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AYE EN AKBERY;
OR, THE
INSTITUTES
OF
THE EMPEROR AKBER.
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL PERSIAN
By FRANCIS GLAD W IN.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
Printed by O. Avld, Greville Street,
FOR J. SEWELL; VIRNOR AND HOOD; J. CUTHELL ; J. WALKER;
LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO.; OTRIDGE AND SON;
R. LEA } R. FAULDER ; AND J. SCATCHERD.
1800.
J M
TO
THE HON. WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ.
GOVERNOR GENERAL,
Ufc &c
THIS WORK
(tranflatcd under his Patronage)
IS MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED
BY HIS MOST OBLIGED
AND DEVOTED HUMBLE SERVANT,
THE TRANSLATOR,
Calcutta, Sep, i/I, 1783.
THE
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
THE Emperor Jilaleddcen Mahommed
Akbcr, to whole regulations for the go-
vernment of Hindofian and patronage ot
the author, the world is indebted for the
following Work, was the fixth in defcent
from Timur, known in Europe by the
name of Tamerlane. He was born in
Amerkote in A. D. 1542; was proclaimed
Emperor in 1556, being then thirteen folar
years and four months old ; and he died in
Agra in 1605, aged fixty-three years and
one day, having reigned forty-nine years
eight months and one day. His body lies
interred in a magnificent maufoleum in the
cemetery of Sccundra, near that city.
a 4
He
Y1U TRANSLATORS PREFACE.
He was univcrfally efteemed a great and
a good prince ; and was very fuccefsful,
having in his reign made fcveral conquefts,
and reduced to obedience almott all Hin-
doftan, which had revolted under his father
and predecellbr Hemaioon.
It is needlefs for me here to enter into a
detail of the excellencies of Akber's govern-
ment, as his political talents and unremitting
attention to the happinefs of his fubjecls will
belt appear from the regulations he eftab-
lifhed in every department of the empire.
]Nor mould it be conlidered as a weak part
of his character, that he wimed to be re-
garded as one who was under the influence
of divine inspiration* lince it is not un-
reafonable to fuppofe that his motives for
endeavouring to inculcate this notion were
purely political.
His liiltory has been written with great
elegance and precision by his vizier Abul-
fazel, down to the forty-feventh year of the
reign ; at which period that great man was
murdered by fomc banditti, on his return
from the Deccan, whither he had been de-
puted
TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. IX
puted by the Emperor upon fome weighty
bufinefs. Abulfazel's hiftory was published
under the title of Akbernameh, to which
the Aye en Akbery is a kind of fupplc-
ment, although in itfelf a complete work.
Mahommed Sherecf Motamed Khan, the
author of the Ekbalnameh Jehangeery,
who wrote only fifteen years after the death
of Akber, gives in his preface the follow-
ing character of Abulfazel's hiilory : " To
" the learned it is well known that Alamy
" Sheikh Abulfazel, by the command cf the
" Emperor Jilaleddeen Mahommed Akber,
" wrote the hiftory of that monarch, from
" the commencement of his reign till the
" time of his own death, and which he
" entitled Akbernameh. It is compofed
" of three volumes. The firft volume
" conliits of a fummary account of the
" Emperor's anceliors. The fecond volume
" comp riles the occurrences of Akber's
" reign, from his acceilion to the throne
" down to the forty-feventh year. And
" this volume is divided into two parts:
" the nrit part contains the iirft thirty
" years ; and ihc fecond part begins with
the
X TRANSLATOR S PREFACE.
" the thirty-firft year, and concludes with
u the forty ieventh, the time of the au-
'- thor's death The third volume is the
11 Emperor's institutes (or the Aye en
" Akbery). The whole of the firft to-
" lume, and the firft part of the fecond
ice employed in them.
In their public capacity they do not think it
confiflent to fubferibe for any number of copies of
the publication on the part of the Company. They
have rejolved, however, to recommend it to the
Honourable the Court of Directors, to authorize
them to take fifty upon this footing, for the 7ife of
the fervants in their department, in addition to
the copies already fubf crib ed for by the Honour-
able the Governor -General and Council. In the
mean time, in tefiimony of their fenfe, as indivi-
duals, of the merit of the Work, I have the
pleafure to notify to you their fubf cription in that
capacity for eleven copies,
I am, Sir,
Commemd-Houfe, Your mo J obedient fervant,
sth July !78:j. (Signed) R. Kexnaway.
Secretary.
t.vd. F. L. G.
The
TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. XY11
The Circular Letter from the Board of Trade
to the Commercial Chiefs and Residents.
Sir,
Mr. Francis Gladwin having fent us the ac-
companying Propofals for publijhing an Engli/b
Tranjlation of the Ayeex Akbery, — the fenfe
we entertain of the general utility of the Work to
every one employed in the Company s fervice, in-
duces us to recommend them to your fupport, and
to requefl you will afford them your recommendation
to the Gentlemen of your flat ion.
Commercial- Houfe, JPe are,
8th July, 1783.
&C. &C.
Vol. T. b the
THE
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
IN THE NAME OF THE MOST MERCIFUL GOD !
Lord ! all thy myfteries are impene-
trable !
Unknown are thy beginning and thy end 1
In thee both beginning and end are loft.
The name of both is loft in the maniions
of thy eternity !
It is fufficient that I offer up my thankf-
giving, and meditate in aftoniftiment !
b 2 My
xx author's preface.
My eeitalY is fufricient knowledge of
thee !
He is the moil commendable who ftrives
to perform meritorious actions, rather thai
how to utter fine i'peeches ; and who, by
delineating a few of the wonderous works
of the Creator of the world, acquires im-
mortal felicity.
Abul Fazel Mobarck returns thanksgiving
to the Almighty, by tinging the praifes of
royalty; and, for the inftruction of thofe
w r ho fearch after knowledge ami prudence,
he records a few of the inftitutcs. of the
Lord of the world * ; thus tranfmitting unto
all ages a model of wifdom. Since the flim
of his intentions is to fet forth the laws of
royalty, it is neceifary that he fpeak fome-
thing of its exalted dignity, ,and defcribe
the conditions of thofe who are afliitants
in this great office.
Some with cheerfulnefs take the road of
obedience, by th« light of the king's juftice ;
* Meaning Akber.
whilfl
AUTHOR S PREFACfc. XXI
whilft others, through fear of punifliriient;
abttain from violence, and out of neceflity
make choice of the path of rectitude.
'hey call him King who furpafTes his
( a 8, and who, by his wifdom, is acquaint-
e with the temperament of the world, and
regulates his actions by the flate thereof. Out
of the abundance of his patience he doth not
depart from his ftation at the tight of any
impropriety ; neither is he difcouraged at an
inconiiderate rebellion. By his liberality the
hearts of the high and of the low obtain
their del; res ; Co that the needy never wait in
painful expectation. He is perfectly refigned
to the will of God ; being confident of the
equity of the divine difpenfations. He is not
dejected in adverlity ; and in profperity he
doth not neglect to return thanks unto
God. He putteth the reins of deiire into
the hands of reafon, and will not lofe him-
felf in feekihg after what is improper. He
keepeth his anger under the fubjection of
wifdom, to the end that blind rage may not
get the upper hand, nor inconfideratenefs
carry aught beyond its limits. He feateth
himleif on the eminence of humanity, that
b 3 thoie
XXU AUTHORS PREFACE.
thofe who have fvverved from their duty
may have a way left to return, without
being expofed to ignominy ; and in his be-
haviour there is fuch condefceniion, that the
petitioner feems to be the judge, and himfelf
the mitor for juftice. He confiders the hap-
pinefs of his people as the belt, means of
pleafing the Creator ; but he never feeks to
pleafe the people in contradiction to reafon.
He is ever fearching after thofe who ipeak
truth, and he is not difpleafcd with words
that are bitter in appearance but fweet in
efFecl. He confiders the nature of the fpeech
and the rank of the fpeaker. He is not con-
tented in that folely himfelf doth not commit
violence, but he fees that no injuilice is com-
mitted within his realm. He is continually
attentive to the health of the body politic,
and applies remedies to the feveral difeafes
thereof.
: And in the fame manner that the juil
temperature of the animal constitution is
produced by a fit mixture of the elements,
fo alfo doth the political constitution become
well tempered by a proper diftribution of
ranks ; and by means of the pure rays of un-
animity
AUTHOR S PREFACE. Xxiil
animity and concord, a multitude of people
become one body; and the people of the world
may be divided into four kinds : Warriors,
in the political body, have the nature of fire,
whofe flames, guided by reafon, deftroy the
flraw and rubbiih of rebellion and ftrife.
The artificers and merchants hold the place
of air, as from their labours and travels the
bleflings of God become univerfal, and the
breeze of contentment gives vigour and frefli-
nefs to the tree of life. The learned, fuch as
the philofophcr, the phyfician, the arithme-
tician, the geometrician, and the attronomer
are like water, refrefliing the world with the
llreams of art and fcience. Huibandmen and
labourers rcfemblc earth, and by their exer-
tions the capital ftock of life is completed i
coniequently, a king is a perfon who, having
put each of thefe in their proper place, ftrives
to make the world flourim, and regulates the
degree of truft by the degree of ability, when
certainly confuiion will hide its head in non-
existence ; for this mixture will produce a due
temperament.
And as the grand political body is tem-
perately adjufted by four kinds of men, fo
b 4 likewise
XXIV AUTHOR S PREFACE.
likewise is the royal palace. The army, re-
gardlefs of themfclves, make no account of
their lives in the field of battle ; and thefe
fortunate men are in the king's court, in the
place of fire, being the cnlighteners of the
hearts of his friends, and the deltroyers of
his enemies. At the head of this number is
the vakeel, who has acquired wifdom in the
fourth degree of perfection. He is the em-
peror's lieutenant in all matters ; and by his
management and penetration the grand affairs
of the nation are let in order: promotion and
degradation, appointment and difmiffion, de-
pend on his good pleafure ; therefore he mull
pofTefs great experience, wifdom, nobility of
mind, honelty, liberality, and confummate
patience ; he mull: entirely diveft himfelf of
prejudice, and behave with equal complacency
towards relations, ftrangers, friends, and ene-
mies. He mult, be eloquent, intelligent in
buiineis, a fpeakcr of truth, well-bred, capable
of giving advice, faithful, vigilant, and long-
lighted. He mould be well verted in the
arts of government, and be privy to the
iecrets of the ltate, that in buiineis there may
be no obltruction. He mould not fuiTer his
mind to be diffracted by the multiplicity of
his
AUTHOR S PREFACE. XXV
his affairs, but fliould consider it as his duty
to promote the whiles of others. All his
actions fliould be founded on the bails of in-
tegrity and a due regard to the different ranks
of men. Delirous of attaching to himfelf the
hearts of all perfons, he treats even his in-
feriors with refpeel. He takes care not to
commit impropriety in converfation, and
guards himfelf from bad actions ; and al-
though he is not the immediate fuperin-
tendent of the finances, yet as the heads of
all the offices make their reports to him, it is
necelfary that he be himfelf acquainted with
the particular duty of each. The meer mahl,
the keeper of the leal, the meer bukhfliy, the
youbeghy, the kourbeghy, the meer tuzek,
the meer behr, the meerber, the meer munzil,
the khanfalar, the moonfhy, the koofkbeghy,
and the akhtah beghy * are included in this
divilion.
The arliitants of viclorv, the collectors of
the revenues, and thofe who are entrufted
with the management of the receipts and
difburfements of government, refemble wind :
* All thefc offices arc explained in the courfc of the work.
either
XXXI AUTHORS PREFACE.
either a heart- rejoicing breeze, or a hot pcfti-
lcntial blaft. The head of this divifion is the
vizier, whofe office is equivalent to that of
tlcwan. He is manager of the finances,
grand-treafurer, and accomptant. He muft
be a perfon of diltinguilhed worth, fkilful in
arithmetic, free from avarice, circnmfpecl and
abftinent, active in bufinefs, and poflefled of
a pleating and clear ft vie of writing; a fpeakcr
of truth, of ftricl: honeily, with an agreeable
manner ; and he ihould avoid precipitancy in
bufinefs. He is alio the recorder and keeper
of the archives. He explains many intricate
points of bufineis that happen to the muftofy ;
and whatever is beyond his ability is referred
to the vakeel. The mufiofy, the writers of
the waflc-book and of the journal, the meer
faman, the fuperintendent of the offices, and
the devvan of the offices ; together with the
muihreffof the treafury, the wakeh navces,
and the aumil of the khaifah, are under his
orders, and act by the force of his wifdom.
Some princes reckon the vizaret a part of the
vakalet ; and fometimes, from not being able
to find a perfon qualified for the office of
vakeel, they make choice of fome one who
has a tafie of his qualities, whom they appoint
mufhrefF
A"THOR S PREFACE. XXVll
muflireff dewan ; and he is higher in rank
than the dewan, and lower than the vakeel.
The companions of the prince, whofe ad-
vice he follows in affairs of moment, refemblc
water. When they are of a mild tempera-
ment, they warn orF the dull of affliction from
the hearts of the di(trefled,and diflufc fremnefs
and delight ; but if they depart from mo-
deration, they inundate the world with a
deluge of calamity, fo that numbers are over-
whelmed by the billowy waves of misfortune.
At the head of thefe is the philofopher, who,
by the depth of his wifdom and the found-
nefs of his morals, itrives to infufe virtue
into mankind. And the fuddcr, and the meer
adel, the cazy, the phvlician, the aitrologer,
the poet , and the foothfayer are of the number
of thole fcrvants who adorn the portico of the
kingdom, and are neceflarv for the fervice of
the pretence.
The menial fervants, who perform the
duties about the royal perfon, are in the place
of earth. If they are free from impurities
and alloy, they are the elixir of the body;
otherwife they are its deitru&ion. The
lackeys,
XXV111 AUTHOR S PREFACE.
lackeys, thekewirehy, the fherbetdar, theab-
dar, the tufhckchy, the kcrkerah, andfuch like,
are included in tliis number ; and as the mo-
narch adjuils the political body by a wile
arrangement of ranks, lb is his court properly
regulated by :i judicious mixture of thefe.
The fages of ancient times have delineated
the four elements of monarchy after the fol-
lowing manner: lit, An upright intendant
of the finances, who is the protector of the hui-
bandman and all the fubjecls of the itate, and
who incrcafes the revenues, by causing the
kingdom to nouriih. sd, The commander in
chief of the troops, who acquits himfelf to
the iatisfaction of all. 3d, The chief juftice,
free from corruption and avarice, who, feat-
ing himfelf on the eminence of circumfpection
aud invedigation, does his utmoft to come at
the truth, and decides with Uriel impartiality.
4th, An intelligencer, who will tranfmit the
news of the world without addition or dimi-
nution, being pollened of integrity and pene-
tration.
It is moreover incumbent on a king to
make himfelf acquainted with the five kinds
of
AUTHOR'S IREFACE. XXIX
of men of whom the world is compolcd :
lit, Tiie molt commendable perlbn is he who
makes choice of the propereit time for every
bufinefs, and whole goodnefs benefits others*
Such an one is the ritteft perlbn for a king
to confult in the arrangements of government,
sd, One wlio poflefles the fame abilities as the
perlbn above deieribed, but who does not
communicate benefit to others. Although it
may be proper to lhow him kindneis and
refpedt, yet he doth not merit any degree of
confidence. 3d, A limple perlbn, who doth
neither good nor harm. Although he be not
worthy of greatnefs, yet he deferves to live
at his cafe. 4th, The inconlidcrate man,
who injures himfclf without hurting others.
Him the king mould difappoint in his expecta-
tions, and bring into the road of virtue by
good advice and fevere reprehenfion. 5th, He
whole nature is vicious, and whole bale
conduct injures others. If advice and rep rc-
honlion do not amend him, he mould be
confined feparate from mankind ; and pro-
vided this treatment doth not awaken him to
a fenfe of his error, let him be banifhed the
city ; and if even this doth not reform him,
they mall deprive him of light and cut ofF
his limbs ; but they may not take away his
life.
XXX AUTHOR S PREFACE.
life. The lages considering the human form
as the work of God, have not given permiffion
for its deftruction.
He is a juft king who, having followed
the light of knowledge and penetration, hath
made himfelf acquainted with the ranks of
men, and regulates bulinefs accordingly : and
from hence it is that the lages of ancient times
have laid, Thofe are the moil illuftrious princes
who mount the Heed of wifdom. — They ad-
mit not into their fervice any low people,
but always make choice of thoie whom they
know to be worthy of the itation. They
do not judge every one fit to be admitted to
their prefence every day ; and thofe who are
ib efpecially favoured as to have daily admit-
ance, are not therefore deemed worthy of a
near iiation ; neither is every one who is fit
for a near itation to be admitted into their
privacy : nor are alL thofe who are admitted
into privacy allowed to be feated in the
auguft afTcmbly ; and of thofe who are fo
fortunate as to be permitted to lit in the
augur! afTembly, every one is not to be treated
with familiarity : nor are all familiar com-
panions to have a place in the cabinet council
of Hate affairs.
Praife
AUTHORS PREFACE. XXXi.
Praife be unto God! the exalted monarch
of our own time is fo endowed with thefe
laudable difpofitions, that it is not exaggeration,
to faj he furpafTes all the fages of antiquity :
from the light of wifdom he difcovers the
ranks of men ; and by the re&itude of his
conducl he adds fplendour to his underltand-
ing by the performance of laudable actions.
Who is it that is able to meafure the extent
of his virtues ? They are not only beyond ex-
prefhon, but even exceed conception. It is
better that I make not the attempt, but point
out only a few intelligible wonders, by fetting
forth his regulations for the houfehold., for
the ordering of the army, and for the pros-
perity of the kingdom ; upon which three
things depend the glory of a monarch ; hereby
preparing a rich gift for the intelligent who
feek after knowledge. Thofe who are verfcd
in ancient hirlory, wonder how kings of
former times governed without fuch a wife
rule of conduct.
This fublime volume is arranged under the
three above-mentioned heads, with a few
grateful acknowledgements of favours re-
ceived.
TONTENTS
CONTENTS
OF THE
FIRST VOLUME.
Preface,
TART L
Page
i
CONTAINING REGULATIONS FOR THE
DIFFERENT OFFICES.
The Houfehold, - - I
Royal Treafuries, - - -2
Jewel Office, - - 4
The Mint, - - 7
Sojjie Account of the Immortal Corns, - 21
Of Dirh cms and Dinars, - - 34
An Account of the Profit which Mcrchayits
gain by bringing Gold, Silver, and
Copper to the Tint, - "3^
Vol. I. c Of
XXXIV CONTENTS.
Pagtf
Of the Production of Metals, - 40
Of the Specific Gravities of Metals, - 41
The Haram, or Seraglio, - 45
Of the Equipage for Jouniies, - - 47
Regulations for the Encampment of the Army, 50
Regulations for the Illuminations, - 51
The Enjigns of Royalty, - "53
Of the Royal Seals, - ~ ' 55
Of the Camp Equipage, - "5°
The Abdar Khaneh, - "59
The Kitchen, - - - - 60
The Sufyaneh, - - - 68
Current Prices of Provifions, - -69
The Fruitery, - - - 74
37^ Perfume Office, - " " 79
Flowers, - - - 85
The Wardrobe, - - 9 1
Shawls, - - - "94
Current Prices of Manufactures, - 96
T£ Tufweer Khaneh, - -100
The Painting Gallery, - - 104
The Kowr Khaneh, - - - 105
CONTENTS.
XXXV
Page
A Table of Warlike Weapons, &c.
-
IO;
The Artillery,
-
I09
Rules obferved in making Fire-arms for
his
Majeflys XJJe,
-
110
Barghu,
-
112
The Ranks of the Royal Bundooks,
-
ibid.
Pay of the Bundookchyan,
-
JI 3
Feel Kha?ieh, or Elephant Stables,
114
Khafeh Elephants,
-
127
Horfe Stables,
-
130
Shuter Khaneh, or Camel Stables,
-
144
Gaw Khaneh, or Ox Stables,
155
Of Mules,
-
156
Manner in which his Majejly fpends
his
Time,
-
158
Bar, or Times of Admiffion to the i?i
oval
Prefence,
-
161
Koornifh and Tufleem,
-
162
Of Spiritual Guidance,
-
163
Of Mufters,
-
167
Pow Gojbt,
-
172
c 2 Regulations
XXXVI CONTENTS.
Page.
Regulations for the Public Fights of
Animals, - - - 173
Regulations for Buildings, - " l 75
PART II.
CONTAINING REGULATIONS FOR THE
MILITARY DEPARTMENT.
The Army,
^
187
Regulations for the Cattle,
-
- 188
Munfuhdars,
-
191
The Ahdy,
-
204
The other Cavalry,
-
- 205
The Infantry,
-
206
The Cheelah,
-
- 208
Kahars, or Bearer^
-
209
The Pyadeh Dakhely,
-
- ibid.
The Dagh, or Mark,
2,10
The Ktfbek, or Military
Commands,
212
The
CONTENTS. XXXVU
Page
The Office of Wakyahnavees, - - 213
Of Sunmtdt, or Grants, - - 214
The Ranks of Seals, - 2 1 8
The Manner of receiving Pay, - 220
Mufa-adet, or Aids granted to Military
Officers, - - ibid.
Donations, - - 22 1
Alms, - ii/V.
X£ Ceremony of weighing the Royal
Perfon, - - 222
The Seyurghal, - - ^223
Of Machines, - - 225
Of the ten Seers of Grain exacted from every
Beegah of Land, - - - 226
Of Feflivals, .,* /&/' now turns out only ten and a half.
Thofe who are experienced in the bufinefs, have
written hiftories of this matter, and in their fables con-
B 4 fider
8 AY;.: '■ AKBERY. PART U
fider this gold as the effect of alchymy ; for, fay they, gold
ore does not come tip to this finenefs. They know
not that when gold is put into fufion fmall particles
feparate from it and mix with the allies, and that al-
though the ignorant make no account of this, yet the
ikilful recover the metal therefrom. Although gold ore
be made malleable, is calcined,, and even reduced to
allies, yet by a certain operation it is brought back to its
original (tale with a little lofs.
BUNWARY, OR THE TOUCH-NEEDLES,
In this county i\\q fcrtifs know the degree of finenefs
from the colour and brightnefs of the metal ; but for the
fatisTaction of others this grand rule has been introduced :
the bumi-dry is compofed of a number of bars of copper,
or fuel} like metal, on the point of every one of which is
fixed a fmall piece of gold, and the degree of purity
written thereon.
When they want to aiTay the newly imported gold,
they draw on the touchftone a line of that and a line of
the hmvvqry'y and by comparing them together they dis-
cover the degree it is of. There ate alfo other methods
of allaying gold.
They mix one majhah of pure filver with the fame
quantity of pure copper, and melt them together with
fix ma /hubs of gold of ten bannees and a half ; then
one niafluth of this compofuion is divided into fix-
teen parts, every one of which will be half a rutty.
Whenever feven and a \\a\truttees of this gold are mixed
with one part of the composition, the touch thereof will
be ten bannees and a quarter : and if feven rut tees of
gold are mixed with two parts of the compofition, it
becomes ten bannees, &c. as is fet forth in the following
table : — •
PART I.
AYEEN AKEETIY.
I of Bunny.
IO Banny 9! Banny.
9I Banny.
Gold. Comp.
Rutty R.
?i of
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
7 1
Grid. Comp.
R. R.
6f ij
Gold. Comp.
tf. R.
6 2
9I Banny.
9 Banny.
8| Banny.
81 2&mn?.
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
Si ^i
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
5 3
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
4i 3i
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
4 4
8| Banny .
8 Banny.
7I Banny.
7I Banny.
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
Jl 4l
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
3 5
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
2 1 c 1
^3 J) 2
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
2 6
7I Banny.
7 Banny.
6| Banny.
61 Banny
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
if 61
Gold. Comp.
#. R.
1 7
Gold. Comp.
7l of
Gold. Comp.
R. R.
8
Summarily, every half rutty of the compofition leffens
the bannce one-fourth ; and if it be required to lefTen
the touch of the fix and a half Ihtnnec, which is entirely
of the above compofition, they mix together half a rutty
of copper and filver with feven ruftees and a half of this
compofition, and this will leave fix bannees. And if a
bafer mixture than this is wanted, add another half rutty of
copper and filver, and take away half a rutty from thefe
fix bannees. But in the bunwary they do not allay lower
than fix bannees.
3d, An aumcen, who is perfectly difinterefted, to pre-
vent any one from acYing with difhonefty.
4th,
XO AYELN AKBERY. PART I.
4tb, A muJJueff to write the wade-book, in which
are entered the receipts and difburfemeius, and from
whence the journal is formed.
5th, The met chanty whofe bufinefs it is to buy gold,
filver, and copper, to be coined, by which he gains a
profit for himfelf and benefits the revenues of the ftate.
And this trade will flourifli when the rulers are jult, and
cot avaricious.
6th, The treafurer, who watches over the flock of
profit, and is upright in his dealings.
The falaries of the darogha, aumeen, mujlirejf, and
treajurer, differ from each other ; the feraf is paid by
fees, and the merchant gains his own profit.
7th, The •weighman, who weighs the coin. If he
weighs 100 jilaly gold mohurs, he takes a fee of one dam
and a half; for 1000 rupees in filver, fix dams and
nineteen cheetels ; and for 1000 dams of copper he takes
eleven cheetels ; and, after this rate, according to the
quantity.
8th, Mdter of the metal he/ore it is refined. He
makes trenches of different fizes in a bed of clay, which
he moiftens with oil, and pours into them the melted
gold and filver, to call them into ingots. For copper,
inflead of anointing with oil, he fprinkles the moulds
with afhes.
His- fees are, for the weight of 100 fuch gold mohurs,
two dams and fifteen cheetels ; for 1000 rupees weight
of filver, five dams thirteen cheetels and a quarter ; and
for iooc dams of copper, four dams twenty-one cheetels
and a half.
9th,
PARTI. AYEL.V AKEERY". II
9th, The flatc-makcr. The adulterated gold fa*
makes into plates ot fix or feven m.iJJmhs weight, and of
fix fingers in length and breadth ; thefe'he carries to the
aiTay- mailer, who meafures them in a mould made of
copper, and then makes a ftamp upon them. His fees
for each of iuch 100 gold mohurs, is roity-two Mann and
three quarters.
THE METHOD OF REPINING GOLD.
When the above-mentioned plates have been (lamped,
the owner of the gold, for the weight of every 100 gold
mohurSy mud furnifti four feers of fait pet re, and the like
quantity of new brick-dull ; which are to be ufed in the
following manner i —
The plates, after having been warned in water, are
unratified with the above mixture, and the whole is
covered with field cow-dung, which, in the Hindoltany
language, is called ouplah. Then they fetfire to it, and
let it burn gently till the cow-dung is reduced to a(bc*,
when they leave it to cool ; then thefe afhes, being re-
moved from the fides, are prelcrved. In Perfian, this is
called klhik khelafs, and in Hindoitany,y<7owy ; and by
a procefs which will be hereafter related, they recover
filver from it.
The plates then remain upon the allies that are un-
derneath them, and twice again are covered with cow-
dung in the manner before directed, and thefe allies are
alfo preferved ; when after this manner three fires have
been applied, they call it feet'thy.
After that, the plates are again warned in clean water,
and ftratified with the aforefaid mixture; which opera-
tions muft be repeated till fix Gratifications and eighteen
fires have been applied.
Then the alTay-maiter breaks one of the plates ; and if
there comes out a flat dead found, it is a fign of its being
fumciently
12 AYEEN AICBERY. PART r,
fufnciently pure ; otherwife, it muft again be ftratified
with the mixture, and undergo three more fires.
Then from each of the plates is taken one ma/hah ; of
which aggregate a plate is made and tried on the touch'
Hone. If it is not fufficiently pure, it is ftratified once
or twice more j but the defired effect is generally ob-
tained bv four flratifications,
THE FOLLOWING IS ALSO A METHOD OF
ASSAYING.
They take two tolahs of the above gold, and the like
quantity of pure gold, and make eight plates of each, of
equal weight.
Then having ftratified the whole with the above-
mentioned ingredients, and ht lire to them in the man-
ner above directed, they wafh them clean; and if, upon
weighing them with an exact balance, both kinds are
found to be equal in weight, it is a proof of purenefs,
toth, The melt er of the refined metal. He melts the
refined plates of gold, and cafts them into round ingots.
His fee for 100 gold mohurs is three dams.
nth, The %crrah cuts from round ingots pieces of
gold, filver, and copper, of the fize of the coin. His
tecs are, for ioo gold mofyrs, twenty-one dams one
fkeetel and a quarter ; for loofilver rupees, fifty-three
dams eight chert els and three quarters ; and for 1 ooo
rupees weight of four anna filver pieces, twenty-eight
dams more. For iooo dams in copper he takes twenty
- fee ; and for one half or one quarter dams, twenty-
five dams; and for eighths, which are called dwnery y
lixty-nine dams for ioo dams weight. It is furprifing,
that in Iran and Turan they cannot cut thefe round
pieces without an- anvil made on purpofe; and in Hin-
doftan,
J>ART I. AYEEK AKEERY. 13
doftan, the workman without any fuch machine, performs
this bufinefs with fuch exactness, that there is not the
differ en cc of a fingle hair.
1 2th, The feal- engraver. He engraves the die? of
coins on fteel, and fuch like metals. At this day.
Mollana Aly Ahmed of Dehly, who has not his equal
in any Country, cuts different kinds of letters in fteel, in
fuch a manner as equals the writing of the moft fkilful
matters. He holds the rank oianjoozba/hv; and two of
his men are in the mint, each of whom has a monthly
falary of 300 Jams.
13th, The fickchy places the round piece of metal
between two dies ; and by the ftrength of the hammerer
both fides are ftamped at one ftroke. His fees are, for
100 gold mohursy one dam and ten cheeteh \ for 100
filver rupees, rive dams nine cheeteh and a half j and for
1000 filver rupees weight of fmall pieces, one ihim and
three cheeteh more; for 1000 dams of copper, three
dams; for 2000 \a\idams^ or 4000 quarters, three dams
eighteen cheeteh and three quarters ; and for 8ooo
eighths, tens dams and a half. And the Jickchy, out of
his fees, gives one-fixth to the hammerer, for whom
there is no further allowance.
14th, The fubhak makes the refined filver into ingots ;
and for every 1000 rupees weight, he take fifty-four d&
Silver is alloyed with lead, tin, and copper.
In Iran and Turan, the highefl degree of finenefs
thereof is alfo called ten dehee. The ferafs of Hin-
doftan call the higheft degree twenty Ivjzvah, and ac-
cording to the alloy, it defcends in degree ; but it cannot
be made lefs than five, and none is ufed bafer than ten.
J he fkilful can difcover from the colour with what the
f'iperficial part is alloyed ; and by t he file and punch,
is
14 AYEES' akelry. part I.
is learnt the quality of the inlide. They alfo try it by
heating it in the fire, when, upon throwing it into water,
blacknefs denotes lead ; rednefs, copper ; a whitifh
cinder-colour, tin ; and according as it is more or lefs
white, the greater or lefs is the proportion of filver.
THE METHOD OF REFINING SILVER.
They dig a hole, and having fprinkled in it a fmall
quantity of the afhes of field cow-dung, they fill it with
ihe afhes of Bahool-wood, then they moiften it, and
work it up into the fhape of a dim ur coppel ; into this
they put the adulterated filver, together with an equal
quantity of lead, after the following manner : id, They
put with the filver a fourth part of the lead, and, fur-
rounding the coppel with coals, blow the fire till the
metals are melted : this operation they repeat as often
as is neceflary ; but in moft inftances four times are
required. The proofs of the metal being pure are,
the brightnefs thereof, and its beginning to harden on
the fides. When it is hardened in the middle they
lprinkle it with water, when, if a flame ifTues from it,
it is arrived at the defired degree of finenefs ; and if
rhey melt this mafs again, there will be loft half a rutty
m every tolah y or fix majhaks and two rut tees in ioo
tolahs. The coppel becomes a kind of litharge, which,
in the Hindoftany language, they call kehrel, and in
Verfian, kenneh ; the ufe of which will be hereafter
explained.
Out of too tolahs of fuch refined filver, five majhahs
and five ruttees are taken for the khalja ; after which
the allay-mafler marks the mafs with a {lamp, that it
may not be altered or exchanged.
Formerly, filver was alfo allayed by the bunivary ;
now it is calculated after the following manner : — ]f, by
refining ioo tolahs of the filver called jliahy, which is
current
.JPART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 15
current in Erak and Khorafan, and the lary and .
kaly which are current in Turan, there are loll three
tolahs and one rutty ; and from the tiarchecl frengy and
roomy, the mahmoodee and mozuffery of Guxifrat and
Mahvah, thirteen /o/^ ,-^xj i^^J (^yc { * m ^) t 1 . **"^ '
" God is bountiful unto whom he pleafeth, without
if mcafore !" — -And on the border thereof,
Abubecre — Omur — Ofmati — Aly.
The above is what was firft cut on the dies by
MoJlana MukJboJ, feal engraver ; after which Mollana
AJy Ahmed made the following additions. On one
iide,
i* The bell coin is that which is employed in fupplying;
«* men with the neceflaries of life, and that benefits the
" companions fri the road of God." — And on the
reverfe,
li The Sublime Monarch ! — the moft exalted Khalif !
" —May
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 23
«< —May God perpetuate his kingdom and his reign,
<<
and encreafe his juftice and righteoufnefs !"
Afterwards all the above were laid afide, and two
tetraftiches of the king of poets, Sheikh Fizee y were
fubftituted in their ftead.
On the border of one fide is this tetraftich,
" The fun, from whom the feven feas obtain pearls.
" The black ftone from his rays obtains a jewel.
<{ The mine, from the correcting influence of his beams,
M obtains gold ;
rt And that gold is ennobled by the impreflion of Shah
« Akber."—
And on the field,
•■ God is greateft — mighty is his glory."
On the border of the reverfe is the following te-
traftich :
u This coin, which is the garment of hope,
C 4
24 4*#£tf AKRF. M I.
" Carries an everlafting imprcffion and immortal name.
s:
*' lis fortunate front bears this, fufficient for ages,
" Tijat i"he fun * has caft a g-limpfe upon it."
And on the field is, written the date pf the month and
year.
And of tjie fame name, form, and impreflion, is a
coin weighing ninety-one tolahs eight majlmhs, in value
I o.o round mohnrs.
Reliefs (jm&j is the hajf of both the aboye j and it
is alfo (pnietitnes made of a fquare form. . On one fide
it has the fame impreflion as the felievfeh ; and of a fquare form, is the fiftieth part of a
fehenj'eh, being in value two laal jilaly mohurs.
Ceerd
26 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
Geerdy O f in value and weight is equal to two round
On one fide is,
" God is greateft."
And on the reverfe,
" O Defender !"
Aftaly, /-jLo f of a round form, weighs one tolah
Vtoomajhahs and four ruttees and three quarters, the
value, twelve rupees.
On one fide is,
" God is greateft — mighty is his glory."
And on the reverfe, the month and year, and place
where it was (truck.
Uahee / -^Jl is round, in weight twelve majkahs
thirteen ruttees and a quarter, with the fame impreflion
as the aftaby, and is in value twelve rupees,
Laal jllaly (JU^ is the half of the laaljilaly.
Sehemy / < ^X^ is the half of the adel gootkelu
Reby t^Jj is the fourth of the ajtaby.
Man /j^o is the fourth of the ilahee and of thtjilaly.
Nisfy Seleemy i^^jXm /^**o> is the fifth of the adel
gootkeh,
Fioij g^. is the fifth of the ilahee.
Pandow «v-\jb is the fifth of the laaljilaly ; marked
on one fide with a tulip, and on the other with a wild
rofe.
Sumny (o anc * alfo Behlooly (JjK^t now it is iffued
under this name. On one fide is damped the place
where it was {truck ; and on the reverfe, the month and
year. Accomptants fuppofe the dam to be divided into
twenty-five parts, each of which they call a cheetel
. tne f° urtn -
Dumree
TART I. AYEEN AKBERT. 31
Dumree (^£v*£ the eighth.
In the beginning of this incomparable reign, gold
was coined in many parts of the kingdom in the royal
name j now none are ftruck excepting at the four fol-
lowing places : Firft, the capital Agra ; Second, Bengal ;
Third, Ahmedabad, in Gujerat ; Fourth, Cabul. Silver
and copper, befides being coined at the four above-
mentioned places, are alfo ftruck in ten other cities,
viz. lllhabafs, Agra, Owjain, Surat, Dehly, Patna,
Cafhmeer, Lahoor, Multan, and Tandah. And in
the following twenty-eight places, only copper, viz,
Ajmeer, Owedh, Attock, Allore, Badawur, Benaris,
Behker, Behreh, Putten, Jownpoor, Jalendehr, Seha-
rungpoor, Sarungpoor, Sembehl, Kennaje, Rehntore,
Herdewar, Hifiar Feerozeh, Calpee, Gualiar, Goruck-
poor, Kelonwer, Luckhnow, Mundow, Nagore, Sir-
kind, Secalhoote, and Serovvnj.
A great deal of traffic is carried on in this flouriming
country in mohurs, as well as in rupees and darns.
The firft time that the reins of government were in
the hands of Rajah Tudermull, his majefty gave cur-
rency to four kinds of mohursi ift, The laal ji/aly,
weighing one tolah thirteen ruttecs and three quarters,
which was of the greateft degree of finenefs, and in value
400 dams. 2d, The malmr, which in the beginning of
this reign they had made of the weight of eleven maJJiahs,
and it palled current under three degrees. When of
lull weight its value was 360 dams ; and if after a time
there was worn away the weight of three grains of rice,
they itill accounted it of the lirft degree, and made no
difference between them ; what was deficient from four
to fix of (uch grains, they made of the lecond degree,
and its value was 355 dams ; and if from fix to nine
grains were loft, it was then reckoned of the third de-
32 AYEESJ AKBERY. PART f*
grce, and its value was 350 dams : and whatever was
of fhorter weight than the latter was received as bullion.
Rupees were alfo current after three degrees : 1 ft, The
fquare rupee of pure filver, twelve majhahs and a half in
weight, which they called jdaly, in value forty dams ;
and the old round rupee of Akber Shah, which, when of
full weight, and until one ruttte fhort weight, was valued
at thirty-nine dams. That which was two ruttees de-
ficient was rated at thirty-eight dams ; and whatever was
of fhorter weight than this was received as bullion.
Again, on the 1 ith of the month Meher, and in the
twenty-ninth year of the reign, AzededdowlaJi Emeer
FaUalidJah Sheerazy coming at the head of affairs, the
royal orders were iliued, that on the mohurs, as far as
three grains, and on the rupees, as far as fix grains fhort
weight, no account fhould be taken, but that they
fhould be reckoned of full weight ; and that whatever
were more deficient, the excels fhould be taken ; and
that after nine grains deficiency they fhould not be
accounted of the fame kind. According to this regula-
tion, a rnohur that was one rutty deficient, was worth
3jj£ dams, and fomething more; and the value of one
nitty of coined gold, they calculated at four dams, and
fomething lefs. According to the regulations of Tuder-
mull, for the deficiency of one rutty they took five darns;
and for whatever was deficient as far as three grains and
a half, they made no further account; but upon a
deficiency of one rutty and a half, they took ten dams
fhort weight, and even exacted this deficiency from thofe
that were not come up to that limit. According to this
latter regulation, by taking fomething lefs than fix dams,
the value of the third degree becomes 353 dams and
fomething more. Alio the round rupee, which, al-
though there be no difference between it and thejilaly
either in weight or finenefs, they had eftimated at one
dam lefs, was now fixed at forty dams, until one rutty
Chort
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 33
fhort of weight ; and two ruttees fhort of weight, which
before they reckoned two dams, is hereby made one
dam and fomething more.
When Azededdowlah was fent to Kandees, Rajah
Tudermull made the price of gold mohurs to be e(ti-
mated in rupees ; and the deficiency on the mohurs and
rupees, from his obitinate difpofition, he again fixed at
the old rates.
When Kulij Khan came to the head of affairs he
confirmed what the Rajah had done, excepting that the
fhort weight mohurs, upon which the Rajah exacted five
dams, he coufed to be cftimated in receipts and pay-
ments at ten dams deficiency ; and as far as one rutty
and a quarter, twenty dams ; and whatever were more
deficient than one rutty and a half, to be reckoned as
bullion.
The king's mind being at this time occupied by a
multiplicity of affairs, he paid little attention to this
bufmefs, till after having received fome intimation of
the matter, he, on the 26th of the month Behmen,
and the thirty-fixth year of his reign, adopted another
mode. He ordered that the mohur of three grains, and
the rupee that was fix grains deficient, fhould no longer
be reckoned of full weight. And this regulation was
the only effectual method that could have been taken
for lhortening the hands of mean mercenary wretches ;
becaufe, that if the officers of the mint coined monev
of fuch deficiency in weight, or the treafurers reduced
the coins of full weight to this quantity of deficiency,
there was no remedy : and alfo fhamelefs thievifh
people dipt the coin ; and mohurs deficient three grains,
they reduced to fix grains deficiency ; and thofe of fix
grains, they made nine grains deficient. Thus, by in-
creafing the deficiency of the coin, they defrauded the
flate of a great deal of gold.
Vol. 1. D By
34 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
By the command of his majefty they made grains of
agate, which were ordered to be ufed in weighing; and
during the fame month and year many other efforts were
exerted. It wasalfo ordered, that the treafurers and the
collectors of the revenues fhould not demand any par-
ticular fpecies of coin from the Ryotts ; but that what-
ever was the deficiency in weight or ftandard, fhould be
taken exactly according to the prelent rate and no more.
OF DIRHEMS AND DINARS.
Having given fome account of the immortal coins,
I mail here add a few particulars regarding thefe two
pieces of money.
Dirhem, which they alio call dirham, is a filver coin ;
originally it was of the fhape of a date-done : in the
khalifat of Omar it was changed into a round form ; and
in the time of Zofrier, it was imprefled with the words
Allah (God) and Berk'et (blefiing). — Hejaj impreffed it
with the Soorah Ekhlafs*, and fome fay that he ftamped
his own name on it ; others aflert, that the firft perfon
who tramped an impreffion on dirhems was Omar.
According to others, in the time of Abdalmalek Merwan,
Greek dirhems, and thole of the Khq/roes and of Himar,
were in ufe ; and at his command Hejaj Yufef 'ftruck
dirhems. Some (ay that Hejaj refined the bafe dirhems,
and ftamped on them Allah Ahed (God is fingle) and
Allah Samed (God is eternal) ; and thefe were called
the abominated dirhems \ becaufe th*J facred name was
thereby expofed to die touch of unclean perfons ; and
afterwards Omar Ebu Hobeerah coined in Erak, dirhems
like thofe of Hejaj ; then Khaled Ebn Abdallah Kajhery,
who was governor oi Erak, improved them 3 and after
that, Yufej Oiujr brought them to the higheft degree of
puiity.
* i he I2lh chaptet of the Koran.
Again,
PART I,
aYeen AKEF.RV
33
Again, ir is faid that Majfaeb Ebn Zobier was thefirtr.
perfon who (tamped dirhems ; and [here are different ac-
counts of their weights, fome faying that they were of
ten or nine, or fix or five mijkuli ; and others relate
that they were of twenty keera/s, twelve keerats, and
ten keerals weight ; and that Ow^rtook. a dirhem of each
kind, and formed a coin of fourteen keerats t being the
third part of the aggregate fum.
It is likewife faid that, in the time of Omar there were
current feveral kinds of dirhems of eight dangees, which
they called Beghalv, after Rajs Beghal, who was the
allay- matter, and who fhnick dirhems by the command
of Omar. Others fay that they are called Beghaly, from
a town of that name ; and that the dirhems of four dangs,
called tebry, thofe of three dangs, called mughreby, and
thole of one dang, named jr.w///, were formed into one
coin.
Faze! Khojendy fays, that in former times dirhems
were of two kinds, eight dangees and fix dangces.
2 Hehbeh
2 TeJ/uj
2 Keerats
make one
Teffuj ;
Keerat j
Da?ig.
DINAR
Is a gold coin, weighing one mijkal, which is equal to
one and three-fevenths of a dirhem.
I 2 Zerrahs
6 Kitmeers
6 Nekeers
6 Fete eh
i j. Fuls
6 Muflard feeds
2 Barley corns
2 Hebbehs
4 Teffuj
6 Da tigs
c
o
a
s
D2
Kitmeer ;
ISekeer ■>
Feteel *
Fid;
i Muftard feed }
Barley corn ;
Hebbeh ■
Tejjit'i ;
Dang i
I Mijkal.
And,
$6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 1,
And, according to this calculation, a mi/kails ninety-
fix barley corns.
Mifkal is a weight ufed in weighing gold ; and it is
alfo the name of a coin. From the ancient records of
fome monafteries, it appears that the Greek mijkal has
been for a longtime difufed, and that it was two keerats
lefs in weight than this. Alfo the Greek dirhems are dif-
ferent from the others, being one dang and a half lefs in
weight.
An Account of the Profit winch Merchants gam by bringing
Gold, Silver, and Copper to the Mint.
The following is the value of a round gold mohur in
bullion.
Quantity
thereof given for
Degree of finenefs of
a round gold mo//ut weigh-
the gold bullion.
ing eleven majhahs.
Tolahs.
Majhahs. Ruttees.
jo Banny
I
O O
9! Banny
I
O 2
\ lianny
I
O 4
9'| Banny
I
6
9 Banny
I
1
And after this rate upon each vanny alloy, they take
one majhah more than the weight of the mohur.
EXAMPLE.
The merchant buys for 100 laal jilaly mohurs, a
number of gold huns, weighing 130 tolah, two majhah,
and five banny, and of eight bannees and a half finenefs.
Out of this' quantity of gold, twenty-two tolahs, nine
majhahs, and {even ruttees and a half are burnt in the
fire, and mixed with the khak khelafs, and there will
remain 107 tolahs, four majltahs, and one and one-eighth
of a rutty of pure gold, which is coined into 105 jilaly
mohurs,
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 37
mohurs, and leaves a remainder of about half a tolah of
gold, the value of which is four rupees. From the khak
khelafs are recovered two tolahs, eleven majhahs, and
four ruttees of gold, and eleven tolahs, eleven maJJiahs,
and four ruttees and a half of filver ; the value of which
gold and filver is thirty-five rupees and twenty-two dams.
JSo that the aforefaid gold produces altogether J05
mohurs, thirty-nine rupees, and twenty-two dams ; out
of which fum are to be deducted the following charges :
Rs. Ds. Cs.
For the workmen, as before related, 2 18 12$
For articles ufed in refining
the metal, viz. R s . Ds. Cs.
OupeJah, - o 26 i6|
Selony, - o 4 20
Water, - o 1 10
Quickfilver, - o 1 1 5
For the khak khelafs, viz.
Charcoal, - o 21 7I
Lead, - 3 22 24
4 if
4 4 6f
7 26 20f
Duty to the flate, at fix rupees £er cent, 6 10 12!
*3 37 8
But if the aforefaid gold is bought by the khalfah,
thefe charges are defrayed by the dewan, and the
merchant, in exchange for his gold, receives 100 laal
jilaly mohurs, and a profit of twelve rupees, twenty-feven
dams, three cheetels and a half. The remaining five
mohurs, twelve rupees, twenty-feven dams, thirteen
cheetels and a half, are received into the khalfah,
»3 It
38 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
It ought to be known, that although merchants bring
gold into Hindoftan, yet, in the fouthern mountainous
parts of this empire there is found a great quantity of
this metal, and likewife in Tibet : moreover, the fands
of the Ganges, thofe of the Scind, and feveral other
rivers of thefe kingdoms are mixed with gold, which
may be obtained by the felony procefs : however, the
labour and expence greatly exceed the profit.
SILVER.
Nine hundred and fixty-nine tolahs, nine majkahs,
and four ruttees of pure filver are purchafed for nine
hundred and fifty rupees, reckoning one tolah and two
ruttees for every rupee.
Out of this quantity, five tolulis, four ruttees and
three quarters are burnt in cafting the ingots j and there
are produced 1006 rupees, with a remainder of twenty-
feyen dams, twelve cheetels and a half.
Weighman,
CHARGES
Ks. Ds.
5
Cs.
7*
Chajhnegeer,
Melter,
Zerrab,
Sickchy,
3
6
2 1
6
4i
12*
Articles Jifed in refining, viz.
Charcoal, - o 10 o
Water, - o 015
2 22 12
o 10 15
Duties to the Dewan, 50 13 o
53 6 2
The merchant receives 950 rupees in exchange for
the filver, and three rupees, twenty- one dams, ten cheetels
and
PART I. AYEEN AKBEPY. 39
and a half for his profit. If he refines the filver at his
own houfe, his profit will be much greater.
Of the filver called lary Jhahy and mijkaly, for one
rupee are bought one tolah and four ruttees ; fo that the
fum of 950 rupees purchafes 989 totalis and nine
maJJiahs thereof; out of which fourteen tolahs, nine
?najhahs, and one rut tee, are burnt in the Subbakee
procefs, being at the rate of one tolah and a half in
100 tolahs. And in making the ingots, there will be
loft in the fire four tolahs, ten rnajliahs, and three rntteees.
There are coined 1 01 2 rupees; and from the khak
khelafs three rupees and a half more are recovered.
CHARGES
t
Rs. Ds.
Cs.
Weighman,
5
1
Subbaky,
2
19
Koorjkoob,
l 9
Chajlmegeer,
- 3
4
Melter,
6
I2f
Z,errab,
2 1
O
Sickchy,
6
iaf
Articles ufed in refining, viz.
Lead, - 5 1 1 o
Charcoal, - o 10 o
Water, - o o 12I
4 28
5 2I I2 i
Duties to the ftate, 50 24 o
60 1Z I2§
In exchange for the filver t.he merchant receives 950
rupees, and has four rupees and twenty-nine dams for
his profit.
D4 copper.
40 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
COPPER.
A maund of copper is purchafed for 1044 dams, at the
rate of twenty-fix dams two chcelels and a half per leer.
Out of this quantity one feer is burnt, and tl.ere are
coined 1 1 70 dams, reckoning thirty dams for every feer.
The merchant has out of this film a profit of eighteen
dams and nineteen cheeteh ; thirty-three dams and ten
cheetels go to the workmen,: and the charges for ar-
ticles expended in the coinage are,
R. D. Oh.
Charcoal, - o 13 8
Water, - 010
Clay, - 010
o 15 8
Duties to the date, 119 o
1 13 8
OF THE PRODUCTION OF METALS.
Metals are formed of vapour and exhalation, which
is to be particularly learned from books of philolbphy.
Metals are feven in number, viz. gold, filver, rooh-
tooteea*, copper, tin, iron, and lead.
And there aTe formed compofitions of the above
metals, which are ufed by jewellers, braziers, and others.
Of this number is fefaid ru, which the natives of
Hindoftan call kanfeh ; and it is a compofition of four
feers of copper and one feer of tin, melted together.
* A kind of native pewter.
Rowee
PART I. AYEEN AKEERY. 41
Rowee is made of four feers of copper an& one feer
and a half of lead ; and this is called in Hindoltan,
buhngar.
o
Berinj (brafs) in Hindoftany, peetel, is of three kinds :
one kind is malleable without being heated in the fire,
and it is made of two feers of copper and one feer and a
half of roohtooteea. The other kind is not malleable,
and it is ufed in calling ; this is compofed of two feers
of copper and one feer and a half of roohtooteea.
Seem fuckhteh is compofed of filver, lead, and cop-
per ; it is of a deep colour and very bright, and is ufed
in filvering.
Huft joafli. Where roohtooteea is not to be had, this
is made of the other fix metals ; fome call this taleekoon,
and others take this to be a fictitious kind of copper.
Uflir daht is a compofition of eight ingredients, m
the fix metals above mentioned, together with rooh-
tooteea andkanfeh.
Cowelputter, which is compofed of two feers of fcfaid
ru and one feer of copper, is a very elegant and beauti-
ful compofition. It is an invention of his prefent
majeily.
OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF METALS.
All metals are compounded of vapour and exhala-
tions, which are formed of the four elements; conie-
quently, that mixture wherein there are abundance of
fire and air, will be comparatively lighter than thole
which abound with watery and earthly particles. So
that cubes of equal fizes of each kind of metal will
differ from one another in weight, in the following
degrees.
Gold,
42 AYEEN AKBF.RV. PART I.
Gold, ioo Iron, - 40
Quickfilver, 71 Copper, 45
Lead, - 59 Bras, - 45
Tin, - 2>6 Rowee, "1 ^
Silver, - 54 Sefaid ru, j ^
And this is called the fpecific difference.
Some calculate with water after the following manner:
They fill a veffel with water, and put into it feparately
100 mifkals of each kind of metal ; and from the quan-
tities of water thrown out upon the introduction of the
metals, are found the fpecific difference between them.
That metal which retains the large ic quantity of water
in the veifel is the heavieft ; and, on the contrary, that;
which ejects the greateft quantity is the lighted.
Thus the ejected water of the before-mentioned filver
will be nine miJJcah and three quarters, and the gold wi),l
throw out five mijkah and a quarter. And when the
quantity of water ejected is fubtraded from the weight
of the metal in air, the remainder is the hydroftatic
weight.
The fcales of the air-balance are both fufpended in,
air : thofe of the hydroftatic one are on the furface of
the water ; when whichfoever of the two bodies placed
thereon is fpecificalry the heavieft, will quickly make
the other kic •: the beam : and if one of the fcales be
placed on the furface of the water and the o r her in tho
sir, the feale which is in the air will inevitably fink
laweft; becaufe the air being rarer than the water,
cannot iupport its fcale.
If the water ejected be lefs than the weight of the body
immerfed, that body will fink in water; and if the
water exceeds the body in weight, it will float on its
furface i
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 4^
furface ; but if the water and the body are of equal
weights, it will fink till its furface comes even with that
of the water.
For the further illuftration hereof, Abu Rihan Al
Birouni * has left us the three following tables.
TABLE I.
The Quantity of JVatcr ejecled upon the Introduction of
ioo Mijkah of the following Metals ', &c.
Mirk.
Duw.
Tef.
Gold,
5
1
2
Qiiickfilver,
7
2
I
Lead,
8
5
8
Silver,
9
4
1
Sefaid ru,
1 1
2
8
Copper,
ii
3
8
Brals,
ii
4
8
Iron,
12
5
2
Tin,
13
4
8
Sapphire,
*5
1
2
Amethyfl,
26
8
8
Ruby,
27
5
2
Emerald,
36
2
8
Pearl,
37
1
8
Lapis lazuli,
38
3
8
Cornelian,
39
8
8
Amber,
39
$
8
Chryflal,
40
8
8
TABLE
* Abu Rihan, furnamed " Al Khovarezmi al Birouni," was a
native of the city of Birpun, fituated in the province of Khovarezm,
and not that in India, as fome have written. He was an excellent
aftronomer, and travelled into India for the fpace of forty vears.
He
iQJ. AYEEN AKBERY* PART I,
TABLE II.
The IV eight in Water of the following Metals > &c. when
they weigh I oo Mijkals in Air.
Mifk.
Duw.
Tef.
Gold,
Ouickfilver,
Lead,
95
92
9 1
4
8
1
2
8
Silver,
Sefaid ru,
90
88
1
4
8
8
Copper,
Brafs,
88
88
3
2
8
8
Iron,
Tin,
87
86
8
2
2
8
Sapphire,
Amethyft,
Ruby,
Emerald,
74
74
72
68
4
8
8
4
2
S
2
8
Pearl,
62
5
8
Lapis lazuli,
Cornelian,
61
61
3
8
8
8
Amber,
60
3
i
Chryftal,
60
8
8
He was a contemporary of the famous Abu Sina (vulgarly called
Avicenna) with whom he had frequent contefts, and in which he
was generally too much for his adverfary.
The moft famous of his works is a complete fyirem of geography,
infilled " Canun al Maflaudi," which he dedicated to Sultan Maf-
fand, the Gaznivide. This work is often quoted by Abulfeda and
Abumoal. He afterwards publiflied the Theory of the Fixed Stars,
uititkd " Tafhim fi tangim." A. H. 42 I, or A. D. 1029.
fide D' Her Mot's 3'ibliotheque Orient ale, /t.2\ & 32.
TABLE
*ART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 45
TABLE III.
The Weight of 'the following Metals, &c. in Air, "when thev
equal in Bulk i oo Mijkah of Gold.
Mifk.
Duw.
Tef.
Gold,
IOO
O
Quickfilver,
7 1
I
I
Lead,
59
2
2
Silver,
54
8
8
Sefaid ru,
46
2
8
Copper,
45
3
S
Brals,
45
8
5
Iron,
45
3
3
Tin,
38
2
2
Sapphire,
94
8
8
Amethyft,
94
8
3
Ruby,
90
2
3
Emerald,
69
3
8
Pearl,
67
5
2
Lapis lazuli,
65
3
2
Cornelian,
64
4
2
Amber,
64
3
E
Chryftal,
63
8
8
THE HARAM, OR SERAGLIO.
There is in general great inconvenience arifing from
a number of women ; but his majefty, out of the
abundance of his wifdom and prudence, has made it
iubfervient to public advantage ; for, by contracting
marriages with the daughters of the princes of
Hindottan and of other countries, he fecuies him felt
againfi infurrections at home, and forms powerful
alliances abroad.
The haram is an enclofure of fuch immenfe extent
as to contain a feparate room for every one of the
women,
46 AYEEN AKfcERY. PART. I,
women, whofe number exceeds five thoufand. They
are divided into companies, and a proper employment
is afligned to each individual. Over each of thefe
companies a woman is appointed darogha. And one is
felecled for the command of the whole, in order that
the affairs of the haram may be conducted with the
fame regularity and good government as the other de-
partments of the ftate.
Every one receives a falary equal to her merit. The
pen cannot meafure the extent of the emperor's largeffes ;
but here (hall be given fome account of the monthly
ftipend of each. The ladies of the firft quality receive
from 1610 rupees down to 1028 rupees. Some of the
principal fervants of the prcience have from fifty-one
down to twenty rupees ; and others are paid from two
rupees up to forty.
At the grand gate Is Rationed a mufhrefF, to take
account of the receipts and expenditures of the haram
in ready money and in goods.
Whenever any of this multitude of women want any
thing, they apply to the treafurer of the haram, who, ac-
cording to their monthly flipend, fends a memorandum
thereof to the mufhrefF of the grand gate, who tranf-
mits it to the treafurer of the king's palace, and he pays
the money. In payment of thefe demands no align-
ments are given, but only ready money.
An eflimate of the annual expences of the haram
being drawn out, the mufhreff writes a draft for the
amount, which is countcrfigned by the minitters of
ftate, after which it is paid in a coin that his majeity
has caufed to be {truck folely for this purpofe. This
money is paid by the grand treafurer to the paymafter-
general of the palace ■> and, upon a written order
being fenc by the mufhreff of the gate, it is diftributed
amongft
3»ART I. AYEEN AKEERYi 47
amongft the inferior paymafters of the haram, and by
them paid to the different fervants thereof. And this
money is reckoned in their falaries equal with the cur-
rent coin.
The inficle of the haram is guarded by women ; and
about the gate of the royal apartments are placed the
mod confidential. Immediately on the outlide of the
gate, watch the eunuchs of the haram, and at a proper
diftance are Rationed the rajpoots, beyond whom are
the porters of the gates ; and on the out fide of the
enclofure, the omrahs, the ahdeeans, and other troops
mount guard, according to their rank.
Whenever the begums, or the wives of the omrahs
or other women of character, want to pay their compli-
ments, they fir ft notify their defire to thole who wait on
the outfide, and from thence their requeft is lent in
writing to the officers of the palace, after which they
are permitted to enter the haram : and tome women
ot rank obtain permiflion to remain there for the (pace
of a month.
But befides all the precautions above defcribed, his
majefty depends on his own vigilance, as well as on that
of his guards.
OF THE EQUIPAGE FOR JOURNIES.
It would be difficult to defcribe every particular of
this eftablifhment ; but fomethine (hall be laid of the
equipage ufed for hunting, and for Ihort journies.
The goolalbar is an enclofure, the invention of h's
majefty, the doors whereof are fecured with locks mi
keys. At the eaftern end thereof is erected a pavilion,
containing fifty-four rooms, each twenty-four yards
long, and fourteen yards wide. In the middle is
erected
4$ A VEEN AKBERY. PART I.
erected a chowbeen rowty *, and to this adjoin other
pavilions ; and near to rhefe is a wooden houfe of two
(lories, where his majeity performs divine worlhip ;
and from the upper ftory he alfo receives the compli-
ments cf the nobility, in the morning. But women do
not go there without leave.
Next are twenty-four chowbeen rowtees, ten yards
long and fix yards wide, which are feparated from one
another by kenauts. Here refide the favourite women :
and there are other tents and pavilions fet apart for
particular women : and they are adorned with em-
broidery, brocade, and velvet. Adjoining to thefe
is a pavilion of carpeting, fixty yards fquare, under
which fome tents are pitched : and this is the ftation
of the ourdubegeean -f and other women.
In the front thereof, as far as the dowlet khanah
khafs, is a plain 150 yards in length and 100 yards
broad, which they call mahtaby ; and on both fides
thereof are erected magnificent tents, fuch as have
been already defcribed ; and at the diftance of every
two yards is fet up a pole fix yards long, one yard of
which is in the ground ; and the top is ornamented
with a brafs knob, and it is fattened with two tent-
ropes, one on each fide. The guards watch here, as has
been defcribed in the regulations for the haram.
In the midit of this plain is railed a platform, over
which is fpiead an awning called a numgeerah, which
is fupported by four poles. This is the place where his
majefty fits in the evening ; and none but thofe who are
particularly favoured are allowed to be preient.
• Defcribed amongil the camp-equipage.
I They are Calmuc women, who watch the firft inclofure of the
haram.
Near
*ART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 49
Near to the goolalbar is a circular enclofure of 360
yards, with twelve pavilions ; in the midft whereof is a
chowbeen rowty of ten yards fquare, raifed from the
ground, and forty other rooms. Thefe are covered
with twelve awnings of twelve yards each ; and they are
leparated from others by kenauts*. This place is
called the oupcheky khanah. And for each apartment
there is a privy.
Adjoining to this are erected kenauts of carpeting 150.
yards fquare, and which, in the manner before defcribed,
are fupported by poles ornamented with brafs knobs.
In the center thereof 100 ferafh raife four tents, con-
taining feventy-two rooms; and over thefe is fpread a
calendery, refembling a tent, made of wax-cloth, or oil-
cloth, to defend them from rain and the heat of the
fun; and the outfide is fhaded by fifty awnings, of twelve
yards each. This is the dowlet kanah khafs, which
is alfo fecured with doors and locks. And here the
nobility cannot enter till the oupcheean has obtained
them permifhon.
On the firft day of every moon, both the infide and
outfide of the dowlet khanah khafs are ornamented
with flowered carpeting ; and on the outfide, for the
fpace of 350 yards, tent-poles and ropes are fet up, at
the diftance of three yards from each other, about
which guards are ftationed ; and at that time this is the
dewan khanah aum, which is guarded on all fides.
At the diftance of twelve yards from the dowlet
khanah is an enclofure of fix-ty yards of rope, for the
nekar khanah : and in the middle of the area, the
akafs-deah is lighted up.
• Partitions made of linen, broad cloth, &c,
Vox. I. E Tfo
50 AYEEN AKBERY. PART It
•The ferafh * pitch this encampment on a fpot chofen
by the meer munzil.
And fuch an equipage requires for its carriage ioo
elephants, 500 camels, 400 carts, and 100 men : and
rhev are efcorted by 500 cavalry, including munfub-
dars ahdeean, and others. And there are alfo employed
on this fervice 1000 ferafh, natives of Iran, Turan,
and Hindoftan, 500 pioneers, 100 water-carriers, fifty
carpenters, fifty tent -makers, fifty linkmen, thirty
workers in leather, and 150 lweepers. The monthly
pay of the foot is from 240 to 130 Jams.
REGULATIONS FOR THE ENCAMPMENT OF
THE ARMY.
His majefty never collects his armies together in one
body ; for, befides that many are employed on different
fervices, he doth not carry all his troops along with
him, from the confideration that fuch an immcnfe
multitude would breed a famine : and it would be im-
poffible to find quarters even for the foldiers ; and then
what mud become of the followers of the camp !
His majefty has invented an admirable method of
encamping his troops, which is the means of affording
eafe to the people.
Tn a fpace of ground 1530 yards long, are pitched
the royal tents and pavilions, in the manner juft now
defcribed. Then on the right and left fides, and behind,
is an open fpace of 100 yards, which is never entered
by any but the guards. After this, at the diftance of
100 yards, in the quarter of the kov.r, are the tents of
Meriem Mukany and Goolbuden Begum, and other
princeffes, together with thole of Sultan Daniel. On
* Camp- colour-men.
the
Part i. ayeen akbery. 5f
the right fide, Sultan Seleem is encamped ; and on
the left, is the ftation of Sultan Morad : and at a
fmall diftance behind are the offices : behind which,
in every corner, is left a road thirty yards wide. The
omrahs are encamped without on all fides, according
to their rank.
The guard for Thurfday, Friday, and Saturday, are
encamped in the rear ; thofe for Sunday and Monday,
on the right ; and thofe for Tuefday and Wednefday,
on the left fide of the royal tents.
REGULATIONS FOR THE ILLUMINATIONS.
This is a fpark of celeftial fire.
At noon, when the fun enters the fourteenth degree
of the fign Aries, they place in the fun's rays a kind
of mining onyx, called in the Hindoftany language,
foorej kerant, and put it to a piece of cotton, which
from the heat of the ftone catches fire : — and this
celeftial fire is committed to the care of proper perfons ;
and the lamp-lighters, linkmen, and cooks, make ufe
thereof for their refpective offices ; and when the year ex-
pires, they catch new fire. The veflel this fire is preferved
in is called aganger, or the fire-pot. There is alio a
mining white ftone, called chunderkerant, which, upon
being expofed to the moon's beams, drips water.
Every afternoon, at one ghnrry before fun-fet, his
majefty, if on horfeback, alights ; or if fleeping, he
is awakened. And when the fun fets, the attendants
light up twelve camphor candles in twelve candlefticks
of gold and filver, and bring them into the prefencc ;
when a finger of fweet melody, taking up one of the
candlefticks, lings a variety of delightful airs, and con-*
eludes with imploring bleffings on his majedy.
E 2 It
^2 AYEEN AK3ERY. PART T.
It is impoiiibie to defcribe the beauty and various
forms of thefe candleltics : Some ot them weigh forty-
pounds and upwards, and are carved with a variety of
figures. Some are fingle, others of two branches, and
others of more.
They caft camphor candles three yards long, and
fome larger ; and they are ornamented with flowers.
The palace is moreover illuminated vvithinfide and
without with flambeaus fixed upon poles with iron
prongs. The firft, fecond, and third nights of the
moon, when there is but little moon-light, the prongs
are lighted with eight flambeaus. From the fourth to
the tenth they decreafe one in number every night, fo
that on the tenth night, when the moon mines very
bright, one flambeau is fufficient ; and they continue
in this ftate till the fifteenth, and increafe one every day
from the fixteenth to the nineteenth. On the twentieth
they continue the fame, and on the twenty-firft and
twenty-fecond increafe one daily; the twenty-third is
the fame as the twenty fecond ; and from the twenty-
fourth to the thirtieth night of the moon, eight prongs
arc lighted up. For each link are allowed one feer and
a half of oil, and half a feer of rags, more or lefs
according to the fize. In fome places they burn
lamps with greafe ; but in the palace nothing is ufed
but oil.
In order to render the royal camp confpicuous to
thofe who come from far, his majefty has caufed to be
erected, in the front of the dowlet khanah, a pole
upwards of forty yards high, which is fupported by
fixteen ropes ; and from the top of the pole is fufpended
a large lantern, which they call the akafldeeah.
Thefe offices are performed by many of the mun-
fubdars, ahdeeans, and other military men. The pay
of
PART I. AVEEN AKBERY. 53
of a foot- fold ier never exceeds 2400, and is never lefs
than eighty darns.
THE ENSIGNS OF ROYALTY;
Which wife monarchs confider as marks of divine
favour. Some of thole which are ufcd in our time
fhall be here delcribed.
The an rung (or throne) is made of feveral forms ;
fome are inlaid with precious ftones, and others are of
gold, filver,, he.
The chutter (or umbrella) is made of great value,
being ornamented with precious ftonesj and thole are
never fewer than feven.
The fayiban is ot an oval form, a yard in length,
and its handle, like that of the chutter, is covered
with cloth of gold, and ornamented with precious
ftones. One of the attendants holds it to keep off the
rays of the fun. It is alfo called aftabgeer.
Kowkebah *. Several of thefe are hung up in the
front of the palace.
And thefe four infignia of grandeur are ufed only
by kings.
The alum. When the king goes abroad, never lefs
than five of thefe are carried along with the kowr.
They are wrapped up in fcarlet cloth-bags, and are dis-
played on days of feftivity, and in battle.
The chuttertowk refembles the alum, only that it is
fmaller, and is adorned with tails of the mountain-cow.
* Stars made of gold and other metals.
E 3 The
54 AYEEN AKBERT. PART I*
The tementowk is like the chuttertovvk, only that this
is longer.
And thefe two lad mentioned are the flags of the
higheft dignity. The tementowk is folely appropriated
to military officers of high rank.
The jendeh is another kind of flag.
Every one of thefe kinds of flags muft abfolutely
be along with the kowr ; and in battle great numbers
of them are difplayed.
The kowrekh *, commonly called demameh. Of
thefe there are eighteen pair, more or lefs ; and they
make a very deep noife.
The nekareh * twenty pair, more or lefs.
The Dehl, * four.
The kerna-f- is made of gold, filver, brafs, and
other metals : and they never blow fewer than four.
The ferna -f of the Perfian and Indian kinds -, nine
in number.
The nefeer-j- is of the Perfian, European, and
Indian forms ; and they blow fome of each kind.
The ling is of brafs, and made in the form of a
cow's horn ; of thefe there are four.
The fenj J. They blow three pair of thefe. For-
merly they ufed to be blown at four ghurries before
* Different kinds of drums.
f Different kinds of trumpets.
X Cench.
night,
■PARTI. AYEEN AKBERY." 55
night, and at the fame diftance from day-break. Now
the firft blaft is at midnight, and the other at fun-rife.
One ghurry before fun-rife, the enlivening blaft of the
ferna awakens thofe who (lumber ; and the kowrekh is
beat a little. Thefe are joined by the kerna, the
nefeer, and all the other mufical inftruments, excepting
the nekarah. After a fhort paufe the ferna and the
nefeer play the mufical modes; after which the nekarah
is beat, and the people with one voice pray blemngs on
his majefty.
His majefty is converfant in mufic, and has compofed
upwards of 200 new modes, which are the delight of all
hearers. The mod excellent are the Jilallhahy, the
Mehameerkurget, and the Nowrozy.
In this department are munfubdars, ahdeeons, and
other troops. The monthly pay of a foot-foldier never
exceeds 340 dams, and is never lets than feventy-four.
OF THE ROYAL SEALS.
In the beginning of the reign, Mollana Mukfood,
feal -engraver, cut on fteel, in the Roka character, the
name of his majefty with thofe of his predeceflbrs up to
Timur j and after that, he cut another in the Nuftaleek
character, with his majefty's name alone. — For every
thing relative to petitions another feal was made, of a
femicircular form. On one fide was,
OwwIOo* (j^Li?; v» r o^ v /^aam!^
" Rectitude is the means of pleafingGod.
" I never faw any one loft in a ftraight road.'"
E 4 After
56 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 1.
After that, Tumkeen Kabuly made another feal.
Then Mollana Aly Ahmed Dehlivy cut two feals ;
one fmall and the other large. The fmall one, which
is called ouzek, is ufed for ftamping of firmans; and
the large one, on which are alfo engraved the names of
his majefty's predecefibrs, is ufed fur letters to foreign
princes. And both thefe feals are in ufe at this day.
For other orders is ufed a fquare feal, with this in-
fcription,
" God is greateft; mighty is his glory !"
There is alfo a particular feal ufed for all orders re-
lative to the haram : and there is likewife a feparate
feal for ftamping the conclufion of firmans.
Mollana Ibraheem has engraved on every one of the
rubies of value,
i( The magnificent ruby."
OF THE CAMP -EQUIPAGE.
The bargah is of fuch a magnitude as to be able to
contain ten rhoufand perfons; and the erecting of it
employs one thoufand ferafh for a week, with the help
of machines. One of thefe bargahs, without any orna-
ments, coils upwards of ten thoufand rupees. They
are ibmetimes finely ornamented with tin. From the
price of a plain one, may be formed a comparative
eflimate of what would be the expence of making
other kinds.
The
PART I AYEEN AKBEPY. 57
The chowbeen rowty is raifed on ten pillars of un-
equal heights, and or which fome part goes into the
ground ; and beams are laid upon the upper part, and
fattened above and below with crofs pieces of wood ;
and fome fmall crofs beams are fixed on the top, and
fattened with iron cramps. The roof and walls are
made of reeds woven together. There are either one
or two doors; and a platform is railed at a convenient
height from the ground. The inlide is ornamented with
velvet and brocade, and the outfide is covered with
fcarlet broad cloth bound round with filken tape.
The duafhanah munzil is raifed upon eighteen pillars
of iix yards in height, which fupport a wooden plat-
form ; and on the level thereof pillars of four yards in
length are made to fit into thole below, and form an
upper ftory. The upper part is the place for divine
worfhip, and the lower ftory is for the women. In the
upper ftory his majefty performs his religious duties,
and worfhips the fun. After this ceremony, the women
are admitted to pay their compliments ; and when they
retire, the nobility enter and make their obeifances. On
iournies the king generally holds his court in this h'oufc,
which is alfo called the jehrokah.
The zemeendoze is made of various forms, and is
divided by curtains.
The ajayby is compofed of nine awnings, each fup-
ported by four pole?. Five of the awnings are fquare,
and four of an elliptical form.
The mundel is compofed of five awnings meeting
together, and fupported by four poles. Sometimes four
of the awnings are let down to form curtains, and
fometimes they lift up one of them.
The
58 AYEF.N AKBERY. PART r.
The atkcmbeh confifts of feventcen awnings, fome
joined together, and others feparate ; and they are
fupportcd by eight poles.
The khergah is made differently ; fome with one,
and others with two doors.
The (hahmyanah is of different fizes, but never lefs
than twelve yards.
The calendery is in the form of a tent, and is
made of wax-cloth and fuch like. It is fpread over
the top of the bargah, to defend it from rain and the
heat of the fun.
The farahperdah. Formerly thefe were made qf
coarfe white linen cloth ; but his majefly has now
cauied them to be made of carpeting, and thereby
greatly added to the magnificence of the encampment.
The gulalbar are wooden walls like thofe of the
khergah ; they are ilrengthened with ftraps of leather,
and fold together for the convenience of carriage.
They are folded up in red linen, and tied round with
tape.
Galeem*. His majefly has given fuch encourage-
ment to this manufa&ure, that the carpets of Perfia
and Tartary are thought no more of. Great numbers
of carpet-weavers are fettled here, and derive immenfe
profit from their labour. The belt carpets are made at
Agra, Futtehpoor, and Lahoor. In the royal work-
ihops, a carpet in length twenty yards and feven tefluj,
and fix yards and a half tefluj broad, is made for 1810
rupees j which thofe fkilled in the bufinefs value at
2715 rupees.
• Woollen carpets.
Tukeeahnemed.
•1>ART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 59
Tukeeahnemed. Thefe are brought from Europe,
and abundance are made in this country. It would
take up too much time to defcribe the beauty and va-
riety of the jajums, fahtrinjes, baiuchies, and filken
carpets that are fabricated in this empire.
THE ABDAR KHAN AH*.
His majefty calls water cooled with faltpetre the
water of life, and has committed the care of it to pro-
per perfons. His majefly, both at home and on jour-
nies, always drinks Ganges water. Some trufty perfons
arc ftationed on the banks of that river, who fill vefTek
with its water, and feal up the mouths thereof. When
the court is at Agra or Futtehpoor, the water is brought
from the town of Saroon : now that his majefty is at
Punjab, they bring it from Herduwar. For the kitchen
are ufed the waters of the Jumnah or Punjab, mixed
with fome of that of the Ganges. And on journies
and hunting parties, proper perfons are appointed to
make trial of the waters they may meet with.
Saltpetre, which in the compofition of gunpowder
iupplies heat, his majefly has difcovered to be alfo pro-
ductive of cold.
Saltpetre is a faline earth. They fill with it a per-
forated veflel, and fprinkle it with water, and collecting
together what drops through, they boil it until it chryl-
talizes.
A quart of water is put into a gugglet of pewter, or
filver, or any other clean metal, and the mouth Hopped
dole. Then is thrown into a vefiel two feers and a
half of faltpetre, with five feers of wa r .er; and the
gugglet of water is ftined about in that mixture for
* The place where water is cooled with faltpcire.
the
60 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
the fpace of a quarter of an hour, by which time the
water will be fufficiently cool.
The price of faltpetre is from thirty feers to four
maunds for the rupee.
Now that the victorious ftandards are erecled in Pun-
jab, being the thirtieth year of the reign, they bring
lnow and ice by land and water, from the fouthern
mountains bordering on the town of Puthan, forty-five
cofe from Lahoor : the people fell it at the rate of two
or three feers for a rupee, and find their account in
bringing it.
THE KITCHEN.
His majefty even extends his attention to this depart-
ment, and has made many wife regulations for it.
He eats but one in the courfe of twenty-four hours,
and he always leaves off with an appetite : neither is
there any fixed time for this meal ; but the fervants have
always things in fuch readinefs, that in the fpace of an
hour after the order is given, an hundred difhes are
ferved up. What is required for the haram, is going
forward from morning till night.
Trudy people are appointed to this department, and
his majeily is not unwatchful of their conduct.
At the head of thefe fervants is the meer bekawel (or
matter) who has under him many affiftants, who tafte
every dim before it is brought to him ; there is alfo an
officer to take charge of the money, and of the kitchen*
utenfils ; together with a number of cooks. There is
Iikewife a muihreffto keep the accounts ; and cooks of
every nation prepare all foits of victuals.
There
PARTI. AYEEN AKEERY. 6,
There is always kept in readinefs fle(h, oil, greens,
fpices, fvvcermeats, &c. and every day fuch a number of
exquifite dimes are prepared, as are fcarcely Teen at the
banquets of other monarchs.
On the beginning of every year there is taken out of
ftore whatever will be required for one year's confump-
tion, and the different articles are diltributed to the
officers of each particular branch ; and the mouths of
the facks and doors of the magazine are fealed with the
ieals of the meer bekawel and the mumrefT.
Every month, is drawn out an account of the daily
expenditure, for which vouchers are produced under
the ieals of the two officers above mentioned, when they
are entered in the account charges.
At the beginning of every quarter, the dewan of the
offices and the meer bekawel, collect together whatever
they think will be required for the kitchen : fuch as thole
kinds of rice called fukdofs, from Bahrantch ; dow-
zerah, from Gualiar; khenjen, from Rajowry ; nimlah-
zurd and oil from Hiflar; and geele and other water-
fowl from Cafhmeer. The cooks fatten fheep, goats,
and poultry : the flaughter-houfe is without the city,
and from thence the meat is lent to the kitchen in facks
fealed by the cooks.
The water-carriers pour the water out of leather bags
into earthen veflels, the mouths whereof, being covered
with linen cloth, are fealed up ; and the water is left to
fettle before it is ufed.
The kitchen-gardens are kept under a guard, that
there may be a continual lupply of frefti greens.
The meer bekawel and the mufhrerT draw out an
eftimate of the daily expence of every kind of food, and
make that their rule.
Ordinary
62 aTSIS akeery; part r."
Ordinary people are not permitted to enter the
kitchen ; and no one is entertained as a fervant who
cannot give fecurity for his good behaviour.
The victuals are ferved up in difhes of gold, fihrer,
ftone, and china.
During the time of drefTing and taking up the vic-
tuals, an awning is fpread over the top of the kitchen,
and care taken that nothing falls therefrom. The cooks
tuck up the fleeves and the fkirts of their garments, and
hold their hands before their mouths and noftrils.
Before the victuals are taken up, a cook and one of the
inferior bekawels tafte them ; after which they are tailed
by the meer bekawel, and then put into diihes.
The gold and filver dimes are tied up in red linen
cloths, and thofe of copper and china in white linen ;
•nd the meer bekawel puts his feal upon every difli,
and writes on the cloth what it contains ; then the
mufhrefftubbuck khaneh (or clerk of the pantry) makes
out an inventory of all the difhes, and this is fent under
a cover with the leal of the meer bekawel, that none of
the diihes may be changed.
The dimes are carried by the inferior tatters, the
cooks, and other fervants of the kitchen ; and the mace-
bearers both precede and follow, to prevent people from
approaching them ; and with the diihes of meat are fent
plates of variety of fvveetmeats and pickles, fealed up in
the lame manner.
The fervants of the prcfence again talk the victuals,
"and then ferve it up ; when the table is ready, his ma-
jefty feats himfelf j and the attendants place thethfelvefe
round the table in a fitting pofture : firft, the (hare of
the dervifhes is fet apart, when his majefly begins
generally with milk or curds.— After he has dined he
fays grace.
Ail
|*AR'T I. AYEEN AKBERY. 6j
All this time the meer bekawel is waiting without for
directions ; and they carry back the dimes in the fame
order that they were brought.
Befides what is ferved up, a quantity of victuals is
"kept half-dreffed, to be ready when called for.
The copper utenfils for his majefty's ufe are tinned
twice in a month, and thole ol the princes and the
haram, only once in that time ; whatever copper
utenfils are broken are given to the braziers, who make
new ones.
OF THE ARTICLES USED IN COOKING.
It is difficult to defcribe the various difhes j but
fomething ihall be faid on this lubject.
Cookery is divided into three kinds : i ft, That with-
out flefh, which is commonly called fufyaneh ; 2d, Flcih
with rice, and fuch like; 3d, Flefh with greens: and
of each of theie kinds I (hall defcribe ten dilhes.
THE FIRST KIND.
Zcrdberinj. Ten feers of rice, five feers of fugar-
candy, three and a half feers of ghee, half a feer of
kimmimes ; of almonds and piftachios each half a feer ;
a quarter of a feer of fait ; an eighth of a feer of ginger ;
one dam and a half of faffron, and two mifkals and a
half of cinnamon : thefe will make four ordinary dilhes ;
fome make this difh with fewer fpices, and even without
any : and there is alio fometimes added flefh, with
other feafonings.
Khufkch. Ten leers of rice, feafoned with half a
feer of fait ; but it is made in different ways : this will
make four difhes. A maund of Dowzerah-paddy yields
twenty-five feers of rice, fixteen feers of which will be
very
64 aye?;n akbery. part i.
x-erv nnc ; a maund of Khenjin-paddy yields twenty-
two feers.
Khitchery. Five feers of rice, and the like quantiy
of fplit peas, five feers of ghee, and one third of a feer of
fait, will make four dimes.
Shecrberinj. Ten feers of wheat ground, out of
which a third will be loft in lifting, halt that weight of
ghee, ten miikals of pepper, four miikals of cinnamon,
three miikals and a half of cloves, the lame quantity
ofcardamums, and one-third of a feer -of (alt, will make
four dimes. Some add milk and fugar.
o
Chickhee. Ten feers of wheat-flour made into a
pafte and warned, till it is reduced to two feers ; one
feer of ghee, and the fame quantity of onions ; laffron,
cardamums, and cloves, each half a dam; ^cinnamon,
round pepper, and coriander feed, each one dam; green
ginger and fait, each three dams, will make two dimes.
Some add lemon-juice.
Badinjan. Ten feers of bad injan, one feer and a half
of ghee, three quarters of a feer of onions, a quarter of
a feer of ginger, the fame, quantity of lemon-juice;
pepper and coriander feed five dams ; cloves, carda-
mums, and aflafcetida, each half a dam, will make fix
dimes.
Pahet. Ten feers of mowngh, mam, and adefs, and
foch like, fkinned ; half a feer of ghee; fait and ginger,
each half a dam ; cummin-feed two mifkals, and one
half mifkal of affafoetida, will make fifteen dillies.
This is generally eaten with khufhkeh.
Sawg is made of fpinach, and many other greens :
it is the moft natural difh that is cooked.
Ten
Part i, ayeen akbery. 65
Ten feers of fpinach and fennel, &c. one feer and a
half of ghee, one feer of onions, five mifkals and a half
of pepper ; cloves and cardamums, of each half a
mifkal, will make fix difhes.
Huhva. Ten feers of wheat-flour, ten feers of fugar-
candy, and the fame quantity of ghee, will make fifteen
d iflies.
All thefe difhes are made after different ways, and
are eaten with a Variety of pickles and hveetmeats.
THE SECOND KIND.
Cabooly. Ten feers of rice, feven feers of flefh,
three feers and a half of ghee, one feer of nakhud
fkinned, two feers of onions, half a leer of fait, a
quarter of a feer of green ginger and cinnamon ; cu-
min-feed and pepper, of each one dam ; cardamums
and cloves, of each half a dam ; and iome add almonds
and kifhmiihes. Thefe will make five difhes.
Dewzdberyan. Ten feers of rice, five feers and a
half of ghee, ten feers of flefh, and half a feer of fait,
will make five di flies. .
Kheemah Palow. Rice and flefh, of each ten feers,
four feers of ghee, two feers and a half of nakhud
ikinned, two feers of onions, a quarter of a feer of
green ginger; pepper, cumin-feed, cloves, and car-
damums, of each one dam, will make five dilhes.
Showlah. Ten feers of rlcfh^ three fcers and a half of
rice, two feers of ghee, one feer of nakhud, two feers
of onions, half a feer of iak ; a quarter of a leer of green
ginger ; pepper two dams ; and cinnamon, cardamums,
and cloves, of each one dam, will make fix dilhes.
Vol. 1, F Boghra.
66 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
Boghra. Ten feers of flefh, three leers of flour, one
feer and a half of ghee, one feer of nakhud, one feer and
a half of vinegar, one feer of fugar-candy, one quarter
of a feer each of onions, carrots, beet-root, turnips,
fpinach, fennel, and ginger; faffron, cloves, carda-
mums, and cumin-feed, of each one dam, two dams
of cinnamon, and eight mifkals of pepper, will make
twelve difhes.
Keema Shoorba, Ten feers of flefh, one feer of rice,
the fame quantity of ghee, half a feer of nakhud, and the
fame feafonings as are ufed in the fhowla, will make ten
difhes.
Hereefah. Ten feers of flefh, five feers of pounded
wheat, two feers of ghee, half a feer of fait, and two dams
of cinnamon, will make five dilhes.
Kefhek. Ten feers of flefh, pounded wheat three
feers, ghee three feers, a quarter of a feer of nakhud,
one feer and a half of fait, half a feer of onions, ginger
one dam; cinnamon, faffron, cloves, cardamums, and
cumin, of each two mifkals, will make five dimes.
Huleem. The flefh, wheat, nakhud, and fpices, the
fame as thofe ufed in the khefhek, with one feer of ghee,
and turnips, carrots, fpinach, and fennel, of each a
quarter of a feer, will make ten dimes.
Nutab, which the natives of Hindoflan call fembufeh,
is differently made. Ten feers of flefh, four feers of
flour, two leers of ghee, one feer of onions, a quarter of
a feer of green ginger, half a feer of fait ; pepper and
coriander feed, of each two dams; cardamums, cu-
min-feed, and cloves, of each one dam, and a quarter
of a feer of fumach-feed, will make near twenty nutabs,
which will rill four difhes.
Tii£
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 67
THE THIRD KIND.
Beryan drooft gofpund. Two feers of fait, one feer
of ghee*, faffron, cloves, pepper, cardamums, and cu-
min, of each two mi/kals, will make four difhes.
Yekhny. Ten feers of nefh, one feer of onions, and
half a feer of fait.
Yulmeh. A goat is fcalded in water till all the hair
comes off, and then made into a yekhny, or drefTed in
any other way ; but a kid or a lamb is preferable.
Kebab is of various kinds. Ten feers of nefh, half
a feer of ghee ; fait, green ginger, and onions, of each
half a feer ; cumin-feed, coriander-feed, pepper,
cardamums. and cloves, of each one dam and a half.
Mefemmen. They take all the bones out of a fowl
through the neck, fo that the ileih remains perfect, and
which they fill with half a feer of flefh, and the lilce
quantity of ghee, together with five eggs, a quarter of a
feer of onions, ten mifkals of coriander-feed and green
ginger, five mifkals of fait, three mifkals of pepper, and
half a mifkal of faffron.
Dupeeazeh. Ten feers of flefh , neither very fat nor
lean, and the like quantity of onions, a quarter of a
feer of fait, an eighth of a feer of green ginger ; cu-
min-feed, coriander-feed, cardamums, and cloves, of
each one dam, and five dams of pepper, will make four •
dimes.
Motenjenah gofpund. Ten foers of flefh, not very-
fat, two feers of ghee, half a feer of nakhud, a quarter
of a feer of ginger; one dam of cumin-feed, pepper,
cloves, cardamums, and coriander-feed, of each two
F 2 darns,
68 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I*
dams, will make feven dimes : and it is alfo made of
fowl or fifli.
Dumpokht. Ten feers of flefli, two feersofghee,
one feer of onions, fifteen mifkal* of pepper; cloves and
cardamums, of each two dams.
Kuleeah. Ten feers of flefh, two feers of oil, one
feer of onions, two dams of pepper ; cloves and car-
damums, of each one dam, and an eighth of a feer of
fait, will make eight diflies.
Mulghobah. Ten feers of flefh, ten feers of milk-
curds ; ghee and onions of each one feer, a quarter of a
leer of ginger, and one dam of cloves, will make ten
diflies.
OF BREAD.
Bread is prepared in the pantry; the largeft kind,
which is baked in an oven, is made of ten feers of flour,
five feers of milk, one feer and a half of ghee, and one
quarter of a leer of fait; fmaller ones are alfo made of
this dough. Odiers, which are baked on an iron-plate,
are fixteen, and fomctimes more, to a feer. There is
likewife another kind, called chepaty, which are made
of khuflikeh.
THE SLIYANLH.
His majefty has a great diiinclination for flefli ; and
he frequently fays, " Providence has prepared variety of
" food for man ; but, through ignorance and gluttony,
tc he deftrovs living creatures, and makes his body a
?.*. tomb for beads. If I were not a king, I would leave
*'. off eating flefli at once; and now it is my intention to
" quit it by degrees." For fome time he abftained
from flefli on Fridays, then on Sundays, now on the
firft day of every folar month, and on Sunday?, and on
the
TART I. AYEEN AKEERY. 69
the days of the eclipfes of the fun and of the moon, and
the day between two fufyanehs *, and the Mondays of
the month Rejeb, and the feftival of the month Teer,
together with the whole of the month -Fervirdeen
(March) and the month in which his majelty was born,
which is Aban (October) : and it being ordered that
the fufyaneh mould laft for as man)* days as his majefty
was years old, fome days in the next month, Azer, were
likewife added ; and now the whole of this laft month is
fufyaneh : and" out of his righteoufnefs, befides all thofe,
it is frill increafing fome days every year, and never lets
than live days.
Whatever is faved in the fufyaneh days, is expended
in the other months.
At the expiration of the great fufyaneh, the firft dimes
offleflithat are drefled come from the apartments of
Merjem Mekany, and next from the other princes and
princefJes, and the principal nobility.
In this department are ahdyan and other cavalry.
The pay of a foot-foldier is from one hundred to four
hundred dams.
THE CURRENT PRICES OF PROVISIONS.
THE SPRING HARVLST,
Price.
Wheat, - 12 dams per maund.
Cabul vetches, 1 6
Black vetches, 8
Adefs, - 12
* That is, if a day intervened between two days that were ap-
pointed for abstaining from rlelh, that intermediate day became alfo
fufyaneh.
F 3 Barlev,
7*
AYEEN
AKBERY. P.
Price.
Barley,
8 dams per maund.
Millef,
6
Linfeed,
10
Maasfer-feed,
8
Fenugreek,
io
Peas,
6
Muftard-feed,
12
Kyood,
7
PART I,
THE AUTUMNAL HARVEST.
Shahy mifhkeen,
1 1 o dams per maund.
Shahy fadeh,
90
Sukdofs rice,
100
Downahperfaud rice,
90
Samzereh rice,
90
Sugar-candy rice,
90
Dowzerah rice,
90
Khenjon rice,
80
Deker rice
So
Zerhce rice,
40
Sathee rice,
8
Mowng,
1$
Mafh,
16
Mowth,
12
White fefame,
20
Black fefame,
19
Lubya,
12
Jewary,
10
Lehdereh,
8
Koderem,
7
Korey,
7
Sawank,
6
GaU,
8
Millet,
8
KINDS,
t ART I.
AYEEN AKBEPT.
■1*
KINDS OF DAL.
Price.
Split peas, - 18 dams per matin d.
Split nakhud, i6£
Split adefs, - 12
Split mowth, 12
KINDS
OF FLOUR
•
Wheat flour,
22 dams
per maund.
Khufhkeh,
15 ,
Nakhud,
22
Barley,
II
GREENS.
Spinach,
10 dams
per maund.
Mint,
16
Onions,
40
Garlic,
6
.
Radiihes,
40
Cabbage,
Kengehchow, found-
20|
1
in the wilds
of
L i dam per feer.
Cammeer,
J
1
Fennel,
4
Wild carrot,
-
3
Garlic flowers,
1
Oopulhak, which
1
grows in the wilds
ofCafhmeer, -
I 1
Ginger,
Powey,
Kutchnar buds
Sorrel,
o£
Retfeka,
1
Bchtua,
H
Chowliee,
-
ii
*
F 4
ANIMALS
* ^
/?
AYEEN AKBERY.
PART U
ANIMALS AND FLESH.
Rs. As.
Sheep called dafhmi
ndy,
6 8 each.
Sheep called afghany
, ill kind,
2
Ditto ditto ditto,
2d kind,
1 8
Ditto ditto ditto,
3d kind,
1 4
Indian and Caflimeery iheep,
1 8
Berberry goats,
1 ft kind,
1
Ditto ditto,
2d kind,
12
Mutton,
- 65
dams per maund.
Goat-mutton,
5 +
ditto ditto
Geefe,
20
dams each
Ducks,
1
rupee each
Cranes,
20
dams each
Cherz, a kind of buftard, 18
dams each
Quails,
n
3
Partridge,
20
Eoodneh,
I
Lewa,
I
Kerdanek,
20
Doves,
4
BUTTER, &C.
Ghee,
I05
dams per maunc
Sefame oil,
80
Milk,
2 5
Milk Curds,
18
SUGARS, &C
Refined fugar,
6
dams per feer.
White fugar-candy, 5
White fugar,
128
dams per maund
Brown fugar,
- 56
SPICES3
PART I.
AYEEN AKBERV*
73
SPICES, &C.
Saffron,
Cloves,
Cardamums,
Round pepper,
Long pepper,
Dry ginger,
Green ditto,
Cumin-feed,
Ajwain,
Turmerit,
Coriander-feed,
Black feed
Affafoetida,
Anifeed,
Cinnamon, -
Salt,
400 dams per feer.
60
J 7
16
4
2 1
2
2
2
3
10
1
40
16
dams per maund.
pickles, 8cc.
Prepared lemon-juice,
Lemon-juice,
Wine-vinegar,
Sugar-vinegar,
Pickled ufhterghar,
Mangoes pickled in oil,
ditto in vinegar,
ditto in oil,
ditto in vinegar,
ditto in brine,
ditto in lemon-juice, 3
2
Ditto
Lemons
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Pickled ginger,
Aderfliakh,
Turnips pickled in vinegar,
Pickled carrots -
Ditto bamboo,
dams per feer.
-r
2 1
I
Pickled
74
Pickled
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
AYEEN AKBERV.
PART 1.
apples,
quinces,
garlic,
onions,
badinjans,
kimmifhes,
ketchnar,
apricots,
fehjeneh,
keryl-flowers,
keryl-buds,
fooren-root,
muftard,
tewry,
cucumbers,
govvrds,
kutchaloo
radi(h-pods,
8 dams per feer.
9
i
Oi
i
8
2
I
I
Gl
O?
1
o£
ci
oi
04-
°i
oi
THE FRUITERY.
ftis majefty is exceedingly fond of fruit ; and by the
great encouragement he has given to the cultivation
of fruit-trees, fkiiful people have come with their fa^
milies from Perfia and Tartary, and fettled in this
countrv.
i
Mufk-melons and grapes are become very plenty ;
and water-melons, peaches, almonds, piftachios, pome-
granates, and many other fruits, have been introduced
into Hindoftan.
Ever fince the conqueft of Cabul, Candahar, and
Cafnmeer, loads of fruit are annually brought from
thence, and flock the markets. Muik-melons come
in feafon, in Hindoftan, in the month of March (Fer-
virdeen) and are very plenty in the month of April.
They are exceedingly delicious, efpecially thofe called
nafhpatiy, and babafheikhy, and alyfhery, and elcheh,
and burgnei, and doodcheragh, and others which con-
tinue
*ART U AYEEN AKBERY." 75
tinue in feafon two months longer. In the beginning
of the month of Auguft they come from Cafhmeer; and
before thefe are out of feafon, great plenty are brought
from Cabul; and in the month of November the
caravans come from Badakhfhan ; and when they are in
feafon in Zabuliftan, they are alfo to be had in Penjab.
In Behker and its vicinity, they are plentifully in feafon
all the year, excepting in the extremity of winter. In
the months of May and July there are variety of grapes
in Hindoftan ; and in the month of Auguft, the
markets are fupplied from Cafhmeer. In Cafhmeer
eight feers of grapes are bought for one dam ; and the
expence of transporting a maund is two rupees : the
Cafhmerians bring them on their backs in long bafkets.
From the month of April till September they are
brought from Cabul, together with cherries, to which
his majefly has given the name of (hah aloo (the royal
plumb) and feedlefs pomegranates, apples, pears,
quinces, peaches, apricots, feveral kinds of plumbs, and
other fruits in great plenty ; and many of thefe are alfo
introduced into Hindoftan. They alfo bring from Can-
dahar, melons, pears, and apples.
Whenever his majefty is inclined to drink wine, or
take opium, or kuknar, trays of fruit are fet before
him. He eats a few, but the greatefl part is diftriouted
amongfl the attendants and nobility ; and every one is
marked according to its degree of excellence. On the
melons of the firft degree they mark one line quite acrofs
the top, and thofe ot the fecond degree with two lines,
and fo on.
In this department are munfubdars, ahdvans, and
other troops. The monthly pay of a foot-foldier is from
one hundred and forty dams down to one hundred.
TIIL
"]$ AYEEN AKBERY. PART I,
'The current Trices of Fruits, with the Scafon in which
each is produced.
Tartarian Fruits. Price.
Mnik melons, id kind, 2f Rs. each
do. do, zdand 3d kind, from 1 to 2§ Rs. each
Cabnly melons, 1 ft kind, from 1 to if Rs. each
do. do. 2d kind, from £ to 1 R. each
do, do. 3d kind, . from \ to £ R. each
Samarcandian apples, from 7 to 1 5 for a R,
Quinces, - - from 10 to 30 do.
Pears, - - from 1 o to 1 00 do.
Pomegranates, - from 6 \ to 15 Rs. per Md.
Cabuly, or Ferenmaky ap-
ples, - - from 5 to 10 for a R.
Cafhmeery grapes, - 108 dams per maund
Dates, - - 10 dams per feer
Kifhmilhes, - 9 do.
Jowzmeghz, - 4l do.
Walnuts, - - 2 § do.
Abjewfh, - 9 do.
Bokharah plums, - 8 do.
Khoobany, - 8 do.
Candahary grapes, - 7 do.
Figs, - 7 do.
Meneka, - - 6| do.
Jujubes, - 3 1 do.
Almonds, - - 28 do.
Almonds in the (hell, n do.
Piftachio nuts, - 9 do.
Chelghozeh nuts, - 8 do.
Sinjed, - 6| do.
Unfhelled piftachios 6 do.
Filberts, - 3 do.
Indian
PART I.
AVEEN AKB]
ery. 77
Indian Fruits,
Seafon.
Price.
Mangoes,
The rains,
40 dams per 1 00
Pine apples,
Winter,
4 dams each
Oranges,
do.
Sugar-canes,
do.
\ dam each
Jacks,
Summer,
| do. do.
Plantains,
The rains,
\ do. do.
Pomegranates
, do.
from 80 to 100 darm
per maund
Byer,
Winter,
2 dams per feer
Cuftard apples
i,The rains,
| dam each
Figs,
Summer,
1 dam per feer
Mulbcries,
Spring,
2 dams per feer
Sedaphul,
All the year,
1 dam each
Mufk-melons
, Summer,
40 dams per maund
Water do.
Before the rains,
from 2 to 1 dam each
Khirny,
Rainy feaibn,
4 dams per feer
Mahowa,
Summer,
1 dam per feer
Dayphcl,
Winter,
4 dams per feer
Ovvfeera,
do.
Tyndoo,
Summer,
2 dams per feer
Kehjoor,
Rains,
4 do. do.
Ankoohel,
Dccla,
Rains,
1 dam per feer
Goolh,
do.
■
Bhoolfery,
Winter,
4 dams per feer
Terkool,
Summer,
| dam each
Panyaleh,
Rains,
2 dams per feer
Lehfureh,
Summer,
1 do. do.
Goombhy
Winter,
Gerherry,
Summer,
4 dams per feer
Terry,
Bengh,
Rains,
| dam each
Gooleh,
Spring,
2 dams per feer
Peeloo,
Summer,
2 dams
Berooteh,
do.
Pyar,
Rains,
4 dams.
Dried
7*
A YE EN A KB]
SRtl PART I.
Dried Fruits.
Seafon.
Price.
Cocoa-nuts,
Winter,
4 dams each
Pendkehjoor,
Summer,
6 do. per leer
Walnuts,
do.
6 do. do.
Cheroomjee,
do.
4 do. do.
Mekhenan,
W inter,
4 do. do.
Bettlenut,
do.
8 do. do.
Kebelgutteh,
Summer,
2 do. do.
Pot-herbs.
Seafon.
Price.
Pulwuls,
Rains,
2 dams per feer
Gourds,
do.
| dam each
Badinjan,
Always in feafon,
i f dam per feer
Turee,
Rains,.
1 1 do. do.
Kenduree,
do.
i * do. do.
Seem,
do.
i \. do. do.
Pytch,
do*
8 dams each
Keryleh,
do.
1 4- dams per feer
Xekowreh,
do.
i-^ do.
Ketchaloo,
do.
2 do.
Chechynda,
do.
2 do.
Sooren,
Summer,
i do.
Carrots,
i do.
Singhareh,
Rains,
3 d ^
Salute,
Winter,
2 do.
Pendaloo,
do.
2 do.
Syaly,
Summer,
Keleyroo,
Winter,
3 do.
Acid Fruits.
Seafon.
Price.
Tamarir.ds,
Summer,
2 dams per feer
Bedhel,
do.
i dam each
Kemrek.
Winter,
I do. do.
Acid
PART I.
AYEEN
AKEERY.
Acid fruits.
Seafon.
Price.
Oranges,
do.
X
z
dam each.
Mountain
Summer,
grapes,
Jamen,
Rains,
I
dam per feer
Phalfeh,
Summer,
ll
do.
Kerundah,
Rains,
I
do.
Kyt,
do.
I
4
dam each
Kankhoo,
Paker,
Rains,
r
a dam per feer
Kerna,
do.
I
dam each
Lebhera,
Summer,
Junyherry,
Rains,
5
for a dam
Kerneh,
Lemons,
Rummer,
4
for a dam
Amelbeyt,
Rains,
4
do. do.
Gelgel,
do.
i
z
a dam each
Khyfs,
do.
Citrons,
do.
8
dams each
Enwlch,
Summer,
2
dams per fecr.
79
REGULATIONS FOR THE PERFUME-OFFICE.
His majehzy is exceedingly fond of perfumes j and the
pretence-chamber is continually fcented with flowers,
and fumigated with preparations of ambergris, lignum-
aioes, &c. which are burnt in gold and lilver centers.
His majefty conftantly perfumes his body and the
hair of his head with odoriferous ointments. Some of
the odoriferous compofitions (hall here be defcribed.
Sentowk, One tolah and a half of civet, one tolah
of cliuwah, two malhahs of Jafmin oil, and two bottles
of rofe-water. This is uleci for anointing the body ; and
it is a great exhilarator.
Argehjeh.
So AYEEN AKBERY. PART I»
Argehjeh. Three quarters of a feer of fandal-wood,
two tolahs of lignum-aloes, two tolahs of myd, three
tolahs of chuwah, two tolahs of the roots of violets and
kehlet (which is the feed of an odoriferous kind of grafs)
half a mafhah of camphor, and eleven bottles of rofc-
water. This is ufed for anointing the body in the
fumnier.
Gulkamth. One tolah of ambergris, fix mafhahs of
laudan, two tolahs of muik, four tolahs of lignum-
aloes, eight tolahs ofakyfir ground fine on a China difh,
and mixed up with one feer of the expreffed juice of
rofes ; this is dried in the fun, and in the evening is
moiftened with the juice of lemon-blofToms, and ground
on a fumac-ftone j and thefe operations are to be re-
peated ten times. Sometimes the juice of fweet bafil
is added. When the above operations have been re-
peated ten days, it is mixed up with the juice of lemon-
blofloms and then dried. Some of this compofition is
ufed along with the argehjeh.
Ruh-afza, for burning in cenfers. Five feers of
lignum-aloes, one leer of fandal-wood, a quarter of a
feer of laudan, a quarter of a leer of akyfir, three tolahs
and a half of frank incenfe, three tolahs and a half of
derhoop, which is a root brought from Cafhmeer,
violet-roots twenty tolahs, ufhneh ten tolahs, pounded
and fifted. To be made into cakes with four bottles of
role-water, thickened with fyrup.
Owpteneh is an odoriferous wafh for the hands.
Three quarters of a feer of laudan, one dam and a half
of lignum-aloes, with the like quantity of lemon-blof-
foms, and one feer and a half of lemon-peel, one feer
and ten dams of fandal-wood, one feer and five dams of
ipikenard, the fame quantity of ufhneh, thirty-eight
tolahs and fix mafhahs of mufk, half a feer and four
tolahs of pacheh-leaves, thirty-fix tolahs of apples, fif-
teen
Parti. ayeen akbery. 8r
teen tolahs of fad *, five dams of violets, One tolah two
mafhahs of derhoop, one tolah and a half of a grafs
called akenky, half a tolah of civet, one tolah two
maftiahs of frankincenfe, with one hundred and fix
bottles of rofe-watcr, and five bottles of the juice of
lemon- bloiToms. All the ingredients are pounded and
{trained, and then fet over a (low fire with the rofe-
water and juice of icmon-bloflbms ; and when the com-
petition is fufficientiy boiled, it is taken off from the fire
and dried.
Abyr mayeh. Lignum-aloes four dams, fmdal-wood
two dams, violet-roots one dam, fpikenard three dams
and a half, duwalek three dams, mufk of Tartary four
tolahs, laudan two dams and a half, orange-bloffoms
feven dams and a half: all thefe ingredients being
pounded and lifted, are put upon a flow fire with ten
bottles of rofe-water, and afterwards dried in the fhade.
Kefhneh. Twenty-four tolahs of lignum-aloes, lau-
dan, frankincenfe, and fandal-wood of each fix tolahs,
akyfir and derhoop of each four tolahs, violet-roots and
mufk of each two tolahs, one tolah of ufhneh, fifty
tolahs of fugar-candy, and two bottles of rofe-water,
to be boiled over a flow fire, after which it is made into
cakes. It gives a very fragrant fmell when burnt.
Bekhur. Lignum-aloes and fandal-wood of each one
feer, a quarter of a feer of frankincenfe, two tolahs of
inufk, and five tolahs of akvfir, mixed up with two leers
of fugar-candy and one bottle of rofe-water, boiled over
a flow fire.
Fetylehs. Five feers of lignum-aloes, feventy-two
tolahs of fandal-wood, twenty-five feers of akyfir, the
lame quantity of laudan and violets, and ten tolahs of
* An odoriferous grafs.
Vol. I. G frankincenfe,
82 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
frankincenfe, boiled up with three tolahs of fugar-candy
and two bottles of role-water, and then made into
fetylehs or tapers.
Barjat. One feer of lignnm-aloes, five tolahs of
taudan, mnfk and fandal-wood of each two tolahs, one
tolah of frankincenfe, and fix mafhahs of camphor.
This compofition is prepared like chuwah.
Abyr akyfir. Sandal-wood three feers, akyfir twenty-
fix tolahs, mufk two tolahs and eight malhahs, ground
fit for ufe.
Gheful. Thirty-five tolahs of kettowl, one tolah of
mufk and chuwah, camphor and myd of each two
tolahs, mixed up with two bottles of rofe-waier.
OF NATURAL PERFUMES.
Ambergris. Some fay that it is produced in the
bottom of the feaj others make it to be the dung of the
fea-cow, which is called fara ■> while others maintain that
it is the foam of the fea.
Laudan is by fome confounded with ambergris, but
it is gathered from a tree found in the iflands ot Cyprus
and Chios. It is a moiiture that fettles on the leaves of
that tree.
Camphor is obtained from a large tree found in the
maritime mountains of Hindoftan and China. It is
collected from the trunk and branches.
Civet is a perfume procured from an animal refem-
bling a cat, but fomewhat larger, with a longer face and
tail. They bring this perfume from Achin.
Kowrah
PART ft AYEEN AKBERY. 83
Kowrah is fortieth ing of the fame kind, procured
from an animal much refembling the civet ; and it alto
is found in Achin.
Myd is likewife fomething of the fame kind, but of
an inferior quality.
Lignum-aloes is the root of a tree, which is lopped off
and buried in the earth, when whatever is not good rot?,
and the remainder is pure aloes. There are feveral
kinds of it, viz. Mendely, Jebely, Semendury, Kemary,
Kakey, Berry, Cathaiy, Chiny (which is alfo called
Kemoory) and Jelaly, Mytaky, and Lemaky. Of all
thefe kinds the Mendely is the belt. The Semendury
is blue, thick, and moift, and burns for a long time on
the fire.
Chuwah is diflilled lignum-aloes.
THE METHOD OF MAKING CHUWAH.
Small pieces of lignum-aloes that have been fteeped
in water for a week, are put into a narrow-necked
vcifel, which is then luted with philofopher's clay.
Philofopher's clay is compofed of clay, cotton, and rice-
bran. A fmall fpace is left at the neck of the veflel,
which is placed inverted in another vefTel perforated at
the bottom, and fupported by a three-legged ftaad,-
under which is placed a difh full of water, fo that the
mouth of the firft mentioned veflel may touch its fur-
face ; then there is made round the inverted velfel a
gentle fire of cow-dung, which melts the aloes till it
diftils into the water : this is collected, and repeatedly
wafhed with water and rofe -water to take off all fmell
of fmoke.
Sandal. This tree is a native of China. It has been
brought into Hindoftan in this reign, and thrives very
well.
G 2 Sandal-
84 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
Sandal- wood is of three kinds, white, red, and yellow.
The beft is that which is yellow and oily, and it is called
mekafiry.
Storax is the gum of a native tree of Syria; and there
are of it bot.i liquid and dry.
Kelumbek is a tree whofe wood is very heavy and
veined. It is brought from Zeerbad. It is ground
fine and mixed with other perfumes ; and they alfo make
rofaries of it.
Mullageer is a tree relembling the former, only that
the wood is lighter and not veined.
Frank incenfe is the gum of a tree brought from the
port of Java : fome miftake it for dry ftorax. When
thrown on the fire, it evaporates like camphor.
Scented nails refemble fhells, and are collected from
the neft of an animal. They are found in the Indus,
at Bafrah, and Bahrain.
A Table of Perfumes , with their Prices.
Ambergris^ - i mohur to 3 per tolah
Civet, - I rupee to 1 mohur per tolah
Mufk, - 1 rupee to 4! rupees per do.
Lignum-aloes, - 2 rupees to 5 mohurs per feer
Chuwah, * - 2 af. to 1 rupee per tolah
Kowrah, - 3 rupees to 5 rupees per do.
Camphor, - 3 rupees to 2 mohurs per tolah
Myd, - 1 to 3 rupees per tolah
Perlian faffron, - 12 to 22 rupees per feer
Kahghydo. • 1 to3 mohurs per feer.
Cafhmeery do. - 8 to 1 2 rupees per do.
Sandal, - - 32 to 55 rupees per maund
Mu/k-pods, - 3 to 1 2 mohurs per feer
Kelumbek, - 10 to 40 rupees per maund
■ Storax*
PART I.
AYEEN AKBERY.
85
Storax,
Frankincenfe,
China camphor,
Efienceof fitneh,
Effence of baidmuik,
Rofe- water,
3 to 5 rupees per feer
1 1 to 4 rupees per leer
1 to 2 rupees per feer
1 to 3 rupees per bottle
1 to 4 rupees per do.
I to 1 rupee do.
Effence of orange-flowers, 1 to 5 rupees do.
Effence of jafmin,
Violet-roots,
Scented-nails,
Bah-leaves, brought
from Gujerar,
}
4 to 8 rupees do.
§ rupee to 1 rupee per feer
1 1 to 2 rupees do.
I to 1 rupee do.
Sugendeh Kookelah,
10 to 13 rupees do.
Frankincenle,
1 to 3 rupees per tolah
Alek-khendy,
| to 4 rupees do.
Duwalek,
3 dams to 4 do.
Kanehleh,
ditto
Saad,
ditto
Akungy,
ditto
Zedoary,
ditto.
FLOWERS-
Sugendehkukla is a flowering fhrub, very common
in Hindoftan,
Sewty refembles the red rofe, only that it is fmaller.
Jafmin. There are two kinds j one of which is called
roy chembely.
Roy beyl refembles jafmin, and is of feveral kinds.
Mowngra refembles roy beyl, but is larger.
Chempeh is of a conical form, the length of a finger ;
its tree is handfome, and bears flowers in feven years.
Gj
Keytkey
86 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 1.
Keytkey refembles the cone of a pine-tree, and has a
very delicate fragrant fmell. Its tree bears flowers in
fix or feven years.
Chelteh is like a tulip, only larger, and in fmell it
nearly Tefembles the violet. Thefe flowers when
withered, are boiled and eaten. The tree is about the
fizc of the pomegranate-tree, with leaves like the lemon-
tree. It' flowers in the feventh year.
Kewrah is like the keytkey, only twice as big. The
tree flowers in four years.
Tufbeh gulal has a very fragrant fmell. The petals
are of the form of a dagger. The fhrub is two ells
high, and flowers in the fourth year. They make beads
of thefe flowers, which keep frefha week.
Phulfery is lefs than the jafmin, and its petals are
indented. The tree refembles the walnut-tree, and it
flowers in the tenth year.
Sengarhar is fhaped like a clove. Its tree flowers in
the fifth year.
Koozeh refembles the white rofe. Of this flower is
made abyrmayeh, and they alfo diftil a water from it.
Padel is a flower which gives an agreeable flavour to
water. The tree flowers the firft year.
Jewhy : its tree flowers in the third year.
Newary refembles the roy beyl. Its tree flowers in
the flrit year.
Kepurbeyl has five petals, and refembles the faffron
flower. It has been lately brought from Europe.
The
PARTI. AYEEN AKBERY. dj
The faffron- flower refembles the kepurbeyl, but it
has fix petals and fix threads. The firft three petals are
very beautiful, and are encompaffed by three other
fimilar ones ; and between thefe fix petals are three
yellow threads furrounding three red threads ; which laft
are the faffron.
The fun-flower is round, broad, and large, and of
numerous petals ; and it always turns towards the lun.
Its fhrub grows to the height of three ells.
The kenwel are of two kinds, one of which is yellow,
blows in the morning, and follows the fun m his courfe,
and in the evening the flower (huts up : it has fix petals,
and refembles the anemone. The other, which is w^hite,
has four petals, and when the moon (nines it blows and
turns tovvards it, in the fame manner as the other follows
the fun.
Jafery is a round beautiful flower, larger than tho
fudberg.
Gorhel is like the tulip, and of numerous -petals.
It flowers in the fecond year.
Retenmungeny has four petals, and is fmaller than
jafmin. Its tree and the leaves thereof refemble roy
beyl. It flowers in the fecond year.
Keyfew has five petals, refembling the nails of a lion.
Kenayr remains a long time in bloom, and is beauti-
ful, but unlucky. Whoever wears it on his head gets
into quarrels. It flowers in one year.
Kuddem is round like a ball. Its tree and the leaves
thereof refemble the walnut-tree.
G 4 Nagehfir
88 AVEEN AKBERY. PART U
Nagehfir is in fhape like the red rofe, but is white,
with yellow in the middle : — it has five petals and
threads. The tree flowers in feven years.
Soorpun refembles the fefame-flower, with yellow in
the middle.
Sirrykhundy is fomewhat like jafmin. It flowers in
two years.
Henna has four petals, and every fhrub bears a dif-t
ferent coloured flower.
Dupahrya is a fmall flower of a dark red colour, and
blows always at noon.
Bhuyn chumpa refembles the neelofer. It has five
petals, and grows in inundated ground, in fuch a man-,
ner that nothing but the flower appears above the
fljrface.
Soodorfon refembles the roy beyl, and has yellow
threads within the petals. The plant is like the lily.
Spikenard is compofed of five petals, each ten fingers
Jong, and three fingers broad.
Rotonmala is ufed in dying cloth. With a decoction
of it they mix vitriol and maasfer flowers, which produce
a red colour.
Maky is like jafmine, but rather fmaller. It flowers
in the fecond year. ' .
Soon is like yellow jafmin, but fomewhat larger. It
has five petals. The tree refembles the jafmin, and
flowers in the fecond year,
Keroyl
PART I. AYEES AKBERY. 89'
Keroyl is a beautiful flower of three little petals. It
is made into broth, and is alfo pickled.
Jait grows on a large tree, whofe leaf refcmbles that
of the tamarind.
Chempelah is like a nofegay : it flowers in the fecond
year. The bark of the tree makes a red decoction.
It grows chiefly in mountainous countries. The wood
thereof burns like a candle.
Lahy. The fhrub that bears this floWer is an ell and a
half high. The branches, before the flowers appear,
are eat with bread.
Kerundeh-flower fefembles the jewhy.
Dhonwontor is a beautiful flower, refembling the
neelofer.
Serifs is like threads of filk, and fends its fragrance to
a great diftance. Its tree is called the king of trees j it
is very large, and is ufed in building. The heart of it
js black, and refills the ftroke of the axe.
Kunglay is a beautiful flower of five petals, each four
Angers long ; and only one flower grows on each (talk.
Hemp grows in clufters like a nofegay. The leaves
of this plant refemble thofe of the chinar-tree, and of
the bark is made rope. One fpecies bears a flower like
the cotton-flirub ; and this is called in Hindoftan, fun-
paut. It makes a very foft rope.
It would be impoflible for one, ignorant as I am, to
defcribe every flower of this country : — a few have been
mentioned by way of fpecimen. Here are alio found
abundance
90
AYEEN AKBERY.
PART- 1,
abundance of flowers tranfplanted from Perfia and Tar-
tary ; fuch as rofcs, violets, jaimin, &c.
The plants, flowers, roots, &c. of this country that
are ufed for food, or applied to medicinal purpotes, are
innumerable. It is faid by Indian authors, that if you
take a leaf of every tree, they will amount to fix maunds.
Names.
Sewty,
Jaftnin,
Roy beyl,
Mowngra,
Chempeh,
Kcytkey,
Chekeh,
Koozeh,
Gulal,
Tefbeh gulal,
Phulfery,
Scngarhar,
Padel,
jewhy,
Newary,
Narciifus,
Violet,
Kerneh,
KJepurbeyl,
Saffron-flower,
Sun-flower,
Kenwel, -
Jatery,
Gorhe>, - j
t
i TABLE OF FLOWERS
Colour,
white, - -
white and yellow,
white,
ditto
pale yellow,
ditto
white,
white and yellow,
white,
do.
do.
do.
do.
yellow and white,
, white,
do.
gives name to a colour,
white,
do.
violet colour,
yellow,
a light red, and half
blue and white,
dead yellow,
red, yellow, orange
and white,
Seafon.
all the year
{the rains and
winter
fummer
do.
all the year
fummer
winter
autumn
fpring
winter
the rains
fummer
fpring
the rains
fpring
do.
fummer
fpring
do.
autumn
do.
> the rains
fpring
1 >.the rains
Retenmungeny,
1>A"RT X. AYEEN AKBERY.
Names. Colour.
Retenmungeny, fiery red,
Kayfevv,
Kenyar,
Kuddem,
Nagehfir,
Sorpun,
Serrykhendy,
Henna,
Dupahrya,
91
Seafon.
all the year
fummer
do.
do.
red and white,
f yellow, with white ") ,- .
\ within, - J P rm S
white, and yellow within, do.
do.
the rains
fpring
do. '
all the year
do.
white, red, and yellow,
do.
bright red and white,
Bhuyn chumpa, apricot-colour,
c j r f yellow, refembling the 1 ,
buderlun, < J ,., ° > the rains
L water lily, J
dirty red, - fp i "ing
yellow, - - do.
do. - - do.
do. - - do.
> gold colour, - fp r i n g
do. - - do.
Spikenard,
Rutenmala,
Soon,
Malta,
Clove jelly-
flower,
Keroyl,
)ait,
Chumpelah,
Lahy,
Kerundeh,
Dhonontor,
Sirefs,
Kunglay,
Hemp,
yellow, with red and black, the rains
white, - - fpring
yellow, - - winter
white, - - the rains
like the water-lily, - do.
yellow, inclined to green, fpring
red and yellow, - . do.
yellow, - - the rains.
REGULATIONS FOR THE WARDROBE.
Through the attention of his majefty, a variety of
new manufactures are eftablifhed in this country ; and
the cloths fabricated in Perfia, Europe, and China have
become cheap and plenty. The fkill of the manufac-
turers has increafed with their number, for his majefty
has made himfelf acquainted with the theory and
practice in every ftage of the bufinefs, fo as to be able to
difcover
03 AYEEN AKBER^., PARTI.
difcover the merits of the workmen ; thus by bringing
the arts into credit, the natives are encouraged to give
application, and they fpeedily gain a complete know-
ledge of their profeffion.
The manufactures of every nation are to be found in
the royal workfhops : whatever is brought or made there,
or is received in Pefhcufh, is carefully preserved j and
thofe articles of which there is an abundance, are either
made up into garments or given away.
Every piece that is received is put by with the price
marked upon it ; and fkilful people are employed in
comparing the former with the prelent price. By this
means the intrinfic value being learned, the prices are
lb much reduced, that the ghiafs nuklhbund, which
was formerly bought for one hundred mohurs, is now to
be had for fifty.
Something mall here be faid of the different drefles.
worn by his majefty ; to give more would run me into
prolixity.
The takowchyeh is made of a fingle cloth, and is of
the Indian form ; formerly it had flits in the fkirt, and
war tied with firings on the left fide : his majefty has or-
dered it to be made with a round fkirt, and to be tied
on the right fide. It requires feven ells and a half.
The price for making one of them plain is one rupee,
and thofe which are ornamented with flitches are from
one rupee to five rupees. There are alfo expended three
quarters of a mifkal ol filk.
The paifhwaz is of the fame form, but ties, before;
and (one are alfo made without firings.
The du aiy requires fix ells and four girahs for the
outfide and the lining, four girahs for the firings, ani
TART I. AYEEN AKBERY. Qj
nine for the finjaf, or border. The expence of making
is, from one rupee to three rupees ; and it requires one
mifkal of filk.
The fhahajeedeh. In every gi rah * are woiked fixty
lines of flitches ; and it is from thence alfo called fliufht
khutty (fixty lines). It has a double lining ; and fome
are quilted with cotton. The expence of working is
two rupees per fquare ell.
Sozeny. A quarter of a feer of cotton and two dams
of filk. The quilter has eight rupees.
Ajeedeh char kalemy, one leer and an eighth of cot-
ton, and one dam of filk. Workman two rupees.
Keba, commonly called jamah-pumbahdar. One
feer of cotton and two mifkals of filk. The taylor has
from a quarter of a rupee to one rupee.
Guder is a drefs wider and longer than the keba, and
has more cotton in it. It is ufed in Hindoflan in the
place of furs. Seven ells for the outfide, fix ells for the
lining, four girahs for the firings, and nine girahs fur
the border; two feers and a half of cotton, and three
mifkals of filk. The taylor is paid from half a rupee to
one rupee and a half.
Tlie firjy is open before without firings. Some add
buttons, and wear it over the jamah : for the outfide,
five ells and twelve girahs ; for the lining, five ells and
five girahs ; for the border fourteen girahs, one feer
of cotton, and one mifkal of filk. The taylor has from,
a quarter of a rupee to one rupee.
The firgool is a very becoming garment ; it was firil
brought from Europe, and now is worn by people of all
* The fixteenth part of an ell.
ranks.
$4 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
ranks. It is made of various kinds of ftufF. The out-
fide requires nine ells fix girahs and a half, the lining
the fame; fix mifkals of Jilk, and one fee r of cotton.
They are made fingle and double. 1 he taylor has from
half a rupee to two rupees.
The chuckmun is made of broad-cloth, flannel, or
wax-cloth. His majefty has it made of dara-iy wax-
cloth, which is exceeding light and looks very well,
and rain will not penetrate it. h requires fix ells for the
cloke, five girahs for the firings, and two mifkals of
filk. The taylor has for making one of broad-cloth
two rupees, for one of flannel one rupee and a half, and
for one of wax-cloth half a rupee.
The frioolwar is made of different cloths, and is either
fingle or double, and is fometimes quilted : for the
outfide three els and eleven girahs ; for the waiflband fix
girahs ; one mifkal and a quarter of filk, and half a feer
of cotton. The taylor has from a quarter to half a
rupee.
Each of the above drefies is alfo made in different
fafhions from what have been defcribed ; and the tur-
bans and other parts of drefs are innumerable ; befides
which, the rich dreffes that are beflowed on the nobility
on feitivals, are beyond defcription. Every quarter
there are prepared for the nobility one thoufand lirrapa
(or complete drefles). They are tied up in feparate
bundles, each containing twenty-one.
His majefty is very fond of woollen duffs, particularly
(hawls.
OF SHAWLS.
His majefty has ordered four kinds to be matje :
lft, Toos aflel, which is the wool of an animal of this
name, whofe natural colour, in general, is grey inclining
to
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. ^
to red, though fome arc perfe&ly white ; and thofe
fhawls are incomparable for lightnefs, warmth, and
foftnefs. Formerly they were always made with the
wool in its original ftate, but his majefty has had fome
of them dyed, and it is furprifing that they will not take
a red colour. 2d, Sefed alcheh, which they alfo call
terehdar. The natural colours of the wool are white or
black; and they weave three forts of them, white, black,
and grey. Formerly there were not above three or four
different colours for (hawls ; but his majefty has made
them of various hues. 3d, Zerdozy, gulabetum, keih-
ydeh, culgha, bandhenun, cheet, alcheh, and perzdar,
which are of his majefly's invention. 4th, From being
fhort pieces, he had them made long enough for jamahs.
The fhawls are claffed according to the day, month,
year, price, colour, and weight ; and this manner of
clafling is commonly called miiiel. The mufhrefTs.
having examined thele particulars, mark the quality of
each fhawl on a piece of paper, which they affix to one
corner thereof. All thofe that are brought into the
palace on the day Ormuzd of the month Fervirdin *, are
preferred to thofe received afterwards of the fame fine-
nefs, weight, and colour; and each are written down in
order. Every day there are received into ftore of the
following kinds: toos, fefed alcheh, laal zerreen, na-
renjy, berenjy, caremzy, kahy, gulpumbeh, fendely,
badamy, arghuwany, anaby, tooteky* allely, iofeny,
menjeny, gulkafny, libecky, alify, feftoky, pezk gul,
gulkhear, nejyberen, bhowjputtry, afmany, gulaby, kul-
ghy, aby, zytOony, jigery, zemroody, chceny, benefsh,
emboweh, mufhkeen, fakhtehy. Frc/tn this account of
one day, may be formed an idea of what is done in the
courfe of a year.
Formerly fhawls were but rarely brought from Cafti-
meer, and thofe who had them ufed to wear them over
* 10th March.
their
f>6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
their fhoulders in four folds, fo that they lafted for a long
time ; now they are worn fingle by people of all degrees.
His majefty has introduced the cuftom of wearing two
fhawls, one under the other, which is a confiderable ad-
dition to their beauty. By the attention of his majeily
the manufacture of fhawls in Cafhmeer is in a very
flourishing ftate, and in Lahoor there are upwards of a
thoufand manufactories of this commodity. They alfo
make ae imitation of fhawl with the warp of filk and
the woof of wool ; and this kind is called Mayan. Of
both kinds are made turbans, &c.
Here follows a table wiih the prices of feveral manu-
factures.
Current Prices of Manufadiires.
Cloths wove with gold
Yezdy velvet brocaded 1
with gold,
Europe do.
Gujerat do.
Kaih do.
Herat do.
Lahoor do.
Zirbafi fereer,
Mutebbek,
Meelek,
Gujetat brocade,
Tafs gujeraty,
Daraiybaf,
Mokiefh,
Shirwany,
Mofhejjer ferengy,
Deyba ferengy,
Deyba yezdy,
Khara,
1
Price
15 to 150 mohurs per piece
10 to 70 mohurs per piece
10 to 50 mohurs per piece
10 to 40 mohurs per piece
10 to 4c
1 mohurs per piece
3 to 7°
do.
do.
2 to 70
do.
do.
3 t0 7°
do.
do.
6 to 60
do.
do.
1 to 25
do.
do.
2 to 50
do.
do.
1 to 20
do.
do.
6 to 17
do.
do.
1 to 4 mohurs per elt
1 to 4
do.
do.
1 to if
do.
do.
5 R. to 2 do- do.
China
PART T.
China fattin,
China tewar,
Khaz,
Tufleeleh, brought
from Mecca,
Koortahwar gujeraty,
Mundeel,
Cheereh,
Dooputteh,
Foteh,
Coverlids,
AYEEN AKBERY. 97
Prices.
5 rupees to 2 mohurs per ell
do. do.
do. do.
I 15 to 20 rupees per ell
i to 20 mohurs per piece
1 to 14 do. do.
I to 8 do. do.
6 to 8 rupees do.
I to 1 2 mohurs per piece
1 to 20 do. do.
European velvet,
Kamy do.
Yezdy do.
Memed do.
Herat do.
Lahoor do.
Gujerat do.
Keteefeh pooreby,
Tajehbaf,
Daraiybaf,
Mutebek,
Shirwany,
Meeklek,
Kumcab,
Tewar,
Khowry,
Mofhejjer ferengy,
Mofhejjer yezdy,
European fattin,
Herat do.
Khara,
Sehrung,
Kuttany,
Vol. I.
SILKEN STUFFS.
i to 4 mohurs per ell
2 to 7 mohurs per piece
2 to 4 do. do.
2 to 4 do. do.
2 to 4 do. do.
2 to 4 do. do.
1 to 2 rupees per ell
1 to 1 1 rupees do-
2 to 30 mohurs per piece
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1 R. to 2 do.
2 to 30
1 to 30
»i to 10
1 to 7
1 to 5
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
4 to 10 rupees per piece
2 rupees to 1 mohur per ell
1 to 2 mohurs per piece
2 rupees to 1 mohur per ell
5 rupees to 2 mohurs per piecs
j to 6 rupees per ell
1 to 3 mohurs per piece
14 rupee to 2 mohurs do.
H European
9 3
AYEEN AKBERY.
PART I.
European linen,
Tafteh,
Embery,
Daraiy,
Setty pooruby,
Kebabund,
Tatbund pooruby,
Lah,
Miflry,
Saar,
Tufllr,
Plain fattin,
Kepoordoor,
Alcheh,
Tefseleh,
Prices.
f to i rupee per ell
| to 2 do. do.
4 dams to f a rupee per ell
2 to 5 rupees per ell
6 rupees to 2 mohurs per piece
6 rupees to 2 do, do.
2 rupees to 14 do.
9 to 7 rupees per ell
•% to 1 mohur per ps.
5 to 10 rupees per ell
2 to 3 rupees per ps.
I to 1 rupee per ell
2 annas to 1 rupee per ell
2 to 5 rupees per ell
8 to 1 2 rupees per piece
Khaflah,
Chow tar,
Mulmuls,
Tunfook,
Siryfaf,
Gungajel,
Behroon,
Sehen,
jewhneh,
A tan,
Afawely,
JBaftah,
Mahmudy,
Penjtoleah,
Jewhleh,
Saloo,
Dooreah,
Bahaderlhahy,
Gerbhfooty,
Sheleri decany,
COTTON CLOTHS.
3 rupees to 15 mohurs per pee,
2 rupees to 9 mohurs
4 rupees to 5 mohurs
4 rupees to 5 mohurs
2 rupees to 5 mohurs
4 rupees to 5 mohurs
4 rupees to 4 mohurs
1 to 3 mohurs
1 rupee to 1 mohur
2 § rupees to 1 mohur
I to 5 mohurs
I I rupee to 5 mohurs
I mohur to 3 mohurs
I to .3 mohurs
I to 2 1 mohurs
3 rupees to 2 mohurs
6 rupees to 2 mohurs
6 rupees to 2 mohurs
I I to 2 mohurs
I to 2 mohurs
Mehrkul
PART 1.
Mehrkul,
Mundiel,
Sirbund (turband)
Dnputteh,
Ketancheh,
Foteh,
Gofhpeytch,
Chintz,
Gezeeneh,
Salahety,
AYEEN AKEERY.
99
3 to i o rupees per piece
| to 2 mohurs
4- to 2 mohurs
i rupee to i mohur
i rupee to i mohur per piece
| to 6 rupees
i to 2 rupees
2 dams to i rupee per ell
| to i ' rupee
a dams to 4 dams.
WOOLLEN CLOTHS
European broad-cloth,
Nagorey and Lahoory,
Soof murreba,
Soof mukhiyer,
Shawls,
Shawl chcereh,
Shawl foteh,
Shawl-pieces for jammas,
Goofh-peytch,
Sirpeytch,
Aghry,
Purrem gurrem,
Ketafs,
Phowk,
Dermek,
Puttoo,
Reyokar,
MnTery,
Birdyemany,
Panchynemed,
Tekeahnemed, Europ.
Tekeahnemed, Indian,
Lewy,
Blankets,
Cafhmeery caps,
Kumpeh,
2f rupees to 4 mohurs per ell
2 rupees to 1 mohur per piece
4 to 15 mohurs
3 rupees to 14 mohur
2 rupees to 8 mohurs
2 rupees to 25 mohurs
I to 3 mohurs
I to 4 mohurs
i| rupee to l~ mohur
I to 4 mohurs
7 rupees to i\ mohurs
3 rupees to i\ mohurs
o.\ rupees to to mohurs
2 \ rupees to 1 5 rupees per piece
£ rupees to 4 mohurs
1 to 1 o rupees
2 rupees to 1 mohur per piece
5 to 50 rupees
5 to 35 rupees
2 rupees to 1 mohur
1 § rupee to 5 rupees
if to 5 rupees
14 dams to 4 rupees
10 dams to 2 rupees
2 dams to 1 rupee
2 rupees to 1 mohur do.
H 2 THE
ICO AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
THE TUSWEER KHANEH.
A picture is the refemblance of fomething in nature,
which ordinary painters can draw from originals ; but
the artifts of Europe with eafe create forms out of their
own imaginations, that refemble nature herfelf; but
through the medium of letters the experience of;, anti-
quity has been tranfmitted to us, and become the capital
flock ofwifdom: out of refpeet to which conlideration
I fhall firfl defcribe the library. Of a truth, if it had
not been for letters, fpeech would not have obtained
life, nor our minds been enriched with the fecrets of
antiquity.
Various are the alphabets which have been chofen by
different nations ; namely, the Syrian, the Greek, the
Hebrew, the Coptic, the Maakely, the Kufy, the Cafh-
meery, the Ethiopian, the Ryhany, the Arabic, the
Perlian, the Roman, the Hymery, the Barbary, &c. as
is evident from ancient books.
The difference betwixt letters confifts in the fhape
Of the lines which form them, that is, whether they be
curved or flraight : thus the Kufy character is com-
pounded of a line that is one dang in curve, and the
remainder ftraight. The Maakely has no curve. The
infcriptions on ancient buildings are moftly in this
character.
.•
At this day there are in ufe eight different alphabets
ir. Iran, Turan, Room, and Hind
In the year three hundred and ten of the Hegira,
Ebn Mokleh formed lix different alphabets from the
Maakely and the Kufv ; viz. the Suls, the Towkya, the
Mohekch, the Nufkh, the Ryhan, and the Rokaa; to
which fome add the Ghobar, making him to have in-
vented ie'van- alphabets. Some attribute the invention
of
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. IOI
of the Nufkh character to Yacoob MotafTemy. The
Suls and the Nufkh are compofed of two dangs of curve
and four dangs of ftraight line. The Towkya and Rokaa
are four dangs and a half curved, and the reft ftraight line.
The Mohekeh and Ryhan have four dangs and a half
ftraight line, and the reft curve. The feventh kind of
character is the Taleek, formed out of the Rokaa and the
Towkya, and have very little of ftraight line. Khojeh Taj
Solimany, who wrote the fix above-mentioned characters
excellently, was alio a proficient in this; and fome fay
that he invented it. Aihruff Khan, meer moonfhy to
his majefty, has brought this character to the higheft
degree of perfection. The eighth character is the
Nuftaleek, which is all curve. Some pretend that it
was compofed from the Nufkh and Taleek by Khojeh
Meer Aly Tebrezee, in the time of Timar ; but this is
not true, for 1 have feen books in this character that
were written before the reign of that monarch.
His majefty, by the encouragement that he gives to
good penmen, has brought writing to the higheft degree
of perfection, particularly in the Nuftaleek character.
Thole who excel in the Nuftaleek, and are under the
fhadow of the throne, are Mahommed Huflain Cafh-
meery, who is generally known under the title of Zur-
reen Kalum *, and he is reckoned to equal Molla Meer
Aly ; alfo his fon Mollana Baker, together with thole
here following, are famous for their ikill in this art :
Mahommed Ameen Mefhedy, Meer HufTain Kolenjy,
Mollana Abd-ai-Hy, Mollana Dury, Mollana Abdal-
raheem, Meer Abdallah, Nezamy Cafzveeny, Aly
Chemmen Cafhmecry, Noorullah, and Coflim Arfalan.
His majefty has made fcveral arrangements in his
library, part of which is kept in the haram, and the reft
in the outer apartments. The books are clafied in
fciences and hiftories, according to their feveral prices.
• Or the golden pen.
H 3 . Every
102 AYEEK AKBERY. PART I.
Every day fome capable perfon reads to his majefty,
who hears every book from beginning to end. He
always marks with the date of the month the place
where he leaves off; and the reader is paid according
to the number of pages. There is hardly a work of
fcience, of genius, or of hiftory, but has been read to
his majefty 5 and he is not tired with hearing them
repeated, but always liftens with grea: avidity.
The following works are repeatedly read: Akhlah
NafTery, Kemia Saadet, Cabufnameh, Moktoobat Sherf
Muneery, Gooliftan, Hedykeh, Jam Jum, Boftan,
Shahnameh, Khumfeh Sheikh, Kuliat Khofru, Kuliar.
Mollana jami, Dewan Khacany, Dewan Anveri, and. a
number of books of hiitory.
By the command of his majefty the following trans-
lations have been made from the Shanfcrit and other
languages, into the Perlian and Hindovee.
The new Aftronomical Tables of Ulugh Beg, from
Perfian into Hindovee, by Emeer Futtah Ullah Sheer-
azee, Kifhen Jewfy, Gongadhor, Mahais, and Mo-
hanond, with the affiltance of the author of this work.
The Mohabharot, one of the mod ancient books of
the Hindoos, into Per.fian by the joint labours of Ne-
keeb Khan, Mollana Abd-ul-Cader, and Sheikh Sultan
Tanfery. The original confifts of near one hundred
thouiand diftichs. His majefty has entitled this an-
cient itory Rezem-uameh *.
The Ramayon, an ancient Hindoo work, into Fer-
fian. It contains the hiilory o( Ramchondro at full
* This, although it confifts of about 2000 folio pages, is nothing
more than an abftract, and that very indifferently executed, many
beautiful descriptions and epifodes being entirely omitted ; but Mr.
Wilkins, at the perfuafion of Mr. Hafting^s, has begun to make a
complete tranflaiion of the Mohabharot from the original Shanfcrit,
and k already confiderably advanced in the work.
length,
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. I03
length, with many philofophical reflexions inter-
fperfed.
The Ot'horbo, which, in the opinion of the Hindoos,
is one of the four books of divine authority, has been
tranflated into Perfian by Hajee lbraheem Sirhindy.
My elder brother, Sheikh Fizee, has made a Perfian
verfion of Leelawotee, which is efteemed the beft book
on Indian arithmetic.
The Tajok, a treatile on aftronomy, has been tranf-
lated into Perfian by Mokummel Khan Gujeraty.
The Vakiat Babery -j~, which is a wife rule of conduct,
has been tranflated from the Turkifh into the Perfian
language by Mirza Khan Khanan,
The hiflory of Cafhmeer, containing an account of
that country for the fpace of four thoufand years, has
been tranflated from the Cafhmeerian into Perfian, by
Mollana Shah Mohammed Shahabady.
The Moajem-ul-Boldan, which is a curious geogra-
phical work, has been tranflated from the Arabic into
Perfian by a number of learned men, amongfl whom
were Molla Ahmed Tatah, Coflim Beg, and Sheikh
Menewer.
The Horeebongs, a Hindoo work, in which is in^
eluded the hiftory of Krifh.no, has been tranflated into
Perfian,
Naflferullah Muftofy and Mollana Harlan Vaez, had
made Perfian verfions of the Kaleilah Dumnah ; but
they being full of foreign metaphors, and written in a
difficult ftyle, his majefty ordered the author of this
f The Emperor Baber's commentaries of himfelf.
H 4 work
104- AYE EN AKBERY. PART I
work to make a new verfion of it in Perfian, to which
he has given the title of Ayar Danifh.
The ftory of the loves of Nol and Domoyontee, which
is highly efteemed in the Hindovee language, has been
tranflated by Skeikh Fizee into Perfian verfe, in the
manner of Leilee and Mujnoon.
His majefty being fond of hiftory, commanded thofe
{killed therein, to compile a hiflory of all parts of the
world for thefe lad thoufand years. It was began by
Nekeeb Khan and others ; and Mollana Ahmed Tat-
tavee had a great (hare in the compilation ; jafer Beg
and Afof Khan finished it, and the author of this work
wrote the preface. It is called Tareekh Alfy, or the
Hiftory of One Thoufand Years.
THE PAINTING GALLERY.
His majefty taking great delight in, and having
patronized this art from the commencement of his
reign, has caufed it to arrive at high perfection. With
that view this department was eftablithed, in order that
a numuer of artiits being collected together, might vie
with each other for fame, and become eminent by their
productions.
Every week the daroghas and tepookchies bring to
his majefty the performance of every artift, when, in
proportion to their merits, they are honoured with
premiums, and their falanes are increafed.
The following is a Lift of the mofl eminent Art'ifts :
Nieer Syed Aly Tebrezy, Lai, Mehmeen,
Khojah Abdul-femed She- Mekend, Kehmkeren,
reen Calum Sheerazee, Mumkeen, Tara,
Defwant
?ART I. AYEEN AKBERY. I05
Defwant *, the foil of a Ferokh, Sanoolah,
palkee-bearer, Kelmak, Herbuns,
Befawen*, Madhu, Ram.
Kyfu, Jojen,
The great encouragement that is given to merit, has
produced many admirable performances. Perlian
books, in profe and verfe, are finely illuminated with
paintings. The Kifiah Humzah, in twelve volumes, is
ornamented with one thoufand four hundred paintings ;
and in like manner, amongft many others, the following
works are embcllilhed : Ginjeznameh, Zafer-nameh,
Akbal-nameh, Rezcmnameh, Ramayon, Nul Dumen,
Keleelah Dumnah, and the Ayar DaniQi.
And, by the command of his majefty, portraits arc
made of all the principal officers of the court, which,
being bound up together, form a thick volume, wherein
the paft are kept in lively remembrance, and the prefenr.
are infured immortality.
Other ingenious artifts are employed in embellidiing
the margins of books ; and great pains are alfo bellowed
upon the bindings.
Many of the fcrvants ot this department are munfub-
dars, ahdyan, and cavalry of every denomination. The
monthly pay of a foot-foldier never exceeds one thoufand
two hundred, and is never lefs than fixty dams.
THE KOWR KHANEH.
There is always kept in (tore armour fufficient for the
equipment of an army. Thofe which are khafeh -j-,
have particular names and ranks given them.
* Thefe two excelled in taking likenefles and finifliing.
f Applied to his majefly's particular uie.
There
I06 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
There are thirty khafeh fwords, one of which is
carried to the haram every month, and the former one '
is returned. There are alfo in readinefs forty other
{words, which they call kowtel. When of the thirty
khafeh fwords twelve remain unufed, the complement
is made up out of thefe forty, fo that there are always
thirty khafeh fwords : alfo twelve fword-belts are kept
apart, and fent into the haram, one every week alter^
nately.
There are likewife forty jemdhers and forty khup-
wahs* delivered out alternately; of each, one every
week. And of the two laft mentioned, there are thirty
more of each called kowtel, which are ufed to keep up
the full complement of thefe, in the fame manner as
has been defcribed of the khafeh fwords. Moreover,
ihere are eight karecls-j-, twenty neyzahs J and twenty
birchehs J ; and a different one of each is ufed every
month. There are alfo eighty-fix mefaed and beh-
rfayin bows, with twenty-four others, out of which, in
everv folar month of thirty-two days, one bow is fent
to his majefty every day ; and during every month of
thirty-one days, two every week alternately. Every
one ot thtfe has its rank affigned it ; and when his
majefty goes abroad, or appears in the Bar Aum, the
fons of the omrahs, with other munfubdars and ah-
dyan, carry the kovvr in their hands, and on their
ihoulders. One carries a bow, another a quiver, a
third a fword, and a fourth a fhield ; and there are
four of each of thefe kinds. But of the following
weapons only four perfons are employed in carrying
one of each ; viz. a neyzah, a birchez, a tubber-
* Kinds of daggers.
f Knives worn in the girdle.
X Different kinds of fpears.
gaghnow^
TART I AYEEN AKBERY. I07
zaghnowl *, a peyarygupty-j-, a kemankeroheh J a
gung-f-, and a fandely -j~. On journies a number of
mules, camels, and carts are loaded with all forts of
arms.
In the bargah, the omrahs and others arrange
themfelves between thofe who fupport the kowr.
When his majefty goes abroad, they all march behind,
excepting a few of the principal nobility, who go
amongft the kowr. With the kowr are caparifoned
elephants, with camels, chariots, nakarahs, flags, ko-
kebehs, and other enfigns of flate ; and the mace-
bearers clofe the whole, being aflifted by the meet
bukhfhiean in clearing the way.
W'hen his majefty hunts, fome nimble foot-foldiers
alfo carry arms.
Here is fubjoined a table of the names and prices of
warlike weapons, &c.
A Table of Warlike lVeapo?is.
Prices.
Swords, - 4- rupee to 15 mohurs
Khandeh, - 1 to 10 rupees
Goopty, - 2 to 20 rupees
Jembher, - | rupee to 24 mohurs
Khunjer, - 4- to 5 rupees
Kehpwah, - -4 rupee to 4. mohur
Jumkhawg, - 4 to 14. mohur
Bauk, - 4- rupee to 1 mohur
Jembveh, - do. do,
* A kind of battle-axe.
f Thefe I have not been able to get explained.
% A kind of crofs-bow.
Kettar,
io8
AYEEN AKBERY.
PART I.
Kettar,
Narfingmotah,
Bows,
Bow- cafes,
Nowek,
Arrows,
Quivers,
Duddee,
Teerburdar,
Pykankufh,
Neyzeb,"]
Bircheh, Different kinds
3 of fpears.
£ang, J
Synfty,
Seelreh,
Goorz (iron club)
Shufhpur,
Goopteen,
Tubber (battle-axe)
Byay,
Zaghnowl,
ChuckerlulTooleh,
Tubberzaghnowl,
Turrengaleh,
Knives,
Gooptykared,
Kumtchykared (a kind
of knife)
Chakoo (clafp knife)
Keman kcrocb,
Kumteh,
Dehaniufung,
Pufhtkar,
Shuftavaiz,
Geerahkulha,
Kharmahy,
A fling,
Prices.
4 rupee to i mohur
4 to 2 mohurs
| rupee to 3 mohurs
1 to 4 rupees
4 to 1 rupee
I to 30 rupees per bundle
i rupee to 2 mohurs
I to 5 rupees
I to 24 dams
| to 3 rupees
I I rupee to 6 mohurs
3 1 rupees to 2 mohurs
I to 14 rupee
I to 1 rupee
10 dams to I rupee
I to 5 rupees
4 rupee to 3 mohurs
1 to 3 rupees
I to 2 mohurs
4 to 5 rupees
4 rupee to 1 mohur
1 to 6 rupees
1 to 4 rupees
\ to 2 rupees
2 dams to 2 mohurs
3 rupees to 14 mohurs
> 1 to 34 rupees
2 dams to I rupee
2 dams to 1 rupee
5 dams to 3 rupees
10 dams to 2 rupees
2 dams to 4 rupee
2 dams to 1 rupee
1 dam to I rupee
i to 5 rupees
J 4 chm to £ rupee
Gujbag,
PART 1.
AYEEN AKBEPY.
Prices.
F09
Gujbag,
&K*' } Shields
JJahl, J
Khereh,
Phary,
Adaneh,
Debelghah,
Ghoghee,
Zireh kulah, helmet,
Ghoghoweh,
leebeh,
Zireh, coat of mail,
{
1
1
1
20
Bukter,
Jowfhun,
Charayeeneh,
Kohty,
Sadeky,
Angerkeh,
Bhanjoo,
Cheera zireh,
Selehkeba,
Chelkud,
Gauntlets,
Rawg,
Knntehfobeh,
Iron cuirarTes,
Kecjem,
Artekkeejem,
Kufhkeh,
Girdeny,
Matchlocks,
War- rockets,
1
C/5
U
4
4
2
5
il
4
1
1
T
2
o I
-2
to 5 rupees
to 50 rupees
rupee to 4 mohurs
rupee to 4 mohurs
rupee to 1 mohur
to 5 rupees
rupee to 3 1 mohurs
to 4 rupees
to 5 rupees
rupee to 2 mohurs
rupees to 30 mohurs
rupees to 100 mohurs
rupees to 1 2 mohurs
rupees to 9 mohurs
rupees to 7 mohurs
rupees to 8 mohurs.
rupees to 8 mohurs
rupees to 5 mohurs
rupees to 2 mohurs
rupees to 2 mohurs
rupee to 1 mohur
rupees to 25 rupees
rupee to 2 mohurs
rupee to 10 mohurs
to 10 rupees
rupee to 10 rupees
to 300 rupees
to 7 rupees
e to 2-\ mohurs
rupee to 1 mohur
rupee to 1 mohur
to 4 rupees
THE ARTILLERY.
Thefe are the locks and keys of empire; and, ex-
cepting Room, no kingdom can compare with this
in the number and variety of its ordnance.
Some
HO AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
Some pieces of cannon are fo large as to carry a ball
of twelve maunds; and others require each feveral
elephants, and a thoufand bullocks for their tranf-
portation.
His majefty gives a great deal of attention to this
department, and has appointed to it daroghahs and
clerks.
He has invented feveral kinds ; fome of which are
fo contrived as to take to pieces for the convenience of
carriage, and when the army halts, they are nicely put
together again. Alfo feventeen pieces are fo united
together as to be difcharged by one match. There
are others which can be eafily tranfported by one ele-
phant ; and they are called gujnal. Others can be
carried by a fingle man, and are called nurnal.
It has been wifely ordered, that a fufficient train of
artillery be placed in each fubah.
The cannon for battery and for boats, and thofe
which are fit for journies, are kept feparate. It would
be impomble to enumerate them ; and fkilful artifrs
are continually making new ones, efpecially gunjahs
and nurnals.
In this department omrahs and ahdyan receive large
falaries.
The pay of a foot-foldier is from roo to 400 dams.
RULES OBSERVED IN MAKING FIRE-ARMS FOR
HIS majesty's USE.
Bundooks * are now made in fuch a manner that
when filled with powder up to the muzzle, there is no
* Matchlock?.
few
TART I* ATE EN AKBEItY. Ill
fear of their burfting. Formerly they never were of more
than four folds of iron, and fometimes only of one,
joined together by the two extremities of the breadth,
and which were very dangerous. His majedy, after
having the iron flattened, has it rolled up like a fcroll
of paper, but flantingly, and every fold is palled through,
the fire. There is alio the following metlnxl : (olid
pieces of iron are properly tempered, and then bored
with an iron borer ; and three or four of thefe are joined
together to form a bundook. The (mailed bundooks
that are made are two fpans long; and the longed near
two ells. That of one ell and a quarter is called de-
manik, and its deck is made differently from the others.
Some are made to fire without a match, merely by
giving a little motion to the trigger : and they make
iome balls that will do execution like a fvvord. There
are a great number of fkilful artiits in this department,
the chief of whom are Odad Kebeer and Huffain. la
preparing the iron for bundooks, half is lod in the fire.
When the lengths are made, and before they are joined
together, they are damped with figures, exprefiing the
quantity of crude iron and the quantity remaining;
and in this date it is called dowl : this is lent for his
majedy's infpection ; and the weight of the ball being
determined, the bore is made accordingly. The bun-
dook-ball is never larger than twenty-five tanks, nor Ids
than fifteen j but, excepting his majedy, no body is
bold enough to fire off one of the larged. When the
bore is finifhed it is again carried to the haram ; from
thence it is brought out again and fee in an old dock,
and filled with powder till within a third of the muzzle.
It it dands this proof, it is carried again to his majefty.
Then the muzzle is finifhed, after which it is again put
into an old dock, as before-mentioned, and tried at a
mark. If it does not carry true, they heat it, and
ftraighten it by means of a wooden-rod ; then, in the
royal prefence, it is delivered to the filer, who faihions
the outiide as he is directed. When this is done, the
barrel
112 AYEEtf AKBERY. PART Ti
barrel is again carried to his majefty, when the wood and
form of the flock are determined. In this ftage the
figures marking the weight of the crude and of the pre-
pared iron are effaced, and in their room are engraven
the maker's name, the place, the month, and the year.
Kext are made the trigger, the ramrod, and primer.
After all thefe are fin idled, the piece is again ordered to
be proved. If it is found to carry true, it is again
brought to the haram along with five balls. In this ftate
it is called fadeh (or plain). The colour of the barrel
and ftock is next determined ; and when the colouring is
finidied, it is called rungeen (or coloured). It is now
lent again into the haram with five more balls. His
majefty fires it four times, and returns it back again
with the fifth ball. When ten of thefe rungeen mufkets
are collected together, they are ordered to be inlaid with
gold, have each four feers
and a half of grain, and fait as ufual, with one dam for
grafs ac court, or three quarters of a dam in the per-
The brood mares have each two feers and three
quarters of grain, but no allowance for fait, grafs, or
wood.
A foal is permitted to fuck its dam for the three firft
months ; after which, for the next nine months, it is
allowed the milk of two cows ; and for fix months after
two feers and three quarters of grain daily ; and every
iix months from this period, they increafe a feer till it
be three years old, when it is reckoned a full grown
horie.
THE HORSE-FURNITURE.
It would be tedious to mention all the royal horfe-
furniture ornamented with jewels, and the coverings of
filk, &c.
Befldes thofe, there are allowed yearly one hundred
and ninety-feven dams and a half, &c. viz.
For an artek, which is of quilted linen, forty-eight
dams ; for a yalpofh (a covering for the mane) thirty-
two dams ; for a woollen-rubber two dams ; for a
horfe-cloth, the outftde of hair-cloth and the lining
woollen
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 1^5
woollen fluff, forty-two dams ; for planks and heel-
ropes forty dams ; for girths eight dams ; for a mu-
gefTran (a cow-tail to drive away the flies) three dams ;
for a kizeh, ropes, &c. fourteen dams ; for a curry-
comb one dam and a half; for grain-bags fix dams;
for bafkets for ferving the horfe with grain, one dam,
A new woollen-rubber is allowed every fix months.
Half the original price of the artek is taken by govern
ment upon the delivery of a new onej and for an old
yalpolh a fixth part of its coft is taken, and the re-
mainder paid to buy a new one. All the other articles
are renewed every year, and fifteen dams two cheetels
and a half are taken for the old ones.
In the other ftables, as far as twenty-one mohurs,
there are allowed one hundred and ninety-fix dams and
a half annually, in the manner before particularized ;
and in exchange for the old articles twenty-five dams
and a halt are taken by the ftate.
In the ftables, from twenty to eleven mohurs are
allowed one hundred and fifty-five dams and a quarter,
viz.
Dams.
Artek, ~-
Yalpolh, —
Saddle-cloth, —
39*
27!
3°
Girths, — <
6
Bridle, &c. -*-
10
Heel-ropes, &c. —
Chowry, —
Rubber, -r—
3 2
2
Curry-comb, —
Bafket, —
1
Bags, —
4i
K 4 Ant]
I36 AYEEN AKBERY. T MW1 f.
And in exchange for the old ones the ftate takes
twenty dams.
For the (tables often mohurs, and for the tangL- .
and gowts, are allowed one hundred and twenty-eight
cams and a quarter, riz.
Dams.
Artek, — .
Yalpofli, —
Saddle-cloth, —
37
24
Heel-ropes, &c. —
Bridles, &c —
20
8
Girths, —
5
Chowry, —
Rubber, —
if
if
Curry-comb, —
Bafkets, —
1
Bags, -*
Ai
128I
At the expiration of the year they take twenty dams
for the old articles, and pay the remainder to buy new.
Kerah aheny is a veffel for boiling grain for ten
horfes. It is made of one maund of iron, the price of
which is 140 dams, including the workmanfhip.
SetelmiiTy. Ten horfes of the (tables of forty, drink
out of one of them ; but only one is allowed for each of
the other (tables. It cofts 140 dams.
Halter. In the (tables of forty there are three
halters ; in the (tables of thirty two halters; and in the
other (tables one for each. Each halter weighs half a
maund, the hemp of which cofts one hundred and forty
dams, and the expence of twilling is fixteen dams.
Every
PART I. ATEEN AKBERT. 1 37
Every halter 13 fattened with two iron pins weighing five
leers, and coding fifteen dams each.
Teber tehmak, weighing five feers ; in every liable
there is one to drive the iron pins.
All the broken copper and iron utenfils in the khafch-
ftables, if repairable, are repaired by the daroghas ; and
when they are pad that date their value is eftimated, and
an afiignment given for the remainder to purchale new.
In the other ftablcs, every year half the value is taken
for the old ones, and the remainder is paid for new.
Horfe-moes. Horfes are fhod twice a year. For-
merly eight dams were given for afet of fhoes, but now
ten dams are allowed.
Kundelan. One is allowed for every ten horfes.
The price of it is eight rupees and twelve annas.
OF THE SERVANTS EMPLOYED IN THE STABLES.
The atbeygy takes care of all the horfes, and orders
how they mail be managed. This office is always held
by a munfubdar of high rank : at prefent it is filled by
the khan khanan.
Darogha. There is one belonging to each (table ; he
is appointed out of the munfubdars of fiv- thouiand and
the great ahdyan.
The muflireff keeps an account of the number of
horfes prefent, and of what are received into and fent
out of the liable ; it is hkewife his duty to fee that fuch
royal regulations as regard this department are carried
into execution. He is alfo one of the omrahs.
Dedahwaran,
.^3 ATEEN AKBERY. PART I.
Dedahwaran. Previous to the horfes being brought
to his majefty, fome pcrfons afcertain their qualities, and
fettle their rank ; an account of which is taken in
writing by the mufhreff. This office is performed by
munfubdars and ahdyan.
The akhfhechy looks after the horfe-furniture, and
has the horfes fiddled. Many of thefe receive their pay
amongft the ahdyan.
The chabukfevvar rides and breaks in the horfes, and
tries their fpeed, which the mufhreff takes an account
of. He receives his pay as an ahdy.
The hada are a number of rajpoots who teach the
horfes various tricks ; and they are ranked amongft the
ahdyan.
The mirdaheh. The mod experienced amongft the-
fyces is placed at the head of ten, and has this name
given him : he receives his pay amongft the ahdyan.
3n the khafeh .ftables his monthly pay is 170 dams ; in
the ftables of the khanehzad 160 dams; and in the
other ftables of thirty, 140 dams; in the ftables of
twenty, 100 dams; and in the ftables of ten horfes,
thirty dams ; and this laft merdaheh looks after two
horfes.
The beitar (horfe-doctor) receives his pay as an ahdy.
The nekeeb is an officer who reports to the darogha
and mufhreffthe condition of every (table ; and it is his
office to have the cattle in readinefs. The two head
nekeebs are ahdyans, and they have thirty people under
them, who receive from 100 to 120 dams each per
men/em*
The
Dams
per Month.
180
and
I38
I36
126
160
130
IOO
TART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 139
The fyce (groom) one for every two horfes; but
they are paid differently, viz.
In the (tables of forty horfes, —
The elder princes ftables, —
The other young princes ftables,
tourky horfes, — —
Khanehzad, — - —
In the other ftables of thirty horfes,
In thofe of twenty, —
In thole or ten, — —
JALUDAR AND PYKES.
Their monthly pay is from 120 to 1200 dams. Some
of them will run from iifty to 100 cofs in the courfe of
a day.
The nalbend (the farriers) are ahdyan and peyadehs.
Their monthly pay is 160 dams.
The zeendars are alfo ahdyan and foot-foldiers, and
they receive the eftabliQied pay.
In the ftables of forty horfes one faddle is allowed for
two horfes, in the following manner ; for the firft and
twenty-firft, for the fecond and twenty-fecond, for the
third and twenty-third, and fo on to the laft; and if the
firft horfe is fent out of the ftable, what was the fecond
horfe becomes the iirft, and the fecond faddle becomes
the third.
Water-carriers. Three are allowed in the ftables of
forty ; the ftables of thirty have two ; and the other
ftables one each. The monthly pay of each is 100
dams.
Ferafh.
I4O AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
Ferafh. There is one in every khafeh liable, who re-
ceives 103 dams monthly.
A fependfowz is only allowed in the (tables of forty
horfes. His monthly pay is 1 00 dams.
Sweepers. Two are allowed for a ftable of forty
horfes, and one for a liable of thirty or of twenty horfes.
The monthly pay of each fweeper is fixty-five dams.
During a march, if the daroghas of the ftable have a
fixed allowance for peons, they entertain fome people
to lead the horfes. In the ftables of thirty horfes fifteen
men are allowed, and fo on j but thofe who have not
any fixed allowance have men appointed occafionally by
government, and each receives two dzmsper diem.
OF THE BARGEER.
Many are fit for the cavalry fervice who are not in
circumftances to keep a horfe. For thefe there are fome
ieparate ftables, with particular daroghas and mufhreffs.
Whenever there is a necemty, they furnifh fuch an one
with a horfe upon a written order from the tepukchy j
and a man fo mounted is called a bargeer fewar.
REGULATIONS FOR THE DAGH, OR MARK,
Formerly they ufed to mark the horfes with the word
nuzer (fight). Every horfe that was received by go-
vernment had this mark burnt on the right fide ; and
thofe that were rejected were marked on the left fide.
Now the horfes of every ftable are marked with their
price in numerals. Thus, a horfe often mohurs price
is marked with the figures ten ; thofe of twenty mohurs
have the figures twenty, and fo on.
Regulation
PART t. AYEEN AKBERY. I4I
Regulations for keeping up the full Complement of Horfcs
in the Royal Stables.
Formerly, whenever there were expended either ten
horfes from the {tables of forty, or from the {tables ot"
the horfes bred in the royal ftuds j or there were want-
ing five tourky horfes, they were replaced in the fol-
lowing manner : The deficiency in the ftables of forty
was made up from chofen horfes out of the young
princes ftables ; and the ftables of the kanehzad *
were completed from the inferior ftables : if there
were wanting fifteen horfes in the cldefl fhahzadeh'v
ftables, they were replaced out of the ftables of his
brothers : when twenty horfes were wanting to com-
plete the ftables cf the fecond fhahzadeh, they were
taken from the ftables of his younger brother, and
from other inferior ftables : and when twenty-five
horfes were wanting in the ftables of the your.
fhahzadeh, they chofe them out of the inferior
ftables.
In the thirty-feventh year of his majefty's reign, it
fas ordered that, for the future there mould be added
to the number one every year j and thus in the thirty-
eighth year, they did not begin to make up tire defi-
ciency in the khafeh ftables till there were wanting
eleven horfes therein ; and the other ftables are now
completed as his majelty may fee fit.
REGULATIONS FOR FINES.
Formerly, when a khafeh horfe died, they ufed to
exact from the darogha one rupee, and from the rrafdah
ten dams, upon every mohur that the horfe was worth ;
and the fyces paid a fourth part of a month's wages.
If a horfe was ftolen or blemilhed, the fervants paid
* The horfes bred in the royal lhxls.
whatever
t4- AYfcEN AKBERY. PART I.
whatever was commanded : and, in the other ftables,
they exacted for a fingle horfe that died, one rupee
upon every mohur ; for two horfes, two rupees every
mohur, in the proportions above mentioned. But
now, for one, two, or three horfes that die, are taken
one rupee upon every mohur; for four horfes, two
rupees upon every mohur; and if five horfes die, the
fervants pay three rupees per mohur ; and fo on in pro-
portion.
If a horfe' s mouth is ipoilt, the merdah is fined ten
dams upon every mohur ; and he taxes the fyces.
REGULATIONS FOR THE HORSES IN WAITING.
There are always kept in waiting two horfes of the
ftable of forty ; of the (tables of the three fhahzadehs,
and the khanehzad, three each ; together with two
road- horfes. Thefe are formed into four divifions,
and each divifion is called a miffal.
ift Miffal. One horfe from the ftable of the elded
fhahzadeh; one from the itable of the fecond fhah-
zadeh, and one from the ftable of khafeh tourkies
2d Miffal. One from the ftable of the youngeft
fhahzadeh ; one from the ftable of the khanehzad ; one
from the ftable of forty j and one from khafeh tourky.
3d Miffal. From the ftables of the three fhahza-
dehs one each ; and one from the khanehzad.
4th Miffal. From the ftables of the three fhahza-
dehs one each ; and one of ten mohurs.
His majefty never v.fed to ride any horfes of the
fourth miffal till Sultan Morad went to his govern-
ment, when the horfes of forty mohurs were alfo
h ought for his majefty's riding.
REGU-
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY", I4|
REGULATIONS FOR DONATIONS.
Whenever his majefty mounts a horfe belonging to
one of the firft fix khafeh {tables, he gives a fixed do-
nation. For fome time it was a rule, that whenever
he mounted, a rupee fhould be given, viz. one dam
to the atbegy ; two dams to the jelowdar ; and thirty-
(even dams amongft the fyces, muftireff, nekeeb,
akhfbegy, and zeendar. Whenever he mounted a
horfe belonging to the (tables of the eldeft fliahzadeh,
thirty dams were given ; twenty dams when he rode
one belonging to the fecond fhahzadeh ; and ten dams
for one belonging to the yonngeft (hahzadeh, or a
khanehzad horfe. Nov/, the following are the dona-
tions : For a horfe of the (table of forty, one rupee;
for a horfe belonging to the eldeft fhahzadeh, twenty
dams ; for a horfe belonging to the yonngeft fliahzadeh,
ten dams ; for a tourky horfe, five dams ; for a kha-
nehzad horfe, four dams ; and for a horfe of the other
itables, two dams.
REGULATIONS FOR THE JF.LWANEH.
Whenever a horfe is given to any one, he is rated
ten or twenty mohurs above his value ; and out ot
every fuch mohur, ten dams are divided amonglt
the iervants, in the following proportions :
D.
c.
The Atbegy, — —
5
The Jelubes;v, — —
2
izi
The MullirefT, — —
1
6$
The Nekeebs, — —
10
The Syces, — —
6i
Tefialdar, Zeendar, and Akhlhcchy,
15
10 o
In.
144 AYEE5I AKBERY. TART I.
In this country, horfes commonly live to the age of
thirty years ; aiid their price is from 500 mohurs to two
rupees.
THE SKUTER KHANEH, OR CAMEL-STABLE.
From the encouragement given by his majefty, there
are now bred in Hindoftan camels that excel thofe of
Turan and Iran.
A number of thefe animals are felecled, and always
kept ready to fight for diverfion. The head khafeh
camel, named Shah Pufiend (the king's choice), and
who is a native of Hindoftan, has, for the fpace of
twelve years, conquered all his antagonifts. Camels
are bred in the following places : Aimeer, Judehpoor,
Magore, Bcyganur, Jalmeer, Hetenda, and Tahnefir;
and, in the fubah of Gujerat, near the province of
Ketch, are great numbers, and very fine. But in Sind
is the greatefl abundance ; infomuch that many an in-
habitant of thofe parts is mailer of 10,000 camels and
upwards. The fwifteft camels are thofe of Ajmeer ;
the belt for burden are bred in Tatah.
Arwaneh is the name of a fpecies of female camel,
In every country, camels couple in winter. If the male
has two humps, and which kind of camel is called
biyeer, the young that it begets, if male, is commonly
called ner ; and if female, mayeh : but his majefty has
given to the male of thofe the name of boghdy, and
to the female that of jemazeh. The boghdy is the
bell for carrying burdens and for fighting 5 and the
jemazeh excels in fwiftnefs. There is alfo a kind of
Indian camel, called look, which, as well as the arwaneh
aforementioned, is almoft as fwift as the jemazeh. If
a biyeer couples with a jemazeh, their young, if a.
male, is called ghoord ; and if female, mayeh ghoord.
If a jemazeh couples with a boghdy, or a look, the
young.
PARTI. AYEEN AKBERY. I45
young, whether male or female, is named after its fire.
But if a boghdy or a look couples with an nrvvaneh,
the young male is named after its lire, and the young:
female after its dam.
When camels are loaded and travel, they are formed
into ketars (or rows) each confiding of five camels ;
and each ketar has a different name, viz. the firit
ketar is called peting ; the fecond, pefbwereh ; the
third, meyaneh ketar ; the fourth, durndeft j and the
fifth, dumdar.
THE DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD FOR CAMELS.
The boghdy is fit for fervice when he is two year*
and a half ; and the jemazeh as foon as (he is three
years old. At this period they are each allowed two
leers of grain daily.
From three and a half to four years, 5 feers
After four years to leven, — 9
And thofe of eight years, — 10
which allowance is continued.
The daily allowance for the ghoord, the mayeh
ghoord, and the look, is the fame as the two firft
mentioned, till they are four years old ; afcer which,
Till they are feven years old, they have 7 feers
At eight years old, — 7!
at which allowance they remain ever after.
The above was fixed at the time that the feer was of
twenty-eight dams weight ; but now Chat it is thirty
dams, they deduct the difference. When the camels
are in waiting during the eight dry months, grafs is
found by government 9 but, in the four rainy months,
Vol. L L and
I46 AYEEN AKBERY. PART K
and during a journey, the camel-drivers carry them
to graze.
A camel that is on duty with the guard, within the
city, has two dams every day for grafs ; and if it is fo
employed without the city, the allowance is only a dam
and a half.
FURNITURE FOR THE KHASEH CAMELS.
For the khafeh camels are allowed the following
articles : dum afsar, mehar kathy (fomewhat refem-
bling a horfe-faddfe, but rather longer) kuchy, ke-
tarchy, ferenjy, tung, firtung, fheebbund, jilajil, gur-
denbtmd, firchader (or faddle-cloth) made of broad
cloth, or of coloured linen, or wax-cloth. The value
of fuch of the above articles as are inlaid with precious
Hones and adorned with lilken fluffs, is beyond de-
icription.
Five ketars of camels, properly caparifoned, are
kept ready for riding, together with two ketars for
carrying mehafchs. The mehafch is a wooden cham-
ber upon two poles, by which it is fufpended between
two camels.
In every ten ketars of camels, three ketars have
coloured furniture, and the reft plain. For the run-
geen (or coloured furniture) are allowed, for a boghdy,
235 dams and three quarters, viz.
Afsar worked with fhells, — - — 304. dams
Brafs ring, — — — 1 1
Iron chain, — — — ■ 4!
Kathy, — — — 5
PuQnpozyv ■ — — — 8
Dum afsar, — — — if
Carried forward 5 1
Tegeltu;
PART U AY.EES" AKBERY. I47
Brought forward 51 dams
Tegeltu, (in which are five feers of wool) 8
Saddle-cloth, — — . — 67
Jehaz and faddle, — — — 40
Tung, (heebbund, and guloobund, — 24
Taken (called alfo Kherwer) a rope"! 2
for tying on burdens, ^ *
Balapoalh, — — — 15
2 35l
A jemazeh who has coloured furniture is allowed
two additional articles, viz. a gurdenbund at two dams,
and a bread-belt at fixtcen dams.
The fadeh, or thofe with plain furniture, are al-
lowed, for a bogdhy or a jemazeh, 168 dams and a
half, viz.
Afsar worked with fliells, «■•» 10 dams
Dum afsar, — — — o|
Jehaz, — — — i6£
Saddle-cloth, — — 524.'
Tung, (heebbund, and Guloobund, 24
Taken tenab, — — 37
Balapoaih, — — — ■ 28
168
K
For a look, in the laden divifion, are allowed 143
dams, viz. afsar, jehaz, and takeh, the fame as al-
ready mentioned ; the (addle-cloth, thirty-fix dams and
a half; tung, (heebbund, and guloobund, fourteen
dams and a half. The rungeen and fadeh, excepting
the brafs ring and iron chains, have their furniture re-
newed only once in three years; in confideration of
the old rungeen furniture of every ketar, fixteen dams,
and from a ketar of fadeh, fourteen dams are taken by
government. At the end of every three years they
draw out an account of the fum allowed for furniture,
L 2 from
I4S AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
from the amount of which is deducted a fourth part ;
and then, after taking one tenth from the remainder,
an aflignment is given for the reft.
The alefy, or camels ufed in carrying fodder and
burdens, have new furniture every year. For a look
and a khanehzad are allowed fifty-two dams and a half,
viz.
Afsar, — ■
—
5 dams
Saddle-cloth,
—
33
Sirdowr, —
—
of
Tung and fheebbund,
—
14
5*1
Every year an account is made out, when a fourth
part is deducted., and an aflignment given for the re-
mainder.
Gunney-bags, for giving the camels their grain,
one for every ketar. Formerly there were allowed for a
ketar of boghdys and jcmazehs thirty dams and three
quarters j and for a ketar of looks, twenty-four dams
and a half; but it being reprefented to his majefty
that the camel-keepers were lofers by providing at this
fixed rate, it was ordered, in the fortieth year of the
reign, that the current price fhould in future be al-
lowed.
It is a cuftom, that on every new year's day, the
farban bafhyan receives a donation upon trimming the
camels, anointing them with oil, and receiving the
alefy-furniture, &c.
RULES FOR ANOINTING THE CAMELS.
For every boghdy and jemazeh, are allowed annually
'hree feers and three quarters of fefame-oil, three quar-
ters
PART 1. AYEEN AKBERY. xty
ters of a feer of fulphur, and fix feers and a half of
butter- milk. Each of the other kind of camels has the
fame as thofe abovementioned, excepting that of ful-
phur it has only twelve chattaks. Three feers of the
oil are ufed in anointing the camel, and the remainder
is injected up the noftrils. Formerly this allowance was
quarterly, but now is given once a year only.
THE RANKS OF THE CAMELS, AND THEIR
SERVANTS.
His majefty has formed them into ketars, or rows,
each of which is committed to the care of a farban.
The ketars are of three kinds. Firft, Five ketars are
given in charge to a perfon called biftopunjee, or a
fuperintendant of twenty-five camels : Second, Ten
ketars, together with nine farbans, are put under a per-
fon who is (tiled pinjahee, or a fuperintendant of fifty :
Third, One hundred ketars, with their farbans, are under
the orders of a punjfuddy, or a fuperintendant of 500.
Out of thefe 100 ketars, ten are under the particular care
of the punjfuddy. Government finds farbans for only
nine of thefe ketars ; the others being provided by the
punjfuddy himfelf. The farbans of lifty^ and thofe of
twenty-five, are included in the number of the five
hundred, and receive their pay accordingly.
77/6' Monthly Piiy vf the Servants
Rate.
Dams.
1 _
400
2
340
—
3
23o
4 ■*-
[220
The fuperintendant of twenty-five camels receives
monthly 720 dams, and has alio one marked Jyaboo
horfe. The fuperintendant of fifty has a marked
Jiorfe, and receives monthly 960 dams, At prefent
feveraj
150 AYEEN AKEERY. PART I,
feveral of the punjfuddies are dignified with the rank of
youzbafhy.
Out of every ketar, one camel is appropriated for
the tranfportation of the camp-equipage : there is a
tepeeckchy for this department :
Every punjfuddy is under the orders of an emeer.
A number of foot-foldiers are appointed to this de-
partment, to report, from time to time, the date
thereof, in order that there may be no neglect ; and
every fix months the condition of the camels is fcru-
tinized.
From the time that a camel is fit for fervice, and
has palled rmifter, if it is miffing, the farban, the
pinjahee, and the punjfuddy, are fined in its full price.
Or if a camel becomes blind or lame, they are fined
the fourth of its price.
Reybary is the name given to a tribe of Hindoos
who arc ikilful in the management of camels; they
teach the Hindoo look to travel at a great rate. Al-
though, for trie fpeedy conveyance of intelligence, poft-
men are Rationed at every five cofe, from one extre-
mity of the empire to the other, yet a great number of
thefe camel-riders are continually in waiting at the pa-
lace to carry orders.
Each reybary has the following number of camels
committed to his care for breeding, viz. fifty arwanehs,
pne biyecr, and two looks. The biyeer and the look
have the fame allowance of qxain as before mentioned,
put nothing for grafs. The fifty arwanehs have neither
allowance for grain nor grafs.
The
JART I. AYEEN AKBERY. I^t
The following Articles are allowed annwlly.
Oil. Sulphur. Butter-milk.
Sr. Ch. Sr. Ch. Sr. Ch.
A biyeer, a boghdy, or "1 e „
jemazeh, J4 ° 3 4 6 8
A look, an arwaneh, a 'j
ghoord, or a mayeh- I310 610 68
ghoord, J
A bootah, or a dumba-
leh, which are two
kinds of camels, who
carry light burdens, _
>2 2 6 8 4 4
and in the herds of camels, to each that is full grown
is given every week, half a feer of faltpetre and common
fait j and to a bootah, a quarter of a feer.
The monthly pay of a gulahban, or keeper of an
herd of camels, is 200 dams j and he is, moreover,
allowed for grazing fifty camels, fix men at two dams
each per diem. A gulahban of fifty camels is obliged
to prefent his majefty three anvanehs every year ; and
on failure, their price is deducted from his falary.
Formerly the ftate ufed to exact a fourth part of the
wool fheared from every boghdy and jemazeh, and
which, upon an average, ufed to amount to four feers
per head. This cuftom his majefty has abolifhed j and
in lieu thereof, obliges the farban to furnifh the dun>
afsar and fome other trifling articles.
The Prices of Camels.
A boghdy, from 4 to 1 2 mohurs
A jemazeh, from 3 to 1 o ditto
A biyeer, from 4 to 7 ditto
L 4 A mayeh
%$t AYEEN AKBEkV, lART t,
A mayeh biyeer, from 3 to 5 mohurs
A ghoord, from 3 to 8 ditto
A mayeh ghoord, or a look, from 3 to 7 ditto
A lookdokleh, from 8 to 9 ditto
An Hindoftany or a Belootche look, from 3 to 8 ditto
An arwaneh, from 2 to 4 ditto
His majefty has fixed the burdens to be carried by
each as follows :
Boghdy, bed kind, — — • 10 maunds
Ditto, middling, — « — 8
Jemazeh and look, beft kind, — 8
Pitto, middling, — — 6
In this country camels do not live above twenty-four
years,
THE GAW KHANEH, OR OX-STABLES.
Throughout Hindoflan the ox is efteemed lucky,
a.nd held in great veneration. Every part of the em-
pire produces good oxen ; but thofe of Gujerat are
efteemed the beft. ' Thefe will travel thirty-fix miles in
twenty-four hours ; and they are fwifter than the gene-
rality of horfes. Sometimes a' pair of them are fold
for 1 00 mohurs; but they are very common for ten
and twenty mohurs. There is alfo abundance of
fine oxen in Bengal and the Deccan, that will kneel
down to be loaded. Many cows at Dehly give daily
twenty quarts of milk each ; and are feldom fold for
more than ten rupees. His majefty has a pair of bul-
locks which coft him 500 rupees. In the neighbour-
hood of Tibbet and Cafhmeer are the katafs, which
are of a very extraordinary appearance. This animal
feldom lives above twenty-five years.
His majefty divided the oxen into troops, and com-
mitted each to the charge of a keeper.
One
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 1 5 J
One hundred of the choiceft oxen are made khafeh,
and called kowtel ; fifty-one others are the half, and
fifty more the quar-ei -kowtel. If any deficiency hap-
pens in the kowtel, it is fupplied from the half- kowtel,
and fo on : and all the three above-mentioned kowtel-
oxen are khafeh.
Alfo, from fifty to 100 head of oxen, are formed into
a troop, with proper fervants ; after which, their ranks
being determined, they are put into their refpective
dalles.
Likcwife others are appointed for drawing chariots
and carts, and for carrying water.
And in the fame manner are the cows and milk-
bufFJoes formed into divilions, and put under the
charge of proper fervants.
There is alfo a fpecies of fmall oxen, called gaynee,
which are well limbed and very beautiful.
DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD FOR THE OXEN.
Every head of the three firft khafeh kinds is allowed
daily fix feers and a quarter of grain, and a dam and
ill for grafs; together with a maund and nineteen
of molafies for the whole, which the daroghah
diftributes rimongfl them as he fees proper. For each
of the other khafeh kinds, fix feers of grain, and
grafs as before ; but they have not any mobiles.
For the others, as follows: 1 ft kind, Six feers of
grain ; for grafs, if at court, one dam and a half; and
if on a march, only one dam : 2d kind, Grain, five
feers j and grafs as before.
The
154 AYEEN AKBERY. PART U
The chariot-bullocks fix feers of grain, and grafs as
before; the gaynees, firft kind, three leers of grain ; for
grafs, if at court, one dam ; and if on a march, three
quarters of a dam. Second kind, grain two feers and
a half ; grafs, if at court, three quarters of a dam.
The male buffaloes (called in Hindoflan urneh) eight
feers of wheat flour boiled up with two feers of ghee,
and two feers and a half of molafles ; alfo one feer and
a half of grain ; and two dams are allowed for grafs.
This animal, when in the vigour of youth, is fo wonder-
fully brave, and has fuch ftrength, that he will attack a
Jion and tear him in pieces. When he is old he is
ufed for carrying water, and is then allowed eight feers
of grain, and two dams for grafs.
The other buffaloes that are employed in drawing
water, are each allowed fix feers of grain, and two dams
for grafs.
The beft of the chariot-bullocks have each fix feers
and a quarter of chenah, and two dams for grafs : the
reft of thefe have each five feers of grain, and grafs as
before. Thofe that work in carts formerly had five
feers of grain, and one dam and a half for grafs, but
their prefent allowance of grain is a quarter of a feer lefs.
The milch cows and buffaloes, when at court, have
grain given them- equal- in weight to their milk. A
cow gives from one to fifteen quarts of milk, and a
buffaioe from two quarts to thirty. An eftimate being
made of the quantity of milk given by each, there are
demanded two dam's weight of ghec for every quart of
milk given by each.
An herd of oxen or buffaloes, is called fthat m the
Hindovee language.
SERVANTS
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. l$$
SERVANTS EMPLOYED WITH THE OXEN.
In the khafeh {tables one perfon is allowed to look
after four head of cattle; and out of fixteen of fuch per-
fons one has five dams, and the others four dams each
per diem. The keepers of the other (tables have each
the fame pay as thofe above mentioned, but then every
one looks after fix oxen. Some of the charioteers re-
ceive their pay as ahdyan, and others have from nz
to 256 dams per men/em. The behul (or chariot) is of
two forms, chutterdar, or with an umbrella, and thofe
that are without that enfign of royalty. The behul is
fometimes drawn by horles, when it is called goher
behul.
Formerly, for every ten arabahs, or carts, there were
twenty arabcheen, or carters, appointed, together with
a carpenter. The daily pay of the head arabachy was
five clams, and that of the others four dams each. For
fome particular behuls are allowed after the rate of
twenty arabcheean for fifteen behuls, without any car-
penter. The head arabchy furnifhed repairs; in con-
sideration of which, he received annually 2200 dams.
Formerly, as has been faid above, the repairs were
made at the expence of the daroghahs ; but every day
that the carriages were ufed there was an allowance of
half a dam for owng, which is hemp mixed with ghee,
tmd twifted round the axle-tree of the wheel to pre-
serve it.
Afterwards, when the arabcheean had the contract,
it was agreed that they fhould furniih the carpenter's
work and the owng. At firft it was cuftomary for the
cans to carry on marches a quantity of baggage belong-
ing to the different offices, and afterwards to carry alfo
whatever fire-wood was required for the kitchen, and to
tranfport timbers and bricks for the public buildings ;
but
l$6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
but now there are allowed 200 carts for the ufe of the
buildings iolely ; and 600 carry to the kitchen, in the
courfe often months, 150,000 maunds of wood. When
the arabcheean had the contract, if a beaft died they
iound another in his room.
But it having been reprefented to his majefty that the
contractors did not fulfil their engagements, he abolifhed
that mode, and ordered that the oxen mould again be
given in charge to proper perfons ; and ordered thai
every cart-bullock fhould have a daily allowance of
four feers of grain, with one dam and a half for grals,
excepting in the four rainy months ; when no allowance
is made for this laft article. There are alfo appointed
for every eighteen carts twelve men, one of whom is a
carpenter. Now if a bullock dies, government fupplies
another in his ftead ; and likewife gives an allowance
for owng ; and is at the expence of repairs.
The oxen that are worked are muftered once a year 5
and thofe that are unemployed every fix months ; when
the overfeers make a report of the condition in which
they find them.
The carters, in confequence of their being exenfed
from afTi fling in the buildings, and carrying fire-wood,
are obliged to perform every other fervice that is re-
quired of them.
OF MULES.
A mule is the fpecies between an horfe and an afs,
produced either by a mare and a male als, or, on the
contrary, by a fhe-afs and a horfe. His majefty had a
young afs coupled with a tanghian mare, and they pro-
duced a very fine mule.
The excellency of a mule is, that it never forgets the
road which it has once travelled. No beaft of the fame
£ze
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY: I57
fize carries fo heavy a burden ; ir goes better over un-
even ground, and has eafier paces than any other ani-
mal. They are not bred in Hindoftan, excepting in
Pukely and its vicinity. The people of this country
confidered them as afles, and were alhamed to ride upon
them ; but his majefty countenancing this animal, has
removed the diflike.
iVTules are brought from different parts of Arabia
and Perfia ; and one of the befl is fold for one thoufand
rupees.
Like camels, they are formed into ketars of five, and
which have the fame names, excepting that of thefe the
fecond ketar is called berduft.
A mule frequently lives fifty years.
THE DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD FOR MULES.
An Arabian or a Perfian mule is allowed fix feers of
grain daily ; for grafs, if at court, two dams ; and on a
journey, or when emploved in the country, one dam and
a half.
The Hindy mule has four feers of grain, and is al-
lowed for grafs one dam and a half if at court, and only
one dam if employed in the country : and each mule is
allowed weekly three quarters of a dam for fait.
FURNITURE FOR MULES.
For the furniture of each of the Arabian, Perfian,
and other foreign mules, is allowed annually three
hundred and fifty-four dams ; and the furniture of art
Hindy mule, one hundred and fifty-one dams and a
quarter.
A mule
1$$ AYEF.X AKBERY. PART U
A mule is fhod twice a-year, for which are allowed
eight dams.
Every ketar has a perfon to look after it, who is
called afterban ; if he be a native of Iran or Turan, he
has monthly from four hundred to one thoufand nine
hundred and twenty dams; an Hindy afterban has
from two hundred and forty to two hundred and fifty-
fix dams.
All whole monthly wages exceed ten rupees, are
themfelves at the expence of the grain and grafs. The
overfeers of this department examine the condition of
the cattle twice a-year; and the mules are annually
brought into the royal pretence.
If a mule becomes blind or lame, the afterban is
fined a fourth of its price ; and if a mule is loft, half its
price is exa&ed.
For carrying burdens and drawing water, there are
alfo kept affes, each of which is allowed daily three feers
of grain, and one dam for grafs ; and for furniture the
fame as the Hindy mule, excepting that the afs has no
faddle-cloth. For repairing the furniture there is an
annual allowance of twenty-three dams. Their keeper
has never more than one hundred and twenty dams
monthly.
THE MANNER IN WHICH HIS MAJESTY SPENDS
HIS TIME.
On this depends the welfare and happinefs of all ranks
of people.
It is his majefty's conftant endeavour to gain and
fecure the hearts of all men. Amidft a thoufand cares
and perplexing avocations, he fuffers not his temper to
be
FART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 159
be in any degree difturbed, but is always cheerful. He
is ever itriving to do that which may be moft accept-
able to the Deity ; and employs his mind on profound
and abftracted fpeculations. From his thirft after
wildom, he is continually labouring to benefit by the
knowledge of others, while he makes no account of his
own fagacious adminiftration. He liftens to what every
one hath to lay, becaufe it may happen that his heart
may be enlightened by the communication of a jufi
fentiment, or by the relation of a laudable aft ion ; but
although a long period has elapfed in this practice, he
has never met with a perfon whole judgment he could
prefer to his own. Nay, the moft experienced ftatef-
men, on beholding this ornament of the throne, bluQi
at their own inlufficiency, and ftudy anew the arts of
government. Neverthelels, out of the abundance of
his lagaciry, he will not fuffer himfelf to quit the paths
of inquiry. Although he be furrounded with power
and fplendor, yet he never fuffers himfelf to be led
away by anger or wrath. Others employ flcry-tellers
to lull them to fleep, but his majeity, on the contrary,
liftens to them to keep him awake. From the excefs of
his righteoufnefs, he exerciles upon himfelf both inward
and outward aufterities, and pays fome regard to external
forms, in order that thofe who are attached to eftablifhcd
cuftoms may not have any caufe for reproach. His life
is an uninterrupted feries of virtue and found morality,
God is witnefs that the wife of all ranks are unanimous
in this declaration.
He never laughs at nor ridicules any religion or CcS: :
he never wafles his time, nor omits the performance of
any duty; fo that, through the bleffing of his upright
intentions, every action of his life may be confidered as
an adoration of the Deity. He is continually returning
thanks unto Providence, and fcrutinizing his own con-
duel ; but he moft efpecially fo employs himfelf at the
following ftated times : — & d? v. break, when the fun
begins
l6o AYEEN AKEERY. PART I.
begins to diffufe his rays; at noon, when that grand
illuminator of the univerfe mines in full refplendence ;
in the evening, when he difappears from the inhabitants
of the earth j and again at midnight, when he recom-
mences his afcent. All thefe grand myfteries are in'
honour of God ; and if dark-minded, ignorant people
cannot comprehend their fignification, who is to be
blamed ? Every one is fenfible that it is indifpenfably
©ur duty to praife our benefactor, and confequently it is
incumbent on us to praife this DirTufer of bounty, the
Fountain of Light ! and more efpecially behoveth it
princes fo to do, feeing that this Sovereign of the heavens
fheddeth his benign influence upon the monarchs of the
earth. His majefty has alfo great veneration for fire in
general, and for lamps 5 fince they arc to be accounted
rays of the greater light.
He is ever fparing of the lives of offenders, wifhing
to bellow happinefs upon all his fubjects.
He abflains much from flefh, fo that whole months
pafs away without his touching any animal food. He
takes no delight in feniual gratifications ; and in the
courfe of twenty-four hours never makes more than one
meal.
He fpends the whole day and night in the perform-
ance of his necdlary avocations, excepting the fmali
portion required for fleep. He takes a little repofe in
the evening, and again for a fhort time in the morning.
The greater! part of the night is employed in the
tranfaciion of bufinefs j to the royal privacy are then
admitted philofophers and virtuous iofees, who feat
themfelves, and entertain his majefty with wife dif-
courfes. On thofe occafions his majefty fathoms the
depths of knowledge, examines the value of ancient
inftitutions, and forms new regulations, that the aged
may ftand corrected in their errors, and the riling gene-
ration
TATIT I. AYE EN A K BURY. t6t
ration be provided with fit rules for governing their con-
duct. There are alio prelent at theie aflemblies, learned
hiftorians, who relate the annals of paft times, juft as the
events occurred, without addition or diminution- A
confiderable part of the night is fpent in hearing repre-
fentations of the ftate of the empire, and giving orders
for whatever is neceilary to be done in every department.
Three hours before day there are introduced to the pre-
fence, muficians of all nations, who recreate the aflem-
bly with vocal and inftrumental melody. But when it
wants only about an hour of day, his majefty prefers
filence, and employs himfelfat his devotions. Juft be-
fore the appearance of day, people of all ranks are in
waiting ; and foon after day-break are permitted to
make the koornifh, after the^manner which will pre-
iently be defcribed.
Next, the haram are admitted to pay their compli*-
ments. During this time various other affairs are trans-
acted ; and when thofe are finifhed, he retires to reft for
a fhort time.
THE BAR, OR TIMES OF ADMISSION TO THE
ROYAL PRESENCE.
His majefty is vifible to every body twice in the
courfe of twenty-four hours. Firft, after the perform-
ance of his morning devotions, he is feen from the ja-
rokha by people of all ranks, without any moleftation
from the mace - bearers. This mode of mewing
himfelf is called Durfun * ; and it frequently happens
that bufinefs is tranfactcd at this time. The fecond
time of his being vifible is in the dowlet khaneh. whither
he generally goes after nine o'clock in the morning,
when all people are admitted. But this afiembly is
* Durfun, in the Shaafcrit language, fignines view.
Vol. I. M bmo-
l62 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 5.
fometimes held in the evening, and fometimes at night.
He alfo frequently appears at a window which opens
into the dowlet khaneh ; and from thence »he receives
petitions, without the intervention of any perfon, and
tries and decides upon them.
Every officer of government reprefents to his majefty
his refpedtive wants, and is always inftructed by him
how to proceed.
He confiders an equal diftribution of juftice and
the happinefs of his fubjects as effential to his own fe-
licity, and never fuffers his temper to be ruffled whild
he is hearing caufes.
Whenever his majefty orders a bar (or court) to be
held, they beat a large kettle-drum, to apprize every
one thereof. The royal family, the omrahs, and others,
immediately attend to make the koornifh, each (landing
in his proper place. The learned and the mechanic
make their refpeitive reprefentations ; the daroghas and
tepukchees fet forth their feveral wants ; and the officers
of juftice give in their reports. During the whole time
there are exhibitions of gladiators, wreftlers, muli-
cians, &c.
THE KOORNISH AND THE TUSLEEM.
Various are the forms of falutations which have been
adopted for addreffing monarchs. Thefe bow down
the head, and thofe bend the knee, whilft others prac-
tife different modes, in token of fubmiffion.
His majefty has commanded the palm of the right
hand to be placed upon the forehead, and the head to
be bent forwards. This kind of falutation is called
koornifh,
t-ART J. AYEEN AKBEP.Y. l5j
koornifh, /'. e. " the head being placed In the hand of
iupplication, becomes an offering to the holy aflembly."
The tufleem is performed after the following man-
ner : The back of the right hand is placed upon the
ground, and raifed gently till the perfon (lands erect j
when he puts the palm of his hand upon the crown of
his head. His majefiy relates as tollows : (t One day my.
" father beftowed upon me a royal cap, which I put
" upon my head, and becaufe it was too large for me,
M I held it on with my left hand, bowed down my head,
M and made the tufleem. The king was exceedingly
" pleafed with this new method, and from that time
l( it became the mode of performing that obeifance."
Upon introduction, or on taking leave, or upon receiv-
ing a munfub, or jageer, or a drefs, or an elephant, or
an horfe, it is ulual to make three tufleems ; and on oc-
casions of lefs moment, they perform only one tufleem.
Formerly the courtiers ufed to add the fijdah to the
koornilh and tufleem ; but as ignorant and ill-difpofcd
people viewed this aft ion in the light of impious adora-
tion, his majefiy ordered it to be difcontinued by all
ranks of people on public occafions. However, in the
private affemblies, when any of thole in waiting are or-
dered to feat themfelves, they on this occalion bow down
their foreheads to the earth.
OF SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE.
By the decrees of God, the G verof wifdom, mankind
are in general difpofed to applaud their own actions,
and to condemn thofe of others ; whilft fome, however,
are never fo happy as when they are aCling to the pre-
judice of their neighbour : there are others who prefer
the watchful care of the world to their own perfonal in-
terests. Thus different bodies of men hold different
beliefs, and amufe themfelves with their refpeSivc dreams
M 2 and
164 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
and Millions. But it now and then happens that a per-
fon relinquifhes his peculiar habits and cuftoms, in con-
fequence of a contemplative turn of mind, whereby he
unravels the warp and woof of the veil of deception, and
difcovers the beautiful countenance of conliftency and
truth. But the lamp of wifdom doth not enlighten
every houfe, neither is every heart capable of receiving
informal ion ; fo that when a man arrives at fuch a de-
gree of knowledge, he keeps filence, from the dread of
lavage beafts in human forms. If, however, in the full-
nefs of his heart he attempts to reveal his fentiments, the
ignorant upbraid him with infanity, allow no credit to
what he fays, brand him with the epithets of infidel and
blafphemer, and probably deprive him of life. But
when, through the good fortune of mankind, the fea-
fbn arrives for the revelation of truth, a perfon is en-
dowed with this degree ot knowledge, upon whom God
beftows the robes of royalty, that he may lead men in
the right way with abibhite dominion ; fuch as is the
emperor of our time. The aftrologers were apprized
of this from the hour of his majeily's nativity, and whif-
pered their exultations to each other. His majefty,
however, did for fome time caff, a veil over this myftery,
that it misrht not be known to llrangers. But that
which the Lord wiileth to have done, who hath power
to avoid > In his infancy, he involuntarily performed
fuch actions as aftonUhed the beholders ; and when at
length, contrary to his inclination, thole wonderful ac-
tions exceeded all bounds, and became difcemible to
every one, he confidered it to be the will of the Al-
mighty, that he (hould lead men in the paths of righte-
oufnefs, and began to teach 5 thus fatisfying the thirfty
who were wandering in the wildernefs of enquiry.
Some he taught agreeably to their willies ; whilft he
difappointed others in their defires. Many of his difci-
ples, through the bleffmg of his holy breath, obtain a
greater degree of knowledge in the courfe of a fingle
day, than they could gain from the iuftruction of other
holy
PART T. AYEF.N AKBERY. 10$
holy doctors after a faff, of forty days. Numbers of
thofe who have bid adieu to the world, fuch as fonnaf-
fees, calendars, philofophers, and fofees, together with
a multitude of men of the world, namely, foldiers, mer-
chants, hufbandmen, and mechanics, have daily their
eyes opened unto knowledge : and men of all' nations
and ranks, in order to obtain their defires, invocate his
majefty, confidering thofe vows as the means of extricat-
ing themfelvcs from difficulties ; and when they have
attained their wiihes, they bring to the royal prefence
the offerings which they had vowed. But many, from
the remotenefs of their lituation, or to avoid the buttle
of a court, beftow their vows in charity, and pafs their
lives in grateful praifes. If his majefty moves from the
capital, in order to fettle the affairs of the empire, to
conquer kingdoms, or to enjoy the pleallires of the
chace, there is not a city, town, or village, that doth
not fend out crowds of men and women, to prefent him
the offerings which they had vowed. From this fource
of the fountain of bounty have been obtained the fol-
lowing bleflings : Succefs in bulincfs, refloration ol
health, birth of a fon, reunion of difcontented friends,
long life, increale of power and wealth ; with the accom-
plilfiment of many other petitions. He, who knoweth
what will come to pafs, gives iatisfactory anfwers to
every one, and applies remedies to their afflictions.
Not a day palTes but people bring cups of water to
the palace, befeeching him to breathe upon them. He,
who is privy to the fecrets of Heaven, reads the decrees
of fate, and, if tidings of hope arc received, takes the
water from the fuppliant, places it in the fun's rays, and
then having beftowed upon it his aufpicious breath, re-
turns in. Alfo many whofe difeafes are deemed in-
curable, intreat him to breathe upon them, and art
thereby reftored to health.
The mofl finking proof of his miraculous powers is
ihe following : — A talkative ignorant reclufe faid, " If
M 3 tc there
:66 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
" there be any latent good in me, it behoveth you to
u bring it to perfection ;?! and having ib faid, he fell
down in a trance at the threfhold of the palace. The
day was not ended before he obtained his wiih.
His majefly, cut of his great wifdom, is very back-
ward in granting this requeft, excufing himfelf by fay-
ing, " How mall I teach, till I have myfelf been in*
" ftrucled ?" But if there be in any one evident figns of
truth, and he is very importunate, he is accepted ; and
on Sunday, when the fun is in the meridian, obtains his
heart's defire. And from beholding thefe wonders,
thoufands of every perfuafion have believed on hi.rPi
The perfon who wants to be initiated in all righteouf-
nefs, places his turban in the palm of his hand, and
putting his head upon his majefty's feet, faith, u I have
•' call away my prefumption and felfifhnefs, winch were
iC the cauie of various evils, and am come a fuppliant,
" vowing to devote the remainder of my life in this
*f world to the attainment of immortality." Then his
majefty flretches out the hand of favour, raifes up the
fuprlicant, replaces his turban upon his head, faying,
" My prayers are addrefled to Heaven for your fupport,
*' in order that yourafpiring inclinations may bring you
from teeming exiflence unfo real exiilence." He then
gives him the mud, upon which is engraven one of the
greet names of God, and the words " Allah Akber,"
tha: he may be inflru&ed in the following verfe :
" The pure fhuft and the pure fight never err."
His maj fly inftructs others as circumftances may re-
quire ; and many, according to their capacities, are re-*
created with fublime difcourfes.
But this is not the proper place for giving a full ac-
count of the manner in which he inflru&s mankind, or of
the
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 167
the numerous miracles which he has performed. Should
my life be lengthened fufficiently, and mould I have
leifure enough, it is my intention to compofe a volume
on this interesting fubjecT:.
RULES OF DISCIPLINE.
When two difciples meet, one fays, " Allah Akber,"
{God is greateft) ; and the other anfwers, " Jillejilale-
t( hoo," (mighty is his glory*). And this form of
falutation is appointed merely to the end that they may
keep the Deity in continual remembrance, by exercifing
their tongues in hispraife.
It is alfo ordered by his majefty, that the food which
is ufually given away after the death of a perfon, (hall
be prepared by the donor during his life-time.
Every difciple on the anniverfary of his birth-day, is
obliged to make a feaft, and to beftow alms.
He is alfo enjoined to endeavour to abftain from eat-
ing flefh entirely; and if he is not able to quit it alto-
gether, he muft at lead refrain at the times appointed
in the regulations for the Sufyaneh, as alfo during
the whole of the month in which he was born. He is
prohibited from eating voluntarily of any animal that
he hath himfeif flam. Neither is he to eat out of the
fame dim with butchers, hunters, or bird-catchers ; nor
is he allowed to have commerce with pregnant or old
women, or with one who is barren, or with a girl under
the age of puberty.
THE MUSTER OF ELEPHANTS.
This mufter precedes all others. Every day a khafeh,
elephant, with his houfings and trappings, is brought to
* Akber's titles were, " Jilaleddeen Mahommed Akbcr,
M 4 the
i6S AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
the front df die palace ; and on the firft day of every
Perfian month, ten elephants are brought ; and on every
fucceeding day, ten hulkahs often each. On Monday
ten hulkahs of twenty each are brought to be muftered.
When an elephant is muftered they afk his name, of
which each of thefe animals, as well as every horfe, has
a different one. They alfo require the name of the
dehydar— how he was obtained — his price — allowance
of food — age — where bred — at what time he is rank —
how often he has been fo — how long he ufually continues
in that ftate — how often he has fought, and with what
fircefs — how often he has been brought for the royal
ufe — how often he has been mounted by his majefty —
when he was admitted amongft the khafeh elephants —
at what periods he has changed his keepers — when his
tu.fks were drelied — how often he has been muftered —
what fervants look after him— the names of the emeer
and the fuperintendant. All thefe queftions are an-
frveied by the tcpukchy,
Refpecting the other elephants, the following quef-
tions are afLed : The name of thehulkadar — price of the
elephant — how he was obtained — whether he is fit for
riding, or for carrying burdens — what is his rank —
whether he is to continue with his prefent foujdar, or to
be transferred to another.
Alfo, every day five new elephants are fent to the
fuddywa! to have their rank determined ; which being
done, they are put into their refpective claffes.
Every Sunday an elephant is brought to the palace to
be given away to one of the moft deferving fervants - s
and ibme hulkahs are fet apart for this purpofe.
Formerly, it was a rule that the elephant firft rode was
put into the firft clafs, but now it is that which is rode
ofteneft.'
According
PART X. AYEEN AKBERY. 169
According to the value of the elephant, it is put into
the firft or kit hulkah.
When all the elephants have pafled mutter in the
above-mentioned order, they begin again with the
khafeh elephants, bringing ten at a time ; and when
thefe are reviewed, they proceed with thole of the fhah-
zadehs.
It is a rule that the fhahzadehs pafs mutter mounted
on their own particular elephants; and after them
the other hulkahs pafs before his majefly.
It being ordered that the elephants mould be formed
into troops according to their price, the proper officers
at each mutter pick out any elephant that is mifplaced,
and put it amongft its equals.
During the time of mutter thofe men who want to be
employed in this department ftand together in a row,
and his majefly appoints them as he thinks proper.
The hulkahdars whofe elephants are in good condi-
tion have their number increafed, by lean ones that are
taken away from thofe who have been negligent in the
difcharge of their duty.
The mufhrefF receives orders from his majefty, in
what rank to place every new elephant that is appro-
priated to his own particular ufe.
The elephants of the other omrahs, although not in
the general rotation, are brought to the prefence occa-
fionally; and their rank being fixed, are damped with
the royal mark.
The merchants alfo bring elephants to the palace, and
receive their proper price.
THE
I7O AYEEN AKBERY. PART St.
THE MUSTER OF HORSES.
This begins with the (bbles of forty liorfes ; next,
thofe of the (hahzadehs and thekhanehzad, coi.tinung
with the other (tables till all the horfes of ten molars
have been reviewed. After thefe are muftered the gowt
and tanghian horfes, and thofe of the bargeers ; they are
brought according to their price, and if two are equal
in value, then that which was firft received into the
itable precedes the other.
Previous to mufter, fkilful perfons fix the prices of
the tanghians, &c. anew, and determine whether they
fliall be of the firft, fecond, or third clafs. Thofe which
have increafed in value iince thelaft mufter, are put into
a higher clafs ; and thofe which have fallen off, are
degraded accordingly. For thofe of the third clafs, are
appointed feparaie (tables, out of which ordinary people
receive prefents.
Every muiter-day the ordinary {tables are completed ;
and if there be not any deficiency, the furplus horfes
are put into a feparate (table, for which there is a fuper-
intenjdant.
The mufter of this animal ufed to begin on Monday*
They bring forty horfes the firft day, and on every fuo
cceding day twenty each. Some horfes, from fixty to
ten mohurs value, are always in readinefs to be given in.
prefents, and to mount the cavalry.
.' The horfes belonging to the dealers are viewed as
{hey come, and according to the number brought, from
twenty to an hundred are viewed daily ; but before they
are brought to his majefty officers appointed for the
purpofe fettle their price ; which valuation, however, his
majefty always increafes a little. The horfes of lefs value
than
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY- 171
than thirty mohurs have their price fixed, without being
brought to the royal prefence.
The treafurer has always money ready in the bargah
aum, that the dealers may not be kept in painful ex-
pectation.
After a horfe is bought, he has the royal mark fiamped
upon him.
Duties collected upon Horfes bought from the Dealers.
Each horfe.
A foreign mujenefs, or tazee, — 3 Rs.
A tourky, or a khandahar tazee, — . 2|
A Kabul, or Hindoftan tazee, — 2
THE MUSTER OF CAMELS.
It begins with the khanehzad ; and every day live
ketars are muttered, excepting on Friday, when there
are ten ketars, and they are brought in order according
t.o their value.
THE MUSTER OF BULLOCKS.
The mufter of this animal ufed to begin on Wednef-
ciay, when ten pair were muftered, and every fucceeding
day the lame number. On the feftival of the Dewalee,
when the Hindoos pay a particular worfhip to the ox,
a number are drefled out in elegant trappings, and
brought to the palace.
THE MUSTER OF MULES.
This commenced on Thurfday. Thefe animals are
muftered only once in the courfe of a year, fix ketars
daily.
Formerly
fJZ AYEEN AKBERY. PART f.
Formerly the mutters were made in the order above-
mentioned ; but now the week is employed in the fol-
lowing; manner :
v°
Saturday, Mutter of elephants ;
Sunday, Ditto of horfes;
Monday, Ditto of camels, mules, and oxen ;
Tuefday, . Ditto of foldiers ;
Wednefday, The Dewan Vizarut ;
Thurfday, The adminiftration of juttice ;
Friday, His majelly is in the ruuam.
THE POW GOSHT.
His majetty.has adopted an admirable mode for de-
termining the degree of benefit or injury that an animal
has received.
They ettimate the quantity of food allowed, and
calculate how much flefh it can produce, allowing every
feer of food to yield fuch a proportion of flefh ; and if
upon examination they find the animal leaner than he
ought to be, the officers are fined in the price of the
food of which they have defrauded the beaft: ; that is,
fuppofing it evidently appears that the leartnefs proceeds
from fraudulent practices. And this experiment is
called pow gofht.
REGULATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC FIGHTS OF
ANIMALS.
His majefty is willing to encourage public fpeclacles,
as a means of bringing together people of all ranks,
who, by partaking in the general diveilion, may become
acquainted, and enter into friendship and good fellow-
(hip with each other.
TH!
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 1 73
THE RATTLES OF DEER.
There are always one hundred and one khafeh deer,
each of which has a proper name fignificant of his cha-
racter j and for every couple or" thefe a keeper is ap-
pointed. The battles of thefe animals are of three
kinds : iff, Khafeh deer with khafeh j 2d, Khafeh deer
with thofe of the lliazadehs j 3d, Khafeh deer with thofc
of forty-two of the principal courtiers, whom his majefty
has formed into twenty-one miffals ; being compoied of
munfubdars of icwen thoufand down to dehbafhees.
A wager is laid upon every battle, and the money
depofited j and each battle is from eight rupees to eight
mohurs.
It is a rule, that a deer who runs away in three battles
is turned out of the khafeh rank. A deer who has
given proofs of courage in battle, is called atkul. Thofe
who nre fit for fighting but have not yet engaged, arc
called aneen.
The above mentioned forty perfons, who are formed
into twenty-one miffals, are called hovofnakan ; and it
is they who depofit the bets.
Every mifTal has alfo for fighting, a buffaloe, a bull,
a ram, a goat, and a cock ; and when the battles of deer
are concluded, thefe are fported with. The bet upon
a buffaloe is from four rupees to four mohurs ; upon a
bull, a ram, or a goat, from two rupees to two mohurs ;
and upon a cock, the fame as a buffaloe. Formerlv
there were not any battles of bulls and rams.
Thefe battles are fought at night, on the fourteenth
day of the mooa, in the front of the palace.
There are alfo other deer, called kowtel and half
kowtel, each divifion confuting of a fixed number.
W he never
174 AYEEN AKBERY. PAR
Whenever there is a deficiency in the number " afeh
deer, it is fupplied from the kowtel ; and what is want-
ing in the kowtel is made up from the half kowtel ; all
thefe are continually in training, and are made to engage
with each other for trial of their character.
The hunters when they take wild deer, bring them
to the palace, where their prices are fixed ; they are
formed into four ranks, or degrees of goodnefs, and
the price is from two rupees to two mohurs each.
THE DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD.
The khafeh deer, thofe of the kowtel, and thofe
belonging to the righting miiTals, have each a daily
allowance of two fecrs of grain, half a feer of wheatea
bread, two chattacks of ghee, and half a dam to pur-
chafe grafs ; but the hovofnak pays for grafs for thofe of
the miiTals and the kowtcls.
Each of the khafeh deer, the khanehzad, and the
kowtel, has a perfon to look after it ; but of thole
belonging to the miiTals, one perfon looks after a
couple, and if there be an odd one, a feparate perfon is
appointed to look alter it j but there is no allowance for
grafs.
A deer who is given in charge to a perfon to be
trained, is allowed daily one feer and three quarters of
grain, and half a dam for grai's. For every four of thefe
a keeper is appointed, and if they are fit to be admitted
into the rank of khafeh, a keeper is appointed for every
couple.
The deer kept at a dinance from court, are each al-
lowed daily one feer and a half of grain, and a man to
look after it.
A new*
PART I. AYEEN AKBERV. 175
A new-caught deer, for the firft week has not any
grain given him ; for fifteen days after that, he has half
a feer of grain daily ; from that period one leer till a
month and a half are elapfed, when the allowance is one
fcer and a half.
The ahoo khaneh, or deer-houfe, is fuperintended by
munfubdars, ahdyan, and foot foldiers. The pay of a
ioot-folditr is from eighty to 400 dams per menjem.
There are now collected together twelve thoutand choice
deer, which are taught after different manners. There
are alio numbers of does kept apart for breeding. Of
the largeft llze of thefe each is allowed daily one feer
and a half of grain, and half a dam to purchafe grafs. A
doe-fawn lucks her dam for two months, after which
period it is allowed daily a quarter of a feer of grain ;
and this allowance is increased a quarter of a feer every
two months till it commences its fecond year, when it is
coniidered as a full grown doe, and allowed one feer and
a halfp 3 per maund
atch- 1 ,
> 1 do.
Moonj is the bark of the reed before -j
mentioned, of which is made twine I 20 ^0.
ufed in thatching, — — J
Hemp, of which they make large ropes, 3 do.
Gum, an inferior kind ufed in plaftet ing, 70 do.
Sereeln kahy (a kind of vegetable glue) ") /»
ufed alfo in plaftering, — j 4 P
Look is the ear of the reed of which
they make common mats, it burns
like a candle, and is ufed in build-
ing along with lime, —
Sungil is a white greafy clay ufed in ")
plaftering, — — J
Red clay, called in Hindovee geyroo, "]
which is dug out of the mountains \ 1 do.
ofGualiar, •*— — J
Glafs for glazing windows, — x| feer per R.
1 rupee per
do.
do*
N2
Rates
l8o AYEEN AKBERY. PART I.
Rates of Pay for Workmen,
Bricklayers are paid after four rates :
Rate i ft, 7 dams per diem
2d, 6
4th, 4
A ftone-mafon, who carves ftones with flowers, is
paid fix dams per guz.
One who works plain has five dams per guz.
Stone-breakers, twenty-two cheetels per maund.
Carpenters are paid after five rates :
Rate 1 ft, 7 dams per dim
2d, 6
3 d > 4
4th, 3
5th, 2
If they contract for the work, they have for a guz of
plain work after three degrees :
D. C.
]ft, — I 17
2d, — 16
3d, — o 21
Lattice- makers in wood, have from twelve to forty-
eight dams per fquare guz.
Sawyers, for a fquare guz of
Seefoon, iX- dams
Nazu, 2
or two dams per day, if paid for their time. Some faws
are worked by two men, and others require three.
Bildars
PART I. AYE£N AKBERY. 1 3 1
Bildars (pioneers) :
i ft rate, — 3I dams per diem
2d ditto, — 3 ditto.
If they are employed in finifhing the upper works of
fortifications, they are paid four dams per guz ; and
when they work below, have two dams and a half per
guz. If employed on other walls, or in digging
ditches, half a dam per guz. The guz ufed in this
meafurement confifts of thirty-two tefujes.
IT'ell-Diggers.
Rate 1 ft, — 2 dams per guz
2d, — if ditto
3d, — 1 \ ditto.
The divers, who bring mud out of wells, are paid
in the winter four dams, and in the fummer three dams
per diem : or, if they contract, they have two rupees
for every guz that they defcend.
r Brick-cutters have eight dams for chipping ioo
bricks.
Brick-duft-beaters, one dam and a half for a mea-
fure of eight maunds.
Tabdantraih (lattice-makers) in ftone or brick, 100
dams per guz.
Bamboo-cutters, two dams per />;/z.
Thatchers, three dams per diem ; or, if they contract,
twenty-four dams per ioo guz.
N 3 Pmtelbund
1#2 ' AYtEK AKBERY. PART I.
Puttelbund (one who covers houfes with mats) four
guz per dam.
Lackerers varnlm reed, bamboo, &c. with prepa-
rations of lack, and receive two dams per diem.
Water-carriers, firft rate, three dams ; and the fecond
rate two dams per diem.
Labourers who carry earth, water, Sec. for build?
ings, two dams per diem,
QUANTITY OF MATERIALS USED IN BUILDING.
In twelve guz of ftone building are expended one
tahry of ftone, and feventy-five maunds of lime ; and
if it be faced with red ftone, it will require the addi-
tion of three maunds of lime.
For brick-building, every guz requires 250 bricks
of three feers each, with eight maunds of lime, and
two maunds twenty-feven feers of brick-duft.
For a guz of mud-work are required 300 bricks ;
and every brick takes one feer of earth, and half a
feer of water.
For the firft coat of plafter, each guz requires one
maund of quick, and ten feers of flaked lime, fourteen
feers of brick-duft, and a quarter of a feer of hemp.
]f the fecend coat is to be of a red colour, each guz
requires feven feers of flaked lime, and three feers
of brick-duft. For a guz of outer coat of white
plaftering, ten feers of flaked lime. For the firft coat
of plafter of a guz of ceiling, or infide walls, ten
s of ftone-lime. For lining rooms with China-tiles,
fix feers of ftone-lime per guz. For plaftering fmoke-
vents, ten feers of flaked lime for every guz.
A window
PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. I S3
A window requires two feers and a half of glafs,
twenty-four feers of Hone-lime, and a quarter of a ieer
of fereefh kahy.
Plafter made of clay and Jiraw. One maund of
draw and twenty maunds of earth will plafter fourteen
guz of outer wall; or ten guz of the roof or floor;
or fifteen guz of ceiling or infide wall.
Lacker for colouring a guz Gf wood red, four feers
of lack, and one feer of vermillion; yellow, four feers
of lack, and one feer of arfenic ; green, a quarter of a.
ieer of indigo is added to the above ; blue, lack as be-
fore, and one feer of indigo.
24 Zerrehs
24 Kam
24 Tilwafeh
24 Tefuj
> n <
o
p
Of felling Timbers,
Kam
Tifwafeh
Tefuj
Guz, ufed in meafuring timbers.
For timber ufed in building, they reckon, .that from
the time of felling to its being fhaped for ufe, it is
reduced in weight onerhalf.
The Weight of a Cubic Guz of fevertly-tivo different
Kinds of Wood, being thofe which are ufed
in
building.
Md.
Sr.
Ch. T.
Khunjeh, — —
2 5
14
Tamarind, — —
2 +
8
12 25
Olive and oak - — —
22
2 4
Khire, of which cuteh (improperly ■
)
railed Japan earth) is a prepa-
11
*.$'
ration.
1
Khernee, — . —
do.
do.
N 4
Pi
irfidueh ,
1 84
A.YEES AKBERY,
V ART I.
Md.
Sr.
Ch.
T.
Purfiddeh,
Urn
— -
20
J 4
Ebony,
—
2.0
9
Sein,
—
—
1 9
21
Bacam (a kind of logwood)
— ..
1 9
21
8
10
Kherher,
—
—
l 9
II
4
2 5
Mehwa,
—
I — .
IT
3 Z
8
2
Chundenee and p
loolahy,
—
IS
20
8
10
Red fandal-wood
[called in
the >i
Hindovee Ian
guage rakt- |
\%
4
8
10
chundun)
Chumery,
—
—
18
2
7*
Chumermumree,
—
—
n
16
4
Jejubes,
—
—
J 7
*
s
4
SelToon-puttung,
—
—
*7
i
12
2 7
Sandun,
— .
*7
i
28
Box, —
—
—
16
iS
2 5
Dho, —
—
—
16
i
10
Myrobalans,
—
—
16
I
8
1
Kereel, —
—
i — .
16
I
10
White fandal,
—
—
i5
*7
20
Sawl,
—
—
IS
4
12
7
Plumtree,
—
—
14
36
8
10
Cherrytree,
—
—
H
35
8
Neib, —
—
—
14
3 2
4
3i
Darhird,
,}_
Mine, and baboo]
14
32
4
J 9
Sagown, —
. —
*4
10
20
Bejyfar, and "1
Peloo, j
—
—
\S
34
Mulberry,
—
—
*3
2 5
20
Banbarafs,
—
- —
J 3
9
13
Serefs, —
i —
■ — \
12
3B
21
Seefoon, —
—
—
12
34
4
5
Findek (filbert)
—
—
12
2$
4
Johker, and doodhee,
— 1
12
*7
8
22
Huldee, ■ — i
—
—
12
*3
8
22
JCiym, « — •
• — '
—
12
12
8
30
Ferafs,
PART I. AYEEN AKBERYi 185
Md. Sr- Ch. T.
Ferafs, and jomun, — 12 8 o 22
Bur, — — — 12 3 4 25
Khundee and chenar, (poplar) n 29 o o
Walnut and champah, — 11 9 4 J 7
Beir, — — — 11400
Mangoe and papree, — 11 2 o 20
Deyar and bede, (willow) — 10 20 o o
Kum-bheir and cheedeh, — 10 19 8 22
Peepul. (This tree is held in 1
great veneration by the Brah- > 10 10 4 21
mins) J
Kuthul* and goordeen, — 10 7 8 34
Rohiera, — — — 1070 30
Palais, — — — 9 34 o o
Soorkhbede, — — 8 25 o 20
Awk, — — — 8 19 4 25
Sembul, (the cotton-tree) — ■ 8 13 o 34
Bekayin, — — — 8 9 o 30
Lahfora (febeften) and pudmakh, 8 9 o 20
Und, — — — 7 7 o 31
Sefeidar, (the white poplar) — 6 6 o 22
* Vulgarly called jack by Europeans.
Tht Seer is here reckoned at twenty -eight dams.
EN'D OF THE FIRST PART.
AYEEN AKBERY.
PART II.
CONTAINING
REGULATIONS FOR THE MILITARY
DEPARTMENT.
THE ARMY.
IS majefty has formed this immenfe multitude into
different ranks ; fome are iolely under his own imme-
diate orders, and are excufed from the performance of
many duties that are required of others. Likewife a
number of the inhabitants of the wilds and lefs civilized
parts of the empire, are, by proper difcipline, made to
be ufeful. The zemeendary troops alone, are in number
upwards of four millions and four hundred thoufand,
as will hereafter be particularized.
Some of the cavalry have their horfes marked, and
a defcription is taken in writing of the peribns of the
men. Other cavalry are put under the command of an
officer, who is ftyled ahdy. Others, according to their
merit
iSS AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
merit and capacity, are appointed to higher commands.
Many are entertained for the cavalry fervice without
having their horfes marked, and have tunkhas (or
aflignments) for rheir pa}-. Thofe who are natives of
Iran and Turan,have twenty-five rupees ; and the In-
dian, twenty rupees each per men/em. A horfeman who
is entertained for the duties of the khalfeh (or exchequer)
has fifteen rupees per menfem. Thofe who have not
marked horfes are called birawoordy (or not included
in the munfubs). Such of the munfubdars as are not
able to furnifh men themfelves, are fupplied with
troopers mounted on marked horfes ; and thefe men are
called dakhely (or included in the munfubs). In the
munfubs of eight thoufand, no munfubdar under the
rank of eight hundred is admitted j the munlubs of
feven thoufand include none lower than feven hundred ;
cor in thofe of five thoufand are any inferior to five
hundred ; and in the munfubs of five hundred there are
none lefs than one hundred. Some troops are levied
occafionally to ftrengthen the munfubs, and they are
called kummeky (or auxiliaries). At prefent mod of
the cavalry are mounted on marked horfes. The
trooper mounted on a marked horfe takes rank of one
whole horfe is not marked, as more dependence can be
had upon the former, becaufe he cannot lend or ex-
change his horfe ; and moreover, fince his majefty has
mtredt.-ced the cherehneveefy (or the cuftom of taking
a defcriprion in writing) he cannot receive pay till he
has paflfed mufter.
REGULATIONS FOR THE CATTLE.
Horfes were firfl marked in the eighteenth year of
the reign, at which time the ranks of cattle were deter-
mined, and efli mates made of what was recjuifite for
each ; and the prices of articles being taken into con-
federation, a medium rate was agreed upon to be ufed in
computations.
HORSES
PART II. AYEEN AKBERT. 1 S9
WORSES.
They were divided into feven kinds, viz.
Arab, Irakee, Mejennefs, Tourky, Yabu, Tazee, and
Jungeleh ; and the following rates fixed of each : —
ift, The Arab, which is a very fine horfe, bred in
different parts or Arabia. The monthly pay for one of
rhofe was fixed at 720 dams, including all charges, which
were computed at 479 dams. When his majefty took
into confideration the eale and good difcipline of his
troops, he at firlt mack an addition of eighty-one dams,
at the time that the rupee palled current at thirty-five
dams ; and when it was raifed to forty dams, he in-
creafed the pay, excepting the Jungelehs, eighty dams
more, altogether making 720 dams.
2d, The Irakee, which is bred in the Perfian Irak, is
a beautiful animal, and equally powerful with the Arab.
He is allowed 608 dams monthly, including all charges.
Incrcafes : — Firit, iixty-two dams; fecond, feventy-five
dams; third, eighty dams.
3d, The Mojennes refembles the Irakee, and is a
mixture of the Tourky and the Irakee. The monthly
pay is 560 dams, including all expences. Increales : —
Firlt, feventy-two dams ; fecond, fifty dams ; third,
eighty dams.
4th, The Tourky is bred in Turan : although he is
very flrong and of a good height, yet he is inferior to
the Mojennefs. Monthly pay 480 dams, including all
expences, Increafes : — Firlt, fifty-two dams ; fecond,
fifty dams ; third, eighty dams.
5th, Yabu is alfo a native of Turan, but lefs power-
ful and fmailer than the Tourky. Monthly pay 400
dams,
19O AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
dams, including all expences. Increafes : — Firft, forty-
one dams; fecond, forty dams ; third, eighty dams.
6th and 7th are the Tazee and the Jungeleh. Thofe
are moftly bred in Hindoftan. The beft is called
tazee, the middling kind jungeleh, and the worft tat-
too. Tanghens are greatly improved by being crofted
with tazees. The monthly pay of a tazee is 320 dams,
including all charges, Increafes: — Firft, twenty-two
dams ; fecond, thirty dams ; third, eighty dams. The
monthly pay of a jungeleh is 240 dams, including all
charges. Increafes : — Firft, twenty-nine dams and a
half; fecond, twenty-five dams; third, forty dams.
A tatoo was formerly allowed 140 dams ; but now he is
not employed.
ELEPHANTS.
Thefe are alfo of feven kinds, viz.
Muft, fheergeer, fadeh, menjholeh, kerheh, bender-
keeah, and mukel. There is more method and exacV
nefs obferved in this department than in any other.
Formerly elephants ufed to be marked, but now they
are only divided into kinds.
Monthly Pay, includ-
Increafe
ing
all expences
included.
Kinds of Elephants.
Dams.
Dams.
Muft, —
—
1320 —
120
Sheergeer, —
i —
I (OO
no
Sadeh, —
—
Soo — ■
5°
Menjholeh, —
—
600 ' — '
90
Kerheh, —
—
420 —
60
Benderkeeah, —
—
300 —
. 60
Mukel (formerly this kind
was")
280 —
not entertained)
The
?ART II. AYEEN AKBERY. IQI
The tunkhas, for defraying the expences of this de-
partment, are always drawn in dams, and not in rupees,
in order that there may not be any deductions.
MULES.
For a mule is paid monthly 240 dams, including all
charges. Increafes : — Firft, fifty-fix dams ; fecond,
forty dams j third, twenty dams.
OXEN.
For each head is allowed monthly 1 20 dams, includ-
ing all charges. Increafe : — Firft, thirty-eight dams;
fecond, ten dams.
CARTS.
For each cart there are allowed monthly 600 dams,
including all charges.
MUNSUBDARS.
The Almighty, for the benefit of mankind, fele&s
from amongit them one whom he makes a king, and
iupports with his divine grace and favour. But fince
the abilities of a fingle man are not equal to the duties
of every department, the monarch wifely makes choice
of fome of his mod worthy fubjecb to affift him : and
for this purpofe nominates them to command others.
With this view his majefty eftabliflied munfubs from a
dehbafhy (or commander of ten) to a dehhezary (or a
commander of 10,000.) But only the king's fons have
munfubs above 5000. The number of thefe munfubs
being fixty-fix, thofe fkilled in the numerical value of
letters * have difcovered that their ium is expreffed by
* Abjed is an Arabic arithmetical verfe, containing all the letters
in the alphabet which have different powers, from 1 to 1000.
the
1$Z AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
the word jilaleh (or the moft glorious God) which
they confider as an indication of their perpetuity.
His majefty difcovers the merit of fome at the firft
interview, and exalts them to greatnefs at one ftep.
Sometimes the munfub is increafed, whilft the number
of cavalry is diminifhed.
Great care is taken in determining the value of the
horfes provided by each munfubdar, and their pay is
fixed accordingly. Thofe who have cavalry equal to
their munfub, are of the firft rank. Thofe who have
not the full number, but not lefs than half, are of the
tecond rank. The third rank is compofed of thofe who
have lefs than half of the full complement of cavalry ;
as will be found upon confulting the annexed tables.
The youzbafhgees (or commanders of ioo) are of
eleven ranks : — Firft, Him of ioo, whofe monthly pay
is 700 rupees. The eleventh has not any cavalry, the
greateft part of thefe being amongft the number of dak-
helee troopers ; his pay is 500 rupees. The nine inter-
mediate ones have twenty rupees in addition for every
ten horfes.
From the munfubdar of forty, neither the elephant,
nor the Tourky-horfe, nor the jungeleh are exacted.
The teerkufhbund (who has the rank of a commander
of thirty) and the bifty, or munfubdar of twenty, are ex-
cufed from providing the mojennefs and the yabu.
The following tables exhibit the proportion of cattle
and carts provided by each munfubdar, together with
their monthly pay.
The
PART II.
AYEEN AKBERY.
193
<
Third.
Rs.
1 QOOOOQOOOOO
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PART IT.
AYEEN AKBERY.
195
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03
A LIST
ic>3'
AVEEN AKBERY.
PART II,
A LIST OF THE MUNSUBDARS.
Munfubdar of ioooo.
Sultan Selim, his majef-
ty's eldefl ion.
Mwifubdar of Zooo.
Shah Morad, his majef-
ty's fecond fon.
Munfubdar of 7000.
Sultan Daniel, his majef-
ry's third fon.
Munfubdar s of 5000.
Sulian Khofru, eldeft fon
of Sultan Selim.
Mirza Soliman.
Mirza Ibrahim.
Mirza Shah Rokh.
Mirza Mozuffer Huf-
fain.
Mirza Ruftarn.
Biram Khan.
Menem Khan.
Terdy Beg Khan.
Khan Zeman.
Abdullah Khan.
£nkeh Khan.
Khan Kellan.
Mirza Qherfeddeen Huf-
fkin.
YufefMahommedKhan
Adhem Khan. "
Peer Mahomme'* Khan.
Khan Azem Mirza Ko
keh.
Bahader Khan.
Rajah Bahrehmull.
Khan Jehan.
Syed Khan.
Shaheb Khan.
Rajah Baghwan Dofs.
Kotebeddeen Khan.
Khan Khanan Abdul Ra-
heem.
Rajah Manfing.
Mahommed Kuly Khan.
Terfoon Khan.
Kya Khan.
Munfubdars of 4500.
Zyin Khan.
Mirza Yufef Khan.
Munfubdars of 4000.
Coffim Khan Mehedy.
Mozuffer Khan.
SyefKhan Kokeh.
Rajah Tudermull.
Mahomed Coilem Khan.
Vizier Khan.
KelyKhan. ,
Sadek Khan.
Roy Roy ling.
Munfubdat s 0/3500.
Shah Kuly Khan Mo-
ll errem.
I (mail Kuly Khan.
Munfubdars of 3000.
Mirza Jany Beg.
Ifcander Khan.
Afof
FART II.
AYEEN AKBERY.
I99
Afof Khan Abdulme-
jeed.
Mejnoon Khan.
Shiijahut Khan.
Shah Bedai Khan.
Huflain Khan.
Morad Khan.
Hajy MahommedKhan.
Afzel Khan.
Shah Beg Khan.
Khan Alum, the title of
Alum Beg.
Coflem Khan Meer Behr.
Baky Khan.
Meer Moezul Mulk.
Meer Aly Akber.
Sherif Khan.
Munfubdars of 2 500.
Ibrahim Khan.
Khajeh Jilaleddeen Ma-
hommed.
Hyder MahommedKhan
Ytimad Khan.
Pyinder Khan.
Jaggenaut.
Mekhfoos Khan.
Abulfazel (the author of
this book)
Munfubdars of ic 00.
Ifmail Kuly Khan.
Meer Baboos.
AihrefKhan.
Syed Mahmood,
Abdullah Khan.
Sheikh Mahommed.
Syed Ahmed.
Ruftam Khan.
O
Shahbaz Khan.
Derveifh Mahommed.
Shaikh Ibrahim.
Abdulmottaleb Khan.
YtibarKhan, an eunuch
of the palace.
Ekhlafs Khan.
Rajah Beerbull.
Bahar Khan.
Shah Fckhreddeen.
Rajah Ramchund.
Lulhker Khan.
Syed Ahmed.
Aly Khan Kaher.
Roy Kelyanmull.
Tayr Khan Meer Fera-
ghet.
Shah Mahommed Khan.
Roy Serjen.
Shahhem Khan.
Alof Khan for Jaafer Beg.
Munfubdars of 1500.
Sheikh Ferid.
Semanjy Khan.
TerdyKhan, ibnofKya
Khan.
Mehtee Khan Aneefs.
Roy Durga.
Madhu Sing.
Syed Coflim.
Mmfubdars of 1250.
Royfal Durbary.
Munfubdars of 1000
Moheb Aly Khan.
Sultan Rajah, commonly
called Abdul Azem.
Khajeh Abdullah.
Khajeh
2 OP
AYEEN AKBE3.Y.
PART II.
Khajeh jehan, called alfo
Tatar Khan.
Hakeem Abulfettah.
Sheik Jemal.
Jaafer Khan.
Shah Feniey.
Afedullah Khan.
Sadet Ali Khan.
Roopfy Byragy.
Ytiraad Khan.
Baz Bahadre.
Mooteh Rajah (the fat
Rajah) Oude Sing.
Shah Manfoor.
Kecelek Kadem Khan.
Aly Khan.
Adel Khan.
Ghiafleddeen Khan.
Ferokh Huffain Khan.
Mayin Khan.
Mahommed Kuly.
Mehr Aly Khan.
Khajeh Ibrahim.
Selim Khan.
Hebib Aly Khan.
Jegmull.
.Ulugh Khan Hebfliy.
Mukfood Aly Khan.
Kebool Khan.
Aly Khan, the younger.
Sebdel Khan.
Syed Mahommed Meer
Adel.
Rezvvy Khan, alfo called
Mirza Meerek.
Mirza Nijat Khan.
Syed Halhem.
Ghazy Khan.
Fernet Khan Mehter Se-
kaiy.
Roomy Khan.
Semanjy Khan.
Shah Beg Khan.
Mirza Haffan.
Hakeem Zembul.
Khodavend Khan.
Mirza Aly Khan.
Saadit Mirza.
Shemal Khan.
Fazel Khan.
Mafoom Khan.
Toolek Khan.
Khajeh Shemfeddeen.
Juggut Sing.
Nekeeb Khan.
Meer Morteza.
Shemfy.
Meer Jemaleddeen Huf-
fain.
Syed Rajoo.
Meer Sherif.
Huffain Beg.
S her u yah Khan.
Neterby.
Jelal Khan.
Mobarec Khan.
Tafli Beg Khan.
Sheikh Abdullah.
Rajah Rajling.
Roy Bohj.
Munfubdars of 8oc.
Sheer Khajeh.
Mirza Khorem.
Munfubdars
PART II.
AYEEII AKBERY.
20I
Manful Jars of J oo.
Coreifh Sultan.
Cara Bahadre.
MozefferHuflain Mirza.
Koondowk Khan.
Sultan Abdullah.
Mirza Abdolrahman.
Kya Khan.
Durbar Khan, called alio
Anayit Khan,
Abdalrahman.
Coffim Aly Khan.
Baz Bahadre.
Syed Abdullah Khan.
Dahroo.
Ahmed Beg.
Hakeem Aly.
Goojer Khan.
Sudder Jehan.
Tekhteli Beg.
Roy Tuperdofs.
Sheik Abdalraheem.
Midney Roy.
Abul Coflim.
Vizier Beg.
Tahyr.
Baboo.
Mongely.
Munfitbdars of 600.
Mahommed Kuly.
Bukluiar Beg.
Hakeem Hemam.
Mirza Anwer.
Munfuhdars of 500.
Baltoo Khan.
Meerek Bahadre.
Laal Khan.
Sheik Ahmed.
Ifcander Beg.
Nooreen Khan Beg.
Jelal Khan.
Permanund.
Timur Khan.
Sany Khan.
Syed Jemaleddeen.
Jugmall.
Hullain Beg.
Huffain Khan.
Syed Jhejoo.
MunfebKhan, common-
ly called Sultan Ma-
hommed.
Cazy Aly.
Hajy YufefKhan.
Rawelbeehm.
Hafhem Beg.
Mirza Feridun.
YufefKhan.
Noor Kelej.
Meer Abdulhy.
Shah Kuly Khan.
Ferokh Khan.
Shad man.
Hakeem Ain-ul Mulk.
Janilh Bahadre.
Meer Taher.
Mirza Aly Beg.
Rofs-Dam.
Mahommed Khan.
Abulmozeffer.
Khajagy Mahommed
Huifain, Meer Ber.
Abul Caffem.
Kemir Khan.
Durjen
202
AYEEN AKBERY.
PART II,
Durjen Singh.
Sebel Singh.
Muftafa.
Nezir Khan.
Ramchund.
Rajah Meketmull.
Rajah Ramchund.
Syed Abul Coflim.
Dulput.
Munfiibdars of 400.
Sheikh Fizy.
Hakeem Mifry.
Irej.
Suket Singh.
Abdullah.
Aly Mahommed.
Mirza Mahommed.
Sheikh Baized.
Ghezny Khan.
Khajeh Ketchek.
Sheer Khan. .
Fettahullah.
Roy Menoher.
Khajeh Abdulfemed
Shereen Kalem.
Selhedy.
Ramchund.
Bahadre Khan Kowrdar,
mailer of the kowr.
Bank?..
Munfiibdars of 350.
Mirza Abufyed.
Mirza Senjer.
Aly Merdan.
Reza Kuly.
Sheikh Khuboo.
Zea ul Mulk.
Hemzah Beg-.
Mokhtar Beg.
Hyder Aly.
Beyfheru Khan.
Cazy Harlan.
Mcer Morad.
Meer Coflnn.
Band Aly.
Khajehgee Feuahullaru
Zahid.
Doit,
Eyar.
Ezetullah.
Altoon Keleej.
Jan Keleej.
Syefullah.
HufTain Keleej.
Abulfettah Atalik.
Syed Baized.
Belbedher.
Abul Maaly.
Baker.
Baized Beg.
Sheikh Dovvlet.
HufTain.
Keyfo Dofs.
Mirza Khan,
Mozeffer.
Tulfy Dofs.
Rhamet Khan.
Ahmed Coflim.
Bahadre.
Dowlec Khan.
Shah Mahommed.
Harlan Khan.
Tahr Beg.
Ki llxcn- Dofs.
Man
PART II.
Man Sing.
Meer Gediey.
Coffim Cokeh.
Nad Aly.
Neelkunth.
Ghiafs Bes;.
Khajeh AihrefT.
Sheref Beg.
Ibrahim Kuly.
Munfubdars 0/250.
Abulfettah.
Beg Mahommed.
Imam Kuly.
Sefder Be°\
Khajeh Soliman.
Berkhoordar.
Meer Maafoom.
Khajeh Malk Aly, Meer
S'heb.
Roy Ram Dofs Dewan.
Shah Mahommed.
Rahim Kuly.
Sheer Beg, Yefawel
Bamy.
'Munfubda rs of zoo,
Iftekhar Beg.
Pertaub Singh.
Haffan Khan.
Jyardgar Huffain.
Kamran Beg.
Mahommed Khan.
Nezameddeen Amcd.
Seket Singh.
Amadul Mulk.
Sherif.
Cara Behreh.
AYEEN AKBERY.
203
Tatar Beg.
Khajeh Moheb Aly.
Hakeem Mozeffer.
Abdul Subhan.
Coffim Beg.
Sherif.
Nekya.
Khajeh Abdul Semed.
Hakeem Lutefullah.
Sheer Afken.
Amanullah.
Selim Kuly.
Keleel Kuly,
Vely Beg.
Beg Mahommed.
Meer Khan, Yefawel.
Sermeft Khan.
Syed Abdul Haffan.
Syed Abdulwahed.
Shajeh Beg Mirza.
Sekra.
Shady Beg.
Baky Beg.
Yunan Beg.
Sheikh Kebeer.
Mirza Khajeh.
Mirza Sherif.
Shuckerullah.
Meer Abdulmomin.
Lefhkery.
Aca Mulla.
Mahommed Aly.
Muhtra Dofs.
Suhtra Dofs.
Meer Morad.
Kela.
Syed Dervyfli.
Jenyd.
Syed Abu Ifliac.
Fettah
204
AYEEN AKBERY.
PART II.
Fettah Khan, Cheeteh
Ban.
Mokeem Khan.
Lakh.
Yufef.
Hebby, Yefawel.
Kyder Doft.
Doll Mahommed.
Shahrokh.
Sheer Mohammed.
Aly Kuly. •
Shah Mohammed.
Sanvval Dofs.
Khajeh Zehireddten.
Meer Abul Coffim.
Haice Mahommed.
Mahommed Khan,
Khajeh Mokeim.
Kader Kuly.
Firozeh.
Taj Khan.
Zyneddeen A! v.
Meer Sherif.
Bahar Khan.
Kyfu Dofs.
Syed Lad.
Nefleer.
Sankeh.
Kabii.-
Adovvnd.
Sunder.
Nu rem.
THE AHDY.
There are numbers of brave active men on whom,
although his majefly does not beftow a munfub, yet,
being accounted khafs, or particular fervants, they are
freed from being under the orders of any one, and thus
dignitied by their independence. Such an officer is
called an ahdy. They have a feparate devvan and
hukhlhy, and a great emeer is appointed their chief. A
fit perfon is appointed to receive thofe who wifli to be
entertained in this capacity, and he brings fuch every
day to the palace without demanding any fee ; when they
arc examined and approved by his majefty. The
yadafht * and the taleckeh * being made our, a de-
icription of the ahdy's perfon is taken ; then the bura-
woord is prepared, when che'bukhfhy takes fecurity, and
brings the ahdy a fecond time to the palace, where his
pay is always fomewhat increafed, fometimes a fourth
* Thefe are fully explained under the head Dagh or Mark.
or
PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 205
or a half, but frequently from ten to fcvcnty rupees.
Some receive upwards of 500 rupees per men/fat.
After he has been a fecond time before his majefly, his
horle is marked with the figure 9. At firft, each ahdy
was allowed to have as many as eight horfes, but now he
has never more than five. Upon producing the fikhut
he receives a perwancheh, which ferves for ever after.
Every four months he goes to have the identity of his
perfon afcertained, which being authenticated by the
dewan and bukhfhy of this department, the mumrefTof
the treafury draws out a kubz (or receipt) which is
ratified by the fignatures of the minifters of Itate, when
the treafurer takes it and pays the amount. Before the
expiration of each quarter they receive one month's pay
in advance. In the courfe of the year, ten months
(alary is paid in ready money, and two months pay are
flopped on account of his horfe and other expences ; and
out of the ten months there is a farther ftoppage of a
twentieth part. On entering the fervice he finds himfelf
a horfe, and when that dies he is mounted by govern-
ment ; when his horfe dies, proper officers make out a
certificate thereof, which is called a faketnameh, in order
that his pay may be regulated accordingly, for until he
has found another horfe, he ceafes to draw any pay for
one; and if he neglects to obtain the certificate, he is
not allowed any thing from the time of the lad: mutter.
Thofe who are in want of horfes Conflantly attend at the
palace. A' great number of horfes are thus bellowed,
half the price of which is accounted as a prefent, and
half is paid for in quarterly lloppages, or, if he is in
debt, in two years.
THE OTHER CAVALRY.
The akachundely fettles the value and rank of the
horfe, when he is fcrutinized by the bukhfhees, and
then a defcription of the man is taken down in writing.
A trooper who has more than one horfe, has a camel or
an
206 AYEEN AKBERY, PARI
an ox added to his eftablifhment, for which he has an
additional allowance of half the fum allowed for cattle,
as before mentioned : if he is well mounted, or if his
horfes are of inferior rank, only two-fifths addition.
Single horfemen are paid after the following rates :
Irakee, man and horfe, — ■ 90 Rs. per men/.
Mojennefs, do. — — 25
Tourky, do. — 28
Yabu, — — 18
Tazee, — — 15
Jungeleh, — — 12
A horfeman employed by the"!
khalfeh, had formerly j -*
Has now — ■ — 1$
Formerly, horfemen had as far as four marked
horfes -, now, no one is allowed more than three ; for-
merly, every dehbailiy had two troopers of five horfes,
three troopers of two horfes, and two troopers of one
horfe each, and the other munfubdars in proportion ;
now, the proportion is, three troopers of three horfes,
four of two horfes, and three of one horfe each.
THE INFANTRY.
His majefty has formed thefe into different ranks,
with feparate regulations for each.
THE BUNDOOKCHEECAN.
There are twelve thoufand of thefe employed about
the royal perfon. To thefe are appointed a treafurer,
a daroghah, and tepukchees, which, although diftincl
offices, have all been occafionally executed by one
perfon. The pay of the bundookcheecan has already
been particularized.
DURBANAN,
PART If. AYEEN AKBERY. 20"]
DURBANAN, OR PORTERS.
A thonfand of thefe active and vigilant men guard
the palace. The mirdehahs of thefe are paid after five
rates, viz. 300, 160, 140, 130, and 1S0 dams; and
the other porters from no to 120 dams/nv men/cm.
THE KIIIDMUTTEEAil.
A thonfand of thefe alfo guard the environs of the
palace. A firdar, or chief of twenty, has monthly from
fifty to two hundred dams; a dehbafhy from 140 to
180 dams ; and of the inferior, 120, no, or too dams
each. This tribe was formerly notorious for cunning
arid roguery ; and former monarchs deemed them in-
corrigible ; but now, by his majefly's difcipline, thev
are famous for their good order and honefty : formerly
they were called mavy ; now they are ilyled khidmut-
teeah (or fervants) ; and their chief, or rajah, has the
title of khidmut roy, and is an obedient fubjecr. of the
empire.
MEW RAH.
Thefe are natives of Mewat, who are admirable for
carrying meffages that require difpatch, and bringing:
money from diftant places ; are excellent fpies, and will
engage in the molt difficult undertakings. They are a
thouland in number, and have the fame pay as the
khidtnutteeah.
SIIUMSIIMERBAZ, OR GLADIATORS.
Tins tribe is of various kinds, and perform won-
derful feats ; fighting and jumping with great art and
agility.
Some
208 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
Some fight with fhields, and others engage with
cudgels : thefe laft are called in the Hindovee language,
lakrayit. Others have no defence, and make ufe of one
hand only, and are thence called in Hindoftan, ekhateh.
Thofe who come from the eaftern parts of Hindoftan
ufe a fmall fhield, which they call chorwah. Thofe of
the northern provinces have fhields of fuch a magnitude
as to cover a man and horfe ; and this kind of fhield
is called tilvvah. Others, who are called pehrayit, ufe a
fhield fomewhat lefs than the height of a man, and one
guz in breadth. Others, called banayit, have a long
[word, whofe handle meafures a guz in length, which
they manage very dexteroufly. There is another famous
tribe, called bungolee, who have not any fhield, but
make ufe of a lingular kind of fword, with a crooked
hilt, which they handle with great dexterity. Others
are very fkilful in fighting with daggers and knives of
various forms ; and of thefe there are upwards of one
hundred thoufand, the choiceft of whom are entertained
by his majefty. The Cuddy, or firdar of an hundred
ihumfheerbaz, is at leaft of the rank of ahdy. His
pay is from eighty to fix hundred dams^r metifem.
The pehluwan, are wreftlers and boxers of Iran and
Turan. There are alfo expert (lingers of Gujerat and
other parts of Hindoftan, who are called mul, numbers
of whom are in his majefty 's fervice. Their monthly
pay is from feventy to four hundred and fifty dams ;
and every .day fome of the above combat together, and
receive various rewards.
THE CHEELAH.
His majefty does not approve of giving to thefe un-
fortunate men the opprobrious name of Have, but calls
them cheelah ; which word in the Hindovee language
fignifies one who relies on another.
6 Of
.PART it. AYEEN AKBERY. 200.
Of thefe there are feveral kinds: ift, Thofe who
are confidered as common flaves, being infidels taken
in battle ; and they are bought and fold. 2d, Thofe
who of themfelves fubmit to bondage. 3d, The
children born of (laves. 4th, A thief, who becomes
the flave of the owner of the flolen goods. 5th, He
who is fold for the price of blood.
The daily pay of a cheelah is from one dam to one
rupee ; they are formed into divifions, and committed
to the care of fkilful perfons to be inftrucTed in various
acts and occupations.
His majefty, out of his humanity and difcernment,
promotes thefe and other inferior claffes of people ac-
cording to their merits ; fo that it is not uncommon to
fee a foot-foldier raited to the dignity of an emeer of the
empire.
KAHARS, OR BEARERS.
Thefe are natives of Hindoftan, who carry aftonifh-
ing burdens upon their fhoulders over the mod uneven
ground. They alfo carry palekees, fukhafens, chow-
dowles, and doolees, with.fuch an even pace, that the
rider is hardly fenfible of the motion. The bed are
thofe of the Deccan and Bengal ; and there arc alfo many
good ones in the northern foobahs. Several thoufands
do fervice at the palace. A firdar, or head-bearer of a
let, receives monthly from one hundred and ninety-
two to three hundred and eighty-four dams; and a
common bearer has from one hundred and twenty to
one hundred and fixty dams.
THE PYADEH DAKHELY.
The foot-foldiers fo called, are under the command
of the omrahs, but receive their pay from the date.
Vol. I. P Every
21© AYEEN AKBERY. PART 11'.
Every munfubdar has, in addition to the complement
of his cavalry, half the number of infantry, defcriptions
of whofe perfons are taken down in writing by his aka
or munfubdar. Of thefe infantry one-fourth are bun-
dookcheean, and the reft archers, excepting a few who
are carpenters, blackfmiths, water-carriers, and pioneers.
The pay of the bundookcheean has already been par-
ticularized. Of the archers, the mirdehah has from
180, and the others from j 00 to 120 dams. Of the
artificers who are paid as foot-foldiers, fomething has
already been faid in the firft part of the work.
OF THE DAGH, OR MARK.
When the rank of the man, together with the number
and qualities of his hories, are fettled by particular
officers, another takes a defcription of his perfon in
writing, with an account of his age, country, and reli-
gion. There is alio a daro&hah, whofe bufinefs it is to
iee that the men do not meet with any vexatious delays,
and that they do not fuffer from bribery or any other
artifices.
Firft, the daroghah brings the recruit to his majefty,
in whofe pretence his rank is fettled, and a taleekeh
is given him accordingly, unlefs he be of the number
of dakhely ; in which cafe the munfubdar furnifrSes
him with a certificate. Next, he is carried before five
officers whom his majefty has appointed to examine the
men and cattle, and to fix the pay of each ; and upon
his producing to them the defcription of himfelf and
his cattle, the order for his monthly pay is written at the
bottom of the paper, to which they affix their feals to
prevent any alteration ; then thole officers fend the
above paper to the dewan nazir, who again brings the
recruit to the pretence, in order that his pay may be
ultimately determined. His majefty is an excellent
phyliognomilt,' and can eaiily dilcover the refpe&ive
merits
PART II. AYEEN AKBERY: 211
merits of each. When the certificate is ratified, the
wakyahnavees puts his fignature to it, and the meer arz
and the fardar of the kufhek add their feals. Upon this
funnud being produced, the daroghah marks the horfes.
When the mark was firft introduced, it was made in
the fhape of the head of the Perfian letter feen, and was
put upon the left fide of the horfe's neck. Next, it was
made with two alifs in the fhape of a crofs on one of the
horfe's thighs ; after that, it was for fome time in the
form of a bow without a firing ; and at lad it was made
in numerals, and on the left buttock. Upon the intro-
duction of numerals, it had the firft time the figure i ;
and on the fecond time of marking, the figure 2, and Co
on ; but now that every department has a particular
figure, the fame is repeated as often as the horfe is
marked. The cuflom of marking was firil introduced,
that the daroghas might know for certain when a horfe
died, or was exchanged ; and thus be able to determine
what pay was due to the troops.
Many of the tepukchies, and other fervants employed
about the palace, who have not leifure to attend to the
bufinefs of a jageer, receive their falaries in ready monev,
and have the dagh or mark renewed every eighteen
months. The omrahs, who are ftationed at a great
diftancefrom court, have the dagh renewed only once in
twelve years, but then fix years after the tuft marking,
ten per cent, is leflened in their euablifhment. When
the munfub of any one is increafed three years after the
dagh has been performed, he for the prefent receives
only a tunkhah for hirnfelf ; and the additional men do
not receive theirs until their horfes are marked.
On the renewal of the dagh, if any one brings a better
horfe to be exchanged for the one he then rides, it is to
be fent to his majefty for his examination and appro-
bation.
V 2 the
212 AYEEN AKBERY, PART 11.
THE KUSHEK, OR MILITARY COMMANDS.
Thefe, which are alfo called the chowkees, are of
three kinds : ift, The munfubdars, ahdeean, cavalry
and infantry, are formed into feven divifions, and each
appointed to do duty on a particular day of the week,
under the command of one of the principal omrahs.
A perfon who is perfectly converfant in the military
ufages and regulations, is appointed to the office of meer
arz of the kufhek, through whom and the emeer, all the
royal orders for this department are iilued, and they are
continually in waiting near the palace to receive his
majefty's commands. Every afternoon the principal
officers of the guard carry the kowr to the public hall ot
the palace, and there arrange themfelves in a row on
the left hand of the monarch, the others placing them-
felves in like manner on the right. His majefly is
perfonally acquainted with every one, and immediately
difcovers if there be any abfentees. When both ranks
have made the tufleem, they take leave and retire. If
his majefly happens to be employed upon fome other
bufineis, one of his fons officiates here in his ftead.
If any one abfents himfelf from guard through
frivolous pretences, he is fined a week's pay, and fome-
times is alfo reprimanded.
2d, The vvhole army is formed into twelve divifions.,
each of which is appointed for the duty of a particular
month. Every perfon is obliged to take his tour of
duty, excepting thole employed on the frontiers of the
empire, or on fpecial fervice ; but even they muft make a
reprefentation of their particular fituation previous to
the arrival of their tour of duty, that they may receive
the royal orders thereon in due time, determining
whether they are to remain where they are or not. On
the firft day of every folar. month the guard at the
palace
PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 213
palace attend and make the tufleem, in the manner
already defcribed, and are on this occafion diftinguilhed
by prefents, and other royal marks of favour.
3d, The whole army is again formed into twelve
divifions, and each divifion does a year's duty in
rotation.
THE OFFICE OF WAKYAHNAVEES.
This is an admirable inftitution, and abfolutely
necefTary for the well conducting of the affairs of an
empire. Although the name of the office exifted in
former reigns, yet it was never applied to any ufeful
purpofe till his majefly's acceffion to the throne. For
executing the offices of this department there are ap-
pointed fourteen able tepukchees, ten of whom do duty
daily in rotation. Some others are alfo added as iu-
pernumeraries, one of whom attends every day j and if
it happens that one of the fourteen firft mentioned is
abfent upon a matter of neceffity, this additional perfon
officiates in his room. Thefe fupernumeraries are called
kowtel.
Tt is the bufinefs of the wakyahnavees to take in
writing an account of the following occurrences : What-
ever his majefty does himfelf, and the orders that he
iflues — what representations are made him by the
minifters of (late — what he eats and drinks — when he
fleeps, and when he rifec — and what time he fits on his
throne — how long he continues in the haram — when he
goes to the bargah khafs, or to the bargah aum — in
what manner he hunts — what game he kills — when he
marches, and when he halts— what offerings are pre-
lented — what books are read to him — what alms and
donations are beftowed — what grants are made of fey-
urghal — what accidental increafe or deduction may
P 3 happen.
2T4 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
happen in the revenue — what contracts are concluded
— what given in' farm — what is bought — what is com-
mitted to the charge of any one — what peiihcufh and
remittances of revenue are received — what firmans are
irTued under the royal feal — the arrival, introduction, or
departure of any perfon of confequence — what petitions
are received, and what anfwers given — what period is
fixed for the execution of any particular order — who is
abfent from his guard — what battles are fought, and
with what fuccefs — when peace is concluded, and upon
what terms — the death of any perfon of rank — what
battles of animals have been exhibited, and who won
the bets — what cattle die — what rewards are beflowed,
or punifhments inflicted — now long his majefty fat in
public — what marriages and births happen — when his
majefty plays at any game — of 'public calamities — and
what harvefts are produced.
The account of the occurrences being read to his
majefty, and approved by him, the daroghah puts his
feal upon it, after which it is carried to the perwanchee
and the meer arz for their refpective feals. The paper
when thus authenticated is called a yadafht ; then a
perfon who writes a clear ftyle and a fair character, takes
the yadafht and makes an abridgment of it, and having
pnr his feal to it, gives it in exchange for the yadafht.
To this abridgment are added the feals of the wakyah-
navees, the mter arz, and the daroghah of this depart-
ment. This abridgment is called the taleekeh, and the
writer thereof the taleekehnavees. Laftly, it is au-
thenticated by the feal of the perwanchee.
OF SUNNUDS, OR GRANTS.
A paper authenticated by proper fignatures is called a
a funnud j and the dufter (or regifter) is the book in
which the funnuds are entered,
is
PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 21^
His majefty is particularly circumfpedt regarding
this department, and takes care that none but parfons
of the ftricteft integrity are appointed to officiate in it.
The dufters (or regifters) are of three kinds : ift, The
abwabulmal, which contains the accounts of the re-
venues, the increafe or deficiency therein. 2d, The
abwabultahaweel, being the accounts of the receipts
and difburfements of the houfehold, with thofe of the
different treafurers. 3d, The towjee, which exhibits
the eflimates of the demands for the military eftablifli-
ments, with the means for fatisfying them.
Some funnuds have nothing but the royal feal ;
others are firft authenticated by the feals and fignatures
of the minifters of ftate, and afterwards are ratified
by affixing the royal feal 5 and fome have only the
feals and fignatures of the miniflers, without the royal
feal.
A firman fubtee has the fignatures of the miniflers,
together with the royal feal, and is iffued on appoint-
ment to any of the following employments : a munfub-
dary, vakalet, fepahfelahry, etaleeky (or the office of
preceptor; to any of the king's fons, the emeer ul
omraiy, the nahayutty, the vizarut, the bukhfheegurry,
and the fuddarut. Alio, for the grant of a jageer fir,
or tun, for confirming the falaries of officers in con-
quered territories, for granting a meelkeeyet, for a
grant of feyurghal, and for fupplies for repairing re-
ligious buildings.
When the taleekeh, before defcribed, is fettled, the
dewan of the jagcers draws out upon it an eflimate of
the tunkhah ; and if it contains an order for the dagh.
(or marking the cattle) it is fent to the bukhfhees for a
fecond revifal, after which his majefty writes naveefund
(let them write it). Then the bukhfhees write down
P4 the.
21 6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
the number of men, and the proper officers acid the
defcriptions of their perfons ; and when the dagh is
completed, one of the principal bukhfhees takes the
taleekeh, and gives in exchange an eftimate of the
monthly pay under his leal and fignature. This paper,
which is commonly called the firkhut, is authenticated
in the offices of the other bukhfhees by fome particular
marks. The dewan keeps this firkhut, and draws out
an eftimate of the pay monthly and yearly, which he
prefents to his majefty, who, if there be an order for a
jageer, writes at the top the following words : taleekeh
tun kalemy nem&ywd (let them write the taleekeh for the
tunkhah). The tepuckchees keep this as a voucher
for themfelvcs, and deliver a copy of it. Then this
new paper is prepared in the following manner ; Firft
the dewan writes upon it held nemayend (let them enroll
it) j after which the dewan hukhfhee and the mufhreff
dewan put their feals and lignatures to it. Next, his
majefty commands the berat to be ifilied. Then the
writer of the towjee keeps the above mentioned copy
of the firkhut, and writes the particulars at the bottom
of the berat ; and the muftofy, after he has examined it,
affixes his fignature and feal, after which the following
officers do the fame : the nazir, the other bukhfhees,
the dewan kull, the mufhreffs, the vakeel, the dewan
of the houfehold, and the khanfaman. Orders for
ready money payments undergo the fame forms as
above defcribed, after which a calculation of the
monthly pay of the men and the munfubdafs feparate
allowance are added at the foot thereof. Orders re-
garding the offices, matters of transfer, or committing
to the truft of any one, or for the wages of the infe-
rior fervants, have alfo berats ; and it is a rule, that
the mufhreff of each department makes out berats
every three months ; one from the Perfian month
Ferverdeen * to Sheriyur -j~ ; and the fecond from
* March. f Auguft.
Mehr
TART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 2IJ
Mehr* to Isfendiar -f . Some of the inferior fervants
have their defcriptions taken in writing, being included
in the rolls of the army, whilft others are only known
by their offices ; amongft which laft are the fervants of
the ftables. The berat is prepared in the following
manner : Firft is drawn out an eftimate of the allow-
ances for grain, grafs, &c. as paid in ready money, or
kind, together with an account of the monthly pay of
the fervants of that department ; then the dewan of
the offices examines it, and, if it is right, lie gives a
tunkhah or aflignment for it, and writes on the margin
the following words : berat ?iaveefund (let them write
the berat) ; upon which the mumreff writes the berat,
and then prepares the kubz (or receipt) and affixes to it
his feal and. iignature. If the berat is for ready money,
a fourth part of the amount is deducled, for which a
feparate receipt is given. After it has gone through all
thefe forms the dewan of the office writes fubtnemayend
(let it be confirmed). Then the mumreff and officers
of the towjee, the muftofy, the nazir, the dewan of
the offices, the dewan kull, the khanfaman, the mufh-
reff dewan, and the vakeel, affix their feals and fig-
natures to the berat and kubz, the eftimate having
been previously carried to each of thefe officers for their
infpeclion. When all the officers have affixed their
feals and Signatures, it is ratified by the royal feal.
Then at the back of the kubz, are written the particular
fpecies of coin in which it is to be paid, at the current
value, and in the following proportions : Mohurs, one-
fourth : rupees, one-half j dams, one-fourth.
The firman for a munfub is prepared in like manner,
excepting that it has not the Signatures of the officers
of the houSehold. The firman for the feyurghal differs
only in that, after the dewan kull, the fudder puts on his
feal. In the firmans that are written in the Toghrah
September* f February. _
character,
£l8 AYEEi; AKBERY. PART II,
character, the two firft lines are the fhorteft. This
kind of firman is called a perwancheh ; and it is ufed
tor the following purpofes : For the falaries of the be-
gums, and of the king's fons, and the penfions of the
learned ; for the monthly pay of the ahdyan and the
cheelah, and of fome particular fervants of the houfe-
hold, and for the allowance of food for the bargecr
horfes. The treafnrers do not require a new funnud
every year, but pay the money upon the kubz being
produced with the proper official fignatures. The kubz
is prepared after the following manner : The mufhrefV
draws it out, when the perlon who is to receive the
amount puts his feal to it, after which the dewan writes
jubtnamayend (let it be confirmed), when the dewan
kull and the khanfaman add their refpective feals and
iignatures. The perwanchehs for the ahdyan have the
lignatures and feals of the muftofy, the dewan, the
bukhfhee, and the ahdybaihy : and as the king's feal
is not required for a kubz, neither is it ufed for the firk-
hut, nor for deeds of fale, nor for the aruznameh (or
particulars of receipts of revenue) nor for the kerar-
nameh (or the collector's agreements with the farmers
and hufbandmen) nor for the mokafa (or the mufiofee's
examination of the treafurer's accounts.)
THE RANKS OF SEALS.
The firman, the perwanehah, and the berat are
made into feveral folds, beginning from the bottom.
On the back of the firft fold from the bottom, which
is neccfTarily the fmaileft, and towards the right corner,
which is always cut off, is the feal of the vakeel ; and,
oppofite to it, but a little below, is the feal of the
mufhreff, put in fuch a manner that half of it goes
to the fecond fold ; and in like manner, at a fmall
diftance is the feal of the (udder ; but Sheikh Abdul
Neby, and Sultan Khajeh ufed to affix their feals in a
line
*ART II. AYEEN AKBERV. Hy
line with that of the vakeel. In the middle of the firft
fold is the place of the perfon who is nearelt in rank
to the vakeel ; fuch as Oungeh Khan, in the time of
Munem Khan, and Adhum Khan. In the fecond
fold the meer mal, the khanfaman, the perwanchee,
and fuch like, put their feals in the upper part ; and
in the lower part of the fame fold, the devvan and the
bukhfhec kull. In the third fold are the feals and
(ignaturcs of the bukhfhee juz and the dewan of the
houfehold. The muftofees lign and feal in the fourth
fold j and the writer of the towjee in the fifth fold.
The royal feal is affixed in the front above the Togra
writing. On the taleekeh, one of the king's fons affixes
his feal at the top.
THE FIRMAN BYAZEE.
Some of the royal mandates require difpatch in the
execution, and are not to be known to every one : fuch
an order has only the royal fignet, and is called a firman
byazee. It is made up into a number of folds, after
which it is doubled in the middle, fo that the extre-
mities meet together, and a flip of paper is tied over
it in a knot, and then fealed up. The knot is fattened
with vifcous juice of the bur, the peepul, or fome
other tree, which, like wax, cannot be diffolved in
water, nor be opened without the application of fire.
This firman is enclofed in a purfe, made of cloth of
gold, and given in charge to a munfubdar, an ahdy,
or a foot-foldier, according to the nature of its con-
tents. The perfon to whom it is fent, having proceeded
a proper diftance to meet it, performs various acts of
obeifance, and putting it upon the crown of his head,
makes the fijdah; and rewards the meffenger according
to his rank. His majefty has ordered, that every
written reprefentation that is fent to him (hall be en-
clofed in fuch a bag or purfe as above defer i bed.
THE
220 .WEEN AKBERV. PART II,
THE MANNER OF RECEIVING PAY.
When any one is entertained as a feepah (or foldier)
and the dagh is performed, he obtains his funnud with-
out any expence or delay. And although, in the fun-
nud, the pay is fpecified in dams, yet at the time of
making out the eflimate, half is in rupees, formerly
rated at forty-eight dams each ; a quarter in mohurs of
nine rupees each ; and the remaining quarter in dams.
Now the value of the rupee is reduced to forty dams.
His majefly, out of his juflice, has ordered that the
rupee fhall be iffued to the troops at that rate. Out of
a year's pay one month is flopped for the horfe and
accoutrements. The horfe is valued ten or fifteen
rupees above the prime cod. However, as by his
majefly 's prudent management they are purchafed at
very cheap rates, they fuffer no lofs by this trifling ad-
vance. The ahdyan are always employed in executing
the royal orders of moment, and if they behave with
propriety, are allowed all that they receive as prefents,
otherwife a part thereof is reckoned in their pay. If
an ahdy neglecls to attend guard, he is paid fifteen
days, and the other officers and loldicrs a week's pay.
The munfubdars are authorized to flop a twentieth part
out of the pay of their men, for various expences.
MUSA-ADET, OR AIDS GRANTED TO MILITARY
OFFICERS.
Thofe who are paid by tunkhah, as well as they
i\uo receive ready money allowances, and who are not
of fuch an inferior rank as admits of their receiving a
donation, being fubject to temporary difficulties for
want of money, his majefly, who wifhes to gain the
nfTeclion of all his fervants, has appointed a feparate
treafurer- and meer arz, that thofe who want a loan may
obtain
PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 221
obtain it without any injury to their reputation, or by
being expofed to difficulty or delay. For the firft year
no intereft is required ; the (econd year a fixteenth
part is added ; the third year an eighth ; the fourth
year a fourth ; and, from the fifth year to the feventh,
fifteen per cent. ; from the eighth to the tenth year,
feventeen per cent. ; and after ten years, double the
principal, beyond which there is no increafe. This
has proved a wholefome leifon to exorbitant ufurers,
who now lend their money on moderate terms.
DONATIONS.
His majefty beftows prefents of money after differ-
ent ways, according to the various ranks of men, giv-
ing to fome publicly, and rewarding others in private.
To fome he apparently gives a loan, but never receives
repayment of it : and there are daily given away ele-
phants, horfes, and many valuable articles to an afto-
niihing amount. Every day the bukhfhees read over
the names of the guard and others, and point out
thofe upon whom horfes have not been beftowed ;
but after a perfon has received a horfe, his name is not
read again for a year.
OF ALMS.
His majefty beftows upon the poor and needy, money
and neceffaries of every kind, gladdening the hearts
of all in public or private. Many are allowed daily,
monthly, or annual penfions, which they receive regu-*
larly, without any delay or deduction. Befides thelc
ettablifhments, the fums that are daily bellowed upon
particular perfons, in confequence of reprefentations
made in their favour, as well as the food and necef-
faries conftantly diftributed amongft the indigent, are
beyond
222 AYEEK AKBERV. PART II.
beyond defcription. There is a treafurer always in
waiting in the prefence for this purpofe ; and every
needy perfon who prefents himfelf before his majefty,
has his neceffities inftantly relieved.
THE CEREMONY OF WEIGHING THE ROYAL
PERSON.
As a means of bellowing a largefs upon the indigent,
the royal perfon is weighed twice a year, various
articles being put into the oppofite fcale. The firft
time of performing this ceremony is on the firft day
of the Perfian month Aban *, which is the folar anni-
verfary of his majefty's birtli-day. He is then weighed
twelve times, againft the following articles : gold,
quickfilver, raw fiJk, artificial perfumes, muflt, rooh-
tooteea, intoxicating drugs, ghee-}-, iron, rice-milk,
eight kinds of grain, and fait. And, at the fame
time, according to the years that his majefty has lived,
there are given away a like number of flieep, of goats,
and of fowls, to people who keep thefe animals for
the purpofe of breeding. A great number of wild
birds of all kinds are alio let at liberty on this
occafion.
The fecond time of performing this ceremony is on
the fifth of the Arabian month Rejib, when he is
tveighed eight times, againft the following things :
Silver, tin, linen cloths, lead, dried fruits, fofame-
oil, and pot-herbs : and, on this occafion, the fefti-
val of Salgeerah is celebrated ; and donations are be-
itowcd upon people of all ranks. The king's fons and
grandfons are weighed once a year, on the lolar anni-
verfary of their refpective nativities, againft leven or
eight things, and fome as far as twelve ; which number
* October. t Melted bntter.
thcv
TART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 22$
they never exceed : and according to their refpe&ive
ages, fuch a number of beads and fowls are given away,
and let at liberty. There are appointed for this cere-
mony a feparate treafurer and mufhreff.
OF THE SEYURGHAL.
Our wife monarch beftows different favours upon
men according to their rank and fituation in life. Four
claffes of men have land and penfions granted them for
their iublillence. i ft, The learned and their fcholars;
2d, f hofe who have bade adieu to the world ; 3d, The
needy who arc not able to help themfelves ; 4th, the
defendants of great families, who, from a falfe fhame,
will not fubmit to follow any occupation for their fup-
port. When a ready-money allowance is given to thofe,
it is called wezeefeh ; and land fb beftowed is named
meelk, and muddulmafh : and after thofe feveral ways
crores are given away. In order that the conditions of
men, and their refpective neceihties, may be properly
afcertained, a perfon of known impartiality, humanitv,
and diligence, is dignified with the office of fudder, for
the purpofe of inveftigating thofe points. The cazy
and the meer adel are under his orders. There is alfo
an able tepuckchee appointed, to keep a regifter of every
traniadion in this department; and he is called the.
dewan iaadet. His majefty has alfo directed the nobilkv
to bring to his prefence all fit objects of charity, who
never fail of obtaining their heart's content.
When his majefty firfl began to give fome attention
to this department, it was difcovered that the fudder had
been guilty of various illicit practices ; on which account:
Sheikh Abdul Neby was appointed to this office. The
feyurghal of the Afghans and Chowdrees were annexed
to the khalfeh, or exchequer, and the reft left to his
management and difcretion. Some time after this, it
was
224 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
was rcprefented to his majefty, that thofe who pofTeffed
feyurghal had not their land in one place, but fcattered
in different parts ; whereby the weak, whofe grounds
lay contiguous to the khalfch, or to jageer lands, fuf-
fered material injury and vexation. It was therefore
commanded, that all the tunkhahs fhould be granted
upon places that lay contiguous to each other : and ac-
cordingly particular villages were fet apart and appro-
priated to this purpofe ; which regulation afforded great
relief. But of this fudder alfo there were unfavourable
reports ; upon which an order was iiilied, that no one
mould poffefs five hundred beegahs and upwards till
he had been brought to the royal prefence, and there
obtained his grant. But even this regulation was not
found fufficient to prevent difhonefty ; wherefore it was
ordered, that every hundred beegahs, which had not
yet been feparated, being divided into five parts, three
thereof fhould be annexed to the khalfeh, excepting the
lands granted to the Irany and Turany women. In con-
fequenceof the above regulation refpecting die feyurghal
not included in the appropriated villages, the artful and
avaricious quitted fuch parts of their old lands as were
bad, and took other places in the appropriated villages
in exchange : upon which it was determined, that any
perfon relinquilhing his former land for other, fhould
have a fourth part deducted, and a tunkhah granted ac-
cordingly. When the coliufive practices of the cazees
in general were detected and fully proved, his majefty
refolved to place no further reliance upon men who
carry a fair appearance with the world, but are inwardly
bale and corrupt. He examined this matter to the bot-
tom, and finding fome exceptions in favour of the cazees
who had been appointed under the fuddarut of Sultan
Khajeh, he confirmed them in their offices, but degraded
all the reft. The frany and Turany women were alfo
convicted of collufion ; upon which it was ordered, that
fuch of them as pofTeffed more than one hundred beegahs,
fhould be obliged to apply for a new grant. In the
fuddarut
t ART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 225
fuddarut of Azeded Dowleh the following further regu-
lations were enacted : — Whenever two or more peribns
hold feyurghal in partnerfliip, without its being fo fpe-
cified at the bottom of the grant, if one of them dies.
the fudder fhall of his own authority divide the land;
and the (hare that was poileiied by the defunct, fhall be
annexed to the khalfah till the heirs make and eftabliOi
their claim. This fudder was permitted to grant of his
own authority as far as fifteen beegahs. It frequently
happened that the poiieflbrs of feyurghal planted their
grounds with fruit-trees, which yielded them a confi-
derable profit ; upon which the officers of government,
wifhing to benefit the ftate, required a revenue from
them. His majefty was greatly difpleafed at the con-
duct of his officers in this reflect, and commanded that
no fuch requilition fhould be made. It being difcovered
that thole who held one hundred beegahs, and even
lefs than that quantity, were alio guilty of dilhoneft
practices, his majefty commanded Meer Sudder Jehan
to bring all of them to the prefence to have their grants
fcrutinized. Afterwards it was directed, that the fudder
fhould lefTen or increafe the feyurghal, in fuch manner
as the author of this work might think advifeable. The
following are regulations now efiablifhed : The feyur-
ghal land, when granted, fhall be half arable; and the
other half capable of being brought into circulation : of,
if the whole be arable, a fourth part mould be deducted
from the 'grant, and a tankhah iilued for three-fourths
only. The revenue of a beegah differs in every village,
but is never lefs than one rupee. His majefty, out of
his righteoufnefs, is conftantly attentive to this depart-
ment, and is careful to appoint diiinterefted people to
the offices of fuddarut juz and kull.
OF MACHINES.
His majefty has with great fkill conftructed a cart,
containing a corn -mill, which is woiked by the mo-
Vol. 1. Q^ tion
226 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
tion of the carriage. He has alfo contrived a car-
riage of luch a magnitude as to contain feveral apart-
ments, with a hot bath ; and it is drawn by a fingle
elephant. This moveable bath is extremely uieful, and
refrefhening on a journey. Other carriages for the con- .
venience of travelling, are drawn by camels, horfes, or
oxen.
He has alfo invented feveral hydraulic machines,
which are worked by oxen. The pulleys and wheels of
ibme of them are fo adjufted, that a fingle ox will at
once draw water out of two wells, and at the fame time
turn a mill-flone.
OF THE TEN SEERS OF GRAIN EXACTED FROM
EVERY BEEGAH OF LAND.
His majefty, in return for the cares of royalty, exacts
an annual tribute of ten feers of grain from every bee-
gah of cultivated land throughout the empire ; and
granaries are erected in different parts of the kingdom,
from whence the cattle employed by the flate are pro-
vided with fubfiftence. They are alfo applied to the
relief of indigent hufbandmen ; and in time of fcarcity
the grain is fold at a low price, but the quantity is
proportioned to the abfolute neceflities of the purchafer.
jLikewife, throughout the empire, a great quantity of
food is drc-fTed daily for the iupport of the poor and
needy. Proper officers are appointed to the charge
of the granaries, and to keep the accounts of the receipts
and expenditures.
OF FESTIVALS.
His majefty, who knows what degree of regard is
due to approved cultoms of antiquity, is continually
endeavouring to make himfelf acquainted with them;
and then, regardlefs of who was the inftitutor, he adopts
fuch as appear proper, and rejects whatever difpleafes
him.
PART Ilk AYEEN AKBEkW 227
him. After having adopted a particular cuftom or
ceremony, he next confiders how to make it of mod
general advantage, feeking for opportunities of benefit-
ing mankind, and embracing every occafion of beftow-
ing largefles upon his people. With this view he
adopted the feftival of Gemfhid, and other feafts of
the ancient Perfians, which are ufed as the means of
bellowing donations.
Firft is the feftival of Nowroz or the now year, when
the fun enters the fign Aries. This is celebrated with
feafting for nineteen fucceffive days, during which time
immenfe fums of money and valuable articles are dis-
tributed. It commences on the firft of the Perfun
month Ferverdeen *, and continues till the end of the
nineteenth. With the ancient Perfians, the day which
bears the fame name with the month was alio a feftival ;
and his majefty his ordered them to be kept in the
following order : The 1 9th day of the month Ferver-
deen (March] — the 3d of Ardebehefhc (April) — the
6th of Khordad (May) — the 13th of Tcer (June] — the
7th of Amerdad (July) — the 4th of Sheriyur (Auguft)
—the. 1 6th of Mehr (September) — the 10th of A ban
(October) — the 9th of Azer (November) — the 8th,
15th, and 23d of Dey (December) — the 2d of Bahman
(January) — the 5th of Isfendiar (February) : — and on
every feftival many public as well as private benefits are
bellowed. On thofe days a kettle drum is beat every
three hours, accompanied by mufical inftruments. Oa
the feftival of the new year there are public illumina-
tions for three nights fucceffively ; and again on the
nineteenth night of the fame month. Many particulars
relative to thefe ancient ceremonies are related in the
firft volume of the Akbernameh.
* Marth.
Q2 THE
223 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
THE KHUSHROZ, OR DAYS OF DIVERSION.
His majefty gives this name to the ninth day after
the feftival of each month, and thereon affembles his
court. Upon this occafion the wives of merchants hold
a market, where they expofe to fale the manufactures of
every country at their refpective fhops. The women
of the haram, and others of character, refort thither,
and carry on a large traffic, to the mutual fatisfaclion of
all parties *. His majefty is alfo there in difguife, by
which means he learns the prices of different articles of
merchandize, and hear3 what is faid of the ftate of the
empire, and the characters of the officers of govern-
ment. When the female fair is over, another is fet on
foot for the men ; when his majefty and the courtiers
come and make purchafes : and at this time every
man may reprefent his particular grievances, without
the intervention of any one; when the injured never
fail of obtaining redrefs, and the offenders are punifhed.
There are alfo a treafurer and a mufhreff appointed to
this department, that the merchants may receive im-
mediate payment for the things that are purchafed from
them.
OF MARRIAGES.
This grand union of the fexes, is not only beneficial
In the procreation of the fpecies, but is a check upon
inordinate* defires, and preferves the domeftic peace of
families.
• His majefty, who is ever feeking to do good by
watching over the interefts of all his fubjects, does not
admit, in this inftance, of a difregard to difference in
religion, nor to the unfuitablenefs of the difpofitions of
• This fair is held in the fquarc of the haram.
the
PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 229
the parties towards each other, nor difparity of rank;
and he holds it finful for marriages to be contracted
under the age of puberty, becaufe, if upon their arrival
at years of diicretion, they mould not be fatisfied with
each other, it muft be a continual fource of family-dif-
cord. He confiders the confent of the bride and bride-
groom to be equally neceflary with that of their parents.
He thinks it improper that thofe of near affinity in blood
mould be married together ; and fays, " Adam would
■■ not fuffer marriages to take place between his fons
ART II. AYEEN AKEERY. 2$l
weak and fickly couple in the month of Mehr *, and do
not depofit their eggs before Ferverdeen -f. The cock
fits upon the eggs in the day-time, and the hen during
the night. In winter they incubate twenty days, or if the
weather be remarkably temperate, leventeen or eighteen
days. For the firfr. fix days the pigeons feed their
young with fuleh, which is grain macerated in their
crops till it almoli refembles water ; from that period
till the expiration of a month, they feed them from their
crops with grain half digefted ; after which they arc
themfelves able to eat raw grain, when they are taken
away from their clams and given to the pigeon-trainers.
At firft the triiners give them only a fourth of their
allowance of grain, till they have taken forty flights ;
then they are taught to make circular flights, and to
tumble in the air. In the royal pigeon-huufes each
pigeon before he receives his full allowance of grain,
performs fifteen circular flights and feventy tumbles; and
they are alfo taught to do this, and to fly to a great height
in the night. On a journey or a march they fly the
whole way, bearers carrying their houfes; and when
the birds are fatigued they refl themfelves for a fliort
time, and then purfue their flight. There are never
lefs than twenty thoufand pigeons with the court, out
of which live hundred are khafeh. Formerly, they did
not know how to judge of pigeons by twifting their
feet, or flitting their eye-lids, or opening their noftrils ;
but his majefty has difcovered thefe and other infallible
criterions. He has appointed feparate fervants to this
department, and has fixed the prices of pigeons after
nine rates.
* September. f March.
CLASSES.
25 2 AY.EEN AKBERY. PART II.
CLASSES.
Prices per Pair.
Oafs i has no determinate price.
2 — — 3 rupees
3 — — 2|
4 — 2
5 — ~ i£
6 — — i
7 — — I
8
— - 3 afhets.
When the pigeons are brought to be reviewed by his
majefty, they begin with the ftock of meheneh j then
follow the afhky, which, although they be alfo of the
offspring of meheneh, are conlidered as a diftinct fpecies.
Next, come thofe called charjelhee, being of the ftock
of a pigeon that belonged to Hajee Aly of Samarcand,
which coupled with an Oodee hen. After thefe, they
are brought in tribes, according to their number or
time of being bred. The following are the names of
the colours of the khafeh pigeons : Zurreen, emera,
zomiera, cheenee, nuftee, fhefekee, oodee, furmaiy,
kilhmifhee, hulvvaiy, fundely, jiggery, nebaty, doghee,
ufhkee, hullanee, neluferree, kooreh, azruk, atcfhee,
fliuftaloo, gul gugger, kagheezee, aguree, mohrekee,
and khezree. There are alfo many other beautiful
pigeons, which, although they neither wheel nor tumble
in the air, yet perform many pleafing tricks. Amongft
them are the following : The kovvkh, which feems to
fay the word yakroo — the luckeh, whofe cooing is very
agreeable, and he carries his head with aftonifhing
pride and ftatelinefs. — the lovvtun, who, upon being
fhaken and then put upon the ground, jumps about
with ftrange convulfive motions — the kchrnee, who has
fuch amazing affection for its hen, that when he has flown
out of fight, if (he is expofed in a cage, he inftantly
drops
PART II. AYEEN AKBEP.Y. 253
drops down upon it. They defcend either with both
wings fpread, or with one open, or elie with both fhur.
The ruhteh is a pigeon famous for carrying letters;
but any pigeon may be taught to do this. The nefh-
waree afcends in the air till he is out of fight, and
remains fo for a day or two, after which he alights on
the ground. There are alfo many other kinds that are
valuable only on account of their beauty ; fuch as the
merazee, the (hufhtree, the fhafhenu, the jougeeah, the
rezchdehn, the muggefTee, the komeree, and the gow-
lah. This lad is a wild pigeon, of whom if a few are
taken, they are fpecdily joined by a thoufand others of
their kind. There are people who obtain a livelihood
by fending thefe pigeons to feed abroad and making
them vomit up the grain, by giving them water flrongly
impregnated with fait. A pigeon is faid to live to the
age of thirty years. One hundred flying pigeons re-
quire for their daily allowance four feers of arzen. The
others are fed with a mixture of the feven following
grains, viz. rice, fplit vetches, moung, arzen, korer,
lehdereh, and jewar.
The fervants of this department are on the rolls of the
army, and receive their pay accordingly. A foot-
foldier has from two rupees to fixty dams per menfenu
THE GAME OF CHOWPER.
This is a very ancient Hindoftany game. There are
fixteen pieces of one form, but of four different colours,
and they all move in the fame direction. Frequently
four people fit down together at this game, each having
his refpective adverfary, and playing with four pieces
of the fame colour. There are three dice, having on
one fide one fpot, on another two, on the third five, and
on the fourth fide fix fpots.
The
254 AYEEN AKBERY. PART IT,
The table is compofed of two parallelograms, inter-
jecting each other at right angles ; and each of the four
fides of this crofs is divided into twenty-four equal
parts, a fquare fpace being left in the centre of the
whole, as is (hewn in the following figure.
L
l-
D
Each player places a piece on the fixth, and another
on the feventh fquare of the middle line of the divifion
which fronts him; and one piece on the feventh, and
another on the eighth fquare of the lower line of the
divifion on his right. The pieces begin moving to the
right, and proceed all round the table on the outer
line till they come to the middle line again. When
the pieces are brought round to the fixth and feventh
fquares of the middle line, it is called a fure game, and
from that fituation he muft throw the number that will
exactly
PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 255
exa&ly carry his pieces into the fpace in the centre,
which concludes the game.
CHUNDEL MTJNDEL.
This game was invented by his majefty. The table
refembles that for chovvper, only that it is circular, and
has fixteen fides for as many people to play at. There
are four dice, and the pieces move the fame as in the
game of chowper. Whoever gets his pieces up firft, is
paid by the other fifteen players, and the next by four-
teen, and fo on till the laft, who pays every one.
CARDS.
This is a well-known game. At firft the pack con-
fided of twelve kings, with eleven cards dependent
upon each, in the following order : —
1 ft, Afhweput, the king of the horfes. He is painted
on horfeback, like the king of Dehly, with the emitter,
the alum, and other enfigns of royalty. On another card
is his vezeer mounted on horfeback ; and the other
cards of this fuit have representations of horfes, from
one to ten each. 2d, Gujput, the king of the ele-
phants, is mounted on an elephant, like the king of
OrifTa. His vezeer is alfo on an elephant, and on the
ten other cards are elephants. 3d, Nurput, the king
of men. Like the king of Beijahpoor, he is feated on
a throne, and has different kinds of foldiers attending
him on foot. The vezeer is feated on a fendely (or
chair) ; and the ten other cards have foot-foldiers, from
one to ten each. 4th, Gurhpnt, the king of the caftles.
tie is fitting on a throne on the top of a caftle ; his
vezeer on a fendely ; and the other cards have caftles.
5th, Dehnput, the king of the treafures. Under his
throne are bags of gold and filver coins. His vezeer is
feated
2$6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II.
feated on a fendely in like manner ; and on the other
ten cards are vafes of gold and filver. 6th, Dulphut,
the king of the warriors. He is feated on his throne
clad in armour, and furrounded by foldiers in coats of
mail. His vezeer is in armour on a fendely ; and the
other ten cards have men in armour. 7th, Newaput,
the king of the boats. He is feated on a throne in a
boat ; his vezeer in like manner on a fendely j and the
ten other cards have figures of boats. 8th, Typut is
the figure of a queen feated on a throne, and furrounded
by her handmaids. Her vezeerefs is on a fendely ; and
the other cards have the figures of women. 9th, Surput,
the king of the dewtahs (or celeflials) whom they call
Inder, feated on a throne. His vezeer on a fendely j
and on the ten other cards are figures of dewtahs.
10th, AiTurput, the king of the genii, is reprefented by
Solomon the fon of David, feated on a throne. The
vezeer is on a fendely ; and on the other ten cards are
figures of genii. nth, Bunput, king of the wild
beafts, is the figure of a lion, with other beads of prey.
His vezeer is reprefented by a tiger ; and on the other
ten cards are different kinds of wild beafts. 1 2th, Input,
the king of the fnakes, is a large make riding upon a
dragon. The vezeer is a fnake mounted on another of
its kind ; and on the other ten cards are fnakes. Of
thefe twelve fuits the firft fix are called beefhbur, and
the laft fix kumbur. His majefly has made confiderable
alterations and improvements in this game. The pack
of cards now confifts of eight fuits. ift, The king of
the gold coins is depicted in fuch a manner, that he
feems to be beftowing the money upon thofe who ftand
round the throne. His vezeer is feated on a fendely
looking at the treafure; and on the other ten cards are
reprefented the different officers of the mint. 2d, The
king of the berats (or grants) is feated on a throne,
with his attendants prefenting grants of different kinds
for his ratification. The vezeer is feated on a fendely
with a regifter-book before him; and on the other ten
cards
PART II. AYEEN AKEERY. 257
cards are the officers who are employed in draw-
ing out thefe papers. 3d, The king of the manu-
factures is looking at a katafs-ox loaded with raw iilk
and filken fluffs. The vezeer, on a fendely, is ex-
amining what goods are in (lore ; and on the other ten
cards are different animals loaded with goods. 4th, The
king of the chung, or harp, is liltening to a concert.
The vezeer, on a fendely, is trying the abilities of fome
muficians ; and on the other ten cards are different kinds
of mufical performers. 5th, The king of the filver
coins is giving away rupees and other pieces of filver.
The vezeer, on a fendely, is examining the coins ; and
on the other ten cards are the officers employed in the
filver coinage. 6th, The king of the fwords is trying
the temper of a blade. His vezeer is examining the
arfenalj and on the other ten cards are different artificers
employed in working iron. 7th, The king of the
diadems is beftowing a crown. His vezeer is preparing
a crown ; and on the other ten cards are taylors, and
fuch like. 8th, The king of the Haves is mounted on
an elephant. His vezeer is in a chariot ; and on the
other ten cards are different kinds of ilaves, fome fitting,
others falling dovvn, fome drunk, and others fober.
Thefe, with the ordinary kinds of cards, chefs, and
other delightful games, fcrve to recreate the paradifical
aflembly.
END OF THE SECOND PART,
Vol. I.
AYEEN AKBERY.
PART III.
C0NTAINIX6
REGULATIONS FOR THE REVENUE
DEPARTMENT.
OF yERAS.
JjAVING given a fummary account of his majefty's
new arrangements in the houiehold, and in the military
department, I (hall now fay fomething of the manage-
ment of the revenues, beginning with aeras, all public
tranfa&ions being regulated thereby.
Every nation forms an sera from fome memorable
event; fuch as a change in religion ; the acceffion of one
family to the throne upon the extinction or expulfion of
another; a great earthquake, or a flood. But as a
multiplicity of seras occafions confufion in public trans-
actions, his majefty in the twenty-ninth year of his
reign, ordered that all old dates fhould be difcontinued,
and fubftituted a new one in their ftead, as will be
hereafter particularly explained.
Si By
l6o AVEEN AKBERY. PART Iir.
By the joint exertions of the ancient philofophers,
wonderful obfervatories have been erected, from whence,
with the affiftance of aftrcnomical initruments, they
afcertained the Situations and motions of the heavenly
bodies, and determined the latitudes and longitudes of
places, with many other ufeful difcoveries. But theie
grand objects cannot be obtained iblely by means of the
wealth of individuals, they require alfo the patronage
and encouragement of monarchs, and moreover de-
mand thirty years obfervation to be informed of the
revolutions of the planets. So that the more time and
the greater pains are beftowed upon th-jfe fcudies, the
more effectually will they be brought to perfection.
Numbers, by their fkilland afiiduity in theie refearches,
have Jeft their names to pofteiiry,
Down to this prefent year, which is the fortieth of the
reign, the following fpaces of time have elapfed from
the periods in which the mod famous obfervatories
were conftructed.
j 1769
OBSERVATORIES.
Year? fincc.
Thofe of Archimedes, Araftarcus, and Aberk-
hus, in Egypt, — - — ■ —
That of Ptolemy in Alexandria, — ■ 1410
That of the Khalif Mamoon in Baghdad, 79S
That of Syed Ben Aly ? and Khaled Ben Ab- "I .
dulmalek, at Pamafcus, — — J
That of Nebatee in Raca, — — 654
That of Naifereddeen Toufee, which was 1 ,
erected in Maragha, — — J °
That of Mirza. Ulugh Beg in Sumerkund, 1 ,
and which is efleemed the beft of all, J "
There are different aftronomical tables, to the num-
ber of two hundred and upwards. Whatever particular
motions
frART IU. JVYEEN AKBERY. z6l
motions happen to the heavenly bodies in thecourfe of
a year, being collected toother, are called an almanac.
The almanac contains the diir:rvi progreffion of the
planets from the time of the lun's enteiing the fgn
Aries till his return to that point of the zodiac. The
Hindoos call fuch an ' .. ic .puitereh.
The fages of Hindofian fay, that the fcience of
aftronomy is from divine revelation; for that when a
man is endowed with purity and fanctity of character, he
js made acquainted with the various forms of cxiftence
in the iupcrior and in the lower regions, and becomes
privy to whatever has happened or that will come to
pals ; and all thefe mylteries are written in a book called
Sedhant. They have at this day nine fuch books :
ill, Brahma Sedhant, dictated by Brahma. 2d, Soorej
Sedhant, dictated by the fun. 3d, Soam Sedhant,
dictated by the moon. 4th, Berifput Sedhant, dictated
by the planet Jupiter. And the revelation of thefe
four is placed at an immenfe diftance of time. The
other rive they -confider as having been dictated by
mortals. 5th, Gurg Sedhant. 6th, Narud Sedhant,
7th, Parafer Sedhant. 8th, Pooiult Setlhant, 9th, Bee-
fhilhteh Sedhant.
AH nations compute time by clays and n"gh:s. The
Natural day in Turan and in Lvopc, is commuted from
noon to noon. In China and Chinefe Tartary, they
reckon it from midnight to midnight 5 but the generality
of people reckon from funfet to funfet. According to
the Hindoo philofophers, the natural day is thus com-
puted. In Jumkote, which they make to be the
eattern extremity of the globe, from funrife to fy.nrife-—
in Roomak, the weftern extremity, from funfet to fun-
fet — in Lunka, the fouthern extremity, from midnigt :
to midnight; and in Dchly they yjfo ~crkc:. t
manner — in SuddapocT, the northern
noon to noon. The - :on(i&s of a c<
rev
l6z AYEEN AKSERY. PART lit'
revolution of the fun round the earth, without making
any allowance for its retrograde motion. Summarily,
all nations, for the eafe of calculation, reckon by artifi-
cial days, which they divide into equal parts. In the
aftronomical tables of Nebatee, the difference between
a natural and an artificial day is made to be fifty-nine
minutes, eight feconds, eight thirds, and forty-fix
fourths. The Ilkhanian tables make the differ-
ence the fame in the minutes and feconds, but fay
nineteen thirds, forty-four fourths, two- fifths, and
thirty-feven fixths. UlughBegand Naffereddeen agree
with Ilkhan in minutes, feconds, and thirds, but make
forty-feven fourths, and forty-three fifths. In Ptolemy's
tables, and in his Almageftum, the minutes and feconds
are the fame as thofe ; but he fays feventeen thirds,
twelve fifths, and thirty-one fixths. Thefe difagree-
ments muft have arifen from the difference of fkill, or
the defects of inflruments.
The year and the feafons are computed from the
fun's revolution round the zodiac. From his quitting
one paint till his return to the fame again, is a year. The
time that he remains in one fign is called a folar month.
The time that the moon takes in going from one con-
junction with the fun to another, or from one oppofition
to another, or fuch like, is called a lunar month.
Twelve monthly revolutions of the moon being nearly
equal to one annual revolution of the fun, twelve lunar
months -are called a lunar year. Thus both the year
and month are folar and lunar, natural and artificial.
The natural year and month, are when the revolution
is complete ; and the artificial is when the computation
is made in days, and not in revolutions.
The Hindovee aflronomers divide the year into four
parts, allotting each for a particular purpofe.
Having
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 25?
Having now given a general idea of years, months,
and days, I ihall proceed to fay fomething of ancient
seras.
THE ALRA OF THE HINDOOS.
The epocha of this sera is the creation of Brahma,
and every one of his days is the commencement of a
new sera. Every one of his days confifts of fourteen
munoos, or fons of his will, who are his coadjutors in
the works of creation. Every munoo comprifes feventy
kulebs, each containing four jowgs, or forty-three lacks
and twenty thoufand years. On this, which is the firft
day of the fifty-firft year of the age of Brahma, there
have been fix munoos ; and of the leventh munoo there
have elapled twenty-feven kulebs, and three jow<*s of
the twenty-eighth kuleb, and four thoufand fieven
hundred years of the fourth jowg.
tn the beginning of the fourth, or prefent jowg,
Rajah Joodilnter was univerfal monarch, and the com-
mencement of his reign became the epocha of an sera,
of which to this time (being the fortieth year of the
reign) there have elapled 4696 years. Aft?r him
Bickermajeet reckoned from his own acceffion to the
throne, and reigned 135 years. Of this sera there have
clapfed 1652 years. It is faid, that a youth named
Salbahin made war upon Bickermajeet, and, after
having taken him prifoner in battle, afked him what
boon he had to requeft ? Bickermajeet anfwered, 2 difcontinued
" in public tranlactions." Salbahin granted his re-
queft, but at the fame time made ufe of another sera
Irom his own acceffion. Of the aera of Salbahin there
have elapfed 15 17 years. The Hindoos believe that
this sera will continue in ufe for the fpace of 18000
years, after which they fay that Rajah Bidjeeabundun
S4 will
264 AYEEN AKBERY. PART IIT,
will introduce a new sera from his own acceffion to the
throne, which will laft 10000 years. Then Nake Arjen
will fit on the throne and eftablifh another sera, which
will continue for four lacks of years. And laftly, Kal-
kec Otar will inftitute an sera, which will remain in ufe
for 821 years. And all the fix seras now mentioned,
excepting that of Bickermajeet, are metaphorically
called by them Saka, and held in the greateft veneration.
Befides thefe fix, there are many others, including that
of Bickermajeet, and which they call Sumbut. The
sera of Bickermajeet was changed from faka into fum-
but upon the invafion of Salbahin. After the expira-
tion of thefe fix asras the fut jowg will commence, and
give rife to a new sera. The Hindoo aftronomers reckon
the months and years after four kinds : ill, Soormafs,
which is the time that the fun is in one fign of the
zodiac, and this year confifls of 365 days fifteen
ghurries thirty puis and twenty-two bepuls and a half.
2d, Chundermafs, which is computed from Purwa to
Amavus, and its year confifts of 354 days twenty -two
ghurries and one pul. They reckon the commence-
ment of the year from the fun's entering the fign Aries.
This month confifts of thirty fiffo, each containing
twelve degrees of the moon's circuit, reckoning from her
conjunction with the fun ; and according to the quicknefs
orilownefsof the moon's progrefs, the tifhs differ in the
number of ghurries ; but no tlfh is of more than fixty-
five ghurries, nor lefs than fifty-four ghurries. The
firft tith is called Purwa— the fecond Dooj — the third
Teej — the fourth Chowt'h — the fifth Funchomee — the
fixth Chut'h — the feventh Sutmeen — the eighth Afli-
tomeen — the ninth Nowmeen — the tenth Dufmeen —
the eleventh EkadulTy — the twelfth DuadufTy — the thir-
teenth Teroduify — the fourteenth Chowdufs — the fif-
. teenth Pooran Maflee (or full moon) ; and from the
fixteenth to the twenty-ninth, the fame names are ufed,
excepting for the thirtieth, which is called Amavus.
The firft half of this month is called Shookulputch,
and
TART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 265
and the laft half Kifhenputch ; and they begin the
month from Kiflienputch. In mod of their almanacs
the year is folar, and the months lunar.
The artificial lunar year is lefs than the folar by tea
days fifty-three ghurries twenty-nine puis and two bepuls
and a half; and this difference in the courfe of two
folar years eight months and fifteen days, amounts to
one month. And according to the calculations in the
ephemerifes, this difference happens in the courfe of
three years, or in two years and one month. After the
firft method of calculation, in every twelve months
there is this excels j and in the year when it amounts to
one month, they reckon one month twice. According
to the fecond way, the folar month, wherein there arc
two conjunctions of the fun and moon, is reckoned
twice ; and this double calculation never happens but
from Chyte to Kenwar or AlTin. This intercalary-
month the aftronomers call Adhick Mafs, and the
vulgar Lound. The third kind of month is that which
they call Sawon Mafs. This they begin at any day
they pleafe, and make the months to confifl of thirty
days each, or the year of 360 days. The fourth kind,
Ncchutter Mafs, is reckoned from the moon's quitting
any maniion till her return to it again. This month
confiits of twenty-feven days, and the year of 324 days.
The Hindoos reckon fix feafons, each of which they
call Rittoo. The firft, called BuiTunt, is the time that
the fun is in the figns Pifces and Aries ; and this is the
temperate fealon. Second, Gercykhum, whilft the fun
is in the figns Taurus and Gemini, is the hot feafon.
The third, Beekha, whilft the fun is in Cancer and Leo,
is the rainy feafon. The fourth, Surd, when the fun
is in Virgo and Libra, which is the end of the rains,
and the co.nmencement of the winter. The fifth,
Keymunt, when the fun is in Scorpio and Sagittarius,
which is the winter. The forth, Shifhrn, when the fun
is
266 AYEEN AKBERY. PART lit.
is in Capricornius and Aquarius, which is the feafon
between winter and fpring. They alfo divide the year
into three parts, which they name Kail, beginning with
the month of Phagun. The four hot months they call
Dhopkall ; the four rainy months Berkhakall j and the
four cold months Seetkall ; and throughout Hindoftan
they do not reckon more than three feafons of the year.
Thus,Pifces, Aries, Taurus, and Gemini are the fummerj
Cancer, Leo, Virgo, and Libra, are the rains ; Scorpio,
Sagittarius, Capricornius, and Aquarius, are the winter.
They alfo divide the folar year into two parts, the
firft commencing with Aries and ending with Virgo ;
and this half they call Ootergole, or the fun's courfe
to the north of the equinoctial. The other half com-
mences with Libra and ends with Pifces, and is called
Decangole, or the fun's courfe to the fouth of the
equino&ial. — Alfo, from the firft of Capricorn to the
end of Gemini they call Ooterayin, or the fun's northern
declination ; and from the commencement of Cancer
to the end of Sagittarius, Dutchenayin, or the fun's
fouthern declination. And according to their belief,
many affairs are particularly dependent on thefe two
divifions; and to die in the firft is efteemed very
fortunate.
They divide the day and night into fixty equal parts,
each of which they call Ghuttee, or more commonly
Ghurry. Each ghurry is fubdivided into fixty puis, and
each pul confifts of fixty narys, which are fometimes
called bepul. The nary contains fix refpirations of a
man of a temperate habit, who is in perfect health and
at reft. They fay that a man of a temperate habit in
full -health, refpires 360 times in the fpace of a ghurry,
or 21600 times in the courfe of a day and night, The
breath which is refpired they call Sowafs, and that which
is infpired Purfowafs ; and collectively they are called
Purran. Six purrans make one pul, and fixty puis
are
PART ITT. AYEEN AKEERY. 267
arc an aftronomical ghurry, or fat (hour) which is die
twenty-fourth part of a day and night. One of theis
ghurries is equal to two and a half of the ordinary
ghurries before defcribed. They likewife divide the
day and night into four equal parts, which they call
f'hars.
THE KATHAIN MR A.
They reckon from the creation of the world, which
they place at the diftance of 8884 vuns and fixty years,
A vim conlifts of 10000 years; and they believe that
the world will drift for the fpace of 300,000 vuns.
Their year is a natural folar one, and their months
natural lunar. They begin their year from the fun's
entering the fifteenth degree of Aquarius ; but Moh-
yeddeen Meghreby fays, they reckon from the fix-
teenth degree ; and others make it to be the eighteenth
degree.
They divide the day and night into twelve chaghs,
each of which is fubdivided into eight khos, every one
of which has a different name. They alio divide the
day and night into looco feneks.
They have three cycles for their months and years,
viz. Shangvun, joongvun, and khavun, each cofbi-
prifing fixtv years ; and the years that compofe the-
cycle bear its name, They alio make ufe of cycles of
ten and twelve. The firlt is applied to years and days,
and the other to months and the fubdivilion of days ;
and by compounding thefe cycles after a multiplicity of
calculations, they form the cycle of fixty years.
THE TURKISH £RA, CALLED ALSO IGHUR, ;,
Is like that of khatai, excepting that this has only the
cycle of twelve. They reckon their years and days
after
£68 AYEEN AKBERT. PART III,
after the fame manner. In fome aftronomical tables
it is aflerted, that they alfo make ufe of the cycle of
ten.
It is not known from what event they commence
their asra. Abu Rihan fays, that the Turks add nine
to the common years of the Syromacedonian sera, and
dividing the amount by twelve, the remainder (hews
the year of the cycle, commencing with the moufe, and
reckoning on to the animal of that number. How-
ever, upon trial, this will be found to be erroneous by
one year, therefore it feems that the reckoning mould
-commence with the ox. Although we are ignorant of
the commencement of this sera, yet we know fufficient
to determine the cycle and year, compared with the
Syromacedonian . C_S -^s --»
Maush.
vch. i n Iy.
d y I v.
Pliagun.
sis
Baweh.
Kheweh.
Shubweh.
Shyeweh.
Sirweh.
llifll
[Ojcnj Iy.
4-^VAN-^
(j^I - LU£
Bcrmakretch Iy.
Oowetch Iy. Nifan.
tch h'. liyer.
(^1 -gA***-***'
Ul
Sukfeerch Iy.
Bitfcetch Iv.
<£' 7r
Alfeetch Iy.
Hokfabat Iy.
Sivah.
JJr*
Temuz.
\1>.
Elul.
L_>|
Jj^.1
tian
^
J .15
.
Jty>\
u
Lst
rui
Famenoos.
ifee.
Fakhoon.
Faveny.
Epiefee.
Mefooree.
refhrcen I.
; ^JT ^.-^
rcilirccn II.
Kanoon 1.
1 II.
Shebat.
V C^^sU
l'he Syro-Macedenij
Modi lis.
c^UaJ c> U»» U Lff?P(S ^» U
The Chriliian
Months.
c^ly^
January.
,y
\zar.
Nifan.
Iyer.
Hezeron.
Temuz.
\b.
J>M
Elul.
Februarj
March.
\pri
d^f m
May.
lime.
July.
Aueuft.
September
Oelober.
November.
The Arabian
Months.
;■
c^
Moherrcm.
Sefer.
Reby I.
Ueby II.
Jemad I.
Jemad II.
Rejeb.
Shaban.
lamzan.
Shewal.
Zulkaad.
and,
computing the produce of fuch a quantity of land to be
a kefeez, valued at three dirhems, he determined that a
* King cf Perfia.
I Under whofe reign Mahommed was born.
T 3 third
??9 AYEEN AKBERY. PART III.
third part fhould be the proportion of revenue. The
kefeez is a meafure, which is alio called Saa *, confining,
fome fay, of eight retels ; vvhiHt others make it to be
fomething more. The dirhem was equal in weight to
a mifkal. When the khalifat defcended to Omar, he
approved of the wifdom of Noorfheenen, but introduced
a few innovations, which may be learnt by confuking
ancient books. Latterly in Iran and Turan, govern-
ment has taken a tenth of the produce of the foil ; but,
at the fame time, the huibandman is loaded with a num-
ber of other taxes, which altogether exceed half the pro-
duce. In Egypr, the proportion of revenue is as fol-
lows :
From a kodan of the beft foil, 3 Ibraheemees
Middling, 2
Worn:, 1
The kodan is a meafure of land, containing one hun-
dred fquare reeds, each of which is equal to one ba
(or perch). The ibraheemee palles current for forty
kebeers, fourteen of which are equivalent to a rupee of
Akber Shah. In many parts of the Turkifh empire
they exact from the huubandman thirty okchehs for
every yoke of oxen, befides forty-two okchehs for the
exchequer, together with twenty-one okchehs for the
army, and fifteen okchehs for the foobahdar (or viceroy).
The okcheh is a fmall coin, eighty of which are equi-
valent to one ibraheemee. In other places of the fame
empire, for every yoke of oxen, twenty-feven okchehs
for the troops, and fix for the viceroy. In other parts,
twenty-feven okchehs for the fengiakbegy, and twelve
for the foobafhy or cootwal. There are alio other rates
of collection in that empire, the relation of which would'
run me into prolixity. The Mahommedans make three
* A pound of twelve ounces.
diftinctions
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 280
dift.in6li.ons in conquered lands; Amerce, Kherajee,
and Sulhee. The amerce and kherajee are each fub-
divided into five kinds ; and the fulhee into two.
Aflieree, ift kind, The lands of Tehama, including
Mecca, Taif, Yemen, Oman, Bahrein, and Reyeh.
2d kind, Land whofe proprietor has voluntarily em-
braced the faith. 3d kind, Land that has been con-
quered and divided amongft the victors. 4th kind,
Land on which a modem has built a houfe, or planted a
garden. 5th kind, Wafle land which has been brought
into cultivation by order of the ruler. Kherajee, ift
kind, The lands of Perfia Proper, and of Kerman. 2d
kind, Land on which a zimmec has built a houfe, or
planted a garden. 3d kind, Wafle land which a moflcm
has made arable, by means of water brought thither at
the public expence. 4th, Land which has furrendered
upon terms of capitulation. 5th, Land which is culti-
vated by the means of water that pays revenue. Sul-
hee, iff. kind, The lands of the tribe of Beny Behran.
2d kind, The lands of the tribe of Beny Saleb; the ex-
planations of each of which may be learnt from ancient
books. Like wife, according to fome authors, land is
made to be of four kinds : ift, Land cultivated by mo-
Hems, and which is called Afheree. 2d, The land of a
perfon who embraces Iilamifm. Some make this to be
Amerce, and others Kherajee. 3d, Conquered land,
which fome make Alhcree, and others Kherajee. 4th,
Land which has iurrendered upon terms of capitulation ;
and this is accounted Kherajee. Kheraj is made to be
of three kinds : ill, Kheraj Mokoflimeh (or divided)
is the fifth or tixth of the produce of the foil. 2d, Khe-
raj Wezeefeh, which is fettled according to the ability
of the inhabitants. 3d, according to fome ancient books,
Kheraj implies the whole produce of the foil; and after
a (hare has been allowed to .the hufbandman, under cer-
tain ltipulations, the remainder taken by government is
called Zekat and Alhe.r: but, regarding everyone of
the cafes above mentioned, there are many contradictory
T 4 accounts.
28 I AYEEN AKBERY. PART III.
accounts. The Khalif Omar laid an annual tax upon
every one who was not of the Mahommedan religion.
A perfon of high condition paid forty-eight dirhems ; a
middling perfon twenty-four dirhems ; and one in an
inferior ftation twelve dirhems : and this tax was called
Jezeeyeh. In every kingdom, befides the land-tax, go-
vernment exacts fomething from the property of every
individual 3 which extraordinary levy is called Tumgha.
Jn Iran and Turan they collect land-tax from fome ;
from others jehat ; a number pay fyerjehat ; and others
voojoohat and feroohat. Summarily, the quit- rent is
called Mai ; the taxes upon manufactures Jehat ; and
all other imports are in general named Syerjehat. Of
the charges of collections, the proportion taken by the
revenue-officers is called Voojoohat ; and all other ex-
pences are named Feroohat.
But this mode of collection is dertructive to the coun-
try, and vexatious to the people. His majefty abolifhed
all arbitrary taxes ; he fettled the guz, the tenab, and
the beegah ; after which he afcertained the value of the
lands, and fixed the revenue accordingly.
THE ILAHEE GUZ
Is a meafure ufed in Hindoftan. Formerly the guz
was of three kinds, long, middling, and (hort. Each was
divided into twenty-four equal parts, called Tefuj. A
tefuj of the long guz was equal to the breadth of eight
ordinary barley-corns ; and a tefuj of the laft meafured
fix barley-corns. The long guz was ufed for mealuring
cultivated lands, roads, forts, refervoirs, and mud-walls.
Ihe middling guz ferved for meafuring buildings of
ftone and wood, thatches, religious houfes, wells, and
gardens; and the inert guz was employed for meafur-
ing cloth, armour, beds, palkees, chairs, carts, &c. In
fome other countries the guz confifts of twenty- four
tefujes; but they divide it after the following manner : —
12 Weheemahs
PART III. AYEEN
AKBERT.
12 Weheemahs
" Hebbah;
8 Hebbahs
Zerrah;
12 Zerrahs
V
Kitmeer ;
8 Kitmeers
==,
Nekeer ;
6 Nekeers
1
Feteel ;
6 Fetceis
B
Ful;
6 Muftard-feeds
Barley-corn ;
2 Barley-corns
or,
Hubbah ;
4 Tefuj
I 1 !
Dang;
6 Dangs
Jit
Guz.
282
Others make the guz confift of twenty-four fingers,
each meafuring the breadth of fix barley-corns, and each
O' the latter being equal to the thicknefs of fix hairs
taken from the mane of a Yabu horfe. In fome anci-
ent books the guz is faicl to confilt of two Ipans and
two inches ; and this guz was divided into fixteen equal
parts, each of which was fubdivided into quarters, called
P'her; fo that the p'her was the iixty-fourth part of a
guz. Other ancient authors fay the guz was of feven,
kinds : iff, The guz fbwdah, confifting of twenty-four
fingers, and two thirds of a finger, which Haroon Re-
fheed meafured from the hand of one of his AbyfTinian
ilaves. The nilomerer of Egypt is made after this mea-
fure, which is alfo ufed for meafuring cloths and build-
ings. 2d, T"he Kufbeh guz, called alfo Aameh and
Dowr, confifts of twenty-four fingers, and was invented
by Ebn Abyliclah. 3d, The Youfefy guz confifts of
twenty-five fingers, and is ufed at Baghdad for meafur-
ing buildings. 4th, The little Hafheemeeah guz, of
twenty-eight fingers and a third, was invented by Belal,
the fon of Abeebirdeh - 3 altho* fome attribute it to Abu
Mufa Afharee. 5th, The long Hafheemeeah guz, of
twenty-nine lingers and two-thirds, was invented by
Manfoor Abbafly, Both the Hefheemeeah guzes are
clled
283 AYEEN AKBERY. PART III,
called Guz Mullik andGuz Zeeadeeah, becaufe.Zeead,
the adopred Ton of Abu Sofian, made ufe of them for
meafuring the Arabian irak. 6m, The Omareeah guz,
of thirty-one fingers, was invented by the Khalif Omar.
Having added together the contents of the long," mid-
dle, and fhort guz, he took a third of the aggregate
fum, and added four fingers to it. He clofed both ends
of the meafure with tin, and fent it to Hezeefeh, and
Ofman the fon of Hanif, in order that they might
meafure with it the Babylonian irak. 7th, The Ma-
mooneeah guz of fixty-nine fingers and a half, Maamon
AbafTy invented and ufed it in meaiuring rivers, culti-
vated lands, and roads.
There was alfo formerly a guz confiding of twenty
fingers, ufed for meafuring cloths. The guz Mefahet,
according to fome, was alfo of twenty-eight fingers,
vyhilit others make it of different lengths.
Sulran Secunder Loedee invented a guz in Hindodan,
confiding of the breadth of forty-one iicunderees and a
half, which was a round filver coin adulterated with copper:
Hemaioon made it complete forty-two iicunderees. This
guz is equal to thirty-two fingers ; but, according to
lome ancient authors, this guz was in ufe before the
time of Loedee. Sheer Khan and Selim Khan, who
abolilhed the cuftom of dividing the crops, and made
a meafurement of the cultivated lands, ufed this guz
for that purpofe.
Till the thirty-fird year of the prefent reign, although
the guz of Akbcr Shah, confiding of forty-fix fingers,
was ufed as a cloth-meafure, yet the fecunderee guz was
employed for every other purpofe. His majedy taking
into confideration the inconveniences arifing from a
multiplicity of meafures, commanded that for all pur-
pofes there mould be ufed only one guz, confiding of
forty-one fingers, and named it the Ilaheeguz.
THE
£ART III. AYEEN AKBEP/f. 2$4
THE TENAB.
His majefty adopted Noorfheervan's mcafurement of
fixty fquares, which he made to conlift of that number
or thellahee guz. The tenab, formerly u fed in Hin-
doftan, was made of rope, which, being fubject. ro great
variations from twilling, or from ihe drynefs ormoiiture
of the air, his majefty, in the nineteenth year of his
reign, commanded that it lhould be comppied of
bamboos, joined together by iron rings.
THE BEEGAH, OR JEREER,
Are names applied indifferently to the meafure itfelf,
as well as to fuch a quantity of land. It confifls of
3600 fquare guz. If a piece of ground be unequal in
length and breadth, it is brought into fquare meafure.
20 Unfwanfeh 1 f Pitwanfeh ;
20 Pitwanfeh Tifwanfeh;
20 Tifwanfeh )-£-( Bifwanfehj
20 Bifwanfeh j \ j Bifwah ;
20 Bifwah J L Beegah.
All the divifions below the tifwanfeh are imaginary.
No revenue is required from nine bifwanfeh ; but ten
bifwanfehs are accounted one bifwah.
Of the Dkufion of the Lands ; together wit h fame Account
of the Revenues of linidvflaiu
When his majefty had fettled the guz, the tenab, and
the beegah, he next divided the lands into different
kinds, and fixed a different revenue to be paid by each.
Poolej is that land which is cultivated for every
harveit, being never allowed to lie fallow.
Perowty is that which is kept out of cultivation for a
fhort time, in order that the foil may recover its
ftrength.
Checher
285 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 111.
Checher is that which had lain fallow three or four
years.
Burner is that which has not been cultivated for five
years and upwards.
Both of the two firfl mentioned kinds of land, namely,
poolej and pero-wty, are of three forts, viz. beft,
middling, and bad. They add together the produce of
a beegah of each fort, and a third of that aggregate
fum is the medium produce of one beegah of poolej-
iand, one third part of which is the revenue fettled by
his majefty. What was exacted by Sheer Khan ex-
ceeded the prefent produce of lands.
POOLEJ LAND.
The Spring Harveji, called in Hhidojlan djfadhy.
"© '£>
jll
CJ5 u
C 3
S ■* u
JC
-c "o
j: •
■5 «3
13 "g
^* tn u
§>&
tn-i
& 3
k 2
.2 31 *
J2 O
O
£ °
-Q &■
C
3 u
L s1
«"*
u-
1.3
lis
7j £
tf>x
O LJ
O W
c —
e -
•5 o'J3
a
,4-1
s 3>
" -a
«
1!
^0
bA bfl
third
ing tl
a bee
"2 '0 B .j
" • c r
J=
- 5
- -^
%Ji"S
' 3 C v»
>
H
J -1
H
H
6
Md. Sr.
Md. Sr.
Md. Sr.
Md. Sr.
Md. Sr.
Md. Sr.
Wheat, —
l8 O
12 O
8 35
38 35
12 38^
4 I2|
Vetches, —
13 O IO 20
7 20
31
IO 13^
3 18
Adefs, ' —
8 10
6 20
A. 25
'9 '5
6 tSJ
2 6
Barley, —
18
12 20
8 15
38 35
12 38^
4 I2|
Linfeed, —
6 20
5 10
3 3°
15 20
5 I
1 29
Maasfer, —
8 30
6 30
5 10
20 30
b 36
2 12
Arzen, —
10 20
8 20
5 5
l \ 5
8 ij
2 27I
Muftard, — ^
10 20
8 20
5 5
2 4 5
8 i|
2 27!
Peas, —
13
10 20
8 25
3 2 5
lo 23
3 2 3
Fenugreek, —
14
1 1
9 35
34 35
11 25
3 35
Shalykowr, —
24 18
14. 10
56 10(18 30 6 10 1
For
TART III.
AYEEN AKBEFY.
2S6
For mufk-melons, ajwain, onions, and other greens,
the revenue was ordered to be paid in ready money,
at the rates fet forth in the lubjoined tables.
POOLEJ LAND.
TJie Autumn Harvtft, tailed in Hindoftan Sawoney,
..^
=
fcjj j
10, i
2-5 fi I
n
M
to
"3
J2 .
V
C 3
.0
U
.0
n
|=3
3 ■- "•
re
5a
CO
" 'o
£.°
u .5 o.
B-ff-a
O
O
U
■5
"1
—
w t»
O **
u tn
O rt
-O
«
-O
-3
-?
Si-°
— 1 - c "
2 •" f
-3 u- •-
O
5.
-O
c
i
S *
« U ui
•5 .£ <«
■- 3 s ii
- c
11
-c
5
it
_c
J3 ** ^"
i» W <*-
, 3 K 1)
H
H
H
H
Md. Sr.
O
Md.
Sr.
Md
Sr.
Md. Sr.
Md. Sr.
Md. Sr.
Molafles, —
l 3
10
20
7 20
31 O
IO 13'i
3 18
Cotton, —
TO
O
7
20
5 C
22 20
7 20
2 20
Shalymuihkeen,
24
O
18
14 10
56 10
18 30
6 10 1
Common rice,
l 7
12
20
9 J 5
33 35
.2 3 8f
4 13
Maih, —
10
20
7
20
5 i°
23 10
7 3°
2 2 3i
Mowng, —
6
20
5
IO
3 3 C
15 20
S «
1 29
Je.var, —
l 3
O
10
20
7 20
31
10 13}
3 18
Sharnakh, —
10
2C
8
20
5 5
24 5
8 II
2 2 7i
Kodcrem, —
18
O
12
20
8 15
38 35
12 381
4 12!
Sefame, —
8
O
6
O
4
18
6
2
Gail, — —
6
20
5
10
3 3°
15 20
5 7
1 29
Turyeh, —
6
20
5
10
3 3 C
15 20
5 7
1 29
Arzen, —
16
10
13
20
10 25
40 5
x 3 J i
4 i8|
Lehdereh, —
10
20
7
20
5 10
23 10
7 3°
2 2 3i
Mendow, —
1 1
20
9
6 20
27
9 9
3 °
Lubyeh, —
10
20
7
20
5 i°
23 10
7 30
2 20|
Kowdery, —
6
20
S
10
3 3°
15 20
5 7
1 29
Kelet, —
10
20
7
20
5 1°
23 10
17 30
2 20|
Berry, —
6
20
5
10
3 3°
15 20
S 7
I 29
The
2$7 AYEEN AKBERY. PART III,
The people who watch the crops, are allowed by-
government in fome places a quarter of a feer per
maund, and in others more.
The revenue arifing from indigo, kuknar, pan, tur-
meric, fingarhar, hemp, kutchalu, kuddoo, henna, cu-
cumbers, badinjan, radifhes, carrots, kerela, tyndus, and
ketcherah, was ordered to be paid in ready money, at the
rates fet torth in the fubjoined tables.
Perowty-land when cultivated, pays the fame revenue
as poolej.
His majefty, out of his wifdom, having fettled the
revenues in the above favourable manner, alfo ordered
that the jehat, or duties on manufactures, which ufed to
be lenper cent* mould be reduced to five per cent.
The fuddu-ey putwary * ufed to be equally divided
between the putwary and the canoongoo. The putwary
is employed on the part of the hufbandman, to keep an
account of his receipts and difburfements ; and no
village is without one of theie. The canoongoo is the
protector of the hufbandman ; and there is one m every
pergunnah. Now the canoongoo's fhare of one per.
cent, is remitted -, and thefe officers are paid by govern-
ment according to their rank. The firft has fifty
rupees, the fecond thirty rupees, and the third twenty
rupees per menfem ; and they have a jageer tun equivalent
thereto. Formerly it was a rule, that the gomaflitahs
of the fhekdar of the karkun, and thofe belonging to
the aumeen, mould receive daily fifty-eight dams zabe-
taneh, or cuflom, provided that in fpring they did not
meafure lels than two hundred, nor in autumn lefs than
two hundred and fifty beegahs.
* Or two fier cent, for the putwary.
Hi*
PART III. AYET-N AKBERY. 2$
His majefty, wfrofe bounty is boundlefs as the Tea,
ordered the above cuftom to be difcon tinned, and that
in lieu thereof only one dam per beegah iliould be col-
lected. He alio remitted a variety of vexatious taxes,
which ufed to equal the quit-rent of Hindoftan. Of
the number of thefe taxes were the following, viz.
Jezyeh ( i ) TefTeeldary ( S )
Meer Behry (2) Fotedary (8)
Kereea (3) Wejefc Keryeh (9)
Gawihemary (4) Kherytyteh (10)
Sirderukhty ($) Serafy (n)
Piihcufh (6) * Haffil Bazar (12;
Feruk Aklam Peeflieh (7) Nekais (13)
Daroghaneh (8).
( 1 ) Capitation tax, paid by the Hindoos.
(2) Port duties.
(3) When a number of people were gathered together to per-
form any religious ceremony, they exacted fomething from every
perlon.
(4) A tax upon oxen.
(5) A tax upon every tree.
(6) Prefents.
(7 ) A Poll-tax collected from every workman.
(8) Taxes made for thefe officers of government.
(9) Lodging-charges for the above officers.
(10) For moneybags.
(11) For trying and exchanging moi.
(12) Market duties.
(13) A tax on the fale of cattle.
together
2.89 AYEEN' AKBERY. PART III.
together with taxes on the following articles : Hemp,
blankets, oil, and raw hides. There were likewife taxes
upon meafuring and weighing, and for killing cattle,
for drelling hides, for playing at dice, and for fawing
timbers. — Likewife,
Rahdary, or paflport ;
Pug, which was a kind of poll-tax ;
Hearth-money ;
A tax both on the buyer and on the feller of a houfe ;
A tax on fait made from earth -,
Eilkutty, or permiffion to reap the harveft, for which
jfomething was exacted ;
A tax on putty (nemed *} i
A tax on lime ;
A tax on (pirituous liquors j
A tax on brokerage ;
A tax on fiihermen ;
A tax on florax.
In fhort, all thofe articles which the natives of Hin-
doftan comprehend under the defcription of Syerjehat.
OF CHECHER LAND.
When land, either from exceffive rain or by reafon
of inundation, has fuffered fo much that the hufband-
* Felt.
man
PART III. AYEEN AKEERY. 20O
man finds difficulty in cultivating it, he is allowed to
pay the revenue in the following proportions : —
The firft year two fifths of the produce ; the fecond
year three-fifths ; the third and fourth years four-fifths
each ; and the fifth year as poolej ; and according to
circumftances, the revenue is received either in money
or in kind. In the third year the charges of five per
cent, and the duty of one dam per beegali are collected.
OF BUNJER LAND.
When the land has be.n greatly injured by inunda-
tion, the revenues are collected in the following pro-
portions : —
SrRIXG HARVEST.
f Ihe Proportions in which the Revenues are ColU&ed
from a Beegah of Bunjer Land for Four Years j after
which it becomes Poolej.
\i\\
"ear.
2d Y
car.
>d Y
car.
khl
"ear.
Md.
Sr.
Md.
Sr.
Md
Sr.
Md.
Sr.
Wheat,
20
1
O
2
O
1
3
O
Multard,
R.
O
5
2 5
35
1
10
Nakhud,
T.
10
3°
I
10
2
IO
Ditto,
R.
O
5
3°
I
10
2
20
Barley,
I.
20
1
2
5
O
Ditto,
R.
5
3°
I
20
2
20
Adefs,
I.
10
3°
I
10
i
3°
Ditto,
R.
5
3°
I
10
1
3°
Arzen,
I.
10
2 5
O
35
1
Ditto,
R.
5
H
O
35
1
Linfeed,
I.
5
20
O
3°
i
10
Ditto,
R.
5
5
O
30
1
>4
I. Hands for inundated land, and R. for that which
has fuffered from rain.
Vol. I. U AUTUMN"
291
AYEEN AKBERY.
FART III.
AUTUMN HARVEST.
The Proportions in which the Revenues are collecled from
a Beegah of Bunjer Land for Four Years ; after which
it becomes Poolej.
1 ft Year.
2d Year.
kl Y
ear.
14 h ^
'ear,
Md.
Sr.
Md.
Sr.
Md.
Sr.
Md.
Sr.
Mafh,
I.
O
20
I
O
I
20
2
IO
Ditto,
R.
O
5
O
20
I
O
I
20
Jewar,
I.
20
I
2
O
^
J
O
Ditto,
R.
O
5
O
20
I
O
2
O
Mowth,
R.
O
5
O
20
O
3°
I
IO
Lehdereh,
R.
O
5
O
2G
I
10
2
O
Koderem,
I.
O
20
1
O
2
3
O
Ditto,
R.
O
5
O
20
I
20
2
20
IVIendeweh,
I
O
20
I
O
2
3
Ditto,
R.
O
5
3°
I
20
2
20
KLodery,
I.
10
O
2 5
O
3D
IO
Ditto,
R.
5
O
2 5
35
10
Gall,
I.
10
O
2 5
O
35
IO
Ditto,
R.
5
2 5
O
35
IO
Turyeh,
I.
20
I
I
10
20
Ditto,
R.
5
2 5
O
35
IO
Shamakh,
I.
10
2 5
O
35
10
Ditto,
R.
5
2 5
O
35
IO
Afzen,
I.
10
3°
I
IO
itto,
R.
5
3°
I
IO
Selame,
R.
5
2C
3°
10
Now it is ordered, that in Bunjer there fhall be
taken from each beegah the firft year only one or two
f eers — the iecond year five leers — the third year the
Hxth of the produce, together with one dam — the fourth
year a fourth of the produce, and after that period as
poolej. But this indulgence differs according to cir-
cumflances. The hufbandman may always pay hrs
revenue
PART III. AYF.EN AKBERY. 2Q2
rev nue in money or in kind, as he may find moil con*
veni< nt.
The bnnjer land at the foot of mountains, and that
in the pcrgunnaiis or* Sembeleh and Beratch, do not
continue in that (hue ; for fuch a quantity of new earth
is brought with the inundation, that when the water
fublides, the foil is better than moitpoolej. However, his
majefty, out of the abundance of his beneficence, reckons
it only as common bunjer.
The hufbandman has his choice to pay the revenue
either in ready money, or by kunkoot, or by bchawely.
Of l lie Nineteen Tears Collegians *'.
Careful and intelligent people have been continually
employed in learning the current prices of every pro-
vince of the empire; and, agreeably thereto, grain has
been received by government.
The rates at which the revenue ofabecgah ofpoolej-
land was fixed, commencing at the fixth year, or A. H.
968, and concluding with die twenty-fourth year of the
reign, are particularized in the annexed tables, Which
were made after the moil diligent investigation -j-.
Of the Ten Years Settlement.
From the commencement of the immortal reign,
perfons of integrity and experience have been annually
employed in preparing the current prices for his majefty's
information, and by which the rates of collection were
* Nineteen vears is a cycle of the moon, during which period
the feafons are fuppofed to undcrgqa complete revolution.
f Vide Appendix.
U % determined 9
293 AYEHN AKBERY. PART III.
determined ; but this mode was attended with great
difficulties.
When Khajeh Abdul Majeed Afof Khan was raifed
to the vizarct *, the jumma of the lands was only com-
puted, and he increafed the tunkhas juft as he thought
fit. As at that time the empire was but of fmall extent,
the exigencies of the fervants of the crown were accu-
mulating daily ; and the tunkhas were levied partially,
according to the particular views of corrupt and felf-
interefted people.
Bnt when this great office was intruded to the joint
management of Rajah Tudermull and Mozeffer Khan,
in the fifteenth year of the reign, they appointed ten
canoongoos to collect the accounts of the provincial
canoongoos, and which were brought to the royal ex-
chequer. Then having taken from the canoongoos the
tukfeem mulk, or divifions of the empire, they efti mated
the produce of the lands, and formed a new jumma -f-.
This fettlement is fomewhat lefs than the former one ;
however, there had hitherto been a wide difference be-
tween the fettlement and the receipts.
When, through his majeuVs prudent management,
the bounds of the empire were greatly enlarged, it was
found very difficult to procure the current prices every
year from all parts of the kingdom ; and the delays that
this occafioned in making the fettlement. were pro-
ductive of many inconveniences. Sometimes the huf-
bandmen would cry out againlt the exorbitancy of the
demands that were made upon them ; and, on the other
* In the fourth year of the reign.
f This Tukfeem jumma, or aiTeflment of the lands, is particu-
larized in the fecond volume, which contains the hiftory of the
twelve loob* lis, or vicerovalties of H«:doftan.
fide,
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 294
fide, thofe who had tunkhas to collect would complain
of balances. His majefty, in order to remedy thefe evils
effectually, directed that a fettlement mould be con-
cluded for ten years ; by which relblution, giving eafe
to the people, he procured for himfelf their daily
bleffings.
For the above purpofe, having formed .an aggregate
of the rates of collection from the commencement of
the fifieenth year of the reign to the twenty-fourth,
inclusive, they took a tenth part of that total as the
annual rate for ten years to come.
From the twentieth to the twenty-fourth Year, the
collections were made upon grounds of certainty ; but
the five former ones were taken from the reprefentations
of perfons of integrity ; and, moreover, during that
period the harvells were uncommonly plentiful, as may
be feen in the tables of the nineteenth year's rates.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE OFFICERS.
The Sepahfillar, or Jlceroy.
He is his majefty's vicegerent. The troops and fub-
jects of the foobah are under his orders ; and the profperity
thereof depends upon his impartial diftribution of juftice.
In all his actions he muft ftrive to pleafe the Deity, to
whole throne it is his duty to be incelfantly offering up
fupplication and praife. He muft constantly keep in
view the happinefs of the people, and never fuffer him-
ielf to be negligent in buhnefs. He muft not talk idly,
nor (hew an unpleafant countenance. He muft be cir-
cumfped in his conduct, and pay due regard to the
rank of every one, (Viewing particular complacency
towards them who are neareft him in office, nor neglect-
ing thofe whole duty engages them at a diftance from
his perfon. Whatever can be tranfacted by his fervants
U 3 he
295 AYEE3 AKBERY. PART III.
he fhall not commit to the care of his Tons ; neither (hall
he employ himfelf upon a bufinefs which can be per-
formed by his children. On all occahons he lhall con-
sult with a perfon wifer than himfelf; or if fuch an one
is not to be found, he fhall aftbciate together feveral of
approved wifdom, and deliberate with them, liftening
with attention to the opinion of each, and determining
with caution.
VERSE.
*' Sometimes an old wife man may counfel foolifhly ;
1* and an ignorant boy may, through miftake, drive
" the arrow into the butt."
He muft not admit every one to his counfel, nor
low people in particular, fince few advife from mo-
tives of friend ihip and difintereftednefs. Confider-
ing his office to be that of a guardian, let him a6L
with the utmoft caution. He muft regard the know-
ledge of the difpofitions of men as the firmed bafis
of his power, and, having obtained that, he will live in
perfect fecurity. Let him keep under the command
of reafon, both his favour and his difpleafure. The
difobedient he fhall ft rive to reclaim by good advice.
If that fail, let him punifh with reprimands, threats,
imprifonment, flripes, or even amputation of limbs ;
but he (hall not take away life till after the moil mature
deliberation. He muft not ftain his tongue with abufe,
for foul language belongeth to low and inconfiderate
people. Let him not make a practice of affirming his
words with an oath, for he will thereby make himfelf
fufpeited for a liar, and fill his hearers with diftruft.
Injudicial inveiVtgations, let him not be fatisfied with
witnefTes and oaths, but make repeated and various in-
quiries, and pay due attention to phyfiognomy. He
muft not intruft thefe inveftigations (o entirely to an-
other as to confider himfelf freed from all reiponfibility
therein.
verse.
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 296
VERSE.
" Refer not his caufe to the inveftigation of the
" dewan, for poflibly his complaint is againft the
c * dewan."
Thofe who apply for juftice, let them not be afflicted
with delay and expectation. Let him ihut his eyes
againll offences, and accept the excufe of the penitent.
Let him behave himlelf with befitting; flatc and muni-
ncence. Let him objed to no one on account of his
religion or fed. Let him intruft each divifion of the
country to the care ot an honeft upright man. Let the
roads be made fafe by Rationing proper guards for the
protection of the traveller, and let him continually
receive information thereof. Let him appoint to offices
men of worth, forefight, and integrity, and not fuch as
are avaricious ; and if a lufficient number of fuch people
are not to be found, he (hall join in office feveral who
are not acquainted or connected together; and writing
down the reprefentation of each, he muft endeavour to
difcover the truth. Let his expenccs always be lefs
than his income ; and of what remains he fhould give
fome part to the needy, particularly thofe who do not
let forth their wants. Let him be always attentive to
the difcipline of the troops, and fee that their arms be
kept in good order. And he ihall conftantly exerciie
himfelf and his men in riding, and in (hooting with the
bow and the matchlock. Let him be circumfped and
deliberate in placing confidence, for many who are evil-
minded carry a fair outlide, and ufe the language of
iriendfhip; but as their profeflions are void of fincerity,
they conclude with ading a vicious part. Let him
itrive to increafe cultivation and population, and gain
the hearts of all our fubjeds by a faithfui performance
of his engagements ; and let him confider it is his duty
to befriend the induftrious hufbandman. Let him be
careful to appoint impartial collcdors of the revenues,
U 4 and
2y7 AYEEN AKBERY. PART III.
and be always watchful over their conduct. He muft
give attention to the digging of reiervoirs, wells, and
waier-couries ; to the planting of gardens j to the erect-
ing ferais, and other pious and ufeiul foundations ; and
fee that fuch as have fallen into decay be repaired.
He muft not be fond of retirement, nor indulge him-
f.lf in melancholy; neither ought he to be familiar
with the populace, nor always in a crowd,
V E R S F .
< c Neither aiTociate wkh every one ; nor feparato
* c yourfelf from everyone. Go in the road of wifdom,
" and be neither a fiy nor a phccnix."
Let him venerate thofe who devote their lives to the
fervice of God, arid refpect the dervifhes and truly pious
mendicants. Let him not confider imploring blemngs
from the fun and venerating lamps as ignicoly. Let
him accuftom himfelf to watching, and fleep and eat
with moderation. Let him employ himfelf in prayer
at funrife, noon, evening, and midnight. When he
is at leifure from religious and worldly duties, he mould
perufe books of philoiopby, and guide his actions by
their precepts- ti he is not in a temper of mind to relifti
this fludy, he may read the Mufneevy, regardlefs of
the letter, but confidering the fpirit of the author. He
ought alio to cultivate his mind with the approved tales
of the Keleilah Dumnah, thus making the experience
of ancient times his own. Let him liften to true
theology, and not give attention to idle tales. Let
him allbciate with the wife, and thofe of good and
friendly difpofuion, and having {"elected from amongft
them a man of truth and integrity, direct him to give due
attention to all his actions, in order that whatever ap-
pears improper to him may be reprefented by him in
private. If at any time he mifconceives a motive or
action, he fhail not therefore be difpleafed at him, for
it
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 298
it has long been matter of complaint that people are
backward in ipeaking any thing that may be difagree-
able to their fuperiors, and that it is difficult to find one
who will benefit another to his own injury. Let him not
be hurried away by the reprefentations of flanderers, but
exert his own circumfpecVion on all occaiions, becaufe
men of bad character forge flories, and paffing them-
ielves off for men of integrity and difintereltedncfs,
labour to injure others. Let him not be revengeful,
but behave with modefty and kindnefs to every one.
He mud not flight the defendants of ancient families,
but confider the glorious actions of their ancestors as the
recommendation of their lefs dclerving pofterity. Let
him obferve that at meals every perfon fays Allah
Akbcr, and that the principal man amongft them an-
fwers JcUe-jdalehoo. Let him lee that neither a goat
nor a iheep be killed that is not a twelve-month old.
For a month following the anniverfary of his birth-day,
he (hall abftain from eating flelh ; neither fhall he eat
of any thing that himfelf hath ilain. Let him not addicl
himfelf to fenfual gratifications ; nor have commerce
with a pregnant woman. The food which is ufually
given away after the death of a perfon, he fhall prepare
every year on his own birth-day, and beftow upon the
needy.
Upon the fun's entering a fign of the zodiac, let
him employ himfelf in prayer, and discharge cannon
and mufketry, to apprize the populace thereof. And
let him order the kettle-drum to be beat at funrife and
midnight. Let him not confider himfelf as ftationary,
but hold himfelf and family in readinefs to repair to the
preience at the ihortcft fummons.
THE FOUJDAR.
For the further profperity of the empire, his majefty,
in the fame manner as he has appointed a Sepahiillar
for
2Q9 AYEEN AKRERY. PART III.
for every foobah, has nominated one of his intelligent
and diiinterctled fervants to the charge of feveral per-
gunnahs, who is (tiled Foujdar; he is under the orders
of the Sepahfillar, to whom he is to give every aiTiftance
ID his power.
Whenever a zemeendar, or a collector of the royal or
Jageer land? is difobedient, he fhall endeavour to bring
him back to his duty by fair words ; and if they fail of
producing the cefired effect, he {hall take down in writ-
ing an account of his proceedings, in the preience of the
principal officers of government, and then inflict a pro-
per punimment. If a number confederate together, let
him fix his quarters near to their abode, and poffefs him-
felf of their men and property by degrees, without haz-
arding a general engagement. For a fervice which can
he effected by infantry, he fhall not employ cavalry.
He muit not be precipitate in attacking a fort, but en-
camp his troops beyond the reach of its guns, and block
up all the avenues thereto. He muff be guarded againft
r nightly (allies ; and he ought to provide a fafe re-
treat for himfelf. Let him be careful that the troops are
ved regularly. When he has poffeffed himfelf of
J he ftrong hold of the rebels, he mud act with fidelity
in the divifion of the plunder, a fifth part of which he
(halt tend to the royal exchequer; and if after making
the divifion there be any remainder, that (ball alfo be
the property of the (late. Let him pay conftant atten-
tion to the horfes and accoutrements of the troops, if
a trooper be without a horfe, his comrades fhall provide
him with one at their joint expence. . If a horfe is killed
in battle, the trooper is to be mounted again at the ex-
pence of government. He muff fend regularly to the
pretence a roll of the troops who are prefent, and of thofe
who are abfent. In all instances he mud exert himfelf
in carrying into execution the royal regulations.
THE
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY, 3OO
THE MEER ADUL AND THE CAZY.
Although it be the immediate duty of a monarch to
receive complaints and adminiltcr jufticc, yet, feeing
that it is not poffible for one perfon to do every thing, it
necerlarilv follows that he mull delegate his power to
another. This delegate muft not be fatisfied with wit-
neffcs and oaths, but make diligent investigation ; be-
caufe it is very difficult to come at the truth without
painful fenrch and minute enquiry. Confidering the
depravity of human nature, he ought not to place much
reliance on depolitions and folemn afleverations. Di-
verting himfelf of partiality and avarice, let him diftin-
guifh the oppreilcd from the opprefibr; and when he
has difcovered the truth, aft accordingly. He mail be-
gin with afking the circumftances of the cafe, and then
try it in all its parts. He mult examine each witnefs
feparately upon the fame point, and write down their
refpeftive evidences. Since thefe objects can only be
effectually obtained by deliberatenefs, intelligence, and
deep reflection, they will fometimes require that the
caufe (hould be tried again from the beginning; and,
from the fimilarity or difagreement, he may be enabled
to arrive at the truth. The Cazy tries the caufe j and
the perfon who pafies fentence and orders punifhment,
is called the Meer Adul.
THE COOTYVAL.
This office requires one who is courageous, experi-
enced, active, and of quick comprehenfion. He mufl
be particularly attentive to the nightly patroles, that,
from a confidence in his vigilance, the inhabitants of
the city may Heep at eafe, and every attempt of the
wicked be prevented or fruftrated. It is his duty to
keep a regifier of all the houfes and frequented roads.
And
'30! AVEEN AKBEEV. PART llf.
And he fliall caufe the inhabitants to enter into engage-
ments to aid and aflift, and to be partakers in the joy or
ibrrow of each other. And he fliall divide the city into
mehals (or quarters) and nominate a proper peribn to
the fuperintendenee thereof, under whole leal he fliall
receive a journal of whatever comes in or goes out of
that quarter, together with every other information re-
garding it. He fliall alfo appoint for fpies over the con-
duct of the Meer Mehal, a perfon of that quarter,
another who is unknown to him ; and keeping tj
ports in writing, be guided therebv. T* - :;o£e
perfons are not known, he (hall caufe t;
parate ferai ; and he fliall employ intelligent [ - ' pk K>
difeover who they are. He mult carefully attend to the
income and expences of every man. His own conduct
muft be upright and flrictly honeft ; and he mull make
himfelf acquainted with every tranfaction. Out of each
elftfs of artificers he fliall felect one to be at their head,
z.ivA appoint another their broker for buyaiarfl arid felling,
and regulate the bufinefs of the clafs by their reports :
and they fliall regularly fnniifh him with journals at-
tefted by their refpectivc feafe. He fliall endeavour to
keep free from obiiru&ions the fmall avenues and lanes,
fix barriers at the entrances, and fee that the ftreeis are
fcept clean. When night is a little advanced, he fliall
hinder people from coming in and going out of the city.
The idle he fliall oblige to learn ibme art. He fliall not
permit any one forcibly to enter the houfe of another.
He fliall difcover the thief and the ftolen goods, or be
himfelf anfwerable for the lofs. He (hall not fuifer any
cue to levy baj or tumgha, excepting upon arms, ele-
phants, horfes, goats, and manufactures ; upon each of
which fomething is taken, in every foobah, at one ap-
pointed place. He fliall caufe old coins to be melted
at the mint, or pay them into the treafury as bullion.
I ie fliall be careful that the gold' and filver coins of the
preicnt reign do not pafs current at different rates ; and
upon coins fliort of weight, he fliall take exactly the de-
ficiency*
PART III. - AYEEN AKBF.RY, 302
ficiency. He fhall fee that the market-prices are mo-
derate ; and not luffer any one to go out of the city to
purchale grain ; neither fhall he allow the rich to buy-
more than is neceffary for their own conlumption. He
fti all examine the weights, and fee that the leer be exactly
thirty dams ; and ill all not fufFer any other meafure than
the Ilahee guz to be uied. He fhall prohibit the mak-
ing, drinking, felling, and buying of fpirituous liquors ;
but need not take pains to difcover what men do in fe-
crer. If any one die or difappear and leave no heir, he
mall make an inventory of his effects, and take care of
them. He mall fee that particular ferries and wells are
kept feparate for the ufe of women only. He (hall take
care to employ truily people in drawing water for i up-
plying the public water-courfes. He (hall not permit:
women to ride on horle-back. He (hall take care that
neither an ox, a horfe, a buffaloe, or a camel be Slaugh-
tered. He mud not allow private people toconfme the
perfon of any one, nor admit of people being fold for
(laves. He fhall not allow a woman to be burnt con-
trary to her inclination. He mall not fuffcr any one to
be empaled. He mail not permit any one to be cir-
cumcifed under the age of twelve years ; but after that
period, they may be left to their own difcrction. Let
him expel from the city all hypocritical malkmgecs and
calendars, or make them quit that conrfe of life ; but
he mult be careful not to moleft reclufe worfliippers of
the Deiry, nor to offer violence to thole who refign them-
felves to poverty through religious principles. Let him
fee that butchers, thofe who walh dead bodies, and
others who perform unclean offices, have their dwelling
feparate from other men, who (hould avoid the fociety
of inch (tony-hearted dark-minded wretches. Whofo-
ever drinketh out of the fame cup with an executioner,
let one of his hands be cut off; or if he eateth of hisr
kettle, deprive him of one ot his ringers. Let him fee
that the cemetry be withoutfide die city, in the weftern
quarter.
303 AYEEN AKBERY. PART III.
quarter. Let him prohibit the difciples from mourn-
ing in blue veftments, ordering them to wear red cloths
upon fuch occafions. From the firft till the nineteenth
of the month Ferverdeen, during the whole of Aban,
on the firft day of every folar month, on feftivals, on
days of eclipfes of the fun and moon, and on Sundays,
let him prohibit men from flaying beafts, except it be
for feeding animals ufed in hunting, or for fick people,
as neceffity may require. Let him have the place of
execution withoutfide the city. Let him fee that the
ilahee feftivals are duly obferved ; and on the night of
the new year, and the 1 9th night of the month Ferver-
deen be celebrated with illuminations. On the eve of
a feftival, as well as on the feftival itfelf, let him order a
kettle-drum to be beat every three hours. He (hall
caufe the Uahee tarikh to be ufed in the Perfian and
Hindovee almanacs, obferving that in the latter the
month be made to begin from Kifhenputch.
THE AMILGUZXAR (OR COLLECTOR
OF THE REVENUES.)
He muft confider himfelf the immediate friend of the
huibandman, be diligent in bufinefs, and a drift obfer-
ver of truth, being the reprefentative of the chief magif-
rrate. He muft tranfact his bufinefs in a place where
everv one may find eafy accels, without requiring any
mediator. The crafty and difobedient he (hall ftrive to
reform by reprehenfion ; and if that produce not the
defired effect, he (hall inflict other punifhment. Let
him not be difcouraged at the lands having fallen wafte,
but exert himfelf to bring them back again into culti-
vation. He fhall not be fatisfied with receiving pecuni-
ary fines in exculpation for murders and other capital
offences : his conduct muft be fuch as to give no caufe
for complaint. He muft ailift the needy hufbandman
with
PART III. AYEEN AKEETvYi 304
with loans of money, and receive payment at diflant and
convenient periods. When any village is cultivated to
the higheft degree of perfection by the fkilful manage-
ment of the chief thereof, there (hall be bellowed upon
him half a bifwah out of every beegah of land, or fome
other reward proportionate to his merit. Let him en-
deavour to afeenain the quantity of land in cultivation,
and make trial of different portions, in order to gain a
competent knowledge of its various properties, for there
is a great difference in the value of land ; and fome foils
arc only capable of being cultivated for particular pur-
poles. Let him learn the character of every hufband-
man, and be the immediate protector of that clafs of our
iubjects. He (hall acquaint himfelf with and maturely
confider the conduct of former Aumils ; and if they ap-
pear to have been guilty of inconlideratenefs or dilho-
nefty towards the hufbandman, he muft ftrive to remedv
the evils they may have occafioned. Let him endeavour
to bring the wafte lands into cultivation, and be careful
that the arable lands are not neglected. Let him pro-
mote the cultivation of fuch articles as will produce ge-
neral profit and utility, with a view to which he may
allow fome remiflion from the general rate of collection.
If an hufbandman cultivates a lefs quantity of land than
he engaged for, but produces a good excufe for fo do-
ing, let it be accepted. If an hufbandman is able to
cultivate more bunjer land than may happen to be in
his own particular village, he lhall be allowed land in
fome other place. Let him ufe the utmofl circumfp.
tion and impartiality in meafuring the lands. He (hall
annually affifl; the hufbandman with loans of money.
Let him fee that his demands do not exceed his agree-
ments. If in the fame place fome want to engage by
meafurement, and others deiire to pay their proportion
of the revenues from an eftimate of the crops, fuch con-
trary propofals lhall not be accepted. As foon as the
agreements are concluded and executed, let them be
lent to the pretence. Let him not be covetous of receiv-
ing
305 AYEF.N AKBERY. PART III.
ing money only, but likewife take grain. The manner
of receiving grain is after four ways : — Firit, Kuukoot.
Kun, in the Hindovee language, fignifies grain ; and
the meaning of Koct is conjecture or eftimate. The
way is this : The land is meafured with the crops ftand-
ing, and which are eflimated by infpection. Thofe
who are converfant in the bufinefs fay that the calcula-
tion can be made with the greatefi: exact nefs. If any
doubt arife, they weigh the produce of a given quantity
of land, confuting of equal proportions of good, mid-
dling, and bad, and form a comparative eftimate there-
from. Second, Bui key, and which is alio called Bha-
weley, is after the following manner : They reap the
harvell:,and, collecting the grain into barns, there divide
it accord i no- to agreement. But both theie methods are
liable to impolition, if the crops are not carefully watch-
ed. Third, Khext Butt icy, when they divide the field
as foon as it is fown. Fourth, Lang Buttiey. They form
the grain into heaps, of which they make a diviiion.
Whenever it will not be oppreffive to the fubject, let the
value of the grain be taken in ready money at the mar-
ket-price.
If an hufbandman fows his land with the beft kinds
of grain, let there be remitted the firft year a fourth
part of the rate for poolej land. If upon making the
meafurement the kinds of grain appear to be better, al-
though the quantity of land be Ids than was agreed for,
io that the difference caufes no deficiency in the reve-
nues, the aumil (hall not exprels any ditpleafure there-
at ; and in every inflance he mtift endeavour to act to
the fatisfaction of the huibandman. Let him not entruft
the principal men of the village with making the efti-
rnates of kunkoot ; for fucfa a meafure, by giving room
for oppreffion, would create difguft, and confequently
occafion indolence and negleil. But, on the contrary,
let him tranfact his bulinefs with each hufbandman fe-
parately ; and fee that the revenues are demanded and
received
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 306
received wirh affability and complacency. He muft
take fecunti- s for the conduct of the land-meafurers,
weighmen, and other officers in this department.
Extra Daily Allowance ivhiljl employed in making the
Measurements.
Flour. Oil Rice. For Pot-herbs.
Officers. Seer. Seer. Seer. Dams.
Tepukchy, — 5^7 4
Meafurer of land, 4 \ \ 4
Four tannahdars, 81 — 5
And befides the above, he (hall pay them their
monthly falaiies. They fhall fix a mark upon the land
they have meafured.
The anmil fhall take a written obligation from the
principal inhabitants, to difcover any difference that may
happen in the crops. If at the time of making the
meafurement he meets with a parcel of bad land, he
fhall immediately make an eftimate of the quantity and
quality, and give the paper to the ;. jf^mdman, by way
of certificate. If fuch difcovery be made after gather-
ing the harveft, he fhall collecl: information from the
neighbours of that place, as well is from the putwaree's
accounts, and allow what may appear to be the medium.
The mohurur and the putwary fhall keep their re-
fpective accounts of the produce of the foil, in the fame
manner as the karkun. When the aumil has compared
thefe accounts together, he fhall put his feal to them,
and give the karkun, mohurur, and putwary, copies of
their refpe&ive papers. When the accounts of the
crops of a village are completed, they fhall be fubjoined
to the montijee (or account of afiets) and again au-
thenticated by the karkun and putwary. This paper
Vol. I. X ought
307 AYEEN AKBERY. PART III.
ought to be fent to the prefence weekly, and mud on no
account be delayed beyond a fortnight. If after fending
the nefukh (eftimate of aflets of revenue) any calamity
befals the crops, the aumil fhall immediately inveftigate
the circumftances, make an exact calculation of the
lofs, and tranfmit the fame to the prefence, in order
that it may either be approved of, or an aumeen fent
to make further inquiry. Let him collect the revenues
with kindnefs, and never make any demands before
they become due. He fhall commence the collections
of the fpring harvefl from the Hooly. This is an
Hindoo feftival which falls out differently between the
time of the fun's arriving at the end of Aquarius to the
fifteenth of Pifces. The autumn harveft he fhall begin
to collect from the Desfhereh, which is another Hindoo
feftival that alio happens differently, from the beginning
of Virgo to the commencement of Libra. Let him be
careful that the treafurers do not require any particular
fpecies of coin, but that whenever there be any defi-
ciency in finenefs or weight, the exact deficiency be
taken, and an account thereof given in writing. Lee
him agree with the hufbandman to bring his rents him-
felf at ftated periods, that there may be no plea for
employing intermediate mercenaries. Whenever there
is a plentiful harveft let him collect the full amount of
revenue, and not leave any balances to be realized from
future crops. If any one does not cultivate kherajee-
land, but keeps it for pafturage, let there be taken
yearly from a buffaloe fix dams, and from an ox three
dams ; but calves fhall be permitted to graze without
paying any duty. For every plough there fhall be
allowed four oxen, two cows, and one buffaloe ; from
whom likewife no duty lhall be taken for pafturage.
He fhall himfelf keep an exact account of whatever
is paid into the treafury ; and having compared it with
the journal of the karkun, caufe it to be authenticated
by
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 30S
by the treafurer. Having fattened and fealed up the
money-bags, let them be depofited in a fafe place, on
the door of which there (hall be feveral locks of dif-
ferent conftructions ; he fhall keep one of the keys
himfclf, and the others are to be in the charge of the
officers of the treafury. At the end of every mohth he
fhall take from the tepukchy an account of receipts and
difburfements, and fend it to the prefence. Whenever
two lacks of dams are collected together, they are to be
fent to the principal treafury, under charge of a trufty
perfon. Let him give directions to the putwary of
every village, that whenever there be any balance irt
favour of the fubjeet, he be furnimed with a me-
morandum fpecifying the particulars thereof; and he
fhall alio be directed to draw out an exact account of
the balances due to government, with the names of the
perfons indebted, which mall be figned by the prin-
cipal part of them. Let the balances be collected
without oppreffion from the next harveft. He fhall
attentively examine the grants of feyurghal, and, taking
copies thereof, fend them to the regiftry to be com-
pared. Let him carefully fcrutinize the chucknameh,
and refume the (hare of the defunct, the abfentee, and
thofe who are removed from offices. Let him be
cautious that refumed lands are not fufFered to remain
uncultivated. He fhall mind to take proper care of the
effects of abfentees, and of thofe who die without heirs,
and reprefent the circumftances to the prefence. Let
him fee that no jezeyeh be collected, and that whatever
taxes former monarchs thought proper to remit, do
continue to be excufed. The charges attending tra-
velling, feafting, or mourning, fhall not furnifh pre-
tences for exactions; neither is he permitted to receive
falamecs of any kind. The mokuddem and putwary,
whenever they came with rreaiurc or to the courts of
juftice, ufed to prefent a falamy of a dam each ; which
cuftom is ordered to De difcontinued. Alio bilkutty,
X 2 mecr
309 AYEEN AKBERY. PART III.
meer behry, rahdary, duties upon blankets, wool,
leather, and ghee, and various other vexatious taxes,
which the avarice of men who feared not God had in-
troduced, to the oppreflion of mankind, he (hall by no
means fuffer to be exacted. He (hall appoint one who
is perfectly acquainted with the districts under his
charge to refide at the prefence, for giving the mod
minute information that may be required. He fhall
make a monthly report to the prefence of the condition
of the fubjefts, jageerdars, neighbours, and rebels, to-
gether with the market-prices of goods, the rent of
houfes and fhops, the ftate of dervilnes and artificers,
and every other remarkable occurrence.
If there be not any cootvval within his diftridt, the
aumil fhall execute that office in the manner prefcribed
by the regulations for that department.
THE TEPUKCHY
Mull be of an upright difpofition, a good writer,
fkilful in accounts, and induftrious, as the aumil de-
pends folely upon him for juft information. His duty
is this : He (hall take from the canoongoo an account
of the medium ftate of the revenues for ten years in
money and in kind, and having thereby made himfelf
acquainted with the nature and capacity of the country,
fatisfy the aumil in every particular. He fhall write
down whatever engagements are made with the huf-
bandman. He fhall keep a feparate account of the
boundaries of the villages. He fhall draw out a uate-
ment of the wafle and arable lands, to which he fliall
fubjoin the names of the munfif, the meafurer, and
tanahdar, together with thofe of the hufbandmen and
niyaks (or chiefs of the village) the articles of cultiva-
tion, villages pergunnah and harveft ; and f 11 bt rafting
the deficiency, leave the amount of aflets. When the
mealurement
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 3IO
meafurement of a village is completed, let him draw
out the proportion of aifeflment of each huibandman,
and fpecify the revenue to be paid by that place, to
ferve as a rule for the aumil's collections. The account
of meafurement, which in the Hindovee language is
called khejfereh, fhali be fent to the prefence. At the
time of drawing out the towjee (or account of demands)
if former ftatements thereof are not procurable, let him
obtain information, by taking from the putwary an
account of the land cultivated by each huibandman.
The towjee, together with the accounts of receipts and
difburfements, (hall be font to the prefence regularly.
The name of the collector fhall be written in the
journal at the bottom of the account of each place.
When an huibandman brings his revenue, let him have
a receipt for it, figned by the treafurer. He lhall
receive from the putwary and mokeddem copies of
their towjee accounts, as a guidance for making the
collections, together with copies of the lirkhut, or re-
ceipts, which are given to the huibandmen. Thefe he
fhall carefully compare together, and if he difcovers any
fraud or collufion, inflict a fine upon the offenders.
He lhall daily report to the aumil the receipts and
balances of every village, and ftimulate him to the per-
formance of his duty. Whenever a huibandman comes
to fettle his account, let it be done immediately. At
the end of every harveft, he (hall prepare accounts of
receipts and balances, and compare them with the
putwaree's books. He (hall keep a journal of receipts
and difburfements under every name and form, and
which lhall be every day authenticated by the feals and
fignatures of the aumil and treafurer. At the end of
the month he (hall inclofe the above account in a
khereeteh (or filken bag) under the feal of the aumil,
and fend it to the prefence ; whither he (hall alfo daily
tranlinit, under the feals of the principal officers, the
rates of exchange of mohurs and rupees, together with
X 3 the
3H AYEEN AKBERY. PART III.
the market-prices of every article. At the end of every
harveft, he fhall draw out a particular account of the
treafurer's receipts and difburfements, and fend it to
him for his fignature : and at the end of the year let
there be lent to the prefence, under the feal of the
aumil,the mujemmel (or abftract) and the jummabundy
(or particular account of afleffment). If any place has
been attacked and plundered, let a calculation be made
of the lofs luftained in cattle and effects, which is to be
entered in the journal, and the circumftances repre-
fented to the prefence. When the feafon for making
the collections is concluded, he fhall draw out an ac-
count of what remains due from the country, which he
fhall deliver to the aumil, and fend a copy to the pre-
fence. In cafe of difmiflion from office, he fhall de-
liver over to the new aumil an account of the balances
of revenue and tekavy, and, after having fatisfied him
regarding thofe particulars, take an abftract thereof, and
repair to the prefence.
THE TREASURER.
The treafury (hall be fituated near the rendence of
the principal officer of government. The treafurer fhall
not demand from the hufbandman any particular kind
of coin, but receive mohurs, rupees, and copper of
every ipecies. No ferf fhall be taken upon the coins
of the prefcnt reign that are of full weight; and if any
of them are fhort in weight, the deficiency only is to
be made up. The coins of former reigns frail be re-
ceived as bullion. The money (hall be carefully kept,
with the knowledge of the fhekdar and karkun; it fhall
be counted every evening, and a memorandum thereof
figned by the aumil. His accounts are to conefpond
with thofe of the karkun, who is to countersign them.
'He is to have one of the keys of the treafury ; and
whenever it is to be opened, he (hall apprize the aumil
and
PART III. AYEEN AKBERY. 312
and karkun thereof. He mall not receive any money
without the knowledge of the aumil and karkun ; and
he (hall give the hufbandman receipts for his payments.
To the book, which in the Hindovee language is called
Bihee, the putvvary mall affix his fignature, in order that
there may not be any difagreement in their accounts.
No difburfements mail be made without the approba-
tion of the dewan, excepting in cafes of abloluie necef-
fity which will not admit of delay, when he may act,
from the orders of the thekdar and karkun, but mult
afterwards reprefent the cafe to his fuperiors.
END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
X 4 TABLES
TABLES
OF
Nineteen Years Rates of Revenue,
COLLECTED FROM
A BEEGAH OF POOLEJ LAND,
CALCULATED IN DAMS.
qi6
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AN
INDEX,
DEFERRING TO THE PART WHERE THE FOLLOW-
ING ARABIC, PERSIAN, AND HINDOVEE
WORDS ARE EXPLAINED.
ABYR Maych, -
//. 8 1
Aka, which is frequent-
Abjcd,
192
ly, but improperly,
Abwabulmal,
215
written Aga, fignifies
Abur,
269
Lord cr Mafter, ft.
210
Abyrakyfir,
82
Akafdeah,-
52
Adel Gootkah,
27
Akhir,
238
Adefs, a lentil,
290
AkhlakNaffery, aTrea-
Adheleh,
3°
tife of Ethics,
102
Adhick Mafs,
265
Akhfhechy,
'3 8
Aftabgeer,
53
Alefy,
148
Aftaby,
26
Alum,
53
Ahdy,
204
Alyfheery,
74
Ahoo Khaneh,
»7S
Allah Akber,
166
Agungeer,
5'
Alony,
*9
Ajayby,
54
Amaree, an umbrella
Ajarek,
244
over the Howdeh, or
Ajcedeh Char Kalen
m 93
feat placed on the
Ajwain, an inferior
dnd
back of an elephant,
128
of anifeed,
286
Amavus, *
264
Akachundely,
205
Am-ul Izvtfi,
273
Vol. I.
Bb 3
Am-ul
INDEX.
Am-ul Emr, - Ji<
273
Badinjan,the egg-plant,^. 64
Andow,
123
Balspoafh,
-
147
Aneen,
'73
Baluchee, a kind of cot-
Ankus,
126
ton carpet,
-
59
Arab,
188
Barwary,
-
8
.Arabah,
l SS
Bar,
-
161
Arabchy Carter,
#.
Barah Bany,
-
7
Argejeh,
97
Bargah Aum,
4
Arzen, a kind of millet,
285
Barferah,
-
237
Artek, •
J 34
Bargeer,
-
140
Arwaneh,
144
Barghu,
-
112
Afhet,
6
Banayit,
-
208
Afhky,
252
Barjat,
-
82
Afhtomeen,
264
Baz, hawk,
-
245
Afhweput,
255
Bekhur,
-
81
Affurput,
256
Beegab,
-
284
Afterban, Muleteer,
158
Beekha,
-
265
Atbeghy,
137
Beetch,
-
268
Atemeh,
25
Beefhifhteh Sedhant,
261
Atkembeh,
58
Begum, princefs, is
a
Atkul,
173
title affumed by
all
Aumilj collector of the re-
the Mojrul
women
of
venues,
3°4
rank,
-
47
Aumilguzzar
ib.
Behderj
m
i»5
Aumeen,
9
Behlooly,
-
3°
Aumeen Caravanfera,
W
Behul,
-
*S5
Aurung,
S3
Beitar,
-
J 38
AyarDanifh, the touch-
Bekhur,
-
Si
ftone of vvifdom,
104
Berty, an inferior kind
of millet
Banneefs
7
Belend,
-
123
Ba,
279
Bencery,
-
126
Baj, duty, impofl,
301
Benderkeeah,
-
118
Babafheikhy,
74
Bepul,
-
266
Be rat,
B'rat, royal mandate, ft
INI
216
J HA.
BufTunt, - ft. 265
Berduft,
266
Berifput Sedhant,
261
C lender, a wandering
Berkhakall,
266
Mahomedan monk, 302
Berenj,
41
Can ngoOj - 287
Bcryan drooft Gofpcnd,
67
Cazy, - 300
Beyry,
123
Cabooly, - 65
Beyih Rej,
116
Cabufnameh, a meta-
Bhoos,
17
physical work
Bhuyn Chempah,
88
Chowdry, petty zemindar
Bhuy,
121
ChucknaJnch. Chuck is
Bhawely,
3°5
the bank of earth that
Biniet,
2 5
fepavates the fields
Birchen,
106
from each other, and
Biftopunjee,
149
the Chucknameh is
Bifvvah,
13
the rcgifter of thofe
Biycer,
H4
boundaries, - 308
Boghdy,
ib.
Chargefhee, - 252
Boghra,
66
Chargofheh, - 28
Bodcneh,
248
Chabuckfewar, - 138
Bookrowty,
18
Cheetel, - 10
Boftan, a moral work
Chern, - 6
by Sady
Chempeh, - 85
Bowkareh,
243
Chelteh, - ib.
Butidook*,
112
Chempelah, - 89
Buhngar,
4 1
Cherkhy, - 123
Bramha Sedhant,
261
Cheelah, - 208
Euttiey,
3°5
Chickhee, - 64
Bundaree,
2 S3
Chowbeen Rowty, - 56
Bunder,
ib.
Chafhnegeer, - 15
Bundookcheecan,
206
Chacheea, - 18
Bungolee,-
208
Chal, - 249
Bunjer,
285
Choowah, - 208
Bunput,
256
Chowdowl, a kind of
Burgnei,
74
palkee, - 2C9
B b 4 Chowrafly,
INDEX.
Ghowrafly, - Jt. 125
Chowry, a fan for driv-
ing away flics, com-
monly made of the
tail of the mountain-
cow, - 135
Ghoorkedeh, - 236
Chowdufs, - 264
Chowper, - 253
Chowgan, - 249
Chowth, - 264
Chuttermundel, - 241
Chundelmundel, - 255
Chunderkerant, - 51
Chundermafs, - 264
Chutter, - 63
Chuttertowk, - ib.
Chuckmun, - 94
Chuwa, - 83
Chuth, - 264
Co we! putter, - 41
Cootwal, - 300
Dehee,
Dehhezary,
Dehl,
Dehn,
Demanik,
Defa,
Dagh,
140
Dam,
3
Dang,
35
Darpgha,
3
Daroghanah,
288
Dctfah,
6
^cangole,
266
Deddawan,
243
Dedahwar, infpe&or, 13S
Dehbafhy, — 191
Deheneh, - 123
A 7
191
54
28
in
30
Devvan Anveri. A De-
wan is a collection of
poems, wherein every
line of each ends with
a particular letter of
the alphabet, - 102
Dewan Khaneh Aum,
the public hall of the
palace, - 49
Dewan Vizaret,a coun-
cil of ft ate, affembled
for the transaction of
affairs relative to the
revenues, - 172
Dewan Nazir, - 210
Dewan Saadet, - 223
Dewtah, - 256
Defshereh, - 307
Dewjdberyan, - 65
Dhoopkall, - 266
Dhenwantor, - 89
Dinar, - 34
Dinar Khoflru Allaiy, J
Dirhem, - 34
Doodcheragh, finoke of
the lamp, * 74
Dooj, - 264,
Dooreah, - 241
D oolee^
INDEX.
Doolee, a kind of cover-
Ferafh,
A 50
ed palkee, moftly ufed
Feroohat,
281
for carrying women,/;. 209
Feteel,
35
Dowlet Khanch Khafs,
Fetyleh,
81
tkc private apartments
Feel,
117
of the palace,
49
Feel Khanch,
130
Dowr,
124
Firjy,
93
Dowzerah,
61
Firgool,
ib.
Dumery,
12
Firman, grant, mandate
DuadofTy,
264
Firman Subtee,
215
Duafhanah Munzil, the
Firman Byazee,
219
two ftory houfe,
57
Fotedary,
288
Dubah,
179
Foujdar,
122
Dulthy,
124
Fulch,
251
Dumpokht,
68
Fuls,
35
Dumbeleh,
'5 1
Dumdar,
H5
Gall, a fmall grain
re-
Dumdeft,
ib.
fembling muftard
Dumrce,
3i
Galeem, woollen cai
pet,
68
Dupahreya,
88
Gawfhomary,
288
Dupeeazeh,
e>7
Gaynec,
153
Durb,
29
Gedd,
126
Durfun,
261
Gedh Beyry,
123
Dufmeen,
264
Gedyleh,
124
Dutaiy, double,
92
Geerd,
28
Dutchenayin,
266
Gejjhemp, •
Gcreykhum,
125
265
Ekhateh,
208
Gheful,
82
Elcheh,
74
Ghee,
222
Etaleeky,
215
Ghobar,
ICO
Eyt,
268
Ghowghiey, a fmaU bird
of a dove colour. \
ry
Fenek,
267
common in V if
lof-
Ferak-akfam Peefhah,
288
tan, —
2j8.
Ghoord,
INDEX.
Ghoord, - /•
Ghunta,
Ghurry,
Goher Bchul,
Gomafhtah, agent,
Gowlah,
Gowt,
Goomtee,
Gorhel,
Goolalbar,
Guikameh,
Gulahban,
Gujput,
Gurg Sedhant,
Gurhput,
Guder,
Guliftan, a celebrated
moral work by Sady,
Gung,
Gujnal,
Guj,
Gujmanik, - -
Gunny, a very coarfe
. kind of hempen fluff
tried for lacks,
Guz,
Hawtee,
Hada,
Haram, or more pro-
perly Herem, facred,
Hebbeh,
Hereefah,
Henna,
144
243
55
I5S
287
259
1 3 1
232
87
47
80
151
255
261
255
93
IC2
IO7
) IO
"7
115
I48
28l
117
138
45
35
66
Hijerah, - p. 275
H^dykeh, a moral work, 102
Hoon, commonly called
Pagoda
Horeebongs,
Hovufnakan,
Hooly,
Huftjoafh,
Hulwa,
Huleem,
Hufty,
Hullkah,
103
*73
3°7
41
f>5
66
117
122
Jamma, garment, veft, 95
Jaludar, foot-melTenger, 139
Jajum, a kind of cotton
carpet,
Jafeiy,
Jait,
Jageer Sir,an alignment
of land for the fupport
of an eftablifhment,
Jageer Tun, an aflign-
ment, for perfonal fup-
port,
Ibrahemee,
jerokhah,
Jehat,
Jewar, a kind of pea
Jcreeb,
59
87
89
215
279
57
281
Jezeeyeh,
Jilaly,
Jewhy,
Jemdher,
284
281
10
86
106
Jegawet,
I-NDEX.
Jegawet,
/'•
126
Karkun, an officer em-
Jemazeh,
I44
ployed under the'au-
Jendeh,
54
mil, - p.
287
Input,
256
Kutchereh, or Kutcheree
}
Jillejclalehoo,
167
a fpecies of badinjan
jilalihahy,
.
55
Kelct or Koo!tcc, is a
n, - jt
275
fpecies of vetch
Ilahee,
26
Kcreylch, bitter cucum-
Ilan,
268
ber
Joongvun,
267
Kebeer,
279
Jowg,
263
Kefeez,
ft,
Irakee,
189
Kelideh,
236
Jumma,
2 93
Kemankeroheh,
107
Jummahundy,
3 11
Kerheh,
n3
jumkote,
261
Kerak,
'34
Jvil, houfing or cover-
Kerna,
54
ing*
162
Kerah Aheny,
136
Jugul,
25
Keranee,
232
Jungeleh,
190
Kellaweh,
124
Juz, particular part,
225
Kenar,
Kenneh,
ft
Kalkee Otar is that
in-
Kenauts,
49
carnation of the Dc
•ity
Kenvval,
87
which is to appear at
Kenayr,
ib.
the end of the prefent
Kehrel,
«4
jowg
Kehrnee,
253
Kabeen,
229
Keerat (vul. carat)
35
Kaher,
209
Kereea,
288
Kalcilah Dumnah,
io 3
Kcfhek,
66
Kail,
260
Kelhnah,
81
Kared,
106
Krrarnafheh,
218
Kaly,
130
Kebab,
67
Kala,
29
Kcba,
93
Katafs, mountain cow,
125
Kelambek,
84
Keytr
iunt,
INDEX.
Keyrtvunt,
J*. 265
Keytkey,
86
Key few,
87
KeyroyI,
89
Kewrah,
86
Kerundeh,
89
Keemah Shoorba,
- 66
Kepurbeyl,
86
Kemia Saadet, a meta-
phyfical work, - 102
Kelbeh, - 1 16
ketar, - 150
Khulkeh, - 63
Khakfhu, - 21
Khafeh, - 106
Khanehzad, - 141
Khavun, - 267
Khak Khelafs, - 1 1
Khakfhu, - 21
Khalfch, - 188
Kheemah Palovv, - 65
Kheraj, - 278
Kherajee, - 280
, Khergah, a kind of tent, 58
Khenjen, - 61
Khefs Buy eh, * - 179
Khelafly, - 232
Kherwah, - ib*
Khitchcry, - 64
Khidmutteedh, - 207
Khurch Behlah, - 4
Khutkeh, - 63
Khufhroz, - 228
Kheryteh,_ - 2S8
Khumfch Sheikh, five
poems by Ferveded-
deen Atar, - p. 102
Khereeteh, - 301
Khefiereh, - 310
Kheyt Buttiey, 305
Khos, - 267
Kifhenputch, - 265
Kitmeer, - 35
Kizeh, a fnaffle bit, 135
Kodan, - 279
Kodery, a fpecies of
fhamakh
Kookerah, - 16
Koorfkoob, - 15
Koozeh, - 86
Kowkebah, - 53
Kowrekh, - ib,
KowrKhaneh, - 105
Kovvrah, - 83
Kowkeh, - 179
Kowkhj - 252
Kowtel, fupernumerary, 106
Kowfh, - 232
Ku, - 268
Kutchaloo, a kind of a
fweet potatoe
Kuknar, poppy heads
Kunkoot, - 305
Kumber, - 256
Kuddem, - 87
Kufy, - 100
Kummeky, - 188
Kubz, - 205
Kukb,
INDEX.
Kuleb,
Ji. 263
Malty,
p. 83
Kufhck,
212
Mayan,
96
K-uliat, the works,
I02
May eh,
15a
Kuleeah,a ftew, vulgarly
Mayeh Ghoorc
, - ib.
called Curry,
68
Mehal,
301
KulJ, all, univerfal,
225
Mendow, an
inferior
Kunglay,
89
fpecies of mi
llet
KundcJan,
137
Meer Adul,
300
Kupwah,
106
Mecr Mehal,
301
Kyel,
J 9
Mehawct,
102
Mehafeh,
146
Laaljilaly,
26
Mehraby,
27
Lary,
15
Meheneh,
250
Lahy,
89
Meharee,
240
Lakrayet,
208
Mechdember,
125
Laudun,
82
MeerBekawel,
61
Leelawoteej
103
Mefemmen,
67
Lehdereh refembles gall
Meclk,
223
Look,
179
Meer Behry,
288
Lound,
265
Meer Toozek,
a military
Lowey,
268
officer, whofe
particu-
Loweh Lunger,
■ 123
lar duty is 1
jn known.
Lowten,
252
to the tranflator
Lubeyeh, a kind of bean
Meer Aruz, a
minifter
Lucker,
248
of the milit
ary de-
partment,
212
Maakely,
100
Mewrah,
IO7
Mahroz,
273
Mirh,
"5
Mai,
28:
Miflel,
142
Mavy,
207
Mifkaly,
15
Mahmoodee,
'5
M'fkal,
35
Mahameerkurgut,
55
Mirdaheh and Mirdeh,
Maullirn,
232
the chief of ten, 35
Monjholeh,
INDEX.
Monjholeh, - Jt.
117
Myd, . -
/;. 83
Mojennefs,.
189
Mokaffi,
2l8
Nngehfir,
88
MoktQ.obnt Sherf Mu-
Nakhod l Kefheb,
- 2 33
neery, letters on mo-
\akhoda,
ib.
ral and religious Cub-
Nalbund, farrier,
- !39
jeas,
102
%rcheel, . * -
»5
Mohur,
*7
Naru'-l Sedhant,
261
Mohekek,
100
Nary,
266
Mohohbarat,
10 ■>.
Nafhpntty,
74
Moicenv,
28
Neeareeah,
16
Mozuffery,.
*5
Neeheweevvalah,
21
Motenjeneh GofpuncI,
67
Nefeer,
54
Mookheen,
244
Nekafs,
288
Moonj,
179
Nekeer,
35
Moajem ul Boldan,
103
Nekar Khaneh,
-49
"Moungra,
87
Nekeeb,
102
Mukel,
iiB
Nekareh,
54
Mun,
28
Nemlahzurd, a fp<
;cies
Mund,
"5
of rice,
61
Mundor,
263
Ner,
144
Munfubdar,
122
Nefhwaree,
*S3
Mulghobah,
68
Nevvary,
85
Mullageer,
84
.Newaput,
256
Mul,
208
Nichutter Mafs,
265
Murg,
"5
Nisfy Seleemy,
28
Mua,
117
Neyah,
106
Mufa-adet,
220
Nbwroz,
227
Musjid, place of wo*
-
Nowineen,
264
(hip; mofque is
a
Nowrozy,
55
corruption of thi
s
Nuldomoyontee,
104
word
Numgeerah,
- . 48
Mufhreff,
10
N"urnal,
no
Nurput,
INDEX.
Nurput, - p-
Nufleh,
Nuftaleek,
Nutab,
255
100
101
66
Okchch, - 279
Omrah is the plural of
emeer, which fignifies
prince, and is a title
given to all the no-
bility of the firft rank
in the Mogul empire
and Tartary,
Oopurghattee,
Oootergale,
Ordee,
O'thorbo,
Ouplah,
Oupcheky,
Oupcheean,
Ourdabcgeean,
Ovvng,
Owpteneh,
Ouzek,
Padel,
Pahet,
Paker,
Palkee, vulgarly called
Palanquin,
Pandovv,
Paralu Sedhant,
Pars,
Peetel,
Pcfhkufh,
Peel,
Pchroyit, -
Pehluvvan,
Peifinvaz,
Pcifhcuih,aprefentfrom
an inferior to a fu-
pcr.or,
Peon, a foot-foldier
Peyarygup'y,
Pero'iy,
3
117
208
lb.
9a
47
Pdhwareh,
240
Peteng,
266
P'har,
238
Picheweh,
103
Pinjer,
11
Pinjahee,
48
Pitwanieh,
ib.
Poolcj,
ib.
Pooluft Sedhant,
*55
Poonhcr,
80
Pooran Maffee,
56
Povv Golht,
Powlah,
86
Povvt,
64
Phulfery,
125
Purkut,
I
Pug,
209
Pul,
28
Punjfuddy,
261
Punj,
268
Puniwar,
288
107
284
H5
ib.
267
fas
»9
150
284
ib.
261
16
264
172
3°
116
86
246
289
264
150*
28
20
Punchemee,
INDEX.
Punchemee,
p. 264
Roybeyl, - J:. 85
Punjeree,
2 33
Ruhafza,
80
Purran,
266
Ruhteh,
253
Purfowafs,
ib.
Rungeen,
112
Purwa,
264
Rupeeah, vulgarly called
Puuereh,
261
Rupee,
29
Puttel,
178
Ruty,
8
Putteiband,
182
Putgetcheh,
i-5
Saa,
279
Putwary,
287
Sad eh",
112
Pyadch Dakheley,
- 209
Sad,
81
Pykar, broker,
21
Sagendehkukla,
85
Pyke, mefTenger,
- "39
Saketnameh,
205
Pyfeh,
3°
Sandal,
83
Sandely,
107
Rajpoots, tribes of war-
Saraperdah, a tent with
like Hindoos,
47
curtains,
58
Reby,
28
Sarban,
"5°
Reghnee,
240
Satrinj, a kind offtriped
Rehefs,
24
cotton carpet
Rej Turn,
""5
Sawon Mafs,
265
Remayon,
102
Sawg,
64
Rempeel,
126
Sayiban,
53
Reffey,
16
Sedhant,
261
Retenmungen,
- 87
Serafy,
288
Reybary,
150
Seetkall,
266
Rittoo,
265
Seetihy,
ii
Roohtooteeah,
39
Sengarhar,
85
Rokaa,
101
Serrykhundy,
8S
Roomak,
261
Sehfeh,
4
Rotonmala,
88
Serifs,
89
Rowee,
4i
Seifed Alcheh,
95
Rowl,
249
Seraf,
7
Setelm
iffy,
INDEX.
Setelrtiifiy, - Ji. 136
Sendely, - 256
Sereifh Kahy, - 179
Serais, inns for the ac-
commodation of tra-
vellers, - 176
Seerkee, - 179
Sclony, - 1 1
Seepah, - 220
Sehenfah, - 25
Seleemy, - 28
Sentowk, - 79
Senj, - 54
Sembufeh, - 66
Seemfucktch, - 41
Seyurghal, - 223
Sewty, - 85
Shahcen, - 244
Shahy, - 14
Shahajeedeh, - 93
Shangvun, - 267
Shecibering, - 64
Sheergeer, - 117
Shifhra, - 265
Shunkar, a fpecies of
kawk
Showlah, - 65
Shokulputch, - 265
ShooKvar, - 94
ShuteTkhanch, - 144
Shuil is a piece of ivory
worn upon the thumb
to prevent the bow-
VOL. I.
ftring from hurting
it. Shuft alfo lignifies
aim, direction, - //. 166
Shumfheerboaz, - 207
Sijdah, proftration, with
the forehead touching
the ground - 163
Sirheng, - 232
Serna, - 54
Sirkhut, memorandum, 216
Sirdar, - 208
Sickchy, - 13
Sing, - 54
Sirderukhty, - 288
Sirrapa, - 94
Sitchkan, - 268
Soobalhy, - 279
Sooky, - 30
Sooderfun, - 88
Soorpun, - ib.
Soon, - lb.
Soofee, fophift, - 161
Soorejkcrant, - 5r
Soorej Sedhant, - 161
Soormafs, - 264
Soam Sedhant, - 261
Sozer.y, quilting, - 93
Sudder, - 223
Soddy, - 208
Suddapoor, - 261
SudJney Putwary, 287
Sukhafen, a kind of pal-
kee, ~ 209
Cc
Sufyansh;
INDEX.
Sufyaneh,
/. 68
Teej, • -
p. 264
Sukangecr,
232
Tepuckchy,
4
Suls,
100
Tekhaku,