\ ^--l ,,,^ .-.SS "^^ *N. f * I THE ORDNANCE MANUAL THE USE OF THE OFFICERS CONFEDERATE STATES ARMY. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF COL. J. GORGAS, CHIEF OF ORDNANCE, AND APPROVED BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR. FIRST EDITION, CHARLESTON : EVANS A COGSWELL, NO. 3 BROAD STREET. 1863. Ktamb t Cogswell, PujfTnu, No. S TtWOAlt 8TBUT, ClARUSTMt. 8. C. Hi ^JLt^uj-iJ<^ Cler^ PREFACE. Tliis Manual ik adopted, with some necessary changes, omissions, and alterations, from the Ordnance Manual of the United States service of 1861, prepared under the immediate direction of Major Laidi.ky. The material of the two 8erA*ices is. of course, nearly identical, differing only in the shape of the new Columbiads and the Rifle (inns, and the addi- tion to our service of the Mountain Rifle of 2.25 inch. It may be added that the labor of Ordnance ofiicers now in the ser- vice of the Confederate States, has contributed to this new edition of the United States Manual. Ordnance Office, Richmond, Va., 1862. i # ^43859 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Duke University Libraries littp://www.arcliive.org/details/ordnancemanualfoOOconf TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAOB Chapter I. — Orpnance 9 II. — Shot and Shells 29 III. — Artillery Carriages 38 IV. — Machines, etc., FOR Sieob and Garrison Service 104 V. — Implements and Equipments 121 VI. — Artillery Harness and Cavalry Equipments 136 VII. — Paints, Lackers, etc 162 VIII. — Small Arms, Swords, and Accoutrements 170 IX.— Gunpowder 223 X. — Ammunition and Fireworks 242 XI. — Equipment op Batteries for Field, Sieob and Garrison Service 316 XII. — Mechanical Manceuvres 358 XIII. — Artillery Practice 367 XIV.— Materials 389 XV. — Miscellaneous Information 428 * :^43859 LIST OF PLATES. PLATB OUNS 1 Field Gcn-carriaoe 2 Caisson and Limber 3 Travelling Forge 4 Battery-wagon 5 Moi'NTAiN Artillery 6 Siege QuN-rARRiAGE « 7 Mortar-wagon 8 Barbette Ghn-carriage (wooden) 9 Casemate Gin-carrtage " 10 Casemate Gin-carriage for 24-pdr. Howitzer (wooden) 11 Parts of Garrison and Sea-coast Carriages (iron) 12 Barbette Carriages, Front-pintle (iron) 13 Barbette Carriages, Centre-pintle " 14 Casemate Carriages (iron) 15 Field Gin Ifi Casemate Gin 17 Sling-cart 18 Machines 19 Artillery Saddles 20 Artillery Harness 21 Parts of Cavalry Equipments 22 Cavalry Equipments 23 Parts of Muskets 24 25 Small Arms 2fi Packing Small Arms 27 Swords and Sabres 28 Apparatus for Proving Gunpowder 29 Lightning Conductors 30 Ammunition 31 Ammunition Chests 32 Knots 33 ERRATA AND REMARKS. Page 20. FirKt paragraph — No iteel guns have yet boon made in the Coofederat« StatcB. " 30. Third line from bottom, for "wj^ich" read "with." " 149. Not« — The uao of the "Jenifer" tree ia discontinued. " 170. The calibre .677 baa been adopted for all infantry arms of the C. 8. ser- vice. " 171. Third line from bottom — The Manaal of 1891 is simply a republication of the r. S. Manual of 1S50. " 176. Twelfth lino— Fill up blank with "204." " 217. Tbc cavalry Fubrc belt, and all other designs involving the xxfe of the eagle, coiiiipiruously. arc fi>r the present omitted. " 265. For •'23-pdr." read " 32-pdr." " 285. Fifth lino from bottom — read "scoured" for "secured." " 368. First paragraph, la«t line — " Heavy Artillery" of the U. S. serrioe. ORDNANCE MANUAL Chapter First. ORDNANCE. All ordnance for the land acrvice is made by private contractors, under the direc- tion of artillery officers on ordnance duty. The kinds and calibres used are as fol- lows : KIND OF ORDNANCE. Guns. Mountain Rifle Field , Siege and garrison. Sea-coast Columbiads ' Mountaih . Field Howitzers Mortars Garrison and siege. Sea-coast Siege I Sea-coast [ Coehorn 2.25-in 3-inch (rifled).. 6-pounder 12-pounder 12-pounder 4.62-inch (rifled). 12-pounder 18 " 24 " 32 " 42 " 8-inch 10 " 10 " 15 " 12-pounder. 12 " 12 " 24 " 24-pounder. 8-inch . . . . 10 " S-inch . . . . 10 " 10 " 13 " 24-pounder. MATERIAL. Bronze . . Cast-iron Bronze . . Cast-iron Bronze . . Iron Bronze .. Cast-iron Bronze. MODEL. 1862 1861 1841 1841 Napoleon. 1862 1839 1839 1839 1841 1841 1844 1861 1844 1861 1862 1841 1862 1841 1844 1841 1841 1841 1841 1841 1841 1844 1841 1841 There are, in some of the forts, guns of an older model than the above. The 42-pounder gun, and the 8 and 10-inch sea-coast howitzers, are suppressed by order of February 9, 1861. 10 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Some of the R and 10-inch columbiRilo hare been riflpf 6.8 inch; the second, 6.4 inch. Their fre(|uent bnrsting hag caused thiw clans of rifle gun to be discontinoed. A few of the 8-inch siege h«wit»ers were alto rifled, for experiment, with a bore of 4.ft2 inch. Tlic formn of the several pieces of ordnance are shown in the Plates 1, 2. «, 7, », 10, 11 and 14. Ounx and howitzers take their denominations from the weights of their solid shot in round numbers, including the 42-pnundcr ; larger pieces, rifle gvns, and mortars, from the diameter of the bure. DEFINITIONS. Cateable. — The knob on the end of the breech of a gun ; it is composed of the Arno6 and the ncc A'; sometimes the_^//ff. Breech. — The mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore, extending to the cascable. lime of the hrrech. — The rear surface of the breech. Base-line. — A line triwcd around the pun in rear of the rent. Bate-riiKj. — A projecting liand of metal adjoining the base of the breech, and connected with the body of the gun by a concave moulding. Reinforce. — The thickest part of the body of thi- gun, in front of the base-ring or lino: if there is more than one reinforce, that which if next to the base-ring i« called the /ir«t reinforce ; the other, the second reinforce. Reinforcc-hand. — A band at the junction of the fir-'t and second reinforces. Chute. — The conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce. Aitraijal and filletJi. — The moulding at the front end of the chase. Chaic-riny. — A band at the front end of the chase. Neck. — The smallest part of the piece, in front of the chase, Sicell of the muzzle. — The largest part of the gun, in front of the neck. Muzzle-hand. — A band which takes the place of the swell of the muzzle in some guns. Fact of the piece. — The plane terminating the gnn at the mnizle. Trunnions. — Two cylinders, near the centre of gravity of the gun, by which it is supported on its carriage. The axes of the trunnions are in a line perpendicular to the axis of the bore, and, in our guns, in the same plane with that axis. Rimhase. — The shoulder at the base of the trunnion. Bore. — All the part bored out, including the chamber, and the junction of the bore with the chamber. Chamber. — The small part of some bores; it contains the charge of powder. Gomer chamber. — A conical chamber which is joined to the cylinder of the bora by a portion of a spherical surface. True icindage. — The difference lietween the true diameters of the bore and of the ball. Lock-piece. — A block of metal at the outer opening of the vent, to facilitate attaching a lock to the gun. NOMENCLATURE. H Kntural lin' of tight. — A line drawn in a vertical plane through the axis of the piece, from the highest point of the bape-ring to the highect point of the swell of the musszle, or to the top o'f the sight, if there be one. NnturnI angle of sight. — The angle which the natural line of sight makes with the axis of the piece. Di^jiftrt.— The difference of the semidiameters of the base-ring and the swell of the mnz/.le, or the muzzle-band. It is, therefore, the tangent of the natural angle of sight, to a railius equal to the distance from the rear of the base-ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, the sight, or the front of the muzKle-band, as the case may be. Preponderance. — The excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions over that in front: it is measured by the weight which the breech bears on a balance, the point of support resting at the rear of the base-ring, at the base-line, or at the bottom of the ratchet, the gun being suspended freely on the axis of the trunnions. HaniUet. — Flat rings cast on some bronze pieces: they are placed with their centres over the centre of gravity of the piece. Ear. — A lug of metal cast on some mortars: it is attached to a clevis by a bolt, and constitutes a handle. NOMENCLATURE. Guns of the Model of 1861. PartK. — The bore, a cylinder terminated by curved surfaces, the chamber. The breech: the caacable, the knob, the neck. The body of the gnu: the reinforce, the chase, the muzzle, the face, the trunnions, the rimbases. 3foiildings. — None. CoLUMBiADS. — Add to the above the ratchet ; the sight-jyiece. The vent is in the vertical plane of the axis, perpendicular to it, and enters the bore at the termination of the cylinder of the bore, or in front of it. Guns of the Model of 1841 and 1844. The same as for guns of model of 1861, with the following exceptions: Parts. — The bore is terminated by a plane perpendicular to the axis, united with the sides (in profile) by an arc of a circle, the radius of which is one-fourth of the diameter of the bore at the bottom. The vent is in the vertical plane passing through the axis, and makes an angle of 80° with it. It enters the bore at a dis- tance from the bottom equal to one-fourth the diameter of the bore. Add the second reinforce, the swell of the muzzle. Mouldings, — Add the filet of the cascable, the base-ring, the lock-piece, the chatte- ring, the muzzle-mould tugs, ttvo echinus. The rimbases are cylindrical. Field Guns. — The same as above, except as follcws: Omit the se-ond reinfone, lock-piece, chase-ring, two echinus, and add vent-p>ifC€, wrought-coppur, screwed in, for bronze guns. The astragal, the fillets, the lip, the fillet, the handles for ti.c 12-pounders. 12 ORDNANCE MANUAL. CoLUMBiADS. — Same as guns of the model of 1841 and 1844, except as follows: Bore, add the chomber cylindrical, terminated by a hemisphere ; the junction of tht bore with chamber conical; add the ratchet, the tight-piece ; omit the lock-piece. Sea-coA8T HowiTZEua. — Same as guns of model of 1844, except as follows: Bore, add the chamber cylindrical, ih^ junction of the bore with chamber conical. Moulding!. — Add the reinforce^hand. SiKQK Howitzers. — Same as sea-coast howitzers, except as follows: for the^rtt reinforce, substitute the recesi; the base of breech is the frustum of a cone ; omit the chase-rinff, the »trell of the muzzle; add the muzzle-band, the fillet. FiKLD Howitzers. — Same as sea-coast howitzers, except as follows: Bate of breech, a frustum of a cone; omit lock-piece, reinforce -band, itotU of muzzle; add muzzle-blind, JxUet, handlen, except for the 12-pounder, which has none; vent-piece, wrought-coppcr. screwed in. Mountain Howitzers. — Same as field 12-pounder, except for reinforce read recent. Sea-coast Mortars. — The bore, the chamber conical, terminated by a hemii- phcrc ; the junction of the bore with chamber (in profile), the arc of a circle. The body of the mortar, the breech, portion of a sphere; the fruniiion*, at the end of the breech ; the rimbases, the muzzle, the face, the muzzle-band, the ear. Vent at right angles to the a.rit of the bore, in the vertical plane through it. Siege Mortars. — Same as the sea-coast, except the rhamhtr, which is " Oomer," terminuted at the bottom by a plane, the angles rounded by arcs of circles. Add tnuzzle-Jillel ; no ear. Guns of the Model of 1839. Same as those of 1841, except the muzzle-mouldingi, which consist of an erhtnut, & fillet, and a cavctto. Grooves of the Rifled Guns. Number of grooves Width Depth " Twist " Width of lands I 62-inch rifled guns 7 3 4.62 3 62 4.62 3 " 0.5 inch. " 0.4 " " A.. 0.1 " " 0.07 " " 1 turn in 19 feeC " 1 " 14 " " 1.87 inch. " 1.5 " to designate a piece of ordnamck. State the kind, the calibre (in inches if it be foreign ordnance), the material, the weight, the inspector's initials, the number, the country in which it was made, the date, the place of fabrication, the founder's name, the name inscribed on it, iti condition for service, the kind of chamber, if any : whether it has a vent-piece, a lock-piece, handles; the ornaments, and any particular marks which may serve to identify it. PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF GUNS. 13 f^ , ! I ! lO 1 g ss +7 •d u g N M ++« I t- o in •n t:- 00 i n o 1 cc 5C o . ^a CO •h! c" OS CO eo -^ Mr- CO i ii Ct3 ches. 2.25 0.05 7.7 • (X . . lO CO OS M ^-; M o o C3 n J? *" 5 't r- : : ; ^ ^ : : i-H M • • ^ "O •o S t- o >o M • • • iO*-^iO • •»fti-^ »ftt^ o in 1-1 1- ^ 5C -- -* O . • .OSt~i^ • .•^,-<'0«Oi~-«0 o. 5i 00 o M *-• ! ' OS «£> M « -^ . ; . • • .. lO s a 0) « . <= .« CO • . t- in 5~ « eA T«l I I * WW* in OS C4 e^ e^ CO ® «0 o _ OS . . u -* o «o e^ • • .t^ eoect~^*-;«D _ CO «o in CO^IM s •-+00010-^0 odoO'O'Oco O S5 a o es ; ; •Or^l-H Oj^C^MM t~ in" o PS o '^ '"' I I • rt rH r-1 ^ • >Ot- • •5s,,'^'^'0 o o •o 1 ja cc o 00 CO ; ; lcrdoeaiotda6-^ M to o CO S » "-1 . I ;0(NrH • Jo^^^** *~ ■^ to a T-H .'-'•-' . . e<5 oT o u •o . ^loos • .^incoco _ _>o o o M in a a. J3 o o oc a; . ! 'o'e^io ' ''*od>-'i-'Oso P be o £ : o . : ^ • aj ap S p O TT 'S cd 1 '*' '. o : ' a : . o • aj • o :<2 a >s-a o tl ? o o « o . a o_^ : o g .s o " , ^ a; O" ' aj 2 * o 3 a n dial pse, b chaml j:a«^"?Sja;=c8S'"a<3 o ,. .1 I c r- 5» t^ iO M ,n t-. — Si; «o X « c o (6 ««.— »- MMiooeto o» t^ • • • ._ 00 B« « i^*: e>OJ5.^00-" «0019*M -T , 2 ►-! ■'"■ '^ «C «D lO M ^ rt - E. Ve-tSCB OiA. u? S2 2 a ^ c « 53. -. .n M « -«• ■^'^^ "^ « e< u^ <«^ K) F^ lA M ^ e<9 '« QO n r. i-i «c«-««t- • e*^" to "^ K i e-i c i> c^ o> M ^....^ ^ l-^H »_ oo »- n ^ r' ^ r"* . M O o 0» t- , ei a o «8 ^ o • • • ' c •♦ <= t^ e v. oxu^o— esi--r'*-* « •OM M o** ® "" ® •♦^— • 00 ' 5 ^ ^^ ^* ■ ■E. 'ti -^ o eec^ ■i^i^rtooo.ft rfi oc ^CC — .n ^ Mcr3>«eM J^J-OCJ^M oo s *" C -^ = £r' C -»«a»«Oi-"— n Si to -^ >a i~ » ao M <^ e* " ^> " •♦ — — « M — 00.00 or e « t> • • • _i C*«»~5 "♦.'5— t»M C« -^i t- t S a 3 o t o a 5 e s =s o:h u c .2 £ s ■0 .£ . M) 1 s t . o a • < a 1 t e J3 6 : a ! 3 . o • O c i ^ '■ — C Z "■ = ~ 5 ^ K • _c ■ "r 'r "t: S = ' li = * = 5ife s . w - - a „ : .= i- i- *— - c ■5^^-53 : • •s^- s § ■ C X s e = c '^'"'c---:.^ =5*" =5 "S~ ~ 9 C — u o .."^ u c iE- _ ^ «.< »^ . X - Z . C, ^ - Z, e. 1 C0LUMBIAD8 AND HOWITZERS. 15 s.S |5 ^ G"j ^^j «,? "^ •-'^ — ' "■ lO ^" w CO Ol c^ *^ o C M MM CCOr- I— I «0 f^ 00 •n CO «o a> 00 « oMe^-t oo 't-*'« — «0 •-t^t-IM'-M'^O M rH N c u3 t- OS t^> -+ CO • Oi o >o o t- -* ej 2 00 1 — -3 T5 a o •r* s o > 1—1 lO'^ ■« CO o Kj lO ioOOoNtO— Os-*c<50OI^-O i-i»OiO«OCOe*5 1 O*^ 1-1— 'Ml— I -Hr-l-o C3 - ^ a » .s « IS -JJ 40 a « o a <« o jS fi- i — "a t*- * S "S ■ i °5 J *■ ' " o o o o ) ,*^ o Sfo "S i; t3 3 — — ' i a n J S 3 ■ D oj ^ a ij • a .s fc. Cj £> 4) > t- ci « ;- s O : £ c oj c j 3 :e g cs 2 "S .2 .2 .2 5^§ be s J 16 ORDNANCE MANUAL. O M O cs e*9 tO *^ ^ t^ ;^ I .2 00 .a 00 o es 00 >'» O >0 >« M cs — -< CO B « >S o V o a 1-1 O O >A •-4 M es M oo a : ; c ° MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. 17 MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. Bronze. Bronze for cannon (commonly called brass), consists of 90 parts of copper and 10 of tin, allowing a variation of one part of tin, more or less. It is more fusible than copper, much less so than tin, more sonorous, harder, and less susceptible of oxidation, and much less ductile tlian either of its components. When the mixture is well made, the metal is homogeneous : the fracture is of a> uniform yellow color, with an even grain. The specific gravity of bronze is about 8.700, being greater than the mean of the specific gravities of copper and tin. Pure cojtper is of a red color, inclining to yellow ; it has a fine metallic lustre. The fracture of cast-copper is even grained ; that of a forged bar exhibits a short, even, close grain, of a silky appearance; it is strong, very ductile ami very mal- leable. The greater the purity of copper, the more malleable it is, and the finer the grain. Specific gravity, from 8. COO to 9.000. The copper of commerce is impure, freijucntly containing oxygen, silver, iron, lead, tin, zinc, antimony and arsenic. It should be rejected, for the manufacture of guns, if it contain sulphur in an appreciable (luantity ; more than one-thousandth of arsenic and antimony united; more than about three-thousandths of lead, iron, or oxygen ; if it contain more than about five-thousandths of foreign substances altogether; or if, near these limits, it give bad results when subjected to the mechanical tests of hammering, rolling and wire-drawinj^. Pure tiv is of a white color, a little darker than silver: it is very malleable, and susceptible of being rolled into thin sheets; it is not very ductile; it is soft, and when in rods or bars is bent backward and forward, it gives a peculiar crackling sound, the distinctness of which is in proportion to the purity of the tin. Specific gravity, 7.290 to 7..320. Tin, for gun-metal, should be rejected, if, when run into elongated drops, it have not a smooth and reflecting surface, without any considerable sign of rough spots; if, when analyzed, it contain more than about one-thousandth of arsenic and anti- mony united; more than about three-thousandths of lead or iron; or more than four-thousandths of foreign substances. All bronze ought to be rejected which contains sulphur in an appreciable amount; which contains more than about one-thous.andth of arsenic and antimony united ; more than about three-thousandths of lead, iron or zinc; or, in all, more than about five-thousandths of foreign substance^. Notice should bo taken of the appearance of the fracture of specimens : it some- times gives indications sufficient to authorize the rejection of certain bronzes full of sulphur or oxides. Analysis of Bronze. Tin. — Nitric acid dissolves the copper, and converts the tin into an insoluble per- oxide. Put into a small glass matrass 10 parts (say 100 grains) of bronze, in small 18 ORDNANCE MANUAL. parlieleg, and 80 parts of very pure nitric a«id, at 22° Beaumo's hydrometer (spo- cific gravity, 1.180); beat it gradually to cl>\il!itiou, and continue that heat »intil red vaporB ceaso to come over. Let it settle ; jiour off the lif|uor, and add to the oxide of tin 20 parts of nitric acid; let it boil ten minutes; decant the liquor again, and repeat the same operation ; dilute the first portion decanted with 2 ui- 3 time? its volume of water, and pass it through a filter ; do the same with the second and third portions. Then throw the oxide of tin on a double filter, tlie two parts of which are equal ; wash the precipitate on the filter until the water that comea off no longer gives a blue color when heated with ammonia, and due* nut change the color of litmus paper. Sproad the filt .r on paper, and dry it perfectly in a stove or a sand-bath. Weigh it, adding the exterior filter to the weights, in order to ascer- tain the quantity of peroxide of tin which remains on the upper filter; 127 parts of peroxide give 100 parts of pure tin. CopPEn. — Collect the nitric acid solutions obtained in the process described above: evaporate them to dryness; calcine and weigh the black rcsiod .01 inches. The slider is connected with a square steel rod, consisting of three parts, which arc screwed together, according to the length of bore to be measured. This rod slides through a brass tube, which is also made in three pieces. The tube is graduated, m inches and quarters, commencing at the measuring- points, so as to indicate the distance of the latter from the muzzle of the gun. The handle is of wood, attached to a brass cylinder, or socket, through which the sliding-rod passes. In the tube of the handle there is a slit, on the side of which a scale is marked, to indicate the movements of the measuring-points. Each joint of the long tube has a mark, made on a small plate of silver, which shows the place of the zero on the scale when the measuring-points are adjusted to the true diameter of the bore. In this position the handle is fixed on the sliding-rod by means of a screw-clamp. A riiig-i/aiige, for each calibre, is used for adjusting the instrument for use. A >•(-»«, in the form of a T, is placed in the mouth of the gun, to keep the instru- ment in the axis of the bore. This rest has three slides, which can be adjusted to the diSFerent sizes of bore; the upright branch is movable, for convenience of pa^^king. The star-gauge, its points and rest, are packed in one box, and the ring-ganges in another. 2. The cyJinder-stnff. — This is a round staflF, made of mahogany-, or other hard wood. It is in two parts, which are joined together by brass sockets and screws; each part has also a brass socket and screw at the outer end, to receive the cylinder- gauge, guide-plate, and measuring-point. The staff is graduated, in inches and tenths, on a strip of brass let into it, on one side. These graduations are arranged INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 21 to read the distances from the extremity of the measuring-point, when it is screwed on the staff. The cylinder-staff is supported, at the muzzle of the piece, by a hulf tompion of wood, having in the centre a groove of the size of the staff. The rent for the star- gauge may be used also for this purpose. 3. The cylinder-yawje is a hollow cylinder of wrought or cast-iron, turned to the exact minimum (or true) diameter of the bore. The length of the cylinder is equal to its diameter. It has cross-heads, at right angles to each other: one with a smooth hole of the same diameter as the cylinder-staff; the other tapped for the screw of the staff-socket. Weight for 8 in., 27 lbs. ; for 10 in., 40 lbs. 4. The guide-plate is a circular iron plate 0.2 inch thick, and of the minimum diameter of the bore; it has a hole in the centre, with a thread by which it is screwed to the cylinder-staff j it serves to direct the measuring-point to the centre of the bottom of the bore. 6. The nteaaurinij-pi)int is screwed on the end of the cylinder-staff, over the guide- plate, to measure the depth of the bore : it is of iron, cylindrical in shape, so far as it screws on the end of the staff, and tapering down to the diameter of 0.75 inch. 6. The trnnnion-iinnije is an iron ring of the diameter of the trunnions, which must pass over them and fit closely. The exterior diameter of this gauge serves to verify that of the rimbases. 7. The tnninioii-nqurtre is a double square of wood, the distance between whose branches is the same as that between the rimbases of the gun; in the centre is a pointed slidiug plate, with a thumb-screw to fasten it; the lower edges of the branches, which are shod with iron, are in the same plane, parallel to the upper edge of the connecting piece, so that when the square is placed with its l)ranches resting on the truuuions. the upper edge of the connecting piece is parallel to their axis. Each branch has also an iron plate projecting perpendicularly from one side to rest on the top of the trunnions. It is used to ascertain the position of the trun- nion^B in relation to the axis of the bore and to each other. 8. The trunnion-rule, for measuring the distance from the rear of the base-ring to the rear of the trunnions. 9. Callipers, to measure diameters. 10. A standard scale, for verifying other instruments. 11. A wooden rule, to measure exterior lengths. 12. The vent-gauges are two pointed pieces of steel wire, 0.005 in. greater and less than the true diameter of the vent. \?>. The veiit-scarchcr is a hooked steel wire, about half the diamctur of tht vent. 14. A rammer-head, shaped to the form of the bottom of the bore, and furnished with a staff, is used to ascertain the interior position of the vent. 15. A mirror; siyerni candles ; beeswax. 16. Rammer, sponge, and priming-unre. 17. Figure and letter stumps, to affix the required marks. 22 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Inspection of Ordnance. Cannon proscntud for inspection and proof are placed on skills for the conve- nience of turning and moving tlicni easily. They are first examined carefully on tlio exterior, to ascertain whether there be any flaws or cracks in the metal, wlictlier thoy be finished as prescribed, and to judge, as well as practicable, of thc()unlity of the metal. They must not be covered with paint, lacker, or any other composition, ir it be HHcertained that an attempt has been made to conceal any flaws or cavities 'j.V plugging, or filling them with cement or any substance, the gun is rejected with- out further e.xamination. After this preliminary examination, the inspector pro- coeds to verify the dimensions of the piece. The interior of the hare is first examined by reflecting the sun's rays into it from the mirror; or, if the sun bo obscured, by a lighted candle or a lamp placed on the end of a rod and inserted into the bore. The cylinder-gntigc, screwed on the stafl", is then jtushed gently to the bottom of the cylindrical part of the bore and withdrawn; it must go to the bottom, or the bore is too small. The hnre of the piece is then measured with the star-gauge. The measurements should bo made at intervals of I inch in the part of the bore occupied by the shot; at intervals of 1 inch in the rest of the bore in rear of the trunnions, and of about 1 calibre from the trunnions to the muzzle. The position of the triitinioiig, with regard to the axis of the bore and to each other, is next ascertained. To verify the poeition of the axis of the trunnions. — Set the trunnion-square on the trunnions, and see that the lower edges of its branches touch them throughout their whole length ; push the slide down till it touches the surface of the piece, ami secure it in that position bj- the thumb-screw: turn the gun over, and apply the trunnion- square to the opposite side, and if, when the point of the slide touches the surface of the piece, the lower edges of the branches rest on the trunnions, the axis of the trunnions is in the same plane with the axis of the bore; if they do not touch the trunnions, their axis is above the axis of the bore by half the space between ; and if the edges touch the trunnions, and the point of the glide does not touch the surface of the piece, their axis is below the axis of the bore. ' If the nlii/nment of the trun- nions be accurate, the edges of the trunnion-square will fit on them when applied to different parts of their surface: their diameter and cylindrical form, and the diam- oier of the rimbases, are verified with the trunnion-gauge. To ascertain the length of the bore. — Screw the gnide-plute and weaturimj-point on the cylinder-staff, and push them to the bottom of the bore : jilace a half tompion in the muzzle, and rest the staff in its groove; apply a straight-edge to the face of the muzzle, and read the length of the bore on the staff. The exterior lengths are measured by the rule, or by a profile, the accuracy of which is first verified. The exterior diameters are measured with the callipers and graduated rule. The position of the interior orifice of th^ rent is found from the mark made on the rammer-head INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 23 by the veiit-gauf/e inserted in the vent, \7hile the rammer-head is held against the bottom of the bore ; two impressions are taken. The position of the exterior orifice of the vent is also verified. The rent is examined with gauges, and with the vent- Hcarcher, to ascertain if there arc any cavities in it. All bronze ordnance should be bored under size from .04 to .06 inch, and after proof, reamed out to jthe exact calibre. Whitish ipntx show a separation of the tin from the copper, and, if extensive, should condemn the piece. A great variation from the true weight, which the dimensions do not account for, shows a defect in the alloy. In mortars, the dimensions of the chambers, and the form of the breech, may be verified with patterns made of plate-iron. After the powder proof, the bore is washed and wiped clean, and the bore and vent are again examined, .and the bore remeasured. The results of each of the measurements and examinations are noted on the inspection report against the number of the gun. A proper discretion must be exercised in the inspection of ordnance ; such slight imperfections as do not injure a piece for service may be disregarded, whilst the instructions should be strictly enforced with regard to defects which may impair its utility. 34 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Variations allowed in the Dimensions of Ordnance. In the bork More than the pre?cribeil dijiraeter Less than the preserilicd diameter T r Where turned, more or lc!>s In exterior J (more DIAMETERS. ... 1 Where not turned. . j , .".'.''..'.*"..'...!!! f Of the bore, more or less From rear of base-line to face of muzzle, morel or less I Of the breech, including cascable, more or less. ' In THE LENGTH . ■{ Of the base-ring, more or less | Of the reinforce, more or less j Of the chase, including the muzzle, more or less] From rear of trunnions to base-line, more or less, i in different pieces | I Above the axis of the bore OF THE AXIS OF j g^j^^ ^^^ ^^j^ ^f ^^^ l,^^^ , THE TRUNNIONS (, _ f more ' In THE LENGTH OF THE TRUNNIONS.. < . i Diameter of trunnions, less ! In the distance between the rimbases, less I In the position In the same gun, no variation is allowed in the position or in the alignment of the trunnions. In the VENT. . Depth TIES. Diameter. . ^ , ,' ( let-6 j Position of exterior orifice, more or less. [ Position of interior orifice, more or less. f In the bore or vent I On the exterior surface ■{ On the trunnions, within one inch of the rim- bases [ On the trunnions elsewhere Inches 0,02 .00 .04 .10 .05 .10 .10 .15 .05 .10 .10 .10 .(10 .20 .10 .05 .03 .05 .00; .00 .05 .20 .00 .20 .10 .20 GAR- RISON, ETC. Inches 0.03 .00 .05 .20 .05 .20 .25 .20 .05 .20 .15 .20 .00 .20 .10 .05 .04 .05 .005 .00 .05 .20 .00 .25 .10 .25 The whole exterior surfaces of guns, except mortars, are turned in the lathe, or' dressed smooth in the parts which cannot be turned. PROOF OF ORDNANCE. Gunpowder for proving ordnance should be of the best quality, giving not less than the standard Initial velocity ; it should be proved immediately before being used, unless it shall have been proved within one year previously, and there be no reason to suspect that it has become deteriorated. PROOF OF ORDNANCE — MARKS. 25 The caitridf/e-haija are made of cotton or paper, the full diameter of the bore or chamber. They arc filled by weight; and, if not filled at the place where the guns are proved, each bag should be enveloped in a paper cylinder and cap, marked with the weight of powder and its proof qualities. The shot must be smooth; free from seams and other inequalities that might injure the bore of the piece, and they must be of Uie true diameter given in the tables. Guns and howitzers are laid with the muzzle resting on a block of wood, and the breech on the ground, or on a thick plank, giving the bore a small elevation. Jironze pieces are mounted on appropriate carriages or beds. J/oit((r8 are mounted on strong wooden frames or iron beds, at an elevation of 45°, supported by the trunnions. In proving iron ordnance, after pricking the cartridge, prime with powder, or a tube, and place over the vent a piece of port-fire, set in clay or putty, long enough to permit the man who fires it to reach a place of safety before the charge ex- Each piece shall be fired three rounds with the following Proof -charges. 15-iiicl) colunibiad 50 lbs. of powder and 1 slioll. 10 " " IS •' " " Ishot. 8 " •' 12 " •' " 1 " 32-pdr. gun 9 " " " 1 " 24 •• •• .< 8 •' '• '• 1 '• 18 " " 6 •' '• •• 1 " 12 '• •' 4 " " " 1 " 8-iiicli siogo howitzer 4 " " '• ] " 24-pdr. howitzer (iron) 3 •■ ' '• '• 1 " strapped. All field fiiins (bronze) '^ weight of shot •' 1 " " 24-pdr. howitzer, " 2.5 lbs. of powder " 1 " '• 12 '• •• " 1.25 " •' '• 1 " " 12 " " mountain (bronze) 0.25 '• •' " 1 '■ •' Cochorn mortar (bronze) 0.5 " " ■■ 1 shell. 13-iuch S. C. mortar (ironj 20 " '' " 1 "1 10 " '■ " '• 10 " " '• 1 •' I Filled 10 " " " "lTi„i,t (5 •■ „ u 1 "f with sand. 8 '• " " j^'SM 1 2.5 " '• " 1 "J 4.62" rifled siege gun 4.5 " '• " 1 shot of 36 lbs. 3 ■' " tield '• 1.5 "• " " 1 •' of 11 " 214" niountain rifle 6 oz. " " 1 " of 2]!/^ " Should any of the guns proved at one time fail to sustain the above proof, the rem.ainder shall be rejected if made of the same metal treated in the same manner. The bore, vent, and the exterior surface of every piece which is approved should be well covered with sperm oil immediately after the inspection. MARKS. All guns arc required to be weighed, and to bo marked as follows, viz: the num- ber of the in>, both bronze and iron, the paper cap, which is taken off from the cartridge, should always be put over the shot. Iron ijun» are subject "to tho above defects in a less degree than bronie, except the corrosion of the metal. The principal cause of injury to iron guns is the rutting of the metal, producing a roughness and enlargement of the bore. The service to which an iron gun has been subjected may generally be deter- mined by the appearance of the vent. After about 500 rounds the vent becomei enlarged to .3 inch, and should not be longer used. In rifled guns, the wear of the vent is about twice as great as in smooth-bored guns. Replacing vent*. — In bronze field pieces, the vent-piece is taken out and a new one is screwed in. In other guns, the vent is filled up by pouring in melted rinc, SPIKING AND UNSPIKTNG GUNS. 27 the vent being closed on the interior by means of clay placed on the head of a rammer and pressed against the upper surface of the bore, and a now vent is bored at a distance of two or three inches from the first. Spilling and unspiking guns, and rendering them unserviceable. To fpiJce u piece, or to render it unserviceable. — Drive into the vent a jagged and hardened steel spiko with a soft point, or a nail without a head ; break it off flush with the outer surface, and clinch the point inside by means of the rammer. AVcdge a shot in the bottom of the bore by wrapping it with felt, or by means of iron wedges, using the rammer or a bar of iron to drive them in ; a wooden wedge would be easily burnt by means of a charcoal fire, lighted with the aid of a bel- lows. Cause shells to burst in the bore of bronze guns, or fire broken shot from them with high charges. Fill a piece with sand over the charge to burst it. Fire a piece against another, muzzle to muzzle, or the muzzle of one to the chaSe of the other. Light a firo under the chase of a bronze gun, and strike on it with a sledge to bend it. Break off the trunnions of iron guns; or burst them by firing them with heavy charges and full of shot, at a high elevation. When guns are to be spiked temporarily, and are likely to be retaken, a spring spike is used, having a shoulder to prevent its being too easily extracted. 7'o unspike a piece. — If the spike is not screwed in or clinched, and the bore is not impeded, put in a charge of powder of J the weight of the shot, and ram junk wads over it with a handspike, laying on the bottom of the bore a strip of wood, with a groove on the under side containing a strand of quick-match by which fire is communicated to the charge : in a bronze gun, take out some of the metal at the upper orifice of the vent, and pour sulphuric acid into the groove for some hours before firing. If this method, several times repeated, is not successful, unsci'ew the vent-piece, if it be a bronze gun, and if an iron one, drill out the spike, or drill a new vent. To drive out a shot wedyed in the bore. — Unscrew the vent-piece, if there be one, and drive in wedges so as to start the shot forward, then ram it back again in order to seize the wedge with a hook; or pour in powder and fire it, after replacing the vent-piece. In the last resort, bore a hole in the bottom of the breech, drive out the shot, and stop the hole with a screw. To use a piece which has been spiked. — Insert one end of a piece of quick-match in the cartridge, allowing the other to project out of the muzzle of the gun. Apply the fire to the quick-match, and get out of the way. When quick-match of sufficient length is not at hand, insert one end in the cart- ridge, the other projecting in front of the shot, and, after ramming the cartridge home, throw two or three pinches of powder into the bore. Place another piece of match in the muzzle, the end projecting out. The piece may bo fired in this way without danger. Quick-match in the cartridge may be dispensed with by piercing three or four holes in the cartridge-bag. In this manner the gun may be fired with great rapidity. 28 ORDNANCK MANUAL. PRESERVATION OF ORDNANCE. Cannon Fhould be placed together, according to kind and caliliro, on skids of stone, ircjn or wood, laid on hard ground, well rammed, and covered with a layer of cinders or of some other material to prevent vegetation. Guim and bnnj howitzers. — The pieces should rest on the gkiutty or tallow. If circumstances require it, the pieces may be piled iu two tiers, with skidding placed between them, exactly over those which rest on the ground; the muzzles of both tiers in the same direction and their axes preserving the same inclination. i)/ii>ri howiJzcra and moriarn. — On thick planks, standing on their muzzles, the trunnions touching, the vcuts stopped. Iron ordnance should be covered on the exterior with a hickcr impervious to water (see Chap. VII); the bore and the vent should be greased with a mixture of oil and talluir, or of tiillotc and beemnix melted togclher, and boiled to expel the water. The lacker should be renewed as often as required, and the grease at least once every year. The lacker and grease should be applied iu hot weather. The cannon should be frequently inspected, to see that moisture dues out collect in the bore. SHOT AND SHF.LLS. 29 Chapter Second SHOT AND SHELLS. NOMENCLATURE. DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS. Shot, shells, grape and canister shot, take the name of the gnn or howitzer in which they are used. The size of grape and canister shot is so regulated that a certain number shall chamber in the bore. The ears of a shell are holes for the points of the shell-hooks, 0.5 inch in diame- ter, bored on opposite sides of the fuze-hole, their axes perpendicular to the axis of the fuze-hole. The metal is cut out above them at the distance indicated in the table, in a direction perpendicular to the axes of the holes, which must remain 0.25 inch deep, with a thickness of 0.25 inch of metal above them, at the thinnest part. Shot. Diameter in. Weight lbs. 13-in. 12-in. 10-in. 8-in. 7.88 65 42 ( 6.84 42.5 32 6.25 32.4 24 5.68 24.3 18 5.17 18.3 12 9 4.10 9.14 6 3.58 6.1 4 3.12 4.07 3 2.84 3.05 12.87 282.84 11.87 222 9.87 127.5 4.62 12.25 1.95 1 Shells. Di.ameter Tliicknessof CTnie sides and < Greatest ... bottom. (Least Thickness at fuze-hole Diameter of f Exterior fuze-hole. '( Interior Distance between ears.... Weight lbs, 1 For Colum- biarisaudS.C. Howitzers. 10-in. 8-in. In. In. 9.87 7.88 2. 1.5 2.1 1.58 1.9 1.42 3. 2.25 1.45 1.338 1. 1. 6. 5. 101.67 49.75 13-in. 10-iu. In. In. 12.87 9.87 2.1 1.6 2.25 1.7 1.95 1.5 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.75 1.485 1.51 7. 6. 197.3 88.42 8-in. In. 7.88 1.25 1.33 1.17 1.25 1.3 1.113 6. 44.12 For Guns and Howitzers. 42 32 24 18 In. In. In. In. 6.S4 6.25 5.68 5.17 1.2 1. 0.9 0.9 1.25 1.05 0.95 0.94 1.15 0.95 0.85 0.S6 1.8 1.35 l..'5o 1.35 1. 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.73 0.698 0.698 0.698 31.3 22.5 16.8 13.45 In. 4.52 0.7 0.74 0.66 1.05 0.9 0.743 8.34 The 8-inch mortar-shell is used for the siege howitzer. The 15-inch shell is 14.85 in. diameter. It has two ears at the extremities of the diameter at right angles to the axis of the fuze-hole. Thickness of shell, 2.5 inch. Thickness of the 13-inch shell, 2.5 in. 30 ORDNANCE MANUAL Spherical-cnse Shot. • — 8-In. 42 32 2« 18 12 6 In. In. In. III. In. In. In. ".S8 U.84 0.26 6.6K 5.17 4.52 3.68 0.7 0.05 0.00 0.65 0.5 0.45 0.36 0.725 0.676 0.626 0.575 0.52.') 0.475 0.386 0.676 0.635 0.675 0625 0.475 0.426 0.!J36 1.5 1.25 1.26 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 .75 .76 .75 .75 .75 .76 .76 30^ ao.7s 16.13 12.32 0.27 6.22 3.22 Diainotor I True Tliickiii«R iif metal at the sides -^ Oi<«te«t TliirknoNN of nietnl at the fuze hole Uejitli of rcce*8 fur fii/.o _. , , , u 1 f Kxtorlor Diameter of fuze-hole. | ,,„^rior llMtn weight > Itw The tliicknoss of inctul at the fiicc-hole is »u|(|>ogcd to be mcugurvl in tbo axil of tlie fuf.c-holc, between the spherical «urf»ee« of the obeli and of the reiiif'ircc. Sphcricul-ca8c shot of the old pattern miy be used with the Bormunn fuzos. The fuze-boles of shells and »plicrical-oa»c shot for the fuie-i)lug taper 0.13 Inch to 1 inch. Diameter of Gauges for Shot and Shells. 134n. 12-in. In. 11.90 11. S4 10-in. Ma. 42 It. 3S I.. S4 1., 18 1.. 12 1.. 9 III • 4 8 In 1 In. 11! 90 12.K4 12.80 In. 9.90 tf.K4 0.80 f .. In '^-"-ir;:::: ■- • The gauges for 8 Inch $olid thf>( are T.85 and 7.80 incIiM re»pectiToly. For the manner of using ibe^c };auget>, »ee page 33. Ciise Shot for Rifled Guns. DIMENSION'S. 4.63- Dcb. 3-incb. HEMARU. Iron. Copper Wac. Iron. Copper Diameter in. Len^h in. ThickneiiS of metal at sides... in. '•'•'• bottom. ..in. *««*«* fose-bolcin. 4.57 10.90 .776 1. 1.6 4i7 .836 7.16 .6 .6 2.95 .63 Leriptl] <.f ; thirkn.-^ • dish. >^Mti r of 4.8 incliee (ji i. of 2.5 inches. - ZJ .25 rtt-iiua :r'L SHOT — LEAD BALLS. 31 Grenades. Six-pounder spherical-case shot may be used for hand c/i-euades, and shells of any ciilibrc for rampart grenades. Grape Shot. 8-in. In. 3.60 3.54 6.1 42 32 In. 2.90 2.86 3.15 24 18 12 Diameter of large gauge Diameter of small gauge Mean weight Ihs. In. 3.17 3.13 4.2 In. 2.64 2.60 2.4 In. 2.40 2. 36 1.8 In. 2.06 2.02 1.14 Canister Shot. NATURE OF ORDNANCE. c 5 c In. c 0- to c uco.-t: 1-11 i c 12-pdr. how- itzer. Field. Moun- tain. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. niaincter of large giugo 2.26 2.06 1.87 1.70 1.49 1.35 1.17 1.08 .69 Diameter of small gauge 2.22 2.02 1.S4 1.67 1.46 1.32 1.14 1.05 Musket Mean weight lbs 1.5 1.14 0.86 0.64 0.43 0.32 0.21 0.16 ball. Lead Balls. DIAMETERS OF LKAD BALLS FKOM 1 TO 32 TO THE POtTND. u s^ u ^^ No. of 3 No. of No. of No. of balls to B balls to balls to a ball.'* to a 1 lb. lib. a 1 lb. OS 1 lb. cj ft P, / ft o In. In. In. / In. 1 l.f.70 9 0.803 17 0.650 25 0.571 2 l.;526 10 .775 18 . 638 26 .564 3 1.157 11 .751 19 .626 27 .557 4 l.O.H 12 .730 20 .615 28 .550 5 .977 13 .710 21 .605 29 .544 6 .919 14 .693 22 .596 30 .637 7 .873 15 .670 23 .687 31 .531 8 .835 16 .663 24 .579 32 .626 For the mode of fabrication of lead balls, see Chapter X. 32 ORDNANCE MANUAL. niAMETRRS OP CA8T-IR0X BALLS FROM i POOWn TO 50 PODNnS WRIGHT. Weight Diamoter. Weight. Diameter. 1 Weight. Diameter. Weight. Dittinetcr. LbK. 07,. In. Lbs. 1 In. Lbs. In. Lbs. In. 4 1.231 9 4.065 23 5.531 37 6..M2 6 1.403 10 4.211 24 5.631) 38 6.570 8 1.551 11 4.310 25 5.714 39 6.627 10 1.665 12 4.474 26 5.789 40 «.«84 12 1.701 13 4.595 27 5.862 41 fi.73S 14 1.S65 1 ^* 4.710 28 5.930 42 6.793 1 1.9i4 15 4.819 29 6.004 43 0.S46 2 2.462 16 4.924 30 6.06S 44 6.S9S 3 2.819 17 5.025 31 6.140 1 45 6.951 4 3.104 18 5.121 , 32 6.205 1 46 7.002 5 3.341 10 5.215 1 33 6.268 47 7.052 3.551 ! 20 b.ZOi 34 6.330 I 48 7.101 7 3.7.38 21 5.393 1 85 6.393 j 49 7.145 8 S.tfOS 22 6. 476 i 3« 6.442 1 50 7.198 The specific gravity of shot is 7,000 ; sbells, 7.1. To find the treight iif n cfft-iron tjk«f or ihell : Multiply tlic cul)0 of the diameter l interior diauictcrs of the 8hcll by O.I.J 158, for the weight in pound.". For /«■«/ a yi'tn irtiijhl : » Divide the weight in pounds by 0.134, and the cube root of the quotient will be the diameter in inches. To find the (/Krtwfify tif putrdfi- trkick a ihell trill contnin : Multiply the cube of the interior diameter of the shell in inches by 0.01741, for the weight of powder in pounds. General directions in the fabrication of shot and shells. All shot and shells, except canifiter shot for mountain howitiers, are made of cast-iron. It should be gray or mottled iron, of good quality. (PeoChap. XIV. Catt-iroH.) They must be cast in sand, and not in iron moulds : the shot from the latter are generally not spherical in form, nor uniform in sue : they are also full of cavities, and arc cracked by being heated. Sp)iericnl-cn»e "hot must be made with peculiar care, of the best quality of iron, in order that they may not be liable U> break in the gun. Grnpe and eaninier »hui should be made of a soft. ;:ray iron : it ought to be vary fluid. They are smooth, and polished by rolling in a barrel for that purj.ose. A sample bar, 1.5 inch square and S inches long, with a head 4 inches long, is cast, on end, from the same meul th.it shuid to tin' hemisphere rippfiiiiie the fuxe-hole. CavilieH and imjierfeelionei in casting are generally fouml about '.U\° from the top of the dholl, when in the position in which it waj cast. KhelU lihould l>c rejected for rough casting, projecting seami!, sand-flaws, a collection of dross, cavities or honey- combs of more than two-tenths of an inch in depth, whatever their diameter, or a number of small holes giving the projectile a apongy appearance. The shell is next struck with the hummer, t4i judge by the hound whether it be free from cracks; the position and dimensioni of the cars arc verified : the thick- ness of metal is then measured at several points on the great circle iterpcndicular to the axis of the fur.e-hole, and at the bottom, and at the fute-hole. The diameter of the fnnc-holc, which shouUI be accurately reumed. is then verified, and the sound- ness of the metal about the inside of the hole is ascertained by inserting the finger. The shell is iinw ]daced on a trivet, in a tub containing water deep enough to cover it nearly to the fute-hole: the bellows and plug are inserted into the fucc-hole and the air forced into the shell ; if there be any holes in the shell, the air will rise in bubbles through the water. This test also gives another indication of the sound- ness of the metal, as the parlK containing cavities will dry more slowly thas^fc* other parts. The mean weight of shells is ascertained in the same manner as that of sliot. Shot and shells rejected in the inspection are marked with an X, made with the cold-chisel : on shut near the gate, and on shells near the futc-hole. PRESERVATION AND PILING OF BALLS. Balls should be carefully lackered as soon as possible after th«y ure received. The ncir 8-iiirA eiilid '■hot are painted red, to distinguish them from the old, which will not answer for hot-shot firing. All tpkerieal-aitr »hot are also painted red. Other projectiles arc lackered hlo eo «* o ec o N ■^ •o ac -> '^ 00 « » -4 t>. A o e-i ^ — C-« M to e^ T. -r~o" o> n «c o ^ '^ to l~ Ok o o o O o o o «• « »: M s M « to »- ^* ^- — •o O ■o = o o •o c« M w « -T s e J^^ M eo '«• •^ •-• — O » « l~ to •O eootO'^e'tooctC'^ ao -y o « O h- to t« r> C! O 'i M O CC » A O M •oe*oo>AO'Oo^ 06 •* » •Q O •0 ^ ^ •<> to •4 o rf» o ■O o •o o •O O ■ OB « »>. o< to •A o •* Ok M OS « •* ^ ^ O to to «e ■ 3 e to 0« « •^ o to M Of) «r o V >• »~ >♦ oc M «« » M to e »4 e« e* p: « M •» >♦ ■>* J^ •O «c •^ e OC to ^ M c X to "* C4 O or, to •« ^ to » M •n 00 e rs to » •♦ «- o " ^" M e* M w ec « « "T "* «* u» o •- c» •-• e« w »• -o to »» — — — ^ — MctMe*« ^ 3 00 n n eo •<» o •<* o •a o >'i >rtooo>oo>oo •O »~ 00 e ~ eo 2 to 1- a o C4 C4 CO e-t oo CO o eo e e e to e to e oo e Ok o o o o e eo e e o to o o 00 e 0* ■^ o to eo oo eo ■* ># e to to oo to ■^ *- o 00 «e 00 at oc OB c o to •O 00 - -* t- e so to •0 eo oo eo «♦ 5 o •o 2 to at •a esr5->»iOtct~xo»o — e^« PILING OF BALLS. 37 IS c o O ^^ 1^ ^ (T) OS o rH M ec ■* in to »~ 00 OS o 1-H , , -^ (M in OS N !« 00 r^ N to !T5 cc to 00 o CC c*:j tc CO '^ -* ■<»< T^ ■* >o lO in lO to O o o o o o o o o o o o -t" • O to t- 00 OS o CO ■ O 1- OS >-c cc to cc cc CO cc CC ■>* -t 'i' -* "* 1/5 in lO o o (-> o o o o o o o o o o o o o fH O CO 1- to o 't cc r— CO >n t~ OS r-. e^ CO CO CO CO CO cc •* •r ■^ -:}■ ^ in m OS c ,^ (N PC -* in to 1^ OC OS O 1-1 ■^ OS to cc O 1^ T f-H to 00 OS (N c^ cs c» cs M cc cc ec cc cc cc -t -t C IM cc cc ec cc cc ;'*: -* o o =■ o o o o o o o o O O >o Tf to m o IN -f to 00 o (N -n" Tl OS o -H on OS OS o o >- ■4> lO to eo OS o rH M C^ IN o to i~ 00 OS o rH o o in o -n o in o in o in o o> 00 CO t^ (M to r~t o 00 00 Cft c» o o o (M C-l CC CC ^ Tji CT' -ii o to e~i CO -+ O to IM 00 Tjl o to 00 1— I u^ cn (^^ to OS cc to <=■ -# CD t- i>- 1:^ CC CO OD Oi OS OS O O T-l ^1 ^ on to -t (M O 00 to -* IM o CC tc ^ t- ■* t- <-> IM ■o CO ^ ^ to OS IM »o lO o to to to t- J^- t- ^^- 00 00 00 00 OS r- 7-1 (^^ cc -H o to 1^ 00 OS O 1—i IM CC r*l in to CO 'O 1- OS i-" cc in t^ o ''^ -•t -t Tt" Tf m o •o •o o to to to to t- t~ 1^- in o in o in o in o in o >o en cc ■.* to 1^ OS o c^ cs CO CO C^ cc cc cc -* •<* -* ■* rr ^ ■>* <-> <-> ^ o o o o o o o o o o o ^ f- cc OS O r-l CJ oc (M c<» (N - i- J>- 00 oo 00 00 OS OS OS o o o ^ ^ ' 00 OS rs rH «S cc ■* in to t- CO OS o GS C^ oleon. One for the 12-pouuder gun and the 32-poundcr howitzer. The parts of tbo!>c carriages' nre all similar, differing only in their dimensions. The parts which are common to all arc marked with an asteri'k (•). The carriages for the 24-pounder howitzer ami 12-poundcr Napoleon gun, differ chiefly in the length of the eheeks and the position of the elerating-scrcw. Wood. — 1 itock in two pieces, assembled with 2 dotceU ; 2 ehrt-kt ; 1 le-proj>. 40 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Iron. — 8 trrewK for foot-buard brackets No. 16; 20 nnlh for foot-boardn No. 1 C. 4 ricetK No. 2 B, 4 burrt, one at each end of the hound. 4 tpa»hfr-plnlet for stay-pinfi. let in and fastened on upper and under side of boundi< by 8 iiaiV* No. 1 C. 1 tij-l'-trre No. 1 (see page CI): 2 nhoulder-waiiherit No 1 ; 2 linrh-imiiheni No. 1 ; 2 h'lirhping No. 1. I pinlli-hook : the inside of the cylindrical part is plated with steel ; 3 Ixdtn No. 4 C ; 2 trathrri; 3 nuts No. 4. 1 Htny. plait for ammiiuition-cbcst, fastened on the under Fide of the fork with 2 naiU No. 2 C. and held by the pintle-hook bolt. 1 pinth-l-py, attached to the rear of the axle-body by 1 kcy-chfiiu of 8 link* No. 3, and 2 rings No. 2 A, and 1 eye-pin No. 3. 1 tar-liiiekft hook, fastened to the front of the axle-body by 2 iiaiV* No. 1 C. 2 liollH No. 3 E ; 2 wanhrm ; 2 tiuff No. 3, to connect the axle-body and hounds. 2 undiiKlropg ; A holln No. W U ; 4 nult. 2 arle-brtndg, shrunk on the ends of the axle-body, and fa.''tcncarr.-ir>heel axle, consists of 1 hody ; 1 washer ; 2 ribs, fastened to the body by 3 rieets ; 1 chain and toggle ; 2 stays ; 2 nuts. 1 stay-bolt No. 3 D : \ foot-bolt No. 3 D ; 1 niit. i foot-board bolts No. 3 D; 2 washers ; 4 nuts ; 2 nails No. 1 C, fastening the front foot-board to the side rails ; 6 nails No. 1 C for the rear foot-board. 2 loih-rhain bridles, fastened under the front end of the side rails by the four foot-board bolts. 2 lock-chains (sec page 62). 2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the outside of the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C. 1 a.rlc-trce No. 1 ; 2 shoulder-icanhcrs No. 1 ; 2 linch-washcrs No. 1 ; 2 linchpins No. 1. 2 understraps ; 4 bolts No. 3 B ; 4 nuts. 2 axle-bands, fastened on the ends of the axle-body by 6 nails No. 1 C. 2 rivets and 2 burrs No. 3 B for the stock. 1 lunette: the lower side of the ej'e is plated with steel. The plates are fastened to the stock by 2 bolts No. 3 D ; 2 nuts; 12 naj7» No. 2 C. 1 key-plate for spare pole, fastened to the under side of the lunette by the front lunette-bolt ; 1 key for the same, attached to the left side of the stock by 1 key-chain of 11 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 A, and 1 eye-pin No. 1. 2 tnheel-guard plates, fastened to the stock by 10 nails No. 2 C. 1 stock-stirrup, held by 2 bolts No. 3 I), which pass through the front foot-board ; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 axle-strap, fastened to the middle rail by 3 bolls — one, No. 3 D, and two, No. 3 B ; 3 nuts. 1 spare-pole ring, held by the axle-strap, in rear of the axle-tree. 4 stay-pins, like those for the limber, except in length ; 8 washer-p)lates for same, let in the top and bottom of side rails, and fastened by 16 nails No. 1 C j 4 keys for stay-pins ; 4 chains ; 4 eye-pins, the same as for the limber. 1 ring-bolt for spare handspike, on the right side of the middle rail ; 2 washers; 1 JIM*. 1 key-plate for spare handspike, fastened on the right side of the middle rail by 2 nails No. 1 C : 1 key ; 1 key-chain ; 1 eye-pin, same as those for ammuuition-chest stay-pins. 1 key-plate for the shovel handle, fastened on the inside of the right side rails by 2 nails 'No. 1 C: 1 key ; 1 key-chain; 1 eye-pin, the same as for spare handspike. 2 staples for tool handles, driven into the top of the axle-body. 2 wheels No. 1. Leathf.r. — 1 pole-prop strap, with one buckle No. 10, held by 3 screws, 1-inch No. 12. 2 ammunition-chests, like the one on the limber. (See page 46.) 42 ORHNANCK MANIAL. TrnveUing Forge. (Plate 4.) DUDY Alin BKM.0W8 H0I'8K. Woot). — 2 KiVr milt; 1 front rront-biir, fuftfiicd t the oifle rail* ]>y 2 imutim pint ; 1 middh mil, the euJn rutcncd to the middle rr'iKg-lmr by 4 trmm No. 14 ; 1 nj-lt-hndy ; 1 »u,rh. 4 fliiur-hiiitrdii. Tautened Ifl Ibo middle cronH-barc by Ifi irmct N, the corner aide ituda by 6 tcreVt No. 14. 1 enp for coal-bojr, let in and faatcned to the rear end board of roof by b tertwt No. 14. 10 boardt for hidea of bellowa-houae, lit into rabbetn in the corner ttuda, ride raila and platen, to which they arc fa^tcDcd by 4-peDny nailg. 7 bonrdt for tke roof, faatoDed t«i the rouf-bowi and eud board by 4 -penny cut-naila. I prop for the ctoelc. lilce the pole-prop for the limber. 1 bellotrt-polr (hicl(ory, oali, or a»h). Ibon. — I axle-tret, the aame mt for the ((-pounder gun-carriage. 5 ojcle-bandt. fastened oD the cndi> of the axle-body by 6 nailt No. 1 C. 2 underttritpt, fastened to the »ido raila by 4 holu No. 3 D, 4 icatkert, and 4 Hula. 2 rireti. 2 bnrrt for the front end of Ituelc. 1 Inmettr, like that for the caiaaon, except the aite of the rear bole, and 1 addi- tional b«ilt-hole: 1 middle bolt No. 3 D; 1 prup-boli No. 3: 1 viie-boU No. 3; 3 n\it* ; 12 nailt No. 2 C. 1 pole-prop tocLrt ; 1 ferrule. 1 ttock-itirrup, fastened to the front croaa-bar by 2 boltt No. 3 B ; 2 nutt. 1 boll No. 3 B for the middle cri'-'i^-bar aod atock ; 1 tratker ; 1 nut. 1 axle-ttrap, fa«t«ued to the mi:-pins No. 1, screwed into the two rear corner studs. 2 lock-cliniii h«nJ:8, fastened to the side rails by 4 iiaiVo No. 1 C. 1 bellowg-pole hook, like the lock-chain book, fastened on the right of the front corner stud by 2 nails No. 1 C. 1 alaple for bellows-pole, driven into the rear corner stud, to carry the bellows- pole when travelling. 2 front Htny-platcH for bcllnws-arms, fastened to the braces by 6 xcrorx No. 14. 2 rear stay-p/atpn for bellows-arms, fastened to the braces by 4 bults No. 1 D ; 4 thumh-niitK. I front for bellows-house (sheet-iron No. 24), fastened to the front studs and roof- boards with 12-('2. larks (iron). 1 sheet-iron cover for cross-bar (sheet-iron No. 24), fastened to the cross-bar with \2-oz. iron turks. 1 (jnard for stock (sheet-iron No. 24), bent over the top, and fastened on the sides of the stock by 18 iron tackn (12-oz). 1 stay and stud for bellows-pole, fastened to the front roof-board and to the front middle cross-bar by 4 screira No. 14. 1 cover for roof (sheet-copper No. 24), fastened to the edge of the roof-boards by 315 copper taeks (12-oz). * 1 fireplace : consists of 1 back plate, made of 2 pieces ; 2 side plates; 1 front plate, placed parallel to the back plate ; I bottom plate, resting on flanges formed by the 2 side plates and the back and front plates. The upper back plate is No. 11, the others No. 8. The plates are riveted together where they lap by 59 rirets (0..3 inch), 1 air-back (east-iron) : consists of 1 box and back plate, ]om&^ air-tight by 4 bolts No. 2 E : the air-back is fastened to the back plate of the fireplace by 5 holts No. 2 E ; 5 nuts, octagonal. 1 hook for forge-bucket, like the lock-chain hook, riveted to the back of the fire- place by 2 rivets No. 2. 3 plates for side rails and cross-bar, bent down on the inside of the rails and cross-bar, and riveted to the sides and front of the fireplace; the plates arc fastened to the side rails and cross-bar by 10 bolts No. 2 D : 8 uashers and 10 nuts. 2 lock-chain bridles, like that for the caisson, except size of the holes, fastened by the 4 front bolts in the side rails. 2 lock-chains. (Sec page 62.) 1 brace for fireplace, fastened to the back of the fireplace and the front end board of roof by 2 rivets No. 2 ; 2 rivets No. 2 B. 1 bellows-jwle strap, fastened to the pole by 2 i-irets No. 2 and 3 screws No. 14. 1 bellows-jjole chain : 2 links, one of which is fastened in the hook. 2 wheels No. 1. 44 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bellows. Wood. — 3 lf!!iiir»-p1nnk», each miulc of 2 picocs joined by a tongue of huril wood. 2 rro*»-hrtidii, fastened to the middle plank by 12 tcreim Xo. 20. 2 riht: each consigtR of 2 auleji, 1 emi, 1 i-ro»»-h»r, glued and fa9tut-naiU. 617 brIlotrt-tiaiU : tii/e* U> go under the heads of the nails. To put ihe bfllijiri in ill pliirt ; Remove the ooal-box from the back of the bel- lowii-huuse ; take out the two stay-plates at the lower ends of the rabbets in tho braces : put the projecting ends of the upper bellows-arm in the rabbets, and slide them up until the ends of the lower arm come into their places; put on the tUkj- platcs, and fasten them down with the thumb-nut4. Screw tho brass elbow-pip« into its place, through the hole iu the sheet-iron front of the bellows-house; put io the copper pipe, and si-rcw up the collar which connects it wilb the elbow-pipe. C(Mil-l/ojc. Wood. — 2 i!dc», 2 tnJ», and 1 bottom, rabbeted t<'^ciher and fastened with fjO cul- fiaiU (6-penny). 1 top piece, fastened by 7 tcretr* No. 14. I lid ; 2 clampn, framed on eat'h end. Iron. — 4 comer platt$ (sheet-iron No. 13), fastened by 60 »ereirt No. 12. 1 end ttrapi. fastened to the ends of the box by 2 riret* and 4 terete*. 2 kandlen, fastened inside of the box by 2 tcfuhert and 2 nut*. 1 itvd-plnte for turnbuckle, fa«teued to the front of the box ; 2 rirtU No. 2 B. 1 tHmbuckle (brassl. riveted on the stud. 1 hn*p and itrap, fastened on the inside of the lid by 1 riret No. 2 B and 3 icreict No. 14. BATTERY-WAGON. 46 1 cover (sheet-copper No. 24) in 2 piece?, fastened on the top of the box and lid by 185 copper tacks (12-07,j. 2 hinges, fastened on the outside of the copper covering by 4 rivets No. 2 B and 16 screws No. 14. Battery-ivagon. (Plate 5.) The battery-wagon carries tools, spare parts of carriages, spare harness, and other stores required for the service of the battery in the field and for repairs. WAGON-BODV. Y^'ooD. 2 lower side rails; 5 cross-bars, fastened to the side rails with tenons and 10 wooden pins; 3 floor-hoards, fastened to the cross-bars by 36 nails No. 1 C; 1 axlc-hurhj ; 2 ujiper side rails ; 2 sides ; 2 ends ; 1 stoekti 2 cleats, 1 bottom, and 1 side for till ; the cleats are fastened to the ends of the body by 6 screws No. 14 ; the side is fastened to the edge of the bottom by 11 cut-nails (8-penny) ; I foraije-rack, composed of 2 «i'rfe« and 3 bars, fast«ncd to the sides by 6 u-ooden pins. Iron.— 2 rivets No. 3 B ; 2 burrs, through the rear end of the lower rails. 8 side studs, fastened to the sides by 14 rivets No. 3 D. 2 chains, for the forage-rack, each consisting of 1 rintj, 32 links, and 1 lioidc welded in an eye in the rear studs. 1 spare stock-hook, fastened to the roar stud, on the right side, by the assembling- bolt and groove-bolt. 1 button for spare stock, fastened by the middle groove-bolt. 1 spare stock-stirrup, fastened to the front stud by the two lower groove-bolts. 4 grooves for wagon-ends (sheet-iron No. 7), fastened to the sides by 12 bolts No. 1 C ; 12 nuts. 2 assembling-holts for lower side rails, pass through the end cross-bars : 2 nuts. 3 bolts for middle side studs ; 3 washers; 3 )ii(««. 1 turnbuckle-bolt ; 1 turnbuckle (brass), riveted on the head of the bolt; 1 imsher ; 1 nut. 1 hook for cover-prop ; 1 burr : passes through top of forward middle stud. 1 eye-pin for cover-hasp ; 1 burr : passes through the top of the rear middle stuil. 2 stays for the upper rails, fastened by 4 screu-s No. 14. 2 end studs, fastened to the ends of the body by 6 rivets; 1 bolt No. 3 B ; 1 nut for the front stud, and 1 nut and 1 washer for the rear stud. 1 mortise-plate, fastened to the front of axle-body by 8 screws No. 14. 1 axle-tree like that for 6-pounder carriage; 2 shoulder-washers ; 2 linch-u^ashcrs ; 2 linchpins. 2 understraps ; 4 bolts No. 4 B ; 4 nuts. 1 holt for front end of right side rail; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 2 lock-chain bridles, like those of the caisson, at the front end of the side rails; 2 bolts No. 3 D and No. 3 B ; 1 washer; 2 nuts; 2 lock-chains. (See page 62.) 2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C. 40 o[n)NANCK MANUAL. 2 rirrtt No. 3 B ; 2 hurr' for front end of Ft^ick. 1 lunette, like that for caiHiion : 2 hoU» No. .3 1> : 2 nuti ; \2 nnil* No. 2 C. 2 icheel-tfuard platen, like tbo^o of the caision, fastened by 10 nniU No. 2 C. 1 itorle-»tirniji ; 2 fc»i/M No.*4 B: 2 nr/f*. 2 hoUn No. 1 B for dock and erocis-bar ; 2 uut» ; 2 iranhm. 2 tratfier-jihitri for side rail*, fastened by 4 irrrtr* No. 14. 2 foragr-rnck hiindt, faFtcned to the raek by 2 rtrr»» No. 2 and 22 tcrrtrt No. 14. 4 trnnher-phitr* for fornjte-rark, sideji fai>len<-d by 4 riret* No. 2 I). 2/'>rn;frrark holf No. 4 ; 2 irn»Arr» ; 2 iiiif*. 2 irhctln No. 1. WAOOX-COVKR. Wood. — 2 «iVr rnt7« .■ 2 r>ii/ rnih, dovclailcd into the lide rails : 2 rM2)cr washers (sheet-copper No. 24), to cover heads of rivets: 56 copper tacks. 1 eot-cr (sheet-copper No. 24). fastened to the edges of the wooden cover by 216 copper tacl-s. 2 leather straps for the tarpaulin, 5 inches long, with 2 buckles No. 6, fastened to the edges of the cover of the limber-chest by 4 screws No. 14. 2 leather straps for the tarpaulin, 29 ftichee long, fastened to the hasp side of the cover of the limber-chest by 4 screws No. 14 ; 4 copper washers. Limber-chest for the Travelling Forge and Battery-wagon. This chest differs from the ammunition-chest in the following points, viz : It has no principal partition; and, instead of the assembling-bolt, with the washer-plate and turnbucklc, it has a hasp-staple and plate, fastened by 2 rivets. The backstay is fastened by 1 rivet and 6 screws. The heads of the rivets are not covered with copper washers. For the interior arrangement of the chest, see Chapter XI. Prairie Carriage for the Vl-ponnder Mountain Howitzer and Moun- tain Rifle. Woon. — 1 stoci- in 2 pieces, put together with 2 doivels. The stock is hollowed out on top at the head, leaving the sides to project and form the cheeks. 1 axle-body. Iron. — 2 usscmhUng-bvlt'i No. 4 D ; 2 washers ; 2 washer-hooks for the front bolt; 2 nuts. 2 trail-handles ; 2 bolts No. 2 A ; 2 nnfs. 1 lunette: the under part of the ring is plated with steel; 1 trail-plate (plate-iron No. 8) is riveted to the lunette by 2 rivets No. 2 B. The lunette is fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 2 C, and the trail-plate by 6 nails No. 1 C, and both by the pointing-ring holts. 1 large pointing-ring and plate ; the plate is fastened to the stock by 2 holts No. 2 H ; 2 nuts, octagonal. 1 small pointing-ring ; 2 bolts No. 2 H; 2 nuts, octagonal. 48 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2 prolongr-honk; fast'.'ned over the middle line of the Btock hy 8 mlt$lr; fit!4 A, 2 Iriinnion-pliitr hullt No. 4 D: A nut* ; G uaiU No. 2 C. 2 cnp'tifuarrt ; 2 tyt-ptH*, rivetpd to the cap-»quarct : 2 ekain», 5 link* No. 1. 2 rj/r.fiint, iiervwed into the fiilo* of the nlork: 2 rap-tquart tey» ; 2 chain*, .T liiiki Nu. 1 ; 2 rge-pitu, ncrcwcd into the tidcp of the ttook. 2 impUmrnt'kuok; »crcwel-butder-trnahtr» ; } limek'tt^ttkrn ; S limrkpim*. 1 pintli-kuok : 3 6'« ; 1 pimtU-kry ; I rAai'n, 9 fial-* No. 2 and 2 riny* No. 1 A : I rye-pio No. I, fa«trned to the roar of tlie azl«.--)My 3 nm/* Nu. I C. 2 frofff No. 2 E to ouonect the axie-bwdv bu.I houu.lk : 'J K.i'At-/-* ,■ 2 nut. 3 nndrritrapt ; 4 (*off« No. 2 B: 4 •■■/• 2 ajtU-bands ; 6 Nai7« No. I C. 2 end hatidt for »pliul«r-bar ; 3 tract-kook* ; 4 rw*ta No. 3 vir«. 2 middlt band* for vplintcrbar; 3 /ra<«-&ooA« ; 9 ^oUa No. 3 D; 3 ■»(*. 1 /ork-tirap : guppurtf the tonjnte. and U bald kj tha bolt* of the middle baada. 2 bolt* No. 2 D for fplinter-bari and hoaad*: 4 »m»ktr» ; 2 ■■/«. I poU-prop tockti ; I ftrmU ; I poU-prvp ttmd driraa into the •pliutcr-bar. 1 eyf-pin, riveted; 1 burr, 4 utttjf'pin* : 4 itole : 1 y ? D ; 3 iraxftrrt ,- I an/. \/trru1t ; 1 hnrklt, fastened uu ; .d of the pole by I rtrel. 1 fn'U-yi'ke, composed of 1 M«y. 1 cuUar in two parta, 2 krauckf, 2 »Udimfr4m§H 3 ^o»n« No. 1, screwed into the sides of the stock. 2 hnndxpike-honkii, screwed into the sides of the stock near the head. 2 tiaplei for handspike-straps. 1 luiirtte, fastened to the stock by fi nntU No. 2 C. 1 trail-plate, fastened to the stock by 6 nniU No. 1 C, and to the luncttp-plate by 2 rirrlH No. .3 C. 1 handfpike-ftnplr, driven into the stock through holes in the trail-plate. 2 friction-platra for shaft: 4 »iai7« No. 1 C. ^ 1 box /or rltvatirxj-trrtir ; 2 bolts No. 1 C; 2 ttnshfri ; 2 nntU ; 1 rlrrati'ntf-teretc, 1 ajrle-gkcan ; 1 /.o/f No. 2 D : 2 trathrrt ; 1 fiuf ; 2 riVff* No. 3 B ; 4 f;irr». 2/errulei, fastened to the end of the axle-tre« by 2 rirrtt No. 2; 2 linrhpifu. 2 arle-haud', put on hot; 4 iini7* No. 1 C. 2 undemtrapn, fastened by the ohin, k«y and trunnion-plate bolta. 2 fchtfU No. 4. 8RAPTR. Wood. — 2 shaft* ; 1 ero$»-bar, Joined to the shafts by t«non and mortise. Iron. — 1 cros$-bar platr, fastened to the shafts by 2 bolt* No. 2 D, 4 riret* No. 2 B, 4 tcrews No. 14, and 2 nti(« ,■ and to the cross-bar by 7 screw No. 14. 1 supporting-bar ; I kry ; 1 chain of 8 Zinit* No. 1, 2 riiiy .S2 nnili (6-ponny): 1 cover, made of 1 pnml and 2 end clnnipt, morticed, glued and factened liy 4 pinn. Iron. — 4 corner plntei (f>heot-iron No. 18); 18 icreirt No. 7. 2 handler, turned under the l)ott/nfc«, with holes in them to receive the legs of the frame, fastened to the dack of the forge-chest by 12 tcretn. 1 liucn corering, like that of the ammunition-chest. SIEUE CARRIAGES. Gun-carriage. (Plate 7.) There are three gun-earriagee for sicfjc artillery, vir. : One for the 12-pounder gun ; One for the 18-poundcr gun ; One for the 24-pounder gun and the 8-inch howitzer. These carriages are constructed in the same manner, differing only in their dimcn- iiions. When the S-inch howiticr is mounted on the 24-pounder carriage, a, quoin is used, instead of the elevating-screw, the howitter being too short to rest on the screw. Wood. — 1 atock in 2 pieces, put together with 2 duteeli ; 2 cheek* ; 1 axir-body ; 1 hreech-hohter. Iron. — 1 a»*cmbling-boll for the stock No. 7 A; 2 irat/im ; 1 nut. 1 manacuvring-bolt No. 7 ; 2 etdlari ; 4 %rn»\*T» ; 2 hu/* No. 5. 6 rondellci (cast-iron I: 2 (utembling-boltt No. 7 A ; 4 wathert ; 2 nutt. \ asgeuiblintj et/e-bolt for the lock-chain No. 9: the ring of the lock-chain is welded in the eye of the bolt, which is on the left side of the carriage; I teanher No. 9 ; 1 teacher and 1 nut No. 7. 1 loci-chain (See page 62); 1 ikoe ; 1 icy for the shoe, to keep the wheel from slipping off. 2 trunnioH-platt* ; 2' chin-lolH No. 7; 2 berel-teasheri ; 2 niiti ; 2 key-boll* No. 7 ; 2 tnU* ; 4 cheek-bolt* No. 7 A ; 4 tca*her* ; 4 nut*. 2 trunnion-plate bolt* No. 3 E: 2 nut* ; 2 travelling trunnion-bolt* ; 2 ica*hert ; 2 mmt*. 2 eap-tquarc* ; 2 cap-tquare chain*, 6 link* No. 3 and 2 ring* No. 2 A, each; 4 eye- pin* No. 3 — 2 riveted into the cap-squares and 2 screwed into the sides of the LIMBER. 53 cheeks; 2 cap-square keys ; 2 key-chains, each 5 links No. 2 and 2 rintjs No. 2 B ; 2 eye-pitis No. 2 for key-chains. 1 axle-tree No. 5; 2 shoulder-washers ; 2 linch-washers ; 2 linchpins. 2 nndcrstraps, held by the eye, chin and trunnion-plate bolts. 1 axle-strap, held by 2 toZfs No. 5 B, connecting the stock and axle-body; 2 mtt». 2 axle-hnnds, put on hot, and fastened to the axle-body by 3 nails No. 1 C. 1 lock-chain hook, passes through the axle-body on the right side ; 2 washers ; 1 nut. I hook for the shoe, screwed into the right side of the cheek. 1 check-plate, to protect the cheek from the friction of the shoe in travelling. 1 box for the elevating-screw (brass) ; 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 washers ; 2 «uM. 1 elevating-screw ; 4 handles, screwed into the head of screw. 1 strap-staple, driven into the middle of the stock on the under side. 2 wheel-f/tiard plates, fastened to the stock by 12 nails No. 2 C. 1 lunette, reinforced at the pintle-hole by 1 rondeUe, fastened to the upper side of the lunette-plate by 3 rivets No. 3 C ; 2 holts No. 4 C ; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 trail-plate, reinforced by 1 guard-plate fastened to the trail-plate by 6 rivets No. 3 C ; 29 nails No. 3 C. 2 bolster-bolts No. 4 B, the heads hollowed out; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 2 wheels No. 5. Limber. Wood. — I fork; 2 hounds; 1 splinter-bar ; 1 pole ; 1 leading-bar. Iron. — 1 fork-bolt No. 4 D; 2 washers; 1 nut. 1 axle-tree No. 5 ; 2 shnulder-icashcrs ; 2 linch-washers ; 2 linchpins. 1 pintle-plate, fastened to the fork by 7 7)ails No. 3 C and by 2 of the axle-strap bolts. 1 sweep-bar : the ends are fastened to the hounds by 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 washers, 2 nuts. 1 axle-strap, fastened to the fork by 6 bolts — 4 No. 4 C and 2 No. 4 D. Two pass through the pintle-plate, two through the sweep-bar, and two through the fork. 2 washers ; 6 nuts. 1 lashing-ch(iln of 4 rings and 1 hook : the first ring is welded into the eye of the axle-strap. 2 undcrstrapis, fastening the hounds to the axle-tree; 2 holts No. 4 D; 2 bolts No. 4 C ; 2 iciashers ; 4 tints. 1 pintle, fitted accuratelj- in the mortises of the pintle-plate and fork ; 1 nut. 2 end bands; 2 trace-hooks, put on the end of the splinter-bar with 4 rivets No. 2. 2 middle hands ; 2 trace-hook", fastened by the bolts connecting the splinter-bar and fork. 1 bridle for the front end of the fork, fastened b}' the bolts connecting the fork and splinter-bar. 2 bolts No. 4 D for the splinter-bar aud fork ; 2 nuts. 2 bolts for the splinter-bar and hounds, No. 4 D ; 4 washers ; 2 nuts. 54» ORDNANCE MANUAL. 1 bridle for the middle of the fork, fastened to the fork by 1 uniU No. 2 C. 1 riVff for the rear end of the ixde; 1 burr. 1 fye-platc for the front end of the pole ; 2 bnltt No. 2 U ; .3 maihert ; 2 nul«. 2 poh-chnini, each 9 liu/eii No. Ci. 1 co-link-, mid 1 riim. woIiIcmI into a hole in tin' eyo-plate. 1 frrruU for the end of the poU'. 1 pnle-olaap, fastened hy the eye-plnle bolt and-l bolt No. 2, hexagonal head. 2 Ao/rit for the pole and fork, No. 4 D ; 4 imKhfru ; 2 »"/«. 1 iin'dillr band for the leading-bar, fa8t«ned by 2 rivetn No. 2 : 1 Aoo/.- ; 1 douhir tracr-hook, " 2 eiirf bnndit and Inire-honk-n fir leading-bar, like tho.«f for the uplintcr-bar ; 2 riiM'f* No. 2. 2 tr/iefi» No. 5. Morfnr-icngon. This wagon is designed for the transportation of siege mortars anil their beds, or of guns, or large shot and shells. The limber and the wheels arc the same as those of the gun-carriage. Wood. — 2 middle raiU; \ front traHtom, fastened between the middle rails by 2 doweli ; I middle transom botwecn the middle rails; 1 rmr Irnnnnm between the middle rails; 2 »ide rail*; 1 rear rro»»-Aar, let into the middle and side rails; 6 middle cro»ii-btir* between the middle and side rails, and let into both ; 2 /rout erof- ban, let into the middle and side rails ; 2 bottom planks, fastened to the middle oroM- » bars by 12 uniU No. 2; 1 ajcle-bodg ; 1 vindlams ; 1 muxxU-buUler ; 6 ntuhit; 2 katid- spikri for working the windlass. When used for carrying bulls. 1 friiine, made uf 4 planks dovetailed together and strengthened by iron corner plates. Iron. — 1 uiiembling-bar, passes through the middle rails into the side rails. 2 handipike-hoiikt, fahtened to the outside of the middle rails by 4 iiai7« No. 2 C. 1 atteviblinij-bolt No. 4 A : 2 trathrrs ; 1 ntU. 1 cye-phite for the laishing-chain, placed between the middle rails. 2 boltt No. 4 A, for the front ends of the middle rails; 4 irnthert; 2 nuts. 2 maufpiirrin^-staples, driven into the under side of the middle rails. 2 crong-bar plates, fastened to the front and rear cross-bars by 12 iollt No. 4 C ; V ttmskers ; 12 nuts. 1 lock-chain and nhoe — 1 kry : 1 bridh. fasit^ined under the left side rail: 1 bolt No. 4 B ; 1 n%tt — like those on the gun-carriage. 1 trail-plate, fastened under the front end of the middle rails by 11 nai7« No. 3 C. 1 lunette ; 1 reinforce, fastened to the lunette by 4 rirrtt No. .3 C ; 1 bridle ; 3 bnUt No. 4 C ; 3 nut*. 2 tcheel-guard plates, fastened t^i the middle rails by 12 nails No. 2 C. 1 axle-tree No. 5. 2 underntrapt, fastened to the side rails by, 4 thtUs N<). 4 B : 4 nu/«. 2 axle-*trap», fastened to the middle rail.« by 4 bolts No. 4 B ; 4 nut*. 4 BARBETTE CARRIAGES. 55 1 breech-hiirter, \e^^ into the middle rails and fastened by 4 naiis No. 2 C. 6 stake-socketK, bolted on the outside of the side rails by 10 bolts No. 3 D ; 10 washers ; 10 nuts. 2 lock-chain hooks take the place of 2 stake-socket bolts on the left side; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 tar-bucket hook, fastened on the outside of the left side rail by 2 naila No. 1 C. 4 roller-plates, fastened on the S(iuarc part of the windlass by 32 »iai7« No. 1 C. 4 roller-bands, let into the ends of the roller, and fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C. 2 Journal-boxes (brass), let into the ends of the windlass. 2 Jonrnals'ioT the windlass, riveted at one end into 2 Journal-plates, which are fast- ened to the inside of the rails by 4 bolts No. 3 C; 4 nuts. 2 circular Journal-plates, fastened by the bolts last mentioned and by 4 nails No. 1 C. 2 roller-hooks, driven into the windlass 5.5 inches from the middle. 2 handspike-straps, fastened to the small end of the handspike by 2 rivets No. 2. 2 shoulder-washers for the axle-tree, 2 linch-xoashers, 2 linchpins, 2 wheels No. 5, like those for the gun-carriage. GARRISON AND SEA-COAST CARRIAGES.* The garrison and sea-coast carriages are all made of wrought-iron. They are o four different kinds, viz : 1. The Barbette, front-pintle, carriage. 2. The Barbette, centre-pintle, carriage. 3. The Casemate carriage. 4. The Flank-casemate carriage. Each carriage is composed of a chassis and top carriage. The inclination of the chassis-rails is the same in all the carriages — 3°. The trough-beam braces, transoms and angle-iron sub-braces vary only in length, the flank-casemate carriage excepted. The thickness of the cheek-plates is the same in all. The barbette rails diflor both in length and depth from the casemate, which arc also diflferent from the flank-casemate. BARBETTE CARRIAGES. Barbette carriages are divided into front-pintle carriages and centre-pintle car- riages. The top carriage is the same for both kinds. Of the front-pintle class there are three carriages, which are similar to each other : one for the 10-inch columbiad, one for the 8-inch columbiad and 42-pounder * Some carriages bavo already been made of wrought-iron, but in consequence of tlie scarcity of labor and material, the carriages for garrison and sea-coast service will bo of wood, as pre- scribed farther on. 56 ORDNANCE MANUAL. ffun, and ono for the 32 and 24-pfiiiniicr guns : the latter two difler only in the lenjithp of the transoms and axle-tncH. Of the centri'-jiintlc claKO there are two carriages : one fur the 10-inch columbiad, And one for the 8-inch columbiad. Top Carriage. The parts marked with an asterisk (*) are common to all carria;re.«. 2 rhrrk-ptntt*. 2/rnHl hrnrfo — 2 middle brarrt — 2 rrar brneri, fastened to the chock-platcs, each by 4 IiiUk No. 4 E and 4 nutu, 2 front tuh-brarft, faftonod to the check-platos by 4 bollt No. 4 E and 4 nut*. 2 rrar iiib-bracm, fastened to the cheek-platen by 6 holtn No. 4 E and C iiii(». 2 thnrn, each fastened to the front brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut, to the rear brace by 1 b»li No. 4 E and 1 nut, to the front sub-brace by 2 bolts No. 4 H and 2 nnl«, and to the rear ."ub-brace by .3 bolti No. 4 H and .3 iiuis. 2 trunnion-plalei, fastened to the front braces by 2 boll* No. 4 E and 2 tintt, and to the rear l>raco by 2 bolt» No. 4 E and 2 nut*. ♦2 axle-hoxin (brass), held in place by *2 ojrU-box ttankfrB (cast-iron), fastened to the cheek-plates each by 4 boliM No. 4 E and 4 ntiU. •1 handspikr-fulcrum, fastened to the U/t rear brace by 2 rirrtt No. 5 C. *2 arc tupports, fastened to the right rear brace by 2 bolls No. 1 D and 2 rirru No. 3 D. •1 lanyard-rolUr, brass, fastened to the right rear-brace by 1 nut, .375 in. 2 tran*omi, fastened to the front brace by the 4 bolts which hold the braces to the cheek-plate. 1 rear trannom, composed of 2 pieces, 5-inch trough-beams, with pieces welded in the ends; each piece fastened to the cheek-plat«a by 4 boUt No. 4 E and 4 nutt. 2 brace-4raii*omt, fastened to the middle brace by the 4 bolts which hold the braces to the cheek -plates. 2 diagonal bracet, fastened to the shoes by 4 bolu, which bold the shoes and sub-braces, and to each other by 1 boll No. 4 E and 1 nut. 1 axle-tree; *2 linrhpins: *2 truck teheeds. 1 elcraling-bed, fastened to the rear transom by 4 b"ln No. 4 E and 4 nutt; 1 elevating-tcreic: *1 elrrating-iereie box (brass), fastened to the rear transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts; *1 bcrel-vherl and nut, fitting on elevatin>.'-screw ; •! brass pinion, mounted on •! eUvatiag-seretr arbor; •! arbor-box (brasf), fastened to the cheek-plate by 2 bolls No. 1 E and 2 nuts. .375 inch (hexagonal): 1 nrbor- kandle; *l nut, .375 inch; 1 patcl ; 1 patel-porl ; 1 elerating-arc (brass;. The carriages for the 42-pounder and smaller guns hare no elevating-bed. pawl, or pawl-port. The rear transom is made of a single piece of 5-inch trough-beam. The S-inch carriage answers for the 42-pounder gun by adding 2 trunnion-platM, removing the elevating-bed, and adding a longer elevatiog-ecrew. The S^-poondar carriage answers for smaller guns, by the addition of trunnion-plates. I CHASSIS — CENTRE-PINTLE. 67 ' Chassis — Front-pintle. 2 rath (I-shape), 15 inches deep. 1 hurter-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 ttuta. 2 couuter-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top. 1 front transom, composed of 1 transom-plate and 2 cant-iron transom-holsters: the transom is fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E, which pass through the bolsters and keep them in place; 16 >ii(^«; 4 bevel-washers. transoms, fastened to the rails by 12 bolts No. 4 E and 12 nuts — 2 of them having hook heads. 2 dia the cheek-plate by 4 bult$ No. 4 E : 4 nutt. 2 brace-iraiifioiiit. fastened to the middle brace by the 4 bolts which hold the braces to the cheek-plates. 2 dia^viinl bracm, fastened to the shoes by 4 bolts, which hold the shoe aud sub- brace, and to each other by 1 bolt No. 4 £ ; 1 mtO, 1 axle-tree; 2 linckpin* ; 2 truck-uheeU. 1 elepating-tcrtic box, brass, fastened to the rear transom by 2 boll* No. 4 E, 2 Muf»; 1 elfvallng-tcretc: 1 btnl-ickfel and nut, fitting on elerating-screw ; I brats pinion, mounted on I eUrating-»cretc arbor; 1 arbor-hox (brass), fastened to the cheek-plate by 2 bidu No. 1 £, 2 nuU ; 1 arbor kandlr ; 1 iiur; 1 eUratiiig-nr>: i brass). BEDS FOR SEA-COAST MORTARS. t)» Chassis. 2 rails, I-shaped, 9-inch. 1 hurtcr-bnr, fa.stened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 connter-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top. 1 front transom, fastened to the rails by 8 holts No. 4 E and 8 nuts. .3 transorns, fastened to the rails each by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 niits—i of them hook heads. 1 tongue, fastened to the front transom by I bolls No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 2 front traverse-wheel forks (each in 2 pieces), fastened to the rails by 12 holts No. 4 E and 12 nuts, and by 4 bolts, which hold the front transom. 2 rear trnverse-uhecl forks (each in 2 pieces), fastened by 16 bolts No. 4 E, 16 ?I«Y8. 2 front trarcrse-ieheels ; 2 front traverse-whctl bolts (1.75 inch), 2 nuts; 2 rear trar- erse-whcels ; 2 rear travcrsc-wheel holts (1.75 inch) and 2 nnts. 2 diagonal braces, fastened to the under side of the rail by 4 bolts No. 4 E, 4 wits, and to the front transom by the 4 bolts which hold the tongue. The carriage assembled for the 8-inch gun answers for the 42-pounder by the addition of 2 trunnion-plates. The carriage assembled for the 32-pounder answers, in the same way, for the smaller guns. 24-poun(Icr Howitzer-carriage for Flank-casemates. The details of this carriage have not been suflBciently arranged for insertion here. The embrasures of the now flank-casemates have been changed from the plan formerly used, by pl.icing the pintle-hole 24 inches farther to the front. This requires the addition of an iron tongue, with a pintle-hole, to the wooden chassis. Other flank-embrasures are made without a tongue-hole; for these, the iron tongue is placed above the upper pintle-plate, and held by the same 3 bolts, which are made stronger. Beds for 8-inch and lO-iiich Siege Mortars. Wood. — 1 bolster for the quoin, fastened to the front transom by 2 bolts and 2 nuts. Iron. — 2 checks : 1 middle transom, I front transom, in one piece (cast-iron). 4 manoeuvrinij-holts, wrought-iron, cast in place. 2 cap-squares, fastened to the cheeks by 4 straps, held by iiboUs and 4 keys. Beds for 10-inch and IS-inch Sea-coast Mortars. Wood. — \ front transom ; 1 rear transom. Iron. — 2 c/teei-s (cast-iron); I middle transom {hmss). 2 manauvriny-bolls No. 10 ; 4 nuts No. 9. G assemblinij-bolts 'No. 10 ; & nnts. 4 transom-strajis ,• 16 screws. , 1 elevating-screw bed, fastened to the front transom by 2 bolts No. 5 A ; 2 nut*. 1 elevating-screw box (brass) ; 1 elevating-screw. 60 ORDNANCE MANUAL. COEHORN MORTAR. Woon. — 1 hitl, in 1 or 2 piccci!. Ill0!». — '2 a*»rmUiniuf«. I'RESERVATION OF CARRIAiJES. WixxliMi rurriafft-a arc ])rc*i'crTcd in woll-vcotil«l«d Rtorobouset, protected from the weather. If the timber be not purfectly dry. and the exijfcnrieii of the iervico will ixrmil, they arc left unpainted: Uic ironx are tirxt coat«d with lin»C4^'d oil, and painted oDe coat. Iron carriages require especial rare to pre«erre them from oxidation. When tb« parti of a carria>;c are comi>lctcd and n-aily to be aiiKombled, all ruxt that iniiy have formed is ncraped olT. and tlic part* are placed in a kettle eontaininf; liuaecd oil, which ia raided to its boiling-point. When the iron ha« become ar warm as the oil, it is tAken out and placed on the side of the vessel to drip. When dry, the carriafe is asKemblod and painteowel« Wedge* f">r spokes. . 12 brow-bands. . .in. 2 end bands in. Nails for banda . . . . { Tire in. Tire-bolt.<, nuts and washers NaT*-box I 14 7 14 1 ;^x.?«> 14 1 5SX.15 • 25 1 C. ...A. .824 No. S. No. 4. No. 5. 1 11' 1 I 14 G 12 1X15 MX •'. 12 N . I C. 2.0X.5 u .75X.18 1X.2 12 Xo. 1 C. 2X.38 7 14 1.5X.S8 l.riX..'58 12 No. 1 C. 4X.75 7 No.2 I 7 No. J U. « No. 2 H. « No. 1 H. I I I I 1 7 No. 4 H. 1 Wheel No. 1. for the 6-pdr. gun-carriage, caiaaon, forge, battery-wagon, and the limbers of all field carriages. No. 2, for the 24 and 32-pdr. howitzers, and the 12-{>dr. gun-carriAges only. No. S. for the prairie carriage. No. 4, for the mountain howitier. No. 5. for all siege carriages and their limben. AXLE-TREKS — NAVE-BOXES. Dimensions and Weights of Axle-trees. 61 ' tlifi body on the under side tlio middle piece of body Length of-! tlio arm to the linch-wtisher the round end. including the hole , 1 Total ; ( -11- • lit fat the middle I ^"'"' tat the shoulder ■)_,,. , fat the middle Diameter Jat the shoulder ofthearm (at the linch-washor , Tlie body. Weight lbs. 116. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. In. In. In. In. In. 45.5 45.5 34.35 18.68 42. 15.5 22. 13.85 1.3.85 8.55 7.55 16.1 2.07 2.07 1.275 2.15 2.3 78.84 78.84 54. 38.3 81.8 2.5 3.5 2. 4.32 3.5 3. 3. 2. 4..32 3.5 1.5 3. 2. 3.54 3.5 3. 3. 2. 3.94 3.5 3. 3. 2. 3.5 3.5 2.005 2.005 2.64 2.5 116. 122. ... 232. 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.9 No. 1, for 6-pdr. gun-carriages, caissons, forge and battery-wagons. No. 2, for 12-pdr. gun-carriages, 24-pdr. and 32-pdr. howitzer-carriages. No. 3, for prairie carriages. No. 4, for mountain howitzer-carriages. No. 5, for siege carriages. No. 6, for iron carriages. Nave-Boxes. f the whole Length of i cylindrical part . . . . . (grease-chamber f r i • f large end Interior. < ",, , T»:»^«*„_ small end Diameter, -l \ , , -ci 4 • I large end tixterior. < '^,, , [ ( small end Depth of grease-chamber f Length of Flange •• • I Width of, at base. . . ( Projection of No. L No. 2. No. 3. In. No. 4. In. In. In. 13.75 8.0 8.26 16.5 2.0 .... .... 2.0 4.59 3.0 3.26 5.6 3.05 2.0 3.55 3.55 2.05 1.5 2.6 2.55 3.85 2,5 4.05 4.4 2.85 2.0 3.1 3.4 .125 .1 .1 .15 13.75 8.0 1.0 16.5 .45 .45 .25 .4 .4 .4 .25 .4 No. 5. In. 3.0 2.1 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 ...\ No. 1, for field a.xle-trees. No. 2, " prairie " No. 3, " mountain howitzer axle-trees. No. 4, " siege axle-trees. No. 5, " iron carriage axle-trees. Nos. 3, 4 and 5 of bra.?s ; the rest iron, cast. 62 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Linchpins. Stem Head . -I j Length ( Diameter Length Breadth at toji " iit bottom . . Thickness at toii •' at liottoni. . " under chin. WciRbt, No.l. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. In. In. In. In. .•i.86 2.35 4. 4.2 .62 .5 .5 .7 1.75 1.4 1.37 1.8 .8 .5 .6 .9 1.4 .... 1.1 1.7 .8 .85 .8 1.0 .75 .... .5 8.5 .«5 .55 .45 .5 11.68 4.62 8.01 14.26 In. 3.9 .5 1.75 .75 1.36 .8 .4 .4 5.24 No. 1, for field axle-trees. No. 2, " prairie " No. 3, " mountain howitzer axle-tree?. No. -1, " siege axle-trees. No. 5, " iron carriage axlo-trecs. Washers. Shouldcr-waflherfi. Linch-wuhen. No.l. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No.l. In. 4. 2.05 .375 15.00 No. J. In. 3.25 1.6 .35 15.54 No. 3. In. 5.5 3.05 .375 28.97 In. 4. 2. .25 12.15 In. 6. 3.5 .5 40.32 In. 6. 6. 2. 544. In. 5. 2.55 .5 Weight oz. 55.22 No. 1, for field carriages, axle-trees, No. 1 and 2. No. 2, for prairie carriages, axle-tree, No. 3. No. 3, for siege carriages. No. 4, for iron carriages. Lock-chains for Field Carriages. The lock-chain is the same for all field carriages, except in the number of the links. It consists of 1 toggle, 7.7 in. long, 1 link, 1 long link, 4.9 in. long, With 1 LOCK CHAINS. 63 htnuc 7-iiifj, 1.5 in. diam., — number of links, 1 ruif/, 2.56 in. diam., with 1 loose n'nc/ of same size, and — number of links to the eye-plate. The links are all No. 5. Number of links from the long link to the ring., " " " " '• ring to tho eye-plate ., c ? S ^ s Sjj: m c c. " cJi-). " aiss 3 >-l c^ o 16 16 18 13 6 7 ' ' These chains should be made of a new kind of chain, known as the. loop-link chain, which is stronger for the same weight. For Siege Carriages. Tho lock-chain consists of a chain of 4 links, No. 7, and 1 toggle, 't.lb in. long, with 1 loose ring, 3 in. diameter on the first link, which is attached to the ring in the lock-chain bolt by 1 ring, 3i in. diam.; of a second chain of the same sized links, to which the shoe is attached, composed of 14 liukB for the gun-carriage, and 18 links for the mortar-tvagon, and 1 ring 3 J diam., which is joined to the ring in the lock-chain bolt by 15 links, No. 5. ■ These chains are to be made of the loop-link chain. 64 ORDNANCK MANUAL. 6 B M 1.5 3.25 3.75 3.' ^ • eo M 1- lU -). -H O O « C^ CC CC CO 1-1 ■* -N eo •n .<0 1(0 ifl C4 t^ M CS 1— ■* * ' ' CO 6 S l-l CO .« . 1- . . -1< 1- lO M n 1^ t~ 40 -)< ifl t- ■» e< in M -^ ' « -^ es I- «0 O M CO M N ^ rH M ec e> -- 1-1 e^ -* o d o> • M M O 00 ■o — -t «o O N CO O O O C^ w' ' « .- M •n CO M M M j-N 1-1 M CO M ^ M -* to 6 M ■« lO rH iTJ t~ . M . 00 . •rs oo c4 m M ^ M 00 •O 94 00 CO 6» .- M — O ■»!" ei ,4 ' -i ^ ^ •n ^ ^ ^ ^ M M M — M eo 6 I2i HH n >ri to •n • O CO ^5 M CC -yj o .(0 o» to 1-1 M M i-H M 1-1 M CO 6 a M t~ «^ oo e^ o . to -T — i- •r> o •A » c< a> o t» »- — «o •« •o o» to •» '-< ^ rH pi ' * ' O r^ rH .-. ^ " CQ d d O O -# O O CS • to M .O — «C W CC •fl M « t^ to 1- CJ O — 1- O «■« CI e4 te — — o ci ' * * ='--'-- '- 6 in a 1— 1 •n O — C-J OO -fl M — eo .o •O F^ •« .^ ,H lO O 1-1 r-< O •- •- o 6 d 1— ( ec 00 r>. 1- .-1 ^ w t» ec •a 04 t- M F- O so O — ■ o •A •AN <0 ej i-« rHO « o o — o .- o 1=1 : - _: < = i: K 5 - -:--^ o o S a a 5 -■3 .22' = RIVETS — CHAINS. 65 In the preceding table the number indicates the size of the bolt, and the letter the form of the head, as follows : A. Bolt with round (cylindrical) head, chamfered ; square under the head. B. Round head, not chamfered ; to be let into wood ; square under the head. C. Countersunk head ; bolt square under the head. D. Convex, or rose head j square under the head. B. Square head, chamfered ; round under the head ; nut let into wood. F. Round head, chamfered ; applied to wood ; round under the head. G. Round head, not chamfered ; to be let into wood; round under the head. H. Countersunk head ; bolt round under the head. Rivets. Diameter of body. B Diameter of head ■{ C D H B Thickness of head -| C D n f Diameter T, Thickness Burrs. • s t^ . • ,• , r ^ ■ i Exterior diameter of countersink. [ Depth of countersink No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No.5. In. 0.2 .75 .125 .75 .125 .3 .1 In. 0.25 .75 .5 .2 .2 In. 0.375 1.125 .25 .25 1.125 .25 .6 .17 In. 0.5 1.5 .875 .375 .3 .5 .375 .7 .25 In. 0.625 1.875 1.0 0.5 .375 1.875 .5 .87 .375 B. Head not chamfered ; to let into wood. C. Countersunk head; to let into iron. D. Rose head; resting on iron. H. Rose head ; resting on wood. Chains. Thick- ness of iron. LINKS. Proof weight. Remarks. No. Kind. Length. Width. In. In. In. Lbs. 1 0.15 ] ' f 1.1 0.6 400 All chains arc welded. 2 .2 1.25 .75 800 3 .25 i ^ i 1.(5 1.1 1,200 4 5 6 7 .25 .375 .5 .625 Straight. 2. 3. 3. 3.4 1. 1.5 1.75 2.25 1,500 2,500 5,000 6,500 66 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Eye-Pinr. . No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Id. 0.3 .25 In. 0..375 .3 In. 0.5 .375 Mings. Designation. Thickness of wire. Exterior diameter of ring. Remarks. No.ii^: No.2{^; In. 0.2 .2 .25 .25 In. , 1.4 1. 1.5 1.25 n l!i 1 These are the rinjrs most com- Coldshut. ^ monly used in fkkl and siege Wplfipd carriages, with the chains Coldshut.J Nos. I,2and3. Wrought-Nails. Body; diameter or thickness . , Diameter Heads CD. Thiclsness In. .25 No. 2. In. .3 .6 .25 In. .375 .7 .25 In. .5 .875 .3 C. Square nail, with coun- tersunk head. D. Ptound nail, with rose head. Cut-Nails. Length Number in 1 lb. . 2d. In. 2d. id. 6d. 8d. lOd. 12d. In. In. In. In. In. In. 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 550 450 340 150 100 60 40 20d. In. 4 25 S2nkes are large nails, torovght or tut: the size is designated by the length in inches. Bellows-nails and chtit-nails are short wrought-nails, with large heads, slightly convex; they are used chiefly for nailing leather, canvas, etc., on wood. Bellows-nails are 1.13 inch long, 0.1 inch thick, with heads .75 inch to 1 inch in diameter ; should weigh about 120 to 1 lb. DIMENSIONS OF F1ET,T) rAURIAdES AND L1.M15KRS. 67 Principal Bimmx^nna and Wt^iyhts of Field Gun-carriages and Limbers. Distance between the inside of tlio tninuion-plalofi Diameter of the trunnion-holes ' Di'ptli of the centre of trunniou-liole below the upper face of t)ie trunnion-plate Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree. the piece being in battery on horizontal grounil Distance from axis of trunnions to axis of axle-tree Height of axis of tniniiions above the ground Vertical field f*^"''" ♦'"^i^'rizontai Hue. {fj^':^^:^-;;;:-;;;;;;; "*" ^''^ (below the horizontal line. | HXit'zer'"".'.'.'.'.".'.' Distance between the points of contact of trail and wheels with the ground line Distance from front of wheels to oiid of trail, the piece being in battery ; Distance of the muzzle of] Oun. in front of wheels ■... the piece in batterv from > „ ,^:,„„,. f front of wheels the front of the wheels, j ""W"'*-' ■- \ rear of wheels.. Length of gun-carriage without wheels Length of limber without wheels liCngth of limber without wheels or pole Length of limber with wheels and pole „ Distance between the centres of the axle-trees of gun-car- riage and limber Length of the carriage limbered up Distance from the muzzle of the piece, (Gun when limbered, to the front of pole. (Howitzer Whole length of the axle-tree Track of the wheels* Height of wheel Dish of finished wheel OW Inches. Inches. Inche 11.65 4.25 WEIGHTS. tiun-c.arriage, without wheels Limber, without wheels or ammunition-chest Ammunition-chest, without divisions ^"-heehj^-;:;;;!';';:^-;;;;;::;:;::::::::;:::::;;::;;- (lUn carriage complete, withoJit implements Limber complete, without implenicnts (iun-carriage and limber, without implements 1.09 104.4 161.2 52.85 173.08 209.08 279.1 272.1 78.84 60. 57. 1.5 Lbs. 540 .335 165 180 180 900 860 1,760 Lbs. 736 335 165 196 ISO 1,12S 860 1,988 c'l t 70.8 113,5 101.2 52.85 173.08 78.84 54.0 60. 42.5 57, 42.0 1,5 1.0 Lbs. Lbs. 783 257 335 163 165 190 69 180 69 1.175 363 860 343 2,035 72(f Inches. 7. 2.75 3.46 10.4 30.5 8045' 4° 48.0 83.0 7.0 68.0 141.0 37.5 152.0 64.0 216.0 Note. — The 12-pounder Napoleon gun is mounted on the same carriage as the 24-pounder how^ itzer. The cheeks are a little shortened, and the elevating-scrow brought forward. The distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axle-tree, 0,2.'i in. Weight of trail on ground. 210 i>ound8. The G-pounder carriage is also used for the .3-in. rifle. 68 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Dimensions and Weights of Gun-Carriage anl Equipment for I'l-pounder Mountain Hoicitzer. DIMENSI0X8. llirhi'K. Distance between the inside of trunnion-plates 7. Diani'tter of fninnion-lioles '*-75 Depth of axiH of tniiinions below upper face of trunnion-plate 0.02 DiBt.iTii e of iixis of trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree, the piece beinR in biitterv. on horizontal groiind 2.6 Distance from axi.s of trunnions to axis of axle-tree "•» Hoiglitof axis of trunnions above tlu^Kronnd 27. ,, '. ,«,,,« ( above the liorizontalline r Vertical field of fire. -J ,^^,,,,^,, „,^. i,.,,.!,.^,,,,,^! n,,,. 7» Distance between the points of contact of wheels and trail with the ground line 43.7 Distance from front of wheels to end of trail the piece lieing in battery 71.8 Distance of the muzzle of the piece, in battery, in rear of wheels 4.8 Lennth of ):un-uarriage, without wheels M. LoMgtli of thill 73. Whole lenf^th of the axle-tree 38.26 Trivck of the wheels 80.2 Height of wheel M- Dish of (inislied wheel 2. Ammunition-cliest, ("Interior length „ 82.S or < ■■ width 4.76 Oirriage-malcer's Tool-chest. I •■ depth W.36 Forge-chest, f Interior length 32.8 or ■<. " width 7.H Smith's Tool-chest. ( " depth 16.1 WEIGHTS. I'ound*. Howitzer *14 Oun-carriage, without wheels 157 One wheel 00 Handspike 6 Sponge and rammer 3 Onn-carriage complete, with implements 2H7 Thill 30 Bridle 3 Halter 3.5 Pack-saddle and harness 47 Livsliinir-girth and rope 3 Ainmnnitiou-chest, or carriage-maker's tool-chest, empty 20 Forge-cliest or smith's tool-chest, empty 42 Amumiiit ion-chest, packed 112 I'orge-che-st. packed 116 SniitliV tool-chest, packed 117 Goal sack. fiUed with charcoal >. 26 f A 48 B 45 Carriage-maker's tool-chests.. Dimensions and Weights of Prairie Ammunition- Cart. Inchea. Whole length of cart 127. Length of implement-chest 31 i Width '• '• : 6.0 Depth " •• in front 7.25 '• '■ •• in rear 9. Pouadii. Weight of cart, empty, without wheels 296 '• •' packed with ammunition 802 •' two wheels 138 DIMENSIONS OF SIEGE CARRIAGES AND LIMBERS. 69 Principal Diw.ensions and Weights of Siege Gnn-Carriages and Limbers. mMF.NSIOXS. Distance bctwi'pii the inside of the trunnion-plates Diameter of the trunnion-holes ; , Depth of centre of trunnion-hole below the upper face of trunnion- plate Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree, the piece being in battery on horizontal ground Distance from axis of trunnions to axis of axle-tree.... Height of axis of trunnions above tlie ground Vertical field f"*^^^'^ *''" ''"n'-ontal line. {fiXitzer (below the horizontal line e /0"n (Howitzer Distance between the points of contact of the wheels and trail with the ground line Distance from the front of the wheels to the end of the trail, the piece being in battery Distance of the muzzle of the ■) ,, • , ^ ^ ', , piece in battery from the ^ t>un.m front of the wheels front of the wheels j """'t^er, in rear of wheels I-ensfh of gun-carriage, without wheels Leii.i;th of limber, without wheels Length of limber, witho\it wheels or pole Length of limber, with wheels and jiole Distance between the centres of the axle-trees of gun-carriage and limber Length of the carriage, hmbered up Distance from the muzzle of the gun, in its travelling position, to front end of pole Whole length of the a.\le-tree !.....!.!.! Track of the wheels } !.........! Height of wheels , ..!.!..!!!..!...'!! Dish of finished wheels 14.95 4.65 1.1 3. 22.45 52.2 13° 4° 100. 141. 30.74 (inn-carriage, without wheels Limber, without wheels One wheel Oun-carriage, complete, without implements.... Limber, complete ns 40. m 11 • <• * Iron room 4U. Travellint' forire... i ^ , , 7 '^ " ( Coal-box :; 1 . Battery-wagon, body i)s> Mortar-wagon, floor A3. 85 lu. IS. S2. 13. 36. 40. Depth. In. Weight. Lbi. I U.75 I 165 7.5 17. 22. 100 SJegc. MOnXARBEDS. 8-inch. lO-ineb. Coehom. In. l-ength 4J_ Exterior width, including manoeurring-bolts.' 34. Weight pounds ; 920 Id. 51.S 1,830 In. 31. 15. 132 DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF BARBETTE CARRIAGES. 71 •« t- m rH in to CO o •an 9 -jpd-gt 1— 1 ^t-.r-l-rf'-ij^-^ l-liOe^CCtC.CtsirtOJMO'rf C^ -^i:^^ T-H 0»CO<:0 CC'O X^C- lCi«0 COC35DCCO •jaz^iAiojj "ni-g C ."t .'"I^'^"? .0 0*^"-2 . .'»'^>nt~M«^>'2 pai! uno -jpd-gg C'' -^l— 'rjic^i— 1 oa«DCC ceo ±^cs«oo i-t rH^ ■o in lo ■ ifS «0 O CO (N CO OJ * •uno upd-^g ■ "-; «j . . . t "^ 'oo*^*^'": .^ loe^coN * l2 00 O i— -* C^ ft -* l-H.ftOoih^t^COiOCJ-5jicicO • ^ -t 1:- -t •1-1 0> lO lO CO I* t^ 2 * o 03 J P rail chas avers O to o 'Z ^ tf. a I- c >■ -a o u c3 ID ca t end of end of re of tr; 0> — <» t "V !> 3 *= ' _ S 9 § a a ■? pJ3 t-> <1> CJ S O "a. s 2 t^ rt --- s -^ J2 So CJ *""" ^ oj^a o EC !5 S3 o le below nions in axis of 1 battery, unnions "Sis ?) =~ o o o , ^ , s -i-i *j ja c s ^ o o '^ utside pintle pintle pintle pintle a (» .g ion-ho f trun i from ms, in 3 of tr the ho the ho I front u a o S-. 1-H . 1 the 0' tre of tre of tre of tre of batter e inside c inion-hol of trurin of axis trunnions f truniiic from axil s'-screw. , J above 1 below age, fron: axle-tre( e exterio lassis in chassis , i between from ccn from cen from cen from cen piece, in veen th the trur centre stance ixis of i axis stance levatin of fire, m-carri 1 of the yeen th f the cl I of the chassis stance istance stance istance of the betT ■of 1 the al di of a f th< aldi of e field if gu ngth betT on ngth ■ the al di al di al di al di face Q3^-C4-,*j^,o*->m OOrti-.-o'^-^-^+^-*-'_l o a S a E c s Depth Horizon Distanc( ~ P 'S c W (^ o 3 ■4 n a; 1-:) o o .a Si p3 o Horizon Horizon Horizon Horizon o 72 ORDNANCE MANUAL. a .S c o O a 0^ I rH .-< -rr .-I (-? ^ o o o> — I c o> MO « i-i puu uno -jpd-ss •nno -apd-fj •nno -jpd-gl CO 1—1 CO cc OJ o r^ ;-; ^ rt 1-3 O 1-1 M Tt I .o — C". « oo ^ ^ to O CO M C«S <> "^ •-I rH •>* 1-t M 00 PH CO 1-1 •un>) -apd-si j a I M CO CO "^ — : 1-1 —1 -Jl rl 1-5 o •« CO c t- «^ ic -(• eoeoooosi-iiC3i t~ i-H C<5 1-1 • «c o< .E-3 " o o 5^1^ ■ -_ ja o S a> I- I* o « i o » 2 S 1 M tc-a •^ ■■^ fc: E o ^ ^ ^ 7^ -- o o o o 5 *^ t. iH l- j- 5j O O O C :3 3 a » .2 = s s a O '5- « 3 :i -^ ii o ? c - .5 .S " S 5 " -r t ui CS 5 3 .S g I S .2* ¥ bObOK iSO o CO 3aajsc.s=ja GJOOOOOiCU DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF CASEMATE CARRIAGES. 73 •aaz^iMoii "Jpfi-fo •p'BiqraniOQ "ui-g CO 'O 03 CO .-H CJ •nnif) 'apd-f.^ e<5 "O •anr) -Jpd-fo ^ •uno MpcT-f-e; CO ifi 05 CO I-H OJ ;«" — — — I ° °* i; -5. .2 t:; c o' ; ^ E? o c i 1 fS £ .2 .2 i S ^. o ^ i o ^ -a ^ , ,„ .2 ja ^ ® .2 c S -^ 9 3-, o c ^ ^ c >- in ■" .i; Z^ '•< a "i ■ ■£ ^ 5 « . » ^ ^ d _c a o ts "S-^, ..ii be J -2 be S O ^f' " o u S '3 -2 "o =■ s 3 3 -t. .-. 5 OPKi tB =«0-^oC, ="ojcS ; « "ci ja "" " cs In o i: « g H i to r «"3 5 ;= S5 Tr f^ t^ W 5 ^ t- fcn -^ (h 74 ORDNANCE MANUAL. ■n p o O &> c 6 I « .& -MOH -apd-fS •puiq -innioQ -ui-g •uno -iV^-ZV •uiif) -jpd-sg •uno iP^-fZ o ■X. o c o a O lO ot «C ^ ij ■O M to *^ OJ (M - CO o -n cceooosoe^-too OiOCO«Ci-c OJCO to IM M O C . CO OS t— -o p 1— es to_^ >o oo Ki -* 3 0» «0 «D t^- e^ rl '"' 1— * ef r-'cf l-H tH c? t- CO o -* CCOiOOiOC^tOCO "Oiot-toi-i 05C0 j: e^Nt^OSMOJtOM S r- W •« O 00 l-H M< M (M !« 1.- O lO 1>. -^ r^frf Oi «c to 1- !N - 1-1 rH C^ rH CC 1^ CO o -* -(•ooocsoe^ccr; OiOOtCi-H CV 00 JL tCMC^Olc^Ci — « a 'j; C^M -T ul to 1—1 -* (M — H ifj i^ o o b- -r; 05 to to »^ es i-i h-) r-^ M r- C-< »— ' f-H M t^ CO O ^ eoc^coioe'j-j'co tn m ta to r-i oco j; O(MC»CSC00»'0l^ a 3-. W rH CO CO M ■"fM^iOt-OiOl:- ri rHcT 05 «0 to 1^ M 1- M C^ »-^ > 1- a • ^ a H 2 r a ' Il5 ) g o \ "t; "sti ac o o Z, S B e J* rz^ o cut J JD O -I, C O r C 1 — ^ i . c e a ij i CI a c c .E .£ = " 'E,"H.': J c E & --— 1 i ' |_ OS; 1 o u o e ~ o ?■ B ~ ^ C c c ~ c. c > llk- -r * 3 O — i ^ i ii; n t ^ ■^ "^ o t ^ t^ . — cot o ^ a l |£ |t i ■^ is i X £ = c *^ -J *j ^ - £ 5 5 5 1 > C 01 ft — ^ o "c ci r — - r £• i 3 = - 'E \ c c c :. "^ i "a tjAl E •- P •- 'fc i 'c -j ;c c i- r c c c c DIMENSIONS OF COLU.MBIAI) IJARBKTTE CARRIAOKS. (N ec (M (X rtl CQ _. n » OS CO ec «o c^i ^- I— I CC CO -t M *- rj< -^ o

'5 'S h 'j^ 3 iiJ n t- i c -355s c3 ^ o o £^ J3 i. « O o a) 3j ORDNANCE MANUAL. CO lO O ?0 ^ Cti »(T U5 ' r^ OO r-C -m Ci CI *>) tCI* ?5 -f O ^. *-« -t CO »o to coo »c o> «5 CO cc 00 c^ CO lo in ;o w o cc oc o oco^ft ® Q 53 :::oo ::::.:::::::;•. :g53C»or"C»w» c5 c5S cc^eo (ico-^j-Ci^Cr-^o^f-ti-t ^^^^ GO O OCl-# S?5 C4 Wt-co (-'»« i-«i-a»to«'nf*r-.^^^"^j,-,j "5 -ras^ coinaio SE"**'^!! «__«^ *::oo ::i:.;::.-:*:«;:"*^f>c5p^t^^ >» r- r; o r> so CO 00-^ OOft*^ (DCOOO^ CC -t •« CO :: :::oo ::;:.:::. OSDOC^COI^*t;D»OtO^*I3CCr-OSi = 33 CC OO ^ CO 0* uj o rt I- cj 00 p po}'^ tocoooc^ CO ■« -i; CO •rfoooe^cot-igtOio^touieoffiCirfp cs cor-ra t-'^eo i-cooiof« (N Cl r- •A 00 «r>c^ 00 S S >n < 1-00 oc < O O r- CO ift iC CO CO •* i~ ri c^ I- '^^ rt ci »« Ci Q « c^ O* OC ift *! -/ s a f- — T ^ s. rf r. X * * O r- rt -• tJ CO CJ 1_ ' •= V ij o 9 _ - "c ," ~ 3 = 'M S.i.A£.£: Mi ? = : ; - £«■!«>? = tf i c S 5 'C o O Kl s -i: » it a ? ■ 't*' ^'~ -'y. 2 c"5S=5S^ 5 = 9 — J 'a: p ■5;-f J ~ -f ^ .5 : c-i o C •" ■"■ BILLS OF TIMBER. Bills of Timber for Field Carriages. NAMES OF PARTS. GlIN-CAIiniAnES. For C)-ptci Front foot-board. Hcarf..ot-l.o!ir.l.. ■ IIOK. — Il'-i/i/. Shk- mils Middle rail I 1 Stoc-k 1 Axlc'-body j 1 Front cross-bar 1 lli'iir middle cross-biir 1 Front middle cross-bur 1 Rear cTo.-is-bar 1 Fl(i(ir-boards j 4 Ro.'f-bows 2 Corner studs I 4 Side studs 2 Plates I 2 Front end stud [ 1 Front of iron \\>um j 1 Roar of iron room I 1 Lining of iron roimi | 2 2 2 1 1 1 10 rrooves Cleats for Braces Front end of roof Rear end of roof. Cap for coal-box. Boards for sides . Boards for roof j 7 Boards for sliding-cover .... 6 Prop for stock 1 Bellows-pole 1 In. 76 78 84 50 40 14 42 42 96 50 90 50 40 40 40 40 48 42 36 36 46 22 40 36 44 44 48 42 42 36 42 46 36 30 57 In. 5.75 5. 6. 6. I. 4. 4.7 4.7 6. 7.2 3.5 3.5 10. 3. 8. 9. 3.5 3. 3. 6. 9.5 3. 8.5 4. 10. 12. 2.5 7. 7. 8. 2.25 2. In. 4.75 3.25 4.75 6. 1.25 2.13 1.25 3.75 4.25 4.75 6. 3.5 5 5 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 J 1 1 1. 1. 2. 1.75 1.75 1.25 0.75 .75 .75 2.25 2. Sup.n.jpup.ft. 14.41 8.791 10.02 12.5tl; 3.331 .481 4.65 1.821 I. Onk. 11.8 7.0li 17. SI la.lOl 3.40 3. 40 1 9.72{ 2.50 3. 33 1 3.281 2.19| 1.88 2.m 1.14 3.301 0.94 2.59 0.61 2.67 5.10 6.13 0.78 2.04 2.23 2.00 1.05 1.58 71.30 23.74 Oak. 7.01 .. 17.8]' .. 15.10 1 « 3.4U{ •• 3.40 .. '.*.72 2.. 0(1 .. 13.32 I .. 0.66 I .. H.7J. •. 3.75| •. 4.78J .. 1.14 I <• 3.30 ! .. .94 5.1s .. 1.21' .. 5.34; " ^•ll'jWalDUt. 6.13| - .78; I u 20.40'!whitepine. 15. CI 12.00 l-»4l|Hickorv. 1.581 " ' BILLS OF TIMBER. 79 Bills of Timber for Field Carriages. NAMKS OF PARTS. Force. — Bcl/oim. Upper and lower planks. . . Middlo plauk Cross-licads f Sides Ilibs. < Ends , ( Cross-bars Cleats Valves Battens for valves Coal-bo.r, Sides and top piece , Ends Lid Clamps for lid Bottom Batteuv- Wagon. — Hofljij Lower side rails Upper side rails Stock A,\lc-body Front cross-bar PVont middle cross-bars . . . Rear middle cross-bar Hear cross-bar Floor-boards Sides of body Side of till Bottom of till Cleats for till Ends of body Forage-rack sides Forage-rack bars Cfn-er. Side rails Ridge-pole End rails End studs End boards Roof-boards V o o "S. "o 6 ROUGH DlMEN.SlftNS OF EACH PIECE. CONTENTS. Kind of 1 1 Long. Wide. Thick. Each L , i piece, j Total. wood. In. In. In. Sup.ft. Sup.ft. i 34 15. 2. 7.08 28.32 iPoplar. 2 44 15. 2. 9.17 18.34i " 2 .32 3.5 3. 2.33 4.66 4 36 3. 1. 0.75 3.00 2 32 3. 1. 0.67 1.34 " 2 32 2.25 1. 0.50 1.00 a 4 2 7 9 2.75 9. .75 .75 Cuttings. Walnut. 0.55 1.11 2 9 4.5 .75 0.27 .55 T8T32 « 2 36 24. 1.38 8.28 le.'^a Walnut. 2 16 24. 1.38 3.68 7.36 " 1 36 14. 1.25 4.37 4.37 " o 14 2.5 1.25 .30 .60 « 1 36 15. 1.31 4.91 4.91 "siiTso Oak. 2 116 6.0 4. 20.94 41.88 Oak. L' lOS 3. 3. 6.75 13.50 " 1 108 6. 6. 27.00 27.00 " 1 50 6.25 6.25 13.00 13.56 « 1 40 5.5 5. 7.64 7.61, " 2 40 4.25 4. 4.72 9.44; « I 38 4. 2.5 2.64 2.64 <( ] 40 4. 3.5 3.88 3.88 " 3 106 11.5 1.25 10.58 .•!1.74 White pine. 2 108 21.5 1.38 22.25 44.50 " 1 104 11.5 1.25 10.38 10.38 " 1 104 in. 1.25 9.02 9.02 ii 2 10 1.25 1. Cuttings. 2 40 24. 1.38 9.20 18.40 Walnut. . 2 36 5.5 2. 2.75 5.50 Oak. 3 46 3.5 1. 1.03 1.03 240TTl 2 108 3. 3. 0.75 13.5 Oak. 1 108 3. 3. 6.75 6.75 " 2 42 3. 3. 2.63 5.25 (( 2 18 2.5 1.5 0.47 .94! n. HowiT- 1.75 0.26 0.93 . 1.36 7,br-Carriage. 1.75 0.375 3.5 7.70'i Continued. 2.0 0.125 0..33 .28' Hammered. 2.0 0.75 0.92 4.63 2.0 1.0 4.0 26.88 Hammered. 2.0 1.25 0..38 3.19 Hammered. 2.5 1.75 0.5 7.35 Hammered. 2.75 1. 0..33 3.04 1 3.0 0.5 11.23 56.59 I 3.0 1.25 1.84 23.18 [Hammered; or 2 draft* for cap squares. 3.0 1.5 2.33 35.22 Hammered; or 2 drafts for trun- nion-plates. 3.25 0.188 2.57 5.24 3.25 0.375 0.30 1.22 3.75 0.15 0.5 .94 3.75 0.2 0.57 1.43 3.75 0.25 0.38 1.19 5.0 0.25 0.83 3.48 6.0 0.2 1.5 6.04 200. Draft for axle-tree. 1.0 0.375 0.21 37. j Draft for lunette. 567.10 Steel for lunette. 4 small rondelles, . . 2 large rondeUes, [ <'*«»-"°''- Brass for box of elevating-screw. 0.26 17. 1 13. 30. 8. .421 Brass for 2 turubuckles. 8.42 0.18, For chains No. 1. 12-PDR. (jrUN- 0.15 Round 2.81 O.VRniAGE. 0.2 Round 9.80 1.03' 2.3 feet for chains No. 2. 0.25 Round 1.08 .18 0.375 Round 19.60 7.2ll 0.5 Round 7.54 4.93I 0.625 Round 4.73 4.82! 0.75 Round 1.42 2.081 0.875 Round 0.65 I.30I • BILLS OF IRON. 85 Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick- ness. Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 12-PI)R. GUN- 1.0 Round 15.83 41.32 Carriage. 1.5 Round 0.5 2.94 Continued. 2.0 Round 3.58 37.48 Hammered. 0.25 0.25 2.21 .46 0.3 0.3 7.88 2.. 36 0.75 0.375 1.33 1.25 Hammered. 1.0 0.375 .23 .29 1.0 0.5 1.5 2.52 1.0 1.0 .58 1.04 1.25 0.5 2.16 4.53 1.25 0.625 0.84 2.20 Hammered. 1.25 0.75 0.71 2.23 1.375 0.05 4.00 .92 1.375 0.25 0.33 .37 1.5 0.25 4.00 5.04 1.5 0.5 1.08 2.72 iHammered. 1.5 0.625 1.66 5.22 Hammered. 1.5 0.75 .37 1.39 Hammered. 1.5 1.5 .59 4.46 Hammered. 1.75 0.25 .93 1.36 1.75 0.375 .5 1.10 2.0 0.125 .33 .28 Hammered. 2.0 0.75 0.92 4.63 2.0 1.0 4.00 26.88 Hammered. 2.0 1.25 0.38 3.19 Hammered. 2.5 1.75 0.5 7.35 Hammered. 2.75 1.0 0.33 3.04 3.25 1.25 1.84 26.12 Hammered; or 2 drafts for cap- squares. 3.25 1.5 2.33 38.16 Hammered; or 2 drafts for trun- nion-plates. 3.25 0.5 7.23 39.47 3.25 0.188 2.17 4.42 3.25 0.375 0.30 1.22 3.25 0.5 5.00 27.30 3.75 0.15 0.5 .94 3.75 0.2 0.57 1.43 3.75 0.25 0.38 1.19 5.0 b.25 0.83 3.48 6.5 0.2 1.5 6.54 200. Draft for axle-tree. 1.0 0.375 .21 42. Draft for lunette. Steel for lunette. 574.08 0.26 S6 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Tliick- nesB. Length. Weight Romarkii. In. In. Feet. Lbs. I2-PDR. QXJS- 17. 4 small rondellcs, ) . . 2 large rondellc«, ) c"**'""- Carkiaoe. U. C\nntini\(^^ v>wu btuuvu. 30. 8. Brass for box of elevating-aorew. .42 Brass for 2 turiibuckles. 8.42 Wheel No. 1. 0.5 Round 2.93 1.91 0.25 0.25 1.63 0.34 1.0 0.5 0.58 0.97 1.25 0.25 5.83 6.12 1.5 0.25 4.67 5.88 1.625 0.125 1.00 0.68 2.75 0.5 15.00 69.30 In one piece ; for tire. 85.20 15.5 Cast-iron for nave-box. Wheel No. 2. 0.6 Round 3.15 2.06 0.25 0.25 1.63 0.34 1.0 0.5 0.58 0.97 1.25 0.25 6.29 6.60 1.5 0.25 5.33 6.72 1.625 0.125 1.00 0.68 2.75 0.625 15.00 86.55 In one piece ; for tire. 103.92 15.5 Cast-iron for nave-box. LlUBER. 0.15 Round 2.08 0.13 For chains No. 1. 0.2 Round 3.67 .38 2.3 feet for chains No. 2. 0.25 Round 4.95 .80 2.33 feet for chains No. 3. 0.5 Round 1.30 .85 0.625 Round 1.80 1.83 0.75 Round 4.75 6.98 0.875 Round 0.30 .60 1.0 Round 2.69 7.02 1.25 Round 1.08 4.41 1.625 Round 0.75 5.18 0.25 0.25 2.3 .48 1 BILLS OF IRON. 87 Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued. Kiud of carriage. Width. Thick- ness. Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. Feet, Lbs. . Limber. 0.3 0.3 1.19 .35 Continued. 0.5 0.25 0.17 .07 0.5 0.5 0.95 .80 I.O 0.25 0.93 .78 1.0 0.5 3.33 5.59 Hammered. 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.68 Hammered. 1.25 0.25 4.19 4.40 Hammered. 1.25 0.5 2.67 5.60 1.25 0.625 1.15 3.01 1.25 0.75 0.71 2.23 Hammered. 1.25 1.25 1.0 5.25 1.5 0.125 1.0 .63 1.5 0.5 2.17 5.46 Hammered. 1.5 0.625 2,12 6.67 Hammered. 1.5 0.75 .38 1.43 1.75 0.375 1.0 2.20 1.75 0.5 0.5 1.47 2.0 0.125 1.33 i.n 2.5 0.188 0.54 .85 2.5 0.5 3.84 16.12 2.75 0.5 0.54 2.49 3.0 0.625 0.5 3.15 3.5 2.5 0.84 24.69 Hammered ; middle piece for axle-trcf 4.25 0.25 0.75 2.67 120. 2 drafts for axle-tree. 1.0 0.375 0.21 25. Draft for pintle-hook. Steel for pintle-hook. 272.36 0.26 Ammunition- 0.375 Round 1.5 0.55 Chest. 0.5 Round 3.16 2.06 0.75 Round 4.13 6.07 1.0 Round 0.25 .65 1.0 0.5 0.08 .13 1.0 1.0 2.00 6.72 1.5 0.375 1.73 3.26 1.5 0.75 4.58 17.31 1.5 1.0 0.2 1.00 1.5 1.5 1.0 7.56 1.75 0.75 0.33 1.45 15.5 0.1 4.0 20.50 67.26 s« ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick- DeSH. Length. Weight. Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. Ammcnition- 25.0 No. 24. 4. 9.50 Sheet-copper for cover. Chkst. Continued. 0.21 Brass for turnbucklc. For chains No. 1. Caisson. 0.15 Round 8.53 0.50 0.2 Kound 4.08 0.43 0.25 Round 0.71 .11 0..375 Round 15.04 5.53 0.5 Round 0.63 .41 0.875 Round 1.02 2.04 1.0 Round 4.49 11.71 1.25 Round 2.61 10.67 0.25 0.25 2.92 .61 0.3 0.3 6.23 1.87 1.0 0.25 1.75 1.47 1.0 0.5 1.5 2.52 1.0 1.0 2.79 9.37 Hammered. 1.125 0.25 0.19 .18 1.25 0.5 3.18 6.68 1.25 0.625 3.1 8.12i Hammered. 1.25 0.75 0.70 2.20|lIIammorcd. . 1.5 0.125 2.0 1.26 1.5 0.25 3.0 3.78 1.5 0.5 0..33 .83 1.5 0.625 .83 2.61 Hammered. 1.5 0.75 1.33 5.02 Hammered. 1.5 1.5 1.33 10.05 2.0 0.125 1.67 1.40 2.0 0.5 0.75 2.52 2.31 0.25 0.69 1.33 2.6 0.5 7.0 29.40 3.0 0.5 6.46 32.55 3.5 0.25 0.5 1.47 3.5 1.0 3.17 37.27 Hammered ; or 2 drafts for lunette. 4.0 0.25 0.84 2.82 4.25 1.25 1.5 26.77 5.75 0.5 0.48 4.63 6.00 0.5 0.5 5.04 136. 2 drafts for axle-tree. For chain No. 1. 369.17 Forge. 0.15 Round 1.5 0.09' 0.2 Round 3.75 .38 2.3 feet for chain No. 2. BILLS OF IRON. 89 BiUs of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick- L ., nc88. \^<^^St'ii. Weight 1 Remarks. 1 In. In. Feet. Lbs. Forge. 0.25 Round 0.57 .93 Continued. 0.375 Round 19.48 7.17 0.625 Round 0.24 .24 0.5 Round .3.51 2.29 0.75 Round 4.58 6.73 0.875 Round 0.58 1.16 1.0 Round 1.88 4.90 1.25 Round ■3.48 14.23 1.5 Round 0.3 1.76 2.5 Round 0.67 10.96 0.25 0.25 1.32 .28 0.3 0.3 6.23 1.88 0.5 0.25 .17 .07 0.625 0.375 .79 1.89 0.75 0.75 1.0 .63 1.0 0.25 1.25 1.05 1.0 0.375 0.84 1.06 1.0 0.5 2.75 4.62 1.25 0.25 0.5 .52 1.25 0.375 0.88 1.38 1.25 0.5 4.31 9.05 ' 1.25 0.625 1.56 4.08 Hammered. 1.25 0.75 0.7 2.20 1.25 1.0 1.0 4.20 Hammered. 1.25 1.25 0.5 2.62 1.5 0.25 3.17 4.00 Hammered. 1.5 0.375 1.88 3.55 1.5 0.5 5.66 14.26 1.5 0.75 2.42 9.14 Hammered. 1.5 1.0 0.66 3.32 Hammered. 1.625 0.125 1.25 .85 1.75 0.75 0.33 1.45 Hammered. 2.0 0.125 1.17 .98 2.0 0.15 0.84 .84 2.0 0.25 0.67 1.12 2.0 0.5 1.5 5.04 2.0 1.0 0.83 5.58 Hammered. 2.0 1.375 2.17 20.03 Hammered. 2.25 0.15 0.33 .37 2.5 0.5 7.5 31.50 2.625 0.25 1.0 2.20 3.0 0.625 0.5 3.15 Hammered. 3.5 1.0 3.17 37.27 Hammered ; or 2 drafts for lunette. 4.0 0.25 0.84 2.82 10. No. 12. 3.4 12.5 Sheet-iron. 90 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick- ness. Length. Weight Remark!. In. In. Feet. Lbs. Forge. 1.3.25 No. 11 2.58 14.25 Sheet-iron. Continued. 27. No. 8 7.5 122.00, jSheet-iron. 28. No. 24 5. 11.85 !, Russia sheet-iron. 0.75 0.5 0.67 136. 2 drafts for axle-tree. 530.44 0.84 Cast-steel. 1.0 0.25 0.33 .271 1 Spring-steel. Cast-iron air-back. Brass for windpipe. 36.5 i 1 6. i 22.5 No. 24 7.33 15.75 1 Sheet-copper; in 2 sheeU 44 iaekM long. 18.5 No. 24 3.04 5.25 Sheet-copper. 20. No. 18 0.50 1.90 1 Sheet-copper. 22.901 Battery- 0.25 Round 26.08 4.25 24.7 feet for chains No. 4 Wagon. 0.375 Round 20.3 7.47 0.5 Round 6.92 4.52 0.625 Round 1.92 1.95 0.75 Round 6.22 9.14 1.0 Round 1.38 3.60 1.25 Round 2.60 10.63 1.5 Round 3.11 18.31 0.25 0.25 0.44 .09 0.3 0.3 6.23 1.88 0.75 0.375 1.38 1.29 1.0 0.125 6.25 2.62 1.0 0.25 8.41 7.06 1.0 0.375 5.92 7.46 1.0 0.5 1.5 2.52 1.0 1.0 2.84 9.54 Hammered. 1.125 0.25 1.12 2.11 1.25 0.25 0.38 .40 1.25 0.375 1.71 2.68 1.25 0.5 2.18 4.58 1.25 0.625 0.73 1.91 IHammered. 1.25 0.75 0.71 2.23 1 Hammered. 1.5 0.25 11.25 14.17 1 1.5 0.375 1.5 2.83 1.5 0.5 0.33 .83 BILLS OF IRON. 9% Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued. Kind of carriage. Width. Thick- ness. Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. Batterv- 1.5 0.75 2.47 9.32 Hammered. Wagon. 1..5 I.O 0.93 4.18 Continued. 1.625 0.5 16.67 45.50 2.0 0.125 0.83 .70 2.0 0.75 0.5 2.52 2.5 0.188 1.67 2.62 2.5 0.5 5.33 22.38 3.5 1.0 3.17 37.27 Hammered ; or 2 drafts for lunette. 3.75 0.15 8.48 16.02 4.0 0.25 0.83 2.79 5.26 0.25 0.65 2.87 5.5 0.375 1.66 IL.'jO 136.00 2 drafts for axle-tree. 417.74 0.21 Cast-brass for turnbucklc. In. In. In. Lbs. Mountain 0.15 Round 25. 0.13 Cap-square and key-chains No. 1. Howitzer- .25 Round 54. 0.73 Rivets No. 2, nails No. 1, and staples. Carriage. .3 Round 18. 0.36 Nails No. 2. .375 Round 44. L35 Handspike-staple, bolts No. 1, and rivets No. 3. .625 Round 11. 0.94 Implement-hooks, and bolt No. 3. .75 Round 84. 10.30 Bolts No. 4. .875 Round 7. 1.16 Eye-pins No. 1. 1.75 Round 11. 7.34 Elevating-screw. 0.75 0.375 1.6 0.12 Nuts No. 1. 1. 0.5 16. 2.24 Handspike-strap and linchpins. 1.25 0.125 2.5 0.11 Washers No. 1. 1.25 0.2 34. 2.38 Axle-bands. 1.25 0.25 3. 0.26 Cap-square keys. 1.25 0.625 1.25 0.27 Nut No. 3. 1.25 0.75 16. 4.20 Heads of key and chin-bolts. 1.5 0.75 11. 3.47 Nuts No. 4. 2. 0.25 15. 2.10 Ferrules for axle-tree. 2. 0.375 8. 1.68 Washer-hooks. 2. 0.5 36. 10.08 Understraps. 2. 1.25 5. 3.50 Handles for elevating-screw. 2.25 1. 42. 26.46 Trunnion-plates and cap-squares. 92 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued. Kind of carriage. Width, ''^'ck- Length. Weight Remarks. In. In. In. Lbs. • Mountain 2.5 0.188 10. 1.31 Washers No. 4. HOWITZEU- 2.5 1. 4. 2.80 Kuee of lunette. Caukiage. 4. 0.2 12.5 2.80 Trail-plate. Continued. 4. 0.375 38. 15.9fi Axle-skean. 4. 0.5 18. 10.08 Lunette. 112.13 Two toheel-g. 3.0 0.65 Box for elevating-screw. Band-nails No. 1. 0.25 Round •is!"' 0.375 Round 42. 1.29 Tire-bolts No. 1. ■ 0.15 0.125 96. 2.o0 Brow-hands. 0.75 0.375 10. 0.78 Nuts No. 1. 1. 0.2 82. 4.59 End bands. 1.26 0.125 15. 0.65 Washers No. 1. 2.00 0.375 240. 50.40 Tires. 60.86 Thill. 10.0 0.06 Navc-boxcs. 0.15 Round 12." Key-chain No. 1. 0.25 Round 12. 0.16 Rivets No. 2. 0.375 Round 26. 0.80: Staples. 0.5 Round 7. 0.3JS Bolts No. 2. 0.75 Round 4. 0.49i Key. 1. 0.5 48. 6.72 Supporting-bar. 2.75 0.25 0.25 Round 30. 43. 5.78 Cross-bar plate. 14.39 Ammunition- 0.60 Chains, and rivets No. 2. chest. 1. 0.375 .38. 4.00 Hinges and hasp-strap. • 1. 0.5 4. 0.56 Bridles and brace. 1. 0.625 3.5 0.61 Hasp. 1.5 0.1 3.5 0.15| Turn'.uikle-plate. 2.4 No. 18. 40. 1.35 7 27 Cornci plates. I ixcJc-Bciddle. 1 .*( 0.10 0.16 Turnbuckle. 0.25 Round 12. Staples and rivets. 0.375 Round 37. 1.13 Bolts. 0.75 0.375 1.25 0.10 Nuts. 1.25 0.2 36. 2.52 Arc-plates. 3.91 BILLS OF IRON. Bills of Iron for Siege Gun- Carriages. Thick- ness. 12-pounder. 18-pounder. 24-pounder. Remarks. In. Feet- Lbs. • Feet. Lbs. Feet. Lbs. Round 2.29 0.24 2.29 0.24 2.29 0.24 Round 5.17 .84 5.17 .84 5.17 .84 Round 9.03 3.32 9.03 3.32 9.03 3.32 Round .62 .40 .62 .40 .62 .40 Round 1.3.05 13.31 13.05 13.31 13.05 13.31 Round 1 7.40 10.88 7.46 10.96 7.62 11.05 Round 3. 7.83 3. 7.83 3. 7.83 Round " 2.17 7.18 2.17 7.18 2.17 7.18 Round 18.57 75.95 17.12 70.01 18.11 74.07 Round 2.18 12.84 4.64 27.33 4.91 28.92 Round .5 5.23 .5 5.23 .5 5.23 Round 1.58 23.32 1.58 23.32 1.58 23..32 Round 2.04 33.37 2.04 33.37 2.04 33.37 Round .33 7.77 .33 7.77 .33 7.77 1 0.25 1.33 .28 1..33 .28 1..33 .28 0.3 3.17 .95 3.17 .95 3.17 .95 0..375 8.75 4.11 8.75 4.11 8.75 4.11 0.5 .38 .64 .38 .64 .38 , .64 0.625 .21 .55 .21 .55 .21 .55 1.25 1.67 8.77 1.71 8.97 1.73 9.08 0.125 .5 .31 .5 .31 .5 .31 0.375 5.0 9.45 .5.0 9.45 5.0 9.45 0.625 2.42 7.62 2.42 7.62 2.42 7.62 0.75 1.71 6.46 1.71 6.46 1.71 6.46 0.5 .58 1.70 .58 1.70 .58 1.70 0.75 .68 2.92 .58 2.92 .58 2.92 1.0 .67 4.50 .67 4.50 .67 4.50 0.188 1.67 2.62 1.67 2.62 1.67 2.62 1.25 5.33 55.95 4.42 46.41 4.42 46.41 1.5 0.625 .93 .93 12.89 5.86 .93 .93 12.89 5.86 "'.93' 5.86 0.25 .58 1.70 .58 1.70 .58 1.70 0.375 .58 2.56 ..58 2.56 .58 2.56 0.625 .96 7.04 .96 7.04 .96 7.04 2. .29 6.82 .29 6.82 .29 6.82 2. .38 9.57 .38 9.57 .38 9.57 0.25 4.33 14.54 4.33 14..54 4.33 14.54 0.5 1.23 8.26 1.23 8.26 1.23 8.26 0.625 0.75 6.34 6.12 53.25 61.69 0.625 0.75 7.00 6.26 61.76 67.04 0.25 ".40' 1.60 .40 1.60 .40 "l'.6o' 0.625 0.75 0.625 3.38 6.26 .42 33.70 74.92 4.41 * .42 4.41 1 .42 4.41 For chains No. 2. 3 feet 6 inches for chains No. 3. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. In one piece. 94 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for Siege Gun-Carriages. — Continued. Width. Thick- nesB. 12-pounder. IS-ponnder. 24-pounder. Remark*. lu. 5.75 6.5 9.0 5.75 In. 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.375 Feet. .75 1.08 3.25 0.79 Lbs. 7.24 5.89 49.14 26.3 16. 222. 16.6 21.5 793.71 Feet. .75 1.08 3.25 0.79 1 Lbs. 7.24 5.89 49.14 29.2 17.7 222. 1 16.5 21.6 • Feet. .75 1.08 3.25 0.79 Lbs. 7.24 5.89' 49.14 1 36.14 20.45 252. 16.5 21.5 In one piece. Steel for shoe. Drafts 2 trunnion-platM. 2 cap-f(|uarc». 1 axle-tree. 1 lunette. 1 shoe. 817.4 839.72 Cast-iron.. • 43.5 52.5 43.5 52.6 43.5 52.5 2 rondclles. 4 rundelles. . 96. 15.37 96. 96. Cast-brass . . . 16.37 16.37 i Box for screw. Bill of Iron for one Siege Carriage Wheel. Width. Thickness. Length. Wei^t. Rmnark*. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 0.75 Round 4.. 13 6.36 j 0.25 0.25 2.12 .44 1.6 0.375 7.66 14.48 1.6 0.75 .87 3. '29 1.75 0.375 6.08 13.37 2.5 0.188 1.46 2.29 4. 0.75 15.5 156.24 Tire : in one Nave-box. piece. 196.47 1 24. Cast-bras BILLS OF IRON. 95 Bill of Iron for one Siege Carriage Limber Width. Thickness. Length. 1 Weight. 1 Remarks. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 0.25 Round 2.92 0.47 0.5 Round 14.83 9.70 0.75 Round 15.58 22.90 1.0 Round 1.5 3.91 1.25 Round 2.71 11.08 0.3 0.3 1.04 .31 0.375 0.375 1.83 .86 1.0 0.5 .17 .28 1.125 0.25 .09 .08 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.26 1.5 0.625 2.42 7.62 1.5 0.75 3.21 12.13 1.75 0.5 1.33 3.91 2. 0.2 .83 1.11 2. 0.5 1..S3 4.46 2.5 0.188 3.33 5.23 2.5 0.5 .83 3.48 Hammered. 2.5 0.625 6.08 31.92 Hammered. 2.5 1.25 .21 2.20 * 2.5 2.5 .96 20.16 Hammered. 2.75 0.625 5.33 30.75 3.0 0.625 3. 18.90 3.5 0.625 .96 7.05 Hammered. 4.0 0.75 4. 40.32 5.5 1. .83 15.34 222.00 36.50 Draft for axle-tree. Draft for pintle-plate. 513.93 90 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Iron for one Mortar- Wagon. Width. Thickness. Length. Weight. Remark*. In. In. Feet. Lbs. 0.25 Round 42 0.06 0.375 Round 8.79 3.23 0.5 Round .62 .40 0.625 Round 17.46 17.81 0.75 Round 17.87 26.27 1. Round 2.92 7.62 1.25 Round .83 3.39 15 Round 2.75 16.20 1.625 Round 1.08 7.46 0.25 0.25 8.03 1.68 0.3 0.3 8.40 2.53 0.375 0.375 3..32 1.56 1. 0.25 .42 .35 1. 0.5 .37 .62 1.25 0.2 2.89 2.43 1.25 0.625 1.67 4.37 1.5 0.375 1.08 2.04 1.5 0.5 .58 1.46 1.5 0.625 2.42 7.62 1.5 0.75 4.21 15.91 2. 0.125 2. 1.68 ! 1 1 2. 0.75 .58 292 t 2. 2. .50 672 2.5 0.188 3.12 4.90 j 2.5 0.375 6. 18.90 ! 2.5 0.5 1.07 7.01 1 2.5 0.625 .60 2.02 Ilatninered. 2.75 0.5 5.17 23. S8 1 3. 1.5 .29 4.38 3.375 0.5 7.33 41.56 3.5 0.625 .92 0.56 .3.75 0.75 3.21 30.33 4. 0.75 .42 4.23 5. 0.3 .92 4.63 5.5 0.3 3.58 19.83 6. 0.3 1. 6.04 6. 0.75 .75 11.34 6.5, 6.5 0.25 l.OS 5.89 0.3 .60 3.93 • 8. 0.5 .80 10.75 222.00 21.50 Draft for axle-tree. Draft for shoe. 584.61 5.72 5.75 0.375 0.79 Steel for shoe. • 3.5 Brass for two journal-boxes. BILLS OF IRON. 97 Bilh of Iron for one S-inch Barbette Carriage. TOP CARRIAGE. No. of pieces. NAMES OF PARTS, Cheek-plates (see drawings) . . Front braces Middle do Rear do J front I rear • Ends for rear brace Diagonal braces. Sub-braces, angle-iron Shoes shapes, or ] Fulcrum for handspike Transoms Brace-transoms Rear transoms (.5-in. trough-beams). Rear transom cuds Trunnion-plates Axle, hammered shapes, or Axle-stops Linchpins Axle-boxes (brass : see drawing) . . Axle-box washers (cast-iron : see draw- ing) Arc-supports Elevating-arc (brass!) " bed (cast-iron) " screw, stem r body , Pawl. . < collar and handle (pin • Pawl-port (oast-iron) Elevating-screw box (brass) "' " arbor Arbor-box (brass) " handle Wheel and pinion (brass) Bolts for axle-box sub-braco and shoe Dimensions of each piece. In. In. In. 74.0 .38.8 39.75 65.25 20.0 42.8 6.0 48.5 32.0 47.0 6.0 38.0 40.0 10.0 29.5 6.0 34.0 38.0 4.25 3.5 6.0 30. 12.0 10.0 10.0 4.5 18.0 6.0 24.0 4.0 3.5 2.5 1.75 37.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.25 3.25 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.25 2.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.25 3.25 3.125 1.0 1.25 1.75 2.625 3.0 1.25 .75 1.5 2.5 .75 .75 .875 .75 .4 2,75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 0.5 .6 2.25 1.0 1.5 .75 .75 .75 5.0 1.5 .75 Round Round .6 .2 Round 2.5 Round Round Round 875 Round Round Round Round .875 Round Total length. • 10.46 1.0 8.01 5.33 7.83 0.5 6.33 6.66 1.66 4.91 1.0 5.66 3.16 .70 .59 1.0 1.0 .83 .8;! .37 1.5 0.5 2.0 2.66 1.25 Total weight. Lbs. 468.00 432.00 93.26 5.04 47.09 1.38.86 85.40 6.30 71.78 76.52 23.00 lo8,71 16.38 46.35 80 77 1.83 1.24 2.20 18.03 20.92 3.39 .54 .83 3.67 2.94 3.91 1.84 98 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for one H-inch Barhdte Carriage. — Continued. TOP CARRIAGE. No. of pieces. 4 1« 2 2 75 3 NAME8 OF PARTS. Bolts for diagonal lirucc and shoe . . " front lirace and shoe " rear brace and shoe " trunnion-]da(cg " tnuKioinc " brace and cheuk-platcs ... " diufconal brace " e1o\ utiii^-bod " I'lfviitinfT-ccrew bfix " arbor-liox " arc-8Ui'portp Rivets for arc-!iU|)]>orts " fulcrum Nut« (hexapcmal, .75-in.) " (hexagonal, .376) . Truck wheels (cast-iron) 12-in. dia. Dtmenaions of each piece. Total length. Total wei(ht. In. In. ! In. Feet. LiM. 3.0 .75 Round 1.0 1.47 2.0 .875 Round 2.6 1.5 1.5 .42 s.ir 2.5 .75 Round .42 «.or 1.76 .875 Round 2.25 1.5 1.5 .75 6.67 2.75 1.5 1.6 3.06 27.67 2.25 1.5 1.5 4.8t 36.82 2.0 1.5 1.5 .10 1.21 2.25 1.5 1.5 .76 6.07 2.75 1.5 1.5 .*% S.48 2.5 .375 Round .41 0.1» 3.5 .5 Round 0.69 .ts 3.5 .5 Round .58 .M 1.6 .625 Round' .26 .36 1.6 1.5 .75 1 8.1 80.03 .75 .75 .375 .36 .3S 1941.01 Ca«t-ir C&itbr aaj . . . BILLS OF IRON. 99 Bills 'if [ran for one S-inch Barbette Carriage. CHASSIS, CENTRE-PINTLE. 4 2 2 16 8 8 16 2 2 32 6 NAMES OF PARTS. Rails (9-inch I-beams). Hurter-bar Counter-hurters rivets . Transoms Middle transom . . . Bolsters (2 pieces). Diagonal braces Forks for front traverse- wheels (shapes) or Forks for rear traverse-wheels (shapes) Bolts for transoms " diagonal brace middle transom front traverse-wheels . rear traverse-wheels . . traverse-forks hooks for handspikes. Nuts (hexagonal, .75-in.).., " for fork-bolts Front traverse-wheels (cast-iron). Rear traverse-wheels (cast-iron). . Manoeuvring-bars "I Dimensions of each piece, Elevating-bar . Pair wrenches. Amount. .. . In. 171. 36.0 7.0 3.0 40.0 43.25 18.0 62.0 46.0 64.0 2.76 3.25 2.5 2.0 6.5 6.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 1.6 2.75 4.6 9.0 42.9 9.0 21.0 18.0 In. 6.375 6.0 5.25 .876 or .75 5.5 18.0 15.5 14.6 4.0 5.6 6.6 1.5 .75 1.5 .75 1.6 3.26 1.5 2.5 2.26 1.0 In. 9.0 1.0 1.0 Round .75 0.5 0.5 .625 1.25 1.25 1.6 Round 1.5 Round Round Round 1.5 Round 0.5 Round .75 .75 Round 1.25 Round 1.0 1.0 Round Total length. Feet. 28.5 3.00 1.16 2.0 13.33 3.60 6.0 17.33 7.66 9.0 3.66 2.16 1.66 2.66 1.08 1.08 8.0 2.0 10.75 .91 Total weight. Lbe. 1412.00 60.48 20.46 4.00 184.75 108.86 151.20 145.57 176.95 207.90 27.67 3.17 12.55 3.91 21.37 17.67 60.48 8.18 40.63 5.15 45.12 20.47 20.61 6.3 13.23 3.91 2723.59 100 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bills of Iron for one H-inch Barbette Carriage. CHASSIS, FBOST-PINTLK. NAMES OF PARTS. Rail.'* (l.')-inch I-beamc). Hurter-bar Couiitcr-burtiTw rivet." Front traimoni " " collar '• '• bolsttTS (cast-iron). . Transoms Diagonal braces — one 58 in., the other C4 in. long Traver.si'-wbcf'l forks (("hapes) ..... Side steps Rear stoi)? Bolts Tor transoms. " hook-heaiis front transoms . . . . " '• " and diagonal brace '* diagonal brace " hurter-bar " traverse-forks " traverse-wheels " steps " front transom and rails. . Hooks for handspikes Nuts (hexagonal) , Nuts for traverse-wheel bolts Traverse-wht.'.< ^^east-iron). . Manoeuvring-bars Elevatinj:-bar Pair wrenches — 1 single, 14 in. long; 1 double, 18 in Amount Dimenaions of each pl«c«. In. 171. 36. 7. 3. or3 36. 7. In. i 5.25 6.375 6.0 40.0 0.875 .75 18.0 7.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 1.5 6.0 2.0 2.0 3.5 1.5 1.25 1.5 .76 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 In. 9. 1.0 1.0 Round Round 0.6 .75 .75 .75 1.5 .76 .25 • 75 .75 .25 1.5 Round 1.5 Round 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Round 1.5 1.25 Round 0.5 Round .75 Round 1.25 Round 1.0 1.0 Round Total length. Keet. 28.5 XO 1.16 2.0 3.05 1.58 10.0 10.19 8.0 4.6 1.75 7.?« 4.5 2.66 2.3 0.8 1.5 1.75 0.64 1.37 1.0 4.0 0.92 0.83 3.33 1.33 9.6 0.4« 7.M 1.5 3.5 .75 1.75 1.6 BILLS OF IRON. 101 Bill of Iron for one 10-inch Barbette Carriage. TOP CARRIAGE. No. of pieces. NAMES OF PiRTS. Cheek-plates (see drawings) Front braces Middle braces Rear braces c. , <. / • \ f front Sub (ang.iron). j^^^^ Ends for rear brace Diagonal braces Shoes (shai)es) or \ Fulcrum for handspike Transoms Rrace transoms. Rear transoms, 5-in. trough-beams. Rear transom ends Trunnion-plates Axle, hammered (shapes) or DimensioDS of each piece. In. 74.0 41.25 39.25 65.0 21.0 41.75 6.0 54.75 16.0 69.0 6.0 44.0 40.75 10.0 35.5 6.0 33.0 44.0 In. 39.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.25 3.25 3.0 3.5 3.75 4.25 2.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 6.0 3.25 3.25 3.125 In. .4 2.76 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 ,5 .5 2.25 1.0 1.5 .75 .75 .75 2.75 .5 .75 Round Total length. Feet. 24.25 Total weight. LI.B. 472.00 436.60 10.46! 93.26 1.0 5.04 9.12 53.62 2.66{ 75.41 11.5 164.22 .5 6.30 7.33 82.97 6.8 76.97 1.66 22.01 5.91 191.70 1.0 16.38 5.5 45.04 3.66; 93.56 The remainder of the bill the same as for the 8-ineh columbiad. CHASSIS. The samfe as S-inch, except as follows : The length of the hurter-har is 43.25 in. ; of the 4 transoms, 46.00 in. A'1-pounder Barbette Carriage. The .same as the 8-inch, with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 in. long, 4.875. wide, S) in. thick ; omit one piece of the rear transom of top carriage. 'S'2-pounder Barbette Carriage. The same as the S-inch. e-\cept as follows : TOP CAKKIAGE. The length of the 2 transoms is 33 inches ; of the rtar trannom, 24. •'i inches (omit i«i7« No. 3 C, 2i inches: 2 n.rlc-hoo/cn pass tbrougli the axle-lroe from the rear; 2 nutt ; 2 tcnsliers. 2 wnnhcr-phiirt for bolctcr-liooks, let into the front of the bolster and fastened by 8 »iai7» No. 'A C. 2 inches; 2 holntfr-hookn* pass through the bolster from the front ; 2 HHi» and 2 wnnhcn. 2 Htirnipi, let in the bolster and a.xle-trcc, which they hold logi-tlier by 2 hn'dlet and 4 niitx No. 4. 1 bi:d-pli/tpin No. 1, screwed into the pule. 2 shoulder-iranhers for iixle-trce. 2 liftch-iFashers, with drag-hooks. 2 linchpins. 1 sling-chain ; 2 trunniun-chniits. Sling-Cart Wheel. (Plate 18.). Wood. — 1 nave ; 16 spokes ; 8 fellies ; 8 dowels. Iron. — 4 nave-bands, fastened by 12 nails No. 3 C, 2 inches long. 1 tire, made in one hoop ; 8 tire-bolts No. 4 C; 8 xcashers ; 8 nut*. 2 nave-boxes (cast-iron). The sling-cart is capable of transporting a 10-inch colambiad. It is used with a field limber. t * The axle and bolster-hooks serve for fastening the laHking. cliriiiik liii thf ( iiiU '.f the .>.|.okc.s and fastened l>y |i> rl.-.-u No. .■•. ( 'ascmate Truck. 'l"he cahcmato truck ia dc-8i);ned for truDHportiiif; guns in (•a.^ematc gjillcrici" ">r lhr(iu)(li puslerns. AVooD. — 'i rn\l» ; 3 trnumimii, framed to llic ruili* b_v tenons and luortincii. 1 hit mile. Ihon. — I rear Irautnm-plaU and ring fur drag-ropci:, let into the nnilur side of the trnneiou and raiU, and foKluncd by 4 na(7« No. 2 C, .3J-in. 1 /riittt Irantom-ptnte und ring for drag-ropeg, fiutcne^ by ti naih No. '2 V, 3i-in. A ball* for the rails and Iransoinfi, No. 4 H ; A iiulg. '2 rrnr fitrk-platet, futitoned to the under side of the raili* by 4 »iiii7» No. "2 <', SJ-ii). 2 forka ; 2 lioltt for rear wlieelc; barbette chasMim travcrsc-whecl forks. 1 furk-iockei for front wheel ; is rouud, and let in tbe front tranfum. \ fork ; 1 holt for front wheel, the same as for"the rear whccic, the up]»or \mT\ of tho stem made eonieal. I furk-pltilr for front wheel : it hu." an eye to connect it to the tongue. 1 tongue ; 1 luiigiic-bnlt No. 4 A; 1 nut. '.\ truck frheeU : the traverse-whocls of the barbette cha.-si?. JIand-Cart. It is ufed for the transportation of lig'it stores to short dirtaneec Wood. — I luhter for axle-tree; 2 I'licrr tide rails: ^ cront-bari, framed into the •side rails : the front bar iii round, and serves for a handle ; 2 upper tide rail* ; 2 rtnl ruilH, halved into the side rails and fastened by 4 trrcic*; tldt: ttiidt; 6 end itada, framed into the rails and cross-bars, und fastened by wooden plus; board* fvr bottom, sides and ends. luON. — 18 gcreirs, No. 14, IJ-inch, to fasten tl'C "I'.ttom boards to bolst4;r Mid cross-bars: 48 *c/-<-(r« to fasten the side and ends to tuo tituds. 1 axle-tree, fastened to the bolster by 2 lolt» No. 2 B ; 2 itutt. Q props, fastened to the side rails by 4 holts No. 1 D; 4 nuts. 2 sfioiddir-icashers, let into the ends of the naves. 2 lineh-tcaihers ; 2 linchpins. WHEEL. Wooi>. — 1 iKirf/ 12 spokes ; 6 fellies. luoN. — 2 nnre-baudt, fastened by 6 nail*. 1 tire, held by 6 tire-bolts No. 1 C: 6 urathtrrs ; 6 nuts. 1 nave-bojr, wrougbt-iron, welded. HYDRAULIC JACK. 109 >SYore Truck. This fnick i= used for moving boxes iu storehouses and in embarking ami dis- embarking stores. Wood. — 2 raih, rounded at the end.s for bandies. 4 cross-barn, framed into the rails and fastened by iroodeii pinn. 2 bolsters, nailed to the under side of the rails. Iron. — 1 shoe, fastened to the upper side of the rails by 4 bolts No. 1 C; 1 washers ; 4c nuts. 1 axle-tree, fastened to the rails by 2 bolts No. 1 C; 2 nuts. 2 guard-plates, let into the rails under the shoe and held by the axle-tvce bolts. 2 truck wheels (cast-iron). 2 shoulder-washers. 2 Ihich-washers. 2 screws with square heads for the ends of the axle-tree, to hold the wheels on. 2 props, fastened to the rails by 4 bolls No. 1 B ; 4 uptn. Lifting-Jack. The lifting-jack is a geared screw with a projecting foot at its lower end, for lift- ing heavy weights. Wood. — 1 bed; 1 handle. Iron. — 2 rivet-bolts No. 2 A, to strengthen the bed; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 2 eye-plates for the braces, let into the ends of the bed, and fastened by 4 ncreirs, 2-inch, and 1 screw, 1-inch, No. 16. 1 stand (cast-iron) : 4 steadying-points, screwed into the bottom of the stand. 2 brneex, listened to the stand, at the upper end, by 2 bolts No. 2. I screw, same size and pitch as the elevating-screw for casemate carriage; 1 foot ; 1 plate, fastened to the foot by .'5 screws, IJ-ineh, No. 14. 1 tint ; 1 pinion for the hoisting-.screw (brass), like those for the casemate elevat- ing-screw. 1 shaft for pinion : is kept in place by 1 screw-pin, let in the stand. 1 crank, held to the shaft by 1 nut No. 4; 1 woodmi handle, fastened by t waither ; 1 nnt No. 2. 1 cap-plate, let into the head of the stand one-eighth of an inch, and fastened by 4 bolt-screws No. 1. Hydraulic Jack. The hydraulic jack is used for the same purposes as the lifting-jack, and maj' replace it to great advantage, being much more powerful, more portable, and more convenient in use. Being a patented invention, it is procured ready-made. The most convenient size is that of 7 tons capacity, of which the following are the Dimensions: Height, 25.5 inches; lift, 10 inches; largest diameter, 9 inches length of foot, 4 inches ; length of lever, 26.5 inches. Weight of jack, without lever 112.-5 pounds. " lever 4.75 " no ORDNANCE MANUAL. Lever .Lirl;. Tho Icrer jack is an adju8tAl>lc fulcrum, with a long lever. Wood. — 1 aland; coDsists of 2 iiprii/htii framed into 1 li<y 6 irrewi No. 16, 2J-inoh, to jircvent the lever from slipping on the fulfrum-j«in. Platform for Siege Mortars. Wood. — 6 *lerper$ ; lb deck-plank$ held together by 72 doirelt. There arc 4 dowels in one edge of each plank, fitting into 4 holes in the edge of the next plank. The dowels are held fast hy /ox-iredye*. IfiQjt. — 12 ryr-bnlii fit into holes in the front and rear planks, pasiting through the sleepers, to prevent the planks from slipping on the sleepers. Platform for Siege Guns. Wood. — 12 tlcrpv ; 36 dvrk-plank; held together by 174 doicrU; I )turUr ; fi ttakei. Iron. — 12 eye-bolu fit into holes in the front and rear plunks, ]>a86ing through the sleepers, to prevent the planks from slipping on the sleepers. Hand-Barroic. \7ooD. — 2 tide rail* : the ends are rounded and form the handles. Rope neltiny joins the side rails, passing through holes in the side rails. Pintle-cross, for Temporary Batteries. Wood. — 2 croti-picre*, halved into each other in their middle at right angles to each other; 1 pintlc-buUter, fastened to the cross by 4 octagonal pint, 1 inch thick. Iron. — 1 boUter-plate (cast-iron), fastened to the bolster by 4 bolti ; 4 irathrrt ; 4 nutf ; 1 pintle. A circular platform of planks is required for the wheels of the chassis to trav- erse on. Pent-Houses for Barbette Carriages. The pent-house is a covering of thin boards, framed together, to protect the wooden barbetto carriages from the weather. It is made in several separate pieces, which can be readily put together or taken apart. PENT-HOUSES. HI The pent-houses for the columbiad barbette carriages are similar to each other, differing only in their dimensions. Those for the other barbette carriages are of a different pattern, but similar to each other. Pent-Houses for the Columbiad Carriages. Woon.— 1 body, composed of 2 aiUs, 2 i^ides, 1 roof, 1 rear and \ front end. 1 front chassis-cover and 1 rear chassis-cotter, each in one piece. Iron. — 8 eye-pins ; 8 eye-pin washers; 8 keys; 8 chains; 8 luire stajiles ; 4 lony hooks; 14 Aoo/-« (short); Z6 staples; 4 handles for ends. Pent- Houses for the other Barbette Carriages. Wood. — 1 body, composed as for the columbiad barbette. 1 chassis-cover ; 1 tongue-cover. Iron. — 4 long hooks; 2 short hooks ; 12 stnjyhs ; 8 rye-pins; 8 eye-pin washers; 8 chains; 8 keys ; ?> wire staples ; 4 handles {ot ends. TO PUT ON THE rENT-HOUSE. On the columhiad-carriage. — Place the gun over the pintle; depress the muzzle about five degrees, so that the chase shall fit in the circular cut made in the front end and roof. Lay the sills across the chassis in front and in rear of the top car- riage ; place the tenons of the sides in the mortises of the sills ; put on the roof and hook it to the sides : place the ends and key them ; put on the chassis-covers and hook them. On the other barbette carriages. — Run the gun "in battery ;" remove the wheels; place them upon the chassis in rear of the axle and resting against the top carriage ; chock them with their linchpin and washer, and proceed to put on the body as on the columbiad-carriage. 112 ORDNANCB MANUAL. PIUXCII'AL DIMKNSIONS AM) WKIOHTS OF MAf'iirNKS. KTC. FOH SIKiJK OR GARRISON SERVICE. Sliiuj-Carts and Trucks. li ?l i c — £ Xc § ll K a. - ® Length from rear of wheel to front end of p«)lc in. L(>n|;th of axle-tree in. Ilciifhl (if whreln in. I>isl!iiicu lii'twocn thv whocU on the ground, in. one wheel ll>». budv Iba. eirri'W lbs. handluf lbs. Weight of •! ciirt roniplet«\ without nling- ebiiini> lbs. trtinnion-chAin and rings sliDg-chain lbs. lbs. 242.4 92. «6. 62.75 714 700 98 77 2,302 i «» I 63 84 ir.o.7.'i 75.60| 72.0 60.4 440 , 240 I 1,115 27 •74.76 •141.5 45.5 t42.5 .10.5 15.0 ;{6..15 29.6 34. 113 181 800 H •66.5 24.15 12.0 19.75 18.6 4S. 80 * WhoU- IpnprtI' of Uuily KiiJ hanilte i WMth of hi^f. Gin/t. Sic^e. Length uf Xeps (1 iir 1 pry-poll- 1 windlass braces.. . . oak Weight of -J pin, complete 11 1 sinjrle block 1 double block lbs 1 triple block lbs. [IfaU lbs, in. 175.5 lbs. 148. lbs. 71. lbs. 187. II..-.. .33. lbs. 615 lbs. 35 lbs. 32 256 •^ 1 172 280. 272.1 213< 293.' 292. 208 310.1 310. M4 104. 1 104. 83 1267. 1250. 979 Ash Pine 72 90 *110 • 120 feet. 5-incb henip rope. t83 tWfoet DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF PLATFORMS. Tiifting-Jack and Lever Jack. 113 UFTINO-JACK. LEVER JACK. Lever. Length inches. Breadth " Hei£;ht " Weight lbs. 20. 24 12. U 29.2 30 60. 100 180, 5.5 150. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF PLATFORMS. For Guns and Hoxoitzers. SIEQE. RICOCHET. NAMES OF PIECES. 00 '5. o d i c 3 -3 1 H 2 '5. O c .c Mi c o h9 j. 5 is 1 12 36 In. 108 108 108 In. 5.0 5.0 5.0 In. 3.5 3.5 3.6 Lbs. 61 tt08 1854 1 3 2 1 1 18 4 In. 96 108 128 84 30 48 32 In. 8. 5.5 13. 13. 13. 1.25 2.0 In. 8. 5.5 2.25 2.25 2.25 1.2. 1.0 Lbs. 174 147 Planks 166 Plank 60 21 Stakes (securing) Stakes (implements) ... 6 4 4 4S 32 14 3.5 2.0 0.75 2.0 1.0 Round 70 10 8.5 2601.5 32 10 600 For Mortars. NAMES OF PIECES. SIEOE. ! RAIL. (r 1 m o X c a. ^ 3J ^ O. ^ a <_• ^ J3 ^ v. ^ -S d 3 -3 H ^ d C •:3 is 2 Sleepers Deck-planks , Rails Stakes (securing) .... St.^ke8 (pointing) .^. Eye-bolts Platform, comjilete.. In. In. In. Lb.s. In. In. In. 6 96 5.0 3.5 230 3 60 11.5 .86 18 108 5.0 3.5 927 2 14 84 48 10.0 3.5 10.0 3.0 6 48 3.5 2.0 70 4 ,12 48 11 1.0 0.75 1.0 Round 4 48 1.0 1.0 Wooden platform for columbiad-carriages weighs 3,904 lbs. 114 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Traverse- Circles. no. or PICCE8 IM THI BIZB OP PIECE. WEIOIITH OP OCTER OR j IKWEK OB REAR. PROMT. For Imrliotle riirriacr, I , „ ccnlrc-pliitlp f I Kor bnrlM'ltP rAiTia((«, I front-plntU- f •" For caaeniAl« cmtUko i S In. 2.25 •« %t -t as LtM.'Lbc.'LlM. I No. 4 II. \bi &47 23. 722. I ... 146 i«.6 161.5 »7 Ui U. IM. Dimensions and Weights of Blocks, Rollers, etc., for Manoeuvres. No. Lenftli. Width Thlck- noM. ^•-•^"^ /e",St Remaiiu. LonfT roller Short roller .. . . Half roller Block Half bK.ck Quarter lilock.. . Guu-ehocks Wheel-chocks • .. Roller-chocks . . . Skid Shifting-plank . . Trace-rope Trunnion-loops . . In. 42. 12. 46. 20. 20. 20. S.6 7. 72. 67. 360. 18. Id. In. Lbs. Lbs. 6. Round Round 25.0 12.0 50.0 36.0 6. 8. 8. 8. 2.75 6. 8. 4. 2. 2.5 31.0 2j5.0 13.0 6.5 0.375 62.0 416.0 78.0 13.0 , 2.25 1 1 «. 3. 2.25 13.5 5. 8. i. 8. 1.0 97. 6.0 194. 1 12. 2.25 48. 48. ' 2.25 1.5 Round Round 7.5 7.5 j A groove .25 in. •' dcfp in the ( middle. Top rounded 3 in. Wedjfe chaped. f Section a triangle. <. Top rounded ( 1 in. (Ends bevelled on opposite sidec End spliced. BILLS OF TIMBER. Bills of Timber for Gins and Sling-Cart. 115 KAUES OF PARTS. i ■p, 6 BOCOH DIMERfilONS OF EACH PIECE. CONTENTS. Long. Wide. Thick. Each piece. Total. Kind of wood. FIELD AND SIEGE GIN. I^egs Pry-pole ■ Windlass ( Upper. . Braces < Middle . ( Lower. . GARRISON GIN. Legs and J Large end pry-pole | Small end. Two bevel-blocks . . . . Windlass Cleats CASEMATE GIN. T f Large end ) I^'^eM Small end j"-' Pry-pole I ^'''f, ^"^l ] •' ^ { Small end j In. 2 180 180 68 48 72 102 Windlass Cleats ■ SLING-CAUT. Axle-tree Bolster . . Hounds. . Tongue ji"''"g^«° J } '' { Small end J rp ( Naves . Two „ , wheels i Spokes wneeis j^j^eHigg. 264 40 104 12 180 180 101 12 102 66 80 198 21 48 .39 In. 6.5 5.5 9. 4.75 4.75 4.75 6.5 10. 11. 4.25 9.0 6.5 9. 6.5 11. 4.25 11. 9. 9. 7.5 5. 19. 5.25 9. In. 5.5 5.5 9. 2.75 2.75 2.75 9. 6.5 9. 11. 3. 9.0 6.5 9. ' 6.5 IL 3. 9. 5. 6. 5. Round 2.75 5.5 Sup.ft. 44.69 37.81 38.25 4.35 6.53 9.25 113.21 25. 87..39 1.06 100.33 77.03 84.88 1.06 70.13 37.13 25. 48.13 41.34 4.81 13.4 Sup.ft. 89.38 37.81 38.25 4.35 6.53 9.25 185.57 I Spruce or j ash. Oak. Oak plank. 339.63 Spruce 25.00 87.39 11.66 463.68 Oak. Oak plank. 200.66 77.03 84.88 6.36 368.93 70.13 37.13 50. 48.13 82.68 153.92 214.4 656.39 > Spruce. Oak. Oak plank. Oak. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Oak plank. Bills of Lumber for Platform for Siege Guns and Mortar. For one siege gun or howitzer, yellow pine or oak : 49 pieces, 114 in. long, 6 in. wide, 4 in. thick, 19 ft. each 931 ft. For one siege mortar, yellow pine or oak : 6 pieces, 102 in. long, 6 in. wide, 4 in. thick, 17 ft. each 102 ft. 18 " 114 " 6 " 4 " 19 ft. " 342 ft Total... 444ft. 116 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Iron for Field and Siege Giji. Length, Weight. Chain, No. 2 Rivets and nails Bolts, No. 3, and keys for gudgeons Key-bolt Bolts, No. 5, eye-pin, and handle Sheave-bolt Bolts for pulley-block . . . . Cross-head for pulley-block. Nuts, No. 3 Bands Nuts, No. 4 Hook for pulley -block- .. . Washers, No. 3 Bevel washer Gudgeons and points Oval washers Head-straps Straps for pulley-block... Pry-pole tongue Journal-boxes - Tongue-plate Journals Bands for windlass Pry -polo handle Pawls Batchets Three sheaves for pulleys. In. 0.2 .375 .625 .76 1. 1.25 1.5 2.5 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.75 2. 2. 2. 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 5.5 3.0 4.0 1.125 1.25 8.0 In. Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round .625 .25 .75 1.75 0.125 .625 2. 0.125 .31 .5 1. 1.75 0.5 Round 0.375 Round 1.25 1.25 In. 42. 129. 71. 10. 27. 16. 8. 3., 10. 212. 5. 12. 18. 3. 14. 13. 32. 30. 12. 24. 16. 18. 64. 22. 24. 16. Lbs. 0.36 3.95 6.03 1.22 5.87 5.45 3.92 4.77 2.18 22.26 1.57 10.29 1.26 1.05 15.68 1.14 7. 10.50 11.76 41.16 12.32 35.34 26.88 6.07 10.50 44.80 24. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. Or 2 round shapes, ham- mered. Brass. BILL OF IRON. 117 Bill of Iron for one Garrison or Casemate Gin. Thick- ness. Length. Weight. Remarks. Key-chains, No. 1 King!: Rivct-bolt,«i, No. 1 Pin for clevis-bolt Eye-pins Bolts, No. 5 Bolts, No. %, for pawls. . . . Braces and clevis Clevis-bolt ,. Bolt-heads.No. 5, and points for legs Nails, No. 3 Nuts, No. 1 Kevs for braces Nuts, No. 3 Eyes for pulley-blocks and pawls Keys for clevis-bolt Nuts, No. 4 Hooks for blocks Washers. No. 3 Collars for points .Fournals Washers for handle Washers. No. 5 Bands for windlass Lower bands for lejjs Cross-beads for blocks.... Upper bands for legs Partitions for blocks Straps for blocks Pry-pole handle Two ratchets In. 0.15 0.2 0.5 0.75 0.875 1. 1.25 1.5 1.75 2. 0.375 1. 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.75 2. 2. 3. 3. 3 4 4 4 6 1.125 8.0 25 Two journal-boxes. Five sheaves In. Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round 0.375 0.5 0.125 0.625 1.25 0.125 0.75 1.75 0.125 1. Round 0.188 0.188 0.375 0.25 1 . 25 0.25 0.25 0.37 Round 1.25 Feet. 7.5 2.5 1.66 0.41 0.83 3.33 0.70 22.5 2.25 4. 9.41 0.16 1.16 2.54 4. 1.16 0.75 1.83 0.33 2. 1.5 0.5 2.16 5.33 5.08 2.33 4.12 2.75 5. 1.8 1.33 Lbs. 0.52 0.27 1.08 0.60 1.66 8. 2.86 132.. 52 18.02 41.88 4.42 0.26 0.60 6.65 21.0 0.73 2.83 18.83 0.27 13.44 35.34 0.94 4.40 26.86 17.06 39.14 20.76 18.48 .50.40 5.96 44.80 541.37 13. 60. 73. This bill includes the ma- terials for one double and one triple pulley- block. Hammered. Hammered. Or 2 round shapes, ham- mered. Cast-brass. 118 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Iron for one Sling-Cart. Width. Thick- ness. Length Weight. Kemarka. Pole-prop chain, No. 1 Rings, No. 1 Rivete, No. 2 Chain, No. 5, and rivets, No. .3 Pole-rivct9 Bolts, No. 4 Eye-pin, No. 1 Bolts, Nos. 2 and 5, and rings Pole-staple Bolt-heads, No. 4, and eye-pin* .. . . Screw-hundlc Bolt-heads, No. 6 Nails. No. .3 Toggle for pole-proj) chain Axle-washers, u]iper skcans, nuts, No. 2, and chain-hook Burrs for i)ole-ri vets Nuts, No. 3 Bolster-hooks Axle-bands Nuts. No. 4 Hook for .sliug-chain Axle-hooks Pole-prop ferrule Linchpins Washers. No. .3 Bands for hounds and pole Brow-bands for naves Lower skean and stirrups (in part). ■ Bridles Stirrups and pole-straps Nuts, No. 5 Upper skcans Nuts, No. 7 Washers, No. 4 End bands for naves Lower axle-skean — body Hoisting-screw (in one piece) Washers, No. 5 Pole-prop socket > Socket of screw-handle ■ Washers, No. 7 Washers for axle and bolster-hooks , Two wheel-tires Lower axle-skean — middle part. . . . ■ Bed-plate for screw N»Te-boxe8 for two wheels , Nut for hoisting-screw In. 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.75 0.875 1. 1.25 1.5 1.75 2. 0.375 0.5 1. 1.125 1.25 1.25 In. Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round 0.375 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.625 1.25 0.2 0.75 1. 1.5 0.375 0.625 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 1. 0.5 1.25 0.188 0.375 0.5 3. 0.188 0.625 2.25 0.25 0.375 0.875 0.5 Feet. 3.75 0.31 0.50 9.06 0.50 4.42 0.14 9.91 4.5 1. 5.33 0.50 12.04 0.16 11.25 0.33 10. 16.33 10. 1.58 4.83 0.66 0.66 0.37 4.58 13.82 3.41 3.83 0.54 1.25 1. 0.66 2.33 50. 1. Lbs. 0.26 0.03 0.08 3.. 33 0.32 6.50 0.28 25.86 18.41 5.86 42.69 6.23 5.66 0.06 18.90 0.17 0.26 12.23 2.17 12.28 6.70 18.90 1.45 3.04 0.27 16.80 41.00 33.60 6.63 24.34 4.43 2.49 3.49 7.19 43.52 17.18 115.81 1.10 9.18 25.88 2.21 13.18 661.00 10.08 1230.04 42. _60. "1027 ~ii7 *Pole-prop. Hammered. Hammered. Hammered. In 4 piecet. Cast-iron. ICast-iron. Cast-brass. BILL OF LUMBER. 119 Bill of Lwnber for one B2-pdr. Gun or S-in. Sea-coast Howitzer Pent-House. NAMES OF PARTS. ROUGH DIMENSIONS OF EACH PIECE. Long. Wide. Thick. Each piece. Kind of wood. MAIN nOUSE. Sides Roof Front door Rear door Side and roof strips. . . . Door strips Rafters Roof front piece Roof back piece Fascias Axle-poeket sides " " fronts " " caps Sills Front posts Back and middle posts. HEAR HOUSE. Sides Roof Back Roof strips Back strips and braces Front rafter Rear rafter TONGUE-COVEU. Sides Side strips . Roof Rafters . . Back , 74 25 68 49 87 62 39 42 39 86 26 24 11 62 78 60 57 34 66 56 120 61 62 50 120 51 14 19 In. 6. 6. 6. 3. 3. 7. 18. 6. 7. 6. 10. 8. 3. 3. 3. 9.5 17. In. .75 .75 .75 .75 1.5 1.25 1.5 1.25 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 4. 3. 3. .75 .75 .75 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 .75 1.25 1. 1.25 1.25 Sup. ft, 3.08 1.04 2.83 2.04 2.72 1.61 2.84 6.56 1.67 4.18 1.08 1.66 .61 5.17 4.87 3.75 2.37 1.41 2.75 1.94 3.12 4.76 8.61 2.08 3.12 .^19 1.15' 2.80 Snp.ft. 98.56 33.28 33.96 20.40 24.46 6.46 8.53 6.56 1.67 8.36 4.33 3.33 1.22 10..34 9.75 15. 286.21 23.70 31.02 13.75 7.77 (i.24 4.76 8.61 95.85 16.64 3.12 6.37 2.31 2.80 31.24 White pine or cy|)ress. Yellow pine,chest- nut, or oak. White piiie or cypress. [ White pine I or cypress. 120 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Bill of Lumber for one 8-m. Columbiad Barbette Pent-House. RAMES OP PARTS. MAIX HOfSE. Sidc!) Roof Doors Side (itrips Roof stri]>8 Door strips Rafttrs Fronts Fascias Sills End posli' Middle posts FRONT ASn UKAIl IIOLSES Sides Roofs Ends Roof strips End strips Side strips Braces Front roof rafters Back roof rafters and ends RODdH DIHEKSIONS OF BACH PIECE. iong Wide In. In. 75 6 31 6 49 6 86 3 86 4 1 62 3 ' 62 9 ' 54 12 ' 86 7 66 3 62 3 80 3 28 6 37 6 70 6 45 4 32 3 28 3 45 3 72 3 66 17 66 12 In. .75 .75 .75 1.5 1.25 1.25 1.25 1. 1. 4. 3. 3. .75 .75 .75 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 CONTESTS. Each piece. Total. Sup.ft. Sup.ft. 3.12 99.84 1.29 41.28 2.04 48.96 2.69 16.13' 2.99 11.94 1.61 5.45, 4.06 12.18 4.5 9. 4.18 8.36 5.5 11. 3.875 15.5 1 5.05 10.10 289.74 1.17 42.12 1.54 55.44' 2.91 .34.92 1.53 12.23, 1.10 2.20 .94 11.25!, 1.56 6.25, 2.50 5. : 9.74 19.47: 6.87 41.25 2.30.13! Kin.1 of wood. White pine or cypress. S Yellow pine, > chestnut, or J oak. I White pine or I cypress. NoTK. — An allowance of J should be made for waste, and | for small bills. BUI of Iron for one Barbette Pent-Mouse. SIZE OF IROK. Number of Len^h of each Total LeiiKtb Weight. Remarks. Wide. Thick. pieces. piece. required. In. In. In. In. Lbs. 1.25 ..375 8 4.5 36 4.71 Eye-bolts. 2. .125 8 •> 16 1.12 Eye-bolt plates. .625 Round. 8 7.25 58 4.92 Door handles. .375 « 6 7. 42 1.29 Long hooks.* .375 " 2 5. 10 .31 Short hooks. .25 « 16 4. 64 .92 Staples.! * 8 additional pieces for columbiad-carriages. f 1^ additional pieces for columbiad carriage*. ARTILLERY IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 121 Chapter Fifth AETILLERY IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. NOMENCLATURE, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS. Rammer-Heads. Rammkr-heads are made of ash, maple, birch, beech, elm, gnm, or other tough woods ; the head is bored S of its length with a hole 0.25 inch less than the diame- ter of the staff, which enters with a tenon. The staff is driven into the head and fastened with a, pin of hard wood 0.3 inch diameter: the neck has a copper band 0.5 inch wide and 0.05 inch thick, fastened with 3 copper nails. For dimensions, see page 132. Sponge-Heads. Sponge-heads are made of elm or poplar, etc. The head is bored 5 of its length with a hole 0.25 inch less than the body of the staff, which is inserted in a tenon and fastened by 2 hard wood pinit 0.3 inch diameter. Rammer, ladle, and sponge-heads should be saturated, when new, with linseed oil, to prevent splitting from alternate wetting and drying in service. For the woven woollen sponge the diameter of the head is 1 inch less than the calibre of the piece. Sponges. Sponges are made of coarse, well-twisted woollen yarn, woven into a warp of strong hemp or flax thread, after the manner of Brussels carpet; the loops are 0.75 iuch long. They are woven in webs with selvages between them, which being cut, the sponges are sewed to fit formers of the same dimensions as the sponge-heads. One end of the sponge is drawn together with strong twine, and a tuft of woollen yarn is inserted at the centre of the gather or folds; a circular piece of strong canvas is stitched inside of the bottom; the other end, after receiving the sponge-head, is nailed to it around the staff with 6 copijer nails, 1 inch long; 3 copper nails should also be driven into the bottom of the sponge, to secure it to the head. 122 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Similar sponges are made by working the yarn with needles into canvas bags ; but the wove sponges are equally good, and less expensive. Sponges are likewise made of sheep-skin alum-dressed, with the wool on ; but they arc inferior to those made of yarn. For dimensions of sponges, see Table of spouge-heads, page 132. Sponge- Covers. They are made of Russia duck. The interior diameter is equal to the calibre of the piece. A hem 0.5 inch wide around the top, receives a cord 0.2 inch diameter, by which the mouth is drawn together and tied aroun screws in such a manner that the centres of the two journal-notches shall be at a distance from the axis equal to the radius of the base-ring. A muzzle-sight, of iron, is screwed into the swell of the muzzle of £,inis, or into the middle of the muzzle-ring of howitzers. The height of this siglit is equal to the dispart of the piece, so that a line from the top of the muzzle-sight to the pivot of the haussc is parallel to the axis of the piece; consequently, the veitii'al piano of sight passing through the centre lino of the scale and the top of the muzzle-sight will be also parallel to the axis, in any position (jf the piece; the haus.se will, there- fore, alw.ays indicate correctly the angle which the line of sight makes with the axis. 126 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The seat for puspending the hausse on the gun is adapted to each pieee, accord- ing to the varying inclination of the liase of the breech to the axis. The hausso, the seat, and the niuzz.le-sight, are marked for the kind of gun to which they belong. The huussc, when not in use, is carric 59.7 journal-notches j 1° 1.042 2° 2.0S4 3° .1.124 4° 4.164 5° 5.203 In. «.5 1.33 77.S In. 5.5 1.25 80.0 1.340 2.098 4.046 5..392 6.737 1.152 2.31 3 3.454 4.6«4 5.752 In. 5.0 O.U 53.35 In, 6.0 1.125 85.2 0.931 1 1.802' 2.792' 3.722 4.650! 1.138 2.276 3.412 4.548 5.683 Id. 6.9 1.3 75.05 In. 3.8 0.35 33.41 1.310 2.619 3.928 5.235 6.541 0.583 1.188 1.753 2.331 2.912 Primiiig-trire : iron wire 0.175 inch diameter, formed with a ring 2 inchei diame- ter at the head, and ]>ointed ; length of stem, for siege and garrison gum, 14 inches; length for field guns, 8 inches. Weight, 0.08 lb. for garrison guns. Poicder-meaturei : they are made of sheet-copper, from No. 16 to No. 20. The bottom is made with a flanch .1 inch deep, turned downward, and it is brazed or Boldered to the sides. IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 127 Interior Dimensions. Contents. Diameter and hciglit. Weight. Contents. Diameter, and height. Weight. Lbs. oz. In. Lbs. Lbs. oz. In. Lbs. 1 1.337 , ^ 2 4.240 2 1.685 2 8 4.571 4 2.122 0.3 3 4.857 1.6 8 2.673 0.5 4 5.346 1 3.368 0.75 4 8 5.560 1 4 3.628 6 6.120 1 8 3.855 •• 8 6.736 Prolonge: 3.5-inch hemp rope of 4 strands; on one end, a toggle and 3 round links in a thimble; on the other end, a ring-link and thimhle ; whole length of rope 18 feet; the toggle of round iron 0.75 inch diameter, 7.5 inches long, with an eye in the centre; toggle-rings of 0.5-ineh round iron; the ring that enters the thimble is 3 inches, the other two 3.1 inches exterior diameter; thimbles 1.1 inch interior diameter ; prolonge-rings of 0.6-inch round iron, 4.5 exterior diameter ; the link 3 inches exterior diameter; the iron for link is 0.5 inch diameter. AVeight, 12.5 lbs. Plummet, for mortars ; line and boh. Weight, 1 lb. Pointing-trire, for mortars (iron wire No. 7) 20 inches long. Weight, .08 lb. Quoin, for siege mortars (oak) : length, 19.5 inches; height, 7.85 inches; handle, 6 inches long. Weight, 7 lbs. Scraper, for siege mortars (iron): handle, 0.5 inch by 0.3 inch square, 27 inches long; one end formed like a spoon; the other, a scraper. Weight, 2.3 lbs. Spatula, for mortars (a.sh or hickory): handle 16.5 inches long; blade 6 inches ; square end 3 inches long. Weight, 0.75 lb. Shell-hooks (iron): 2 branches 0.5 inch diameter, in shape of an S, joined by a rivet; upper end of the branches connected by 2 small rings, 1.25 inch diameter, and 1 large ring 3.4 inches diameter; straight points, to insert into the ears of the shell, 0.5 inch diameter, 0.75 inch long; whole length of branches, 12.48 inches. Weight, 2 lbs. Screw jack, for field service: the stand (cast-iron); the hoisting-screto : the nut; 2 handles: the cap-plate, fastened on the top of the stand by 4 screws ; height of the stand, 19 inches; length of screw, 15 inches; handles 7.25 inches each. Weight, 25 lbs. Shovel: blade sheet-iron, pointed with steel; length, 12 inches; width, 10.5 inches; handle (ash) 1.5 inch thick at bottom, and 1.25 inch at top; length, 45 inches; ring 1.5 inch diameter, secured by a strap to the handle at 9 inches from the upper end. Weight, 4.75 lbs. Sponge-bucket, for field gun-carriages ; it is made of sheet-iron No. 13 ; the top 128 ORDNANCE MANUAL. and bottom arc turned over the sides and fastened each l>y 4 rivetK ; diiimctcr, 7.8 inches; height, 9 inches. The floni is of wood, fastened by 2 rucf« to a cross-bar; it is put in before the top is fastened on : the hnndir of the float is fastened to it with 2 rivetn, and it is con- nected with the bail of the bucket by a rhnin; the bail is fastened to the bucket bj 2 Mm, each held by 3 rivet d ; a togijle, which is fastened to the bail by 2 links and a urivcl, serves to attach the bucket to the eyo of the axle-strap on the gun-carriage. Weight, 10 lbs. Tar-lmrhft ; the bucket is made of sheet-iron No. 13, like the sponge-bucket; the eorcr is fastened to the top by % rivet on which it turns, and it is kept closed bj shutting over a stud riveted into the top; the ear* are fastened to the bucket each by 3 riretn ; a riny, for suspending the bucket on its hook, is connected with the ears by 2 oAniiic .• diameter of bucket, 7.2 inches; height, 8 inches. Weight, 7 lbs. TarpnuliHH are made of cotton duck, not painted; they are of three sizes; large, 15 feet by 12 feet : small, 6 feel by 10 feet, and 5 feet square. Weight, 35.7.^ lbs., and 12.2.') lbs., and O.J.'i lbs., respectively. Tompious, for S-inch siege howiticrs and mortars, and 10-iiicli mortar. Tliiiiiibiliill (buck-skin) ; luiliioii, stuffed with hair, 2..'j inches long, 1 inch thick ; the Ktnip 3 inches long : the tlrin;/ 12 inche.s. Weight, .003 lb. Totc-hoiik (iron): hiimUn 0.4 inch diameter, 13 inches lo:ig: hunk 1 inch; the other end forms a hammer 0.6 inch diameter, 2 inches long. Weight, 0.6 lb. Used for unpacking iimmuuitioii-ehests. Tufie-pouch : the sides 4.25 inches high, 7 25 inches long: '2 endi 0.9 inch wide at bottom, 2 inches at top; the inner rover; the jlap, 8 inches deep, with its ilrap, and brass buitmi attached to the bottom of the pouch : 2 loupt for the belt to pass through ; the belt 1.37 inch wide and 42 inches long, with a buckle No. 6 and loop at one end: the priming-wire aud gunner's gimlet are carried with the tube-pouch in the loops, attached by a twine, or in small loops on the inside of the flap. Weight, 0.95 lb. Vent-cover, for field-pieces without locks (leather) ; 6 inches long, 4 inches wide, with Acnpper pin riveted to it, 0.175 inch diameter, and 2inche8 long; 2 *trap$ 1 inch wide, with buckh* : the length of the strap varies with the size of the piece; in per- manent batteries sheet-lead may be used for vent-covers. Weight, 0.6 lb. Vtnt-pMuch: the fcoi/y (steel wire) 0.175 inch diameter, 4.3 inches long: head 0.175 inch thick, 1 inch ocUgonal, with a hole 0.2 inch diameter in the middle. Weight. O.OS lb. Watering bucket, for field service, made of sole-leather; the bottom is of two thicknesses, fastened to each other with 25 copper rivets, and to the sides with 61 rirett; the side seams fastened with 2^ riVef», all 0.5 inch long; a rim of sheet-copper No. 24, is fastened on the upper edge with 14 copper rivets; 2 ears for the bail, fastened each with 4 rivets 0.62 inch long ; the bail is of round iron 0.5 inch thick; interior diameter of the bucket at top 12 inches, at bottom 10 inches; height, 9 imches. Weight, 8 lbs. HANDSPIKES. tk Wnttr-hiic/.-ct, for the travelling forge; the stavea and the hottom are of\»ak; there are Iti staves, aud the bottom is made of not more than 2 pieces; 3 huopi, made of hoop-iron No. 16; each hoop is joined together with 2 n'rets No. 1, and fastened to the bucket with 2 rirets ; 2 earn let into the sides, and fastened each by 1 rivet ; the bail has a linl,- connected with it by a swivel; diameter at top 11 inches, bottom, 10.2-') inches ; height, U inches Weight, 10 lbs. Water-biieh-ei, for garrison service : it is made in a similar manner with the pre- ceding, except that the bail has no link and swivel attached to it; diameter at top 10.25 inches, bottom 13.5 inches; height, 11 inches. Weight, 10 lbs. Wi}Hr, for the chambers of mortars; tow cloth, 1 yard square. Handspikes. Handspikes should be made of the best hickory, or, where it cannot be had, of the toughest j-oung oak ; it should be free from knots. Trail handxpike. — [roii^ : 1 slop, passing through the lower end, clinched and filed down smooth — it projects 0.3 inch ; 1 Kirap, carrying 1 ring No. 2 A, fastened near the small end by 1 rirct. Shod handsjiikc. — Irons : 1 shoe, fastened to the lower end by 3 rivets. It is par- ticularly useful in the service of mortars. Mnnopuvriuff handn2)ike is used for garrison and sea-coast carriages. For me- chanical manoeuvres it is 84 inches long, and weighs 12 lbs. Gin handspike is used in the service of gins. The large end is round, and fits into the socket of the windlass. For Mountain howitzer. — Irons: 1 stop, like that for field carriages; 1 strap, fast- ened at the small end by 2 rivets, forms a loop on the end; 1 loop of rope, 15 inches long, passing through 2 holes in ^he middle of the handspike, is useful in placing the gun on the pack-saddle. 9 130 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Handspikes. SnCEIfSIONS. For I For Mount Field Prairie How- Carr'ge jCarr'gc iUer. Shod. Lcnpth of whole 8(|tiarc part ronii-al ]iart Distance of fnrtlK-ft .'•ido of stop from Ibf largi- etui Distance of middle uf strap from the small end I upper cn»• atd KleratiDg. Pinch. I' Truck. Roller. In. 42. 1.1 l.I 18.5 In. S4. 0.85 1. *tefl|te*,«M' f »> ' ' S,.,i ! *( ' t t * -. 132 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Dimensions and Weights of Implements. KIND or IMPLEMENT. OOLDMBUM. 10-ln. 8-ill. llliplcllK-lltN. Ppoiigo mill Htad... llniiiiiKT mill HtafT ( lotiRth In. '( Wfilfllt II>H. I lcii|;tb in. '{ weiglit Iba. I^iillc mill xtanr Wiirni an Planiotor. LfiiK'Mi fiT. ( IniKtli in. I wfiKlit IIm. 1 . #r li-nntli in. in. nininirr in. ii|Ming« in. luilll'l... 1 worm Rammer- ( '-"P'h .- headH. i UiMnii-tcr. (' in. I body "■■ I nwk in. _ , , ( IriiiClli In. BponKO-beadH |,luuiiet«r ...._ in. Spongra, wivullcn. weight Il». „ < leuKth Jn. SpimK*.<-oven. , ^^l^j,,, H^ Duck. 30 inclimi wide, requimd for HiO coverm. yds. I Wliole Icngtli in. . ., , . ( iilxivr iihoulder in. l^dle Lead*. , dj„„^.,„ l,,,„^ Hhouldcr -Jn. I (nwk Jn. I Wliiili- l«?ii)rlli in. , ., I Ix-nirtb of band. devcUtliol in. ''*"'*■ "I Wi.lib of .c^Kip. d.-v,-lo|K-,l in. I Width uf band iiuclud>in. 3. 18. 1.78 0.86 2.6 4.33 118. 10.25 128. M 1.75 126.80 U6J3 9A 6.6 a. 8. 7. 128. 10. 1.75 126.80 126 .S3 8. O— emate. 32-pr. 42-pr. S.8 12.2 1.85 2^ 4.81 3.5 11.7 L16 0.9«j 0.94 4.71 DIMENSIONS AND AVEIOHTS OP IMPLEMENTS. 133 « Dimensions and Weights of Implements. — Continued. HOWITZERS. FIEI.I> GUNS AND HOWITZERS. C a c 1 c S 1 i s •c B C C B. d c c 5 5 £ u c 4 §1 i 3° ©a 11 128. 10.25 128. 9.75 128. 1.3.75 128. 7.5 1.75 125.6fi 125.3.T 111.66 123. 7. 6.13 3. 8. 6.0 0.7 12. 0.28 35. 7. 6.7 6.6 3. 16.5 20.75 14. 25 128. 10. 128. 8.4 128. 13.15 128. 7.5 1.75 125.86 125.33 113.01 123. 6.4 6.6 3. 8. 5.4 0.65 12. "32."" 6.4 6.1 6. 3. 15..35 18.85 12.8 9.Tl«l»i *iH^^i*' DIMEHSIONB. Siege and QarriRon. Field. In. Lcnpth of gDckot and neck ' 5.5 Li-ujrth of ono liranch from neck to point (developed) j 16. Depth of («>ckct 4.5 Extr diunietcr of socket at top j 1-75 DinnioUr of neck I O-** Thickniss of tlii' iron of the fianiitir of brunches ut the nock (tapering to a point) | 0.6 l.i'H^lh of socket and worm, comi)lcte i 9.5 Diaiucter of worm, comiilcto (exterior circle) j 4. f Li-njcth i 7. Siio of iron for worms . . < Width 3. (Xbicknesi 0.5 Weight of worm lb»| 1.76 In. 5.5 13. 4.6 1.5 0.7 0.125 0.6 0. S. 8. 3. 0.6 l.ft Spo7iges for Mortars. d9 a 2 ^1 •o c •o >> m s; a Sa 2 Length of finished sponge »nd rammer inches Wcijrlit " ••l'"' Length of staff, including tenon inches Diameter of staff inches |44. 34. 3.2 2. 39.67 30.17 i 1.5 1.5 18. 0.8 18. l.S Preservation and Arrangement in Store. Implementi collected together according to kind and calibre, in a dry pl««e arranged on shelves or rackt<, in bundles or bunches, or in boxes, according to their n.iture. with marks and labels showing the kind and number of the articles. Sponge*, ramtnert, l,idUi and irurmt, complete, placed on pins in a vertical frame, or suspended vertically or horisontally. by racks or hooks, from the joisu, sup- ported so as not lo bend. When in separate parts, the hr'jdt piled on shelves or on the floor, and the ttave* tied up in bundles, according U> kind and calibre. The woollen tpoH^e* should be preserved from moths by means of camphor, pep- per, etc., or by being sealed up in strong paper bags. Hank*pike$ in square piles, beads and poinU alternating. TIMBER FOR IMPLEMENTS. 135 Leather equipmentu, hung on pins or hooks, in dry and cool rooms. All wood jiaintcd, except tool-handles ; iron either painted or oiled. See Chapter VII. Bills of Timber for 100 Implement-Heads. RAMMER HEADS. 8P0NOE-HEADS. LADLE-HEADS. KIND. a c CO a O 2 a 3 s o c "a 8 i ji to B 1 1 In. Feet. Sup. ft. In. Feet. Sup. ft.! In. Feet. Sup. ft. 42-pounder.. . . 6.625 66 241.40 6.5 72 253.5 7.25 66 289.09 32-pounder. . • • 6.125 60 187.58 6. 72 216.0 6.5 60 211.25 24-pounder. . . . 5.75 53 146.02 5.25 72 165.37 6. 53 159.0 18-pounder. . . . 5.125 50 109.44 4.75 72 135.37 5.5 50 126.04 12-pounder. . . . 4.5 60 84.37 4.125 68 96. J 2 4.75 50 94.01 6-pounder. . . . 3.75 40 46.87 3.25 68 59.85 Plank for 100 Implement- Staves. ■D a DIMENSIONS. Width. Length Each plank. Siege and garrison • Field . I 12-pounder ( 6-poundcr In. In. In. 1 Sup. ft. 17 14. 9 132 25.66 17 12.5 1.75 102 15.49 17 12.5 1.75 84 12.76 Sup. ft. 436.22 263.33 216.92 136 ORDNANCE MANUAL. ( ' II A 1' T E u Sixth. ARTILLERY HARNESS AND CAVALRY EQUIPMENTS.* ARTILLERY IIARXKSS. (Plate 21.) The poni'truption of tho field carrisfteii re(|uiroB u harnoii(i difforpnt, in jnine roKpeftfi, frmn liiat <»f ronimoii wa;r<>iii). The liiDlier havint; no Hwecp-har, the pole ill «up|)orte(l directly hy the wherl-horseii, liy nic&ni< of a chain which connectj) the haineK with the pole-yoke of the limber; and, in order to diminish the weight at the end of tho pole, the leadrn;;-bnrr are dispensed with, the truceii of tho leaders being attached to those of the wlieel-horscs. The Fame harnes!< ii" perfectly adapted also to the ^icgc carriages; hut, aa theae arc arranpol for driMi;;ht in the ordinary manner, eouuion wugou harness may be used with them if necesfiary. Leather. Leather i^ generally le-lrrr,h4tg, or punch leather, which differ fr..in each other only in thickncsc, the first being the thickest. There arc other kinds besides these, designated from the mode of prepa- ration, as ffur»(/ leather, such aa white kid or sheep-skin, prepared with alum and salt: huck-nklH and bujT leather, so called from the fact that the buffalo and deer- skins were first most commonly dressed in this way: pntent Uather, that which bM been varnished. It is sometimes distinguished by its color, as Hack.fnir. or rtutet le.ither. Leather which ha,« been a long time in tanning is to be preferred to that wbich has been produced more rapidly. The quality is judged of by its appear- ance : a cross-section should be glistening and marbled, without any white streak* in the middle. It should be firm, compact, and pliant. The actual strength of leather depends more on its quality than on its thickneas. That made from bulls' hides should be rejected: it is thick and supple, but. like • TUU style of barncM will be conformed to aa toon as pro|ier Mddle-treec cao be obtained. ,«|* HEAD-OEAR. 13T that made from the legs and flanks of other skins, it is spongy, without strength or endurance, and, if only slightly rumpled, the hair side presents a shrivelled appear- ance, which it retains. The different parts of harness, except straps and the like, are cut out by means of patterns. The seams arc made with strong waxed thread, in double stitch, with about eight stitches to the inch : those along an edge are from 0.1.''i to 0.2 inch from the edge. The ends of the threail should be securely fastened before they are cut off. The awl used should be small for the thread. Buckles, Loops, etc. The buckles of the bridle and stirrup leather, and the loops for the cloak and valise-straps on the driver's and valise-saddles, arc cast-brass, with rollers; and the book and loop on the pommel of the valise-saddle is brass-plated. They are designated by numbers. (See table, page 157j. All other buckles, loops, and staples are of wrought-iron, japanned (black). The iron buckles are all made with rollers; the tongues are the same size as the sides of the buckles. Straps, or other pieces which have buckles or iron loops attached to them, aro doubled on a length generally equal to twice their width, to receive the buckle or loop, which is fastened by two seams. The double end is shaved down. Standing-loops are placed close to the buckles. Their ends arc shaved down, brought together, and fastened between the two parts of the strap, if it is doubled, by the same seam. These loops arc usually of the same leather as the strap. The tongue-holes for buckles are made with a punch corresponding to the size of the tongue. Their distance apart is generally equal to the width of the strap, and the first hole is at double that distance from the end of the strap. This end is shaved down and reduced in width, to facilitate its entrance into the buckle. Note. — A laucr is a piece of leather sewed upon another piece, to strengthen it. A chiijie is a piece used to fasten a buckle or loop to a strap or other piece of leather. A billet is a strap which enters a buckle. A «rt/c is a piece of leather placed under a buckle, etc., to prevent it from chafing. Composition. — A complete set of artillery harness is composed as follows: Head-gear. Driver's saddles, the same for all the near horses. Valise-saddles and valise, common for all the off horses. Draitf/hl harness, differing according as it is intended for the wheel or lead-horses. One ivhij) is allowed to each driver, and one leg-guard to each driver of wheel-horses. Head-Gear. The head-gear is made of strong, black bridle leather, not less than 0.1 inch thick. The buckles of the bridle are brass-plated or cast-brass ; of the halter, iron. Bkidle of the near house. — It is composed of the headstall, hit and pair of reins. 138 ORDNANCK MANUAL. V IIeaiistai.l. — Our rrntrn-picce : the ends split form 2 hiUrti for the liucklos of the cheek -gtrapi! ami 'i billru for the buckles of the throat-lanh. 1 btiiir-linnil : the cixls, doubled mid hpwcmI, furin 1oa8« (hr(iu)(h : 2 nrnamenti (brasf), circles l.S inch in diameter, raised in the centre, on a circle of leather 2.25 inches in diameter, fojtcnod on the loop of the brow-b&nd by puHfinf; the end of the brow-bnnd, before beinj^ oewcd, throuf^h an iron wire loop Foldered to the ornament, the iron loop pa«sin;{ l>olwecn the two billets of the crown-piiTc. 1 ihroiit-lanh, with 1 liwlU No. Iti H, and I no/>«, to att«cb it to the bit; at the upper end 1 bncklt No. 8 IS, with one ^tninling uiid one rlidiug-loop to fasten it to the crown-jiiecu. Bit (iron forged uiul brass-platec of S, and pierced at top with an ri/r, lo receive the chock-billet and a Imte for the curb-chain : lit itN lower end an ryr for the reins, and near the mouth-piece a irix/, through which is inccrlcd a rhnj No. 2 for the rein*; 1 uKiulh-pi>cr : its ends (lans through the check-pieces, and are rivoteil and roundciL», diminishing in site from the middle toward the end ; it is attached to the right ehock-piece by an CO-culdshut, and to the left cheek -piece b_v a kixik. Bits arc made of three sites, in the width between the ehifk-jiieccs — vli., H inches, 5 inches, and i>i inches : about three-fifths being of the medium site. Rki.<(8. — 2 reiHi : each reiu has a bucktr No. ^ B and a bHUt sewed to one end, flesh side to flesh side, with 2 ttundiny-l»up; fur attaching it to the bit; the reina are united by a bucklr No. S B, with I ttandituj and 1 iUdtHtj-loup on the short rain, to receive the billet of the other : the near rein is shorter by 12 inches than the oflT one. Bridle run the ovv iiouse. — The same aj the bridle for the near horse, with the addition of 1 r,»i]il\H d to the ofl' riug'of the bit, :iud pasfrcs ibruugli the near ring. IIalteii. — 1 croicM-pirrr, having a billet at each end for the buckles of the cheek- straps; 2 cheeL--»lrajn — each ha« 1 buet/e No. 6; 1 ttauding and 1 ttidiifj-l'top at one end, the other cud i» hewed to 1 iron loop No. 3 ; 1 bruvt-bund, the ends doubled and ."-ewcd, form loops for the eruwu-ijiecc and throat-lash to pass through ; 1 !!«•«• laud, the ends sewed to the same lui-ps as the cheek-straps ; 2 ckiH-»trup» : each ia made of one piece doubled and sewed together with two seams the whole length : it holds in the fold at one end the square iron loop of the cheek-strap, and at the other, the rear. 1 tifnarr iron Imip No. 3: 1 thrtiat-»liap, made of one piece doubled and sewed together with two seams the whule length, forming at the upper end a loop !i) receive the ihroat-la»h, and holds in the fold at the other end the square iron loop of the chin-straps : 1 tkronl-la*h ; 1 bncUr No. 8 ; 1 Handing and 1 tliding- Ivop at the end, on the near side: it passes through the loops in the brow-band aud throat-strap. DRIVER S SADDLE. Wv 1 hitching-itrap, 6i feet long; 1 buckle No. 6; 1 standing-loop; 1 billet, sewed to the buckle end by the same seam which holds the buckle. Driver's Saddle. It is composed of 1 saddle-tree; 1 seat; different parts of leather, etc., of the body of the saddle; 2 saddle-skirts; 2 stirrups; 1 girth. Saddle-tree — Wood (beech or ash). — The saddle-tree consists of 1 pommel, made of two pieces, notched or halved together at the top of the hollow of the pommel, and glued; 1 cantle, formed of two pieces in the same manner; 2 side bars, with notches to receive the pommel and cantle, to which they are nailed with 8 nails, each, 4-penny. Before the irons are put on the tree, it is entirely covered with raw hide, applied green, sewed on with thongs of the same, and through the side bars near their junction with the pommel and cantle, in front and rear of each. Grooves are made in the under side of the side bars to receive the thongs, that they may not project and chafe the horse's back. Iron. — 2 stirrup-bors, the front end riveted to the pommel and the rear end to the side bar; 2 iron staples No. 1, driven through, one from the front of the pom- mel, and the other from the rear of the cantle, and clenched. Seat. — 1 girth-webbing, the middle of its length nailed double on the pommel over the hollow: the two ends separated and stretched strongly, and nailed on the front of the cantle. 1 caiivas (strong hemp), to cover the webbing, stretched across the girth-webbing, the ends nailed on the side bars and on the edge of the pommel and cantle; 1 cotton drilling, drawn over the canvas and nailed in the same way; cotton batting, stuffed between the linen and the cotton drilling; 1 leather lining, pasted underneath the webbing and canvas. Parts in leather, etc., of the body of the saddle. — The front of pommel and rear of cantle are covered with leather, glued to the wood and nailed close to the side bars. The ends of the side bars are covered with harness leather, which is fastened by nails close to the pommel and cantle, and by two finishing nails on each end of side bar, driven through from the upper side; 1 seat of goat-skin morocco, lined with sheep-skin, stuffed with cotton, quilted, and bound round the edges with light morocco, fastened to the side bars by three finishing nails on each side; 1 pommel-cover (bridle leather), sewed to the front of the scat, tacked to the lower part of the pommel, glued on the upper part, and sewed to the leather on the front of pommel by a seam along the top edge of pommel ; 1 cautle-cover, sewed to the rear end of the seat, the lower part tacked to the side bars, the upper part glued to the cantle and sewed to the leather, on the rear part of the cantle, by a seam around the edge of the cantle; 1 pommel moulding (brass), covering the seam, fastened by 2 iron and 2 brass nails; 1 cantle ornaraent (brass), shape of a shield, fastened by 3 brass nails; 1 pommel ornament (brass), shape of a shield, fastened by 3 brass nails; 2 loops No. 7 B, for cloak-straps, driven through the side bars in 14® ORDNANCE MANUAL. rear of the cantle, and riveted ; 2 hilhii for trace-loop puss through the gkirtg, and arc nailed to the upper side of the side hars: 1 rollnr-ntrnp billet, fovied to the loop on the front of (lie ponimcl. 6KIIIT8. — 2 »kirt» (thick harness leather), fastened to the under side of the side bars with glue; the ujiper end is turned over (he side liars, and sewed at frmt and rear to the covering of ends of side bars. Stiiibii's. — 2 »tirrii])» (cast-lirass) ; 2 »tirniji-i>trii]>* p8J(ij>H; it i»asses through the skirt from nnderneath. and is nailed to the upper side of the side bars, on the off side. The short part has a billet ^ewed to it; it is nailed, in the same luunner as the long part, on the near side. Valise-Saddle. The ralise-Ba-ittrnp; each has 1 hurkie No. 8, 1 ttiiiidiiirf and 1 tlidiiiff-lunp .- ] cmpper-ttrap, made of two thicknesses, stitched, embracing in the fold at one end the iron loop on the cantle, and at the other end an iron loop Xo. T), with roller for the back strap of the crujiper. The same crupper answers for either saddle. Ski«ts. — The same, except in dimensions, as those for the driver's saddle. Girths. — 1 ^inh (leather), has 1 buckle No. 6, and .3 ttandiwf-loopt, fastened te a lajfer ; the girth is sewed to the near skirt of the saddle ; 1 billet sewed to the off skirt. DRAUGHT HARNESS. 141 Valise. The valise is cylindrical, IS inches long, with a flat bottom. Valise (thick bridle leather). — 1 hodif ; 1 hndy lining (cotton ticking), pasted to the body: 2 rndu, made of 2 thicknesses of leather, sewed together with one seam near the outer edge; 2 cud lininr/n (cotton ticking), pasted to the ends; 1 initrr flap, with 6 slits for wire staples sewed to the body, covering the mouth of valise ; 1 Htrap, 1 chnpe and buckle No. 9, sewed to the opj)ositc ends of body ; the strap passes through the iron staples and holds down the inner flap; 6 iron wire Htnplen No. 3 pass through the body, are bent and held in place by a strip of leather sewed over their ends; 3 chapen and bitcHcg No. 9, and 3 standiiig-loopn, sewed to the body for the billets on the cover; 2 handles (leather, rounded), sewed into the ends between the two thicknesses; 2 loops, 1 inch wide, sewed to the bottom of the body, for the valiso-straps to pass through; 1 cover ; 1 carer lininrj, larger than the cover, sewed to it around its outer edge, forming a pocket : it has an opening in the middle, which is closed with strings: 1 bindinij, thin leather, sewed around the edge of cover; 3 biUetx, sewed to the cover to fasten it down. Draught Harness. The Coli.au. — Collars are made of two sizes — 17 inches and 20 inches; the measure taken on the inside of the breast. 1 rim (bridle leather), sewed to the bell,v, stuffed with uncut straw. 1 belly (upper- leather), made in two pieces, which lap and arc sewed together at bottom, stuffed with straw -cut into pieces not more than \ of an inch long; 2 chapex and buckles No. 8, 2 billets, .sowed to the open ends of the collar and used only to vary the size of the collar; ] pad (black sheep-skin), stuffed with deer's hair, to protect the horse's nock from being chafed by the collar-straps ; 3 loops, sewed to the pad ; two pass over the ends of the collar, and the collar-strap passes through the other. The Hames, iron (painted black). — Two branches, curved; 2 double-joint loops for trace-tugs, attached to the branches by means of a bolt passing through a stud forged on the branch: they turn freely on the bolt, and also admit free motion in the opposite direction; 2 links, for holding up the breast-strap, welded into the eyes of the joint-loop bolts; 2 rings No. 3, for trussing-straps, welded into the rect- angular eyes at the upper ends of the branches ; 1 claup, made fust to the off branch, connects the branches at their lower ends ; 1 chain and toggle (3 links No. 4), welded into the eye of the clasp, connects the pole-yoke to the hames; 2 loop- rings, 1.75 inches diameter, sewed in the trace-tugs, for the trace-chains to pass through. Leather. — Tico safes, sewed round the branches under the joint-loops, to protect the collar from being chafed by the trace-tugs; 2 trace-tugs, 0.C3 inch thick, made of four thicknesses of leather stitched together with three seams, embracing in the fold the joint-loop at one end and the loop-ring at the other. ^ . ., , . ,., 142 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Tiro frumting-itrapt, each with 1 buckle No. 8, 1 standing and 1 tliding-loop. They pass through the rings in the rectangular cjes of the branches to truss up the harness. 1 hamci-itrap, with 1 buckle No. 6 and 2 ttauding-loop$, connects the two branches at the top ; 1 cullar-itrap, having 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 ttanding-loop, pacscs round the liames-strap and is buckled to the billet on the pommel of the caddie, to keep the ciillar in place. Traces. Traces arc composed of a leather trace with a chain and toggle attached to each end. They differ only in the length of the leather trace. Leather trace, 0.63 inch thick, made of three thicknesses of leather sewed together their whole length, with two scams; 2 iron loopt riveted to the ends of the leather trace with 3 rtiet$, each 0.25 inch diameter. Front traee-ehaiit made of iron .3 inch diameter, 6 liukt and 1 toggle, attached to the leather trace by the iron loop. Jiear trace-chain. — Thirteen tinki, /our riiigi (oval), and one toggle, of the aamo •ir.cd iron and attached in the same manner as the front trace-chain. Bei.i.v-banh. — Tiro trace-loops, made by doubling the leather and sewing the branches together near one end; 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 ttanding-loop embraced in the Stitched end of the trace-loop; 1 iron loop No. 5, embraced and playing loose on the bottom of the trace-loop; 1 belly-itrap with 1 b%iekle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, sewed to the iron loop of trace-loop on the off side; 1 belli/strap billet sewed to the iron loop of trace-loop on the near side and buckling to the belly-strap; 1 /o»i»- ttrap, each end passes into the buckle osed of the hcod-ijenr, the pnck- taddle — which is common for packing the gun-carriage or chests — the crupper, the breechiiKj, the breanl-gtrajt, and the hmhiittj-ijirlfi and rope. Head- Gear. The head-gear is made of black bridle leather. The buckles and loops are iron, japanned (black). BniDi.K. — 1 crotru-picee : one end is split into 2 hiUct*, and the other into 1 lltlet Bnd 1 buclkle-ittrnp, for the cheek-pieces and throat-lash; 1 bnc/clr No. 10, and 1 ttandimj-ltuip, sewed to the throat-lash; 1 buckle No. 10 and 1 Dinudiuij-loop, sewed to the top of the crown-piece for the billets of the winker-straps. 1 brotr-biiiid : the ends, doubled and sewed, form looj)* for the crown-piece to pass through. 2 chcek-»triip» : each has 2 bucklet No. 8, and S ttanding-luopn ; one end buckles to the billet of the crown-piece, and the other to the bit. 2 icitikert, made of two thicknesses of leather, sewed together by a seam around the edge; 2 iriiiker-stnipn, sewed to the top of the winkers, and fastened to the buckle on top of the crown-piece. 1 lcodiii;/-rilii : made of a single strap: one end is sewed to the ring on the right end of the bit. the other end passes through the left ring, and has 1 trooden toggU, sewed in a loop at its extremity, and 1 leather tcather on the inside of the toggle. The Bit. — It consists of 1 bar and 2 rinyi, 2.25 inches, made of wrought-iron, and tinued. Halter.— The halter is the same as that used for field artillery (page 138). Pack-SMi rfiiy/r, 1 fiitir of fpiiri, 1 riirry-ciimb, 1 horie-bniiih, 1 pirkrt-pin, and 1 tiiriat (1 li^le and 1 uotr-hiiij, when specially required.) Jlead-Gear. All the leutlicr is black bridle leather, not lesis than H.l inch tlii<'k. iiinl ilir buckles arc uiullcublc iron flat bar-buckles, blued. BRIDLK. Il if composed of 1 hend»tall, 1 bil, 1 pair uf rriim. Hk ADSTAi.i.. — I critirn-pirrr, the ends Split, forming 1 chrrk-tliap and I ikmai- lanh billrt on one side, and on the other 1 cheek-*ir pass through the brunches, and are riveted to them; I crom-bar, riveted to the braoches near the lower ends : 2 bumr* (cast-brass) bearing the number and letter of the regiment and the letter of the company, riveted to the branches with 4 rireli ; 1 eurb-chaiii hovk. Steel wire No. ]U, fastened to the tirar branch: 1 eurb-rhain, steel wire No. 11, curb-chain links O.T inch wide, with 1 looir ring in the middle, fast ened to the ojf branch by an S-bouk, coldsbut ; I curb-ntrap (leather) faatcned to the curb-chain by 2 niaiidiug-luopt. 1 curb-n'ny for bit No. 1 replaces the curb-chain and curb-strap. Tbey ara of 2 sites: No. 1, interior diameter 4 inches; No. 2, 3.70 inches — the number marked on the outside of the swell. Three-fourths of the bits of this kind to hare the large ring, one-fourth the small ring. There are j'uur varieties of bits : Ihcy are all alike below the mouth-piece. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Ko 4 Height of arch 2.25 2. 1.5 0.5 Opening of arch I'. 8 1.1 Distance of eye from axis of mouth-pioce 1.5 2.25 2.25 2.25 Diameter of mouth-piece at shoulder 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.65 Distance from axis of mouth-piece t« axis of cross-bar, 5 inches. Distance from centre uf button to the axi£ of cross-bar, 0.5 inch. SADDLE. 149 Length of moutli-piccc in all bits, 4.5 inche?: square tenon of mouth-piece, .35 inch. At centre of arch, .325 inch vertical thickness, 0.45 inch horizontal. Thickness of branch at mouth-piece, 0.2*25 inch. t Rbins. — 2 reina, sewed together at one end — the other ends sewed to the rings of the bit. ■WATERING -BRIDLK. The watering-bridle is composed of 1 hit.and 1 pair of rcinn. Bit (wrought-iron, blued). — 2 mouth-piece sides, united in the middle by a loop- hinge : their ends are pierced with 2 holes to receive 2 riiic/s No. 1 for the reins ; 2 flinins and toggles, 3 links, each 1 inchX.55 inch, welded into the rein-rings. Reins. — 2 reins, sewed together at one end — the other sewed to the rings of the bit. HALTER. 2 cheek-pieces, sewed, one end to 2 square-loops No. 2 A, and the other to 2 cheek- rings No. 1 A ; 2 standing-loops for the toggles of the watering-bridle, sewed to the cheek-pieces near to the square-loops; 1 crown-piece, sewed to the off cheek-ring: 1 buckle No. 7 A and chape, sewed to the near cheek-ring; 1 nose-hand, the ends sewed to the square loops ; 1 chin-strap, the ends sewed to the square loops, and passing loose through the hitcbing-strap ring; 1 throat-strap, folded on itself, making two thicknesses, and forming at top a loop for the tbroat-band to pass through, and embracing in the fold at the other end 1 bolt, which holds 1 hitching- strap ring; 1 throat-hand passes loose through the loop in the throat-strap, and sewed to the cheek-rings; 1 hitching-straj), 6-} feet long ; 1 buckle No. 6 A, and 1 "tanding-loop ; 1 billet, sewed to the buckle end by the same seam which hold.s the buckle. Saddle* All the leather is black bridle or harne.=s leather, and the buckles are malleable iron, blued. The Saddle is composed of 1 tree, 2 saddle-skirts, 2 stirrups, 2 stirrup-leathers, 1 girth and girth-strap, 1 s^ircinglc, 1 crupper. Saddle-tree. — Wood (beech). — 1 pommel, made of 2 pieces framed together at top and glued; 1 entitle, formed of 2 pieces, like the pommel ; 2 side bars (poplar), each made of 3 pieces glued together: they are glued to the pommel and cantle, and fastened by 2 rivets No. 1, 2 burrs, and 4 nails — the burrs let in on the other side ; 1 strap-mortise in the pommel ; 3 strap-mortises in the cantle. There are three sizes of trees, varying in the length of the scat: No. 1, 11 inches length of seat, 1 -'^ per cent., ") AT 2 11^ " "' '• ""O " '- *'° ^'^ m.arked on the pommel orna- No. i \2 " " " 35 " j ™°"*- ♦The sadillc used will conform to that known as .Tenifor's saddle. 150 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Iron. — I pommel-arc, .1 inch Ibirk, with three small holes on top. fastened to the side Itars by 4 rivetK No. J ; 1 pommil-plnte, .1 inch thick, scini-circulnr, fiiFtenod to the front of iho ]>otunicl hy 4 riveU No. 1 ; 1 cantlc-arc, .1 inch thick, with '6 Hmull holed on lop fanl^nud t,o the side burs by 4 rirett No. 1 ; 1 caiitle-plale, .1 inch thick, faaleued to the rear of the cautle by 4 riictn No. 1 ; li itirrup-luopt, hinged in 2 iron ttrnpn, which arc fa^tencd to tiic siilc bars by 6 riirtu No. 1. The tree is ]juiutcd with one coat of while lead. It is covered with raw hide, put on wet and sewed with thongs of the same, and held in place by stitches through the wood along the junction of the pounx^ and cantlc with the side bars. The se*uia are made on the udgcs of the sidu bars, where they will not chafe the horse Dor rider. y ri'(i_f;« held by staples driven into the front ends of side bars ; '2 /uot-ilnph» for roat-siraps, fastened to the front of the pommel by 4 briin-»cre\ei No. 6, } inch; '2 crxijiprr-riiiijK (japanned black), fastened by staples driven into the rear ends of side bars; 2 /oui-»lnj)lc», fastened to the rear of cuntle by 4 brant crrir* No. 6, j inch; 1 rjvard-philf ; 1 pommel urnamriit, shield-shaped (shect-brass), fastened to the pom- mel, each by ',i ItraMt tcrrir-pint ; 6 yiiard-ptnlei, faftcncd to the cantlc by 12 icreie- pin* ; 2 foot-»taph-», fastened on the back strap by 4 tr(i»»-«cmrt No. 6, j-inch; I $itddlc-baij Hind, fastened on the back strap to the cantle-arc by 2 copper rip«t» No. iC. , ■ 2 SADDLK-SKiiiTS (thick humess leather), fastened to the side bars by 38 bra— icreirs No. 6, j-inch ; 2 ita^-loupt for the saddle-bag straps, sewed to the rear edge of the skirts. 2 STiRKcrs (hickory or oaic), made of one piece bent, the ends separated by 1 trautum and fastened by 2 iron rirelt No. 2 B, 4 bum each ; 2 leather hood* (thick harness leather), fastened ih the stirrups by 12 copper rirtti No. ^ and bum—du- tauce of hood from nar of stirrup, 6 inches; 2 etiri-vp-itrapt — 2 bud-let No. 5 A; 2 tUdiiiy-loopt — pass through ihc ^(i^^up-loops and through a hole cut in the skirt; 2 Mirrttp-leiUhert (thick harness leather); 2 ttaHdiny-luop*. (iiUTU. — 2 girth-ttrapt pass over the pommel and cantlc-arcs, to which they are fattened by 4 copper rirett No. ^ C and 4 burr*: they are fastened to the side bars by 4 train terete* No. 6, j-iuch : the ends are sewed into 2 V-riuyt No. 1 A; 2 girtk- hiUett, sewed to the straight side of the U-riogs; 1 girth, 4.S inches (blue woolleD webbing); 1 chape, 1 buckie No. 2 A, 1 itanding-loop, and 1 *a/e on the off end, and 1 chape, 1 bnckle No. 4 A, 1 D-ri'ii^ No. 1 A, 1 itand tug-loop, and 1 lo/t on the near aad : 1 *to tiding -lt><>p, on the middle. 6 coAT-STRAi-s, 6 buvkUii No. 11 A, 6 tiop*: they pass through the mortisea in tbe pommel and cantle and the foot-stuples. Cakbink-thimdlij:. — 1 ttrap ; 1 l.uvkle No. 10 A, sewed to the socket: the tbimUe is buckled to the D-ring on the off side of the saddle. SiBCixGLE, 3.25 inches (blue woollen webbing;. — 1 chape, 1 buckle No. 4 A, and 1 ttandiug-loop on one end, and 1 billet on the other; 1 billet-lining, sewed over the end of webbing to the billet ; 2 itattdiHg-loop* near the buckle end. SADDLE-BLANKET. 1*51 Crupper. — 1 dock, made of a single piece and stuffed with hair, the ends sewed to the bodj' of the crupper; 1 body, split at one end, has sewed to it 1 chaj^e and 1 ring No. 3 A; '2 back afrapx : each has 1 biirkle No. 10 A and 2 sliduirj-hnpa : they pass through the rings of the side bars and the ring on the body of the crupper. Saddle- Bags. The saddle-bags are composed of 2 pouches and 1 grat, the ends of the scat sewed to the pouches. Each pouch has 1 bark, sj wed to the gusset and upper part of inner front with a welt; 1 gKsset, sewed to the back and to 1 outer and 1 inner front with a welt; 1 jJttp, sewed to the top of the back and to the seat by 2 senms ; 1 flapt-billet, sewed to the point of the flap; 1 chupc and 1 buckle No. 11 A, sewed to the outer front; 1 hillet and 1 buckle No. 11 A, sewed to the chape. The scat is sewed to the pouch by the same seams which join the flap to the back of the pouch. It has 2 holes for the foot-staples, and 1 hole for the saddle-bag stud ; 2 key-strnps, sewed to the seat near its ends ; 4 lacing-thongs for the pouches. Saddle- Blanket. To be of pure wool, close woven, of stout yarns of a dark gray color, with a red border .3 inches wide, 3 inches from the edge. The letters C. S., 6 inches high, of orftnge color, in the centre of the blanket. Dimensions, 75 inches long, 67 inches wide. Weight, 3.1S75 lbs.; allowance in weight, 0.1S75 lb. Spurs (brass).— 2 spurs; 2 rowels; 2 rivets; 2 spur-slrops, 19 inches long; 2 roller-buckles No. 11 B; 2 standing-loops. Length of heel— for No. 1, 3i inches; for No. 2, 3i inches, 1 . . , Width of heel " l,3i " " 2,3 « j '°«>le); Russia bristles; 1 cover, glued and fastened to the body by 8 screws No. 3; 1 hand-strap (fair leather), fastened to the sides of the body by 6 screws No. 5; 2 leather washers under the heads of screws. Bimeu'iions.— Body, 9.25 inches long, 4 inches wide, .5 inch thick ; cover, 0.1 inch thick : bristles project .9 inch ; hand-strap, 2 inches wide. Weight, .57 lb. Currycomb (iron, japanned black).— 1 body (sheet- iron, 0.4), the top and bottom edges turned at right angles, forming 2 rows of teeth ; 3 double rows of teeth riveted to the body by 6 rivets; 1 c»-o«8-6rtr,. riveted across the top by 2 rivets; 1 handle- shank, riveted to the body 'by 3 rivets; 1 handle (wood), turned and painted, passes over the shank, and is held by the riveted end of the shank; \ ferrule, sheet- iron. Z»iweMs/ows.— Length, 4 inches: width, 4.75 inches; thickness, .75 inch; length of handle, 4 inches. Weight, .75 lb. 163 ORDNAXCK MANUAL. PicKKT-PiN (iron, pnioted black). — The parts arc; the hodi/, the neck, the head, the ttccll, the point, 1 Inriui-riuij around the neck, 8-Fhapeti, the larj^cr ojiening for the lariat, Dimentiun: — Length, 14 inches; diameter at ewcll. 4 inches from point, .75 inch ; at ni>ck, Sy inch ; at heacl, 1 inch. Lariat-ring, .yinch wire, welded. Interior diameter, 1 inch. Weight of piii, 1.25 pounds. Lahiat. — Best hemp li-inch rope, 30 feet long, of 4 strands, an eye splicod in one end, the other end whipped with small twine. Weight, 2.3n lbs. Link. — 1 nlmp, embracing in the fold at one end 1 spring-hook, and at the other 1 buckle No. 10 A and 1 billet. Weight, .2 lb. • Nose-bag, same as that described page 143. Inspection of Harness and Horse Equipments. The inspection is made before the parts arc assembled. For the conrenicnce of the inspector, the diflTorenl parts are arranged in 8e]>arate piles. Materials. — The quality of the materials is first examined. The leather should he firm, elaitic and plinhlr, and should be smcoth and shaved to a firm surface on the flesh side. If it feel hard and horny to the hand, or, being bent, it cracks in the grain, or, when cut, it exhibits a hard an;o of the shoe, gt-ncrnlly on the toe of the hind fool, HometinieK on the outer quarter, in which case a pmiill one is made on the inner one: they are used to keep the shoo in place and to guard the hoof; thr bevrl, the concavity of the upi)er face, that the iron may in no case rest on the arch of the sole of the foot. The hind shoes are generally a liitle thicker and broader at the toe than the front shoes. The front shoes are punchcil nearer the toe, the hind shoes nearer, the heels. The principal parts of the nail arc the hcod, the body, and the poini. The heaik onght to fit into the fullering: the blade near the head should not be too thin: it hu a slight curve near the point, that it may turn out instead of going into the foot Reject those nails that are split or have flaws. Soft iron is best adapted for horseshoes. Horseshoes made by machinery are gonerally furnished to the artillery. There ure four niies, viz : Dimcntioii' ■••••I Wi iijhti uf Uor»c»hort. In. In. Lbs. fNo. 1. lAiigth, i.75 Width, 4.5 Weight, 0.S76 ,, , , 2. " 6 " 4.75 •' 1.0 Iront sLoc j 3 .. j 35 " 5.75 " 1.1«75 [ A. " 6.6 " 5.1 " 1.4:175 I 1. " 5.25 " 4.0 " 0.875 ,,. , , 2. " 5.5 " 4.2 " 1.0 "'"^ *''"^" I 3. " 6.5 " 4.25 " 1.1 K75 ( 4. " 6.1 " 5.75 " 1.4376 _ . ., (2. 112 naiU • 1.0 Horseshoe nails < „ ..„ „ ."10 General Directions for Shoeing Horses. The shoe should be forged to fit the form of the foot: it should project on the outside at the end of the heel about its thickness, beginning at the lart bole; should be flush with the hoof at the toe and on the inside; the heels generally short and thin. The holes in the outer quarter should be farther from the edge, and in the inner quarter nearer the edge; in the front shoe nearer the toe, and in the hind shoe nearer the heel. Make the lower face of the shoe perfectly flat, and try it on an iron table. The shoe should bear equally all around on the wall of the foot, and not at all on the sole. A judicious preparation of the foot for the shoe is 01 the greatest importance, strict attention being paid to its peculiarities. Cut away the wall no mure than is necessary to make the eh iiml 2 (urninf^-straps. . ( Whoi-l ( Lcitilin^ Trace-loops and bcllv-l'aiiil , . . 1 . I < Wheel .. Loin-strapi' and trace loctpi". • , ,. _ ' ' ( Leading.. Crupper nrocohinj; iind hip-ftrnp I l.ejf -jjuard Whip N iiKi'-liap r Thr<>at-liuwn-i>irro Tlirout larli ]tri>«r.lrt Hillcl* for rcinii Cou|ilinf:-i>lr«pt Billelj for do l'""K' io. j '""«• { fbfirl Dritkk'i Saddlk. Skiru Billrt for rollar-ttrap Ptirrup-lcBtlicri { Tr»cfl.M.|. I.il|pi» I ifirtb-bilUl Girth. .' f*^"^' P*''- I ( long pari . Valisk- 8 A ••LB. f SkiiU Oirth <;•-' ' " • ■I h Cruppcr-Mrap ValiM-rtrapt . ■trap fBodv , Ends Inner flap Vauss. •{ Strmp fur flap , I Cover Buckle-ftrapt BiU*U for buckle-atrapt , Cat. riii- n*. WlMk. In. I.S& 1.2.'. 1 . 1'.'. 1.2i 1.2& 1.16 1. i.n .T6 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 14. 1.S5 l.h l.tb 1.& i.9 S.8 i: 1. 1. 1.2S l.li I.U 1. 18. «.U 4. .88 10. .86 .88 In. 30. 12. i 21. IX. & 12. 13. & 44. 26. 23. 23. 12. & 10. 68. 46. 11. 26. 1 M. 10. 10. 24. 24. 14. 12. 66. &6. 18. 18. 22. ) 20. 38. 38. 88. 21. 30. 20. 16. 14. 10.5 48. 26. r.i& 16. 18. 20.3 4. 7.5 la. .to. 8. 16. 14. 6.26 6.36 42. 26. IV. 6 16. 8.6 10. 64. 44. 11. 16. 12. 4.6 46. 18. la. 1.26 1. • .74 I. 1. I. 1. 1.6 1.6 1 1.26 u HARNESS. 169 Dimensions of Leather Parts of Artillery Harness. — Continued. i Cut. No. Width. Leg-Giahd. Body Foot-strap . Leg-straps. f Collar-billets . . • r, I Tracc-luffs Collar and ~ . * . Hames. Truss.ng-.straps ilarness-strayp. . ;^ Collar-strap ... Traces AND Straps. f Wheel-traces. . . Leading-traces. Trace-loops. . . . Bellj'-band Loin-straps f wheel. . leading. I ' I layer loops Crupper. f Dock ] Body I Layer for body. [ Back-strap . . . . Breeching. - Breech-?trap Layer for breech-strap. Tugs Safes I Hip-strap [ Breast-strap In. In. In. 1 17. 20.5 1 .88 14. 14. 4 .75 26. 24. 4 2 •1. 11. 11. 2 2 1.75 17. 7. 2 1. 34. 32. 2 1 1.25 21. 18. 1 1 1.25 15. 9. 1 2 J. 75 ^0. 50. 2 1.75 96. 96. 2 1.25 21. 9. 2 fl 1.25 31. 25. 1 M 1.25 16. 13. 1.25 4«. 48. 1.25 60. 60. 1.25 6. 6. 1.25 23. 10. 2 3.5 14. 14. 2 1.75 20. 20. 1 1.25 10. 10. 1.25 31. 31. 2.5 48. 42. 2 1.75 50. 42. 1.25 13. 6. 4 2.25 6. 6. 2.5 48. 48. 1.75 In. 0.75 1. 1. 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 .88 1.25 1.75 1.25 Leather, etc., required for 1 set of Wheel and 1 set of Leading Harness, for 2 Horses each. Harness leather 7 sides. Bridle " 4 " Collar " 2 " Goat (morocco) skins 1 Sheep-skins, russet 2 " black 1 Hemp webbing 3 yds. Cotton ticking 3 " " drilling 2 " Tow linen 1 ydl Cotton batting 2 lbs. Deers' hair i " Rye straw 24 " Tacks, assorted 4 M. Finishing nails h gross. Shoe thread 2 lbs. One side of collar leather makes 14 whips. IGO OKDNANCE MANUAL. n SB n 1^ ■}ac oao JO Jaqinil)( lli^ •<•< O" 16 ji i. 1 13 I * Ik! K Ok -4 C2^<^e'vf'*'e'Ae4ieW«^eJC^C^(N« ^ 3 IB » « *j ^ 11 162 ORDNANCE MANUAL. !>r»n\v C 5 A p T E R Seventh PAINTS, L A C Iv i: R S , ETC COMPOSITION AND PREPARATION. The proportions arc given for 100 parts by weijrht of prepared colors, etc., when not otherwise designated. A gallon of linseed oil weighs 7.6 " spirits of turpentine 7.25 " Japan varnish 7. " sperm oil 7.12 " ncat's-foot oil , . . . . 7.43 Boiled Oil. Raw linseed oil 103. Copperas '• 3.15 Litharge 8.3 Pat the copperas and litharge in a cloth bag and suspend it in the middle of the kettle. Boil the oil 4^ hours, with a slow, even fire, so that it may nut be burned; then let it stand and deposit the sediment. • Dryings. Mixture of copperas and*litharge taken from the boiled oil 60 Spirita of turpentine 56 Boiled oil 2 The mixture taken from the boiled oil to be ground, and mixed with the turpea- tine and oil. Putly. {For fiUintj craclcM in toood.) Spanish whiting, pnlrerited Sl.tf Boiled oil 20.4 Made into a stiff paste. If not intended for immediate use, raw oil should be ( aa the puttj made with boiled oil hardeos quick Ij. OLIVE PASTE. 163 Aiiofher kind of piitli/ for the same piir;ii.s\' is made by mixing fine sifteil oak saw- dust with linseed oil which has been boilod until it assumes a glutinous consistency. White Paint. For inside work. For outside work. White lead, ground in oil 80 80 Boiled oil 14.5 9 Haw oil 9 Spirits of turpentine 8 4 Grind the white lead in the oil, and add the spirits of turpentine. New wood work requires about 1 lb. to the square yard for three coats. Lead Color. White lead, ground in oil '...75. Lampblack 1. Boiled linseed oil 2?>. Litharge 0.5 Japan varnish 0.5 Spirits of turpentine 2.5 The lampblack and the litharge arc ground separatclj' upon the stone, in oil, then stirred into the white lead and the oil; the turpentine and varnish are added as the paint is required for use, or when it is packed in kegs for transportation. • • Black Paint. Lampblack ., 28 Litharge 1 Japan varnish 1 Linseed oil, boiled 73 Spirits of turpentine 1 Grind the lampblack in oil; mix it with the oil, then grind the litharge in oil and add it, stirring it well with the mixture. The varnish and turpentine are added last. The paint is used for the iron work of carriages. Olive Paste. Yellow ochre, pulverized 68. Lampblack 1.1 Boiled oil 37. Spirits of turpentine 0.4 Make a thick paste with the ochre and oil, in a paint pot, and with the lampblack and oil in another; grind them together in small portions, and keep the mixture in a tin vessel. 164 ORDNANCE MANUAT-. Liquiff Olive Color. OHre pa!. of rhrllac in 10 f^a. of boilinj; water, addinf; SO oi. of tal vrmtiu. Mix thix solution with an e<|ual quanlitj of paint prepared in the utnal maonvr. This paint is ecuuuuiical and durable. Paint for WindoiQ^Glass. Add .25 01. of beot ehromt grren to 1 lb. tngnr «/ Uad, ground fine, in sufficient linseed oil to moisten it : mix \o the coofiitency of common paint, and apply it with a soft brush. No drying material is required. The glass should be well cleaned before the paint is applied. The above quantity is sufficient for about 200 feet of glass. Whiting and Pru.^sian blue may be used for the same purpose. Gray or Stone Color for Buildings. Ist coat. 2d coat White lead, in oil 7S 1 00. Boiled oU 9.5 20. Raw oil 9.5 2«. Spirits of turpentine 3. Turkey umber 0.5 Lampblack 0.25 0.25 Yellow ochre 3. Mixed like the lead color. LACKER FOR IRON ORDNANCE. 165 A aquaro yard of new brick work requires, for two coats, 1.1 lb. ; for three coats, ]..^lb. Cream Color for Buildings. Ist coat. 2d coat. White lead, in oil 66.66 70. French yellow 3. ."•.''> 3. .33 Japan varnish 1.33 1.33 Raw oil 2S 24.5 Spirits of turpentine 2.25 2.25 A square yard of new brick work requires, for first coat, 0.75 ; for ,«econd coat, 0.3 lb. Yellow- Wash for Buildings. Dissolve 1 lb. of pulverized copperas in 8 gals, of water ; let it stand twenty-four hours, stirring it two or three times from the bottom; use this for .slaking the lime, and thinning it to the consistency of ordinary whitewash; add h3'draulic cement equal in quantity to the lime used, and of clean sand i gal. to 15 gals, of wash. Stir it frequently, to prevent the sand from settling. The walls should be first well cleaned of dust and thoroughly wet from the rose of a watering pot, and the w.ish applied immediately after, beginning at the top, laying on the coat horizontall}' and finishing it vertically. Before leaving the work, at any time, finish the course to a joint in the wall, to prevent making a mark in the color where the two courses join. This wash has been known to last for fifteen years without requiring renewal. For a, gray or stone color, add lampblack previously deadened with whiskey. Lacker for Iron Ordnance. 1. — Black lead, pulverized 12 Red lead 12 Litharge 5 Lampblack 5 Linseed oil 66 Boil it gentlj' about twenty minutes, during which time it must be constantly stirred. 2. — Umber, ground 3.75 Gum shellac, pulverized 3.75 Ivory-black 3.75 Litharge 3.75 Linseed oil 78. Spirits of turpentine 7.25 The oil must be first boiled half an hour. The mixture is then boiled 24 hours, poured oflF from the sediment, and put in jugs, corked. 166 OUDNANCE MANUAL. 3. — Toal t«r (of good quality) 2 fiJ«. SpirilH lurpt'iiiinc 1 pint. Tho liirpcntiiic to he added iu small ijuantitics during tbc apfdication of the lacker. Ill npplyinj; lacker, the Riirfacc of the iron nni»t he first elenncd with a aerapor and a wire l)ruilied hid, in two thin coat), wkb a puint briisb. It in bcicDtino 1 pint. This mixture, when well stirred and incorporultd. will be fit for use; but as br long keeping in this stale it becomes hard, no more should b« mixed than uay b« required for immediulo use. A Hti-corroiitin. — Slag from iron foundries, pounded 12 (' lialk 12 Soot, eommoo • 1 Lacker for Small Anns, or for Water-proof Paper. Beeswax 13 lbs. Spirits turpentine 13 galls. Boiled linseed oil 1 gall. .\ll the ingredients thould be pore and of the best quality. Heat them together iu a cupper or eurlheu vessel, over a gentle fire, in a water-bath, until they arc well mixed. Lacker for bright Iron Work. Linseed oil, boiled M.5 Litharge 5.5 While lead, ground in oil 11.25 Rosin, pulverised 2.75 .\dd tho lithar;;c t<> the oil: let it simaaer over a slow fire 3 hoars : strain it, aa^ VARNISH FOR HOLSTERS, SCABBARDS, ETC. 167 add the rosin and white lead; keep it gently warmed, and stir it until the rosin is dissolved. Apply it with a paint brush. Planto7i's Composition for Wood or Iron. Rosin, pulverized • 48 Shellac, " 2 Charcoal or cannel coal, pulverized 16 Spirits turpentine 1 The shellac may be replaced by double the quantity of beeswax. The rosin and shellac are melted in an iron vessel over the fire; the charcoal is then added and stirred briskly until the whole is well inttrmixed, after which the turpentine is added and stirred until it is well incorporated with the other ingredients. Black Stain for Wood. Copperas ] lb. Nutgalls 1 " Sal ammoniac 0.25 lb. Vinegar 1 gall. Stir it occasionally, and it will bo ready for use in a few hours. Clean and make smooth the surface, filling the cracks with black putty, which should be allowed to harden. Apply the stain two or three times, and leave it a day or two to dry; then rub it with boiled oil until it is polished. The stain will be of a bluish color till the oil is applied. This forms a cheap and durable preservative for wood. Varnish for Holsters, Scabbards, etc. (or Patent Leather). {For first and second coats.) Prussian blue, in lumps 4. Sugar of lead 0.7 Aqua fortis 0.7 Linseed oif, boiled 70. Spirits turpentine 24.6 The ingredients, except the turpentine, are boiled together in an iron kettle eight' hours, when the mixture will assume a brilliant black color. When the varnish is nearly cool, stir in the turpentine. The kettle in which the varnish is made should be of a capacity to hold double the quantity of varnish to be boiled. {For the third or fnlshing coat — CoPAL Varnish.) Gum copal (in clean lumps) 26.5 Boiled linseed oil 42.5 Spirits turpentine 31. This varnish is made in a cop2)cr vessel, smallest at top, in the form of a still. yn ORDNANCE MANUAL. Put the copal in Iho vessel, set it on a rbarcoal fire for one hour, in which time it will melt, and all the watery particles will evaporate. Add the oil while the eupal ii warm, hut not boiling hot. When nearly cool, add the turpcntiuc, which will giro it a proper cuoiiiKleDry for Uf>e. For f) Ihn. copal and the jiroper proportions of oil antl turpcntiuc, the vessel should hol.i n gallons. ■Jiipan Varnish. Lithar(;e 4 Boiled oil »7 Spirits turpentine 2 Rod lead 8 V mbcr 1 Gum shellac H Sugar of lead 2 White vitriol ' 1 Japan varnish is genaraily |iurcba«ed from the paint pellem. It is made by boil- ing over a slow charcoal fire, for fiva hours, all the ingredients, except the turpen- tine and a small purlinn of the oil; the latter is added ax rc<|iiired, to check the ebullition and allay the froth which rises to the surface. It must bo continually •tirred with a wooden spatula, and great cure is necessary to prevent it from taking fire. The turpentine is added after the varnish is nearly cool, and it is litirrcd well in. The vurniiih uiu^t bo ]>ut in demijohns, or close cane, and kept tightly corked. Dye for Blacking Belts. Extract of logwood 2 Iba. Broken nutgalls 0.5 lb. Pyrolignate of iron 0.5 pint. Soft water 1 gall. The logwood and nutgalls are boiled in the wak«r till the logwood is dissolved. When cold, add the pyrolignate of iron. Stir it well and let it settle. When clear, decant it free from sediment and keep it well corke^^ The pyrolignate of iron is made by dissolving iron filings in pyroligneoas acid — as much as the acid will take up. The addition of the logwood is not essential. A solution of copperas may replace the pyrolignate of iron, but it is not so good. Kit. Compotition. — 9 rosin, 6 pitch, 6 beeswax, 1 tallow. To be melted together and poured into water; then worked with the hands until it becomes soft and pliable. QUANTITY OF PAINT FOR A CARRIAGE. 169 Pitch Cement. > Lbs. Oz. Bee?wax - 3 Pitch 2 Rosin 1 Turpentine 1 Brick dust 9 The materials for the cement are melted successively over a slow fire, and the brick dust is stirred in last. Grease for Carriage ^Vheels. Iloffii' lard, softened (if fresh) by working it. If this cannot be procured, tallow or other grease may be used ; if hard, it should be melted with fish oil. About 1 lb. of grease is required for four wheels. Booth's Patent Grease for Railway Axles. Water 1 gall. Clean tallow 3 lbs. Palm oil 6 " Common soda i lb. Or, Tallow 8 lbs. Palm oil 10 " To be heated to about 210°, and to be well stirred until it cools down to 70°. Quantity of Paint required for a Carriage. KIKD OF CARRIAGE. Lead color. Olive. Black. Field gun-carriage and limber, with implements- Caisson, with limber and implements, etc Forge, with limber Battery-wagon, with limber Casemate carriage and chassis, wooden Barbette carriage and chassis, wooden Lbs. Lbs. 6 10 8 15 6 10 7 13 7 14 6 11 Lbs. 0.75 0.8 1. 0.9 0.75 1. A priming of lead color and two coats of olive color are applied to new wood work, and 1 coat of load color and 1 of black, to the iron work. 170 ORDNANCE MANUAL. HTf.fc'iv' C II A P T K R E I G II T II . SMALL ARMS, SWORDS, SABRES & ACCOUTREMENTS. SMALL ARMS. The i-mnll arms addjitoil for ccrvice are : Thf rifle musket, model 185.0. The rifle musket, model 1842. The rifle, model 1&.')5. The Rifle, model 1S42, reamed out to .5S inch. No model has yet been adopted for a carbine for the cavalry service; screral different patterns are now in the hands of the troops. A rtpeating pittol is issued to th« cavalry. Rijie Musket, model 1855. (Plates 24, 25, 2G.) NOMENCLATURE.* Barrel. — Mutzle; l)ai/<>iirl-$fiid ami front tight, breech, flats, bevels and OTal, cone-seat, vent, vent-screw, cone-screw thread, vent-screw thread, rear-^ight mor- tise, rear-side screw-hole, bore, grooves, lands. The exterior phape of this barrel tapers with a gentle re-ciilcring curve from the breech to the muztle. That portion of the flat in rear of the cor.e-seat is parallel to the axis of the bore. Breccli-gcreir. — Plug with threads (16 to the inch;, tenon, shoulders, tang, tang- screw hole, bevel. Itenr eiijht (steel). — liatr ; fence, offsets, ears, screw-hole, joint, groove for barrel, steady-pin ; 1st lenf: body, cars, screw-holes, sight-notch, graduation-mark ; 2d leaf: body, tenon, screw-hole, sight-notches, graduation-marks; joint-icrew : item head, slit, and thread. Bane-screw. — Stem, head, holes, thread. Tanif'tcreir. — Shoulder. Cotie (steel). — Screw-thread, shoulder, square, nipple, vent. Bai/unct. — Blade (steel): point, face flute, back flutes, edges of back and blade, bevels, elbow, neck ; socket (iron) : muzzle end, bridge end, bridge, mortise, shoulder for clasp, stop-pin ; clatp (iron) : body, stads, bridge, groove, stop, clasp-screw. • The Maynard primer having been abandoned, all that relates to the magazine is intended to be omitted. RIFLE MUSKET. 171 Lock. — Lnck-plate ; front and rear ends, sides, cone-seat notch, bolster, main- spring notch, chamfer, bevel, 5 holes for the jiivots of the main spring and bridle, arbor of the tumbler, 7 screw-holes, mortise for sear-spring stud; hammer: body, crook, heail, comb, checking, countersink, cutter, slit, tumbler-hole; tttmh/cr (steel) : body, friction-shoulder, arbor, square, pivot, swivel-arm, swivel-slot and pin-holes, half-cock notch, cock notch, screw-hole ; bridle : body, eye, pivot, 3 holes for tum- bler-pivot, sear-scrCw, and bridle-screw : Iridle-scrcw ; Bear (steel) : body, eye, nose, tang, screw-hole ; scar-screw; sear-spring (steel): blade (upper and lower branch and elbow), eye, stud-screw hole; sear-sprinij screw; main spring (steel): blade, upper and lower branch and elbow, hook, pivot, tang; swirel (steel): body, axis, 2 holes for tumbler-pin and finger-pivot; tumbler and swivel-pin. 2 side screws. In all the screws the parts are: the stem, the head, the slit, and the thread. The bottom of the slit of the larger screws is concave; the base-screw of the rear sight has 2 holes in the head, instead of a slot, in order that it may not be removed by the ordinary screw-driver. Monntimjs. — Upper and lower bands: body, creases, letter TJ to designate the upper from the lower edge; middle band: body, creases, letter U, stud, hole for swivel-rivet; middle band swivel: wire, eyes, rivet; band-springs (steel): stem, wire, shoulder; aide-screw washers: counter-sink, hole for screw; guard; guard- plate : body, bolsters, trigger-stud, 2 holes for guard-bow, 2 for wood-screws, and 1 for trigger-screw ; guard-bow : bodj% pillars, stems with their screw-threads, swivel- stud, piece and hole, 2 nuts for stems, swivel, and rivet; trigger: blade, tang or finger-piece, hole for screw; trigger-screw : 2 icood-screws for guard-plate ; butt-plate : body, toe, heel, hollow, corners, tang and screw holes ; 2 wood-screws for butt-plate ; box-plate: the lid and the strap joined hy a, hinge and rivet ; screics : 3 box-plate and 1 for spring; 3 springs; 1 for box-plate; catch: 1 for box-plate; rivets: 2 for catch. Ramrod (steel). — Stem, swell, head, cup. screw; stop (iron): for rod. Stock (black walnut). — Butt: comb, handle, head, facings, first and second rein- force, chase, shoulders for bands and tip; grooves for barrel and ramrod; beds for tang and tenon, lock, washers, guard-plate, nuts for guard-bow and trigger-stud, butt-plate, and band-springs and tip; mortises for the trigger, and stop; rod-holes for the rod, the side screws, tang-screws, guard-screws, butt-plate screws, band- springs, and tip-rivet. Tip (malleable iron). — Recess for stock, groove for rod, rivet-hole, and shoulder. Ihe patch-box was added July 9, 1S59. The muskets made at this time have not the self-priming lock nor the patch-box. Rijle Musket, model 1842. (Plate 26.) (For nomenclature see Ordnance Manual, ISfil.) This arm differs from the original model in the following particulars: — The boro is grooved ; it has a rear sight similar to that for the new musket. 172 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Rifie, model 1855. (Plate 26.) Harrfl. — Muzzle : bai/onet-itud, front »i'f blade KamkoI) — LeiiKtb Stock, with tmtl iilate ami tip— Lcng^lli. , iictli without lin.vnuet xeii Arm. complete ( bi'iictli without ■} Witli ba.vonet tij ■ (Witli lull t piece. N umbel i Twist, uniform. 1 turn in . Grooves ..■{ Width I Depth at inuyzle (^ Depth lit breech R.ARREL. without breccb-screw. Lock, with siJe-screws Bayonet HlTT-l'LATK I AVithout bayonet . ■I With bayouet ^Witli butt-piece... Arm complete.. In. In. In. 0.68 0.09 0..'i8 0.0025 0.015 0.0025 0.78 0.85 0.90 l.U 1.26 1.14 40. 42. 33. 18. 18. 21.7 38.«0 41.70 33.00 52.85 55.85 57.80 49.3 73.85 75.80 71.8 3. 3. 3. Oft. eft. Oft. o.:io 0.36 o.;«) .005 .005 .005 .015 .015 .ou Lbs, Lbs. Lbs. 4.28 4.19 4.8 .81 95. .81 .72 0.64 2.15 .375 9.18 9.51 9.93 9.90 10.15 12.08 In. 0.58 0.0036 0.90 1.16 33. 21.7 33.00 48.8 71J 0. flft. o.ao .006 .018 Lbs. 4.8 .66 2.15 9.68 11.83 INSPECTION OF S.MALL ARMS. All the materials used in the manufacture of arra< must be of the best quality, and they should be tested by the inspectors, according to the methods indicated in Chapter XIV. The wood for gun-stocks should be seasoned at lea=t three years, and kept in a dry place two years before being worked ; it mui^t be free from knrts and sap, and no woiid which is brash, or light, or wnrm-eaten. or in any degree decayed, or which is cut across the grain at the handle of the stock. '>r which is kiln-dried, should b« used or received. INSPECTION OF BARRELS. 175 The following rules for inspection apply to all small arms,, whether made at the national armories, or by contract at private establishments. The attention of the inspecting officers should be directed as much as possible to the o])erations of the workmen in the course of the fabrication of arms. Each component part is first inspected by itself, and afterward the arm in a tinishcd state. The materials and the forms and dimensions of all the parts must conform strictly to those of the established patterns; the workmanship and finish must be equal to those of the model arms, and the several parts must be browned, l)lued, ease-hard- ened, or polished as in the standard model. The forms and dimensions of the parts are verified by means of the standard gauges. (See p. .) Inspectioti of Barrels. » The Jii-Kt inspection of the barrel is made in the forged or cone-seated stage; the second in the 3d bored stage ; the third in the ORDNANCE MANUAL. One wad is placed oo the powder and the other on the ball, and the charj^e is well rammed with a copper rod. The wad occupies, when rammed, altout J inch in the length of the barrel. The barrels arc closed for proof with proving -phir/n having vents in them. Musket powder will be used for proving the barrelfi of muskets ; tho powder must be of the bcft i|Uftlit\-, giving not less than the standard initial velocity: it must Iw proved inimediutoly before being used, unless it shall have been proved within one year, and the inspector has no reason to suppose that it has become deterior- ated. The measures for the proof-charges should bo of a conical form, with tho mouth aa Biuall as may bo convenient, in order that there may be less variation in the quantity of powder. Before commencing the proof of barrels, tho inspector will satisfy himself as to tho quality and proof of the powder, the siie of the balls and of the wads. The inspector will observe the greatest caution in having the bnrreli properly loaded; for which purpose, after they arc placed on the proving-bcd, he will i)ass a ramrod into each barrel, to verify the accuracy of the charge. After the discharge he will again pass tho ramrod into each barrel, and those which have missed fire will be pricked and primed and discharged, before proceed- ing to tho second proof-charge. After the second proof-charge, the inspector will examine the barrels which have burst, and note the cause of defect, whether in the materials or workmanship. He will then examine those which have not burst, and lie will mark, as cod- dcmned. any which are evidently arts work well together. Marks. — The place and j'car of fabrication are stamped on tiic face of the lock- platc — the year in rear of the hammer, and the name of the place in front. Finished arm. — The initials of the finish inspector and of the master armorer arc stamped on the rear end of the face of the stock, opposite the lock, with italic letters. Mountings. The forms and dimensions are verified with the appropriate gauges and patterns. The trigger should be well fitted to the guard-plate, with as little lateral play as is consistent with its free movement. The form, size, and threads of the screws should be carefully examined. The letters C. S. are marked on the tang of the butt-plate. Ramrods. The temper of the rod is tested by springing it in four directions, with the point resting on the floor. The musket ramrod should bend 6 inches from a right line joining the ends: the rod should spring back perfectlj- straight, without setting. Its soundness and freedom from flaws and cross-cracks are ascertained by the sound it gives when suspended by one end and gently struck with a piece of metal, and by passing it over the edge of a block of wood or the closed jaws of a vice, pressing down the ends at the same time aad turning the rod. so as to present every side successively to inspection. Rifle and pistol rods are subjected to the last tests only. The diameter of the rod and the tap of the screw for the wiper are rerilied with the proper gauges. The length is also verified. STOCKS. 179 Baijonets, The form and dimensions of the baj'onet'are verified with the proper gauges; the temper is tried by springing the bayonet attached to the barrel, the point resting on the floor. In case of doubt, the temper of the bayonet is definitely proved in the following manner : Two iron staples arc fixed in a piece of oak plank on a workbench, 16§ inches apart; one of them serves as a bridge, and has notches to receive the blade — the other serves as a staple fpr holding the point of the bayonet close to the plank : the bayonet is fixed on a barrel, to the butt of which is fastened a brass ball weighing 6 pounds : so that, by inserting the point of the blade in the staples, the face and back resting alternately on the bridge, the blade sustains a weight of 9 pounds, which springs it about § of an inch. In this situation the blade is also examined to detect flaws and croas-cracks. It should not remain bent after this trial. The inspector then seizes the blade near the point and strikes the elbow smartly on the workbench, to ascertain that the welding is sound. If the proof shows no defects, he verifies the dimensions and bore of the socket and the accuracy of tho channels. He examines the dimensions of the clasp, to see that it fits well to the shoulder ; that it turns evenly, without binding in any part ; that the stop is well placed and firmly set; that the clasp-screw and its thread in the stud of the clasp are well cut; that the elbow has the proper form and dimensions. Marks. — Bayonets are marked on the face of the blade, near the neck, with the letters C. S.; those rejected for defects that cannot be remedied arc marked with the stamp of condemnation. Stocks. ■ The examination of the stock will be directed — 1. To the quality of the wood: that it has good, straight grain, is well seasoned, and free from sap and worm-holes. The degree of seasoning is indicated by the smell of the wood at a fresh-cut place; by the appearance of the lock and barrel, etc., when removed from the stock; they will be rusted by unseasoned wood; by rolling a thin shaving between the fingers : it will crumble if the wood be well seasoned, otherwise it will be tough and will bend. The medium weight of a well-seasoned musket-stock is 2 pounds ; a stock made of good walnut will not weigh less than 1 pound 13 ounces. 2. To the workmanship: that it is free from splits, especially about the barrel- groove and heading ; that it has not been split and glued up; that the grooves and beds are of the proper forms and dimensions; that the roundings for the bands are smooth and accurate; that the handle and comb are of the proper size and form; that tho stock has the proper fall or crook, and is of the right length ; that tho holes arc well drilled, and that those for the wood-screws have good threads. In examining the bed of the lock, see — 1. That all the edges are sharp and smooth. 180 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2. Tliiit tlic beds of the scar-screw ami seiir-spring screw arc not bored down to the friRger or to the breech-screw. 3. Tliut tlio beds of the niuin-sprin;; and main-spring screw do not penetrate to the barrel. 4. Tliat the hole for the tang of the sear is as small as possible, so that the soar shall not be wood-bound. f). That the wires fit well in their holes, Mitrkii. — That the stocks inspected arc marked on the left .«idc with the stamp of approval (the initials of the inspector's name) or of condemnation, as tho coao may bo. Appendages. litiU-iirrfwii and viprrn are examined by screwing them on a piece of runirod furnished with a handle, to verify the accuracy of the screw-thread; the temj>er of tho branches is tested by prc.';^:ing the points on a piece of hard wood, in which proof they should spring back to their proper form. Scrrw-drircm, by inserting the blades in a vice, or in a slit made for the purpose, and twisting them with the hand. Test the strength and size of the cone-wrench by putting it on a square socket and wrenching it by hand. Other implements are examined by applying the appropriate patterns, etc.. and their soundness may be further tested by striking them a smart blow with a ham- mer. Finished Arms. Finished arms offered for inspection must bo taken entirely to piecei, and each part must bo examined ns above directed; if the parts have been previously in- spected, see that they have suffered no suljsequent injury. This being d'>ne, the arms will be put together and examined in their complete ^tate. Some of the arms in every lot should be put together by the inspector himself. The inspector will examine the finished arms on every side, to see that the parts are well fitted together: he will verify the principal dimensions and forms by means of the appropriate gauges and patterns. Jiarrel. — The diameter of the bore must be verified with the standard and limit gauges. Tho barrel should enter the groove of the stock to the depth of half its diameter, and should bear well in the whole length of the groove, particularly at tho breech. The vent should be accurate in its dimensions, position, and direction, and a wire should be passed into the vent through the cone and cone-seat, to see that they are free. The cone should be examined, to see that it is sound. The shoulders of the breeeh-screw should fit close to the end of the barrel, and it must be free from cracks or flaws about the tang-screw hole : the tang-screw should be perpendicular to tho tang. The bore of the barrel should be clean and bright. Ramrod. — The fitting of the groove is ascertained by drawing and returning the rod smartly several times, to see that it holds well and does not stick too tight ; FINISHED ARMS. IgJ the pistol-carbine ramrod should hold more firmlv than that of the musket • the ramrod must bear on the rod-stop, and in that position its head should not project beyond the end of the barrel : it should fill the groove well ; the open part of the groove should be in the centre of the stock, the covered part in the middle of the thickness of the stock, between the outside and the bottom of the barrel-groove and the rod should not interfere with the front side screw. ' f{aj,onct.-The socket of the bavonct should be a little below the muzzle of the barrel at the upper end. Work the clasp, to see that the ramrod does not interfere with ,t, that it bears well on the shoulders, that the clasp-screw holds well, that the stock ,s firmlv fixed, and that the clasp moves evenly, without binding: the blade of the bayonet should set outward a little toward the point. To try the strength and temper of the bayonet when fixed, spring it smartly in four directions, toward the back and face and each edge, resting the point on the floor, and grasping the butt of the stock with the right hand and the middle of the barrel with the left Examine the fitting of the bayonet to the barrel, and see that the inside of the socket IS clean and free from rust, and that the bayonet-stud is well bra/.cd and of tlie right dimensions. /.oc/..-Examine carefully the action of the lock: snap the hammer on the cone, to see that it fits well. Let the hammer down several times, to judge of the working of the lock. See, also— 1. That the interior parts are not wood-bound. 2. That the hammer stands ofl!' (0.02 inch) from the lock. ^ 3. That it does not go ofl^ at half-(*)ck when the trigger is.pulled hard. ^ 4. That it goes neither too hard nor too easily when cocked. .. 5. That it docs not stop at half-cock. 6. that the trigger is steady at cock and half-cock, and free when the hammer is down. 7. Th-it the fall of the hammer is not stopped by the heel of the tumbler before It touches the cone. 8. That the hammer has sufficient sweep : that it falls evenly, without a jerk, and that the knife edge passes freely over the plate. Exjimine the soundness of the hammer at the tumbler-hole. In examining a finished lock by itself, observe the rules laid down above; see that the lock-plate fits accurately in its bed, and that the wood around it is full and sound. Mount{ny.,.-The front part of the trigger at half-cock should be nearly perpen- dicular to the surface of the guard-plate; the slit for the trigger should be of the exact width, so that the trigger shall have no lateral motion. It is important that the guard-plate should bear firmly on the wood in every part; as, otherwise, by driving the tang-screw too hard, the trigger might be brought too close to the sear and the action of the lock be thus interfered with. The butt-plate should be well fitted in the centre of the stock. The bands should fit sm..othly at (he shoulders and closelv to the stock and 182 ORDNANCE MANUAL. barrel, but not no tight as to require a great effort to remove them. The band- ipringR should not l>e too deeply .set : they should spring hack freely when prcoKcd down ; the holes lor the wires ishoiiid not interfere with the liarrel or ramrod jfTooveg. All the mountings should fit smoothly to tho stock. The stock should hare the proper fall or crook, which is ascertained by applying tho |)attcrn and by trying the piece in the position of ainiins:. By sighting along the barrel, i: will be seen whether it is well stocked, wlietbar the bands, the front and rear sights and the bayonet are well set. Hit. also, InnpeetiitH of arm it in lerri're. General Directions. The inspector is not restricted to the particular examinations above mentioned; be will make any other examinations which he may deem necessary to ascertain the quality of any |iart of the arms and their confirrmity to the standard models ; if be discover or suspect any attempts on the part of the workmen to cover or ccmcea) serious defects, he will subject the arms to the most severe scrutiny, in order to detect such defects. In tho inspection of contract arms, the inspector will judge of the quality of materials and workmanship by the rules which govern in like cases at tho national armories; that is, he will reject such arms or parts of arms as would be condemned at the national armories, and ho will recoire such as would be approred at the national armories — without exacting, in any case, more rigid conditions than are enforced at thoi^c establishments. The ordnance officer charged with tho inspection of arms, or the master armorer at a national armory, will cause at least one in ttrmiy of each lot of arms passed by a 8ub-in8pect{ anns in the same manner ai to the ImrreU. About fi <|iiurti< of browning mixture arc required for l,(Mi(i liarrvlg. Varnish for Broicned Iron. Phellao 1 «>». Dra(;nns' blood 0.1 S76 oi. Alcohol 1 quiirt. Tn rrmnir old liroirniiKj : Pluj; tlie vent and the mur.r.le of the barrel*; immerse Ibo browned parts for one hour in boilinf; lime-water or lye, to remove tlio Tarnish or grease ; wipe them, and put them in rinegar, in a wooden trough, for half aa hour or an hour, when the browning may be rubbed off with a rag. PACKIXtJ P.MALL ARMS. Box for 20 Jiifte Muskets. (Plate 27.) I The box !!• made of well Maioned yellow pine, or eypress boards 1 inrh thick; the sides and bottoms lap over the ends. 4 corner piece* (yellow pine), 7.2b inches wide, 1.25 inch thick: the width of the corner piece is placed a):aiosl tho end of the box; a rabbet is rut in each piece to receive the ends of a board •I.S inches wide and .125 inch thick, which forms the inner lining of the implement-pocket. 2 enit liningr, between the corner pieces, 8.75 inches deep, leaving vacant spaces above ibem, between the corner pii*cc«, 4.5 inches deep, for the implements. They arc fastened to the ends, each with two nails. Interior dimen$i»nt »/ the l>or. — Length between the end linings, 59.25 inches; width, If) inches: depth, 13.25 inches. The end* are fastened with nine 8-{>enny nails in two rows, in each corner pie««P Bach fide is fastened with five 12-pcnny nails in each end, three 10-penny nails, and one 2-inch screw No. 14 (above tho nails j, in each corner piece. The boit.m is fastened to each end and lining with twelve 10-penny nails, and to each side with ten 10-penny nails and two 2-inch screws. The top is fastened with two 2-inch screws to each end and four to each side. Two holes are bored iu each en5 inch wide and I inch thick, are placed on each side of the V)ox, their ends resting in notches cut in the ends of the top clamps. A tin cover is then placed upon these pieces, and the edges of the lining are bent over it and soldered. To open the box, a soldering-iron and thin knife are rccjiiircd to open the sol- dered joint, and the cover is removed. Weights of boxes of Arms pached. 20 muskets and appendages, model ISo."), 286 lbs. 20 " •' " " for sea voyage, 301 lbs. 20 " ■ " " 1842, 285 lbs. 20 " " " " for sea voyage, 300 lbs. 20 rifles " " 1855, 321 lbs. Packing Arins with Straw. In the field, or under other circumstances, when the proper arm chests arc not on baud, it may sometimes be necessary to pack arms in this manner. The interior dimensions of a box for 20 muskets may be the same as for the regu- lar packing-box. The straw should be long, perfectly dry, and free from dust ; rye straw is the best; hay should not be used: about 25 pounds of straw are required to a box. To prepare the miiakit for packiiiff. — Oil it; let down the hammer, pass the bay- onet up to the socket into the guard-bow, on the right side, in front of the trigger. MaJ{c a rope of about 40 straws, slightly twisted, and 40 inches long ; wrap it about the musket, commencing on top of the hammer, going round the bayonet below, again over the hammer and round the piece in front of the guard, then over the socket of the bayonet near the neck, and wrapping the rest around the handle of the stock. Lay a bed of straw 2 inches thick in the bottom of the box : in the middle and lit 6 inches from the ends, place three cushions of straw (J inches thick and 12 inches wide. Put in a tier of 10 muskets crossing each other, the butts resting alternately against the ends of the box, the guards uppermost, and the hammers bearing on the cushions. Put small trusses of straw under the upper and middle bands, by raising the muskets at one end and then pressing them down between the others. Pack, between the butts, wads of straw 8 inches long, made of a hand- ful of straws folded in three ; cover the guards and guard-bows with the ends of the straw that form these wads, which will be still about 12 inches long. Put in another tier of 10 muskets in the same manner, making the cushions four inches thick. Pack the implements in straw in the vacant spaces. Fill the box with straw, so that the cover shall require strong pressure to keep it down. Put two hoops around the box, at IS inches from the ends. Other arm^, swords, etc., are packed in a similar manner. PRESERVATION OF ARMS. 187 Arms should not he wrapped in paper, unless it bo oiled, as it attracts moisture more readily than straw does. PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN STORE. Arrangement and Manner of Storing Ar7ns. Arms are kept at the arsenals either in the boxes in which they arc received from the armories, or in racks. Those of each kind are kept separate, and they are arranged according to the model, the place and j-ear of fabrication, and the time when they were last cleaned. New arms are kept distinct from those which have been repaired. Each parcel should have a label, indicating the kind, number, model, date of their receipt in store and of their being last cleaned. The manner of keeping arms at the arsenals is determined by the chief of the Ordnance bureau, according to the peculiar circumstances of each case, and racks are constructed for them only in pursuance of special authority from the Ordnance oflBoe; without such authority, they are kept in boxes. The form and arrangement of the racks vary with those of the room in which they are placed, so as to use the space to the best advantage and give light and air to every part of the room. The usual arrangement of racks for muskets is to establish two rows of double racks, two tiers high, perpendicular to the length of the room, leaving alleys around the room next to the walls, and in the centre, if necessary. The bayonets are passed through the middle band swivel, the socket covering the top of the ramrod. Other racks of a similar kind may be made for rifles, carbines, etc. Pistols are suspended by the guard-bows, on hooks driven into the faces of the musket racks, or iuto the joists, or into strips attached to the walls of the building. When there are neither racks nor boxes prepared, the arras are stored in dry rooms, arranged in rows apart from the walls, standing on their muzzles and sup- ported by frames to prevent them from pressing too much on each other. The bayonet should be unfixed and passed through the swivel. They should be covered with tarpaulins or cloths, if necessary, to protect them from dust. Arms of peculiar kinds, and arms to be repaired, are kept separate from others ; as also arms unserviceable or condemned to be broken up. Limbs and spare parts intended for repairs of arms should be kept in store by themselves, in a dry place, classed according to the kind of arms and to the model and year of fabrication, and labelled accordingly. Musket and rifle barrels and other long barrels, standing on their muzzles ; the piles covered from the dust with tarpaulins supported so as not to touch the barrels. Pistol barrels, bayonets, and other small jjarts, in drawers or boxes, properly labelled. Stocks, in square piles, in the attic or upper story of the building. m ORDNANCE MANUAL. Care of Ar7ns iii Store. Arms when received at an arsenal should be unpacked and carefully examined, to detect anj' damage suffered in transportation ; they should be cleaned and oiled, if they require it. Those arms which are not to be placed in racks should be returned to the boxes, laid in looseh' but safely, and the cover slightly fastened down, so that they can be readily examined. All arms in store should be freijuently examined, to see that they do not become rusty. Those which are found to be rusted should be immediately cleaned and again oiled. Browned arms, if affected with specks of rust, should be rubbed hard with linseed oil; and if the appearance of the browning indicate that the acid is not neutralized, care should be taken to examine the arms a;:ain within a short time, as it maj' be found necessary to remove and renew the browning: but this operation should not be performed without special authority from the chief of the Ordnance bureau, on the report of a duly authorized inspector. Arms which are to be repaired should be oiled and taken caro of in the same manner as serviceable arms. Irreparable arms, the parts of which can be used for repairs, should be oiled. Similar remarks apply to spare parts for repair of arms. Sjirrm oil should be used for greasing arms. Empty boxes, from which iln- arms in racks arc taJicn, should be kept, with all the parts belonging to them, in the attics or other dry situations. The storehouse for arms should be aired in clear, dry weather. Issuing Arms. The Ordnance regulations prescribe the manner of issuing arms to the troops under the various circumstances of service, and to the slates, for arming the militia. All arms issued from an arsenal should be carefully examined before delivery, cleaned, and put in good order; if intended for transportation, the.v should be oiled, if necessarj', after cleaning, and carefully packed. PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN SERVICE. The officers, non-commissioned oflScers, and soldiers should be instructed and practised in the nomenclature of the arms, the manner of dismounting and mounting them, and the precautions and care required for their preservation. Each soldier should have a screw-driver and a wiper, and each squad of ten a band-spring and tumbler punch, and a spring-^ce. No other implements should be used in taking arms apart or in setting them up. In the inspection of arms, officers should attend to the qualities essential to ser- vice, rather than to a bright polish on the exterior of the arms. The arms should be inspected in the quarters at least once a month, with the barrel and lock separated from the stock. TAKING ARMS TO PIECES. 189 Taking Arms to Pieces. To taJce apart the rijie jnusJcet, model 1855 — 1. Unfix the bayonet. 2. Put the totnpion iu the muzzle of the barrel. 3. Draw the ramrod. 4. Turn the tang-screw. 5. Take off the lock : to do this, first put the hammer at half-cock, then unscrew partially the side screws, and, with a slight tap on the head of each screw with a wooden instrument, loosen the lock from its bed in the stock; then turn out the side screws, and remove the lock with the left hand. 6. Remove the side screws, taking care not to disturb the washers. 7. Take otf the upper band. 8. Take off the middle band. 9. Take off the lower band. 10. Take out the barrel. In doing this, turn the musket horizontally, with the barrel downward, holding the barrel loosely with the left hand below the rear sight, the right hand grasping the stock by the handle; and if it does not leave the stock, tap the tompion in the muzzle gently against the ground or floor, which will loosen the breech end from the stock. This is preferable to lifting the barrel out by the muzzle, because if the tang of the breech-screw should bind in the wood, the head of the stock would be liable to be split by raising the muzzle first. The foregoing parts of the rifle musket are all that should usually be taken off or dismounted. The soldier should never dismount the baiid-sj)r!ncfs, fjuard, side screw, washers, hult-plate, rear sight, cone, and cone-seat screw, except when an otPicer considers it necessary. The breech-screw should be taken out only by an armorer, and never in ordinary cleaning. The lock should not bo taken apart, nor the bayonet-clasp taken off, except wlicn absolutely necessary iu the opinion of an officer. If proper and regular care he taken of the arm, this will he very seldom necessari/. The parts which are specially assigned to be dismounted by an experienced armorer will be stated in their regular order following No. 10, viz: 11. Unscrew the cone, keeping the wrench well down on the square of the cone, to prevent the corners from being injured. 12. T.ake out the cone-seat screw. 13. Take out the upper, middle, and lower band-springs, using a wire punch of proper size. 14. Take out the side screws.* *The guard, butt-plate, and side-screw heads have concave slits, for which the screw-driver is adapted: this lessens tiie danger of the stock being marred by accident or carelessness in letting the screw-driver slip out while in the act of turning the screw. Great care should be observed to prevent injury iu this particular. 100 ORDNANCB MANUAL. \f). Take 'lilt the jfuird, ukidj; care to prevent injiirin;; the wood at ea<'h end of the Knard-jilnte. IPi. Tiikc out the hidi'-fcrcw wiislicri" with a drift-punch. 17. Take out the hutl-platc scri-ws with the largest hladc of the Hrrcw-clrivcr, and remove the hutt-plat'e. 18. Keinove tlie rear oijjht by turning out tlie leaf-f>pring screw, which will release the Bight from the barrel. 19. Turn out the hrceeh-screw by means of a " brcecli-ser''w wrench" ruitcd to the tenon of the breech-Hcrew. No other wrench should ever be uned for this pur- poHc, and llu' barrel hliould be held in clamps fitting neatly the breech. onnKH IN WIIK II TIIR LOCK 18 TAKKN APAUT. 1, Cock the piece, and jiut the spring-vice on the main spring; give the thumb- screw a turn ^'ufiIcient to liberate the spring from the swivel and main-ipring notch. Remove the cjiring. 2. The s-ear-sjiring screw, lleforc turning this screw entirely out, strike the elbow of the spring with tho scn-w-driver, so as to disengage the pivot from its mortiie; then remove the screw and spring. '^. The sear- screw and sear. 4. The bridle-screw and bridle. 5. The tumbler-screw. 6. The tumbler. This is driven out with a punch inserted in the screw-bole, which at the same time liberates the hammer. 7. Detach the main-spring swivel from the tumbler with a drift-punch. Assembling Arms. The lock and the mu^kel are put together in the inverse order of taking them apart. THK LOCK. 1. The main-spring swivel. 2. The tumbler and hammer. 3. The tumbler- screw, i. Bridle and screw, i. Sear and screw, ti. Sear-spring and screw. 7. Main spring. Before replacing the screws, oil them slightly with good sperm oil, putting a drop on the point of the screw; also, on the arbor and pivot of the tumbler; between the movable branches of the springs and the lock-jdatc : on the hook and Botches of the tumbler. After the lock is put together, avoid turning the screws in so bard as to make the limbs bind : to insure this, try the motion of each limb before and after its spring is mounted, and see that it moves without friction. THE MrSKET. 1. The barrel. Drop the barrel into its place in the stock, and squeeze it down with the band ; give the butt of the stock a gentle tap against the floor, to settle the breech end of the barrel against the head of the stock. CLEANING AND CARE OF ARMS. 191 2. Put on the lower band with the letter U upward, being careful not to mar the stock or barrel in sliding it into its place ; apply the thumb to the band-spring, to see that it plays freely. .3. Put on the middle band ; and, 4. The upper band, in the same manner. 5. The lock. Half-cock the hammer ; take the lock in the right hand, with the main spring and sear toward you, holding the stock with the left hand by the .'swell, with the butt between the knees. Enter the lock fairly into the lock-bed, taking care to keep the arm of the sear clear 'of the trigger: press the plate well down into the wood, and then turn the musket over, holding the lock and stock together /with the left hand. 6. With the right hand, turu in the side screws, after having touched their screw- threads with oil. Observe that the point of the rear screw is flat, and should not project beyond the plate, to interfere with the hammer. The front screw has a round point. 7. Turn in the tang-scrcw, after having oiled the screw-thread. Be careful to sec that each of these screws are turned firmly home, but not forced. Observe that the lock plays freely, without friction, and that no limb is bound by the wood. 8. Return the ramrod. 9. Kcfi.x the bayonet, after having oiled the clasp and socket to prevent chafing. 10. Replace the tompion. Oil the stock well with sperm or linseed oil ; let it stand a few hours, and then rub it with a woollen rag until the wood is perfectly dry. Repeat this from time to time, and it will produce a polish which moisture will not affect. Linseed oil is the best for this purpose, and it should be used while the arm is dismounted. Cleaning and Care of Anns. TO CLEAN THE BAHKEL. 1. Stop the hole in the cone with a peg of soft wood ; pour a gill of water (warm, if it can be had) into the muzzle ; let it stand a short time, to soften the deposit of the powder ; put a plug of soft wood into the muzzle, and shake the water up and down the barrel well; pour this out and repeat the washing until the water comes out clear ; take out the peg from the cone, and stand the barrel, muzzle downward, to drain for a few moments. 2. Screw the wiper on to the end of the ramrod, and put a piece of dry cloth or toic round it, sufficient to prevent it from chafing the grooves of the barrel ; wipe the barrel quite dry, changing or drying the cloth two or three times. 3. Put no oil into the vent, as it will clog the passage, and cause the first cap to miss fire ; but, with a slightly oiled rag on the wiper, rub the bore of the barrel and the face of the breech-screw and immediately insert the tompion into the muzzle. 4. To clean the exterior of the barrel, lay it flat on a bench or board, to avoid bending it. The practice of supporting the barrel at each end and rubbing it with 198 ORDNANCE MANUAL. a strap or buff-ctick, or with the ramrod or any other instrument, lo hunn't'h it, In pernicious, and should be strictly forbidden. 5. After firinj;, the barrel Hhould always bo washed as goon as practicable; when the water comes olT clear, wipe the barrel dry, and pass into it a rag moistened with oil. Ah rust and dirt are produced by e.\|)loding caps or primeri^, ulthnu^^h no charge be fired, the parts of the barrel and cone exposed should be carefully wiped and oiled after such practice. Fine Jlour »/ emery cloth is the best article to clean the exterior of the barrel. TO CLKAN TllK I.OCK. Wipe every part with a moist rag, and then a dry one; if any part of the interior shows rust, put a drop of uil on the ])oint or end of a piece of soft woud dipped into flour of emery ; rub out the rust clean and wipe the surf;ice dry ; then rub every part with a slightly oiled rag. When a lock has, from any cause, become gummed with oil and dirt, it may be eleaneo 50 50 100 25 20 \ 75 125 2 50 50 Middle banils Lower bunds Upper band sprinf^s Middle band springs Lower band .•i])rinps Miiidle band swivels " " " rivets Lock-platci' Main-spring swivels " " rivets .... Uanimcrs Tumblers Tumbler-screws Bridles Bridle-screws Sears Sear-screws Scar-springs " screws Main springs Side screw washers Side screws Ramrods Bayonets Bayonet-clasps '• screws APPKNDAGE8. Wipers Screw-drivers Ball-screws Spring-vices Tumpions Band-spring and tumbler-punch — rr Mas. 30 30 30 30 ^0 75 100 8 20 SO 75 75 IV.'S 25 125 40 125 129 125 125 60 200 100 75 100 100 75 25 25 25 100 25 SPARE PARTS OF RIFLES. 199 Spare Parts for 1,0U0 Bijles {Model 1855) one year in the field. Barrels Vent-screws Rear- sights Breech-screws Tang " Cones Locks Lock-plates Hammers Tumblers " screws Bridles " screws Sears " screws Sear-springs •' screws Main springs " swivels " " rivets . . Side screws Upper bands with swivels. . . . " band swivels and rivets " band springs Lower bands " band springs Side screw washers Guard-plates 2 30 20 10 30 50 2 5 25 20 100 20 50 20 50 50 50 50 40 40 100 10 50 30 10 20 30 10 Guard-bows " nuts . .' " " swivels and rivets Triggers " screws Guard-plate screws Butt-plates " screws Box-plates with catches " screws " springs " " screws Ramrods " stops Stocks Screw-drivers Wipers Ball-screws Spring- vices Tumbler and wire punches Bullet-moulds Swages for balls Sword bayonets Tompions Sword-bayonet lock-pins " " springs.. " " spring screws 20 40 50 10 10 50 2 20 5 10 10 10 50 10 30 50 50 10 10 10 5 5 30 20 25 55 50 200 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Numhrr and hind f>f Armorers' Tools required for any nuinher of workmen, from 1 to 12, at an Armory or Arsenal for Repairs, etc. Nt'MBtll UV U'UKKMKN. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Awls', ftockcru' I 3 Axes, liiuxl I 1 Au|;crf>, urinurcrs' fl AdviIh 1 Bending toolo I 2 BalanccH 1 Bayonet-i>ro<)f!! j 1 Bevels Bifk-ironi' Bit.s, assorted " auffir " Ktocktr;'' BraiH'i", iron Braces and bits Brnii.l8. C. S... Brushes, dust tool Buff, sticks Burrs Cutter, boxes •■ dies " juin|>ers Cutters, .>-'niiths' " griuluuteil, maohinialg' Callipers Charters Chisels, turning metal | ^ *' ■' wood 4 " cold 3 '• stockers' 6 " smiths' 2 Clamps, iron.. . . Comlis, screw . . . Comb, grinders'. Couulersiuks . . . Chucks, scroll. . . Cutting-off tools Crucibles Cone-boxes Cans, tin 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 A « 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 I 6 1 6 1 1 I 8 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 20 20 24 24 24 28 28 28 30 30 SO 6 « 6 6 6 6 fl 6 8 12 IS 18 13 18 18 18 20 20 20 24 24 24 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 « 8 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 3 3 6 6 12 12 24 24 24 24 24 6 6 8 6 fi 6 6 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 <) 2 •> 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 « 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 38 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 « 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 fi 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 1 1 2 1 1 8 1 1 2 I 1 8 1 1 2 1 I 14 I 1 2 1 1 14 16 ARMORERS TOOLS. 201 Number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc. — Continued. NUMBER OF WORKMEN. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 10 11 TOOLS. Dies, screw-cutting. . . " milling " triinming " shaving " tilt-hammer.... Drilling-collars Drill-presses, portable Drill-stocks Drills, pivot " assorted Dividers Dogs, turning Files, assorted Formers, forgers' . . . . Flatters, forgers' Floats, stockers' Fullers and sets Furnaces, portable . . . Gauges, scrcw-cuttiug " graduating . . " sliding " assorted " wire Glue-pots Gouges, stockers' . . . . Grindstones, small . . . " large . . . Gravers Hammers, set " copper . . . . " hand Heading tools Hods, iron Jumper boxes " dies Jigs, drilling " filing . " tapping " milling *' shaving Knives, drawing " stocking Ladles, iron Levellers, iron 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 12 12 12 12 12 24 24 24 24 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 203 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc. — Continued. NUMUKIt OK WOIIKMEN. 9 10 I 11 12 Measures, lapc " tin Mills Mandrels, for;^cr8' " assorlcil. " l)<«ring " band Moulds, grind- wheel " bullet Oil cans Oilers Oil cups Oil-stones Pans, copjier vitrioling " tin " anncalin;; " sheet-iron Pincers Pliers . .* Planes, stookers' Powder, can istor Plugs, calibre " proving Punches, assorted hiUldlcd " spring Pails, wood " iron washing Pots, water Rods, wiping " riding Riflers Reamers Rules, carpcn ters' Rests, filers' Racks, movable Stands, straightening barrels. Scales, graduated " standard • Scales and weights Saws, hand " niotal circular '• hack " Blockers' " whip 24 28 24 24 28 28 1 1 244 3 8 1 6 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 5 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 28 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 244 3 8 1 6 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 5 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 28 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 244 3 8 1 S 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 14 1 6 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 28 1 1 244 3 8 1 6 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 14 1 5 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 28 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 244 244 3 3 8 8 1 1 6 A 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2! 2 14 14 1 5 2 4 2 2 1 ] 2 1 1 1 1 244 3 8 1 6 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 14 1 5 2 4 2 I 2 I 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 8 28 1 1 3 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 « 1 1 1 1 1 1 244 3 8 1 8 1 1 1 8 8 S 1 1 1 1 2 t 14 1 5 2 4 3 1 t 1 1 2 t 4 28 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 armorers' tools. 203 number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc. — Concluded. NUMBER OF WORKMEN. 10 11 12 Shovels, smiths'. . . " steel Screw-drivers Screw-plates Screw-stocks Scribora Sets, assorted Saw-sets Shears, band " bench .... Sledges Sows, cast-iron . . . Soldcring-copper. . Spoke-shaves Spring-proofs Squares, 2-fcet . . . " assorted . " trying . . . Stakes, iron " lead Stamps, letters . . . " figures . . . " eagles . . . , Straight-edges .... Swages , Swage-boxes " dies " jumpers ... " bullet , Trimmers Taps, metal Tongs, grinders' ... " smiths' .... Trowels, masons'.., Tunnels, tin Trucks, hand , Tool-cases Target, iron Vices, barrel , " bench " hand , " foot Wheels, polishing . . Wrenches, patent . . " assorted . 1 1 6 7 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 24 10 1 1 56 15 59 59 2 2 37 2 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 6 1 6 1 1 8 7 1 4 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 ] 1 2 1 4 4 24 10 1 1 56 15 59 59 2 2 37 2 30 204 ORDNANCE MANUAL. List of Verifying Gauges for the Rifle Musket, model of 1855. Kach net of gauges ih distinguished by the term. "Riki.k Musket, C. S.,'" iind the nuniher to c(irrriincli njipositc extremity of short branch. wMth of ImhIv. curve of bend, form of slot for swivel. No. 21. Maiii-npring (iaugr. No. 2: 6bow» the tbickne(8 of ion); branch close to the book, oppoiitc the end of fbort branch, dure to stud, thickness of short branch cloi>e to tang, opposite lo stud, iind at centre of tang, and height above top of taag- •loi>c. No. 22. Srar-Kpritig (laiigr : Shows Kpreud of spring, length of nrin. size of stud and freeing of iomU brunch, position of stud and pin-holes, thickness of tnetal at eyv, width at small end, widih of metal at body, width of body aiuing rye. No. 23. T>i)t (lauge fur l.. 1 : Shows the profile of side of base, thickness of fence and dislaarc bctWflMl fences, length of base inside, width and form of curve at rear end, lenipth of curve and position of screw-hole and stcady-piu on under side, thick- ness of head, body, and diameter of the screw, length of screw. No. 2. (inuijf far Itate, Su. 2; Shows the position of the screw and steady-pin holes and «lu|, for the tenon, as in the barrel. No. 3. Guii'jefur Fimt Lmf : Shows the length, width, and thickness, thickness of ears, dutaoee bstfPMft ears, and position as assembled. ^^ No. 4. Oaui/r for Stcoini Ltuf: Shows the form of the side of the lOO-yard range, form of the ride of 300- yurd range, width of leaf, thickness, width of joint, an assembled: showing the form and position of notcbca, and the utigle of inside and outside of leaf. No. r>. Gouge fur Joint Scrac: Shows the length, diameter and thickness of head, diameter of body, ■•4 size of thnaii. MOUNTINGS. KTC. No. 30. UvU-plnte Gauge, So. 1 : Receives the plate and shows its form, position of screw-holes, position and site of notch for patch box. No. 31. liutt-plate Gaugr. A'o. 2 : Shows thickness of heel, thickness of toe, thickness at comers, tbicknefi of body, lateral curve across body, lateral curve across tang, longitudinal curvature of b<:>ttom of plate. VERIFYING OUAGES. 207 No. 32. Tiiilt-jdate and Gunrd-tcrcw Gauge : Shows form of head and reinforce, diameter and length of stem, the shape of thread. No. 3.3. Band Gaiiffe : Shows width and thickness of body, width and thickness of swivel-stud for middle band and guard-bow stud, round of stud, thickness of swivel and stud, size of swivel-wire. No. 34. Jiand-maudrel Gauge, No. 1 : Shows interior of upper band. No. 35. Iland-mandrel Gauge, No. 2 : Shows interior form of middle band. No. 36. Band-mandrel Gauge, No. 3 : Shows interior form of lower band. No. 37. Guard-plate Gauge: Receives the plate and shows its form, position of stud for trigger and slot, position of screw-holes, position of guard-bow holes and tang-screw hole. No. 38. Guard-plate and Bow Gauge: Shows diameter of trigger-stud, thickness of plate at bolsters, thickness of ^ body, shape of exterior, profile across bolsters, position and size of trigger- slot, width and shape of upper and lower sides of bow, taken at the middle, width of swivel-joint, diameter of collar, diameter of stem, thick- ness at middle of bow, diameter between collar and swivel-stud, diameter of nut, thickness of nut, relative position of swivel-stud, collar, stem, and screw, screw-thread. No. 39. Trigger Gauge: Receiving-slot, showing thickness and shape of blade, curve of finger-piece, position and size of pivot-hole, curve of under side of finger-piece, and thickness of metal at finger end. No. 40. Band-spriug Gauge : Receiving-slot, showing size, form, and set of spring and position of wire and shoulder, three gauges for lengths of wire, thickness at shoulder, thickness of stem, width of stem, and diameter of wire. No. 41. Washer Gauge: Shows countersink for screw-head, size of the hole for screw, diameter of washer, thickness of washer, and depth of countersink. No. 42. Side and Tang-screw Gauge: Shows diameter of head of side screw, diameter of stem, diameter of thread, length of both side screws, countersink for the shoulder of tang-screw, diameter of head, of stem, of thread, and length of screw. No. 43. Rod-stop Gauge: An iron pattern, complete. ORDNANCE MANUAL. BAYONET. No. 44. Jt'riririnrf (I'nuifr : Shnwii length, width and set of blade. No. 4.'). Sock- f I dntigr, So. 1 : * Showii exterior diftinctcr of socket below bead, and diameter of bead. No. 4C. Surkrt (inugr, No. 2 : Show* exterior diameter of socket at top and bottom. No. 47. Mfifdrrt (iangr : Shows form of socket at lower end, siie of cut for Ktud, length of socket, sice of grooves, position of claop. No. 4S. niniie Gnugt: Shows curve of front flute, the thickness of metal at commcnoemanl of front flute, at 7^ inches and 14} inches from widest point of bla0i. .\eck- Uniigf, So. 2: Shows curves of junction of neck and socket. No. fll. Itlaii)t8 indi(>ate2. Romrnd (iangr : Shows profile of head, neck and swell. an2)lement-poc]cei (light upper-leather), sewed to the front of the box, with a flap, strap and loop ; 2 loops on the back of the box, near the top, for the shonldt-r- belt to pass through : 2 iiprit/ht loops for the waist-belt to pass through, sewed and riveted with 1 copper rivet No. 8 at each end ; 2 roller-buckles No. 9 (japanned black), for the shoulder-belt, sewed to the bottom of the box; 2 /m«, each with 1 lower dii'ision, open in front, to contain 1 bundle of 10 cartridges, and 2 upp^i divisions, one to contain 6 and the other 4 cartridges. The edges of the tin are * New boxes have been ordered to bo made, with a view of substituting two small bo«e8 for tbe one largo ono. 216 ORDNANCE MANUAL. turned over and soldered down to prevent them from cutting the cartridges. All the tin linings should be made to slide freely in the boxes. CAJiTninoE-BOX for .69-inch ball. It is like the above, except iu dimensions, for which sec page 219. Cartkihok-box for .69-inch round ball. The same as the above, except in dimensions. CAKTninr.K-nox pi.atb (brass). — Oval, 3.5 inches by 2.2 inches, with the letters C. S. stamped on it: 2 cycn of iron wire, for fastening the plate to the flap of the box. CAnTniDOK-nox bki.t (black bufT-leathcr). — Width, 2.25 inches ; length, 55.5 inches, clear of the 2 bUletn for buckles, which are each 4.25 inches long and 0.b75 inch wide. Cautridge-box bklt-i'late (brass). — Circular, 2.5 inches diameter, .stamped with an eaylc ; 2 eyeii of iron wire. Cap-I'OUCH (black bridle-leather). — Length and depth, .3 inches; width. 1.25 inch ; inner cover, with end pieces : _fl"P> made of the same piece a.» the back, with a button-hole strap at the bottom; brant button, riveted under the bottom of .the pouch; 2 loopt, sewed to the back, 2.25 inches long, to admit a waist-belt (*f 2 inches; lining, a strip of sheep-skin, with the wool on, 1.5 inch wide, glued with fish glue, and sewed to the back, at the mouth of the pouch. Cone-pick (steel wire No. 18). — 1.5 inch long, with a ring handle 0.5 inch diameter; it is carried in a loop in the inner left-hand corner of the cap-pouch. Bayonet-scabbard (black bridle leather). — Length, including the ferrule and tip, for the bayonets of the model of 1S55 and 1840, 19.5 inches ; for model WH), 18 inches; ferrule and tip, brass; frog (black buff-leather), sewed and riveted with 2 copper rivets No. 8 to a socket of black leather which is fastened to the top of the scabbard ; the frog slides on the waist-belt. Waist-belt (black buff-leather). — Width, 1.9 inch; length, 38.5 inches; a loop at one end. Waist-belt i-late (brass). — Oval. 3.5 inches long by 2.25 inches wide, stamped with the letters C. S.; 2 etud» and 1 hook (brass). Gi'N-SLiNG (russet bag leather). — Width, 1.25 inch : length, 46 inches ; 1 utanding and 1 sliding loop; hook (brass), fastened to the sling with 2 brans riveti No. 15 wire. Swoud shoildeu-belt, for non-commissioned oflBicers (black buff-leather). — Width. 2.3 inches; length of short branch, 17 inches: long branch, 40 inches; J ^landing loop on long branch : frog for sword. Shoclder-belt plate. — Like the cartridge-box belt-plate, except in having 3 hooks, instead of eyes. Sergeant's and mcsician's waist-belt (black buff-leather). — Length, 36 to 40 inches; width, 1.9 inch; 1 bras* hook on one end, fastened with 3 brass trire riret* No. 15; 1 bra*$ loop sewed to the other end, to connect with the plate. Sergeant's waist-belt plate. — The same as the tabre-belt plate. CAVALRY ACCOUTREMENTS. 217 Scabbard fou non-commissioned officer's sword (light bridle leather), jacked, blacked and varnished.— 1 ferrule (brass), with 1 hooh (cast-brass) riveted to it by 2 hrma wire rivets No. 15, fastened to the scabbard with glue and 4 brass wire rivets No. 15; 1 tip (brass), fastened to the scabbard with glue and 4 brass wire rivets No. IT). Scabbard for the mcsician's sword.— The same as that for the non-commis- sioned oflScer's sword, except in length. Jtijie Accoutrements. The same as for the infantry accoutrements, except the waist-belt for the sword- bnyonet and the sword-bayonet scabbard. Waist-belt for sword-bayonet (shoe leather, dressed on the flesh side). — Length, 42.5 inches ; width, 2.4 inches: 1 hillet, .9 inch wide, sewed on the inside at each end to hold the clasps in place; 1 pair clasps, 2 parts (brass), to slide on the belt; 2 loops, with eyes (brass), to slide on the belt; frog for sword-bayonet scabbard, with 1 hillet ; 1 brass buckle No. 10, and 1 standing loop. SwoED-BAYONBT SCABBARD (black bridle leather).— Length, including ferrule and tip, 23 inches: 1 ferrule and 1 tip (brass), 1 loop (brass), on the ferrule for the frog-billet to pass through. ^^ • Cavalry Accoutrements. Cartridge-box for carbine. — Like the infantry cartridge-box, except in dimen- sions. 2 loops are placed upright on the back of the box, to receive a 2-inch waist- belt. Special boxes are made for the carbines now on trial in the hands of troops. Cap-pouoh. I _^j^g g^jjjg ^g f^^ jjjg infantry. CONE-PICK. \ Sabre-belt (buflf-lcather).— ll'oisf-Ac/?, length .36 to 40 inches, width 1.9 inch; 1 square loop No. 46, 2 D-rings No. 2 B (brass), for attaching the slings and the shoulder-strap; 1 hook (brass), riveted on one end by 3 brass wire rivets No. IT); 1 loop (cast-brass), sewed on the other end to connect with the plate; 1 shoulder-strap, 41 inches long. 1.125 inch wide, with 2 hooks (brass) ; 2 sabre-slings 1.125 inch wide; front sling 17 inches long, rear sling 34 inches ; 4 studs (brass) for slings ; 1 sabre- hook (brass wire No. 7). Sabre-belt plate (cast-brass).— Rectangular, 3.5 inches long, 2.2 inches wide, with an eagle surrounded by a ureath (German silver); 1 slot at one end, to receive the belt. Sword-knot (buff-lcatbcr).— ,S'<;-07j 1 inch wide, 36 inches long ; one end of the strap is fastened to a tassel 3 inches long ; the other end is passed through the tassel after going round the guard of the sabre, and is fastened by one of the tags of the tassel ; 1 sUding-loop>. Carbine-sling (buflf-leather).— Length 5G inches, width 2.5 inches ; 1 buckle and 1 tip (brass), sicivel and D with roller, bright iron, 2.62 inches wide; link and hook, iron ; guard-spring, steel. 218 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Artillery Accoutrements. FOR LIGHT AUTILLERY. Sabue-bklt (l)lack liuff-leather). — Length ;{6 to 40 inches, width 1.9 inch; 2 leather chapen sewed on the outside of the belt for attaching 2 bniHH loops No. 6, for the slings : 2 nabrc-glimji and 4 brng» Hud», like those for the cavalry cabrc-belt ; 1 nabi-c-hook (brass wire No. 7) ; 1 loop (cast-brass) sewed on one end to connect with the plates : 1 hook (brass) riveted to the other end with 3 brasn irire rivetn No. 15. SaDUE-BELT 1'I.ATE. V — Like the , „ .jose for the cavalry. t?WORI)-KNOT. ' FOR FOOT ARTILLERY. Sword-belt (buff-lciither), made in three pieces, 1.9 inch wide, connected together by 2 lonpn (brass) No. 1 B. Lonr) branch 2\ inches long ; />o«/-;jf'efe 4.5 inches; short branch 4 inches: \ frotj, 3.5 inches deep, 2.5 inches wide at top, and 2.3 inches at bottom, sus])ended to the loops by 2 diutjH 1.3 inch wierature in moist situations. On this principle artificial nitre becls are made, from which large quantities of nitre are obtained, in France, (Jermaiiy, Sweden. Hungary, etc. Saltpetre obtained from any of these sources may be separated from the greater part of the foreign salts and earthy matter by lixiviation with wood ashes and evaporation. The nitrous earth of India yields about one-fifth of its weight of nitre ; that of the nitre caves, from one to ton pounds of nitre to the bushel. The best artificial nitre bed? afford annually about a quarter of a pound of nitre to a bushel of earth. Saltpetre, for the manufacture of gunpowder, is chiefly obtained from India, whence it is imported in a cryst-al- iaed state, called crude taltpetre containing generally from 15 to lb per cent, of foreign salts, earths, and water. TKST OK cm DE S.il-TPKTRE. Crude saltpetre was formerly tested by washing it with water saturated with saltpetre, which dissolved the other soluble foreign 6alI^' without ilissolving any of the saltpetre itself; the loss in weight by washing was taken as the weight of the impurities contained. This process was found to occasion serious error, from the fact that when water saturated with saltpetre has dissolved a portion of sea salt, it acquires the property of dissolving an additional amount of saltpetre ; besides, this mode of testing fails when there is present — as there is almost always — the chloride of potassium. The process of testing now used in this country, as well as in Knglaud and India, is that of analysis. The chlorides that the crude salt- petre contains are precipitated in the form of the chloride of silver by adding the nitrate of silver to the solution of a given weight of the sample to be tested. The sulphates are precipitated in the form of the sulphate of baryta by adding the nitrate of baryta to the solution of a given weight of the sample : the amount of these impurities can now be calculated. UEFI.VING SALTPETRE. The purity of saltpetre used in making gunpowder i? of the greatest importance, not only on account of the quality of the powder, but more particularly a« dimia- ishing the chances of explosion in the powder mills. Wash the crude saltpetre in a large shallow pan with about 40 per cent, of cold water, stirring it well with rakes. At the end of 12 hours, withdraw the water, which takes away with it a portion of the chlorides. To free the saltpetre from •arthy matters and the chloride of sodium, dissolve it by means of heat, in the TEST OF SALTPETRE. 225' least possible anvmiit of water, in a large copper kettle. When ft is entirely dis- solvta, clarify the liquid by pouring in the solution of glue in the proportion, of 1-lOth per cent, of glue dissolved in five times its weight of water. The glue is added at two different times; and the liquid should be well stir?ed, and the scum removed as it forms on the surface. When the scum has nearly ceased forming, check the boiling by adding cold water saturated with saltpetre, to precipitate the chloride of sodium, which is removed as it falls to the bottom. When the scum has ceased forming and the chloride of sodium is no longer precipitated, the liquid becomes limpid, and it is permitted to remain several hours, keeping up sufficient beat to prevent it from crystalizing in the kettle. Remove the liquid gently, while at a temperature of about 230°, to the crystaliz- ing pans, and stir it continually with wooden scrai)ers to prevent tho formation of large crystals. The scrapers in large establishments are moved by machinery. Draw the saltpetre, as it forms, to the sides of the paas, and when the liquid falls to a temperature of about 70" draw it off into other vessels; it will then have given up nearly all its salti>etrc. Take the saltpetru from th€ crystalizing. pans to. the washitig ttouglw, and wash it twice from the rose of a watering pot with 50 per cent, of cold water saturated with pure saltpeire, the water being permitted to remain on the salt each time about two hours, and then drawn off: sprinkl&it with 50 per cent, of pure water, which merely drains through and is carried off. The saltpetre, after remaining in the washing troughs three or four days, i.<= taken to the drying reservoirs, where it is dried, and stirred from time to time with wooden shovels. It is then passed through a brass %ieve, to separate any small lumps or foreign particles, and is ready for packing. It is now like fine sand, and as white as snow. A 100-lbs. powder cask will hold about 132 lbs. of saltpetre. The scum, mother- water, washings, etc.,. are collected, and the saltpetre extracted from them. TEST 0-r REFINED SALTPETRE. In order to be used in the manufacture of gunpowder, saltpetre should not con- tain more than l-3000th of chlorides. To test this, dissolve 200 grains of saltpetre in the least possible quantity (say 1,000 grains) of tepid distilled water; pour on it 20 grains of a solution of nitrate of silver containing 10 grains of the mitrate to 1,033 grains of water, that being the quantity required to decompose 200-3000ths of a grain of muriate of soda; filter the liquid, and divide it into two portions: to one portion add a few drops of the solution of nitrate of silver; if it remain clear, the saltpetre does not contain more than l-3000th of muriate of soda; to the other portion add a small quantity of solution of muriate of soda; if it become clouded, the saltpetre contains less than l-3000th. By using the test-liquor in very small quantities, the exact proportion of muriate of soda may be ascertained. The salt- petre used in our best powder does not contain more than 1-lSOOOth of chlorides ; and that used in the best sporting powder is refined a second time,, and contains not more than l-60U00th part. 15 --U ORItNANCE MANUAL. Charcoal. (Tor gpncrni remnrkfi on charcoal, see Chapter X.) or fho three cuinpoBcnt materials of gunpowder, the charcoal has the gp-ntcpi elTocl iippn it!< qualify^ "''^•Sf? •» "'« great difference in it, due to the kind of wood from wljich it is madb, and to the mode of its preparation. Light, friable and porouH charcoal, which h>irn» rapidly and leaves the iciist anhes, is the beft adapted for milking gunpowder. Charcoal from willow and black alder — chiefly the former — obtained by liislillation in cast-iron cylinders, is used for powder for the military service. The wood is cut in the y)iring, when the sap is running freely. Branches arc selected of three In four year's growth, not more than thrce-f|uart«rs of un inch in dinniVler, ptrippod of its bark as soon as cut, and piled in dry and airy places. The larger l>ranches are split lengthwise. All dead wood is rejected. The dried wood is put in ujiright cast-iron cylinders, which are then closely luted. The heat is applied to the outside of the cylinder, and care is taken to prevent them from getting too hot. The gaseous and li()uid [iroducts escape by an opening near one end. The progress of distillation is judged of by the color of the flanc and smoke, and ^om^imcs by tett »ttcke which are introduced through tubes prepared for the purpose. When the distillation is complete, the charcoal it reuioved into sheet -iron tubs. About 35 per cent, of brown coal is produced, by this process, to 100 parts of dried wood. Charcoal should be made only as it is required for immediate use, as it absorbs moisture reailily from the air. Wheu freshly prepared, it absorbs and condenses gaaes: it heats and, if in a heap of 30 lbs. or more, takes fire spontanconsly. The specific gravity of freshly-burned charcoal is about .380 ; when triturated in a moist state for a long time under heavy rollers, its specific gravity Le increased to 1.100 and 1.400. Sulphur. Sulphur is found i» abundance, in the native state, in the neighborhood of vol- canoes, mixed merely with earthy matters. It may also be obtained from the sulphurets of iron ond copper, and from other sources, but is not so jiure in this case as the volcanic sulphur. The specific gravity of native sulphur is 2.072 : that of sulphur which has be«n fused. 1.99 — which is still further diminished by tritura- tion. Sulphur melts at i'M° into a transparent and nearly colorless liquid which it Hn-htcr than the solid sulphur. As tkc temperature is increased, the sulphar beciancs more yellow and loss fluid : ot 482° it is of a dark brown color, and ao thick a* to flow with difficulty. From .'■)00° to its boiling point, 7S8°, it IweoMM more flaid. 6ulpfaar takes fire at a temperature of bHO°, and bums wit* a Mil blue flame and eufibcating fumes. It is soluble in oiJ of turpentine, and inaolaUa in w.itcr and alcohoL MANUFACTURE OF GUXTOWDER. 22t The supply of sulphur for this country i? lirouglit principally from Sicily, in the crude state. It contains about 8 per cent, of earthy matter. It is refined by distilling it in cast-iron retorts, and collecting the vapors in a large chamber, where they are condensed. The temperature of this chamber is kept at about 248°, and the liquiil sulphur is drawn off, through iron pipe? iu the side of the chamber, into wooden moulds. If the temperature of the cliamber be kept as low as 180°, the vapors are con- densed in a light dust, called flowers of sulphur : in this state the sulphur always contains sulphurous and sulphuric a<;ids. Pure sulphur should bo of a beautiful citmn yellow color, slightl}' transparent, should show no acid reaction on test pajtcr, and should burn without any residuum, Sulphur may be refined, but not so thoroughly, by being melted, skimmed and decanted. • Manufacture of Gunpowder. The buildings in which the different operations arc carried on are separated from each other, and protected by trees or traverses as far as practicable. There is great diversity in the mauipulations of manufacture, not only in different countries, but even in different powder mills of the same country — each having some particular mode of its own, which is preferred to the rest. The principal operations consist in pulverizing the materials ver}' finely, thoroughly incorporating them, pressing them into a cake, reducing the cake into grains, glazing the grains, drying and dusting the powder. Pulverizing. — The saltpetre is usually pulverized sufficiently when it comes from the refinery. The charcoal is placed in large cast-iron barrels with twice its weight of bronze balls. The barrel has several ledges on the interior, and is made to revolve from 20 to '.^5 times in a minute. It is pulverized in '2 or 3 hours. The sulphur is placed in barrels made of thick leather stretched over a wooden frame, with twice its weight of bronze balls from .3 to .■) inch in diameter, and the barrel made to revolve about 20 times per minute. The sulphur is pulverized in four to eight hours. Pnqtortions of materials. — All powder for the military service must be composed of the following proportions by weight, viz: 76 parts of saltpetre, 14 of charcoal, and 10 of suliilmr: or, 75 parts " 15 " 10 " Incorporating. — The ingredients having been weighed out in tlic proportions above given, the charcoal and sulphur are put together in a rolling barrel similar to that in which the sulphur is pulverized, and rolled for one hour. The saltpetre is then added, and rolled for three hours longer. In some mills this operation is omitted. It is now taken to the cylinder, or rol/iii;/ mill. This consists of two cast-iron cylinders rolling round a horizontal axis in a circular trough ul' about 9 iteet diameter, with a cast-iron bottom. The cylinders are G feet in diameler, IS inches thick on the face, and weigh about 8 tons each. They are followed by a wooden scrai)er, which keeps the composition in the centre of the trough. 228 ORDNANCE MANUAL. A cbnrpe of 75 lbs. in some mill", and 150 His. in others, is then spread in the trough <>f the rolling mill, and raoisteiud witli 2 to 3 per cent, of water, aceordinjj to the hy;.'roinctric state of the atmos]iluTC. It is rolled slowly at first, and afterward from 8 to 10 revolutions of the roller per minute-, for 1 hour for 50 lbs. and .3 hours for 150 lbs. of composition. A little water is adiled, as the process advances, if the composition pets very dry — which in judged of by its color. When the materials are thoroughly incorporated, tlu- cake is of a uniform, lively, brownish red color. In this stale it is called mill cukr. The quality of the power depends much on the thorough incorporation of the materials, and burns more rapidly as this operation is more thoroughly performed. The mill cake is next taken to ^he press house, to be pressed into a hard cake. Pfeisinij. — Tlie mill cake is sjirinkled with about 3 per cent, of water, and arranged in a series of layers about '2 inches thick, separated by brass jdates. \ powerful preseurc is brought to bear on the layers, which are subject t<> the ma.xi- nuini pressure for about 10 to 15 minutes, when it is removed. Koch layer is thus formed into a hard cake about an inch thick. (irantilaiiiig. — The cake is broken into pieces by means of bronse toothed roller^ revolving in opposite directions, their a.\es being parallel and the distance between them regulated as required. I'lnted rollers are sometimes used. The pieces are passed through a succession of rollers, each series being closer together, by which the pieces are broken into others still smaller, which pass over a sieve to another roller, the small grains passing through the sieve into a receiver below, until the whole is reduceil to the required size. The various sized grains are separated by the sieves between the different rollers. Glazing. — Several hundred pounds of the grained powder, containing from 3 to 4 per cent, of water, are placed in the glazing barrel, which is made to revolve from 9 to 10 times per minute, and in some mills from 25 to 30 times per minute. Usually from 10 to 12 hours are required to give the required glazing. In thii" operation the sharp angles are broken off, therebj- diminishing the dust produced in transportation, and the surface of the grain receives a bright polish. Dri/ing. — The powder is spread out on sheets stretched upon frames in a rooui raised to a temperature of 140° to 160° by steam pipes or by a furnace. The tejnper- ature should be raised gradually, and should not exceed 160°, ventilation being kept up. Dusting. — The powder is finally sifted through fine sieves, to remove all dust and fine grains. The dust obtained in this and previous operations may be worked over to make other powders. Packing. Government powder is packed in barrels of lOfl lbs. each. Powder barrels are made of well-seasoned white oak, and hooped with hickor)- or cedar hoops, which should be deprived of their bark : the cedar is not so liable as hickory or white o«k DIMENSIONS OF POWDER BARRELS. 229 to be attacked by worms, and it should, tberefoi-c, be used in preference; or llic hoops may be prepared by immersion in a solution of corrosive sublimate. Tlie hoops should cover two-thirds of the barrel. Instead of a bung on the side, a screw-hole 1.5 inch in diameter is made in the head of the barrel, for mortar and musket powder: it is closed by a wood screw with an octagonal head which must not project beyond the ends of the staves; under the head of the screw is a washer of thin leather steeped in a solution of beeswax in spirits of turpentine. Tins screw-plug renders it unnecessary to take out the head of the barrel, and the l[i>ops may, therefore, bo secured with copper nails; for transportation, a piece of doih should be glued over the head of the plug. Some barrels have been made with 6 copper hoops, and others with 4 copper and 8 or 10 cedar hoops : the copper hoops are 1 inch wide and J of an inch thick, fastened with 2 rivets, and nailed each with 3 copper nails O.Ci2r) inch long. Average weight of a hoop, 2J lbs. Powder barrels made of strong sheet-iron, corrugated, the heads put in by folding tlicm over with the metal forming the body, have been made, and are now on trinl, with prospects of their answering a good purpo.«e. It has been found that lining powder barrels with india-rubber cloth has an injurious effect on the powder, in consequence of the affinity of the caoutchouc for sulphur. The heads of powder barrels are painted hhteh; in order to show the marl-ii more jilainlj' in dark magazines. Diincitfioiis of Powder Ihirrels. Whole length '2*1.5 inches. Length, interior, in the clear IS " Interior diameter at the head '• II " Interior diameter at the bilge 1'') " Thickness of the staves and beads <)..') inch. Weight of the barrel with cedar hoops S."") lbs. The barrels have generally I'i hoops, 14 to IG staves, and 2 or 3 pieces in each head. The above dimensions are calculated so that with 100 lbs. of powder there shall be a vacant space in the barrel, allowing the powder tp shake, in order to prevent its caking. The barrel would contain about 120 lbs. of powder settled by shaking. Round towdeu, for immediate use, may be made in an expeditious manner, as follows : Fix a powder barrel on a shaft passing through its two heads, the barrel having ledges on the inside ; to prevent leakage, cover it with close canvas glued 5 ounces — the mean dcn.-'ily of ru«ind powder: strike on the staves of tiie barrel fri>ra time to lime, to jjrcvent the adhe eion of the powowder as u.-ual : that which is too fine or too coarse is returned to the pulverizing barrel. Thi.< powder is round. an3'2 ORDNANCE MANUAL. inches by 6 inches, eet in a tub the bottom of which i? covered with water. The pan of powder should be placed about one inch above the ."urfacc of the water, and the tub covered over. In this manner any sample of powder may bo compared with another of knows good quality. Good powder, made of pure materials, will not absorb more than 2J per cent, of moisture in 24 hours. Insi'Kction nKi'OUT. — The report of inspection should chow the pliin- and date of fabrication and of proof, the kind of powder and its general qualities, as the num- ber of >;rains in 100 grs.. whether hard or soft, round or angular, of uniform or irregular cize, whether free from dust or not: the initial velocities obtained in each fire: the amount of moisture absorbed: and, finally, the height of the barometer and hygrometer at the time of proof. Marks ok the barrels. — Each barrel is marked on both heads (in white oil- colors, tl»€ head painted black) with the number of the barrel, the name of the Manufacturer, year of fabrication, and the kind of powder — cannon, mortnr or m««A-W— the mean initial velocity and tbe pressure per square inch on the prcssur* piston. Kaeh time the powder is proved, the initial Telocity is marked below the former proofs, and the date of the trial opposite it. Analysis of Gunpowder. Whatever may be the mode of proof adopted, it is essential, in judging of the qualities of gunpowder, to know the mode of fabrication and tb« proportions and degree of purity of the materials. Tbe latter point m.iy be asoertained by analysis. * In the first place, determine the quantity of water that the powder contains, by subjecting it to a temperature of 212=", in a stove er in a tube with a current of warm air passing over it, until it na longer loses in weight. The difference in weight, iHifore and after drying, giv^s the amount of moisture contained in tho powder. To (Icteroiin, the quoMtity of Saltpetre— In a vessel of tinned copper, like a com- mon coffee-pot. dissolve 1.000 grains «f powder, well dried before weighing, in 2,000 grains of distilled water, and heat it until it boils; let it stand a moment, and then .decant it on a piece of filtering paper, doubled exactly in the middle ; repeat this operation four times; at the fourth time, instead of decanting, pour the whole con- tents of the vessel on the filter; drain the filter, and wash it several times with 2,000 grains of water heated in the vessel, using in all these operations 10,000 grains of water. After passing through the filters, this water contains in solution all the saltpetre, the quantity of which is ascertained by evaporating to dryneis. Dry the double filter with the mixture of coal and sulphur, and take the weight of this composition by ut^ing the exterior filter to ascerUin the weight of that on which the composition remains: this weight serves to verify that of the saltpetre and to estimate the loss in the process. To determine the qunntiti/ of Charcoal dtreetly. — To separate the sulphar from the chmrooal, subject the powder, either directly or after the saltpetre has been dissolved PRESERVATION, STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTATION. 23;) out, to the action of a boiling solution of the sulphide of potassium or sodium, which dissolves the sulphur aud leaves the charcoal, the weight of which may bo easily determined. It is important that the sulphides of potassium and sodium used in dissolving the sulpliur should contain no free potassa or soda; for each of these alkalies would dissolve a part of the carbon — particularly of the brown coal. Tiic sulphide of carbon also dissolves the sulphur contained in powder, and may be used to determine the weight of charcoal which it contains. The charcoal, separated from the saltpetre and sulphur, is dried with care and weighed, and should then be submitted to analysis in an apparatus used for burning organic matters. The composition of the charcoal may be judged of by comparing it with the results obtained in the analysis of charcoal of known quality used in the manufacture of powder. To determine the quantity of Sulphur directly. — Mix and beat in a mortar 10 grains of dry powder, 10 of subcarbonate of potash, 10 of saltpetre, and 40 of chloride of sodium ; put this mixture in a vessel (capsule) of platinum or glass, on live coals, and, when the combination of the materials is completed and the mass is white, dis- solve it in distilled water, and saturate the solution with nitric acid; decompose the sulphate which has been formed, by adding a solution of chloride of barium, in which the exact proportions of the water and the chloride are known. According to the atomic proportions, the quantity of sulphur will bo to that of the chloride of barium used as 20.12 to 152.44. Restoring Unserviceable Poivder. ♦ When powder has been damaged by being stored in damp places, it loses its .strength, and requires to be worked over. If the quantity of moisture absorbed do not exceed 7 per cent., it is suflBcicnt to dry it to restore it for service. This is done by exposing it to the sun. When powder has absorbed more than 7 per cent, of water, it is sent to the powder mills to be worked over. When it has been damaged with salt water, or become mixed with foreign matters which cannot be separated by sifting, the saltpetre is dissolved out from the other materials and collected by evaporation. Preservation, Storage, and Transportation. In the powder magazines the barrels are generally placed on the sides, three tiers high, or four tiers, if necessary. Small skids should be placed on the floor and between the several tiers of barrels, in order to steady them, and chocks should bo placed at intervals on the lower skid, to prevent the rolling of the barrels. The powder should be separated according to its kind, the place and date of fabrication, and the proof range. Fixed ammunition, especially for cannon, should not be put in the same magazine with powder in barrels, if it can be avoided. FireWoAr should never be stored in powder magazines. 234 ORDNANCE MANUAL. In a room 13 or 14 feet wide, the barrels may be arranged in a double row in the centre, two alleys 2J feet wide, and 2 gingle rows to ]2 inches from the walls; iii this way, the marks of each barrel may be seen, and any barrel can be easily reached. In a room 12 feet wide, an equal number of barrels may be place< dried in a temperature of 140° to 150°, raised by means of steam. French Gunpowder. The charcoal used by the French in making gunpowder is obtained bj' the com- bustion of hlack ahhr in the open air in iron pots. At the powder mills at Saint Chamas, the charcoal is made by distillation, effected by passing a current of steam raised to a temperature of 540° to 600° into the ir'bn cylinder containing the wood. Charcoal of an excellent quality is said to be obtained in this way. The materials are pulverized separately in leathern barrels by means of bronze balls, and passed through a sieve to separate any foreign matters which may have accidentally fallen in and might cause explosions in trituration. , Two and three-fourths pounds of sulphur and the same of charcoal arc weighed into a tub, moistened with 1^ quart of water, and mixed by hand for 5 minutes. It is then transferred to the composition tray, 16^ lbs. of saltpetre are added, and the tray taken to the pounding mill. The contents are emptied into a mortar and well mixed with the hand for several minutes, without further addition of water. A pounding mill contains usually from 16 to 24 mortars and pestles, arranged in two parallel rows. The mortars are hollowed out of a piece of oals, with bottoms made of a harder wood. The pestle is made of beech, and has on its lower end a bronze shoe with its angles well rounded. It weighs about 88 lbs., and falls through a height of 16 inches. Each pestle gives in the beginning of the pounding from 30 to 40 blows per minute, and after 10 minutes tlje number of blows is increased to 55 or 60 per minute. The pounding is continued in this way for labours, including the stop- pages for shifting the charges from one mortar to the next — which is done every hour. These changes are made to mix the materials more thoroughly, and to break 236 ORDNANCE MANUAL. the cakes which form at the bottom of the mortars. From the 6th to the 8tb • bange, about 1 pint of water is added, or as much as may be necessary to give to the composition from 7 to 8 per cent, of moisture. During the last 2 hours no changes are made, so as not to interrui)t the formation of cake. The composition is taken out of the mortar and dried from 1 to ,3 days, till it contains only about 6 per cent, of moisture. It is then taken to the house for granulation. This o]iera- tion is jicrformcd in a barrel made by stretching two pieces of wire cloth over a wooden frame. The pieces of wire cloth are placed one over the other — the outer one fastened on by cords so as to be removed at pleasure, and rejdaced by another of different sized meshes, the meshes being of the size of the grain required, i)f musket or cannon powder. The distance between the wires of the inner cloth is .28 inch. Halls of hard wood 2 inches in diameter, and 50 or fiO in number, are jilaced, with the composition to be grained, in the barrel, which is made to revolve about .SO times in a minute. The caked composition is broken by the balls, and, passing through the wire cloths, falls into a tub beneath. The contents of the tub are sifted in sieves which permit the small grains and dust to pass through. The powder is moderately glazed by rolling it, while still containing from 6 to per cent, of moisture, in a barrel from 10 to 30 minutes — depending upon the kind of powder and the amount of moisture it contains. It is so comlucted that the jwwdcr, when dry, should have a gravimetric density of between h20 and 860 ounces. The powder is theu passed through a standard sieve of parchment, and is dried either in the open air, spread out on sheets, on tables, or in a drying room, spread on sheets stretched over the top of boxes, into the lower part of which heated air is forced and escapes by passing through the powder. After dryiug, the powder is again sifted, to remove all dust. Proportions of Ingredients. Saltpotrt'. Cliarcoiil. .«iil|ihur. By the atomic theory 74.04 i:{.5I 11. S5 In the CoxFEnERATE States : (76 14 10 75 15 10 f 78 12 10 V^ 10 In England : For the military service 75 15 10 For sporting | "^ ^^ * (lb 17 « In France: For the military service 75 12.5 12.5 For sporting 78 12 1(1 For blasting 62 18 20 In PRrssiA : For the military service 75 1.3.5 11.5 In Spain: For the military service 76.5 12.7 10. 8 For the military service j For sporting .• < I 77 ELECTRO-BALLISTIC PENDULUM. 237 Captain Benton's Electro-Ballistic Pendulum. (Plate 29.) Detcnption. — This instrument consists of a vertical arc of brass graduated into degrees *nd fifths, supported by a tripod with a thumb-screw at each foot. Levels arc attached to the arc, that it may be kept in a vertical position. Two pendulums, with their axis in the same lino passing through the centre, and perpendicular to the plane of the arc, swing freely in front of and near to the arc. To the lower extremity of each is attached a piece of soft iron. The bob of the outer pendulum is adjustable. An electro magnet is attached to each end of the horizontal limb of the are, and holds the pendulums horizontal, or at 90° from the 0° or lowest point of the arc, when the soft iron of the pendulum is brought in contact with the mag- net. The inner pendulum has at its lower extremity a movable point projecting toward the arc, the head of which is struck by a blunt steel point on the outer pendulum when the two pass each other, leaving a mark on the paper which is clamped to the arc for that purpose. AVire conductors lead from the magnet to the clamp-screws secured to the upright limb, where they are readily joined to the wires leading to the batteries and targets. The adjustments. — 1st. Level the instrument by means of the thumb-screws. 2d. See that the magnets are in such a position that each pendulum, when brought up against them, is exactly 90° from the lowest point of the arc. The magnets are held by clamp-screws to admit of this adjustment. 3d. Move the bob of the outer pendulum till the times of vibration of the two are the same. This is done by connecting the wire of the magnet to the poles of the battery, including the disjunctor in the circuit. Bring the two batteries to the same strength. Break the currents by means of the disjunctor, and see if the two pendulums meet exactly at the zero mark. The two batteries are known to be of equal strength when the pendulums meet at the zero point, irrespective of the par- ticular battery that works them. The disjunctor is an instrument used to test the working of the batteries, and tell when they are operating with equal activity. There are several forms of this instrument, the essential point being to break the currents exactly at the same time. It is so arranged that by setting the trigger the currents are formed, and by pressing it they are broken. It should give the same point of meeting of the pen- dulums in six or eight trials made in quick succession. To use the pendulum. — Establish the wires as shown in Plate 29. Insert a piece of drawing paper under the arc, and clamp it. Set the trigger of the disjunctor: raise the pendulums against their magnets; press the trigger; if the point of meet- ing is very near the 0°, set the trigger again : give the caution, " Ready;" raise the pendulum, and "fire." Read o(f the angle, which must bo corrected, if the pendu- lum on the trial did not meet at the 0°, by addinfj the angle between the 0° and mark, if it be on the right, and by subtracting it if it bo on the left. The angle thus corrected must be doubled for the time of passage of the projectile between the two targets. 231? ORDNANCE MANUAL. To dil<:rinine the iuitial rclocilt/.—het I be the length of the equivalent simple jiondulum, and t the time of passing over any one degree beginning at an angle .r from 0: then t= — 360 y 2glcos.x. By substituting for x different values, we get the times of passing over the differ- ent degrees, supposing the velocity to be uniform for the time of passing. In this way a table is formed which should give the times for the different degrees and tenths of degrees, and the sums of the times to each degree. The value of / is determined by supporting the inner pendulum on the knife edges, and noting the time required to make 500 or 1,000 vibrations. The length of the c((uivalent simple pendulum is obtained from the relation l=^('V', t' being the time of a single vibration as just determined, and /' being the length of the 8im])le second pendulum at the place of experiment. The machine is placed on a solid foundation, about 100 yards from the cannon. (5 rove's or Bunscn's batteries are best; Smcc's has been used with good results. The power of the battery must be regulated according to the length and size of the wire. Copper wire No. 10 is about the size required. If the wire be small and long, the battery must be stronger. The first target is placed about 20 feet from the muzzle of the gun, and the second from 70 to 120, according to the velocity of the ]irojectile. The siie of the target is no greater than is necessary to insure its being struck every shot, and the distance between its wires is regulated in the same manner. For small arms a much finer wire is used to form the target. Captain Rodman's Pressure Piston. (Plate 21».)* This iustrumenl is used to determine the pressure of the gas on the sides of the bore of a gun. It consists of a hoiminy of wrought-iron, with a cylindrical nhank at one end, chased with the threads of a screw, by which it is attached to the gun. This shank has a cylindrical hole through its axis, .37 inch in diameter, into which the piston fits tlosely. The head of the piston is terminated by a cutter, which is forced bj' the explosion of the charge into a piece of wroughi-coppcr, leaving a cut or indentation of greater or less length, according to the greater or less pressure on the sides of the bore. The cutter is made broad and thin, so as to make a loug cut compared with its breadth and depth, that pressures which vary but slightly may be distinguished more readily. A strong «creic, at the opposite end of the housing to the shank, holds the disk of copper on the cutter. A ijns-check, made of thin copper, is set tip, by a die and punch, in the shape of a hollow, shallow cup. It is placed against the lower end of the piston, the open eiui toward the charge of powder. , * Ciit)t&in4 Benton ami Kodman art bold officers of the U. S. Ordnance Dejiartment. LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. 239' A hole, .4 inch in diameter, is drilled into the bore of the gun at the seat of the charge ; the outer part is counlcr-borcd and tapped so as to receive the housing. To use the pfessiirc piston. — Clean and oil the piston and the hole in the housing into which it works ; insert the piston in the housing ; put in the gas-check, press- ing it down on the piston ; place a thin copper washer in the hole in the gun, and screw the housing down firmly on it; place a disk of copper on the cutter; inter- pose between this and the head of the screw a second disk, and press it down hard on the cutter. After each discharge, unscrew the housing, take out the gas-check, clean the hole in the gun, the piston and the hole in which it works ; renew the gas-check as often as required; see that the copper disk is pressed hard on the cutter. The actual pressure in pounds is determined by placing the cutter in the dynamo- meter, and applying a pressure until a cut is made of the same length in a similar piece of copper. LIGHTNING CONDUCTOES. (Condensed from a "Circular Jleniorandum" issued by General Burgoync, In- spector-General of Fortifications, British army, from the researches of Sir Wm. Snow Harris, F. R. S., 1858.) It appears to bo established — That metal in a building, whether disposed in the form of a conductor or other- wise, never attracts lightning. That, provided the surfaces of metals are not interrupted by bodies possessing a less conducting power, a building entirely of metal will be the safest of all, and that such buildings require no further lightning conductors than connections with the earth, over the masonry foundations on which they are often laid. ,That, with regard to a building of brick or stone, the object must be to establish asufiScicnt number of lines of electrical conductors, extending from its most ele- vated and prominent points to the ground, and further bring the building into a condition similar to that of a metal building, by means of other conductors gen- erally attached to more prominent lines of the building itself, such as the ridges, angles and eaves. There is no advantage, but the contrary, in endeavoring to insulate the con- ductors from the building. The best material for conductors is copper, either in tubes IJ to 2 inches diameter, and .125 inch thick, or in plates 3.5 inches wide and .125 inch to .2 inch thick. All metal surfaces, whether lead, copper, or iron, on ridges, roofs, gutters, or coverings to doors or windows, to be connected by plates of copper with the con- ducting system. Lead, on account of its low conducting power, cannot bo alto- gether depended upon. One or more solid copper rods, to project freely into the air, about 5 feet above •Ho ORDNANCE MANUAL. fhf highest points of the building to which the main conductors are applied. Thi- rumtnit of the rod to be pointed; but gold, gilt, or platinum tops are unnecessary. The termination of the conductors below to l>c led into damp or porous soil, when the building happens to stand upon it; but, when the soil is dry, two or three trenches to be cut, radiating from the foot of the conductor, to a depth of IS inches or 2 feet, and 30 feet in length, and either the conductor carried along the bottom of the, trenches, or old iron chain laid in thera; carefully connected with the foot of the conductor. The trenches to be then fillcil up to one loot in depth with coal ashes, or other carbonaceous 8ub.stanco, and afterward with earth or gravel. If it be possible, in regulating the surface driunage, to lead a flow of water, during the rain which generally accompanies thunder-storm.", oyer the sites of the trenches, it will be an additional precaution. Tanks arc ui«;les.<, except where the water flows freely into them fmm th« sur- rounding soil ; and even then the}* arc .>,:i. — Tables, benches, and stools; |>latform balance. 4. Storeroom. — Shelf for weighing on; shelves, drawers, and closets: tables, scales,, stools, seats, step-ladder. 5. Driving room. — Blocks set in the ground or pavement; benches and stools. In favorable weather, a porch attached to the building, or a tent, may bo usedifor a driving room. 6. Mixin(j room. — Tables with raised edges; sieves, etc. 7. Fnnincr room. — Furnaces; workbenches; platform balance, or large scales ; a tinner's bi'neh and tools, with a vice, an anvil, and a chest for tools; a smith's forgo, shovel and poker; stools, etc. 8. Carpenter's shop. — Turning-lathe and tools; carpenters' benches and tools. 9. Magazine. — Shelves and frames for boxes and barrels. Furnaces. Two kinds of furnaces are used in a laboratory ; in tho first, the flame circulates around both the bottom and sides of the kettle; in the second, it comes in contact only with the bottom : the latter are used for compositions of which gunpowder forms a part. Furnaces are built of bricks. The kettle is of cast-iron, about 2 feet in diameter at the top, having a rounded bottom and a flange about 4 inches wide around the top, or else strong handles, to set it by. The bottom is 0.75 inch thick and the sides 0.5'inch. By setting it in an iron plate pierced with holes, encircling the bottom, a furnace of tho first kind may be converted into one of the second kind by stopping the holes. Furnace for rcdncinri the oxide of lead, or dronx. — This furnace is built in the open air, on a stone or brick foundation. It is composed of a cjiindcr of sheet-iron, 16 inches by 30 inches, lined with refractory clay from 2 to 3 inches thick. The interior has tho form of an inverted frustum of a cone, terminating below in a basin, the bottom of which is inclined toward a tap-hole. The firo is made in the furnace, and the draught supplied by a bellows, tho nozzle of which enters at tho top of the reservoir. Tho dross, and the charcoal intended for its reduction, are thrown on the fire from the top of the furnace. The metal, as it is reduced, flows into the basin, and escapes through the tap-hole into an iron vessel, and is cast into bars or pigs as desired. In the (ielil, furnaces maybe built with sods or sunk in the earth, if bricks cannot be readily procured. Fvrnace built n-ith «of^«.— Let the kettle rest on a trivet, the feet of which may stand on iiny piece of Hat iron, such as the bottom of a shot canister or stand for grape, tlic bottom of the kettle about 1 foot from the ground; build round it with sods. Tho door of the furnace is 10 inches square; the flue of tho chimney, oppo- site to the door, 6 inches square, and commencing about 6 inches from the ground ; 244 ORDNANCE MANUAL. , the first part of the flue inclined at an angle of about IT)" — the rcf* T.rtieal. and plaocil, If circuiDBtanpes permit, against a wall; the top of the door ii'.nl of the flue may he iiup|)orlcd hy omall bars of iron. Fitriiiire milk in llir rnrth. — The edge of the kettle shouhl be about 1 inch above the groMinl, and the bottom 12 to 15 inches above the hearth of the furnace; the earth is dug down vertically 1 foot from the kettle for the front of the furnace, and the door is cut out ten inches square. The earth is removed and sloped out, so as to give accotis to the door; the flue is bored out on the opposite side with a crowbar: it ctinimenccs 6 inches above the hearth and comes out of the ground 18 inches from the furnace, whence it is carried horizontally about 13 feel. In furnaces of the second kind mentioned above, the trivet may be omitted, and the kettle may rest on the sod or earth for about 1 inch all round, and the earth rammed in against the sides of the kettle. Precautions against Accidents. Avoid, a« much as possible, the use of iron in the construction of the buildings, fixture.>i, tables, benches, boxes, etc., of the laboratory ; sink the heads of iron nails ■if u.-ied, and fill over them «i;h putty, or paste several thicknesses of pajier over them. Hefore the men go to work, cover the floor with cariiets cir tarpaulins, which are taken up carefully after the men leave, and curried al least .'0 yards from the building, and there shaken thoroughly and swept. I>uring the work, have the carpets frequently swept. Place the stores in cloth bags in the windows exposed tped when the flame of the gus becomes violet, about 40 per cent, of charcoal will be obtained. If the operation bo continued till the (lame becomes yellow, there will be had not more than 30 per cent, of coal. Finally, not more than la per cent, will remain after the flame goes out. In all of these rases, with slow diiitillutiiin the carbonization is uniform frum the surface to the interior of each piece of wood, and requires a longer time in proportion as tho temperature ia lower. In a rapid di.stillalion with a very strong heat, the gaseous products are disen- gaged simultaneously; the distillation on tho surface of a piece of wood is finished before it is harosfJ at about 720° into oxypen and chloride of potassium. Thif chU if one of the most energetic of oxidizinp bodies, because it jiarts with its oxyf^on readily, of which it contains a great quantity (..■191.') of its weight). Thrown on burning coals, it melts quickly. It ex]>lodes by simple contact with Bulphuric acid: mixed with a combustible body, the mixture may be exploded by friction or by a blow. It should be purchasc ing weighed the i)ig. suspend it with a wire in a vessel of water, so that it shall be completely immersed, without touching the sides, and weigh it again. The weight in the air, divided by the difference between the weight in air and water, will give the specific gravity — which ought to be 11.35 for lead of commerce. Lead melted in contact with air is soon covered by a coat of gray oxide, which rapidly increases in thickness. The formation of this oxide, or dross, is prevented by covering the lead with powdered charcoal or rosin. To reduce tin oxide of lead. — Put in a kettle about 50 lbs. of lead, with 1-lOth of MATERIALS. 249 its weight of powdered charcoal or grease; cover the kettle, and raise to a red heat; stir the mass, and add {gradually more coal, as it assumes a yellow color, using in all i of the weight of oxide; dip out the lead with an iron ladle, and pour it into iron moulds or pans. After having obtained in this way two-thirds of the weight of oxide, in lead, throw the dross into a tub of water, and wash it, to separate the ashes and coal ; dry the remaining oxide and grains of lead, and put them in a ladle with l-20th of their weight of rosin ; raise it to a red heat, set fire to the rosin, shake the ladle, and pour off the lead. A further addition of rosin will produce more lead; 1-1 4th of the weight of dross is generally used. Tallow may be used in place of rosin. AVhen the quantity of dross is considerable, it may be reduced, in a similar man- ner, in a small cupola furnace. Acetate op lead (Surjnr of Lead) is a white, efiBoreseent salt, of a sweetish taste, soluble in three or four times its weight of cold water. Specific gravity, 2.345. It may be made by heating a mixture of litharge and vinegar. The solu- tion being concentrated and set aside to cool, the salt crystalizes in white, brilliant needles. Plumbers' solder is an alloy of lead and tin, in the proportion of 2 parts of the former to 1 of the latter. Antimony {Rcgulufi of Antimony) is a grayish white metal, very brilliant, with a highly lamellatcd structure. Specific gravity, 6.7; melting point, 809°. It is easily reduced to powder, and by its combustion with sulphur produces a strong light and heat, with a blue or white flame. Antimony is never found pure in the shops ; that which is sold under the name of reffiiliis of aiilimony always contains a little sulphuret of antimony, arsenic, and sometimes sulphuret of iron. Copper is a red, brilliant metal, possessing great tenacity, ductility and mallea- bility. Specific gravity, 8.9; fusible at about 1980°. Copper, being but slightly acted on by saltpetre, is employed for powder measures, utensils for refining saltpetre, etc. Copper vessels should not be exposed to a great heat, or used for heating compositions containing sulphur, as the copper would be rapidly oxidized. In fireworks, copper filings are used to give reddish sparks and a greenish blue flame. Bronze is used in the laboratory for utensils and implements which receive Wows, or act by percussion, and replaces steel and iron wherever there is danger of an explosion from a blow or from friction. Brass is an alloy of about 2 parts of copper and 1 of zinc. Brass wire is used for ligatures, for screens and sieves. Acetate of copper ( V< rdigris) is a green salt, used sometimes to make slow- match, which burns with a strong coal and with a slightly green flame. Zinc is a bluish white metal; usually brittle, and its fracture shows a crystalline structure. Specific gravity, 6.9; melts at 680°, is volatilized at a red heat and takes ^ fire in the air, burning with a white flame. At 400° it is easily reduced to a pow- 250 ORItNANCK MANUAL. der in a murfiir. (ininulated zinc is iisod to jjrodurc a blni,«h flame. An alloy of nine an¥ith foreign oubstanccs. TnoN. — Filings and thin chips give very brilliant ."sparks and stars, the effects of which dijiciid on (he size of the particles used; the filin(;s must be made when wantc'l, or be very enrcfully preserved from rust. SnKKT-inoN. — Select the softest and most pliable. M'hen it is substituted for tin, in strajtpin}; projectiles, it should be first annealed, by heating it to a dull red heat, and letting it cool grailually under warm ashes, not exposed to the air. Cast-iron. — Pulverized, it gives very large white sparks, in fireworks (Chinese Are). Select the white cast-iron, or take the pieces of utensils with thin sides. To pulverize it more easily, heat it to a red heift and throw it into cold water. \ Stkkl. — In fireworks, filings and small pieces give the most brilliant sparks. Pai'kh. — Mniikct-cartridgf paper should bo homogeneous and without any trace of stalks, well sized, even, pliable, with a good body without bt ing loo thick, free from folds or rents. The sheet, when moistened, ought to present a uniform hue, without spots or marblings. Taken out of the water and suspended a moment by the extremiiic* of the short sides, it ought not to tear from its own weight. The sheet crumpled in the hand or pinched with the nails ought not to t«ar in the fer, the two ends are held >iy two vices of hard wood. Each vice is comjiosed of 2 rectangular jaws, which can be brought against each other and held firmly by means of screws, or bj- tenons on one jaw passing through the other and keyed firmly to it. A strip of paper 4 inehes wide is cat and iu.scrted in the vices, so that the length between them shall be exactly 12 inches. The jaws arc dosed tightly, and one vice is suspended from a fixed point by means of a cord or hook, and to the other is made fast the pan of a bn!:ince. It is loivdcd gradually, with care, until the paper gives way. The strij'-* r'lould not be taken from the edges of the sheets only, but from all parts, and 'roui the length and breadth successively, for in these two directions the strength is very different. Five sheets are generally Uikcn from each ream, in which only one sheet cai have one-tenth less strength than that allowed. If this condition be not fnlfillod. the ream is rejected. Paper may be made by hand or by machine. The other papers are tested in the same way, and should possess the same gen- eral characteristics. MATERIALS. 251 ^izfi and Weiqht of Paver. No- ■ , _ ut. of bundle. Proof wt. 1. For musket cartridges IT xlOiin 40 i^g. ^' " " " wrappers ...IS X20 •• :?(;11,«., loi '>' 3. Blank cartridges 15 x20 " nO '• ' .' " 67.' " 4. Portfires and rockets 19 ^o.S " fi5 .. ^<^^^ u 5. Fi.\ed ammunition 2:].JX24 " GO " '"'yf 6. Cannon e.irtridge.s 10X2.T " 70 - 315 << 7. Fireworks ,3 ^iCi- 20 "'.'.'.'.','.'.'' 85 •• The .several kinds to be packed in bundles: Nos. 1, 2, 3, in bundles of 1,000 sheets each, the others in bundles of 500 sheets; all without folding. The dimen s.ons given above arc such as the sheets are required to have when (rimmed for use Tow should be entirely of hemp or flax, clean, dry, sound, free from .talks and lorcign substances. Merino ou s,:ugk, for eartridge-bags. .should be made entirely of wool; it should be strong, closely woven, twilled, and not frayed ; the width should be even in the same piece ; that 3 yard wide i^ convenient and the most common. The colors are to be preferred in the following order: green, gray, yellow, blue, red, white ; re- ject black, which is almost alway.-< burnt and weak. CANVAS.-Takc the strongest and clo.sest woven; u.sed for sacks for fire-balls. Twin..; should be strong, smooth, and well twis(cd-0.03 inch thick for bundlin -carlridgc threads twisted together, about St inches long, with a wooden toggle at ihc onJ — fastened to the edge of the table, at the right hand of the boy; 1 knif^ bludr, \\ ineh long, hooked, driven into the 'front of the table below and near the chcike-string. To KOUM THK cvLi.NOEn. — Lay the trapezoids on the table with the side perpen- dicular to the bases toward the workman, the broad end to the left. Take the former in the right hand and lay it on a trapezoid, the groove in the former against the right edge of the paper, bringing the pointed end J imh from the broad end of the paper; envelop the former with the paper; then, with the fingers of the left hand laid flat upon the paper, turn the former and roll all the paper upon it : hold it with the left hand, and, wiib the ehoking-atring in the right, take one turn around the cylinder at about J inch from the end; h

. 0..5 '♦coo— ifto^ a ■« ? 5 3 ■ ■ "* CO ?i ■ d tc ^ : .O o q U5 r-i I- OJ -< ^ oc .n oti o > hj EiJ < (T .... g H ■a » c » - QO Oi I'S ^_ -^ ^i ® o to o © o a -)- • 1 ■ U ^ » -f«5to — oo_ a .n r >< •*. -^ r; g ■- ^! --n g .-"^s.E. : >o _ n o X 7-1 ■£> -a 'r> .z. e-i oo» -p otDMiM eo-*cooOQ O --_ IN ^ ■ , o p> o r- o q o T3 --S? 12?? >5 n ^ ui lO « OS « d COM rH ■« d d ^ I-* 1 D O 1^ S3 -f M ■£ t^ 2 ■«! CQ ■o o '- 'i •« 5! G Ort d 6 5 o * ■W JO >> . •4 < pa 5 5gS •noog.^oioJ5 _iotD = — .o>ntDO>!2i-l-co5£~S?5o ■" "* •*' ;^' c3i «3 — £ O M C^ (M rl -(• O CO QOOOCOCO ;- O C ' 1 s 1 1 (1. ^ >,• 1 <» cc O _ « „ c' SddiNco-^'Tjic^t-l'^^ddioi^ ^ *"* ■ '- T* Tj.' d d CO ■* X rt O '-< ^c _c 1 tl c c c c c c = c ■- •- ,c C _c J c ^ c i m a> » e ja 2 •< o 0. c ?i)5£t55 O «? m S C.-2 p-c- a^ c 12 o.'5 o ■o c siflf. ^ . 3 fJ ;^ O .J ?; « .i! •JJSfiif o t< o^il^'^m'isj ^ ^ ^ V a V e d b hr^ ^ S 111=^31 3^25 ?1 "rf J ^'o --1 ^^_-2j 5^ 1 ttr t 1 c ) O C cS 1 a. 1 o 1 c •a c 5 > i [a c .a o 8 &4 2^ i I. 1= c o .5 258 ORDNANf'K MANUAL. AMMUNITION FOR FIELD AND MOUNTAIN SERVICE.* The iiiiirimnition for field and mountain service consists of — Shitl for tiie 6 and 12-pdr. guns. HhfllH for t ho 12-jjdr. guns, anot. to whicli is also fastened the vnytiiiiijc-bnij containing the charge, for the gunc, the 12-pdr. howitzer, and the mountain howitzer, making to;^ether y sewing together two rectangular pieces with semicircular ends; the cloth is marked, for cutting and sewing, with stamps made of 1-inch boards of the dimensions of the cutting slamp, with a strip of tin or copper fastoned to the edge of the board, and projecting about i inch perpendicular to the side; another strip parallel to the first is inserted in a groove i inch from it: the edges of these strips are made rough, to retain chalk or paint used in marking. A handle is placed in the middle of the face opposite to the marking strips. Width of cutting stamp for ]2-pdr., 7.0 inches; for 6-pdr., 6 inches. Length, including semicircular ends, for 12-pdr., 10.5 inches; for O-jxlr., 8.5 inches. Packing. — Cartridge-bags are preserved from mnths by being packed with pounded camphor and black pepper, or dipped in water with arsenic dissolved in it, or a solution of sulphate of copper, I lb. of sulphate to 26 lbs. of water. Oj^- they may be sealed up, in bundles of 50, in cases made of cartridge paper, carefully closed with strips of thin paper pasted over the seams. Each bundle is marked with the number and kind of bags. Tliey may be preserved from moisture bj' being enveloped in water-proof paper. Sabots and Cartridge-blocks. Subot» and Caitridge-hhukg are made of poplar, basswood, or othdir light, close grained wood: it must be well seasoned, and should be clear of knots and splits. The assistant saws the scantling to the proper length for a sabot, roughs it out, and marks its centre. The turner puts it in the lathe, and turns, first the exterior and grooves, and then the cavity for the projectile. The holes for the handles .are bored with a bit, and countersunk on the inside to receive the kuot on the end of the cord. Distance between them for shells is 1.5 inch; for canisters, 2.3 inches. Length of cord for handles, for shells, 12 inches; for canisters, 20 inches. Diameter of cord, .15 inch. The cartridge-blocks and sabots for shot and spherical-case shot for guns have one groove. Sabots for gun canisters and for the 12-pdr. howitzer or mountain howitzer shells, spherical-case shot and canisters have two grooves. All the grooves are .3 inch wide and .15 inch deep. They are .8 inch apart, from centre to centre, for guns, and ,5 inch for howitzers. The corners and bottoms of the grooves are slightly rounded. 260 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The dimensions of finished sabots and Mocks are verified with appropriate gauges. For dimensions, cee page 2()0. A dny'» wurk. — One man can make 3j0 sabots for 6 or 12-pdr. gun, or 300 " " field howitzers, or 600 cartridge-blocks, small charge, tn or 700 cartridge-blocks, large charge. -"^ik Straps. Straps are made of sheet-tin. For nhot there arc two straps crossing at riirht angles, one passing through a slit in the middle of the other. For nhrlh there are four straps factcncd to a ring of sheet-tin, picrces. and if the straps are for shot, a line is drawn, dividing it into two e(|iial parts, to mark the place for the slit. The straps are cut with circular shears. If such be not at band, the width of the strap is marked on the sheet, is cut with tinners" shearc, and straightened on a bench with a mallet. The slits arc made with a cold-chi.-'el on a bluck of Icail, and a str«|» not slit is passed through, and .^et flat by a blow of the hammer. Ring Si. liivijH arc cut from sheet-tin by means of two punches: the first having the diameter of the exterior and the other that of the interior of the ring. The slits are made with a cold-chisel, and the required concavit}' to fit the ball is given by ham- mering on a block of lead having a concave surface. The ends of the straps are passed through the slits, folded down, and set flat. Dimeiition* of rings: exterior diameter, 3. 'J5 ; interior diameter, 1.70. Strapping Shot and Shells. Impi.kments. — 1 hrtich ; '2 pani, containing natU O.-O.*) inch long, with f-troug, flat beads 0.2 inch diameter; buxt and barrels, for straps and sabots: 4 /mmmrr*, for strapping; 1 common hnmmrr ; A piinrhn ; ahot-gawjet, of each calibre; 1 g'lH'jf for each calibre. 0.04 inch greater than the largest shot-gauge, through which the shot should pass aft*r it is strapped; tine or ragt, for wi[iing balls; 1 trheelbarrote ; 1 tarpaulin, if the shop have not a plank floor. A helper knocks ofl" the scales from the balls with a hammer, cleans and dries the interior of the shells, if requisite, wipes the balls, and gauges them both before and after they are strapped. The workman, sitting astride the bench, places the shot or shell in the cavity of the sabot, the roughest part of the shot down, the fuie-hole of the shell tm top, ia th« axis of the sabot. The ball should rest on the bottom of the cavity (it can b« told from the sound, by striking on the bottom of the sabot with a hammer) ; if it da SPHERICAL-CASE SHOT. 261 not, the sabot is rejected. The workman places the junction of the straps in the axis of the sabot, or the ring concentric with the fuze-hole of the shell ; beginning with the strap which is not slit, he forces the end of it into the groove of the sabot with the back of the hammer, punches it, and nails it; he then draws the other end tight, punches it, and nails it, in the same manner. He disposes the other strap perpendicular to the first, nails it to the sabot as he did the first, cuts off the super- fluous length, and with the hammer and side of the cold-chisel sets the straps in close to the ball at the top of the sabot. The sabots for 32 and 24-pounder field howitzers having no groove, each strap is fastened by 1 nail on the side and 2 under the bottom of (he sabot. A day's tnirk. — Two men can strap, in 10 hours, 130 shot, or Tf) shells, cutting the tin from the sheet. Thk boxkr mode. — Uore a hole, .2 inch in diameter, .\-'> inch deep, in the shot; enlarge the hole at bottom. Take a copper rivet .2 inch diameter, hollow out the end, leaving the length of the rivet .25 inch greater than the least thickness of the sabot; bore a hole in the centre of the sabot for the rivet, with a countersink for the head; place the shot in the sabot, the hole down; insert the rivet in the sabot, making it enter the hole in the shot; strike the head of the rivet a blow with a hammer to upset the end of the rivet and fasten the sabot. Another mode. — If tin or sheet-iron cannot be procured, straps may be made of ttroiig cauvtif, 1 inch wide, sewed at the point of crossing. The part of the ball which is to be inserted in the sabot is dipped in glue; the straps are also glued to the ball ; the ends are doubled into the groove and secured by 2 nails in each end. Another method is to wrap round the ball a band of canvas 1 inch wide, one half of which is glued to the ball, the other to the sabot; or the shot may be kept in place by merely tying the cartridge-bag over the top of it. Charging Shells. Matertai.s. — Ri'fe or mttuket powder ; pliigx ; fuzes; chnlk. Imi'Lkmk.nts. — 1/iiniiel; powder measure, to hold the required charges : 1 wooden sfrai(/lil-edi/e ; lurcfe howl ; fuze-wrench. The shells, having been properly cleaned, dried, tapped to receive the plug and the fuze, and attached to the sabots, are placed in two rows. The workman fills the measure with powder, strikes it level with the straight-edge, and pours it in the shell ; the assistant holds the funnel, and marks the shell with chalk when filled, to prevent mistakes. The assistant screws in the plug. The workman puts a little white lead on the threads of the fuze, punches 4 or ii small holes in the tin disk, and screws the fuze firmly into the shell, the assistnnt holding the shell to prevent it from turning. Spherical-case Shot. The shot leaving been cleaned and inspeetehig and washer wiih rifle powder; punch 4 or •') small holes in the tin disk in the bottom of the fuze; put a little white lead on the threads of the fuze, and screw tho fuze firmly into the shell. Fix the spherical-case shot the same as round shot. Canisters. (Plate 31.) A canioler for jield serrice consists of a tin cj'lindcr attached to a sabot and filled with CHst-iron shot. For the dimensions of CaniKter Shot, see Chapter II. Canisters fir the mountain howitzer are filled with lead balls. Mateiuals. — Sheets of tin, 0.02 inch to .025 inch thick (double tin); soft solder; rosin; culots of rolled iron, .2!) inch thick; carers of sheet-iron, 0.07 inch thick for the guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, and .1 inch thick for the 24 and 32-pdr. howitzers; sabots; tncks. Uten'SILS. — Paltcrun ; tracinij point; shears; ef canvas, or when if is placed in the sabot without any strap, the cartridge-bag is drawn over it and tied on'top; for this purpose, the bag should have ap additional length of from 2i to 3 inches. When sabots cannot be obtained, place upon the powder a layer of tjw about 0.8 Jfe*' PACKING AMMTTXITION-BOXES. 200 inch thick, forming a hcd for the shot : tic the hag over the shot and around the tow; the bag requires to he 1 inch longer than for strapped shot. Pdc/iiiKj Field Ammnnition. Packing-Boxen for fiehl aninmnition are made of well seasoned stuff (generally white pine), 1 25 inch thick, dovetailed, with the tenon on the ends. The top of the box is fastened wilh six :2-inch screws; the l>ox has two handles of l^-inch rope, attached to brackets at the ends. The bo.xes are painted on the outside different colors, to indicate the contents of the box. Those containing shot are painted olive; shells, black; spherical-case shot, red ; and canisters, a litjhl di-uh. The kind of ammunition is marked on each end, in large white letters. The place and date of fabrication are marked on the inside of the cover. Manner of Packing Ammunition- Boxes. For Gi'NS. — Shot, Spherical -case, and VauiHters, Ji.red. — Laid in- two tiers across the box, the shot or canisters alternating with the cartridges at each side. The shot or canisters of the upper tier rest on those of the lower, and not on the cartridges. Fob 2.'?-pdr. Ano 24-1'1)I{. nowirzERS. — Shells and Spherical-cane »S7tof. ^Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood about .25 inch thick, placed lengthwise of the box and nailed to the bottom, so as to prevent the fuzes from bear- ing on the bottom of the box. Tbe balls are held down by small strips of wood tacked with sprigs to the sides of the box, over the sabots. Tbe cartridges are laid on the top of the sabots. CnnititcrK arc packed in the same manner, omitting the strips of wood in the bot- tom of the box. ^ For 12-PnR. FIELD and sroUNTAl.V howitzers. — Shells and Spherical-case Shot, fixed. — Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood, as for the other howitzers. Canisters are packed in the same manner, resting on the bottom of the box. For RiKi.En guns. — Case Shot, fjred. — Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood, as for the howitzers. The iron part of the balls rests against strips of wood 4 inches wide and .2.5 inch thick, nailed to the side and ends of the box at the bottom, and similar strips placed between the rows of the balls, to prevent the soft metal cujis from bearing against the box or against each other and being bruised. Canisters, ji.ved, are packed in the same manner as the case shot, omitting the strips of wood on the bottom of the box. In all the boxes, the small stores are placed in the vacant spaces on top of the ammnnition. A layer of tow is placed in the bottom of each box, and the whole coBtents are well packed in tow, filling the box so as to be pressed down by the cover. About 3 lbs. of tow are required for a box. Ammunition for Field Cbamk or POWDER \ jy«.'K»'* '!"'• t livlKllt III. ('AaTitincK lyOAMNO flHKLLR AND HI-HKHICAL-CASR... Kadot n.\o -i " 1 wKltli ... (itottoiii. ilmnn'tcr .... , ( Wi-iKht .. ■{ •• <.l ■■■ (^Numl>er i I whole < roiiinil pari I rylilKlrit-ul WiMKht of jMiwdcrt <>'• -j •• of Kiil|iliiir " (Numl>er uf balU in part " " part '• KrcalcNt '• Ht lioltoni " of cylindpr " [ liott'otn of colli' » " Ciivlly for I dcplli " liiill ( rniliuH " [ Didt. fr. mid. lowur uroo^-o of snii. to l»ot. " ( IltiKlil " H.iKlit of Diameter . , / I-<>n(tth . '••tWiensK.ns... ^j,.|,„, .. p*«.Ko-.ox:..^ Weight .{ ;Xd:.::.-.v.v::: '^" Contents of Juiinilter of rounds ... each bux... (friction-primers Color • One inch allowe.l f t the penm in length of rectangle and diameter of bottum: haif an loch 21 oniic-« tlie L!l-i.oiiii.lir. 1'" .>uiiccs: and the \i pounder, 8 oflnces. * One port-fire , Six small and one large cartridges. and Mountain Service. HOWITZERS. 3.25 C.25 l-pounder, .■>.■':' 6.2.1 14.2 10.0 5.25 1.4 22. 245 24 pounder. 2.4 2.4 .'i.li 4 5 4.5 1.5 3.12 2. or 0.75 4.15 0.4 or 3.75 10.5 .6 3.25 1.7S 10. 24.64 I 32.72 G.31 14 4 12. 5.25 5. 15. 6.71 6.6 0.15 10. 4.3 6.5 6.25 27.7 12.75 12.75 12. 23. 136. 6 blaqk 6.25 35.82 12.75 12.75 12. 23. 168. 4 6 red 5.0 31.6 12.75 12.75 15.5 25. 158. drab 5.0 5. 21.5 27. 17.25 17.25 n.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 25. 25. 155. 190. 6 6 9 9 black rod 4. 23.6 17.25 11.5 14.75 2f). 170. drab 12-ponndcr. ■| cHsc. ter. 1. 3.25' 1.25 1 4.0 11.4 7.25 4.37 1. 10.6 82 3.2 2. 4.27 3.2 3.(i 1.3 2.26 0.4 7.5 .45 3.26 1.75 1.0 3.25 4.45 2.75 .5 4..52 3.2 4.47 3.6 0.4 12.5 , 10.8 .1 14.4 6.2 4.45 4.40 .07 12 48 8.75 10.8 4..57 11.0 s. 3. 3. 13. 5.25 5.17 0.15 10. 3.3 4. 10. 10.5 3.25 4.0 10.5 13.65 22.5 22.5 9.25 9.26 10.5 11. 27. 27.5 133. 165. 12 12 18 18 black red 12.3 3.25 11.85 22.5 9.25 12 5 28.5 148. 12 18 drab 13-pdr.. inciuntniu. Sliell iSpber.lCanig- "" ■ case. ter. I 0.5 ' 2.25 10.42 5.0 4.0 7. I 1. 10.5 82 2.7 2. 4.2 2.8 3.24 1.3 2.20 0.55 7.5 .45 3.25 1.75 5.5 9..35 j 12.2 4.67 10. 4.55 none, none. 6. 4.5 4.45 0.15 9. 2.9 3.75 2.65 .5 4.52 2.8 4.47 3.24 9.5 11.2 14.4 4. 4.47 4.42 .07 37 148 6.85 11.2 8.17 8.17 2.25 2.25 9.9 12.0 27.5 27.5 9.25 9.25 8.6 8.5 31. 31.4 154. 184. 1 i 12 V 18 black red 9.4 2.25 11.8 27.5 9.25 9.5 32. 175. 12 18 dnib allowed for the scam in Iiciglit. and half" a yard of slow-match in oach box. t Powder required to fill flic 32-ponnder sliell is ^ Four small and one large cartridges. 2()S ORDNANCK MANUAL. \ AMMUNITION FOR SIFXt?] AND GARRISON SERVICE. Ammunition for sicKC and parrison service consists of carlrtdf^cn, of sizes v;iry- ing accoflitij; to circumstances, and the following projectiles, viz : S/iol for 10 iind 8-incli columl.iads (model 1861), -12, 32, '2i. IS and "S-pdr. fruns. Mhrl/x for 1(5 and S-inch cihiniVdads. 4'i, 32. '2\. IS and IJ-pdr. guns. l.'J, 10 and S-incli morinrs. h-inch siege and S and 10-inch sea-coast liowit/.ers. .V/''"'' "•"/-'■'""■ »*"' and cuntHter for 10 and 8-inch ccdumiiiads, 42, 32, 24, lb and 12-pdr. guns. 8 and 10-inch sea-coast and 8-inch siege howitzers. The slielU and spherical-case shot (except for the 8-inch siege honitz.er) and the S-inch siege and 8ca-coast howitzer canisters are attached to the sabota; the other projectiles are not strapped. Cartridges. Tlie cliarge of powout .76 inch wide, and this fold is rolled on itself down to the powder, and the part which projects beyimd the cylinder is turned in on the top of it. Two turns are taken with strong twine around the cartridge in the direction of its length, \iii° apart, and then tied. , For mortnri. cartridge-bags may be made in the same manner as for guns, their dimensions corresponding to those of the chamber of the mortar. But, as the charge is generally poured loose into the chamber, the bag being used only tor car- rying it to the mortar, a gun cartridge-bag of any convenient size may he used for mortar service. For firing hot ihot, cartridge-bags are made double, by putting one bag within another: care must be taken that the bags are free from holes. For ricochet jiring. or other occasions when very small charges are required, a cartridge-bag for a piece of an inferior calibre may be used. Or else, after the charge is poured into the bag, place on it another bag filled with Lay, pressing it with the CANISTERS. ^M hands to reduce the diameter; after having shaken this bag down and rolled and flattened the empty part of the two bags, tie them with woollen j'arn, like a bundle of musket cartridges, placing the knot on top. For proving ordnance, cartridge- bags are made of cotton cloth. They should be of the full diameter of the bore or chamber. Sabots. Snbotii are required for the 8-inch canisters, for siege and sea-coast howitzers, and all shells and spherical-case shot, except for S-inch siege howitzers. For canisters and the smaller guns the sabots are turned in a lathe; for the larger calibres they are sawed from thick pine or poplar planks, and the cavity cut in a lathe, or the cavity is first cut by a tool of the proper curvature attached to the shaft of the Daniel's planer, and the sabot afterward sawed out with a circular saw. A dai/'s work. — One man can make 3.50 sabots for a 4'2 or 32-pdr. gun, or 10-ineh columbiad, in 10 hours; or 400 sabots for a 24 or 18-pdr. gun or 8-ineh columbiad. Cartridge-Blocks. Cartridge-blocks are required for the columbiads, model 1844, and the sea-coast howitzers, when firing with reduced chargei. They are made as prescribed for field service (see page 259) — their length being such as always to make the cartridge fill the chamber. The length of the block for any charge is easily deduced from the length occupied by 1 lb. of powder, as given in the table. (See page 274.) Strapping Shells. The straps are cut and made as prescribed for nhot for field service, changing their dimensions. Two rings or loops of tin, 0.38 inch diameter, are attached securely to the slit strap of the howitzer and columbiad shells, for the purpose of attaching a handle made of cord 0.1.') to 0.2.'i inch thick. A slit is made in the strap, through which the ends of the tin loop are passed and soldered on the under side of the strap. For the handle, pass a piece of marline through both loops and tie the two ends together, leaving such length that the hand can embrace both branches. The shells are placed in the sabot, and the straps put on in such a manner that the fuze-hole may fall in one of the angles, between two straps, and that the axis of the fuze-hole may stand at an angle of about 45° with that of the sabot. The eyes of the shell should not be covered by the straps. The straps are fastened at each end with 2 nniln in the side and 2 in the bottom of the sabot. In loading the piece, care must be taken to place the fuze-hole in the upper part of the bore. Canisters. They are made and filled like canisters for field service, except their dimensions, and, instead of being attached to a sabot, the lower end of the cylinder is slit with 270 ORPNAXCK MANUAL. longitudinal cuts .■'i inch long and from .2^1 to .38 inch apart, aorordin;j: to tho calibre: (he nfrips thus formed are turned down over a cast-in.n boitum plate li..'> inch thifk. The cover Tir these eanintern is of aheet-iron. .1 inch thick : it has a hiiiidle n.7.'i inches lonfr hy 1.7.'i inch wide, made of iron wire No. 9. fastened to the cover by a Ktrap of sheet-iron. 2 inches long, 1.7') inch wide, secured hy V! rivets O.!.') inch thick. C'lni'trrH for H-inrli mrf/i; ii)id Heaconut howitzem are attachol to sabots, the furmer with 11 li: mi-}dierical bottom to fit the bottom of the bore. Grape. A nt.inri ../grape consists of 9 shot, put together by uieans of "2 eait-i >ni lUitm, •2 rinij» and 1 holt and nut. (See Plate 31.) The sfjuare of the nut is 2 diameters of the bolt; it' thickness, 1 diameter. The head of the bolt is countersink flush with the bottom of the lower plate, which has a tint to prevent the bolt from turning when the nut is screwed on. Each plate has .on the inside 3 beds for the shot, of a depth croper length. To fire 6 or Vl-pdr. Shells fr on} Mortars of largf calibre. This kind of fire is intended only for short distances, as in the defence of f the cylinder and factcucd by a few turns round the middle of the wad ; after which it is placed in the large mould and again beaten with the maul an drip for several minutes, is placed between the dry wad and the ball : or the wet wad may be replaced by one of clay. It should be made one calibre in length, of olajr free from snnd or gravel, slightly moistened and kneaded. Riug-inidn or grommrit are to 1,10 preferred where the object of a wad in merely to retain the ball in its place. They consist of a ring of rope-yarn, about 0.7 inch thick, with two pieces of strong twine tied ai-ro»s it at right angles with each other. The size of the ring is the full diameter of the bore, in onler that it may fli tight. These wa4s may be attached with twine to the utraps, or to the ball*; or they may be inserled. like other wads, after the bull. These wads may be made of straw formed into rings of the proper site, and wrapped with twine and tied to the ball. Sabots of Shavings. In positions where the pieces of sabots might prove dangerous to our own troopa, as in firing over their beads when making an attack, sabots made of thi< k shavings of soft wood or pasteboard are used. For this purpose select black walnut, pine, or fir, not too dry. and as free as possible from knots. Pieces of the proper length and width are dressed out, and by means of a coarK plane shavings are cut .06 inch in thickness. Each shaving is rtdled in a circle on a cylinder of iron in which a longitudinal groove is cut. One end is thinned down, moistened, and inserted in the groove, and the shaving is rolled on the cylinr of ryllndriral former in [ .Maturial (1.26'yd. widv) for lUU biigii..ydii ' „_,„i., j whole in Height., j ^f rylitider in ' greatoat in Sabot. < Oaniutbrs. Finished caniitcr.. Diamotor..'j Bt bottom in ^of cylinder in .., ... I II I depth in Ov.ty for I..II j ^j^^ .„ Diameter of cylinder to roll un in 8rBA..., . lor oach.) lc;{l^::;:;:;:::;::::::;;;;:;;;•::::::;:::::ls ilx-ngth, including cap in Heiglit in Interior diaaiet«r in pUlLNI i tier* of dhot , Number of< (hot in a tier ( whole Bitot \ height in ') wei);ht lbs Charge of |>owder for firing to fill shell lbs to buret shell lbs to blow out fuze-plug* lbs ordinary charge lbs Rock-fire, No. of cylinder! in *^'"®'" I thickness _ in „. ( interior diameter in "^^^ ••■"( diameter of iron in „ „ (length in "^ ••• \ diameter ~ in Height of. from outside of plates in Weight of plates Jbs bolt, nut and rings lbs "' stand complete lbs Diameter and height in Rht lbs for 100 Jbs Diameter, large bole. in " small hole in Thickness of upper block in lower block in Width of block in Cylindrical drift. If '^!.'*' i" ■^ (length jn PiLUNO SnEU.8.' Stand of grape Powder ( Diamet J Weight (junk. 1 Wai>8. ]|Oi;i.DS FOB WADS.. U. 6.82 M 7.6 20. 12.7 7.5 30 2. 8.41 7.75 1. 4.03 9.3 29. 1. 3.25 1.38 .62 3. 6. 9.7 16.5 165. 9.75 9.4 10. 5. 17. 8.5 24. 8. 7.84 .08 B.O Irt. 10.36 «.0 23 2. 6.70 0.16 1. 3.03 7.3 23.6 .76 1.76 1. .6 1.8 6. 7.86 .« 6.56 .6 14.7 .6 9.85 13.6 4.75 75.5 7.8 8.5 850. 7.8 7.6 8. 4. 15. 7.3 24. 16. 6.90 .42 0. 10. 16.7 0. 47 2. S. 0.76 1. 4.03 9Ji 29. 1. 8.26 1.38 .62 3. 0. 0.76 16.6 165.0 0.76 9.4 10. 5. 17. 8.5 24. *Wheu a wooden fuze-plug is need. AMMUNITION. 275 and Sea-coast Service. r.uNS. 1 1 HOWITZERS. 42-pdr. 32-pdr. 24-pdr. 18-pdr. 12-pdr. Siege, 8-in. Sea-coast. 10-in. 8-in. 9. 8. 7. 6. 4. 4. 12. 8. 882 9.28 10.15 8.75 8.0 6. 9.»6 7.84 .98 1.16 1.45 1.75 2.0 2. 0.83 0.98 6. 6.5 5. 4.6 4.3 4.2 6.6 6.0 16.5 18. 16.5 15.25 14. 14. 18. 15. 10.35 9.55 8.76 8.15 7.6 7.6 11.16 10.35 e. 6.5 6. 4.6 4.3 4.2 6.5 6.0 24 25 19 17 14 14 31 20 2. 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 4.68J 2. 2. 5.01 2. 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 .75 7.H5 .75 7.85 7.75 6.79 fl.58 6.0 5.43 4.92 4.35 J fheiuis- ( pliere. 1 6.75 6.15 64 1. 3.42 6.4 0.75 3.12 6.8 0.75 2.84 5.2 0.75 2.58 4.7 1. 2.26 4. 7.8 7 8 1. 4.93 9.3 1 3 13 7.3 7.3 21. .65 21.5 9.6 6.78 6.73 4 7 27 8.7 48. 1.5 19. .6 20. 9. 6.19 6.14 4 7 27 8.1 37. 1.31 17.5 .55 18.3 8.25 6.63 5.58 4 7 27 7.35 29. 1.0 16. .5 16.7 7.7 6.12 6.07 i 27 6.8 23. .69 14. .45 14.4 6.75 4.47 4.42 27 6. 15. .6 29. 1. 23 5 75 25.1 8.6 7.8 7.75 4 12 48 12.03 63.5 2.56t 25.1 8.6 7.8 4 12 48 12.35 64 5 5.t 2.56t .76 .69 .5 .44 .31 1. 2. 1. .38 .12 .12 .09 .06 • .26 .31 .25 1.25 1. .75 .02 .44 1.75 3. 1.75 6. g 6. 6. 7.85 6.83 .6 5.73 .5 9.25 .5 8.75 10.2 2.8 51.25 6.8 6.24 .5 5.16 .6 8.7 .6 8.2 8. 2.5 .%.75 6.2 5.68 .5 4.75 .38 7.88 .38 7.5 6.76 1.81 30.61 5.65 5.17 .4 4.26 .38 7.18 .38 6.8 4.56 1.12 22.15 5.12 4.52 .4 3.8 .32 6.12 .32 5.8 3.44 .69 14.84 4.48 .6 6.55 6 14.7 9.85 13.6 4.75 FOR 6-POUNDER. 3.5 75 5 7.8 5.62 562. 6.8 4.38 438. 6.2 3. 300. 5.65 2.38 238. 5.12 1.5 150. 4.48 .82 82. 3.65 8.5 850. 9.75 7.S 6.5 6.9 63 4.8 4.1 3.2 9.4 7.5 7. 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.6 3.7 10. 8. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 5. 4. 13. 12. 11.5 11. 10. 9. 17. 15. 6.2 5.6 6. 4.5 3.8 2.9 85 7.3 24. 24. 24. 24. 24. 24. 24. 24. + Mortar shells: 13-inch shell holds 11 Ib.i. piwdor; service charge, 7 lbs.; to burst shell. 6 lbs. J For canisters. 276 ORDNANCE MANTTAL. MATC'IIES, FUZES, AND PRIMERS. Slow-Match. Slow-matrli IK prpfiarcii rope, which is used to keep nn dv lkaciiikc. — If sugar of lead cannot be procured, the rope may be simply leached. For this purpose, it is put into u leach tub and steeped in pure water for 1'2 hours : this water is then drawn off and rejdaced by lye prepared in a boiler, with a ((uuntity of ashes equal to half the weight uf the rope, to which 5 per cent, of quicklime is added. This lye. with the ashes, is put. after being warmed, into the hopper of the tub. and when it has run through and remained some time in the tub it is drawn off, heated again, and poured back en the ashes. This operation is repeated several times in the course of 24 hours, which is the time required for the rope to be well leached. After being taken out and twisted with sticks, it is steeped for 5 minutes in hot water, beihg stirred at the same time, and the operation is finijihed as b»fore. Match prepared in this manner burns 5 inches in an hour. Cotton rope, well twisted, forms a good match without any preparation. A slow-match may be made of strong paper by immersing it in a warm solution of nitre, of about 1 pound to 2 gallons of water. When dry, roll each sheet sepa- rately, pressing it firmly, and pasting the last turn. A half sheet thus prepared will keep fire for threr hourt. Slow-match weighs from 3 to 5 ounces to the yard. Packing. — Slow-match is packed in tight casks or boxes. A cask iO inches high, 24 inches diameter (weighing 60 pounds), contains 150 pounds of match. The casks and boxes should be marked with the kind and quantity of match, place and date of fabrication. Dimensions of a box to hold 200 pounds hemp or 220 pounds cotton match — 14 QUICK-MATCH. 277 inches long, 2S inches wide, 18 inches deep; weight, 87 pounds. It is made of boress the case firmly by rolling it on a table with a hand rolling board ; withdraw the former, and place the cases in a box to dry. TO nniVE POUT PIHP.S. MATEniAi.s. — Cn»eii ; componitioii for 100 rm\H>»itiou for 100 fuzes lbs. ( Of 100 fuzes complete " Whole length in. Paper for the case ^ J'f."-,"' f "^'^''^^^'f^^ • • • • " \V Kith of rectangle " Width of small end .... " Bonnann Fuze. Diameter of fuze, including threads 1.65 in. Thickness 45 Jq^ Number of threads to the inch 12 Diameter of plug, including threads 1.07 in. Thickness for field guns 3 in. Number of threads to the inch 12 Packing-boxes for Port-Fires. Lcns'tb. For 100 port-fires 18 " 200 " 18 13-in. 10-iu. 8-in. 10.8 9.4 6.3 1.85 1.7 1.25 1.25 1.0 0.9 .4 .3 .3 2.8 2.25 1.25 1.65 1.55 1.15 .6 0.5 0.4 1.25 1.0 0.75 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.9 0.9 9.0 8.0 5.0 .36 .27 .27 9. 8. 8. 4.5 4. 4. 8. 4. 2.5 54. 33. 16. •Width. Depth. Weight 9.1 5.1 38 9.1 10.1 70 PAPER FUZES. .63 .4 .35 2.0 .3 2. 19. 6. 2.25 0.4 Friction Primers for Cannon. The friction primer for cannon is a small brass tube filled with gunpowder, which is ignited by drawing a rough wire briskly through friction composition, contained in a smaller tube inserted into the first, near the top, and soldered at right angles to it. A lanyard, with a hook attached, is used to ignite the primer. 284 OUDNANCE MANUAL. The fricli'on primrr is cuiu])0sc varnish colored with lampblack. When dry, the long tube is filled with musket powder and closed with beeswax, mixed with J its weight of pitch. PERCUSSION-CAPS FOR SMALL ARMS. 285 Both ends arc touched with varnish and the tube thoroughly dried. Packing — The tubes are first put up in bundles of 10 each, wrapped in water- proof paper; 10 bundles are packed in a tin box. painted or japanned: 100 tin boxes are packed in a box made of 1-inch white pine boards, dovetailed. The contents of the tin box, place and year of fabrication, are stamped on the lid, and the number of the box marked on the front side. The contents of the wooden box, are marked on each end. Dimensions of the tin box: Length, 4.5 in.; width, 2.35 in.; depth, 2.35 in. " (interior) wooden box : " 20.5 " " 12.0 " " 9.5 " Weight of tin box containing 100 primers, .8347 lb. Weight of wooden box " 10,000 " 105. " MATERIALS REQriREP FOR 10,000 FRICTION PRIMERS. 66 Ihs. sheet-brass No. 19. "I ., . „-, ,, » i . V About 36^ lbs. are returned in scraps. 20 " brass wire No. 16. J 1.2.T lbs. solder. 2.33 " chlorate of potassa. 2.66 " sulphuret of antimony. .65 " beeswax and pitch. 11.0 " musket powder. 1.25 quart varnish (0.75 lb. shellac, 1 qt, alcohol, 0.25 oz. lampblack). 44 sheets of common tin are required for 100 tin boxes. Percussion-Caps for Small Ar7ns. The cap for small arms is made of copper. It is very slightly conical, with a rim or (lanch at the open end; it has four slits, extending about half the height of the cap. The cap is charged with fulminate of mercury, mixed with half its weight of nitre : the object of the nitre being to render the fulminate less explosive and to give body to the flame. To protect the percussion powder from moisture, and also to secure it from falling out, it is covered over, in each cap, with a drop of pure shellac varnish. The copper ft)/- making the caps is obtained in sheets 48 inches long and 14 inches wide, weighing 3 lbs.: a variation of 4 ounces, more or less, is allowed. The cop- per should be pure, free from seams, holes, or blisters, well annealed, and as evenly rolled as possible, with straight and smooth edges. The copper is cleaned by immersion in a pickle made of 1 part (by measure) of sulphuric acid and 40 positioD is composed of 26 parts of nitre, .'>} of sulphur, and 19 of oharooal, which arc mixed hj ruhbing them io the hand, and passing them three times through the sieve No. 2; the charcoal is added, and mixed with the hands. If antimony or steel filings be used, they should be added after the charcoal. When beginning with a new compobition or new materials, it is necessary to try the composition by firing two or three rockets made of it, ami regulate the height of the milt'd. If the rockets do not ascend sufficiently high, increase the quantity of nitre, and diminish it if the rockets burst or blow out the head. When rockets are well made, they ascend rapidly to a great height, anindle. Place the case on the spindle, the choked end down ; settle it with two or three blows of the mallet : set the mould over the case and key it down. Driving the rocket. — Take a ladleful of composition, strike off the surplus and pour it into the ease. Use first the longest hollow drift, and give each lailleful 25 or SO blows with the mallet, keeping the drift down on the composition. As the eaae fills, use the shorter drifts until the composition reaches the top of the spindle; then drive 1 diameter in height with the solid drift, cover this with a patch of stiff paper cut to fit the case, and over this patch drive a wad i diameter high, of clay, or of piaster of Paris slightly moistened with water. Rockets are sometimes driven solid throughout, and afterward bored and reamed OBt with a reamer of the form of the spindle. The mnMldf fi>r driving are not indispensable. Rockets are oft«n driven without them. For this purpose, screw the spindle vertically into the top of a block of wood firmly imbedded in the ground. To the opposite sides of this block attach two upright strips of plnuk. and fasten to them a cross-piece which has near its centre* hole to fit the rocket-case and keep it steady on the spindle in driving. SIGNAL ROCKETS. 295 To guard nffnivst arcidrnft, drive rockets in an empty rotim ; particularly, let no powder be in the room, or composition, except that used at the time, and let no filled rocket-cases be lying about. In fair weather use a tent for a driving room. To PRIME THK ROCKET. — Insert in the bore of the rocket one end of a piece of quick-match, 2 feet long, a small piece of paper attached, and push it in securely; coil the rest of the match in the bore and bottom of the case. To secure it from dampness, paste over the end of the case a circular cap of strong paper. TO MAKE THE POTS. Materials. — No. 4 paper, pnntc. IJTENSrLS. — Knife, former, rolling hoard, hotel for pdste, hiushra. Making the pot, — Cut the rectangle and roll it on the former as described for port-tire cases. To attach the pot. — Paste the pot on the inside the di.«tance of one-half of a diameter, and also the out-^idc? of the case, at the end containing the clay, for the same length ; slip the pot on the pasted end, leaving the length of the pot above the top of the case t)ne and a half diameter. To secure the pot in place and give a neat tinisb, cover the rocket-case and pot, when dry, with thin paper pasted on. TO MAKE THE CONES. Matehials. — iVo. A: jiaper, paste, thin paper. Utensils. — Compnsse», knife, scissors, conical former, howl for paste, hriishes. Making cones. — Mark out the No. 4 paper by describing with the compasses circles with a radius equal to the length of the cone required. Cut them out with the scissors, and cut each circle into semicircles. Paste each semicircle and roll it sep.arately on the former; press it firmly, and put it away to dry. Cut the cones to such length that their bases shall bo of the same diameter as t'lo pot. Make in the same way a similar cone of thin paper one inch longer, and paste it on the first; cut the part of the cone formed of one thickness of paper into longitudinal slips \ inch wide. To LOAD THE POT AND FIX THE CONE. — Put in the bursting charge of 150 to 300 grains of powder in the bottom of the pot, and fill it with the decorations, placing the serpents and streamers on end, the primed ends down. Fill the cone with tow, and paste the strips of the cone; place the cone on the pot, and press the strips on the side of the pot; paste a narrow baud of paper around the rocket close to the base of the cone. The axes of the rocket-case, of the pot, and of the cone, should be in the same line. To ATTACH THE STICK.— Tie the stick to the rocket, with strong twine or annealed iron wire from .04 to .08 inch in diameter, at two places : first at the choke of the case and the second notch in the stick, crossing the ends of the twine under the stick to prevent its moving to the right or left; the second, in the notch at the end of the stick and near the pot; tic the twine in a hard knot, and cut the ends close. 296 ORDNANCE MANUAL. If wire be used, twi»t the ends together with plicrF, jiiid flatten the end« into the notch. After the stick is attachposition. MatkkiaLS. — ^V«. 4 paper, thread, paste, eloi/. Utensils. — R'lii/e ; former. 0.4 incli in diameter; hmrl for past«, brtuffi, tntuden mould, uipplt , drift, mallrl, chanjer, hand roUimj board. To MAKK TUB CASK. — The case is made by rolling a rectangle of paper. No. 4, with a hand rolling bnard, and choking it at one end. The cases are driven j their length, giving each ladlcful of composition .'J blows with the mallet. The case is choked over the composition, and the remainder of it is nearly filled with mealed powder, upon which a small paper wad is placed ; a clay bead is ibeo driven on it, and the end of the case turned down, to secure it; the other end is primed with priming paste, or a small strand of quick-match. Streamers. Streamor.s are small paper cases from .2 to .4 inch diameter and from 2 to 4 •nie ua* of the gam is to give consistency to the stars, so that the ezploeioo of the pot inaj' •ok break Umb to piaoee and thereby destroy the eflTecL DECORATIONS FOR ROCKETS. 297 inches long, made of four turns of No. 7 paper. One end is closed, and the case is cbarL'cd and primed liite that of a lance. A number of streamers produce the effect known as rain of fire. Gold Rain. (lold rain is made of small stars, all of the same Mze. The stars are cubes, the length of whose sides is .r) inch. Jfarrons. Marrons are small cubic boxes, made of p.isteboard. filled with powder, and wrapped with strong twine. They arc used to give a loud report, or the effect of cannonading. lli.KTV:\u^^.v,.— Pasteboard, rartridijc paper, strong twine or marline, paste, quick- match, powder. Utensils. — Knife, ruler, pencil, pnneh. To MAKE THR MARRONS.— Cut the pasteboard into rectangles whose sides shall bo 3 and 5 times, respectively, the length of the side of the marron required. Divide the rectangle into 15 equal squares; cut out the squares forming the four corners of the rectangle, and divide the three remaining squares on the long side from each other by a cut the length of their side and perpendicular to the long side of the rectangle. Form a small cubic box with the pasteboard thus cut out; paste the squares togfethcr which cover each other, and paste a band of paper around the box, leaving the cover open. When dry, fill the box with powder, paste down the cover, and envelop it with two or three layers of strong twine. Cover the marron with glue or kit, and prime it with quick-match inserted in a hole punched into the powder at the middle of one of the faces. 8W ORDNANCE MANUAL. DivieMions and Weights of Rockets and their Orunm- nfs tnp.. Nipri-K Ditii Dkiviro Mai.lbt Cbarokr . Height of Compositi- Clay in hi' Langlb of cyliodrical pari Conical cavity. Pot Conk . • . . Stick . . . l»l drift 2d " " 3d " " 4th '• •* Diameter f Ist drift " at buitom ■ 2d " " or liiu«c. . ( .3d " " CuuiiioD diumvter at toji. . . " r l«t drift " Length of .^ 2d " (••'-> " " Weight pouods Length f oyliuder " (Whole length " the rulid '' >ii fnr 1(10 rocket* l>oundg an». — Whole Icnf^th of the rocket Kl.U inches. Len;;th of the finiHhcd ease 1 1.2 " Exterior diameter of case .^.25 " I nt«riMN«Nci'on« «./ I'ltrking-hoxe*. — Length, interior 17. inches. Width, interior 125 " Depth fl.5 Weight of box, empty 20. pounds. Wei.'ht of box. j.aeked 1.16.5 " These riicl;.-t> are fired from open tubes formed of rods i^f iron bent spirally and mounted on a porlAble stand. Petard. Tlie pttani i;* a liox of woi>d filled with powder, ur^cd to blow down doors, gatM, burierK, etc. The box fihould be made of dry wood, and have [taper pasted over the joints t4 prevent the powder from sifting out. A fuze, by which the petard is fired, is sorowod into the box, reaching to the powder. The box should contain at lea«t 20 lbs. of powder. The effects of petard.-* are nearly proportioned to the square of the rhar^jcs of powder they eoiiUiiu, and their effects are considerably increased if loaded with WBd-bags. A 10 or 8 inch shell filled with powder, and provided with a long fuie, ni»v b« used for a petard. STORAtJE AND PRESERVATION OF AMMUNITION AND FIREW0HK8. Storehouses and magazines should be kept in the neatest possible order, tb* stores arranged as much as possible by classes, kinds and calibres, and labelled. They should be ventilated from time to time, in the middle of the day. in fine we&ther — particularly those which contain ammunition and fireworks which are iignred by moisture. Provide cloth blinds for all windows exposed to the sun. Leaden BalU are generally kept in cellars, on account of their weight: the boxes PRESERVATION OF AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. 301 should be kept as dry asi possible, and so piled as to admit tbe circulation of air about them. Cartridges for small arms are kept in magazines, the barrels or boxes being piled 3 or 4 tiers high at most. Fixed Ammunition for Cannon. — If not in boxes, it should be placed in piles formed of two parallel rows of cartridges, with the sabots together — in 4 tiers for 12-pdr., and 5 for 6-pdr. ; chock the lower tier with strips of wood fastened with small nails ; put a layer of tow 2 inches thick between the shot ; let the piles rest on planks, if there be no floor, and cover them with tarpaulins ; have the place swept, and the cartridge-bags brushed off. Leave a passage of 18 inches between the double rows, and keep them 2 feet from the walls. Fixed ammunition should not be put into powder magazines, if it can be avoided; it should be kept in a dry place, above the ground floor if practicable; the store- rooms should be always aired in fine weather; the piles should be taken down and made up again every six months at most, the bags examined and repaired, and the damaged cartridges broken up. A tii;fuliir tcreen, of brui wire, which fits in the box : 1 huord, with 4 rtipprr honln, placed acroea the middle of the ncruen; hoxf for balls and caps; tmrrrli for powder; 1 pa/trt prrit ; 1 tiere ,• ilo»U. Put the bundlec of cartridges on the screen, as they are re<{uirer. t4) clean the balls ; •(»«/•. ■ One man holds the cartridge over the box. whilst another cuts the twine near the knot, takes off the strapped shot, brushes it, and eUnds it on the tarpaulin, on Us ■abut: the tirst man pours the good powder into a barrel, the caked powder into another, turns the bag wrong side out, and cleans it. The strapped shot are uken to the door of the laboratory, where the shot which still require cleaning are sep- arated from their sabois and immersed in the tub of water: after standing some time, they are washed and cleaned. The others remain strapped. The serviceable, reparable, aad unserviceable cartridge-bags are se[.arated from each other; the U«t are immersed in water, and used for rags. The pieces of twine are tied up in bundle. The shells are put aside to be unloaded and cleaned in like manner. The breaking up of fixed ammunition requires many precautions, and should neT«r be done in the magatine, bot m much as possible in the open air. Never have hot little powder and a few cartridges in the shop at one time. ORNAMENTAL FIREWORKS. 303 Canisters. — Turn up the slit ends of the canisters, by means of a small chisel; take off the cover, and pull out the balls and saw-dust into a bo.\ by means of a hook; take out the bottom plate, and straighten the cylinder with a mallet on an anvil. PoRT-FiitES. — Split the paper: take out the composition, and pulverize it by rolling for two hours. It may be made to burn more or less quickly by adding mealed powder or sulphur. Unloading Shells. This is necessary in order to save room in the storehouses, and to prevent acci- dents and the deterioration of the powder. It should be performed with great care, and at a distance from the magazines, storehouses, or dwelling-houses, employing no more men than are absolutely necessary. Separate the workmen from each other; jilace them near a ditch or deep hole, into which they may threw a shell, should it take fire, and thus shelter the men from the fragments. Remove the powder frequently as it is taken from the projectiles. Workmen. — 1 artificer; 1 helper. Implements. — 1 fuzc-wrruch ; awh; a coil o/ rope, or a block, to place the shell on ; 1 brace, with bits of the size of the bore of the fuzes ; 1 copper chinel; 1 wooden drift ; 1 mallet ; 1 copper hook, and rncis, to get out the powder and clean the interior of the shell; 1 Icnife ; a tub and a basket for the powder and fuzes: a tarpaulin ; a bucket of water. For large shelh, in addition to the above: I fiizc-e.rtractor, for mortar shells ; a pair of shell-hooks and a handspike ; 2 trestles and & frame, to rest the shells on after extracting the fuze, for the purpose of emptying the shells over the tub. The helper places the shell on the coil of rope, and holds it firmly in both hands : the artificer unscrews the fuze with the fuze-wrench. If the shell have a paper fuze, the artificer thrusts the sharp point of the awl between the fuze and the plugs, and pries the fuze out; a second awl may be used opposite the first; or cut out the composition ..3 or .4 inch with a knife, and screw into the pivper case a screw fitting it closely ; draw out the fuze by means of the screw. If it be a mortar shell, bore out the composition with a brace and bit, keeping the composition constantly wet with water ; drive in the bore of the fuze a plug of hard wood ; screw in the fuze-extractor and draw the fuze. ORNAMENTAL FIREWORKS. Ijances. Lances are small paper cases, .2 to .4 inch diameter, filled with one or more com- positions, each burning with a fiaine of a particular color. They are used to mark the outlines of figures, and are attached to light frames of wood, or sticks of bamboo. To MAKE THE CASES. — Cut the paper into rectangles, of a length equal to the o04 ORDNANCB MANUAL. required length of the case, and of such width us to mukc the case throe thick- nesses of No. 7 |ia|icr. The leu;;th of the case is poncrally ahout t(;n times its exterior ped in glue and thrust on the point of the nail, arranging them {>erpeudicular to the frame. Sun-Ciises. • Sun-cases arc strong cases made like those for rockets, and filled with ft eonip»> sition which burns more slowly than rocket composition. They are attached to wooden frames, to give long rays of sparkling light. The choke is sometimes made by driving clay in the end of the case, and boring a hole through it for the escape of the flame ; or the clay is driven on a short nipple, forming the choke. Sun-coses are generally mae until it is .2 inch tbiek. Cot the shell into two e<(ual parts and take out the eore ; place ihr two halvw together, and continue to parte on pieces of paper, permittinit them to dry perfectly, until the shell is of the required thickness. This inMlc requires much lime, aa IIm ■bells dry slowly, and each successive layer mut>l be thoroughly dry before olb«r pieces are |iasicd on. To CIIAHOK THK SHELL. — Introduce the staro, scri>enl», ete., through the AiM« hole, and then the bursting charge ; cover the fuse where it cornea iu contact with the shell witL glue, and drive it in place. To insure the fute taking fire, tic arouml the shell two |>iec«s of (|uiek-ou(ah, crossing over the fuxc. Cover the fure with several strips of pai)er pasted to th« shell at their ends. These are removetl before the shell is fired. Stars. The stars for shells are made as described pa^^e 296. Those made of composition which burn with difficulty mu^t have a hole in their axes, like those uaed for Roman oandles. Wheel -Cases. Wheel-caaes are made and driven like sun-cases. They are used to give • rotary motion to pieces mounted on an axis, and to produce at the same time a brilliant fire. They are attached to the end of the spoke of the wheel which they are to lurn hj means of iron wire, or strong twine, and they are inclined to the spoke from 2U^ to 30° to give a larger circle of fire. PREPARATION OF COLORED FIRES. 307 Boman CmuJIes. The Koman candle is a long and strong tube charged with stars, which are thrown out successively by a charge of powder placed under each star. The ends of gun barrels, 20 inches long, are used for cases. When pajier cases are used, make them about .65 to .7 interior diameter and 1 inch exterior diameter: roll them like port-fire cases. Three drifts, of different lengths, are used; they are made of hickory' or other hard wood, with brass tips on the lower ends. To CHARGE THE CASE. — Put in the case a ladlcful of clay, and drive it w^ith ten blows of the mallet; then a ladleful of composition, which is driven in the same way; next a charger of powder and a star, which iy gently pressed down; then another ladleful of composition, a second charger of powder, and another star — driving the composition and pressing down the star gently; continue until the ten stars arc in, and add a half ladleful of composition. Prime the candle with a strand of quick-match 6 inches long, held in place against the side of the case b3' a little composition driven in on its ends. Cover the end of the candle with a strip of paper pasted on. Roman candles are inserted in holes bored in frames, or tied with wire or twine in the direction in which they are to throw their stars. The stars used for Roman candles have a hole through their axes, communicating the fire to the charge below, which throws it out. Leaders. Leaders are long paper tubes of small diameter, enclosing a strand of quick- match. They are used to communicate fire rapidly from one point to another. The velocity of combustion is from 1 to 2 yards per second, depending upon the size of the tube, being more rapid as the tube is smaller. Leaders are made by rolling a strip of thin paper, 2.5 inches wide, as obliquely as possible, on a ramrod: or cut the paper into trapezoids, 4 inches wide at one base and 21 at the other: paste the edges of the strips .25 inch, and roll them on a ramrod so that one end shall be enlarged, funnel-shape. When dry, pass a strand of quick-match through, and let it project about an inch at each end. To unite them into a long line, insert the end of one into another a distance of .75 inch, and tie them with a thread. If the line be long, first stretch a piece of twine, and attach the leader to it every few feet. Preparation of Colored Fires. The materials for colored fires should be as pure a,s can be obtained : those which crystallize should be procured in the crystalline state. They should be generally first dried, ground fine, weighed out and mixed. The composition is then moist- ened and pressed into shape. Some of the materials, such as the flowers of sulphur and lampblack, ought to be first well washed in warm water. Antimony, glass and copper filings ought, as well as other materials, to be passed through sieve No. 1. 809' ORDNANCE MANUAL. DnriMO. — All materials fIiouM he perfectly dry. Those which contain water of crystiilliiafmn, b." the iiitriile of Imrvfn. iiilr.ite of strontia, and sulphate of copper ■hoiiM have it hntc of copper is easily' ilccomposed in this operation, and as the sul- phuric aci uioiiia iiculraliics the acid, and, instead of injuring the color, it heigliteoa it. The same proccus should be adopted with other decomposable metallic salts.) A thick li>|iiid of an indigo blue color is obtained: place it od the fire, and warm it gentlj until it becomes a thick pa^te: then, leaving only a few coals under it, stir it with k spatula and crush it into a powder. GiiiNDiN'O. — The materials are ground in a mortar with a pestle, or on a lier* with copper balls 0.4 inch in diameter, of equal weight with the composition to b« ground. All the utensils shi>uld be kept perfectly clean. To ])ulverize antimony, melt it and pour it into a cast-iron mortar preriuuily warmed: when the metal is on the point of congealing, stir it briskly with the ]iest]o: it is thu!< reduced to fine grains, which are then pulvcriicd with a pestle. Zinc aud other similar metals arc treated in the same way. To obtain shidlac in the slate of a fine powder, it is first broken into pieces and melted with its weiglit of saltpetre The mass is then ground as usual, and the powiler thus obtaiiiectre is removed. The resins and other substance." insoluble in water and difficult to pulverize In their pure state are treated in the same manner. All materials when pulvcriicd should be passctl through hair sieve No. 1. They ought, if possible, to be sifted when warm, and placed away immediately in well stopped bottles to preserve them from moisture. The chlorates should be pulverized in a marble mortar with a hard wood pestle. The mortar, pestle and sieve should be used only for a single chlorate, and the whole operation be performed in a jdnce apart, to avoid accidents. The chlorate can be ground and manipulated by itself without danger; but when it is mixed with sulphur, charcoal, etc.. it explodes very readily. Wki«bin6. — Each material should bo weighed accurately by itself, according to the proportions laid down in the table. Mixing. — The materials after being weighed out are poured on a sheet of paste- board and mixed as well as possible with the hand: they are then passed three times through sieve No. 2, keeping the sieve stationary, and stirring the materiala with the hand. If a chlorate enter into the composition, begin by mixing all the materials, on a pasteboard, except the sulphur, charcoal, lampblack, sugar, tallow aud shellac Whou they are well mixed, add the combustible materials separately, mix thoroughly, and theu add the chlorate.' SIEVES. 309 Pass the composition three times through sieve No. 2, using a feather for the purpose. All these manipulations with compositions into which a chlorate enters should be pcrformetl in a place aside, and with a small quantity at a time. Compositions thus prepared should be preserved in well stopped bottles, carefully labelled. Those containing chlorates should be placed away from the rest and apart from each other. Dampening. — Compositions are dampened by pouring the pure or gummed liquid on them, a little at a time, and mixing it well with the hand or a wooden knife. Compositions should not be dampened until just before they are to be moulded. Moulding. — All compositions may be firmlj^ comjiressed. provided care be taken to avoid friction and blows with those containing chlorates. However great the care taken in the choice of materials, their proportions and manipulations, it is difficult always to get uniform results. It is necessary, there- fore, to try the mixtures and modify the proportions as may be required. In every composition there are certain substances which are used to furnish oxygen for the consumption of the rest : the nitrates and chlorates are such. There are other substances, as sulphur, charcoal and vegetable matters, which are burned ; and others which are only used to give c(jlor to the flame, as antimony, lead, cop- per, strontia, etc. The same substance may furnish oxygen and color the flame at the same time. Certain materials are used onlj' to heighten the color — as the protochloride of mer- cury and the hydrochlorate of ammonia : the action of the latter is weaker than that of the former. When a composition burns too slowly, there is an excess of coloring matter or of that which is to be burned, or some other substanqe (as water, for example) — very rarely of that which furnishes oxygen. When the composition burns too fast, it is necessary to add coloring matter, or such substances as sugar, rosin or tallow, which operate by separating the substances supplying the oxygen from those which are burned, and at the same time keeping up the combustion. Generally, the quicker the combustion the more will the flame approach to white- ness, whatever may be the coloring principle, and the slower the combustion the more certainty there will be of obtaining the desired color. Sieves. Sieves are made of brass wire, hair or silk, and may be square or round in shape. I^No 1 \^^ meshes in 1 inch, or 2,500 in a square inch, I ■ ■ I a single hair in one direction, 2 in the other. Hair sieves I No. 2 I ^^ incsbes in 1 inch, or 625 in a square inch, 2 '"•" -j • "• I hairs side by side in each direction, mixing compositions. ^^^^ ^ | 12.5 meshes in 1 inch, or 156 in 1 square inch, 3 [ hairs side by side in each direction. _ No. 4. 180 meshes in a square inch, brass wire. The silk sieve is made like No. 1, and often replaces it. Brass sieves ought to bo used only for dry materials. rm ORDNANCE MANUAL. Dimensions and Weights of Paper or Pojilar Shells. ORKAIUKTS. Tliick- Wciglit of WelKht of ueMS uf 1 Cliargu, Weight of Number of 1 K B i I ■ J. 1 = 1 _. 1 S t i 1 1 i 1 e >•* "o c 1 1 St 1 i 1 1 S K t 8 la. In. In. lta.M. lbt.OB. (H. Ob. In. See. 0». Or. Or. k,* .5 .92 1 .105 2.10 3.5 A 1.4 3. .5 40 1 210' 1 60 170 32 14 A A Al 1.10 7.8 5. .5 1.4 3. .6 40 ■•!i" : !*» nmi 44) 00 10 U .1 •a:1!> 11.14 5. 1. 1.4 3. .5 40 -Jio ' nn SiW zn 130 u. 1.35 1.5 14.14 S6. 12. 2. 1^^ 3. I .5 40 1 210,1 BOO 3400 7r diameter in. twe.... I Luugth in. r _,. , ( at bottom. . .in. «, . ., 1 Diameter \ , , ^ :_ Spindle . -( ( ut tup in. ( Length in. 0.75 1.0 1.6 ! 0.76 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0 1 1.20 1.6 11. 10.60 12.5 |l 8.75 8.75 .28 .55 .65 1 .28 .65 .18 .38 .40 .18 .80j .86 .38 .36 .75 .76 Hate of Burning of Compositions. i.i 2.0 8.76 .65 .40 .80 WHEEL-mU. BTAinnXO PIEM. DIMKNSIOXt. Com- L«ngtb of case in.' 8.75 Interior diameter in.i .75 Weight of composition oz.^ 3.5 Time of burning, per in sec. 17. White. Chinece. ; Sun. 8.75 I 8.76 .75 ; .76 3.5 4. 17. 21. 11. .75 5. 22. Star. .T6 4. 20. Romaa 19. .76 6. 45. COMPOSITIONS FOR FIREWORKS. 311 Rate of Burning of Compositions — Continued. »■ i o o JS 3 ^ 5 >H l^ Leiipth of case in. Interior diameter... in. Weight of coinposltion gr. Time of burning sec. 4. 4. .3'2 .32 5. .32 150 90 4. ..32 150 90 4. 1 3. .32 II. 160 547 90 ! eo 3. 3. 1. 1. 546 545 45 65 .75 250 60 Compositions for Fireworks. The partt are, by weight: White. — 16 nitre: 8 sulphur: 4 mealed powder. Yellov}. — 1 charcoal; 1 sulphur: fi nitrate of soda. Red. — 5 ehlor. of pota.ssa : 20 nit. of strontia; 4 gum dainmar. Stars .. \ Blue. — 8 chlor. of potassa; 4 sulph. of copper: 4 Rinn dammar. Green. — 96 chlorate of potaesa; 192 nitrate of baryta; 64 sulphur; 8 lampblack. Fivc-pointrd — 7 sulphur: 10 mealed powder. l' White. — 26 nitre; 9 sulphur: 5 raealeil powder. Yellow. — 16 nit. of soda; 4 sulph.; 4 mealed powder; 2 lampblack. Lances. -{ Jted.—^O nit. of strontia; 16 nitre; 10 sulph.: 7i mealed powder. I Blue. — 8 nitre: 2 sulphur; 4 sulphate of copper. [ Oreen. — 96 nitre; 64 sulph.; 8 lampblack : 192 nitr.ito of barj'ta. White. — 16 nitre; 8 sulphur; 4 mealed powder. Yellow. — 2 nitre; 4 sulphur; 20 nitrate of soda; 1 lampblack. Lights . l ^^'^' — ^ °itre: 6 sulphur: 20 nitrate of strontia; 1 lampl)lack. ■ ' ' Blue. — 8 nitre; 2 sulphur; 4 sulphate of copper. Gieeu. — 24 nitre; 16 sulph.: 48 nitrate of baryta: 1 lampblack. Bencjal. — 2 antimony; 4 suljdi.: 4 mealed powder; 16 nit. of soda. (Commo)i. — 6 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder ; 6 charcoal. Wiii;i;i,- Ih-iUitiut. — 1 nitre : 1 sul]ihur: 16 mealed powder; 7 steel filings. FIRES. "1 Chinese. — 1 nitre: 1 sulph.; 16 mealed powder; 7 cast-iron filings. [ White. — 6 nitre; 7 sulphur; 16 mealed powder. Sun-fires — Chinene. — 1 nitre; 1 sulphur: 16 mealed powder; 7 cast-iron filings. Streamers.' — 2 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 4 charcoal. Serpents. — 2 charcoal; 16 mealed powder. Roman Candles.— 6 nitre; 2 sulphur: 16 mealed powder: 6 charcoal. Gold Rain. — 16 nitre; 10 sulphur; 4 mealed powder; 3 lampblack; 1 flowers of zinc; 1 gum arabic. The nitrate of soda may be replaced by the bicarbonate of soda or the oxalate of soda. The sulphate of copper is ammoniated. 812 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Tools and Imphtnrnts. Tho following list of laboratory tools and implements shows (he kinds B\^d pro- portions which may be required for a large laboratory and for a park of artillery: Lubnni- tory. Awli.bmd Adco, copper, weifrhing 5 lbs Bench, for driiwin^' llie loads of shells Bench- flake Biek-iron Bill-hook I for driving fu7.es of different oaliliren •• 1 for driving signal rockets and port-fires ' 1 for piiucheii I for cult ing on Bottles, with groun 20 4 i 1 4 S« IS 6 2 18 « 3 10 2 ft 4 ft 3 3 3 2 2 1 ft 3 8 Dredging boxes • 8 of iron, pointed with copper or brass, for driring port -fires. 2 for driving fuies for 13-inch ami 10-inch shells ; long I and short | 24 Drifts -[ for driving fuies for 8-ineh shells and bowitters; long and short 24 for driving signal rockets, sets for 1-inch 1 " '• .75-incb 3 [for driring serpents, iron ft Chargers, I for jiort-fires copjier. • • • 1 for signal rockets [ for cartridges for small arms (revolving). < brass, for unloading sh.'lls Chisels J. cold ( joiners' f, I common Compasses .. { * I spring Coopers' drivers, copper and wood Crowbar Cutting boards Cylinders for gauging balls Dippe TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. 313 Tools and Implements. — Continued. Laljora-i tory. Drills, assorted f half-round Files. saw rat -tail , large of iron or wood for port-fire ca.«cs for rocket-cases — sets for each calibre for serpents for leaders for small arm cartridges, of each calibre, 1 to each Formers . . -i workman for cylinders and caps, for each calibre for pot for rockets, " " for cutting pots on, " " for cones for rockets, " " for wads, " " Fork, iron, for dipj)ing pitched fascines Funnels, of copper and tin, various kinds ■ Fuze-cutters Fuze-setters Fuze-extractors steel, for shot and shells, for each calibre double, for grape and canister, " " " for cartridge formers, " " Gauges "• \ of sheet-iron, for sabots, " " I " for canister bottoms, " " I " for canisters, " " [ of copper or wood, for cannon cartridges Grimlets ■ Gimlets, for priming rockets Glue pot and brush Gunners' callipers Gunners' pincers Hammers. | '■■""• 1"^"^' ^^^ strapping shot, etc I copper Hand-barrows, with rope bottoms, for powder barrels Ilateliet Hooks for iHipacking ammunition-boxes Implements for making paper fuzes — sets ' iron, for melting lead iron, for rock-fire, etc iron, for pitch copper, for paste for cutting paper, large and small block Kettles Knives 20 314 ORDXANCK MANUAL. Tools and Implements — Continued. Labora- tory. f iron, for lead, pitch, etc. I Mallets . Measuroo. Muul.Ii. Planes Pliers, flat, for twistinK wire Plugs, i>(Uiiteil, for londiDg gpliorical-case Pre?.e. for paper and pactoboard Profilos, of sheot-iron, for sabots — for each calibre. Punches C for piercing shot straps Punches . . • centre ( for fu7.c-faps, for 13, 10, and 8-iuch — 2 each Rasps, for wood Reels, or frames, for quick-match Rocket-stand Rolling-boards, for port-fire cases, etc T, , < carpenters Kuies • .j.^^_ for cuttins h\ Sandstones, for sharpening knives Saws Scale, of 1 foot (diagonal), divided into inches and lOOths. Ladlca. • • • ■, <. i. . , j copper, f<»r saltpetre, etc. LanlcrnH Letter punches (utencils) — set C for drivint; fuzes and port-fires ^. for driving rockets ( carpenters' ( for powder, from 8 pounds to 4 ounces. I gallon, (|uart, pint, half pint, and gill- Mori ar and p<-stle, bronto Mortar, marble, with )>estlc of hard wood I fur balls and buckshot — sets I for inccmiiary-balls, different calibres. I brass, for jiort-fires I for rockets, of each calibre Mullers, Wooden Needles, tif various kinds ' 1 ' „. ( for cutting wire Nippers •.•'-. , • • I II ' ' I uir trimming balls Palms, for sewing canvas Paste brushes • I for cartridge papers, for small arms • „ I tin, of each kind and calibre, for paper cartridges .. f attorns.. .. .. ., for flannel cartridges. , [ " " '' for canisters Pans, co]))ier, various sites Pitchers, stone TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. Tools and Implements — Continued. 815 Shovels Skimmer, copper, for ."altpetre Soldering furnaces aud irons Socks, pairs ( steel, for saltpetre, etc Spatulas .... i for rock-fire ( for packing ammunition-boxes Spoke-shave Sponges Spools, for twine Squares .... j ^^oo-^cn Stamps for flannel cartridges— for each calibre. Tar[)nulins • Thimbles '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'. Tinners' creaser Tinners' shears .,'.'.', Trestles, pairs .... Tub.s Trivets, iron for the demolition of cartridges for small arms common _, . ,. , *^°'' "inking slow-match, etc. (casks sawed in t Twisting machine, fur slow-match, etc Watering pots Weights— sets for each balance or pair of 'scales.' .' '. ........ Whetstones Wrenches . Yard-stick screw, fuze . . Labora- tory. Scales, copper, large, small and medium 5 Scissors and shears, of different sizes '" Scoops, copper, for taking up materials \ Screw-drivers * " Scril)crs Shell-hooks _ * Shell-plug screws ' Sieves f hair, Nos. 1, 2, ?,, and 4, with frames I bolting-cloth Screens, for demolition of cartridges for small arms .'.'.'.' GO Park. 2 12 4 2 2 2 4 2 310 ORDNANCE MANUAL. C H A r T K R E L E ^' F. N T II EQUIPMENT OF BATTERIES FOR FIFLD, SIEGE, AND GAlUtlSON SERVICE. EQUIPMENT OF FIELD BATTERIES. Interior Arrangement of Ammunition-Chests for Field Guns and Howitzers. (Plato IS.) The princi]inl ilivisiun; of a cbost are designated as the riyht An// and the lr/( half, to a person facing; the fnmt of the chest. The Finnlier dirisions in each half, ])erpcailiculnr to the fiidcs, arc deiignntod >■ fint, tecuiitt, third, etc., from the principal partition, each wnj; the dirisiuni parallel to the pides arc desijtnatcd a* the /"roll^ minrtiii'<>iiM (pojilar). four in each half, perpendicular to the »iide? of the clieii. The partitions are supported by tiro $lrip* of wood at each end, forming a jcroore in which the partition slides: each strip is fastened to the side of the chest witii /tfur copper H»n7«, 3-penny, 1.13-inch. In the first fi^ur divisions of the right half are lim lohter*, to each division, for spherical-case shot — one fastened to the principal partition by 3 icreirt No. 14, the others fastened to the movable partitions each by 3 tcreirt. Onf trny for holdinj: e»iuipments, rests on the partitions in the left half of the chest. The tray has ttco tiiict. tiro tmh, and one bottom (poplar or white pine). The side* and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 12 miih ; the bottom is fastened to the ends and sides by 14 lira»i screic* No. 12. Three finger-boles are bored in the inside of the ends, to lift the tray by : and a hole is bored through the middle of the bottom, to let the air enter when the tray is lifted out. AMMUNITION-CHESTS. 317 Ammunition- Chest for the Vl-pounder Gun. Six pnrfitioiis, three in each half, perpendicular to the sides of the chest, supported as in the 6-pounder chest. Four bolsters, for spherical-case shot — one of them fastened to the priucipal parti- tion with .3 screws No. 14, two fastened to the first partition in the right half with 3 screws No. 14, and one to the left side of the second partition, right half, with 3 screws No. 14. The second and third jiartitions in the right half arc made higher than the others, to suit the height of the canisters fixed. One tray, for equipments, in the left half — made like that for the 6-pdr. chest. For the (jiui of model 1857, there arc 8 bolsters for shells and spherical-case shot, fastened as above. '^ Ammunition- Chest for the Vl-pounder Howitzer. Six partitions, three in each half, supported like those of the 6-pdr. chests. Twenty-one bolsters for the lower tier of shells and spherical-case shot. They are cupped out to receive the balls, and have holes bored through the bottom for the fuzes to lie in. They are placed in the bottom of the chest, three in each division, except the first division in the right half; they are fastened to the bottom each by 4 sprigs. Twenty-eight props, for the upper tier of shells and spherical-case. Four of the props are placed in each division, except the first one in the right half. Two of them are fastened to each end of the chest, two to the left side of the priucipal partition, aud two to the right side of the first partition in the right half, each by 6 copper nails, 3-penny. The rest of the props are fastened in pairs to the movable partitions each by 6 copper nails, 3-peuuy. Six pro2)s for canisters (oak), in the first division of the right half; three fastened to the principal partition, three to the movable partition, each with 3 screws No. 14. - Amniunition-Chest for the 'Z-k-poumkr Howitzer. Eight linings, two in each of the front and rear divisions, fastened to the endi of the chest and to the principal partition each \)y 6 copper nails, 3-penny. Four long partitions, two in each half, parallel to the sides of the chest; they are supported by the end linings and by two npriyht strips, fa&tcued to the ends and principal partition each by 4 copper nails, 3-penny. Two short partitions for canisters, in the rear division of the right half; each of them is supported by 4 strips, fastened to the back of the chest and to the long partition each by 3 copper nails, 3-penny. Seven short jjartitions, for shells and spherical-case shot; two in each of the front divisions, two in the rear division of the left half, and oue in the middle division of 318 ORDNANCE MANUAL. the loft half. These partitions slide into grooves made each by two uprirjht utrip*, which arc fastened t the left side of the middle partition iu the right half, one to the lower and one to the upper part of the partition, each by 2 »crcpptr nnil*, .'{-penny. Four thort partition*, one in the front and rear division of each half, made in two pieces, and fastened in the same manner as those of the 24-poundcr howitzer chest. Ticinty-onc buUtert for shells and spherical-case. Seven of them are futcned, ftt the bottom of the chest, to the ends and cross partitions each by 2 trreir* No. 14. Twelve bolsters are fastt-ned iu pairs, us in the 24-pouudLT howitzer cheit, to the short partitions in the left half, and iu the rear division of the right half. Two bolsters are fastened, in like mnnner, on the right side of the short partition iu the right front division. A)nmunition-Chcst for the Mountain Jlouitzer. Eight lony elentt, for supporting the ammunition : they are glued to the side*, opposite to each other, and fastened by 32 copper tiallt, 3-pcnny. Kitjht short cleat; fastened to the sides by 8 tcrcim No. 14, and 16 copper iiaih, 3-penny. Ammunition-Chest for the Prairie Carriage. * The same as for the mountain howitzer. AMMUNITION CARRIED IN EACH CHEST. 319 Ammunition carried in each Chest. No. Weight. FOR 6-POUNDEB-GUN. Shot, fixed Sphcrical-casc, fixed Canisters, fixed^ Spare eartridcjes, 1.} lb Friction primers < . . Slow-mateli .yard. Port-fires Total number of rounds. ..... FOU 12-POUNDEH GDN. Shot, fixed Spherical-case, fixed Canisters, fixed Spare cartridjrcs, 2^ lbs Friction primers Slow-match yard. Port-fires Total number of rounds FOR 12-pnn. GUN (1857). Shot, fixed Spherical-case Shells. ._. Canisters Sparc cartrid^^es, 2.5 lbs Friction primers Slow-match 3'ard. Port-fires .' Total number of rounds FOR 12-PDR. HOWITZER. Shells, fixed Spherical-case, fixed Canisters, fixed Friction primers Slow-match yards. Port-fires ."..... Total number of rounds 25 190. 20 140. 5 42. 2 2.6 76 .97 2 .38 .57 2 50 376.52 20 Lbs. 308. 8 117.6 4 G7.64 2 5.12 48 .62 1.5 .28) 2 .57 J 32 499.83 12 184.8 12 176.4 4 48.68 4 67.64 2 6.12 48 .62 1.5 .28) .67J 3 V> 484.11 157.5 273. 47.4 .75 .38 .57 479.6 In the left half. In the 1st four divisions of right half. In 5th division, right half. On the spherical-case. In a tin box, in the tray. On the ammunition in right half. In left half, and in 4th division of right half. In 1st and 2d divisions, right half. In 3d division, right half. On the spherical-case. In a tin box, in the tray. On the ammunition in right half. In 1st, 2d, and 3d divisions, left half. In 1st, 2d, and 3d divisions, right half. In 4th division, right half. In 4th division, left half. On the shells. In a tin box, in the tray. On the ammunition in right lialf. In 2d, 3d and 4th divisions, right half. In left half. In 1st division, right half. In a tin box on the canisters. On the canisters. 320 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Arnmunition carried in each Chest — Continued. No. Weight. FOR 24-PDR. HOWITZER. Sbcllx. 8trn|ipi-(l Spherical -ca«L', strapped .... Canigtcrs ■ Ismail charge . . . Largo charge... Friction primers ■ Slow-matcii yard I'ort-liresi Tolnl iniinl.cTdf ruuuds POR 32-PnR. HOWITZER. ShelU, !-trapped ■ Spherical-case, strapped ....^ Canister p . . _ ( Small charge . . . ^ ■ ( Larjfc charge . . . Friction primers Slow-wntcli yard Port-liro> !.... Total number of ruuuds FOR MOl'NTAIS HOWITZER. Shells, tixed Spherical-case, fixed Canisters, fixed Friction primers Slow-match yard, Port-fires Total number of rounds 12 Lbs. 225. 2U. 63.75 53.82 5.40 .44 .19| .671 564.69 196.80 216.00 28.50 46.50 ) 3.88 I .28 .09 1 .28 I 492.33 9.9 75.6 11.8 .15 .09 .28 In left half. In front and middle dirisioni of right half. * In rear divisions of right half. 12 in mi(fdlo division, left half; 9 in miildle division, right half: 2 on the canisters. On canisters. In a tin bi>x on the canisters. On the canisters. Front and rear divisions of left half. Kcar divisions and right front divi- sion of right half. Left front divisii^u, right half. I St division in each half. In a tin box in the middle dirision. In the midille division. 97.82 In left end. In middle. In right end. In water-proof paper. For pkaikie howitzer. — The same as for the mountain howitzer. IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 321 Implements and Equipments for Field Carriages^ FOR A GUN OR HOWITZER- CARRIAGE. Sponges and rammers Sponge covers Worm and staff Handspikes Sponge bucket Prolonge Vent cover Tar bucket Water bucket (leather) Gunners' haversacks Tube-pouch Vent-punch Gunners' pincers Tow-hook Hausse Thumb-stalls Priming-wire Lanyard for friction primers Gunners' gimlet Fuze-cutter Tarpaulin, largo , FOR A CAISSON. Felling axe Shovel, long handle Pickaxe Spare handspike . . . Sparc pole Spare wheel Tow-hooks , Tar bucket Watering bucket (leather). Tarpau liu, large No. Weight. On the gun-carriage. On the gun. I On the limber. In the implement trays, or in other vacant spaces in the ammunitioD- chest. In the tube-pouch. In the tube-pouch. Strapped on the ammunition-chest. In the places provided for them on I the caisson body. One in the limber-chest, and one in caisson-chest. \ On the limber. Strapped on the limber-chest. 21 322 OEDNANCE MANUAL. ImplcmmlR and Equipments for Prairir Carri'Tiex. Weight. Sponf^rrw And rammers 2 Bpon^i- ciiviTr , 2 Haiulfpiki' 1 Vent rover I 1 IlavT^iirk I 1 Tulir |.(Hi.li 2 Prim inj; wire I 1 TbumliKiullo i 2 tiunnerx' );imlut ! 1 Lanyiiril for frirtion primers. I 2 Fufp-riiltor I GutUHTH' |iin<-i 1 Tsrpiiiilin. rt X 1" fo«'t 1 Water l.ii.-k.t 1 Prulon^o 1 T&r bucket i 1 ion the cftrriaRO. On the K""- In ammunition-chests. In the lube-pouch. In tool-ohect A. On tlie ammunition-che«U On tlic limber. On the );un-rarriage. On ihe limber. Implements and Equipments for the Mountain Howitzer-Carriage. No. Weight. Handspike SpoufTC and rammer Bponpe cover Vent ooviT Haver.-iuk Tube-jiouch Priming-wire Gunners' gimlet LanvHrd for friction primers. Fuzc-ntainin({: Ilorie nnilit No«. U and 3 WanhcTH Hiid nul8 No. 2.... Wa!iburi< und nutx No. 3 . . . . WavtuTs and nut« Nn. 4 . . . . NailK N... 1 C Nails No. 2 C Tire boltH Key* for ammunition-choBt« Linch- washers LinclipiiiH (MlHill^ NiiN. 1 and 2 ft. Colddhul .S'-linkx, Nu. 3 Coltinlnil .S'-link«. No. 5 Total coutuini'd in \i«\ A 2.. Hox A .^, rutilttininf; : llorsciilioe!* Nox. 2 and '.i . . . . Box A 4. oontaiiiin'; Hand culd-cbiKols Uardie Kilos, n.-ssortcd, with handles Buttress Hand jmni'lics, round and square Screw-wrench Hand ccrcw-driver Hand vice Smiths' i-iUlii>ers pair Taps I Nos. 1 Dies, pairs ) .'{ an Wood screws, I ) Nos. 1.2. ( j ;i and 4. I 1-in. No. 14 ) gros Quart can of sperm oil. Total contained in Box A 4 »0 yo Lbs. ,25 Box A 5, containing:. iFirc-shovel |P..kcr Split hrociin llitiid hiiuinuT Riveting haninicr Nailing huniinor Slod^^c hntuincr • Chi.-'els fur hoi iron C'liisois fnr ciild ircn . . • • •Smiths' ton^s Fiirc-iiuncli 01. Ill 8.26 100. FulKr Nail-claw Round piin<-h Tap- wrench Dic-8tr Forfje A, and is marked C, Spkhm oil. Contents of Limber-Chest for Battery- Watjon C. TOOLS AHV ITOBSS. No. Weight CAnniAOE MAKKnS TOOLS. Iland-satvs, *) ■ ■ ■ r _ (on inside of Tenon-saw > ,, , . , I cover. Box C 1, containin)^ : Jack plane Smoothing plane Brace, with 24 bits Spoke-shave Gauf^ Plane-irons Saw-set Rule (2 feet) G imlets Compasses pair Chalk-line Brad-awls Scriber Saw-files (44-in.) Wood-files (lO-in.) Wood-rasp (10-in.) Tryinii-sijuare (S-in.) Hand screw-driver Box C 2, containing : Oil-stone { Lbs. 2 I 4.00 1 , 1.50 TOOU An BIOKIi. Mtt. Weight 17.20 CARRIAGE makers' TOOLS. ■Couli ,J. Box C 2 Broadaxe Hand-axe Claw-hatchet Clnw-hamuier Pincers (small) pair Table-vice Framing chisels (1-in. and 2-in.) Firmer-chisels (j-in. and 1)- in.) Framing gouges (1-in. and 14-in.) Augers and handles (i-in., |-in. and j-in Screws-wrench Box C 3, containing: . . . Felling axe ) ... , ., . J " I with handles .Adze j Frame-saw {Quart can of sperm oil. SADDLERS TOOLS AND STORES. Mallet iClamp Lbs. 6.00 5.00 2.00 I.&O 1. 00 8.80 3.00 1.00 2.00 2.35 2.42 32.23 12.0 0.00 S.M 4.00 2.70 WAGON BODY C. 32T Contents of Limber- Chest for Battery- Wagon C— Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. .pair Box C 4, containing Hammer Shoe-knife Half-round knife Shears Sandstone Rule (2 feet) Needles Awls and handles Punches Pincers pair Pliers pair Claw-tool Greaser Thimbles Strap-awl Beeswax lbs. TOOLS ASD STORES. No. Weight 'Black wax lbs. Bristles oz. Shoe thread lbs. Patent thread lbs. IBuckies (assorted, .75-in. to 1 1.5-in) doz. Tncks M. Ounners' callipers Shoe-knives Scissors pairs Padlock, on the chest.. Tar bucket, on its hook Tow, for packing Total Lbs. 3.00 0.50 5.00 2.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.18 0.20 20.66 0.50 7.00 7.00 1162.59 Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the chest; No. 1 against the left end. Nos. 3 and 4 are placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2 : No. 3 against the rear of the chest. Wagon Body C. The large stores are piled loosely in the body and in the till ; the small store* and tools are packed in five boxen. Interior arrangement.— A till, 9 inches wide and .i.> o ir-_ Oil. ALiiUeodOil Paint. B>*ck Paint. 2 Keg*. 1 gal. 10. 1.37 25 lbs. 9.75 10.25 3. 5 lbs. 7. 8.5 1.5 60lbi. ».7i 10.6 12.6 5. The first two cutis have nxindetl tops and nocks for curks; the other two hare flat tops, und the opening covered by a piece of tin s«>. 2 and 3 .. . . . Water bucket Watering bucket (leather) Anvil Vice BitaminoiK) coal < Coal shovel Padlock Tow Total. Lbs. 100. 50. 60. 10. 6. 16.5 200. 20. 10. 8. 100. 250. 4.75 0.50 3. In the iron room. Bars not more thon three feet long. B<(uarc iron in two bundles. }'" the iron room. 827.75 On itj4 hook. On the vi(M>. On the fireplaoo. On the stock of the forg*. [ In the coal-box. On coal-box. Exclusive of vice. To put the boxes 5 and 6 in place, loosen the thumb-nuts and raise the rear of the bellows one inch. EQrir.MENT OF A BATTERY-WAGON FOR THE FIELD PARK. Limber-Chest. The chest is marked Battery-wagon D. The stores arc packed with tow in the bottom of the chest, and in 2 hoxc* aud 1 oil can. Interior arrangement. — 2 chats of oak for the boxes, Alh inch wide and 0.75 inch thick, are fastened to the ends of the chest by 8 tcreici, No. 14. 1.5 inch ; the upper edges of the cleats 7.5 inches from the bottom of the chest. 5 irotu/rii clamjjt for saw.^, fastened to the inside of the chest cover by 12 •crew*. 2 6rn«t elampt for webs of frame-saw, fastened to the inside of the oorer by 12 nails. LIiyjBER-CHEST FOR BATTERY WAGON D. 333 Ejclerior Vimeasiong of Boxes. D No. 1. D No. 2. Remarks. Length in. WiJth in. Depth in. AVeight lbs. 39.8 8.0 6.25 11.0 39.8 9.8 6.25 13.0 No. 1 has 2 partitions. 5.25 inches from one end and 7.5 inches from the other. No. 2 lias 2 partitions. 14 inclies from one end and 11.8 inches from the other. Made like the boxes for Forge A. The boxes are marked, respectively, D Nos. 1 and 2. One 0(7 can, like that for the limber-chest of Forge A, marked T>, Sperm oil. Contents of Limber- Chest for Battery-Wagon D. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight CAHRIAGK MAKERS TOOLS. (Packed in the bottom of the chest with tow.) Bench-planes Wood-clamps Oil-stones Broadaxe Hand-axe Felling axe. ....... Hand-hammer Claw-hatchet Adze Table-vice Holdfast Framing chisels. . . . Firmer-chisels Gouges Frame-saw Screw-wrenches .... Augers and handles Claw-hammers Saddlers' mallet. . .. Saddlers' clam Lbs. 4 16.00 2 12. Box D 1, containing:.... Brace and 21 bits Pincers, small pair Callipers pair 5.35 6. 1.50 2. 8.30 3.80 10.5 4.50 4.84 4.70 3.00 1. 5.00 106.24 11.09 4.35 1. 0.40 Box D 1. — Continued. Spoke-shaves (xauges Plane-irons ISaw-sct Trying square Bevel Rule (2-feet) Gimlets Compasses pair Chalk-line Brad-awls Seriber Taper-files (4i-in.) Wood files Wood rasps Compass-saw Harness buckles gross Tacks M. Quart call sperm oil Total in Box D 1. saddlers' tools k. STORES Box 2, containing : Hammer . • • Shoe-knives Half-round knife Shears pair Sandstones Lbs. 0.60 0.60 3.15 0.25 0.60 0..35 0.14 0.95 0.18 0.10 0.17 0.15 0.87 3.. 36 0.80 0.30 4. 2.50 2.70 27.52 13. 0.65 0.54 0.28 0.47 4.62 834 ORPNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Limber-Chest for Battery-Wagon D — Continued. TOOLS AND RTOKU. No. Weight TOOLS AMD STORKS. No. Weight Box D 2. — Continued, RhIp (2-fcct) Nci-dloH, aFHorted ( 'oil Hr need IcH A wli< Awl llUlldll'H Punches, aj<8orted I'inrers pairs Pliers [luire Claw-loolx ('reii8eri< Slrni)-awl!' Gaufrc-knil'c Ci>in|iHsseH ]iair Thimbles Bristles 1 600 a 36 6 6 3 6 3 3 3 1 1 6 Lbs. 0.14 0.50 0.05 2.25 0.60 0.66 2.25 1.32 0.36 0.45 0.03 0.80 0.18 0.09 1. Box D 2. — C'oHliitued. Beeswax |Black wax 'Patent thread Total in Box 1) 2 Iland-sawj:, 1 in wooden ( Tenon-nuws, j clamp ( Webs or bladei* for frame- saw, in brass clamps Padlock, on chest Tar bucket, on iih hook . . . . Tow Total Lba. 3. 6. b. 30.24 4. 3. 0.75 0.60 7. 5.26 208. &0 Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 rest on the cleats ; No. 1 against the back «f the chest. Wagon Body D. The large stores are packed loosely in the body and in the till : the small stores and tools arc packed in 9 bojret, 8 tin cans, and 2 kc(/i. IxTERiOii ARRANOEMENT. — A till and aj-e rack a." in Battery-wagon C. 2 wooden button* for rummer-staves, fastened to the ridge-pole by 2 (ereicff. 1 wooden clomp for reaping-hook, fastened to the ridge-pole. 2 wooden clnmpii for saws. 1 iron gtapic and leather strap fur reaping hooks, passing through the ridge-pole. Exterior Dimen»ion» of the Boxet. SIMENSIONS. ^amTs' ' ^ ^°- *■ ° ^"- ^- ^ ^°" '• ^ ^°- *• ^ **" »• D N«- W- ^j^i"* Length ..... Width in. Depth in Weight lbs 23.5 27.5 19.5 31.5 12.5 13. 14.5 20.25 23.5 19.5 19.5 8.5 13. «. 14. 14. 10.5 8. 7.5 5. 5.5 28. 34. 21. 26. 4. 6. 3.5 16.5 8. •.6 4.7 Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are of hard wood, .075 inch thick, with hinged covers and hooks. Nos. 8, 9, and 10 are of white pine, .625 inch thick, with hinijes and hooks. Xo. 9 is divided into 4 parts. CONTENTS OF WAGON BODY D. 335 The boxes are marked, respectively, D Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 10. The shoeing box is marked D. Eiijht tin cans: two, of the capacity of two c/alions, for neat's-foot oil and lin- seed oil; t"hree, of one gallon, for the same oils and for turpentine; two, for twentii-jive pounds each of olive paint ; and one, for fee pounds of black paint. They are made like those of the same capacity for Battery-wagon C. Two kegs, for grease ; like those in Battery-wagon C. Contents of Wagon Body D. TOOLS AND STORES. Gun-carriage stock (ironed). Caisson-stocks (not ironcdj Splinter-bars . Tire-bolts, nuts and washers . Axle-trees, 6-pounders Half- tires . Bar-iron . Steel ... Wheel-traces Leading-traces Trace-chains, staples and rivets, Collars Girths Whips Hamc-straps Bridles [\\ Halters Halter-chains No. Weight. Pole-yokes 3 Lbs. 165.00 70.00 30.00 11.75 234.00 140.00 200.00 50.00 37.00 10 47.5 10 57.5 20 26.00 6 27.50 16 11.00 16 8.00 25 4.50 fi 18.00 6 21.00 12 J5.50 On the bottom of the wagon, against the right side, rest- ing on two blocks, to clear the rammer-stop; the lu- nette to the rear. Against the left side and rear of the wagon; one on the other, the lunette ends in front. On the bottom, lying on each other against the caisson- stocks and the rear of the wagon. On the bottota against the front and right side. On the bottom, against the gun-carriage stock and the front end. Between the axle-trees and the splinter-bars. (In 5 bundles, not more than 3 feet long ; on the half- tires, against the front of the wagon. On the bar-iron, toward the front. 1 Piled on the bottom of the wagon, against the gun- carriage stock and the till, and on the caisson- stocks and splinter-bars; occupying about 31 in. in length of the rear part of the wagon. 886 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Wagon Body D — Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight. HarncRf leather sides Bridle leiUlicT *' Rope, 2J-in NoBe-bft(t8 Sli>w mulch yards Scn.'w jacks Elcvatin;j;-screw!* DraK-r()))es Grindstoiio and arbor Felliiij; axes Hand -bills TarpaiiliuH, 6 feel square Marline. . . . Sheep-skin.* Spades . . . . Piek-axes, without bandies Uaodles fur do Sash-cord pieces Drill-how liarrul wiper and scraper Shoe thread Dark-lnntcrns . . . . Common lanterns. Rammer-heads Sponges Paiat brushes . Rammer-staves, 12-poundcr. Reaping hooks Lbs. 75.00 22.00 3Q.00 13.50 0.60 75.00 31.50 .S3. 00 56.60 18.00 6.00 18. 18. 10. 12. 30. 14.50 5. 40. 0.45 2.5 10. 3. 4.60 4.40 3. 3. 13.5 5.75 Trimmed and rolled np tight : on the axle-trees and tire?, in front of the pile of liariic!— Continued. 337 TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight. Cross-cut saw 1 ... . , ,, f Pit saw without handles Handles for do..... Sparo stock for battery-wagon. . .' , i Padlo Watcriii Tow . . . bucket. Lbs. 9. 1.5 3. 90. 0.5 8. 26.50 f In the wagon cover laid on each other, and fastened by two wooden clamps; the teeth of the cross- ■i cut saw against the right cover-rail; the han- dle end of the pit saw against the rear board of the cover. On the .spade handles. On its hook. Contents of Wagon Body X>-Continue(l. Box D .S, containing 3 cans and 2 kegs Neat's-foot oil gals Grea.sc Spirits turpentine gals Bo.x D 4, containing:... LABORATOUV TOOLS. Copper adze, with handle. Wooden bowls BencLi-lirushes Calliiiers. . . Dredginj,^ bo _ Rocket mould, ) . , . , Set of formers, I ^'•'" V'""'" Set of drifts, J rockets. Forms for cylinders and caps, each calibre get Copper funnels .". . Shot and sliell gauges set (Timk'ts Copper hammer Paste kettle • pair 28. 25.00 60.00 i.77 .34-. 1 3.00 4 6.00 2 0.90 0.40 1.00 5.00 21.60 1.75 1 7.50 4 4.00 1 15.00 3 0.25 1 1.80 1 9.00 Box D 4.— Continued. Lead ladle Stencil cutters, for letters and figures f,(.t jBo.\ for do. . . , \ ^ {Mallets '.'..'!..!! jPowder measures, 4 oz., 8 oz ' 1 lb., and 2 lbs .' iBrass mortar and pestle.... jMoulds for musket and rifle balls and buckshot set Wooden mullers Needles IPaste brushes I Copper pans, 10 or 12 in.*, Rule (2-feet), not folded . Sandstones Spring balance, 30 lbs ... ! Scissors Copper scoop, large " small Hair sieve Hand screw-drivers. large. Spatula 1 1 4 4 1 1 2 50 3 3 1 2 1 12 1 Lbs. 2.00 18.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 6.00 23.00 4.00 0.04 1.25 5.00 0.15. 3.00) 5.00 1.50 2.00 1.50 0.80 2.00 0.30' 338 ORnXANTK MANUAL. Contentii of Wagon Body B — Continued. TOOL* AND 8TOKEM. No. Weight TOOLS kxro sroKiB. No. Vel|^ Uox D 4.— Continued. ThimMi'* (^unnt•r^' cMlliiwr* Priming wirt-s Ciunncre' giinlcli Ouon»T»' jpinciTS TinnfiH' furn»oc Total in box I> 4. Box D 7, containing:.... HaviTiinrks Tlllll-I'OlKlx'l' Thuinl'i'lalli' Linen cauva!! yardf Box R R. containing:. Sperm or wiix cainllcs . . Box D 9. containing:. Nails. 6d. to lOd Shoeing box, containing :. Shoeing tools set Box D .'>, with b can.s Linseed nil gals Olive jiaiiit Black paint Box D 6. containing:.... AnMORKRs' TOOLS. Wire awls Band-s^'t Drill-l'racc Hand-brace Centre-bits Hand-brusbe? Bench-brush • Callipers pair Centre-punch Cold-chisels Stockerc' chisels Stockers" gouges • . Compasses pair Lbs. I 0.09; 0.50 0.50| 0.501 2.65 9.00; Box D 6. — Continued. Spring-clamps Wood-clamps Drill-stock Drills, assorted Die-stock ' Dies .t0i.\ 26.0 22.32 7.60' 0.04' 7.50| 4. 10. 8. 20. 4.7 12.75 25. 26.5 50. 5. 21. 3 0.25 1 0.50 1 2.60 1 2.50 6 0.40 2 0.60 1 0.50 1 0..30 1 0.50 ff 6.75 « 2.00 6 1.60 1 0.18 Files, assorted ' File hamlles | Glue pot I Spring bonks Bcnch-lianiniers Drawiiig-kuife Nippers pairs i Pliers pairfl Reamers, assorted : Sp^ing-eompa»se^ P*''' Rifler Bench-stake !Hack-saw frame IHock-saw blades Armorer.-' punches Screw-drivers, brace jRule. 2-fcet JArmorerg' tongs JScrew-taps set jBreechiiig vice Hand-vices !Bcvcl-vice8 Breeching wrench Tap wrench 'straight-edge Bayonet mandrel Soldering irons Screw-wrench Oil-cans, small Tinners' shears pair Brass scale, 1 foot 2 2 1 6 1 1 72 12 i 1 3 i 1 3 3 12 ' Box D 10, containing : Quiek-match Total weight Lbi. 3.00 3.00 U.45 0.25 0.76 0.25 21.50 1.5 2.15 0.63 5.25 1.25 0.90 0.90 1.40 U.21 0.25 6.50 1. 1. 0.38 0.75 0.15 2.&« O.M 7. S. 1.75 1.80 1.20 0.57 2.50 3.50 2.42 0.22 1.M • .SO 100.92 3.5 2.0 25.83 FORGE-CHEST. 339 Boxes D 3 and 4 are placed on the caisson-stucks and the rolls of leather. No. 3 against the front of the pile of harness. Box D 5 is placed on the pole-yokes and rope, between No. 4 and the front of the wagon. Box D 6 is placed on top of No. 5, against the front of the wagon. Box D 7 is placed on top of No. 4. and against No. 6. Box D 8 on top of No. 3 ; box D 9 on No. 3 and on the till ; the shoeing box on No. 3 ; box D 10 in the left side of the till, in front of the spade handles. The boxes are put in after the grindstone and tarpaulins. FORGE FOR THE MOUNTAIN HOWITZER. Two chests, designated ih^ forge-chest and the smithn' tool-chest, contain the forge and the necessary tools for shoeing horses and making repairs. The chests are carried on the sides of the pack-saddles, fastened by means of the lashing-chain. The coal-sack, containing the charcoal, is fastened to the arc by the handles. Forge- Chest. The different articles are packed in this chest in racks, or held fast by cleats. The legs of the frame are first folded up close to the frame, and the back of the fire- place is turned down on the hearth and fastened by its catch. The handle is detached from the bellows, which is closed and fastened by the connecting rod. Interior arrangement. — AVood. — 1 comer piece, fastened to the left end, at the back, by 4 copj^er tacks ; 1 cleat for bellows, fastened to the bottom by 2 screws No. 14, l-i-inch; it has a hole in its top surface to receive the journal; 1 support for nuzzle of belloivs, framed and fastened to the bottom of the chest by 2 screws No. 14, IJ-inch ; 1 cleat for bellows handle, fastened to the front side, toward the right, by 2 screws No. 14, IJ-inch; 1 clamp for bellows has a hole for upper journal of bellows, goes over and across the bellows, and is hold by the staple-plates; 1 clamp for frame. Iron. — 1 strap-staple, driven through the nozzle-support for the right side and clenched; 1 bracket for wrench, fastened to the right end by 2 screws No. 9, .625- inch ; 2 staple-plates, fastened opposite each other, one on the front side and the other on the back, by 4 «c)-e!o« No. 9, .625-inch; 1 staple-plate, fastened to the back by 2 screws No. 9, .625-inch; 2 clamp-plates, fastened to the clamps by 4 screws No. 9, .625-inch. Leather. — 1 nozzle-strap 16 inches long; 1 buckle No. 6 ; 2 straps 40 inches long; 2 buckles No. 8. 340 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Forge- Chest. Too&a kn ■roKU. Nu. Weight. WHIBI rtAOKD. Fireplace and frainc, folded np Bellows, olo^cil BollowR hiiniJIr Wrciicli f.ir iiul> Ni>i<. 1 anii-1... 1 hMnil-huinrner with bamlle . . . . ) rivoiing " " " . . 1 fore- punch and creaacr on aame hnn.ile BagH of horaosboe nailn I 2 On it.<< nide, the bnttnm afcainst the bacic of tho rbi-Hl. The right journal in tho hole io the ili'uf on tin- liiittnin. ibo left in thnt in the rliiinp : the no«le fantcned to its support by the strap. On its dent. In its brarld-L Placed uprii:!il ni:ir tin- »rpiieb. Parked with tow in the fpa«c to the ri^ht of the bellows. Weight of forge-eheat with eleats and clamps. 45. " " tools and stores I}8.4 " ** forgc-ehest, packed 113.40 tSmiths' Tool-Chest. lbs. i The stores arc secured by cleatu or brackets. Intkuiok ARnA.NGKMKNT. — WooD. — 1 uiivil-rciit, with a mortise for the head of the anvil, fastened to the bottom of the chest by '■i tcieici No. 14, 1.76-ineh; 1 trianjular eUiti, fastened in the left front corner by '2 tcretei No. 14, l.^-O-iucb; 1 rice-cUal, fastened to the front side by "2 tcreiei No. 14, 1.75-inch; 'i rarki {ur poker and ihovel, 1 button on upper cleat, faiileDcd to the back by 4 tcreici No. 14, 1.5-ioch ; '■i iiuJc* for rasp, fusteued to the back by 4 $creic> No. 14, l.'25-iuch; '2 dealt for tue-knif«, fastened to the back by 4 tcretct No. 9, .'ii-i-inch ; 1 cleat for tongs, fastened to the left end by 2 icrewt No. 14, l.'25-inch; 2 ileati for files, and 1 buUun on right cleat, fastened on the inside of cover by 4 $crewi No. 14, l-incb; 1 mocabU cUat, hollowed out to fit the anvil-bloek and bucket : 1 »tud. Iro.n. — I itrap-tlapU, fastened to the bottom by 2 n'teu, .2.0- inch ; 3 brackets, fastened to the front side by 6 tcreici No. S, .5-ineh ; 2 hook* driven into the upp«r cleat for poker. Lkathbr. — 1 $trap 28 inches long; 1 buckle No. 5. CARRIAGE MAKERS TOOLS AND STORES. 341 Contents of Smiths' Tool-Chest. TOOLS AND STORES. Weight. WHERE PLACED. Anvil and block Water bucket (iron) Pair shoeing pincers Vice Nailing hammer Shoeing '• Splitting chisel Tongs pair Pritchel Hardie Clenching iron Shoeing knife Poker Shovel Rake Nail-punch Buttress Toe-knife Rasp Square file Flat file Half-round file Bags horseshoe nails Lbs. 38.5 1.S76 2.656 1.6 .875 .8125 1.6875 .718 .406 .9375 .406 t3 .68 .5.31 .064 1.469 .60 1.5 .719 1.031 .8126 10. The head in the mortise of the rest, the block secured by the strap and buckle. On the movable cleat resting on the anvil-block. In its cleat on the front with the vice. In its cleat. In brackets on front. In triangular cleat in the corner. In rack on the left end. In rack on the left. In rack on the left end. In two wooden racks on the back of the chest. On two hooks in the poker rack, held by a button. In its cleats on the back of the chest. I In two racks on the back of the chest, J near the left end. ) In two cleats on the inside cf cover, ) held by a button. One on the bottom at the left end, the other in the bucket. Weight of the chest with cleats and racks. . 44. lbs. " " tools and stores 72.875" " " chest packed 116.875" Carriage Makers' Tools and Stores. The tools and stores for the use of carriage makers, in repairing the carriages and equipments, are packed in two chests, which are like those for the ammunition, but without the interior divisions. The hasp and hasp-staples are like those of the forge-chest. The two chests are designated by the letters A and B. 342 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Contents of Carriage Makers' Tool-Chests. No. Weight Chest A. No. Weight Claw-hatchet Nailing batcbct Firinur-chiHclH, ) and } in. Trjin^ nquaro Bevel Au^vrH. \ and i iii.i and ona bundle Kivi-ting bauinicr Hand-Kiiw Jack plane Screw-driver Rule (2-reet) UimletB Hand-saw files Lbs. 1 2.125 1 1.76 2 .594 1 .422 1 .375 2 1..375 1 1.5 1 2.0 1 4.25 1 .375 1 .156 3 .1875 2 .125 j Wood-files, 12-incb 'Sickles iGunners' fi^jmlet jPriming-wirc Gunners' pinccrii Fuze-cutler IPapcrs of sprigs, 1-inch and I IJ-incb Papers of tacks, 8 oc. and I 12 o-t iWood-screws, } inch, No. 9.. iLbs. sash-curd Weight of chest 21. lbs. " tools and stores, 24.96 " " chest packed... 46.96 " Cbmt B. No. Weight No. Weight Hand-axe Claw-batchct Nailing hatchet Firmer-chisels Firmer-gouge Pair compasses Trying snuare, 6 inches Scriber Riveting hammer Mallet Gimlets Screw-driver Wood-rasp Oil-stone Lbs. 3.25 2.125 1.75 0.594 0.25 0.25 0.422 0.125 1.5 2.25 0.1876 0.375 0.5 1.812 Brad-awls S .Sickles I 2 (lunncrs' Gimlet ' 1 |Priming-wire 1 I Papers tacks, 8 and 12 oz.. .' 2 I Lb. twine i iLeather thongs 25 i Wood-screws, IJ and 1 inch, I No. 14 j 3« Wood-screws, li and 2 inch,' I No.16 12 Nuts No. 1 ; 2. No. 2 ; 6, No. 4 12 Washers No. 1 12 Weight of chest 21. lbs. " tools 22.083 " " chest packed... 45. " The sickles are fastened to the front and back of the chests (inside) by small cleats at the necks and points. The other articles are securely packed in tow, the edges of the cutting tools being carefully wrapped up to prevent injury. GUN-CARUTAGES AND CAISSONS. 343 WEIGHTS OF GUN-CARRIAGES AND CAISSONS EQUIPPED FOR FIELD SERVICE. DESIGNATION. GrN-CARRIARE. Gun (xun-carriage, without wheels Two wheel)! Limber body, without wheels' Two wheels Ammunition-che8t. with interior divisions. Ammunition, packed Large tarpaulin Other implements and equipments Total weigh t Number of rounds of ammunition on each limber Body, without wheels Two wheels Two ammunition-chests Ammunition, packed in do Limber body, without wheels , Two wheels Ammunition-chest Ammunition, packed in do Large tarpaulin Other implements and spare parts. Total weight 3,509 Number of rounds of ammunition on each caisson and its limber 6-pdr. 12-pdr. FOR HOWITZERS. 13-pdr. 24-pdr. 32-pdr. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 884 1,757 1 788 1,318 540 783 1 540 736 360 392 360 392 335 335 1 336 335 360 360 < 360 360 185 182 ! 206 198 .395 497 465 541 36 36 36 36 83 86 83 86 3,178 4,428 3,173 4,002 50 32 39 23 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 432 432 432 432 360 360 360 360 370 364 412 396 790 994 ! no 1,082 33.i 335 ;i35 335 360 .3^0 360 360 185 182 206 198 .395 497 465 541 36 36 36 36 246 246 1 246 246 3,509 3,806 3,782 3,986 150 96 117 69 Lbs. 1,890 783 392 335 .360 192 470 36 86 4,544 15 Lbs. 432 360 384 940 3.35 360 192 470 36 246 3,755 45 »44* ORDNANCE MANUAL. Weights of Forges and Battery-wagons equipped for Field Service. DBSIOIIATION. Fur the Battery. Vur the Park. FORGE. Body complete, without wheels . . . . Two wheels Anvil ami water buckets 8torc8 in iron room Stores in coal-liox Limber body, without wheels Two whcils Limber-<'heRt. empty SlorcB and tools on tho limber Total weight. B »TTKRY-WAflON. Body complete, without wheelii Two wheels Stores in wagon body j 1,289 Limlicr body, without wheel? ' •^■'55 Two wheels I 360 Limber-chest, empty 15K Stores and tools on the limber Total weight (exclusive of forape) ) 3,574 Bill of Boards for Interior of Am munition- Chests. DESIGNATION. a K 6. * Cic ?^ DIMSNSIO.N!! (^ rough). I q . , ee >» Thick- =,5 Length.| Width. I "^1;^; Partitions C bottom Tray . < sides (_ ends Partitions j ( bottom Tray. I sides ( ends Partitions Bolsters for lower tier I'rops for upper tier Bolsters for canisters Partitions < Linings Partitions j In. 168 22 22 20 84 42 22 22 20 120 54 90 8 96 13 96 54 108 60 In. 11. 20. 10. 11. 12. 14. 20. 7.5 9. 15.5 10. 12. 10. 15.5 10.5 8.25 15.5 16. 8.5 In. 0.625 0.75 0.75 1. 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.85 1. 0. 2. , 17.50 7.5 1.5 1.87 0.75 7.75 0.94 1. 5.5 5.81 \ , 12. *• i 3.54 Veet. 8.02 Poplar. 2.29 ) Poplar, 1.15 \'>r white 1.53 j pine. 5.25 I Poplar. 3.06 2.20 ] Poplar, 0.86 \oT white 1.25 I J pine. 9.69 : Poplar. Oak. Poplar. Poplar. FIELD TRAIN. 345 FIELD TRAIN. Ordnance. The proportion of artillery to other troops varies generally between the limits of 1 and ;^ pieces to 1,000 men, aceording to the force of the array, the character of the troops of which it is composed, the force and character of the enemy, the nature of the country which is to he the theatre of war, and the character and objects of the war. Similar considerations must regulate the selection of the kinds of ordnance and the proportions of the different kinds in the train. The following principles may be observed in ordinary cases: ^ n r 1 • 1. f i arc r2-pdrs. ( s guns, of which lax c i 2 pieces to 1,000 men. ^ ** , ,,,^,- „„ , 1 i howitzers, of which 1 1 f;^"''* '^- "' ^^-pdrs. ( } '• 12-pdrs. Distributed as follows: For the lufunlry. — I piece to 1,000 men: 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in batteries of foot artillery. For the Caralry. — 2 pieces to 1,000 men; 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in batteries of horse artillery. For the apcciiil and (jcncral piirhn «f reserve — fi in ri-pdr. batteries 1 , -, . ..,, 1 piece to 1,000 men. \ '■ G-j.dr. " } "^ '^°°* artillery. ( J *• 6-pdr. batteries of horse artillery. Ammunition for Cannon. 200 rounds to each piece, both of the reserves and of the active batteries. The ammunition which cannot be carried in the caissons attached to the pieces will be kept in bo.\es with the reserves. Additional supplies of ordnance and ordnance stores are placed in convenient depots, according to circumstances. Ammunition for Small Arms. 100 rounds to e.ach man ; of which, for the musket, 40 rounds are in the c.artridge- bo.K, 60 in the parks of reserve. In the same proportion for other small arms. Percussion-caps in the proportion of 12 caps to 10 cartridges. 34G ORDNANCE MANUAL. Composition of a Battery on the War Establishment. KIND or BATTBRT. fi f 12-pouDder8, mounted. ] 6-j)iiunilcrs, " ,, I 2t-ii>)unJer«, " JlownzKiis . ,o 1 1, ( 1 2-|pi)un(iLTS, " Total number of pieces. Caissons... (J"^^""^; ( for howitzers . . . Travf.llimo rOROK Batteuy-wacon .. . Whole number of carriages with a battery. rSbot For 4 guns ■; Spiicrioal-casc. ( Canisters Ammunition. r Shells For 2 howitzers.. J. Spherical-case ( Canisters . . . . Total number of roands with a battcrr. T^ f 6 to each carna<'e DrAVGHT HOUSES. ... ■^ cj , " . ... I Spare horses, oue-twelfil Total. 12-pdr. 6-pdr. 12 20 448 .358 UO 14 130 400 320 80 • 806 800 168 120 112 1«0 42 32 • 322 312 1,218 1,113 120 84 10 91 Note. — For two .32-pdr. howitzer-carriages and 4 j ^ , . * *. „. caissons, the number of rounds of ammunition is J ^'' . . ' ** , . ' (^ Canisters 14 Total 210 Harness, corresponding to the number of horses to the carriages. THE FIELD PARK. 347 Battery of Mountain Hoirltzcrs. Howitzers 6 Gun-carriages 7 Ammunition-chests 36 (48 rounds for each howitzer.) Forge and tools, in 2 chests 1 Set of carriage makers' tools, in 2 chests 1 Pack-saddles and harness 3."? Horses or mules 33 Such additional supplies of the above kinds as may be thought necessary will be carried with the park of ^reserve, together with the necessary ammunition for infantry, in jiacks. A mountain howitzer ammunition-chest will carry about 700 musket ball cartridges. Rocket Battery. No regular organization of a rocket battery has been arranged. The nature and number of rockets, and of carriages or conductors, will be deter- mined by the character of the service for which they may be required. The Field Park. The spare carriages, reserved supplies of ammunition, tools and materials for extensive repairs, and for making up ammunition, for the service of an army in the field, form the Field Park, to which should be attached also the batteries of reserve. The quantities of these supplies must depend in a great measure on the particular circumstances of the campaign. The ammunition required for artillery and small arms (according to the propor- tions above stated), in addition to what can be carried by the batteries and the troops, will be carried with the park, in caissons or in store-wagons. The following carriages and stores, in due proportion, according to circumstances, will also form parts of the field park, viz : Spare gutt-cnrriagea, 1 to each field battery. TraveUinq Forqex, B. 1 ^ r l •' ( ^"^^ '''■ niore of each. Batterij-ioaijonn. D. ) Spare spokes, .')0 to each battery. "| Spare felliei,, 20 tO each battery. 1. 1„ store-wagons. Spare harnesa I t l I ^ ^ In bo.xes. J Horne/ihoes and nails. . ) Gunpowder. i Friction primers for cannon. Saltpetre. Sulphur. Charcoal. Laboratory paper. Percussion-caps for small arms. Stufi" for cartridge-bags. Woollen yarn. Cotton yarn. Glue. OHIiNANrK MAM'Ar.. SIECJE TRAIN. The imtnluT and kind of cannon for a nicpe train muft l>c ilctrnnincd by th* cirruin'c obwjrrcd in aiitigning tbe proportion of diflvrcnt kindx and culibre>. and (bi- rt-lutive <|UBntiij of other luppliei, for a train uf 100 picccn of ordnance. Cannon. g, ( 24-pdr about onr-balf of tbe whole number it ( 18-pdr. or 12-pdr " one-tenth 10 lIowiTEKRii, 8-ia. ficKC " one-fourth 2A M( 10-in. ^ii'Kc " onf-eii;lilh " IS ( 8-in. ricfce " 3 CoEiioHN MoKT ARN, in addition to the 100 piece* 4 Wai.i. imkd» IS WagoHt, for tranpporling implements, intrenching and mlnert' tonii, labora- tory toolii and utenniU, and oihqaipped S8 Part Korijrt, fully eiplippcd 8 Sli*i " ° ,, o • L . ., .. ^ shell. " 8-inch mortar .{ " ) " C.ieh'trn i " Cartridge-hagf, 1 for each round. Cartridge piper, bundles 200 Wads — hay wads, made in the field. Slow-match jj)g_ 590 Port-fires 200 Faxes, i more than tlie number of shells 35.000 Wooden bottoms and tubs, for firing small shells 1 200 Friction primers, for guns and h ) withers, 1^ ti each round. Cartridges for wall }ji.eces, 500 rounds to each. Cartridges, powder, percus-iion-caps and lead, for small arms, according to the force of the army. Most of the ammunition is transported by hired wagons. 350 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Implements and Equipments. ron EACH GLN. 2 Sponges — I spare. 2 KiimiiiurK — 1 " 1 Worm to 4 pieces. 1 La.llc 8 Ilanii^pikes — 2 mpare. 1 Piiss-box. 2 Tulic-poiichcti. 1 Ounnfm' perpendicular tu 10 pieces. 1 Vciit-pinirh to 3 pieces. 2 Tliiiinl'Dtnllx. 2 I'rimiu^j-wires — 1 spare. 1 UuDDcrs' gimlet. FOR KACH HOWITZER ANP MORTAR. 1 Breech sight. 1 Vent cover. 1 Water bucket. 1 Brooui. 1 Toinpion. 2 Chocks. 2 Lanyarils for friction primeri. 1 Piece of chalk. 1 Wrench to fi pieces. 1 Short roller. 1 Triice-rofie. IMrUMUtTS. Sponges and rammers 2 — 1 spare Hnuilii)iikes (2 fchod, for mortar) ' 7 — 2 spare liaversHcks f • • • I Tube-pouches \ 2 Thumbstiill 1 I'rirain); wires 2 — 1 spare Vent-punch — to 3 pieces Gunners' gimlet (Junners" perpendicular — to 6 pieces Quadrants FuT.e-scttcrs Fur.e-mallets Baskets Chocks for wheels Maul Loading tungs Tompious Vent cover Water bucket Broom I I 1 1 1 Sparc -I spare 1 2 2 — 1 spare 1 2 — 1 spare 2 — I spar* Breech sight Lanyards for friction primers. Plummets Pointing-stakes Pointing-cord Quoins Shell-hooks Scrapers Spatulas. 2 — 1 spare Gunners" sleeves (pair) Grommet wad Wipers of tow linen Chalk Hammer-wrench — to 6 pieces MACHINES AND ROPES. 351 Scales and weightr, or a spring balance, funnel, set of powder measures of 3 sizes, and fuze-extractor to each Vjattery magazine. The nuniher of implements must be proportioned to the whole number of gun- carriages, including the spare carriages. One tar bucket to each travelling carriage. Platforms. For guns and howitzers 1-lOth spare. For mortars 1 -8th " Embrasure Shutters. For half the number of guns and howitzers. Spare Parts of Carriages. Proportion to the number of parts in the carriages : Pintles for siege carriages l-30th. Nuts and washers, assorted 1-lOth. Linchpins l-5th. Axle-trees l-20th. Wheels 1-1 5th. Shoulder 1 -20th. Axle-washers Liuch 1 -lOth. Cap-squares l-15th. Poles, one-half ironed l-4th. Elevating-screws l-8th. Leading-bars, one-half ironed l-8th. Spare parts of field carriages, as for field batteries. Timber and other Materials for llepairs. Proportion to the number of parts that enter into the construction of the car- riages : Axle bodies for siege carriages, l-fjOth; B'oech-bolsters, l-20th; Cheeks, l-30th; Fellies. l-50th; Spokes, l-30th; Fork-saddles, l-30th ; Poles, l-20th; Hounds, l-20th; Splinter-bars, l-20th; Leading-bars, 1-lOth ; Square timber of various scantling — Plank — Wooden parts of mortar-wagons; of each, l-20th. Bar-iron, assorted, 80 lbs. to a piece, 8,000 lbs. ; Steel, 5 lbs. to a piece, 500 lbs. ; Sheet-iron, 50 sheets; Iron wire, 400 lbs.; Tin, 225 sheets; Nails, assorted, 300 lbs. ; Screws, assorted, 5 gross. Machines and Ropes. 7 Gins, with tackle, complete; 10 Lever Jacks; 14 Screw Jacks; 5 Lifting Jacks ; 20 Wheelbarrows, l-5th for shells ; 7 Hand-barrows j Balances, for weighing ; 352 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 10 Spare gin-fall « ; 75 Double prolonged; 75 Single prolonges ;/ Drag-ropes, 200; 2J-ineb rope, C>(\0 fathoms; Men's harness, SO; Small ropes, 200 lbs.; Twine, of various sizes, 50 lbs. Tools. Sets of carria(;e makers' and blacksmiths' tools — Pioneers' tools, for the artillerj alone, 40 t hi- fully armed and equipped. Muskets 1-3 Pistols 1-8 Artillery and infantry swords 1-25 Cavalry subroc 1-5 Wall-pieces — 50 to a front of attack, or a front exposed to escalade. ^riimi(Mifi..n. — Musket cartridges, for each man 400 Musketoon, pistol, and rifle cartridges 100 ) Cartridges for each wall-piece 400 Spare puwder for small arms, l-25th of the whole quantity required for the car- tridges. Cartridge paper in proportion. Percussion caps, in addition to those packed with the cartridges, J the number of rounds. Implements and Equipments. FOR EACH GUN. 2 Rammers — 1 spare. 2 Spiiuges — 1 " } ^^'^^^P^- I to 6 pieces. 1 Ladle, J ^ 1 (lunners' perpendicular to 6 pieces. 1 Pass-box. 1 Bud^e-barrel. 2 Tube-pouches. 2 Thumbstalls — 1 spare. 2 Priming-wires — 1 spare. 1 Gunners' gimlet. 1 Vent-jiunch, to 3 pieces. 1 Breech sight. 1 Vent cover. 2 Lanyards for friction primers. 1 Water bucket. 1 Tompion. 1 Chalk-line and chalk. I Broom. 1 Wrench to 6 pieoat. IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 3§& FOR EACH HOWITZEU. The same as for a gun, omitting jBa»«-to.r, and adding : 1 Haversack. 1 Fuze-setter. 1 Fuze-mallet. 1 Fuze-extractor, to 6 pieces. 1 Quadrant. FOR EACH COLUMBIAD. The same as for a howitzer, adding, for those of model IS44, 1 Woolen sponge, of the diameter of the bore, to 3 guns. FOR EACH MORTAR. 1 Sponge and rammer. 6 Handspikes — 4 shod. ] Haversack. 1 Tube-pouch. 2 Priming-wires. 1 Vent-punch, to 3 pieces. 1 Gunners' gimlet. 1 Quadrant. 1 Plummet. 2 Pointing-stakes. 2 Quoins. 1 Torapion. 2 Lanyards for friction primers. 1 Pair shell-hooks. 1 Scraper. 1 Spatula. 1 pair gunners' sleeves. I Wiper. 1 Fuze-setter. 1 Mallet. 1 Fuze-saw. 1 P"uze-e.\tractor, to 6 mortars. 1 Basket. 1 Broom. J Tarpaulin. FOR EACH 24-PDR. HOWITZER FOR FLASK DEFENCE. 2 Rammers and sponges — 1 spare. 2 Sponge-covers — 1 spare. 1 Roller-bar. 2 Manoeuvring-handspikes. 1 Gunners' haversack. 1 Budge-barrel. 2 Tube-pouches. 2 Thumbstalls — 1 spare. 2 Priming-wires — I spare. 1 Gunners' gimlet. 1 Breech-sight. 2 Lanyards for friction primers 1 Water bucket. 1 Fuze-cutter. 1 Vent-punch. 1 Vent cover. 1 Tompion and strap. 1 Broom. For EACH CASEMATE CARRIAGE (woodcD. including the spare carriages), 2 truck- bars ; 2 chocks ; 1 broom. For EACH BARBETTE CARRIAGE (woodcn ). 2 manwuvring handspikes : 1 tarpaulin, or other cover ; 1 platform and 1 maul ; if the platform be not permanent. For each iron carriage, 2 mano-uvring-bars ,• 2 pinch-bars; J manoeuvring- handspike ; 2 wrenches : 1 elevating-bar for columbiads. For each siege carriage, 4 handspikes; 1 maul; 1 platform. For EACH conTMBiAD BARBETTE CARRIAGE (wooden), 4 truck-bars ; 2 manoeu- vring-bars ; 1 elevating-bar. Hi ORDNANCE MANUAL. Spare Parts for Repair of Carriages. Proportion of tin- iiiiinbcr of »j)are purU Ij thiil of similar jiarti" wliicU belong to tbo farriuK'"' — Forkv for travcroinjt wheeli of barbette carriafccs l-20th. Pinik'n for nioj^o carria);e limbers I -•''Oih. Pinlk'i" for cuwinate oarriaK''!* ' -'^Oth. LinrhpitiH l-)ih. / for »ic|fc carriajfcs 1 --0th. Axle-tree* \ for barbcllo curriajKCH 1-lOlh. l for ragumate carriages 1 -lOlh. Rollcri for ca«ciuat« carriagce l-4(Mh. Bol»tcr-i>laio», for pinlloc uol purmanintlj fixed I -lOlh. I for niejti" carria({cii l-loth. for barbttti- upper carriojKc-g (iucludinj? rollorn) l-'JOlli. for caneiii«to " ' -40ih. I for barbette chaKsiii l-l'»lh, I for coocinate chaHKi* MOib, ^ , , I ..houlder 1.20lb. All-washers, ^ j^^j^ , ,^,^ Poles, for siege earria^T liiiilicrf, niie-biiir ironeil I -lib. Elcvatiiij;-8cro«T8 1-^th. Tongues (iron) for casemate carriages l-lllth. Nuts, assorted l-llith. Timber and other Mutcrials for Repairs. Checks, slock.*, naves, spukes, fellies, for siege carriages, of each 1-ViOth; cheeks of mortar-beds. l-12tb. Handspikes. 4 to a |tiece ; tool handles, \: sets of timber for barbette carriages, l-20th; ditto, casemate, 1-lOth: iron, assorted, 50 lbs. to c»ih piece; uails and screws, assorted, \{.i>ortion of those for a siege train. For each night of a siege, or for each ni^ht on which the guns will probably be served, have 6 tarred links to each piece moutitcd on the ramparts of a front of attack, or of a sea-coast battery, and ."i fire-balls for a front of attack. Signal rockets, torches, rock-firc, etc., according to circumstances. Instruments, Books and Stationery. v According to the character and extent of the fort. — See Siege Train. Miscellaneous Supplies. Timber, plank, and boards; .wood for sabots, fascines, gabions, etc. Pickets; coal, 5 tons to a forge; grease, grindstones, rampart grates. 2 to each piece on the ramparts; sand-bags, for the batteries on the front of attack; lantern, 1 to each piece ; candles, oil, fire-engine and buckets. Field pieces forming a part of the armament of a fortification should be provided with their caissons, ammunition, etc., as for service in the field. 858 ORDNANCE MANUAL. C II A I' T E R T W E L F T II MECHANICAL MANCEUVKES. The intrdiliiotioii tu-ro of a few of the most common mcchuiical mana>uvrei with liuBV.v f;uii8, for mounting uikI ]>e 80 aa to bring the branches near to each other, without cr<>8f>inK tlicni. IIai.p-hitch. — Beml the rope, crossing one branch over the other. SiMTLK KNOT. — Form a balf-Litch: turn one end arouml the other, pMsing it tbroufth the half-hitu and form a coil of the sire rcrjuircd. and with the fr«« end wrap the tcveral vtriindH forming the coil, and faften the two end* lij a («|uare knot. Shout si-Lirn.— Unlny wh.iut one foot of the endn of the two rop«g, A and Bt that are to lie Hpliocd; bring the end* together, no that the iilranu.r* earh utrand of the rope A, hy meant of a marline-npike, onder th« Mrand H to the left of that which it crossed; draw hard on ea<>h utrand ihos tmtii; do the came thing with the strand* of the rope B. To give i;reater strength to the uplioe, paas again each strand over that t« it* left aiid under the one Id the left of Uiis last : cut off the projecting ends. Thin splice will not paat through the throat of the pulley. LoNO RPi.icR. — I'lilay ahoui QO inrhcc of each rope: bring them together aa in the short splice: unlay one of the strands of A, and replace it by the corresponding strand of B; cross the end of this last strand over the replaced strand, and p«W them, each on its own side, under the adjoining strands; replace, in same way.eaeh strand of one rope hy one of the other, and secure them two and twn, as haa Jut been oxplainele are laid on the ground or acroM the gun-carringc, inner ■ides down and upper ends together, to receive the clevis and bolt. The windlus, braces, and clevis uud bolt aVe then put in their proper places and secured. The gin is then raised by moving up the legs and pry-]iole toward each other. To Reeve the Fall of a Casemate or Garrison Gin. Fasten one end of the trace-rope to the upper block, pass the other end through the clevis, and thence round the windlass. Ilcave upon the windlass, raiif ARK. — The piece may be slung with a short piece of rope passed around each trunnion, and the ends fastened together on the top of the piece ; or the trunnion- rings may be put on. Ilook the pulley to this sling, or to the trunnion-rings, bear down with one or two men on the handspikes in the bore to balance the piece, and raise it to the proper height. Place a handspike in the trunnion-holes, and a block on the stock to receive the breech. Lower the gun, the trunnions directly over the trunnion-holes, until it rests upon the handspike. Remove the sling from the trun- nions, and run the carriage, with the gun on it, back until the heads of the cheeks are in rear of a perpendicular let fall from the head of the gin. Pass the sling around the chase, hook the pulley to it, and work the gin to relieve the weight on the handspike. Remove it, and lower the trunnions into their places. Bear down the muzzle, and remove the block from under the breech. To Dismount a Piece by means of a Gin. Place the gin as for mounting the gun, remove the cap-squares, put on the sling, raise the gun out of the trunnion-holes, run out the carriage, and slack off gradually to lower the gun to the ground. To Shift the Fall. Overhaul the loose end of the fall, and make a double hitch with it around the leg of the gin below the lower cross-bar, passing the end inside of the windlass and braces to a man mounted on the windlass, who makes with it a rolling hitch on the standing part of the fall near the upper brace. Slack off until the weight bears on the end of the fall, and slip the rope to the other end of the windlass; or the stand- ing part of the fall may be lashed to the leg above the windlass with a small rope. To Mount a Gun on a Casemate Cdrriage. Traverse the carriage to one side; place the gun on blocks, or on the truck, near the middle of the casemate, the muzzle toward the embrasure, and the gin over the gun and carriage; the latter on the side of the pry-pole. Sling the gun, and work the giu until the gun is raised sufficiently high to traverse the chassis under it; jdace the carriage so that the trunnion-holes come exactly under the trunnions ; lower the gun into its place ; remove the sling, and take away the gin. To prevent the pavement from being injured by the points, a truck-wheel, or a piece of 3-inch plank, with a hole to receive the point, is placed under each foot. To dismount a piece, proceed in the inverse manner. 8(>4 ORONANCK MAMJAL.;yim }9P To Ldicer a Barbette Carriuje from its Chassis, the Piece beinrj Mounted. Place till- jiicc'c in Iditfcry, tlif liiiiher ucpuratoly in llio ])riil>ck and a half high on each side of (he carria;;c, undi r auy hand and by means of the prolonge until it is nearly vertical, and steady it. Lay the middle of the slinjr-chain over the piece; carry each end around the trun- nions, from the rear to the front, and hook them to the axle-hooks, being careful to take uj) all the slack. Haul upon the prolonge until the end of the pole can be reached by hand ; sciz.e and bear it to the ground ; hook the caseable-chain around th(k cascable in such a manner that the piece will swing level when the pole is horizontal. Raise the pole until it rests on the pole-prop. By putting blocks under the piece, and repeating the operation, the piece may be raised higher. To Lower the Piece. '■ Bear the cud of the pole to the ground ; unhook the cascable-chain, and allow the pole to rise gently until it is nearly vertical. If the piece do not rest upon the ground, it must be blocked up and unslung. The operation is repeated and the piece is lowered to the ground. Ease the pole down carefully. To Sling a Mortar Mounted on its Bed. Back the sling-cart over the mortar, the pole toward the breech, and the axle- tree directly over tho trunnions : raise the pole vertically ; pass the sling-chain around the front manoeuvring-bolts ; hook it over the axle-hooks, and haul down the pole. Block up the front of the bed ; take off the sling-chain, and pass it under the bed just in front of the cap-square bolts; bear the pole down to the ground; remove the blocks ; pass another sling-chain around the rear manoeuvring-bolts and over the pole, and hook it iu such a manner that the bed will be level when the pole rests on the pole-prop. Sea-coast mortars and their beds must be slung separately. The sling-chain is passed through ihe clevis of the mortar and over the axle-tree, and hooked around the pole at its junction with the axle, the pole having been raised vertically. To Sling a- Piece on Two Limbers so that it may be transported with horses. Place blocks under tho chase and reinforce : remove the pole of one of tho lim- bers, and run it over the piece until the pintle is over the knob of the cascable; raise the muzzle and slip the front block under the trunnions ; bear down the muz- zle, and fasten tho pintle to the cascable with the chain or lashing-rope ; bear down the fork to the piece and lash it around tho reinforce. Back the other limber over the neck of tho piece; raise the pole, and attach the neck to the limber by taking 3G6 ORDNANCE MANUAL. two turnf with the prolonge around the pintle, and two turns over the fork in front of the axle-tree. Raise the jiiece hy bearing on the 1"p1c. To Mount a Gun on an Iron Carriage. A Hiinjtlc and expeditious method of mounting a gun upon an iron eatemate carriage ronsi!, place the gun with its muzzle toward the eml>rai>urc and its axis per- pendicular to the middle of the face of the wall; raise the muzzle and the hrecch alternately by mean* of the lifting-jack, 8up|n»rting the gun on two scaffold* of blocks, placed in front and iu rear of the trunnions : acsemhle the chassis in position; |il»co one cheek of the top carriage on the chassis-rail, with the trunnion- bole directly under the trunnion, and bolt the transoms to it; ]ilaco the other chock in ]iositioii, and bolt it to the transoms. Lower the trunnions into their holes, and remove the blocks. The lilooks for the scaffolds should be about three inches shorter than the distance between the rimbasis of the gun, and not less than fifteen inches wide. They should be two inchch, four inches, and eight inches thick- Neither the muszle nor the breech should lie raised more than four inches by a sin;:le lift. As soon as the gun hut' been raised high enough to allow it, the chassis should bo put in place and assembled. Cari- must be taken to build the scaffolds so as not to let them interfere with the transoms iu assembling the carriage. To Dismount the Gun. Rai^e the breech an< 5 1650 " 6 8-INCH COLUMBIAD.* 10. Shell, 1 681 Time, 1.88 seconds. 50 lbs. « « (I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1108 1400 1649 1733 1994 2061 2250 2454 26;)4 2718 290S 3060 3123 3138 " 3.58 " 4.30 " 5.41 " 6.25 " 7.56 " 7.96 " 9.12 " 10.16 " 10.91 " 11.3 " 13. " 14.08 " 14.25 " 16. < « 20 25 30 3330 3474 3873 " 18.40 " 20. " 25. < Shot. 5 1697 " 6.20 i " 15 3224 " 14.19 ' lO-INCH COLUMBIAD.* 15. Shell, 3 1068 Time, 3.20 sec( )nds. 100 lbs. 5 8 10 12 20 1525 2238 2720 2847 3842 " 5.64 " 8-10 " 10.98 " 11.73 •' 18.92 < < * Axis of gun 6 feet above the horizontal plane. Jl 372 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Ranges — Con tinued. KtXD OP ORDMAirCI. Powder. Ball. Kleya- tion. Range. | Remarks. LbH. Shell, o / Yards. 10-IN. COHTMBIAD. 15. 100 Iba. 30 4836 Time, 27.50 seconds. OuntiDued. Shot, 15 .S2S1 " 14.32 " 125 lbs. 30 516.3 " 27.08 18. << 394 Axis of (^iin 16 foct •< 1 752 above the water. « 2 3 1002 1230 If 4 1570 « 5 1S14 1 « 6 2U37 Shot ceased to ricochet " 8 2519 on wut«r. " 10 2777 ti 15 3523 it 20 25 30 35 4020 4304 4761 5433 20, " 3S> 15 5654 12. Shell, 1 800 100 lbs. 2 3 1012 1184 K 4 5 H43 1604 18. « 1 2 3 448 747 1100 1239 « 4 5 6 8 1611 1865 2209 2489 « 10 2848 « 15 3200 " 20 38S5 « 25 30 4150 4651 " 35 4828 Time of flight, 35 sec. 15-lH. COLCMBIAD. 40. Shell, 273 302 lbs. 1 2 484 812 « 3 1136 « 4 5 1310 1518 « 6 1760 " 7 1948 315 Ibe. 8 2194 RANGES. 373 Banges — Continued. KIJTD OF ORDNANCE. Powder Ball. Eleva- tion. Range. Remarks. Lbs. Shell, o Yards. 16-IN. COLtJMBIAD. Continued. 40. 315 lbs. « 9 10 2236 2425 Time, 8.87 seconds. " 10.00 " 12 2831 " 12.07 " '' 15 3078 " 13.72 20 3838 " 17.82 t " 25 4528 " 22.03 " *' 28 4821 " 24.18 " . 30 5018 " 26.71 45. 50. 25 4595 " 23.20 " " 25 4680 " 2.3.29 13-INCH SEA-COAST Shell, MORTAR. 20. 200 lbs. 45 4325 10-INCH SEA-COAST Shell, MORTAR. 10. 1. 1.5 98 lbs. 45 4250 Time, 36 seconds. 10-INCH SIEGE MORTAR. Shell. 90 lbs. 45 45 300 700 Time, 6.5 seconds. " 12 " 2. " 45 1000 " 14 " 2.5 " 45 1300 " 16 3. 45 1600 " 18 " 3.5 " 45 1800 " 19 " 4. " 45 2100 " 21 Lbs. oz. 8-INCH SIEGE MORTAR. 10 13 Shell, 46 lbs. 45 45 500 600 Time, 10 seconds. " 11 " 1 1 2 45 45 750 900 " 12i " 13 " 1 3 1 4 It u 45 45 1000 1100 " 13i " " 14 1 6 Oz. '^ 45 1200 " 14} o Yards. 24-POUNDER COE- 0.5 Shell, 45 25 nOKN MORTAR. 1. 17 lbs. 45 68 1.5 " 45 104 1.75 " 45 143 2. ti 45 165 2.75 " 45 260 4. it 45 422 6. « 45 900 8. 45 1200 m 374 If \ Sr. » ORDNANCE MANUAL. 17 C-) A| ^ ^ ^ ^ q q ^. -J ^ - ^ ^ ^ CI 7 1 CC PS o -^ « ri <-■ I* ' t-^ ci CO o cc r- x ol o *-* W eo Mill' — ^" IN fi .-< i' ■ F- c^' n' r: -r •« « 1^ X • » o "- e4 III' ::-jL f I I I > U5 •?; »c -r cc r: : :^8 llT''." cgc4i-: j' 'p^e4C0'^ r. - — r— f I ■ ^ ^ e« ci 00 rt ■* ^ •♦ "O lO rf •' »^ S|S25??g||33|8S8S588 cii-I i' i" ■■-onecix-» — xc-»-»-»«x — c^ ,— ■ l' ° ^ i-^ ;i Ti K r: -» .n o c e 1-^ ■- oe a t-"' i' ■ ^ ^' c« CO «-»•.•; u; « I- «-» oi oi cS 5-5«=i — « = !--» — x<:— •=» or; — » ill'' •- |cc^NTip5^"**c««t-ac«»oo - ■M3lS0oo>-«ccr-io> a" 1~ '.-5 M O IM 03 O iO O (M -f C<1 e^itc-f-r-f-rt~i— -ftoct — d t— 1 d M d ^-i^oooi-ciNosc-• ^ O O O iM to CC 'O O Ct 1^ CC-^CCCOCCCOr— CJCO-^CO^I •*1— l5O--03'-J00C^C0OeO(M ?■; (M o o ^H -t 'O j~ cr o t~. lO «CCCC^C^C^C^CCOt^00OtO J3 £ J3 ■" H g .-^ be « o » P a ^ = = ■> <- ceo £ S o ^ o « :S .2 J3 to .^ -" •3 - f a £ - r- ^ m V M o ^ o a J S ^ .2 I* o j3 ja 'o a bo bo m a ^ .s S- ee .2 ■S 3 879 <^-^ ORDNANCE MANUAL. Recoil of the Iron Carriages. The recoil of the top rarriagi- on its cliiissis if> cnsily reftulatpd l«y the condition of the rails: if there he not mifficicnt recoil, clean the rails and a or OCX, _ . iWUh wlnd- Wltllnlit 1^^, „f 1.40 witi.iatre. 1 dlM,»el*r. 1 i.f I-** diaiiif- 1 ter. Lb». 4. Koet. 1444 F«»t. ''\ Feet. 1171 '! i»* Per n. 12 1 187 187 24-IMiR. 8ir In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. 36... l-.3d 26.78 26.39 25.60 23.83 22.25 20.87 17.92 14.96 12.21 ■1-2<1 2.5.60 25.20 24.22 22.45 20.87 19..30 16.25 13.39 10.83 l-.3.i 24.22 23.83 22.84 21.07 19..50 18.12 15.16 12.21 9.85 24... { l-4tli 22.6.5 22.25 21.46 19.89 18.22 16.74 13.78 11.23 9.06 l-6tli 20.08 19.69 18.90 17.33 15.75 14..38 11.81 9.65 7.88 l-8th 17. .33 16.93 10.15 14..57 13.20 11.81 9.65 7.88 6.50 ' 1-2(1 22.45 21.86 20.S7 19.10 17.53 15.95 12.80 10.05 !S l-:iil 21.07 20.68 19.69 17.92 16.35 14.77 11.81 9.26 16... J l-4th 19.50 19.10 18.22 16.74 15.16 13.78 10.83 8.47 6.69 l-fith 17.1.3 16.74 16.15 14.57 13.00 11.62 9.06 7.29 6.91 l-8th 14.96 14.57 13.78 12 21 10.83 9.45 7.48 6.11 5.12 f i-.sa 18.90 18.51 17. .53 15.95 14..57 13.00 10.05 7.68 6.11 12... J l-4th 17.72 17 ..33 16.54 14.96 13..39 11.81 8.86 6.89 5.51 1 l-6tli 15.56 15.16 ]4.:iS 13.00 11.42 10.05 7.48 6.11 4.93 * 8... 1 l-8tli 13.78 13.39 12.60 11.03 9.65 8.27 6..50 7.68 4.33 l-,3d 15 95 15..'-.6 14.77 1319 11.02 10.24 7.48 5.51 4.14 Penetration in Oak Wood, Beech or Ash. fFrom French Experiments made at Metz. 1834.) DISTANCE IN YARDS. 328. 438. I 656. 875. 1094. Guns. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. 36... l-.3d 65.4 64.2 62.2 58.3 64.3 50.8 44 1 37.4 31.5 'l-2d 63.0 61.4 69 1 54.7 60 8 47.3 40.2 33.5 27.6 1-3(1 59.1 57.9 55.9 61.6 47.6 44.1 37 4 .30 7 24.8 24... -i 1-4tli .55.5 54.3 62.3 48.4 44.9 41.3 35.0 28.4 22.8 l-6th 49.2 4S.4 46.5 42.9 39.4 36.2 29.5 24.0 19.3 l-8th 42.5 41.6 40.2 36.6 32.7 30.3 24.4 19.7 15.8 (1-2(1 54.7 63.2 ,50.8 46 5 42.5 39.0 31.9 25.6 197 l-3d 51.2 60.0 4S.0 43.7 40.2 36.6 29 9 23.6 18.5 16... J 1-ith 47.7 46.5 44.6 40.9 .37.4 33.9 27.6 21.7 169 l-6th 42.1 41.4 ■39.8 36.2 32.7 29 5 23.2 17.7 14.2 l-8th 37.0 36.2 .34.3 30.7 27.6 24.4 19.3 150 11.8 l-3d 46.1 44.9 42.9 .38.6 35.0 31.9 25 6 19 7 14.6 12... ]-4th 43.3 42.1 40.2 36.6 33.1 29.9 23.6 18.1 13.4 i i-c.tii 37.8 37.0 35.4 31.9 28.4 25.2 19 3 15 11.4 1 8th 33.9 33.1 .31.1 27.6 24.4 21.7 16 5 1.3.0 98 8... l-:5d 39.4 38.2 30.2 32.3 28.7 25 6 19.3 13.8 10.6 Howitzers. Lbs. f 4.4 28.4 27.6 20.0 22.4 19.3 16.5 13.0 10.6 9.1 8-in. Siege. 3.3 23.2 22.4 20.9 18.1 15.8 13.8 11.0 9.5 8.3 i2.2 10.1 15.4 14.2 12.6 11.4 10.2 8.7 79 75 'l.l 39.1 8.7 8.3 8.3 7.5 7.1 6.7 6.3 5 ( 3.3 .33.1 31.9 30.3 26.8 23.6 20 5 15.0 11.8 9.8 6-in. J 2.2 27.6 26.8 25.2 21.7 18.6 15.8 11.4 9.1 7.9 llOo 22.8 22.1 20.6 17.3 14.6 12 6 9.8 8.3 7.1 24-i)dr. (2.2 27.6 26.8 26.2 21.7 18.1 15.0 10.2 7.9 6.3 1 1.1 189 18.1 16.6 13.4 11.0 9.5 7.6 6.3 6.1 12-pdr. Mouiit.ain. 0.6 Grains. 15.0 14 2 12.6 10.2 8.3 7.1 59 4.7 3.0 Mushcl Balls 154 3.35 3.15 2.56 1.77 1.06 0.71 0.32 380 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Pcnrfrafion of Shot in Compact Earth (half sand, half clay). (From Freocli Experiments made at Metz, M^Si.) m TALIURE. o DI8TAXCB IN TARD8. J .... 2T. 6». j 100. 219. 1 328. I 43S. 1 6M. I 815. | ION. Oun$. In. In. In. In. 1 In. In. Id. In. Ii. 3«.... J -.3d 109.1 106.3 102.4 97.3 93.4 89.4 «2.3 75.6 69. T l-2d 108.2 107.2 U'J.3 91.0 ; 84.3 79.6 72.5 66.2 60.6 1.3d 100.4 97.7 92.6 85.9 ' 81.1 77.2 70.1 63.8 58. S 24.. l-4tb 92.0 90.2 86.6 si. 5 77.6 7t.O 67.3 61.8 57.1 l-«th 83.5 82.3 79.9 7. '..6 72.2 68.9 62.6 57.1 52.4 l-8th 76.4 74.8 7?. 4 68.9 65.8 63.0 57.5 52.0 47. S l-2d 94.5 91.0 85.9 77.6 72.2 67.7 61.4 55.9 50.4 l-3d 86.6 83,5 79.6 73.6 69.3 65.8 59.9 54.4 49.2 18.. I-4tb 80.7 78.3 75.2 «9.7 66.5 63.4 57.9 52.4 47.3 I-Oth 72.9 70.9 68.1 «.>.o f.l.S 59.1 53.6 48.8 44.6 l-8ih 63.0 65.4 63.8 CO. 6 57.9 55.1 50.4 45.7 41.3 l-3d 65.0 63.4 59.9 54.7 50.8 48.2 42.9 38.6 35.0 1 12.. i I l-4th 60.6 59.1 55.9 52.0 48.8 46.1 41.3 37.4 33. » l-6th 54.7 53.6 50.8 48.2 45.3 42.9 38.6 35.0 32.3 l-8th 50.0 48.8 47.3 44.5 41.7 39.8 36.2 33.1 30.7 S l-3d 56.3 54.7 52.0 46.9 43.3 40.2 35.4 31.9 28.7 Huicituri. 1 Lbs. 1 ** 48.4* 47. 3» 45.. 3* 41.7 38.6 %bA 30.3 26.0 23.2 8-in. Siege. • 3.3 42. 9» 41.7 40.2 37.0 33.9 31.1 27.2 24.0 21.7 2.2 .14.7 33.9 32.. T 29.5 27.6 25.6 22.8 20.9 19.3 I 1.1 22.8 22.4 21.7 20.9 20.1 19.3 17.7 16.5 15.8 3.3 52.8* 51.2* 48.8 45.0 41.0 37.4 30.7 25.2 22.1 6-in. ' 2.2 45.3 44.1 42.5 38.6 35.0 31.9 264 22.4 19.7 , 1.65 39.8 38.6 37.0 33.5 30.7 28.0 23.6 20.5 18.1 24-pdr. 1 ! 2.2 44.5* 42.9* 41.0* .56.6 32.7 29.1 23.2 18.9 16.1 1 1-1 .'«3.5 32.3 30.7 27.6 24.8 22.4 18.1 1 1^' 13.4 12 pdr. Muuntaiu ! 0.6 itir'DB 27.2 26.4 24.8 21.7 19.3 17.3 U.6 12.2 10.2 ifutket Jh,!lt ' 154. 9.85 9.45 8.66 5.91 4.33 3.15 1.58 * With these charge, and at these distances, the shells were oft«n broken. PENETRATION OF SHELLS. 381 Penetration of Shells. (From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.) ELEVATION. Yards. o„o / '556.. "^ , tl31? 45° I C0° ' I f 656 ••■; 1l3l2 I / 6.56 •■• \nv2 Falling with maximum vel- ocitv , IX COMPACT EARTH. S-in. 10-in. 12-in. In. In. 7.88 17.72 9.85 25.60 11.81 19.69 15.75 27.57 19.69 29 54 •^1.66 31.60 23.63 .J3.47 In. 19.69 27. ,57 33.47 35.44 IN OAK WOOD. 8-in. 10-in. 12-in. In. In. 3 94 7.88 4.73 11.81 5 91 9.85 7.88 13.78 8.66 13.00 9 85 13.78 9 85 13 78 IN MASONRY. In. 8.66 1.T78 1003 15.75 14 .57 15.75 15.75 8-in. 10-in. | 12-in« In. 1.97 2.36 3.15 3.94 ,4..33 4.73 4.73 In. 3.54 4.73 3.94 5..51 5.91 6.30 6.69 In. 3.94 5.12 4 33 5.91 6.30 6 69 7.09 By multiplying the penetrations in the table for masonry by 1.25, 1.75, or 0.46, tbc penetration in masonry of medium quality, or of brick, or in hard, calcareous stone (solid), respectively, will be obtained. Multiply the penetration in oak by 1..3 for the penetration in elm, by 1.8 for white jiinc. and by 2 for poplar. Multiply the penetration iu compact earth by O.G.'i for the penetration in sand mixed with gravel. By 0.87, for earth mi.x:ed with sand and gravel, twice the weight of water. " ].09, for compact mould and fresh earth mi.xed with sand, or half clay. " 1.44, for wet potters' clay. " 1.50, for light earth, settled. " 1.90, for light earth, fresh. In general, sand, sandy earth mi.xed with gravel or small stones, chalk, and tufa, resist shot better tliau the productive eartlis, or clay, or earth that retains water. According to the experiments, the holes made in masonry, such as that referred to in the table, by shot striking it perpendicularly at a short dLsitanee, are formed of an exterior funnel-.shaped opening, the mean diameter of which is about 5 times that of the shot, and of au interior part nearly cylindrical. The exterior cone appears to be produced by the reaction of the masonry, some fragments of which are projected backward to the distance of 45 or 50 yards. The train of fragments in front of the bole extends about 20 feet. Around the exterior opening the masonry is loosened to a distance a'bout one-half greater than the diameter of the opening — say 45 inches by the 24-pdr. shot, 35.5 inches by the 16-pdr., .31.5 inches by the 12-pdr. This loosening indicates the proper distance between the first shots from a breaching battery. Nearly all the shot are broken, even at the charge of one- fourth, and the fracture is generally in meridional planes, the pole of which is the point which strikes first. On the shot which are not broken, and on the fragments of those which are broken, small cracks or furrows, sometimes 0.02 inch deep, are observed, radiating from the same point. The eUcct of shells fired horizontally against masonry is very small ; they are 382 ORDNANCE MANUAL. broken at the moment of striking, or if fired wilh very 1"W i-liarpe* so as not to brcitk, they produce a very slight imprci'sion. In oak, the fibres arc displaced laterally by the passapo of the shot, and after- ward cloce up u;ri>in, so as to leave an oj»ening seareely sufficient for measuring the dci)fh of penetration. This effect explains the cause of vessels not being always sunk by shot striking below the water-line ; but the timber is split longitudinally even by the smallest shot, to a length of 6.5 feet; the splinters are driven to the dislaneo of 42 to 60 feet, and the largest timbers are soon destroyed. In white pine, nearly all the fibres struck by the shot are broken, but the effeot does not cxlcud much beyond the opening made: this material is, therefore, prefer- able to oak fur structures which are not intended to bo proof against cannon-shot. Penttration in Fascines, Wool, etc. At the distance of 24 yards, a musket round ball penetrates 20 inches into • gabion stuffed with sap fagots; the ball from a wall-]iiece, 23. A3 inches. The re- sistance of faseiues ducrvabcs very rapidly by the twigs being broken or separated by the balls. A ivHiiKj gabivn, ."luffed with fascines, is proof against the ball of a wall-piece at 15 yards; at the distance of 200 yards, and even more, it is pierced through by cannon balls of the smallest calibre. The penetration of bulls in wool is more than double that in compact earth, even when the wool is coutuiiied in close, well <|uilted mattresyes pressed between hur- dles. At 40 yards, a musket ball (round) penetrates m O u? >A OD *^ *** ifl ^ t/5 "*" -^ C» I- CO Q Ci c^ or. lo eoCC4^ * lA r^ kA 0> O §0 "( 00 o ct t- i- « * o o o o -r .o S tJ g N '* O oi 00 o» oc oi e> -»• o » ori « .o •- -» "^ '- '- » I- » •A ^ O OC o -♦■•''— ?' 1- -t 1- (i 1-.^ >n a ■« Sr-SsS -* »C CO I* c. I- c >n « ^ cc 5 e » o 2 I- 'N I- U 1- — •^ » " ac " -♦ ■= "I ■" - * ■" M " c« *" ii " " I- „• t- n lO rt X I- 00 c< '^ N '^ M '^c* O O O 00 c «-• T« ?5 » ^ tO tv CD O O O 00 lO e O Q J S 8e(8 s^u SBH S O OO 9 Q Ob S 8 S«»8 •C O lO S 39 ?i ri ?• nnti C a e c j; a e i = : a . = : o : o s ^-z -• - * i =- t - fc r» — -• — .^ — C .5 e £ c = <= c a i a e c=ec£ c : : [i ~ o S _- S - - _>.r >.>.*, Z- Z'^C-C'S — JI =. •=3 •=2 5 e 7" - •- C = S pen?:tration op shots and shells in oak. 385 Cl (M *0 t— »- ~ o " »0 "M -* O O '^ ^ '"^ O M -^ CD 1^ ''; n 'I oc '": Q I ^ to tc «A O 00 (-.^,00 "-"iU « ce 00 PI . oc . n . ti . c; .1- . «D IN O r- -* «* «iO»-»I^O >,- u^ S ?i ® o I .. 1-^ -0-*^ ri .1- . •* '~ c - . 1^ . t- '. u-5 • : 00 cc ci: CQ lO (N ico oi OC O l^ 00 CO < '^ -r "^ oe . r: cc c-i CD r-t N IN 1-1 00 CD I- o >l~C^ •-l-J CD ,f, CO ,-M-< CD 1^ lO CO C> "i* CC -N I O O 00 00 i ^ o • -t o ,^ e^ IN a>O&00COt-.OSCD0O OOwJCDOC- O CI O O CC l'- O -1> li ' " C-) T-H f-HCOr-iCO f-l r-CO CJ .-1-* O 1- Oi CO 00 r-l IN -t .- I F^ o o cd' S'O UO IN IM IN CO « ..-5 -^ lO «- iC '"'' i^ "^ lO ?3Ot-ICD^00OO COdC^CCr^O:) COtOC-IOr- CD r-iC5rHlNr-r-< — r-t ,-,-*,- 03 r-IN r-Tfr-'Tr-i'N ?3 .S'":^!"^ . i^ IN U3 CO CD OC -f rf P ,n o y p ^ JIN-J j!? 1- 5 1- ■b lit -» oi S ^! 2 ". •* t-I t -jj to 'M o O r-i r- (M r-t 1^ (N (O «rt CC CI I !r ^ S2 *'^ 00 cc 00 O «»s _ 'ti ,r- »" o o O 00 r- -^1-1 CO- ^- lO F-< TJ« ^- <*; T t-iiCi-«ir:> r-iC£)^o OOOC OCCOOOQO "I 386 ORDNANCE MANUAL. It has been ascertained by experiment that a musket roinul ball h ivinp a velo- city oC '.\C>2 feet, at the moment of impact, will just pass through a white pine bnaril I iuch thick: and that, with the same velocity, the ball has sufficient force to shatter the leg bono of an ox covered with one thickness of stout harness leather. A musket ball moving with this velocity would, therefore, inflict a wound which would disable a man or beast; or a spherical-eose shot having this velocity at the moment of bursting, would be effective against troops in its immediate vicinity. ' A musket ball with an initial velocity of SS."? feet will pass through one-inch white pine board at 100 yards : hence a spherical-case shot, moving with that velo- city at the moment of bursting, would be effective at 100 yards (rfertly dry. Mea.^uring Timber. Sawed or hewn timber is measured by the cubic foot, or more commonly by Imrd nriMMiiif, the unit of whieh is a superficial foot of a board 1 inch thick, Small pieces, especially those which are pot out by splitting (such as spokes), and ihnprt, or pieces roughed out to a particular pattern (sut-h as stocks for small arms), are often fiurchabcd by the j>ieec. r^ual rule for measuring rouud timber: Miilli}tl;i ihr lenijth b\/ ikr tenure o/uiie-/ourlh the mr.ui ijirth, for the Soliii contents; or. - -^ ■ I, beine the lenirtb of the loir, and C half tbo sum of the cireumfereDO«i 10 r. r> of the two ends. Hut when round timber is procured for use in the Ord.ianee Department, it should be measured according to the s()uare of good timber which can be obtained from the log. To find tlio number of f<>cl, hoard metiture, in any piece of timber of a given width, multiply the tabular aren, for that width, by the length in feel and the thioknesh in inches. , Ta»LE, tkotcing lA* Smprfieia' Ft«t in one Lineal Foot of Board* of varfoua »idtk». Width. Ana. Width. AreiL Width. Area. In. Sup. ft 1 In. Sup. ft. I 1 In. Sup. ft 0.25 0.020)> ' 4.25 0.3542 8.25 0.6875 0.5 0.0417 4.5 0.375 8.5 0.70HS 0.75 O.Oti'.'J 4.75 0.3958 8.75 0.7292 1. 0.0^3,1 5. 0.41f.7 9. 0.75 1.25 0.1042 5.25 0.4:J7.i 9.25 0.7708 1.5 0.12.S 5.5 0.45S3 9.5 0.7917 1.75 0.14:.S 5.75 0.4792 9.75 0.8125 2. 0.1667 6. 0.5 10. 0.8S33 2.25 O.lJSTO 6.25 0.520S 10.25 0.8512 2.5 0.20S3 6.5 0.5417 10.5 0.K75 1.75 0.2292 t 6.75 0.5625 10.75 0.8958 i. 0.25 ' 7. 0. 58.33 11. 0.9167 S.25 0.270S 7.25 0.6042 11.25 0.9.375 S.5 0.2'J17 7.5 0.625 11.5 0.9583 3.75 0.3125 7.75 0.6458 11.75 0.9792 4. ftH^ 8. 0.6667 12. i 1.0000 IRON. 395 IRON. Iron is obtained from its ore."*, in which it generally exists in tbe .«tate of an oxide, combined with earthy or stony matters, and frequently with carboti, sulphur, artenic, mngncsia, manganese, etc. Iron ores are classed and named according to their different combinations, as magnetic, specular, micaceous, clay iron-stone, red hematite, brnun hematite: tbe last named is the ore from which tbe Salisl)ury and the Juniata irons are extracted; the first, that from which tbe Swedish iron is obtained ; and the clay iron-stone that from which the iron of England is made. The foreign substances which iron is found to contain modify in a marked man ncr its essential properties. Carbon adds to its hardness, but destroys some of its characteristic qualities, and produces ca.st-iron or steel according to tbe proportion of carbon it contains. Sulphur renders it fusible, difficult to weld, and brittle when heated, hot short. Phosphorus renders it cold short, but may be present in the proportion of 2-lOOOths to 3-lOOOths without affecting injuriously its tenacity. Aiitimoni/, arsenic and copper have the same effect as sulphur — tbe last in a greater degree. Cast-iron. The process of making cast-iron depends much on the kind of fuel used: char- coal, coke, bituminous and anthracite coals, are all used. 'When anthracite coal is employed, the ore is placed at once in the blust-furnacc: when charcoal is used, the ore is first roasted, by distributing it in alternate layers with waste coal, wood or, sometimes, with charcoal, .and the pile thus formed is ignited and burned in tbe open air. For the more refractory ores a kiln similar to that used for burning lime is required. The ore is rendered, by this operation, more porous and easily broken into small pieces, by which it is more readily acted upon in the smelting furnace. The small pieces would be disadvantageous in an anthracite furnace. Smelting is the process by which the iron is separated from the refractory sub- stances with which it is combined in the ore. It consists in raising the ore to a high heat in contact with carbon and a suitable flux in the blast or smelting fur- nace. The flux unites with the earthy matter of the ore, forming a glassy sub- stance called slag or cinder, and the carbon unites with the oxygen of the ore, setting the iron free, which in turn unites with a portion of the carbon and forms a fusible compound, carburet of iron, or cast-iron. Tbe melted iron and slag descend to tbe bottom of the furnace, the slag forming a covering to the pool of iron and protecting it from the action of the blast. As the_v accumulate, tbe slag runs off over the dam, and is a good indication, to an experienced eye, of the quality of metal tbe furnace is making. The furnace is generally tapped once every twelve hours, and the metal is run out intoxhaunels formed in the sand, and is known as j)igs. Limestone is the flux used for most ores : clay is sometimes required to mix with ores containing much limestone. A larger yield from the same furnace, and a great economy in fuel, are cffeotcd 31H) ORDNANCE MANUAL. by the use of a hut hlati. The greater heat thue produced cauvos the iron to com- bine with a larger percentage of furcign subslances, and the strength of the ca«t- irun i!< thiiH injured. Cant-iron for cannon and for all purposesi rci|uiring great Htrcngth should be emellod with the rold blaRt. f'i;i iron, according to the proportion of carbon which it contain«, ix divided into fuiiuili-)/ iriin and /<>rfje iron, the latter being adaptecl only to conversion into mal- leable iron ; while the former, containing the largest proportion of carbon, can be used cither for casting or for making bar-iron. There are many varieties of cacf-iron, differing from each other by almost inMn- sible ^hadps ; the two principal divisions are t/rui/ and irhilr, so called from the color of the fracture when recent Their properties are very different. firny iron is softer and less brittle than white iron: it is in a slight degree mal- leable and flexible, and is nut sonorous: it can be easily drilled and turned in (be lathe, and dovf not resist the file. It has a brilliant fracture, of a gray, or, some- times, a bluii'h gray color: the color is lighter as the grain becomes closer, and its hardness increases at the same time. It melts at a lower heat than white iron, becomes more fluid, and prc«ervci its fluidity longer; it runs smoothly; the color of the fluid metal is red, and deeper in proportion as the beat is lower: it does not stick to the ladle: it fills the moulds well, contracts less and contains fewer cavities than white iron: the edges of a easting are sharp, and the surface smooth, convex, and i overed with carburet of iron. A me, mottled ; No. G, white — which is unfit for general use by itself. The qualities of these various kinds of iron seem to depend on the proportion of carbon, and on the state in which it is found in the metal. In the darker kinds of iron, where the proportion is sometimes 7 per cent, of carbon, it exists partly in the state of graphite or plumbago, which makes the iron soft. In white iron, the carbon is thoroughly combined with the metal, as in steel. Cast-iron frequently retains a portion of foreign ingredients from the ore, such as earths, or oxides of other metals, and sometimes sulphur and phosphorus, which are all injurious to its quality. Sulphur hardens tlic iron, and, unless in a very small proportion, destroys its tenacity. These foreign substances, and also a portion of the carbon, are separated by melt- ing the iron in contact with air, and soft iron is thus rendered harder and stronger. The effect of remelting varies with the nature of the iron and the kind of ore from which it has been extracted; that from the hard ores, such as the magnetic oxides, undergoes less alteration than that from the hematites; the latter being sometimes changed from No. 1 to rohite bj' a single remelting in the air furnace. The color and texture of cast-iron depend greatly on the size of the casting and the rapidity of cooling; a small casting, which cools quickly, is almost always white, ivnd the surface of large castings partakes more of the qualities of white metal than the interior. All cast-iron expands forcibly at the moment of becoming solid, and again con- tracts in cooling; gray iron, as before remarked, expands more and coutract.s less than other iron. The contraction is about 1 -100th for grey and strongly mottled iron, so that the dimensions of a pattern for casting should be about 1-lOOth larger than the size re- quired for the casting. Malleable Iron. Malleable iron is made from the pig, in the bloomcry fire or in the puddli»g fur- nace — generally in the latter. 806 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Tho process coDKistB in melting the east-iron and keeping it exposed to a great heat, eonftantlj' Htirring the masp, bringing every part of it evenly under the action of the flame, until it loi^eiJ it« remaining carbon — when it l)eriime« malleable iron, TiiK n!-oowKnv refemblcs a large forge fire, where charcoal and a strong bbiAt are ns«d, and Ihe refined metal of the |>ig-iron, after being broken into pieces of the proper fiie, iii jdaced before the blast, directly in contact with the charcoal : u the metal fu!rding to the manner in which it has been forged and the degree of heat to which it has been subjected. Numerous ci-acks on the edges of the bar generally indicate a liut-xliort iron, which crjicks or breaks when punched or worked at a red heat, and will not weld; it is strong when cold, and may be useful in that state, but, if worked, care should be taken not to subject it to strains at a red heat. Bliiitcrs, jhurn, and cinder-hnhs are caused by imperfect welding at too low a heat, or by the iron nut being properly worked, and do not always indicate an inferior quality. The surest test of the quality of iron is to submit it to the followinL? proofs : Test when cold. — Bend the iron, if in small bars, several times biu:k and forth in diflFercut direction.", at sharp angles, with heavy blows of a bannucr, and twist it in 400 ORDNANCR MANUAL. ft vice. Large pieces are reduced in size at one end, and submitted to the same tests. Round bars have a screw-thruad cut on them, and arc then hcnt according to the use for which they are intended. Pieces which are to have holes in tbcm are tested by punching holes in them cold. Tent frilir» hot. — Draw out the iron, bend and twist it; split it, and turn back the two parts, to sec if the split extends up; punch a long hole in the direction of tb« fibre, and unollior at right angles to it; punch holes of different forms— some near the edge; weld the iron to iron and to steel ; make chains from small rods ; obacrre if cracks or flaws weld easily: finally, forge some of the most diflicult pieces for which the iron is intended. NOTR iiM FORGING. — Oood iron is often injured by being unskilfully worked. Care hhould be taken that the iron while heating is not exposed to the air, which would assist in forming scales of oxide on its surface : it is to prevent this that tho workman from lime to lime throws sand or clay on his iron to protect it. When iron i" at a white beat, immediate contact with coal tends to carbonize it and make it »ttrly. Iron heated for any purpose, and especially for welding, fhould be heated as rapitlly as possible, in order to expose it the least possible time to tlie action of the air anil coal; for this purpose, the strongest fuel, with an abuiidiint, steady blast, is necessary. Defects in iron caused by unskilful working may be remedied in part: if, for example, iron has been Imrutd, give it a smart heat, protected aa much as )>ossible from the air; if the iron has been injured by cold-hitmmering, % moderate aiiiieMliiig heat will restore it; if the iron has become hard an <1 steel j, give it one or more smart heats, to extract the carbon. Inspection of Iron for Garrison and Sea-coast Carriages. The chrck-plntei should be made of iron of good quality, uniform in thicknesf, a plane surface, and cut near to the required size. Verify the size by a wooden frame made of the required shupe, and the thickness by an iron gauge. Try the quality of tho iron by punching holes near the edge at the place for the trunnion-holes. The railn should be straight on the top, bottom and edge of the flange; try ihem by laying a straight-edge on them. The web should be a plane surface, without corrugaliou.s — at right angles to the fiaugcs, which should be smooth and free from breaks or cracks. Examine that the welds are all good, that there arc no scams, and that the iron has not been burned. Verify the cross-section of the rail by a profile cut from sheet-iron or mahogany; measure the length with a rod of the correct length. See that the trough-beams and angle-iron are straight, and their edges sonnd^ without cracks. Verify their length. Examine the bar-iron by the tests given above for bar-iron, and where the pieces are cut to lengths, verify them. Weigh several pieces of each kind of the exact length, sufficient to get a fuir mean weight, from which the weight of the whole can be calculated. STEEL. 401 Puddled Steel. U, in the opriition of puddling, the process be slopped at a particular time determined by indications given by the metal to an experienced eye, an iron is obtained of greater hardness and strength than ordinary iron, to which the name of scmi-stecl, or puddled steel, has been applied. The principal difficulty in its manu- facture is that of obtaining uniformity in the product, homogeneity and solidity throughout the entire mass. It is much improved by reheating and hammering under a heavy hammer. A tenacity of 118,000 lbs. to the square inch has been obtained from semi-steel made in this country in this way. Field pieces have been made of this material, and it is believed that it will answer well for this purpose. Steel. Steel is a compound of iron and carbon, in which the proportion of the latter is from 5 to 1 per cent., and even less, in some kinds. Steel may be distinguished from iron by its fine grain; its susceptibility of hardening by immersing it, when hot, in. cold water; and with certainty by the action of diluted nitric acid, which leaves a black spot on steel, and on iron a spot which is lighter colored in proportion as the iron contains less carbon. There are many varieties of steel, the principal of which are— Natural xteel, which is obtained by reducing the rich and pure kinds of iron ore with charcoal, and refining the cast-iron, so as to deprive it of a sufficient portion of carbon to bring it to a malleable state. It is made principally in Germany, and is used for making files and other tools. The India steel, called wootz, is said to be a natural steel, containing a small portion of other metals. Blhtered steel, or steel of cementation, is prepared bv the direct combination of iron and carbon. For this purpose, the iron in bars is put in layers alternating with powdered charcoal, in a close furnace, and exposed for 1 or 8 days to a heat of about 70° Wedgewood. and then suffered to cool for as many days more. The bars on being taken out are covered with blisters, have acquired a brittle quality, and exhibit in the fracture a uniform crystalline appearance. The degree of carboni- zation IS varied according to the purposes for which the steel is intended, and the best qualities of iron (Russian and Swedish) are used for the finest kinds of steel. Tilted steel is made from blistered steel moderately heated and subjected to the action of a tilt-hammer, by which means its tenacity and density are increased and. it is thus adapted to use. Shear steel is made from blistered or natural steel refined by piling thin bars into fagots, which are brought to a welding heat in a revcrbcratory furnace, and ham- mered or rolled again into bars ; this operation is repeated several times to produce the finest kinds of shear steel, which are distinguishad by the names of half shear, 26 402 ORDNANCE MANUAL. tingle thenr nilil dnuhle ihenr, or pteel of 1 mark, of 2 mnrku, of r! innrkt, etc., according to the Dumber of times it has been piled. Caul-Heel is made by bre.nkinjf blistered steel into small pieces and melting; it in close crucibles, from which it is poured into iron moulds : the ingot is then reduced to a bar by hammering or rolling, as described under the bead of malleable iron, these operations being performed with great care. Cast-stccl is the finest kind of steel and best adapted for most purposes: it is known by a very fine, even and close grain, and a silvery, homogeneous fracture ; it is very brittle, and acquires extreme hardness, but is diffioult to weld without the use of a flux. The other kinds of steel have a similar appearance to cast-stuul, but the grain is coarser and less homiigeneous ; they are sort<'r and less brittle, and weld more readily. A fibrous or lumcllar appearance in the fracture indicates an imperfect steel. A material of great toughness and elasticity, as well as hanlnesi', i.s made by forging together steel and iron, forming the celebnited (lnma»k- gitrl. which is used for sword blades, springs, etc.: the dninasked appearance is proilufcd by the action of a diluted acid, which gives a black tint to the steel parts, whilst the iron remains white. Various j'nney ulerlit, or alloy.s of steel with tilrer, jilntinum, rhnriium and nlumin- iiini have Iteen niaile with a view to imitating the Damascus steel, w<>ot7., etc.. and improving the fabrication of some of the finer kimls of surgical and other instru- ments. PRorr.nTiKS or stkkl. — The best steel possesses the following characteristic! : heated to redness and plunged into cold water, it bicnmcs hard enough to scratch glass and to resist the best files; the hardness is uniform throughout the piece: after being tempered it is not easily broken ; it welds readily : it doe« not crack or split ; it bears a very high heat, and preserves the capability of hardening after repeated working ; the grain is fine, even and homogeneous, and it receives a bril- liant polish. Its specific gravity is 7.816, being greater than that of iron. Test. — Break a few bars, taken at random : make tools of them and try them in the severest manner. Hardening and TKMrERiSG stkel. — On these operations the quality of manufac- tured steel in a great measure depends. Hardening is effected by heating the steel to a cherry red, or nntil the scales of oxide are loosened on the surface, and plunging it into a liquid, or placing it in contact with some cooling substance : the degree of hardness depends on the heat atd the rapidity of cooling. Steel is thus rendered so hard as to resist the hardest files, and it becomes at the same time extremely brittle. The degree of heat and the temperature and nature of the cooling medium must be chosen with reference to the quality of the steel and the purpose for which it is intended. Cold water gives a greater hardness than oils or other fatty substances, sand, wet iron scales or cinders, but an inferior degree of hardness to that given by acids. Oil, tallow, etc., prevent the cracks which are caused by too rapid cooling. The lower the heat at which the steel becomes hard, the better. Tempering- — Steel in its hardest state being too brittle for most purposes, the WELDING COMPOSITION. 403 requisite strength and elasticity arc obtaincil l>.v tempering — or letting dou-n the tem- per, as the workmen term it^ — which is perfuruied by heating the hardened steel to a certain degree and cooling it quickly. The requisite heat is usually ascertained by the color which the surface of the steel assumes from the film of oxide thus formed. The degrees of heat to which these several colors correspond are as follows : At 430° Fahr., a very faint yellow.. ) Suitable for hard instruments; as hammer At 450° " a pale straw color. . j faces, drills for hard substances, etc. ( For instruments requiring hard edges witb- At470° " a full yellow ) .,.••. \ ■ \ ^ r ■< out elasticity ; as shear?, scissors, tools for At 490° " a brown color i * • • j . i ( turning iron and steel. At .510° " brown, with purple 1 „ , , , ... , i r * . i f For tools for cutting wood and soft metals : spots *- i such as plane irons, chisels, knives, etc. At 538° " purple I For tools requiring strong edges without At 550° " dark blue ) extreme harering. 1 cdjro rounded. Safe rdge. Do. Do. Do. Without tang. English files are generally used at the arsenals and armories. Files should be made of the best cast-steel. The teeth are generally cut at an iinjjie of 60° with the centre line ; at a smaller angle the teeth are apt to choke, and at a greater angle they do not cut. In choosing files, they should be examined to see that they are straight, that they ure free from cracks and flaws, and that they are cut regularly. The teeth should not be turned or broken by filing on iron or tempered steel. One out of each dozen may be tried on a piece of t«mpered steel, such as the tang of a file screwed in a Ticc ; the file should "take" in its whole length, both on the flat and edge, and should not cut in drawing back ; it should not make furrows, or show a tendency to deviate from the direction given to it by the hand. The quality of the steel may be determined by breaking some of the files and working the steel in the forge. CUT NAILS. 407 Wood Screws. Wood screws are classed by the length in inches, and by the number which indicates the size of the wire, or body of the screw. The following table of dimensions, derived from measurements of the screws made by the New England Screw Company, at Providence, Rhode Island, will be found convenient for reference. HEAD. No Diameter of Body. Niiinber of thrcnUs to 1 inch. Ilcmarks. Diameter. Tliickness. In. In. In. 3 0.10 0.20 0.06 24 The length of thread cut is two- 4 .11 .22 .065 24 thirds the length of the screw. 5 .13 .26 .075 20 6 .15 .30 .08 20 7 .16 .32 .085 18 > V 8 .17 .34 .09 14 9 .19 .38 .095 13i 10 .20 .40 .10 13 11 .21 .42 .11 12 12 .22 .44 .12 11 13 .23 .46 .13 11 14 .24 .48 .14 10 15 .25 .60 .15 10 16 .26 .52 .16 n 17 .27 .54 .17 9 18 .28 .56 .18 Si 20 .30 .60 .20 8 21 .32 .64 .21 8 22 .35 .70 .22 7i 24 .38 .76 .24 7 26 .40 •80 .26 7 Cut Nails. N08. 2d. 3d. id. 6d. 8d. lOd. 12d. 20d. Length inches. Number in 1 lb 1. 550 1.25 450 1.5 340 2. 150 2.5 100 3. 60 3.5 40 4. 25 Spikes are large nails, wrought or cnt : the size is designated by the length in inches. 408 ORDNANCE MANUAL. BcUoirn itniU ati'I rliiiit unih are short wrought nail?, with lar;;o heads, slij;htly convex: they arc used chiefly for nailing leather, canvas, etc., on wood. Bellows nails 1.1.3 inch long, 0.1 inch thick, with heads .75 inch to 1 inch in diameter, should weigh about 120 to 1 lb. Tacks are classed by the length in inches, or by the weight of 1,000, in ounces. Spn'f/g, hradt, finiihiiig uailt, are classed by the length in inches. Alloys. Jiroutf. — Gun metal: 90 copper and 10 tin. Dell metal. — 78 cojjper and 22 tin. Fiue bran. — 2 copper and 1 zinc. Itrami for pnrtt o/ tmtiN armi and of gun-earriatff$. — SO copper, 17 line, and 3 tin. Shcet-braiif. — 3 copper and 1 zinc. Silver Holder. — 4 silver and 1 copper; or 2 silver and 1 brni's wire. Hard luldrr. — I line and 2 brass. Plumhert' Bolder. — 1 tin and 1 lead. Tiniicm' ttildrr. — 1 tin and 2 lead. I'eiclrrcrt' solder. — 2 tin and 1 lead. Fuif'Ue alloy.— 'i. tin ; 3 lead ; f) bismuth : melts at 197°. Type metal. — 11 lead, 2 antimony, and i tin. (iermiin silrrr. — 404 copper; 31J nickel; 254 zinc; 24 iron. " " for casting. — 60 copper; 20 zinc ; 20 nickel ; 3 lead. I'eirtir. — 4 tin an STORAGE AND PRESERVATIOX OF METALS. Metah are stored on the ground floors of dry and well aired buildingp, which should be kept open in fine weather only. Unr-iron and iteel, and pieces rough forged {shapex), divided according to kind and size, on racks, or standing upright in frames; unaerriceahle iron and Kcrapn, in piles marked with the weight. Sliert-iron and tin, oiled, and placed on edge, in frames. Wire, oiled, in coils, hung on hooks; arranged according to kind and size. Heavi/ chains, coiled up in piles. — Small chains, in bundles of 10 or 20, in boxes or on shelves. Fininhed work, according to kind, in piles or in boxes. Pig nietal, in square piles ; the flat sides Ij'ing together. The iron and steel parts of iniplements, etc., covered with a black varnish, made of white varnish and liunjiblack, for intrenching and other heavy tools; of white varnish and ivory black, for polished tools. (See Chapter VII.) Artificers' tooln and /;/(«, according to kind, in a dry place, with suitable divisions; they should be sprinkled with powdered charcoal, or fine quicklime, to protect them from rust. Nails, according to kind and size, in bins or kegs. Aurih and other heavy pieces, on skids on the floor. Every division, bin, pile, and box should be marked with a label showing the character of the article contained in it, its kind, its distinctive number or size, the quantitj', weight, etc. ROPES. The size of a rope is designated by the circumference or girth measured with ». thread : thus, a 3-inch rope measures 3 inches round. The length is usually expressed in fathoms. Stukngtii. — The utmost strength of good hemp rope is G,400 lbs. to the square inch; the weight which it will bear before breaking is expressed in tons by one-ji/th of the square of the girth in inches; in practice, a rope should not be subjected to more than half this strain. It stretches from l-7th to l-5th, and its diameter is diminished from l-7th to l-4th, before breaking. A difference in the quality of the liemp may produce a difference of l-4th in the strength of ropes of the same size. AVhite rope is stronger than tarred rope, and the difi"erenee is increased by age and service: therefore, such ropes only as are to be immersed in water should be tarred. Oil or gre.ase diminishes the strength of rope without adding to its durability. The strength of manilla rope is less than that of hemp rope. Quality. — The quality of hemp is in some measure indicated by its color: the the best is of a pearl gray ; the next, greenish ; then, the yellow ; a brown color indi- cates that it has been rotted too long and has begun to decay. Brown spots show that it has moulded and the spots are decayed. The odor should be strong, but free from a musty, tainted smell. It should be well combed, pliant, and free from stalks. The yarns should be fine spun and slightly twisted : they are from i to i of an inch 410 ORDNANCE MANUAL. in girlli. A rope is defeotivc when the yania arc of unequal sizes or uncijuotly twixtcd ; when it is fuxzy before being used; and when it cuntains pieces of stalk, indicatinf^ that the hemp was nut well combed. TwiKTrNO OR i.AYiNM. — Tho Dumbcr of yarn* in a *frniK/ of cordage rarioa from Itt to 2!), and sovcral strands are combined, or laid, to form a large rope. A rope is ■aid to be twisted i or ^ when it is J or i shorter than the strand. For artillery service ropes should lie twinted J. The degree of twisting may be determined by constructing a right-angled triangle, tho base of which is the circumference of the rope, and the height the length of one revolutioif (if the strand, nicaKured parallel to the axis; the difference between thix height and the hypothcnuse is the <|uantity by which the rope is twinted. PiiKSEKVATiuN IN SToRK. — Ropcs should be jilaccd in the upper stories of a build- ing, coiled up and labelled: large rojies on skids, so as to allow the circulation of air: small ropes hung up to the joists, on pins or hooks. Ropes should not be coiled until they are perfectly dry : they should be uncoiled every year, and stretched out for several days at the beginning of the dry season. Uo]>es which have been too long in Ktore lose their strength. COAL. Charcoal. Charcoal is made from either hard or soft wood; that from the firmer, such as oak, rou}ilc, boech, chestnut, is the most serviceable, giving the greatest quantity of heat for un equal weight of coal. For ordinary purposes it is burned in heaps or stacks. Wood from 18 to 20 years old is to bo preferred. It may be charred immediately after being felled ; if left for a year exposed to the weather before being burned, it produces an inferior coal. Select siiuuil woud; cut it into pieces from 4 to Ti feet lung, and split those which lire more than 4 inches in diameter. It is well to make stacks, as far as practicable, of wood of the same kind, or of such as differ from each other but little in their general nature. If it be necessary to use soft and hard woods in the same stack, place the former on the outside. Making cHAncoAi.. — Choose a dry spot on which to place the stack, sheltered from the wind: level the ground. Plant a stake iu the middle of the space, and cover the bottom of the pile with wood placed in a direction converging toward the centre, the intervals being filled up with small ^Micks; place the rest of the wood around the stake, the pieces nearly upright and close together, in several tiers, cover- ing the whole with a layer of wood placed as close together as possible; leave one or more horizontal openings near the ground, from the exterior to the centre. CoTet the stack, commencing at the top, with leaves and a coat of wet sod alx>ut 4 inches thick, leaving open a space 6 inches high, all round the bottom, for the escape of the air and steam. Draw out the stake, and set fire to the pile, either by means of the bole left by the PIT COAL. 411 stake, or through the horizontal gallery, which may have been previously filled with combustible materials. Push the fire actively until the flame comes out at the top of the stack, in order to ignite the whole of the bottom part, and to expel the steam, which would otherwise occasion explosions. Then close the hole at the top, and cover the lower part of the pile, leaving small openings at intervals: the smoke should now escape equally from all parts of the stack, except toward the top, which is kept closed in order to prevent a draught. When the stack has mrcatcd sufficiently, increase the thickness of the coating of earth ; moderate the fire, and direct it, by means of openings on the sides, in such a manner that the combustion may be equal in every part and that the fire may be always drawn toward the bottom. Leave the holes open as long as the smoke is black and thick, and close them when it become^ light and of a bluish color. The charring is completed when the flame escapes through the openings at the bottom; then stop the holes and cover the pile well with earth, which should be renewe>• ohnrrinjt bituminouii pom], in order to expel the bitumen and fulphtir; this i.« uvtinlly done in cIokc fiirnaeei' or orcnx. (iuud <-ukc bar a dull frae- ture, IK very porouo and cellular: it gives verv little ashes when burned ; it is injured, like wood cliHrcdal. I'V absorbing water. Coal fdriilKlieH 60 to 70 per cent, of coke l>y weight, the volume being increased 5 to "JO per cent. CoAi. TAU ir^ a biliiniinnus product obtained by the distillation of coal in making pas. etc. TAR. PITCH. TIRPEXTIXE. The following arc (he principal varieties of products from resinous trees, such as the pine : TiRi'KSTiXK. — This is extracted from the tree in warm weather, by cutting a deep notch, or h>ix, neiir the base, and (^coring the tree by scraping off the bark above the box ; the first year's running produces the rinjin uldering. or a smothered combustion, effected in stacks, nearly in the manner described for making charcoal. The tar runii off into tjH;nches dug for the purpose. Tar is semi-fluid, transparent in thin portions, and of a reddish color: it has a strong, peculiar odor. It is ren- dered more fluid by heat ; and it burns with a bright flame, leaving a light and dry CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES. 413 coal. It is refined by heating it in an iron vessel, and pouring it off, after it has been kept for some time in a liquid state; by this means water and pyroligneous acid are driven off, and the earthy particles are separated b}' settling. Itris used for coating cordage, and for wood which is not to be immersed in water. PiTcn is made by boiling tar down to the requisite consistency, either by itself or combined with a portion of rosin; it becomes solid on cooling, but is soon softened by the heat of the hand, in which state it is very adhesive ; when of good quality, it. is clear and bard. It is used for coating wood which is to be immersed in water, and is applied hot, with a 7ti<>p, Venick TunPENTi.VK is obtained from the larch; but what is commonly called by that name is a compound of melted rosin and spirits of turpentine. Chemical Equivalents of some of the Elementary Bodies. Name. Symbol. Oxygen . . . Sulphur . . . Bromine • . . Chlorine . . . Fluorine . . . Iodine . . . . Antimony. . Arsenic . . . Bismuth ... Nitrogen. . . Phosphorus Boron Carbon . . . . Silicon . . . . Hydrogen. . Sodium . . . Potassium . Barium . . . . 0. S. Br. CI. Fl. I. Sb. As. Bi. N. P. Bo. C. Si. H. Na. K. Ba. Equivalent. 16. 80. 35. 19. 127. 122. 76. 214. U. U. 11. 6. 21. 1. 23. 39. Calcium . . Magnesium Strontium . Aluminium Chromium Cobalt Copper. . . . Iron Lead Nickel . . . . Mangauese Tin Zinc Gold Mercury . . Platinum. . Silver Palladium Symbol. Equivalent. Ca. Mg. Sr. Al. Cr. Co. Cu. Fe. Pb. Ni. Mn. Sn. Zn. Au. Hg. PI. Ag. Pd. 20. 12. 43.75 13.75 26.75 30.5 31.75 28. 103.5 29.5 27.5 59. 37.75 98.5 100. 99. 108. 53.3 Strength of Materials. (These t«l>lo(i are niiule op. with the exception of tlioRe ninterialH marked *, from the reRiilt« obtained bjr axperimento made, by direction of the Ordnance Department, by Captain T. i. ItiNliiian.) Aah. Birch B«M.. Ohio I'enoiylvania Canaila New York Vermont. Virginia Oregon - Kngland M«ino Box ItnlinofOlloail Beei'li ' Canitda. New llampahire.. Oanaila , Africa... Orejpm . Che«tnut . CTprl^«• .... Ciieriy Cedai-. rei>KW(MH<-iiiiiiett8 . .New York Alabama. Pennvylvania .. Oregun Virginia Maa«arhuBett« Or*gun . Holly Hemlock \ Oregon Alabama. Ohiu North Carolina Kasteru Virginia. Ma)^ny .. , Maple Oak. whit« Maine. South America I'ennsylvania St. Domiogu Canada Maine Oregon New England Western New York... Ohia Monongahela River.. Ohio New Y^ork Maryland Massachusetts paatnre. Time of 8eaA«)n- ing. Years. 16 3 » 7 2 1 1 4 12 9 6 1 U 8 "s 6 2 o 4 1 43 1 1 2 2 2 1 13 3 1 Ppocific gravity. .61720 Mila .73874 .flioa .(TflUS .IKM18 ..VriVl /4^22» .80076 .45-Vj7 ..'.-871 .37601 .80263 .■iJos .77464 .«»*74 .66803 4«1«4 .40800 .01610 .84227 .82624 .06630 .87401 .72046 .00161 .00384 .01088 .64102 .46.118 .5t>S»76 1.26760 .82612 .70300 .68060 .73620 .40128 .74082 .76566 .00540 .74016 .64642 .63212 .72048 .88200 .83364 .80126 Crush- Tensile Trana- ing force strength rusist- per square |wr square ance. inch. inch. *-iS- Lbs. Lbs. Lb«. 8,783 24U33 Z118 4.476 14.200 1.4«e .^ '"' 1 ' '-Wl 4 2.ii«4 b i..,.! _.. i".7 1 .'>28 6 7Mt I4.7<>0 1.438 M iis:i 17 (Kill 168 2.196 l.'.tlS 4 Ui.;.i.i -iMUt 6.811 12,033 2.240 6:w» 14WI0 f. • 2.203 I'JO 1.025 6.111 1 1 v.d 8.402 17.707 1.011 f.ll'' V 1 •: T.IO U15 2M 1.7M 2,0M i',>*24 1200 1,138 OM 1481 2 727 ;;;;■■ 2000 2.76* 2.886 11 2.808 3..')02 ^ _ , _ ■ .7 664 6.(>1T j IbJMZ 1.202 UIO « ...',4 1(, (MMI 2080 2.413 • 1,600 St.Jl 1\.-M 1.029 4 44:', liJ.400 073 ' '•'. 1,830 1,876 l,4.< f = 0.00242 1. ./ 4- 0.1 9<>^'' e = 0.00620 n d 4- 0.1574S e = 0.03230 *d+ 1.06301 (/, interior dinmeior in inches ; <'a8t-irt'r of almmphcrcn correspond- iiijf to the interior pressure per square inch. Wood Strength of Colujnn.<<. When the length of the column i!< from 30 to 90 times its diameter, bii<1 it jield^ rholly hy bendin;;, Mr. Iludgkitiiiun deduces tiic following furmulir : H' := the lireaking weight, in tone of 2,000 poundn: A = the leugth of the column, in feet: Z) ^ the diameter of the exteri + Ic The strength of similar columns is nearly as the area of the cross section. Transverse Strength. ^=tho weight, in pounds, required to break a beam 1 inch square and 1 inch long, fixed at one end and loaded at the other ; b = the breadth ; d = the depth ; i = the length, in inches, of any other beam of the same material; and >r=:the weight which will cause it to break, neglecting the weight of the beam itself. 1. If the heam be supported at one end and loaded at the other; 6rf' W=S—--. 2. //■ the beam be supported at one end and the load distributed over its whole length : S. 1/ the beam be supported at both ends and loaded in the middle: bd^ 4. 1/ the beam be supported at both ends and loaded uniformly over its whole length : hd'' W=S S- l b. If the beam be supported at both ends and loaded at the distance ux from o7ie end: Ibd"^ W=S- \{l — m) 6. If the beam beji-xed at both ends and loaded uni/ormli/ over its whole length: In practice, about one half of these values should be used in computing the strain to which a beam should be subjected. Deflection of Rectangular Beams. Let b ^ the breadth, d = the depth, and « =: the deflection, in inches. W= the weight, in pounds; Z =the length of span, in feet. C= a coeflScient, different for different materials. 1. For a beam fixed at one end and loaded at the other : 420 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 2. n«nm firrd al onf end and uniformly landed: b d* 3. Beam tupporfed at holh endt and loaded in the centre : w /s '« bd* 4. Beam lupported at loth tndi and %iniformly loaded : For wrought iron, the raluc of r= .0002 to .0003 " OMt Iron, " C= .00037 to .000 «• whit* pine or beech, " r=.0048. •« aah, " r=.004. 9-iDrh beatn, X'bape (Cooper dk Hewitt), 18 feet hetwocn bearingi, weight per running fuot .^4 i>ound», with a weight of 16,864 pouodj at centre, deflected, after 14 hour», I.'JK6 inch. inch beatn, I-ahape (Phcenix Iron Co.), 21 feet between bearings, weight per running fuut 32>4 pounds, .with a weight of 4,865 pound* at centre, deflected 0.50:) inch; with a weight of 10,i'I6 poundii, deflected 1.184 inch. Resistance to Torsion. S^ the weight, in pounds, required to break, by twigting, a »oUd cjlinder 1 inch diameter, the weight acting at the distanoe of 1 inch frutn the axia of the cylinder; d = the diameter, in inches, of any other cylinder of the same material ; r = the distance from its axia to the point where the breaking-weight, H', is applied : then, r For hollow cylinderB : M — S Dr Theoretical formula of Lieut, (now Captain) Rodman, Tori6od by Major Wade's experiments. D =: the exterior, and d ^ the interior, diameter of the cylinder in inches. Values of S. Begins to set. Begins to set. ... ( 3.600 I „ I 2,300 Wrought iron.. jy.(,() | Bronze ^^'^^^ SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF FLUIDS. 421 Relative torsional strength of cast-iron shafts of different forms, having equal areas of cross sections. (From Major Wade's experiments on dhafts whose cross-secf ions were 1. 2, and 3 square inches.) Solid cylinder. Solid square. Hollow cylinders, whose interior and exterior diameters are in the proportion of 4 to 10. 6 to 10. 8 to 10. 7 to 10. 8 to 10. 1.0000 0.8750 1.2656 1.4433 1.7000 2.0864 2.7377 Specific Gravities of Fluids. Liquids. Specific gravity. Klastic Fluids. Specific gravity. Acid, nitric " sulphuric " acetic " hydrochloric Alcohol, absolute Ether, sulphuric Oil, linseed " olive " essential, of turpentine " whale " proof spirit Turpentine, liquid Vinegar Water, distilled " sea " Dead Sea Wine 1.217 1.841 1.062 1.200 .792 .715 .940 .915 .870 .92.'? .925 .991 1.080 1.000 1.026 1.240 .992 Air, atmospheric Ammnniacal gas Nitrogen Carbonic acid Carburetted hydrogen Chlorine Chloro-carbonic Hydrogen ■ O.xygen Phosphuretted hydrogen . . . Sulphuretted hydrogen. . . . . Sulphurous acid Vapor of alcohol " spirits of turpentine " sulphuric ether .... , " water Steam at 212° 1.000 .597 .972 1.524 .555 2.470 3.389 .070 1.104 .870 1.777 2.120 1.613 5.013 2.586 .623 .488 The weight of dry atmospheric air at the temperature of 32°, the barometer being at 30 inches, is l-770th of that of distilled water. The weight of a cubic foot of distilled water at the maximum density being nearly 1,000 ounces avoirdupois, the specific gravity of a solid or liquid body expresses the weight of a cubic foot, in ounces ; therefore the weight of such a body in ounces will be found by multiplying its contents in cubic feet by its specific gravity. According to Mr. Hassler's comparisons, the weight of a cubic foot of water at its maximum density, the barometer being at 30 inches, is 998.068 ounces. According to the British imperial standards, the weight of a cubic foot of water at 62°, the barometer being at 30 inches, is 997.136 ounces ; this would give for the cubic foot of water, at the maximum density, 998.224 ounces. 422 ORDNANCE MANUAL. JfyJrojneter. The hydrometer rnnnisUi of a copper hulb, in one piece, without »cain ; a $oi%d itm% of brMi, dcrpwcd into the bottom of the bulb, with « weight at iu lower •itrcn)itv ; n hrnf irirr hamlh, attached to the iipj'er i^urface of the bulb ; 1 fM>r- tt'ral iniifx-ttrm, nl«el, .071 inch diameter, inserted into the middle point of the handle ; a trriphi-pnn, with a coniral »ockct on it« under !«idc, rcit* on the upper end of the r\rm : i lilrer wiret, two attached to the handle and two t« the Rtem, their point* turned toward each other. The whole lUTtro-gildi-d. Wngkf of dif- ferent »i»ei. from llOth of a grain to 5.000 priiinH. IHrneuaioM: — Bulb, 8 inchen high, 7.5 inched diameter : 03 inch thick. Diatanoe from the bottom of the bulb to the wcij^hing-pan, 21 inchea. Wfigkt:—0( bulb, about 15.850 grainn ; of luwer itvm and ball, 30..'i30 graiof i pan, 060 grainii ; whole hjdrometer. 36,8.')0'grain*. The maximum buoyancy of the hydromcU-r ii U.600 grains, and may be reduced one-half by i>Ucing the adjunting-weightu over the ball at the bottom of the vten. This <« found convenient in weighing rmall lampleH, to avoid plating numerona waightJ on the pan. One inch of the intiTely, and are •loped to .1 inch from the point. For more full deUil* of ita conftruction, m« Reporlh of KxperimenU> on Metalu for Cannon, by Ordnance OAcTra. The instrument ii< at its lero when one of the pointu of the »et of wire* nearaat eaeh other is above, and the other below the surface of the water: when either touches the water, the load is 1-lOth of a grain too light or heavy. If either o( the two points which are more distant from the lero touch the surfaoe of the water, the load is too heavy or too light by S-lOths of a grain; if the heel of either of these parts touch llie surface, the error is 4-10lh» of a grain. The water for the hydrometer is contained in a glaas jar 25 inches deep and not less than 12 inches in diameter. The height of the water in the jar should be such that when the bottom of the hydrometer descends to the bottom of the jar the weight pan shall be one-quarU-r of an inch above the surface of the water. A thermometer divided into degrees and quarters of a degree is mspended in the water while wcij;hing samples, and the temperature is noted at each weighing. To UsK THK HrDROMETKR. — Load the pan with the grain-weights until the in- strument rests at its lero : note the weight required. Place the sample on the pan ; add weights until the hydrometer sinks to its zero ; the difference between this and the first wcijrht is the weight of the sample in the air. Place the sample on the bulb of the instrument; immerse both until the hydrometer again rests at lero ; note the weight on the pan. Subtract this weight from the weight of the sample in the air, and the difference will be equal to the weight of water displaoed by the sample. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF IRON CHAINS. 423 Divide this last weight hy the number in the tahle, page 478, corresponding to the temperature of the water at the time of weighing, and the quotient will give the corrected displacement for the temperature of fiU°. The weight of the sample in the air divided by the corrected displacement, gives the density of the sample. Rain or river water may be used instead of distilled water, if its relative density first be determined accurately and the proper correction be made. The density of the same water at different degrees of temperature may be deter- mined in like manner. The weight of water which the hydrometer displaces at any other temperature than 60°, divided by its displacement in the same water at 60°, gives the proportionate weights of water displaced by the same instrument at other temperatures. The table on page 478 docs not give the absolute density of water at different temperatures, but only the proportionate weights displaced by the same glass bulb. The varying bulk of the latter in different temperatures is not taken into account, as it compensates very nearly for the varying bulk of the metals weighed in cor- responding temperatures. Beaurnes Areotneter. BoauuiS. Specific gravity.* Beaum^. Specific gravity.* Beanm^. Specific gravity.* 46 40 36 33 31 .796 .815 .833 .848 .863 28 j .876 26 1 .889 24 1 .901 21 1 .923 19 1 .9.33 18 17 16 15 14 .942 .951 .958 .964 •970 * At the temperature of 60°. Weight and Strength of Iron Chains. Diameter of Weiglit of Diameter of Weight of iron for the 1 foot of 1 foot of Breaking- Proof- links. chain. weight. weight. linkx. chain. weight. weight. In. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. In. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. n.l875 0.325 2,240 948 ! 0.625 4.217 26,880 10,.304 0.25 0.65 4,256 1.680 0.6875 4.8.33 32,704 12,544 0.3125 0.967 6,720 2,464 0.75 5.75 38,752 15,232 0.375 1.383 9,63J 3,584 0.8125 6.667 45,696 17,696 0.4375 1.767 13,216 5,152 0.875 7.5 51,744 20,384 0.5 2.633 17,248 6,720 0.9375 9.333 58,464 23,520 0.6625 3.333 21,728 8,512 1. 10.817 65,632 26,880 424 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Weight of One Foot in length of Flat and Square Bar- Iron* WMth. Thickn«M. Weight. j Width. ThickneM. Weight. ' Width. ThirkncM. W«i(lit. In. In. u. In. In. Lbs. In. In. Um. O.SS 0.X5 0.21 1.375 0.625 2.88 S. 0.876 S.6S O.S 0.3 0.30 " 0.75 3.46 « 0.5 8.80 O.S7» 0.375 0.47 « 0.875 4.04 " 0.625 4.20 0.6 0.125 0.21 « 1. 4.62 << 0.75 5.04 « 0.1876 0.81 « 1.125 5.19 « 0.875 6.88 WUOHT. Wnmght-Iibo. CMt-Iron. Coppw. Btmi. UU. In. LiM. Lb*. Uf. LIm. U-. 0.0625 2.5.35 2.345 2.S60 2.738 .5.693 0.125 5.070 4.690 5.720 5.476 7.386 0.1875 7.605 7.(i:i5 8.580 8.214 11.079 0.25 10.140 9.380 11.440 10.952 14.772 0.3125 12.675 11.725 14.300 13.690 18.465 0.S75 15.216 14.670 17.1«0 16.428 22.158 0.4375 17.851 16.415 20.020 19.166 2J.851 0.5 20.280 18.760 22.8S0 21.904 2y.544 0.5625 22.815 21.105 25.74P 24.642 :',:<.2.17 0.625 25.350 23.450 28.600 27.380 zr,.* incbcx ) A box 12 X 11.2 X 8 inched containK i buchel. A box 8 X 8.4 X S incbcd coiitaing I peck. N. B —It will be obicrved that the pint, Tor liquid meafurc. Measures of \Vei(jht. AvuiKiirpois Wkioiit. The utandard aroirdttpoit jvmnd of the I'nitcd Slater. aJ" determined bj Mr. UaMlcr, ii" the weiichl of 27.7015 cubic inches of di«tilled water wcij;he 3.28089» feet = 39.37078 Inche*. 1 Mftrc => 0.&1317 toite. 1 Kilometre ^ 0.021383 mile. For talile for reducing metrei to inches, see page 470. Old Sylrm : I Point ^ 0.0074 Eng. inch. 1 Line — 13 poinU » 0.08884 1 Inch —12 lines — 1.06i77 1 Foot — 12 inches — 12.7892 1 Kll — 4.T in. 10 lines — 46.716 " —1.298 yd, 1 Toiiie — 6 feel — 76.735 — 2.132 " 1 Piroh (I'arii) — 18 feet. 1 Perch (ro.val) =-. 22 " 1 Lcairuc (common), 2.*) to a degree = 4,S61 yds. =« 2.76 miles. 1 League (post) — 2,000 toises ^ 4,264 yd». = 2.42 miles. 1 Fathom (iratie) ^ 6.3.946 inches, or 5i feet Eng., nearly. 1 Cable length i— 120 fathoms French = lOCJi fathoms English. 1 Pace {pa$) =— i metre «— 26.5 inches nearly. f 1 Foot (/«•») «— 12 «oll = 1.0371 fL = 12.445J inches. Ai'smiA. \ 1 Inch (to//) = 12 linie = 144 punkt = 1.0371 inch. [ 1 Mile (mriU) = 4.7141 miles. 1 Rhineland a. (Hheiu/Htt) = 12 toll = 1.0297 fi. =- 12.3564 in. 1 Inch (toll) ^ 12 linie = 144 scrupel = 10297 inch. 1 Mile (poit-meile) = 2,000 ruthe = 24.000 Rhein-fuss =—4.68045 miles. The foot is the same as the English foot. 1 Foot = 12 inches = 120 lines = 1,200 points. 1 Archine = 2S inches = 2.3333 feel = 1 fooL I Sagene = 3 archines ^ 7 feet. 1 Verst = 500 sagenes = 1,500 archines = 3,500 fL = .6629 miles. I 1 Foot = 0.91319 foot = 10.95S2S inches. 1 Vara = 3 feel = 0.91319 yard = 2.73957 feel. ■j 1 League = 24,000 feet = 4.1508 miles. 1 Common league, or 19,800 feet = 3.4245 miles. Pbobsia. Russia. Spaiv. FOREIGN MEASURES. 433 [ 1 Ft. (Turin) = 12 oncia = 144 punto = 1.123r4 ft. = 13.485 in. Sakpivia. \ 1 F" 't (Liprando) = 1.68561 ft. [ 1 Mile = 1,300 tesa ^ 1.5744 mile. Sweden I ^ ^°"* "" 0.97144 foot == 11.6573 inches. " ■ I 1 Mile = 6.6235 miles. Ti'RKEY I ^ P'c = 0.T3173 yard = 2.19519 feet. 1 1 Berri = 1.0358 mile. ( 1 Cliik mathematical = 13.125 inches = 1.093 foot. I 1 Chik commercial = 14.7625 inches = 1.2302 foot. China. j j l; = 608.608 yards = .3458 mile. I 1 To = 69.1797 miles. Havana | ^ ^""^ ^ 0.92741 foot = 11.129 inches. ■ I 1 Vara = 0.92741 yard — 2.78223 feet. j- 1 Foot = .91578 foot = 10.989 inches. Mexico. -(' 1 Vara = 0.91578 yard == 2.74735 feet = 32.9682 inches. [l League (common) = 2.594 miles. Measures of Surface. Great Britain. — The same as tho.se used in the United States. f 1 Square inch = 1.13587 .-quare inch. YnAycE.— Old Syxtem. { 1 Arpent (Paris) = 4.089 square yds. = .8449 acre. [ 1 Arpent (ordinary) = 1.0457 acre. New System. P are = 100 square metres = 119.603 square yards. I 1 hectare = 10 decares = 100 ares = 2.4711 acres. Austria. — 1 Jl)cl == 1.0318 bui-bcl = 1.25*3(5 cubic ft. torgratn. < I 1 Load s= 5 quartcra ^ 40 bu.'-liul)' =» 51.;i47 cubic fcct- ., , ( 1 Sack "— .S bunlicl* =» 3.0944 bunhcU. r or coal. < ( 1 Chaldron =— 12 nacki =» 36 bushel* =» 58. CS cubic fe«L For limher.—\ Load — 40 cubic feet. il Litre »— 1.057 quart = 61.0271 cubic imhe*. 1 ]Ic<lilrc — 10 df-ralilres = 100 litrcH =» 26.418 galioU. 1 Kilolitre — 10 hectf distilled watvr wci)jbcd in air at the temperature of 62° Fahr.; barometer, 30 incber. HorttmuHi irrifjhl.—l StOI»e =■ 14 lbs. J'ra>TE. — Old Sf/ilrm: 1 Livre =« 16 onces ■" 1.07.'iO lb. aroirdopois. I Once =» S grus *^ 1.0780 ot. avoirdupois. a Gros ="72 grains ^ 58.9548 grains Troy. II Grain —0.8188 New SgtUm : The basis of the system of weights is the weight, in vacuo, of a !litre, or a cubic decimetre, of distilled water, at the temperature uf 3V°.2 Fakc; ioV>u P^rt of this weight is a ./ram/;i»-. the multiples of which are: 1 deca- gramme = 10 grammes; I hocU>gr«mme = 100 grammes: 1 kilogramme =« 1,000 gramme.". The divisions are: 1 decigramme = j'g gramme ; 1 centigramme—" TOO gr»«n"i«-"= ^ milligramme = 750O gramme. 1 Quiuta^l ^ 100 kiUigrammcs. 1 Millier = 1.000 kilogrammes = 1 ton sea-weight (French). 1 Kilogramme = 2.204737 pounds avoirdupois. 1 Grammc-= 15.433159 grains Troy = 0.03528 01. avoirdupoia. For table for converting kilogrammes into pounds, see page 477. (I Pound = 16 unre ^^ 32 loth = 128 quent = 512 pfennigs AtJSTRiA. -i 1.234677 pound. ■[ 1 Xarch 4 centner = 20 stein == 493.87084 lbs. FOREIGN MEASURES. 435 32 loth = 12S quentchen = fl Pound = 2 mark = 16 un-c Prussia. \ 1.03118 lb. [ 1 Centner = 110 pfund = 113.44 lb?. fl Pound = 12 lana = 32 loth = 96 solotniks = 9 216 doli = j .901691 lb. Russia. -[ 1 Pood = 40 pounds. I 1 Berkowitz = 360.6764 lbs. [ 1 Pound is the weight of 25 cubic inches of water. r 1 Pound = 16 onza = 128 ochava = 256 adarmc = 768 tomine Spain. ^ = 9,216 grano = 1.016097 lb. [ 1 Ton == 20 quintal = 80 arroba = 2,000 lbs. = 2,032.2 lbs. f 1 Pound = 12 oncia = 96 ottavo = 6125 grano = .896286 lb. Sardinia. ■{ I Pound of Turin = .813332 lb. [ 1 Rubbio = 25 pounds = 20.3333 lbs. Sweden, f ^ ^°""'^ = ^^ ""t'- = 128 qwintin = 8,848 as = .937284 lb. ( 1 Skcppund (for iron) = 299.93088 lbs. Turkey.— 1 Oka = 2.828571 lbs. f 1 Pound = 16 leuug = 364 chu = 3,840 lui = .38,400 shu = I.3.333 China. .j lb. [l Shik= 4 kwan = 60 yin = 120 kan = 160 lbs. Japan.— 1 Pecul = 100 catty = 1,600 tael = 10,000 mas = 160.000 condorine = 130 lbs. Equivalents of Ounces in Decimal Fractions of a Pound. inces Pounds 1 = .0625 2 = .125 3 = .1875 4 = .25 5 = .3125 6 = .375 7 = .4375 8 = .5 9 = .5625 10 = .625 11 = .6875 12 = .75 13 = •8125 14 = .875 15 = .9375 16 == 1.0 Poundg. Ounces .1 = 1.6 .2 = .3.2 .3 = 4.8 .4 = 6.4 .5 = 8.0 .6 = 9.6 .7 = 11.2 .8 = 12.8 .9 = 14.4 1.0 = 16.0 Of 099MANCK MANUAL. Measures of Value. ronEION MONKV. — ITS MINT VALUE. (InKAT Brit- ain FltAM<-K Al'STBlA. I'lU SSIA . Kl1s^tIA . . Sardihia Spain . • SWKDKN Rom . . Mkkioo. TlBKKY Japan . HlMDOSTA Gold Sih- l()uinea^21 shillings 1 Sovcroign or Pound ^ 20 thiliinfTA ( 1 Crown ^6 shilliii>r?. j 1 KliillinK = 12 pence. Clipper . 1 I'enny „ ,, I 100 Francs Silver Coppe Gold I 20 Francis 5 Friincn 1 Sou 1 Iiii|H-riaI souvcrain ^ 1.3florin.H 20 kreut/.cr* 1 Iin|>critil ilucal = 4 florinx .'^6 kreut/.crs. . I 1 Kix-dullar = 2 flurina I 1 Crown = 2 florins 12 I krculzers Silver. ■{ 1 ZvrantiKcr=20kreut- ccm 1 Silver Gro( a bpg "" 'u to .2 - © u B rB -1- 5 = = = •- — :n :r: 'S .«:^ = ^= = £-£^^ a UJ w w eWSS SSU!cca3McZc ilils • — . — ' o"— '— ' O- OS •^ t- CO CO •« 00 o IPS o» ■* •^ -^ >rt 05 »^ >f5 C -* ift eo CO -* CC CJ -t e- OC'- (^C5C5COCC — — M -f o> o oo •« 6 03 •n o-. "• 1^ CO CO CO CC O — — CO' •!- CO' OC e^ J:~ to 0» ift •* M o o- -+ 'I'oi^^c^toJ^tocc-ttotca) cc o w 35 i-l vO 5D "O — ■ O- — OCOOC5CO-.COClMtC -f ro CO OS o CO lO lO O • X! CO 1~ CO c- — to -f 35 M CO t~ cc •« S O CC -H ti* cc — — (• to CI 1~ — "- c to c oc -r -* o t-- "fl" -" 35 e^ o C-J-*0.0— >rtOI^(M3: -t OS iO o >o -l< i- c^ >o «o CO oc c ^tOtOtOON — -fOC O 05 to to d to to CO t^ (M tC to -t -t f-i to C-. Ci CO IM t f (M C to to o M *- 00 ■^ T-H -^ at i-H »0 ^ O oc tcoootoc^cr — U-5 0C t~ -^ -f t- •<*' 00 o o -* 3 oc to o -^ -t C5 ei cc cc 3: 3= to M -t oc 0» lO — •-^ 00 to M ■^ ■*": e-j F- d I- '- r-I d Cq d e> s ■5t< to CO ■•* (M •-i35c»oc>ocot^e^cc-t (-H •« 00 ■o a> 04 o lo o i> 3- i^'0-t-foc'*e5iMr ■n d ^ -* oo -* lO N t» ^ '^ CC 1-1 ^ 3>oor:eoeo35t~50035tc 35 = CO CO 05 CO CO to e^ CO CO CO "^ ■« COcOOO^I^INOJ^tC CO CO 35 1^ (N ■o CO ira et CO 'f 35 a- »-H C0O5O»O5C0t^35CC'-^i— (M .o .n IN lO 1—i 05 06 lO hO T— ' CC C5 »^* i^ ot^^— lOoco^^01- O -)| « CO »-^ CO t^ ■o oq o ^ d --; «- c d r-: CO -H — d (m' c to ■o 1^ o ■* -* oo as »^ b- C: a- CONOtO CO — J^ .-1 C-. t^ 05 lO >0 CO lO t^ o- C0C0U-5O roi-iM e^Mt^N >ra o (N CO — 1^ C^ f^ oc tOCOiOCCOOI^CtOC t— CO iPi 35 00 T lO o CO -* -* c- c CO — — 0'*tc-}>rttccr to CO CO e« 00 ^ CC O CC CO oc S5?qOOtD31C^lt0rHO>O(NC0 1^ 00 o to to ■>:*< M 35 <= es OtOO — 1: OOCOO- o o cs to M . • • ^ ^ , --^-> ,-— • * * * , , , , • 4^ • • a 01 o " • s a ! ® a . » * s : s •- O I- B -is 4 a> « c - a -H t.j 111 3.2<2 t^ ' 2 .° .- a M © IS • B h — 4> o a M ; • o • e3 c. "- . - ^;? ; CO a: cc cQ ■< 500C )C yp: >!=^ Ph fh Pi Ph t;^ 438 ORDNANCE MANUAL. PHYSICAL DATA. Working Power of Men and Horses. Men. — K t'liiit nolilirr travels in 1 minute, in common timo, 90 stcpg = 70 yards, in quick time, 110 " = 86 " in double-quick. ]40 " = 109 " He uccu]iie8 in the ranks a front of 20 in., and a depth of 1.3 in., without the kna])- sack ; the interval between the ranks is 13 in. b men can stand in a space of 1 Square yard. Avcrnjre weight of men, 150 lb? each. A mnii IravclK, without a load, on level ground, during 8} boon a day, at the rate of '.\.7 miles an hour, or 'Mi miles a day. He can carry 111 lbs. II miles in a day. A ]>ortcr going short distances and returning unloaded, carries 135 ll>s. 7 miles a day. He can carry in a wheelbarrow 150 lbs. 10 miles a been exposed to a strong heat i« one of the beat coadactora, bat freatJy inferior in thit rt efet to iron and platinuBi. BOILIXO POINTS OF LIQUIDS. Heai. 441 THERMOMETERS. Fixed PoinU. Fahrenheit. Reaaniiir. Centi grade. .",2° 212° 0° 80° 0° lOffo y?°x9 — — + 3i For converting degrees of one scale into those of another we have- (7°X9 ■A- ?,2° = — 4 The zero of Wcdgewood's pyrometer corresponds with 1077° Fahr., and 1° Wedgewood is equal to 1.30° Fahr. Hence t'^ = 11° > 130° -f- 1077°. Note. — Tlic indications of Wcdgewood's pyrometer are no longer relied on for high temperatures. Melting Points of Solids. 3280° is the highest heat attained with an air-furnace. Platinum does not melt at this temperature. Platinum, jialladium, rhodium, lime, silcx, fine porcelain, can be melted, in small quantities, by means of strong lenses, or by the hydro-oxygen blow-pipe. Iron red hut, in daylight, 1077° Fahr.; in the dark, 752°. Wrought-iron 3,280° Cast-iron 2,786 Gold ; 2,016 Silver 1.873 Copper 2,204 Brass 1.869 Flint glass 2,377 Antimony 955.5 Zinc 775.5 Saltpetre ; 600 Lead 644 Bismuth 500 Tin 445° Lead 2, tin 1 (common solder) 475 Lead 1, tin 1 393 Lead 1, tin 2 (soft solder) 360 Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 1 272 Lead 2, tin 3, bismuth 5 212 Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 2 200 Sulphur 228 (tutta-percha softens 145 Beeswax 150 Tallow 127 Boiling Points of Liquids. ( The Barometer at 30 in.) Hydrochloric ether '. . . 52° Sulphuric ether 96 Sulphuret of carbon 118 Ammonia 140 AlcoL ol of . 825 175 Water, and essential oils 212 Water, saturated with salt 224 Nitric acid 248 Spirits of turpentine 314° Naphtha 320 Phosphorus 554 Sulphur 570 Sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1.843 620 Linseed oil 600 Whale oil 630 Mercury 662 442 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Li<)ui'li' boil at a much lower temperature in vacuo, or under dimininhed pressure of the III mo8]. here. At the altituile of about 17,500 feet above the sea, where the barometer Htiinds at 16.35 in., water boils at 180°. Expansion by Heat. Lxnrnr Espnnti;,, of S<.li(h, from S2° lo 212°. Roman Cement 0.0nU4 Marble, Pioilian 0.(mi41 Currarii O.HOllW Sandstone 0. mil 17 Slate 0.00104 (iraiiile 0.00080 flla^.-, flint ' ' Hri<-k, clock . " fire ' Marble, black Oalway (HioiU6 Oak, dry , O.OOOOrt Zinc 0.0029416 Lead (i.(i02S4S.S Tin, refined (I.002172H Silver, tine 0.00 1 mt«id At -iX-JP. t'nIU of hMil. n y»lr(i>:on pnc Carbiin iinpcrfi-i-tly burned, so as to make C O . Ciirlxm coiniili'lely )iiiri)L'<1, fo u» to make C O'. ,..,..,,, , ( fmra. « • ( to . . . Charcoal from wood " from jieat Coke, );(>od " mi Freezing Points of Liquids. Olive oil Water . . Milk . . . . Vinegar . .36< .32 .30 .28 Fahr. Spirits of turpentine 16 Strong wines 20' Sulphuric acid 1 Bran dy — 7 Mercury — .39 N itric acid — 56 Fakr. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER. 445 Strength of Ice. Ice 2 ioches thick will bear infantrj. cavalry or light guns, heavy field guns. 24-pdr. guns on sledges: weight not more than 1,000 lbs. to a square foot. Frigorijic Mixtures. Materials. Parts. The thermometer falls. Ilydroehlorate of ammonia. Nitrate of potassa M'ater Ilydroehlorate of ammonia. Water Nitrate of ammonia Water Sulphate of soda Dilute nitric acid Sulphate of soda Hydrochloric acid Snow Common salt Snow Caustic potash, crystallized Snow Sulphuric acid, dilute Snow Chloride of calcium Sulphuric acid, dilute Snow 5 5 16 5 16 1 1 .3 2 8 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ?, 10 8 From 50° to 10°. From 50° to 4°. From 50° to 4°. From 50° to .3°. From 50° to 0°. From 32° to 0°. From 30° to— 15°. From 20° to —60°. From —4° to — 67 °. From —67° to —90°. Measurement of Heights by Means of the Barometer. 1. A' =60345.51 ft. X 1 + .00102 «+<'— 64°) loc /i'[l + 0.0001 (T— T')] 1 — 0.002695 COS. 2 X. -^ X is the required difference of height, in feet, T, the temperature of the air, in degrees of Fahrenheit, ") t, the temperature of mercury V at the lower station. H, the height of mercury \ T', the temperature of the air) t', the temperature of mercury V at the upper station. H', the height of mercury ) L, the latitude of the place. 2. Neglecting the corrections for the latitude of the place and for the difference between the temperature of the air and that of the mercury in the barometers at the 44G ORDNANCE MANUAL. two station?, the difference of neight, in feet, may be expressed approximately by H X 67.0505 (T+ r -^ 836) X log. ,>,• n 3. Approrimaie Rule. — For a mean temperature of 55° the difference of height in feet is, A' = 55,000 X - , , • Add l-440th of this result for each degree which the mean tompcrnturc of the air at the two stations exceeds 55°, and deduct as much for each do^ree below 55°. Altitudes may bo determined without the aid cf a barometer by observing accu- ratoly the boiling point of water at the different stations, h, the altitude, is equal to 517 7*+ T*; or, for altitudes under 10,000 ft., A = 540 T; 7* being the differenee in degrees between the boiling points of water at the two stations. The altitude of Washington City is 50 to 90 feet; that of St. Loui», 4.-.0 feet ; of Santa Fo. 6,846 feet ; of San Antonio. 600 feet. The averoye fimnititj/ «/' icaicr which falls in rain and snow at Washington City it 41.2 inches ; at San Francisco, 23.59 inches; at ."^anta Fe, 19.83 inches. Latitude of the Washington Observatory, 38° 63' 39". 25. The mean temperature of Washington City is 36°. 05 in winter, 76°.33 in summer ; 56°. 14 for the year: of San Francisco, 50°. 86 in winter, 57°. 53 in the sumuier, and 54°.88 for the year. Declination of the Magndic Needle for 18C0. Washington City 2° 36' West. | Savannah 3° 5' New York 7 01 Albany 8 3 * Charleston 1 7 East The annual increase at Washington is 3 minutes Dip of the needle at Washington, 1801, 71° 24'. Mobile 6 8 San Diego 12 6 San Francisco 15 8 Sun-Dials. The most common dial is that in which the plane of the dial is horizontal, and the stijJf. placed in the meridian, is inclined to the plane of the dial at an angle equal to the latitude of the place. Hour-lines are drawn from the centre, or point where the style intersects the plane, to the circumference: their positions are calculated from the formula tan. ar^tan. // sin. L, in which ar = the hour-angle on the horizontal plane A =s 15", 30°, 45°, etc., the hour-angle on the equatorial plane, and L ^ the latitude of the place. To determine these lines geometrically, draw in the meridian plane from soBC point o, on the style, a line perpendicular to the style, and note the point h where it intersects the plane of the dial. Draw through this point a line, in the plane of the dial, perpendicular to the meridian plane. This will be the equatorial line. FORMULA IN MECHANICS. 447 Measure off from b, on the prolongation of the meridian, the distance b c equal to a h, and with c as a centre, describe a semicircle, and divide it into 12 equal parts, on each side of the meridian : through these points of division draw radii, and prolong them till they meet the equatorial line. Join these points of intersec- tion with the foot of the style, and these lines will mark the hours before and after 12 o'clock, M. To determine the meridian line without the ukc of astronomicul ingtruments. Take a point in the plane of the dial through which it is intended the meridian plane shall pass. With this point as a centre describe several concentric circles. Fix a straiglit pin in the centre, perpendicular to the plane of the dial, of such a length that the extremity of the shadow cast by it shall fall within the circles at 12, m. Mark the points where the extremity of the shadow passes over these circles in the forenoon, and again the same in the afternoon. The line drawn from the middle of these arcs contained between the points of passage, to the centre of the circles, will be the meridian. Or the meridian may be determined by two plumb-lines made to cover each other, and also the north star at the time of its passage across the meridian. The time given by the dial is true solar time : to reduce it to mean, or clock time, the equation of time must be added or subtracted. Equation of Time. January . February March. . . April .... May .... June .... 1 16 1 16 1 16 1 1 16 1 16 1 16 --3' 46' --10 1 --13 53 --14 23 --12 35 -- 8 49 -- 3 57 — 13 — 3 3 — 3 53 — 2 30 + 18 July { August ] September ] October | November | December i 1 + 3' 27 16 -- 5 42 1 16 t 6 -f 3 1 59 1 — 9 16 — 5 13 1 — 10 18 16 — 14 22 1 — 16 17 16 — 15 2 1 — 10 44 16 — 3 59 FORMULA IN MECHANICS. Forces acting on machines arc compared to weights, and are expressed in pounds. The velocity of a body, the space which it passes over in a second of time when it is moving with a uniform motion, or the space that it would pass over in a second of time when it has a varied motion, if its motion should become uniform at the time it is considered, is expressed in feet. Uniform Motion.— Is expressed by ^= V T. S being the space passed over, V the velocity, and T the duration of the motion. 448 ORDNANCE MANUAL. UmFOUMLY AocKLKnATET) MoTIO.N STARTINO FR<>M A StATE OF ReST. — S^ ^ I'l ft . n= 2K| .V : V|, the velocity after the first .«ceond. Umformlv Retarded Motiox. — S= V T — i T] 7^. V =^ V — I'l T : y the velocity at the moment the retarding force begins to act; V' the velocity remaining at the end of the time T. Motion of Fai,i.in 32.1 »08 feet " Washington, " " 'J 32.155 feet. Quantity of Work. — It is the product of the inteniity of a force by the dl»- tauce paii.'ied over by it« point of application in the direction of the foroe. The unit of work done corre8pond!< to the elevation of 1 pound through a height of 1 foot, and i.« called & /WER. — This force is estimated at 550 Ibi. raifed 1 f<>''i iii a iiccond, or 33,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in 1 minute. The Mass of a Bonv is expressed by the weight divided by the for' ■ i jcmvity, thus : M =^ 9 Moving Force, ahd Force of Inertia. — Me have /' M for tba fore* f I capable of communicating or taking away from the body of a macs Jt am aUaMMt of velocity i- in an element of time f. QiANTiTY of Motion. — The product of the mass of a body by the Telocity which it has at the time considered; that is, M V. Impact of Ki.astic and Inelastic Bodies. — A body of a mass M moring with a velocity ('impinges against another ^f' moving with a velocity V' in the saac line and iu the same direction. A diminution of velocity r ia deralopad in tks element of time I, at the point of contact iu tha^kat body, and an iaerMca of ▼•!- ocity r' in the second body, so that we have ,V r = M' v' : the suib of the quantity of motion is the same before and after impact. FORMULAE IN MECHANICS. 449 For unelastic bodicf, if they remain together after impact, moving with a com- Af V -i~ kf' T^ innii velocity I', wj have C= — iT ^nr •' ^^ ^^^i' meet, going in opposite diree- ,, M V— M' r tions, ( = —- .- — . For elastic bodies, the velocity of the body .V after impact is 2 V — V; that of 2 ( jV "f + M' V ) ir is 2 r — v. 2 U ^= — .„ — . If .ir were in a state of rest, its velocity 2 M V after impact would bo 2 U= ., ,_, double that which would have been com- M -l- At municated to an unelastic body under the same circumstances. Living Forck of a Bodv is the product of its mass by the sifuare of its velocity at the time considered. Principle of Living Forcbs. — 7'= J (^f V^ — 3/' V'^). 7* is the work of s force which accelerates or retards the motion of a body which is moving in its own direction. .V Vi Centrifugal Force. — F = . r is the radius described by the centre of r gravity of the mass. SiMPLK Prndulum. — The time of vibration of a simple pendulum T= ''^^| — > / being the length of the pendulum. » The relation between the times T and 7^ of vibration of simple pendulums of lengths I and /' in different jjlaccs for which the force of gravity is (f and g' is T /77 „' = ^ / - — If / be the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds, and I' the ^ \ gc length of any other simple pendulum vibrating in the time t at the same place, then I' = I t''. The length of the seconds-pendulum is in a constant ratio to the force of gravi- ty : :| = 9.8696044. Length nf a P^niidiim vibrating S'cm l.i al thf Livel of thr. Sea. in various Latitudes. At the Equator 39.027144 inches. Washington, Lat. 38° 53' 2.3" 39.10583 " New York, Lat. 40° 42' 43" 39.n2,')6 " London, Lat. 51° 31' 39.13908 " Lat. 45° 39.12696 Lat. L 39.12696 in. — 0.099816 cos. 2 L. The time of oscillation of a compound pendulum is T= * -♦ / 17—7— ■ /being the moment of inertia of the oscillating body in reference to the axis of oscillation ; d the distance of the centre of gravity of the pendulum from the a.\is. 29 450 ORDNANCE MANUAL r» T Iti-ine known, wc liavc / = , -V./'/. c The ni'pin<-nt of inertia, in reference to an axi* pMi«ing (hrou^b the centre of ;fravily nnd parallel to the' axin of ouKpcn^tion, i» /, ■■ / — il d*. Ik Revolting rKNnii.rii. — The time of revolution i« 7'o»2*\j7: * i« the projec tion of the »t«m on a verlicnl plane. For Washington. *■« -'^j inchci" ; 7" being the number of revolution* per necond. Thk Dii»(nAKOi'. or Watkb t spkr a Cosstam II>An.— Th« tbaonllral dU- charge of water through an orifice in a thin plate if V "" ^'l ' j one of tbe fol lowing coefficients, according to the height of the i>urfa4*c abore the middle of the orifice : Koct. y/ = 3.3.75 Coefficient for orifice 1 inch in diain. 0.6 4 " " 0.6 If the roHtraciion of tbe vein be not complete, if one or Bore <>f tbe side* of the orifice bo in the prolongation of the sides of the vessel, multiply the preceding cu«f- ficien(8 by .1035 when there is no contraction on ««»r side; bj 1.072 wbcn there Is none on dru ^idcs : by 1.125 wbcn the contraction ii only on "ue side. TuitolGB PlI'KS HAVING WO PlDDKX CUANGKK OF DlKKiTIO*. — V as 20.79 .._ D*y H •y/ D I — .0}<2 feet: Q= .-y..? ; D, diameter of the pipe; / ■• 'tbe slope per running foot; //, the difference of level between the two resenroirs : /.. the whole length of the pi|>e. « To find thr lizt of pipe /or a given rolitmr »/ irnter, we have (/ = il. H^: It D = 0.2956.. j !l_, with sufficient accuracy for n ■— Yaleeity not exceeding IJ feet. ' IlviiKAL'LK' Uams. — The following proportions bare been found to answer in practice: h, the height above the reservoir to which the water if to be thrown. //. the height of the reservoir above the outlet of the waste-valvc. L, the length of the ."upply-pipe from the reservoir to the wasle-Talve. V. its interior diameter. Q. the whole supply of water in cubic feet per second. •, tbe i^iiautity raised to tbe height k, k H k qh * ir=j^; /, = 2.8 77=0.14 A, -^ = w = a^ = C^ff = § •»«*'ly- MECHANICAL POWERS. 451 MECHANICAL POWERS. Conditions of Equilibrium of Simple Machines. Leveh. — The effective arm of a lever is the perpendicular distance from the ful- crum to the line of direction of -the power or weight. The power is to the weight inversely as the effective arms nf the lever: P D wd. The pressure on the fulcrum is the resultant of the power and weight. FiXEP Pulley. — The power is equal to the weight. The pressure Q on the axis is to the power or weight as the chord r of the arc enveloped by the rope iij to the radius r of the pulley: P != tr . » C Movable Pulley — The power is to the weight as the radius of the pulley is to the chord of the arc enveloped by the rojie. The tension on the fixed end of the rope is equal to the power: to r * c In a system of u movable pulleys, the power is to the weight as the product of the radii of the pulleys is to the product of the chords of the arcs enveloped by the rope : „ r r' r" . . n c r. c" . . n If the ropes be parallel, o = 2 c and P = ^* Block and Tackle. — The power is equal to the weight divided by the number of ropes attached to the lower block, or by twice the number of rising pulleys. Wheel and Axle. — The power is to the weight as the radius r, of the axle, is to the radius H, of the wheel. tc r System of Wheels and Pinions. — The power is to the weight as the product of the radii (or number of teeth) r, >•', r", etc., of the pinions is to the product of the radii (or number of teeth) R, R', R", etc., of the wheels. r r' r" .... ^=" RR'R"...: Inclined Plane. — If the direction of the power be hori/.ont.al, the power is to the weight as the height of the plane h is to its base b. P = — b PI wl The pressure on the plane, Q = —j- = -— ; I being the length of the plane. 452 ORDNANCE MANUAL. If the diroclion of the power be parallel to Ibe piano, the power is to the weight u the height of the plane to its li'n;;th. te h /' /. ,r I, The proBiuro on the plane, (j = - - = h I SfKKW. — The power, applied perpendicular to the axi», in to tbo weight a* the pitch of tbc screw a, or the diMtance between two threads, i« to the rirciimfarfOiM' dM<'ribed by the point to which the jiowcr is ujiplied. Thun. if the power be applied by nicano of a lever /. tr « 2* / WKr>OK. — The power is to the resistance, acting perpendicularly »m rock title oi the wedge, as the ihiokness of the back of the wedge is to the length of the side. Hai.anck. — The common balanrc is a simple lever, the arms of whi«li are r<|iial. If the balance be not accurate, the true weight of a body may bo found by taking the squoro root of the product of the weights which counter|>'.ise it successively in each scale. A better and more convenient method of eliminatin;; the error of ■ balance is to place the body in one scale and counterpoise it by any weight* in the oppo.'iito scale: then remove the body and replace it by known weighix until tbe equilibrium be a;;ain restored. The sum of the latter weights will be that of the body rc(iuircii. Friction. In the foregoing conditions of equilibrium of machines, no aceoani Is takwSf the resistance caused by friction, and by the stiffness of ropes, chains, etc. NuiiuTous experiment.'' on friction have been maetweeo the pressure and the friction is called the coejfirieui o/ /rtriinn. 2. The amount of friction is independent of the surface of rontact and of tbe velocity of the motion. It depends only on the pressure, tbe nature of the surfacei" in contact, aud the kind of unguent interposed. 5. In general, friction is less between bodies of different kinds than betwesa those of tbe same kind. 4. When two surfaces have been long in contact at rest, an adhesion takes plaee between them, the force of which is proportional to the ext4.-nt of the surface of OODtact, aud independent of tbe pressure. 6. When a continuous stratum of an unguent is constMitly iat«qp«a«4 between MECHANICAL POWERS. m tl.c surfaces of contact, the araonnt of friction .lepen.U on the nature of the unguent, and not on that of the surfaces. 6. With the unguents hog's lard and olive oil, the coefficient of friction is nearly the same for surfaces of wood moving on metals, wood on wood, metal on wood and met.al on metal. ' The coefficient for the unguent tallow is the same, except in the case of metal on metal, for which it appears to be less suited than the others, giving a coefficient of about 0.10. 7. The friction of axles is generally a little less than that of plane surfaces under similar circumstances. The amount of friction is here also proportional to the I>rcssurc. and independent of the velocity of the motion. Friction of Plane Surfaces, in Motion, upon Each 0th er. Surfaces ix Contact. Angle of Repose. Wood on wood, dry J40 ^^j 26i " " soaped .'.'!'.' Hi" to 2° -Metals on oak, dry 26A° to 31° " " wet... l.Si°tol4i° soaped Ijio Metals on elm, dry .*....* 1U° to 14° Ilcmp on oak, dry !!!.!! 28° " wet / jgio Leather on oak. dry I 35I ^^ jg^o Leatlier on metals, dry I oqio ti .-. '^ ^v^ wet 20° ]\ " greasy ^30 " oily I gio Metals on metals, dry "..'.!! 8*° to 1U° wet Igio Smooth surfaces occasionally greased '..'."". 4° to 4*° " continually " 30 " best results [ jao jq 0° Coefficient of Friction .25 to .2 to .5 to .24 to .2 .2 to .5.3 .;« .27 to .65 .,36 .2.3 .15 .15 to .,3 .07 to .05 .03 to .5 ,04 .6 .26 .25 .38 .2 .08 .036 4f)4 ORDNANCE MANUAL. The Quantity of Work that viay be done by Men (ind Jforse^. (From tho French Aiile-M^nioirc, 18&«.) KiMl OF WiiRK. Kain'nij Wrightt trrticaWy 1 iiiaii iroinK ii]) a f;ciitU' ii|o|ioora ladder, with- out a liiail. raitiiiiK the- ui-JKht of hin own body 1 man ruiniiiK wci^hlH with n rord and ]iull<>.v. till' Tiird riimiii); down nnlimdcd 1 man mining woj^htH witli thi- hnndH 1 mull raiMiii); wiM^htH nr carryini; thxni on Iiim liack ii|i u K<-ntlc h1<>|>c or up a hulilcr. retiirn- inu iiiiloadiMl 1 man whi-idiiiK a loud up a Rlupe of 1-12th in a wln'1'lliarrow. and returning with the (.-nipty liiirmw 1 man llirowinK earth t^i a mean hei|;ht uf 5 fm-l with u kIiovcI Af'liiin nn Miirhitif*. 1 man on the hpokcs of a wlieel or ilnini: 1. On a Icvil with the axis •_'. Toward 111.' I.oltoin oral U'^ 1 man walkinfi; and pushing or pullinf; horixon- tallv 1 man working al a crank 1 man pnllin); and pushing alternately in a vertical direction 1 hiTHc harneiwed to au ordinary carriage, going at a walk 1 liorsc liiirnesKed to a pumping engine, going at a walk 1 horiT harnesxed to a pumping vngiue, going at a trot 1 ox harnessed to a pumping engine, going at a walk 1 mule harne«8ed to a pumping engine, going at a walk Onrri/hiff LnaiU horizimtaUy. 1 man. on a level road, without a KmuI, carrying the weight of his own boS*,812,ili00 10 ;iiL,«oo.ooo 10 I 34^44.000 7 S2,«0,200 WORK DONE BY MEN AND HORSES. 455 The Quantity of Work done by Men and Horses — Continued. KlXD OF WonK. 1 man raising liis own weiglit np a stair or lad(li>r 1 man raising wciitlits with cord and pulley, cord returning unloaded 1 man lifting weights with his hands 1 man carrying weights up a ladder.weturning unloaded 1 man throwing earth with a sliovel to a height of ft.'lo feet 1 man wheeling earth in a harrow up a slope of l-l:2th. returning unloaded 1 man working at the spokes of a drum, on a level witli the axis 1 man working at the spokes of a drum, toward the hottom or at 24° 1 man pusliing or pulling horizontally (capstan or oar I 1 man turning a crank 1 man working a pump 1 man walking on a level road, unloaded 1 m.an whi'eling load in hand-cart, returning unloaded 1 mail wlieelinga load in wheelharrow. return- ing unloaded I 1 man carrying a load on his back 1 man carrying a load on his back, returning unloaded 1 horse cantering and trotting, drawing a light railway carriage 1 horse drawing cart or V)oat, walking 1 horse drawing gin or mill, walking 1 horse drawing gin or mill, trotting 1 horse drawing cart always loaded, walking... 1 horse drawing cart always loaded, trotting ... 1 horse drawing cart, going loaded, returning unloaded 1 horse carrying burden, walking 1 horse carrying burden, trotting 1 ox drawing a cart always loaded T mule drawing a cart always loaded 1 ass dr.awing a cart always loaded Weight raised, or mean effort exerted. Velority or distance per second. O o s.s-g Lbs. Feet. Ft-Ll.s. Hours. 143. 0.5 72.5 8 40. 0.75 30. 6 44, 0.55 24.2 6 143. 0.13 18.5 6 6. 1.3 7.8 10 132. 0.075 9,9 10 132. 0.5 66. 8 26.5 2.3 60.95 8 26.5 2.0 53. 8 IS. 2.5 45. 8 ! 13.2 2.5 33. 10 1 143. 6. 715. 10 224. 1,666 373. 10 132. 1.666 220. 10 90. 2.5 225. 7 140. 1.666 233. 6 30.5 14.666 447.5 4 120. 3.6 432. 8 100. 3.0 300, 8 06. 6.5 420. 4.5 1.500. 3.6 5,400. 10 750. 7,2 5,400. 45 1.500. 2,0 3.000. 10 270. 3 6 972, 10 180. 7 2 1 296, 7 1.500. 2.4 3 600. 10 750, 2.4 1.800. 10 375. 2.4 900. 10 648000 522,720 399,600 280.800 356,400 1,900 800 1.755,360 l,5i;(i.4()n i.2'.erimpnt«.) The pressure on a 42-pounder gun, at the bottom of the bore, when fired with 10 pounds (if powder and a solid shot weighing 4.3 pounds, i^ 44,J35 lbs. 8 lbs. of powder of a grain .1 inch diameter, with the same gun and shot, gave ■ pressure of 51,800 lbs. 8 lbs. of powder of a grain .4 inch diameter, with the same gun and shot, gave a pressure of .31,900 lbs. 12. fit lbs. of powder of a grain .6 inch diameter, and a solid shot, weighing 186.3 lbs., fired from iin 11-iueh gun, gave a pressure of 21..H70 lbs. ' The same weight, of ..1 inch diameter, gave a pressure of S.O.SSO lbs. The same weight, of .3 inch diameter, of different powder, gare a pressure of 65,920 lbs. Half the weight t)f powder, of the ordinary charge, with double the weight of shot, gave the same pressure as the ordinary charge. 1 lb. of powder, burned in a space equal to twice that occupied by the powder, gave a pressure of 42,500 lbs. 2 lbs., burned in the space occupied by it. gave a pressure of 133.590 lbs. 1 lb., burned in the space occupied by it, .1 inch grain, gave a pressure of 185,000 lbs. The actual pressure." are probably greater than those abov* given. MENSURATION. 46T MATHEMATICAL FORMUL.E AND DATA. Mensurdtion. Lines. Circle. — Ratio of riiriun/rrnicc to diame.tvr, flT ^; .'>. Nl J92(1.");;G y-^-- ", '] ^ nearly. Circtimj'ei'ciice of a virclt- — 2 'T r. Lciiqth of (III arc = ; ;• being the railius of the circle and n the number of ilcgrces in the iirc: or neiirly = ; c being the chorcl of the arc, and c' the i-hord of half the arc, which is = \/' i c'^ -\- versine'. LetKjth of 1 (h'ffrcc = 0.01745.3.3 ; radius being 1. Leulier for the radins of a circle, to find the side of the inscribed polygon. Solids. Pritm or cylinder. — Area of base multiplied by the height. Pijramid or c»iic. — Area of base multiplied by one-third of the height. Fnistnm of a pijrawid or rojic — J h {fl -\- f> -\- y Bit); h being the height: //and / 7>3 (/S \ b the areas of the two ends. Or, for a conic frustum. \ h X .7S54 X ( 1; D and d being the diameters of the two ends. ^ ^ FruHtum of a riyht triangulnr prism. — The base X i {H -\- H' -\- H"). Fnistidii of ((III/ riijlit priiiii. — The base multiplied by it;; distance from the centre of gravity of the section. Ci/liiidricnl scijmeut, contained between the base and an oblique plane passing through a diameter of the base; two-thirds of the height multiplied by the area of the great triangular section; or J r )i^ ; r being the radius of the base, and h the hoight. 4 * r- Sphere. — — ;- - ; or .52;J6 (/•',• r being the radius, and il the diameter. T h Spherical uri/wciit.—}, 1! It'' (3 r — h) = -^.- (3 b"^ -f /(2) ; b being the radius of the base, h the height of the segment, and /• the radius of the sphere. ^' being the radii of the bases. a Spherical scrtnr. — J )■ X the surface of the segment or /.one : or 3 * )•' h. Ellipioid. ; n being the revolving diameter, and b the axis of revolution. f, Paraboloid. — Half the area of the base multiplied by the height. Circular spindle. — * (J 5^ — 2 s y r'^ — i c-) ; « being the area of the revolving segment, and c its chord. Any xolid of rendition. — 2 'f r s ; or the area of the generating surface, multi- plied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity. Any irreijidar solid bounded by a curved surface. — Use the rule for finding the area of iin irregular plane figure, substituting sections for ordinate.s. Caslc-ynucjiuij. — 1. By. the preceding rule: It The contents of a cask =- — / {d- -\- D- -{- 4 J/-) ; / being the length, rf, I) the head and bung diameters, and .1/ a diameter midway between them — all measured in the clear, inside; --=0.1309. 24 1>1U) -NANCE MANUAL. The PMnc fonnnla tnnv l»e thuo Ktnto.l : )i I (A -\- H >+ C); I hvlng (he lenjfth. A mill // the an-iii- of tlu' lii:ul uml bun;;; n't-tionti, ami Cthaf of the Hoction inMw.-iy Itclwovn (hem. T 2. t'.iiilcnln c.f II (HJ-k. iH"iil3-= /{2 />' -f" ■'■';: "«" ' X ''»••■ """r" "f •> ■ >r li< 'J I) + .1 whom- (linint'tcr ic • Centres <>j (irncitii. I.ISES. (Similar nrr.—\i a distaiico fruin the centrf = ; r bein;: the rml, and / tlir Iciij^th nf tin- arc ARKA8. Triangle. — On a lino ilrawn from any angle to the mii«tancc from the centre ^ ; r being the chord, and ' the length of the arc. Poriiliiilir tnjmrtit. — Diiitance from the vertex := Ihree-fifthn of the abteifsa. Surface uf a rii/hl ti/iiiiiifr, one, or /rimtiim uf n cimr. — The centra of gravilj il !it the same distance from the base as that of the parallelogram, triangle, ".r tr.if)*- loid, which is a right . . '" neing the masses or solid ' 5 -f «' + li" -f- etc. contents of the bodies, and I), I)', D" the distances of their respective centres of gravity from the given plane. Arithmetical Progression . ft, the first term: d, the common difference; », the nuraher of terms; I, the »'•'> term; », the sum of u terms. I = u -\- d {n — ^)^, » = " (a + /). \ Geometrical Progression. r. the common ratio ; the rest as above. Ir — n (»»—!) ; = a )■" — 1 ; « = r — 1 r — 1 Logarithms. .r, the common logarithm of the number o ; c, the base of the hyperbolic loga- rithms ^ 2.7182818 ; x', the hyperbolic logarithm of a. rr = ]0' = e^'; ..= j' log. e ,• log. e. = 0.4342945. PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. The radius is taken ei(nal to unity. To restore it, replace such expressions as , . . , tang, a sin. a R — sin. a tang, a, sin. a, 1 — sin. a, etc., by , , , etc. .FormuLjK. (a and h are the angles.) ,' ., — . sin. n 1 sin. a == y 1 — cos.'* n ; tang a = ; sec. n = ; cos. a cos. a 4m ORDNANCE IvrANUAL. COS. a ■ 1 . , cot. a = — ; cosec. a = vcr-sin. « = 1 — cos. a ; ■in. a sin. « ■in. (a ^ 6) = flin. a cos. b J- sin. & cos. a ; COS. (o J- 6) = COS. a COS. /( ^ (iin. a sin. i/ , , ,. tang, n _L tane. i tang, (a -t *) = f-i- - - - . ^ ; 1 -f- tang, a tang. 6 tang, i « ^ sin. J fi 1 — COS. a sin. a sin. a 1 -j- COP. fi 1 — COS. a COS. i „ = ^^ -\- COS. fl Solution of Triangles. A, Jl, C, arc the .1 anfjlcs : <», ft. r. arc the .3 sides opposite thi-in r TniANOi.KS — {A being tlie rij?ht angle). (iircn. I Formulm. 1. a, li, h ^ a sin. B : c - = a cos. li: C = 90° — /?, : 6 = c tang. B : C = 90° — //. 2. 5, c, .3. a, ?), 4. h, c. COS. fl sin. li ^- ':«:=- i/(a + fc) (o — b) : c = 90° — li. tang, li ^= — : a = COS. // C = 90° — B. OBtiQi'K-ANGLED TRIANGLES. (.S*, the area of the triangle: p = — ' ' ). Given. Form\iltr. a sin. C „ , . . , rt* sin. li sin. C. 1. A It, a 2. a, b, A. 3. ft, c, .4, 4. n, ft, c. ft = a sin. /? sin. A sin. ./I 5 = i ft c sin. -I ^ sin. /? = i-^i!^ : C=180° — (,1 + /?) : r = 2 sin. A 'I sin. C sin. .4 i (J?+ C) = * (180° — .4): tang. H«— to = *^ cot. i A. b -f- c B=i{B+ C) + K{^-0). C=h{B+C)-i(B-C).c = ''l~ «iu. A l(p—b)(p-c) sin. i A =\ ~ : or tang, i A ='v/ ~ • \ be \ p(p — a) COS. i A p{p — a) S=y/ p{p — a) {p — b){p — c) BALLISTICS. 468 BALLISTICS. Motion of a Body projected vertically vpward, in Vacuo. Let ( reprosent any time of ascent, in seconds. /(, the height i ., 1 •. y at the end of the time t. r, the velocity j g, the velocity acquired by a falling body in 1 second. 1', the initial velocity of projection. H, the whole height of ascent. * T, the whole time of ascent. Then, A = r < — i .-7 r*. V = V— g t. \n. Y H=~. 7'=_. 2» 9 Motion of a Projectile in Vacuo. The trajectory of a body projected obliquely, in vacuo, is a parabola, the axis of which is vertical. Let F represent the initial velocity == v2g H. 9, the angle of projection above the horizontal plane. X, y, the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of any point m in the trajectory, from the point of departure as the original. V, the velocity of the projectile at the point m. t, the time of flight, to the same point. 0, the inclination of the tangent at that point. X, the whole horizontal range. Y, the greatest height of ascent. T, the whole time of flight, for the range A'. a, h, the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of the object aimed at. £, itsnngle of elevation, making tang. £ = — . a EqiKiiion of the trajectory. y = .1- tang 4 H C0S.2 9 ;/= T"; sin. (p — igr<2. a:=Fp'.rti"nal t<> the sines of douhle (he angles of elevation. The velo< ities are equal in the two hranohes of the trajeetory. at the same heif^ht. The least velocity is al the summit, ami is ;^ V. cos. (p: On horiy.intul ground, the angle of descent is equal to the angle of projection, and the linul M'looily is e<|ual to the initial velocity. '/'<) Jiiiil the iiiiliiil vlo'ilif, ur the utKjle of finijrrtimi, nrcettttiy fur §tiiL-inf l^ e ami < hciiif; coefflcionti" of tlic forinuU for the c r .7 ^ « rciiutance of tlie iiir, ho avif y ^ -c lang. .? ., "„, /.' : tang. « = Ung. 9 ^ ■" K* COB.* (P D: V V COS.

. I', lie has calculated the ralaea of these multijilicrs for tho different circumstances of flrinjt. and tabulated them for ready use. Thr loai of vrlocity by the resistance of the air in niiy tnmtl distance x will he expressed by "— '4-;;^,(>+7> This formula may be used in experiments with the nnHiftic Pencndul«Bi- block. Velocities of Spherical-case Shot at x Distance from the Gun. The reloeity r»tn914.4 loff n f..M."i«7573 J . 4 . (1 00772 O.(»00I033A 4.0143649 VELOCITIES OF SPHERICAL-CASE SHOT. Wl • l-l •088820S" s ■oeessss" I ■00i0o9o" 2 oiieifs- 1 •91QLIZ7: S o •S269106" i •osetisf i •ofiPigx- d o etintr S •0Q560C1- i ■096i00l' T-eeioso- O ^ -)< 4) ■* la i» ts O CI ^ ■» Of iC ^ lA ® »« 00 C^ O rP ® ic »0 (O ■* Tf Cl9St8I" *^ C9 O Ok » lO ffl ® 't "* •« t-« o moo < e 05 I- i-i -» >o < « to tc t-«^ > •stEiief ISS *• 'M C4 C4 lO «0 C4 © OC (M «£ '-i^ C30 CC 0) O t- t^ 03 ^ *« fa ** O -^ CI OC o t^ It « I- — cr. ,- o a> b- t^ cc c-: lA tn V 3 ■8ZSU0V 3) ^ ■«-' -r Cfl M ^ fO O GJ OC CO CC ^ < O a> I'-. 00 00 -* »c CD Feet. 844 897 437 591 647 •X089060- •966Z08-0 <- 0» C5 O -P .- -f a <^ ^ n CO -* <:o (C Cl O ;> » o S^ U I o B -5 44« f»RI>NANCK MANUAL Final Velocity of Descent in the Air. The v«luuit,v of a projectile (limiDi^thes frum the coiniuenccmont uf itv IligLt to a point a little bryond tbo Kummit of the trajectory; it then increases to a certaio limit. •A A ' Causaa.., final Taloctty of d«wt>nt in tmk par mo. 8Bor. 42. j at. 4S6 '4M II. 12. 0. Sanu. 1 : 10- I S- > 94- 1 ,tKa. !••»., la*. Hr- X 426 410 aao »86 M6 4 1 Penetration of Spherical PrujectiUs. The prnrlralioH uf a cannon-ball in a solid mii^s of oak timber, inrh a* the i>ide« of a ve»>el, acc-ordinf; to the French experiments at Gavre, is expressed, io inches. by the following foroiulai J..1(i« J) 2 Jl/ ■Utt 2tf f^ '\ • 1200^ V"'' 10» J The same notation being used as at page 400. The penetration in other »ul>»tances is obtained by multiplying those given by the above formula by the following cocflicieuts : 1.64 f^r compact earth, half rand and half clay. 1.U3 for sand mixed with grarrl. S.21 for fresh earth. 1.3 for elm. 1.8 for beech and white pine. 2. for poplar. 0.19 for limestone r<>ck. $ 0.41 for masonry of good <|aality. General Formula for Computing tlie Initial Velocity of a Ball. M C^ — S* — •««• A C* In which V is the initial velocity of the ball. C, the radius of the bore. B, the radius of the ball. M, the weight of the ball, with the rabot, etc., uaed in loading. ft-, the weitrht of the char;re ot' powder. INITIAL VELOCITY OF A BALL. 469 Jl, the weight of powJer (loosed which would fill the bore of the gun. L"ff. the common logarithms. 7 and ^, coefficients, depending on the nature of ordnance, and the quality of the powder used ; to be determined experimentally by means of some known velocity, and given difference of windage. A may probably, without .sensible error, be regarded a.s constant for the same quality of powder, though used in different kinds of ordnance; but the value of T should be computed from the known velocity in a case approaching nearest to that to which the formula is to be applied. In ordinary cases of windage ( W) we may consider C^ — Ji^_ 2{C—R)_ W C^"' "~ C ^ C ' According to the experiments made with the Ballistic Pendulum at Washington Arsenal, the mean values of the coefficients / and <^. for Dupont's powder, in guns of variou.s calibres (from 6-pounder to .32-pounder). are: 7= .S,500 feet; A = .•5.200 feet. The above formuls^, for the resistance of the air and for the initial velocity, are obtained from the " Traite de Ralistique. par le General Didion, I860:" a work which may be consulted for a full discussion of the theory of the motion of projec- tiles, and the deviations produced by their eccentricity ^nd other causes. 470 ORDNANCE MANUAL. -«MMoa 2 O 'O 'O — O S «S '£ to O «C M = O O «~ eC 3C o ^ 5C 'O ■-. i~ i- ■— -t c: c^ -t r-: -r -t -f •^ "fl -r "» M B «o ><) >o to «s • so tt « to o tc "^ o ''s «e to 'O "» . e-i — •— N M - s o o o o e o o o o « e^ M cc «o 1^ r- I wooocscoscco .e loeoesoAeeo rt^—e-i — c-iMMMOOc-*© «* so O ■* ■* •« • M CO ■>♦ 90 ■ «e M -rt cj r* t<.>oint^t^cctoi~ceco>nt^o>o>a« ;: 1 OQ !Hlt liH •« C-) M 1~ ■^ e o> 3c c o J X C C C = — C-l • Si r aaceoaot-oo^occoaAaa^" . o • • • ^-^ : - ;; : : ^ = - - .5 . li w. - 4* f- c tc J, — 'o ~ 3 n, ■% ^ 2. -^ ,-, — j: — ■- ^ X ? — ^ cj := j: ■ --- i. o o e> S;S5 4.i'85 6 307 .V826 5.308 4.642 • 7.4V0 !"":::; ■:;■■:":::"■ 1SR V 1 97 21 53..\3 4.'.. 71 41 71 S5. 3 ♦ti.'JH r.'i Ki imoi H.4V «U5; Alii 1 6.26.3 4.f.97 10 r.'.s s.'iT7 8.t77 4(.3»* 4.C39 C.263 5.782 5.264 4.597 1 I2-pdr ' 4 TT.S 1:::::::::. :::::::: 12-pdr. Ho1rTTt>R^ : 27 crntiin«tre« '12 4.742 infif.3 8.791 8.791 4.745 4.745 fi.419 5.937 5.419 4.753 12.788 3.31 71R0 "iiin 9j rj fi 1 If 10 Bc*t.,n .. C.lWtOSABES: .30-pHr. 24-j..1r. IS.pd. 12-p.lr. 33.87 >iM 2n i - ■.N .T7 tUo MoRTAKS : 32 rentinietreii.. Kiri.n> fiFiT>«v>+ "ei'-k 1 "m.3 "wo S7 95 9 61» BELGIUM. 7.823 6.724 6.Ri>4 5.291 4.642 7.238 6.f.38 5.755 5.221 4.57 S 1 1 3t-piir 6.R82 1 24-|)dr .1-973 IR-I.dr. 12-pJr. 5.410 4.721 121.41; 116.» 4916 117.ro 112.31 3000 3637 •Cant with a b*d-pl«te. f i"> grooves. .118 inch depth: pry-' til<-. Rifled 36 and SO pounder* are osed in the armament of ships. Ther have 2 groove tni-n in 30 feet. A rifle gun has been arraneo i fi.r siege purposes also. |,. luoda. FOREIGN ORDNANCE. 473 Foreign Ordnance — Continued. Designation. tc Diameter of o Ball. High Low j s gauge. gauge. 1 < •-> Q Brass. 1 Length. Exte- rior. Bore. Iron. Length. Exte- rior Bore. ^ BELGIVyi—Conlinved. Guns — continued : Field 12-pdr... 6-pdr... Field e-pdr... Howitzers : 27 centimetres 22 GcN howitzers: 22 '• 20 15 l.O Mortars: 29 " 20 J3 Stone mortar Grenade mortar Epronvette Guns: Howitzers : SPAIN. 24pdr. Ki-pdr. (r2-pdr. Long -l 8-pdr. ( 4-pdr. (12-pdr. Short -l 8-pdr. ( 4-pdr. Mountain 4-pdr. 9-inch. 7-inch. Mortars : 14-inch 14-inch. 12-inch. 7-inoh Eprouvette ...7-inch. PRUSSIA. 24-pdr.. long. 24-pdr.. .short. 12-prh-. In. 4.721 3.760 3.7f.O 10.787 8.780 8.780 7.030 5.972 5.972 11.473 7.930 6.165 15..355 15.355 7.620 In. 4.642 3.6S1 3.681 10.709 8.701 8.701 7.849 6.894 6.894 11.394 7.S49 6.106 In. In. In. 70.83 97.76 60.16 Guns: Field , Howitzers : Mortars : pdr f 6pdr. (12-pdr. 7-pdr. 10-pdr. 25-pdr. Hand.] 7-pdr. 5..S49 5.849 4.675 3.707 3.707 4.675 5.8.38 6.69 8.897 3.092 4.618 j 5 793 4.5781 75.28 3.620 101.30 3.626 63.70 10.6;i8 8.6.38, I 8.638 1 7.795 38.11 ; 25.43 5.846 29.72 65.71 .33.15 22.95 11.14 LbB. 1.962 1.962 1,047 In. In. Lbs. 5.846 ll.:;i5 7.795 5.06 20.08 60.a5 26.10 18.19 9.09 1.323 750 111.-! 1..323 551 77 4.573 5.752 4.460 6.639 113.; 67.1 102.. 6.532 4.415 3.6.54 2.640 1.431 2,131 1.403 690 1 1.796 744 2.288 2.806 1.908 203 193 >496 !649 !876 90.16 85.83 1,940 106..57 96.97 108.27 32.1 40.75 84 60.96 32 76 56 13 35.01 26 38.40 1.200 80 53.66 .5.416 5.21 15'/i 7.63 39 86 13.02 166 100.20 91.10 101.9' 25.87 30.47 1197 11.024 8 047 7.165 1..37r 3.330 435 .03n2..34 ,80 64.22 ,10 101.74 72 55.60 5 571 2.737 .8 2.939 968 3,426 ♦Cylindrical chambers. ^Attached to a stock. tCotjical chanxberSv JCaxt with a bed-plate 474 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Foreign Ordnance — Continued. it DiAKsnR or Ball. Bram. IftOV. Dkiionatiok. 1 Length. J iMfUk «i M High Low gauge, gauge. J X "r.- Bore. 1 < ^ Kzt«- rior. Bore. ► VMVMlK—nutaintifd. 1 1 1 MORTAU— oontiniMd; In. In. In. I Id. 1 In. LiM. In. In. LtM. 10-pdr. fi.fiW) fi.«13 6.520 20.61 16.97 303 21.64' 16 07 OXr 26-pdr. K.906 8.834 S.710I 26.29 21.661 000 TiMA 1\.«b 1.110 60-pdr. ll.lM 11.102 10.978 36.00 29.80 1,775 37.87 20.80 2.166 Stone , 15.454 11.120 1 33.001 «.77 1.663 BoMB-CANitOK : 60-pdr. 11.102 10.978 .!!!!!!!! ".".".. 111.00 i1X«M RU83IA. 1 1 1 (Irx* ■ r ft-pdr. 12-i>dr. ., .„., •"!" 3.fiO»| .' 61.18 . 74.04 S03 1.7«3 i.css. j.jpI^j 4.5601 1 .Tl>dr. rt-pdr. 12-pdr. 4.7.'»8 2.8801 .,.'.-,' 3.0091 4.610' 4.500 " ""„ 61j00' 4a.ooi at 8S.70 104.00 70.001 1.806 Sieffe mill IDO.IM) 3 4'rj 99.00 3,800 fmrrin.iii is.pdr. 5.426 h.?»*\ 5.210 \m.-u 4.K14 114.00 10AM 6.080 Hinl Ri-a- 2»-pdr. 5.'<72 5.KU) 5.7H41 119.70 6.486 IM.o) 118.00 7.000 OHUit .... .-W-pdr. fi.44;5 f..32(i 6.S37 ft T.Ml 6.2401 6.050 1 1».(i(( 136.(M( 121.16 0.080 ^ 127.70 10,600 HowiTZERn (Likorna): 1 5«-pdr. f 3-pdr. 7.6 124. HtB88 3.242 3.140 "sVioIo 1 ,; 28.8T MO '''<"" \t^r. 4.S4,3 4.S43 4.700 4.70t 4.6.50 4 (.50 _S .17.63 42..18 707 780 y 20-pdr. l'..lit2 5.9*J 5.915 rt .Vt..14 1.600 MJ« W7» Sieee Rnd gorrigon 40-pdr. 7.t588 '.675 7.476 T 63.90 S,170 88.48 U78 MoDTAas: fc . 6-pdr. 4.0«4 3.920 3.890 _► 7.00 « 1 (• SOp.lr. 0.6.50 9.570 9.490 '5 14.60 1411 18.00 1.037 20(Jipdr. 13.150 13.050 12.960 •? 18.81 a,MS 31.88 4,000 BOUB-CANNOtI: 1 t 20-pdr. 6.000 : 5.9'.t0 5.915 02.00 87jOOI SJ08 40-pdr. 7.700 7.575 7.476 ........ 110.00 llOXK) 6.000 96-pdr. 9.(K»0 8.9(10 8.S20 ' 120-pdr. 10.750 10.680 10.580 SWEDEN. Orxs : 3-pdr. 3.015 1 2.922 2.887 1 Field {,1^^- 3.786 i7ai 3.687 4.674 3.652 4.628 «t.00 81.70 flSJO 77.78 818 "' ' ** "■**"* LM* l>i-p.lr. 5.551 5.446 5..-J88 24-pdr. 6.112 5.994 5.924 1 Q».i„ (3li-pdr. 6.56C S'"P •i30-i>dr. 6..S60 6.4.'i5 0.455 4.674 6.385 6.385 4.628 74.00 70.00 3.036 1 '"*'"' ' 6.sr8 8.10 M.77 5o!62 "•"^ ■• '(24-pdr. tU12 5.994 5.9-24 ""^'. 6R..39 64.53 1.560 lloRTABS: 7-inch. S.905 8.766 8.695: ' ..»..•.. 33.:^ 29.23 1.0M Lipht 9-inch. UmIV^' Q.inch '11.254 11.114 11.021! 1 39.04 .13.30 1100 11.254 1 12.855 11.114 12.715 11.021 12.598 1 1 t,ZM \ 44 M 4.800 11-iDch. 1 * Xot ch&mbered. ORDNANCE OF THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 475 Foreign Ordnance — Continued. Dbbiqnation. Diameter op Bail. O g s 3 a High gauge. Low guage. Brass. Length. 1 1 Exte rior. Boro. Length. Exte- rior. Bore. SAXONY. QuNs: 6-pdr... 12-iKlr... New auN-HOWiTZER: 12-pdr... 7}^-pdr... AUSTRIA Guns: Mountain... -j ^ip^^" Field. 3-pdr. 6-pdr. 12-pdr. _18-pdr. 6-pdr. Siege and J 12-pdr. garrison. I 18-pdr. [ 24-pdr. 30-pdr. ( T-pdr. 1 10-pdr. Bomb-cajjnon: Howitzers : Mortars: Coehorn 6-pdr 10-pdr. 30-pdr. 30-pdr. 60-pdr. Stone mortar 60-pdr. In. 3.684 4.613 4.613 6.9S6 2.075 2.9iJ7 2.957 3.724 4.660 5..311 3.724 4.660 5.311 5.827 9.473 5.870 6.634 3.724 6.634 9.494 9.422 11.922 12.390 In. 3.573 4.502 4.502 5.864 1.981 2.849 2.849 3.594 4.524 5.173 3.594 4.524 5.173 5.691 9.350 5.755 6.512 3.594 6.512 9.350 11.763 In. In. In. 63.868 60.74 77.09 i 72.03 57.40 54.02 42.51 36.40 1.959 2.827 2.827 3.562 4.488 5.137 3.562 4.488 5.137 5.655 9.256 5.098 6.418 3.. "162: 6.4l8i 9.2.i6 9.256] 11.663; 31.37 1 .11.641 45.25 ."•.7.001 71.82 82.221 29.41 29.16 42.42 53.43 67.33 77.71 112.22 108 01 12.3..T2J ns.50 130 08, 124,78 34..')5j 3.5.71 22.47 31.70 31.68 18.91 27.77 1 22.63 28. .35 2.3.58 32.44 1 25.97 Lbs. I In. 881 721 180 296' 508 ! 842 i 1.700! 2.514 i 3.276 4.7.35 6,130 j ""5981 913 ^ "421 1.141 ! 1.294! 2,167 92.47 m.s5 117.86 98.31 34.55 10.91 38.45 Lbs. 88.90 1.566 106.61 3.445 111.76, 4.789 92.39' 8,558 31.70 1 498 32.44 2,180 Ordnance of the Navy of the United States. Designation. Diameter of bore. Charge. Weight. Powder. Shot or shell. BOAT-HOWITZERS : C4-pdr... 32-pdr... 32-pdr... 32-pdr... 32-pdr... 32-pdr... 32-pdr.... 32-pdr... 11-inch.... 10-inch.... 9-inch.... 8-inch.... 8-inch.... 24-pdr.... 12-pdr.... 12-pdr... Rifle-gun... In. 8. 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 11. 10. 5.82 4.62 4.62 3.4 124.2 167.9' 104. 97.2 90.5 75.04 70. 100.3 95.4 58.2 55.23 44.0 55.23 140.95 iis.'si' 121.08 115.69 105. 91.83 81.6 119.31 114.15 67. 63.5 51.75 63.5 Lbs. Lbs. 11,872 12. 0,832 8. 6,384 8. 5,712 7. 5.1.52 7. 4,704 6. .3.696 4.5 3,024 4. 1.5.700 15. 12,000 12.5 9.000 10. 7.056 8. 6,160 7. 1,310 2. 760 1. 430 0.625 780 Lbs. 65. 32. 32. 32. 32. 32. .32. 32. Shell. 1.30. 97. 69.75 51. 51. Shell. 17. 8.4 8.4 4Ti ORDNANCE MANUAL. Table fur Reducing Metres to Inches. Matre*. InchM. MptrM. Inches. Mstres. Inches. 1 1 Metre*. Inches. 0.00 1 O.OSO."??! I 0.061 2.007910 , 0.101 .3.976460 0.151 .V944989 2 078742 i 52 2.047281 102 4.0I6S21 152 6.984360 3 0.118112 53 2.086662 103 4.(166191 153 6.023731 4 0.157483 54 2.126023 104 4.094662 154 6.O63102 6.10247^ b 0.196854 55 2.166393 105 4.133933 165 6 0.236225 56 2.204764 I 106 4.173304 150 6.141843 7 0.275690 57 2.244136 107 4.212675 157 6.181214 8 0.31 49C6 58 2.283606 ' 108 4. 2. '.204 6 168 6.220686 9 0.36i:i:<7 59 2..322877 109 4.291410 169 6.269966 0.010 0.393708 0.060 2.362247 O.IIO 4.3307)57 0.160 6.299326 11 0.433078 61 2.401618 111 4.370168 161 6.33H697 12 0.472449 62 2.440989 112 4.409528 162 6.378068 13 0.511820 63 2.480358 113 4.44S899 163 6.4174.39 14 0.551191 64 2.519731 1 114 4.48S270 164 0.4.'>6810 16 0.690562 1 66 2.559101 116 4.627641 165 6.496180 16 0.629933 66 2.598472 116 4.667011 166 6.6:1666 1 17 0.669303 67 2.637843 117 4.606382 167 6.574922 18 0.708674 68 2.677214 118 4.616763 168 6.614293 19 0.748045 69 2.716586 119 4.686124 169 6.663664 0.020 0.787416 00.70 2.765965 1 1 0.120 4.7244tf6 0.170 6.693034 21 0.826787 71 2.795326 1 121 4.763866 171 C. 7;'. 2406 22 0.866167 72 2.834697 122 4.803236 172 6.771776 23 0.905628 1 2.874068 123 4.842607 173 0.H11147 24 0.944S'.t9 1 74 2.91.3438 124 4.881978 '< 174 6.S.S05I7 25 0.981270 1 1 75 2.952809 126 4.921349 i 175 r ■ 26 1.023611 76 2.992180 126 4.960720 1 176 27 1.063011 1 77 .3.031551 127 6.000090 ; 177 L. "- - - 28 1.102382 78 3.070922 128 6.039461 , ^7* 7.UUB001 29 1.141763 79 .3.110292 129 6.078832 1 179 7.047371 o.o.to 1.181124 : 0.080 3.149663 0.130 .5.118203 ; 0.180 7.086742 .11 1.2204'."4 SI 3.139034 131 6.167573 181 7.126113 32 1.2698()5 , 1 82 3.228406 132 6.196944 , 183 7.165484 33 1.299236 83 3.267776 133 6.236315 1 183 7.204865 34 1.338607 84 3..307146 134 6.276686 1 184 7.244225 .36 1.377978 85 3.346517 1.35 6.315057 • 1 185 7.2S3596 36 1.41 7;U8 86 3.386888 136 6..354427 186 7..<22967 37 1.4.56719 87 3.426259 . 137 5.393798 187 7.362.338 38 1.496090 88 3.464630 138 6.4.3.3109 188 7.401709 39 1.5.36461 89 3.504000 1.39 .-..472540 ! 189 7.441079 0.040 1.674S.">2 ' 0.090 3.643371 0.140 .'..511911 0.190 7.4S0450 41 1.614202 1 ; 91 3.582742 , 1 141 6.6612&1 191 7.519821 42 1.663673 92 3.622113 1 142 6.690662 ' 192 7.669192 43 1.692944 1 93 3.661483 143 6.6.;0023 , 193 7.698562 44 1.732315 94 3.700854 U4 6.669394 1 194 7.637933 45 1.7716S6 95 3.740225 146 5.708765 195 7.677304 46 I.SU066 96 3.779596 146 6.748135 196 7.716675 47 1.860427 97 3.818967 U7 6.787506 197 7.766046 48 1.889798 1 98 3.858337 i 148 6.826877 \ 198 7.796416 49 1.929169 1 99 3.897708 1 149 5.866248 199 7.K347b7 0.050 1.968640 1 . 0.100 3.937079 ; 0.150 6.905618 0.200 7.874168 TABLE FOR REDUCING GRAMMES TO GRAINS. 477 Table for Reducing Kilogrammes to Pounds. Kilog. 1 Pounds. Kilog. 1 Pounds. 1 Kilog. Ponnds. 1 1 Kilog. Pounds. 1 .2204737 31 6.8346847 61 13.4488967 91 20.0631067 2 .4409474 32 7.0551584 62 13.6693694 92 20.2835804 3 .61)14211 33 7.2756321 63 13.8898431 93 20.5040541 «4 .8818948 34 7.4961058 64 14.1103108 94 20.7245278 5 1.1023685 35 7.7165795 65 14.3307906 95 20.9450015 6 1.3228422 36 7.9370532 66 14.6512642 96 21.1654752 7 1.5433159 37 8.1575269 67 14.7717379 97 21.3859489 8 1.7637896 ,38 8.3780006 68 14.9922116 98 21.6064226 9 1.9842633 39 8.6984743 69 15.2126853 99 21.8268963 10 2.20-17370 40 8.8189480 70 15.4331590 100 22.0473700 11 2.4252107 41 9.0394217 71 15.6536327 101 22.2678437 12 2.6456844 42 9.2598954 72 15.8741064 102 22.4883174 13 2.8661581 43 9.4803691 73 16.0945801 103 22.7087911 14 3.0866318 44 9.7008428 74 16.3150538 104 22.9292648 15 3.3071055 45 9.9213165 75 16.5355276 105 23.1497385 16 3.5275792 46 10.1417902 76 16.7560012 100 23.3702122 17 3.7480529 47 10.3622639 77 16.9764749 107 23.5906859 18 3.9685266 48 10.5827376 78 17.1969486 108 23.8111596 19 4.1S90003 49 10.8032113 79 17.4174223 109 24.0316333 20 4.4094740 60 11.0236850 80 17.6378960 110 24.2621070 21 4.6299477 ! 51 11.2441587 81 17.8583697 111 24.472.5807 22 4.8504214 1 62 11.4646324 82 18.07884.34 112 24.6930514 23 5.0708951 53 11.6851061 83 18.2993171 113 24.9135281 24 6.2913688 64 11.9065798 84 18.5197908 114 26.1. '14(10 18 25 5.5118425 55 12.1260635 85 18.7402645 115 25.3544755 20 6.7323162 56 12.3465272 .86 18.9607382 ' 116 25.6749492 27 5.9527899 57 12.5670009 87 19.1812119 117 26.7954229 28 6.1732036 58 12.7874740 88 19.4016856 118 26.0158966 29 6.3937373 59 13.0079483 89 19.6221593 119 26.2363703 30 6.6142110 60 13.2284220 90 19.8426330 120 26.4568440 V Table for Reducing Grammes to Grains. Gram. Grains. 1 Gram. Grains. ! Gram. Grains. Gram. Grains. X 15.433159 14 216.064226 27 416.69.5293 ' 1 ! 40 617.326300 2 30.^m-MS f5 231.4973^5 28 4.32. 1284 52 | 41 6.32.7.59519 3 4 6. -299477 16 246.930.544 | 29 447.561611 ! 42 048.192678 4 GI.73i(530 17 262.363703 j 30 462.994770 43 G63.62.')b37 5 77.165795 IS 277.796^62 1 31 47S. 427929 44 679.0.5S996 6 92.. 59^954 19 293.230021 ' 32 493.8iil08i? : 45 094.4921.55 7 108.03.2113 20 308. 6(13 ISO 33 .509.294247 : 46 709.925314 -8 123.4f).')272 1 21 324.09(5339 34 524.727406 1 47 725.3.5S472 9 13S.')9S431 ! 22 339. 5204 9S 35 540.4()n565 1 48 740.791(332 in 154.331590 1 23 3.54.902657 36 555.593724 ! 49 756.224791 11 169.704 749 24 370. 39.58 16 37 571.02fibS3 50 771 .6'>7950 12 1S5. 197908 25 3s5. 828975 38 586.4(10042 51 787.091109 13 200.631067 1 26 401.262134 39 601 .893201 52 802.524268 478 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Weight oj Duttillfd Water, displaced by the same Glaus Bulb, at different Temperatures. TMnp«ra- Weight of LogarithniB of 1 Tempera- Weight of Logiu-ithnu of ture. water. weight. 1 ture. water. weight. 60.00 1.000000 0.0000000 {1 72.00 0.998942 1.9996401 60.26 0.999981 1.9999919 ' 72.25 0.998912 1.9995274 60.50 0.999963 1 9999S.<9 72.50 0.09S884 1. 9995169 60.75 0.999945 1.9999760 \ 72.75 0.998866 1.999.'.027 61.00 0.999927 1.9999f.si ; 73.00 0.998826 1.9994892 61.25 0.999909 1.9999603 73.25 0.998795 1.9994765 «1.50 0.999890 1.9999;".22 73.50 0.9'4^766 1.9994635 61.75 0.990871 1.9999440 ; 73.75 0.9987.H6 1.9994506 62.00 0.999853 1.9999:161 i 74.00 0.99S706 1.9994373 62.26 0.999834 1.9999280 74.25 0.99S676 1.9994241 62.50 0.999814 1.9999193 : 74.50 0.998646 1.9994113 62.76 0.999795 1.9999108 1 1 74.75 0.998616 1.99«3«79 63.00 0.999774 1.9V99020 1 75.00 0.998584 1.9993H46 63.25 0.999758 1.9998929 75.26 0.9^8663 1.999:'.7l0 63.50 0.999733 1.999SS40 76.50 0.9ys621 1.99«3574 63.75 0.999712 1 999S749 ' 76.75 0.i(98492 1.999:{446 64.00 0.999692 1.9998660 76.00 0.99S461 1.99'.»:<318 64.25 0.999672 1.9998574 76.25 0.998430 1.999.! 176 64.50 0.99!)f.51 1.999S483 76.50 0.99S.-{99 1 999.-^039 64.75 0.99llti2a 1.999.'^.■^S8 76.75 099s;t67 1.99W-.>904 65.00 0.999008 1.999S294 1 77.00 0.998337 1.9V92771 65.25 0.999586 1.9998198 77.26 0.998.300 1.9992649 66.50 0.999563 1.9998104 ' ' 77.50 0.998278 1.9992616 66.76 0.999542 l.<<998011 77.75 0.998248 1.9992362 66.00 0.999521 1.9997918 78.00 0.99S216 1.0992244 66.25 0.999499 1.9997822 78.25 0.998 184 1.9992104 66.50 0.999479 1.9997737 78.50 0.9OH152 1.9991966 66.75 0.999454 1.9997630 78.75 0.998120 1.9991826 67.00 0.999432 1.9997.i.!3 79.00 0.998080 1.999 16M 67.25 0.999409 1.99V7-j:i^ 79.25 (4.99H055 1.9991646 67.50 0.999387 1.9997338 1 79.50 998022 1.999l4«fl 67.76 0.999365 1.9997243 79.75 0.9979^9 1.9991268 68.00 0.999343 1.9997146 80.00 0.H97956 1.9991113 68.25 0.999320 1.9997047 80.25 0.997923 1.9990fT« 68.50 0.999297 1.9996945 80.50 0.997889 1.9990822 68.75 0. 99927.'] 1.9996S43 80.75 0.9^7855 1.9990673 69.00 0.999249 1.9996740 81.00 0.9^7821 1.9990626 69.25 0.999226 1.9996636 81.25 0.\»97788 1.9990383 69 50 0.999202 1.9996532 81.60 0.997764 1.99902X3 69.75 0.9991 78 1.9996477 81.76 0.997718 1.9«*9rt«?9 70.00 o.y99i.'.:; 1.9996320 82.00 0.997681 1 70.25 0.9".t9127 1.9<.t96208 82.25 0.997644 1. 70.50 0.9991 it2 1.9996098 82 60 6.997607 1 70.75 0.999(l7o 1.9995985 82.76 0.997571 1 71.00 0.9990.".tt • 1.999;)S:3 ! 83.00 0.997636 1 71.25 0.9it'.iiiLM 1.9'.t9:.779 . i 83.25 0.997600 1 71.50 0.9V-'.".': 1.999.S642 83.50 0.997466 1 71.76 0.V98969 1.9995522 83.76 6.9974Sa 1.^.-,^., POWERS. R( )OTS. — 1 KCLE8. 479 Powers. — Roots. — Circles. No. 1 Square. Cube. 1 Square Root, j Cube Root. 1 Area. Circutn. 1 1 1 1.000 i.nno 0.7854 3.1416 2 4 8 1.414 1.260 3.1416 6.2832 8 9 27 1 . 732 1.442 7.0686 9.4248 4 16 64 2.000 1.587 12.5664 12.5664 < 5 25 125 2.236 1.710 19.6.350 15.7080 6 36 216 2.449 1.817 28.2743 18.8496 7 49 343 2.646 1.913 .38.4846 21.9911 8 64 512 2.828 2.000 50.2655 25.1327 9 81 729 3.000 2.080 63.6173 28.2743 10 100 1000 3.162 j 2.154 78.5398 31.4159 11 121 1331 3.317 1 2.224 95.0332 34.5575 12 144 1728 3.464 2.289 113.0973 37.6991 13 169 2197 3.606 2.351 1,32.7323 40.8407 14 196 2744 3.742 2.410 153.9380 43.9823 15 225 3375 3.873 1 2.466 176.7146 i 47.1239 16 256 4096 4.000 1 2.520 201.0619 50.2655 17 289 4913 4.123 { 2.571 226.9801 53.4071 18 324 5832 4.243 j 2.621 254.4690 56.5487 19 361 6859 4.359 ! 2.668 283.5287 59.6903 20 400 8000 4.472 2.714 314.1593 62.8319 21 441 9261 4.583 2.759 346.3606 65.9734 22 484 10648 4.690 2.802 3S0.1327 69.1150 23 529 12167 4.796 2.844 415.4756 72.2566 24 576 13824 4.899 2.884 452.3893 75.39S2 25 625 15625 5.000 2.924 490.8739 78.5398 26 676 17576 5.099 2.962 630.9292 81.6814 27 729 19683 5.196 3.000 572.5652 84.8230 28 784 21952 5.292 3.037 615.7522 87.9646 29 841 24389 5.385 3.072 660.5199 91.1062 30 900 27000 5.477 3.107 706.8583 94.2478 31 961 29791 5.568 3.141 754.7676 97.3894 32 1024 32768 5.657 8.175 804.2477 100.5310 33 1089 35937 5.745 3.208 855.2986 103.6726 34 1156 39304 5.831 3.240 907.9203 106.8142 35 1225 42875 5.916 3.271 962.1128 109.9557 36 1296 46656 6.000 3.302 1017.8760 113.0973 37 1369 50653 6.083 3.332 1075.2101 116.2389 38 1444 54872 6.164 3.362 11.34.1149 119.3805 39 1521 59319 6.245 3.391 1194.5906 122.5221 40 1600 64000 6.325 3.420 1256.6370 125.6637 41 1681 68921 6.403 3.448 1320.2543 128.8053 42 1764 74088 6.481 3.476 1385.4424 131.9469 43 1849 79507 6.557 3.503 1452.2012 135.0885 44 19.36 85184 6.633 3.530 1520.6308 138.2301 45 2025 91125 6.708 3.557 1590.4313 141.3717 46 2116 97336 6.782 3.583 1661.9025 144.5133 47 2209 103823 6.856 3.609 1734.9445 147.6549 48 2304 110592 6.928 3.634 1809.5574 150.7964 49 2401 117649 7.000 3.659 1885.7410 153.9380 50 2500 125000 7.071 1 3.684 1963.4954 157.0796 4»U ORDNANCK MAMAL. N.. 1 Squiire. , Cuba. i8., Afm. 2042.8206 1 Cirtmm. 61 ' 2001 I.i2fi.>l 7.111 3.708 ; 160.2212 52 1 2704 1 Ndf^O-^ 7.211 3.733 2123.7166 1 168.3628 53 2809 ! M»s7 7 7.280 3.756 2206.1834 ! 166.5044 54 i 2916 lorir,. 7.348 3.780 22!in.?21(' 169.6160 66 1 3025 ir,(,:.7., 7.416 3.803 '"'..■ '1'. 66 1 3136 1 ::..■, ir, 7.483 j 3.826 .' '2 57 1 3249 18JIK.! 7.550 3.849 58 3364 m..ii2 7.016 : 3.871 6» 3481 2ti5.:7H 7.681 3.893 60 I 3600 216000 7.746 3.915 rtl 3721 226981 7.S10 3.9.36 62 j 3844 2.1s:t2S 7.S74 3.958 ., Ill ■.1.11,11.. r.' . 63 ! 39(19 2.>iMU7 7 . <( ; ; 7 3.1(79 3117.2453 iv: 64 1 4096 2(i:'iu 8.000 4.000 3216.9909 20 1 . 66 4225 274 (,j., 8.062 4.021 33 IH. 3073 2<>4.2u.id 66 435H 2^' I'.'i'i 8.124 4.041 3421.1944 207. 3 LSI 67 i 44X9 30ii7('i;i 8.1«5 4.062 68 < 4624 3144.1:' S.246 4.0S2 69 4761 32n..ii'.< 8.307 4.102 ; . . , 70 4900 34.'tii(io 8.. 307 4.121 3«'4t«.4510 219.9115 71 5041 3.. 7;' 11 8.426 4.111 :i:>.,v.\vii 223.0531 72 51»4 37;;l'i> 8.485 4.160 4071.5041 226.1947 7;* 5329 389017 8.544 4.179 41S5.3868 2»9.:!363 74 5476 40iL-.'4 8.602 4.198 ; • ■■'■ - ;■■ ' ..... ..-r, 75 6025 421 > 7.. 8.660 4.217 •I 76 5776 4;iM*7i". 8.718 4.2.16 ■ II 77 5929 4jC...;;.; 8.776 4.254 _i; 78 6084 474661! 8.8:{2 4.273 12 79 6241 49;;ii:'.it 8.888 4.291 ■ ■ '^ 80 0400 .'il2t'0it 8,y44 4.:to9 1 81 6561 5.11441 9.000 4.327 ....... -- 1 . i ..'<-> 82 6724 551368 9.055 4.344 52HI.OI73 257.6106 83 68»t9 57178" 9.110 4.362 .M!".«079 260.7.S52 84 7056 592704 9.165 4.. 380 «5 7225 6141i;5 9.220 4.397 86 739(5 6.{60;.fi 9.274 4.414 87 75(»9 6.)>.'o:t y ..'i27 4.431 88 7744 6SN7.' '.t.;;M 4.448 89 7921 704'.'(.9 1 ".•.4;)4 4.465 ; 7 »0 8100 729(»00 9.4^7 4.481 . ■ _ , ..'. 91 8281 7 j;{571 9.j;i9 4.498 - ::• 02 8464 7786!>S 9.392 4.514 1 «S 8649 8n4;'.57 9.644 4.531 1 " . 1 94 8830 830JM 9.695 4.547 6i♦.^y.77^;; 7 96 9025 857375 9.747 4.563 1 7«ih«.21R4 96 9216 8847;<6 9.798 4.579 7 97 9409 912673 9.S49 4.595 I' 8 9604 941192 9. .'•99 4.610 i .. . . ; 1 99 9MII 970299 9.950 ■ 4.626 rill. "177 00 10000 lOOOOOO 10.000 4.642 314.1593 POWERS. — ^ROOTS. CIRCLES. 481 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 101 10201 1030.301 10.050 4.657 8011.847 317.301 102 10404 1061201 10.100 4.672 8171.282 320.442 103 10609 1092727 10.149 4.688 8332.289 323.684 104 10816 1124864 10.198 4.703 8494.867 .326.726 105 11025 1157625 10.247 4.718 8659.015 329.867 106 11236 1191016 10.296 4.7.33 8824.734 333.009 107 11449 1225043 10.344 4.747 8992.024 386.160 108 11664 1259712 10.392 4.762 9160.884 339.292 109 11881 1295029 10.440 4.777 9331.316 342.434 110 12100 1331000 10.488 4.791 9503.318 345.576 111 12321 1367631 10.536 4.806 9676.891 348.717 112 12544 1404928 10.683 4.820 9852.036 351.858 113 12769 1442897 10.630 4.836 10028.749 356.000 114 12996 1481544 10.677 4.849 10207.036 358.142 116 13225 1520875 10.724 4.863 10386.891 361.283 116 13456 1560896 10.771 4.877 10668.318 364.425 117 13689 1601613 10.817 4.891 10751.315 367.566 118 13924 1643032 10.863 4.905 10936.884 370.708 119 14161 1685169 10.909 4.919 11122.023 373.849 120 14400 1728000 10.954 4.932 11309.734 376.991 121 14641 1771661 11.000 4.946 11499.015 380.133 122 14884 181584^ 11.045 4.960 11689.866 383.274 123 15129 1860867 11.091 4.973 11882.289 386.416 124 15376 1906624 11.136 4.987 12076.282 389.657 125 15625 1953125 11.180 5.000 12271.846 392.699 12(i 15876 2000376 11.225 5.013 12468.981 395.841 127 16129 2048383 11.269 5.027 12667.687 398.982 128 16384 2097152 11.314 5.040 12867.963 402.123 129 16641 2146689 11.358 6.053 13069.811 406.265 130 169(10 2197000 11.402 5.066 13273.229 408.407 131 17161 2248091 11.446 6.079 13478.218 411.549 132 17424 2299968 11.489 5.092 13684.778 414.690 133 17689 2362637 11.533 5.104 13892.908 417.832 134 17956 2406104 11.576 5.117 14102.609 420.973 135 18225 2460375 11.619 5.130 14313.882 424.115 136 18496 2515456 11.662 5.143 14526.724 427.257 137 18769 2571353 11.706 5.155 14741.138 430.398 138 19044 2628072 11.747 5.168 14956.123 433.540 139 19321 2686619 11.790 5.180 15174.678 436.681 140 19600 2744000 11.832 5.192 15393.804 439.823 141 19881 2803221 11.874 5.205 15614.501 442.965 142 20164 2863288 11.916 6.217 15836.769 446.106 143 20449 2924207 11.958 5.229 16060.607 449.248 144 20736 2985984 12.000 5.241 16286.016 452.389 145 21026 3048625 12.042 5.254 16512.996 456.631 146 21316 3112136 12.083 5.266 16741.647 458.673 147 21609 3176523 12.124 5.278 16971.669 461.814 148 21904 3241792 12.166 5.290 1 17203.361 464.956 149 22201 3307949 12.207 5.301 17436.625 468.097 150 22500 3375000 12.247 6.313 17671.459 471.239 31 482 ORDNANCE MANUAL. H No. 8qaar«. Cnb«. 8qu»reRoot. Cube Root ArM. Circnm. 151 22801 3442951 12.288 5.325 17907.864 474.380 lii2 23104 3:illb08 12.329 5.. 337 18145.839 477.522 153 23409 3r.Sl.'i77 12.369 5.348 16365.386 460.664 IfA 23716 3«ir.22G4 12.410 :>.'3V>0 ]86-'6..''.03 463.605 1 5ft 24025 3723b75 12.450 5,372 1N669.191 466,947 156 24330 37!*G416 12.490 5,383 19113.4.')0 490.088 157 24(i49 38t)95>y3 12.530 5.395 193.59.279 493.230 158 24Ufi4 3944312 12.570 5,406 19«MW.660 496.372 159 2.'i2Sl 4U\-J6'9 12.610 5,418 196.55.651 4<.»1».513 160 25ti00 40'.«6000 12.650 5.429 20106.193 502,6.55 161 25921 4173281 12.689 5,440 203.')8.306 .'KJ5.796 162 26244 42rjl528 12.728 5,451 20611.989 506.938 163 26r)69 4330747 12.767 5.463 20867.244 5|..'.080 164 2r)N96 4410944 12.806 5.474 31 1*24. 009 515,221 165 2722.^ 44<.t2125 12.S.15 5.485 21382.465 516,363 166 27556 4574296 12,664 5.496 21642.432 52 1.. 'KM 167 278H9 4657463 12.923 5. .007 21903.<.Ni9 .524,«>46 168 28224 4741f.32 12.961 5..')|8 22167.078 .527. 7^8 ltJ> 2S.V>1 4S26b09 13,000 5..V29 2V431.-.57 .530.929 170 26900 4913000 13.038 5.540 •^Jf 196.007 531,071 171 29241 5000211 13.077 5..^'>0 • ' ^-M 5:<7,2I2 172 295S4 5088448 13.115 5..')61 ,1 . .'►40.3.54 173 29929 5177717 13.153 5.572 ^J .'>43.4!«6 174 30276 5268024 13.191 5,563 ii3776.715 546.637 175 30625 5359375 13.229 5.. 593 24 052. >. 19 .'M9.779 176 30976 5451776 13.266 5.604 '20 177 31329 5545233 13.304 5. (-,15 ■h-i 178 31684 5639752 13.342 5.625 ,. .■.m3 179 32041 6735339 13.379 5.636 2.'>1(>4.943 .'»6-.'.345 180 32400 r>832000 13.416 5.646 254 46.900 >;5.487 181 32761 5929741 . 13.454 5.657 .'' ■-.'.2>« 18-2 33124 t»02&5<58 13.491 5.067 .-,10 183 334b9 6128487 13.5-28 5.677 -■ ..■■,. I.-.' •V, i.'Jll 184 33^56 6229504 13.565 5.688 20590,440 576.053 185 3422r) 6331G25 13.601 5.«98 I 2t:.6>0,-.',52 .581.195 186 34r)96 6434856 13.638 5.706 27171.635 .'>6 1.386 187 34969 6539203 13.675 5.718 27464.588 5S7.478 188 3.')344 6644»)72 13.711 5.729 • - . ,:,9 189 35721 6751269 13.748 5.339 ■■-1 190 36100 6S59000 13.784 5.749 . .03 191 36451 6967871 13.8120 5.759 j ^bbb-^.liii 600. U44 192 36b64 7077888 13.856 5.769 28952.918 603.186 193 37249 7189057 1 13.892 5.779 29-2,55.296 6f)6.327 194 37636 7301384 13.92s 5.789 1 29559.245 609.469 195 38025 7414875 13.964 5.799 29664.765 6rj.611 196 38416 7529536 14.000 5. 809 1 30171.6.56 615.752 197 3S&09 ' 7645373 14.036 5,819 . 30480.517 616.894 19S 39204 i 7762392 14.071 5.628 30790.749 i 622.035 199 39601 j 7680599 14.107 5.838 31102.553 , 6i5.;77 200 40000 1 8000000 14.142 5.848 31415.927 i 626.319 POWERS. — ROOTS. CIRCLES. 483 No. Square. 1 Cube. Square Root . Cube Root. Area. Circum. 201 40401 8120601 14.177 1 5.858 31730.871 631.460 202 40804 8242408 14.213 1 5.867 32047.386 634.602 203 41209 8365427 1 14.248 5.877 32365.473 637.743 204 41616 8489664 ! 14.283 5.8&7 32685.129 640.886 205 42025 8615125 14.318 5.896 1 33006.358 644.026 206 42436 8741816 14.3.53 5.906 33329.156 647.168 207 42S49 8869743 14.387 5.915 336.53.526 6.50.310 208 43264 8U9S912 14.422 5.925 33979.468 653.452 209 4368 1 9123329 14.457 5.934 3430().977 656.593 2]0 44100 9261000 14.491 5.944 34636.059 659.734 211 44.521 9393931 1 14.526 5.953 34966.712 662.876 212 44944 9.528128 1 14.560 5.963 35298.936 666.018 213 45369 9663.597 I 14.. 595 5.972 35632.729 669.159 214 45796 9800344 14.629 5.9S1 3.5968.096 672.300 215 46225 9938375 14.663 5.991 36305.030 67'i.442 21(D 46t).'i6 10077696 14.697 6.000 36643.536 678.584 217 470S9 10218313 14.731 6.009 36983.614 681.726 218 47521 10360232 14.765 6.018 37325.264 684.868 219 47961 10503459 14.799 6.028 37668.480 6»«.008 220 4S400 10648000 14.S32 6'. 037 38013.271 691.150 221 4SS41 10793861 14.866 6.046 383.59.632 69'4.292 222 492'34 10941048 14.900 6.055 38707.564 697.434 223 49729 11089567 14.933 6.064 39057.069 700.575 224 50176 11239424 14.967 6'. 073 39408.140 703.716 225 50625 11390625 15.000 6.082 39760.782 706.858 226 51076 11543176 15.033 6^091 40114.996 710.000 227 51529 1 J 697083 15.067 6.100 40470.782 713.141 228 51984 1 18.52352 15.100 6.109 40828.140 716.284 229 52441 12008989 15.133 6-. 1 18 411h7.065 719.424 230 52900 12167000 15.166 6.127 41.547.563 722.566 231 53361 12320391 15.199 6'. 136 4)909.631 725.707 232 53S24 12J87I68 15.232 6.145 42273.272 728.850 233 54289 12649337 15.264 6.153 42638.481 731 .991 234 54756 12812904 15.297 6.1® 43005.200 735.132 235 55225 12977875 15. .330 6.171 43373.614 738.274 236 55696 131442.56 15.362 6.180 43743.536 741.416 237 56169 13312053 15.395 6. 188 44115.029 744.557 238 56644 134s 1272 15.427 6.197 44488.092 747.698 239 57121 13651919 15.460 6.206 44862.728 750.841 240 57600 1.3S24000 13.492 6.214 45238.934 753.982 241 58081 13997521 15.524 6.223 45616.710 757.124 242 58.''>64 141 721 SS 15.. 556 6.232 45996.060 760.266: 243 59049 14348907 15.588 6.240 46376.976 763 ..407 244 59536 14526784 15.620 6.249 46759.465 766.648- 245 60025 14706125 15.«52 6.2.57 47143.525 769.690 246 60516 14886936 15.684 6.266 47529.155 772.832 247 61009 15069223 15.716 6.274 47916.3.56 775.97* 248 61504 15252992 15.748 6.283 48305.129 77:9.11.5 249 62001 15438249 15.780 6.291 4869S.47.1 782.257? 250 1 62500 15625000 15.811 6.300 49087.385 785.398 484 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Sqaare. Cabe. Sqaare Root. Cube Root, Circa Ai. 251 63001 15813251 15.S4.3 6.308 49480.870 788.540 252 m:m 16003008 15.875 0.316 49875.925 791.681 2r.3 61001) 16194277 15.906 6. .325 50272..5.50 794.823 2.')4 6».')16 16.3'57064 1.5 937 3,33 .50670.748 797.964 25.'5 enoj.'i 10.')M375 15.969 0.341 510*0.516 801.106 2r)« OriCyW 16777216 16.000 6.350 5I47I.8.''>4 804.248 'J.')7' 0(i(t49 16974.593 16.031 6.3.5S 51N74.703 807.389 'J.'>"> 6i)r)rt4 17173512 16.062 6.3()6 .5-2279.243 810.531 '2VJ G70M 1 737.3979 16.093 0.374 52685.'294 81.3.6T2 2f.O 67000 1 7576000 16.125 0..383 53(»92.9I6 816.814 2rtl 0>SI21 1 7779.5s 1 16.155 6..391 .53.')02.I09 8I9.95C 262 6S664 179^4728 16.186 6.399 5:W 12.872 823.097 20.} 6'.»I69 18191447 16.217 6.407 54.325.205 826.239 264 096H0 18.399744 10.248 6.415 .54739.110 82S1..380 26.') 70'J2.') 18609<)25 10.279 6.423 5.51. '►4. 586 832.522 266 707.'>fi 1882 1096 16.310 0.4.31 5.5.571.632 835.664 207 71289 1 90.34 16:« 16.340 0.4.39 5.5990.250 8.'fr..80ft 26^ 71^•i4 192I8!532 16.371 0.417 5641 0.4 .3»< 841.947 269 7-2361 19 1651 09 16.101 6.455 56832.196 84.5.088 270 72W00 19(»83000 16.432 6.403 57255.526 848.230 271 73441 19902511 16.462 0.471 570»0.426 851.372 272 7.VJS4 2012.3648 16.492 0.479 58106.898 8.^^.513 273 74.')29 20,346417 16..523 6.4^7 5N534.9tO 857.655 274 7.')076 20570824 16.5.53 6.495 58964.552 860.796 275 7.')6'2.'> 20796S75 16..583 6.r)03 59395.736 803.938 276 76 1 76 21024570 10.613 6.511 59824.490 8.J7.080 277 76729 21253933 16.643 0.519 60260.815 870.221 278 77284 •214849.52 16.673 0.5-27 •VX398.711 i>13J3ta 279 77841 21717639 16.703 6.534 61136.178 876.484 2S0 784 00 21952000 16.733 6.542 6157.5.216 879.646 2S1 7-'.tni 22188041 10.763 6.550 62015.824 882.788 282 79r)24 22425768 16.793 6.5.58 62458.003 885.929 2S3 80as9 22665187 16.823 6.565 02901.753 889.071 2»! 80050 22906304 16.8.52 6.573 a^34 7.074 892.212 28.5 81225 23149125 16.882 6.5b 1 63793.966 895.354 2S6 bl796 2339.36.56 10.912 6.589 •V1242.429 8»'j.495 287 8-2369 23639903 16.941 6.596 64692.461 9oi.6;n 288 82944 23887872 16.971 6.604 65144.065 904.779 289 83521 24137.569 17.000 6.611 65.597.240 907.920 290 84100 24389000 1 7.029 6.619 66051.yS6 911.062 291 84 681 24642171 17.0.59 6.627 66.Vi!s.302 914.203 292 85264 2489708S 17.088 6.634 66906.189 917.345 293 85849 251.53757 17.117 6.642 67425.647 9-20.466 294 86436 2.5412184 17.146 6.649 67886.675 923.628 2«<5 87025 25672375 17.176 6.657 68349.275 9-26.770 296 87616 2.5934336 17.205 6.664 68813.445 929.911 297 8S'209 26198073 17.234 6.672 69279.186 933.053 29S 88804 26463.592 17.263 6.079 69746.498 936.195 299 89401 26730S99 17.292 6.687 7021.5..381 9.39.a36 300 90000 27000000 17.321 6.694 70685.835 942.478 POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 485 Square. Cnbe. Sqnare Root. Cube Root Circuin. 301 90601 27270901 17.349 6.702 711.57.859 945.619 302 91204 27.543608 17.378 6.709 71631.454 94^.761 303 9l!509 27S18127 17407 6.717 72106.620 951.903 .304 92416 28094464 17.436 6.72t 72,583.356 955.044 SO.") 93025 2'-372625 17.464 6.731 73061.604 9.58.186 300 93636 28652616 17.493 6.7.39 73.541. ,542 961.327 .307 94249 28934443 1 7.-52 1 6.746 74022.991 964.469 308 94S64 29218112 17.5.50 6.7.53 74506.008 967.610 300 95481 29503629 1 7 .578 6 761 74990.602 970.7.52 310 96100 29791000 17.607 6.768 75476.764 973.S94 311 96721 30080231 17.635 6.775 75964.496 977.035 312 97.344 30371328 17.664 • 6.782 7()453.798 980.177 313 97969 30664297 17.692 6.790 70944.673 98.3.318 3M 98596 .30959144 17.720 6.797 77437.117 986.460 3t.'i 99225 312.5.5875 17.748 6.804 77931.1.33 989.602 Slfi 99856 31.5.54496 • 17.776 6.811 78426.719 992.743 317 100489 318.5.5013 1 7.804 6.818 7^923.876 995.885 31S 101124 321.57432 1 7.833 0.826 79422.604 999.020 319 101761 32161759 17.861 6.8.33 79922.902 1002.16S 320 102400 327()8000 17.889 6.840 &0424.772 100,5.310 321 103041 ,3.3076161 17.916 6.b47 80928.212 1008.451 322 1 03684 33386248 17.914 6.854 814.33.223 1011. ,593 323 104329 33698267 17.972 6.861 819.39.805 1014.734 321 104976 34012224 18.000 6.868 82447.9,58 1017.876 32.'i 105625 34328125 , 18.028 6.875 82957.681 1021.018 32fi 106276 34645976 1 8.055 6.882 83468.975 1024.1.59 327 106929 34965783 18.083 6.889 8.3981.840 1027.303 328 107.584 3.5287552 18.111 6.896 84496.276 1030.442 329 108241 3.5611289 18.1.38 6.903 85012.2^i2 1033..584 3.30 108900 35937000 18. 166 6.9)0 85529.860 1 036.726 331 109.561 36264691 18.193 6.917 . 86049.008 1059.867 3.32 110224 36.594368 18.221 6.924 86.569.727 1043.009 333 110889 36926037 18.248 G.93I 87092.016 1046.1.50 3.34 111.5.56 37259704 18.276 6.938 87615.877 1049.292 33.5 112225 37.595375 18.303 6.945 88141.309 10.52.4.34 336 11289';. 37933056 18.3.30 6.9,52 b866S.3U 1055.575 .337 113.569 38272753 18.358 6.959 69196.884 10.58.717 338 114244 38614472 18.385 6.966 S9727.02S 1061.858 339 114921 38958219 18412 6.973 90258.742 1065.000 .340 11.5600 39304000 1 8.4.39 6.980 90792.028 1068.142 341 146281 39651821 18.466 6.986 91326.8^4 1071.283 .342 116964 4 000 loss 18.493 6.993 91863.311 1074.425 343 117649 403.5.3607 18..520 7.000 92401.308 1077.566 344 1183.36 40707.584 18.547 7.007 92940.877 1080.708 34.') 1 1 9025 41063625 18.574 7.014 9.3482.016 1083.849 316 119716 41421736 ls.601 7.020 94024.726 1086.991 347 120409 41781923 18.628 7.027 94569.007 1090.132 .348 121104 42144192 18.6.55 7 0.34 95114.8.59 1093.274 349 121801 42,508549 18.682 7.041 95662.282 1096.418 350 122500 42875000 18.708 7.047 96211.275 1099.557 486 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cubo. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 351 123201 43243551 18.735 7.054 96761.84 1102.699 3r,2 123904 43614208 18.762 7.061 97313.97 1105.840 SriS 124609 43986977 18.788 7.067 97867.16 1103.982 354 125316 44361864 18.815 7.074 98422.96 1112.124 355 126025 44738875 18.841 7.081 9S979.80 1115.265 356 126736 45118016 lS.S6b 7.087 99538.22 1118.407 357 127449 45499293 18.894 7.094 100098.21 1121.548 358 12S164 45^82712 18.921 7.101 100659.37 1124.690 359 12SSS1 46268279 18.947 7.107 101222.90 1127.832 360 129'iOO 466.')6000 18.974 7.114 101787.60 1130.973 361 130321 47045881 19.000 7.120 102353.87 1134.115 362 131044 47437928 19.026 7.127 102921.72 1137.256 363 131769 47S32147 19.0.53 7.133 103491.13 1140.398 364 132496 48228544 19.079 7.140 104062.11 1143.540 365 133225 48627125 19.105 7.147 104634.67 1146.681 366 1339.')6 49027896 19.131 7.153 105208.79 1149.823 367 1346^9 494.30863 19.1.57 7.160 10.5784.49 ll.')2.964 368 135424 493360.32 19.183 7.166 106,361.76 11.56.106 369 136161 50243409 19.209 7.173 106940.60 1159.248 370 136900 506.')3000 19.235 7.179 107521.01 1162.3^9 371 1 3764 1 51064811 19.261 7.186 108102.99 11 65.. 531 372 13-53S4 5I478S48 19.287 7.192 108686.54 1168.672 373 139129 51895117 15.313 7.198 109271.66 1171.814 374 139876 5231.3624 19.. 339 7.205 109858.35 1174.956 375 140625 52734375 19.365 7.211 110446.62 1178.097 376 141376 53157376 19.391 7.218 111036.45 1181.238 377 142129 53582633 19.416 7.224 111627.86 11S4.3S0 37S 142^84 54010152 19.442 7.230 112220.83 1187.522 379 143641 54439939 19.46s 7.2.37 112815. .38 1190.663 380 144400 54872000 19.494 7.243 113411.49 1 193.805 381 1451GI 55306341 19.519 7.250 114009.28 1196.947 382 145924 55742968 19.545 7.256 114608.44 1200.088 383 1466S9 56181887 19.570 7.262 115209.27 1203.230 384 147456 56623104 19.596 7.268 115811.67 1206.372 385 148225 57066625 19.621 7.275 116415.64 1209.513 386 148996 57512456 19.647 7.281 117021.18 1212.6.54 387 149769 57960603 19.672 7.287 117628.30 1215.796 388 150544 58411072 19.698 7.294 118236.98 1218.938 389 151321 5S863869 19.723 7,. 300 llb>347.24 1222.079 390 152100 59319000 19.748 7.. 306 119459.06 1225.221 391 152881 59776471 19.774 7.312 120072.46 1228.363 392 153664 60236288 19,799 7.319 120687.42 1231.504 393 154449 6069S457 19.824 7.. 325 121303.96 1234.646 394 155236 61162984 19.849 7.331 121922.07 1237.788 395 156025 61629875 19.875 7.337 122.541.75 1240.929 396 156816 62099136 19.900 7.343 123163.00 1244.071 397 157609 62570773 19.925 7.3.50 123785.82 1247.212 398 158404 63044792 19.9.50 7.356 124410.21 1250.354 399 159201 63521199 19.975 7.362 125036.17 12.53.495 400 160000 64000000 20.000 7.368 125663.70 12.56.637 POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 487 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root, Area. Circum. 401 160801 64481201 20.025 7.374 126292.81 1259.778 402 161604 64964808 20.050 7.3S0 126923.48 1262.920 403 162409 65450827 20.075 7.386 127555.73 1266.062 404 163216 65939264 20.100 7.393 12^189.54 1269.204 405 164025 66430125 20.125 7.399 12S{524.93 1272.343 406 164836 66923416 20.149 7.405 129461.89 1275.486 407 165649 67419143 20.174 7.411 130100.42 1278.628 408 166464 67911312 20.199 7.417 130740.52 1281.770 409 167281 68417929 20.224 7.423 131382.19 1284.911 410 168100 68921000 20.248 7.429 132025.43 1288.053 411 168921 69426531 20.273 7.435 132670.24 1291.194 412 169744 69934528 20.29» 7.441 133316.62 1294.336 413 170569 70444997 20.322 7.447 1 33964.. "JS 1297.478 '414 171396 7095 1P44 20.347 7.453 134614.10 1300.620 415 172225 71473375 20.372 7.459 13.5265.20 1303.761 416 173056 71991296 20.396 7.405 13.5917.87 1306.902 417 173889 72511713 20.421 7.471 136572.10 1310.043 418 174724 73034632 20.445 7.477 137227.91 1313.186 419 175561 73560059 20.469 7.483 137b85.29 1316.327 420 176400 74088000 20.494 7.4b9 138544.24 1319.469 421 177241 74618461 20.518 7.495 139204.76 1322.610 422 1780«4 75151448 20.543 7.501 139866.85 1325.7,52 423 17S929 75686967 20.567 7.507 140530.51 1328.895 424 179776 76225024 20.591 7.513 141195.74 1332.036 425 180625 767(^5625 20.616 7.518 141862.54 1335.177 42tj 181476 77308776 20.640 7.524 142530.91 1338.318 427 182329 77854483 20.664 7.530 143200.80 1341.459 42S 1 831.S4 78402752 20.688 7.536 143872.38 1344.600 429 184041 78953589 20.712 7.542 144545.46 1347.744 430 184900 79507000 20.736 7.548 145220.12 1350.885 431 185761 • 80062991 20.761 7.554 145896.35 1.354.027 432 186624 80621568 20.785 7.560 146574.14 1357.168 433 187489 81182737 20.809 7.565 147253.51 1360.310 434 188356 81746504 20.833 7.571 147934.46 1363.4.52 435 189225 82312875 20.857 7.577 148616.97 1366.593 436 190096 82881856 20.881 7.583 149301.06 1369.736 437 190969 83453453 20.905 7.5b9 149966.71 1372.877 438 191844 84027672 20.928 7.. '594 1.50673.92 1376.019 439 192721 84604519 20.952 7.600 151362.72 1379.160 440 193600 85184000 20.976 7.606 152053.08 13»2.301 441 194481 85766121 21.000 7.612 152745.02 1385.442 442 195364 S6350S8S 21 .024 7.617 153438.53 1388.584 443 196249 86938307 21.048 7.623 154135.18 1391.726 444 197136 S752S384 21.071 7.629 154830.26 1394.668 445 198025 88121125 21.095 7.635 15552S.47 1398.009 446 198916 88716536 21.119 7.640 156228.28 1401.150 447 199809 89314623 21.142 7.646 156929.63 1404.291 448 200704 89915392 21.166 ^.652 157632.56 1407.432 449 201601 9051 8S49 21.190 7.657 1583.37.06 1410. .574 450 202500 91125000 21.213 7.663 159043.13 1413.717 488 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Clrcuin. 451 203401 91733851 21.237 7.669 159750.78 1416.858 452 201304 92345408 21.260 7.674 160459.98' 14-^^0.000 453 20rj20'j 929r.yf.77 21.284 7.680 161170.78 14-23. 140 454 20tlll(j 93576064 21.307 7.686 161883.13 U.iCi-282 455 207025 94196375 21.331 7.691 162.')97.05 14-29.425 456 20-'J3G y4blbbl6 21.354 7.697 16.33 1-^.56 14-J2.568 467 20^b49 90443993 21.378 7.703 164029.63 1435.710 458 2097(54 96071912 21.401 7.708 164748.26 1438.848 459 2IOt)«>l 96702579 21.424 7.714 16.5468.47 1441.992 460 211600 97331)000 21.448 7.719 166190.25 144.5.133 461 212521 979721^1 21.471 7.725 166913.61 1448.274 462 213444 9M) 11128 21.494 7.731 167638.52 1451.416 463 2143C9 992.')2>s4 7 21.517 7.736 168365.02 14.54.5.58 464 215296 y9s97344 21.541 7.742 169093.09 14.')7.700 465 216225 100544625 21.564 7.747 169822.72 1460.841 46G 2171.'">6 101194690 21.587 7.753 170.5.53.92 1463.982 467 218(1^9 101b47.')()3 21.610 7.758 171286.70 1467. J '23 46^ 21U024 1025032.32 21.633 7.764 172021.04 1470.264 469 2iy9f,l 1031617U9 21.656 7.769 1 727.56.96 147.3.400 470 220900 103f52;WOO 21.679 7.775 173494.45 1476.549 471 221M1 101 is:) 11 21.703 7.780 174233.51- 1 ■-'-■■ 472 222754 105l.''>4O4S 21.726 7.786 174974.14 1 473 22372y 105s2:i«il7 21.749 7.791 175716.34 1 .- 474 224(i76 1 064 y 6424 21.772 7.797 17t>460.11 14r>y.ll4 475 225()2.') 10717la75 21.794 7.802 177205.46 14y2 2.')7 476 22<)r)76 107^50176 21.817 7.808 177952.37 1 ; ■' 477 227.')29 10S531333 21.840 7.813 178700.86 1 47b 22s4b4 1 09-.il. 5352 21.863 7.819 179450.91 1 — '. - 479 229441 109902239 21.886 7.824 180202.54 1.5i)4.8'23 480 230400 110.')92000 21.909 7.830 18095.5.74 1.507.964 481 2313til lH2s4fi41 21.932 7.835 181710.51 1511.106 482 232324 IIIOSOIGS 21.954 7.841 182466.84 1514.248 483 2332^9 1 12i)7s.5S7 21.y77 7.846 1832-24.75 1517.3HS 484 234251) 113379904 22.000 7.851 183984.24 1.5-20.53-2 485 23.'J225 1140&4I25 22.023 7.857 184745.28 l.'.23.r,7-2 486 236196 114791256 22.045 7.862 185.507.90 1 4S7 237169 n5.'')01303 22.06S 7.8«j8 186272.09 488 23S144 116214272 22.091 7.873 187037.86 489 239121 )lf.y30169 22.113 7.878 18780.5.20 490 240100 117649000 22.136 7.884 188574.10 1 --■ - 491 2410S1 1 18370771 22.159 7.S89 189344..VS l^■^.i^•^^ 492 242064 1 1909.54S8 1 22.181 7.894 190116.62 1.545.664 493 243049 119>>23157 1 22.204 7.900 190890 24 1.548.802 494 244036 120.3.53784 1 22.226 7.905 191665.42 l.''.51.94t) 495 24.5025 1212^7375 ' 22.249 7.910 192442.18 1.55.5.088 496 246016 12202.3936 i 22.271 7.916 193220.51 1558.2.30 497 247009 122763473 1 22.293 7.9il 19399S.62 1.5ril..372 498 248004 123505992 1 22.316 7.926 194781i<8 1564.514 499 249001 124251499 , 22.33S 7.932 195564.92 1.567.6-55 500 250000 125000000 1 22.361 1 7.937 196349.54 1570.79«i POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 489 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Clrcum. 501 251001 12.')751501 22.383 7.942 197135.72 1573.938 502 252004 126506008 22.405 7.948 197923.48 1577.080 503 253009 127263527 22.428 7.953 19>S712.81 1.580.221 504 254016 128024064 22.4.50 7.9.'')8 199.')().3.70 1583.362 505 255025 128787625 22.472 7.963 200290.17 1586.504 506 256036 1295542)6 22.494 7.909 201090.20 1589.646 507 257049 130323843 22.517 7.974 201885.81 1592.787 508 258064 131096512 22.539 7.979 202082.99 1595.928 509 259081 131872229 22.561 7.9>(4 203480.96 1599.070 510 260100 132651000 22.583 7.990 204282.00 1602.212 511 261121 133432831 22.605 7.995 205083.95 1605.354 512 262144 134217728 22.627 8.000 205887.42 1608.496 513 263109 135005697 22.650 8.005 206692.46 1611.6.37 514 264196 135796744 22.072 8.010 207499.05 1614.778 515 265225 136590875 22.694 8.016 208307.23 1617.920 510 266256 137388096 22.716 8.021 209116.97 1621.062 517 267289 13S188413 22.738 8.026 209928.29 1624.203 518 26S324 138991832 22.700 8.031 210741.18 1627.344 519 269361 139798359 22.782 8.036 211555.64 1030.488 520 270400 140608000 22.804 8.041 212371.66 1633.628 521 271441 141420761 22.825 8.047 213189.26 1636.770 522 272484 142230648 22.847 8.052 214008.44 1639.912 523 273529 1430.05667 22.869 8.057 214829.18 1643.053 524 274576 143877824 22.891 8.062 215651.49 1610.194 525 275625 144703125 22.913 8.067 216475.37 1649.336 526 276676 14.531.5.576 22.935 8.072 217300.82 1052.478 527 277729 1463831 S3 22.956 8.077 218127.85 165.5.619 528 278784 147197952 22.978 8.082 2189.56,44 16.58.700 529 279841 148035889 23.000 8.088 2197S6.61 1661.902 530 280900 148877000 23.022 8.093 220618.34 1005.044 531 281961 149721291 23.043 8.098 221451.65 1668.186 532 283024 150568768 23.065 8.103 222280.53 1671.328 533 2S4089 151419437 23.087 8.10fs 223122.98 1674.469 534 285156 152273304 23.108 8.113 223901.00 1677.610 535 286225 153130375 2.1.130 8.118 224800.59 1680.7.52 536 287296 153990656 23.152 S.123 22.5041.75 1683.894 537 288369 1548541.53 23.173 8.128 226484.48 1687.0,35 53S 2»9444 155720872 23.195 8.133 227328.78 1090.176 539 290521 156.590819 23.216 8.1.38 228i74.()6 1093.318 540 291600 157464000 23.23S 8.143 229022.10 1096.400 541 292681 158340421 23.259 8.148 229870.33 1699.602 542 293764 159220088 23.281 8.153 230721.70 1702.744 543 294849 160103007 23.302 8.158 231573.86 170.5.8S4 544 295936 160989184 23.324 8.163 2.324 27..59 1709.026 545 297025 16187S625 23.345 8.168 233282.89 1712.168 646 298116 1627713.36 23.367 8.173 2341.39.76 1715.310 547 299209 163667323 23.388 8.178 234998.20 1718.451 543 300304 lf)4 566592 23.409 8.183 2358.58.21 1721.592 549 301401 165469149 23.431 8.188 230719.79 1724.733 550 302500 16637.5000 23.4.52 8.193 237582.94 1727.876 32 490 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Clreum. 551 303601 167284151 23.473 8.198 238447.67 1731.018 552 .304704 108196608 23.495 8.203 239297.96 1734.160 553 .•!05H09 169112377 23.516 8.208 240165.83 1737.. 301 554 3()f)<.M6 170031464 2.8.537 8.213 241043.26 1740.442 555 ;!08025 170963875 23.568 8.218 241922.27 1743.584 556 309 130 171879616 23.680 8.223 242794.84 1746.726 557 310249 172S0S693 23.601 8.228 243668.99 1749.867 55S 311364 173741112 23.622 8.2.33 244544.71 1762.968 559 312481 174670879 23.643 8.238 246442.00 1766.110 560 313600 175616000 23.664 8.243 246;!00.S6 1759.292 561 314721 170668481 23.686 8.248 247181.29 1762.434 562 316M4 177604328 23.707 8.253 248063.30 1766.676 563 316969 178463547 23.728 8.268 24S946.87 176S.717 564 318096 179406144 23.749 8.262 2498.12.01 1771.858 565 319225 180362125 23.770 .S.267 25(1 7 IS. 73 1776.000 566 320356 181321496 23.791 8.272 251607.01 1778.142 567 321489 182284263 23.812 S.277 262496.87 1781.283 568 322624 183260432 23.833 8.282 263.388.30 1784.424 569 323761 184220009 23.864 8.286 264281.30 1787.666 570 324900 185193000 23.876 8.291 256176.86 1790.708 571 326041 180169411 23.896 8.296 256072.00 1793. S49 572 3271 S4 18714924S 23.917 8.301 260969.71 1790.990 573 328329 188132517 23.937 8.. 306 267.S6S.99 1H0(I.132 574 329476 189119224 23.958 8.311 25S769.84 1803.274 575 330625 190109375 23.979 8.316 269672.27 1806.416 576 331770 191102976 24.0P0 8.320 200676.26 1809.568 577 332929 192100033 24.021 8.325 261 4S 1.83 1 SI 2. 099 578 334084 193100662 24.042 8.330 20238S.96 1815.840 579 336241 194104639 24.002 8.. 335 263297.66 181S.981 580 336400 196112000 24.083 8.340 204207.94 1822.124 581 337561 196122941 24.104 8.344 265119.79 1826.205 582 83S724 197137368 24.125 8.349 266033.21 1826.406 683 339889 lysi 55287 24.145 8.354 26694S.20 1831.64S 584 34105C 199176704 24.100 8.359 207S64.76 1834. c.yo 585 342226 200201625 24.187 8.363 208782.89 1837. s:i2 586 343396 201230056 24.207 8.368 269702.59 184(1.9.33 587 344669 202262003 24.228 8.373 270623.87 1844.074 588 346744 203297472 24.249 8.378 271546.70 1847.266 589 346921 204336409 24.269 8.3S2 272470.33 1850.. 398 590 348100 206379000 24.290 8.387 273397.10 1863.540 591 349281 206426071 24.310 8.392 274324.65 1856.682 592 360464 207474688 24.331 8.397 275253.78 1859.823 593 361649 20S527867 24.. 352 8.401 276184.48 1862.964 594 362836 209684684 24.372 8.406 277110.74 1666.106 595 354025 210644875 24.393 8.411 278050.68 1869.248 596 356216 21170S736 24.413 8.416 278985.99 1872.390 597 356409 212776173 24.434 8.420 279922.98 1876.631 598 367604 213847192 24.464 8.426 28(1861.62 1878.672 699 368801 214921799 24.474 8.4.30 281801.04 1881.814 600 360000 210000000 24.495 8.434 282743.34 1884. 9&« POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 491 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 601 361201 217081801 24.515 8.439 283686.61 1888.097 602 362404 218167208 24.536 8.444 284631.44 1891.238 603 363609 219256227 24.556 8.448 285577.84 1894.380 604 364816 220348864 24.576 8.453 286525.82 1897.522 605 366025 221445125 24.597 8.458 287475.36 1900.664 606 367236 222545016 24.617 8.462 288426.48 1903.806 607 368449 223648543 24.637 8.467 289379.17 1906.947 608 S69664 224755712 24.658 8.472 290333.42 1910.088 609 370881 225866529 24.678 8.476 . 291289.26 1913.229 610 372100 226981000 24.698 8.481 292246.66 1916.372 611 373.321 228099131 24.718 8.486 293205.63 1919.513 612 374544 229220928 24.739 8.490 294166.17 1922.664 613 375769 230346397 24.759 8.495 295129.86 1925.796 614 376996 231475544 24.779 8.499 296091.96 1928.9.38 615 378225 232608375 24.799 8.504 297057.22 1932.079 616 379456 233744896 24.819 8.509 298024.05 1936.221 617 380689 234885113 24.839 8.513 298992.45 1938.362 618 381924 2360290.32 24.860 8.518 299962.40 1941.504 619 383161 237176659 24.880 8.522 300933.94 1944.645 620 384400 238328000 24.900 8.527 301907.05 1947.787 621 385641 239483061 24.920 8.5.32 .302881.73 1950.928 622 386884 240641848 24.940 8.5.36 303857.98 1954.070 623 388129 241804367 24.960 8.541 304837.16 1957.211 624 389376 242970624 24.980 8.545 305815.19 1960.353 625 390625 244140625 25.000 • 8.550 306796.16 1963.495 626 391876 245314376 25.020 8.554 307778.69 1966.636 627 893129 246491883 25.040 8.559 308762.79 1969.778 628 394384 247673152 25.060 8.564' 309748.47 1972.919 629 395641 248858189 25.080 8.568 310735.72 1976.061 630 396900 250047000 25.100 8.573 311724.53 1979.203 631 398161 2512.39591 25.120 8.577 312714.92 1982.344 632 399424 252435968 25.140 8.582 313706.87 1985.486 633 400689 253636137 25.160 8.586 314700.41 1988.628 634 401956 254840104 25.180 8.591 315695.50 1991.769 635 403225 256047875 25.200 8.695 316692.17 1994.911 636 404496 257259456 25.220 8.600 317690.42 1998.052 637 405769 258474853 25.239 8.604 318690.24 2001.194 638 407044 259694072 25.259 8.609 319691.61 2004.335 639 408321 260917119 25.278 8.613 320694.56 2007.477 640 409600 262144000 25.298 8.618 321699.09 2010.619 641 410881 263374721 25.318 8.622 322705.19 2013.760 642 412164 264609288 25.. 33 8 8.627 323712.85 2016.902 643 413449 265847707 25.357 8.631 324720.52 2020.043 644 414736 267089984 25.377 8.636 325732.89 2023.185 645 416025 268336125 25.397 8.640 326745.27 2026.327 646 417316 2695861.36 25.417 8.645 327759.22 2029.468 647 418609 270840023 25.436 8.649 328774.74 2032.610 648 419904 272097792 25.456 8.663 329791.82 2035.751 649 421201 273359449 25.475 8.658 330810.48 2038.893 650 422500 274625000 26.495 8.662 331830.72 2042.035 492 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. Sqnare. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Cironm. 661 423801 276894451 26.515 8.667 332852.6.1 2045.177 062 426104 277167808 25.634 8.671 333875.90 2048.318 653 426409 278445077 26.564 8.676 334900.85 2051.460 664 427716 279726264 25.573 8.680 335927.38 2054.602 666 429026 281011375 26.593 8.686 336955.45 2057.743 666 4303.?6 282300416 25.612 8.689 337985.10 2060.889 667 431649 283593393 25.632 8.693 339016.32 2064.026 668 4.S2964 284H90312 25.652 8.698 340019.13 2067.167 669 4342R1 286191179 25.671 «.702 3410S3.60 2070.309 660 436600 287496000 25.690 8.707 342119.44 2073,451 661 436921 288K04781 25.710 8.711 343150.96 2076.592 662 438244 290117528 26.720 8.715 344196.03 2079.734 663 439669 291434247 26.749 8.720 3452.<6.69 2082.876 664 440896 292764944 25.768 8.724 34627S.91 2086.017 666 442225 294079625 26.788 8.729 847322.70 20H9.I59 666 443666 296408296 25.807 8.733 84836S.08 2092.300 667 444889 296740963 25.826 8.737 349415.02 2096.442 668 446224 298077632 26.846 8.742 350463.51 2098.58S 669 447661 299418309 25.865 8.746 351513.62 2101.725 670 448900 300763000 25.884 8.750 352505.24 2104.867 671 460241 302111711 25.904 8.765 353618.46 2108.008 672 461684 303464448 25.923 8.759 364673.26 2111. IM 2114.291 673 462929 304821217 25.942 8.763 355729.62 674 464276 306182024 25.962 8.768 3567N7.54 2117.4.33 676 455625 307546876 25.9S1 .H.772 357H47.04 2120.575 676 456976 308915776 26.000 8.776 35S908.11 2 12.x 7 16 677 458329 310288733 26.019 8.781 359970.76 2126.858 678 4596S4 311665752 26.038 8.786 3610.V4.96 2130.000 679 461041 313046839 26.058 «.789 362100.76 213:M41 680 462400 314432000 26.077 8.794 36316«.ll 21 .',6.283 681 463761 315821241 26.096 8.798 304 2.! 7.04 2139.425 682 465124 317214568 26.116 8.802 305307.54 2142.566 683 466489 318611987 26.134 8.807 3603H4.66 2145.708 684 467856 320013504 26.153 8.311 367453.18 2148.849 686 469226 321419125 26.173 8.816 368.S28.46 2151.991 68C 470596 322858856 26.192 8.819 369605.23 2155.133 687 471969 324242703 26.211 8.824 3706S3.59 215.S.274 688 473344 325600672 26.230 8.828 3717C3.50 2161.416 689 474721 327082769 26.249 8.832 372845.00 2164.557 690 470100 328509000 26.268 8.837 37.3928.07 2167.699 ««1 477481 329939371 26.287 8,841 375012.71 2170.840 •92 478864 331373888 26.306 8.845 37609.'<.91 2173.982 «93 480249 332812557 26.326 8.849 3771S6.68 2177.124 694 481636 334255384 26.344 8.854 378276.03 2180.265 696 483025 335702375 26.363 8.858 379366.96 2183.407 696 4S4416 3371535.36 26.382 8.862 3s(i459.44 21 86.548 697 4S5809 33SC08873 26.401 8.866 2S 1553.60 2189.090 69S 487204 340068392 26.420 8.871 3S2649.13 2192.832 699 488601 341532099 26.439 8.875 383746.33 2196.973 700 490000 343000000 26.458 8.879 384845.10 2199.115 POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES. 493 No. Square. Cube. Square Root Cube Root Area. Circum. 701 491401 .S44472101 26.476 8.883 385945.46 2202.256 702 492804 345948008 26.495 8.887 387047.34 2205.398 703 494209 347428927 26.514 8.892 388150.83 2208.539 704 495616 348913664 26.532 8.896 389255.89 2211.681 705 497025 360402625 26.552 8.900 390362.62 2214.823 706 498436 351895816 26.671 8.904 391470.72 2217.964 707 499849 353393243 26.689 8.909 392580.49 2221.106 708 501264 354894912 26.608 8.913 393691.82 2224.248 709 502681 356400829 26.627 8.917 394804.73 2227.389 710 504100 357911000 26.646 8.921 39.5919.21 2230.531 711 505521 359425431 26.665 8.925 397035.26 2233.672 712 506944 360944128 26.6*3 8.929 398152.88 2236.814 713 508369 362467097 26.702 8.934 399272.07 2239.956 714 609796 363994344 26.721 8.938 400392.83 2243.097 715 511225 365525875 26.739 8.942 401515.18 2246.239 716 512656 367061696 26.758 8.946 402639.09 2249.380 717 514089 368601813 26.777 8.950 403764.55 2252.622 718 515524 370146232 26.796 8.956 404891.60 2255.664 719 516961 371694959 26.814 8.959 406020.22 2258.805 720 518400 373248000 26.8.33 8.963 407150.41 2261.947 721 519841 374805361 26.851 8.967 408282.17 2265.088 722 521284 376367048 26.870 8.971 409415.60 2268.230 723 522729 377933067 26.889 8.976 410550.39 2271.371 724 624176 379503424 26.907 8.979 411686.86 2274.513 725 525625 381078125 26.926 8.984 412824.91 2277.665 726 527076 382657176 26.944 8.988 413964.54 2280.796 727 528529 384240683 26.963 8.992 415105.72 2283.938 728 529984 385828352 26.981 8.996 416248.46 2287.079 729 631441 387420489 27.000 9.000 417392.78 2290.221 730 532900 389017000 27.019 9.004 418538.68 2293.363 731 5343(;i 390617891 27.037 9.008 419684.58 2296.504 732 635824 392223168 27.055 9.012 420835.18 2299.646 733 637289 393832837 27.074 9.016 421985.79 2302.787 734 538756 395446904 27.092 9.021 423137.97 2305.829 736 540225 397065375 27.111 9.025 424291.72 2309.071 736 541696 3986S8256 27.129 9.029 425447.04 2312.212 737 643169 400315563 27.148 9.033 426603.93 2315.353 738 544644 401947272 27.166 9.037 427762.40 2318.495 739 646121 403583419 27.185 9.041 428922.43 2321.637 740 547600 405224000 27.203 9.045 430084.03 2324.779 741 549081 406869021 27.221 9.049 431247.20 2.327.920 742 550564 408518488 27.240 9.053 432411.95 2331.062 743 652049 410172407 27.258 9.057 433576.70 2334.203 744 563536 411830784 27.276 9.061 434746.16 2337.345 745 555025 413493625 27.295 9.065 435915.62 2340.487 746 556516 415160936 27.313 9.069 437086.65 2343.628 747 658009 416832723 27..331 9.073 438259.24 2346.769 748 559604 418508992 27.350 9.078 439433.41 2349.910 749 561001 420189749 27.368 9.082 440609.05 2353.052 750 562500 421875000 27.386 9.086 441786.47 2356.194 494 ORDNANCE MANUAL. ; No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum, 761 564001 423564751 27.404 9.090 442965.37 2359.. 335 752 665504 425269008 27.423 9.094 444146.81 2362.477 753 567009 426957777 27.441 9.098 445327.83 2366.619 754 56S516 428661064 27.469 9.102 446611.42 2368.760 755 670025 430368875 27.477 9.106 447096.69 2371.902 756 671636 432081216 27.496 9.110 4 4S';S3.33 2375.044 757 573049 433798093 27.514 9.114 450071.63 2378.185 758 574664 435619512 27.532 9.118 461261.51 2381.. 327 759 67fiOSl 437246479 27.550 9.122 462463.05 23X4.469 760 677600 438976000 27.668 9.126 453646.98 2387.610 761 579121 440711081 27.686 9.130 454840.67 2390.752 762 6806-14 442460728 27.6(W 9.1.34 4560.36.73 2393.893 763 6S2169 444194947 27.622 9. 138 467234.46 2397.035 764 583690 446943744 27.641 9. 142 46SI.33.76 2400.176 765 686226 447697125 27.659 9.146 469634.64 2403.318 766 686766 449466096 27.677 9.1.J0 460837.08 2406.459 767 58«289 461217663 27.698 9.164 462041.09 2409.601 768 689824 452984832 27.713 9.168 463246.69 2412.742 769 591361 454756609 27.731 9.162 464453.84 2415.884 770 592900 456533000 27.749 9.166 466662.57 2419.029 771 694441 458314011 27.767 9 . 1 70 466872.87 2422.167 772 696984 460099648 27 . 785 9.174 468084.74 2425.809 773 697629 461889917 27.803 9-178 469296.61 2428.451 774 699076 463684824 27.821 9.182 470613.19 2431.59.1 775 600626 465484375 27.839 9.185 471729.77 2434.734 776 602176 467288676 27.857 9.189 472947.92 2437. H76 7n' 603729 469097433 27.875 9.193 474167.65 2441.017 778 6052S4 470910952 27.893 9.197 476388.94 2444.159 779 606811 472729139 27.911 9.2(11 476611.80 2447.300 780 608400 474552000 27.928 9.206 4778.36.24 2460.442 781 609961 476379541 27.946 9.209 479062.25 2463.6x3 782 611624 478211768 27.^64 9.213 480289.83 2460.726 783 6130S9 48004S687 27.982 9.217 481618.98 482749.70 246'.<.><-,7 784 614656 4S 1890304 28.000 9.221 24fi:;.iMi'j 785 616226 483736025 28.018 9.226 4,S3981.98 2406. 160 786 617796 485687666 28.036 9.229 486215.85 2469.292 787 619369 487443403 28.054 9.233 486451.27 2472.433 788 620944 489303S72 28.071 9-238 487688.27 2475.675 789 622521 491169069 28.089 9-240 4S8926.S5 2478.718 790 624100 493039000 28.107 9-244 490166.99 2481.858 791 623681 494913671 28.125 9.248 491408.71 2486.000 792 627264 496793088 28.142 9.262 492651.98 2488.131 793 628849 498677257 28.160 9.266 493S96.85 2491.272 794 630436 600666184 28.178 9 . 260 496143.28 2494.414 795 632026 502469875 28.196 9.204 496391.27 2497.666 796 633616 60435S336 28.213 9.268 497640.85 2500.708 797 636209 506261573 28.231 9.272 498891.98 2503. M9 798 636804 608169592 28.249 9.275 600144.69 2506.^91 799 638401 510082399 28.267 1 9.279 601398.97 2509.132 soo 610000 512000000 28.284 1 9.283 502654.82 2513.274 POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES. 9m 495 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 801 641601 513922401 28.302 9.287 503912.25 2516.416 802 643204 515849608 28.320 9.291 505J71.24 2619.557 803 644809 517781627 28.337 9.295 506431.80 2522.698 804 646416 519718464 28.355 9.299 607693.94 2526.840 805 648025 521660125 28.373 9.302 508957.64 2528.982 806 649636 523606616 28.390 9.306 610222.92 2532.123 807 651249 525557943 28.408 9.310 511489.76 2535.265 808 652864 527514112 28.425 9.314 512768.18 2538.406 809 654481 529475129 28.443 9.318 514028.18 2541.648 810 656100 531441000 28.460 9.322 616299.74 2544.690 811 657721 533411731 28.478 9.326 516572.87 2547.831 812 659344 536387328 28.496 9.329 517847.57 2550.973 813 660969 537366797 28.513 9.3.33 519123.83 26.64.115 814 662596 539363144 28.,')31 9.337 520401.69 2657.256 815 664225 541343375 28.648 9.341 521681.10 2560.398 816 665856 54.3.338496 28.566 9.345 522962.08 2663.540 817 667489 645338513 28.583 9.. 348 524244.64 2566.681 818 669124 547343432 28.601 9.352 525528.77 2569.823 819 670761 54935.3259 28.618 9.356 626814.46 2672.964 820 672400 651368000 28 . 636 9.360 528101.73 2576.106 821 674041 553.387661 28.653 9.364 529390.57 2579.247 822 675684 555412248 28.671 9.368 630680.97 2582.388 823 677329 557441707 28.688 9.371 631972.95 2585.530 824 678976 559476224 28.705 9.375 533266.60 2688.672 825 680625 561515626 28.723 9.379 6.34661.62 2591.814 826 682276 56.3559976 28.740 9.383 536868.32 2594.955 S27 683929 565609283 28.758 9.386 537156.68 2598.097 828 685584 567663652 28.775 9.390 538456.42 2601.239 829 687241 669722789 28.792 9.394 539757.81 2604.380 830 688900 571787000 28.810 9.398 541060.79 2607.522 831 690561 573856191 28.827 9.402 642347.34 2610.663 832 692224 675930368 ,28.844 9.405 643671.49 2613.805 833 693889 678009637 28.862 9.409 544979.15 2616.946 834 695556 5S0093704 28.879 9.413 546288.40 2620.088 836 697225 682182875 28.896 9.417 647699.23 2623.230 836 698896 584277066 28.914 9.420 548911.63 2626.371 837 700569 686376253 28.931 9.424 560226.60 2629.513 838 702244 58S480472 28.948 9.428 651641.14 2632.654 839 703921 590589719 28.965 9.432 552858.26 2636.796 840 705600 592704000 28.983 9.435 564176.94 2638.938 841 707281 694823321 29.000 9.439 556497.19 2642.079 842 708964 596947688 29.017 9.443 666819.02 264 5.221 843 710649 599077107 29.034 9.447 568142.42 26^8.363 844 712336 601211684 29.062 9.460 669467.39 2651.604 845 714025 603351 125 29.069 9.454 560793.92 2654.646 846 715716 605495736 29.086 9.458 562122.03 2657.787 847 717409 607646423 29.103 9.462 563451.71 2660.929 848 719104 609800192 29.120 9.465 564782.98 2664.071 849 720801 611960049 29.138 9.469 5661 15. 78 2667.212 850 722500 614125000 29.156 9.473 567450.17 2670.354 ".I'ii .'^ . *■• ■ *• • < *. 496 ORDNANCE MANUAL. • Na Sqn&re. Cuba. Square Root. Cube Root. Ar«K. Circuau 851 724201 616-295051 29.172 9.476 568786.13 2673 .4W 852 725904 6lb470208 29.189 9.480 570123.66 ■2676.637 SftS 727«f)9 62()ti.')()477 29.206 9.484 5714tV2.77 '2679.778 8M 7293 It) 622S35S64 '29.2-23 9.488 572MI3.45 2682. OTO 85r) 731025 62.5026375 29.-240 9.491 574145.69 '2t>86.062 856 7327»i 627222016 29.257 9.495 &7.'>489..54 •2689. a03 867 734449 6294-22793 29.-275 9.499 576s;M.stt •269-2.346 853 736164 63I62'5712 '29.-292 9.502 57sisi,s.') •2695.486 859 737881 633S39779 29..-J09 9.. 506 579.Vt(»..38 -2698.6*^8 860 73y6(K) 63t)()56000 '29.3-26 9.510 .58()S>>(I.48 2701 .770 861 741321 6.3N277381 '29.. 34 3 9.513 .58-.i.'.r.'.15 -2704.911 86-i 743044 6^1 0.50 39-28 -29.360 9.517 .583.585.39 2708.063 863 744769 642735647 -29.377 9.521 584 940. -20 -2711.1M 864 746496 644y72.'>44 •29.. 394 9.524 5b6-21»6.5H '2714.336 665 74.S225 6472146*25 -29.411 9.52>' 587fi.VJ..'M '2717.478 866 74995*5 6494()IS96 •J9.4-28 9..'>3'.' .'.^9(11 4. 0«J -27'20.61» 867 751689 651714363 •29.445 9.5.-J5 590.37.''>.I6 -27-23.700 868 753424 65.3972032 •29.462 9. •'•39 591737.82 272«.'.M»-J 669 755161 6.'>«)234909 '29.479 9.543 r»9310'^..5(i3000 ■29.496 9..MC. r.. . - ■- _- — ■ ' . 671 75S64 1 6' ■.0770311 -29.513 y.-Vio 7 872 7603!54 6«i30.'>4i<48 -29.530 9.. 054 ,^ . ■ . . , . _ iJj 873 762129 66.')33»617 •29.547 9.557 6l*8.')74.r2 .ilU.^lO 874 763876 667627024 •29.563 9..V1I 59!»946.81 -2745.762 875 765625 (VJ992IS75 29.580 9 . .'■. \ 877 769129 674.5-26133 -29.614 9.572 f'.IL 1,.- < M •<-'.'. 1 -7 678 770S&4 67f>S36152 •2l».631 9.. 576 ' ■" 879 772641 679151439 29.648 9.579 >, . .'.11 88U 774100 6l» 14 7-2000 29.665 9.563 6o-jr.j.:u .;7t>4.6r2*>968 29.698 9.590 610980.08 2770.888 883 7796h9 68b4 65387 29.715 9.594 612:«>>.31 •2774.026 884 7!5l4.'>6 690S07104 29.732 9.597 61{7.''>4.12 •2777.168 8»5 7S3225 693154125 -29.749 9.601 615143.48 •2780 .aw 886 784996 695506456 •29.766 9.605 616.534.42 27»«3.46l 687 7^6769 6975>64103 29.783 9.608 617926.93 2786.&W 68S 7tJ^544 700-227072 -2**. 799 9.612 6193,, (',('. 27'#->.S7« 890 792100 704969000 -29.833 9.619 1 7 891 793SS1 707347971 29.860 9.623 I . 1 b9r2 795»V.4 70973-2-288 -29.^66 9.(j26 6-.;1''1:j.io .'>83 9.630 6-26314.98 -2805.412 85.43 2818. UU9 898 80'>404 7-241.">0:92 -29.967 9.648 633348.22 2821. lae 699 808201 72657-2699 29.983 9.651 . 634 759. 5« 2824.292 900 810000 729000000 30. (KM) 9.655 1 .636172.51 282-.4.'i3 POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES. 497 No. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circum. 901 8I1S01 731432701 30.017 9.658 637587.01 2830.575 902 813604 733^"()t)08 30.033 9.662 639003.08 2833.716 903 815409 • 736314327 30.050 9.666 640420.73 2836.8.58 904 SI7216 738763264 30.067 9.669 641N39.94 2b 10. 000 905 819025 741217625 30.083 9.673 64.3260.73 2S13.I41 906 820836 743677416 30.100 9.676 6446S3.09 2S46.283 907 822649 746142643 30.116 9.680 646107.01 2^49.424 90S 824464 74S61.^31!3 30.1.33 9.683 647532.51 2852.. 566 909 826281 751089129 30.1.50 9.687 648959. .58 2S55.707 910 828100 753571000 30.166 9.691 650.388.22 2858.849 911 829921 75605S031 .30.183 9.694 651M8.43 2(561.990 912 831744 75b5.50528 30.199 9.69& 6.53250.20 2865.132 913 833569 761048497 30.216 9.701 6.54683.56 2b68.273 914 835396 763551944 30.232 9.705 6,56118.48 2>71.415 915 837225 766060875 30. -..Mg 9.708 6.57554.98 2b74..5.57 916 839056 768575296 30.265 9.712 6.58993.04 2877. 69& 917 «408S9 771095213 30.2S2 9.715 660432.68 2880.840 918 842724 773620632 30.299 9.719 661873.88 2!5S3.982 919 844561 776151559 30.315 9.722 663316.66 2587.123 920 S46400 77S688000 30.332 9.726 661761.01 2590.265 921 848241 7& 122; (961 30.. 34 8 9.729 666206.92 2593.407 922 850084 783777448 30.364 9.733 667654.42 2596.548 923 S51929 786330467 30.381 9.736 669103.47 2899.690 924 853776 788889024 30.397 9.740 670554 .07 2902.832 f)-,'.") 855625 791453125 30.414 9.743 672006.30 2905.973 926 857476 794022776 30.430 . 9.747 67,'!460.07 2909.115 927 859329 796597983 30.447 9.750 674915.42 2912.256 928 861184 799178752 30.463 9.7.54 676.372.35 2915.398 929 863041 SOI 765089 30.4»0 9.758 677830.82 2918.539 930 864900 804357000 30.496 9.761 679290.87 2921.681 931 866761 806&.J4491 30.512 9.764 680752.49 2924.822 932 868624 809557568 30., 529 9.768 682215.70 2927.964 933 S70489 812166237 30.545 9.771 683680.46 2931.106 034 872356 814780504 30.. 561 9-775 685146.80 2934.247 935 874225 817400375 30..') 78 9-778 686614.71 2937.389 936 876096 820025856 30.594 9-783 688084.18 2940.531 937 877969 8226.56953 30.610 9-755 689555,24 2943-672 938 879844 825293672 30.(527 9-789 691027.86 2946-814 939 881721 827936019 30.643 9-792 692502.06 2949.955 940 883600 830584000 30.659 9-796 693977.82 29,53-097 941 885481 833237621 30.t576 9-799 695455.15 2956.238 942 887364 835896888 30.692 9-803 696934.05 2959.380 943 889249 638561807 30.708 9.806 6984 1 4.. 59 2962.521 944 891136 841232384 30.725 9-810 699896.58 2965.663 945 893025 84390S625 30.741 9-813 7013S0.19 2965.805 946 894916 846590536 30.757 9-817 702865.38 2971.946 947 896809 849278123 30.773 9-820 704351.35 2975.088 948 898704 851971392 30.790 9. 824 705840.47 2978.230 949 900601 854670349 30.806 9-827 707330.37 2981-371 950 902500 857375000 30.822 9.830 708821.84 2984.513 S3 498 OKUNANCE MANUAL. Ko. Square. Cube. Square Root. Cube Root. Area. Circom. 951 904401 86008.5351 30.838 9.834 710314.89 2987.655 952 906304 862801408 30.8.54 9.837 71IS09.47 2990.796 953 9(jb209 865.723177 30.871 9.841 713305.66 2'.«)3.9.38 954 yioiio N6S250664 30.bb7 9. 844 714^03.44 'JW7.079 ftOS 912025 8709^.1^75 30.903 9.><48 716302.76 .1(M)0.221 956 913936 873722S16 30.919 9.^5 1 717>'03.65 .1003.362 957 915849 876467493 30.9.35 9.855 719306.12 .1006.504 95b 917764 879217912 .30.952 9.858 720'xl0.16 3009. (VIS 959 919081 SS1974079 30.968 9.b61 722315.77 .3012.787 960 921600 8i«4 736000 .30.984 9.865 723«'22.95 3015,929 961 923521 NS7503681 31.000 9.N>8 72.5331.70 :M)19.070 962 9J5444 S90277128 31,016 9.»72 726>>42,02 3(r22.212 963 927369 y.»3<».56.347 31.032 9. ''75 7283.'»3.9I •ur25.3.53 964 92929(5 8-.»5s41344 31.04s 9.S79 r29^7.36 :«)2b.495 965 931225 898632125 31.064 9.^^2 731.3SVS.40 .3031.637 966 933156 90142*^696 31.0M1 '.K^St 7T>(»'.i.OI .30.34. 77S 967 935089 904231063 31.097 i|.SS',« 7144 17. 18 .•M.37.»,96 .3041.061 9H9 938961 909s532ft9 31.1-29 9.896 7.374.58.25 .3044.20.3 970 940900 912673000 31.145 9.899 7389s 1.13 3(M7.345 971 942841 915I9S6I1 31.161 '.1.902 74(l.'»05,.V.i .'M).')0,48« 972 ;?..39 3a59.9n 975 950625 9268.''>9375 31.225 9.916 746619.13 3(KJ3.0'»3 976 952576 929714176 31.241 9.919 748151.44 :«)».6.194 977 954529 932574 833 31. -J.'.? 9.923 749685.32 .'W.9..T36 978 956484 9r'44 13.52 31.273 9 . '.*26 751-220.76 3072.478 979 95b44 I 938313739 3 1. '.'89 (i.'.t.lO 7.52757.80 .3075.619 980 960400 94!19-,'000 31.105 It. '.'33 7542^*6.40 .'tt»78.76l 9S1 962361 944076141 31.321 H.936 7.5.5s .36.. 56 30S1.903 982 964324 946966168 31.337 9.940 7.'.7.37s..30 rJ085.(M4 983 96628i> 919'5620S(7 31.3.53 K.943 7.'.s9Oi.ti0 • ,. . .^ .^r 984 96S256 952763904 31.. 369 9. '.'16 76(t466.48 " 985 970225 9.')5071G25 31.3*s5. t^.H-'O 762012.93 i . : ' * 9S6 972196 95S.>r)2.'>6 31.401 9.953 763'>«0.95 3U97.M10 987 974169 961. '.04 803 31,417 9.9.56 7651 oy.. 54 3100.7.52 988 976144 964430272 31.432 9.960 7»v>-.«n .70 3103.893 989 97bl2l 967361669 31.448 9.'-»63 7tivoi4.44 3107.038 990 9S01OO 970299000 31.464 9.967 7f.976S.74 3110.177 991 9^2091 973242271 31.480 9.970 771.3-24.61 3113.318 992 9S4064 976191488 31.496 9.973 7728b2.W 3ll6.4nO 993 9S6049 97914«i657 31.512 9.977 774141.07 3119.601 994 988036 982107784 31.. 5-28 9.980 776001 .66 3122.743 995 9;»0025 985074S75 31.544 9.9''3 777.V;i.M2 3125.68ft 996 992016 9^804 7;»36 31.560 9.HS7 779r-'7..55 3129.026 997 994009 991026973 3 1.. 575 9.'.*9n 7bO#-,9'J.S5 31.32. I6H 99S 996004 994011992 31. .591 9.993 7V>2.'.9.72 31.35.310 999 99S001 997002999 31.607 9.997 7838-28.14 3138. 4M 1000 1000000 1000000000 31.623 10.000 785398.10 3141.593 LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS From 1 to 10,000. No. Log. No. Log. No. Log. No. Log. 1 0.000000 26 1.414973 51 1.707570 76 1.880814 2 0.301030 27 1.431364 62 1.716003 77 1.886491 3 0.477121 28 1.44715Si 53 1.724276 78 1.892095 4 0.602060 29 1.46239S 54 1.732394 79 1.897627 5 0.698970 30 1.477121 55 1.740.363 80 1.903090 6 0.77S151 31 1.491362 56 1.74S1S8 81 1. 9084 85 7 0.S4509& 32 1.505150 57 1.7.55S75 82 1.913814 S 0.903090 33 1.518514 5S 1.763428 83 1.919078 9 0.954243 34 1.531479 59 1.7708.'')2 84 1 .924279 10 1.000000 35 1.54406S 60 1.778151 85 1.929419 11 1.041393 36 1.556303 61 1.785330 86 1.934498 12 1.079181 37 1.568202 62 1.792392 87 1.939519 13 1.113943 3S 1.579784 63 1.799341 88 1 .944483 14 1.146128 39 1.591065 64 1.806180 89 1.949390 15 1.176091 40 1.602060 65 1.812913 90 1.954243 16 1.204120 41 1.612784 66 1.819544 91 1.959041 17 1.230449 42 1.623249 67 1 .826075 92 1.963788 IS 1.255273 43 1. 63.3468 68 1.832509 2 1 N 3 0.')307H 4 tv.mo ft 0()0«51>b 6 44.^% 7 SINi 8 071Sb2 9 r).')47 120 071MS1 1 0^27^.") 2 6360 3 •tyo') 4 01*3 422 5 tV.MO 6 100371 7 3N04 8 7210 9 iionyo 130 113U13 1 7-271 2 i2or)74; 3 3S02 4 7105 5 1303:M 6 3r)3'.); 7 6721 S 9S79 9 143015 140 I4612S 1 9219 2 1522s> 3 5336 4 b362 1 t • I 8 ma. 5161368; s&. 4353; 73171 1702621 3186 0434 4751 9026 3259 7451 1603 5715 97S9 3y26 7825 17S7 5714 '.«506 3463 72K6 1075 4832 b557 2250 5912 9543 3144 6716 0258 3772 7257 0715 4146 7549 0926 4277 7603 om.i 4178 74-29 0655 :fo58 7037 0194 3327 6438 9527 2594 5ti40 8664 1667 4650 7613 0555 3478 ()&68 1301 1734 51sl 5609 6038 9451 9*576 0300 36S0 4100 4521 7868 h284 8700 2016 2428 2841 6125 0533 6942 0195 0600 1004 4227 4628 5029 8223 8620 9017 21S2 2576 29rt9 6105 6495 6885 99<.)3 0380 0766 3">46 4230 4613 7606 &046 8426 1452 1S29 2206 5206 55s0 5953 !?92S 0298 966« 2617 29s5 3352 6276 6640 7004 9904 0266 0626 3503 3s6l 4219 7071 7426 7781 0611 01W3 1315 4122 4471 4820 7604 7951 8298 1059 1403 1747 44S7 4V28 5169 7!>S8 8227 6565 1263 1599 1934 4till 4944 5278 7934 b265 >)595 1231 1560 1888 4504 4830 5156 7753 8076 8399 I 0977 1298 1619 , 4177 4496 4M4 ' 73r>4 7671 7987 ; o:m>i 0822 1136 ; 3639 3951 4263 ( 674S 7058 7367 1 9b35 0142 0449 2900 3205 3510 5943 624fi 0549 8965 9266 9567 1967 2266 2564 4947 5244 5541 ; 7908 8203 8497 ' 0848 1141 1434 1 3769 4060 4351 2106 0406 072+ 4940 9110 3252 7350 1408 5430 9414 3362 7275 1153 4996 8805 2582 6326 0038 37IS 7368 0987 4576 8136 1667 5169 b644 2091 5510 8903 2270 5611 8920 2216 5481 &7-2-2 1939 5133 8303 1450 4574 7676 0756 3815 0852 9^68 2863 5838 8792 17-26 4641 2598 6894 1147 5300 -.tr,32 30t>4 7757 1812 5830 9811 3755 7»i64 153« 5378 9185 29.58 ()«li»9 0407 4085 7731 i 1347 4934 I !>190 I 201!) , 5518 2434 5851 - 9-241 2605 5943 9256 •25^14 5!s06 9045 22»>0 5451 8018 1763 4885 7985 1063 41-20 7154 016s 3161 6134 9086 2019 49.J2 3029 7321 1570 5779 9944 4075 S10» 2216 0230 0207 4148 b053 1924 5760 9561 3333 7071 0776 4451 8094 1707 5-291 8845 2370 5866 9335 2777 6191 9579 2940 0276 95b6 •2871 6131 9363 25>j0 5769 8934 2076 5196 6294 1370 4424 7457 0469 3460 6430 9380 2311 5-2-22 3461 7748 11»93 0197 0361 44S>6 K571 •2019 00-29 0002 4540 SI42 2309 6142 9'.»42 3709 7443 1145 4S|6 8457 2067 5647 9198 •2721 6215 3119 6531 9910 3275 3891 8174 2415 (Ml 1 6 0775 4896 f>978 3021 7028 0998 4932 I f>b30 2694 6524 ' 0320 ' 40!53 7M5 1514 51'?2 I Shl9 2426 '■)004 955-2 3071 6062 00-26 3402 6>)71 0253 3009 04;'j6 9»"W> 5507 8603 9074 2003 5512 8 I 6781 0012 . ( i •270-2 1 5M8 I b911 '2»95 5802 432 428 424 420 416 412 408 4(M 400 397 ^3 390 386 I 3S3 379 370 373 I 370 366 363 360 337 365 352 349 346 343 .341 33l> 335 333 330 :m 325 I 323 321 318 i 316 314 ; 311 > 300 307 .'J05 .103 301 2-J9 297 '295 293 291 Dift L0GAKITHM8 OF NUMBERS. 501 No. 1 ^ 3 4 ' 6 7 8 9 Diff. 150 17()091 6381 6670 6959 7248 7536 7825 8113 8401 8689 289 1 8977 9264 9552 9S39 0126 0413 0699 0986 1272 1558 287 2 18184^ 2129 2415 2700 2985 3270 3555 3839 4123 4407 285 3 4691 4975 5259 5542 5825 6108 6391 6674 6956 7239 283 4 7521 7803 8084 8366 8647 8928 9209 9490 9771 0051 2hl 5 190322 0012 0892 1171 1451 1730 2010 22^9 2.567 2846 279 6 3125 3403 3681 3959 4237 4514 4792 5069 5346 5623 278 7 5900 6176 6453 6729 7005 728 1 7556 7832 8107 8382 276 8 8657 8932 9206 9481 9755 0029 0303 0577 0850 1124 274 9 201397 1670 1943 2216 2488 2761 3033 3305 3577 3848 272 160 204120 4391 4663 4934 5204 5475 .5746 6016 6286 6556 271 1 6820 7096 7365 76S4 7904 8173 8441 8710 8979 9247 269 2 9515 9783 0051 0319 0580 0853 1121 13sS 1654 1921 967 3 212188 2454 2720 2966 3252 3518 3783 4049 4314 4.579 266 4 4844 5109 5373 5638 5902 6166 6430 6694 6957 7221 264 f) 7484 7747 8010 8273 8536 8798 9060 9323 9585 9846 262 6 220108 0370 0631 0892 1153 1414 1875 1936 2196 2456 201 7 2716 2976 3236 .3496 3755 4015 4-.c!74 45.33 4792 .5051 259 8 5309 5568 5826 6084 6342 6600 68n8 7115 7372 7630 258 9 7887 8144 8400 8657 8913 9170 9426 9682 9938 0193 256 170 230449 0704 0960 1215 1470 1724 1979 2234 2488 2742 255 1 2990 3250 3504 3757 4011 4264 4517 4770 5023 5276 2.53 2 5528 5781 6033 6285 6537 6789 7041 7292 7544 7795 252 3 8016 b2^5 (XMin 0911 303 4 330414 0617 0«>19 1022 12-25 14-27 1630 1-' ■;i 2236 302 6 •2t3s 2640 2^il2 3U44 3-246 3147 3649 4253 302 6 4r t (,■.^-> 4sVi 5057 5257 5158 5658 6M0 301 7 f. 1 O-yJO 7060 7-260 7459 7659 " ■ - 8257 300 8 M >s55 90M 9253 9451 9650 0246 1»9 9 340444 OuU 0>541 1039 1-237 1435 1632 1 ' 2-225 198 220 312423 2620 2817 3014 3212 3409 3606 . 4196 1»7 1 4392 4589 4785 4981 5173 5374 5570 6157 196 2 6353 6549 6744 0939 7135 7330 75-25 - 8110 105 3 830:) b500 8(')94 8889 9083 9278 9172 1 OOM 194 4 350k4^ 0442 0636 0829 1023 1216 1410 i ' 19»(9 193 5 •2183 2375 254.8 2761 2954 3147 3339 1 3tM6 193 n 410s 4301 4493 4685 4876 5068 5-260 5834 192 7 6020 6217 6108 6599 6790 0981 71 T2 - . 7744 191 b 793.') 8125 8316 8506 8696 8886 9076 \i^'j>i .•!■>'> 9646 190 9 9S33 0025 0215 0404 0593 0783 0972 1161 1330 1539 189 230 36I72>S 1917 2105 2294 2482 2671 2839 :('•!>. *''4rt 3424 188 1 3til'2 3M)0 3988 4176 4365 4551 4739 ) 5301 188 2 .'>4N>5 5.-,75 5^62 6049 6236 64-23 6610 1 7169 187 3 7356 7.^42 7729 7915 8101 8-287 8473 ^' ■•ICtK I"'-. 4 9-216 9401 9587 9772 9958 0143 03-28 ii ll-^-•^ l<< 6 371068 1253 1437 1622 1806 1991 2175 ■, ; ■.i7;^8 184 6 2912 3096 3280 3464 3647 3331 4U15 ; 4563 184 7 474> 4932 5115 5-298 5481 5664 5s46 1 ■ 6394 163 8 6577 6759 6912 7124 7306 7488 7670 78.'>^ 8U34 8216 162 9 8398 S5S0 6761 8^43 9124 9306 9487 9668 9819 0030 181 240 3S0211 0392 0573 0754 0934 1115 1296 1476 1656 1837 181 1 2017 2197 2377 2557 2737 -2917 3097 3277 3456 3636 180 2 3s15 3995 4174 4353 4533 4712 4391 r . r . . ,., 5428 179 3 5606 6785 5964 6142 6321 6499 6677 7212 178 4 7.«»0 756S 7746 79-23 8101 8279 8456 -• i 8989 178 fi 9166 9343 9r,-20 9698 9875 0051 0228 04w5 <».y52 0759 177 6 390935 1112 1288 1464 1641 1817 1993 2169 2345 2521 176 7 2697 2873 3045 3224 3400 3575 3751 f; " : " ■" ; 4277 176 8 4452 4627 4802 4977 5152 53-26 5501 - 6025 175 9 6199 6374 6548 67-22 6896 7071 7245 ._-•- 7766 174 LOGARITHMS OP NUMBERS. 508 No. 1 1 2 3 4 ' • 7 8 9 Diff. 250 397940 8114 8287 8461 8634 8808 8981 9154 9328 9501 173 1 9674 9847 0020 0192 0.365 0538 0711 0883 1056 1228 173 2 401401 1573 1745 1917 20&9 2261 2433 2605 2777 2949 172 3 .3121 3292 3464 3635 3807 3978 4149 4320 4492 4663 171 4 4834 5005 5176 5346 5517 5688 5858 6029 6199 6370 171 S 6540 6710 6881 7051 7221 7391 7561 7731 7901 8070 170 6 8240 8410 8579 8749 8918 9087 9257 9426 9595 9764 169 7 9933 0102 0271 0440 0609 0777 0946 1)14 1283 1451 169 & 411620 1788 1956 2124 2293 2461 2629 2796 2964 3132 168 9 3300 3467 3635 3803 3970 4137 4305 4472 4639 4806 167 260 414973 5140 5307 5474 5641 5808 5974 6141 6308 6474 167 1 6641 6b07 6973 7139 7306 7472 7638 7b04 7970 8135 J 66 2 8301 8467 8633 8798 8964 9r.• 9 •' .110 •19130^ 1 2700 2 415.'} 3 .V»H 4 6930 & bSlli 6 9107 7 MHVM 6 2\'H\ 9 379 1 [ 320 505l.'.0 1 Ado.') 2 7650 3 9203 4 5 1 054.'. 1 ft l!sS3 6 3J;b 7 454-3 6 5b74 71»«J 330 51J>5H 1 9S2t>i 2 .')V.'113>! 3 2444' 4 374 1) 5 .vwr. 6 6339 7 7G30 S &917 9 530200 340 531479 1 27.'kJ o 402C 3 A 6;i94 ft 7S19 6 9070 7 .'>40329 8 1579 9< 2^25 l.'Ki:^ •2900 4294 .')«te3 70«iS !»44S 9^24 1190 2:Ki4 3927 5260 GtitO 79tfl 9337 0079 2017 3351 40»1 6000 7325 8040 9959 1269 2575 3670 5174 640 J 77.'i9 90 J 5 0326 1007 26S2 4 1 53 5421 6r.S5 7915 '.1202 0455 1704 2950 1042 3040 4433 56-22 7200 b.'>60 9902 1333 •2700 40G3 5777 0090 1400 2705 4000 5304 0598 7666 9174 0456 5557 •i9ll 6200 9000 0947 2-264 3617 4940 0-271 7592 Mo. 1662 3136 4407 .')C74 6937 8197 9452 0705 19.53 3199 3 7700 7644 9143 9-267 0562 07-25 1 2010 SI 59 1 3445 3567 1 4669 5011 1 0269 0430 1 7704 7N45 91U 9255 1 0520 0001 19-22 2002 3319 34.58 4711 46.50 1 00W9 6236 ' 7463 7021 6602 8999 0230 0374 1 1607 1744 2973 3109 , 4335 4471 ! S(}93 5823 1 7046 7161 8395 6530 9740 9874 1061 1215 2416 2.551 37.'>0 3663 5079 5211 6403 65r.5 77-il 7655 1 9040 9171 0353 0484 1001 1792 2ytid 3090 ] 4206 4390 i 1 5563 5093 : ; 68.56 6985 1 6145 8274 1 9430 9559 1 1 0712 0840 ; 1990 2117 ' ' 3-261 3391 ' ; 4534 4«»0I 5800 .5927 1 706^ 7169 1 8322 6446 1 9578 9703 i 1 0830 0955 i ' 2079 2-203 1 3.323 344"! 7969 9431 0669 2302 3730 5153 0572 7S»60 9390 0801 2201 3.597 4969 0370 7759 9137 0511 1880 3240 46U7 5964 7316 6064 0009 1349 -2684 4010 .5344 0068 7967 9303 0615 1922 3226 4520 5822 7114 8402 9687 0908 2245 3518 4787 6053 7315 8574 9S2y 1080 2327 3571 8133 H575 1012 2445 3672 5-295 07 1 4 6127 9537 0941 2341 3737 9275 0648 2017 33s2 4743 6099 7451 8799 0143 1462 2616 81ik^ 9434 0745 2053 33-'Ki 40.'»«) .V.».M 9m:. WJ& 2372 50 J 5 4914 0160 74 41 8278 9719 11.5«i 2.'i68 4015 .5437 06,55 '•,209 9«i77 1061 2481. 3^76 91 i 2 0765 21.54 35l>% 4676 0234 7.5'^ 6934 0-277 1016 •2951 6^1 95»i6 0676 2163 3160 47^5 'J- J 1 'J 1223 8422 96«13 1*299 ; 8731 4157 5579 , 6997 8410 9818 , 122*2 *2a2i 4015 5400 0791 8173 . 05.'i47 122 7 2668 2790 2911 3033 3155 3276 3398 3519 3640 3762 121 8 3883 4004 4126 4247 4368 4489 4610 4731 4852 4973 121 9 5094 5215 5336 5457 5578 5699 5820 5940 6061 61«2 121 360 556303 6423 6544 6664 6785 6905 7026 7146 7267 7387 120 1 7507 7627 7748 7S68 79^8 8108 8228 8349 8469 &5b9 120 2 8709 8829 8948 9068 9188 9308 9428 9548 9667 9787 120 3 9907 0026 0146 0265 0385 0504 0624 074.3 0863 0982 119 4 561101 J 221 1340 1459 1578 1698 1817 1936 2055 2174 119 5 2293 2412 2531 2650 2769 2887 3006 3125 . 3244 3362 119 6 .3481 3600 3718 3837 3955 4074 4192 4311 4429 4548 119 7 4666 4784 4903 5021 5139 5257 5376 5494 5612 5730 118 S 5848 5966 6084 6202 6320 6437 6555 6673 6791 6909 118 9 7026 7144 7262 7379 7^97 7614 7732 7849 7967 80»4 118 370 568202 «319 8436 8554 8671 8788 8905 9023 9140 9257 117 1 9374 9491 9608 9725 9842 9959 0076 0193 0309 0426 117 2 570543 0660 0776 0893 1010 1126 1243 1.359 1476 1592 117 3 1709 1825 1942 2058 2174 2291 2407 2523 2639 2755 116 4 2872 2988 3104 3220 3336 3452 3568 3684 3800 3915 116 5 4031 4147 4263 4379 4494 4610 4726 4841 4957 5072 116 G 5188 5303 5419 5534 5650 5765 5880 5996 6111 6226 115 7 6341 6457 6572 6687 6S02 6917 7032 7147 7262 7377 115 8 7492 7607 7722 7836 7951 »066 8181 8295 8410 8525 115 9 8639 8754 8868 8983 9097 9212 9326 9441 9555 9669 114 380 579784 9898 0012 0126 0241 0355 0469 0.583 0697 0811 114 1 580925 1039 1153 1267 1381 1495 1608 1722 1836 1950 114 2 2063 2177 2291 2404 2518 2631 2745 285b 2972 3085 114 3 3199 3312 3426 3539 3652 3765 3879 3992 4105 4218 113 4 4331 4444 4557 4670 4783 4896 5009 5122 5235 5348 113 5 5461 5574 5686 5799 5912 6024 6137 6250 6362 6475 113 6 6587 6700 6812 6925 70.37 7149 7262 7374 7486 7599 112 7 7711 7823 7935 8047 8160 «272 8384 8496 8608 8720 112 8 8832 8944 9056 9167 9279 9391 9503 9615 9726 9838 112 9 9950 0061 0173 0284 0396 0507 0619 0730 0842 0953 112 390 591065 1176 1287 1399 1510 1621 1732 1843 1955 2066 111 1 2177 2288 2399 2510 2621 2732 2843 2954 3064 3175 111 2 3286 3397 3508 3618 3729 3840 3950 4061 4171 4282 111 3 4393 4503 4614 4724 4834 4945 5055 5165 5276 53b6 110 4 5496 5606 5717 5827 5937 6047 6157 6267 6377 6487 110 5 6597 6707 6817 6927 70.37 7146 7256 7366 7476 7586 110 6 7695 7805 7914 8024 81.34 8243 8353 8462 8572 8681 110 7 8791 8900 9009 9119 9228 9337 9446 9556 9665 9774 109 8 9883 9992 0101 0210 0319 0428 0537 0646 0755 0864 109 9 600973 1082 1191 1299 1408 1517 1625 1734 1843 1951 109 Diff. 34 506 OaDNANGE MANUAL. H-j 1 1 1 2 s 1 4 1 6 1 6 7 8 • SMI 400 A02060I 2169 ' 2277 ' 2386 2494 2603 2711 2819 2928 3036 108 1 3144^ .•J25;j 3361 3469 3577 3686 3794 3902 1010 4118 108 2 422C r.i:',i 4442 4550 4668 4766 4874 4982 6089 5197 108 630i» 6413 6521 6628 6736 6844 5951 6069 (1166 6274 108 ftSHl 04 S» 6696 6704 6811 6919 7026 7133 7241 7848 107 746.'. 7662 7669 7777 7884 7991 8098 8206 S312 8410 107 8526 8633 8740 8847 8954 9061 9167 9274 9381 0488 107 VAV4 9701 9S(I8 9014 0021 0128 0234 0341 0447 0564 107 ClOOfiO ()7«7 0S73 (1979 1086 1192 1298 1406 1511 1617 106 1723 1829 1930 2042 2148 2254 2360 2466 2572 2078 106 410 6127M 289(1 2996 3102 3207 3313 3419 3525 36S0 3736 100 3842 394 7 4053 4159 4264 4370 4476 4581 4686 4792 106 48»7 6003 6IU8 5213 6319 5424 5629 6634 6740 6»46 106 6tt6« 0055 AI6U 6265 6370 6476 6581 66^8 6790 6806 106 700(1 7105 7210 7315 7420 7525 7629 T " * " "'.1 7943 105 hO^JS M63 8267 8362 8466 8571 8676 1 8989 106 V0U3 9198 9302 9406 9611 9615 9719 j^ 0032 104 02013 A 0240 0844 U448 0552 0656 0760 0^o4 0968 1073 1U4 1176 1280 1384 1488 1592 1695 1799 1903 2007 2110 104 2214 2318 2421 2525 2628 2732 2836 2939 3042 3140 104 420 02324y 3353 3456 3559 3663 3766 3869 3973 4076 4179 108 4282 4385 4488 4591 1695 4798 4901 6004 6107 5210 103 5312 6416 5518 6621 6'/24 5827 6929 6032 6135 6238 103 6340 6443 6546 6648 0761 0863 6956 7058 7161 7263 103 7366 7468 7571 7673 7775 7878 7080 8082 K185 8287 102 838» 8491 8593 8695 8797 8900 9002 9104 9206 9308 102 9410 9612 9613 9715 9817 9919 0021 0123 0224 0320 102 63U428 0530 0631 0733 0836 0936 1038 1139 1241 1342 102 8 1444 1646 1647 1748 1849 1951 2052 2163 2255 2360 101 V 2467 2669 2660 2761 2862 2963 3064 3166 3266 3307 101 430 633468 3669 3670 3771 8872 3973 4074 4175 4276 4370 101 4477 4678 4679 4779 4880 4981 6081 6182 6283 6883 101 6484 6584 5685 6785 5886 6086 6087 6187 C.287 6388 100 G488 6688 6688 6789 6889 6989 7089 7189 7290 7390 lOU 7490 759U 7690 7790 7890 7990 .S090 M90 s29« 8380 100 84 S9 S569 8680 8789 8888 8988 9088 91.H8 9287 9387 100 V486 9686 9686 9785 9885 9984 0084 0183 0283 0382 09 640481 0681 0680 0779 0879 0978 1077 1177 12/6 1376 90 1474 1573 1672 1771 1871 1970 2069 2168 2267 2300 09 2465 2563 2662 2761 2800 2950 3058 3156 3255 3364 90 440 643453 3551 3650 3749 3847 3046 40U 4143 4242 4340 99 4439 4537 4636 4734 4632 4931 6029 6127 6226 6324 98 5422 5621 5619 6717 6815 5913 6011 611U 0208 63«« 08 6404 6502 6600 6698 6796 6894 6992 7089 7187 7285 98 7383 7481 7579 7676 7774 7872 7969 8067 M65 8202 98 8360 8458 8555 8653 8750 8848 8945 9043 9144) 9237 97 9335 9432 9530 9627 9724 9821 9919 00 1« (•113 V210 97 1650308 0405 0502 0699 0696 0793 0890 i ■ - " - ! 1181 97 1 1278 1376 1472 1669 1666 1762 1859 2150 97 9! 2246 2343 2440 2536 2633 2730 2826 ..... -..i'J 3110 97 li«.| 1 1 2 3 4 5 « 7 1^ 9 mft L0UARITHM8 OF NUMBERS. No. 1 2 3 1 ^ 5 6 8 9 |Di120 6206 6803 6888 6974 7059 7665 7740 7826 7911 8606 8691 8676 8761 1 9365 9440 9624 9609 1 0202 0287 0371 0466 : 1048 1132 1217 1301 1892 1970 2060 2144 2734 2818 2902 2986 1 3675 3669 3742 3826 4414 4497 4681 4666 6261 6336 6418 6602 i 6087 C170 6264 6337 6921 7004 7088 7171 i 7764 7837 7920 8003 1 8686 8668 8761 8834 1 9414 9497 9680 9663 i 0242 0326 0407 0490 1068 1161 1233 1316 1 1893 1976 2068 2140 2716 2798 2881 2963 3638 3620 ;i702 3784 , 4368 4440 4622 4004 6176 6268 634« 6422 6993 6076 6166 6238 1 6809 6890 6972 7053 7623 7704 7786 7866 8436 86 Ki 8597 8678 9246 9.i27 9408 9489 ! 0066 0136 0217 0298 1 0863 0944 1024 1105 1 1669 1750 1830 1911 1 1 2474 2666 2636 2715 , 3278 3368 3438 3618 ; 4079 4160 4240 4320 j 488U 4960 5040 6120 1 6679 5769 5838 6918 ! 6476 6666 6636 6715 j 7272 7362 7431 7511 1 8067 1 8146 8225 S306 8860 1 8939 9018 1 9097 , 9661 1 9731 1 9810 1 9889 9404 0271 1136 1999 2861 3721 4679 5 J 36 <>291 7144 7996 8846 9094 0640 1385 2229 3070 3910 4749 6686 6421 7254 8060 8917 9745 0573 1398 2222 3046 3806 4685 5503 6320 7134 7948 8759 9570 0378 118»> , 1991 2796 i 3698 I 4400 j 520U ; 5998 6796 I 7690 I 8384 9177 ; 9968 I 9491 I 0368 I 1222 2086 I 2947 3807 I 4666 5522 i;;',7rt 7229 8081 8931 9779 0626 1470 2.il3 :;U4 .'.'.tiU 4.H33 5('>69 f...04 7338 M69 90U0 9s'ifs 0056 U81 230J 3127 3948 4767 55.>5 6iUl 7210 8029 SS41 9051 U459 1266 2072 2.S76 3679 4480 5279 6078 6874 7070 8463 9266 0047 9678 9664 0444 0531 1309 1395 2172 2268 3033 3119 3893 3979 4751 48S7 6607 ....... 6462 ' 7316 8166 8261 9015 '.iliin 9863 0710 ' 1664 2397 J 3238 4078 4162 4919 I 60UU 57&S 6836 6588 I 6«^7I 7421 : 8263 90t»3 ywii 0738 I 1663 1' . 2387 -1' < 3209 .iZ'^l 4030 4112 4849 4'^ 1 6667 64H3 ' 72V7 8110 8922 9732 0540 1347 2153 2956 3769 4660 5359 6157 6954 7749 1 1 - v. , 70 >4 7113 r>« 'V TtMC* Oil';, 82 8S 83 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 8« 8« m 8« 8« 80 7» 79 79 79 Now 6 DUL LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 509 No.j 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 * 1 ^ 1 ^ 7 1 ^ 1 ^ Diff. 560 740363 0442 0521 0600 0678 0757 0836 0915 0994 1073 1 79 1 1152 1230 1309 1388 1467 1546 1624 1703 1782 1860 79 2 1939 2018 2096 2175 2254 2332 2411 2489 2568 2647 79 3 2725 ; 2804 2882 2961 30.39 3118 3196 3275 3353 3431 78 4 3510 3588 3667 3745 3823 i 3902 3980 1 4058 4136 4215 78 6 4293 4371 4449 4528 4606 4684 4762 4840 4919 4997 78 6 5075 5153 5231 5309 5387 5465 5543 5621 5699 6777 78 7 5855 5933 6011 6089 6167 6245 6323 6401 6479 6556 78 8 6634 6712 6790 6868 6945 7023 7101 7179 7256 7334 78 9 7412 7489 7567 7645 7722 i 7800 7878 7955 8033 8110 78 560 748188 8266 8343 8421 8498 8576 8653 8731 8808 8885 77 1 8963 9040 9118 9195 9272 9350 9427 9504 9582 9659 77 2 9736 9814 9891 9968 0045 0123 0200 0277 0354 0431 77 3 750508 0586 0663 0740 0817 0894 0971 1048 1125 1202 77 4 1279 1356 1433 1510 1587 1664 1741 1818 1895 1972 77 5 2048 2125 2202 2279 2356 2433 2509 2586 2663 2740 77 6 2816 2893 2970 3047 3123 3200 3277 3353 3430 3506 77 7 3583 ;5660 3736 3813 38><9 3966 4042 4119 4195 4272 77 8 4348 4425 4501 4578 4654 4730 4807 4883 4960 5036 76 9 5112 5189 5265 5341 5417 5494 5570 5646 5722 5799 76 570 755875 5951 6027 6103 6180 6266 6332 6408 6484 6560 76 1 6636 6712 6788 6864 6940 7016 7092 7168 7244 7320 76 2 7396 7472 7548 7624 7700 7775 7851 7927 8003 8079 76 3 8155 8230 8306 8382 8458 8533 8609 8685 8761 8836 76 4 8912 8988 9063 9139 9214 9290 9366 9441 9317 9592 76 6 9668 9743 9819 9894 9970 0045 0121 0196 0272 0347 75 6 760422 0498 0573 0649 0724 0799 0875 0950 1025 1101 76 7 1176 1261 1326 1402 1477 1552 1627 1702 1778 1853 75 8 1928 2003 2078 2153 2228 2303 2378 2453 2529 2604 75 9 2679 2754 2829 2904 2978 3053 3128 3203 3278 3353 75 580 763428 3503 3578 3653 3727 3802 3877 3952 4027 4101 75 1 4176 4251 4326 4400 4475 4550 4624 4699 4774 4848 75 2 4923 4998 5072 5147 5221 5296 5370 5445 5520 5594 75 3 5669 5743 5818 5892 5966 6041 6115 6190 6264 6338 74 4 6413 6487 6562 6636 6710 6786 6859 6933 7007 7082 74 6 7156 7230 7304 7379 7453 7527 7601 7675 7749 7823 74 6 7898 7972 8046 8120 8194 8268 8342 8416 8490 8564 74 7 8638 8712 8786 8860 8934 9008 9082 9156 9230 9303 74 81 9377 9451 9525 9599 9673 9746 9820 9894 9968 0042 74 9' 770115 0189 0263 0336 0410 0484 0557 0631 0705 0778 74 590 770852 0926 0999 1073 1146 1220 1293 1367 1440 1514 74 1 1587 1661 1734 1808 1881 1955 2028 2102 2175 2248 73 2 2322 2395 2468 2542 2615 2688 2762 2835 2908 2981 73 3 3055 3128 3201 3274 3348 3421 3494 3567 3640 3713 73 4 3786 S860 3933 4006 4079 4152 4225 4298 4371 4444 73 5 4517 4590 4663 4736 4809 4882 4955 5028 5100 5173 73 6 5246 5.S19 5392 5465 5538 5610 5683 5756 5829 5902 73 7 5974 6047 6120 6193 6265 6338 6411 6483 6556 6629 73 8 6701 6774 6846 6919 6992 7064 7137 7209 7282 7354 73 9| 7427 7499 7572 7644 7717 7789 7862 7934 1 8006 8079 72 No. 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 Difif. 510 ORDNANCE MANUAL. lfo.{ _•_._! 1 1 2 1 8 1 4 1 6 6 1 7 I 8 1 •1 UA 600 ! 778151' 8224 i K296 .S368 1 8441 8513 8585 1 8658 1 H730 1 8803 72 1 8S74 S947 9017 9091 9163 9236 9308 9380 9452 , 9524 72 2 »5U» 9669 9741 9813 9885 9957 0029 0101 0173 0245 72 3 780;il7 0.HK9 0461 0533 0605 0677 0749 0821 1 0S9:? 0965 72 4 io:j7 1109 1181 1253 1324 1396 1408 1540 1 1012 1684 72 d 1755 1827 1899 1971 2042 2114 2186 2258 2.'! 29 2401 72 6 2473 2544 2616 2688 , 2759 2831 2902 2974 3046 3117 72 7 3189 3260 3332 3403 3475 3546 3618 3689 :!761 8S32 71 8 8904 3975 4046 4118 41.H9 4261 4332 4403 4475 4546 71 9 4617 4689 4760 4831 4902 4974 5045 0116 51 h7 5259 71 610 785330 5401 5472 5543 5615 5886 5757 5828 5899 5970 71 1 6041 6112 6183 6254 6325 6396 6467 6538 6009 ««80 71 2 6751 6822 6893 6964 7035 7106 7177 724H 7319 7390 71 3 7460 7631 7602 7673 7744 7815 7885 7956 S027 K098 71 4 8I6S 8239 «3I0 8381 8451 8522 K593 .S66:{ ^734 HK04 71 6 8S75 S946 9016 9087 9157 9228 9299 93fi9 9410 9510 71 6 95H1 9651 9722 9792 9863 9933 0004 0074 0144 0215 70 7 790285 0356 0426 0496 0567 0637 0707 077N 0848 0918 70 8 0988 1059 1129 1199 1269 1340 1410 1480 1550 1620 TO » 1691 1761 1831 1901 1971 2041 2111 2181 2252 2322 70 620 792392 2462 2532 2602 2672 2742 2812 2882 2952 3022 70 1 3092 3162 3231 3301 3371 .i441 :'.5II 35H1 3651 3721 70 2 3790 3S60 3930 4000 4070 4139 4209 4279 4349 4418 TO ^ 4488 4558 4627 4697 4767 4S36 4906 4976 5045 5115 70 4 5185 5254 5324 5393 5463 5532 5002 5672 5741 5811 TO & 5880 5949 0019 6088 6158 6227 6297 6366 6436 650» «9 6 6574 6644 6713 6782 6S52 6921 6990 7060 7129 7I9# 99 7 7268 7337 7406 7475 7545 7614 7683 7752 7821 7899 •9 8 7960 'S029 8098 • ' 8167 8236 8305 8374 8443 S513 8582 69 y 8651 8720 8789 8858 8927 8996 9065 9134 9203 9272 69 630 799.341 9409 9478 9547 9616 96S5 9754 9823 9892 9961 69 I S00029 0098 0167 0236 0305 0373 (1442 0511 0580 0648 69 2 0717 0786 0854 0923 0992 1 lOfil 1129 UVt"* 12fifi lSt5 69 3 1404 1472 1541 1609 1678 ■ 1747 1SI5 \- ■ 2021 69 4 2089 2158 2226 2295 2363 2432 2500 : 2705 68 6 2774 2S42 2910 2979 3047 3116 3184 3389 68 6 3457 3525 3594 3662 3730 3798 3867 4071 68 7 4139 4205* 4276 4344 4412 1 4480 4548 i 4753 «8 8 4821 4889 4956 5025 5093 1 5161 5229 5297 5;;65 54Sa •8 9 5501 5569 5637 5705 5773 1 5841 5908 5976 6044 ens M 640 806180 6248 6316 6384 6451 6519 6587 6655 6723 6790 •S 1 6858 6926 6994 7061 7129 ; 7197 7264 7.h:<2 7400 7467 68 2 7535 7603 7670 7738 7806 I 7873 7941 RI43 68 3{ 8211 8279 8346 8414 8481 i 8549 8616 hhl8 67 4 8886 8953 9021 9088 9156 9223 9290 9492 67 5 9560 9627 9694 9762 9829 9896 9964 0031 0098 0145 67 6 810233 0300 0367 0434 0501 1 0569 0636 0703 0770 08S7 67 »■ 1 0904 0971 1039 1106 1173 ' 1240 1307 1374 1441 1508 67 8 1575 1642 1709 1776 1843 1910 1977 2044 2111 2178 ' 67 9 2245 . 2312 2379 2445 2512 ' 2579 2646 2713 2780 2847 •7 No. LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 511 No. D j ■ 1 ■■^ 1 3 j 4 1 5 ' i 7 j 8 1 9 1 Diff. 660 8129J3 2980 3047 3114 3181- 3247 3314 3381 3448 8614 67 1 3581 3648 3714 3781 3848 3914 3981 4048 4114 4181 67 2 4248 4314 4381 4447 4614 4581 4647 4714 4780 4847 67 3 4913 4980 5046 5113 5179 5246 6312 6378 5445 6611 66 4 6578 6644 6711 6777 5813 5910 5976 6042 6109 6175 66 6 6241 6308 6374 6440 6506 6673 6639 6705 6771 6838 66 6 6904 6970 7036 7102 7169 7235 7301 7367 7433 7499 66 7 7565 7631 7698 7764 78.30 7896 7962 8028 8094 8160 66 8 8226 8292 8368 8424 8490 8566 8622 b688 8754 8820- 66 9 8886 8951 9017 9083 9149 9215 9281 9346 9412 9478 66 660 819544 9610 9676 9741 9807 9873 9939 0004 0070 0136 66 1 820201 0267 0333 0399 0464 0530 0595 0661 0727 0792 66 2 0858 0924 0989 1055 1120 1186 1251 1317 1382 1448 66 3 1514 1579 1645 1710 1775 1841 1906 1972 2037 2108 65 4 2168 2233 2299 2364 2430 2495 2560 2626 2691 2756 65 5 2822 2887 2952 3018 3083 3148 3213 3279 3344 3409 65 6 3474 36.39 3605 3670 3736 3800 3865 3930 3996 4061 66 7 4126 4191 4256 4321 4386 4451 4516 4681 4646 4711 65 8 4776 4841 4906 4971 5036 6101 5166 6231 '5296 6361 65 9 5426 6491 5556 6621 6666 5761 5816 6880 5946 6010 65 670 826076 6140 6204 6269 6334 6399 6464 6528 6693 6668 65 1 6723 6787 6852 6917 6981 7046 7111 7175 7240 7305 65 2 7369 7434 7499 7663 7628 7692 7757 7821 7886 7961 65 3 8015 8080 8144 8209 8273 8338 8402 8467 8531 8596 64 4 8660 8724 8789 8853 8918 8982 9046 9111 9175 9239 64 5 9304 9368 9432 9497 9661 9625 9690 9754 9818 9882 64 6 9947 0011 0075 0139 0204 0268 0332 0396 0460 0625 64 7 880589 0663 0717 0781 0846 0909 0973 1037 1102 1166 64 8 1230 1294 1358 1422 1486 1550 1614 1678 1742 1806 04 9 1870 1934 1998 2062 2126 2189 2253 2317 2381 2446 64 680 832509 2673 2637 2700 2764 2828 2892 2956 3020 3083 64 1 3147 3211 3275 3338 3402 3466 3630 3593 3667 3721 64 2 3784 3848 3912 3975 4039 4103 4166 4230 4294 4357 64 3 4421 4484 4648 4611 4676 4739 4802 4^66 4929 4993 64 4 6066 5120 5183 5247 6310 6373 5487 5600 5664 6627 63 6 6691 5754 6817 5881 5944 6007 6071 6134 6197 6261 63 6 6324 6387 6461 6614 6677 6641 6704 6767 6830 6894 63 - 7 6967 7020 7083 7146 7210 7273 7336 7399 7462 7526 63 8 7688 7662 7715 7778 7841 7904 7967 8030 8093 8156 63 9 8219 8282 8245 8408 8471 8634 8697 8660 8723 8786 63 690 838849 8912 8976 9038 9101 9164 9227 9289 9352 9415 63 1 9478 9541 9604 9667 9729 9792 9856 9918 9981 0043 63 2 840106 0169 0232 0294 0357 0420 0482 0545 0608 0671 63 3 0733 0796 0859 0921 0984 1046 1109 1172 1234 1297 63 4 1359 1422 1486 1647 1610 1672 1735 1797 I860 1922 63 5 1985 2047 2110 2172 2235 2297 2360 2422 2484 2547 62 6 2609 2672 2734 2796 2869 2921 2983 3046 8108 3170 62 7 3233 3295 3367 3420 3482 3544 3606 3669 3731 3793 62 8 3856 3918 3980 4042 4104 4166 4229 4291 4363 4415 62 9 4477 4639 4601 4664 4726 4788 4850 4912 4974 5036 62 No. 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 '■ 1 8 1 1 DifT. 612 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Mo. 1 3 6 8 9' Dtf. 700 »4509"5' I 57] 8 2 fi337| 3 ! GOr).') 4 7.'>7:J 5 8189 6 8805 7 9419 8 Nr)0033 004 G 710 8r)1258 1 1870 2 2 ISO 3 3090 4 ;«}9b .0 430G 6 4913 7 5519 8 0124 9 G7i.9 720 857332 1 7935, S S537 "^ .]!■/>. G uy;j7 . 7 1534 8 213i; 9 2728 730 863323 1 39I7I 2 451 1 j 3 5104' 4 5G9G' 5 6287 6 GS7S 7 7167 8 S056i 9 86441 740 ^6^>232' 1 9818! 2 870404 3 09M» 4 1573 f) 21561 9710' d ,, - 5160 5780 6399 7017 763.1 8251 S866 9481 0095 0707 1320 1931 2541 3150 3759 4367 4974 55S0 6lt»5 67!>9 7393 7995 8597 " 1 9!> '799 iii9s 0996 1594 2191 27S7 3382 3977 4570 dl63 5755 6346 6937 7526 8! 15 8703 9290 9877 04ti2 1047 l2 5S74 6165 7055 5346 5966 65M5 7202 7bl9 8435 9051 9665 0279 0&91 1503 2114 2721 3333 3911 4549 5156 5761 6366 6970 7574 8176 877S j 9379 9978 057s 117G I 1773 j 2370 2966 3561 4155 474b ! 6341 I 5933 6524 I 7114 f j 7585 7644 7703 8174 8233 8292 8762 S821 8879 1 9349 9408 9466 i 9935 9994 0053 0521 0579 063^ llOrt 1164 1223 1690 ' 2273 2S55 3437 40Ib 4598 1748 2331 2913 3495 4076 4656 1806 2389 j 2972 ' 3553 ; 4134 I 4714 ; 5408 602s 6616 7264 7SS1 h497 9112 9726 0340 0952 1504 2175 2785 3394 4002 4610 5216 5S22 6427 7031 7634 S23G b^3s 9439 003b 0o37 1 23ij lb33 2430 3025 3620 4214 4bOs 5400 5992 6.''S3 7173 7762 8350 8938 9525 0111 0G9o 12M 1865 2448 3030 3611 4192 47:2 5470 6090 670S 7326 7943 8559 9174 97S8 0401 1014 1625 ■2236 2S46 3455 4063 4670 5277 5.'«>2 64S7 7091 7694 8-297 SS9S 9499 009S 0697 1-295 1893 24S9 3085 36S0 4274 4S67 5459 e^isi 6642 7232 7S21 8409 8997 95S4 0170 0755 1339 1923 250> 9559 015s 0757 1 :{55 1952 2549 3144 37-'" 4 4.' 55j:^ 6110 6701 7-291 78!sO 646S 9056 9642 022b 0bl3 1398 19sl 2564 3H« 5 5594 6213 6032 7449 S(MV) 8t'.b2 9297 '.»0)1 0.'i-24 1 1 .'16 1747 23.5b 296b 3577 4lb5 47;»J 7815 8417 (t01^ 9619 02 lb Obi 7 1415 •2012 -2t';b 3263 7350 7409 79.'J9 799b b.'»27 8586 91)4 917.3 62 62 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 OJ 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 00 60 60 60 I A) j 60 60 I 60 60 I «50 I ^ I 60 59 .79 M SO 50 90 No. LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 513 No. » 1 2 3 4 • 7 8 9 Diff. 750 875061 5119 5177 5235 5293 5351 5409 5466 5524 5582 58 1 5640 5698 5756 5813 5871 5929 5987 6045 6102 6160 58 2 6218 6276 6333 6391 0449 6507 6564 6622 6680 6737 58 3 6795 6b53 6910 6968 7026 7083 7141 7199 7256 7314 58 4 7371 7429 74s7 7544 7602 7659 7717 7774 7832 7889 58 5 7947 8004 b062 8119 8177 8234 8292 8349 8407 8464 57 6 8.522 8579 8637 8694 87.52 8809 8866 • 8924 8981 9039 57 7 9096 91.53 9211 9268 9325 9383 9440 9497 9555 9012 57 8 9669 9726 9784 9841 9898 9956 00 J 3 OO70 0127 0185 57 9 880242 0J99 0356 0413 0471 0528 0585 0642 0699 0756 57 760 880814 0871 0928 0985 1042 1099 1156 1213 1271 1328 57 1 13&.'i 1442 1499 1556 1613 1070 1727 1784 1841 1898 57 2 1955 2012 2069 2126 2183 2240 2297 2354 2411 -.^468 57 3 2.'-)25 25s 1 2633 2695 2752 2809 2866 2923 2980 3037 57 4 3093 3150 3207 S264 3321 3377 3434 3491 3548 3605 57 5 3661 371« 3775 3832 3888 3945 4002 4059 4115 4172 57 6 4229 42s5 4342 4399 4455 4512 4569 4625 4682 4739 57 7 4795 4»52 4909 4965 5U22 5078 5135 5192 5248 53U5 57 & 5361 5418 5474 5531 5587 5644 5700 5757 5813 5870 57 9 5926 5983 6039 6096 6152 6209 6265 6321 6378 6434 56 770 886491 6547 0604 6660 6716 6773 6829 6885 6942 6998 56 1 7054 7111 7107 7223 7280 733ti 7392 7449 7505 7561 56 2 7617 7674 7730 7786 7842 7898 7955 8011 8067 8123 56 3 8179 8236 8292 8348 8404 8460 8516 8573 8629 8685 56 4 8741 8797 8S53 8909 8965 9021 9077 9134 9190 9246 56 5 9302 9358 9414 9470 9.526 9582 9638 9694 9750 9806 56 6 9862 991>5 9974 0030 0036 0141 0197 02.53 U309 0365 56 7 S90421 0477 0533 0589 0645 0700 0756 0812 0868 0924 56 & 09^0 1035 1091 1147 1203 1259 1314 1370 1426 1482 56 9 1537 1593 1649 1705 1760 1816 1872 1928 1983 2039 56 7S0 892095 2150 2206 2262 2317 2373 2429 2484 2540 2595 56 1 2651 2707 2762 2818 2873 2929 2985 3040 3096 3151 56 2 3207 32'j2 3318 3373 3429 3484 3.540 3595 3651 3706 56 3 3762 3sl7 3b73 3928 3984 4039 4094 4150 4205 4261 55 4 4316 4371 4427 4482 4538 4.593 4648 4704 4759 4814 55 5 4&70 4925 4980 5036 5091 5146 5201 5257 5312 5367 55 6 5423 54 7S 5533 5588 5644 5699 5754 5809 5864 5920 55 7 5975 6030 6085 6140 6195 025 1 6306 6361 6416 6471 55 8 6526 6581 6636 6692 6747 6802 6857 6912 6967 7022 55 9 7077 7132 7187 7242 7297 7352 7407 7462 7517 7572 55 790 897627 7682 7737 7792 7847 7902 7957 8012 8067 8122 55 1 8176 8231 8286 8341 8396 8451 8506 8.561 8615 8670 55 2 8725 8780 8835 8890 8944 8999 9054 9109 9164 9218 55 3 9273 9328 9383 9437 9492 9547 9602 9H56 9711 9766 55 4 9821 9875 9930 9985 0039 0094 0149 0203 0258 0312 55 5 900367 0422 0476 0531 0586 0640 0095 0749 0804 0859 55 6 0913 0968 1022 1077 1131 1186 1240 1295 1349 1404 55 7 1458 1513 1567 1622 1676 1731 1785 1840 1894 1948 54 8 2003 2057 2112 2166 2221 2275 2329 2384 2138 2492 54 9 2547 2601 2655 2710 2764 2818 2873 2927 2981 3036 54 No. 1 ? 3 4 ' 1 6 7 8 9 Diff. 35 514 ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. DIff. soo 1 2 3 4 ft 6 7 b 9 SIO I 2 3 4 .'» 6 7 8 9 620 1 2 3 4 .•) 6 7 8 9 830 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 840 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nik I 903090 3Q33 4174 4716 5256 579(5 6ai5 0874 7411 7949 90S485 9021 9556 910091 0(i-2» 1158 1690 2222 2753 32f>4 913S14 4343 4b72 5400 5927 6454 6980 7506 8030 8555 91907b 9ti01 920123 0645 1166 16b6 2206 2725 3244 3762 924279 479C 5312 5828 6342 6857 7370 7883 8396 8908 3144 3r*7 4229 4770 5310 ftb50 6927 7165 8002 8.').39 9074 9610 0144 (»Ci"s 1211 1743 2275 2806 3337 3S67 4396 4925 5453 59S0 6.507 7033 7.558 t"083 8607 9130 9653 0176 0697 121b 1738 225b 2777 3296 3bl4 4331 484b 53t'>4 5b79 6394 6908 7422 7935 b447 SE959 3199 3253 3741 3795 4283 4337 4824 4b7« 5364 5418 5904 .5958 6443 6497 69b 1 7035 7519 7573 80.% 8110 b.592 8646 1 91 2N 91bl 1 9-163 9716 ; 0197 0251 0731 0781 j 1264 1317 1 1797 lb.50 1 2328 2.%1 1 2b59 2913 3390 3443 3920 3973 4449 4502 4977 5030 5'^>05 55.5b 6033 60b5 , 6559 «>612 70b5 7138 , 7611 7663 ; 8135 bl88 1 8659 8712 1 9183 92.35 1 970«5 9758 ' 022b 0280 0749 OsOl , 1270 1322 1 1790 lb42 i 2310 2362 1 2b29 2b81 ' 3348 3399 3865 3917 1 4383 4434 ' 4b99 4951 ' 5415 5467 i 5931 5982 6445 6497 1 6959 7011 1 7473 7524 79b6 8037 8498 8549 9010 9061 3307 3849 4391 4932 5472 6012 6.551 7089 7626 8163 8699 9235 9770 0304 0b3b 1371 1903 24.35 2960 3496 4026 45.55 5083 5611 6138 6664 7190 7716 8240 8764 9287 9bl0 0332 0b53 1374 1894 2414 2933 3451 3969 4486 5003 5518 6034 6548 7062 7576 S08b 8601 9112 3.361 3904 4115 49bt) 552C) 6006 6604 7N3 7()bO 8217 b7.'J3 92b9 9?>..'3 03.'')b 0>'.)| 1421 19.'»6 24 Sb 3019 3519 407y 460b 51 3«; 5664 6191 ti7l7 7243 776b b293 bblO 9340 9b62 03b4 0900 1426 ly^o 24CI5 2985 3503 4021 4538 50.54 5570 6085 6600 7114 7627 8140 8652 9163 3416 3470 395» 4012 44'.>9 I 45.W .5040 5094 55s0 I 5634 6119 I 6173 ■ 66.5b 6712 •^i' 7196 7250 I 7J04 7734 77b7 ' 7b41 8270 8.324 i 837b 8>>07 9342 9b77 0411 0944 1477 2009 2.541 3072 3t;02 4132 4 »><•,(» 51b9 5716 6243 6770 7295 7S20 b315 bb69 9392 9914 04 3() Oy.')b 147b )9V«b 251b 3037 3555 4072 4.589 5106 5621 6137 6651 7165 7678 8191 b703 9215 54 54 54 .')4 54 •■4 54 .'4 54 b431 ! 54 8H(» 9306 9930 0464 01»S*b 1530 2003 2594 SIM 4 9449 1»9M 051b 1051 !.'*! 2116 2647 3135 3178 3655 j 370b 4184 ! 4713 5241 5709 I 6290 6622 , ' 734b 1 7b73 8397 - b'.*21 , - 9444 ' 9496 9967 i 0019 0489 I 0541 1010 Ii>62 1530 ; :' 2050 2570 3089 3607 4124 4641 5157 5673 6188 6702 T216 7730 8242 8754 &-W., 92«6 ' 9317 I- I • b9«57 9503 04)37 0571 1104 l»i:i7 2169 2700 3231 3761 Ji40 3C5b 4176 4rtM3 _ 4744 54 54 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 9.549 ! 52 ftOTI ' 52 58 n*. LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. m No.| 1 1 j 2 1 3 1 4 1 = 1 6 1 7 8 9 Diff. 850 y29Jl9 9470 9521 9572 9623 9674 9725 9776 9827 9879 51 1 9930 99s 1 0032 00b3 0134 0185 0236 0287 0338 0389 51 2 J30440 0491 0542 0592 0643 0694 0745 0796 0847 0898 51 3 0949 1000 1051 1102 1153 1204 1254 1305 1356 1407 51 4 1458 1509 1560 1610 1661 1712 1763 1814 1865 1915 51 5 1966 2017 2068 2118 2169 2220 2271 2322 2372 2423 51 6 2474 2524 2575 2626 2677 2727 2778 2S29 2879 2930 51 7 2981 3031 3082 3133 3183 3234 3285 3335 3386 3437 51 8 3487 3533 3589 3639 3690 3740 3791 3S41 3S92 3943 51 9 3993 4044 4094 4145 4195 4246 4296 4347 4397 4448 51 860 93449s 4549 4599 4650 4700 4751 4801 4852 4902 4953 50 1 5003 5054 5104 5154 5205 5255 5306 5356 5406 5457 50 2 5507 5558 5603 5658 5709 5759 5809 5860 5910 5900 50 3 6011 6061 6111 6162 6212 6262 6313 6363 6413 6463 50 4 6514 6564 6614 6605 6715 6765 6815 6&65 6916 6966 50 5 7016 7066 7117 7167 7217 7267 7317 7367 74 IS 7468 50 6 7518 7568 7618 7668 7718 7769 7819 7869 7919 7969 50 7 8019 8069 8119 8169 8219 8269 ^20 &370 8420 8470 50 & 8520 8570 8620 8670 S720 8770 8820 8S70 8920 8970 50 9 9020 9070 9120 9170 9220 9270 9320 9369 9419 9469 50 870 939519 9569 9619 9669 9719 9769 9819 9S69 9918 9968 50 1 94001!! 0068 Oils 016s 0218 0267 0317 0367 0417 0467 50 2 05 IH 0566 0616 0666 0716 0765 0815 0S65 0915 0964 50 3 1014 1064 1114 1163 1213 1263 1313 1362 1412 1462 50 4 1511 15«1 1611 1660 1710 1760 1809 1859 1909 1958 50 5 2008 2058 2107 2157 2207 2256 2306 2355 2405 2455 50 6 2504 2554 2603 2653 2702 2752 2S01 2851 2901 2950 50 7 3000 3049 3099 314S 3198 3247 3297 3346 3396 .•M45 49 8 3495 3544 3593 3643 3692 3742 3791 3841 3S90 3939 49 9 3989 4038 40SS 4137 4186 4236 42S5 4335 4384 4433 49 880 944483 4532 4581 4631 4680 4729 4779 4828 4877 4927 49 1 4976 5025 5074 5124 5173 5222 5272 5321 5370 5419 49 2 5469 551S 5567 5616 5665 5715 5764 5813 5862 5912 49 3 5961 6010 6059 6108 6157 6207 6256 6305 6354 6403 49 4 6452 6501 6551 6600 6649 669t 6747 6796 6845 6S94 49 5 6943 6992 7041 7090 7140 7189 7238 7287 7336 7385 49 6 7434 7483 7532 7581 7630 7679 7728 7777 7S26 7875 49 7 7924 7973 8022 8070 8119 8168 8217 8266 8315 8364 49 8 8413 8^162 8511 8560 8609 8657 8706 8755 8804 8853 49 9 8902 8951 8999 90JS 9097 9146 9195 9244 9292 9341 49 890 949390 9439 9488 9536 9585 9634 9683 9731 9780 9829 49 1 987S 9926 9975 0024 0073 0121 0170 0219 0267 0316 49 2 950365 0414 0462 0511 0560 0608 0657 0706 0754 0803 49 3 0851 0900 0949 0997 1046 1095 1143 1192 1240 12b9 49 4 1338 13S6 1435 1483 1532 1580 1629 1677 1726 1775 49 5 1823 1^72 1920 1969 2017 2066 2114 2163 2211 2260 48 6 2308 2356 2405 2453 2502 2550 2599 2647 2696 2744 43 7 2792 2841 2S89 293S 2986 3034 3083 3131 3180 3228 48 8 3276 3325 3373 3421 3470 3518 35b6 3615 3663 3711 48 9 3760 3808 3856 3905 3953 4001 4049 4098 4146 4194 48 No. Diff. M« ORDNANCE MANUAL. No. I 8 DUL 954243 4291 4339 4387 4435 4484 4532 4580 4725 4773 ■ 4821 4>G9 4918 4966 5014 5062 5207 5255 5:<03 5351 5399 5447 5495 5543 5t OS 5736 5784 5s32 58S0 59'28 5976 60-24 OKiS 6216 6265 6313 6361 6409 6457 6505 6(549 6697 6745 6793 6840 6888 6936 69S4 7r2b 7176 7224 7272 7320 7368 7416 7464 7(i07 7055 7703 7751 7799 •7847 7894 7942 60!»6 bl34 8181 8229 8277 8325 h373 8121 b5(34 8612 8659 8707 8755 8803 8s50 8S98 959041 90S9 9137 9185 9232 9280 9328 9375 95 IS 951)6 9614 9tit)l 9709 9757 9S04 9852 99;<5 0042 0090 0138 0185 0233 0-280 03-28 960471 05 IS 0566 0»j|3 0661 0709 0756 0S04 0916 0994 1041 10S9 1136 1184 1-23 1 1279 1421 1469 1516 1563 1611 1658 1 706 1753 1S95 1943 1990 2038 2085 2132 2180 2227 2:i<)9 2417 2461 251 1 2559 2606 2653 -2701 2S43 2S90 2937 29s5 3032 3079 3; '26 3174 3316 3363 3410 3457 3504 3552 3599 3646 9fi37SS 3s35 38S2 3929 3977 40-24 4071 4118 42>>0 4307 4354 4401 4448 4495 4542 4590 4731 4778 4825 4S72 4919 4966 5(113 5061 5202 5249 5296 5343 5390 5437 5484 5531 5672 5719 5766 5&I3 5s»j0 5907 5!(54 6001 6142 6189 6236 62S3 6329 6376 61-23 6470 6611 6658 6705 6752 6799 6845 6^92 6939 70S0 7127 7173 7220 7267 7314 7361 740b 754 s 7595 7642 76s8 7735 77812 7S-29 7S75 8016 8062 8109 8156 8203 8-249 8296 8343 96S4S3 6530 8576 8623 8670 8716 I.-..., ^-0 j h950 S9y6 9043 9090 9130 9183 9416 9163 9509 9556 9602 9649 ,J 9SS2 9928 9975 0021 0068 0114 0161 04 1601 1740 17S6 1832 1879 19-2.5 1971 •2018 2064 2203 2249 2295 2342 2388 2434 -^481 2527 2666 2712 2758 2804 •2b51 2897 '2943 29&9 973128 3174 3220 3266 3313 3359 3405 3451 3590 3636 3682 3728 3774 3S'20 3s66 3913 4051 4097 4143 41S9 42r.5 4281 4327 4374 4512 4558 4604 4650 4696 4742 4-88 4S34 49T2 5018 5064 5110 5156 5202 5-248 5-294 5432 5478 5524 5570 5616 5662 5707 5753 .•seoi 5937 5983 6029 6075 6121 6167 6212 6350 6396 6442 64S& 6533 6579 66-25 6671 6s0>^ 6s54 6900 6946 6992 7037 70&3 7129 7266 7312 735S 7403 7449 7495 7541 7580 4628 5110 5592 6072 6563 7032 7512 7990 8468 8946 9423 9900 0376 0851 1326 1801 2275 2748 3221 3693 4165 4637 5108 5578 6U48 6517 6986 7464 79-22 8390 8856 93-23 9789 0-254 0719 1183 1647 2110 •2573 3035 3497 3950 44-20 48'>0 5*10 5799 6-258 6717 7175 7632 4677 5i:i8 5640 61-20 6601 7080 7559 8038 s.". 1 1) 8994 9471 '.»947 0423 08in) 1374 1848 2322 2795 3-'i'.S i 3741 4212 4(W4 51. ',5 .v. J.'; 6ij;'5 6.v;i 7033 75i)l 79' 19 S436 I S'.'O'J 9;i'.9 9S.f.'> 031 »0 071.5 1 093 2i:i7 -2619 30S2 3513 403 4926 53.s«j 5845 67'j3 7220 7678 VOL LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 517 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ' « Diff. 950 977724 7769 7815 7861 7906 7952 7998 8043 8089 8135 46 1 8181 8226 8272 8317 8363 8409 84.54 8500 8.546 8,'->9l 46 2 8637 8683 872» 8774 8819 8>65 8911 8956 9002 91 '4 7 46 3 9093 9138 9184 9230 9275 932! 9366 9412 94.57 9503 46 4 9.')4S 9.594 9639 9685 9730 9776 9821 9b67 9912 9y.'i8 46 5 9S0003 0049 0094 0140 0185 02(1 0276 0322 03(57 0412 45 6 Oir)8 0.503 0.549 0.594 0640 06M5 0730 0776 0821 0867 45 7 0912 0957 1003 1048 1093 1139 1184 1229 1275 1320 45 8 1366 14U 14.56 1.501 1.547 1.592 1637 1(583 1728 1773 45 9 1819 1864 1909 19.54 2000 2045 2090 2135 2181 2226 45 960 9S2271 2316 2362 2407 2452 2497 2.543 2588 2633 2678 45 1 2723 2769 2814 2'^.59 2904 2!)49 2994 3040 30b5 3130 45 2 31 7.-1 3220 3265 3310 3356 3401 3446 3491 3->36 3r,J>l 45 3 3()26 3671 3716 3762 .3N07 3.'552 38'. 7 3942 39s7 4032 45 4 4077 4122 4167 4212 42.57 4.302 43)7 4392 4437 4482 45 5 4527 4572 4617 4062 4707 4752 4797 4842 4S87 4932 45 6 4977 5022 5067 5112 5157 5202 5247 5292 5337 5382 45 7 r>426 5471 5516 5561 560(1 .5651 5696 5741 57b0 6b30 45 8 r)87.''i 5920 5965 6010 60.55 6100 6144 6189 6234 6279 45 9 6324 6369 6413 6458 6.503 6518 6593 6637 66S2 6727 4.'} 970 986772 6817 6861 6906 6951 699(5 7040 7085 71.30 7175 45 1 7219 7264 7309 7353 7398 7443 7488 7532 7577 7(522 45 2 7666 7711 77.56 7800 7845 7890 7934 7979 8024 8068 45 3 8113 8157 8202 b247 15291 b336 83'5l 8425 8470 8514 45 4 8.')r)9 8604 «64S 8693 8737 8782 882(5 !5871 8916 8960 45 5 9005 9049 9094 9138 9183 9227 9272 9316 9.361 9405 45 6 9450 9494 9539 9583 9(528 9672 9717 9761 9^06 9850 44 7 9895 9939 99b3 0028 0072 0117 0161 0206 0250 0294 44 8 990339 0383 0428 0472 0516 0561 0605 0050 0(594 0738 44 9 0783 0h27 0871 0916 0960 1004 1049 1093 1137 1182 44 980 991226 1270 1315 13.59 1403 1448 1492 1536 1580 1625 44 I 1669 1713 1758 1802 1846 1890 1935 1979 2023 2067 44 2 2111 2156 2200 2244 2288 2333 2377 2421 2465 25i)9 44 3 25.54 2598 2642 2086 2730 2774 2819 2»63 2907 2951 44 4 2995 3039 30b3 3127 3172 3216 3260 3304 3318 3392 44 5 3436 34 SO 3.524 3568 3613 3657 3701 3745 3789 3833 44 6 3877 3921 3965 4009 40.53 4097 4141 4185 4229 4273 44 7 4317 4361 4405 4449 4493 4537 45M 4625 4669 4713 44 8 4757 4801 4845 4S89 4933 4977' 5021 5065 5108 51.52 44 9 5196 5240 5284 532!3 5372 5416 5460 5504 .5.547 5.591 44 990 995635 5679 5723 5767 5811 5854 5S9S .5942 5986 6030 44 1 6074 6117 6161 6205 6249 6293 6337 6380 6424 6468 44 2 6512 65.55 6599 6643 6(i87 6731 6774 6818 6862 6906 44 3 6949 6993 7037 70S0 7)24 7I6« 7212 7255 7299 7343 44 4 7386 7430 7474 7517 7'i61 7605 7648 7692 7736 7779 44 5 7823 7S67 7910 79.54 799s 8041 8085 8129 8172 8216 44 6 8259 8303 8347 8390 8434 8477 8.521 8564 8608 8652 44 7 8695 8739 8782 8826 8869 8913 8956 9000 9043 9087 44 8 9131 9174 9218 9261 9305 9348 9392 9435 9479 9.522 44 9 9565 9609 9652 9696 9739 y783 9826 9870 9913 9957 43 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 ^ 1 Diff. 618 ORDNANCE MANUAL. Table of NaturcU Sines and Tangents. Deg. Min. Sine. Tangent. Deg. Min. Bine. Tangent. 10 00290H9 00'29089 12 30 2164396 2216047 ir. 0043«:J3 0043634 45 220«i974 •2262769 3lJ Oas7ifi5 00b 7269 13 00 2-2495 11 230b682 45 oi;u)S9« 0130907 15 V!29-20U4 '2:i.'>46h7 1 (K) 0174521 0174.551 30 2334454 '2iWl7b.S ir» 0*21 Hi 4y 0210-201 45 237.te.'»9 '2l469b4 30 0'2t»17» 039-2901 45 2546019 •2<'t.1-27»0 30 043>il94 0436609 15 00 2588190 2679492 45 04797SI 04<>03:)4 15 2630312 ■ ■""• ■' ( ''. 3 OU 0.523360 0524078 30 267-2384 15 050«9*28 0567b4l 45 2714404 30 Of)104H5 0611626 16 00 2756374 ^xr.itA 4:. 0«5.'>403l 0655433 15 27Vto2tfO WMIU 4 00 0t)975Ch5 069y2t)8 30 2840153 ' "■'' 15 07410S5 07431-28 45 2881963 31 » 07s4.'i9l 07>70I7 17 UO 2W23717 45 0^•2^0f^•2 0b30936 15 2905416 3i<>'>(jka -6 00 0S715.')7 Ub74bb7 no 3007UdH 31.''',»9NS 15 0yi.5(H») 091bb71 45 3048643 3it 0'.t5s45>» 090-2b90 18 00 3090170 45 l(»(tl^bl 10(Hi947 13 3131636 6 00 1(»45'2n5 10.') 1042 30 3173U47 15 l(l>>MSt><» 109.M7S 43 32t43M 30 1132«.'ja 1139350 10 00 3255682 45 117.5374 I lb3578 15 32(I0M6 7 00 r21t>.i93 1227b46 30 3338069 15 r2fi|*'0 1272161 45 3379167 30 130.5-2»V2 131 (35-25 ao 00 3420201 % 45 134S')09 1360940 15 3461171 00 1391731 140.5408 30 33IRJ014 15 143li42»5 1449931 45 3542910 3(1 1I7S091 1494510 21 00 35t»3670 45 1.5-21 ..'34 1. '"•■<"' 17 IS 3624380 .,-- . . :., 9 00 1.564.345 1:- -;; 30 366-5012 3HW106 15 lf!074-2rt 1.,.-. ,, 45 3705574 fW«<»fr9ft 30 16.51(476 l')734-20 1 22 00 3746066 45 1693495 17lb3l4 1 1 15 3786486 10 00 17364S2 1763-270 1 30 3826^34 15 1779435 lNib-295 45 >«7110 30 lb-2'23^5 Iv^^-'ftW 23 00 3907311 45 lN)5-240 1 1>9>5.'»9 IS 3047430 11 00 190«>090 1 I9i:{yt3 30 3987401 15 19.50903 ] ]'.*•>'.» 124 45 4027467 30 1993679 1 20:j4.''.23 24 00 4067366 45 20364IS 20^(>(t03 IS 4107189 . . . _ tt 00 2079117 2r2.V.66 30 4146032 4557-263 15 2121777 2171213 ' 45 1 4186507 4610063 NATURAL SINES AND TANGENTS. 519 Table of Natural Sines and Tangents — Continued. Deg. Min. Sine. Tangent. Deg. Min. Sine. Tangent. 25 00 4226183 4663077 50 00 7660444 11917.536 30 4305111 4769755 30 7716246 12130970 26 00 43S3711 4877.326 51 00 77714b0 1234b972 30 4461978 49S5S16 30 7826082 12571723 27 00 4539905 509.5254 52 00 7880108 12799416 30 4617486 520.''.671 30 7933533 13032254 28 00 4694716 5317094 53 00 7986355 13270448 30 4771588 5429557 30 8038569 13514224 29 00 4848096 5543091 54 00 8090170 1376.3819 30 4924236 5657728 30 8141155 14019483 30 00 5000000 5773503 55 00 8191520 142i3l480 30 50753b4 5891)4.50 30 8241262 14550090 31 00 5150381 600NG06 56 00 8290376 14825610 30 5224986 6128008 30 8338858 15108352 32 00 5299193 62|sr,!)4 57 00 838h706 15398ri50 30 5372996 6370703 30 8433914 15696856 33 00 5446390 6494076 58 00 &4b0481 16003315 30 5519370 6618'556 30 8.526402 163KS517 34 00 5591929 6745085 59 00 8571673 16642795 30 5664062 6S72810 30 6616292 1097<)t)31 35 00 5735764 7002075 60 00 8660254 17320508 30 5807030 71.32931 61 00 8746197 18040478 36 00 5s77s53 7265425 62 00 8829476 18807265 30 594S22S 7399611 63 00 8910065 I962H105 37 00 6018150 7.535.54 1 64 00 8987940 2050303S 30 60S76H 7673270 65 00 9063078 2144.5069 38 00 6156615 7bl2s.56 66 00 91354.55 22460368 30 0225146 7954359 67 00 9205049 23558524 39 00 6293204 8097N40 68 00 9271839 24750869 30 6360782 8243364 69 00 933.5804 26050891 40 00 6427»76 8390996 70 00 9396926 27474774 30 6494480 8.54 0b07 71 00 94.55186 29042109 41 00 6r)60590 S692«(i7 72 00 9510.565 30770835 30 6626200 8S 4 72.53 73 00 9:6.3048 32708526 42 00 6691306 9004040 74 00 96 126 1 7 34874144 30 6755902 91*13312 75 00 9659258 37.320508 43 00 6>^199S4 9325151 76 00 9702957 40107S09 30 68S3546 9489646 77 00 974.3701 4.331 4759 44 00 6946584 96568NS 78 00 9781476 4704f;301 30 7009093 9826973 79 00 9816272 51445540 45 00 7071068 10000000 80 00 984S078 .56712818 30 7132504 1017f;()74 81 00 987(ibS3 63137515 46 00 7193398 103.55303 82 00 99026S1 7115«)97 30 7253744 10.537»01 83 00 992.5462 8144.3464 47 00 7313537 107236^7 84 00 9945219 95143645 30 7372773 10913ns5 85 00 9961947 114300520 48 00 7431448 11 1061 25 86 00 9975641 143006(V)0 30 7489557 11302944 87 • 00 99Sr.295 190811370 49 00 7547096 11503684 88 00 9993908 2863r,2ri30 30 7604060 1 170^^496 89 00 999^>477 572S99620 520 ORDNANCE MANUAL. LooARiTHMS Sine. JKAl 8.241»6 8.64281 8.71880 8.8-1368 8.04029 9.011'23 9.085S9 9.U366 9. 194. {8 9.2;59fi7 9.28069 9.:U7S7 9..S6208 9.41299 9.44033 9.48693 0.48998 9.61264 9.53406 9.55432 9.57.367 9.591S7 9.60931 9.62694 9.64IS4 9.66704 9.67160 9.68667 9.69897 9. 71 1 S3 9.72421 9.73610 9.74766 9.75869 9.76921 9.77946 9.78934 9.79SS7 9.80806 lO* 7.46372 8.30879 8.67766 8.74226 8.86128 8.96440 9.03108 9.09606 9.16249 9.20223 9.24677 9.28704 9.32378 9.36762 9.38871 9.41768 9.44472 9.47004 9.493S6 9.51629 9.53760 9.55760 9.57668 9.69484 9.61214 9.62861 9.61442 9.66951 9.67397 9.6H7R1 9.70116 9.71.393 9.7:'f>22 9.73.S04 9.74942 9.76039 9.77096 9.78113 9.79096 y.S0042 9.S0966 9.81694 9.81839 9.82551 9.82691 9.83378 9.83613 9.84177 9.84;i07 9/ 7.26475 8.. 36677 8.60973 8.76461 8.87828 8.96824 9.04262 9.10699 9.16116 9 . 20999 9.25376 9.29.3.39 9.. 32959 9.36288 9.39:!6S 9.42231 9.44906 9.47411 9. 49768 9.61991 9.54093 9.66086 9.57977 9. .69778 9.61494 9.63132 9.61698 9.66197 9.67632 9 . 69009 9.70331 ao* 7.94084 8.41791 8.63968 8.7S667 8.89464 8.98167 9.06385 9.11669 9.16970 9.21760 9.26063 9.29966 9.3:i;>33 9.. 368 18 9.3'.tH60 9.42689 9.463.34 9.47814 9.60147 9.62.349 9.54432 9.66407 9.68284 9.60070 9.61772 y.633yH 9.649.-.2 9.66410 9.67866 9.69233 9.70646 40" 8.06677 8.46366 8.6676H 8.80.''.S6 8.91040 8.99449 9.064S0 9.12.MS 9.17S07 9.22.'i09 9.267.39 9.306S1 9.340y9 9.37341 9.40346 9.43142 9.46768 9.48212 9.60623 9.62704 9.64768 9.56726 9.68687 9 . 60369 9.62048 9.(>3rt02 9 . 6.'.206 9.666«2 9.6soy8 9.61*466 9.70760 W my iV 9 71601 9 71 80S 9 72014 9 72h22 9 7.i0*.M 9 7;5219 9 73997 9 74188 9 74379 9 76128 9 76.; 12 V 76496 9 76217 9 76396 9 76672 9 77267 9 77438 9 77609 >'0 9.4- 17 9.48533 9.48983 9.49429 9.49872 9.50310 9.50746 9.511, , 1 * 18 9.51177 9.51605 9.52030 9.52452 9.52H70 9.53285 9.5.3697 71 1« 9.53697 9.54106 9.54511 9.54914 9.55314 9.55712 9.56106 70 SO 9.56106 9.56498 9.56887 9.57273 9.57657 9.58038 9.58417 |6g 81 9.58417 9.68794 9.59168 9.595.39 9.59909 9.60276 9.60641 68 ss 9.60641 9.61003 9.61.364 9.61722 9.62078 9.62-133 9.627M5 67 ss 9.62785 9.63135 9.63483 9.63,s30 9.64174 9.64517 9.64H.,h 66 S4 9.64858 9.65197 9.65534 9.65S7(I 9.6«204 9.e,r,'-- ,. ,. . .- (■ ■ S6 9.66867 9.67196 9.67523 9.67849 9.6M74 9.6- . S6 9.68818 9.6l»138 9.69456 9.69773 9.7ltO'>9 9.71 i S7 9.70716 9.71028 9.71.^38 9.71647 9.71955 9.722fi2 9.7:' » 9.72567 9.72871 9.73174 9.73476 9.73777 9.74076 9.71 t9 9.74374 9.74672 9.74968 9.75264 9.7555H 9.758il 9.7<.i SO 9.76143 9.76435 9.76725 9.77014 9.77:'.o:t 9.77.'-9o 9.77 SI 9.77677 9.78163 9.78447 9.7: - ... . ss 9.79578 9.7i»859 9.80139 9.^ ss 9.81251 9.81527 9.81803 9.>: . S4 9.82898 9.83170 9.83442 9.837 la S5 9.84522 9.84791 9.85«.')9 9.»*.'»:^2« 86 9.86126 9.8(5:191 9.- sr 9.87711 9.S7974 9.- 88 9.89281 9. 895 11 9.^, . 1 89 9.90836 9.91 9.96712 9 . '.»' 48 9.96965 9.97218 9.97471 9.97725 9.97U7M 9.98230 44 9.98484 9.98736 9.989S9 9.99242 9.99494 9.99747 '~ ! Vf W 40' 30' V W V i LoftAI IRES Coujn un. LOGARITHMS OF TANGENTS. LOOARITRMS TaNOKNT. 523 !^ S" c 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60' O 45 0.00000 0.00252 0.00505 0.00758 0.01010 0.01263 0.01616 44 46 0.01516 0.01769 0.02022 0.02275 0.02528 0.02781 0.03034 43 47 0.03034 0.03287 0.03541 0.03794 0.04048 0.04302 0.04566 42 48 0.04556 0.04810 0.05064 0.05319 0.05573 0.05828 0.06083 41 49 0.06083 0.06339 0.06594 0.06850 0.07106 0.07362 0.07618 40 50 0.07618 0.07875 0.08132 0.08389 0.08647 0.08904 0.09163 39 51 0.09163 0.09421 0.09680 0.09939 0.10199 0.10458 0.10716 38 62 0.10719 0.10979 0.11240 0.11502 0.11763 0.12025 0.12288 37 53 0.12288 0.12551 0.12815 0.13079 0.13343 0.13608 0.13873 36 54 0.1.3873 0.14139 0.14406 0.14673 0.14940 0.16208 0.15477 35 66 0.15477 0.15746 0.16016 0.16286 0.16557 0.16829 0.17101 34 56 0.17101 0.17374 0.17647 0.17921 0.18196 0.18472 0.18748 33 57 0.18748 0.19025 0.19302 0.19581 0.19860 0.20140 0.20421 32 58 0.20421 0.20702 0.20984 0.21268 0.21562 0.21836 0.22122 31 59 0.22122 0.22409 0.22696 0.22985 0.23274 0.23664 0.23856 30 60 0.23856 0.24148 0.24441 0.24735 0.26031 0.25327 0.26624 29 61 0.25624 0.25923 0.26222 0.26523 0.26825 0.27128 0.27432 28 62 0.27432 0.27737 0.28044 0.28352 0.28661 '0.28971 0.29283 27 63 0.29283 0.29596 0.29910 0.30226 0.30543 0.30861 0.31181 26 64 0.31181 0.31503 0.31826 0.32150 0.32476 0.32803 0.. 33132 25 65 0.. 331 32 0.33463 0.33796 0.34129 0.34465 0.34802 0.35141 24 66 0.35141 0.35482 0.35825 0.36169 0.36516 0.36864 0.37214 23 67 0.37214 0.37567 0.37921 0.38277 0.38635 0.38996 0.39359 22 68 0.39359 0.39723 0.40090 0.40460 0.40831 0.41206 0.41582 21 69 0.41682 0.41961 0.42342 0.42726 0.43112 0.43501 0.43893 20 70 0.43893 0.44287 0.44685 0.45086 0.45488 0.45893 0.46302 19 71 0.46302 0.46714 0.47129 0.47548 0.47969 0.48394 0.48822 18 72 0.48822 0.49254 0.49689 0.50127 0.50570 0.51016 0.61466 17 73 0.514()() 0.51919 0.52377 0.52839 0.53305 0.53775 0.54250 16 74 0.54250 0.54729 0.55213 0.55701 0.56194 0.56692 0.57194 15 75 0.57194 0.57702 0.58215 0.58734 0.59268 0.59787 0.60322 14 76 0.60322 0.60864 0.61411 0.61964 0.62524 0.63090 0.63663 13 77 0.63663 0.64243 0.64830 0.65424 0.66026 0.66635 0.67252 12 78 0.67252 0.67877 0.68511 0.69153 0.69804 0.70465 0.71134 11 79 0.71134 0.71S14 . 72503 0.73203 0.73913 0.74635 0.75368 10 SO 0.75368 0.76112 0.76869 0.77639 0.78422 0.79218 0.80028 9 SI 0.S0028 0.80853 0.81694 0.82550 0.8,3422 0.84312 0.85219 8 S2 0.85219 0.86145 0.87091 0.88067 0.89044 0.90053 0.91085 7 S3 0.91085 0.92142 0.93224 0.94334 0.95471 0.96639 0.97838 6 84 0.97838 0.99070 1.00337 1.01642 1.02986 1.04373 1.05804 5 So 1.05804 1.07284 1.08815 1.10401 1.12047 1.13756 1.16535 4 86 1.15535 1.173S9 1.19325 1.21351 1.23475 1.25707 1.28060 3 S7 1.28060 1.30547 1.33184 1.35990 1.38990 1.42212 1.45691 2 88 1.45691 1.49473 1.53615 1.58193 1.63310 1.69111 1.75807 1 S9 1.75807 60' 1.83727 1.93419 2.05914 2.23623 2.63627 0' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' bb n LODARITHM COTANOBNT. ADDENDA. « RIFLE GUNS. Very little has been said in this Manual relative to the Rifle guns, or their ammu- nition, which have been in use during the existing war. Of all the calibres thus far tried, the 2J-in. Mountain Rifle, the .3-in. field piece, and the 4.62 siege piece only, have been incorporated into the service calibres. It is more than probable, however, that even these last will be superseded by the 10-pdr., 20-pdr., and 30-pdr. Rifled guns of Mr. Parrott, which, with their peculiar ammunition, have given very good results in the field. A number of them have, accordingly, been directed to be fabricated. The Whitworth breeeh-loading Rifle cannon, of which half a dozen are in service, is steel, with a wrought-iron band at the breech. The breech screws off and works in a collar turning on a hinge. The calibre of the inscribed circle is 2.71 inches. The sides of the hexagon have one turn in il^ /net. The projectile is a hexagonal prismoid in form. Table of Dimensions of the Parrott and Whitworth Guns. Principal Dimensions op 30-i)dr. 20-pdr. lO-pdr. Whit- worth. Diameter of bore True windage Length of bore Length of bore in diameters " from rear of base ring to face of muzzle. Whole length of the piece Semi-diameter of base ring " • of swell of muzzle Distance between these semi-diameters Distance from rear of base ring to rear of trunn- ions Diameter of base ring Distance between rimbases Length of trunnions Diameter of trunnions Distance from axis of trunnions to face of muz- zle Number of grooves Depth of " Twist, one turn in Weight Band, width and thickness Outside diameter 4.2 0.05 119.5 28.45 127. 1.S2. 7.225 4.6 126.5 45.85 14.45 16.8 4.75 5.3 78.5 5 0.1 24 et. 4.190 lbs. 19X2 18.45 3.67 0.05 77. 20.98 83. 90. 5.75 3.6 82.2 30.69 11.5 12. 3.5 4.62 50. 5 0.1 24 feet. 16 Xl-5 14.5 2.9 0.05 69.875 24.095 72.875 375 75 125 875 24.265 9.575 9.5 2.75 3.67 46.775 3 0.1 24 feet. 13X1.18 11.375 2.71 0.03 101.4 37.41 94. 112. 4.0 37.8 9.2 9.2 3.6 3.8 56.3 6 0.135 4 i feet. ADDENDA. 525 Elevation, Ranges, and Times of Flight of lO-pdr. Parrott Gun. Time. Remarks. Deg. Min. Seconds. Yards. With long muzzle-sight giving line 00 1 i 1 300 450 of sight parallel to axis, aim direct up to 300 yards. 2 2 900 3 3 1.300 4 4i 1,600 4 30 5 1,760 5 6 1,950 5 30 64 2,200 6 7 2,300 7 H 2.600 10 lOi 3,000 12 12i 3,600 15 16 4.100 20 191 5.000 25 23i 5,600 :^o 27i 6,900 35 31i 6,200 The range of 3-inch Rifle gun, with 7, or 11, or 13 grooves, does not vary mate- rially from this up to 2,300 yards— 6° elevation giving 2,250 yards. The Armntrong Gun is a breech-loading Rifle cannon, made of wrought-iron tubes welded together ; each tube is from two to three feet long, and is formed by twist- ing a square bar of iron around a mandrel, and welding the edges together, as a good fowling piece is made. In the rear of the trunnions it is enveloped with two additional thicknesses of tubes. The outer consists of a spiral coil, but the inner is formed of an iron slab bent into a circular shape and welded. This intermediate layer has chiefly to sustain the pressure on the bottom of the bore. lireech.— The breech is closed with a vent piece, which is slipped with the hand into a slot cut into the breech of the piece, and held in its place by a breech screw, which supports it from behind. This screw is made in the form of a tube, so that its hollow forms a part of the bore prolonged, when tbc vent piece is withdrawn, and through this hollow tube the charge is passed into the chamber. Jiore.— The bore of the field gun is three inches in diameter, and is rifled with thirty-four narrow grooves. Twist, one turn in 9 feet. Projectile.— It consists of a very thin east-iron shell, enclosing forty-two seg- ment-shaped pieces of cast-iron, built up so as to form a cylindrical cavity in the centre. The exterior of the shell is thinly coated with lead. The lead is also 526 ORDNANCE MANUAL. allowed to percolate among the segments so as to fill up the interstices, the central cavity being kept open by the insertion of a steel core. In this state the projectile is so compact that it may be fired through six feet of hard timber without injury. while its resistance to a bursting charge is so small that less than one ounce of powder is required to burst it. Ranges of the Armstrong Gun, \-inch bore. [Determined at West Point. N. V.. 1860.) POWDBB. PROJBCTtLE. Elbtatioh. Rabob. TlllB. Lbs. Lbs. o / Yard*. BeoondB. 3§ 29 (solid) 5° 0' 2,099 7° 0' 2,SU4 10° 0' 8,700 12° 0' 4,1V« 15° 0' 4.77« 20° 0' 6,070 25° 0' «,5»0 80° 0' 7,65& 81. 35° 0' 9,000 Twiiit of Hijie Cannon. — Great diversity exists as to inclination of grooTM. Taking H^nl) to express the relation betwi-en the diameter of the piece and the length of one turn, Major Terssen,* of the Belgian Artillery, finds for the value of n .• Whitworth 12-pdr IS. 47 Armstrong 32-pdr 18.93 French 30 and 18-pdr 36.77 The pieces in our service would give for the value of h .• 3-inch Kifle gun ^ 60. 32-pdr. Gun rifled ^ 67.5 Parrott 30-pdr 6« . 57 " 20-pdr 78.63 J. GORGAS, Colonel, Chief of Ordnan««. Ordnance Office, Richmond, Va., October 21, 1862. * Canons Raycs. — Relations entre les pas des helices et les calibrea des.boncbec i fea, par K. Terssen. Major de I'Artillerie Beige. Paris, 1860. INDEX. ACCIDENTS: Precautions against, in laboratory, 244. ACCOUTREMENTS, Infantry: Nomenclature, 215. — Dimensions, 219. — Rifle, 217.— Cavalry. 217.— Artillery, 218.— Weights, 222. ACETATE OF LEAD : A white salt of a sweetish taste; Spec. grav. 2.345, 249. AIR, ATMOSPHERIC: Density, =y 4?! to g^g of that of water, 421, 465. ^ ALLOYS : Of various metals, composition, 408. — Of coins, 431. ALTITUDE : Above the level of the sea, of Washington, St. Louis, Santa Fe, and San Antonio, 446. AMMUNITION: For Small Arms, 253. — Dimensions and weights, 257. For Field and Mountain Guns, 258. — Fixing, 263. — Packing, 265. — Dimensions and weights, 266. For Siege and Garrison Guns, 268. — Dimensions and weights, 274. — Preservation and storage, .300. — Breaking up unserviceable, 302. — Quantity in each ammunition-chest, 319, 320. — Quantity for field-train, 345; for siege-train, 349; for armament of forts, 353. AMMUNITION-CHESTS: For Field-Carriages : Nomenclature, 46. — Bill of timber, 77. — Bill of iron, 87. — Dimensions and weight, 70. — Interior arrangement, 316, 317. — Contents, 319, 320. —Weights, packed, 343. — Boards for interior, .344. For Mountain Howitzers : Nomenclature, 50. — Dimensions and weight, 68. — Bill of timber, 80. — Bill of iron, 91. — Interior arrangement, 318. — Contents, 320. — Contain 700 musket cartridges, 347. — Number for a battery, 347. ANGLE OF SIGHT, NATURAL: Definition, 11.— Of guns, 14, 15, ANIMAL POWER: The working-power of men and horses, 438, 454. ANTHRACITE COAL : Quality; Weight per cubic foot, 412. ANTIMONY: Spec. grav. ; Melting point ; Impurities, 249. ANVIL-BLOCK, for Portable Forge: Dimensions and weight, 123. APPENDAGES FOR MUSKETS: Inspection, 180. AREAS : Of plane and curved surfaces, 457, 458. — Tables of areas of circles, 479. ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION: Formula for, 461. ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS: Guns, carriages, and ammunition re- quired for, 353. ARMORER'S TOOLS: Number for arsenals, 200.— For field-park, 347. ARMS, SIDE : Nomenclature, 211. — Dimensions and weights, 213. — Spare parts fior repairs, 215. 528 ORDNANCE MANUAL. ARMS, SMALL: Nomenclature, 170. — Dimensions and weights, 174. —Inspec- tion of new arms, 174.— Browning, 18.S. — Packing, 184.— Preservation in store, 187. — Issuing, 188. — Preservation in service, 188. — Incpeetion of arms in soryice, 194. — Repairs, 195.— Irreparable, l'J6.— Of foreign countries, 470. ARTILLERY: Proportion of, for a field train, 346. — For a siege train, 348.— For armament of forts, 35;i. — For mountain service, 347. ARTILLERY PRACTICE: Ranges, 367. — Initial velocities, 376.— Loss of ve- locity by windage, 378. — Penetration in masonry, 379.— In oak, 37tf. — In fascines and wool, 382.— With hot shot, 386. ARTILLERY SWORD, Foot: Nomenclature 21 1.— Dimensions ami weight, 213. ASH, WHITE: Properties; Uses, 389.— Strength; Spec, grav., 414. ATMOSPHERE : Weight of, per square inch, 439. AXE. FELLING: Dimensions and weight, 123. AXLE-TREES: Dimensions and weights of different kinds, 61. B. BABBITT'S METAL: Composed of tin 9 parts, copper 1 part, 408. BALANCE, Common: For weighing, 462. BALLISTICS: Equaiiou of the trajectory in vacuo, 463. — In air, 465. BALLS: Lead: Diameters and weights, 31. — Mauncr of making, 253. — Penetra- tion, 386. Cant-Iron: Diameter and weight, 29, 32. —Specilic jcravily, 32. — Com- putation of weight, 32.— Inspection, 33. — Piling, 34. — Tables of piles, 36. — Peuelrs- tion, 37'J. BARBETTE CARRI.'VGES: Nomenclature, 55. — Dimensions and weights of: H'oo(/c;i, 71, 72, 75; Iron, 7C. — Bills of irou, 97, 101. — Implements and equip- ments, 355. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 364. BAR-IRON : Manufacture, 397.— Properties, 399.— Tests, 399. — Strength, 415.-- Shearing, 416. — Punching, 416. BAROMETER : Measurements of heights by means of, 445. BARRELS OF MUSKETS: How made, 172. — Dimensions and weighU, 174.— Inspection and proof, 175. — Browning, 183. — Strength and durability, 196. BARRELS, POWDER: Fabrication, 228.— Dimensions, 229. BARS: Manoeuvring, elevating, pinch, truck, roller : Dimensions; Weight*, 130. BASKET, for mortar service: Dimensions and weight, 123. BASS-WOOD : Properties, 390.— Strength, Spec, grav., 414. BATTERY, of Field-ArtiUery : Composition, 346. — Ammunition, 346. — Moun- tain howitzers, 347. Galvanic, the best, 238. BATTERY-WAGON: Nomenclature, 45. — Dimensions and weights, 70.— Bill of timber, 79. — Bill of iron, 90. — Equipment for field b»ttery, 325. — Equipment for field-park, 332. — Weights packed, 344. BAYONET: Musket: Nomenclature, 170. — Length and weight, 174. — laspec- tion, 179. Sword: Nomenclature, 172. — Length and weight, 174- BAYONET-SCABBARD: Nomenclature; Length, 216. INDEX. BEAMS: Transverse strength ; Defleetitm. 419. BEAUME'S AREOMETER: Scale in equivalent spec, grav., 42.3. BEECH: White: Red: Used for saddle-trees, fuzes, etc., 389.— Strength, 414, BELL-METAL: Composed of copper 28 parts, tin 22 parts, 408. BELLOWS : for field forge ; Nomenclature, 44. — To put it in place, 44. BELTS: Cartridge-box, 216.— Waist, 216.— Sword shoulder, 216.— Sabre, 217. BILLET, Leather: Definition, 1;17. BILL-IIOOK: Dimensions and weight, 12.3. BILLS : Of timber for artillery carriages, 77. — Of iron, 82. BITUMINOUS COAL: Kinds, 411.— Qualities of ; Weight, 412. BLACK STAIN, for wood: Composition; Ajiplication, 167. BLOCKS AND ROLLERS, for mechanical manoeuvres: Dimensions and weights, 114. BLUE LIGHTS : Preparation, 29.3.— Composition for, 293, 311. BOARDS : Measurement of, 429.— Table of superficial feet of, 394. BOILING POINTS, of liquids, 441. BOLTS: Classification and dimensions, 64, 65. BOOKS : For siege equipment, 3.52. BOOTH'S PATENT GREASE for axles: Composition, 169. BORMANN FUZE: Fabrication, 281— Dimensions, 283. BOXES: For packing muskets, 184. — Rifles, 185. — Small arm cartridges,' 255. — Musket balls, 256. — Field ammunition, 265. — Percussion caps, 288. BRASS: Composition of, 408. — Strength and specific gravity, 415. BREECH-SIGHT : For heavy guns, 123.— Graduations, 132. BRIDLE: For Artillery, 137.— For Mountain Artillery, 144.— For Cavalry, 148. —Weight, 156, 160. BRONZE: Composition, 17. — Properties, 17. — Analysis, 17. — Use in laboratory, 249. — Strength ; Spec, grav., 415. BROOM, for mortar batteries : Hickory or birch, weight 3.75 lbs., 123. BROWNING ARMS: Instructions for, 183. BROWNING MIXTURE, for gun-barrels: Composition, 183. BUCKLES, 137.— Classification, 157. BUCKSHOT CARTRIDGES, contain 15 buckshot, 253.— Dimensions, 257. BUDGE-BARREL: Fabrication; Dimensions; Weight, 123. BURNS : Application for, 245. CAISSON: Nomenclature, 40. — Dimensions and weights, 70. — Bills of timber, 78. — Bill of iron, 88. — Equipment for field, 321. — Weight, equipped, 343. — Number of rounds of ammunition, 343. — Number with a field battery, 346. CANISTERS: For Field Service: Fabrication, 262. — Dimensions and weights, 266. For Siege and Garrison Service, 269. — Dimensions and weights, 274. — Preservation and storage, 301. 36 530 ORDNANCE MANUAL. CANISTER-SHOT: Dimensionsi and weights, 31.— Storage, 301. CANNON : For sicgo train, 348. CAPS, Paper: For field ammunitiuD, 2fi3. CAPS, Percussion, for small arms: Fabrication, 285. — Packing, 289. — Waight, 288.— Materials for, 288. (;AP-P0UC1I: Nomenclature; Dimensions, 216. CAHHINE: No model Bdoy)tcd ; Several kinds in service, 170. CARBINE SLIN(« : Nomenclature; Dimen.xioni", 217. CAKHINK THIMHLK, 150. CARRIAtiES: j\ette, 55. — CMcmate, 58.— Flank defence, 59. Ditiictfiout / Timbrr : Field, 77. — Mountain howitier, 80.— Siege, 81. Hilli n/ Iron : Field, 82.— Mountain howitier, 91._};icgc, 91.— llarbctte, 97. — Casemate, 102. Number for a Held balt*rj, S46.— For a siege train, 348. — For armament of fortificationf, 353. CAMT, Prairie Ammunition : Nomenclature, 49.— Track, 49. Slimg : NoacorU- ture, 105. — Dimensions and weights, 112. — IJillii of timber, 114. — MMbanical manopuvres, 305. CARTlUDtJE-BAtJS: F»r Field Gun*, 258, 266. Fur Sifje and (Jarrtton Omtu, 268. — Dimensions, 274. — Preservation and storage, 301. CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS: For Field Uun* : Fabrication, 269 ; Dimensions, JM. For Si),/r nint Garriion Gu»*, 269. — Dimensions, 274. CARTRIDGE-BOX : Infantry, 216, 219.— Rifle, 216, 219.— Caralry, 217, 219. CARTRIDGES: For Small Arm*: Making, 253. — Dimeosions and weigbu, 257. Blank, 256. — Preservation and storage, 301. Fur Fitid Ouhi : Dimensions and weights, 266. — For ricochet Cring, 268. — Preservation and storage, 301. — F<»r proving ordnance, 269. For Sieye and Qarri*un Hum*, 268. — Dimensions Mid weights, 274. — Preservation, 301. CASEHARDENING : Mode of, 403. CASEMATE CARRIA(JES : Nomenclature, 58. — Dimensioui and weighU : Of wooden, 73, 74. — Iron, 7C. — Bills of iron, 102. — E<|uipment, 354. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 363. CASEMATE GIN.— Nomenclature, 115.— Dimensions and weights, 112.— Bill of timber, 115. — Bill of iron, 117. — Mechanical manoeuvres with, 362. CASEMATE TRUCK: Nomenclature, 108.— Dimensions and weight, 112. CASK GAUGING: Rules fur, 459. CAST IRON: For guns, 19.— Spec. grav. ; Tenacity, 19.— Strength of, 415. CAVALRY SABRE : Nomenclature, 211. — Dimensions and weigbu, 213. CENTRES OF GRAVITY : Of lines; Areas; Solids: To determine, 460. CHAINS: Classification and dimensions, 65. — Weight; Strength, 423. CUAPE, Leather: Definition, 137. CHARCOAL : Preparation, 226, 245, 410.— Properties, 226, 246, 41L INDEX. 531 CHARGES: Fir proving ordnance, 25. — For proving small arms, 175. — For omall arms, 257. — For field service, 266. — For siege and garrison service, 274. For field shells and sjiherical-case shot, 266. — For large shells. 274. CIIASSIS; Barbette: Nomenclature, 57. — Dimensions and weights, 71, 72, 75, 76. Cftsemate : Nomenclature, 59. — Dimensions and weights, 73, 74, 76. CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS of elementary bodies, 413. CHLORATE OF POTASSA: Density; Purity; How purchased, 247. CHOCKS : For casemate carriage, 123.— Gun ; Wheel; Roller, 114. CIl'CLES : Tables of areas and circumferences, 479. CLEANING: Arras, 191.— Swords, 215. COAL: Charcoal, 410.— Bituminous, 411. — Anthracite, 411.— Weights, 412. COAL-BOX : For field forge, 44. COAL-SACK : For portable forge, 123. COAL TAR: How obtained, 412.— A lacker for guns, 165. COEHORN MORTAR: Dimensions and weight, 16.— Bed, 60. COINS: United States : Dimensions, weights, and alloy, 431. Foreign: 436. COKE: How made; Qualities, 412. COLORED FIRES: Preparation, 307.— Composition for, 311. COLUMBIADS: Nomenclature, 11, 12.— Dimensions and weights, 13, 15. COLUMNS ; Strength of, 418. COMBUSTIBLES: Heating powers of, 444. CONDUCTORS: Lightning, 239.— Of electricity, best, 440. CONE-PICK: Steel wire No. 18; carried in cap-pouch, 216. COPPER: For manufacture of bronze guns, 17. — For laboratory use, 249.— Tinning, 408.— Strength of, 415. CUBES : Tables of, 479. CURRYCOMB : Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 161. CYLINDERS : Torsional strength of, 420, 421.— Area, 458.— Solidity, 459. CYPRESS: Properties; Uses, 390.— Strength; Spec, grav., 414. D. DECORATIONS, for rockets : Stars, serpents, streamers, etc., 296. DENSIMETER, Mercury : Description and use, 231. DIALS, Sun : Construction of, 446. DISJUNCTOR: Use of, in the Electro-Ballistic Pendulum, 237. DISMOUNTING small arms, 189. DISPART: Definition, 11.— Of guns, 14, 15. DOGWOOD: Properties; Uses, 390.— Strength ; Spec, grav., 414. DRAG-ROPE : Dimensions and weight, 123. DRAWING PAPER: Dimensions of, 431. DYE for blacking belts : Composition; Preparation, 168. 532 ORDNANCE MANUAL. E. EFFECTS of shot on cast iron, 386. ELECTKICITY : Relative conducting powers of metal*, 440. ELECTKO-HALLISTIC PENDULUM : Description, 237.— Use, 2."?7. ELM : UHe«l for fcllien an«l small naves, 389.— Strength ; Spec, grar., 414. E.MIJRASURE SHUTTERS : Number of, for siege train, 351. EylATION OF TIME, 417. EyriPMENT: Of field carriages, 316.— Of prairie carriages, 318.— Of mountain howit7.ir, 318.— Of forge for field battery, 32.1.— Of battery-wagon for flild battery, 325.— Of f.irge f..r park, 330.— Of battery-wagon for park. 332.— Of forge for moun- Uin howit7.or, 340.— Of field train, 345.— Of siege train, 348.— Of fortre»f carrlafci, 353.— Of mortar batteries, 355. EXPANSION : Of sho^, when heated red-hot for firing, S88.— Of Tarioui bwdUa by heal, 442. EYE-PINS : Dimensions of, 06. F. FALLINtJ BODIES : Motion of, 448. FASCINES, Pitchid: Preparation, 28tf.— Preservation, l#S. FELLlNCi AXE : Dimensions and weight, 123. FIELD CAKRlAtiES : Nomonclature, 38. — Dimcnsioni aad weighu, 67. — BlIU of timber, 77.— Bills of iron, 82.— Equipment, 321.— Weight*, 343.— For field Iraia, 346,347. FIELD GIN : Nomenclature, 104. — Dimensions and weighu, 112. — Billi of tim- ber, 115. — Bill of iron, 116. — Mechanical mauuuvres, 361. FIELD PARK : Composition of, 347. FIELD TRAIN : How regulated; Composition of, Si&. FILES: Kind; Dimen.^ions; Uow to select, 406. FIRE-BALLS : Fabrication, 291.— Preservation in store, 301. FIREWORKS: Ornamental, 303. — Compositions for, 311. FIXED AMMUNITION : Manner of making, 263. — WeighU and Dimeniloot, 266. FLANK DEFENCE CARRIAGE : Nomenclature, 59.— Dimeniions and weight*, 73, 74. FOOT-POUND: Definition. 448. FORAGE : Weights of different kinds, 439. FORGE : Field: Nomenclature. 42. — Dimensions and weight*, 70.— Bill of tim- ber, 78.— Bill of iron, 88.— For field battery. 323.— For field park, 330.— Weight*, equipped, 344. Portable: Nomenclature, 51. — Weight, 68. FORGE BUCKET : For portable forge, 124. FORMULAE : In mechanics, 447. — In mensuration, 457. — In trigonometry, 461. FRACTIONS of a pound: Equivalents in ounces, 435. FREEZING POINTS of liquids, 444. INDEX. 583 FRICTION : Laws of, 452.— Of plane surfaces upon each other, 453. FRICTION-PRIMERS : Fabrication, 283— Packing, 285.— Preservation in store, 301. FRIGORIFIC MIXTURES : How made, 445. FULMINATE OF MERCURY: Preparation of. 285.— Preservation, 286. FULMINATING POWDER: Composition of ; Manipulation, 248. FUNNEL: Dimensions and weight, 124. FURNACES : For laboratory, 243.— For heating shot, 386. FUZE IMPLEMENTS: Cutter; Extractor; Setter; Saw: Mallet; Dimensions and weights. 124. FUZE-PLUGS : For heavy guns, 273. FUZES: For Mortnr Shellt : Fabrication, 279. — Dimensions and weights. 233. For Hear)/ dung: Fabrication, 280. — Packing, 281. — Dimensions and weights, 283. For Field Guns: Fabrication, 281. — Dimensions and weights, 283. — Preservation in store, 301. G. GARRISON GIN: Nomenclature, 105.— Dimensions and weights, 112.— Bills of timber, 115. — Bill of iron, 117. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 362. GAUGES: For shot and shells, 30.— For rifle musket, 204.— For rifle, 209.— For gunpowder, 230. GAUGING CASKS: Rules for, 459. GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION: Law of, 461. GIN FALLS: Dimensions and weight, 112. GIN HANDSPIKES: Nomenclature, 129.— Dimensions and weight, 130. GINS: Nomenclature, 104. — Dimensions and weight, 112. — Bills of timber, 115. — Bill of iron, 117. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 361. GLUE: Qualities of, 251.— To dissolve, 252. GOLD RAIN: How made, 297.— Composition. 311. GOMER CHAMBER: Definition, 10. GRAPE: Stands of, 270. — Dimensions and weights, 274. GRAPE-SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 31. GRATES for heating shot, 387. GRAVITY: Specific, of fluids, 421.— Force of, 448.— Centres of, of lines, areas, solids, 460. GREASE : For carriage wheels, 169.— Booth's patent, J69. GRENADES : Hand; Rampart, 31.— Firing from mortars, 271. GROMMETS: or ring-wads: How made and attached, 272. GUM ARABIC: Qualities and preparation of, 251. ket barrels, 175.— Of springs, 177. — Of sworils and sabres, 213.— Of gunpowder, 230.— Of chains, i2i. PULLEY: Power of, 451. PULLEY-RLOCKS, for gins: Nomenclature, 104, 105. PUNCHING METALS: Force required for, 416. PYROMETER, Wedgewoods: Scale, 441. QUANTITY OF WORK: Definition, 448.— Done by men and hors«s, 454, 455. QUICK-MATCU: Preparation, 277.— Preservation in store, SOI. QUOIN, for siege mortars: Dimensions; Weight, 127. R. RACKS, for small arms. 187. RAIN : Quantity that falls annually, 446.— Of fire, 297.— Gold, 2«7. RAM.MER-HEADS: Fabrication, 121.- Dimensions and weights, 132. RAMMERS: Fabrication, 121. — Dimei^ions and weighta, 132. RAMRODS: Nomenclature, 171. — Inspection, 1&7. RANGES: Of field guns, 367, 368, 3C9.— Of mouuUia bowitaers, 309.— Of siege guus, 370. — Of heavy guns, 371. • RASPS: Kinds and siies. 406. RATIONS: Weight and bulk of, 439. RECOIL of iron carriages: How regulated, 376. RED-HEAT of iron: Temperature of, 441. REPAIRS: Of small arms, 19j.— Of swords, 215.— Of accoutrements, 220. REPORT OF INSPECTION: Of musket barrels, 182.- Of powder, 232. RESISTANCE of the air to motion of projectiles, 465. RIFLE: Nomenclature, 172. — Dimeut>ioDs and weights, 174. RIFLE-GUNS: 524. KIFLE-MUSKET: (see Musket:) Nomenclature, 170. — Dimensions, weight, 174. INDEX. 64l RINffS: For Chaint: Dimensions, 66. For Strapping Shot and Shell: Dimen- sions, 260. RIVETS: Classifications and dimensions, 65. — Copper, 221. • ROCKETS, SIGNAL: Fabrication, 293. —Decorations for, 296. — Dimensions and weights, 298. ROCKP'IRE: Preparation, 2R9.— Preservation in store, 302. ROMAN CANDLES: Fabrication, .307. ROPES: Size, how designated, 409.- Quality, 251, 409.— Strength, 409.— Preser- vation, 410. ROSIN: How obtained; Its quality, 412. 8. SABOTS: For Field Gunn: Fabrication, 259.— Dimensions, 266. For Siege and Garrinon Guns: Fabrication, 269. — Dimensions, 274. 0/ Shavings, 272. SA15UES: Nomenclature, 211. — Dimensions and weights, 21.3. SADDLE-BAGS: Nomenclature, 151.— Weight, 161. SADDLE-BLANKET: Quality; Dimensions and weight, 151. SADDLES: Artillery: Drivers', 1.39. — Valise, 140. — Weight, 150. Cavalry, 149 —Weight. 160. SAFE, LEATHER: Definition, 137. SALTPETRE: Properties, 223.— Where found, 224.— Test of crude, 224.— Refin- ing, 224.— Test of refined, 225.— Pulverizing, 225, 245.— Purity for gunpowder, 225. SCRAPER, for siege mortars: Dimensions and weights, 127. SCREW: Mechiinical power of, 452. — Table of wood-screws, 407. SCKEW-.IACK, for field service: Dimensions and weight, 127. SERPENTS, for rockets: Fabrication, 296— Weight, 299. SHAFTS, for mountain howitzer carriage, 50. SHEARING METALS: Force required for, 416. SHEET IRON: Qualities, 404.— Thickness and weights, 405. SHEET STEEL: Qualities, 404.— Thickness and weights, 405. SHEET TIN: Manufacture, 404.— Dimensions, 405. SHELLS: Dimensions and weights, 32.— To compute the weight of, 32.— To find the quantity of powder to fill, 32. — General directions for fabricating, 32. — Inspec- tion, 33. — Piling, 34.— Charging, 261, 266. — Strapping, 269. — Filling, 270.— Un- loading, 303.— Range.s, 368-373.— Penetrations, 379. SHELL-HOOKS: Dimensions and weight, 127. SHOD HANDSPIKES: Nomenclature, 129.— Dimensions and weights, 130. SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 29. — To compute weight of, 32. — Inspection, 33. — Piling and preservation, 34. — Strapping, 269, — Ranges, 367. — Penetrations, 379, 384. — E.xpansion when heated, 388. SHOVEL: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 127. SIEGE ARTILLERY: Guns: Kind, 9.- Dimensions and weights, 13, 14, 15.— Proportion in a siege train, 348. Carriages: Nomenclature, 52. — Dimensions and 542 ORDNANCE MANUAL. wciglits, 69. — Bills of timber, 81.— Bills of iron, 93. — Equipment, 350. — Mechanical manoeuvres, ;{61. SIEGE CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, .02.— Dimension;" and weights, 69, 70.— Equipment, 355. \ S1K(JE TRAIN, Composition of, 348. SIEVES : For laboratory, 309.— For gunpowder, 2.'i0. SIGNAL ROCKETS: How denominated, 293.— Fabrication, 293.— Dimensions and weights, 298. — Decorations for, 296. — Preservation in store, 302. SINES: Tables of natural, 518.— Tables of logarithms of, 499. SLING-CARTS: Nomenclature, 105.— Dimensions and weights, 112. Hand: Nomenclature, 107. — Dimensions and weights, 112. — Bill of timber, 115. — Bill of iron, 1 18. SLING-CIIAINS: Description: Length, 107.— Weight. 112. SLOW-MATCH : Preparation and packing, 276.— Preservation in 8ti>re, 301. SMALL AH.MS: Nomenclature, 170. — Dimeiibions and weights, 174. — Inspec- tion, 174. — Packing, 184. — Care in store, 188. —Repairs, 195. — For armament of forts, 354. — Of foreign countries, 470. SMELTING IRON : Process of; Fuel and flux used in, 395. SOLDER: Silver; Hard; Plumber's'; Tinner'!" ; I'ewt«rcr'» ; Composition, 408. SOLDERlNti, Liquor for : Compo.sition, 40S. SOLIDS: E.\pansiou by heat, 4J2. — .Men.-^uralion, 459. — Centre of gravity, 460. SOUND: Velocity, about 1,100 feet in a second, ^39. SPARE PARTS: For repairs of small arms, 198. — Swords, 215. — Accoolrements, 219. — Field carriages and equipments, 347. — Siege carriages, 351. — Fortress car- riages, 356. SPATULA, for mortars : Dimensions and weight, 127. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES: Of fluids, 421. SPHERICAL-CASE SHOT : Dimensions and weights. 30.— For rifled guns, 30. — Inspection, 34. — Filling and charging : Charge for firing ; Weights, fixed. 261 -266. — Packing, 265. — Proportion in ammunition-chest, 319. — For a battery. 346. — For a siege train, 349. — Ranges and time of flight, 367. — Initial velocity, 376. — Veloci- ties of, at X distance from the gun, 466, 467. SPIKING GUNS: Manner of, 27.— To fire spiked guns, 27. SPLICING ROPES: Manner of, 360. SPONGE-BUCKET: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 127. SPONGE-COVERS: Fabrication, 122.— Dimensions and weights, 132. SPONGE-HEADS: Fabrication, 121. — Dimensions and weights, 132. SPONGES: Fabrication, 121. — Dimensions and weights, 132. — For mortars, 134. SPURS: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 151. SQUARES AND ROOTS of numbers. 479. STARS, for rockets: Fabrication, 296.— Compositions, 311. STAVES, for implements: Fabrication, 122. — Dimensions, 135. 6TEAM: Elastic force of, 456. — Steam horse-power, 455. INDEX. 543 STEEL: Guns, 20. — Manufacture, 401. — Kinds and properties, 402. — Hardening and tempering, 402. — Strength, 416. STEEL, CAST: Manufacture; Properties; Test of, 402. — Strength; Specific gravity, 416. STEEL, PUDDLED; Manufacture; Properties; Strength, 401. STEEL, SHEAR: Kinds; Manufacture, 401. STOCKS, MUSKET: Nomenclature, 171.— Inspection, 179. STORE-TRUCK : Nomenclature, 109.— Dimensions and weights, 112. STRAPPING shot and shells: Diflerent modes for: Field, 260.— Siege and Gar- rison, 269. STRAPS, for strapping shot and shells: For field guns, 260, 266.— For siege »nd garrison guns, 269. STREAMERS, for rockets: Fabrication, 296.— Composition, 311. STRENGTH: Of iron for guns, 19.— Of musket barrels, 196.— Of materials, 414-416. — Of chains, 423. — Of hemp and iron-wire ropes, 417. — Of ice, 445. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: Tensile; Transverse; Resistance to compres- sion, 414, 415. — Resistance to punching and shearing, 416. SULPHUR: Where found, 227.— Properties, 227.— Refining, 227.— Pulverizing, 227, 247. SUN-CASES: Fabrication, 304. — Composition for, 311. — Dimensions; Rate of burning, 310. SURFACES: Mensuration of, 457.— Friction of different plane, 453. SWORDS: Non-commissioned oflScers'; Musicians', 212. — Foot-officers', 213. TABLES : Ordnance, 13-16.— Shot and shelKs, 29-31.— Lead balls, 31.— Cast iron balls, 32. — Piles of balls, 36. — Bolts, nuts, and washers, 64. Dimensions and iceights : Of artillery carriages, 67-76. — Of machines, 112, 113. — Of gins, 112. — Of platforms, 113. — Traverse circles, 114. — Blocks and rollers, 114. — Buckles, loops, and rings, 167. — Rockets, 298. — Leather parts of harness, 158. — Cavalry equipments, 160. — Small arms, 174. — Cartridge-boxes, 219. — Cartridges for small arms, 257. — Field ammunition, 266. — Siege and garrison ammunition, 274. — Fuzes, 283. — Heights of breech-sights, 374. — For estimating distances, 375. — Initial velocities of cannon- balls, 376. — Initial velocities of balls fired from small arms, 377. — Loss of velocity by windage, 378. — Penetration of shot in masonry, 379. — Penetration of shot in oak, 379,384. — In compact earth, 380. — Penetration of shells, 381. — Penetration in granite and brick, 382. — Penetration of small arms, 386. — Measuring timber, 394. — Dimensions of sheet tin; Thickness and weight of sheet metals, 405. — Kinds of files and rasps, 406. — Wood-screws; Cut nails, 407. — Chemical equivalents of bodies, 413. — Strength of woods, 414.^0f metals, 415. — Punching and shearing metals, 416. — Strength of hemp and wire rope, 417. — Specific gravity of fluids, 421. — Weight of iron, 424-426. — Of iron pipes, 427. — Weights and measures. United States, 428-430. — Coins, 431. — Foreign measures and weights, 431-435. — Foreign 544 ORDNANCE MANUAL. coins, 436. — Equivalents of ounces in decimal fractions of a pound, 435. — Com- parison of French and United States measures, 437. — Regular polygons, 458. — Velocities of spherical-case shot, 467. — Foreign small arms, 470. — Foreign ord- nance, 471. — Navy ordnance, 475. — For converting metres into inches. 476. — Kilo- grammes into pounds, and grammes into grains, 477. — Density of water at different temperatures, 478. — Natural sines and tangents, 518. — Powers and roots of num- bers, 479. — Logarithms of numbers, 499. — Logarithms of sines, 520. — Of tan- gents, 622. TANGENTS: Table of natural tangents, 518. TAR: How obtained; Uses, 412. TAR-BUCKET: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 128. TARPAULINS, of three sizes: Dimensions and weights, 128. TARRED LINKS: Preparation of, 291. — Burn, how long, 2»1. — Prosenration in store, 302, TENACITY of woods and metals, 414, 415. TEST: Of bronze; Copper; Tin, 17. — Gun iron, 19. — Paltj.etrc, crude, 224.— Refined, 225.— Lead, 248.— Bar iron, 399.— Steel, 402.— Files, 406. TIIER.MOMETERS: Comparison of different scalee, 441. THREAD, Cartridge, 251.— Quantity for, 257. THUMBSTALLS: Dimensions and weights, 128.— Number required, 321. TIMBER: Kinds, 389.— Selection, 390. — Felling, 390. -Getting out, .^91.- In- spection, 391. — Defects, 392. — Seasoning and preservation, 392. — Kyanizing, 393. -Steaming, 393. — Piling, 393. — Kiln-drying, 393.— Charring. 393. — Measuring, 394. — Specific gravity and strength of, 414. Billi of : For field carriages, 77. — For siege, 81. — For mountain howitzer, 80. — For repair of carriages, 351, 356. TIN: For manufacture of brouze guns, 17. — Analysis, 17. Sheet: 404. — Dimen- sions, 405. TINNING IRON AND COPPER: Manner of, 408. TOOL-CIIESTS: For portable forge, 51.— Contents, 341, 342. TOOLS: Armorer's for an arsenal, 200.— Laboratory, 312.- For field forge, 324. — For field battery-wagon, 326. — For park forge, 330. — For park battery-wagon, 333. — For siege train, 352. — For armament of forts, 357. — For forge for mountain service, 340-342. TOP-CARRIAGE: Barbette: Nomenclature, 56. — Dimensions and weights, 71, 72, 75, 76. Casemate: Nomenclature, 58. — Dimensions and weights, 73, 74, 76. TORCHES: Preparation of, 290. TORSION : Resistance of cylinders of different metals to, 420. TOURBILLON: (Piece of ornamental fireworks:) How made, 306. TOURTEAUX. (See Tarred Links, 291.) TOW-HOOK, for unpacking ammunition-chests; Dimensions and weight, 128. TRAIL HANDSPIKE : Nomenclature. 129.— Dimensions and weights, 130. TRAJECTORY of a Ball : In vacuo, 463.— In the air. 465. TRAVERSE-CIRCLES : Dimensions and weights, 114. INDEX. 546 TRAVELLING FORGE: Nomenclature, 42. — Dimensions and weights, 70. — Bill of timber, 78.— Bill of iron, 88.— For field battery, 32.3.— For field park, 330.— Weights equipped, 344. TRIGONOAftlTRY : Formulae, 461, 462. TRUCKS : Casemate : Store : Nomenclature, 108, 109. — Dimensions, weighte, 112. TRUNNION-CHAINS: Number; Use; Dimensions; Weights, 107. TUBE-POUCH: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight. 128. — Number required to a piece, 321. TURPENTINE: How obtained, 412. — Spirits of, 412. — Weight, 162. — Propor- tions in paint, 163, 164. r. UNLOADING SHELLS: Implements; Precautions in ; Manner of, 303. UNSERVICEABLE STORES, breaking up, .302. UNSPIKING CANNON, 27. V. VALISE: Nomenclature, 141.— Weight, 156. VALISE SADDLE: Use; Nomenclature, 140.— Weight, 156. VALUE of foreign coins, 436. VARIATIONS allowed in ordnance, 24. VARNISH : For holsters, 167. — Copal, 167. — Japan, 1-68 — For browned arms, 184. — For percussion-caps, 287. VELOCITIES, Initial : To determine, 238.— Of iron balls, 376. — Of lead balls, 377. — Loss by windage, 378. — General formulae for computing. 468. VELOCITY : of Balls : Loss of, by resistance of the air, 466. — Of descent in air, 468.— Of sound, 439.— Of the wind, 440. VENT: Position, 11. — Replacing, 26. VENT-COVER, for field-pieces ; Dimensions .and weight, 128. VENTILATION: How much required. 439. VENT-PIECE, for rifled and hroozo guns, 11, 12. VENT-PUNCH: Dimensions and weight, 128. W. WADS: Fabrication; Weight, 271 — Dimensions and weights; Moulds for, 274. WALNUT,. BLACK: Uses; Properties, 389. — Strength; Spec, grav., 415. WAR-ROCKETS : Fabrication, 299.— Packing, 300.— How fired, 300.— Preserva- tion in store, 302. WASHERS: Linch : Shoulder: Dimensions and weights, 62. For Holts, 6i. WATER: Weight of a cubic foot of, 421, 430. — Allowance for man and horse, 438. — Density at different temperatures, 442. — Displaced by the same glass bulb, at difi"erent temperatures, 478. WATER-BUCKET: Dimensions; Weight, 129. WATERING BRIDLE, for cavalry : NomencLature, 149. 37 6i6 ORDNANCE MANUAL. WATERING BUCKET, for field serTice; Dimonsion« and weight, 128. WEDGE: Power of, 452. WKI(;iITS: Of ^r„„H of 1862, l.*?.— Guns of 1S44, H— HowiUerx. 1&.— MorUn, 16._Pr„..f-phiirgcs f.jr gun?, 25.— Shot and Shells, 29.— i<|.lierioal-ca«e nhot, 80.— Grspe-ihol., .'<1. — Lead balU, 31. — Cast iron baJls, 32. — Axle-treeg, fit. — Lincbptna, 62. — WiidliPrs, •2. — Nati, 64. — Field gun-carriageB, 67. — MounUin howitEM* car- riage, &K. — Siog« carriage, 69, 70. — Mortar-bedv, 70. — Barbette carria^ii. wooden. 71, 72. — CKfcmatc carriugfi<, wooden, 73, 74. — Columliind barbette carriage*, 76.-^ Wrought iron carriages, 74. — Sling-carts and tracks, 112. — Gin*, 112.— Jacka, flj^ — lMatforu)i<, 113.— Travcrfe-circles, 114.— Blockr and r«IUr«, 11-4. — Uan4«|illiM, 130. — Bars, 130. — Iinplcmenti', 132. — Wonnc, 134. — Sponges for mortari^, 1S4. — HorFCshocs, 158. — ]Ior5c.sboc nuiU, 153. — Ilarncsr, 156. — Caralry e<|ui{)inoDta, 160. — Small arms, 174. — Proof-charges fur luusketj*, 175.— Box of rniall arms, IM. — Swords and sabres, 213. — Cartridge-boxes, 222. — Laboratory paper, 251. — Car- tridges for siuall arms, 257. — Field auiuunition, 266.— Siege and seacoast aaiBn- nition, 274. — Fures, 2.'<3. — Gun-carriages and cai^Mtns, c({uip|>c.r,7-,*,„ < FIEJLD I ABRIAOD) Pl^AT£ Itl jB ./yuZK.ca7V. /xlho. 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