sub-division of 
 the battalion immediately preceding has left, be- 
 sides the space equal to the front of a company, 
 the distance of twent3^-two paces, which ought to 
 separate battalions in- Hne of battle. 
 
 2d. To take distance on the rear of the column. 
 
 1174. The column being at half distance, and 
 at a halt, when the General shall wish to cause it 
 to take distances on the rearmost company, eighth 
 battalion, he will first determine the direction of 
 the line of battle, and direct two markers to be 
 placed on this line as prescribed. No. 333. ,The 
 markers being established, he will cause this line to 
 be prolonged by one of the means indicated, No. 
 190, and following; and as soon as these disposi- 
 tions are made, he will command: 
 
 1. Oil the tenth compaw/, eighth hattaJion, iahe 
 loheeling distance. 
 
 1175. This having been repeated, the colonels 
 will each command : 1. Coiumnj forward) 2 
 Guide left. 
 
 117G. At this, the captains will place' them- 
 selves two paces outside of the directing flank. 
 1177. The lieuteaantr colonel and the major of 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 43 
 
 the first battalion will remain in their places in 
 column • in the other battalions each lieutenant 
 colonel will throw himself abreast with his rear- 
 most company^ and the majors each abreast with 
 his first. 
 
 1178. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March, (or douUe-qiiich. March.) 
 
 1179. At this, the whole column, except the 
 directing company, will step off: the lieutenant 
 colonel of the first battalion will take care to di- 
 rect the leading guide a little within the line of 
 battle. 
 
 1180. The eighth battalion will take its dis- 
 tances as prescribed, No. oo4, and following. 
 
 1181. The lieutenant colonel of the seventh 
 battalion when he sees that only one company of 
 the eighth remains to take its distance, will hasten 
 to the point where his rearmost company ought 
 to be halted, observing to take, between it and 
 the first company of the eighth battalion, a dis- 
 tance equal to the front of a company and twenty- 
 two paces. 
 
 1182. AVhen his rearmost company shall ar- 
 rive abreast with the lieutenant colonel, its cap- 
 tain will halt and align it by the left. The other 
 companies of the seventh will take their distan- 
 ces as prescribed for those of the eighth battalion. 
 
 1183. The remaining battalions will succes- 
 sively execute what has just been prescribed for 
 the seventh. The lieutenant colonel of the first 
 will direct the march of its leading guide to the 
 
44 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LIKE. 
 
 point where the rearmost company of this bat- 
 talion ought to be halted, and then the major will 
 replace him momentarily at the head of the co- 
 lumn. 
 
 1184. The colonels, lieutenant colonels, and 
 majors, will conform themselves to what is pre- 
 scribed for each, Nos. 338-40. 
 
 od. To take distances on the liead o/ the column. 
 
 1185. AVhen the General shall wish to cause 
 distances to be taken on the head of the column, 
 he will direct two markers to be placed on the 
 line of direction as prescribed, No. 341, and 
 cause this line to be prolonged to the rear b}^ the 
 means indicated Nq. 1174 • these dispositions be- 
 ing made, he will command : 
 
 1. On the first compain/, first hattalton, take 
 wheeling distance. 
 
 1186. This having been repeated, each colonel 
 will command : 1. Battalion, ahout — Face ; 2. 
 
 Column, for war d ; 3. Guide right. 
 
 1187. At the third command, the captains will 
 place themselves two paces outside of the direct- 
 ing flank. 
 
 1188. The lieutenant eolonel of the eighth bat- 
 talion will throw himself abreast with his now 
 leading company, and the major abreast with its 
 rearmost one ; in the other battalions the positions 
 of the lieutenant colonels and majors will be the 
 reverse. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 45 
 
 1189. The General -svili then add :. 
 
 2. March, (or double-quick — March 
 
 1190. At this, the whole column, except the di- 
 recting company, which has not faced about, will 
 step oft"; the lieutenant colonel of the eighth bat- 
 talion, placed by the side of the guide of its now 
 leading company, will take care to direct this 
 guide a little within the line of battle. 
 
 1191. The first battalion will take its distances 
 in the manner indicated No. 342, and following. 
 
 1192. The lieutenant colonel of this battalion . 
 will throw himself to the point at which the first 
 company ought to be halted, when the last com- 
 pany but one of the first battalion shall have ta- 
 ken its distance. 
 
 1193. This company having arrived abreast 
 with the lieutenant colonel, its captain will halt 
 it, face it about, and align it by the left; the 
 other companies of this battalion will take their 
 distances as prescribed for those of the first bat- 
 talion. 
 
 1194. Each remaining battalion will conform 
 itself to what has just been prescribed for the se- 
 cond. The lieutenant colonel of the eighth will 
 direct the march of its leading guide to the point 
 at which its now rearmost company ought to be 
 halted, when he will change place with the major. 
 
 1195. The field officers will conform them- 
 selves to what is prescribod for each, Nos. 338- 
 40. 
 
♦ 
 
 4G EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 4t]i. To take dlstaiicc on an interior hatfallon. 
 
 HOG. When the General shall wish to cause 
 distances to be taken on an interior company of 
 the column, say the first company of the fifth bat- 
 talion, he will establish the 'Jirection in the man- 
 ner indicated No. 118.^, and cause it to bo pro- 
 longed to the front and rear; which being exe- 
 cuted, he will command : 
 
 1. On the first company , fftli hatfalton, faJce 
 icheeh'uf/ distance. 
 
 1197. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the fifth and the colonels of the following bat- 
 talions will each command: 1. Battalion, about 
 — Face; 2. Column, forward ; 3. Guide right ; 
 the colonels of the battalions in front of the fifth 
 will each command : 1. Column, Jorward; 2. 
 Guide left. 
 
 1198. The General will then add: 
 
 (2. INIarcii. or doiilIe-qnicJc — MARCH.) 
 
 1109. The fifth battalion, and those placed in 
 its rear, will execute their movements in the man- 
 ner indicated No. 1187, and following, for taking 
 distances on the head of the column ; the fifth will 
 conform itself to what is prescribed, in that case 
 for the first battalion. 
 
 1200. The first four battalions will execute the 
 movement as prescribed No. 1176, and following, 
 for taking distances on the rear of the column. 
 
ETOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 47 
 
 At the coraniencement of the movement, the 
 fourth battalion will put itself in march with the 
 others^ and its rearmost company will be halted 
 the moment there is, between it and the first com- 
 pany of the fifth battalion, a distance equal to the 
 front of a company, and twenty-two paces. 
 
 1201. When distances are taken on an interior 
 battalion of the column, the headmost or rearmost 
 company of this battalion will be designated as 
 the directing company. 
 
 1202. A column in mass will take full distan- 
 ces, by the commands and means just indicated. 
 When it htis to take half distances, the General 
 will substitute, in the first command, the indica- ' 
 tion half for that of ichecVing distance. 
 
 1203. All those movements will be executed 
 according to the same principles, in a column left 
 in front. 
 
 1204. In a column by division, distances will 
 be taken according to the same principles as in a 
 column by company. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 Countermarcli. 
 
 1205. A column, right in front, being at full 
 or half distance, when the General shall wish to 
 cause it to execute the countermarch, he will com- 
 mand : 
 
 ,^ . 1. Countermarch. 
 
 .( ■ 
 
 1206. This being repeated by all the colonels, 
 
■ib EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. ^ 
 
 each will immediately command : 1. Battalion^ 
 right (or left) Face ; 2. Bij file left (or right.) 
 
 1207. the General will then add : 
 
 2. March. {Or douhle-quich — March.) 
 
 1208. At this, briskly repeated, all the sub-di- 
 visions of the column will execute the counter- 
 march, as prescribed. School of the Battalion. 
 
 1209. With the left in front, the countermarch 
 will be executed according to the same princi- 
 ples. 
 
 Countermarch of a column closed in mass. 
 
 1210. When a column in mass has to execute 
 the countermarch, the General will command : 
 
 1. Countermarch. 
 
 1211. This being briskly repeated by all the 
 colonels, each will immediately command : 1. 
 Battalion, riyht and left — Face; 2. By file left 
 and right. 
 
 1212. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March — ( or douhle-qinck — March.) 
 
 1213. At this, briskly repeated, the subdivi- 
 sions will put themselves in movement, and the 
 countermarch will be executed^ as prescribed; No. 
 354; and following. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 49 
 
 Article XL 
 
 JBei'ig in column hi/ comj)onij cJosed in mass and 
 at a halt, to form divisions, 
 
 1214. The column being by eompan}-, right in 
 front and at a halt^ when the General shall wish 
 to cause divisions to be formed, lie will com- 
 mand :• 
 
 1. Form divisions. 
 
 1215. This being repeated by the colonels, 
 each will immediately command : Irft comjyanics, 
 left — Face. 
 
 1216. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March — (or douUc-quich — March.) 
 
 1217. At this, briskly repeated, the movement 
 will be executed as prescribed, Scliool of the Bat- 
 talion. 
 
 1218. Each colonel will command : guides — 
 Posts, as soon as the divisions of his battalion 
 are formed. 
 
 1219. If the column be in march, instead of at 
 a halt, when the General shall wish to form divi- 
 sion.s, he will command : 
 
 1. Form divisions. 
 
 1220. This being repeated by the colonels, each 
 will immediately command : left companies, hy the 
 left )lank. 
 
 1221. The General will then add : 
 5 
 
50 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 2. ^Marcii (or double, quick — 3Iarch.) 
 
 1222. At this, brifskly repeated, the movement 
 will be executed as prescribed, School of the Bat- 
 talion. 
 
 1123. If the left be in front, the General will 
 
 give the same commands, and the colonels will 
 
 conform then)selvcs to what is preicribed, No. 
 882. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Different modes of passim j from the order in 
 column to the order in battle. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Manner of determining the line of battle. 
 
 1224. The different manners of determining 
 the line of battle have been explained, School of 
 the Battalion. 
 
 Article XL 
 
 Different modes of 2->assing from column at full 
 distance into line of battle. 
 
 1. To the left (or right) ^ 
 
 2. On the ris^ht (or left) • , r r . . ,, 
 
 o T^ 1 Vintolineor battle. 
 
 6. i^orward, { 
 
 4. Faced to the rear. J 
 
 Isf. Column at full distance, to the left (or ri^ht) 
 into line of battle. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 51 
 
 1225. The column, right in front, when the 
 General shall wish to form it to the left into line, 
 he will first assure the direction of the i^uides by 
 one of the means prescribed, No. 1112, and fol- 
 lowing, and No. 1121, and following ; which being 
 executed, he will command : 
 
 1. Left into line, wheel. 
 
 1226. This having been repeated by the colo- 
 nels, the right guide of the company at the head 
 of each battalion will throw himself on the di- 
 rection of the left guides, in conformity with 
 what is prescribed, No. 391; the General will 
 then add : 
 
 2. March, (or douhle-quick — March.) 
 
 1227. At this, briskly repeated, the column 
 will form to the left into line of battle, and the 
 moment it is formed, the General will command : 
 
 3. Guides (or colours and guides) — Posts. 
 
 1228. At this, the guides will take their places 
 in line of battle, as also the colour-bearers, if in 
 front. 
 
 1229. A column in march, will be formed into 
 line, without halting, by the same commands and 
 means, and according to the principles prescribed, 
 School of the Battalion. 
 
 1230. If, in forming the column into line, the 
 General should wash to move forward, without 
 haltinc:, he will command : 
 
52 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1. By co77}j)amcs, left idiccl. 
 
 1231. AVhich being repeated, lie will add ; •: 
 2. March, (or clouhk-qm'ck — March.) 
 
 1232. At this comniaiid the movement will be 
 executed, as prescribed, No. 40-4; and when the 
 wheel is nearly completed, the General will com- 
 mand : ! 
 
 1. Forward. 2. MARCH-. 8. Guide — centre. 
 
 1233. At the third command the colour and 
 general guides will conform themselves to what is 
 prescribed, for march in line of battle. 
 
 1234:. A column left in front, will form to the 
 right into line of battle, according to the same 
 principles. 
 
 By iiivcrslonj to the right (or left^ into line of hat- 
 tie. 
 
 1235. If circumstances require tliat a column 
 right in front, should form to the right into line 
 of battle, the General, without occupying himself 
 with rectilyiiig the right guides of the column, 
 will comiiiand : 
 
 1. By inversion, right info line, whocl. 
 
 1236. At this, the lieutenant-colonel and the 
 left guide of every company at the head of a bat- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 53 
 
 talion, will conform themselves to what is pre- 
 scribed, No. 408. 
 
 1237- The colonels having repeated the above 
 command, will each immediately give this : hat- 
 talion, guide right; the lieutenant-colonels and 
 majors will rectify, with the utmost promptitude, 
 the direction of the right guides of their respec- 
 tive battalions, without occupying themselves with 
 the general direction of the column : and as soon 
 as these dispositions are* made, the General will 
 add: 
 
 2. March, (or douUc-quich — March.) 
 
 1238. At this, briskly repeated, each battalion 
 will wheel up into line in conformity to what is 
 prescribed. No. 409. 
 
 1239. The line being formed, the General will 
 command : 
 
 3. Guides — Posts. 
 
 1240. If, with the left in front, it be necessary 
 to form the column to the left into line of battle, 
 the movement will be executed according to the 
 same principles. 
 
 1241. If the General should wish the line to 
 move forward after it is formed, the movement 
 will be executed by the commands, and according 
 to the principles indicated No. 1229; always 
 preceding the command, hy companies right (or 
 left) ichcel, by the command, ^y inversion. 
 
54 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 Successive Formations. 
 
 1242. In the successive formations, the litu- 
 tenant-colonel of each subordinate battalion will 
 always precede it on the line of battle, and es- 
 tablish a marker at the point where the right or 
 left of his leading subdivision is to rest. He 
 will take care to leave between this marker and 
 the next battalion already established on the 
 line, the interval of twenty-two paces, and then 
 place a second marker on the line at a little less 
 than subdivision distance from the first. The 
 moment the lieutenant-colonel detaches himself, 
 he will be replaced at the head of his column by 
 the major. 
 
 124o. As soon as the color-subdivision of each 
 battalion arrives on the line of battle, the color- 
 bearer will step out and place himself opposite to 
 his file on the alignment of the guides already 
 established on that line, taking care to hold up 
 his lance perpendicularly between his ej^es. 
 
 1244. As soon as there shall be two colors on 
 the line of battle, the colonels will command : 
 guides — Posis, after the last subdivision of their 
 battalions is established on that line; but the 
 color-bearers will remain in front until the entire 
 line is formed. The General will then command: 
 colors — Posts. 
 
 1245. The lieutenant-colonels will assure with 
 the utmost care the markers of their respective 
 battalions on the line of battle, taking the colors 
 as the basis of aliiz-nmcnt as soon as there are two 
 
EFOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 55 
 
 es'ablislied on that line, and then assure Trith 
 equal precision the direction of the following 
 guides and color-bearer as they successively come 
 on the line of battle. 
 
 2c7. Column at full distance, on tlie rirjlit (or Irft^ 
 into line of battle. 
 
 1246. A column by company, right in front^ 
 being in march, ^hen the General shall wish to 
 form it on the right into line of battle, he will 
 first determine the direction cf that line, and then 
 indicate to the lieutenant-colonel of the first bat- 
 talion the point where the right is to rest; this 
 officer will immediately detach himself with two 
 markers, and establish them as indicated, Ko. 
 415. 
 
 1247. If the direction of the line of battle be 
 not parallel, or nearly so, to that of the column, 
 the Grencrah a little in advance, will tnke care to 
 direct the m irch of the leading subdivision paral- 
 lelly to that line, by the means indicated, No. 435, 
 so that its guide, after turning to the right, may 
 have at least ten (or nine) paces to take in order 
 to come upon it. 
 
 1248. These" dispositions being made, the Gen- 
 eral will command : 
 
 On the right into line. 
 
 1249. This having been repeated by the colo- 
 nels, each will add : hattalion^ guide right. 
 
50 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1250. Tlio leading subdivision having arrived 
 opposite to the inark:»,r phiced at the point of 
 oj'jnii, (rest,) will turn to the right and the for- 
 mation into line of battle will be executed as 
 prescribed, No. 418, and following. 
 
 1251. AVhen the lieutenant-colonel of the se- 
 cond battalion sees the last subdivision of the first 
 turn fo the right, in order to move upon the line, 
 he will detach himself with two markers, whom 
 he will cstabli.sh on the direction of the guides of 
 the first battalion. 
 
 1252. The leading subdivision of the second 
 battalion having arrived opposite to the first 
 marker, will turn to the right at the command of 
 its captain, who will halt it three paces from the 
 line of battle, and align it by the right agains^t the 
 two markers, placed in advance by the lieutenant- 
 colonel. 
 
 1258. The following battalions will execute 
 their movement as just prescribed for the second. 
 
 1254. If the column be marchmg in quick 
 time, and the (Icneral should wish the niovement 
 executed in double quick time, he will add the 
 command : Double-quick — Marcii, and the move- 
 ment will be executed as prescribed, No. 429. 
 
 1255. The line being formed, tlie Greneral will 
 command : 
 
 Colors — Posts. 
 
 125G. At this the color-bearers will return to 
 their places in line of battle. See Xo. 1244. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 0/ 
 
 1257. The General, placed at the point of 
 appui will see that tlie colors of the two right 
 battalions place themselves correctly on the direc- 
 tion which he may liave determined for the line 
 of battle. 
 
 1258. The field officers will conform them- 
 selves, pending the formation into line of battle 
 of their respective battalions, to what has been 
 prescribed, Xos. 480-1. 
 
 1259. A column, left in front, will be formed 
 on the left, into line of battle, according to the 
 same principles. 
 
 1260. If the General should wish to commence 
 firing pending the execution of the movement, he 
 will give an order to that efl'ect, and the severa' 
 battalions will successively conform themselves t( 
 what is prescribed, Xo. 4o8. Tliis rule is genera- 
 for all succcssu-e formations. 
 
 od. Coliaiin at full distance^ forward into line o. 
 hat tie. 
 
 1261. "When a column at full distance, righti 
 front, and in march, shall arrive behind the rigl 
 of the line on which it has to form line of battle 
 the General will first determine the direction o 
 that line, and then indicate to the lieutenant-colo 
 nel of the leading battalion the point at which thi 
 right ought to rest; this officer will immediately 
 detach himself with two markers, and establish 
 them on the direction indicated, as explained, 
 No. 415. 
 
58 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 12G2. The lietul of the coIuudi iiaving arrived 
 at company distance from the line of Ixittle, the! 
 General will command : 
 
 1. Furicard, into line. 
 
 12G3. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the first battalion will command : hi/ company^, 
 left half wheel; the other colonels will each com- 
 mand : 1. Battalion, guide right; 2. Head of 
 column to the left. 
 
 1264. The General will then add : ^ 
 
 • March, (or douhle-quiclc) — March. 
 
 1265. At this, briskly repeated, the first bat- 
 talion will form itself forward, into line of battle 
 by the means prescribed, No. 453, and following. 
 
 12GG. The-remaining battalions will march in 
 column, by battalion, towards the line of battle; 
 to this end, the leading company of each will break . 
 from the general column by a wheel to the left, 
 and then direct itself, that of the second battalion 
 almost pavalU'lly to the line of battle, and that of 
 each of the following battalions diagonally for- 
 ward, so as to arrive opposite to the point of ajjjnd 
 (rest) of its battalion, but distant from this point 
 at least the depth of the battalion in column. 
 
 12G7. The head of each of these battalions 
 having arrived at this point, will turn to the right, 
 in order to advance in a square with the line of 
 battlc; and when it shall beat about company dis- 
 
fv?. 
 
 IVO.LUT.IOMS QLTHE LINE 
 
 
 A- 
 
 g'B' 
 
 llll^ 
 
 \ 
 
 ^>. 
 
 V. 
 
 \ 
 
 SB^^ 
 
 4B' 
 
 5B^ 
 
 ffi 
 
 JHiic 
 
 = aB"^' 
 
ived 
 the 
 
 = -^.' 
 
 
 ■^0;) 
 
 .el- 
 
 i. 
 
 
 m- 
 
 
 of 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 t- 
 
 
 \e 
 
 
 ?• 
 
 
 n 
 
 fk. \ 
 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 59 
 
 tancc from that line, on wlilcli the lieutenant-colo- 
 nel will have established two niaikers, as explain- 
 ed, No. 415, the colonel will cause it to form for- 
 ward, into line of battle by the means and the 
 commands prescribed, No. 452, and following. 
 
 1268. The columns being at a halt, the move- 
 ment will be executed by the same commands and 
 means, with the exception that the captain of the 
 leading company, first battalion, will conform him- 
 self to what is prescribed, No. 441. 
 
 1269. The line being formed, the General will 
 command : . . 
 
 Colors — Posts. 
 
 1270. If the General should wish to continue 
 the march in line, after it has been formed, he will 
 not cause markers to be established ; the move- 
 ment will be executed in double quick time, by 
 the same commands and means, and in conformity 
 to what is indicated No. 457 ; when the line is 
 formed the General will designate the guide by 
 one of the means prescribed for marching in line. 
 
 Remarks on Jormiiig f or tear d into line of battle. 
 
 1271. The precision of this movement depends 
 on the diagonal direction taken by the battalions 
 in passing from the general colunin towards the 
 line of battle; the better to assure this direction, 
 the General^ colonels, and lieutenant colonels, will 
 observe the following rules fo'" executing the move- 
 ment from a halt. 
 
60 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1272. Ijefore beginning the movement, the 
 General will charge two aids- de-camp to determine 
 the points of appui on the line oi battle for the 
 right flanks of the difi'erent battalions, which will 
 be executed as follows : v 
 
 1273. One of the aids will gallop to battalion 
 distance and twenty-two paces from the General 
 placed at the point of ajypui, and face to him ; the 
 General will, by signal of the sword, align him on 
 the point of direction to the left. The other aid 
 will gallop at the same time to a like distance in 
 
 •rear of 'the first, face to the right, and align him- 
 self on the first and the General. 
 
 1274. The two aids being thus established on 
 the line of b-ittle, the General will cause the move- 
 ment to commence ; the second battalion will di- 
 rect itself on the first aid, and the third on second j 
 when the lieutenant-colonel of the second will ar- 
 rive on the line, the first will gallop to battalion 
 distance and twenty-tvro paces behind the second, 
 and align himself on the latter and the color to 
 the right; the two aids will thus in turn place 
 themselves one behind the other at battalion dis- 
 tance and an interval of twenty-two paces, as soon 
 as the lieutenant-colonel of the battalion which 
 directs itself on cither, comes to replace him. The 
 aids-de-canip will be careful to place themselves 
 accurately on the line of battle, and at the true 
 distance from each other. I 
 
 1275. From the commencement of the move- 
 ment, the General; or the ofiieer he may substi- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 61 
 
 tute, will place liinisclf at the point of aprui as in 
 the formation on the right, into line of battle, and 
 for the like purpose. >S'ee No. 1257. 
 
 1270. Every colonel will hold himself abreast 
 with his leading company on the directing flank, 
 pending the march of his battalion towards the 
 line of battle ; and, when the battalion begins to 
 form, he will conform himself to what is pre- 
 scribed, No. 430. 
 
 1277. Each lieutenant-colonel will detach him- 
 self, in order to take the place of the aid-de-camp 
 on the line of battle, when the* head of his bat- 
 talion is at about one hundred and forty paces 
 from that line, and he will then discharge the 
 functions, pending the formation of his battalion, 
 which have been prescribed, No. 431. 
 
 1278. A column, left in front, arriving behind 
 the left of the line of battle, will form forward on 
 that line, according to the same principles and by 
 inverse means. 
 
 \tli. Column at full distance faced to the i^ear, 
 into line of battle. 
 
 1279. A column at full distance, right in front, 
 and at a halt, when the General shall wish to 
 form it into line faced to the rear, he will first de- 
 termine the direction of that line, and indicate to 
 the lieutenant-colonel of the headmost battalion 
 the point of appid \'ox its right; this officer will 
 immediately detach himself with two markers, and 
 
 6 
 
62 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 establish tlicm on tlic direction- indicated^ as ex- 
 plained, No. 415. 
 
 1280. The General will then cause the leading 
 company to be marched and aligned against the 
 markers in the manner indicated, No. -±07 ; this 
 
 beio": done, he will then command : 
 
 "- .f 
 
 1. Into line, faced to the right. 
 
 1281. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the first will inimediately command : haffalion, 
 riqht — Face ; the. colonels of the following bat- 
 talions will each command: 1. Battalion, guide 
 left ; 2. Head of column, to the right. 
 
 1282. The General will then add : 
 
 ]MARCir, (or double quic/c — March.) 
 
 1283. This being briskly repeated, the first 
 battalion will form into line of battle, faced to the 
 rear, as prescribed. No. 468, and following. 
 
 1284. The remaining battalions will march in 
 column, by battalion, towards the line of battle; 
 to this end, the leading company of each will 
 break from the general column by a wheel to the 
 right, and the battalion will then direct itself to- 
 wards the line of battle as in the formation for- 
 icard, iuio line. 
 
 1285. The head of each of these battalions 
 having arrived at the point opposite its point of 
 appui (rest) of its battalion^ will turn to the left 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LIKE. Oo 
 
 in order to advance in a square with tlie line of 
 battle; and when at about company distance from 
 that line, on which the lieutenant- colonel will 
 have established two markers as indicated, No. 
 12-12, the colonel will cause it to form iaced to 
 the rear, into line of battle, by the means and 
 commands prescribed, No. ibO, and following. 
 See lYo. 1244. 
 
 128G. The line being formed, the General will 
 command : 
 
 3. Colors — Posts. 
 
 12ST. The General, colonels, and lieutenant- 
 colonels, will conform themselves to what is pre- 
 scribed. No. 1275, and following. 
 
 1288. A column, left in front, arriving before 
 the left of the line of battle, will be formed faced 
 to the rear, into line of battle, according to the 
 same principles and by inverse means. . 
 
 1289. If the column be in march, and shall 
 arrive in front of the right of the line on which it 
 is to form, he will indicate to the lieutenant-colo- 
 nel of the headmost battalion the point of appid 
 for its right; this officer will conform himself to 
 what is prescribed. No. 1270. 
 
 1290. ^yhen the head of the column sh;iil be at 
 nearly company distance from the two markers 
 established on the line, the General will com- 
 mand : 
 
64 EVOLUTIONS OF TUE LINE. 
 
 1. Into line, faced to tlic rear. 
 
 1291. This having been repeated^ the colonel 
 of the first will immediately command : battalioiij 
 Jyy the right Jlank ; the colonels of the other bat- 
 talions will each command : 1. Battalion, guide 
 left ; Head of column to the right. 
 
 1292. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March (or douUe-quich — March.) 
 
 1293. This being briskly repeated, the first bat- 
 talion will form into line of battle, faced to the 
 rear, as prescribed, No. 480, and following. 
 
 1294. The other battalions will conform them- 
 selves to what is prescribed, No. 1284, and fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 1295. The foregoing principles are applicable 
 to a column left in front. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Formations into line of hattle, composed of tico 
 movements. 
 
 129G. When a column, right in front, arriving 
 behind the line of battle, and 'prolonging itself on 
 that line, has to form upon it before the whole of 
 the colunm has entered into the new direction, 
 the formation will be executed as follows. 
 
 1297. It will be supposed that the General has 
 halted the column at the instant that the fourth 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF TDE LINE. 65 
 
 company of the fourth battalion entered the new 
 direction ; he will verify the positions of the gen- 
 eral guides, who, according to the principles es- 
 tablished, ought to be on the flank of the part of 
 the column which has entered the new direction, 
 and he will establish this portion of the column 
 on that direction, by the means prescribed. No. 
 1121, and following; which being executed, he 
 will command : 
 
 1. To the left, and foricard, into line. 
 
 1298. This having been repeated, the colonels 
 of the first four battalions will each command : 
 left into line, iclieel, and the colonel of the fourth, 
 a part of whose battalion only has entered the new 
 direction, will then add: six last comimnies, for- 
 icard^ into line. 
 
 1299. The colonel of the fifth will command : 
 1. Forward, into line ; 2. By company, left half 
 wlieel; and the colonels of the last three battalions 
 will each command: 1. Forward, into line; 2. 
 Battalion, guide riejlit ; Head of column to the 
 left. 
 
 1300. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March (or donlle-quick March.) 
 
 1301. At this, briskly repeated, the battalions 
 will form to the left and forward, into line of hat- 
 tic, according to the principles prescribed for the 
 two formations. 
 
GG EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1302. If tli« column bo iu marcli the move- 
 ment will be executed by the same commands and 
 means. 
 
 1303. If the General should wish, in forming 
 the linCj to march it immediately forward^ he will 
 command : 
 
 1. By compamj to the left, and foricard into 
 line. 
 
 1304. This being repeated, the colonels will 
 conform themselves to what is indicated, Nos. 
 1298-99. 
 
 1305. The General will then add : 
 
 2 . Do ulle-quich — Marcit. 
 
 130G. The movement will be executed as pre- 
 scribed. No. 1301, and the General will designate 
 the directing battalion as prescribed, No. 1270. 
 
 1307. If the column, instead of arriving heliind, 
 arrive hcforc the line of battle, the formation will 
 be executed as follows : 
 
 loOS. The General having halted the column, 
 and assured the positions of the guides who have 
 entered into the new direction, will command : 
 
 1. To tlic left, and faced to the rcai', into line. 
 
 1309. This having been repeated, the colonels 
 of the lirst four battalions will each command : 
 le/t info the line, tcheel, and the colonel of the 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. G7 
 
 fourth will then add : six last companies, into line, 
 faced to the rear. 
 
 1310. The colonel of the fifth will command : 
 1. Into line, faced to the rear ; 2. Battalion, 
 right — Face; the colonels of tlic last three bat- 
 talions will each command : 1. Into line, faced to 
 the rear ; 2. Battalion, guide left; 3. Head of 
 column to the right. 
 
 1311. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March (or double qiiick March.) 
 
 1312. At this, briskly repeated, the battalions 
 will form to the left and faced to the rear, into 
 line of hattlc, according to the principles prescribed 
 for the two Ibrmations. 
 
 1313. ^Vhen a column at full distance has to 
 be formed faced to the front, or faced to the rear, 
 into line, on any company other than that at the 
 head of tho column, the formation will be executed 
 by the union of two movements, as will be ex- 
 plained. 
 
 1314. In the first case, or faced to the front: 
 the battalion on which the movement is made, 
 and those in the rear, will form f one ard, into line 
 of battle ; the other battalion will countermarch, 
 and form faced to the rear, into line of battle. 
 
 1315. In the second case : the column having 
 to form faced to the rear of the column, the bat- 
 talion on which the movement is made, and those 
 which follow, will form faced to the rear into line 
 
G8 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 ofhaltle^ the other battalions will countermarcli, 
 and ^oxm. for icard, into line of battle. 
 
 13 IG. In both cases the company at the head 
 of the battalion on which the movement is made, 
 will be taken as the basis of the formation. 
 
 1317. A column by company, right in front, 
 will be supposed : the General wishing to form it 
 into line of buttle, faced to the front, on the fifth 
 battalion, will send an order to the colonels of the 
 first four battalions to cause them to counter- 
 march, and himself cause to be established two 
 markers before the head of the fifth battalion, as 
 indicated, No. 415; as soon as those markers are 
 established, the lieutenant-colonel of the fourth 
 battalion will place two others on the same align- 
 ment, leaving between the two battalions the in- 
 terval of twentj'-two paces. 
 
 1318. The first four battalions having executed 
 the countermarch, the General will command : 
 
 1. On ilie (first company) fiflli lattaVion^for- 
 wavil^ into line. 
 
 1310. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the fifth will command : hy company, left half 
 wheel; the colonels of the last three battalions 
 will each command: 1. Battalion^ guide right; 
 2. Head of column to the left. 
 
 1520. The colonel of the fourth will command: 
 1. Into line, faced to the rear ; 2. Bnttalioiiy left — 
 Face; the colonels of the first three battalions 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 69 
 
 will eacli command : 1. Into line, faced to tlic 
 rear; 1. Battalion^ guide rirjht ; 2. Head of co- 
 lumn to the left. 
 
 lo21. The General will then add : 
 
 March for doublc-qidcU — March.) 
 
 1322. At this, briskly repeated, the last four 
 battalions will form forvxird, and the first four 
 faced to the rear, into line of battle, according to 
 the principles prescribed for the two formations. 
 
 1323. If, instead of facing to the front, the line 
 has to be formed faced to the rear of the column, 
 the General, after sending an order to the colonels 
 of the first four battalions to cause them to coun- 
 termarch, will place two markers before the head 
 •of the fifth battalion; the lieutenant colonel of 
 the fourth will place two other markers on the 
 same alignment, leaving between the two bat- 
 talions an interval of twenty-two paces. 
 
 1324. The first four battalions having executed 
 the countermarch, the General will command : 
 
 On the (first company) fifth hatlalion, into line, 
 fenced to the rear. 
 
 1325. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the fifth will command: battalion, right — Face; 
 the colonels of the last three battalions will com- 
 mand: 1. Into line, faced to the rear ; 2. Bat- 
 talion, guide left; 8. Head of column to the 
 right. 
 
/U EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 132G. The colonel of the fourth will command : 
 1. Forward, into line ; 2. Bij company, right half 
 wheel', the colonels of the first three battalions will \ 
 each command: 1. Forward, into line; 2. Bat- \ 
 talion, (juide left ; 3. Head of column to the riejht. 
 
 1327. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March (or doulle-quick — March.) 
 
 1328. At tins, briskly repeated, the last four 
 battalions will fovm faced to the rear, and the first 
 four forward, into line of battle, according to the 
 principles prescribed for the two formations. 
 
 1329. These several movements in a column, 
 left in front, will be executed according to the 
 same principles^ and by inverse means. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Different modes of j^assing from cohrnin at half 
 distance into line of battle. 
 
 1330. Columns at half distance ri ay be formed 
 into line of battle in either of the modes prescribed 
 for columns at full distanc-e. See commencement 
 of the preceding Article II. 
 
 Isf, Colu7?ji at half distance, to the left (or right) 
 . into line of battle. 
 
 1331. A column at half distance having to 
 form to the left (or right) into line of battlC; the 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 71 
 
 General will first cause it to take distances on the 
 subdivision he may choose to des.gnate, by the 
 means prescribed, No. 1174, and following ; which 
 being executed, he will form the column into line 
 of battle as indicated, No. 1225, and following. 
 
 1332. If a column by company, at half dis- 
 tmce be in march, and it be necessary to form 
 rapidly into line of battle, the General will com- 
 mand : 
 
 1. By tlie rear of column left (or rujlit) into line, 
 
 1333. This having been promptly repeated, the 
 General will add : 
 
 o 
 
 ]\I.^iicii (or (huhle-qulch March.) 
 
 1334. This will be executed by each battalion 
 successively, as prescribed, No. 503, and follow- 
 ing j each colonel will be careful to leave the dis- 
 tance of twenty-two paces between his own and 
 the succeedii>§' battalion. 
 
 Id. Column at half distance, on tlie rigid (or on the 
 left) into line of hattle. 
 
 1335. A column at half distance will be formed 
 on the right (or on the left) into line of battle, by 
 the same commands and means as a column at full 
 distance. 
 
72 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 od. Column at half distance, foricard, into line of 
 battle. 
 
 1336. A coluDin being at half distance, when 
 the General shall wish to form it forward into line 
 of battle, he will make the same dispositions and 
 give the same commands as if the column were at 
 full distance; the leading battalion will close in 
 mass and deploy on the headmost company; the 
 following battalions will break by battalion from the 
 general column, and each direct itself towards the 
 line of battle, as if it were at full distance. When 
 the headmost company shall have arrived at three 
 paces from that line, the colonel will cause the 
 column to close in mass, and then deploy it, as 
 
 pre 
 
 sen 
 
 bed for the leading' battalion. 
 
 AtTi. Column at half distance, faced to the rear, into 
 line of battle. 
 
 1337. A column at half distance will be form- 
 ed, faced to the rear, into line of battle, by the 
 commands and means prescribed for a column at 
 full distance. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Columns closed in mass. 
 
 Deployment by battalion in mass. 
 
 1338. A column in mass, whatever the number 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE 
 
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EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. I 6 
 
 Df battalions, may be formed into line of battle bj 
 deployment; 1st. Faced to the front; 2d. Faced 
 to the rear ; 3d. Faced to the left ; 4th. Faced 
 to the right. 
 
 ist. Faced to the front. 
 
 1339. The column, formed by division, and 
 right in front, and the General, wishing to deploy 
 it, faced to the front, will first determine the di- 
 rection of the line of battle, and cause it to be 
 marked by one of the means already indicated, 
 taking care, if the column be in march, to cause a 
 mounted officer to be placed on that line, at the 
 point where the head of the column ought to ar- 
 rive. 
 
 1340. Deployments will always be made upon 
 lines parallel and lines perpendicular to the line 
 of battle, according to the principle established. 
 School of the Battalion. If the column be at a 
 halt, the General, before deploying it, will estab- 
 lish it perpendicularly to the line of battle, if it 
 be not already so, by the means indicated, 
 No. 1151-2, or No. 1164, and following; if the 
 column be in march, he will direct it on the point, 
 marked as above, but so that it may arrive per- 
 pendicularly to the line of battle, and he will halt 
 it at three paces from that line. 
 
 1341. The column being thus established, the 
 
 General will cause it to deploy by battalion in 
 
 mass, on the first battalion. He will place on the 
 
 line of battle two markers, the first before the 
 
 7 
 
74 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 right and tlie seeond before the left file of the 
 headmost division, a.id then order a mounted of- 
 licer to throw himself beyond the point at which 
 the left battalion will arrive, and to plate himself 
 exactly on the prolongation of the basis of the 
 alignment. 
 
 1342. These dispositions being made, the Ge- 
 neral will command : 
 
 1. By hattalion in mass, on the first haUalion, 
 deploy column. 
 
 1343. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the first battalion will caution it to stand fast. 
 The other colonels will face ihcir battalions to 
 the lei't. 
 
 1344. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March, (or douhk-quick — March.) 
 
 1345. At the command march, briskly repeat- 
 ed the movement will commence; the colonel of 
 the first will command : r/'(/hf — Drews; at which 
 the first division will dress up against the mark- f 
 ers, and be aligned by the ri<.'ht. ' At the same | 
 time, the guides of the other divisions will cover | 
 each other accurately in file, each following I 
 r>-uide taking the distance of six paces from the ^ 
 guide immediately preceding; the major will es- 
 Siblish them promptly on the direction, and as 
 soon as they are assured in their positions, each 
 chief will align his division by the right. The 
 chief of the first division, after having command- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 75 
 
 €(1 front, instead of placing: himself before it-j 
 centre, will remain on the right of the front rank, 
 and the right guide will I'all back to the rear 
 rank. 
 
 1346. The other battalions will march by the 
 left flank ; the second, which finds itself nearest 
 to the line of battle, will direct itself parallelly 
 to that line ; the others will march abreast with 
 the second, and each preserve the distance of 
 nine paces between the guide of its first and the 
 guide of the last division of the battulion next to- 
 wards the line ot battle. 
 
 1347. The instant the m*ovement commences, 
 the major of the second battalion will throw him- 
 self twentj^-two paces from the left flank of the 
 column, to mark the point at which the battalion 
 will face to the right in order to advance upon 
 the line of battle. 
 
 1348. The lieutenant colonel of this battalion 
 will at the same time throw himself on the line 
 of battle, and establish two markers on it, dis- 
 posed like those of the first battalion, the right 
 marker twenty-two paces from the left flank of the 
 battalion. 
 
 1349. When the right file of the first division, 
 second battalion is nearly up w^ith the major, the 
 colonel will command : 1. Battalion, hy the right 
 Jianh; 2. March; 3. Guide right. 
 
 1350. The first command will be given when 
 the division has yet seven or eight paces to take, 
 the second at the moment its right file is up with 
 
76 EYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 k 
 
 the major; and the third immediately after tlie 
 second. 
 
 1351. At the command march, the battalion 
 will face to the right (front) in marching, (iSee |m 
 School of Comjjany ;) the chiefs of division will 
 throw themselves before the centres of their respec- 
 tive divisions; the right guide of the first will so di- 
 rect himself as to bring the right file opposite to 
 the first marker ; and when the head of the bat- 
 talion is at three paces from the line of battle, 
 the colonel will halt it, and command : right — 
 Dress. At this command, the battalion will be 
 aligned by the right, in the manner prescribed for 
 the first battalion. 
 
 1352. The other battalion will continue to 
 march, and execute successively what has been 
 indicated for the second ; the lieutenant colonel 
 and major of each of these battalions will con- 
 form themselves to what is prescribed for those 
 of the second the moment the battalion pre- 
 ceding their own faces to the right in order to ad- 
 vance upon the line of battle. 
 
 1353. The deployment being ended, the Gene- 
 r?il will command : 
 
 Guides — Posts. 
 
 1354. .At this, the markers, placed before the 
 masses, will retire. 
 
 1355. If the column be in march, and the Ge- 
 neral shall wish to deploy it by battalion in mass, 
 on the first battalion without halting the column, 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE, 
 
 77 
 
 he will make the dispositions indicated, No. 1339, 
 and following, and when the leading company of. 
 the first battalion is at company distance from the 
 markers established in front of it, the General 
 will command : 
 
 1. By hattaUon in mass, on tlie first Ijattalwnj 
 deploy column. 
 
 1356. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the first battalion will cause it to continue the 
 inarch to the front. The other colonels will com- 
 mand. 1. Battalion, hi/ the left flank. 
 
 1857. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March, (or donblc-quieh — March.) 
 
 1358. At this, the colonel of the first battalion 
 will halt it, and conform himself to what is pre- 
 scribed, No. 1345 ; the others will conform them- 
 selves to what is indicated. No. 1346 and follow- 
 ing- 
 
 1359. If the General shall wish to deploy the 
 column without halting it, and to continue the 
 march, the markers will not be posted, the move- 
 ment will be executed by the same commands and 
 means as the foregoing, but with the following 
 modifications. At the first command the co- 
 lonel of the first battalion will command. 1. 
 Guide right. 2. Quick time. At the command 
 double quick — March, given by the General, the 
 first battalion will march in quick timC; and take 
 
/8 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 the guide on the right; the other battalions will 
 conform to what is prescribed, No. 134G, and fol- 
 lowing, and when the leading company of each 
 iiucccedino' battalion arrives on the alio-nment of 
 the first, its colonel will cause it to march in quick 
 time ; when the deployment is ended the Gene- 
 ral will designate the directing battalion as .pre- 
 scribed for marching in line. 
 
 13G0. If, instead of deploying the column on 
 the first battalion, the General shall wish to de- 
 ploy it on the eighth, he will begin by causing 
 the dispositions prescribed, No. 1339, and follow- 
 ing, to be made, and then order a mounted officer 
 to throw himself on the line of battle a little be- 
 yond the point at which the right battalion will 
 arrive ; this officer will place himself exactly on 
 the prolongation of the markers placed before the 
 head of the column. 
 
 1361. The General will then command : 
 
 1. By l>atta?xo% in masSy on the eighth battalion, 
 deploy column. 2. March, (or douhlc-quich 
 — March.) 
 
 13G2. At the first command, all the battalions; 
 except the eighth, will face to the right. 
 
 1363. At the command march, the first seven 
 battalions will put themselves in movement; the 
 first division of the first battalion, conducted by 
 the lieutenant-colonel, will direct itself a little 
 within the line of battle and parallelly to that 
 line 3 the other battalions will regulate themselves 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 79 
 
 on the first in conformity witli what is prescribed, 
 No. 1346. 
 
 1364. At the instant the movement commen- 
 ces, the major of the seventh will throw himself 
 twenty-two paces outside of the flank of the co- 
 lumn to mark the point at which the battalion 
 ought to be halted. 
 
 1365. The colonel of the eighth, seeing his 
 battalion nearly unmasked, will command : 1. 
 Column, forward; 2. Guide left; 3. March, (or 
 douhle-quick — March.) 
 
 1366. At the command marcli^ which will be 
 given the moment the battalion is unmasked, the 
 colonel will conduct it towards the line of battle, 
 and when at three paces from that line, he will 
 halt it and align it by the left. The chief of the 
 first division will then shift to the right as pre- 
 scribed, No. 1344. 
 
 1367. When the left file, first division, seventh 
 battalion, is up with the major, the colonel of this 
 battalion will command: 1. Battalion; 2. Halt; 
 3. Front. 
 
 1368. At the second command, the battalion 
 will halt ; at the third it will face to the front, and 
 if there be openings between the files, they will 
 be promptly closed to the left. 
 
 1369. As soon as this battalion is unmasked, 
 the colonel will conduct it to the line of battle in 
 the manner prescribed for the eighth. 
 
 1370. The other battalions will continue to 
 march, and each execute in succession what has 
 
80 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 been indicated for the seventh : the major of each 
 will throw himself twenty-two paces outside of the 
 flank of the column, as prescribed for the major 
 of the seventh^ at the moment the next battalion 
 in rear of his own halts; the lieutenant-colonel 
 will precede his battalion on the line of battle in 
 order to establish upon it the two markers. 
 
 1371. The movement being ended^ the Gene- 
 ral will command : 
 
 2. Guides — Posts. 
 
 1372. If the column be in march, and the Ge- 
 neral shall wish to deploy it on the eighth, he 
 will make the dispositions indicated, No. 1339 ; 
 and when the head of the column shall arrive 
 within three paces of the line, he shall command: 
 
 1. Bi/ hattallon in mass, on the eighth hattaliov, 
 deploy column. 
 
 1373. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the eighth will caution it to halt, and will com- 
 mand, battalion. The colonels of the other battal- 
 ions will command, battalion, by the right Jlanl\ 
 
 1374. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March, (or doxdjle-quich — March.) 
 
 1375. This being repeated by all the colonels, 
 except the colonel of the eighth, who will com- 
 mand Halt, the first seven, battalions will face 
 to the right, and the movement will be executed 
 as prescribed^ No. 1363, and following. 
 
\ EVOLUTIOXS OF THE LINE. 81 
 
 1376. If the General should wish to deploy on 
 the eighth battalion without halting the column, 
 and to continue to march forward, the markers 
 will not be posted, and the movement will be exe- 
 cuted by the same commands and means, with the 
 following modifications : the eighth battalion when 
 unmasked, will be moved forward in quick time, 
 and will continue to march, instead of being halt- 
 ed, and will take the touch of elbows to the left. The 
 seventh battalion when unmasked will be moved to 
 the front in double-quick time, and when it arrives 
 on the alignment of the eighth it will take the 
 quick step and dress to the left, until the direction 
 is given by the General, the other battalionj will 
 conform themselves to what is prescribed for the 
 seventh. When the first battalion arrives on the 
 line, the General will designate the directing bat- 
 talion, and may cause the line to take the double- 
 quick step. 
 
 1377. According to the same principles, the 
 deployment may be made on an interior battalion 
 of the column. The General, after having estab- 
 lished two markers before the head of the col- 
 umn, will order two mounted officers to throw 
 themselves respectively a little beyond the points 
 at which the right and left battalions will arrive. 
 
 1378. The directing battalion will conform it- 
 self to what is prescribed, Nos. 1365-G, for the 
 eighth; the battalions in its front will face to the 
 right and be deployed in the manner indicated, 
 Nos. 1366-7, and No. 1367, and following; the 
 
82 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 olher battalions will face to the left and execute 
 the movements as prescribed. No. 1346, and fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 1379. Those several movements will be execut- 
 ed according to the same principles in a column 
 with the le'ft in front. 
 
 1380. In the preceding examples the line of 
 battle has been established in front of the head of 
 the column ; the General may also establish it in 
 front of any interior battalion, and then depio}'' 
 the column on this battalion or any other that he 
 ma}^ judge proper. 
 
 138 i. It will be supposed that the line of bat- 
 tle ought to be established in front of the sixth, 
 and that it is intended to deploy on this battali<m: 
 the Greneral will cause two markers to be placed 
 before the first division of the designated battal- 
 ion, and order two mounted officers to throw them- 
 selves, respectively, a little be3^ond the points at 
 which the right and left battalions will arrive; he 
 will then command : 
 
 1. Line of battle on the sixth hattalion. 
 
 1382. This having been repeated, the first five 
 battalions which are in front of the line of battle, 
 will face by the rear rank ; which being execut- 
 ed, the General will add : 
 
 2. Bi/ battalion, in mass, on the sixth battalioji, 
 deploy column. 3. March, (or donblc-qidck 
 — March.) 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 83 
 
 1383. At the second command, all the batta- 
 lions, except the sixth, will face to the left. 
 
 1384. At the command inarch, the deployment 
 will commence : the colonel of the sixth will align 
 his battalion by the left. The other battalions 
 will put themselves in march ; the direction on 
 each side will be taken from the division the 
 nearest to the line of battle, and the chief of this 
 division will take care to direct its march, paral- 
 lelly to that line. 
 
 1385 At the instant the movement commen- 
 ces, the major of the fifth will thiow himself 
 twenty-two paces from the flank of the column on 
 the prolongation of the last division of his bat- 
 talion; the lieutenant colonel will throw himself 
 on the line of battle, place a marker at the point 
 of appid for the left of this battalion, and a se- 
 cond at a little more than division distance from 
 the first, in ord r to leave space for the battalion 
 to cross between them. 
 
 1386. When the left file of the last division, 
 fifth battalion, is nearly up wiJi the major, the 
 colonel will command (in the order of time indi- 
 cated, No. 1860 ) 1. Battalion, hy the right- 
 flank; 2. March; 3. Guide right. 
 
 1387. At the second command, the battalion 
 will face to the riofht (rear) in marching, in order 
 to pass the line of battle ; the guide of the last 
 (now leading) division will so direct his march as 
 to graze, in passing, the marker placed at the 
 point of apjmi; the battalion will cross the line 
 
84 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LIXE. 
 
 of battle, and when the finit division has passed 
 it three paces, the colonel, who will have remain- 
 ed in front of that line, will halt the battalion, 
 and face it by the front rank ; the two guides of 
 the first division and the covering sergeant of its. 
 left company will throw themselves out on the line 
 of battle, and be assured in their positions by 
 the lieutenant-colonel ; which being executed, the 
 colonel will cause the battalion to be aligned by 
 the left. 
 
 1388. The first four battalions will .conform 
 themselves in succession to what has just been 
 prescribed for the fifth, and the last two will de- 
 ploy as indicated, No. 134G, and following. 
 
 1389. The movement ended, the General will 
 command : 
 
 4. Guides — Posts. 
 
 1390. If, in establishing the line of battle on 
 the sixth, the General shall wish to deploy the co- 
 lumn on any other, say the fourth battalion, he 
 will command : 
 
 1. Line of hattle, on the sixth battalion. 2. £f/ 
 battalion in mass, on the fourth battalion^ de- 
 ploy column. 3. March, (or double-quick 
 MARcn.) 
 
 1391. This movement will be executed accord- 
 ing to the principles just prescribed; but obsery- 
 ing what follows. 
 
EVOLUTIOXS OF 'TIIE LIXE. 85 
 
 1392. The markers whom the General will 
 cause to be established before the sixth battalion 
 to serve as the basis of alignment, will be far 
 enough apart to permit the battalion on which the 
 deployment is made to pass between them. 
 
 1393. At the first command the first five bat- 
 talions which are in advance of the line of battle, 
 will face by the rear rank. 
 
 1394. At the second command, the first three 
 and the last three battalions will face to the lel't, 
 the fifth will face to the right, and the fourth 
 stand fast. 
 
 1895. As soon as the fourth battalion is un- 
 masked, it will march ; cross the line of battle, 
 and when the first division has passed three paces 
 beyond, the colonel will halt the battalion, face it 
 by the front rank, and align it by the left. 
 
 1396. When the fifth battalion has gained, in 
 marching by the flank, the twenty- two paces which 
 ought to separate it from the fourth, its colonel 
 will halt it, face it by the rear rank, and the mo- 
 ment it is unmasked, he will conduct and establish 
 it on the line of battle as just prescribed for the 
 fourth, but he will align it by the right. 
 
 1397. The sixth battalion, marching by the 
 flank, will prolong itself on the line of battle, and 
 will be halted when it has gained the interval of 
 twenty- two paces, which ougjht to separate it from 
 the fifth. 
 
 1398. The other battalions will be deployed as 
 in the preceding example. 
 
 8 
 
'S(j EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. • ' 
 
 2(1. Faced to the rear. 
 
 I;:i99. When the Greneral shall wish to deploy 
 ( the column faced to the rear, he will cause it to 
 execute tne countermarch, and then deploy it by 
 the commands and means prescribed for deploy- 
 ing Jaced to the front. 
 
 Zd. Faced to the left. 
 
 1400. x\ closed column, right in front, having 
 to deploy by battalion in mass, faced to the left, 
 will execute the movement in the following man- 
 ner. 
 
 1401. Tf it be the wish of the General to de- 
 ploy the column on the fifth battalion, he will de- 
 termine the direction of the line of battle on the 
 right flank of the column, and then command : 
 
 1 . To deploy, ficrd. to the left. 2. Bi/ battalion 
 ill mass, on the fifth hattalion, take distance. 
 
 1402. These commands having been repeated, 
 tlie colonel of the fifth will caution it to stand 
 fast ; the coloticLs of the first four battalions will 
 each comumnd : 1. Column, Jorivard ; Guide 
 ri(jht ; the colonels of the last three battalions 
 will each cause his battalion to face about, and 
 then command: 1. Column, forward; 2. Guide 
 h'.ft. 
 
 1403. The General will now add : 
 
 2. March, (or douhle-q^idch — Maech.) 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 87 
 
 1404. At tliis, briskly repeated, the movement 
 will commence ; the lieutenant-colonels of the 
 first and eighth will each direct the headmost 
 guide of his battalion parallelly to the line of bat- 
 tle. Each subordinate battalion will take division 
 distance and four paces, reckoning i'rom the bat- 
 talion placed next in its front or its rear towards 
 the directing battalion. As each battalion gets 
 its distance, it will be halted by the colonel, and 
 if it be faced to the rear of the column, ho will 
 cause it to face about. 
 
 1405. As soon as the movement commences, 
 the General will direct the colonel of the fifth to 
 place two markers as prescribed, No. 307, for 
 changing direction by the right flank ; the other 
 colonels, each as his battalion gets its distance, 
 will, in like manner, place two markers on the 
 same alignment with those of the fifth : the Ge- 
 neral, or the officer whom he may charge with the 
 execution of the duty, will see that these markers 
 are properly placed. 
 
 1406. Distances having been taken, and the 
 markers correctly established, the General will 
 command : 
 
 1. Bf/ hattaJion in mass, change direction hj/ 
 the right flank. 
 
 1407. This having been repeated, each colonel 
 will command : battalion, rif/ht — Face. 
 
 1408. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March, {ov donhlc-quick — March.) 
 
88 EVOLUTIONS OF THE Ll.VB. 
 
 1409. At this, briskly repeated, eacli battalion 
 will execute a change of direction as indicated, 
 No. 808, and following, except that the battalions 
 which were, in the column, in rear of the direct- 
 ing battalion, will be aligned by the right, and 
 tliat the chief of the first division of each batta- 
 lion will place himself on the right of his division 
 after having aligned it. 
 
 1410. The movement being ended, the General 
 ^Yill command : 
 
 3. Guides — Posts. 
 
 1411. If, instead of deploying the column on 
 an interior battalion, the General shall wish to de- 
 ploy it on the first, or on the eighth, the movement 
 will be executed on the same principles; in the 
 first case, the subordinate battalions will conform 
 themselves to what is prescribed in the preceding 
 example for those placed in the rear of the direct- 
 ing battalion; and in the second, to what is indi- 
 cated for those placed in its front : in both cases, 
 the directing battalion will be aligned by the flank 
 next to the point of appni. 
 
 1412. A column, left in fi^nt, will be deployed 
 hy battalion in mass, faced to the right, according 
 to the same principles. 
 
 4:th. Faced to the right. 
 
 1413. A closed column, right in front, having 
 to deploy by battalion in masS; faced to the right, 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. S9 
 
 it will change direction by the left flank, and then 
 deploy by the means and commands above indica- 
 ted; but as this movement is much longer than 
 the preceding one, the General may, when cir- 
 cumstances require it, deploy the column by in- 
 version, according to the principles prescribed for 
 deploying faced to the left, observing what fol- 
 lows : 
 
 1415. It will be supposed that the General 
 wishes to deploy the column faced to the right on 
 the fifth battalion ; he will determine the direc- 
 tion of the line of battle on the left flank of the 
 column, and cause it to be marked by the means 
 above indicated ; which being executed, he will 
 command : 
 
 1. To daploy^ hy inversion, Jaced to the right. 2. 
 Battalion in mass, on the fifth battalion, take 
 distance. 3. MARCH. (or douhle-quick — 
 March. ) 
 
 1416. This movement will be executed as pre- 
 scribed, No. 1404, and following, except that the 
 colonels, whose battalions are in front of the di- 
 recting battalion, will each command. 1. Co- 
 lumn, forward ; 2. Guide left ; and the colonels 
 whose battalions are in its rear : 1. Column, for- 
 tvard ; 2. Guide right, 
 
 1417. Each battalion having taken its distance, 
 the General will command : 
 
 1. By hat alion in mass, change direction hy the 
 left flanhs 2. MAf?cii. (or douhle-qnick — 
 March.) 
 
yo 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1418. This movement will be executed accord- 
 ing to the principles prescribed, No. 1409, 
 
 1419. The deployment being ended, the Ge- 
 neral will add : 
 
 3. Guides — Posts. 
 
 1423. The battalions being thus placed by in- 
 version, the masses will be deployed into line of 
 battle ill the direct order, when each battalion 
 will bo, in respect to the others, in the inverse, 
 whilst i(s own subdivisions arc in the direct or- 
 der. 
 
 1421. A closed column, left in front, will be 
 deployed by inversion faced to the left, according 
 to the susiic principles. 
 
 Defployment of masses. 
 
 1422. The line being deployed by battalion in 
 mass, it is supposed that the General wishes to de- 
 ploy the masses on the first division, fifth batta- 
 lion ; he will cause two markers to be placed be- 
 fore this division, and direct the lieutenant colo- 
 nel of the fourth battalion to place two others on 
 the same alignment before his first division. 
 
 1423. These markers being established, the 
 lieutenant-colonels of the fifth and fourth batta- 
 lions will each place a third before the centre of 
 the same division, as prescribed Nos. 517 and 
 544. 
 
 1424. The General will, at the same time, or- 
 der two mounted ofiicers to throw themselves re- 
 
ETOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 spccfcively a little beyond the points at which will 
 rest the left and the right of the line, and to es- 
 tablish themselves tbere correctly on the prolon- 
 gation of the basis of alignment 
 
 1425. These dispositions being made^ the Ge- 
 neral will command: 
 
 1. On the first division, fifth battalion, deploi/ 
 masses. 
 
 1426. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the fifth battalion will caution its first division 
 to stand fast, and then, with each of the colonels 
 who are to his left^ command :' battalion, left — 
 Face. 
 
 1427. The colonel of the fourth battalion, hav- 
 ing cautioned its last division to stand fast, will 
 then, with each of the colonels who are to his 
 right, command : battalion, rijht — Face. 
 
 1428. The battalions being thus by the flank 
 their colonels will phice themselves at eight or ten 
 paces from their right flanks respectively ; to this 
 end, the colonels, whose battalions have faced to 
 the left, will pass through the intervals which 
 separate these battalions. 
 
 1429. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March (or double-qidch March.) 
 
 14C0. At thi-', briskly repeated, the deploy- 
 ment will commence; the first division, first bat- 
 talion, and the first of the eighth, each conduct- 
 
92 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 ed by its lieutenant-colonel, will direct its marcli a 
 little within the mounted officer placed at the ex- 
 tremity of the line of battle, and parallelly to that 
 line; the first division of each of the other bat- 
 talions will follow exactly in the trace of the di- 
 vision which precedes it. 
 
 1431. The fifth and fourth battalions will de- 
 ploy themselves from the halt; the fifth on its 
 first division, and the fourth on its last division, 
 in conformity with what is prescribed, No. 515 
 and following, and No. 542, and following. 
 
 1432. The colonel of the third battalion, see- 
 ing that the first division of the fourth is on the 
 point of halting, will for his last division, say the 
 fifth, command : 1. FLftli division. 2. Halt. 
 The second command will be given at the moment 
 the third battalion has taken its interval of twen- 
 ty-two paces ; the chief of the fourth division 
 will then add : Front. 
 
 1433. The lieutenant- colonel will detach him- 
 self in time, and establish on the line of battle 
 two markers flicing to the guides of the fourth 
 battalion ; these markers being established, he 
 will place a third at the point against which one 
 of the three right files of the left compmy of the 
 directing division will arrive and then throw him- 
 self a little beyond the point at which the right 
 of the third division will arrive. 
 
 1434. The chief of the fifth division will 
 align it by the left against the markers the mo- 
 ment it is unmasked. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF TUE LINE. 93 
 
 1435. The other divisions will continue to 
 march, and the deployment will be made as pre- 
 scribed for the fourth battalion. 
 
 1436. The second and first battalions will, suc- 
 cessively, conform themselves to what has just 
 been prescribed for the third. 
 
 1437. The battalions which march by the left 
 flank will deploy themselves as follows ; the co- 
 lonel of the sixth, seeing that the last division of 
 the fifth battalion is on the point of being halted, 
 will command ; 1. First division; 2. Halt. The 
 second command will be given at the instant the 
 sixth battalion has taken its interval of twenty- 
 two paces ; the chief of its first division will then 
 add : Front. 
 
 1438. The lieutenant-colonel will conform him- 
 self to what is prescribed, No. 1433, for the lieu- 
 tenant-colonel of the third battalion ; the mark- 
 ers whom he will place will face to the right, and 
 the intermediate marker will be established so as 
 to be opposite to one of the three left files of the 
 right compan}^, directing division, of this batta- 
 lion. 
 
 1439. The first division having been faced to 
 tlie front, its chief will align it by the right: the 
 other divisions will continue to march, and the 
 deployment ended as just indicated for the fifth 
 battalion. See N^u. 1287. 
 
 1440. The seventh and eighth battalions will 
 successively conform themselves to what has just 
 been prei-cribcd for the sixth. 
 
94 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1441. The doplojment being ended; the Ge- 
 neral will add : 
 
 3. Colors — Posts. 
 
 1442. The General will see that the guides and 
 colors of the fifth, fourth, and sixth battalions 
 place themselves correctly on the direction. 
 
 1418. The colonels having halted the directing 
 division of their respective battalions, as prescrib- 
 ed above, will follow up the deployment of the 
 other divisions; and in case a chief of a subor- 
 dinate division commits the fault of commanding 
 Jialt too soon or too late, the}' will hasten to the 
 following division in order to prevent the fault 
 from being propagated. 
 
 1444. If the column be composed of not more 
 than three, or even four battalions, the General 
 may dispense with causing the intermediate de- 
 ployment by battalion in mass; in this case the 
 deployment will be executed according to the 
 principles prescribed, School of the BattaUonj ob- 
 serving what follows. 
 
 14 i5. A column of four battalions light in 
 front, is supposed, having to deploy itself on the 
 last division of the second battalion : the General, 
 after having placed two markers before the head- 
 most division of the column, will cause the line 
 of battle to be prolonged to the right and left, and 
 command : 
 
 1. On the fifCh division, second hatiallon, deploij 
 column. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE- 95 
 
 144G. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the second will caution the designated division 
 to stand fast, and then command : bollalion, right 
 
 -Face. 
 
 1447. At thi?, the lieutenant-colonel of this 
 Lattalion will throw himself on the line of battle, 
 and place a third marker as prescribed, No. 544. 
 
 1448. The colonel of the first buttalion will 
 give the same command as the colonel of the se- 
 cond. 
 
 1449. The colonels of the third and fourth will 
 each command : hattaUon, left — Face, and im- 
 mediately cross the column, in order to place him- 
 self on the right flank of his battalion. 
 
 1450. The lieutenant-colonel of the third will 
 throw himself on the line of battle, and establish 
 two markers on this line, as prescribed, No. 1433, 
 the right marker at the distance of twenty-two 
 paces from the left flank of the second battilion. 
 
 1451. The Gei^eral wdll then add : _ i 
 
 2. March (or thuUc-qmck — March.) 
 
 1452. At this, briskly repeated, the deploy- 
 ment will commence : the second battalion will 
 deploy itself on the designated division as indi- 
 cated, ^rhoolof the Battalion. 
 
 1453. The colonel of the first will halt its last 
 division, when his battalion shall have left be- 
 tween it and the right flank of the second an in- 
 terval of twenty-two paoes, and the battalion will 
 
96 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 deploy itself on this division as has already been 
 indicated. 
 
 1454. When the third battalion has taken, in 
 marching by the flank, the interval of twenty-two 
 paces from the second, its colonel will command : 
 1. Battalion, hy the right Jhmh ; 2. March, (or 
 (louhle-ipiick — Marcii.) 3- Guide right. 
 
 1455. At the second command, the battalion 
 will face to the right in marching, and when ar- i 
 rived at three paces from the line of battle, the 
 colonel will halt it, and cause it to deploy on its ! 
 first division. See No. 1244. 
 
 145G. The fourth battalion will continue to 
 march ; and when its right file is opposite to its 
 point of appui, the colonel will conduct it to the 
 line of battle, and deploy it as pres:-ribed for the 
 third. 
 
 1457. The lieutenant-colonel of this battalicn 
 will throw himself in advance on the line of bat- 
 tle, and place the two markers as prescribed, No. 
 1450, in order that the colonel may judge the 
 moment for marching the battalion up to this 
 line. 
 
 1458. The colonels will conform themselves 
 pending the deployment of their respective bat- 
 talions, to what is prescribed, No. 1443. 
 
 1459. The lieutenant-colonels will conform 
 themselves to what is prescribed above. 
 
 1400. The deployment being ended, the Gene- 
 ral will command : 
 
 3. Colors — Posts. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE, 97 
 
 1461. These several modes of deploying a co- 
 lumn, may be executed while marching, by the 
 same (generan commands and means, but the co 
 lonels will conform themselves in the execution, 
 to what is prescribed, School of the Battalion far 
 deploywfj icliilc in march, 
 
 1462. A column left in front will be deployed 
 according to the same principles and by inverse 
 means. 
 
 Movements which may be, executed hy a line o/lai- 
 talioiis in masses. 
 
 1st. The advance in line. 
 
 1463. The line being deployed by battalion in 
 mass, when the General shall wish it to advance^ 
 he will designate the directing battalion, (the 
 fifth will here be supposed) then throw himself in 
 front of this battalion, verify the direction of its 
 guides in respect to their perpendicularity to the 
 line of battle, rectify the direction, if necessary, 
 and command : 
 
 1. The Jifth, the hattalion of direction. 
 
 1464. At this, the lieutenant-colonel of the di- 
 recting battalion will throw himself twenty-five 
 or thirty paces in front of the guides, face to 
 them, and place himself correctly on their pro- 
 longation ; the General, throwing himself in rear 
 of those guides, will verify the position of the 
 lieutenant-colonel, rectify it, if necessary, acd 
 then command : 
 
 9 
 
V^ EVOLUTION'S CF TUE LINE. 
 
 2 . Ba (ta lion s, for v:ard. 
 
 1465. This liaving been repeated, the colonel 
 ot* the directing batta ion will command : guide 
 leftj and the other QoXoueh, ginde left (or ri^ht,) 
 according as they may iind themselves to the right 
 or left of the directing battalion. 
 
 1466. At this command, the right general 
 guide of the directing battalion will throw him- 
 self six paces in front of his guides; the lieutenant- 
 colonel will establish him on the perpendicular, | 
 and as soon as assured in that position, he will 
 take points on the ground in conformity with 
 what is prescribed, No". 590. 
 
 1467. The chief of the first division in each of 
 the battalions to the left of the directing one, will 
 ])ass to the left of his division, taking post in the 
 front rank, and the guide of that flank will fall 
 back to the rear rank. 
 
 1468. The lieutenant colonel of every subordi- 
 nate battalion will indicate to the guide of its 
 lieadmoFt division the direction he ought to fol- 
 low, and this guide will immediately take his 
 points on the ground. 
 
 1461). These dispositions being made, the Ge- 
 neral will add : 
 
 2. March, (or douhtc-quicJc — Maucii ) 
 
 1470. At this, briskly repeated, the line will 
 put itself in movement; the general guide of the 
 directing battalion will carefully conform himself 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. D'J 
 
 to what is prescribed for the color-bearer, No. 507 ; 
 the guide of its headmost division will march ex- 
 actly in the trace of the general guide, preserving 
 the original distance of six paces from him ; the 
 guides of the other battalions will direct them- 
 selves perpendicularly to the front. 
 
 1471. The lieutenant-colonel of each battalion, 
 being, pending the inarch, placed by the side of 
 the guide of his first division, will take care to 
 maintain between his battalion and that next to 
 its right or left, on the side of the direction, the 
 interval of twenty-two paces. 
 
 1472. The chief of each first division will main- 
 tain himself exactly abreast with its euide on the 
 opposite flank, and will superintend the march of 
 the division according to what is prescribed, No. 
 004, and following : 
 
 1473. The other divisions will conform them- 
 selves to the rules for the march in column. 
 
 1474. The colonels will hold themselves on the 
 flanks of their respective battalions, each on the 
 side of direction, and superintend the movement. 
 
 2d. To halt the line, marching in advance, and to 
 \ align it. 
 
 1475. The line being in inarch, when the Ge- 
 neral shall wish to halt it, he will command : 
 
 1. Battalion. 2. Halt. 
 
 1476. The line being halted, if the General 
 
100 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 wish to give a general alignment, he will place two 
 markers before the directing battalion^ and then 
 command ; 
 
 V 1. GuideSj on the line. 
 
 1477. At this, the lieutenant-colonel of each 
 subordinate battalion will place two markers be- 
 fore its head on the alignment of those established 
 by the General ; and the chief of each first divi- 
 sion will pass to the flank of his division on thp 
 :^ide of the direction. 
 
 1478. As soon as the markers are correctly es- 
 tablished on the line of battle, the colonels, with- 
 out regulating themselves on each other, will align 
 their battalions by the flank of direction in the 
 manner prescribed, No. 1345. 
 
 1479. The battalions being aligned, the Gene- 
 ral will command : 
 
 2. Guides — PoSTS. 
 
 3d. Tlie line marching in advance, to cause it to 
 change direction. 
 
 1480. The line heing in march, it is supposed 
 that the General wishes to cause it to change di- 
 rection to the right; he will throw hiaiself to the 
 point at which he may wish the right of the new 
 line to rest, and place two markers, one at the 
 point of arpui, the other at division distance from 
 the first. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 101 
 
 1481. These dispositions being made, the Gene- 
 ral ■will command : 
 
 1. Change dircciion to the right. 
 
 1482. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the first battalion will command: 1. Gnidt 
 left; 2. Battalion right ichcel ; at this command, 
 the chief of the first division will throw himself 
 before the centre of his division. 
 
 1488. The other colonels will each command : 
 guide right; at thisjcommand, the chief of each 
 first division will throw himself before its centre. 
 
 1484. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March, (or duuhle-quicJt, March.) 
 
 1485. At the command march, briskly repeat- 
 ed, the first battalion will change direction by 
 wheelii g according to the principles prescribed, 
 No. 291, and following; its colonel will cause it 
 10 wheel until its front is parallel to the line, of 
 battle; he will then conduct it forward, halt it 
 three paces from this line^ and align it by the 
 right. 
 
 1486. The other battalions will be marched to- 
 wards the line of battle, each executing in succes- 
 sion slight changes of direction to the right, so 
 that, on arriving at twenty paces from that line, 
 the headmost division may be parallel to it ; to 
 this end, the leading guide, advancing insensibly 
 the left shoulder^ will direct himself circularly to 
 
102 EVOLUTION? OF THE LINE. 
 
 the right; the other guides will follow tliis move- 
 ment in marching exactly in his trace, and the di- 
 visions will each conform itself to the movement 
 of its guide as prescribed, No. 195. 
 
 1487. At the commencement of the movement, 
 the lieutenant colonel of the second battalion will 
 throw himself on the line of battl.*, and immedir 
 ately establish a marker at twenty-two paces from 
 the left flank of the first battalion, and another at 
 division distance from the first, and at the instant 
 of detaching himself, he will be replaced at the 
 head of the column by its major, 
 
 1488. The lieutenant-colonels of the other bat- 
 talions will successively conform themselves to 
 to what has just been prescribed for the lieuten- 
 ant-colonel of tlie second; each will precede his 
 battalion, on the line of battle, by about fifty-five 
 paces. 
 
 1489. The movement ended, the General will 
 add: 
 
 3. Guides — Posts. . 
 
 1490. If the General shall wish, in changing, 
 to continue the march in the new direction, the 
 markers will not be posted, the movement will be 
 executed by the same commands; but the colonel 
 of the first bat alien will, when it has finished the 
 wheel Qomm^indi, forward marcJi, and (if the line 
 be marching in double-quick time, he will add, 
 ijuicJc timr,) thf others will wheel as just prescrib- 
 ed in double-quick time, ixud as each arrives on 
 
EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 103 
 
 the alignment of the first, its colonel will march 
 it in quick time. 
 
 1491. Changes of direction to the left will be 
 executed according to the same principles and by 
 inverse means. 
 
 Remarhs. 
 
 1492. It is essential that the battalion on whicli 
 the movement is made, should arrive perpcndicu- 
 la ly to the line of battle; to this end, and con- 
 formably to the principle established, No. 295, the 
 colonel of this battalion will cause the step of the 
 pivot to be shortened if this should become neces- 
 sary ; and, if, notwithstanding this precaution, 
 some of the divisions be not able to cunform them- 
 selves exactly to the movement of the first, they 
 will, on halting the battalion, be promptly con- 
 ducted by the flank into the true direction before 
 the battalion is aligned. 
 
 4ith. To march the line in retreat. 
 
 1493. The line being at a halt, when the Ge- 
 neral shall wish to cause it to march in retreat, he 
 
 ' will command: 
 
 Face hy the rear rani:. 
 
 1494. This having been repeated, the battalions 
 v.ill face in the manner indicated, No. 983, and 
 = allowing; the chief of the last division of each 
 
104 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 battalion will place hiniself on the left of his di- 
 vision in the rear rank, now become front rank, 
 and the chief of each first division will throw him- 
 self before its centre. 
 
 1495. These dispositions being executed, the 
 General will designate the directing battalion, and 
 cause the direction to be traced as under the first 
 head, to advance in Jmcj No. 14G3, and then com- 
 mand : 
 
 1. Baftalionfi, forivard. 
 
 1496. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the directing battalion will command ; (juide 
 right, and the colonels, guide left (or right,") ac- 
 cording as they may find themselves to the left or 
 right of the directing battalion. 
 
 1497. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March, (or doulle-quick — March.) 
 
 1498. The line will march in retreat according 
 to the principles prescribed for marching in ad- 
 vance. 
 
 1499. The line marching by the front rank 
 when the General shall wish to march it in retreat, 
 he will command : 
 
 1. Battalions^ right about. 2. March. 
 
 1500. At this, briskly repeated, the battalion 
 will face to the rear and move off at the same gait 
 by the rear rank^ as prescribed, School of the 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 105 
 
 Battalion, the line will murch again by the front 
 bj the same commands. 
 
 1501. The General having halted the line, and 
 wi-hing to face it by the front rank, ■^^'ill com- 
 
 man 
 
 Face hj the front raiiJc. 
 
 1502. This having been repeated, each battal- 
 ion will face by the front rank ; which being ex- 
 ecuted, the chief of the first division will retake 
 his place in line, and the chief of the fourth his in 
 column. 
 
 Dili. To cliavge direction of the line marching in 
 retreat. 
 
 1503. The line marching in retreat will change 
 direction by the same means and commands as if 
 it were advancing, observing what follows. 
 
 1504. It is supposed that the General wishes 
 to change direction to the left; he will place twO 
 markers on the new direction, the first at the 
 point of appui, and the second at such distance 
 from the first that the battalion may easily pass 
 between them. 
 
 1505. The first battalion will be conducted to 
 and established on the new direction as indicated. 
 No. 1482, and 14S5; but it will cross the line of 
 battle ; and when the first division has passed 
 thrco paces beyond, the colonel will halt the bat- 
 talion, and face it by the front rank. 
 
lOG EVOLUTIONS CF TDE LKNE. 
 
 150G. As soon as the battalion faces, the guides 
 of the first division will throw themselves on the 
 line of battle, and be assured in their positions by 
 the lieutenant-colonel; which being done, the 
 colonel will align the battalion by the right. 
 
 1507. The other colonels will each direct his 
 battalion so that it may arrive when at twenty 
 paces, parallelly to the line of battle; he will then 
 cause it to pass that line, between the two markers 
 placed in advance by the lieutenant-colonel in the 
 manner indicated, No. 1504. When the first di- 
 vision has passed three paces beyond the line, the 
 battalion will be halted faced by the front rank, 
 and aligned as prescribed for the first. 
 
 1508. A lino of battalion masses, left in front, 
 ■will march and change direction, advancing and 
 retreating, according to the same principles and 
 inverse means; the fifth or last division of each 
 mass will conform itself to what is prescribed for 
 the first, and reciprocally. 
 
 ^th. To hreaJc the line, formed ly hattalion in 
 mass, and to re-/orm the column into line. 
 
 1509. The line being at a halt, when the Ge- 
 neral shall wish to break it to the right into co- 
 lumn by battalion, he will command : 
 
 1. Bf/ hattalion, right in front, into column, , 
 
 1510. This having bren repeated, the lieuten- 
 ant colonel of each battalion will place a marker 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. lO' 
 
 before the left gui.^e of its first division, and a 
 .'rGCond at division distance from the first in a di- 
 rection perpendicular to the line of battle. 
 
 1511. At the ^ame time, each colonel ^vill com- 
 mand : 1. Change direction hy the left flank ; 2. 
 Battalion, left — Face. 
 
 1512. These dispositions being made, the G-e- 
 neral will add : 
 
 2. March (or double-quick — March.) 
 
 1513. At this, each battalion will change di- 
 rection by the means indicated, School of the Bat- 
 talion; but the divisions will be aligned by the 
 right, and the chief of each first division will take 
 care to halt it when its right file shall be up with 
 the first marker. 
 
 1514. The column thus formed will march ac- 
 cording to the same principles which govern the 
 movement of an ordinary column ; but as, in order 
 to return into line of battle, in the direct (not in- 
 verse) order, the battalions must change direction 
 by the right flank, the column has been dressed 
 by that fl.u,nk, an«l will march with the guide to 
 the right -, each lieutenant-colonel, placed by the 
 side of his hading guide, will see that this guide 
 preserves the distance (twenty-two paces) whicli 
 separates his battalion from that which precedes. 
 
 1515. If the column thus disposed, be required 
 to change direction, as there are already sufficient 
 distances between the battalions, there will be no 
 necessity for taking distances; each battalion will. 
 
lOO EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 successively change direction according to tlie 
 principles prescribed, No. 1155, and following. 
 
 15 IG. The column being halted, when the Ge- 
 neral shall wish to re-form it into line of battle, 
 faced to the left, he will place, in the direction he 
 may choose to give to that line, two markers, for 
 the change of direction of the headmost battalion 
 by the right flank, and then command : 
 
 1. Faced to the left into line. 2. B^ hatlalion in 
 mass, chan(je direction hy the right Jlank. 3. 
 March (or douhlc-quick March.) 
 
 1517. The first command having been repeat- 
 ed, the lieutenant-colonel of each battalion will 
 place two markers for its change of direction ; he 
 will establish them on the prolongation of those 
 placed by the General ; each colonel will, at the 
 same time, command : hnttalion, riglil — Face. 
 At the command march, the movement will be 
 executed as prescribed, Xo. 1409, and following. 
 
 1518. In like manner may the same column 
 (with distances of twenty-two yaces between the 
 battalion masses) be formed by inversion faced to 
 the right into line of battle, by causing each bat- 
 talion to execute a change of direction by the left 
 flank. To efi'ect this, the General will con-mand : 
 
 1. By inversion, faced to the right into line. 2. 
 By battalion in niass, change direction by the left 
 flank. 3. March (or double quick March) 
 
ETOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 109 
 
 ItJi. To ploy the line of masses into general co- 
 lumn closed in mass. 
 
 1519. When a line of battalions in mass has to 
 be ployed into column, as the battalions, by reason 
 of their depth, and the smallness of the intervals 
 between them, cannot be directed diagonally to- 
 wards the points at which they ought respectively 
 to enter the column, the movement will be exe- 
 cuted in the following manner : 
 
 1520. It will be supposed that the line ought 
 to be ployed on the fifth battalion, right in front; 
 the General will throw himself in front of this bat- 
 talion, and after assuring himself that the guides 
 are correctly placed, he will command : 
 
 1. JBy battalion in mass, on the fifth hattalion, 
 right in front, into column. 2 . March for dou. 
 hie-quick — March.) 
 
 1521. At the first command, each colonel who 
 finds himself to the right of the directing battal- 
 ion, will command : 1. Column. forward ; 2. Guide 
 left. 
 
 1522. The colonels, who are to the left of the 
 directing battalion, will each give the same com- 
 mands after causing his battalion to face about. 
 
 1523. At the command march, the movement 
 will commence ; the first four battalions will march 
 to the front, and when the last division of the 
 fourth battalion shall have passed six paces be- 
 yond the first division of the fifth, the colonel will 
 
 10 
 
110 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINK. 
 
 cause his battalion to face to the left, in marching* 
 in order to take its place in column ; when the 
 left guides arrive on the direction of those of the 
 fifth, the colonel of the fourth will halt it, and 
 cause it to face to the front. 
 
 1524. At the moment of halting, the left guides 
 facing to the rear, will place themselves on the 
 prolongation of those ot the fifth battalion ; and 
 the lieutenant-colonel, placed in their rear, will 
 assure them on the direction ; which being done, 
 the colonel will cause his battalion to be aligned 
 by the left, and then order the guides to face 
 about. 
 
 1525. The colonels of the first three battalions 
 will each conform himself to what has just been 
 prescribed for tlie colonel of the Iburth, as his last 
 division has passed six paces beyond the front 
 rank, first divi!«ion, of the battalion which entered 
 the column next before his own. 
 
 1526. The last three battalions will enter the 
 column in like manner; the colonel of the sixth- 
 will cause it to iace to the left in inarching, when 
 its first division has passed six paces beyond the 
 rear rank, last division, of the fifth battalion, and 
 he will halt his battalion when its left guides are 
 on the direction of those of the fifth. 
 
 1527. At the moment of halting, the guides of 
 the sixth will promptly place themselves on the 
 prolongation of those of the fifth battalion, and 
 the lieutenant-colonel will assure them on that di- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. Ill 
 
 rection; which, being done, the colonel will cause 
 his battalion to be aligned by the left. 
 
 1528. The last two battalions will conform 
 themselves to what has just been prescribed for 
 the sixth, as the first division o: each has passed 
 six paces beyond the rear rank, last division, of 
 the battalion which preceded it in column. 
 
 1529. A Lne of masses will be ployed into co- 
 lumu; left in front, according to the same princi- 
 ples and by inverse means. 
 
 Remarhs on inversions. 
 
 1530. The principles prescribed, No. 582, and 
 following, for hreaJcing or ploying into column a 
 single battalion, formed in line of battle by inver- 
 sion, are applicable to a line of many battalions, 
 when formed in line by inversion in the manner 
 indicated. No. 1236 and following; but when the 
 battalions are placed, in respect to each other, in 
 the inverse order, whilst their subdivisions are in 
 the direct order, as indicated. No. 1420, other 
 means, to be immediately prescribed, will be em- 
 ployed for breaking or ploying the line into co- 
 lumn if it be desired to replace the battalions in 
 the direct order. 
 
 1531. It will be supposed that the General, in 
 causing the line to break, wishes to march it to 
 the left; he will order each colonel to cause his 
 battalion to break to the right in order to march 
 towards the left (in column at full distance) as if 
 it were isolated; and as soon as the battalions 
 
112 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 break, he will put them in march all at the same 
 time: ia this way the column will find itself united 
 and formed in the direct order as soon as the last 
 subdivision of eacn battalion has turned into the 
 new direction. 
 
 1532. If, instead of breaking the line (into co- 
 lumn at full distance,) the General shall wish to 
 ploy it into column, say on the fifth battalion, so 
 that the first battalion may be in front, he will 
 order the colonel of the fifth to ploy it into co- 
 lumn, right in front, on its second division ; at 
 the same time he will order the other colonels to 
 ploy their respective battalions, right in front, on 
 the division nearest to the directing battalion, and 
 then cause the masses to enter the column as fol- 
 lows : the first four battalions, in front, and the 
 last three, in rear of the directing battalion. 
 
 1533. If, in breaking the line, it be desired to 
 march towards the right, or if, in ploying it, it De 
 desired to place the eighth battalion in front, the 
 movement will be executed according to the same 
 principles and by inverse means. 
 
 PART FIFTH. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 To advance in line of battle deployed. 
 
 1534. The line of battalions being deployed, 
 and correctly aligned when the General shall wish 
 to advance in this order, he will choose as the di- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 113 
 
 recting battalion (say the fifth) the one which he 
 may deem most favorably placed for the purpose ; 
 he will approach this battalion, and command : 
 
 1. The fifth, the battalion of direction. 
 
 1535. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 and lieutenant-colonel of eyery battalion will place 
 themselves in rear and in front of the color-file of 
 their respective battalions as prescribed, Nos. 
 587-8. 
 
 1536. The colonel of the directing battalion, 
 having assured his lieutenant-colonel on the per- 
 pendicular, will promptly establish two markers 
 behind his battalion as prescribed, No. 588. 
 
 1537. The General will verify the direction of 
 these markers, rectify it, if necessary, and charge 
 an officer to superintend, pending the march, the 
 successive replacing of them. 
 
 1538. The Greneral will then command : 
 
 Battalions, forward. 
 
 1539. This command having been repeated, the 
 color-rank of every battalion will advance six 
 pace?, and its two general guides will throw them- 
 selves out abreast with this rank; the major will 
 place himself at six or eight paces from the flank 
 of the color-rank, and on the side opposite to the 
 directing battalion. . 
 
 1540. The General need not occupy himself 
 with the general alignment of the color-ranks and 
 
114 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 general guides of the different battalions; it. will 
 suffice if those of each battalion conform ihem- 
 selves to what has just been prescribed. 
 
 These dispositions having been made, the Gene- 
 ral will add : 
 
 3. March (or double-quick — March.) 
 
 1542. At this, repeated with the greatest rapid- 
 ity, the line will step off with life; each battalion 
 will observe with the utmost care, the principles 
 prescribed, School of the Battalion, for marching 
 in line of battle. 
 
 1543. Each colonel and lieutenant-colonel will 
 conform himself, for the maintenance of the direc- 
 tion and alignment, to the principles prescribed, 
 School of the Battalion. 
 
 1544. The directing battalion being regarded 
 as infallible by all the others, and having thus the 
 greatest influence on them, its march will be su- 
 perintended with th J utmost care; consequently, 
 the general-in-chief, or the officer deputed by 
 him, placed in front of this battalion, will labor to 
 maintain its centre steadily on the perpendicular; 
 to this end he will frequently throw himself from 
 thirty to forty paces in front of the color-bearer, 
 face to the rear, and align himself correctly on the 
 markers established behind the battalion ; he will 
 rectify, if necessary, the direction of the centra 
 corporal, as well as that of the color-bearer. 
 
 1545. If the line of direction of this battalion 
 be badly chosen, and this may often happen, as it 
 
ETOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 115 
 
 is very difficult to determine the perpendicular 
 with precision/ the General and the colonel of this 
 battalion will perceive it at the end of a few paces 
 by the crowdings in one wing, and the openings 
 of files in the other. 
 
 1546. If, for example, the line of direction, in- 
 stead of being perpendicular to the primitive line 
 of battle, be taken to the right of the perpendicu- 
 lar, the directing battalion will soon be in an ob- 
 lique position to both of those lines ; the interval 
 to its right will be more and more diminished, and 
 that to the left increased in the same proportion, 
 which will force all the subordinate battalions to 
 oblique to the right to regain their intervals; the 
 General, by placing himself on either flank of the 
 directing battalion, will perceive that the battalions 
 to its right are in advance, and those to its left in 
 the rear, in respect to the false direction of that 
 battalion. 
 
 1547. Promptly to remedy this fault, the Ge- 
 neral will order the major of the directing battal- 
 ion to throw himself thirty or forty paces before 
 its centre, and to face to the rear; he will him- 
 self go at the same time to a like distance behind 
 its rear, and place, by signal of the sword, the ma- 
 jor on the direction he may choose to give; the 
 colonel of this battalion will immediately caution 
 the centre corporal and the color-bearer to con- 
 form themselves to this new direction, and the 
 officer superintending the markers in the rear will 
 immediately establish them on that direction. 
 
lie EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1548. If, at the end of a few paces, the General 
 perceive that the new direction is not exact, he 
 will promptly give another; but with a good coup 
 (Voeil, and the habit of directing lines, he will rarely 
 find it necessary to change the direction more than 
 once. 
 
 1549. Each subordinate battalion will maintain 
 its interval on the side of the directing battalion. 
 
 1550. The preservation of intervals between 
 battalions being the most essential point in the 
 march in line, the colonels will give to it the ut- 
 most attention. 
 
 1551. A battalion can only lose its interval, from 
 another, by the false direction pursued by its color- 
 bearer. The colonel may early perceive this by 
 the indications noticed, Nos. 1545-46, and as a 
 remedy, he will apply the means indicated, No. 
 607, and following. 
 
 1552. The interval may be momentarily dimin- 
 ished by openings between files; in this case, it 
 will suffice to cause the files to close insensibly 
 upon the centre of their battalion. 
 
 1553. The Generals of the divisions and bri- 
 gades being placed further in rear of the line than 
 the colonels, may each see at once several battal- 
 ions ; hence it will be easy for them to perceive 
 whence the loss of intervals, and they will give 
 prompt notice thereof to the colonels. 
 
 1554. When the loss of interval is but slight, 
 and the battalion does not slant in respect to the 
 perpendicular, the colonel may confine himself to 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 117 
 
 cautioning the color-bearer to incline insensibly to 
 the right or left, without taking the oblique step : 
 by this means the interval may be re-established 
 without inconvenience. As to the general align- 
 ment, the following rules will be observed. 
 
 1555. A scrupulous attention need not be given 
 to the maintenance of the colors and general 
 guides of the several battalions exactly abreast 
 with each other; consequently the major of each 
 battalion placed on the flank of his color-rank on 
 the side opposite to the direction, will not cause 
 the color-bearer to shorten or lengthen the step, 
 but when this may be evidently necessary to the 
 preservation of a certain degree of general har- 
 mony. 
 
 1556. The two general guides of each battalion 
 will conform themselves steadily to the direction 
 of the color-rank of the same battalion, and hold- 
 themselves abreast with this rank, without defer- 
 ence to the colors and general guides of the other 
 battalions. 
 
 1557. Nothing contributes more to fatigue sol- 
 diers, and to derange the inferior order of battal- 
 ions, than frequent variations of step ; the three 
 corporals placed in the centre of each battalion 
 will observe steadily the length and cadence of 
 the pace, without endeavoring to maintain them- 
 selves exactly at the distance of six paces from the 
 color-rink; consequently, they will not vary in 
 either of those particulars except on a caution, to 
 that effect; from their colonel or lieutenant-colonel. 
 
118 EVOLUTIONS Cr THE LINE. 
 
 1558. To carry through the same principle, co- 
 lonels will not scrupulously endeavor to maintain 
 their battalions abreast with each other; conse- 
 quently, they will not cause the step to be length- 
 ened or shortened, the time to be marked or quick- 
 ened, except when one or the other shall evidently 
 be necessary in order to preserve a certain degree 
 of harmony in the line; if it happen that a bat- 
 talion find itself a pace or two in advance or in 
 rear of the neighboring battalions, this slight irreg- 
 ularity may soon correct itself without particular 
 orders or interference, 
 
 1559. Colonels will carefully look to the direc- 
 tion and interior order of their respective battal- 
 ions, and the lieutenant-colonels to the alignment. 
 
 1560. Brigadier and major-generals will super- 
 intend the march of their respective brigades and 
 divisions, and charge themselves especially with 
 the preservation of battalion intervals. 
 
 1561. The General will occupy himself more 
 particularly w^ith the directing battalion, but his 
 attention will- at the same time be given to the 
 whole line. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 To lialt the line and to align it. 
 
 1562. The line being in march, and the Gene- 
 ral wishing to halt it, he will command : 
 
 1. Battalions. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. . 119 
 
 1560. This having been repeated, the General 
 will add: 
 
 2. Halt. 
 
 1564. This having been repeated with the ut- 
 most rapidity, the line will halt. The color-rank 
 and general guides of each battalion, will halt, but 
 remain in front of the line. 
 
 1565. The line being halt' d, and the General 
 wishing to give it a general alignment, he will 
 throw himself some pices on the right of the di- 
 recting color, in order the better to see the 
 whole line, and thence to determine the new di- 
 rection. 
 
 1566 He will next order the color-bearer and 
 the left general guide of this battalion to face to 
 him, when he will place them on the direction he 
 shall have chosen ; the right general guide will 
 face to the left, and align himself on the color- 
 bearer and the left general guiae of the same bat- 
 talion ; the lieutenant-colonel will assure him on 
 this direction, and th^ two corporals of the color- 
 rank will fall back into their places in the line of 
 battle. 
 
 1567. The basis of alignment being thus as- 
 sured, the General will command : 
 
 1. Colors and general guides on the line, 
 
 1568. This having been repeated, the color- 
 bearers and general guides of all the battalions 
 
120 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 will face to the color of the directinf>: battalion ; 
 those of the next battalion to the right and left, 
 respectively, will align themselves correctly on 
 the color and general guides of that battalion ; 
 those of the other battalions will align themselves 
 on the colors; the lieutenant-colonel and major of 
 each battalion will promptly assure the color-bearer 
 and general guides of their battalions on the new 
 direction : all the bearers will carry their colors 
 perpendicularly between their eyes, and the corpo- 
 rals of their rank will fall back into their places 
 in line. 
 
 1569. These arraBgements being made, the 
 General will add : 
 
 2. Guides, on the line. 
 
 1570. This having been repeated, it will be ex- 
 ecuted in conformity with what is prescribed, No. 
 642, and following; and as soon as the guides are 
 assured on the line, each colonel will cause his bat- 
 talion to be aligned upon its centre without regu- 
 lating itself on the other battalions. 
 
 157 1. All the battalions being aligned, the Ge- 
 neral will command : 
 
 3. Colors and guides — Posts. 
 
 1572. If the new direction should throw one or 
 more battalions back from the position occupied 
 at halting, each co onel of these battalions, as soon 
 as he perceives the necessity by the direction of 
 
EVOLUTIONSOFTHE LINE 
 
 / 
 
 it. <9 
 
 83^ 
 
 j-Qyi 
 
120 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 121 
 
 the colors, will face his battalion about, march it 
 to the rear, and then face it about when it ha?; 
 passed the new direction. 
 
 Article III. 
 Change of direction marching in line of hattlc. 
 
 1573. A deployed line, marching in the order 
 in battle, when the General shall wish to cause it 
 to change direction, so as to throw forward a wing, 
 the movement will be executed as follows : 
 
 1574. If the left wing be the one intended to 
 be thrown forward, the General will go to tlie right 
 battalion and place before it, on the new direction 
 he may wish to give to the line of battle, two 
 markers, distant from each othe!- fifty or sixty- 
 paces, the first marker at the point of appui (rest) 
 for the right of the line; the markers being estab- 
 lished, he will cause the line to be prolonged by 
 mounted officars. 
 
 1575. These dispositions made, the General will 
 command : 
 
 1. Change direction to ihe r'ght. 2. March, 
 (or double-quick — Macrh.) 
 
 1576. At the command morch, briskly repeat- 
 ed, the movement will commence; each battalion 
 will change direction according to the principlep 
 prescribed, No. 653, and following; the right bat- 
 talion will wheel until it is parallel to the new line 
 of battle; its colonel will then direct it forward, 
 
 11 
 
122 EVOLUTIONS 01' THE IINK. 
 
 halt it four paces within the markers, and com- 
 mand : 1. Color and general guides — On the 
 [ilNE. 
 
 1577. The color-bearer and general guides will 
 face to the General placed on the right of the 
 line, who will establish them on the new direction; 
 which being executed, the colonel will add : 2. 
 Guides — On THE Line; 2. Onthe centre — Dress. 
 
 1578. As each battalion has sufficiently disen- 
 uaged itself by wheeling, its colonel will add : 
 Forward — March; at this, the battalion will re- 
 sume the direct march. 
 
 1579. The colonel of the second battalion will 
 »>o direct it as to cause it to arrive parallelly to the 
 new line; and, to this end, he will cause it to exe- 
 cute successive slight changes of direction in pro- 
 portion as it advances towards the line. 
 
 1580. Its lieutenant-colonel will, in advance, 
 throw himself on the line, and place upon it two 
 markers, as indicated. No. 1574. 
 
 1581. The colonel of the second having halted 
 his batralion at four paces from the new line, will 
 command: 1. Color and general guides — Onthe 
 Line. 
 
 1582. At this, i\\Q color-bearer and two gene- 
 ral guides of the «econd battalion will face to the 
 right, and promptly place themselves on the line 
 of battle. The major, from the rear of the left 
 general guide, will align them correctly on those 
 <if the tirst battalion ; which bein^ executed; the 
 
EVOLUTIONS or THE LINE. l2o 
 
 colonel will add : 2. Guides — On the Line. .'). 
 On the centre — Dress. See No. 1244. 
 
 1583. Each of the remainino; battalions will 
 conform itself to what is just prescribed for the 
 second. 
 
 1584. The lieutenant-colonel of each battalion 
 will precede it on the line, by about one hundred 
 paces, and conform himself to what is prescribed 
 for the lieutenant-colonel of the second. 
 
 1585. The General or the officer whom he may 
 substitute, placed on the right of the line, will take 
 care that the colors of the first two battalions are 
 correctly assured on the new direction : and when 
 the last battalion is established on the line, he will 
 command : 
 
 Colors — Posts. 
 
 1586. Changes of direction to the left, in order 
 to throw forward the right wing, will be executed 
 according to the same principles and by inverse 
 means. 
 
 Remarks on changes of direction ynarchiny in line 
 of battle. 
 
 1587. The means prescribed for changing the 
 direction of a line marching in the order in battle, 
 whether to throw forward, or to refuse one of its 
 wings, give the facility of establishing a line on 
 any direction that may be deemed best, without 
 breaking the battalions into subdivisions. 
 
124 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1589. The battalion inarching in echellons, are 
 reciprocally protec ted ; and if, before the end of 
 the movement, it should become necessary to re- 
 form the line, the battalions not yet on the new 
 direction, say the fifth and eighth inclusive, may 
 form themselves into a full line, by an opposite 
 change of direction to the one they were engaged 
 in executing. This line, composed of the last four 
 battalions, would form an angle with that com- 
 posed of the first four already established on the 
 new direction. 
 
 Article IY. 
 
 To retreat in line of battle. 
 
 1589. The line being halted, when the Genera^ 
 shall wish to cause it to march in retreat, he will 
 command : 
 
 1. Face to the rear. 
 
 1590. This having been repeated, each colonel 
 will command : hattalion, about — Face, when the 
 
 "line will face about, each battalion conforming it- 
 self to what is prescribed, No. 665. 
 
 1591. The General will then add : 
 
 2. The ( — ) the battalion of direction. 
 
 1592. At this, the colonels and lieutenant-colo- 
 nels will conform themselves, within their respec- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. {125 
 
 tive battalions, to what is indicated, No. 666, and 
 the colonel of the directing ba alion will cause 
 markers to be established as prescribed, No. 667, 
 These dispositions being made, the General will 
 add: 
 
 3 . Ba ttalions, forward. 
 
 1593. This having been repeated, the color- 
 rank, the general guides of each battalion, the 
 captains, covering-sergeants, and file-closers, will 
 conform themselves to what is prescribed, ScJioof 
 of the Battalion. The General will then com- 
 mand: 
 
 4. March, (or double-quick — March.) 
 
 1594. The line will march in retreat according 
 to the principles prescribed for advancing in line 
 of battle. 
 
 Article Y. 
 To halt the line marching in retreat, and to align it. 
 
 1595. A deployed line, marching in retreat, 
 will be halted by the same commands as a line 
 marching in advance; and when the General shall 
 wish to re-face it, he will command : 
 
 1. Face to the front. 
 
 1596. This having been repeated, each colonel 
 
126 EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 
 
 will command : hattalion, about — Face, when the 
 line will face about, each battalion conforming it- 
 self to what is prescribed, No. 677. 
 
 1597. The line marching by the front rank, if 
 the General shall wish to march it in retreat, he 
 will command : 
 
 1. Battalion, riglit ahout. 
 
 1598. Which being promptly repeated, the Ge- 
 neral will add : 
 
 2. March. 
 
 1599. At this, the line will face to the rear, 
 and move off at the same gait by the rear rank, 
 taking care to conform to what is prescribed, No. 
 669, and following. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Cfiange of direction in marching in retreat. 
 
 1600. A deployed line, marching in retreat, if 
 the General wish to cause it to change direction 
 in order to refuse the one or other wing, he w'ill 
 cause the movement to be executed as follows: 
 
 1601. It will be supposed that it is the left 
 wing, become the right, that the General wishes 
 to refuse : he will pass to the right battalicn, now 
 the left, and establish two markers before it on 
 the new direction which he may wish to give to 
 the line in the manner prescribed for changing 
 
E70LUTI0NS OF THE LINE, 127 
 
 direction in marching in advance; he will then 
 command : 
 
 1. Change direction to the left. 
 
 1602. This having been repeated, the General 
 will add : 
 
 2. March, (or doulle-quick — March.) 
 
 1603. This briskly repeated, every battalion 
 will commence its chang^ of direction recording 
 to the principles prescribed, No. 681. 
 
 1604. The first battalion will wheel until it find 
 itself parallel to the markers ; the colonel will then 
 march it forward, cause it to cross the line of bat- 
 tle, and when the front rank, now in the rear, shall 
 have passed four paces beyond this line, he will 
 halt the battalion, face it about, and establish iton 
 the line by the commands and means indicated, 
 Nos. 1581-2. 
 
 1605. The colonel of each of the other battal- 
 ions will direct it towards the line of battle, as in- 
 dicated, Nos. 1578-9, so that it may bo parallel 
 to this line several paces before arriving upon it; 
 the colonel vv^ill then cause the battalion to pass 
 the line, and when four paces beyond it, he will 
 halt and face the battalion about; he will then es- 
 tablish it on the line by the means prescribed for 
 changing direction advancing. 
 
 1606. This lieutenant-colonels will conform 
 themselves to v^hat is prescribed, Nos. 1580 and 
 
128 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1584, and the General to what is indicated, No. 
 1585. 
 
 1607. Changes of direction to the right, in or- 
 der to refuse the rig^t wing, become the left, will 
 be executed according to the same principles and 
 by inverse means. 
 
 Article YII. 
 
 March in line of battle of a line of battalions in 
 columns. 
 
 1608. The march in line of battle of a de- 
 ployed line, presenting many difficulties, parti- 
 cularly if the ground be not favourable, it may 
 frequently be advantageous to ploy each battalion 
 into column, and to cause the line to march in this 
 order, preserving, between every two battalions, 
 the interval necessary for deployment. 
 
 1609. The General, wishing to ploy or to break 
 each battalion into column doubled on the centre 
 or into simple column, either by division or by 
 company, will command : 
 
 1. 3Iovement by battalion. 
 
 1610. This having been repeated, the General 
 will give the commands of caution prescribed. 
 School of the Battalion, for the particular forma- 
 tion into column which he niay desire to have 
 executed. 
 
 1611. These commands having been repeated, 
 each colonel will give the preparatory commands 
 
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EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 129 
 
 required for the particular movement indicated 
 by the General. 
 
 1612. The General will then add : 
 
 2. March, (or double-quick, March:) 
 
 1613. At this, each battalion will ploy itself 
 into column, in the manner prescribed, Sclioolof 
 the Battalion. 
 
 1614. The line thus formed, will march ac- 
 cording to the same principles as a line of bat- 
 talions deployed, but observing what follows. 
 
 \st. To cause the line of columns to advance. 
 
 1615. It will be supposed that each battalion 
 has been ployed into double column, and that the 
 General has chosen the fifth as the directing bat- 
 talion : he will iro to this battalion, see whether 
 the direction of its guides be perpendicular to the 
 line of battle, rectify the direction, if necessary, 
 and then command : 
 
 1. The fifth, the battalion of direction. 
 
 1616. The colonel of each subordinate batta- 
 lion having repeated this command, will see 
 whether his guides on the side of the directing 
 battalion be established perpendicularly to the line 
 of battle ; if not, he will make the necessary rec- 
 tification, and then throw himself thirty paces to 
 the rear on the prolongation of those guides; the 
 
130 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 lieutenant colonel will throw himself a like dis- 
 tance in front, and on the same perpendicular. 
 
 1G17. The colonel of the directing battalion 
 will establish in the rear two markers on the pro- 
 longation oK the guides, as prescribed, No. 1536. 
 
 1G18. The General will now command: 
 
 2. Battalions, forivard. 
 1G19. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the directing battalion and the colonels to his 
 left, will immediately command : guide right, and 
 the other colonels, guide left. 
 
 1620. At this, the right general guide of each 
 battalion will throw himself out six paces in front 
 of its headmost guide ) he will be assured on the 
 perpendicular by the lieutenant-colonel, and im- 
 mediately take points on the ground, as prescrib- 
 ed for the colour-bearer, No. 590 -, the lieutenant- 
 colonel will then fall back to the side of his head- 
 most guide. 
 
 1621. The chief of each leading division will 
 take post in the front rank of his division, on the 
 flank opposite to that of direction, and the guide 
 who was there will fall back into the rear rank. 
 
 1622. The major will place himself in rear of 
 the guides charged with the direction. 
 
 1623. These dispositions being made, the Gene- 
 ral will add : 
 
 3. March, (or douUe-quith — ^March.) 
 
 1624. At this, repeated with the utmost rapidi- 
 ty, the line will step off with life. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 131 
 
 1625. The right general guide of eoch batta- 
 lion will direct his march perpendicularly to the 
 front, and the leading guide will follow exactly in 
 his trace. 
 
 1626. The chief of the leading division will 
 maintain himself abreast with his guide on the 
 opposite flank, and see that the march of the di- 
 vision be in conformity with the principles pre- 
 scribed, No. 604. The other divisions will con- 
 form themselves to the rules for marching in col- 
 umn. 
 
 1627. The lieutenant-colonel and major will 
 conform themselves to what is prescribed, Nos. 
 168-9. 
 
 1628. EveTy colonel, placed on the side of di- 
 rection, will superintend the march of bis batta- 
 lion in column, and labor to preserve its interval. 
 
 1629. As the directing battalion has to be re- 
 garded as infallible by all the others, the General 
 will attach himself to it, and with the greatest 
 care maintain the general guide and guides of this 
 battalion on the perpendicular, according to tho 
 principles established, No. 1536. 
 
 1680. If the direction given to this battalion 
 has been badly chosen, the General will promptly 
 perceive it by the crowdings and openings among 
 the files of the headmost division, according to 
 the side to which the guide deviates from the per- 
 pendicular. Those irregularities although less 
 sensible than they would be in a deployed batta- 
 lion, will' nevertheless sufficiently show that the 
 
132 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 false direction of the general guide ought to. be 
 promptly corrected. 
 
 1631. Colonels of the subordinate battalions 
 will look with so much the greater care to the 
 preservation of intervals, as a fault committed in 
 this respect will not be as promptly perceived as 
 in a deployed line. 
 
 1632. In every battalion the lieutenant-colonel 
 will perform the duty attributed to the major. 
 No. 608, as often as the colonel may wish to 
 change the point of direction. 
 
 1633. The line of battalions in columns being 
 in march, when a subordinate battalion encounters 
 an obstacle, this battalion will turn it in a manner 
 so as to deviate the least from the direction it 
 ought to follow, and quicken the step at the same 
 time as prescribed. No. 684, in order to return 
 into line as soon as the obstacle is passed. When 
 again in line, the battalion will be careful to re- 
 establish its interval by insensible degrees. 
 
 1634. If it be an interior battalion that has to 
 execute the passage of an obstacle, the next bat- 
 talion towards the side of direction will take earc 
 to keep a double interval until the former batta- 
 lion comes aerain into line. 
 
 ^a" 
 
 Remarks on the march of a line of battalion col- 
 umns with deploying intervals. 
 
 1635. It has been supposed above, that the bat- 
 talions of the line were ployed into double col- 
 umns; but the rules just prescribed are equally 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 133 
 
 applicable to a line of battalion columns formed 
 in any other manner. 
 
 1635, When the battalions of the line are in 
 simple columns, the directing hattulion will take 
 the guide to the left or right, according as it may 
 have the right or left in front, and the subordi- 
 nate battalions will take the guide on the side 
 next to the directing battalion. 
 
 1637. With the right in front, the right ge- 
 neral guide in each battalion will be charged 
 with its direction ; the left general guide in the 
 reverse case. 
 
 1638. If the battalions be in mass s, each co- 
 lonel will hold himself, pending the march, at 
 thirty paces in the rear of his battalion oif the 
 prolongation of its guides: the colun ns beiig at 
 half, or full distance, each colonel will hold him- 
 self on the flank of his column on the side of the 
 direction. 
 
 2c?. To halt the line of columns and to dcplo// 
 it. 
 
 1639. A line of battalions in col' mns will be 
 halted by the same commands as a line of battal- 
 ions deployed. 
 
 1640. The line being at a halt, if it be the 
 wish of the General to give a general alignment, 
 he will conform himself to what is prescribed, No. 
 1476, and following. 
 
 1641. If the battalions be in columns at b&lf 
 or full distance, and the General shall wish to 
 deploy them, he will command. 
 
 12 
 
lo4 EVOLUTIONS OF THE IJNS. 
 
 1. Columns close in mass. 2. March, (or 
 double-quick — MARCH. ) 
 
 1642. At the command ma rc/i, each battalion 
 will clo e up on its loading subdivision. 
 
 1643. The line being halted and aligned, if it 
 be the wish of the General to deploy the batta- 
 lions, and they are in double columns, he will 
 command : 
 
 1. Deploy columns. 2. (ov double-quick — March.) 
 
 1644. If the battalions be in simple columns, 
 the General will, in his first command, designate 
 the subdivision on which each battalion ought to 
 deplby itself; if it be necessary, the lino may be 
 deployed immediately by the same commands and 
 means, the alignment of the battalion in mass 
 being dispensed with. 
 
 1645. In both cases, the movements will be 
 executed, in every battalion, in the manner pre- 
 scribed. School of the Battalion. 
 
 iid. The line of columns marching vi advance, to 
 cau^ic it to change direction. 
 
 1646. A line of battalions, in columns, march- 
 ing to the front, and it being the wish of the Ge- 
 neral to cause it to change direction to the right, 
 he will establish tvvo markers on the new line of 
 battle in front of the position to be occupied by 
 the right battalion ; he will at the same time 
 charge two mjunted officers to determine succes- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LIN'E. 130 
 
 sively, in the maimer indicated, No. 1272, and 
 following-, the points at which the other hattalicnt; 
 ought respectively to arrive 3 these dispositions 
 made, he will command : 
 
 1. Chancje direct ion to the rif/ht. 2. MARCH, (or 
 douhle-qmcJ: — MARCH.) 
 
 1647. The first command having been repeat- 
 ed, each colonel will cause his battalion to take 
 the guide to the right, if that be not already the 
 directing flank ; at the same time the chief of the 
 leading division, in each battalion, will throw 
 himself before the centre of his division, and the 
 general guide, charged with the direction, will 
 retire. 
 
 1648. At the command march, the colonel of 
 the right battalion will cause it to change direc- 
 tion to the right, and then direct it against the 
 two markers placed by the General; when its 
 leading division is at three paces from the mark- 
 ers, the colonel will halt the battalion ; if the 
 rear divisions have not yet entered the new di- 
 rection, their chiefs will promptly bring them intt> 
 it, and as soon as they are established on it, the 
 colonel will align the battalion by the right. 
 
 1649. Each of the other colonels will direct 
 his battalion towards the new line of battle, so 
 that its leading division may be, when at a dis- 
 tance equal to the depth of the column, parallel 
 to that line J to this end, the colonel will cause 
 the guides of this division to advance, insensibly 
 and successively, the left shoulder ; and when 
 
136 EVOLUTIONS or THE LINE. 
 
 this guide has arrived at three paces from the 
 line of battle, the colonel will halt the battalion, 
 and cause it to be aligned by the right. 
 
 1650. At the beginning of the movement, the 
 lieutenant-coll nel of the second battalion will 
 throw himself on the line of battle, and replace 
 the mounted officer whom the General had sent 
 thither; he will immediately establish two mark- 
 ers for the head of his battalion, the first at de- 
 ploying diistance from the battalion to the riglit, 
 and the second at division distance from the first; 
 the lieutenant-colonel of each of the other bat- 
 talions will throw himself in like manner on the 
 line of battle, when the head of his battalion is 
 at a hundred paces from this line. 
 
 1651. The last battalion column being esta- 
 blished on the line, the General will command ; 
 
 3. Guides — Posts. 
 
 1652. Changes of direction to the left, will be 
 executed accoiding to the same principles and by^, 
 inverse means. 
 
 165o. If the General shall wish to cause the 
 columns to deploy, he will give the order to that 
 cfiect to the colonels, who will cause their batta- 
 lions to close up in halting, and then dcplo}^ them. 
 
 A:th. To cause the line of columns to marcJi in re- 
 treat. 
 
 1654. A line of battalions, in columns, being 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 137 
 
 halted, wben the General shall wish to cause it to 
 inarch in retreat, lie will command : 
 
 1. Face hy the rear rank. 
 
 1655. This h.-iving been repeated, each batta- 
 lion will face by the rear rank ; the chief of the 
 last division of each battalion, ^ill place himself 
 in the rear rank, become the front, on the side 
 opposite to that of the direction ; the chief of 
 each first division will take his place in the co- 
 lumn. 
 
 1656. The line being thus faced by the roar 
 rank, it will be put in march by the same com- 
 mands and means as a line of battalions in co- 
 lumns faced by the front rank, observ ng to esta- 
 blish markers before the directing battalion, ac- 
 cording to the principles prescribed. No. 667. 
 
 1657. The line marching in retreat, will con- 
 form itself to the principles prescribed for a line 
 of battalions, in columns, marching in advance. 
 
 5^/t. To halt the line of columns marching in re- 
 treat, and to align it. 
 
 1658. The line marching in retreat will be 
 halted by the same commands as if it were 
 marching in advance ; and when the General 
 shall wish to face it about, he will command : 
 
 1. Fade hy the front rarih, 
 
 1659. This having been repeated, each batta- 
 lion will be fjiced by the front rank ; the chief of 
 
138 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 the first division in each will retake his place" in 
 line, and the chief of each last division his in co- 
 lumn. 
 
 1660. A line of battalions whether in columns 
 or deployed marching in retreat, when the Gene- 
 ral shall wish it to face to the front and halt at 
 the same time he will command : 
 
 1. Battalions, riylit about — Halt. 
 
 ^tli. The line of columns marching wi rr treat, to V 
 cause it to clainge direction. 
 
 1661. The line, marching in retreat, will 
 change direction by the same commands and 
 means as if it marched by the front rank, observ- 
 ing what follows. 
 
 1662. The two markers established by the Ge- 
 neral before the position to be occupied at halting 
 by the first battalion, instead of being opposite tc 
 the right and left files respectively of the leading 
 division, will be far enough apart to permit this 
 battalion to cross the line of battle between them, 
 and the same of the markers established for the 
 other battalions. 
 
 1663. Each colonel will direct his battalion to- 
 wards the line of battle, as prescribed for a 
 change of direction forward, and so that all its 
 divisions may be parallel to this line before pass- 
 ing it; when the first division, now in the rear, 
 is three paces beyond the line, the colonel will 
 halt the battalion, and face it by the front rank ; 
 
EVOLUTIONSOFTHE LINE 
 
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 mmimiiiiiiMCjM^mim^^ 
 
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 J 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 139 
 
 tl)e guides of the first division will throw them- 
 selves on the line between the two markers ; and 
 soon as they are assured in their positions by 
 iiie lieutenant-colonel, the colonel will align the 
 Uattalion by the right. 
 
 1664. The General, if it be his wish to deploy 
 the columns, will give a caution to that effect to the 
 colonels, who, in halting, will each cause his bat- 
 talion to close up on its leading division as soon as 
 the latter has passed the line of battle by a nis- 
 tance equal to the depth of the column and three 
 paces more ; he will then face the battalion by the 
 front rank, and deploy it. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 To pass a defile in front. 
 
 1665. A deployed line encountering, in. ad- 
 vancing, a defile which it has to pass, will execute 
 the movement as follows. 
 
 1666. It will be supposed that the defile is op- 
 posite to the interval between the third and fourth 
 battalions, and that its width is sufficient to give 
 passage to the front of a company : the General 
 seeing that the line has arrived near the defile, 
 will halt it, and command : 
 
 1 . To pass defile in front, hi/ the right of the 
 fourth battalion. 2. By platoon left and right ^ 
 into column. 
 
 1667. These commands having been repeated, 
 the colonels of the first three battalions will each 
 
140 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 command : hy platoon^ left icheel, and each of the 
 other colonels: hy platoon , right ichcel. 
 1668. The General will then add : 
 
 3. MarciI; (or douhle-quick — March.) 
 
 16G9. At this, hriskly repeated, the battalions 
 will break by platoon to the left or right, 
 
 1670. The battalions having broken, the Ge- 
 neral will cause two markers to be placed at the 
 points around which the two columns ought to 
 turn in order to enter the defile ; the markers will 
 be posted a little more than the front of a com- 
 pany apart. The General will then command : 
 
 4. Column, forward. 
 
 1671. This having been repeated, each colonel, 
 whose battalion has broken to the left, will com- 
 mand : guide right, and each whose battalion has 
 broken to the right, guide left. The General will 
 now add : 
 
 5. March, (or douhle-quich — March.) 
 
 1672. At this command, briskly repeated, the 
 two columns will march to meet each other, and 
 when the two leading platoons have arrived op- 
 posite to the respective markers, they will turn one 
 to the right, and the other to the left, in order to 
 unite in the defile ; at the moment of union, they 
 will take, by command of their respective chiefs. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 141 
 
 the platoon on the right, the guide to the left, and 
 the left platoon, the guide to the right. 
 
 1673. The two united platoons will march side 
 by side, each regulating itself on the two guides 
 placed elbow to elbow between them ; these 
 guides will direct themselves by the defile. 
 
 1674. The two next platoons, and, successive- 
 ly, all the others, will conform themselves to what 
 has just been prescribed for the two leading pla- 
 toons on coming up with the markers placed be- 
 fore the entrance of the defile. The platoons of 
 the first battalion (supposing the line to consist of 
 but five) will march in simple column behind the 
 right column. 
 
 1675. The united platoons will pass the defile 
 iu the cadenced pace, and with ranks closed, 
 each regulating itself on the two guides placed 
 in the centre, who will march elbow to elbow ex- 
 actly in the traces of, and at platoon distance 
 from, the guides who immediately precede them. 
 
 1676. In proportion as the two columns issue 
 from the defile, each captain will reform his com- 
 pany as follows: in the right column, the first 
 platoon, which is in rear of the second of the 
 same company, will oblique to the right until it 
 find itself unmasked, and then march forward ; 
 in the left column, it will be the second platoon 
 of each company, which will oblique to the left, 
 and then march up abreast with its first. 
 
 1677. If it be the wish of the General, after 
 passing the defile, to re-form line, he will throw 
 
142 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINK. 
 
 himself in advance to the distance at which he 
 may wish to establish the line of battle, and 
 place two markers on this line for the head of the 
 right column, and two others for the b.ead of the 
 left, leaving the interval of twenty-two paces be- 
 tween the two columns. 
 
 1678. The head of the column having passed 
 the defile, the General will order the colonels of 
 the third and fourth battalions to direct them re- 
 spectively on the markers which he has estab- 
 lished ; and when the leading subdivision of each 
 of these battalions has arrived at three paces 
 from the line of battle, each colonel will cause his 
 battalion to close in mass in halting. 
 
 1679. The colonels of the second and fifth, 
 will each, as the head of his battalion issues from 
 the defile, cause it to change direction, the second 
 to the right, and the fifth to the left, and then 
 direct it perpendicularly towards the line of bat- 
 tle, the second, at twenty-two paces from ihe right 
 of the third, and the fifth, the same distance 
 from the left of the fourth. In halting, at three 
 paces from that line, each battalion will be closed 
 in mass on its leading company. 
 
 1680. Each of the remaining battalions (what- 
 ever the number) will follow the movement of 
 the one that immediately precedes it in column, 
 inarch towards the line, and establish itself upon 
 it, in column, as just prescribed for the second 
 and fifth. 
 
 1681. Or, as soon as the head of the battalion 
 
BVOLUTIONS or THE LINE- 143 
 
 on which the General wishes to cause the de- 
 ployment to be made, is Cotablished on the line 
 of battle, he will cause the movement to com- 
 mence, and immediately give notice thereof lo 
 the colonels whose battalions are yet in the de- 
 file. 
 
 1682. These colonels, as their battalions suc- 
 cessively issue from the defile, will cause them to 
 change direction to the right and left, then direct 
 them behind the line, so that each may be in po- 
 sition to form itself on the right or on the left 
 into line of battle, next to the preceding battalion 
 t>f its column already in line. 
 
 I680. If, instead of re-establishing the line, as 
 in the pi;eceding examples, it be the wish of the 
 General to rest one of the wings, say the right, 
 at the defile, he will cause both columns to take 
 the guide to the right, and halt them the instant 
 that the last company of the right column issues 
 from the defile : this column may then be formed 
 to the right, and the left column on the right, into 
 line of battle. 
 
 1684. If it be the left wing that is to rest at 
 the defile, the line may be formed according to 
 the same principles, and by inverse means. 
 
 Remarks on the j assage of defiles in advancing. 
 
 1685. The two columns being formed by pla- 
 toon, if the defile should widen sufficiently, com- 
 panies may be formed in each column without 
 w dting till the head has issued from the defile. 
 
144 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1686. When a sudden narrowing of the defile 
 shall oblige the chiefs of platoon to break off, for 
 the moment, one or two tiles to the rear, this dim- 
 inution of front, as an excerption to the rule es- 
 tablished, will be made from the side opposite to 
 the guide. 
 
 1G87. If the defile be of sufficient width to re- 
 ceive the front of a division, the General, instead 
 of causing the line to break by platoon, will 
 cause it to break by company; but, in this case, 
 the company that is to lead in each column, in- 
 stead of wheeling, will march forward twice the 
 extent of its front ; and when the columns are 
 put in movement, these companies will close upon 
 each other, inarching by the flank, in order to 
 unite at the entrance of the defile. 
 
 1688. If the defile be not of sufficient width 
 to receive the front of a company, it will be 
 passed in simple column by pla oon, right or left 
 in front. 
 
 1689. The passage of defiles to the front will 
 always be executed by the subdivision of the 
 right, or that of the left of a battalion ; and when 
 the defile happens not to be exactly opposite to 
 an interval between two battalions, the leading 
 subdivisions, after uniting, will direct themselves 
 diagonally towards the entrance of the defile. 
 
 1690. The means given, No. 1677, and follow- 
 ing, for re-forming the line, render it easy to es- 
 tablish it with the utmost promptness, and on ai; 
 battalion that may be preferred. If; for exan> 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 145 
 
 pie, the outlet of tlie defile be so placed, in re- 
 spect to the enemy, as to render it necessary to 
 form line on the head of the column immediately 
 after passing ; in this case, the General would 
 cause the third and fourth battalions to close into 
 massesj and immediately deploy them ; the other 
 battalions would form on the kftj and on the right^ 
 into line' of battle. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 To pass a defile in retreat. 
 
 1691. The line marching in retreat, and en- 
 countering a defile which it has to pass, the Gen- 
 eral will cause a halt, and face the line to the 
 front. 
 
 1692. It will first be supposed that the defile 
 is opposite to the interval between the two centre 
 battalions, (fourth and fifth,) and its width suffi- 
 cient to give passage to the front of a company. 
 The General will cause too markers to be placed 
 at fifteen or twenty paces behind the file closers, 
 in front of the defile, and at a little more than 
 company distance apart, in order to indicate to 
 the two columns the points around which they 
 ought to change direction to enter the defile; 
 which being executed he will command : 
 
 To the rear, hy the icings, pass the defil/ 
 
 1693. This having been repeated, tb' 
 of the right battalion of the line, will 
 
 13 
 
146 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 to the reaVy lij the rujht flanh, pass the Jcfiky and 
 the colonel of the left battalion, to the rear, hy 
 the left f.anhyim%s the dffile. 
 
 1694. The two battalions of the wings will im- 
 mediately commence the movement in conformity 
 with what is prescribed, No. 711, and foHowing; 
 and when the leading platoon of each column has 
 arrived pposite to the marker placed at the 
 point for changing direction, these two platoons 
 will turn at the same time, one to the left, and 
 the other to the right, in order to unite in the de- 
 file ; to this end, if the head of one of the col- 
 umns arrive before the other, it will wait for the 
 head of the corresponding battalion, before turn- 
 ing. As soon as the two platoons unite, th oy will 
 take, by command of their respective chicf'^ — the 
 platoon, now on the left, the guide to tlie ri<:ht, 
 and the other, the guide to the left; the rciuain- 
 ing platoons of these two battalions will succes- 
 sively conform themselves to what has just been 
 prescribed for those of the head, and the two 
 columns will thus march together accoMling to 
 the principles indicated, No. 1673, and iullow- 
 ing, for the passage of a defile in front. 
 
 1695. The other battalions will successively 
 execute the same movement; the colonel of each 
 will give one of the commands proticribed, No. 
 169H, according as his battalion hns to pass the 
 defile by the right or left flank, and so that its 
 leading platoon may follow, at the desired dis- 
 tance, the rearmost platoon of the battalion im- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF TUE LINE. 147 
 
 mediately preceding ; the battalions will enter 
 the defile, side by side, as prescribed, for the two 
 battalions of the wings. 
 
 169G. If the defile become of sufiflcient width 
 to give passage to a division marching by the 
 front, each captain, as his platoon successively 
 enter the enlarged width, will cause them to 
 form company according to the principles pre- 
 scribed. No. 1G76, otherwise this movement will 
 only be executed as each company issues from 
 the defile. 
 
 1697. If it be the wish of the General, after 
 passing, to re-form line facing to the defile, he 
 will throw himself in advance to the distance at 
 which he may wish to establish the new line of 
 battle, and determine its direction by establish- 
 ing, for the head of the column, two markers, 
 distant from each other a little more than the 
 front of a division ; he will then cause this line 
 to be prolonged to the right and left by mounted 
 officers. 
 
 169<S. The head of the column will be so di- 
 rected as to cross the line of battle between the 
 two markers placed by the General ; and when 
 four paces beyond, the column, composed of the 
 right battalions, will take the guide to the left, 
 and turn to the left; the column, composed of 
 the left battalions, will take the guide to the 
 right, and turn to the right; the two columns 
 will thus prolong their march, in opposite direc- 
 tions, parallelly to the line of battle, on which 
 
148 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINl. 
 
 the colours apd general guides will throw them- 
 selves. 
 
 1699. Each column will be halted soon after 
 its last subdivision has entered the new direction, 
 and so that, on re-forming line, the two battalions 
 which were the rearmost, may find themselves 
 separated by the interval of twenty-two paces. 
 One of the two columns will be made to coun- 
 termarch, and the General, having rectified, if 
 necessary, the general direction, will cause the. 
 column to lorm to the left or to the rights into line 
 of battle. 
 
 1700. If it be the wish of the General, instead 
 of placing four battalions to the left of the defile^ 
 as in the last example, to place only three on that 
 side, and to throw the other five to the right, the 
 movement will be executed in the following man- 
 ner. 
 
 1701. The last three battalions, which are to 
 be formed to the left of the defile, will be halted 
 as soon as the leading subdivision of the eighth 
 battalion arrives at company distance from the 
 point of appui for the left of the line, and will 
 be formed to the right j into line of battle. 
 
 1702. The fifth battalion, instead of following 
 the movement of the last three, will continue to 
 march straight forward after havinji; cro.ssed the 
 line of battle, and close in mass as soon as its 
 leading; subdivision has left between it and the 
 line the necessary space to contain the battalion 
 in mass. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE 
 
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 5 B'' 
 
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 r= H I ( i 1 1 1 1 1 11 i H i 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 14^ 
 
 • 1703. The last subdivision having closed, this 
 battalion will be made to countermarch, and then 
 to deploy, so that its left may find itself twenty- 
 two paces from the right of the sixth. 
 
 1704. The column composed of the right bat- 
 talions will continue to march, and when its lasfc 
 subdivision has passed a distance equal to the 
 front of a company beyond the point of appui 
 for the left of the fourth battalion, the major 
 general in command of this, particular column 
 {See No, 1008,) will halt it, cause it to counter- 
 march, and after having assured the direction of 
 its guides on the colours of the battalions already 
 established, he will cause it to form to the righty 
 into line of hatth. 
 
 1705. The defile, in the preceding examples 
 has been supposed to be behind the centre of the 
 line composed of an even number of battalions; 
 but it may frequently be otherwise. For in- 
 stance ; it may be, that there are five battalions 
 on the right, and only three on the left side of 
 the defile. In this case, the General would first 
 send an order to the colonels of the first and 
 second battalions to pass the defile in simple 
 column in advance, and then, seizing the proper 
 time, give the command indicated, No. 1692, so 
 that there may be no interruption in the move- 
 ment. So, if the line present an odd number of 
 battalions, a similar course would be pursued in 
 respect to the odd battalion on the right or left 
 of the defile. 
 
150 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1706. When the defile happens to be behind 
 the right or left battalion of the line, the Gener*^^ 
 ■will cause it to pass by a single wing : to this 
 end, he will substitute, in his command, the in 
 dication hi/ the left loing or hy the rif/ht ichuj 
 for that of hi/ the wings. The movement will 
 commence by the wing the farthest from the defile, 
 so that the battalion opposite to it may be the last ^| 
 to enter. ; 
 
 Artice X. ' 
 
 Changes of front. 
 
 Perpendicular changes of front. 
 
 \si. Changes of Jront forward. 
 
 (^Movement of the first line.) 
 
 1707. A line being deployed, and the General 
 wishing to cause it to change front on the right, 
 he will first determine the direction of the new 
 line of battle, cause two markers to be placed on 
 it before the position to be occupied by the right 
 company, first battalion, and immediately cause 
 this company to be established against those 
 markers; he will at the same time charge two 
 mounted ofiicers to determine successively the 
 points on the line at which the subordinate bat- 
 talions ought respectively to arrive, as indicated, 
 
EVOLUTIONS or THE LINE 
 
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 /V£l/v/ POSITION 
 
 
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EYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 151 
 
 No. 127o, and following. He will then com- 
 mand : 
 
 ]j. Change front forward^ on the first hattalion. 
 
 1708. This having been repeated, the colonel* 
 of the first will immediately cause his battalion 
 to execute a change of front forward^ as pre- 
 scribed, No. 745, and following. 
 
 1709. Each of the other colonels will cause his 
 battalion to ploy into double column, at company 
 distance; which being executed, he will com- 
 mand: 1. Column^ forward ; 2. Guide right. 
 
 1710. These dispositions being made, the Gen- 
 eral will add : 
 
 2. March, (or double-quick — March.) 
 
 1711. At this, briskly repeated, the subordi- 
 nate battalions will put themselves in movement 
 towards the line of battle; the leading guide of 
 each, advancing the left shoulder, will so direct 
 himself that, on arriving at the point opposite to 
 the right marker placed in advance by the lieu- 
 tenant colonel, he may find himself at a distance 
 from the line of battle equal to the depth of the 
 column. 
 
 1712. The head of each battalion having ar- 
 rived at that point will turn to the right in 
 order to march perpendicularly up to the line of 
 battle, and when at three paces from this line, its 
 colonel will cause the column to close in mass and 
 to deploy. 
 
152 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1713. Each colonel will hold himself on the 
 side of the direction abreast with the leading di- 
 vision of his battalion, pending its. march towards 
 the line of battle. 
 
 » 1714. The lieutenant-colonels will throw them- 
 selves in advance on the line, as prescribed, No. 
 1650, for changes of direction of a line of bat- 
 taHons in columns. See No. 1244. 
 
 1715. The line being formed, the General will 
 command : 
 
 Colours — Posts. 
 
 1716. If the line be in march, the General 
 will cause it to change front forward by the same 
 commands and means, with the followins: modi- 
 fications : he will cause the markers to be placed 
 on the new direction, before the position to be oc-" 
 cupied by the first company, first battalion ; this 
 will form forward as prescribed, No. 7i'>4, and fol- 
 lowing; each of the others will double column as 
 indicated, No. 787, and following, and the move- 
 ment will be concluded as just prescribed. 
 
 1717. A line will change front forward on its 
 left, according to the same principles and by in- 
 verse means. 
 
 2d. Changes of front to the rear. 
 
 (^Moven^ent of the first line.) 
 
 1718. To change front to the rear, on the right 
 of the. line, the General will cause the right 
 
EYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 153 
 
 company,, first battalion to be established on the 
 new direction, and place two markers before this 
 company as prescribed, No. 760 3 he will then 
 command : 
 
 1. Change front to the rear, on the first latialion. 
 
 1719. This having been repeated, the colonel 
 of the first will immediately cause his battalion 
 to execute a change of front to the rear as pre- 
 scribed, No. 761, and following. 
 
 1720. Each of the other colonels will cause 
 his battalion to ploy into double column at com- 
 pany distance, face it by the rear rank, and then 
 command: 1. Column^ forward ; 2. Guide left. 
 
 1721. These dispositions being made, the Gen- 
 eral will add : 
 
 2. March, (or douhle-quick — March.) 
 
 1722. This having been briskly repeated, the 
 subordinate battalions will put themselves in 
 movement towards tho line of battle; the lead- 
 ing guide, advancing the right shoulder will direct 
 himself as prescribed. No. 1711. 
 
 1723. The leading division of each battalion 
 having arrived at the point opposite to the marker 
 placed in advance by the lieutenant- colonel, and 
 distant the whole depth of the column,, will turn 
 to the left in order to march up perpendicularly 
 to the line of battle, then cross this line between 
 the two markers, placed in advance by the lieu- 
 
154 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 tenant-colonel; and when the head of the hattalion 
 has passed the line a distance equal to its depth 
 (closed) and three paces more, the colonel will 
 cause the column to close in mass, to ftice bj the 
 front rank, and to deploy. 
 
 1724. The lieutenant-colonels will throw them- 
 selves in advance on the line of battle, and estab- 
 lish upon it the two markers as prescribed, No. 
 1662. 
 
 1725. Changes of front to the rear, on the left 
 of the line, will be executed according to the 
 same j)rinciples and by inverse means. 
 
 3d. Central changes of front. 
 
 (Movement of the firat line.^ 
 
 1726. The General wishing to change front on 
 the fifth battalion, by throwing forward the left 
 wing, will cause two markers to be placed on the 
 direction he may wish to give to the new line be- 
 fore the position to be oc(?upied by the right 
 company of that battalion, and then cause this 
 company to be established against the markers ; 
 he will, at the same time, order the colonel of the 
 fourth to have the left company of his battalion 
 conducted to and established on the same align- 
 ment, at twenty- two paces from the right of the 
 fifth battalion. 
 
 1727. These dispositions being made, the Gen- 
 eral will command: 
 
 1. Change front on the fifth hattalion, left wing 
 forward. 2. '^K^Q\\,{pxdouhle-qidclc — March.) 
 
EYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 155 
 
 1728. The colonel of the fifth will immediately 
 cause his battalion to execute a chan<:e of front 
 forward on its right company, and the colonel of 
 the fourth a change of front to the rear on the 
 left company of hi.s battalion. 
 
 1729. The battalions to the left of the fifth 
 will each execute its movement as prescribed for 
 the subordinate battalions in changes of front 
 forward on the right of the line, and the battal- 
 ions to the right of the fourth, will each execute its 
 movement as indicated for changes of front to the 
 rear on the left battalion. 
 
 1730. The General, wishing to throw the right 
 wing forward, instead of the left, will take as the 
 basis of alignment, the left company of the fourth 
 battalion, and command : 
 
 1. Change front on the fourth hattalion, right 
 icing forward. 2. M.A.'&QYi.j (or double-quick — 
 March. 
 
 1731. The fourth, and the battalions to its 
 right, will execute a change of front forward, on 
 the left of the fourth battalion. 
 
 173^5. The fifth, and the battalions to its left, 
 will execute a change of front to the rear, on the 
 right of the fifth battalion. 
 
 Oblique changes of front. 
 
 1733. Oblique changes of front will be exe- 
 cuted according to the same principles as the 
 
156 EYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 perpendicular changes, but observing what fol- 
 lows: 
 
 (^Movement of the first line.) 
 
 1734. The directing battalion will conform it- 
 self to what is prescribed, No. 775 ; the subor- 
 dinate battalions, after being ployed into double 
 columns, will be directed towards the new line 
 of battle by the means indicated, No. 1G49, or 
 No. 1663, according as their change of front may 
 be forward or to the rear. 
 
 Remark on the changes of front. 
 
 1735. In changes of front of several battalions, 
 the General will always take the right or left 
 company of one of the battalions as the basis of 
 the movement. 
 
 Changes of front of two lines. 
 
 1736. AVhen two lines, drawn up one behind 
 the other, have to change front, the first will 
 always execute its movements as if it were alone. 
 
 1737. The position of the second line being 
 necessarily subordinate to that of the first, it 
 cannot, like the first, execute its movement on a 
 fixed pivot, consequently it will employ, in order 
 to pass into the new position, the means about to 
 be indicated. 
 
 1738. The General of each line \Cill cause the 
 movement to be commenced as soon as the basis 
 of the new direction is establiabed. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 157 
 
 IsL Clianges of front perpendicularly forward on 
 the right of the first line. 
 
 1739. It is supposed that two lines, each 
 of eight battalions deployed, arc so placed 
 that the centre of each battalion of the second 
 line is opposite to the middle of the interval to 
 the right of the corresponding battalion of the 
 first line ; the General-in-Chief, wishing to cause 
 a change of front forward to be executed on the 
 right of the first line, will determine the direction 
 of this line ; he will place upon it three markers, 
 two before the position to be occupied by the 
 right company of the first battalion, and the third 
 a hundred paces beyond. 
 
 1740. These markers, who form the basis of 
 alignment for the first line, being established, the 
 basis will be prolonged by mounted oSicers in the 
 manner indicated. No. 1272, and following. 
 
 1741. The General-in-chief will then order 
 another officer to trace the new direction for the 
 second line, which, it is supposed, ought to be es- 
 tablished at three hundred and seventy paces 
 from the first, and parallelly t • this line ; he will, 
 at the same time, advise the General of each line 
 of the movement he wishes to have executed. 
 
 1742. The officer designated to trace the di- 
 rection of the second line, will take three hun- 
 dred and seventy paces along the front of the 
 first line from its right, place a marker where he 
 halts," then a second at a hundred paces from the 
 
 14 
 
W9 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 firsfc marker, in a direction parallel to the new po* 
 sition of the first line ; and, finally, a third marker 
 at the point of ajipui for the right of the second 
 line. 
 
 1743. The basis of the second line being thus 
 established, it will be prolonged bj mounted offi- 
 eers as above. 
 
 1744:. The G-eneral of the second line will or| 
 der the maj jr-general of its right wing to caus^ 
 the three battalions on the right to .break by com- 
 pany to the left in order to march to their new 
 position. He will, at the same time, order the 
 other major-general of this line to give the com- 
 tnands, and make the preparatory dispositions 
 for the execution of a change of front forward 
 on the third battalion, by all the battalions U:) 
 the left of the third, and then to direct these bat- 
 talions upon their new positions to the left of the 
 first three. i 
 
 1745. As soon as the three battalions of the 
 right .shall have broken into column by company^ 
 and the five battalions of the left shall have been 
 ployed into double coluu)ns, the major-general 
 of each portion of the line will put it in move- 
 ment. 
 
 174(3. The column, formed of the three battal- 
 ions of the right, will march towards the new 
 position, and be so directed as to pass, in its 
 whole depth, the marker placed at the point 
 where its right will rest when in line ) arrived 
 opposite to this marker, the column will prolong 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINK. 159 
 
 itself on the nevr line of battle; and when the 
 right compaTiy (now in the rear) of the first bat- 
 talion lias arrived opposite to the point of nppui, 
 the major general, who coniniands this column, 
 will halt and form it to the riijht, into line of 
 hattlf. 
 
 1747. The five battalions of the left will march 
 diagonally to their front towards the new line of 
 battle, in order to form successively to the left of 
 the first three. This movement will be executed 
 according to the princ.ples prescribed for changes 
 of front forward. The colonel of the fourth will 
 take care so to direct his battalion as to prolong 
 it in rear of the line, leaving between the right 
 flank of his Cdlumn, and the line, a distance of 
 at least fifry-five paces. The leading division 
 having arrived ;it the point opposite to the right 
 marker placed in advance by the lieutenant colo- 
 nel, will turn to the right in order to march up 
 perpendicularly to the line of battle, and when it 
 shall be at three paces from this lii.e, the colonel 
 will close the battalion into mass and deploy it. 
 
 1748. Each of the remaining battalions will 
 regulate itself by that to its right; arrived at the 
 point opposite to its right marker, the battalion 
 will finish its movement as just prescribed for 
 that of the fourth. 
 
 1749. The General of the second line will su- 
 perintend its whole movement, but more particu- 
 larly'- see that the three battalions which broke by 
 company, and which form the basis of alignment, 
 
160 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 be promptly and correetlj established on the new 
 line of battle. This rule is general for the second 
 line in all changes of front. 
 
 1750. The change of front on the left of the 
 line will be executed according to the same prin- 
 ciples and by inverse means j but as, by the sup- 
 position made, No. 1739, the second line is out- 
 flanked on the left, to the extent of a half battal- 
 ion, by the first line, only two battalions on the 
 left of the second, will break into column by 
 company. 
 
 2d. Changes of front perpendicularli/ to the rear, 
 on the right of the first line. 
 
 1751. The Greneral-in-chief, wishing to cause a 
 change of front to the rear to be executed on the 
 right of the first line, will cause the right com- 
 pany of the first battalion to be thrown back on 
 the new direction ; he will direct two markers to 
 be placed before this company, and a third at a 
 hundred paces from the point of o-^; wi for the 
 right; he will next cause the line of battle to be 
 prolonged by mounted officers, as indicated. No. 
 1740, and charge an officer to trace the new di- 
 rection of the second line, which it is supposed 
 ought to be established at three hundred and 
 seventy paces from the first, and in a parallel di- 
 rection. 
 
 1752. The officer charged with establishing 
 the new direction of the second line will take 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 161 
 
 tbree hundred and seventy paces in the prolonga- 
 tion of the first from its right; he will place a 
 marker where he halts, then a second at a hun- 
 dred paces from the first marker in the direction 
 that has been indicated to him, and a third on 
 the prolongation of the other two at the point of 
 ajppuL for the right of the second line. 
 
 1753. The basis of alignment teing thus as- 
 sured, it will be prolonged, and another marker 
 or mounted officer placed at the point where the 
 right battalions will have to cross the new line of 
 battle. 
 
 1754. The General of the second line will or- 
 der the major general of its right wing to cause 
 the three battalions of the right to break by com- 
 pany to the right, in order to march to their new 
 position. He will at the same time order the 
 other major general of this line to give tlic com- 
 mands, and to make the preparatory dispositions 
 for the execution of a change ol fri)nt to the rear, 
 on the third battalion, by all the battalions to the 
 left of the third, and then to direct these five bat- 
 talions upon their new position to the left of the 
 first three. 
 
 1755. As soon as the three battalions of the 
 right have broken into column by company, and 
 the five battalions of the left have ployed into 
 double columns and faced by the rear rank, the 
 major general, of each portion of the line, will 
 put it in movement. 
 
162 EVOLUTIONS OF THB LINE. 
 
 1756. The column, formed of the battalions of 
 the right, will be directed on the officer placed at 
 the point where it ought to cross the new line 
 of battle ; and when this column has passed the 
 line, it will change direction to the left in order 
 to prolong itself on the line. The leading subdi- 
 vision having arrived at company distance from 
 the point of a^j^ul for the right of the second 
 line, the major general will halt the column and 
 form it to the lej't and faced to the rcar^ in I'^'r^f 
 hattlc. 
 
 1757. The battalions of the left will march 
 diagonally towards the new line of battle, accord- 
 ing to the principles prescribed for changes of 
 front, to the rear; but each leading guide, in- 
 stead of advancing the shoulder, will turn to the 
 left at the moment of putting himself in march. 
 The fourth battalion will march in rear of the 
 old position, and be so directed that, on arriving 
 at its point of formation on the new, it may be 
 perpendicular to this line, when it will be formed 
 on it to the left of the first three battalions as 
 prescribed, No. 1723, and following. ^ 
 
 1758. Each of the remaining battalions will 
 regulate itself on that which precedes it in the 
 movement, and conform itself to what has just 
 been prescribed for the fourth. 
 
 1759. The General of this line will conform 
 himself in the execution of the movement, to 
 \^hat is indicated, No. 1749. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 163 
 
 1760. The change of front to the rear on the 
 left of the first line will be executed according 
 to the same principles and by inverse means ; and 
 if the second line be outflanked on the left by 
 the first, as supposed above, only the two battal- 
 ions on the left of the second line will break into 
 column by company. 
 
 3c?. Changes of front 'perpendicularly on the ffth 
 battalion of the first line, the left icing throirn 
 forward. 
 -J. 
 
 . 1761. The General-in-chief, wishing to cau'^o 
 a change of front to be executed on the filtli 
 battalion, first line, by throwing forward the 
 left wing, will determine the new direction of thiK 
 line, by placing before the right of the filth bat- 
 talion, three markers in the manner indicated, 
 No. 1789. As soon as they are established, he 
 will cause the left company of the fourth battal- 
 ion to be conducted to and established on the 
 new alignment, and then cause two markers to be 
 placed before this company. 
 
 1762. The basis of the new direction of tb« 
 first line being thus established, the General-in- 
 chief will cause it to be prolonged by mounted 
 officers } he will, at the same time charge an offi- 
 cer to trace the new position of the second line, 
 which it is supposed ought to be established three 
 hundred and seventy paces from the first, and in 
 a parallel direction. 
 
164 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1763. The officer charged with tracing the 
 new direction of the second line will pass alohg 
 the front of the first towards its left, and take 
 three hundred and seventy paces from the right 
 of the fifth battalion ; he will place a marker 
 where he halts, then a second at a hundred paces, 
 in front of the first line, in the direction that has 
 been indicated to him, and a third a hundred 
 paces in the rear on the prolongation of the two 
 others. 
 
 1764. The basis of the new direction of the 
 second line being thus established, it will be pro- 
 longed, and another marker or mounted oflicer 
 placed at the point of intersection of the old and 
 new positions of the second line. 
 
 1765. The General of the second line will 
 cause the first seven battalions to break by com- 
 pany to the left, and order the colonel of the 
 eighth to ploy his battalion into double column, 
 at company distance, in order to march on the 
 lino of battle, and to form upon it to the left of 
 the seventh. 
 
 1766. The first seven battalions having broken 
 by company, the General of the line will put them 
 in march ; this column will march straight for- 
 ward, and after having crossed the new line of 
 battle, it will change direction to the right, and 
 prolong itself on that line. The fifth company, 
 fifth battalion (counting from its right) having 
 nearly arrived opposite to the right of the cor- 
 responding battalion of the first line, which has 
 
ETOLUTIONS OP THE LINK. 165 
 
 served as the basis of the movement, the General 
 of the second lino will halt the column, and fotm 
 it to the right and faced to the rear, into line of 
 battle. 
 
 1767. As soon as the eighth battalion is ployed 
 into double column, its colonel will conduct it to 
 the new line of battle, in conformity with what 
 is prescribed for the fourth battalion in changing 
 front forward on the right of the first line. 
 
 1768. The General-in-chief will superintend 
 the movement of the two lines ; he will see that, 
 in the first line, the directing battalions (the fifth- 
 and fourth,) as well as the subordinate battalions 
 which change front forward, execute their re- 
 spective movements promptly, in order to facili- 
 tate the establishment of the second line, and he 
 will retard the execution of the movement of the 
 subordinate battalions which change front to the 
 rear, until those of the second line may be suffi- 
 ciently advanced not to obstruct the former. 
 
 1769. If, in changing front on th3 centre, it 
 be wished to throw the right wing forward, the 
 movement will be executed on the left of the 
 fourth battalion, first line ] but if the second line 
 be outflanked to the left, as has been supposed, 
 the last six battalions only will break by compa- 
 ny to the right, and these battalions will be con- 
 ducted to and formed on the line according to the 
 principles prescribed. No. 1766. The column 
 will be halted at the moment the left company of 
 the fourth battalion arrives opposite to the colour 
 
166 KTOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 
 
 of the corresponding battalion of the first line, 
 which battalion has served as the basis of the 
 movement. 
 
 1770. The second and first battalions will each 
 execute its movement as prescribed for the eighth, 
 No. 1767; but by inverse means. 
 
 Oblique clianges of front. 
 
 \U. Oblique change of front forward on tlic right 
 of the first line. 
 
 1771. This movement will be rxecuted accord- 
 idg to the principles prescribed, No. 1736, and 
 follovi'ing, and No. 1739, and following, but ob- 
 serving what follows. 
 
 1772. If it be intended to establish the second 
 line parallelly to the first, the General in-chief, 
 after having determined the direction of the first 
 line, will cause the angle formed by the old and 
 new directions to be measured in the manner fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 1773. The lieutenant-colonel (or the adjutant) 
 of the right battalion, first line, will, on an inti- 
 ii:ation from the General in-chief, place himself 
 before and near the right file of this btittalion; 
 then face to the left, march fifty paces along the 
 front rank, halt, and face to his right; he will 
 next march perpendicularly to the front of this 
 battalion, counting his paces; the Gcncral-in- 
 chief, placed on the right, will halt him the mo- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 167 
 
 ment that lie comes between the General and the 
 point of direction to the left of the new position ] 
 the lieutonant colonel will stand fast, till he re- 
 ceive an intimation to return to his battalion, and 
 the General, after receiving a report of the num- 
 ber of paces taken by that oJBicer to the front, 
 (and the number will here be supposed to be sev- 
 enty,) will cause the basis of alignment to be es- 
 tablished as indicated, No. 1739. 
 
 1774. The basis of the new position of the first 
 line being assured, and the angle formed by the 
 old and new positions measured, the General-in- 
 chief will charge an officer to trace the new posi- 
 tion of the second line'; to this end, he will give 
 to this officer the number of paces to be taken 
 along the front of the first line, say four hundred 
 and sixty, and the number of paces which the 
 lieutenant colonel had counted marching perpen- 
 dicularly to the front, which, as has just been 
 seen, was seventy. 
 
 1775. The officer designated w'ill march to- 
 wards the left of the first line the given distance ; 
 and in order to determine the new direction of 
 the second line, he will, by order of the General, 
 cause the lieutenant colonel of the battalion be- 
 fore which he halts, to repeat the operation indi- 
 cated, No. 1773 • the lieutenant colonel, setting 
 off from that point, will march fifty paces along 
 the front of the line towards its left, and then 
 seventy perpendicularly to the front, wtich from 
 
168 EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 
 
 this, to the point from which he started, will be , 
 the new direction of the second line. 
 
 1776. The basis of the new position of the 
 second line being assured, it will be prolonged to 
 the left and right. v 
 
 1777. Those dispositions being made, the Gen- 
 eral of the second line will establish it in the new 
 position by the means indicated, No. 174-1:, and 
 following; but he will cause only the first and 
 second battalions (under their brigadier-general) 
 to break by company. 
 
 1778. This column being formed, the second 
 and first battalions will march straight forward, 
 and as soon as the head of the column has passed 
 the new line of battle, it will change direction to 
 the right in order to prolong itself on this line, 
 and to form to the right, into line of battle^ in the 
 manner indieated, No. 1746. 
 
 1779. Each of the other six battalions will 
 execute its movement according to the principles 
 prescribed for a change of front perpendicularly 
 forward ; the third battalion will break i'rom the 
 old line by a slight wheel to the left, in conformi- 
 ty with what is prescribed, No. 1747, for the 
 fourth battalion. 
 
 1780. The change of front on the left of the 
 line will be made according to the same princi- 
 ples J but if, according to what has been sup- 
 posed, the second line be outflanked on the left 
 by the^fi^st, only the eighth battalion will break 
 to the right by company 
 
IT0LUTI0N8 or THE LINE. 169 
 
 Ohlique change of front to the reavj on the right 
 of tlie first line. 
 
 1781. This Biovement will be executed accorei- 
 ing to the principles prescribed, No. 1734, and 
 following, and No. 1751, and following, but ob- 
 serving what follows. 
 
 1782. The General-in-chief, after having de- 
 termined the new direction of the first line, will 
 cause the angle formed by this direction with 
 the old to be measured behind the rear rank of 
 the first battalion, by the means indicated. No. 
 1773. 
 
 1783. The officer who traces the new direction 
 of ihe second Jine will march on the prolongation 
 of the first, to the right of its point of ojjpiii the 
 number of paces the General has indicated to 
 him 'y he will place a marker at the point where 
 he halts, and a second at fifty paces from the first 
 towards the right of the line. An officer whom 
 he will have designated, will throw himself close 
 to the second marker, and march perpendicularly 
 to the rear, the number of paces fixed fur the 
 opening of the angle, which will be supposed to 
 be eighty ; which being executed, the basis of 
 alignment will be traced in the manner indicated, 
 No. 1773, and then prolonged to the lelt; another 
 marker or mounted officer will be placed at the 
 point where the old position of the second line, 
 prolonged, cuta the new. 
 
 15 
 
170 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1784. These dispositions being made, the sec- 
 ond line will be established in the new position 
 by the means indicated for a change of front per- 
 pendicularly to the rear; but only two battalions 
 will be broken by company, and these will then 
 conform themselves to what is prescribed, No. 
 1756. 
 
 1785. The remaining six battaUons will each 
 execute its movenient in the manner prescribed, 
 No. 1757, and following; the third battalion will 
 conform itself to what is there designated for the 
 fourth. 
 
 1786. The oblique change of front to the rear, 
 on the left of the first line, will be executed aQ- 
 cording to the same principles ; but if, as has 
 been supposed, the second line be outflanked to 
 the left by the first, the eighth battalion only, of 
 the second line, will break by company to the 
 left. 
 
 dd. Oblique change of front, on the Ji/th battal- 
 ion, the left wing thrown forward. 
 
 1787. This movement will be executed accord- 
 ing to the principles prescribed, No. 1784, and 
 following, and No. 1761, and following, but ob- 
 serving what follows. 
 
 1788. The General-in-chief will throw himself 
 on the right of the fifth battalion, and after hav- 
 ing determined the new direction ot the first line, 
 he will cause the lieutenant colonel of this battal- 
 ion to execute what is prescribed, No. 1773. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 171 
 
 1789. The officer who traces the new position 
 of the second line will, in passing along the front 
 of the first towards its left, take from the right 
 of the fifth battiilion, the distance that the Gene' 
 ral-in-chief has given to him; he will then, in 
 the name of the General, cause the lieutenant 
 colonel of the battalion before which he halts, to 
 repeat the operation just prescribed for the lieu- 
 tenant colonel of the fifth j which being done, he 
 will establish the basis of the new position, cause 
 it to be prolonged to the left and right, and place 
 a marker, or mounted officer, at the point of in-» 
 teisection of the old and new positions of the 
 second line. 
 
 1790. These dispositions being made, the sec- 
 ond line will be established in its new position by 
 the means indicated for a perpendicular chjinge 
 of front on the centre ; but only the first five bat- 
 talions will break by company ; each of these 
 battalions will finish its movement in the manner 
 indicated, No. 1766. 
 
 1791. Each of the last three battalions will be 
 ployed into double column, and established in 
 the new position to the left of the first five, in 
 the manner indicated, No. 1767; the sixth and 
 seventh battalions will each, conforming itself to 
 what is prescribed for the eighth, break from the 
 old line by a slight wheel to the left. 
 
 1792. If, in changing front on the centre, it 
 be wished to throw forward the right wing, the 
 movement will be executed according to the same 
 
172 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 principles on the left of the fourth battalion, but 
 observing what follows. 
 
 1793. The last five battalions will break by 
 company to the right, and be established in the 
 new position according to the principles pre- 
 scribed, No. 1790, but by inverse means. 
 
 1794. The three other battalions will each be 
 ployed into column doubled on its centre, and es- 
 tablished in the new position according to the 
 principles prescribed, No. 1791; the third and 
 second battalions will break from the old line by a 
 slight wheel to the right. 
 
 Remarks on changes of front of two lines. 
 
 1T95. The distance between the two lines and 
 the position of the second in respect to the first, 
 cannot be fixed, as both distance and position de- 
 pend on the ground and other circumstances. 
 
 1796. In the preceding examples, the distance 
 between the two lines has been calculated at about 
 three hundred and seventy paces, and the position 
 of the second line supposed to be nearly parallel 
 to that of the first ] but the rules which have 
 been prescribed are applicable to all changes of 
 front of two lines, and give the means of throw- 
 ing the second line to any distance from the first, 
 and of establishing it in whatever direction the 
 General-in-chief may judfi;e best. 
 
 1797. So in halting, soorier or later, the battal- 
 ions of the second line which have broken into 
 
EVOLUTIONS or THE LINE. 173 
 
 column by company, the General-in-cliief can 
 give to this line any point of appid he may wish, 
 and consequenfJy cause it to outflank the first to 
 the right or kl't by any number of companies or 
 battalions he may desire ; or, finally, he can so 
 dispose the second line that each of its battalions 
 shall find itself exactly behind the corresponding 
 battalion of the first line. 
 
 1798. In oblique changes of front, the distance 
 to be paced by the officer charged with tracing 
 the new position of the second line, will always 
 be greater than that which it is desired should 
 separate the two lines after the termination of 
 the movement; and this difi"erence will be in- 
 creased in proportion a'^ the angle formed by the 
 old and new directions is diminished. 
 
 J799. The number of battalions of the second 
 line which ought to break by company, depends 
 on the movement to be executed ; thus, in changes 
 of front forward, it will be the battalions between 
 the point of appui of the old position and the 
 point where the new position, prolonged, cuts the 
 old. 
 
 1800. In changes of front to the rear, the 
 number of battalions to break by company is de- 
 termined by the distance which there ought to be 
 from the point of appui of the new position, to 
 the point where the old position, prolonged, cuts 
 the new. 
 
 1801. What has just been said in the two pre- 
 ceding numbers applies to all changes of front 
 
174 EVOLUTIONS or THE LINE. 
 
 either perpendicular or oblique; but i , 
 latter, the distance between the point of ap 
 the new position, and the point where the o 
 sition, prolongea, cuts the new, is less than i 
 perpendicular changes, and as it diminishes in 
 proportion to the lessening of the angle formed 
 by the old and new positions, it follows that the 
 number of battalions to be broken by company 
 ought also to be less. 
 
 1802. The same rule will be observed for 
 changes of front on an interior battalion of the 
 line as for changes of front forward ; thus, in the 
 change of front on the fifth battalion, left wing 
 thrown forward, described No. 1701, and follow- 
 ing, all the battalions are made to break by com- 
 pany which, in the old position, found themselves 
 between the point of appui and the point where 
 that position is cut by the new one. 
 
 1803. The battalions which break by company, 
 having to serve as the basis of movement for the 
 second line, the General of this line will carefully 
 see that they are correctly established in the new 
 position; to this end, he will assure himself, be- 
 fore these battalions are formed into line of bat- 
 tle, that they are in the proper direction, and, if 
 not, make the necessary rectifications. 
 
 1804. This attention is particularly necessary, 
 when the second line is to be established paral- 
 lelly to the first; for, in this case, if the change 
 of front be perpendicular, the direction of the 
 second line will depend solely on the covp d'ceil 
 
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BYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 175 
 
 of the officer charged with tracing it, and if it be 
 
 n oblique change, the means indicater' for es- 
 
 iblishing the parallelism of the two Hi. s (and 
 
 ich have been adopted on account of their sim- 
 
 ity) may make a diflference between the angles 
 
 I . rmed by each old direction with its new. A 
 
 rt of the first line being already established in 
 
 > new position, at the time for halting the bat- 
 
 1 lions of the second line which are in column by 
 
 V mpany, it will always be easy for the General of 
 
 t;ic SRJond line, with a practised eye, to rectify 
 
 any error that may have been committed in the 
 
 first trace made for his line. 
 
 Article XT. 
 
 Order in echellon. 
 
 1805. Echellons may be formed parallelly, or 
 obliquely to the line of battle, either by the right 
 or left of the line, and by battalion, brigade or 
 *sion, as will be explained. 
 
 Direct echellons in advancing. 
 
 lOQ. The General wishing to form direct 
 t.ellons by the right and by brigade, will cooi- 
 aand : 
 
 1. E^licllons hy hrigade, at (so many) paces. 2 
 Forward, hij the right, form echellons. 
 
 1807. (V. 68.) These commands having been 
 
176 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 repeated, the Brigadier-Greneral of the right bri- 
 gade of the line will put it in march by the cor 
 mands and means indicated, No. 1534, and fo 
 lowing, for marching a line in the order in battle^ 
 and take the first as the directing battalion. 
 
 1808. The ris^ht battalion of the first eehellon 
 becoming thus the regulator of the march of all 
 the echellons, the General, if he think it neces- 
 sary, will cause markers to be placed behind thi^ 
 battalion in order to assure its direction. * 
 
 1809. The following echellons will, in succes- i 
 sion, put themselves in march, each observing to 
 maintain between itself and the preceding eehel- 
 lon the number of paces prescribed in the first 
 command : each Brigadier-General will cause 
 that number of paces, taken by the preceding 
 eehellon to be counted, before putting his own in 
 march. 
 
 1810. In each subordinate eehellon, a file clo- 
 ser, designated in advance, will place himself in 
 rear of and opposite to the left file of the prece- 
 ding eehellon. This file closer will march exact- , 
 ly in the trace of that file and abreast with hisjl 
 own battalion; by this means, the colonel of the] 
 right battalion in each subordinate eehellon will 
 always be able to maintain the interval between 
 his own battalion and that on the left of the pre- 
 ceding eehellon. 
 
 1811. The right battalion in each eehellon will 
 be charged with preserving the perpendicular dis- 
 tance which ought to separate it from the preced- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 177 
 
 ing ecliellon ; the left battalion will march abreast 
 with that origits riirht, and take care to preserve 
 its interval to the right. 
 
 1812. The echellons being in march, when the 
 General shall wish tore-form the line, he will give 
 an order to the Brigadier-General of the first 
 echellon to halt it. 
 
 1813. The first echellon being halted, the G-e- 
 eral will determine the direction to be given to 
 
 e line, and the brigadier of the first echellon 
 will establish it on that direction. 
 
 1814. The other echellons will continue to 
 march, and be successively halted by their re- 
 spective brigadiers at four paces from the line of 
 battle. 
 
 1815. The second echellon being halted, its 
 Brigadier-General will command : I. Colors and 
 general guides — On the Line. At this, the co- 
 lors and general guides of each battalion will face 
 to the right, and promptly place themselves on 
 the alignment of the colors of the first echellon ; 
 which being done, the brigadier of the second 
 will add : 2. Guides — On the Link. Each co- 
 lonel, seeing his guides established, will align his 
 battalion. 
 
 1816. The remaining echellons will establish 
 themselves successively on the line of battle by 
 the same means. 
 
 1817. Each brigadier will give the command, 
 Guides — Posts, as soon as his echelon is aligned; 
 but the colors will not fall back into their places 
 
178 EVOLUTIONS OF TBE LINE. 
 
 until tlie General shall add : colors — Posts, which 
 will be ^iven after the establishmer^t of the last 
 echellon on the line of battle. 
 
 1818. If, instead of re-forming the line, it be 
 the wish of the General to halt the echellons, he 
 will give an order to that effect to the brigadier of 
 the first, and send a caution to the brigadiers of 
 the others, to halt their echellons each in the po- 
 sition where it finds itself. 
 
 1819. Echellons by the left will be formed ac- 
 cording to the same principles and by inverse 
 means. 
 
 Direct echellons in retreat. 
 
 1820. It be'ng thf wish of the General to 
 inarch in retreat by cc. ellon, he w U command : 
 
 1. Echellons hy hrrgade, at (so many) paces. 2 
 In retreat, hy the right, Jorm echellons. 
 
 1821. These commands having been repeated, 
 the brigadier of the first echellon will cause it to 
 face about, and then put it in march. 
 
 1822. The brigadier of the second echellon 
 will cause it to face about, soon enough to be able 
 to put it in march the moment it has its distance 
 from the first. 
 
 1823. Each of the remaining echellons will 
 execute in its turn what has just been prescribed 
 for the second. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 179 
 
 1824. Each following echellon will throw out 
 a file closer in the manner and for the purpose 
 prescribed, No. 1810. 
 
 1825. The General, wishing to re-form the line, 
 will order the brigadier of the first echellon to 
 halt it. 
 
 1826. This echellon being halted, its brigadier 
 will face to the front, and establish it on the direc- 
 tion which may be indicated to him. 
 
 1827. Each following echellon will continue to 
 march, and when at four paces beyond the line of 
 battle, its brigadier will halt it, face it to the 
 front, and establish it on the line by the means 
 prescribed, Nos. 1815-6. 
 
 1828. Echellons in retreat will be formed by 
 the left according to the same principles and by 
 inverse means. 
 
 Oblique echellons. 
 
 1829. It being intended to form echellons ob- 
 liquely to the line of battle, the movement will be 
 executed in the following manner. 
 
 1830. Say that the movement is to be made 
 by the right : the General will throw himself on 
 the right of the line, and determine the new di- 
 rection according to his views. 
 
 1831. The lieutenant-colonel of the right bat- 
 talion will then, on an intimation from the Gene- 
 ral, execute what is prescribed, No. 1773, for 
 measuring the angle formed by the new and old 
 directions* It will be supposed that the opening 
 
180 EVOLUTIONS OF THB LINE. 
 
 of this angle is such, that the lieutenant-colonel, 
 after marching fifty paces along the front of the 
 battalion, had to take thirty paces perpendicularly 
 forward, to bring himself in a line between the 
 General and the point of direction to the left. 
 
 1832. The opening of the angle being thus as- 
 certained, the brigadier of the first echellon will 
 immediately cause it to change front forward on 
 its right company. 
 
 1883. The General will then send an order to 
 each of the other brigadiers to cause his echellon 
 to change front forward to thirty paces on the 
 right company. 
 
 1884. As each subordinate echellon shall have 
 changed front, its brigadier will cause it to take 
 its interval from the left of the echellon next on 
 its right ; to this end, he will cause it to break to 
 the rear into column by company by the left; 
 ■which being executed, he will order the left gen- 
 eral guide of the left battalion to throw himself 
 on the prolongation of the right guides a little 
 beyond the point where the left of the echellon 
 will rest when in line. 
 
 1885. The general guide being correctly estab- . 
 lished, the brigadier of the echellon will put the 
 column in march in order to prolong it on its line 
 of battle ; the leading guide will direct himself'j 
 on the general guide, and when the right com- J 
 pany, now in the rear, shall have passed twenty- 
 two paces beyond the left of the echellon next on 
 its right; the brigadier of the echellon, in column; | 
 
EYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 181 
 
 will halt it; and form it to the right into line of 
 battle. 
 
 1836. The echellons being thus formed, the 
 General will order the brigadier of the first eehel- 
 lon to put it in march ; each of the other briga- 
 diers will put his echellon in march as soon as he 
 sees the preceding one in movement. 
 
 1837. The echellons thus disposed will march, 
 be halted, or re-formed into line, according to the 
 principles prescribed, No. 1807 and following, for 
 direct echellons. 
 
 1838. Echell ms will be formed obliquely by 
 the left according to the same principles and by 
 inverse means. 
 
 EemarJcs on the order in echellon. 
 
 1839. The distance between echellons cannot 
 be fixed, the number of paces necessarily depend- 
 ing on the views of the General ; but it ought to 
 be such as to allow the echellons to form them- 
 selves into squares without danger of their firing 
 on each other. 
 
 1840. In the formation of oblique echellons, 
 the distance between them will depend on the ex- 
 tent of their fronts and the angle formed by the 
 old and new directions ; this distance may be ei- 
 ther too great or too small ; if too great, the Ge- 
 neral, before putting the echellons in march, will 
 give an order to the brigadiers of the subordinate 
 echellons to advance, and then halt them at the 
 prescribed distance : if, on the contrary^ the dis- 
 
 16 
 
182 E70LIJTI0NS OF THE LINE. 
 
 tance he too small, the subordinate echellons will 
 only put themselves in movement as each has the 
 given distance from the one next in its front. 
 
 1841. In changes of front, for the formation of 
 oblique echellons, the angle formed by the old 
 and new directions being necessarily acute, the 
 subordinate battalion in each echellon will change 
 front by the same means as the directing one, in- 
 stead of ploying into double column in order to 
 march and deploy on the new line. 
 
 1842. A line of battalions, deployed, will ha- 
 bitually march in echellons; but if the Gene- 
 ral judge it to be more advantageous, he may 
 ploy each battalion into column by division, in 
 rear of its first division, if the echellons are form- 
 ed by the right, and in rear of the last division of 
 the battalion, if echellons be formed by the left. 
 
 1843. When echellons are composed of battal- 
 ions in columns, if the movement be by the right, 
 the file closer who ought to march abreast with 
 the directing battalion of each subordinate echel- 
 lon, will place himself on the prolongation of the 
 fight guides of the left battalion in the echellon 
 next preceding his own, and march exactly in the 
 trace of those guides. If the movement be made 
 by the left, the file closer will place himself on 
 the prolongation of the left guides of the right 
 battalion in the preceding echellon. 
 
 Article XII. 
 
 To retreat hy alternate battalions. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 183 
 
 1844. The retreat by alternate, or odd and 
 even battalions, will be executed as follows. 
 
 1845. The General, intending to execute the 
 retreat by alternate battalions, will give informa- 
 tion of his purpose to the two next officers in 
 rank, who are respectively to command the lines 
 of odd and even battalions, and at the same time 
 indicate to the one who is to commence the move- 
 ment the position in which he will halt his line. 
 The General will then command : 
 
 1. Retreat hy alternate hattalions. 2. Odd (or 
 
 everi) battalions, commence the movement. 
 
 1846. These commands having been been re- 
 peated, the officer (first Major-General or first 
 brigadier) entitled to command the line of odd 
 battalions, and which line it is supposed ought to 
 commence the movement, will comjnand : 
 
 1. Odd battalions, face to the rear. 
 
 1847. This having also been repeated, the co- 
 lonels of the designated battalions will cause them 
 to face about. 
 
 1848. The commander of the odd battalions 
 will then add : 
 
 2. The ( — ) the hattalion of direction. 3. Bat- 
 taliony forward. 4. March, (or double-quick — 
 March.) 
 
 1849. At the command march, briskly repeat- 
 ed by the colonels of the odd battalions, these bat- 
 
184 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 talions will commence the march, and direct them- 
 selves perpendicularly to the rear. The colonels 
 of the subordinate battalions will maintain them 
 abreast with the directing one in conformity with 
 what is prescribed, No. 1558, and when the line 
 arrives at the position indicated by the General-in- 
 chief, the General of this line will command : 
 
 1. Battalions. 2. Halt. 
 
 1850. At the second command, the line will 
 halt, each colonel will immediately face his bat- 
 talion about, the commander of the line will rec- 
 tify the alignment of the directing battalion, the 
 other battalions will be dressed by that, without 
 constraint, however, as to being absolutely on the 
 same general alignment. 
 
 1851. As soon as the odd battalions which form 
 the second line have faced about, the General of 
 the first line (of even battalions) will command : 
 
 1. Face to the rear. 
 
 "" 1852. This will be executed as prescribed, 
 No. 1847 ; the General of this line will then com- ^ 
 niand : 
 
 2. The ( — ) the hattalion of direction. 3. Bat- 
 talions, forward. 4. ^Wic7<;^-MARCH. 
 
 1853. The first line will march in retreat by 
 the means prescribed, No. 1849 ; each battalion 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 185 
 
 will be directed upon the middle of the corres- 
 ponding interval in the second line, cross this 
 line, and march perpendicularly to the rear. 
 When it arrives at the position indicated by the 
 General-in-chief, the first line will be halted and 
 faced about, by the commands and means indica- 
 ted, Nos. 1849-50. 
 
 1854. The second line, become first, will exe- 
 cute the same movement, and so on alternately. 
 
 1855. The General-in-chief will superintend 
 both lines, and determine, according to the ground 
 and the distance he may wish to have between the 
 lines, the position each ought successively to oc- 
 cupy. 
 
 To re-form the line. 
 
 1856. The General-in-chief, wishing to re-form 
 the line, will cause the drums to beat a short roll, 
 or the bugles to sound the assembly after the first 
 line (the one actually in front) is put in march, 
 which roll will be briskly repeated by all the 
 drums of this line. 
 
 1857. The battalions of the first line will con- 
 tinue to march, and when they find themselves 
 exactly in their intervals of the second, their re- 
 spective colonels will halt them, face them about 
 and rectify their alignment ] the General-in-chief, 
 will then give a general alignment if he judge it 
 necessary. 
 
 Remarks on the retreat hy alternate hattalions. 
 
186 EVOLUTIONS OF TEE LINE. 
 
 1858. The General of eacli line will endeavor , 
 to maintain the necessary harmony between its 
 battalions, notwithstanding the intervals between 
 them ; to this end, he will look to the strict exe- 
 cution of what is prescribed, Nos. 1849-50. 
 
 1859. He will more particularly see that all the 
 battalions, after crossing the second line, direct 
 themselves perpendicularly to the rear, this being 
 the only means by which the intervals can be pre- 
 served with sufficient accuracy to enable the two 
 lines to re-form into one. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 Passage of lines. 
 
 Passage of lines in retreat. 
 
 1860. The General-in-chief, wishing to execute 
 the passage of lines in retreat, will send an order 
 to the General of the second line to place it 
 in the position it ought to occupy, if it be not al- 
 ready so placed. 
 
 1861. The battalions of this line will form 
 double columns closed in mass, and so disposed 
 that the centre of each mass may be opposite to 
 the middle of the interval to the right or left of 
 the corresponding battalion of the first line, ac- 
 cording to the order given by the General-in- 
 chief. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 187 
 
 18G2. These dispositions being made, the Ge- 
 Bleral-in-chief will send an order to the General of 
 the first line, to execute the passage of lines in 
 retreat : the latter will immediately command : 
 
 1. Pass the line in rear. 
 
 1863. This command having been repeated, 
 each colonel will cause his battalion to face about; 
 which being executed, the General of the first 
 jine will add : 
 
 2. Battalions, forward. 3. Quick — March. 
 
 1864. At the word marchy briskly repeated, 
 the line will march in retreat ; each color-bearer 
 will direct himself upon the middle of the corres- 
 ponding interval in the second line. 
 
 18G5. The first line being about forty paces 
 from the second, each colonel will cause the com- 
 panies of his battalion which are masked by the 
 second line to execute the passage of obstacles, 
 which will be executed as prescribed, School of 
 the Battalion. 
 
 1866. The battalions of 'the first line will con- 
 tinue to march, and pass the second, when the co- 
 lonels will immediately cause the companies which 
 were broken to the rear to return into line. 
 
 1867. The colonels of the second line, without 
 regulating themselves on each other, will begin 
 to deploy their battalions as soon as the latter are 
 cleared by the battalions of the first line. 
 
 1868. As goon as the first line arrives at tha 
 
188 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 distance in the rear, indicated by the General-in- 
 chief, the General of this line will halt it, face it 
 about, and then make the dispositions which may 
 have been ordered. 
 
 Passage of lines in advancing. 
 
 1869. The General-in-chief, wishing to cause 
 the passage of lines advancing, to be executed, 
 will send an order to the General of the second 
 line, to make the dispositions in rear of the first 
 indicated, Nos. 1860-1, if they be not already 
 made. 
 
 1870. The second line being thus disposed, the 
 General-in-chief will send an order to the Gener- 
 al of this line, to execute the passage of lines ad- 
 vancing, and give notice thereof to the General 
 of the first line. 
 
 1871. The General of the second line will im- 
 mediately command : 
 
 1. Pass the line in front. 2. Battalions, for- 
 ward. 
 
 1872. These commands having been repeated, 
 each colonel will command : guide centre. 
 
 1873. The General of the line will then add : ' 
 
 3. March. — (or douUe-quich — March.) 
 
 1874. At this, briskly repeated, the second line 
 will advance; each battalion will direct itself up- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 189 
 
 nn the middle of the corresponding interval in the 
 liiftt line. 
 
 1875. At the-approach of the second line, each 
 colonel in the first will cause the right and left 
 companies of his battalion to be ployed, as in 
 mass, behind the contiguous companies in time 
 not to arrest the movement of the battalions of the 
 second line. 
 
 1876. The battalions of the second line "will 
 thus pass the first; and when they shall have 
 cleared it, the General of the second will desig- 
 nate the directing battalion. This battalion will 
 take the guide to the right, and the subordinate 
 battalions will take the guide on the side next to 
 the directing battalion. 
 
 1877. The battalions having arrived at the 
 given position, the commander of the line will 
 cause them to halt and to deploy. 
 
 1878. As soon as the second line has passed the 
 first, the colonels of the latter will cause the right 
 and left companies of their respective battalions 
 to return into line. 
 
 Article XIY. 
 Dispositions against aavalry. 
 
 1879. No matter what the number of batta- 
 lions which compose a column or line, not more 
 than two, or three, will be formed into the same 
 square. 
 
 1880. A square of more than one battalion 
 
190 EVOLUTIONS or THE LINE. 
 
 ought always to have a reserve. If of three bat- 
 talions, this reserve will be formed of the last di- 
 vision in the first and second battalions: in a 
 square of two battalions, the reserve will be the 
 last division of the first battalion. This rule is 
 general whether the column he formed with the 
 right or left in front. 
 
 1881. Three battalions will be supposed 
 in column by company at full distance and right 
 in front : the commander (Major-General or 
 Brigadier-G-eneral) wishing to form square, 
 will first form divisions ; which being executed, 
 he will close the column to half (company) dis 
 tance on any division he may designate, say the 
 headmost one ; to this end, he will command : 
 
 1. To form square, 2. To half distance, close 
 column. 3. March, (or douhle-quick — March.) 
 
 1882. At the command march, the column will 
 close to half distance by the means heretofore in- 
 dicated, but observing what follows. 
 
 1883. The last division, first battalion, and the 
 last of the second battalion, having to remain in 
 reserve in the square, the chiefs of these divi- 
 sions will, at the commencement of the movement, 
 
 . break off" to the rear three files from the right and 
 three from the left ; the guides will close upon the 
 outer files remaining in line, and the left guide of 
 each of these divisions will march in the trace of 
 the file opposite to him in the division immedi- 
 ately preceding his own. Each of these two di- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE 
 
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EVOLUTIONS or THE LINE. 191 
 
 ')ns will close in mass on that which precedes 
 
 1884. In the second and third battalions, the 
 first division will close to half distance on the one 
 next to the last in the preceding battalion ; the 
 lieutenant-colonels of the second and third bat- 
 talions will each throw himself in advance to mark 
 the halting point for his first division. 
 
 1885. The last division, third battalion, will 
 close in the manner indicated. No. 819. 
 
 1886. The music of each battalion, will con- 
 form themselves to what is prescribed. No. 820. 
 
 1887. At the commencement of the movement, 
 the major of the first battalion will place himself 
 abreast with its first division, the major of the se- 
 cond battalion in a corresponding position, and the 
 major of the third abreast with its last division — 
 all on the right flank of the column. The column 
 being closed, the lieutenant-colonel of the third 
 battalion will place himself abreast with its last 
 division. 
 
 1888. If, instead of closing the column on its 
 headmost division, it be the wish of the General 
 to execute the movement on any other, say the 
 first of the second battalion, he will command : 
 
 1. To form square. 2. On the first division , se- 
 cond hattcdion, to half distance close column. 3. 
 March, (or double-quick — March.) 
 
 1889. The first and second commands having 
 been repeated, the chief of the last division, first 
 
192 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 battalion, will break off to the rear three files from 
 the right an^ three from the left; which being 
 done, the colonel will cause the battalion to face 
 about. 
 
 1890. The files broken to the rear, will face 
 about with their division. The lieutenant-colonel 
 will throw himself in advance at company dis- 
 tance from the first division, second battalion, to 
 mark the point for halting the last division but 
 one of his battalion. 
 
 1891. At the command march, the battalion 
 will close ; the files of the last division broken off 
 will march in front of its rear rank, now leading; 
 and when the front rank of this division has pass- 
 ed six paces beyond the lieutenant-colonel, the 
 chief of the division will halt it, face it about, 
 and align it by the left. 
 
 1892. The division next to the last will be 
 halted opposite to the lieutenant-colonel. The 
 other divisions of the battalion will close by the 
 means indicated, No. 2G9, and following. 
 
 1893. The second and third battalions will each 
 execute its movements as prescribed. No. 18.83, 
 and following. 
 
 1894. The preparatory column being formed at 
 half distance, the General can, according to cir- 
 cumstances, put it in march, or cause it to form 
 square ; if the latter, he will command : 
 
 1. Form square. 
 
 1895. This having been repeated by the colo- 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF TUE LINE. 193 
 
 nels, each will command : right and left, into line, 
 wheel. 
 
 . 1896. At this command, tliQ lieutetant-colonel 
 and major, first battalion, will align their left and 
 right guides on those of the last division, third 
 battalion, who to this end, will each stand fast, 
 but hold his piece perpendicularly between the 
 eyes, the butt up. 
 
 1897. The chief of the headmost division of 
 the column will caution it to stand fast, and the 
 chief of the rearmost division will command : 1. 
 fifth (liiu'sion, forward ; 2. Guide left. 
 
 1898. In all the intermediate divisions, except 
 those in reserve, each captain will throw himself 
 before the centre of his company, and caution it 
 that it will have to form ^o the right or to the lejt, 
 into line. 
 
 1899. The chiefs of the two divisions in re- 
 serve will each command : 1, fifth division, for- 
 ward ; 2. Guide cnitre. At this last command, 
 the guides on the flanks will retire to the line of 
 file closers. 
 
 1900. The color-bearer, pioneers, and music, 
 will conform themselves to what is prescribed, 
 Nos. 820-824. 
 
 1901. The General will then command : 
 
 3 March, (or double-quick — March. 
 
 1902. At this, briskly repeated, the square will 
 be formed ; the headmost and rearmost divisions 
 of the column will conform themselves to what is 
 
 17 
 
194 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE- 
 
 prescribed for the same divisions in a battalion 
 square ; the companies of the remaining divisions, 
 except of tffose in reserve, will each form itself to 
 the right or to the left, into line, according to its 
 position on the right or left flank of the column. 
 The music and the divisions in reserve, will ad- 
 vance a space equal to the front of a company. 
 
 1903. As soon as the divisions in reserve halt, 
 their chiefs will cause their platoons to double ; 
 for this purpose, each chief will command : 1. 
 On the centre, double platoons ; 2. March. 
 
 1904. At the first command, each chief of pla- 
 toon will throw himself before its centre; the 
 chief of each outer platoon will cause it to face 
 inwards, and then break the three headmost files 
 to the rear. 
 
 1905. At the command march, these outer pla- 
 toons will double on the interior or standing pla- 
 toons, and place themselves in the rear, at three 
 paces from the latter ] their chiefs will align them 
 on the centre, and the files which had been broken 
 to the rear, will return into line. 
 
 1906. The square being formed, the General 
 will command : 
 
 3. Guides — Posts. 
 
 1907. At this, which will not be repeated, the 
 guides, the General and his stafi:', the field and 
 staif as well as the chiefs of divisions, who are 
 without, will enter the square. 
 
 1908. The captains whose companies have 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 195 
 
 formed to the rvjht, into line, will remain on^the 
 left of their companies. Their left guides will 
 cover them in the rear rank, and the Covering ser- 
 geants will take post as file closers behind the right 
 of their respective companies. 
 
 1909. The three lieutenant-colonels will place 
 themselves behind the third front; the one of the 
 first battalion, near the angle formed by the first 
 and third fronts ; the one of the second battalion, 
 opposite to its first division, and the other near the 
 angle formed by the third and fourth fronts. The 
 majors will place themselves behind the second 
 front opposite to these positions of their respec- 
 tive lieutenant colonels. 
 
 1910. The second, third, first, and fourth fronts 
 of the square will be commanded by the field of- 
 ficers according to rank. 
 
 1911. If the column be at a half, instead of 
 full distance, the General will, before forming 
 square, order the colonels of the first and second 
 battalions each to close his last division in mass, on 
 the one preceding it; which being executed, the 
 colonels of the second and third battalions will 
 march them forward, and each halt his battalion 
 when its first division is at company distance from 
 the last division but one of the preceding battal- 
 ion; the chiefs of the divisions in reserve, will 
 each, on putting his division in march, in order 
 to close, cause three files to break oif to the rear 
 from the right and left of the division. 
 
 1912. If the column be closed in mass, the Ge- 
 
196 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 neral will cause it to take half distance on any 
 division he may designate, say the first of the se- 
 cond battalion ; to this end, he will command : 
 
 1. To form square. 2. On the. first division, se- 
 cond bat fill ion, taJce half diatance. 3. MarCH, 
 (or douhle-quick — Marcii.) 
 
 1913. The column will take distances acc6rd- 
 ing to the principles and by the means indicated, 
 No, 1197; and following, but observing what fol- 
 lows. 
 
 1914- Before the movement begins, the Gene- 
 ral will send two officers to place theD)selvcs on 
 the prolongation of the guides, a little beyond the 
 points at which the headmost and rearmost divi- 
 sions of the column will arrive. The majors of 
 the first and third battalions, placed respectively 
 by the side of their leading guides, will see that 
 eack directs himself exactly on the officer in his 
 front. 
 
 1915. At the third command, the lieufehant- 
 colonel, first battalion, will throw himself to com- 
 pany distance in front of the first division, second 
 battalion, in order to mark the halting point for 
 the last division, but otie, of his battalion. The 
 chief of its last division will, at the moment of 
 putting the column in march, cause the three files 
 on its right, and the three on the left, to break off 
 to the rear as prescribed, No. 1889, and \\v will 
 halt his division the instant the one immediately 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 197 
 
 preceding shall arrive opposite to the lieutenant- 
 colonel. 
 
 1916. The colonel of the second, whose battal- 
 ion takes its distances to the rear, having repeat- 
 ed the first and second commands, the chief of its 
 last division will immediately cause files to be 
 broken off as above ; which being done, the co- 
 lonel will cause the battalion to face about. 
 
 1917. The files of its last division, broken to 
 the rear, will face about with the battalion, and 
 whilst taking distance, they will march in front of 
 the rear rank ; the chief of this division will re- 
 gulate himself by the division next in his rear, 
 and command Halt at the moment the latter 
 halts. 
 
 1918. In the third battalion, the lieutenant-co- 
 lonel, will, in advance, throw himself to company 
 distance behind the guide of the last division but 
 one of the second battalion, in order to mark the 
 halting point for the first division of his battalion. 
 
 1919. If it be the wish of the General, instead 
 of forming square, merely to dispose the column 
 for the execution of this movement, in case of 
 need, he will, on this supposition, cause distances 
 to be taken by the head of the column; to this 
 end, he will command : 
 
 1. To form sqicare. 2. By the head of column^ 
 take half distance. 
 
 1920. This movement will be executed as pre- 
 scribed, No. 1172, and following; butthedivi- 
 
J98 
 
 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 sions to be held in reserve, and the one, respec- 
 tively, next in their rear, will observe what fol- 
 lows. 
 
 1921. At the first command, each chief of a 
 reserve division will cause files to be broken off 
 as above; he will then give the cautionary com- 
 mands in time to enable his division to march at 
 the same instant with the one next in front. 
 
 1922. Each chief of division that immediately 
 follows a re^^erve division will give the command 
 march, the moment his division has company dis- 
 tance from the last, but one, in the preceding bat- 
 talion. 
 
 1923. In each battalion, the music will place 
 themselves as prescribed, No. 820, behind the in- 
 ner platoons of the second division, as soon as 
 the latter has taken its distance. 
 
 1924. If the column be in march, the General 
 will cause company distance to be taken, and, for 
 this purpose, will command : ^ 
 
 1. To form square. 2. By the head of colum 
 take half distance. 3. MARCH, (or douhle- 
 qxdch — March.) 
 
 1925. This movement will be executed as pre- 
 scribed for taking distance hy the head of column 
 while marching, with the following modifications, 
 at the command ybrwi square, the dispositions in- 
 dicated No. 819, will be executed. If it be 
 tended merely to dispose the column for square^ 
 the General will not halt it until the last div 
 has its distance. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OP THE LINE. 199 
 
 1926. In a column left in front, those several 
 movements will be executed according to the 
 same principles and by inverse means/ except 
 that the same divisions will be held in reserve, as 
 in a Column right in front. 
 
 1927. The column being formed into square, 
 if the General shall wish to cause it to advance a 
 distance less than thirty paces, he will command : 
 
 1. By (such.) froyit, /oricard. 2. MARCH.— r , 
 (or douhle-quick — March.) 
 
 1928. The movement will be executed as in- 
 dicated No. 854 and following. 
 
 1929. The square will be halted as indicated 
 No. 860 and following. In moving the square 
 forward by the other fronts, the same rules will 
 be observed. 
 
 1930. The column being formed into square, 
 when the General shall wish to march it in ad- 
 vance, he will command: 
 
 1. Form column. 2. March, (or douhle-quich — 
 March.) 
 
 1931. This movement will be executed as pre- 
 scribed, No. 864, and following, but observing 
 what follows. 
 
 1932. At the first command, the chief of each 
 division in reserve will command : form dwision. 
 
 1933. At this, the chief of each outer platoon, 
 now in the rear of a centre platoon, will give the 
 commands and make the preparatory movement, 
 
200 EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 for deploying on the corresponding centre pla- 
 toon, and at the command march, briskly repeat- 
 ed by the colonel and the chief of the reserve 
 division, the movement will be executed. \ 
 
 1934. The division being re-formed, the chiefs 
 of the outer platoons will retake their places in 
 column, and the chief of the division will again 
 break off three files from each of its flanks. 
 
 1935. If, before the formation of the square, 
 the left of the column had been in front, the co- 
 lumn would be re-formed by the same commands 
 and according to the same principles. 
 
 1936. For marching in retreat, the Ge ;eral will 
 form the column by the commands and means just 
 indicated. 
 
 1937. The column being formed, the General 
 "will cause it to face by the rear rank by the com- 
 mands and means indicated. No. 872, and follow- 
 ing; the headmost and rearmost divisions will ex- 
 ecute, in this case, what is prescribed for the first 
 and fourth divisions in a battalion square. 
 
 1938. The chiefs of the reserve divisions, be- 
 fore causing them to face about, will cause their 
 broken files to return into line; each chief will 
 then close his division in mass on the one next in 
 front; which being executed, he will again cause 
 the same files to break off^ to the rear. 
 
 1939. The column, thus disposed, will march 
 and form squares as if it faced by the front rank, 
 or it maybe faced by tlie front rank and marched 
 in advance by the commands and means indicated, 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE 
 
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EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 201 
 
 Nos. 877-8. If it form square, whilst fnced by 
 the rear rank, each chief of a reserve division will 
 cause its outer platoons to double as prescribed, 
 No. 190o, and following. 
 
 1940. The square beinir fonncd by the rear 
 rank, the column, for inarching, will be re formed 
 according to the principles prescribed. No. 876. 
 Each chief of a reserve division will cause it to 
 re-form as indicated,. No. 1932, and following. 
 
 To reduce the square. 
 
 1942. A square, of several battalions, will be 
 reduced by the commands and means prescribed. 
 No. 88o, and following. 
 
 Squares in four ranks. 
 
 1943. If the square formed in two ranks, ac- 
 cording to the preceding rules, should not be 
 deemed sufficiently strong, the General may cause 
 it to be formed into four ranks (and the reverse) 
 according to the principles prescribed, No. 910, 
 and following, School of the BattoUon. 
 
 KemarJcs on the formation of squares. 
 
 1944. A column disposed for the forma- 
 tion of the square, being in march, when the 
 General shall wish to cause it to be covered by 
 skirmishers, he will cause one or more companies 
 of the reserve to be thrown out for the purpose : 
 
202 sYOLnioNS of the link. 
 
 these skirmishers will never pass beyond the dis- 
 tance of fifty paces from the square. 
 
 1945. The G-eneral, wishing to form square,, 
 will halt the column and cause to the colw 
 to be sounded for the re-entrance of the skir- 
 mishers. 
 
 1946. The reserve divisions being intended not 
 only to furnish skirmishers for covering the co- 
 lumn, but also to sustain the parts of the square 
 which may be the most hotly attacked, no fixed 
 place can be assigned to those divisions in a square ; 
 but, when in column, each will take the place 
 which has been indicated. 
 
 1947. When a column, closed in mass, has to 
 form square, it will begin by taking company dis- 
 tance ; but if so suddenly threatened by cavalry 
 as not to allow time for this disposition, it will be 
 formed in the following manner. 
 
 1948. The General will command : 
 
 1, Column against cavalry. 2. March, (or dou- 
 hle-guick — MARCH.) . ' i 
 
 1949. This having been repeated, the guides 
 will pass into the lines of file closers; the 
 chief of the headmost division will caution it to 
 stand fast, and pass behind the rear rank; the chief 
 of the rearmost division will cause it to face about, 
 and its file closers will pass at the same time be- 
 hind the front rank, become the rear; the outer 
 file of each of these divisions will then face out- 
 wards. 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 203 
 
 1950. In the intermediate divisions, each cap- 
 tain will see as many files, from the outer flank of 
 his company, into line of battle, as will close up 
 the distance in front of its outer flank. The cap- 
 tains in the division next to that in the rear, will 
 also close up, in like manner, the distance between 
 tlieir outer flanks and the rearmost division. The 
 tiles of each company, remaining in column, will 
 close on their outer files, formed into line of bat- 
 tle, in order to create a vacant space in the middle 
 of the column. 
 
 To form square Jrom line of hattle, 
 
 1951. The three battalions being deployed, they 
 will form square by the means indicated, Scliool of 
 the Battalion. 
 
 1952. If it be intended that the direction of the 
 square shall be parallel to the line of battle, the 
 General will cause the line to break to the rear 
 into column by division, with the right or left in 
 front, and then close the column to company dis- 
 tance, on any division he may prefer, according to 
 the principles prescribed, No. 1125, and following, 
 and No. 1881, and following. 
 
 1953. The intention being that the square shall 
 be perpendicular to the line of battle, the General 
 will cause the line to ploy into column by division 
 at company distance, but in preference on the right 
 or left division of a battalion ; to this end, he will 
 command : 
 
204 EYOLUTIONS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1. To form square. 2. Column at half distance 
 h^ <Jivmoii. o. On the Ji rat (or Ji/th) lUvisiOH 
 (such) battaUoUyrir/lit {ox left) in front. 4. " 
 March, (or douhlt-qulek—^lAKGE..') 
 
 1954. This movement will be executed accord- 1 
 ing to the principles prescribed, (we N^o. 159,) for * 
 plo}ing a line into coluHin b}' division at company 
 distance, but observing what follows. 
 
 1955. The chief of each reserve division will 
 cause it to take its place in the column, so that 
 there may be only three paces between it and the 
 division next in front; and as soon as his division 
 has been halted and aligned, he will break off to 
 the rear, the three files from each flank. 
 
 195G. The chief of each division that enters 
 the column next after a reserve division, will cause 
 it to take company distance from the division next 
 in front of the reserve division. 
 
 1957. These several movements may be exe- 
 cuted while the line is in march by the principles 
 prescribed, School of the Battalion. 
 
 1958. The preceding examples have been given 
 to serve for a line of three or two battalions; but 
 if the line be composed of a sufficient number pf 
 battalions to be divided into many squares, the lat- 
 ter will be disposed by cchellons. 1 he perpendic- 
 ular distance between the cchellons will be such 
 that, the squares being formed, the first front of 
 the second may find itself at least fifty paces farther 
 to the rear than the fourth front of the fir.-.t echel- 
 
EY0LUTI0N3 OF TUE LINE. 205 
 
 Ion. This rule is equally applicable to a column 
 to be formed into several squares. 
 
 1959. When the echellons have to march in 
 advance or retreat, they will be formed according 
 to the principles prescribed, No. 1806, and follow- 
 ing, whether the battalions, which are to compose 
 the echellons, be already disposed for the forxa- 
 tion of squares, or be yet deployed. If the echel- 
 lons are to remain at a halt, they will be formed 
 on the centre, or on one of the wings, as will be 
 explained. 
 
 19G0. It is supposed that the General-in-chief 
 wishes to form the echellons on the centre : he 
 will command : 
 
 1. To form square. 2. Echellon hy hattalion (or 
 hrigade) at (so many) paces, o. On (such) 
 hattalion (or hrigade) right (or left) icing in 
 Jrontj Jorm echellons. 4. March, (or douhle- 
 qidck — March.) 
 
 1961. At the command march, the portion of 
 the line which is to form the directing echellon 
 will stand fast. 
 
 1962. All the other echellons will put them- 
 selves in march at the same time, each taking its 
 direction from the side of the directing echellon; 
 and whether it march to the front or the rear, it 
 will be halted by its commander when it has taken 
 the given number of paces from the next echellon 
 on the side of the direction. 
 
 1963. At the commencement of the movement 
 18 
 
206 EYOLUTIONS CP THE LINK. 
 
 the directing echellon will form square; the com- 
 mander of each of the other echellons, after halt- 
 ing it, will rectify the alignment so that it may be 
 parallel to the directing echellon, and then cause 
 it to form square. 
 
 1964. A column which has to be divided into 
 several squares will be thrown into echellons ac- 
 cording to the same principles; the portion which 
 is to constitute the directing echellon will stand 
 fast, and the others will march to the right or left, 
 to the distance fixed by the Greneral-in-ehief, either 
 by the flank, or by breaking from the general co- 
 lumn by a wheel. 
 
 Oblique squares. 
 
 1965. A line threatened by cavalry, and with- 
 out time to form squares disposed in echellons, will 
 be formed into oblique squares by battalion in the 
 following manner : 
 
 The General-in-chief will command : 
 
 1. Ohlique squares hy hattalion. 2. On the first 
 division, form square. 
 
 196G. At the second command the lieutenant- 
 colonel of each battalion will trace the alignment 
 of the first division in the following manner: he 
 will place himself before and near the right file of 
 this division, face to the left, march twelve paces 
 along the front rank, halt, face to his right, march 
 twelve paces perpendicularly to the front, halt 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THE LINK. 207 
 
 again and immediately place a marker at this 
 point. The covering sergeant of the right com- 
 pany will step at the same time, before its right 
 file, half face to the right, and conform the line of 
 his shoulders to that of the shoulders of the mark- 
 er placed by the lieutenant-colonel. These mark- 
 ers being established, the lieutenant-colonel will 
 place a third at the point where the left of the di- 
 vision will halt. 
 
 1967. The chief of the first division will imme- 
 diately establish it by a wheel to the right on a 
 fixed pivot, against the markers, and align it by 
 the left. 
 
 1968. Pending the execution of those disposi- 
 tions, the colonel will give the commands, and 
 make the preparatory movements for ploying his 
 battalion into column at company distance in rear 
 of the first division ; and as soon as this division 
 is in the new direction, he will cause the move- 
 ment to commence, which will be executed in the 
 manner indicated, No. 889 and No. 893, but ob- 
 serving what follows. 
 
 1969. The chief of the second division, instead 
 of breaking the headmost files to the rear, will 
 break them to the front, and at the command 
 march he will conduct his division towards the 
 point of entrance into the column. Arrived at 
 this point, he will halt in his own person, cause 
 his division to wheel by file to the right, instructs 
 ing the right guide to direct himself parallelly to 
 the first division; and as soon as the left file has 
 
208 KYOLUTIONS OF THE LINK. 
 
 passed, its chief will halt the division, and align it 
 by the left. The other divisions will break to the 
 rear, but slightly; each will enter the column as 
 prescribed for the second, and the moment the 
 battalion is ployed into column, the colonel will 
 cause it to form square. 
 
 1970. The formation of battalions into oblique 
 square?, on the left division of each, will be exe- 
 cuted according to the same principles, and by in- 
 verse means. 
 
 1971. In the preceding example the line was 
 supposed to be deployed ; but if it be formed of 
 battalions already in columns, the desired obliquity 
 will be established by causing each battalion to 
 change direction by the flank; to this end, the 
 General-in-chief will command : 
 
 1. To form oblique squares hy battalion. 2- 
 Change direction by the righi (or left) flank. 
 
 1972. At the second command, the lieu- 
 tenant-colonel of each battalion will trace the 
 new direction in the following manner: he will '" 
 place before the right and left files, of the head- J 
 most division, two markers and a third on the pro- \ 
 mulgation of the first two, on the side of the change 
 of direction, and at twelve paces from the flank of 
 the column. He will then place himself before 
 the third marker, and take twelve steps perpen- 
 dicularly to the front, halt and finish the tracee of 
 
EVOLUTIONS or THB LINl. 209 
 
 the new direction in the manner indicated, No. 
 1966. Pending this operation, each colonel will 
 give the commands, and make the preparatory dis- 
 positions for a change of direction by the flank, 
 and cause it to be executed as soon as the new di- 
 rection is traced. The change of direction having 
 been executed, he will cause the square to be 
 formed. 
 
 1973. A column at full distance maybe formed 
 into oblique squares by the same means : each bat- 
 tajion will be closed to half distance on its head- 
 most subdivision; which being executed, the bat- 
 talion will change direction^, as has just been pre- 
 scribed, and then form square. 
 
 To reform the line. 
 
 1974. The line being disposed in oblique 
 squares, when the General-in-chief shall wish 
 to re-form it, he will cause the squares to break 5 
 to this end he will command : 
 
 1. Reduce squares. 
 
 1975. At this, briskly repeated, each colonel 
 will cause his square to break. Pending the ex- 
 ecution of the movement, the General-in-chief 
 will throw himself fifty or sixty paces in front of 
 the square he may judge the most conveniently 
 placed to become the directing battalion, say the 
 third ) he will place two markers (a little less than 
 
210 EVOLUTIONS or THE LINH. 
 
 division distance) in the direction he may wish to 
 give to the line, and as soon as they are establish- 
 ed, he will command: 
 
 1. The thirdj the battalion of direction. 2. 
 Guides — On the Line. 
 
 1976. These commands having been repeated, 
 the lieutenant-colonel of each battalion will detach 
 himself with two markers, whom he will establish 
 on the prolongation of those placed by the Gene- 
 ral-in-chief, preserving its interval of twenty-two 
 paces on the side of tlie directing battalion. 
 
 1977. As soon as the markers are established 
 before the front of a battalion, its colonel will com- 
 mand: 1. Column, Jorward ; 2. Guide riylit; 3. 
 Head of column to the left; 4. March, (or dou- 
 hie-quick — March.) 
 
 1978. At the command march, the battalion 
 will put itself in movement; the first division will 
 wheel to the left, and direct itself so as to arrive 
 parallelly to the line of battle; when at three 
 paces from this line, the colonel will halt the bat- 
 talion, and if any division be not yet in the new 
 direction, it will be promptly brought into it. The 
 battalion being halted, the colonel will align it by 
 flank next to the directing battalion. 
 
 Remark on Ohlique Squares, 
 
 1979. The formation of a line into oblique 
 
EVOLUTIONS OF THK LINE. 211 
 
 squares, gives the facility of placing it, whatever 
 be its extent, as promptly in safety against the at- 
 tack of cavalry, as if it were a single battalion, 
 without causing the line to quit the position it oc- 
 cupies, and then, after re-forming each square 
 into column, the line may be marched in any di- 
 rection. The fires of oblique squares also cross 
 each other in every direction, except that of the 
 squares themselves, and this even when the bat- 
 talions, before being formed into squares, happen- 
 ed not to be on the same alignment 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS, 
 
 TITLE V. 
 Evolutions of the Line. 
 
 Note. — The references are to paragraphs. 
 
 General principles and division of the evolu- 
 tions of the line, 99u 
 
 Post of the General-in-chief, of the major-gene- 
 rals and brigadier-generals, in line and in 
 column, .^ « 994 
 
 General rules for commands, . . .* 1000 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Art. 1. To open ranks, . 1009 
 
 To close ranks, _-. , . . 10] 2 
 
 Art. 2. Manual of arms, - 1013 
 
 Art. 3. Loading at will, and the firings, 1014 
 
 To rest, 1031 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Art. 1. To break to the front to the right or 
 
 left into column, ... 1040 
 
n CONTENTS. 
 
 To break to the front to the right to 
 
 march to the left, and the reverse,. . 1044 
 Art. 2. To break to the rear by the right or left 
 
 into column, 1048, 56, 61 
 
 Art. 3. To ploy the line into close column ox 
 mass : 
 
 General rule, 1074 
 
 In rear of the directing battalion,. . .. 1068-79 
 In front of the directing battalion,. . . 1075-7& 
 On an interior battalion, , 1081 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Art. 1. To march in column at full distance.. . 1090 
 The column arriving in front, or in rear 
 the line of battle, to prolong it on that 
 
 lirie, ^., 1097 
 
 Art. 2. Column in route, 1101 
 
 Art. 3. To change direction in column at full 
 
 distance, HOG 
 
 Art. 4. To halt the coluMin, 1109 
 
 Art. 5. To close the column to half distance or 
 in mass : 
 
 1st, On the leading company, 1 125 
 
 2d, On the rearmost company, 1 134 
 
 3d, On an interior battalion, 1143 
 
 Art. 6. To march in column at half distance, 
 
 or closed in mass, r^ .... 1140 
 
 Art. 7. To change direction in cohimn at half 
 
 distance, 1154 
 
CONTENTS. Ill 
 
 Art. 8. To change direction in column closed 
 in mass : 
 
 1st, In marching, 1154 
 
 2d, From a halt, 1164 
 
 Art. 9. Being in column at half distance, or 
 closed in mass, to take distance : 
 
 1st, By the head of the column, 1171 
 
 2d, On the rear of the column, 1174 
 
 3d, On the head of the column, 1185 
 
 4th, On an interior battalion, 1 190 
 
 Art 10. Countermarch, 1205 
 
 Art 11. Being in column by company, and at a 
 
 hah, to form division, 1214 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Alt. 1. Manner of determining the line of 
 
 battle, 1224 
 
 Art, 2. Different modes of passing from column 
 at full distance into line of battle : 
 
 1st. To the left or right, 1225 
 
 By inversion to the right or left, 1235 
 
 (Successive formations :) 
 
 2d. The right or left, 124C 
 
 (General rule,) 1260 
 
 3d, Forward, 1261 
 
 4tli, Faced to the rear, 1279 
 
 Art. 3. Formation into line of battle composed 
 of two movements : 
 1st, To the left or right, and forward,. . 1297 
 
IV CONTENTS. 
 
 2d, To the left or right, and faced to the 
 
 rear, 1307 
 
 3d, Forward on an interior battalion,. . 1306 
 4tli, Faced to the rear on an interior 
 
 battalion, 1322 
 
 Art. 4. Different modes of passing from column 
 at half distance, into line of battle : 
 
 Ist, To the left or right, 1330 
 
 2d, On the right or left, 1334 
 
 3d, Forward, 1335 
 
 4th, Faced to the rear, 1336 
 
 Art, 5. Columns closed in mass — Deployment 
 by battalion in mass : 
 
 1st, Faced to the front, 133S 
 
 On the headmost battalions, 1340 
 
 On the rearmost battalion, 1360 
 
 On an interior battalion,. 1377 
 
 2d, Faced to the rear, 1379 
 
 3d, Faced to the left, 1400 
 
 4th, Faced to the right, 1413 
 
 Same movement by inrersion, 1415 
 
 Deployment of masses, 1422 
 
 Deployment of a column without the 
 intermediate deployment by battal- 
 
 . ion in mass, 1444 
 
 Movements which may be executed by 
 a line of battalions in masses : 
 
 1st, The advance in line, 1463 
 
 2d, To halt the line marching in ad- 
 vance, and to align it,. . ........... 1475 
 
CONTKNTS. ▼ 
 
 3d, The line marching in advance to 
 
 cause it to change direction, 1480 
 
 4th, To march in retreat, l49o 
 
 6th, To ehanjje direction of the line 
 
 marching in retreat, .. 150:! 
 
 6th, To break the line formed by bat- 
 talion in mass, and to reform the 
 column into line, 1509 
 
 7th, To ploy the line nf masses into 
 general colutnn closed in masses — 
 Remarks on inversions, 1550 
 
 PART FIFTH. 
 Art. 1. To advance in line of battle deployed, 1534 
 
 Art. 2. To halt the line, and to align it, \5^2 
 
 An. 3. Change of direction marching in line of 
 
 battle, 157:^ 
 
 Art. 4. To retreat in line of battle, 1589 
 
 An. 5. To halt the line marching in re'reat, 
 
 and to align it, 1595 
 
 Art. 6. Change of direction in marching in re- 
 treat, 1600 
 
 Art. 7. March in line of battle of a line of bat- 
 talions in columns, . 1608 
 
 1st, To cause the line of columns to ad- 
 vance, 1615 
 
 2(1, To halt the line of columns, and to 
 
 deploy it, 1639 
 
 3d, The line of columns in advance, to 
 
 cause it to change direction, 1646 
 
▼» CONTEKiTS. 
 
 4th, To cause the line of (torumns to 
 
 march in retreat 1654 
 
 5th, To hall the line of cnlamnis march- 
 ing in rfetreat, awd to 8lijii> it,. . ^.. . 165S 
 6tli, The line of eohifnns marehrnii in 
 retreaty to cause it to chaBiie dfrec- 
 
 tion, 1661 
 
 Art. 8. To pass a defile in front, . . , .• 1665 
 
 ■ To re-form the line after passing- the 
 
 -'' defile,. 1677 
 
 Art. 9. To pass a defile in retreat, 169f 
 
 To re-forra the line after passinj,' the de- 
 file, 1697 
 
 Second example of the sarnem'Otement, 1700 
 
 Art. 10. Changes of front: .„ . 
 
 Movements of the first lin.e : 
 
 l&t, Forward on the right hattalion,. . ./ 1707 
 
 Forward on the left battalion, . . .. 1717 
 
 2d, To the leai on the right battalion,. . 1718 
 
 To the re«r on the kft battalion, .. 1'725 
 
 3d, Central changes of fronts 1726 
 
 Oblique changes of front, 1733 
 
 Changes of front of two lines : 
 1st, Perpendicularly forward on the 
 
 right of the first line 1739 
 
 Perpendicularly forward on the left 
 
 of the first line,. 175D 
 
 2d, Perpendicularly to the rear on the 
 
 right of the first liue,,.,...« ^51 
 
COBTTINTS. Til 
 
 PerpeniHcularly to the rear on the 
 
 left of the first line, 17G0 
 
 3(1, Perpendicularly on the fifth battal- 
 ion of the first line, the left or right 
 
 wing thrown forward, 1761,1766 
 
 Ot>lique changes of front : 
 J St, Forward on the right of the first 
 
 line, 1771 
 
 2d. Forward on the left of the fir&t line, 1780 
 3d, To the rear on the right of the first 
 
 line, 1781 
 
 To the rear on the left of the first 
 
 line, 17S6 
 
 On the fifth or fourth b-attalion, the 
 left or right wing thrown forward, 
 
 1787, 1792 
 
 Art. II. Order in echelion, 1805 
 
 Direct echellons in advancing,. ... . — 1806 
 
 To re-form the line, 1812 
 
 Direct echellons in retreat, 1820 
 
 To re-form the )ine, 1 825 
 
 Oblique echellons, 1829 
 
 Formation of obliqae echellons, 1832 
 
 To put the echellons in march, 1836 
 
 To re-form the line, 1837 
 
 Art. 12. To retreat by alternate battalions^ .... 1844 
 
 To re-form the line, ,.... 185^ 
 
 Art. 13. Passage of lines: 
 
 In retreating, 1860 
 
 In advancing, , ,, , ,. , » 1869 
 
VI J I CONTENTS. 
 
 Art. 14. Dispositions apainst cavalry, 1879 
 
 Being in column by company at full dis- 
 tance, to form squares, 1881 
 
 Being in column at half distance, to 
 
 form squares, 1911 
 
 Beinj; in column by division, closed in 
 
 mass, to form squares, 1912 
 
 Tf» move the square in advance by one 
 
 of its fronts, 1927 
 
 To form the square into column in or- 
 der to march or retreat, 1930, 1936 
 
 To reduce the square, 1942 
 
 Squares in four ranks, 1943 
 
 Prom|)t formation of the square from a 
 
 column cosed in mass, 1947 
 
 To form square from line of battle par- 
 
 allelly to the line, 1952 
 
 Perpendicularly to the line, 1953 
 
 Squares disposed in echellona, 1958 
 
 Oblique squares, I96r» 
 
 To form a line of battalions in columns 
 
 into oblique squares, .. . 1971 
 
 To form a column at full distance into 
 
 oblic]ue squares, 1973 
 
 To reduce squares, and to re-form line. 1974 
 Remarks on oblique squares, 1979 
 
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