~ ;hg ?>*^ * i /* MWEHVA BOOK SHOP hLA Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Duke University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/ayeenakberyorins01abua AYE EN AKBERY; OR, THE INSTITUTES OF THE EMPEROR AKBER. TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL PERSIAN By FRANCIS GLAD W IN. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: Printed by O. Avld, Greville Street, FOR J. SEWELL; VIRNOR AND HOOD; J. CUTHELL ; J. WALKER; LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO.; OTRIDGE AND SON; R. LEA } R. FAULDER ; AND J. SCATCHERD. 1800. J M TO THE HON. WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. GOVERNOR GENERAL, Ufc &c THIS WORK (tranflatcd under his Patronage) IS MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED BY HIS MOST OBLIGED AND DEVOTED HUMBLE SERVANT, THE TRANSLATOR, Calcutta, Sep, i/I, 1783. THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. THE Emperor Jilaleddcen Mahommed Akbcr, to whole regulations for the go- vernment of Hindofian and patronage ot the author, the world is indebted for the following Work, was the fixth in defcent from Timur, known in Europe by the name of Tamerlane. He was born in Amerkote in A. D. 1542; was proclaimed Emperor in 1556, being then thirteen folar years and four months old ; and he died in Agra in 1605, aged fixty-three years and one day, having reigned forty-nine years eight months and one day. His body lies interred in a magnificent maufoleum in the cemetery of Sccundra, near that city. a 4 He Y1U TRANSLATORS PREFACE. He was univcrfally efteemed a great and a good prince ; and was very fuccefsful, having in his reign made fcveral conquefts, and reduced to obedience almott all Hin- doftan, which had revolted under his father and predecellbr Hemaioon. It is needlefs for me here to enter into a detail of the excellencies of Akber's govern- ment, as his political talents and unremitting attention to the happinefs of his fubjecls will belt appear from the regulations he eftab- lifhed in every department of the empire. ]Nor mould it be conlidered as a weak part of his character, that he wimed to be re- garded as one who was under the influence of divine inspiration* lince it is not un- reafonable to fuppofe that his motives for endeavouring to inculcate this notion were purely political. His liiltory has been written with great elegance and precision by his vizier Abul- fazel, down to the forty-feventh year of the reign ; at which period that great man was murdered by fomc banditti, on his return from the Deccan, whither he had been de- puted TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. IX puted by the Emperor upon fome weighty bufinefs. Abulfazel's hiftory was published under the title of Akbernameh, to which the Aye en Akbery is a kind of fupplc- ment, although in itfelf a complete work. Mahommed Sherecf Motamed Khan, the author of the Ekbalnameh Jehangeery, who wrote only fifteen years after the death of Akber, gives in his preface the follow- ing character of Abulfazel's hiilory : " To " the learned it is well known that Alamy " Sheikh Abulfazel, by the command cf the " Emperor Jilaleddeen Mahommed Akber, " wrote the hiftory of that monarch, from " the commencement of his reign till the " time of his own death, and which he " entitled Akbernameh. It is compofed " of three volumes. The firft volume " conliits of a fummary account of the " Emperor's anceliors. The fecond volume " comp riles the occurrences of Akber's " reign, from his acceilion to the throne " down to the forty-feventh year. And " this volume is divided into two parts: " the nrit part contains the iirft thirty " years ; and ihc fecond part begins with the X TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. " the thirty-firft year, and concludes with u the forty ieventh, the time of the au- '- thor's death The third volume is the 11 Emperor's institutes (or the Aye en " Akbery). The whole of the firft to- " lume, and the firft part of the fecond ice employed in them. In their public capacity they do not think it confiflent to fubferibe for any number of copies of the publication on the part of the Company. They have rejolved, however, to recommend it to the Honourable the Court of Directors, to authorize them to take fifty upon this footing, for the 7ife of the fervants in their department, in addition to the copies already fubf crib ed for by the Honour- able the Governor -General and Council. In the mean time, in tefiimony of their fenfe, as indivi- duals, of the merit of the Work, I have the pleafure to notify to you their fubf cription in that capacity for eleven copies, I am, Sir, Commemd-Houfe, Your mo J obedient fervant, sth July !78:j. (Signed) R. Kexnaway. Secretary. t.vd. F. L. G. The TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. XY11 The Circular Letter from the Board of Trade to the Commercial Chiefs and Residents. Sir, Mr. Francis Gladwin having fent us the ac- companying Propofals for publijhing an Engli/b Tranjlation of the Ayeex Akbery, — the fenfe we entertain of the general utility of the Work to every one employed in the Company s fervice, in- duces us to recommend them to your fupport, and to requefl you will afford them your recommendation to the Gentlemen of your flat ion. Commercial- Houfe, JPe are, 8th July, 1783. &C. &C. Vol. T. b the THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE. IN THE NAME OF THE MOST MERCIFUL GOD ! Lord ! all thy myfteries are impene- trable ! Unknown are thy beginning and thy end 1 In thee both beginning and end are loft. The name of both is loft in the maniions of thy eternity ! It is fufficient that I offer up my thankf- giving, and meditate in aftoniftiment ! b 2 My xx author's preface. My eeitalY is fufricient knowledge of thee ! He is the moil commendable who ftrives to perform meritorious actions, rather thai how to utter fine i'peeches ; and who, by delineating a few of the wonderous works of the Creator of the world, acquires im- mortal felicity. Abul Fazel Mobarck returns thanksgiving to the Almighty, by tinging the praifes of royalty; and, for the inftruction of thofe w r ho fearch after knowledge ami prudence, he records a few of the inftitutcs. of the Lord of the world * ; thus tranfmitting unto all ages a model of wifdom. Since the flim of his intentions is to fet forth the laws of royalty, it is neceifary that he fpeak fome- thing of its exalted dignity, ,and defcribe the conditions of thofe who are afliitants in this great office. Some with cheerfulnefs take the road of obedience, by th« light of the king's juftice ; * Meaning Akber. whilfl AUTHOR S PREFACfc. XXI whilft others, through fear of punifliriient; abttain from violence, and out of neceflity make choice of the path of rectitude. 'hey call him King who furpafTes his ( a 8, and who, by his wifdom, is acquaint- e with the temperament of the world, and regulates his actions by the flate thereof. Out of the abundance of his patience he doth not depart from his ftation at the tight of any impropriety ; neither is he difcouraged at an inconiiderate rebellion. By his liberality the hearts of the high and of the low obtain their del; res ; Co that the needy never wait in painful expectation. He is perfectly refigned to the will of God ; being confident of the equity of the divine difpenfations. He is not dejected in adverlity ; and in profperity he doth not neglect to return thanks unto God. He putteth the reins of deiire into the hands of reafon, and will not lofe him- felf in feekihg after what is improper. He keepeth his anger under the fubjection of wifdom, to the end that blind rage may not get the upper hand, nor inconfideratenefs carry aught beyond its limits. He feateth himleif on the eminence of humanity, that b 3 thoie XXU AUTHORS PREFACE. thofe who have fvverved from their duty may have a way left to return, without being expofed to ignominy ; and in his be- haviour there is fuch condefceniion, that the petitioner feems to be the judge, and himfelf the mitor for juftice. He confiders the hap- pinefs of his people as the belt, means of pleafing the Creator ; but he never feeks to pleafe the people in contradiction to reafon. He is ever fearching after thofe who ipeak truth, and he is not difpleafcd with words that are bitter in appearance but fweet in efFecl. He confiders the nature of the fpeech and the rank of the fpeaker. He is not con- tented in that folely himfelf doth not commit violence, but he fees that no injuilice is com- mitted within his realm. He is continually attentive to the health of the body politic, and applies remedies to the feveral difeafes thereof. : And in the fame manner that the juil temperature of the animal constitution is produced by a fit mixture of the elements, fo alfo doth the political constitution become well tempered by a proper diftribution of ranks ; and by means of the pure rays of un- animity AUTHOR S PREFACE. Xxiil animity and concord, a multitude of people become one body; and the people of the world may be divided into four kinds : Warriors, in the political body, have the nature of fire, whofe flames, guided by reafon, deftroy the flraw and rubbiih of rebellion and ftrife. The artificers and merchants hold the place of air, as from their labours and travels the bleflings of God become univerfal, and the breeze of contentment gives vigour and frefli- nefs to the tree of life. The learned, fuch as the philofophcr, the phyfician, the arithme- tician, the geometrician, and the attronomer are like water, refrefliing the world with the llreams of art and fcience. Huibandmen and labourers rcfemblc earth, and by their exer- tions the capital ftock of life is completed i coniequently, a king is a perfon who, having put each of thefe in their proper place, ftrives to make the world flourim, and regulates the degree of truft by the degree of ability, when certainly confuiion will hide its head in non- existence ; for this mixture will produce a due temperament. And as the grand political body is tem- perately adjufted by four kinds of men, fo b 4 likewise XXIV AUTHOR S PREFACE. likewise is the royal palace. The army, re- gardlefs of themfclves, make no account of their lives in the field of battle ; and thefe fortunate men are in the king's court, in the place of fire, being the cnlighteners of the hearts of his friends, and the deltroyers of his enemies. At the head of this number is the vakeel, who has acquired wifdom in the fourth degree of perfection. He is the em- peror's lieutenant in all matters ; and by his management and penetration the grand affairs of the nation are let in order: promotion and degradation, appointment and difmiffion, de- pend on his good pleafure ; therefore he mull pofTefs great experience, wifdom, nobility of mind, honelty, liberality, and confummate patience ; he mull: entirely diveft himfelf of prejudice, and behave with equal complacency towards relations, ftrangers, friends, and ene- mies. He mult, be eloquent, intelligent in buiineis, a fpeakcr of truth, well-bred, capable of giving advice, faithful, vigilant, and long- lighted. He mould be well verted in the arts of government, and be privy to the iecrets of the ltate, that in buiineis there may be no obltruction. He mould not fuiTer his mind to be diffracted by the multiplicity of his AUTHOR S PREFACE. XXV his affairs, but fliould consider it as his duty to promote the whiles of others. All his actions fliould be founded on the bails of in- tegrity and a due regard to the different ranks of men. Delirous of attaching to himfelf the hearts of all perfons, he treats even his in- feriors with refpeel. He takes care not to commit impropriety in converfation, and guards himfelf from bad actions ; and al- though he is not the immediate fuperin- tendent of the finances, yet as the heads of all the offices make their reports to him, it is necelfary that he be himfelf acquainted with the particular duty of each. The meer mahl, the keeper of the leal, the meer bukhfliy, the youbeghy, the kourbeghy, the meer tuzek, the meer behr, the meerber, the meer munzil, the khanfalar, the moonfhy, the koofkbeghy, and the akhtah beghy * are included in this divilion. The arliitants of viclorv, the collectors of the revenues, and thofe who are entrufted with the management of the receipts and difburfements of government, refemble wind : * All thefc offices arc explained in the courfc of the work. either XXXI AUTHORS PREFACE. either a heart- rejoicing breeze, or a hot pcfti- lcntial blaft. The head of this divifion is the vizier, whofe office is equivalent to that of tlcwan. He is manager of the finances, grand-treafurer, and accomptant. He muft be a perfon of diltinguilhed worth, fkilful in arithmetic, free from avarice, circnmfpecl and abftinent, active in bufinefs, and poflefled of a pleating and clear ft vie of writing; a fpeakcr of truth, of ftricl: honeily, with an agreeable manner ; and he ihould avoid precipitancy in bufinefs. He is alio the recorder and keeper of the archives. He explains many intricate points of bufineis that happen to the muftofy ; and whatever is beyond his ability is referred to the vakeel. The mufiofy, the writers of the waflc-book and of the journal, the meer faman, the fuperintendent of the offices, and the devvan of the offices ; together with the muihreffof the treafury, the wakeh navces, and the aumil of the khaifah, are under his orders, and act by the force of his wifdom. Some princes reckon the vizaret a part of the vakalet ; and fometimes, from not being able to find a perfon qualified for the office of vakeel, they make choice of fome one who has a tafie of his qualities, whom they appoint mufhrefF A"THOR S PREFACE. XXVll muflireff dewan ; and he is higher in rank than the dewan, and lower than the vakeel. The companions of the prince, whofe ad- vice he follows in affairs of moment, refemblc water. When they are of a mild tempera- ment, they warn orF the dull of affliction from the hearts of the di(trefled,and diflufc fremnefs and delight ; but if they depart from mo- deration, they inundate the world with a deluge of calamity, fo that numbers are over- whelmed by the billowy waves of misfortune. At the head of thefe is the philofopher, who, by the depth of his wifdom and the found- nefs of his morals, itrives to infufe virtue into mankind. And the fuddcr, and the meer adel, the cazy, the phvlician, the aitrologer, the poet , and the foothfayer are of the number of thole fcrvants who adorn the portico of the kingdom, and are neceflarv for the fervice of the pretence. The menial fervants, who perform the duties about the royal perfon, are in the place of earth. If they are free from impurities and alloy, they are the elixir of the body; otherwife they are its deitru&ion. The lackeys, XXV111 AUTHOR S PREFACE. lackeys, thekewirehy, the fherbetdar, theab- dar, the tufhckchy, the kcrkerah, andfuch like, are included in tliis number ; and as the mo- narch adjuils the political body by a wile arrangement of ranks, lb is his court properly regulated by :i judicious mixture of thefe. The fages of ancient times have delineated the four elements of monarchy after the fol- lowing manner: lit, An upright intendant of the finances, who is the protector of the hui- bandman and all the fubjecls of the itate, and who incrcafes the revenues, by causing the kingdom to nouriih. sd, The commander in chief of the troops, who acquits himfelf to the iatisfaction of all. 3d, The chief juftice, free from corruption and avarice, who, feat- ing himfelf on the eminence of circumfpection aud invedigation, does his utmoft to come at the truth, and decides with Uriel impartiality. 4th, An intelligencer, who will tranfmit the news of the world without addition or dimi- nution, being pollened of integrity and pene- tration. It is moreover incumbent on a king to make himfelf acquainted with the five kinds of AUTHOR'S IREFACE. XXIX of men of whom the world is compolcd : lit, Tiie molt commendable perlbn is he who makes choice of the propereit time for every bufinefs, and whole goodnefs benefits others* Such an one is the ritteft perlbn for a king to confult in the arrangements of government, sd, One wlio poflefles the fame abilities as the perlbn above deieribed, but who does not communicate benefit to others. Although it may be proper to lhow him kindneis and refpedt, yet he doth not merit any degree of confidence. 3d, A limple perlbn, who doth neither good nor harm. Although he be not worthy of greatnefs, yet he deferves to live at his cafe. 4th, The inconlidcrate man, who injures himfclf without hurting others. Him the king mould difappoint in his expecta- tions, and bring into the road of virtue by good advice and fevere reprehenfion. 5th, He whole nature is vicious, and whole bale conduct injures others. If advice and rep rc- honlion do not amend him, he mould be confined feparate from mankind ; and pro- vided this treatment doth not awaken him to a fenfe of his error, let him be banifhed the city ; and if even this doth not reform him, they mall deprive him of light and cut ofF his limbs ; but they may not take away his life. XXX AUTHOR S PREFACE. life. The lages considering the human form as the work of God, have not given permiffion for its deftruction. He is a juft king who, having followed the light of knowledge and penetration, hath made himfelf acquainted with the ranks of men, and regulates bulinefs accordingly : and from hence it is that the lages of ancient times have laid, Thofe are the moil illuftrious princes who mount the Heed of wifdom. — They ad- mit not into their fervice any low people, but always make choice of thoie whom they know to be worthy of the itation. They do not judge every one fit to be admitted to their prefence every day ; and thofe who are ib efpecially favoured as to have daily admit- ance, are not therefore deemed worthy of a near iiation ; neither is every one who is fit for a near itation to be admitted into their privacy : nor are alL thofe who are admitted into privacy allowed to be feated in the auguft afTcmbly ; and of thofe who are fo fortunate as to be permitted to lit in the augur! afTembly, every one is not to be treated with familiarity : nor are all familiar com- panions to have a place in the cabinet council of Hate affairs. Praife AUTHORS PREFACE. XXXi. Praife be unto God! the exalted monarch of our own time is fo endowed with thefe laudable difpofitions, that it is not exaggeration, to faj he furpafTes all the fages of antiquity : from the light of wifdom he difcovers the ranks of men ; and by the re&itude of his conducl he adds fplendour to his underltand- ing by the performance of laudable actions. Who is it that is able to meafure the extent of his virtues ? They are not only beyond ex- prefhon, but even exceed conception. It is better that I make not the attempt, but point out only a few intelligible wonders, by fetting forth his regulations for the houfehold., for the ordering of the army, and for the pros- perity of the kingdom ; upon which three things depend the glory of a monarch ; hereby preparing a rich gift for the intelligent who feek after knowledge. Thofe who are verfcd in ancient hirlory, wonder how kings of former times governed without fuch a wife rule of conduct. This fublime volume is arranged under the three above-mentioned heads, with a few grateful acknowledgements of favours re- ceived. TONTENTS CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. Preface, TART L Page i CONTAINING REGULATIONS FOR THE DIFFERENT OFFICES. The Houfehold, - - I Royal Treafuries, - - -2 Jewel Office, - - 4 The Mint, - - 7 Sojjie Account of the Immortal Corns, - 21 Of Dirh cms and Dinars, - - 34 An Account of the Profit which Mcrchayits gain by bringing Gold, Silver, and Copper to the Tint, - "3^ Vol. I. c Of XXXIV CONTENTS. Pagtf Of the Production of Metals, - 40 Of the Specific Gravities of Metals, - 41 The Haram, or Seraglio, - 45 Of the Equipage for Jouniies, - - 47 Regulations for the Encampment of the Army, 50 Regulations for the Illuminations, - 51 The Enjigns of Royalty, - "53 Of the Royal Seals, - ~ ' 55 Of the Camp Equipage, - "5° The Abdar Khaneh, - "59 The Kitchen, - - - - 60 The Sufyaneh, - - - 68 Current Prices of Provifions, - -69 The Fruitery, - - - 74 37^ Perfume Office, - " " 79 Flowers, - - - 85 The Wardrobe, - - 9 1 Shawls, - - - "94 Current Prices of Manufactures, - 96 T£ now turns out only ten and a half. Thofe who are experienced in the bufinefs, have written hiftories of this matter, and in their fables con- B 4 fider 8 AY;.: '■ AKBERY. PART U fider this gold as the effect of alchymy ; for, fay they, gold ore does not come tip to this finenefs. They know not that when gold is put into fufion fmall particles feparate from it and mix with the allies, and that al- though the ignorant make no account of this, yet the ikilful recover the metal therefrom. Although gold ore be made malleable, is calcined,, and even reduced to allies, yet by a certain operation it is brought back to its original (tale with a little lofs. BUNWARY, OR THE TOUCH-NEEDLES, In this county i\\q fcrtifs know the degree of finenefs from the colour and brightnefs of the metal ; but for the fatisTaction of others this grand rule has been introduced : the bumi-dry is compofed of a number of bars of copper, or fuel} like metal, on the point of every one of which is fixed a fmall piece of gold, and the degree of purity written thereon. When they want to aiTay the newly imported gold, they draw on the touchftone a line of that and a line of the hmvvqry'y and by comparing them together they dis- cover the degree it is of. There ate alfo other methods of allaying gold. They mix one majhah of pure filver with the fame quantity of pure copper, and melt them together with fix ma /hubs of gold of ten bannees and a half ; then one niafluth of this compofuion is divided into fix- teen parts, every one of which will be half a rutty. Whenever feven and a \\a\truttees of this gold are mixed with one part of the composition, the touch thereof will be ten bannees and a quarter : and if feven rut tees of gold are mixed with two parts of the compofition, it becomes ten bannees, &c. as is fet forth in the following table : — • PART I. AYEEN AKEETIY. I of Bunny. IO Banny 9! Banny. 9I Banny. Gold. Comp. Rutty R. ?i of Gold. Comp. R. R. 7 1 Grid. Comp. R. R. 6f ij Gold. Comp. tf. R. 6 2 9I Banny. 9 Banny. 8| Banny. 81 2&mn?. Gold. Comp. R. R. Si ^i Gold. Comp. R. R. 5 3 Gold. Comp. R. R. 4i 3i Gold. Comp. R. R. 4 4 8| Banny . 8 Banny. 7I Banny. 7I Banny. Gold. Comp. R. R. Jl 4l Gold. Comp. R. R. 3 5 Gold. Comp. R. R. 2 1 c 1 ^3 J) 2 Gold. Comp. R. R. 2 6 7I Banny. 7 Banny. 6| Banny. 61 Banny Gold. Comp. R. R. if 61 Gold. Comp. #. R. 1 7 Gold. Comp. 7l of Gold. Comp. R. R. 8 Summarily, every half rutty of the compofition leffens the bannce one-fourth ; and if it be required to lefTen the touch of the fix and a half Ihtnnec, which is entirely of the above compofition, they mix together half a rutty of copper and filver with feven ruftees and a half of this compofition, and this will leave fix bannees. And if a bafer mixture than this is wanted, add another half rutty of copper and filver, and take away half a rutty from thefe fix bannees. But in the bunwary they do not allay lower than fix bannees. 3d, An aumcen, who is perfectly difinterefted, to pre- vent any one from acYing with difhonefty. 4th, XO AYELN AKBERY. PART I. 4tb, A muJJueff to write the wade-book, in which are entered the receipts and difburfemeius, and from whence the journal is formed. 5th, The met chanty whofe bufinefs it is to buy gold, filver, and copper, to be coined, by which he gains a profit for himfelf and benefits the revenues of the ftate. And this trade will flourifli when the rulers are jult, and cot avaricious. 6th, The treafurer, who watches over the flock of profit, and is upright in his dealings. The falaries of the darogha, aumeen, mujlirejf, and treajurer, differ from each other ; the feraf is paid by fees, and the merchant gains his own profit. 7th, The •weighman, who weighs the coin. If he weighs 100 jilaly gold mohurs, he takes a fee of one dam and a half; for 1000 rupees in filver, fix dams and nineteen cheetels ; and for 1000 dams of copper he takes eleven cheetels ; and, after this rate, according to the quantity. 8th, Mdter of the metal he/ore it is refined. He makes trenches of different fizes in a bed of clay, which he moiftens with oil, and pours into them the melted gold and filver, to call them into ingots. For copper, inflead of anointing with oil, he fprinkles the moulds with afhes. His- fees are, for the weight of 100 fuch gold mohurs, two dams and fifteen cheetels ; for 1000 rupees weight of filver, five dams thirteen cheetels and a quarter ; and for iooc dams of copper, four dams twenty-one cheetels and a half. 9th, PARTI. AYEL.V AKEERY". II 9th, The flatc-makcr. The adulterated gold fa* makes into plates ot fix or feven m.iJJmhs weight, and of fix fingers in length and breadth ; thefe'he carries to the aiTay- mailer, who meafures them in a mould made of copper, and then makes a ftamp upon them. His fees for each of iuch 100 gold mohurs, is roity-two Mann and three quarters. THE METHOD OF REPINING GOLD. When the above-mentioned plates have been (lamped, the owner of the gold, for the weight of every 100 gold mohurSy mud furnifti four feers of fait pet re, and the like quantity of new brick-dull ; which are to be ufed in the following manner i — The plates, after having been warned in water, are unratified with the above mixture, and the whole is covered with field cow-dung, which, in the Hindoltany language, is called ouplah. Then they fetfire to it, and let it burn gently till the cow-dung is reduced to a(bc*, when they leave it to cool ; then thefe afhes, being re- moved from the fides, are prelcrved. In Perfian, this is called klhik khelafs, and in Hindoitany,y<7owy ; and by a procefs which will be hereafter related, they recover filver from it. The plates then remain upon the allies that are un- derneath them, and twice again are covered with cow- dung in the manner before directed, and thefe allies are alfo preferved ; when after this manner three fires have been applied, they call it feet'thy. After that, the plates are again warned in clean water, and ftratified with the aforefaid mixture; which opera- tions muft be repeated till fix Gratifications and eighteen fires have been applied. Then the alTay-maiter breaks one of the plates ; and if there comes out a flat dead found, it is a fign of its being fumciently 12 AYEEN AICBERY. PART r, fufnciently pure ; otherwife, it muft again be ftratified with the mixture, and undergo three more fires. Then from each of the plates is taken one ma/hah ; of which aggregate a plate is made and tried on the touch' Hone. If it is not fufficiently pure, it is ftratified once or twice more j but the defired effect is generally ob- tained bv four flratifications, THE FOLLOWING IS ALSO A METHOD OF ASSAYING. They take two tolahs of the above gold, and the like quantity of pure gold, and make eight plates of each, of equal weight. Then having ftratified the whole with the above- mentioned ingredients, and ht lire to them in the man- ner above directed, they wafh them clean; and if, upon weighing them with an exact balance, both kinds are found to be equal in weight, it is a proof of purenefs, toth, The melt er of the refined metal. He melts the refined plates of gold, and cafts them into round ingots. His fee for 100 gold mohurs is three dams. nth, The %crrah cuts from round ingots pieces of gold, filver, and copper, of the fize of the coin. His tecs are, for ioo gold mofyrs, twenty-one dams one fkeetel and a quarter ; for loofilver rupees, fifty-three dams eight chert els and three quarters ; and for 1 ooo rupees weight of four anna filver pieces, twenty-eight dams more. For iooo dams in copper he takes twenty - fee ; and for one half or one quarter dams, twenty- five dams; and for eighths, which are called dwnery y lixty-nine dams for ioo dams weight. It is furprifing, that in Iran and Turan they cannot cut thefe round pieces without an- anvil made on purpofe; and in Hin- doftan, J>ART I. AYEEK AKEERY. 13 doftan, the workman without any fuch machine, performs this bufinefs with fuch exactness, that there is not the differ en cc of a fingle hair. 1 2th, The feal- engraver. He engraves the die? of coins on fteel, and fuch like metals. At this day. Mollana Aly Ahmed of Dehly, who has not his equal in any Country, cuts different kinds of letters in fteel, in fuch a manner as equals the writing of the moft fkilful matters. He holds the rank oianjoozba/hv; and two of his men are in the mint, each of whom has a monthly falary of 300 Jams. 13th, The fickchy places the round piece of metal between two dies ; and by the ftrength of the hammerer both fides are ftamped at one ftroke. His fees are, for 100 gold mohursy one dam and ten cheeteh \ for 100 filver rupees, rive dams nine cheeteh and a half j and for 1000 filver rupees weight of fmall pieces, one ihim and three cheeteh more; for 1000 dams of copper, three dams; for 2000 \a\idams^ or 4000 quarters, three dams eighteen cheeteh and three quarters ; and for 8ooo eighths, tens dams and a half. And the Jickchy, out of his fees, gives one-fixth to the hammerer, for whom there is no further allowance. 14th, The fubhak makes the refined filver into ingots ; and for every 1000 rupees weight, he take fifty-four d& Silver is alloyed with lead, tin, and copper. In Iran and Turan, the highefl degree of finenefs thereof is alfo called ten dehee. The ferafs of Hin- doftan call the higheft degree twenty Ivjzvah, and ac- cording to the alloy, it defcends in degree ; but it cannot be made lefs than five, and none is ufed bafer than ten. J he fkilful can difcover from the colour with what the f'iperficial part is alloyed ; and by t he file and punch, is 14 AYEES' akelry. part I. is learnt the quality of the inlide. They alfo try it by heating it in the fire, when, upon throwing it into water, blacknefs denotes lead ; rednefs, copper ; a whitifh cinder-colour, tin ; and according as it is more or lefs white, the greater or lefs is the proportion of filver. THE METHOD OF REFINING SILVER. They dig a hole, and having fprinkled in it a fmall quantity of the afhes of field cow-dung, they fill it with ihe afhes of Bahool-wood, then they moiften it, and work it up into the fhape of a dim ur coppel ; into this they put the adulterated filver, together with an equal quantity of lead, after the following manner : id, They put with the filver a fourth part of the lead, and, fur- rounding the coppel with coals, blow the fire till the metals are melted : this operation they repeat as often as is neceflary ; but in moft inftances four times are required. The proofs of the metal being pure are, the brightnefs thereof, and its beginning to harden on the fides. When it is hardened in the middle they lprinkle it with water, when, if a flame ifTues from it, it is arrived at the defired degree of finenefs ; and if rhey melt this mafs again, there will be loft half a rutty m every tolah y or fix majhaks and two rut tees in ioo tolahs. The coppel becomes a kind of litharge, which, in the Hindoftany language, they call kehrel, and in Verfian, kenneh ; the ufe of which will be hereafter explained. Out of too tolahs of fuch refined filver, five majhahs and five ruttees are taken for the khalja ; after which the allay-mafler marks the mafs with a {lamp, that it may not be altered or exchanged. Formerly, filver was alfo allayed by the bunivary ; now it is calculated after the following manner : — ]f, by refining ioo tolahs of the filver called jliahy, which is current .JPART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 15 current in Erak and Khorafan, and the lary and . kaly which are current in Turan, there are loll three tolahs and one rutty ; and from the tiarchecl frengy and roomy, the mahmoodee and mozuffery of Guxifrat and Mahvah, thirteen /o/^ ,-^xj i^^J (^yc { * m ^) t 1 . **"^ ' " God is bountiful unto whom he pleafeth, without if mcafore !" — -And on the border thereof, Abubecre — Omur — Ofmati — Aly. The above is what was firft cut on the dies by MoJlana MukJboJ, feal engraver ; after which Mollana AJy Ahmed made the following additions. On one iide, i* The bell coin is that which is employed in fupplying; «* men with the neceflaries of life, and that benefits the " companions fri the road of God." — And on the reverfe, li The Sublime Monarch ! — the moft exalted Khalif ! " —May PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 23 «< —May God perpetuate his kingdom and his reign, << and encreafe his juftice and righteoufnefs !" Afterwards all the above were laid afide, and two tetraftiches of the king of poets, Sheikh Fizee y were fubftituted in their ftead. On the border of one fide is this tetraftich, " The fun, from whom the feven feas obtain pearls. " The black ftone from his rays obtains a jewel. <{ The mine, from the correcting influence of his beams, M obtains gold ; rt And that gold is ennobled by the impreflion of Shah « Akber."— And on the field, •■ God is greateft — mighty is his glory." On the border of the reverfe is the following te- traftich : u This coin, which is the garment of hope, C 4 24 4*#£tf AKRF. M I. " Carries an everlafting imprcffion and immortal name. s: *' lis fortunate front bears this, fufficient for ages, " Tijat i"he fun * has caft a g-limpfe upon it." And on the field is, written the date pf the month and year. And of tjie fame name, form, and impreflion, is a coin weighing ninety-one tolahs eight majlmhs, in value I o.o round mohnrs. Reliefs (jm&j is the hajf of both the aboye j and it is alfo (pnietitnes made of a fquare form. . On one fide it has the fame impreflion as the felievfeh ; and of a fquare form, is the fiftieth part of a fehenj'eh, being in value two laal jilaly mohurs. Ceerd 26 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. Geerdy O f in value and weight is equal to two round On one fide is, " God is greateft." And on the reverfe, " O Defender !" Aftaly, /-jLo f of a round form, weighs one tolah Vtoomajhahs and four ruttees and three quarters, the value, twelve rupees. On one fide is, " God is greateft — mighty is his glory." And on the reverfe, the month and year, and place where it was (truck. Uahee / -^Jl is round, in weight twelve majkahs thirteen ruttees and a quarter, with the fame impreflion as the aftaby, and is in value twelve rupees, Laal jllaly (JU^ is the half of the laaljilaly. Sehemy / < ^X^ is the half of the adel gootkelu Reby t^Jj is the fourth of the ajtaby. Man /j^o is the fourth of the ilahee and of thtjilaly. Nisfy Seleemy i^^jXm /^**o> is the fifth of the adel gootkeh, Fioij g^. is the fifth of the ilahee. Pandow «v-\jb is the fifth of the laaljilaly ; marked on one fide with a tulip, and on the other with a wild rofe. Sumny (o anc * alfo Behlooly (JjK^t now it is iffued under this name. On one fide is damped the place where it was {truck ; and on the reverfe, the month and year. Accomptants fuppofe the dam to be divided into twenty-five parts, each of which they call a cheetel . tne f° urtn - Dumree TART I. AYEEN AKBERT. 31 Dumree (^£v*£ the eighth. In the beginning of this incomparable reign, gold was coined in many parts of the kingdom in the royal name j now none are ftruck excepting at the four fol- lowing places : Firft, the capital Agra ; Second, Bengal ; Third, Ahmedabad, in Gujerat ; Fourth, Cabul. Silver and copper, befides being coined at the four above- mentioned places, are alfo ftruck in ten other cities, viz. lllhabafs, Agra, Owjain, Surat, Dehly, Patna, Cafhmeer, Lahoor, Multan, and Tandah. And in the following twenty-eight places, only copper, viz, Ajmeer, Owedh, Attock, Allore, Badawur, Benaris, Behker, Behreh, Putten, Jownpoor, Jalendehr, Seha- rungpoor, Sarungpoor, Sembehl, Kennaje, Rehntore, Herdewar, Hifiar Feerozeh, Calpee, Gualiar, Goruck- poor, Kelonwer, Luckhnow, Mundow, Nagore, Sir- kind, Secalhoote, and Serovvnj. A great deal of traffic is carried on in this flouriming country in mohurs, as well as in rupees and darns. The firft time that the reins of government were in the hands of Rajah Tudermull, his majefty gave cur- rency to four kinds of mohursi ift, The laal ji/aly, weighing one tolah thirteen ruttecs and three quarters, which was of the greateft degree of finenefs, and in value 400 dams. 2d, The malmr, which in the beginning of this reign they had made of the weight of eleven maJJiahs, and it palled current under three degrees. When of lull weight its value was 360 dams ; and if after a time there was worn away the weight of three grains of rice, they itill accounted it of the lirft degree, and made no difference between them ; what was deficient from four to fix of (uch grains, they made of the lecond degree, and its value was 355 dams ; and if from fix to nine grains were loft, it was then reckoned of the third de- 32 AYEESJ AKBERY. PART f* grce, and its value was 350 dams : and whatever was of fhorter weight than the latter was received as bullion. Rupees were alfo current after three degrees : 1 ft, The fquare rupee of pure filver, twelve majhahs and a half in weight, which they called jdaly, in value forty dams ; and the old round rupee of Akber Shah, which, when of full weight, and until one ruttte fhort weight, was valued at thirty-nine dams. That which was two ruttees de- ficient was rated at thirty-eight dams ; and whatever was of fhorter weight than this was received as bullion. Again, on the 1 ith of the month Meher, and in the twenty-ninth year of the reign, AzededdowlaJi Emeer FaUalidJah Sheerazy coming at the head of affairs, the royal orders were iliued, that on the mohurs, as far as three grains, and on the rupees, as far as fix grains fhort weight, no account fhould be taken, but that they fhould be reckoned of full weight ; and that whatever were more deficient, the excels fhould be taken ; and that after nine grains deficiency they fhould not be accounted of the fame kind. According to this regula- tion, a rnohur that was one rutty deficient, was worth 3jj£ dams, and fomething more; and the value of one nitty of coined gold, they calculated at four dams, and fomething lefs. According to the regulations of Tuder- mull, for the deficiency of one rutty they took five darns; and for whatever was deficient as far as three grains and a half, they made no further account; but upon a deficiency of one rutty and a half, they took ten dams fhort weight, and even exacted this deficiency from thofe that were not come up to that limit. According to this latter regulation, by taking fomething lefs than fix dams, the value of the third degree becomes 353 dams and fomething more. Alio the round rupee, which, al- though there be no difference between it and thejilaly either in weight or finenefs, they had eftimated at one dam lefs, was now fixed at forty dams, until one rutty Chort PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 33 fhort of weight ; and two ruttees fhort of weight, which before they reckoned two dams, is hereby made one dam and fomething more. When Azededdowlah was fent to Kandees, Rajah Tudermull made the price of gold mohurs to be e(ti- mated in rupees ; and the deficiency on the mohurs and rupees, from his obitinate difpofition, he again fixed at the old rates. When Kulij Khan came to the head of affairs he confirmed what the Rajah had done, excepting that the fhort weight mohurs, upon which the Rajah exacted five dams, he coufed to be cftimated in receipts and pay- ments at ten dams deficiency ; and as far as one rutty and a quarter, twenty dams ; and whatever were more deficient than one rutty and a half, to be reckoned as bullion. The king's mind being at this time occupied by a multiplicity of affairs, he paid little attention to this bufmefs, till after having received fome intimation of the matter, he, on the 26th of the month Behmen, and the thirty-fixth year of his reign, adopted another mode. He ordered that the mohur of three grains, and the rupee that was fix grains deficient, fhould no longer be reckoned of full weight. And this regulation was the only effectual method that could have been taken for lhortening the hands of mean mercenary wretches ; becaufe, that if the officers of the mint coined monev of fuch deficiency in weight, or the treafurers reduced the coins of full weight to this quantity of deficiency, there was no remedy : and alfo fhamelefs thievifh people dipt the coin ; and mohurs deficient three grains, they reduced to fix grains deficiency ; and thofe of fix grains, they made nine grains deficient. Thus, by in- creafing the deficiency of the coin, they defrauded the flate of a great deal of gold. Vol. 1. D By 34 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. By the command of his majefty they made grains of agate, which were ordered to be ufed in weighing; and during the fame month and year many other efforts were exerted. It wasalfo ordered, that the treafurers and the collectors of the revenues fhould not demand any par- ticular fpecies of coin from the Ryotts ; but that what- ever was the deficiency in weight or ftandard, fhould be taken exactly according to the prelent rate and no more. OF DIRHEMS AND DINARS. Having given fome account of the immortal coins, I mail here add a few particulars regarding thefe two pieces of money. Dirhem, which they alio call dirham, is a filver coin ; originally it was of the fhape of a date-done : in the khalifat of Omar it was changed into a round form ; and in the time of Zofrier, it was imprefled with the words Allah (God) and Berk'et (blefiing). — Hejaj impreffed it with the Soorah Ekhlafs*, and fome fay that he ftamped his own name on it ; others aflert, that the firft perfon who tramped an impreffion on dirhems was Omar. According to others, in the time of Abdalmalek Merwan, Greek dirhems, and thole of the Khq/roes and of Himar, were in ufe ; and at his command Hejaj Yufef 'ftruck dirhems. Some (ay that Hejaj refined the bafe dirhems, and ftamped on them Allah Ahed (God is fingle) and Allah Samed (God is eternal) ; and thefe were called the abominated dirhems \ becaufe th*J facred name was thereby expofed to die touch of unclean perfons ; and afterwards Omar Ebu Hobeerah coined in Erak, dirhems like thofe of Hejaj ; then Khaled Ebn Abdallah Kajhery, who was governor oi Erak, improved them 3 and after that, Yufej Oiujr brought them to the higheft degree of puiity. * i he I2lh chaptet of the Koran. Again, PART I, aYeen AKEF.RV 33 Again, ir is faid that Majfaeb Ebn Zobier was thefirtr. perfon who (tamped dirhems ; and [here are different ac- counts of their weights, fome faying that they were of ten or nine, or fix or five mijkuli ; and others relate that they were of twenty keera/s, twelve keerats, and ten keerals weight ; and that Ow^rtook. a dirhem of each kind, and formed a coin of fourteen keerats t being the third part of the aggregate fum. It is likewife faid that, in the time of Omar there were current feveral kinds of dirhems of eight dangees, which they called Beghalv, after Rajs Beghal, who was the allay- matter, and who fhnick dirhems by the command of Omar. Others fay that they are called Beghaly, from a town of that name ; and that the dirhems of four dangs, called tebry, thofe of three dangs, called mughreby, and thole of one dang, named jr.w///, were formed into one coin. Faze! Khojendy fays, that in former times dirhems were of two kinds, eight dangees and fix dangces. 2 Hehbeh 2 TeJ/uj 2 Keerats make one Teffuj ; Keerat j Da?ig. DINAR Is a gold coin, weighing one mijkal, which is equal to one and three-fevenths of a dirhem. I 2 Zerrahs 6 Kitmeers 6 Nekeers 6 Fete eh i j. Fuls 6 Muflard feeds 2 Barley corns 2 Hebbehs 4 Teffuj 6 Da tigs c o a s D2 Kitmeer ; ISekeer ■> Feteel * Fid; i Muftard feed } Barley corn ; Hebbeh ■ Tejjit'i ; Dang i I Mijkal. And, $6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 1, And, according to this calculation, a mi/kails ninety- fix barley corns. Mifkal is a weight ufed in weighing gold ; and it is alfo the name of a coin. From the ancient records of fome monafteries, it appears that the Greek mijkal has been for a longtime difufed, and that it was two keerats lefs in weight than this. Alfo the Greek dirhems are dif- ferent from the others, being one dang and a half lefs in weight. An Account of the Profit winch Merchants gam by bringing Gold, Silver, and Copper to the Mint. The following is the value of a round gold mohur in bullion. Quantity thereof given for Degree of finenefs of a round gold mo//ut weigh- the gold bullion. ing eleven majhahs. Tolahs. Majhahs. Ruttees. jo Banny I O O 9! Banny I O 2 \ lianny I O 4 9'| Banny I 6 9 Banny I 1 And after this rate upon each vanny alloy, they take one majhah more than the weight of the mohur. EXAMPLE. The merchant buys for 100 laal jilaly mohurs, a number of gold huns, weighing 130 tolah, two majhah, and five banny, and of eight bannees and a half finenefs. Out of this' quantity of gold, twenty-two tolahs, nine majhahs, and {even ruttees and a half are burnt in the fire, and mixed with the khak khelafs, and there will remain 107 tolahs, four majltahs, and one and one-eighth of a rutty of pure gold, which is coined into 105 jilaly mohurs, PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 37 mohurs, and leaves a remainder of about half a tolah of gold, the value of which is four rupees. From the khak khelafs are recovered two tolahs, eleven majhahs, and four ruttees of gold, and eleven tolahs, eleven maJJiahs, and four ruttees and a half of filver ; the value of which gold and filver is thirty-five rupees and twenty-two dams. JSo that the aforefaid gold produces altogether J05 mohurs, thirty-nine rupees, and twenty-two dams ; out of which fum are to be deducted the following charges : Rs. Ds. Cs. For the workmen, as before related, 2 18 12$ For articles ufed in refining the metal, viz. R s . Ds. Cs. OupeJah, - o 26 i6| Selony, - o 4 20 Water, - o 1 10 Quickfilver, - o 1 1 5 For the khak khelafs, viz. Charcoal, - o 21 7I Lead, - 3 22 24 4 if 4 4 6f 7 26 20f Duty to the flate, at fix rupees £er cent, 6 10 12! *3 37 8 But if the aforefaid gold is bought by the khalfah, thefe charges are defrayed by the dewan, and the merchant, in exchange for his gold, receives 100 laal jilaly mohurs, and a profit of twelve rupees, twenty-feven dams, three cheetels and a half. The remaining five mohurs, twelve rupees, twenty-feven dams, thirteen cheetels and a half, are received into the khalfah, »3 It 38 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. It ought to be known, that although merchants bring gold into Hindoftan, yet, in the fouthern mountainous parts of this empire there is found a great quantity of this metal, and likewife in Tibet : moreover, the fands of the Ganges, thofe of the Scind, and feveral other rivers of thefe kingdoms are mixed with gold, which may be obtained by the felony procefs : however, the labour and expence greatly exceed the profit. SILVER. Nine hundred and fixty-nine tolahs, nine majkahs, and four ruttees of pure filver are purchafed for nine hundred and fifty rupees, reckoning one tolah and two ruttees for every rupee. Out of this quantity, five tolulis, four ruttees and three quarters are burnt in cafting the ingots j and there are produced 1006 rupees, with a remainder of twenty- feyen dams, twelve cheetels and a half. Weighman, CHARGES Ks. Ds. 5 Cs. 7* Chajhnegeer, Melter, Zerrab, Sickchy, 3 6 2 1 6 4i 12* Articles Jifed in refining, viz. Charcoal, - o 10 o Water, - o 015 2 22 12 o 10 15 Duties to the Dewan, 50 13 o 53 6 2 The merchant receives 950 rupees in exchange for the filver, and three rupees, twenty- one dams, ten cheetels and PART I. AYEEN AKBEPY. 39 and a half for his profit. If he refines the filver at his own houfe, his profit will be much greater. Of the filver called lary Jhahy and mijkaly, for one rupee are bought one tolah and four ruttees ; fo that the fum of 950 rupees purchafes 989 totalis and nine maJJiahs thereof; out of which fourteen tolahs, nine ?najhahs, and one rut tee, are burnt in the Subbakee procefs, being at the rate of one tolah and a half in 100 tolahs. And in making the ingots, there will be loft in the fire four tolahs, ten rnajliahs, and three rntteees. There are coined 1 01 2 rupees; and from the khak khelafs three rupees and a half more are recovered. CHARGES t Rs. Ds. Cs. Weighman, 5 1 Subbaky, 2 19 Koorjkoob, l 9 Chajlmegeer, - 3 4 Melter, 6 I2f Z,errab, 2 1 O Sickchy, 6 iaf Articles ufed in refining, viz. Lead, - 5 1 1 o Charcoal, - o 10 o Water, - o o 12I 4 28 5 2I I2 i Duties to the ftate, 50 24 o 60 1Z I2§ In exchange for the filver t.he merchant receives 950 rupees, and has four rupees and twenty-nine dams for his profit. D4 copper. 40 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. COPPER. A maund of copper is purchafed for 1044 dams, at the rate of twenty-fix dams two chcelels and a half per leer. Out of this quantity one feer is burnt, and tl.ere are coined 1 1 70 dams, reckoning thirty dams for every feer. The merchant has out of this film a profit of eighteen dams and nineteen cheeteh ; thirty-three dams and ten cheetels go to the workmen,: and the charges for ar- ticles expended in the coinage are, R. D. Oh. Charcoal, - o 13 8 Water, - 010 Clay, - 010 o 15 8 Duties to the date, 119 o 1 13 8 OF THE PRODUCTION OF METALS. Metals are formed of vapour and exhalation, which is to be particularly learned from books of philolbphy. Metals are feven in number, viz. gold, filver, rooh- tooteea*, copper, tin, iron, and lead. And there aTe formed compofitions of the above metals, which are ufed by jewellers, braziers, and others. Of this number is fefaid ru, which the natives of Hindoftan call kanfeh ; and it is a compofition of four feers of copper and one feer of tin, melted together. * A kind of native pewter. Rowee PART I. AYEEN AKEERY. 41 Rowee is made of four feers of copper an& one feer and a half of lead ; and this is called in Hindoltan, buhngar. o Berinj (brafs) in Hindoftany, peetel, is of three kinds : one kind is malleable without being heated in the fire, and it is made of two feers of copper and one feer and a half of roohtooteea. The other kind is not malleable, and it is ufed in calling ; this is compofed of two feers of copper and one feer and a half of roohtooteea. Seem fuckhteh is compofed of filver, lead, and cop- per ; it is of a deep colour and very bright, and is ufed in filvering. Huft joafli. Where roohtooteea is not to be had, this is made of the other fix metals ; fome call this taleekoon, and others take this to be a fictitious kind of copper. Uflir daht is a compofition of eight ingredients, m the fix metals above mentioned, together with rooh- tooteea andkanfeh. Cowelputter, which is compofed of two feers of fcfaid ru and one feer of copper, is a very elegant and beauti- ful compofition. It is an invention of his prefent majeily. OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF METALS. All metals are compounded of vapour and exhala- tions, which are formed of the four elements; conie- quently, that mixture wherein there are abundance of fire and air, will be comparatively lighter than thole which abound with watery and earthly particles. So that cubes of equal fizes of each kind of metal will differ from one another in weight, in the following degrees. Gold, 42 AYEEN AKBF.RV. PART I. Gold, ioo Iron, - 40 Quickfilver, 71 Copper, 45 Lead, - 59 Bras, - 45 Tin, - 2>6 Rowee, "1 ^ Silver, - 54 Sefaid ru, j ^ And this is called the fpecific difference. Some calculate with water after the following manner: They fill a veffel with water, and put into it feparately 100 mifkals of each kind of metal ; and from the quan- tities of water thrown out upon the introduction of the metals, are found the fpecific difference between them. That metal which retains the large ic quantity of water in the veifel is the heavieft ; and, on the contrary, that; which ejects the greateft quantity is the lighted. Thus the ejected water of the before-mentioned filver will be nine miJJcah and three quarters, and the gold wi),l throw out five mijkah and a quarter. And when the quantity of water ejected is fubtraded from the weight of the metal in air, the remainder is the hydroftatic weight. The fcales of the air-balance are both fufpended in, air : thofe of the hydroftatic one are on the furface of the water ; when whichfoever of the two bodies placed thereon is fpecificalry the heavieft, will quickly make the other kic •: the beam : and if one of the fcales be placed on the furface of the water and the o r her in tho sir, the feale which is in the air will inevitably fink laweft; becaufe the air being rarer than the water, cannot iupport its fcale. If the water ejected be lefs than the weight of the body immerfed, that body will fink in water; and if the water exceeds the body in weight, it will float on its furface i PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 4^ furface ; but if the water and the body are of equal weights, it will fink till its furface comes even with that of the water. For the further illuftration hereof, Abu Rihan Al Birouni * has left us the three following tables. TABLE I. The Quantity of JVatcr ejecled upon the Introduction of ioo Mijkah of the following Metals ', &c. Mirk. Duw. Tef. Gold, 5 1 2 Qiiickfilver, 7 2 I Lead, 8 5 8 Silver, 9 4 1 Sefaid ru, 1 1 2 8 Copper, ii 3 8 Brals, ii 4 8 Iron, 12 5 2 Tin, 13 4 8 Sapphire, *5 1 2 Amethyfl, 26 8 8 Ruby, 27 5 2 Emerald, 36 2 8 Pearl, 37 1 8 Lapis lazuli, 38 3 8 Cornelian, 39 8 8 Amber, 39 $ 8 Chryflal, 40 8 8 TABLE * Abu Rihan, furnamed " Al Khovarezmi al Birouni," was a native of the city of Birpun, fituated in the province of Khovarezm, and not that in India, as fome have written. He was an excellent aftronomer, and travelled into India for the fpace of forty vears. He iQJ. AYEEN AKBERY* PART I, TABLE II. The IV eight in Water of the following Metals > &c. when they weigh I oo Mijkals in Air. Mifk. Duw. Tef. Gold, Ouickfilver, Lead, 95 92 9 1 4 8 1 2 8 Silver, Sefaid ru, 90 88 1 4 8 8 Copper, Brafs, 88 88 3 2 8 8 Iron, Tin, 87 86 8 2 2 8 Sapphire, Amethyft, Ruby, Emerald, 74 74 72 68 4 8 8 4 2 S 2 8 Pearl, 62 5 8 Lapis lazuli, Cornelian, 61 61 3 8 8 8 Amber, 60 3 i Chryftal, 60 8 8 He was a contemporary of the famous Abu Sina (vulgarly called Avicenna) with whom he had frequent contefts, and in which he was generally too much for his adverfary. The moft famous of his works is a complete fyirem of geography, infilled " Canun al Maflaudi," which he dedicated to Sultan Maf- fand, the Gaznivide. This work is often quoted by Abulfeda and Abumoal. He afterwards publiflied the Theory of the Fixed Stars, uititkd " Tafhim fi tangim." A. H. 42 I, or A. D. 1029. fide D' Her Mot's 3'ibliotheque Orient ale, /t.2\ & 32. TABLE *ART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 45 TABLE III. The Weight of 'the following Metals, &c. in Air, "when thev equal in Bulk i oo Mijkah of Gold. Mifk. Duw. Tef. Gold, IOO O Quickfilver, 7 1 I I Lead, 59 2 2 Silver, 54 8 8 Sefaid ru, 46 2 8 Copper, 45 3 S Brals, 45 8 5 Iron, 45 3 3 Tin, 38 2 2 Sapphire, 94 8 8 Amethyft, 94 8 3 Ruby, 90 2 3 Emerald, 69 3 8 Pearl, 67 5 2 Lapis lazuli, 65 3 2 Cornelian, 64 4 2 Amber, 64 3 E Chryftal, 63 8 8 THE HARAM, OR SERAGLIO. There is in general great inconvenience arifing from a number of women ; but his majefty, out of the abundance of his wifdom and prudence, has made it iubfervient to public advantage ; for, by contracting marriages with the daughters of the princes of Hindottan and of other countries, he fecuies him felt againfi infurrections at home, and forms powerful alliances abroad. The haram is an enclofure of fuch immenfe extent as to contain a feparate room for every one of the women, 46 AYEEN AKfcERY. PART. I, women, whofe number exceeds five thoufand. They are divided into companies, and a proper employment is afligned to each individual. Over each of thefe companies a woman is appointed darogha. And one is felecled for the command of the whole, in order that the affairs of the haram may be conducted with the fame regularity and good government as the other de- partments of the ftate. Every one receives a falary equal to her merit. The pen cannot meafure the extent of the emperor's largeffes ; but here (hall be given fome account of the monthly ftipend of each. The ladies of the firft quality receive from 1610 rupees down to 1028 rupees. Some of the principal fervants of the prcience have from fifty-one down to twenty rupees ; and others are paid from two rupees up to forty. At the grand gate Is Rationed a mufhrefF, to take account of the receipts and expenditures of the haram in ready money and in goods. Whenever any of this multitude of women want any thing, they apply to the treafurer of the haram, who, ac- cording to their monthly flipend, fends a memorandum thereof to the mufhrefF of the grand gate, who tranf- mits it to the treafurer of the king's palace, and he pays the money. In payment of thefe demands no align- ments are given, but only ready money. An eflimate of the annual expences of the haram being drawn out, the mufhreff writes a draft for the amount, which is countcrfigned by the minitters of ftate, after which it is paid in a coin that his majeity has caufed to be {truck folely for this purpofe. This money is paid by the grand treafurer to the paymafter- general of the palace ■> and, upon a written order being fenc by the mufhreff of the gate, it is diftributed amongft 3»ART I. AYEEN AKEERYi 47 amongft the inferior paymafters of the haram, and by them paid to the different fervants thereof. And this money is reckoned in their falaries equal with the cur- rent coin. The inficle of the haram is guarded by women ; and about the gate of the royal apartments are placed the mod confidential. Immediately on the outlide of the gate, watch the eunuchs of the haram, and at a proper diftance are Rationed the rajpoots, beyond whom are the porters of the gates ; and on the out fide of the enclofure, the omrahs, the ahdeeans, and other troops mount guard, according to their rank. Whenever the begums, or the wives of the omrahs or other women of character, want to pay their compli- ments, they fir ft notify their defire to thole who wait on the outfide, and from thence their requeft is lent in writing to the officers of the palace, after which they are permitted to enter the haram : and tome women ot rank obtain permiflion to remain there for the (pace of a month. But befides all the precautions above defcribed, his majefty depends on his own vigilance, as well as on that of his guards. OF THE EQUIPAGE FOR JOURNIES. It would be difficult to defcribe every particular of this eftablifhment ; but fomethine (hall be laid of the equipage ufed for hunting, and for Ihort journies. The goolalbar is an enclofure, the invention of h's majefty, the doors whereof are fecured with locks mi keys. At the eaftern end thereof is erected a pavilion, containing fifty-four rooms, each twenty-four yards long, and fourteen yards wide. In the middle is erected 4$ A VEEN AKBERY. PART I. erected a chowbeen rowty *, and to this adjoin other pavilions ; and near to rhefe is a wooden houfe of two (lories, where his majeity performs divine worlhip ; and from the upper ftory he alfo receives the compli- ments cf the nobility, in the morning. But women do not go there without leave. Next are twenty-four chowbeen rowtees, ten yards long and fix yards wide, which are feparated from one another by kenauts. Here refide the favourite women : and there are other tents and pavilions fet apart for particular women : and they are adorned with em- broidery, brocade, and velvet. Adjoining to thefe is a pavilion of carpeting, fixty yards fquare, under which fome tents are pitched : and this is the ftation of the ourdubegeean -f and other women. In the front thereof, as far as the dowlet khanah khafs, is a plain 150 yards in length and 100 yards broad, which they call mahtaby ; and on both fides thereof are erected magnificent tents, fuch as have been already defcribed ; and at the diftance of every two yards is fet up a pole fix yards long, one yard of which is in the ground ; and the top is ornamented with a brafs knob, and it is fattened with two tent- ropes, one on each fide. The guards watch here, as has been defcribed in the regulations for the haram. In the midit of this plain is railed a platform, over which is fpiead an awning called a numgeerah, which is fupported by four poles. This is the place where his majefty fits in the evening ; and none but thofe who are particularly favoured are allowed to be preient. • Defcribed amongil the camp-equipage. I They are Calmuc women, who watch the firft inclofure of the haram. Near *ART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 49 Near to the goolalbar is a circular enclofure of 360 yards, with twelve pavilions ; in the midft whereof is a chowbeen rowty of ten yards fquare, raifed from the ground, and forty other rooms. Thefe are covered with twelve awnings of twelve yards each ; and they are leparated from others by kenauts*. This place is called the oupcheky khanah. And for each apartment there is a privy. Adjoining to this are erected kenauts of carpeting 150. yards fquare, and which, in the manner before defcribed, are fupported by poles ornamented with brafs knobs. In the center thereof 100 ferafh raife four tents, con- taining feventy-two rooms; and over thefe is fpread a calendery, refembling a tent, made of wax-cloth, or oil- cloth, to defend them from rain and the heat of the fun; and the outfide is fhaded by fifty awnings, of twelve yards each. This is the dowlet kanah khafs, which is alfo fecured with doors and locks. And here the nobility cannot enter till the oupcheean has obtained them permifhon. On the firft day of every moon, both the infide and outfide of the dowlet khanah khafs are ornamented with flowered carpeting ; and on the outfide, for the fpace of 350 yards, tent-poles and ropes are fet up, at the diftance of three yards from each other, about which guards are ftationed ; and at that time this is the dewan khanah aum, which is guarded on all fides. At the diftance of twelve yards from the dowlet khanah is an enclofure of fix-ty yards of rope, for the nekar khanah : and in the middle of the area, the akafs-deah is lighted up. • Partitions made of linen, broad cloth, &c, Vox. I. E Tfo 50 AYEEN AKBERY. PART It •The ferafh * pitch this encampment on a fpot chofen by the meer munzil. And fuch an equipage requires for its carriage ioo elephants, 500 camels, 400 carts, and 100 men : and rhev are efcorted by 500 cavalry, including munfub- dars ahdeean, and others. And there are alfo employed on this fervice 1000 ferafh, natives of Iran, Turan, and Hindoftan, 500 pioneers, 100 water-carriers, fifty carpenters, fifty tent -makers, fifty linkmen, thirty workers in leather, and 150 lweepers. The monthly pay of the foot is from 240 to 130 Jams. REGULATIONS FOR THE ENCAMPMENT OF THE ARMY. His majefty never collects his armies together in one body ; for, befides that many are employed on different fervices, he doth not carry all his troops along with him, from the confideration that fuch an immcnfe multitude would breed a famine : and it would be im- poffible to find quarters even for the foldiers ; and then what mud become of the followers of the camp ! His majefty has invented an admirable method of encamping his troops, which is the means of affording eafe to the people. Tn a fpace of ground 1530 yards long, are pitched the royal tents and pavilions, in the manner juft now defcribed. Then on the right and left fides, and behind, is an open fpace of 100 yards, which is never entered by any but the guards. After this, at the diftance of 100 yards, in the quarter of the kov.r, are the tents of Meriem Mukany and Goolbuden Begum, and other princeffes, together with thole of Sultan Daniel. On * Camp- colour-men. the Part i. ayeen akbery. 5f the right fide, Sultan Seleem is encamped ; and on the left, is the ftation of Sultan Morad : and at a fmall diftance behind are the offices : behind which, in every corner, is left a road thirty yards wide. The omrahs are encamped without on all fides, according to their rank. The guard for Thurfday, Friday, and Saturday, are encamped in the rear ; thofe for Sunday and Monday, on the right ; and thofe for Tuefday and Wednefday, on the left fide of the royal tents. REGULATIONS FOR THE ILLUMINATIONS. This is a fpark of celeftial fire. At noon, when the fun enters the fourteenth degree of the fign Aries, they place in the fun's rays a kind of mining onyx, called in the Hindoftany language, foorej kerant, and put it to a piece of cotton, which from the heat of the ftone catches fire : — and this celeftial fire is committed to the care of proper perfons ; and the lamp-lighters, linkmen, and cooks, make ufe thereof for their refpective offices ; and when the year ex- pires, they catch new fire. The veflel this fire is preferved in is called aganger, or the fire-pot. There is alio a mining white ftone, called chunderkerant, which, upon being expofed to the moon's beams, drips water. Every afternoon, at one ghnrry before fun-fet, his majefty, if on horfeback, alights ; or if fleeping, he is awakened. And when the fun fets, the attendants light up twelve camphor candles in twelve candlefticks of gold and filver, and bring them into the prefencc ; when a finger of fweet melody, taking up one of the candlefticks, lings a variety of delightful airs, and con-* eludes with imploring bleffings on his majedy. E 2 It ^2 AYEEN AK3ERY. PART T. It is impoiiibie to defcribe the beauty and various forms of thefe candleltics : Some ot them weigh forty- pounds and upwards, and are carved with a variety of figures. Some are fingle, others of two branches, and others of more. They caft camphor candles three yards long, and fome larger ; and they are ornamented with flowers. The palace is moreover illuminated vvithinfide and without with flambeaus fixed upon poles with iron prongs. The firft, fecond, and third nights of the moon, when there is but little moon-light, the prongs are lighted with eight flambeaus. From the fourth to the tenth they decreafe one in number every night, fo that on the tenth night, when the moon mines very bright, one flambeau is fufficient ; and they continue in this ftate till the fifteenth, and increafe one every day from the fixteenth to the nineteenth. On the twentieth they continue the fame, and on the twenty-firft and twenty-fecond increafe one daily; the twenty-third is the fame as the twenty fecond ; and from the twenty- fourth to the thirtieth night of the moon, eight prongs arc lighted up. For each link are allowed one feer and a half of oil, and half a feer of rags, more or lefs according to the fize. In fome places they burn lamps with greafe ; but in the palace nothing is ufed but oil. In order to render the royal camp confpicuous to thofe who come from far, his majefty has caufed to be erected, in the front of the dowlet khanah, a pole upwards of forty yards high, which is fupported by fixteen ropes ; and from the top of the pole is fufpended a large lantern, which they call the akafldeeah. Thefe offices are performed by many of the mun- fubdars, ahdeeans, and other military men. The pay of PART I. AVEEN AKBERY. 53 of a foot- fold ier never exceeds 2400, and is never lefs than eighty darns. THE ENSIGNS OF ROYALTY; Which wife monarchs confider as marks of divine favour. Some of thole which are ufcd in our time fhall be here delcribed. The an rung (or throne) is made of feveral forms ; fome are inlaid with precious ftones, and others are of gold, filver,, he. The chutter (or umbrella) is made of great value, being ornamented with precious ftonesj and thole are never fewer than feven. The fayiban is ot an oval form, a yard in length, and its handle, like that of the chutter, is covered with cloth of gold, and ornamented with precious ftones. One of the attendants holds it to keep off the rays of the fun. It is alfo called aftabgeer. Kowkebah *. Several of thefe are hung up in the front of the palace. And thefe four infignia of grandeur are ufed only by kings. The alum. When the king goes abroad, never lefs than five of thefe are carried along with the kowr. They are wrapped up in fcarlet cloth-bags, and are dis- played on days of feftivity, and in battle. The chuttertowk refembles the alum, only that it is fmaller, and is adorned with tails of the mountain-cow. * Stars made of gold and other metals. E 3 The 54 AYEEN AKBERT. PART I* The tementowk is like the chuttertovvk, only that this is longer. And thefe two lad mentioned are the flags of the higheft dignity. The tementowk is folely appropriated to military officers of high rank. The jendeh is another kind of flag. Every one of thefe kinds of flags muft abfolutely be along with the kowr ; and in battle great numbers of them are difplayed. The kowrekh *, commonly called demameh. Of thefe there are eighteen pair, more or lefs ; and they make a very deep noife. The nekareh * twenty pair, more or lefs. The Dehl, * four. The kerna-f- is made of gold, filver, brafs, and other metals : and they never blow fewer than four. The ferna -f of the Perfian and Indian kinds -, nine in number. The nefeer-j- is of the Perfian, European, and Indian forms ; and they blow fome of each kind. The ling is of brafs, and made in the form of a cow's horn ; of thefe there are four. The fenj J. They blow three pair of thefe. For- merly they ufed to be blown at four ghurries before * Different kinds of drums. f Different kinds of trumpets. X Cench. night, ■PARTI. AYEEN AKBERY." 55 night, and at the fame diftance from day-break. Now the firft blaft is at midnight, and the other at fun-rife. One ghurry before fun-rife, the enlivening blaft of the ferna awakens thofe who (lumber ; and the kowrekh is beat a little. Thefe are joined by the kerna, the nefeer, and all the other mufical inftruments, excepting the nekarah. After a fhort paufe the ferna and the nefeer play the mufical modes; after which the nekarah is beat, and the people with one voice pray blemngs on his majefty. His majefty is converfant in mufic, and has compofed upwards of 200 new modes, which are the delight of all hearers. The mod excellent are the Jilallhahy, the Mehameerkurget, and the Nowrozy. In this department are munfubdars, ahdeeons, and other troops. The monthly pay of a foot-foldier never exceeds 340 dams, and is never lets than feventy-four. OF THE ROYAL SEALS. In the beginning of the reign, Mollana Mukfood, feal -engraver, cut on fteel, in the Roka character, the name of his majefty with thofe of his predeceflbrs up to Timur j and after that, he cut another in the Nuftaleek character, with his majefty's name alone. — For every thing relative to petitions another feal was made, of a femicircular form. On one fide was, OwwIOo* (j^Li?; v» r o^ v /^aam!^ " Rectitude is the means of pleafingGod. " I never faw any one loft in a ftraight road.'" E 4 After 56 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 1. After that, Tumkeen Kabuly made another feal. Then Mollana Aly Ahmed Dehlivy cut two feals ; one fmall and the other large. The fmall one, which is called ouzek, is ufed for ftamping of firmans; and the large one, on which are alfo engraved the names of his majefty's predecefibrs, is ufed fur letters to foreign princes. And both thefe feals are in ufe at this day. For other orders is ufed a fquare feal, with this in- fcription, " God is greateft; mighty is his glory !" There is alfo a particular feal ufed for all orders re- lative to the haram : and there is likewife a feparate feal for ftamping the conclufion of firmans. Mollana Ibraheem has engraved on every one of the rubies of value, i( The magnificent ruby." OF THE CAMP -EQUIPAGE. The bargah is of fuch a magnitude as to be able to contain ten rhoufand perfons; and the erecting of it employs one thoufand ferafh for a week, with the help of machines. One of thefe bargahs, without any orna- ments, coils upwards of ten thoufand rupees. They are ibmetimes finely ornamented with tin. From the price of a plain one, may be formed a comparative eflimate of what would be the expence of making other kinds. The PART I AYEEN AKBEPY. 57 The chowbeen rowty is raifed on ten pillars of un- equal heights, and or which fome part goes into the ground ; and beams are laid upon the upper part, and fattened above and below with crofs pieces of wood ; and fome fmall crofs beams are fixed on the top, and fattened with iron cramps. The roof and walls are made of reeds woven together. There are either one or two doors; and a platform is railed at a convenient height from the ground. The inlide is ornamented with velvet and brocade, and the outfide is covered with fcarlet broad cloth bound round with filken tape. The duafhanah munzil is raifed upon eighteen pillars of iix yards in height, which fupport a wooden plat- form ; and on the level thereof pillars of four yards in length are made to fit into thole below, and form an upper ftory. The upper part is the place for divine worfhip, and the lower ftory is for the women. In the upper ftory his majefty performs his religious duties, and worfhips the fun. After this ceremony, the women are admitted to pay their compliments ; and when they retire, the nobility enter and make their obeifances. On iournies the king generally holds his court in this h'oufc, which is alfo called the jehrokah. The zemeendoze is made of various forms, and is divided by curtains. The ajayby is compofed of nine awnings, each fup- ported by four pole?. Five of the awnings are fquare, and four of an elliptical form. The mundel is compofed of five awnings meeting together, and fupported by four poles. Sometimes four of the awnings are let down to form curtains, and fometimes they lift up one of them. The 58 AYEF.N AKBERY. PART r. The atkcmbeh confifts of feventcen awnings, fome joined together, and others feparate ; and they are fupportcd by eight poles. The khergah is made differently ; fome with one, and others with two doors. The (hahmyanah is of different fizes, but never lefs than twelve yards. The calendery is in the form of a tent, and is made of wax-cloth and fuch like. It is fpread over the top of the bargah, to defend it from rain and the heat of the fun. The farahperdah. Formerly thefe were made qf coarfe white linen cloth ; but his majefly has now cauied them to be made of carpeting, and thereby greatly added to the magnificence of the encampment. The gulalbar are wooden walls like thofe of the khergah ; they are ilrengthened with ftraps of leather, and fold together for the convenience of carriage. They are folded up in red linen, and tied round with tape. Galeem*. His majefly has given fuch encourage- ment to this manufa&ure, that the carpets of Perfia and Tartary are thought no more of. Great numbers of carpet-weavers are fettled here, and derive immenfe profit from their labour. The belt carpets are made at Agra, Futtehpoor, and Lahoor. In the royal work- ihops, a carpet in length twenty yards and feven tefluj, and fix yards and a half tefluj broad, is made for 1810 rupees j which thofe fkilled in the bufinefs value at 2715 rupees. • Woollen carpets. Tukeeahnemed. •1>ART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 59 Tukeeahnemed. Thefe are brought from Europe, and abundance are made in this country. It would take up too much time to defcribe the beauty and va- riety of the jajums, fahtrinjes, baiuchies, and filken carpets that are fabricated in this empire. THE ABDAR KHAN AH*. His majefty calls water cooled with faltpetre the water of life, and has committed the care of it to pro- per perfons. His majefly, both at home and on jour- nies, always drinks Ganges water. Some trufty perfons arc ftationed on the banks of that river, who fill vefTek with its water, and feal up the mouths thereof. When the court is at Agra or Futtehpoor, the water is brought from the town of Saroon : now that his majefty is at Punjab, they bring it from Herduwar. For the kitchen are ufed the waters of the Jumnah or Punjab, mixed with fome of that of the Ganges. And on journies and hunting parties, proper perfons are appointed to make trial of the waters they may meet with. Saltpetre, which in the compofition of gunpowder iupplies heat, his majefly has difcovered to be alfo pro- ductive of cold. Saltpetre is a faline earth. They fill with it a per- forated veflel, and fprinkle it with water, and collecting together what drops through, they boil it until it chryl- talizes. A quart of water is put into a gugglet of pewter, or filver, or any other clean metal, and the mouth Hopped dole. Then is thrown into a vefiel two feers and a half of faltpetre, with five feers of wa r .er; and the gugglet of water is ftined about in that mixture for * The place where water is cooled with faltpcire. the 60 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. the fpace of a quarter of an hour, by which time the water will be fufficiently cool. The price of faltpetre is from thirty feers to four maunds for the rupee. Now that the victorious ftandards are erecled in Pun- jab, being the thirtieth year of the reign, they bring lnow and ice by land and water, from the fouthern mountains bordering on the town of Puthan, forty-five cofe from Lahoor : the people fell it at the rate of two or three feers for a rupee, and find their account in bringing it. THE KITCHEN. His majefty even extends his attention to this depart- ment, and has made many wife regulations for it. He eats but one in the courfe of twenty-four hours, and he always leaves off with an appetite : neither is there any fixed time for this meal ; but the fervants have always things in fuch readinefs, that in the fpace of an hour after the order is given, an hundred difhes are ferved up. What is required for the haram, is going forward from morning till night. Trudy people are appointed to this department, and his majeily is not unwatchful of their conduct. At the head of thefe fervants is the meer bekawel (or matter) who has under him many affiftants, who tafte every dim before it is brought to him ; there is alfo an officer to take charge of the money, and of the kitchen* utenfils ; together with a number of cooks. There is Iikewife a muihreffto keep the accounts ; and cooks of every nation prepare all foits of victuals. There PARTI. AYEEN AKEERY. 6, There is always kept in readinefs fle(h, oil, greens, fpices, fvvcermeats, &c. and every day fuch a number of exquifite dimes are prepared, as are fcarcely Teen at the banquets of other monarchs. On the beginning of every year there is taken out of ftore whatever will be required for one year's confump- tion, and the different articles are diltributed to the officers of each particular branch ; and the mouths of the facks and doors of the magazine are fealed with the ieals of the meer bekawel and the mumrefT. Every month, is drawn out an account of the daily expenditure, for which vouchers are produced under the ieals of the two officers above mentioned, when they are entered in the account charges. At the beginning of every quarter, the dewan of the offices and the meer bekawel, collect together whatever they think will be required for the kitchen : fuch as thole kinds of rice called fukdofs, from Bahrantch ; dow- zerah, from Gualiar; khenjen, from Rajowry ; nimlah- zurd and oil from Hiflar; and geele and other water- fowl from Cafhmeer. The cooks fatten fheep, goats, and poultry : the flaughter-houfe is without the city, and from thence the meat is lent to the kitchen in facks fealed by the cooks. The water-carriers pour the water out of leather bags into earthen veflels, the mouths whereof, being covered with linen cloth, are fealed up ; and the water is left to fettle before it is ufed. The kitchen-gardens are kept under a guard, that there may be a continual lupply of frefti greens. The meer bekawel and the mufhrerT draw out an eftimate of the daily expence of every kind of food, and make that their rule. Ordinary 62 aTSIS akeery; part r." Ordinary people are not permitted to enter the kitchen ; and no one is entertained as a fervant who cannot give fecurity for his good behaviour. The victuals are ferved up in difhes of gold, fihrer, ftone, and china. During the time of drefTing and taking up the vic- tuals, an awning is fpread over the top of the kitchen, and care taken that nothing falls therefrom. The cooks tuck up the fleeves and the fkirts of their garments, and hold their hands before their mouths and noftrils. Before the victuals are taken up, a cook and one of the inferior bekawels tafte them ; after which they are tailed by the meer bekawel, and then put into diihes. The gold and filver dimes are tied up in red linen cloths, and thofe of copper and china in white linen ; •nd the meer bekawel puts his feal upon every difli, and writes on the cloth what it contains ; then the mufhrefftubbuck khaneh (or clerk of the pantry) makes out an inventory of all the difhes, and this is fent under a cover with the leal of the meer bekawel, that none of the diihes may be changed. The dimes are carried by the inferior tatters, the cooks, and other fervants of the kitchen ; and the mace- bearers both precede and follow, to prevent people from approaching them ; and with the diihes of meat are fent plates of variety of fvveetmeats and pickles, fealed up in the lame manner. The fervants of the prcfence again talk the victuals, "and then ferve it up ; when the table is ready, his ma- jefty feats himfelf j and the attendants place thethfelvefe round the table in a fitting pofture : firft, the (hare of the dervifhes is fet apart, when his majefly begins generally with milk or curds.— After he has dined he fays grace. Ail |*AR'T I. AYEEN AKBERY. 6j All this time the meer bekawel is waiting without for directions ; and they carry back the dimes in the fame order that they were brought. Befides what is ferved up, a quantity of victuals is "kept half-dreffed, to be ready when called for. The copper utenfils for his majefty's ufe are tinned twice in a month, and thole ol the princes and the haram, only once in that time ; whatever copper utenfils are broken are given to the braziers, who make new ones. OF THE ARTICLES USED IN COOKING. It is difficult to defcribe the various difhes j but fomething ihall be faid on this lubject. Cookery is divided into three kinds : i ft, That with- out flefh, which is commonly called fufyaneh ; 2d, Flcih with rice, and fuch like; 3d, Flefh with greens: and of each of theie kinds I (hall defcribe ten dilhes. THE FIRST KIND. Zcrdberinj. Ten feers of rice, five feers of fugar- candy, three and a half feers of ghee, half a feer of kimmimes ; of almonds and piftachios each half a feer ; a quarter of a feer of fait ; an eighth of a feer of ginger ; one dam and a half of faffron, and two mifkals and a half of cinnamon : thefe will make four ordinary dilhes ; fome make this difh with fewer fpices, and even without any : and there is alio fometimes added flefh, with other feafonings. Khufkch. Ten leers of rice, feafoned with half a feer of fait ; but it is made in different ways : this will make four difhes. A maund of Dowzerah-paddy yields twenty-five feers of rice, fixteen feers of which will be very 64 aye?;n akbery. part i. x-erv nnc ; a maund of Khenjin-paddy yields twenty- two feers. Khitchery. Five feers of rice, and the like quantiy of fplit peas, five feers of ghee, and one third of a feer of fait, will make four dimes. Shecrberinj. Ten feers of wheat ground, out of which a third will be loft in lifting, halt that weight of ghee, ten miikals of pepper, four miikals of cinnamon, three miikals and a half of cloves, the lame quantity ofcardamums, and one-third of a feer -of (alt, will make four dimes. Some add milk and fugar. o Chickhee. Ten feers of wheat-flour made into a pafte and warned, till it is reduced to two feers ; one feer of ghee, and the fame quantity of onions ; laffron, cardamums, and cloves, each half a dam; ^cinnamon, round pepper, and coriander feed, each one dam; green ginger and fait, each three dams, will make two dimes. Some add lemon-juice. Badinjan. Ten feers of bad injan, one feer and a half of ghee, three quarters of a feer of onions, a quarter of a feer of ginger, the fame, quantity of lemon-juice; pepper and coriander feed five dams ; cloves, carda- mums, and aflafcetida, each half a dam, will make fix dimes. Pahet. Ten feers of mowngh, mam, and adefs, and foch like, fkinned ; half a feer of ghee; fait and ginger, each half a dam ; cummin-feed two mifkals, and one half mifkal of affafoetida, will make fifteen dillies. This is generally eaten with khufhkeh. Sawg is made of fpinach, and many other greens : it is the moft natural difh that is cooked. Ten Part i, ayeen akbery. 65 Ten feers of fpinach and fennel, &c. one feer and a half of ghee, one feer of onions, five mifkals and a half of pepper ; cloves and cardamums, of each half a mifkal, will make fix difhes. Huhva. Ten feers of wheat-flour, ten feers of fugar- candy, and the fame quantity of ghee, will make fifteen d iflies. All thefe difhes are made after different ways, and are eaten with a Variety of pickles and hveetmeats. THE SECOND KIND. Cabooly. Ten feers of rice, feven feers of flefh, three feers and a half of ghee, one feer of nakhud fkinned, two feers of onions, half a leer of fait, a quarter of a feer of green ginger and cinnamon ; cu- min-feed and pepper, of each one dam ; cardamums and cloves, of each half a dam ; and iome add almonds and kifhmiihes. Thefe will make five difhes. Dewzdberyan. Ten feers of rice, five feers and a half of ghee, ten feers of flefh, and half a feer of fait, will make five di flies. . Kheemah Palow. Rice and flefh, of each ten feers, four feers of ghee, two feers and a half of nakhud ikinned, two feers of onions, a quarter of a feer of green ginger; pepper, cumin-feed, cloves, and car- damums, of each one dam, will make five dilhes. Showlah. Ten feers of rlcfh^ three fcers and a half of rice, two feers of ghee, one feer of nakhud, two feers of onions, half a feer of iak ; a quarter of a leer of green ginger ; pepper two dams ; and cinnamon, cardamums, and cloves, of each one dam, will make fix dilhes. Vol. 1, F Boghra. 66 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. Boghra. Ten feers of flefh, three leers of flour, one feer and a half of ghee, one feer of nakhud, one feer and a half of vinegar, one feer of fugar-candy, one quarter of a feer each of onions, carrots, beet-root, turnips, fpinach, fennel, and ginger; faffron, cloves, carda- mums, and cumin-feed, of each one dam, two dams of cinnamon, and eight mifkals of pepper, will make twelve difhes. Keema Shoorba, Ten feers of flefh, one feer of rice, the fame quantity of ghee, half a feer of nakhud, and the fame feafonings as are ufed in the fhowla, will make ten difhes. Hereefah. Ten feers of flefh, five feers of pounded wheat, two feers of ghee, half a feer of fait, and two dams of cinnamon, will make five dilhes. Kefhek. Ten feers of flefh, pounded wheat three feers, ghee three feers, a quarter of a feer of nakhud, one feer and a half of fait, half a feer of onions, ginger one dam; cinnamon, faffron, cloves, cardamums, and cumin, of each two mifkals, will make five dimes. Huleem. The flefh, wheat, nakhud, and fpices, the fame as thofe ufed in the khefhek, with one feer of ghee, and turnips, carrots, fpinach, and fennel, of each a quarter of a feer, will make ten dimes. Nutab, which the natives of Hindoflan call fembufeh, is differently made. Ten feers of flefh, four feers of flour, two leers of ghee, one feer of onions, a quarter of a feer of green ginger, half a feer of fait ; pepper and coriander feed, of each two dams; cardamums, cu- min-feed, and cloves, of each one dam, and a quarter of a feer of fumach-feed, will make near twenty nutabs, which will rill four difhes. Tii£ PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 67 THE THIRD KIND. Beryan drooft gofpund. Two feers of fait, one feer of ghee*, faffron, cloves, pepper, cardamums, and cu- min, of each two mi/kals, will make four difhes. Yekhny. Ten feers of nefh, one feer of onions, and half a feer of fait. Yulmeh. A goat is fcalded in water till all the hair comes off, and then made into a yekhny, or drefTed in any other way ; but a kid or a lamb is preferable. Kebab is of various kinds. Ten feers of nefh, half a feer of ghee ; fait, green ginger, and onions, of each half a feer ; cumin-feed, coriander-feed, pepper, cardamums. and cloves, of each one dam and a half. Mefemmen. They take all the bones out of a fowl through the neck, fo that the ileih remains perfect, and which they fill with half a feer of flefh, and the lilce quantity of ghee, together with five eggs, a quarter of a feer of onions, ten mifkals of coriander-feed and green ginger, five mifkals of fait, three mifkals of pepper, and half a mifkal of faffron. Dupeeazeh. Ten feers of flefh , neither very fat nor lean, and the like quantity of onions, a quarter of a feer of fait, an eighth of a feer of green ginger ; cu- min-feed, coriander-feed, cardamums, and cloves, of each one dam, and five dams of pepper, will make four • dimes. Motenjenah gofpund. Ten foers of flefh, not very- fat, two feers of ghee, half a feer of nakhud, a quarter of a feer of ginger; one dam of cumin-feed, pepper, cloves, cardamums, and coriander-feed, of each two F 2 darns, 68 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I* dams, will make feven dimes : and it is alfo made of fowl or fifli. Dumpokht. Ten feers of flefli, two feersofghee, one feer of onions, fifteen mifkal* of pepper; cloves and cardamums, of each two dams. Kuleeah. Ten feers of flefh, two feers of oil, one feer of onions, two dams of pepper ; cloves and car- damums, of each one dam, and an eighth of a feer of fait, will make eight diflies. Mulghobah. Ten feers of flefh, ten feers of milk- curds ; ghee and onions of each one feer, a quarter of a leer of ginger, and one dam of cloves, will make ten diflies. OF BREAD. Bread is prepared in the pantry; the largeft kind, which is baked in an oven, is made of ten feers of flour, five feers of milk, one feer and a half of ghee, and one quarter of a leer of fait; fmaller ones are alfo made of this dough. Odiers, which are baked on an iron-plate, are fixteen, and fomctimes more, to a feer. There is likewife another kind, called chepaty, which are made of khuflikeh. THE SLIYANLH. His majefty has a great diiinclination for flefli ; and he frequently fays, " Providence has prepared variety of " food for man ; but, through ignorance and gluttony, tc he deftrovs living creatures, and makes his body a ?.*. tomb for beads. If I were not a king, I would leave *'. off eating flefli at once; and now it is my intention to " quit it by degrees." For fome time he abftained from flefli on Fridays, then on Sundays, now on the firft day of every folar month, and on Sunday?, and on the TART I. AYEEN AKEERY. 69 the days of the eclipfes of the fun and of the moon, and the day between two fufyanehs *, and the Mondays of the month Rejeb, and the feftival of the month Teer, together with the whole of the month -Fervirdeen (March) and the month in which his majelty was born, which is Aban (October) : and it being ordered that the fufyaneh mould laft for as man)* days as his majefty was years old, fome days in the next month, Azer, were likewife added ; and now the whole of this laft month is fufyaneh : and" out of his righteoufnefs, befides all thofe, it is frill increafing fome days every year, and never lets than live days. Whatever is faved in the fufyaneh days, is expended in the other months. At the expiration of the great fufyaneh, the firft dimes offleflithat are drefled come from the apartments of Merjem Mekany, and next from the other princes and princefJes, and the principal nobility. In this department are ahdyan and other cavalry. The pay of a foot-foldier is from one hundred to four hundred dams. THE CURRENT PRICES OF PROVISIONS. THE SPRING HARVLST, Price. Wheat, - 12 dams per maund. Cabul vetches, 1 6 Black vetches, 8 Adefs, - 12 * That is, if a day intervened between two days that were ap- pointed for abstaining from rlelh, that intermediate day became alfo fufyaneh. F 3 Barlev, 7* AYEEN AKBERY. P. Price. Barley, 8 dams per maund. Millef, 6 Linfeed, 10 Maasfer-feed, 8 Fenugreek, io Peas, 6 Muftard-feed, 12 Kyood, 7 PART I, THE AUTUMNAL HARVEST. Shahy mifhkeen, 1 1 o dams per maund. Shahy fadeh, 90 Sukdofs rice, 100 Downahperfaud rice, 90 Samzereh rice, 90 Sugar-candy rice, 90 Dowzerah rice, 90 Khenjon rice, 80 Deker rice So Zerhce rice, 40 Sathee rice, 8 Mowng, 1$ Mafh, 16 Mowth, 12 White fefame, 20 Black fefame, 19 Lubya, 12 Jewary, 10 Lehdereh, 8 Koderem, 7 Korey, 7 Sawank, 6 GaU, 8 Millet, 8 KINDS, t ART I. AYEEN AKBEPT. ■1* KINDS OF DAL. Price. Split peas, - 18 dams per matin d. Split nakhud, i6£ Split adefs, - 12 Split mowth, 12 KINDS OF FLOUR • Wheat flour, 22 dams per maund. Khufhkeh, 15 , Nakhud, 22 Barley, II GREENS. Spinach, 10 dams per maund. Mint, 16 Onions, 40 Garlic, 6 . Radiihes, 40 Cabbage, Kengehchow, found- 20| 1 in the wilds of L i dam per feer. Cammeer, J 1 Fennel, 4 Wild carrot, - 3 Garlic flowers, 1 Oopulhak, which 1 grows in the wilds ofCafhmeer, - I 1 Ginger, Powey, Kutchnar buds Sorrel, o£ Retfeka, 1 Bchtua, H Chowliee, - ii * F 4 ANIMALS * ^ /? AYEEN AKBERY. PART U ANIMALS AND FLESH. Rs. As. Sheep called dafhmi ndy, 6 8 each. Sheep called afghany , ill kind, 2 Ditto ditto ditto, 2d kind, 1 8 Ditto ditto ditto, 3d kind, 1 4 Indian and Caflimeery iheep, 1 8 Berberry goats, 1 ft kind, 1 Ditto ditto, 2d kind, 12 Mutton, - 65 dams per maund. Goat-mutton, 5 + ditto ditto Geefe, 20 dams each Ducks, 1 rupee each Cranes, 20 dams each Cherz, a kind of buftard, 18 dams each Quails, n 3 Partridge, 20 Eoodneh, I Lewa, I Kerdanek, 20 Doves, 4 BUTTER, &C. Ghee, I05 dams per maunc Sefame oil, 80 Milk, 2 5 Milk Curds, 18 SUGARS, &C Refined fugar, 6 dams per feer. White fugar-candy, 5 White fugar, 128 dams per maund Brown fugar, - 56 SPICES3 PART I. AYEEN AKBERV* 73 SPICES, &C. Saffron, Cloves, Cardamums, Round pepper, Long pepper, Dry ginger, Green ditto, Cumin-feed, Ajwain, Turmerit, Coriander-feed, Black feed Affafoetida, Anifeed, Cinnamon, - Salt, 400 dams per feer. 60 J 7 16 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 10 1 40 16 dams per maund. pickles, 8cc. Prepared lemon-juice, Lemon-juice, Wine-vinegar, Sugar-vinegar, Pickled ufhterghar, Mangoes pickled in oil, ditto in vinegar, ditto in oil, ditto in vinegar, ditto in brine, ditto in lemon-juice, 3 2 Ditto Lemons Ditto Ditto Ditto Pickled ginger, Aderfliakh, Turnips pickled in vinegar, Pickled carrots - Ditto bamboo, dams per feer. -r 2 1 I Pickled 74 Pickled Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto AYEEN AKBERV. PART 1. apples, quinces, garlic, onions, badinjans, kimmifhes, ketchnar, apricots, fehjeneh, keryl-flowers, keryl-buds, fooren-root, muftard, tewry, cucumbers, govvrds, kutchaloo radi(h-pods, 8 dams per feer. 9 i Oi i 8 2 I I Gl O? 1 o£ ci oi 04- °i oi THE FRUITERY. ftis majefty is exceedingly fond of fruit ; and by the great encouragement he has given to the cultivation of fruit-trees, fkiiful people have come with their fa^ milies from Perfia and Tartary, and fettled in this countrv. i Mufk-melons and grapes are become very plenty ; and water-melons, peaches, almonds, piftachios, pome- granates, and many other fruits, have been introduced into Hindoftan. Ever fince the conqueft of Cabul, Candahar, and Cafnmeer, loads of fruit are annually brought from thence, and flock the markets. Muik-melons come in feafon, in Hindoftan, in the month of March (Fer- virdeen) and are very plenty in the month of April. They are exceedingly delicious, efpecially thofe called nafhpatiy, and babafheikhy, and alyfhery, and elcheh, and burgnei, and doodcheragh, and others which con- tinue *ART U AYEEN AKBERY." 75 tinue in feafon two months longer. In the beginning of the month of Auguft they come from Cafhmeer; and before thefe are out of feafon, great plenty are brought from Cabul; and in the month of November the caravans come from Badakhfhan ; and when they are in feafon in Zabuliftan, they are alfo to be had in Penjab. In Behker and its vicinity, they are plentifully in feafon all the year, excepting in the extremity of winter. In the months of May and July there are variety of grapes in Hindoftan ; and in the month of Auguft, the markets are fupplied from Cafhmeer. In Cafhmeer eight feers of grapes are bought for one dam ; and the expence of transporting a maund is two rupees : the Cafhmerians bring them on their backs in long bafkets. From the month of April till September they are brought from Cabul, together with cherries, to which his majefly has given the name of (hah aloo (the royal plumb) and feedlefs pomegranates, apples, pears, quinces, peaches, apricots, feveral kinds of plumbs, and other fruits in great plenty ; and many of thefe are alfo introduced into Hindoftan. They alfo bring from Can- dahar, melons, pears, and apples. Whenever his majefty is inclined to drink wine, or take opium, or kuknar, trays of fruit are fet before him. He eats a few, but the greatefl part is diftriouted amongfl the attendants and nobility ; and every one is marked according to its degree of excellence. On the melons of the firft degree they mark one line quite acrofs the top, and thofe ot the fecond degree with two lines, and fo on. In this department are munfubdars, ahdvans, and other troops. The monthly pay of a foot-foldier is from one hundred and forty dams down to one hundred. TIIL "]$ AYEEN AKBERY. PART I, 'The current Trices of Fruits, with the Scafon in which each is produced. Tartarian Fruits. Price. Mnik melons, id kind, 2f Rs. each do. do, zdand 3d kind, from 1 to 2§ Rs. each Cabnly melons, 1 ft kind, from 1 to if Rs. each do. do. 2d kind, from £ to 1 R. each do, do. 3d kind, . from \ to £ R. each Samarcandian apples, from 7 to 1 5 for a R, Quinces, - - from 10 to 30 do. Pears, - - from 1 o to 1 00 do. Pomegranates, - from 6 \ to 15 Rs. per Md. Cabuly, or Ferenmaky ap- ples, - - from 5 to 10 for a R. Cafhmeery grapes, - 108 dams per maund Dates, - - 10 dams per feer Kifhmilhes, - 9 do. Jowzmeghz, - 4l do. Walnuts, - - 2 § do. Abjewfh, - 9 do. Bokharah plums, - 8 do. Khoobany, - 8 do. Candahary grapes, - 7 do. Figs, - 7 do. Meneka, - - 6| do. Jujubes, - 3 1 do. Almonds, - - 28 do. Almonds in the (hell, n do. Piftachio nuts, - 9 do. Chelghozeh nuts, - 8 do. Sinjed, - 6| do. Unfhelled piftachios 6 do. Filberts, - 3 do. Indian PART I. AVEEN AKB] ery. 77 Indian Fruits, Seafon. Price. Mangoes, The rains, 40 dams per 1 00 Pine apples, Winter, 4 dams each Oranges, do. Sugar-canes, do. \ dam each Jacks, Summer, | do. do. Plantains, The rains, \ do. do. Pomegranates , do. from 80 to 100 darm per maund Byer, Winter, 2 dams per feer Cuftard apples i,The rains, | dam each Figs, Summer, 1 dam per feer Mulbcries, Spring, 2 dams per feer Sedaphul, All the year, 1 dam each Mufk-melons , Summer, 40 dams per maund Water do. Before the rains, from 2 to 1 dam each Khirny, Rainy feaibn, 4 dams per feer Mahowa, Summer, 1 dam per feer Dayphcl, Winter, 4 dams per feer Ovvfeera, do. Tyndoo, Summer, 2 dams per feer Kehjoor, Rains, 4 do. do. Ankoohel, Dccla, Rains, 1 dam per feer Goolh, do. ■ Bhoolfery, Winter, 4 dams per feer Terkool, Summer, | dam each Panyaleh, Rains, 2 dams per feer Lehfureh, Summer, 1 do. do. Goombhy Winter, Gerherry, Summer, 4 dams per feer Terry, Bengh, Rains, | dam each Gooleh, Spring, 2 dams per feer Peeloo, Summer, 2 dams Berooteh, do. Pyar, Rains, 4 dams. Dried 7* A YE EN A KB] SRtl PART I. Dried Fruits. Seafon. Price. Cocoa-nuts, Winter, 4 dams each Pendkehjoor, Summer, 6 do. per leer Walnuts, do. 6 do. do. Cheroomjee, do. 4 do. do. Mekhenan, W inter, 4 do. do. Bettlenut, do. 8 do. do. Kebelgutteh, Summer, 2 do. do. Pot-herbs. Seafon. Price. Pulwuls, Rains, 2 dams per feer Gourds, do. | dam each Badinjan, Always in feafon, i f dam per feer Turee, Rains,. 1 1 do. do. Kenduree, do. i * do. do. Seem, do. i \. do. do. Pytch, do* 8 dams each Keryleh, do. 1 4- dams per feer Xekowreh, do. i-^ do. Ketchaloo, do. 2 do. Chechynda, do. 2 do. Sooren, Summer, i do. Carrots, i do. Singhareh, Rains, 3 d ^ Salute, Winter, 2 do. Pendaloo, do. 2 do. Syaly, Summer, Keleyroo, Winter, 3 do. Acid Fruits. Seafon. Price. Tamarir.ds, Summer, 2 dams per feer Bedhel, do. i dam each Kemrek. Winter, I do. do. Acid PART I. AYEEN AKEERY. Acid fruits. Seafon. Price. Oranges, do. X z dam each. Mountain Summer, grapes, Jamen, Rains, I dam per feer Phalfeh, Summer, ll do. Kerundah, Rains, I do. Kyt, do. I 4 dam each Kankhoo, Paker, Rains, r a dam per feer Kerna, do. I dam each Lebhera, Summer, Junyherry, Rains, 5 for a dam Kerneh, Lemons, Rummer, 4 for a dam Amelbeyt, Rains, 4 do. do. Gelgel, do. i z a dam each Khyfs, do. Citrons, do. 8 dams each Enwlch, Summer, 2 dams per fecr. 79 REGULATIONS FOR THE PERFUME-OFFICE. His majehzy is exceedingly fond of perfumes j and the pretence-chamber is continually fcented with flowers, and fumigated with preparations of ambergris, lignum- aioes, &c. which are burnt in gold and lilver centers. His majefty conftantly perfumes his body and the hair of his head with odoriferous ointments. Some of the odoriferous compofitions (hall here be defcribed. Sentowk, One tolah and a half of civet, one tolah of cliuwah, two malhahs of Jafmin oil, and two bottles of rofe-water. This is uleci for anointing the body ; and it is a great exhilarator. Argehjeh. So AYEEN AKBERY. PART I» Argehjeh. Three quarters of a feer of fandal-wood, two tolahs of lignum-aloes, two tolahs of myd, three tolahs of chuwah, two tolahs of the roots of violets and kehlet (which is the feed of an odoriferous kind of grafs) half a mafhah of camphor, and eleven bottles of rofc- water. This is ufed for anointing the body in the fumnier. Gulkamth. One tolah of ambergris, fix mafhahs of laudan, two tolahs of muik, four tolahs of lignum- aloes, eight tolahs ofakyfir ground fine on a China difh, and mixed up with one feer of the expreffed juice of rofes ; this is dried in the fun, and in the evening is moiftened with the juice of lemon-blofToms, and ground on a fumac-ftone j and thefe operations are to be re- peated ten times. Sometimes the juice of fweet bafil is added. When the above operations have been re- peated ten days, it is mixed up with the juice of lemon- blofloms and then dried. Some of this compofition is ufed along with the argehjeh. Ruh-afza, for burning in cenfers. Five feers of lignum-aloes, one leer of fandal-wood, a quarter of a feer of laudan, a quarter of a leer of akyfir, three tolahs and a half of frank incenfe, three tolahs and a half of derhoop, which is a root brought from Cafhmeer, violet-roots twenty tolahs, ufhneh ten tolahs, pounded and fifted. To be made into cakes with four bottles of role-water, thickened with fyrup. Owpteneh is an odoriferous wafh for the hands. Three quarters of a feer of laudan, one dam and a half of lignum-aloes, with the like quantity of lemon-blof- foms, and one feer and a half of lemon-peel, one feer and ten dams of fandal-wood, one feer and five dams of ipikenard, the fame quantity of ufhneh, thirty-eight tolahs and fix mafhahs of mufk, half a feer and four tolahs of pacheh-leaves, thirty-fix tolahs of apples, fif- teen Parti. ayeen akbery. 8r teen tolahs of fad *, five dams of violets, One tolah two mafhahs of derhoop, one tolah and a half of a grafs called akenky, half a tolah of civet, one tolah two maftiahs of frankincenfe, with one hundred and fix bottles of rofe-watcr, and five bottles of the juice of lemon- bloiToms. All the ingredients are pounded and {trained, and then fet over a (low fire with the rofe- water and juice of icmon-bloflbms ; and when the com- petition is fufficientiy boiled, it is taken off from the fire and dried. Abyr mayeh. Lignum-aloes four dams, fmdal-wood two dams, violet-roots one dam, fpikenard three dams and a half, duwalek three dams, mufk of Tartary four tolahs, laudan two dams and a half, orange-bloffoms feven dams and a half: all thefe ingredients being pounded and lifted, are put upon a flow fire with ten bottles of rofe-water, and afterwards dried in the fhade. Kefhneh. Twenty-four tolahs of lignum-aloes, lau- dan, frankincenfe, and fandal-wood of each fix tolahs, akyfir and derhoop of each four tolahs, violet-roots and mufk of each two tolahs, one tolah of ufhneh, fifty tolahs of fugar-candy, and two bottles of rofe-water, to be boiled over a flow fire, after which it is made into cakes. It gives a very fragrant fmell when burnt. Bekhur. Lignum-aloes and fandal-wood of each one feer, a quarter of a feer of frankincenfe, two tolahs of inufk, and five tolahs of akvfir, mixed up with two leers of fugar-candy and one bottle of rofe-water, boiled over a flow fire. Fetylehs. Five feers of lignum-aloes, feventy-two tolahs of fandal-wood, twenty-five feers of akyfir, the lame quantity of laudan and violets, and ten tolahs of * An odoriferous grafs. Vol. I. G frankincenfe, 82 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. frankincenfe, boiled up with three tolahs of fugar-candy and two bottles of role-water, and then made into fetylehs or tapers. Barjat. One feer of lignnm-aloes, five tolahs of taudan, mnfk and fandal-wood of each two tolahs, one tolah of frankincenfe, and fix mafhahs of camphor. This compofition is prepared like chuwah. Abyr akyfir. Sandal-wood three feers, akyfir twenty- fix tolahs, mufk two tolahs and eight malhahs, ground fit for ufe. Gheful. Thirty-five tolahs of kettowl, one tolah of mufk and chuwah, camphor and myd of each two tolahs, mixed up with two bottles of rofe-waier. OF NATURAL PERFUMES. Ambergris. Some fay that it is produced in the bottom of the feaj others make it to be the dung of the fea-cow, which is called fara ■> while others maintain that it is the foam of the fea. Laudan is by fome confounded with ambergris, but it is gathered from a tree found in the iflands ot Cyprus and Chios. It is a moiiture that fettles on the leaves of that tree. Camphor is obtained from a large tree found in the maritime mountains of Hindoftan and China. It is collected from the trunk and branches. Civet is a perfume procured from an animal refem- bling a cat, but fomewhat larger, with a longer face and tail. They bring this perfume from Achin. Kowrah PART ft AYEEN AKBERY. 83 Kowrah is fortieth ing of the fame kind, procured from an animal much refembling the civet ; and it alto is found in Achin. Myd is likewife fomething of the fame kind, but of an inferior quality. Lignum-aloes is the root of a tree, which is lopped off and buried in the earth, when whatever is not good rot?, and the remainder is pure aloes. There are feveral kinds of it, viz. Mendely, Jebely, Semendury, Kemary, Kakey, Berry, Cathaiy, Chiny (which is alfo called Kemoory) and Jelaly, Mytaky, and Lemaky. Of all thefe kinds the Mendely is the belt. The Semendury is blue, thick, and moift, and burns for a long time on the fire. Chuwah is diflilled lignum-aloes. THE METHOD OF MAKING CHUWAH. Small pieces of lignum-aloes that have been fteeped in water for a week, are put into a narrow-necked vcifel, which is then luted with philofopher's clay. Philofopher's clay is compofed of clay, cotton, and rice- bran. A fmall fpace is left at the neck of the veflel, which is placed inverted in another vefTel perforated at the bottom, and fupported by a three-legged ftaad,- under which is placed a difh full of water, fo that the mouth of the firft mentioned veflel may touch its fur- face ; then there is made round the inverted velfel a gentle fire of cow-dung, which melts the aloes till it diftils into the water : this is collected, and repeatedly wafhed with water and rofe -water to take off all fmell of fmoke. Sandal. This tree is a native of China. It has been brought into Hindoftan in this reign, and thrives very well. G 2 Sandal- 84 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. Sandal- wood is of three kinds, white, red, and yellow. The beft is that which is yellow and oily, and it is called mekafiry. Storax is the gum of a native tree of Syria; and there are of it bot.i liquid and dry. Kelumbek is a tree whofe wood is very heavy and veined. It is brought from Zeerbad. It is ground fine and mixed with other perfumes ; and they alfo make rofaries of it. Mullageer is a tree relembling the former, only that the wood is lighter and not veined. Frank incenfe is the gum of a tree brought from the port of Java : fome miftake it for dry ftorax. When thrown on the fire, it evaporates like camphor. Scented nails refemble fhells, and are collected from the neft of an animal. They are found in the Indus, at Bafrah, and Bahrain. A Table of Perfumes , with their Prices. Ambergris^ - i mohur to 3 per tolah Civet, - I rupee to 1 mohur per tolah Mufk, - 1 rupee to 4! rupees per do. Lignum-aloes, - 2 rupees to 5 mohurs per feer Chuwah, * - 2 af. to 1 rupee per tolah Kowrah, - 3 rupees to 5 rupees per do. Camphor, - 3 rupees to 2 mohurs per tolah Myd, - 1 to 3 rupees per tolah Perlian faffron, - 12 to 22 rupees per feer Kahghydo. • 1 to3 mohurs per feer. Cafhmeery do. - 8 to 1 2 rupees per do. Sandal, - - 32 to 55 rupees per maund Mu/k-pods, - 3 to 1 2 mohurs per feer Kelumbek, - 10 to 40 rupees per maund ■ Storax* PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 85 Storax, Frankincenfe, China camphor, Efienceof fitneh, Effence of baidmuik, Rofe- water, 3 to 5 rupees per feer 1 1 to 4 rupees per leer 1 to 2 rupees per feer 1 to 3 rupees per bottle 1 to 4 rupees per do. I to 1 rupee do. Effence of orange-flowers, 1 to 5 rupees do. Effence of jafmin, Violet-roots, Scented-nails, Bah-leaves, brought from Gujerar, } 4 to 8 rupees do. § rupee to 1 rupee per feer 1 1 to 2 rupees do. I to 1 rupee do. Sugendeh Kookelah, 10 to 13 rupees do. Frankincenle, 1 to 3 rupees per tolah Alek-khendy, | to 4 rupees do. Duwalek, 3 dams to 4 do. Kanehleh, ditto Saad, ditto Akungy, ditto Zedoary, ditto. FLOWERS- Sugendehkukla is a flowering fhrub, very common in Hindoftan, Sewty refembles the red rofe, only that it is fmaller. Jafmin. There are two kinds j one of which is called roy chembely. Roy beyl refembles jafmin, and is of feveral kinds. Mowngra refembles roy beyl, but is larger. Chempeh is of a conical form, the length of a finger ; its tree is handfome, and bears flowers in feven years. Gj Keytkey 86 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 1. Keytkey refembles the cone of a pine-tree, and has a very delicate fragrant fmell. Its tree bears flowers in fix or feven years. Chelteh is like a tulip, only larger, and in fmell it nearly Tefembles the violet. Thefe flowers when withered, are boiled and eaten. The tree is about the fizc of the pomegranate-tree, with leaves like the lemon- tree. It' flowers in the feventh year. Kewrah is like the keytkey, only twice as big. The tree flowers in four years. Tufbeh gulal has a very fragrant fmell. The petals are of the form of a dagger. The fhrub is two ells high, and flowers in the fourth year. They make beads of thefe flowers, which keep frefha week. Phulfery is lefs than the jafmin, and its petals are indented. The tree refembles the walnut-tree, and it flowers in the tenth year. Sengarhar is fhaped like a clove. Its tree flowers in the fifth year. Koozeh refembles the white rofe. Of this flower is made abyrmayeh, and they alfo diftil a water from it. Padel is a flower which gives an agreeable flavour to water. The tree flowers the firft year. Jewhy : its tree flowers in the third year. Newary refembles the roy beyl. Its tree flowers in the flrit year. Kepurbeyl has five petals, and refembles the faffron flower. It has been lately brought from Europe. The PARTI. AYEEN AKBERY. dj The faffron- flower refembles the kepurbeyl, but it has fix petals and fix threads. The firft three petals are very beautiful, and are encompaffed by three other fimilar ones ; and between thefe fix petals are three yellow threads furrounding three red threads ; which laft are the faffron. The fun-flower is round, broad, and large, and of numerous petals ; and it always turns towards the lun. Its fhrub grows to the height of three ells. The kenwel are of two kinds, one of which is yellow, blows in the morning, and follows the fun m his courfe, and in the evening the flower (huts up : it has fix petals, and refembles the anemone. The other, which is w^hite, has four petals, and when the moon (nines it blows and turns tovvards it, in the fame manner as the other follows the fun. Jafery is a round beautiful flower, larger than tho fudberg. Gorhel is like the tulip, and of numerous -petals. It flowers in the fecond year. Retenmungeny has four petals, and is fmaller than jafmin. Its tree and the leaves thereof refemble roy beyl. It flowers in the fecond year. Keyfew has five petals, refembling the nails of a lion. Kenayr remains a long time in bloom, and is beauti- ful, but unlucky. Whoever wears it on his head gets into quarrels. It flowers in one year. Kuddem is round like a ball. Its tree and the leaves thereof refemble the walnut-tree. G 4 Nagehfir 88 AVEEN AKBERY. PART U Nagehfir is in fhape like the red rofe, but is white, with yellow in the middle : — it has five petals and threads. The tree flowers in feven years. Soorpun refembles the fefame-flower, with yellow in the middle. Sirrykhundy is fomewhat like jafmin. It flowers in two years. Henna has four petals, and every fhrub bears a dif-t ferent coloured flower. Dupahrya is a fmall flower of a dark red colour, and blows always at noon. Bhuyn chumpa refembles the neelofer. It has five petals, and grows in inundated ground, in fuch a man-, ner that nothing but the flower appears above the fljrface. Soodorfon refembles the roy beyl, and has yellow threads within the petals. The plant is like the lily. Spikenard is compofed of five petals, each ten fingers Jong, and three fingers broad. Rotonmala is ufed in dying cloth. With a decoction of it they mix vitriol and maasfer flowers, which produce a red colour. Maky is like jafmine, but rather fmaller. It flowers in the fecond year. ' . Soon is like yellow jafmin, but fomewhat larger. It has five petals. The tree refembles the jafmin, and flowers in the fecond year, Keroyl PART I. AYEES AKBERY. 89' Keroyl is a beautiful flower of three little petals. It is made into broth, and is alfo pickled. Jait grows on a large tree, whofe leaf refcmbles that of the tamarind. Chempelah is like a nofegay : it flowers in the fecond year. The bark of the tree makes a red decoction. It grows chiefly in mountainous countries. The wood thereof burns like a candle. Lahy. The fhrub that bears this floWer is an ell and a half high. The branches, before the flowers appear, are eat with bread. Kerundeh-flower fefembles the jewhy. Dhonwontor is a beautiful flower, refembling the neelofer. Serifs is like threads of filk, and fends its fragrance to a great diftance. Its tree is called the king of trees j it is very large, and is ufed in building. The heart of it js black, and refills the ftroke of the axe. Kunglay is a beautiful flower of five petals, each four Angers long ; and only one flower grows on each (talk. Hemp grows in clufters like a nofegay. The leaves of this plant refemble thofe of the chinar-tree, and of the bark is made rope. One fpecies bears a flower like the cotton-flirub ; and this is called in Hindoftan, fun- paut. It makes a very foft rope. It would be impoflible for one, ignorant as I am, to defcribe every flower of this country : — a few have been mentioned by way of fpecimen. Here are alio found abundance 90 AYEEN AKBERY. PART- 1, abundance of flowers tranfplanted from Perfia and Tar- tary ; fuch as rofcs, violets, jaimin, &c. The plants, flowers, roots, &c. of this country that are ufed for food, or applied to medicinal purpotes, are innumerable. It is faid by Indian authors, that if you take a leaf of every tree, they will amount to fix maunds. Names. Sewty, Jaftnin, Roy beyl, Mowngra, Chempeh, Kcytkey, Chekeh, Koozeh, Gulal, Tefbeh gulal, Phulfery, Scngarhar, Padel, jewhy, Newary, Narciifus, Violet, Kerneh, KJepurbeyl, Saffron-flower, Sun-flower, Kenwel, - Jatery, Gorhe>, - j t i TABLE OF FLOWERS Colour, white, - - white and yellow, white, ditto pale yellow, ditto white, white and yellow, white, do. do. do. do. yellow and white, , white, do. gives name to a colour, white, do. violet colour, yellow, a light red, and half blue and white, dead yellow, red, yellow, orange and white, Seafon. all the year {the rains and winter fummer do. all the year fummer winter autumn fpring winter the rains fummer fpring the rains fpring do. fummer fpring do. autumn do. > the rains fpring 1 >.the rains Retenmungeny, 1>A"RT X. AYEEN AKBERY. Names. Colour. Retenmungeny, fiery red, Kayfevv, Kenyar, Kuddem, Nagehfir, Sorpun, Serrykhendy, Henna, Dupahrya, 91 Seafon. all the year fummer do. do. red and white, f yellow, with white ") ,- . \ within, - J P rm S white, and yellow within, do. do. the rains fpring do. ' all the year do. white, red, and yellow, do. bright red and white, Bhuyn chumpa, apricot-colour, c j r f yellow, refembling the 1 , buderlun, < J ,., ° > the rains L water lily, J dirty red, - fp i "ing yellow, - - do. do. - - do. do. - - do. > gold colour, - fp r i n g do. - - do. Spikenard, Rutenmala, Soon, Malta, Clove jelly- flower, Keroyl, )ait, Chumpelah, Lahy, Kerundeh, Dhonontor, Sirefs, Kunglay, Hemp, yellow, with red and black, the rains white, - - fpring yellow, - - winter white, - - the rains like the water-lily, - do. yellow, inclined to green, fpring red and yellow, - . do. yellow, - - the rains. REGULATIONS FOR THE WARDROBE. Through the attention of his majefty, a variety of new manufactures are eftablifhed in this country ; and the cloths fabricated in Perfia, Europe, and China have become cheap and plenty. The fkill of the manufac- turers has increafed with their number, for his majefty has made himfelf acquainted with the theory and practice in every ftage of the bufinefs, fo as to be able to difcover 03 AYEEN AKBER^., PARTI. difcover the merits of the workmen ; thus by bringing the arts into credit, the natives are encouraged to give application, and they fpeedily gain a complete know- ledge of their profeffion. The manufactures of every nation are to be found in the royal workfhops : whatever is brought or made there, or is received in Pefhcufh, is carefully preserved j and thofe articles of which there is an abundance, are either made up into garments or given away. Every piece that is received is put by with the price marked upon it ; and fkilful people are employed in comparing the former with the prelent price. By this means the intrinfic value being learned, the prices are lb much reduced, that the ghiafs nuklhbund, which was formerly bought for one hundred mohurs, is now to be had for fifty. Something mall here be faid of the different drefles. worn by his majefty ; to give more would run me into prolixity. The takowchyeh is made of a fingle cloth, and is of the Indian form ; formerly it had flits in the fkirt, and war tied with firings on the left fide : his majefty has or- dered it to be made with a round fkirt, and to be tied on the right fide. It requires feven ells and a half. The price for making one of them plain is one rupee, and thofe which are ornamented with flitches are from one rupee to five rupees. There are alfo expended three quarters of a mifkal ol filk. The paifhwaz is of the fame form, but ties, before; and (one are alfo made without firings. The du aiy requires fix ells and four girahs for the outfide and the lining, four girahs for the firings, ani TART I. AYEEN AKBERY. Qj nine for the finjaf, or border. The expence of making is, from one rupee to three rupees ; and it requires one mifkal of filk. The fhahajeedeh. In every gi rah * are woiked fixty lines of flitches ; and it is from thence alfo called fliufht khutty (fixty lines). It has a double lining ; and fome are quilted with cotton. The expence of working is two rupees per fquare ell. Sozeny. A quarter of a feer of cotton and two dams of filk. The quilter has eight rupees. Ajeedeh char kalemy, one leer and an eighth of cot- ton, and one dam of filk. Workman two rupees. Keba, commonly called jamah-pumbahdar. One feer of cotton and two mifkals of filk. The taylor has from a quarter of a rupee to one rupee. Guder is a drefs wider and longer than the keba, and has more cotton in it. It is ufed in Hindoflan in the place of furs. Seven ells for the outfide, fix ells for the lining, four girahs for the firings, and nine girahs fur the border; two feers and a half of cotton, and three mifkals of filk. The taylor is paid from half a rupee to one rupee and a half. Tlie firjy is open before without firings. Some add buttons, and wear it over the jamah : for the outfide, five ells and twelve girahs ; for the lining, five ells and five girahs ; for the border fourteen girahs, one feer of cotton, and one mifkal of filk. The taylor has from, a quarter of a rupee to one rupee. The firgool is a very becoming garment ; it was firil brought from Europe, and now is worn by people of all * The fixteenth part of an ell. ranks. $4 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. ranks. It is made of various kinds of ftufF. The out- fide requires nine ells fix girahs and a half, the lining the fame; fix mifkals of Jilk, and one fee r of cotton. They are made fingle and double. 1 he taylor has from half a rupee to two rupees. The chuckmun is made of broad-cloth, flannel, or wax-cloth. His majefty has it made of dara-iy wax- cloth, which is exceeding light and looks very well, and rain will not penetrate it. h requires fix ells for the cloke, five girahs for the firings, and two mifkals of filk. The taylor has for making one of broad-cloth two rupees, for one of flannel one rupee and a half, and for one of wax-cloth half a rupee. The frioolwar is made of different cloths, and is either fingle or double, and is fometimes quilted : for the outfide three els and eleven girahs ; for the waiflband fix girahs ; one mifkal and a quarter of filk, and half a feer of cotton. The taylor has from a quarter to half a rupee. Each of the above drefies is alfo made in different fafhions from what have been defcribed ; and the tur- bans and other parts of drefs are innumerable ; befides which, the rich dreffes that are beflowed on the nobility on feitivals, are beyond defcription. Every quarter there are prepared for the nobility one thoufand lirrapa (or complete drefles). They are tied up in feparate bundles, each containing twenty-one. His majefty is very fond of woollen duffs, particularly (hawls. OF SHAWLS. His majefty has ordered four kinds to be matje : lft, Toos aflel, which is the wool of an animal of this name, whofe natural colour, in general, is grey inclining to PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. ^ to red, though fome arc perfe&ly white ; and thofe fhawls are incomparable for lightnefs, warmth, and foftnefs. Formerly they were always made with the wool in its original ftate, but his majefty has had fome of them dyed, and it is furprifing that they will not take a red colour. 2d, Sefed alcheh, which they alfo call terehdar. The natural colours of the wool are white or black; and they weave three forts of them, white, black, and grey. Formerly there were not above three or four different colours for (hawls ; but his majefty has made them of various hues. 3d, Zerdozy, gulabetum, keih- ydeh, culgha, bandhenun, cheet, alcheh, and perzdar, which are of his majefly's invention. 4th, From being fhort pieces, he had them made long enough for jamahs. The fhawls are claffed according to the day, month, year, price, colour, and weight ; and this manner of clafling is commonly called miiiel. The mufhrefTs. having examined thele particulars, mark the quality of each fhawl on a piece of paper, which they affix to one corner thereof. All thofe that are brought into the palace on the day Ormuzd of the month Fervirdin *, are preferred to thofe received afterwards of the fame fine- nefs, weight, and colour; and each are written down in order. Every day there are received into ftore of the following kinds: toos, fefed alcheh, laal zerreen, na- renjy, berenjy, caremzy, kahy, gulpumbeh, fendely, badamy, arghuwany, anaby, tooteky* allely, iofeny, menjeny, gulkafny, libecky, alify, feftoky, pezk gul, gulkhear, nejyberen, bhowjputtry, afmany, gulaby, kul- ghy, aby, zytOony, jigery, zemroody, chceny, benefsh, emboweh, mufhkeen, fakhtehy. Frc/tn this account of one day, may be formed an idea of what is done in the courfe of a year. Formerly fhawls were but rarely brought from Cafti- meer, and thofe who had them ufed to wear them over * 10th March. their f>6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. their fhoulders in four folds, fo that they lafted for a long time ; now they are worn fingle by people of all degrees. His majefty has introduced the cuftom of wearing two fhawls, one under the other, which is a confiderable ad- dition to their beauty. By the attention of his majeily the manufacture of fhawls in Cafhmeer is in a very flourishing ftate, and in Lahoor there are upwards of a thoufand manufactories of this commodity. They alfo make ae imitation of fhawl with the warp of filk and the woof of wool ; and this kind is called Mayan. Of both kinds are made turbans, &c. Here follows a table wiih the prices of feveral manu- factures. Current Prices of Manufadiires. Cloths wove with gold Yezdy velvet brocaded 1 with gold, Europe do. Gujerat do. Kaih do. Herat do. Lahoor do. Zirbafi fereer, Mutebbek, Meelek, Gujetat brocade, Tafs gujeraty, Daraiybaf, Mokiefh, Shirwany, Mofhejjer ferengy, Deyba ferengy, Deyba yezdy, Khara, 1 Price 15 to 150 mohurs per piece 10 to 70 mohurs per piece 10 to 50 mohurs per piece 10 to 40 mohurs per piece 10 to 4c 1 mohurs per piece 3 to 7° do. do. 2 to 70 do. do. 3 t0 7° do. do. 6 to 60 do. do. 1 to 25 do. do. 2 to 50 do. do. 1 to 20 do. do. 6 to 17 do. do. 1 to 4 mohurs per elt 1 to 4 do. do. 1 to if do. do. 5 R. to 2 do- do. China PART T. China fattin, China tewar, Khaz, Tufleeleh, brought from Mecca, Koortahwar gujeraty, Mundeel, Cheereh, Dooputteh, Foteh, Coverlids, AYEEN AKBERY. 97 Prices. 5 rupees to 2 mohurs per ell do. do. do. do. I 15 to 20 rupees per ell i to 20 mohurs per piece 1 to 14 do. do. I to 8 do. do. 6 to 8 rupees do. I to 1 2 mohurs per piece 1 to 20 do. do. European velvet, Kamy do. Yezdy do. Memed do. Herat do. Lahoor do. Gujerat do. Keteefeh pooreby, Tajehbaf, Daraiybaf, Mutebek, Shirwany, Meeklek, Kumcab, Tewar, Khowry, Mofhejjer ferengy, Mofhejjer yezdy, European fattin, Herat do. Khara, Sehrung, Kuttany, Vol. I. SILKEN STUFFS. i to 4 mohurs per ell 2 to 7 mohurs per piece 2 to 4 do. do. 2 to 4 do. do. 2 to 4 do. do. 2 to 4 do. do. 1 to 2 rupees per ell 1 to 1 1 rupees do- 2 to 30 mohurs per piece do. do. do. do. do. 1 R. to 2 do. 2 to 30 1 to 30 »i to 10 1 to 7 1 to 5 do. do. do. do. do. do. 4 to 10 rupees per piece 2 rupees to 1 mohur per ell 1 to 2 mohurs per piece 2 rupees to 1 mohur per ell 5 rupees to 2 mohurs per piecs j to 6 rupees per ell 1 to 3 mohurs per piece 14 rupee to 2 mohurs do. H European 9 3 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. European linen, Tafteh, Embery, Daraiy, Setty pooruby, Kebabund, Tatbund pooruby, Lah, Miflry, Saar, Tufllr, Plain fattin, Kepoordoor, Alcheh, Tefseleh, Prices. f to i rupee per ell | to 2 do. do. 4 dams to f a rupee per ell 2 to 5 rupees per ell 6 rupees to 2 mohurs per piece 6 rupees to 2 do, do. 2 rupees to 14 do. 9 to 7 rupees per ell •% to 1 mohur per ps. 5 to 10 rupees per ell 2 to 3 rupees per ps. I to 1 rupee per ell 2 annas to 1 rupee per ell 2 to 5 rupees per ell 8 to 1 2 rupees per piece Khaflah, Chow tar, Mulmuls, Tunfook, Siryfaf, Gungajel, Behroon, Sehen, jewhneh, A tan, Afawely, JBaftah, Mahmudy, Penjtoleah, Jewhleh, Saloo, Dooreah, Bahaderlhahy, Gerbhfooty, Sheleri decany, COTTON CLOTHS. 3 rupees to 15 mohurs per pee, 2 rupees to 9 mohurs 4 rupees to 5 mohurs 4 rupees to 5 mohurs 2 rupees to 5 mohurs 4 rupees to 5 mohurs 4 rupees to 4 mohurs 1 to 3 mohurs 1 rupee to 1 mohur 2 § rupees to 1 mohur I to 5 mohurs I I rupee to 5 mohurs I mohur to 3 mohurs I to .3 mohurs I to 2 1 mohurs 3 rupees to 2 mohurs 6 rupees to 2 mohurs 6 rupees to 2 mohurs I I to 2 mohurs I to 2 mohurs Mehrkul PART 1. Mehrkul, Mundiel, Sirbund (turband) Dnputteh, Ketancheh, Foteh, Gofhpeytch, Chintz, Gezeeneh, Salahety, AYEEN AKEERY. 99 3 to i o rupees per piece | to 2 mohurs 4- to 2 mohurs i rupee to i mohur i rupee to i mohur per piece | to 6 rupees i to 2 rupees 2 dams to i rupee per ell | to i ' rupee a dams to 4 dams. WOOLLEN CLOTHS European broad-cloth, Nagorey and Lahoory, Soof murreba, Soof mukhiyer, Shawls, Shawl chcereh, Shawl foteh, Shawl-pieces for jammas, Goofh-peytch, Sirpeytch, Aghry, Purrem gurrem, Ketafs, Phowk, Dermek, Puttoo, Reyokar, MnTery, Birdyemany, Panchynemed, Tekeahnemed, Europ. Tekeahnemed, Indian, Lewy, Blankets, Cafhmeery caps, Kumpeh, 2f rupees to 4 mohurs per ell 2 rupees to 1 mohur per piece 4 to 15 mohurs 3 rupees to 14 mohur 2 rupees to 8 mohurs 2 rupees to 25 mohurs I to 3 mohurs I to 4 mohurs i| rupee to l~ mohur I to 4 mohurs 7 rupees to i\ mohurs 3 rupees to i\ mohurs o.\ rupees to to mohurs 2 \ rupees to 1 5 rupees per piece £ rupees to 4 mohurs 1 to 1 o rupees 2 rupees to 1 mohur per piece 5 to 50 rupees 5 to 35 rupees 2 rupees to 1 mohur 1 § rupee to 5 rupees if to 5 rupees 14 dams to 4 rupees 10 dams to 2 rupees 2 dams to 1 rupee 2 rupees to 1 mohur do. H 2 THE ICO AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. THE TUSWEER KHANEH. A picture is the refemblance of fomething in nature, which ordinary painters can draw from originals ; but the artifts of Europe with eafe create forms out of their own imaginations, that refemble nature herfelf; but through the medium of letters the experience of;, anti- quity has been tranfmitted to us, and become the capital flock ofwifdom: out of refpeet to which conlideration I fhall firfl defcribe the library. Of a truth, if it had not been for letters, fpeech would not have obtained life, nor our minds been enriched with the fecrets of antiquity. Various are the alphabets which have been chofen by different nations ; namely, the Syrian, the Greek, the Hebrew, the Coptic, the Maakely, the Kufy, the Cafh- meery, the Ethiopian, the Ryhany, the Arabic, the Perlian, the Roman, the Hymery, the Barbary, &c. as is evident from ancient books. The difference betwixt letters confifts in the fhape Of the lines which form them, that is, whether they be curved or flraight : thus the Kufy character is com- pounded of a line that is one dang in curve, and the remainder ftraight. The Maakely has no curve. The infcriptions on ancient buildings are moftly in this character. .• At this day there are in ufe eight different alphabets ir. Iran, Turan, Room, and Hind In the year three hundred and ten of the Hegira, Ebn Mokleh formed lix different alphabets from the Maakely and the Kufv ; viz. the Suls, the Towkya, the Mohekch, the Nufkh, the Ryhan, and the Rokaa; to which fome add the Ghobar, making him to have in- vented ie'van- alphabets. Some attribute the invention of PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. IOI of the Nufkh character to Yacoob MotafTemy. The Suls and the Nufkh are compofed of two dangs of curve and four dangs of ftraight line. The Towkya and Rokaa are four dangs and a half curved, and the reft ftraight line. The Mohekeh and Ryhan have four dangs and a half ftraight line, and the reft curve. The feventh kind of character is the Taleek, formed out of the Rokaa and the Towkya, and have very little of ftraight line. Khojeh Taj Solimany, who wrote the fix above-mentioned characters excellently, was alio a proficient in this; and fome fay that he invented it. Aihruff Khan, meer moonfhy to his majefty, has brought this character to the higheft degree of perfection. The eighth character is the Nuftaleek, which is all curve. Some pretend that it was compofed from the Nufkh and Taleek by Khojeh Meer Aly Tebrezee, in the time of Timar ; but this is not true, for 1 have feen books in this character that were written before the reign of that monarch. His majefty, by the encouragement that he gives to good penmen, has brought writing to the higheft degree of perfection, particularly in the Nuftaleek character. Thole who excel in the Nuftaleek, and are under the fhadow of the throne, are Mahommed Huflain Cafh- meery, who is generally known under the title of Zur- reen Kalum *, and he is reckoned to equal Molla Meer Aly ; alfo his fon Mollana Baker, together with thole here following, are famous for their ikill in this art : Mahommed Ameen Mefhedy, Meer HufTain Kolenjy, Mollana Abd-ai-Hy, Mollana Dury, Mollana Abdal- raheem, Meer Abdallah, Nezamy Cafzveeny, Aly Chemmen Cafhmecry, Noorullah, and Coflim Arfalan. His majefty has made fcveral arrangements in his library, part of which is kept in the haram, and the reft in the outer apartments. The books are clafied in fciences and hiftories, according to their feveral prices. • Or the golden pen. H 3 . Every 102 AYEEK AKBERY. PART I. Every day fome capable perfon reads to his majefty, who hears every book from beginning to end. He always marks with the date of the month the place where he leaves off; and the reader is paid according to the number of pages. There is hardly a work of fcience, of genius, or of hiftory, but has been read to his majefty 5 and he is not tired with hearing them repeated, but always liftens with grea: avidity. The following works are repeatedly read: Akhlah NafTery, Kemia Saadet, Cabufnameh, Moktoobat Sherf Muneery, Gooliftan, Hedykeh, Jam Jum, Boftan, Shahnameh, Khumfeh Sheikh, Kuliat Khofru, Kuliar. Mollana jami, Dewan Khacany, Dewan Anveri, and. a number of books of hiitory. By the command of his majefty the following trans- lations have been made from the Shanfcrit and other languages, into the Perlian and Hindovee. The new Aftronomical Tables of Ulugh Beg, from Perfian into Hindovee, by Emeer Futtah Ullah Sheer- azee, Kifhen Jewfy, Gongadhor, Mahais, and Mo- hanond, with the affiltance of the author of this work. The Mohabharot, one of the mod ancient books of the Hindoos, into Per.fian by the joint labours of Ne- keeb Khan, Mollana Abd-ul-Cader, and Sheikh Sultan Tanfery. The original confifts of near one hundred thouiand diftichs. His majefty has entitled this an- cient itory Rezem-uameh *. The Ramayon, an ancient Hindoo work, into Fer- fian. It contains the hiilory o( Ramchondro at full * This, although it confifts of about 2000 folio pages, is nothing more than an abftract, and that very indifferently executed, many beautiful descriptions and epifodes being entirely omitted ; but Mr. Wilkins, at the perfuafion of Mr. Hafting^s, has begun to make a complete tranflaiion of the Mohabharot from the original Shanfcrit, and k already confiderably advanced in the work. length, PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. I03 length, with many philofophical reflexions inter- fperfed. The Ot'horbo, which, in the opinion of the Hindoos, is one of the four books of divine authority, has been tranflated into Perfian by Hajee lbraheem Sirhindy. My elder brother, Sheikh Fizee, has made a Perfian verfion of Leelawotee, which is efteemed the beft book on Indian arithmetic. The Tajok, a treatile on aftronomy, has been tranf- lated into Perfian by Mokummel Khan Gujeraty. The Vakiat Babery -j~, which is a wife rule of conduct, has been tranflated from the Turkifh into the Perfian language by Mirza Khan Khanan, The hiflory of Cafhmeer, containing an account of that country for the fpace of four thoufand years, has been tranflated from the Cafhmeerian into Perfian, by Mollana Shah Mohammed Shahabady. The Moajem-ul-Boldan, which is a curious geogra- phical work, has been tranflated from the Arabic into Perfian by a number of learned men, amongfl whom were Molla Ahmed Tatah, Coflim Beg, and Sheikh Menewer. The Horeebongs, a Hindoo work, in which is in^ eluded the hiftory of Krifh.no, has been tranflated into Perfian, Naflferullah Muftofy and Mollana Harlan Vaez, had made Perfian verfions of the Kaleilah Dumnah ; but they being full of foreign metaphors, and written in a difficult ftyle, his majefty ordered the author of this f The Emperor Baber's commentaries of himfelf. H 4 work 104- AYE EN AKBERY. PART I work to make a new verfion of it in Perfian, to which he has given the title of Ayar Danifh. The ftory of the loves of Nol and Domoyontee, which is highly efteemed in the Hindovee language, has been tranflated by Skeikh Fizee into Perfian verfe, in the manner of Leilee and Mujnoon. His majefty being fond of hiftory, commanded thofe {killed therein, to compile a hiflory of all parts of the world for thefe lad thoufand years. It was began by Nekeeb Khan and others ; and Mollana Ahmed Tat- tavee had a great (hare in the compilation ; jafer Beg and Afof Khan finished it, and the author of this work wrote the preface. It is called Tareekh Alfy, or the Hiftory of One Thoufand Years. THE PAINTING GALLERY. His majefty taking great delight in, and having patronized this art from the commencement of his reign, has caufed it to arrive at high perfection. With that view this department was eftablithed, in order that a numuer of artiits being collected together, might vie with each other for fame, and become eminent by their productions. Every week the daroghas and tepookchies bring to his majefty the performance of every artift, when, in proportion to their merits, they are honoured with premiums, and their falanes are increafed. The following is a Lift of the mofl eminent Art'ifts : Nieer Syed Aly Tebrezy, Lai, Mehmeen, Khojah Abdul-femed She- Mekend, Kehmkeren, reen Calum Sheerazee, Mumkeen, Tara, Defwant ?ART I. AYEEN AKBERY. I05 Defwant *, the foil of a Ferokh, Sanoolah, palkee-bearer, Kelmak, Herbuns, Befawen*, Madhu, Ram. Kyfu, Jojen, The great encouragement that is given to merit, has produced many admirable performances. Perlian books, in profe and verfe, are finely illuminated with paintings. The Kifiah Humzah, in twelve volumes, is ornamented with one thoufand four hundred paintings ; and in like manner, amongft many others, the following works are embcllilhed : Ginjeznameh, Zafer-nameh, Akbal-nameh, Rezcmnameh, Ramayon, Nul Dumen, Keleelah Dumnah, and the Ayar DaniQi. And, by the command of his majefty, portraits arc made of all the principal officers of the court, which, being bound up together, form a thick volume, wherein the paft are kept in lively remembrance, and the prefenr. are infured immortality. Other ingenious artifts are employed in embellidiing the margins of books ; and great pains are alfo bellowed upon the bindings. Many of the fcrvants ot this department are munfub- dars, ahdyan, and cavalry of every denomination. The monthly pay of a foot-foldier never exceeds one thoufand two hundred, and is never lefs than fixty dams. THE KOWR KHANEH. There is always kept in (tore armour fufficient for the equipment of an army. Thofe which are khafeh -j-, have particular names and ranks given them. * Thefe two excelled in taking likenefles and finifliing. f Applied to his majefly's particular uie. There I06 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. There are thirty khafeh fwords, one of which is carried to the haram every month, and the former one ' is returned. There are alfo in readinefs forty other {words, which they call kowtel. When of the thirty khafeh fwords twelve remain unufed, the complement is made up out of thefe forty, fo that there are always thirty khafeh fwords : alfo twelve fword-belts are kept apart, and fent into the haram, one every week alter^ nately. There are likewife forty jemdhers and forty khup- wahs* delivered out alternately; of each, one every week. And of the two laft mentioned, there are thirty more of each called kowtel, which are ufed to keep up the full complement of thefe, in the fame manner as has been defcribed of the khafeh fwords. Moreover, ihere are eight karecls-j-, twenty neyzahs J and twenty birchehs J ; and a different one of each is ufed every month. There are alfo eighty-fix mefaed and beh- rfayin bows, with twenty-four others, out of which, in everv folar month of thirty-two days, one bow is fent to his majefty every day ; and during every month of thirty-one days, two every week alternately. Every one ot thtfe has its rank affigned it ; and when his majefty goes abroad, or appears in the Bar Aum, the fons of the omrahs, with other munfubdars and ah- dyan, carry the kovvr in their hands, and on their ihoulders. One carries a bow, another a quiver, a third a fword, and a fourth a fhield ; and there are four of each of thefe kinds. But of the following weapons only four perfons are employed in carrying one of each ; viz. a neyzah, a birchez, a tubber- * Kinds of daggers. f Knives worn in the girdle. X Different kinds of fpears. gaghnow^ TART I AYEEN AKBERY. I07 zaghnowl *, a peyarygupty-j-, a kemankeroheh J a gung-f-, and a fandely -j~. On journies a number of mules, camels, and carts are loaded with all forts of arms. In the bargah, the omrahs and others arrange themfelves between thofe who fupport the kowr. When his majefty goes abroad, they all march behind, excepting a few of the principal nobility, who go amongft the kowr. With the kowr are caparifoned elephants, with camels, chariots, nakarahs, flags, ko- kebehs, and other enfigns of flate ; and the mace- bearers clofe the whole, being aflifted by the meet bukhfhiean in clearing the way. W'hen his majefty hunts, fome nimble foot-foldiers alfo carry arms. Here is fubjoined a table of the names and prices of warlike weapons, &c. A Table of Warlike lVeapo?is. Prices. Swords, - 4- rupee to 15 mohurs Khandeh, - 1 to 10 rupees Goopty, - 2 to 20 rupees Jembher, - | rupee to 24 mohurs Khunjer, - 4- to 5 rupees Kehpwah, - -4 rupee to 4. mohur Jumkhawg, - 4 to 14. mohur Bauk, - 4- rupee to 1 mohur Jembveh, - do. do, * A kind of battle-axe. f Thefe I have not been able to get explained. % A kind of crofs-bow. Kettar, io8 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. Kettar, Narfingmotah, Bows, Bow- cafes, Nowek, Arrows, Quivers, Duddee, Teerburdar, Pykankufh, Neyzeb,"] Bircheh, Different kinds 3 of fpears. £ang, J Synfty, Seelreh, Goorz (iron club) Shufhpur, Goopteen, Tubber (battle-axe) Byay, Zaghnowl, ChuckerlulTooleh, Tubberzaghnowl, Turrengaleh, Knives, Gooptykared, Kumtchykared (a kind of knife) Chakoo (clafp knife) Keman kcrocb, Kumteh, Dehaniufung, Pufhtkar, Shuftavaiz, Geerahkulha, Kharmahy, A fling, Prices. 4 rupee to i mohur 4 to 2 mohurs | rupee to 3 mohurs 1 to 4 rupees 4 to 1 rupee I to 30 rupees per bundle i rupee to 2 mohurs I to 5 rupees I to 24 dams | to 3 rupees I I rupee to 6 mohurs 3 1 rupees to 2 mohurs I to 14 rupee I to 1 rupee 10 dams to I rupee I to 5 rupees 4 rupee to 3 mohurs 1 to 3 rupees I to 2 mohurs 4 to 5 rupees 4 rupee to 1 mohur 1 to 6 rupees 1 to 4 rupees \ to 2 rupees 2 dams to 2 mohurs 3 rupees to 14 mohurs > 1 to 34 rupees 2 dams to I rupee 2 dams to 1 rupee 5 dams to 3 rupees 10 dams to 2 rupees 2 dams to 4 rupee 2 dams to 1 rupee 1 dam to I rupee i to 5 rupees J 4 chm to £ rupee Gujbag, PART 1. AYEEN AKBEPY. Prices. F09 Gujbag, &K*' } Shields JJahl, J Khereh, Phary, Adaneh, Debelghah, Ghoghee, Zireh kulah, helmet, Ghoghoweh, leebeh, Zireh, coat of mail, { 1 1 1 20 Bukter, Jowfhun, Charayeeneh, Kohty, Sadeky, Angerkeh, Bhanjoo, Cheera zireh, Selehkeba, Chelkud, Gauntlets, Rawg, Knntehfobeh, Iron cuirarTes, Kecjem, Artekkeejem, Kufhkeh, Girdeny, Matchlocks, War- rockets, 1 C/5 U 4 4 2 5 il 4 1 1 T 2 o I -2 to 5 rupees to 50 rupees rupee to 4 mohurs rupee to 4 mohurs rupee to 1 mohur to 5 rupees rupee to 3 1 mohurs to 4 rupees to 5 rupees rupee to 2 mohurs rupees to 30 mohurs rupees to 100 mohurs rupees to 1 2 mohurs rupees to 9 mohurs rupees to 7 mohurs rupees to 8 mohurs. rupees to 8 mohurs rupees to 5 mohurs rupees to 2 mohurs rupees to 2 mohurs rupee to 1 mohur rupees to 25 rupees rupee to 2 mohurs rupee to 10 mohurs to 10 rupees rupee to 10 rupees to 300 rupees to 7 rupees e to 2-\ mohurs rupee to 1 mohur rupee to 1 mohur to 4 rupees THE ARTILLERY. Thefe are the locks and keys of empire; and, ex- cepting Room, no kingdom can compare with this in the number and variety of its ordnance. Some HO AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. Some pieces of cannon are fo large as to carry a ball of twelve maunds; and others require each feveral elephants, and a thoufand bullocks for their tranf- portation. His majefty gives a great deal of attention to this department, and has appointed to it daroghahs and clerks. He has invented feveral kinds ; fome of which are fo contrived as to take to pieces for the convenience of carriage, and when the army halts, they are nicely put together again. Alfo feventeen pieces are fo united together as to be difcharged by one match. There are others which can be eafily tranfported by one ele- phant ; and they are called gujnal. Others can be carried by a fingle man, and are called nurnal. It has been wifely ordered, that a fufficient train of artillery be placed in each fubah. The cannon for battery and for boats, and thofe which are fit for journies, are kept feparate. It would be impomble to enumerate them ; and fkilful artifrs are continually making new ones, efpecially gunjahs and nurnals. In this department omrahs and ahdyan receive large falaries. The pay of a foot-foldier is from roo to 400 dams. RULES OBSERVED IN MAKING FIRE-ARMS FOR HIS majesty's USE. Bundooks * are now made in fuch a manner that when filled with powder up to the muzzle, there is no * Matchlock?. few TART I* ATE EN AKBEItY. Ill fear of their burfting. Formerly they never were of more than four folds of iron, and fometimes only of one, joined together by the two extremities of the breadth, and which were very dangerous. His majedy, after having the iron flattened, has it rolled up like a fcroll of paper, but flantingly, and every fold is palled through, the fire. There is alio the following metlnxl : (olid pieces of iron are properly tempered, and then bored with an iron borer ; and three or four of thefe are joined together to form a bundook. The (mailed bundooks that are made are two fpans long; and the longed near two ells. That of one ell and a quarter is called de- manik, and its deck is made differently from the others. Some are made to fire without a match, merely by giving a little motion to the trigger : and they make iome balls that will do execution like a fvvord. There are a great number of fkilful artiits in this department, the chief of whom are Odad Kebeer and Huffain. la preparing the iron for bundooks, half is lod in the fire. When the lengths are made, and before they are joined together, they are damped with figures, exprefiing the quantity of crude iron and the quantity remaining; and in this date it is called dowl : this is lent for his majedy's infpection ; and the weight of the ball being determined, the bore is made accordingly. The bun- dook-ball is never larger than twenty-five tanks, nor Ids than fifteen j but, excepting his majedy, no body is bold enough to fire off one of the larged. When the bore is finifhed it is again carried to the haram ; from thence it is brought out again and fee in an old dock, and filled with powder till within a third of the muzzle. It it dands this proof, it is carried again to his majefty. Then the muzzle is finifhed, after which it is again put into an old dock, as before-mentioned, and tried at a mark. If it does not carry true, they heat it, and ftraighten it by means of a wooden-rod ; then, in the royal prefence, it is delivered to the filer, who faihions the outiide as he is directed. When this is done, the barrel 112 AYEEtf AKBERY. PART Ti barrel is again carried to his majefty, when the wood and form of the flock are determined. In this ftage the figures marking the weight of the crude and of the pre- pared iron are effaced, and in their room are engraven the maker's name, the place, the month, and the year. Kext are made the trigger, the ramrod, and primer. After all thefe are fin idled, the piece is again ordered to be proved. If it is found to carry true, it is again brought to the haram along with five balls. In this ftate it is called fadeh (or plain). The colour of the barrel and ftock is next determined ; and when the colouring is finidied, it is called rungeen (or coloured). It is now lent again into the haram with five more balls. His majefty fires it four times, and returns it back again with the fifth ball. When ten of thefe rungeen mufkets are collected together, they are ordered to be inlaid with gold, have each four feers and a half of grain, and fait as ufual, with one dam for grafs ac court, or three quarters of a dam in the per- The brood mares have each two feers and three quarters of grain, but no allowance for fait, grafs, or wood. A foal is permitted to fuck its dam for the three firft months ; after which, for the next nine months, it is allowed the milk of two cows ; and for fix months after two feers and three quarters of grain daily ; and every iix months from this period, they increafe a feer till it be three years old, when it is reckoned a full grown horie. THE HORSE-FURNITURE. It would be tedious to mention all the royal horfe- furniture ornamented with jewels, and the coverings of filk, &c. Befldes thofe, there are allowed yearly one hundred and ninety-feven dams and a half, &c. viz. For an artek, which is of quilted linen, forty-eight dams ; for a yalpofh (a covering for the mane) thirty- two dams ; for a woollen-rubber two dams ; for a horfe-cloth, the outftde of hair-cloth and the lining woollen PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 1^5 woollen fluff, forty-two dams ; for planks and heel- ropes forty dams ; for girths eight dams ; for a mu- gefTran (a cow-tail to drive away the flies) three dams ; for a kizeh, ropes, &c. fourteen dams ; for a curry- comb one dam and a half; for grain-bags fix dams; for bafkets for ferving the horfe with grain, one dam, A new woollen-rubber is allowed every fix months. Half the original price of the artek is taken by govern ment upon the delivery of a new onej and for an old yalpolh a fixth part of its coft is taken, and the re- mainder paid to buy a new one. All the other articles are renewed every year, and fifteen dams two cheetels and a half are taken for the old ones. In the other ftables, as far as twenty-one mohurs, there are allowed one hundred and ninety-fix dams and a half annually, in the manner before particularized ; and in exchange for the old articles twenty-five dams and a halt are taken by the ftate. In the ftables, from twenty to eleven mohurs are allowed one hundred and fifty-five dams and a quarter, viz. Dams. Artek, ~- Yalpolh, — Saddle-cloth, — 39* 27! 3° Girths, — < 6 Bridle, &c. -*- 10 Heel-ropes, &c. — Chowry, — Rubber, -r— 3 2 2 Curry-comb, — Bafket, — 1 Bags, — 4i K 4 Ant] I36 AYEEN AKBERY. T MW1 f. And in exchange for the old ones the ftate takes twenty dams. For the (tables often mohurs, and for the tangL- . and gowts, are allowed one hundred and twenty-eight cams and a quarter, riz. Dams. Artek, — . Yalpofli, — Saddle-cloth, — 37 24 Heel-ropes, &c. — Bridles, &c — 20 8 Girths, — 5 Chowry, — Rubber, — if if Curry-comb, — Bafkets, — 1 Bags, -* Ai 128I At the expiration of the year they take twenty dams for the old articles, and pay the remainder to buy new. Kerah aheny is a veffel for boiling grain for ten horfes. It is made of one maund of iron, the price of which is 140 dams, including the workmanfhip. SetelmiiTy. Ten horfes of the (tables of forty, drink out of one of them ; but only one is allowed for each of the other (tables. It cofts 140 dams. Halter. In the (tables of forty there are three halters ; in the (tables of thirty two halters; and in the other (tables one for each. Each halter weighs half a maund, the hemp of which cofts one hundred and forty dams, and the expence of twilling is fixteen dams. Every PART I. ATEEN AKBERT. 1 37 Every halter 13 fattened with two iron pins weighing five leers, and coding fifteen dams each. Teber tehmak, weighing five feers ; in every liable there is one to drive the iron pins. All the broken copper and iron utenfils in the khafch- ftables, if repairable, are repaired by the daroghas ; and when they are pad that date their value is eftimated, and an afiignment given for the remainder to purchale new. In the other ftablcs, every year half the value is taken for the old ones, and the remainder is paid for new. Horfe-moes. Horfes are fhod twice a year. For- merly eight dams were given for afet of fhoes, but now ten dams are allowed. Kundelan. One is allowed for every ten horfes. The price of it is eight rupees and twelve annas. OF THE SERVANTS EMPLOYED IN THE STABLES. The atbeygy takes care of all the horfes, and orders how they mail be managed. This office is always held by a munfubdar of high rank : at prefent it is filled by the khan khanan. Darogha. There is one belonging to each (table ; he is appointed out of the munfubdars of fiv- thouiand and the great ahdyan. The muflireff keeps an account of the number of horfes prefent, and of what are received into and fent out of the liable ; it is hkewife his duty to fee that fuch royal regulations as regard this department are carried into execution. He is alfo one of the omrahs. Dedahwaran, .^3 ATEEN AKBERY. PART I. Dedahwaran. Previous to the horfes being brought to his majefty, fome pcrfons afcertain their qualities, and fettle their rank ; an account of which is taken in writing by the mufhreff. This office is performed by munfubdars and ahdyan. The akhfhechy looks after the horfe-furniture, and has the horfes fiddled. Many of thefe receive their pay amongft the ahdyan. The chabukfevvar rides and breaks in the horfes, and tries their fpeed, which the mufhreff takes an account of. He receives his pay as an ahdy. The hada are a number of rajpoots who teach the horfes various tricks ; and they are ranked amongft the ahdyan. The mirdaheh. The mod experienced amongft the- fyces is placed at the head of ten, and has this name given him : he receives his pay amongft the ahdyan. 3n the khafeh .ftables his monthly pay is 170 dams ; in the ftables of the khanehzad 160 dams; and in the other ftables of thirty, 140 dams; in the ftables of twenty, 100 dams; and in the ftables of ten horfes, thirty dams ; and this laft merdaheh looks after two horfes. The beitar (horfe-doctor) receives his pay as an ahdy. The nekeeb is an officer who reports to the darogha and mufhreffthe condition of every (table ; and it is his office to have the cattle in readinefs. The two head nekeebs are ahdyans, and they have thirty people under them, who receive from 100 to 120 dams each per men/em* The Dams per Month. 180 and I38 I36 126 160 130 IOO TART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 139 The fyce (groom) one for every two horfes; but they are paid differently, viz. In the (tables of forty horfes, — The elder princes ftables, — The other young princes ftables, tourky horfes, — — Khanehzad, — - — In the other ftables of thirty horfes, In thofe of twenty, — In thole or ten, — — JALUDAR AND PYKES. Their monthly pay is from 120 to 1200 dams. Some of them will run from iifty to 100 cofs in the courfe of a day. The nalbend (the farriers) are ahdyan and peyadehs. Their monthly pay is 160 dams. The zeendars are alfo ahdyan and foot-foldiers, and they receive the eftabliQied pay. In the ftables of forty horfes one faddle is allowed for two horfes, in the following manner ; for the firft and twenty-firft, for the fecond and twenty-fecond, for the third and twenty-third, and fo on to the laft; and if the firft horfe is fent out of the ftable, what was the fecond horfe becomes the iirft, and the fecond faddle becomes the third. Water-carriers. Three are allowed in the ftables of forty ; the ftables of thirty have two ; and the other ftables one each. The monthly pay of each is 100 dams. Ferafh. I4O AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. Ferafh. There is one in every khafeh liable, who re- ceives 103 dams monthly. A fependfowz is only allowed in the (tables of forty horfes. His monthly pay is 1 00 dams. Sweepers. Two are allowed for a ftable of forty horfes, and one for a liable of thirty or of twenty horfes. The monthly pay of each fweeper is fixty-five dams. During a march, if the daroghas of the ftable have a fixed allowance for peons, they entertain fome people to lead the horfes. In the ftables of thirty horfes fifteen men are allowed, and fo on j but thofe who have not any fixed allowance have men appointed occafionally by government, and each receives two dzmsper diem. OF THE BARGEER. Many are fit for the cavalry fervice who are not in circumftances to keep a horfe. For thefe there are fome ieparate ftables, with particular daroghas and mufhreffs. Whenever there is a necemty, they furnifh fuch an one with a horfe upon a written order from the tepukchy j and a man fo mounted is called a bargeer fewar. REGULATIONS FOR THE DAGH, OR MARK, Formerly they ufed to mark the horfes with the word nuzer (fight). Every horfe that was received by go- vernment had this mark burnt on the right fide ; and thofe that were rejected were marked on the left fide. Now the horfes of every ftable are marked with their price in numerals. Thus, a horfe often mohurs price is marked with the figures ten ; thofe of twenty mohurs have the figures twenty, and fo on. Regulation PART t. AYEEN AKBERY. I4I Regulations for keeping up the full Complement of Horfcs in the Royal Stables. Formerly, whenever there were expended either ten horfes from the {tables of forty, or from the {tables ot" the horfes bred in the royal ftuds j or there were want- ing five tourky horfes, they were replaced in the fol- lowing manner : The deficiency in the ftables of forty was made up from chofen horfes out of the young princes ftables ; and the ftables of the kanehzad * were completed from the inferior ftables : if there were wanting fifteen horfes in the cldefl fhahzadeh'v ftables, they were replaced out of the ftables of his brothers : when twenty horfes were wanting to com- plete the ftables cf the fecond fhahzadeh, they were taken from the ftables of his younger brother, and from other inferior ftables : and when twenty-five horfes were wanting in the ftables of the your. fhahzadeh, they chofe them out of the inferior ftables. In the thirty-feventh year of his majefty's reign, it fas ordered that, for the future there mould be added to the number one every year j and thus in the thirty- eighth year, they did not begin to make up tire defi- ciency in the khafeh ftables till there were wanting eleven horfes therein ; and the other ftables are now completed as his majelty may fee fit. REGULATIONS FOR FINES. Formerly, when a khafeh horfe died, they ufed to exact from the darogha one rupee, and from the rrafdah ten dams, upon every mohur that the horfe was worth ; and the fyces paid a fourth part of a month's wages. If a horfe was ftolen or blemilhed, the fervants paid * The horfes bred in the royal lhxls. whatever t4- AYfcEN AKBERY. PART I. whatever was commanded : and, in the other ftables, they exacted for a fingle horfe that died, one rupee upon every mohur ; for two horfes, two rupees every mohur, in the proportions above mentioned. But now, for one, two, or three horfes that die, are taken one rupee upon every mohur; for four horfes, two rupees upon every mohur; and if five horfes die, the fervants pay three rupees per mohur ; and fo on in pro- portion. If a horfe' s mouth is ipoilt, the merdah is fined ten dams upon every mohur ; and he taxes the fyces. REGULATIONS FOR THE HORSES IN WAITING. There are always kept in waiting two horfes of the ftable of forty ; of the (tables of the three fhahzadehs, and the khanehzad, three each ; together with two road- horfes. Thefe are formed into four divifions, and each divifion is called a miffal. ift Miffal. One horfe from the ftable of the elded fhahzadeh; one from the itable of the fecond fhah- zadeh, and one from the ftable of khafeh tourkies 2d Miffal. One from the ftable of the youngeft fhahzadeh ; one from the ftable of the khanehzad ; one from the ftable of forty j and one from khafeh tourky. 3d Miffal. From the ftables of the three fhahza- dehs one each ; and one from the khanehzad. 4th Miffal. From the ftables of the three fhahza- dehs one each ; and one of ten mohurs. His majefty never v.fed to ride any horfes of the fourth miffal till Sultan Morad went to his govern- ment, when the horfes of forty mohurs were alfo h ought for his majefty's riding. REGU- PART I. AYEEN AKBERY", I4| REGULATIONS FOR DONATIONS. Whenever his majefty mounts a horfe belonging to one of the firft fix khafeh {tables, he gives a fixed do- nation. For fome time it was a rule, that whenever he mounted, a rupee fhould be given, viz. one dam to the atbegy ; two dams to the jelowdar ; and thirty- (even dams amongft the fyces, muftireff, nekeeb, akhfbegy, and zeendar. Whenever he mounted a horfe belonging to the (tables of the eldeft fliahzadeh, thirty dams were given ; twenty dams when he rode one belonging to the fecond fhahzadeh ; and ten dams for one belonging to the yonngeft (hahzadeh, or a khanehzad horfe. Nov/, the following are the dona- tions : For a horfe of the (table of forty, one rupee; for a horfe belonging to the eldeft fhahzadeh, twenty dams ; for a horfe belonging to the yonngeft fliahzadeh, ten dams ; for a tourky horfe, five dams ; for a kha- nehzad horfe, four dams ; and for a horfe of the other itables, two dams. REGULATIONS FOR THE JF.LWANEH. Whenever a horfe is given to any one, he is rated ten or twenty mohurs above his value ; and out ot every fuch mohur, ten dams are divided amonglt the iervants, in the following proportions : D. c. The Atbegy, — — 5 The Jelubes;v, — — 2 izi The MullirefT, — — 1 6$ The Nekeebs, — — 10 The Syces, — — 6i Tefialdar, Zeendar, and Akhlhcchy, 15 10 o In. 144 AYEE5I AKBERY. TART I. In this country, horfes commonly live to the age of thirty years ; aiid their price is from 500 mohurs to two rupees. THE SKUTER KHANEH, OR CAMEL-STABLE. From the encouragement given by his majefty, there are now bred in Hindoftan camels that excel thofe of Turan and Iran. A number of thefe animals are felecled, and always kept ready to fight for diverfion. The head khafeh camel, named Shah Pufiend (the king's choice), and who is a native of Hindoftan, has, for the fpace of twelve years, conquered all his antagonifts. Camels are bred in the following places : Aimeer, Judehpoor, Magore, Bcyganur, Jalmeer, Hetenda, and Tahnefir; and, in the fubah of Gujerat, near the province of Ketch, are great numbers, and very fine. But in Sind is the greatefl abundance ; infomuch that many an in- habitant of thofe parts is mailer of 10,000 camels and upwards. The fwifteft camels are thofe of Ajmeer ; the belt for burden are bred in Tatah. Arwaneh is the name of a fpecies of female camel, In every country, camels couple in winter. If the male has two humps, and which kind of camel is called biyeer, the young that it begets, if male, is commonly called ner ; and if female, mayeh : but his majefty has given to the male of thofe the name of boghdy, and to the female that of jemazeh. The boghdy is the bell for carrying burdens and for fighting 5 and the jemazeh excels in fwiftnefs. There is alfo a kind of Indian camel, called look, which, as well as the arwaneh aforementioned, is almoft as fwift as the jemazeh. If a biyeer couples with a jemazeh, their young, if a. male, is called ghoord ; and if female, mayeh ghoord. If a jemazeh couples with a boghdy, or a look, the young. PARTI. AYEEN AKBERY. I45 young, whether male or female, is named after its fire. But if a boghdy or a look couples with an nrvvaneh, the young male is named after its lire, and the young: female after its dam. When camels are loaded and travel, they are formed into ketars (or rows) each confiding of five camels ; and each ketar has a different name, viz. the firit ketar is called peting ; the fecond, pefbwereh ; the third, meyaneh ketar ; the fourth, durndeft j and the fifth, dumdar. THE DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD FOR CAMELS. The boghdy is fit for fervice when he is two year* and a half ; and the jemazeh as foon as (he is three years old. At this period they are each allowed two leers of grain daily. From three and a half to four years, 5 feers After four years to leven, — 9 And thofe of eight years, — 10 which allowance is continued. The daily allowance for the ghoord, the mayeh ghoord, and the look, is the fame as the two firft mentioned, till they are four years old ; afcer which, Till they are feven years old, they have 7 feers At eight years old, — 7! at which allowance they remain ever after. The above was fixed at the time that the feer was of twenty-eight dams weight ; but now Chat it is thirty dams, they deduct the difference. When the camels are in waiting during the eight dry months, grafs is found by government 9 but, in the four rainy months, Vol. L L and I46 AYEEN AKBERY. PART K and during a journey, the camel-drivers carry them to graze. A camel that is on duty with the guard, within the city, has two dams every day for grafs ; and if it is fo employed without the city, the allowance is only a dam and a half. FURNITURE FOR THE KHASEH CAMELS. For the khafeh camels are allowed the following articles : dum afsar, mehar kathy (fomewhat refem- bling a horfe-faddfe, but rather longer) kuchy, ke- tarchy, ferenjy, tung, firtung, fheebbund, jilajil, gur- denbtmd, firchader (or faddle-cloth) made of broad cloth, or of coloured linen, or wax-cloth. The value of fuch of the above articles as are inlaid with precious Hones and adorned with lilken fluffs, is beyond de- icription. Five ketars of camels, properly caparifoned, are kept ready for riding, together with two ketars for carrying mehafchs. The mehafch is a wooden cham- ber upon two poles, by which it is fufpended between two camels. In every ten ketars of camels, three ketars have coloured furniture, and the reft plain. For the run- geen (or coloured furniture) are allowed, for a boghdy, 235 dams and three quarters, viz. Afsar worked with fhells, — - — 304. dams Brafs ring, — — — 1 1 Iron chain, — — — ■ 4! Kathy, — — — 5 PuQnpozyv ■ — — — 8 Dum afsar, — — — if Carried forward 5 1 Tegeltu; PART U AY.EES" AKBERY. I47 Brought forward 51 dams Tegeltu, (in which are five feers of wool) 8 Saddle-cloth, — — . — 67 Jehaz and faddle, — — — 40 Tung, (heebbund, and guloobund, — 24 Taken (called alfo Kherwer) a rope"! 2 for tying on burdens, ^ * Balapoalh, — — — 15 2 35l A jemazeh who has coloured furniture is allowed two additional articles, viz. a gurdenbund at two dams, and a bread-belt at fixtcen dams. The fadeh, or thofe with plain furniture, are al- lowed, for a bogdhy or a jemazeh, 168 dams and a half, viz. Afsar worked with fliells, «■•» 10 dams Dum afsar, — — — o| Jehaz, — — — i6£ Saddle-cloth, — — 524.' Tung, (heebbund, and Guloobund, 24 Taken tenab, — — 37 Balapoaih, — — — ■ 28 168 K For a look, in the laden divifion, are allowed 143 dams, viz. afsar, jehaz, and takeh, the fame as al- ready mentioned ; the (addle-cloth, thirty-fix dams and a half; tung, (heebbund, and guloobund, fourteen dams and a half. The rungeen and fadeh, excepting the brafs ring and iron chains, have their furniture re- newed only once in three years; in confideration of the old rungeen furniture of every ketar, fixteen dams, and from a ketar of fadeh, fourteen dams are taken by government. At the end of every three years they draw out an account of the fum allowed for furniture, L 2 from I4S AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. from the amount of which is deducted a fourth part ; and then, after taking one tenth from the remainder, an aflignment is given for the reft. The alefy, or camels ufed in carrying fodder and burdens, have new furniture every year. For a look and a khanehzad are allowed fifty-two dams and a half, viz. Afsar, — ■ — 5 dams Saddle-cloth, — 33 Sirdowr, — — of Tung and fheebbund, — 14 5*1 Every year an account is made out, when a fourth part is deducted., and an aflignment given for the re- mainder. Gunney-bags, for giving the camels their grain, one for every ketar. Formerly there were allowed for a ketar of boghdys and jcmazehs thirty dams and three quarters j and for a ketar of looks, twenty-four dams and a half; but it being reprefented to his majefty that the camel-keepers were lofers by providing at this fixed rate, it was ordered, in the fortieth year of the reign, that the current price fhould in future be al- lowed. It is a cuftom, that on every new year's day, the farban bafhyan receives a donation upon trimming the camels, anointing them with oil, and receiving the alefy-furniture, &c. RULES FOR ANOINTING THE CAMELS. For every boghdy and jemazeh, are allowed annually 'hree feers and three quarters of fefame-oil, three quar- ters PART 1. AYEEN AKBERY. xty ters of a feer of fulphur, and fix feers and a half of butter- milk. Each of the other kind of camels has the fame as thofe abovementioned, excepting that of ful- phur it has only twelve chattaks. Three feers of the oil are ufed in anointing the camel, and the remainder is injected up the noftrils. Formerly this allowance was quarterly, but now is given once a year only. THE RANKS OF THE CAMELS, AND THEIR SERVANTS. His majefty has formed them into ketars, or rows, each of which is committed to the care of a farban. The ketars are of three kinds. Firft, Five ketars are given in charge to a perfon called biftopunjee, or a fuperintendant of twenty-five camels : Second, Ten ketars, together with nine farbans, are put under a per- fon who is (tiled pinjahee, or a fuperintendant of fifty : Third, One hundred ketars, with their farbans, are under the orders of a punjfuddy, or a fuperintendant of 500. Out of thefe 100 ketars, ten are under the particular care of the punjfuddy. Government finds farbans for only nine of thefe ketars ; the others being provided by the punjfuddy himfelf. The farbans of lifty^ and thofe of twenty-five, are included in the number of the five hundred, and receive their pay accordingly. 77/6' Monthly Piiy vf the Servants Rate. Dams. 1 _ 400 2 340 2 2 6 8 4 4 and in the herds of camels, to each that is full grown is given every week, half a feer of faltpetre and common fait j and to a bootah, a quarter of a feer. The monthly pay of a gulahban, or keeper of an herd of camels, is 200 dams j and he is, moreover, allowed for grazing fifty camels, fix men at two dams each per diem. A gulahban of fifty camels is obliged to prefent his majefty three anvanehs every year ; and on failure, their price is deducted from his falary. Formerly the ftate ufed to exact a fourth part of the wool fheared from every boghdy and jemazeh, and which, upon an average, ufed to amount to four feers per head. This cuftom his majefty has abolifhed j and in lieu thereof, obliges the farban to furnifh the dun> afsar and fome other trifling articles. The Prices of Camels. A boghdy, from 4 to 1 2 mohurs A jemazeh, from 3 to 1 o ditto A biyeer, from 4 to 7 ditto L 4 A mayeh %$t AYEEN AKBEkV, lART t, A mayeh biyeer, from 3 to 5 mohurs A ghoord, from 3 to 8 ditto A mayeh ghoord, or a look, from 3 to 7 ditto A lookdokleh, from 8 to 9 ditto An Hindoftany or a Belootche look, from 3 to 8 ditto An arwaneh, from 2 to 4 ditto His majefty has fixed the burdens to be carried by each as follows : Boghdy, bed kind, — — • 10 maunds Ditto, middling, — « — 8 Jemazeh and look, beft kind, — 8 Pitto, middling, — — 6 In this country camels do not live above twenty-four years, THE GAW KHANEH, OR OX-STABLES. Throughout Hindoflan the ox is efteemed lucky, a.nd held in great veneration. Every part of the em- pire produces good oxen ; but thofe of Gujerat are efteemed the beft. ' Thefe will travel thirty-fix miles in twenty-four hours ; and they are fwifter than the gene- rality of horfes. Sometimes a' pair of them are fold for 1 00 mohurs; but they are very common for ten and twenty mohurs. There is alfo abundance of fine oxen in Bengal and the Deccan, that will kneel down to be loaded. Many cows at Dehly give daily twenty quarts of milk each ; and are feldom fold for more than ten rupees. His majefty has a pair of bul- locks which coft him 500 rupees. In the neighbour- hood of Tibbet and Cafhmeer are the katafs, which are of a very extraordinary appearance. This animal feldom lives above twenty-five years. His majefty divided the oxen into troops, and com- mitted each to the charge of a keeper. One PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 1 5 J One hundred of the choiceft oxen are made khafeh, and called kowtel ; fifty-one others are the half, and fifty more the quar-ei -kowtel. If any deficiency hap- pens in the kowtel, it is fupplied from the half- kowtel, and fo on : and all the three above-mentioned kowtel- oxen are khafeh. Alfo, from fifty to 100 head of oxen, are formed into a troop, with proper fervants ; after which, their ranks being determined, they are put into their refpective dalles. Likcwife others are appointed for drawing chariots and carts, and for carrying water. And in the fame manner are the cows and milk- bufFJoes formed into divilions, and put under the charge of proper fervants. There is alfo a fpecies of fmall oxen, called gaynee, which are well limbed and very beautiful. DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD FOR THE OXEN. Every head of the three firft khafeh kinds is allowed daily fix feers and a quarter of grain, and a dam and ill for grafs; together with a maund and nineteen of molafies for the whole, which the daroghah diftributes rimongfl them as he fees proper. For each of the other khafeh kinds, fix feers of grain, and grafs as before ; but they have not any mobiles. For the others, as follows: 1 ft kind, Six feers of grain ; for grafs, if at court, one dam and a half; and if on a march, only one dam : 2d kind, Grain, five feers j and grafs as before. The 154 AYEEN AKBERY. PART U The chariot-bullocks fix feers of grain, and grafs as before; the gaynees, firft kind, three leers of grain ; for grafs, if at court, one dam ; and if on a march, three quarters of a dam. Second kind, grain two feers and a half ; grafs, if at court, three quarters of a dam. The male buffaloes (called in Hindoflan urneh) eight feers of wheat flour boiled up with two feers of ghee, and two feers and a half of molafles ; alfo one feer and a half of grain ; and two dams are allowed for grafs. This animal, when in the vigour of youth, is fo wonder- fully brave, and has fuch ftrength, that he will attack a Jion and tear him in pieces. When he is old he is ufed for carrying water, and is then allowed eight feers of grain, and two dams for grafs. The other buffaloes that are employed in drawing water, are each allowed fix feers of grain, and two dams for grafs. The beft of the chariot-bullocks have each fix feers and a quarter of chenah, and two dams for grafs : the reft of thefe have each five feers of grain, and grafs as before. Thofe that work in carts formerly had five feers of grain, and one dam and a half for grafs, but their prefent allowance of grain is a quarter of a feer lefs. The milch cows and buffaloes, when at court, have grain given them- equal- in weight to their milk. A cow gives from one to fifteen quarts of milk, and a buffaioe from two quarts to thirty. An eftimate being made of the quantity of milk given by each, there are demanded two dam's weight of ghec for every quart of milk given by each. An herd of oxen or buffaloes, is called fthat m the Hindovee language. SERVANTS PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. l$$ SERVANTS EMPLOYED WITH THE OXEN. In the khafeh {tables one perfon is allowed to look after four head of cattle; and out of fixteen of fuch per- fons one has five dams, and the others four dams each per diem. The keepers of the other (tables have each the fame pay as thofe above mentioned, but then every one looks after fix oxen. Some of the charioteers re- ceive their pay as ahdyan, and others have from nz to 256 dams per men/em. The behul (or chariot) is of two forms, chutterdar, or with an umbrella, and thofe that are without that enfign of royalty. The behul is fometimes drawn by horles, when it is called goher behul. Formerly, for every ten arabahs, or carts, there were twenty arabcheen, or carters, appointed, together with a carpenter. The daily pay of the head arabachy was five clams, and that of the others four dams each. For fome particular behuls are allowed after the rate of twenty arabcheean for fifteen behuls, without any car- penter. The head arabchy furnifhed repairs; in con- sideration of which, he received annually 2200 dams. Formerly, as has been faid above, the repairs were made at the expence of the daroghahs ; but every day that the carriages were ufed there was an allowance of half a dam for owng, which is hemp mixed with ghee, tmd twifted round the axle-tree of the wheel to pre- serve it. Afterwards, when the arabcheean had the contract, it was agreed that they fhould furniih the carpenter's work and the owng. At firft it was cuftomary for the cans to carry on marches a quantity of baggage belong- ing to the different offices, and afterwards to carry alfo whatever fire-wood was required for the kitchen, and to tranfport timbers and bricks for the public buildings ; but l$6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. but now there are allowed 200 carts for the ufe of the buildings iolely ; and 600 carry to the kitchen, in the courfe often months, 150,000 maunds of wood. When the arabcheean had the contract, if a beaft died they iound another in his room. But it having been reprefented to his majefty that the contractors did not fulfil their engagements, he abolifhed that mode, and ordered that the oxen mould again be given in charge to proper perfons ; and ordered thai every cart-bullock fhould have a daily allowance of four feers of grain, with one dam and a half for grals, excepting in the four rainy months ; when no allowance is made for this laft article. There are alfo appointed for every eighteen carts twelve men, one of whom is a carpenter. Now if a bullock dies, government fupplies another in his ftead ; and likewife gives an allowance for owng ; and is at the expence of repairs. The oxen that are worked are muftered once a year 5 and thofe that are unemployed every fix months ; when the overfeers make a report of the condition in which they find them. The carters, in confequence of their being exenfed from afTi fling in the buildings, and carrying fire-wood, are obliged to perform every other fervice that is re- quired of them. OF MULES. A mule is the fpecies between an horfe and an afs, produced either by a mare and a male als, or, on the contrary, by a fhe-afs and a horfe. His majefty had a young afs coupled with a tanghian mare, and they pro- duced a very fine mule. The excellency of a mule is, that it never forgets the road which it has once travelled. No beaft of the fame £ze PART I. AYEEN AKBERY: I57 fize carries fo heavy a burden ; ir goes better over un- even ground, and has eafier paces than any other ani- mal. They are not bred in Hindoftan, excepting in Pukely and its vicinity. The people of this country confidered them as afles, and were alhamed to ride upon them ; but his majefty countenancing this animal, has removed the diflike. iVTules are brought from different parts of Arabia and Perfia ; and one of the befl is fold for one thoufand rupees. Like camels, they are formed into ketars of five, and which have the fame names, excepting that of thefe the fecond ketar is called berduft. A mule frequently lives fifty years. THE DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD FOR MULES. An Arabian or a Perfian mule is allowed fix feers of grain daily ; for grafs, if at court, two dams ; and on a journey, or when emploved in the country, one dam and a half. The Hindy mule has four feers of grain, and is al- lowed for grafs one dam and a half if at court, and only one dam if employed in the country : and each mule is allowed weekly three quarters of a dam for fait. FURNITURE FOR MULES. For the furniture of each of the Arabian, Perfian, and other foreign mules, is allowed annually three hundred and fifty-four dams ; and the furniture of art Hindy mule, one hundred and fifty-one dams and a quarter. A mule 1$$ AYEF.X AKBERY. PART U A mule is fhod twice a-year, for which are allowed eight dams. Every ketar has a perfon to look after it, who is called afterban ; if he be a native of Iran or Turan, he has monthly from four hundred to one thoufand nine hundred and twenty dams; an Hindy afterban has from two hundred and forty to two hundred and fifty- fix dams. All whole monthly wages exceed ten rupees, are themfelves at the expence of the grain and grafs. The overfeers of this department examine the condition of the cattle twice a-year; and the mules are annually brought into the royal pretence. If a mule becomes blind or lame, the afterban is fined a fourth of its price ; and if a mule is loft, half its price is exa&ed. For carrying burdens and drawing water, there are alfo kept affes, each of which is allowed daily three feers of grain, and one dam for grafs ; and for furniture the fame as the Hindy mule, excepting that the afs has no faddle-cloth. For repairing the furniture there is an annual allowance of twenty-three dams. Their keeper has never more than one hundred and twenty dams monthly. THE MANNER IN WHICH HIS MAJESTY SPENDS HIS TIME. On this depends the welfare and happinefs of all ranks of people. It is his majefty's conftant endeavour to gain and fecure the hearts of all men. Amidft a thoufand cares and perplexing avocations, he fuffers not his temper to be FART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 159 be in any degree difturbed, but is always cheerful. He is ever itriving to do that which may be moft accept- able to the Deity ; and employs his mind on profound and abftracted fpeculations. From his thirft after wildom, he is continually labouring to benefit by the knowledge of others, while he makes no account of his own fagacious adminiftration. He liftens to what every one hath to lay, becaufe it may happen that his heart may be enlightened by the communication of a jufi fentiment, or by the relation of a laudable aft ion ; but although a long period has elapfed in this practice, he has never met with a perfon whole judgment he could prefer to his own. Nay, the moft experienced ftatef- men, on beholding this ornament of the throne, bluQi at their own inlufficiency, and ftudy anew the arts of government. Neverthelels, out of the abundance of his lagaciry, he will not fuffer himfelf to quit the paths of inquiry. Although he be furrounded with power and fplendor, yet he never fuffers himfelf to be led away by anger or wrath. Others employ flcry-tellers to lull them to fleep, but his majeity, on the contrary, liftens to them to keep him awake. From the excefs of his righteoufnefs, he exerciles upon himfelf both inward and outward aufterities, and pays fome regard to external forms, in order that thofe who are attached to eftablifhcd cuftoms may not have any caufe for reproach. His life is an uninterrupted feries of virtue and found morality, God is witnefs that the wife of all ranks are unanimous in this declaration. He never laughs at nor ridicules any religion or CcS: : he never wafles his time, nor omits the performance of any duty; fo that, through the bleffing of his upright intentions, every action of his life may be confidered as an adoration of the Deity. He is continually returning thanks unto Providence, and fcrutinizing his own con- duel ; but he moft efpecially fo employs himfelf at the following ftated times : — & d? v. break, when the fun begins l6o AYEEN AKEERY. PART I. begins to diffufe his rays; at noon, when that grand illuminator of the univerfe mines in full refplendence ; in the evening, when he difappears from the inhabitants of the earth j and again at midnight, when he recom- mences his afcent. All thefe grand myfteries are in' honour of God ; and if dark-minded, ignorant people cannot comprehend their fignification, who is to be blamed ? Every one is fenfible that it is indifpenfably ©ur duty to praife our benefactor, and confequently it is incumbent on us to praife this DirTufer of bounty, the Fountain of Light ! and more efpecially behoveth it princes fo to do, feeing that this Sovereign of the heavens fheddeth his benign influence upon the monarchs of the earth. His majefty has alfo great veneration for fire in general, and for lamps 5 fince they arc to be accounted rays of the greater light. He is ever fparing of the lives of offenders, wifhing to bellow happinefs upon all his fubjects. He abflains much from flefh, fo that whole months pafs away without his touching any animal food. He takes no delight in feniual gratifications ; and in the courfe of twenty-four hours never makes more than one meal. He fpends the whole day and night in the perform- ance of his necdlary avocations, excepting the fmali portion required for fleep. He takes a little repofe in the evening, and again for a fhort time in the morning. The greater! part of the night is employed in the tranfaciion of bufinefs j to the royal privacy are then admitted philofophers and virtuous iofees, who feat themfelves, and entertain his majefty with wife dif- courfes. On thofe occafions his majefty fathoms the depths of knowledge, examines the value of ancient inftitutions, and forms new regulations, that the aged may ftand corrected in their errors, and the riling gene- ration TATIT I. AYE EN A K BURY. t6t ration be provided with fit rules for governing their con- duct. There are alio prelent at theie aflemblies, learned hiftorians, who relate the annals of paft times, juft as the events occurred, without addition or diminution- A confiderable part of the night is fpent in hearing repre- fentations of the ftate of the empire, and giving orders for whatever is neceilary to be done in every department. Three hours before day there are introduced to the pre- fence, muficians of all nations, who recreate the aflem- bly with vocal and inftrumental melody. But when it wants only about an hour of day, his majefty prefers filence, and employs himfelfat his devotions. Juft be- fore the appearance of day, people of all ranks are in waiting ; and foon after day-break are permitted to make the koornifh, after the^manner which will pre- iently be defcribed. Next, the haram are admitted to pay their compli*- ments. During this time various other affairs are trans- acted ; and when thofe are finifhed, he retires to reft for a fhort time. THE BAR, OR TIMES OF ADMISSION TO THE ROYAL PRESENCE. His majefty is vifible to every body twice in the courfe of twenty-four hours. Firft, after the perform- ance of his morning devotions, he is feen from the ja- rokha by people of all ranks, without any moleftation from the mace - bearers. This mode of mewing himfelf is called Durfun * ; and it frequently happens that bufinefs is tranfactcd at this time. The fecond time of his being vifible is in the dowlet khaneh. whither he generally goes after nine o'clock in the morning, when all people are admitted. But this afiembly is * Durfun, in the Shaafcrit language, fignines view. Vol. I. M bmo- l62 AYEEN AKBERY. PART 5. fometimes held in the evening, and fometimes at night. He alfo frequently appears at a window which opens into the dowlet khaneh ; and from thence »he receives petitions, without the intervention of any perfon, and tries and decides upon them. Every officer of government reprefents to his majefty his refpedtive wants, and is always inftructed by him how to proceed. He confiders an equal diftribution of juftice and the happinefs of his fubjects as effential to his own fe- licity, and never fuffers his temper to be ruffled whild he is hearing caufes. Whenever his majefty orders a bar (or court) to be held, they beat a large kettle-drum, to apprize every one thereof. The royal family, the omrahs, and others, immediately attend to make the koornifh, each (landing in his proper place. The learned and the mechanic make their refpeitive reprefentations ; the daroghas and tepukchees fet forth their feveral wants ; and the officers of juftice give in their reports. During the whole time there are exhibitions of gladiators, wreftlers, muli- cians, &c. THE KOORNISH AND THE TUSLEEM. Various are the forms of falutations which have been adopted for addreffing monarchs. Thefe bow down the head, and thofe bend the knee, whilft others prac- tife different modes, in token of fubmiffion. His majefty has commanded the palm of the right hand to be placed upon the forehead, and the head to be bent forwards. This kind of falutation is called koornifh, t-ART J. AYEEN AKBEP.Y. l5j koornifh, /'. e. " the head being placed In the hand of iupplication, becomes an offering to the holy aflembly." The tufleem is performed after the following man- ner : The back of the right hand is placed upon the ground, and raifed gently till the perfon (lands erect j when he puts the palm of his hand upon the crown of his head. His majefiy relates as tollows : (t One day my. " father beftowed upon me a royal cap, which I put " upon my head, and becaufe it was too large for me, M I held it on with my left hand, bowed down my head, M and made the tufleem. The king was exceedingly " pleafed with this new method, and from that time l( it became the mode of performing that obeifance." Upon introduction, or on taking leave, or upon receiv- ing a munfub, or jageer, or a drefs, or an elephant, or an horfe, it is ulual to make three tufleems ; and on oc- casions of lefs moment, they perform only one tufleem. Formerly the courtiers ufed to add the fijdah to the koornilh and tufleem ; but as ignorant and ill-difpofcd people viewed this aft ion in the light of impious adora- tion, his majefiy ordered it to be difcontinued by all ranks of people on public occafions. However, in the private affemblies, when any of thole in waiting are or- dered to feat themfelves, they on this occalion bow down their foreheads to the earth. OF SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE. By the decrees of God, the G verof wifdom, mankind are in general difpofed to applaud their own actions, and to condemn thofe of others ; whilft fome, however, are never fo happy as when they are aCling to the pre- judice of their neighbour : there are others who prefer the watchful care of the world to their own perfonal in- terests. Thus different bodies of men hold different beliefs, and amufe themfelves with their refpeSivc dreams M 2 and 164 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. and Millions. But it now and then happens that a per- fon relinquifhes his peculiar habits and cuftoms, in con- fequence of a contemplative turn of mind, whereby he unravels the warp and woof of the veil of deception, and difcovers the beautiful countenance of conliftency and truth. But the lamp of wifdom doth not enlighten every houfe, neither is every heart capable of receiving informal ion ; fo that when a man arrives at fuch a de- gree of knowledge, he keeps filence, from the dread of lavage beafts in human forms. If, however, in the full- nefs of his heart he attempts to reveal his fentiments, the ignorant upbraid him with infanity, allow no credit to what he fays, brand him with the epithets of infidel and blafphemer, and probably deprive him of life. But when, through the good fortune of mankind, the fea- fbn arrives for the revelation of truth, a perfon is en- dowed with this degree ot knowledge, upon whom God beftows the robes of royalty, that he may lead men in the right way with abibhite dominion ; fuch as is the emperor of our time. The aftrologers were apprized of this from the hour of his majeily's nativity, and whif- pered their exultations to each other. His majefty, however, did for fome time caff, a veil over this myftery, that it misrht not be known to llrangers. But that which the Lord wiileth to have done, who hath power to avoid > In his infancy, he involuntarily performed fuch actions as aftonUhed the beholders ; and when at length, contrary to his inclination, thole wonderful ac- tions exceeded all bounds, and became difcemible to every one, he confidered it to be the will of the Al- mighty, that he (hould lead men in the paths of righte- oufnefs, and began to teach 5 thus fatisfying the thirfty who were wandering in the wildernefs of enquiry. Some he taught agreeably to their willies ; whilft he difappointed others in their defires. Many of his difci- ples, through the bleffmg of his holy breath, obtain a greater degree of knowledge in the courfe of a fingle day, than they could gain from the iuftruction of other holy PART T. AYEF.N AKBERY. 10$ holy doctors after a faff, of forty days. Numbers of thofe who have bid adieu to the world, fuch as fonnaf- fees, calendars, philofophers, and fofees, together with a multitude of men of the world, namely, foldiers, mer- chants, hufbandmen, and mechanics, have daily their eyes opened unto knowledge : and men of all' nations and ranks, in order to obtain their defires, invocate his majefty, confidering thofe vows as the means of extricat- ing themfelvcs from difficulties ; and when they have attained their wiihes, they bring to the royal prefence the offerings which they had vowed. But many, from the remotenefs of their lituation, or to avoid the buttle of a court, beftow their vows in charity, and pafs their lives in grateful praifes. If his majefty moves from the capital, in order to fettle the affairs of the empire, to conquer kingdoms, or to enjoy the pleallires of the chace, there is not a city, town, or village, that doth not fend out crowds of men and women, to prefent him the offerings which they had vowed. From this fource of the fountain of bounty have been obtained the fol- lowing bleflings : Succefs in bulincfs, refloration ol health, birth of a fon, reunion of difcontented friends, long life, increale of power and wealth ; with the accom- plilfiment of many other petitions. He, who knoweth what will come to pafs, gives iatisfactory anfwers to every one, and applies remedies to their afflictions. Not a day palTes but people bring cups of water to the palace, befeeching him to breathe upon them. He, who is privy to the fecrets of Heaven, reads the decrees of fate, and, if tidings of hope arc received, takes the water from the fuppliant, places it in the fun's rays, and then having beftowed upon it his aufpicious breath, re- turns in. Alfo many whofe difeafes are deemed in- curable, intreat him to breathe upon them, and art thereby reftored to health. The mofl finking proof of his miraculous powers is ihe following : — A talkative ignorant reclufe faid, " If M 3 tc there :66 AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. " there be any latent good in me, it behoveth you to u bring it to perfection ;?! and having ib faid, he fell down in a trance at the threfhold of the palace. The day was not ended before he obtained his wiih. His majefly, cut of his great wifdom, is very back- ward in granting this requeft, excufing himfelf by fay- ing, " How mall I teach, till I have myfelf been in* " ftrucled ?" But if there be in any one evident figns of truth, and he is very importunate, he is accepted ; and on Sunday, when the fun is in the meridian, obtains his heart's defire. And from beholding thefe wonders, thoufands of every perfuafion have believed on hi.rPi The perfon who wants to be initiated in all righteouf- nefs, places his turban in the palm of his hand, and putting his head upon his majefty's feet, faith, u I have •' call away my prefumption and felfifhnefs, winch were iC the cauie of various evils, and am come a fuppliant, " vowing to devote the remainder of my life in this *f world to the attainment of immortality." Then his majefty flretches out the hand of favour, raifes up the fuprlicant, replaces his turban upon his head, faying, " My prayers are addrefled to Heaven for your fupport, *' in order that yourafpiring inclinations may bring you from teeming exiflence unfo real exiilence." He then gives him the mud, upon which is engraven one of the greet names of God, and the words " Allah Akber," tha: he may be inflru&ed in the following verfe : " The pure fhuft and the pure fight never err." His maj fly inftructs others as circumftances may re- quire ; and many, according to their capacities, are re-* created with fublime difcourfes. But this is not the proper place for giving a full ac- count of the manner in which he inflru&s mankind, or of the PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 167 the numerous miracles which he has performed. Should my life be lengthened fufficiently, and mould I have leifure enough, it is my intention to compofe a volume on this interesting fubjecT:. RULES OF DISCIPLINE. When two difciples meet, one fays, " Allah Akber," {God is greateft) ; and the other anfwers, " Jillejilale- t( hoo," (mighty is his glory*). And this form of falutation is appointed merely to the end that they may keep the Deity in continual remembrance, by exercifing their tongues in hispraife. It is alfo ordered by his majefty, that the food which is ufually given away after the death of a perfon, (hall be prepared by the donor during his life-time. Every difciple on the anniverfary of his birth-day, is obliged to make a feaft, and to beftow alms. He is alfo enjoined to endeavour to abftain from eat- ing flefh entirely; and if he is not able to quit it alto- gether, he muft at lead refrain at the times appointed in the regulations for the Sufyaneh, as alfo during the whole of the month in which he was born. He is prohibited from eating voluntarily of any animal that he hath himfeif flam. Neither is he to eat out of the fame dim with butchers, hunters, or bird-catchers ; nor is he allowed to have commerce with pregnant or old women, or with one who is barren, or with a girl under the age of puberty. THE MUSTER OF ELEPHANTS. This mufter precedes all others. Every day a khafeh, elephant, with his houfings and trappings, is brought to * Akber's titles were, " Jilaleddeen Mahommed Akbcr, M 4 the i6S AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. the front df die palace ; and on the firft day of every Perfian month, ten elephants are brought ; and on every fucceeding day, ten hulkahs often each. On Monday ten hulkahs of twenty each are brought to be muftered. When an elephant is muftered they afk his name, of which each of thefe animals, as well as every horfe, has a different one. They alfo require the name of the dehydar— how he was obtained — his price — allowance of food — age — where bred — at what time he is rank — how often he has been fo — how long he ufually continues in that ftate — how often he has fought, and with what fircefs — how often he has been brought for the royal ufe — how often he has been mounted by his majefty — when he was admitted amongft the khafeh elephants — at what periods he has changed his keepers — when his tu.fks were drelied — how often he has been muftered — what fervants look after him— the names of the emeer and the fuperintendant. All thefe queftions are an- frveied by the tcpukchy, Refpecting the other elephants, the following quef- tions are afLed : The name of thehulkadar — price of the elephant — how he was obtained — whether he is fit for riding, or for carrying burdens — what is his rank — whether he is to continue with his prefent foujdar, or to be transferred to another. Alfo, every day five new elephants are fent to the fuddywa! to have their rank determined ; which being done, they are put into their refpective claffes. Every Sunday an elephant is brought to the palace to be given away to one of the moft deferving fervants - s and ibme hulkahs are fet apart for this purpofe. Formerly, it was a rule that the elephant firft rode was put into the firft clafs, but now it is that which is rode ofteneft.' According PART X. AYEEN AKBERY. 169 According to the value of the elephant, it is put into the firft or kit hulkah. When all the elephants have pafled mutter in the above-mentioned order, they begin again with the khafeh elephants, bringing ten at a time ; and when thefe are reviewed, they proceed with thole of the fhah- zadehs. It is a rule that the fhahzadehs pafs mutter mounted on their own particular elephants; and after them the other hulkahs pafs before his majefly. It being ordered that the elephants mould be formed into troops according to their price, the proper officers at each mutter pick out any elephant that is mifplaced, and put it amongft its equals. During the time of mutter thofe men who want to be employed in this department ftand together in a row, and his majefly appoints them as he thinks proper. The hulkahdars whofe elephants are in good condi- tion have their number increafed, by lean ones that are taken away from thofe who have been negligent in the difcharge of their duty. The mufhrefF receives orders from his majefty, in what rank to place every new elephant that is appro- priated to his own particular ufe. The elephants of the other omrahs, although not in the general rotation, are brought to the prefence occa- fionally; and their rank being fixed, are damped with the royal mark. The merchants alfo bring elephants to the palace, and receive their proper price. THE I7O AYEEN AKBERY. PART St. THE MUSTER OF HORSES. This begins with the (bbles of forty liorfes ; next, thofe of the (hahzadehs and thekhanehzad, coi.tinung with the other (tables till all the horfes of ten molars have been reviewed. After thefe are muftered the gowt and tanghian horfes, and thofe of the bargeers ; they are brought according to their price, and if two are equal in value, then that which was firft received into the itable precedes the other. Previous to mufter, fkilful perfons fix the prices of the tanghians, &c. anew, and determine whether they fliall be of the firft, fecond, or third clafs. Thofe which have increafed in value iince thelaft mufter, are put into a higher clafs ; and thofe which have fallen off, are degraded accordingly. For thofe of the third clafs, are appointed feparaie (tables, out of which ordinary people receive prefents. Every muiter-day the ordinary {tables are completed ; and if there be not any deficiency, the furplus horfes are put into a feparate (table, for which there is a fuper- intenjdant. The mufter of this animal ufed to begin on Monday* They bring forty horfes the firft day, and on every fuo cceding day twenty each. Some horfes, from fixty to ten mohurs value, are always in readinefs to be given in. prefents, and to mount the cavalry. .' The horfes belonging to the dealers are viewed as {hey come, and according to the number brought, from twenty to an hundred are viewed daily ; but before they are brought to his majefty officers appointed for the purpofe fettle their price ; which valuation, however, his majefty always increafes a little. The horfes of lefs value than PART I. AYEEN AKBERY- 171 than thirty mohurs have their price fixed, without being brought to the royal prefence. The treafurer has always money ready in the bargah aum, that the dealers may not be kept in painful ex- pectation. After a horfe is bought, he has the royal mark fiamped upon him. Duties collected upon Horfes bought from the Dealers. Each horfe. A foreign mujenefs, or tazee, — 3 Rs. A tourky, or a khandahar tazee, — . 2| A Kabul, or Hindoftan tazee, — 2 THE MUSTER OF CAMELS. It begins with the khanehzad ; and every day live ketars are muttered, excepting on Friday, when there are ten ketars, and they are brought in order according t.o their value. THE MUSTER OF BULLOCKS. The mufter of this animal ufed to begin on Wednef- ciay, when ten pair were muftered, and every fucceeding day the lame number. On the feftival of the Dewalee, when the Hindoos pay a particular worfhip to the ox, a number are drefled out in elegant trappings, and brought to the palace. THE MUSTER OF MULES. This commenced on Thurfday. Thefe animals are muftered only once in the courfe of a year, fix ketars daily. Formerly fJZ AYEEN AKBERY. PART f. Formerly the mutters were made in the order above- mentioned ; but now the week is employed in the fol- lowing; manner : v° Saturday, Mutter of elephants ; Sunday, Ditto of horfes; Monday, Ditto of camels, mules, and oxen ; Tuefday, . Ditto of foldiers ; Wednefday, The Dewan Vizarut ; Thurfday, The adminiftration of juttice ; Friday, His majelly is in the ruuam. THE POW GOSHT. His majetty.has adopted an admirable mode for de- termining the degree of benefit or injury that an animal has received. They ettimate the quantity of food allowed, and calculate how much flefh it can produce, allowing every feer of food to yield fuch a proportion of flefh ; and if upon examination they find the animal leaner than he ought to be, the officers are fined in the price of the food of which they have defrauded the beaft: ; that is, fuppofing it evidently appears that the leartnefs proceeds from fraudulent practices. And this experiment is called pow gofht. REGULATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC FIGHTS OF ANIMALS. His majefty is willing to encourage public fpeclacles, as a means of bringing together people of all ranks, who, by partaking in the general diveilion, may become acquainted, and enter into friendship and good fellow- (hip with each other. TH! PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. 1 73 THE RATTLES OF DEER. There are always one hundred and one khafeh deer, each of which has a proper name fignificant of his cha- racter j and for every couple or" thefe a keeper is ap- pointed. The battles of thefe animals are of three kinds : iff, Khafeh deer with khafeh j 2d, Khafeh deer with thofe of the lliazadehs j 3d, Khafeh deer with thofc of forty-two of the principal courtiers, whom his majefty has formed into twenty-one miffals ; being compoied of munfubdars of icwen thoufand down to dehbafhees. A wager is laid upon every battle, and the money depofited j and each battle is from eight rupees to eight mohurs. It is a rule, that a deer who runs away in three battles is turned out of the khafeh rank. A deer who has given proofs of courage in battle, is called atkul. Thofe who nre fit for fighting but have not yet engaged, arc called aneen. The above mentioned forty perfons, who are formed into twenty-one miffals, are called hovofnakan ; and it is they who depofit the bets. Every mifTal has alfo for fighting, a buffaloe, a bull, a ram, a goat, and a cock ; and when the battles of deer are concluded, thefe are fported with. The bet upon a buffaloe is from four rupees to four mohurs ; upon a bull, a ram, or a goat, from two rupees to two mohurs ; and upon a cock, the fame as a buffaloe. Formerlv there were not any battles of bulls and rams. Thefe battles are fought at night, on the fourteenth day of the mooa, in the front of the palace. There are alfo other deer, called kowtel and half kowtel, each divifion confuting of a fixed number. W he never 174 AYEEN AKBERY. PAR Whenever there is a deficiency in the number " afeh deer, it is fupplied from the kowtel ; and what is want- ing in the kowtel is made up from the half kowtel ; all thefe are continually in training, and are made to engage with each other for trial of their character. The hunters when they take wild deer, bring them to the palace, where their prices are fixed ; they are formed into four ranks, or degrees of goodnefs, and the price is from two rupees to two mohurs each. THE DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD. The khafeh deer, thofe of the kowtel, and thofe belonging to the righting miiTals, have each a daily allowance of two fecrs of grain, half a feer of wheatea bread, two chattacks of ghee, and half a dam to pur- chafe grafs ; but the hovofnak pays for grafs for thofe of the miiTals and the kowtcls. Each of the khafeh deer, the khanehzad, and the kowtel, has a perfon to look after it ; but of thole belonging to the miiTals, one perfon looks after a couple, and if there be an odd one, a feparate perfon is appointed to look alter it j but there is no allowance for grafs. A deer who is given in charge to a perfon to be trained, is allowed daily one feer and three quarters of grain, and half a dam for grai's. For every four of thefe a keeper is appointed, and if they are fit to be admitted into the rank of khafeh, a keeper is appointed for every couple. The deer kept at a dinance from court, are each al- lowed daily one feer and a half of grain, and a man to look after it. A new* PART I. AYEEN AKBERV. 175 A new-caught deer, for the firft week has not any grain given him ; for fifteen days after that, he has half a feer of grain daily ; from that period one leer till a month and a half are elapfed, when the allowance is one fcer and a half. The ahoo khaneh, or deer-houfe, is fuperintended by munfubdars, ahdyan, and foot foldiers. The pay of a ioot-folditr is from eighty to 400 dams per menjem. There are now collected together twelve thoutand choice deer, which are taught after different manners. There are alio numbers of does kept apart for breeding. Of the largeft llze of thefe each is allowed daily one feer and a half of grain, and half a dam to purchafe grafs. A doe-fawn lucks her dam for two months, after which period it is allowed daily a quarter of a feer of grain ; and this allowance is increased a quarter of a feer every two months till it commences its fecond year, when it is coniidered as a full grown doe, and allowed one feer and a halfp 3 per maund atch- 1 , > 1 do. Moonj is the bark of the reed before -j mentioned, of which is made twine I 20 ^0. ufed in thatching, — — J Hemp, of which they make large ropes, 3 do. Gum, an inferior kind ufed in plaftet ing, 70 do. Sereeln kahy (a kind of vegetable glue) ") /» ufed alfo in plaftering, — j 4 P Look is the ear of the reed of which they make common mats, it burns like a candle, and is ufed in build- ing along with lime, — Sungil is a white greafy clay ufed in ") plaftering, — — J Red clay, called in Hindovee geyroo, "] which is dug out of the mountains \ 1 do. ofGualiar, •*— — J Glafs for glazing windows, — x| feer per R. 1 rupee per do. do* N2 Rates l8o AYEEN AKBERY. PART I. Rates of Pay for Workmen, Bricklayers are paid after four rates : Rate i ft, 7 dams per diem 2d, 6 4th, 4 A ftone-mafon, who carves ftones with flowers, is paid fix dams per guz. One who works plain has five dams per guz. Stone-breakers, twenty-two cheetels per maund. Carpenters are paid after five rates : Rate 1 ft, 7 dams per dim 2d, 6 3 d > 4 4th, 3 5th, 2 If they contract for the work, they have for a guz of plain work after three degrees : D. C. ]ft, — I 17 2d, — 16 3d, — o 21 Lattice- makers in wood, have from twelve to forty- eight dams per fquare guz. Sawyers, for a fquare guz of Seefoon, iX- dams Nazu, 2 or two dams per day, if paid for their time. Some faws are worked by two men, and others require three. Bildars PART I. AYE£N AKBERY. 1 3 1 Bildars (pioneers) : i ft rate, — 3I dams per diem 2d ditto, — 3 ditto. If they are employed in finifhing the upper works of fortifications, they are paid four dams per guz ; and when they work below, have two dams and a half per guz. If employed on other walls, or in digging ditches, half a dam per guz. The guz ufed in this meafurement confifts of thirty-two tefujes. IT'ell-Diggers. Rate 1 ft, — 2 dams per guz 2d, — if ditto 3d, — 1 \ ditto. The divers, who bring mud out of wells, are paid in the winter four dams, and in the fummer three dams per diem : or, if they contract, they have two rupees for every guz that they defcend. r Brick-cutters have eight dams for chipping ioo bricks. Brick-duft-beaters, one dam and a half for a mea- fure of eight maunds. Tabdantraih (lattice-makers) in ftone or brick, 100 dams per guz. Bamboo-cutters, two dams per ;/z. Thatchers, three dams per diem ; or, if they contract, twenty-four dams per ioo guz. N 3 Pmtelbund 1#2 ' AYtEK AKBERY. PART I. Puttelbund (one who covers houfes with mats) four guz per dam. Lackerers varnlm reed, bamboo, &c. with prepa- rations of lack, and receive two dams per diem. Water-carriers, firft rate, three dams ; and the fecond rate two dams per diem. Labourers who carry earth, water, Sec. for build? ings, two dams per diem, QUANTITY OF MATERIALS USED IN BUILDING. In twelve guz of ftone building are expended one tahry of ftone, and feventy-five maunds of lime ; and if it be faced with red ftone, it will require the addi- tion of three maunds of lime. For brick-building, every guz requires 250 bricks of three feers each, with eight maunds of lime, and two maunds twenty-feven feers of brick-duft. For a guz of mud-work are required 300 bricks ; and every brick takes one feer of earth, and half a feer of water. For the firft coat of plafter, each guz requires one maund of quick, and ten feers of flaked lime, fourteen feers of brick-duft, and a quarter of a feer of hemp. ]f the fecend coat is to be of a red colour, each guz requires feven feers of flaked lime, and three feers of brick-duft. For a guz of outer coat of white plaftering, ten feers of flaked lime. For the firft coat of plafter of a guz of ceiling, or infide walls, ten s of ftone-lime. For lining rooms with China-tiles, fix feers of ftone-lime per guz. For plaftering fmoke- vents, ten feers of flaked lime for every guz. A window PART I. AYEEN AKBERY. I S3 A window requires two feers and a half of glafs, twenty-four feers of Hone-lime, and a quarter of a ieer of fereefh kahy. Plafter made of clay and Jiraw. One maund of draw and twenty maunds of earth will plafter fourteen guz of outer wall; or ten guz of the roof or floor; or fifteen guz of ceiling or infide wall. Lacker for colouring a guz Gf wood red, four feers of lack, and one feer of vermillion; yellow, four feers of lack, and one feer of arfenic ; green, a quarter of a. ieer of indigo is added to the above ; blue, lack as be- fore, and one feer of indigo. 24 Zerrehs 24 Kam 24 Tilwafeh 24 Tefuj > n < o p Of felling Timbers, Kam Tifwafeh Tefuj Guz, ufed in meafuring timbers. For timber ufed in building, they reckon, .that from the time of felling to its being fhaped for ufe, it is reduced in weight onerhalf. The Weight of a Cubic Guz of fevertly-tivo different Kinds of Wood, being thofe which are ufed in building. Md. Sr. Ch. T. Khunjeh, — — 2 5 14 Tamarind, — — 2 + 8 12 25 Olive and oak - — — 22 2 4 Khire, of which cuteh (improperly ■ ) railed Japan earth) is a prepa- 11 *.$' ration. 1 Khernee, — . — do. do. N 4 Pi irfidueh , 1 84 A.YEES AKBERY, V ART I. Md. Sr. Ch. T. Purfiddeh, Urn — - 20 J 4 Ebony, — 2.0 9 Sein, — — 1 9 21 Bacam (a kind of logwood) — .. 1 9 21 8 10 Kherher, — — l 9 II 4 2 5 Mehwa, — I — . IT 3 Z 8 2 Chundenee and p loolahy, — IS 20 8 10 Red fandal-wood [called in the >i Hindovee Ian guage rakt- | \% 4 8 10 chundun) Chumery, — — 18 2 7* Chumermumree, — — n 16 4 Jejubes, — — J 7 * s 4 SelToon-puttung, — — *7 i 12 2 7 Sandun, — . *7 i 28 Box, — — — 16 iS 2 5 Dho, — — — 16 i 10 Myrobalans, — — 16 I 8 1 Kereel, — — i — . 16 I 10 White fandal, — — i5 *7 20 Sawl, — — IS 4 12 7 Plumtree, — — 14 36 8 10 Cherrytree, — — H 35 8 Neib, — — — 14 3 2 4 3i Darhird, ,}_ Mine, and baboo] 14 32 4 J 9 Sagown, — . — *4 10 20 Bejyfar, and "1 Peloo, j — — \S 34 Mulberry, — — *3 2 5 20 Banbarafs, — - — J 3 9 13 Serefs, — i — ■ — \ 12 3B 21 Seefoon, — — — 12 34 4 5 Findek (filbert) — — 12 2$ 4 Johker, and doodhee, — 1 12 *7 8 22 Huldee, ■ — i — — 12 *3 8 22 JCiym, « — • • — ' — 12 12 8 30 Ferafs, PART I. AYEEN AKBERYi 185 Md. Sr- Ch. T. Ferafs, and jomun, — 12 8 o 22 Bur, — — — 12 3 4 25 Khundee and chenar, (poplar) n 29 o o Walnut and champah, — 11 9 4 J 7 Beir, — — — 11400 Mangoe and papree, — 11 2 o 20 Deyar and bede, (willow) — 10 20 o o Kum-bheir and cheedeh, — 10 19 8 22 Peepul. (This tree is held in 1 great veneration by the Brah- > 10 10 4 21 mins) J Kuthul* and goordeen, — 10 7 8 34 Rohiera, — — — 1070 30 Palais, — — — 9 34 o o Soorkhbede, — — 8 25 o 20 Awk, — — — 8 19 4 25 Sembul, (the cotton-tree) — ■ 8 13 o 34 Bekayin, — — — 8 9 o 30 Lahfora (febeften) and pudmakh, 8 9 o 20 Und, — — — 7 7 o 31 Sefeidar, (the white poplar) — 6 6 o 22 * Vulgarly called jack by Europeans. Tht Seer is here reckoned at twenty -eight dams. EN'D OF THE FIRST PART. AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. CONTAINING REGULATIONS FOR THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. THE ARMY. IS majefty has formed this immenfe multitude into different ranks ; fome are iolely under his own imme- diate orders, and are excufed from the performance of many duties that are required of others. Likewife a number of the inhabitants of the wilds and lefs civilized parts of the empire, are, by proper difcipline, made to be ufeful. The zemeendary troops alone, are in number upwards of four millions and four hundred thoufand, as will hereafter be particularized. Some of the cavalry have their horfes marked, and a defcription is taken in writing of the peribns of the men. Other cavalry are put under the command of an officer, who is ftyled ahdy. Others, according to their merit iSS AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. merit and capacity, are appointed to higher commands. Many are entertained for the cavalry fervice without having their horfes marked, and have tunkhas (or aflignments) for rheir pa}-. Thofe who are natives of Iran and Turan,have twenty-five rupees ; and the In- dian, twenty rupees each per men/em. A horfeman who is entertained for the duties of the khalfeh (or exchequer) has fifteen rupees per menfem. Thofe who have not marked horfes are called birawoordy (or not included in the munfubs). Such of the munfubdars as are not able to furnifh men themfelves, are fupplied with troopers mounted on marked horfes ; and thefe men are called dakhely (or included in the munfubs). In the munfubs of eight thoufand, no munfubdar under the rank of eight hundred is admitted j the munlubs of feven thoufand include none lower than feven hundred ; cor in thofe of five thoufand are any inferior to five hundred ; and in the munfubs of five hundred there are none lefs than one hundred. Some troops are levied occafionally to ftrengthen the munfubs, and they are called kummeky (or auxiliaries). At prefent mod of the cavalry are mounted on marked horfes. The trooper mounted on a marked horfe takes rank of one whole horfe is not marked, as more dependence can be had upon the former, becaufe he cannot lend or ex- change his horfe ; and moreover, fince his majefty has mtredt.-ced the cherehneveefy (or the cuftom of taking a defcriprion in writing) he cannot receive pay till he has paflfed mufter. REGULATIONS FOR THE CATTLE. Horfes were firfl marked in the eighteenth year of the reign, at which time the ranks of cattle were deter- mined, and efli mates made of what was recjuifite for each ; and the prices of articles being taken into con- federation, a medium rate was agreed upon to be ufed in computations. HORSES PART II. AYEEN AKBERT. 1 S9 WORSES. They were divided into feven kinds, viz. Arab, Irakee, Mejennefs, Tourky, Yabu, Tazee, and Jungeleh ; and the following rates fixed of each : — ift, The Arab, which is a very fine horfe, bred in different parts or Arabia. The monthly pay for one of rhofe was fixed at 720 dams, including all charges, which were computed at 479 dams. When his majefty took into confideration the eale and good difcipline of his troops, he at firlt mack an addition of eighty-one dams, at the time that the rupee palled current at thirty-five dams ; and when it was raifed to forty dams, he in- creafed the pay, excepting the Jungelehs, eighty dams more, altogether making 720 dams. 2d, The Irakee, which is bred in the Perfian Irak, is a beautiful animal, and equally powerful with the Arab. He is allowed 608 dams monthly, including all charges. Incrcafes : — Firit, iixty-two dams; fecond, feventy-five dams; third, eighty dams. 3d, The Mojennes refembles the Irakee, and is a mixture of the Tourky and the Irakee. The monthly pay is 560 dams, including all expences. Increales : — Firlt, feventy-two dams ; fecond, fifty dams ; third, eighty dams. 4th, The Tourky is bred in Turan : although he is very flrong and of a good height, yet he is inferior to the Mojennefs. Monthly pay 480 dams, including all expences, Increafes : — Firlt, fifty-two dams ; fecond, fifty dams ; third, eighty dams. 5th, Yabu is alfo a native of Turan, but lefs power- ful and fmailer than the Tourky. Monthly pay 400 dams, 19O AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. dams, including all expences. Increafes : — Firft, forty- one dams; fecond, forty dams ; third, eighty dams. 6th and 7th are the Tazee and the Jungeleh. Thofe are moftly bred in Hindoftan. The beft is called tazee, the middling kind jungeleh, and the worft tat- too. Tanghens are greatly improved by being crofted with tazees. The monthly pay of a tazee is 320 dams, including all charges, Increafes: — Firft, twenty-two dams ; fecond, thirty dams ; third, eighty dams. The monthly pay of a jungeleh is 240 dams, including all charges. Increafes : — Firft, twenty-nine dams and a half; fecond, twenty-five dams; third, forty dams. A tatoo was formerly allowed 140 dams ; but now he is not employed. ELEPHANTS. Thefe are alfo of feven kinds, viz. Muft, fheergeer, fadeh, menjholeh, kerheh, bender- keeah, and mukel. There is more method and exacV nefs obferved in this department than in any other. Formerly elephants ufed to be marked, but now they are only divided into kinds. Monthly Pay, includ- Increafe ing all expences included. Kinds of Elephants. Dams. Dams. Muft, — — 1320 — 120 Sheergeer, — i — I (OO no Sadeh, — — Soo — ■ 5° Menjholeh, — — 600 ' — ' 90 Kerheh, — — 420 — 60 Benderkeeah, — — 300 — . 60 Mukel (formerly this kind was") 280 — not entertained) The ?ART II. AYEEN AKBERY. IQI The tunkhas, for defraying the expences of this de- partment, are always drawn in dams, and not in rupees, in order that there may not be any deductions. MULES. For a mule is paid monthly 240 dams, including all charges. Increafes : — Firft, fifty-fix dams ; fecond, forty dams j third, twenty dams. OXEN. For each head is allowed monthly 1 20 dams, includ- ing all charges. Increafe : — Firft, thirty-eight dams; fecond, ten dams. CARTS. For each cart there are allowed monthly 600 dams, including all charges. MUNSUBDARS. The Almighty, for the benefit of mankind, fele&s from amongit them one whom he makes a king, and iupports with his divine grace and favour. But fince the abilities of a fingle man are not equal to the duties of every department, the monarch wifely makes choice of fome of his mod worthy fubjecb to affift him : and for this purpofe nominates them to command others. With this view his majefty eftabliflied munfubs from a dehbafhy (or commander of ten) to a dehhezary (or a commander of 10,000.) But only the king's fons have munfubs above 5000. The number of thefe munfubs being fixty-fix, thofe fkilled in the numerical value of letters * have difcovered that their ium is expreffed by * Abjed is an Arabic arithmetical verfe, containing all the letters in the alphabet which have different powers, from 1 to 1000. the 1$Z AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. the word jilaleh (or the moft glorious God) which they confider as an indication of their perpetuity. His majefty difcovers the merit of fome at the firft interview, and exalts them to greatnefs at one ftep. Sometimes the munfub is increafed, whilft the number of cavalry is diminifhed. Great care is taken in determining the value of the horfes provided by each munfubdar, and their pay is fixed accordingly. Thofe who have cavalry equal to their munfub, are of the firft rank. Thofe who have not the full number, but not lefs than half, are of the tecond rank. The third rank is compofed of thofe who have lefs than half of the full complement of cavalry ; as will be found upon confulting the annexed tables. The youzbafhgees (or commanders of ioo) are of eleven ranks : — Firft, Him of ioo, whofe monthly pay is 700 rupees. The eleventh has not any cavalry, the greateft part of thefe being amongft the number of dak- helee troopers ; his pay is 500 rupees. The nine inter- mediate ones have twenty rupees in addition for every ten horfes. From the munfubdar of forty, neither the elephant, nor the Tourky-horfe, nor the jungeleh are exacted. The teerkufhbund (who has the rank of a commander of thirty) and the bifty, or munfubdar of twenty, are ex- cufed from providing the mojennefs and the yabu. The following tables exhibit the proportion of cattle and carts provided by each munfubdar, together with their monthly pay. The PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 193 < Third. 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CI c< « c« e* c* " >H M « ^ s Mojenncfs. 1 N C< •X «H M CI M M 1 Irakee. 1 cs cs Ct M l-l M l l 1 h 1-—^ ,*-*-^ I lunfubdars, or 1 o 1 ^ H 2 o o o o wo io + Tecrkufli- bund 30 B >, O c Commanders of o o o 5 t- 5 ° 03 A LIST ic>3' AVEEN AKBERY. PART II, A LIST OF THE MUNSUBDARS. Munfubdar of ioooo. Sultan Selim, his majef- ty's eldefl ion. Mwifubdar of Zooo. Shah Morad, his majef- ty's fecond fon. Munfubdar of 7000. Sultan Daniel, his majef- ry's third fon. Munfubdar s of 5000. Sulian Khofru, eldeft fon of Sultan Selim. Mirza Soliman. Mirza Ibrahim. Mirza Shah Rokh. Mirza Mozuffer Huf- fain. Mirza Ruftarn. Biram Khan. Menem Khan. Terdy Beg Khan. Khan Zeman. Abdullah Khan. £nkeh Khan. Khan Kellan. Mirza Qherfeddeen Huf- fkin. YufefMahommedKhan Adhem Khan. " Peer Mahomme'* Khan. Khan Azem Mirza Ko keh. Bahader Khan. Rajah Bahrehmull. Khan Jehan. Syed Khan. Shaheb Khan. Rajah Baghwan Dofs. Kotebeddeen Khan. Khan Khanan Abdul Ra- heem. Rajah Manfing. Mahommed Kuly Khan. Terfoon Khan. Kya Khan. Munfubdars of 4500. Zyin Khan. Mirza Yufef Khan. Munfubdars of 4000. Coffim Khan Mehedy. Mozuffer Khan. SyefKhan Kokeh. Rajah Tudermull. Mahomed Coilem Khan. Vizier Khan. KelyKhan. , Sadek Khan. Roy Roy ling. Munfubdat s 0/3500. Shah Kuly Khan Mo- ll errem. I (mail Kuly Khan. Munfubdars of 3000. Mirza Jany Beg. Ifcander Khan. Afof FART II. AYEEN AKBERY. I99 Afof Khan Abdulme- jeed. Mejnoon Khan. Shiijahut Khan. Shah Bedai Khan. Huflain Khan. Morad Khan. Hajy MahommedKhan. Afzel Khan. Shah Beg Khan. Khan Alum, the title of Alum Beg. Coflem Khan Meer Behr. Baky Khan. Meer Moezul Mulk. Meer Aly Akber. Sherif Khan. Munfubdars of 2 500. Ibrahim Khan. Khajeh Jilaleddeen Ma- hommed. Hyder MahommedKhan Ytimad Khan. Pyinder Khan. Jaggenaut. Mekhfoos Khan. Abulfazel (the author of this book) Munfubdars of ic 00. Ifmail Kuly Khan. Meer Baboos. AihrefKhan. Syed Mahmood, Abdullah Khan. Sheikh Mahommed. Syed Ahmed. Ruftam Khan. O Shahbaz Khan. Derveifh Mahommed. Shaikh Ibrahim. Abdulmottaleb Khan. YtibarKhan, an eunuch of the palace. Ekhlafs Khan. Rajah Beerbull. Bahar Khan. Shah Fckhreddeen. Rajah Ramchund. Lulhker Khan. Syed Ahmed. Aly Khan Kaher. Roy Kelyanmull. Tayr Khan Meer Fera- ghet. Shah Mahommed Khan. Roy Serjen. Shahhem Khan. Alof Khan for Jaafer Beg. Munfubdars of 1500. Sheikh Ferid. Semanjy Khan. TerdyKhan, ibnofKya Khan. Mehtee Khan Aneefs. Roy Durga. Madhu Sing. Syed Coflim. Mmfubdars of 1250. Royfal Durbary. Munfubdars of 1000 Moheb Aly Khan. Sultan Rajah, commonly called Abdul Azem. Khajeh Abdullah. Khajeh 2 OP AYEEN AKBE3.Y. PART II. Khajeh jehan, called alfo Tatar Khan. Hakeem Abulfettah. Sheik Jemal. Jaafer Khan. Shah Feniey. Afedullah Khan. Sadet Ali Khan. Roopfy Byragy. Ytiraad Khan. Baz Bahadre. Mooteh Rajah (the fat Rajah) Oude Sing. Shah Manfoor. Kecelek Kadem Khan. Aly Khan. Adel Khan. Ghiafleddeen Khan. Ferokh Huffain Khan. Mayin Khan. Mahommed Kuly. Mehr Aly Khan. Khajeh Ibrahim. Selim Khan. Hebib Aly Khan. Jegmull. .Ulugh Khan Hebfliy. Mukfood Aly Khan. Kebool Khan. Aly Khan, the younger. Sebdel Khan. Syed Mahommed Meer Adel. Rezvvy Khan, alfo called Mirza Meerek. Mirza Nijat Khan. Syed Halhem. Ghazy Khan. Fernet Khan Mehter Se- kaiy. Roomy Khan. Semanjy Khan. Shah Beg Khan. Mirza Haffan. Hakeem Zembul. Khodavend Khan. Mirza Aly Khan. Saadit Mirza. Shemal Khan. Fazel Khan. Mafoom Khan. Toolek Khan. Khajeh Shemfeddeen. Juggut Sing. Nekeeb Khan. Meer Morteza. Shemfy. Meer Jemaleddeen Huf- fain. Syed Rajoo. Meer Sherif. Huffain Beg. S her u yah Khan. Neterby. Jelal Khan. Mobarec Khan. Tafli Beg Khan. Sheikh Abdullah. Rajah Rajling. Roy Bohj. Munfubdars of 8oc. Sheer Khajeh. Mirza Khorem. Munfubdars PART II. AYEEII AKBERY. 20I Manful Jars of J oo. Coreifh Sultan. Cara Bahadre. MozefferHuflain Mirza. Koondowk Khan. Sultan Abdullah. Mirza Abdolrahman. Kya Khan. Durbar Khan, called alio Anayit Khan, Abdalrahman. Coffim Aly Khan. Baz Bahadre. Syed Abdullah Khan. Dahroo. Ahmed Beg. Hakeem Aly. Goojer Khan. Sudder Jehan. Tekhteli Beg. Roy Tuperdofs. Sheik Abdalraheem. Midney Roy. Abul Coflim. Vizier Beg. Tahyr. Baboo. Mongely. Munfitbdars of 600. Mahommed Kuly. Bukluiar Beg. Hakeem Hemam. Mirza Anwer. Munfuhdars of 500. Baltoo Khan. Meerek Bahadre. Laal Khan. Sheik Ahmed. Ifcander Beg. Nooreen Khan Beg. Jelal Khan. Permanund. Timur Khan. Sany Khan. Syed Jemaleddeen. Jugmall. Hullain Beg. Huffain Khan. Syed Jhejoo. MunfebKhan, common- ly called Sultan Ma- hommed. Cazy Aly. Hajy YufefKhan. Rawelbeehm. Hafhem Beg. Mirza Feridun. YufefKhan. Noor Kelej. Meer Abdulhy. Shah Kuly Khan. Ferokh Khan. Shad man. Hakeem Ain-ul Mulk. Janilh Bahadre. Meer Taher. Mirza Aly Beg. Rofs-Dam. Mahommed Khan. Abulmozeffer. Khajagy Mahommed Huifain, Meer Ber. Abul Caffem. Kemir Khan. Durjen 202 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II, Durjen Singh. Sebel Singh. Muftafa. Nezir Khan. Ramchund. Rajah Meketmull. Rajah Ramchund. Syed Abul Coflim. Dulput. Munfiibdars of 400. Sheikh Fizy. Hakeem Mifry. Irej. Suket Singh. Abdullah. Aly Mahommed. Mirza Mahommed. Sheikh Baized. Ghezny Khan. Khajeh Ketchek. Sheer Khan. . Fettahullah. Roy Menoher. Khajeh Abdulfemed Shereen Kalem. Selhedy. Ramchund. Bahadre Khan Kowrdar, mailer of the kowr. Bank?.. Munfiibdars of 350. Mirza Abufyed. Mirza Senjer. Aly Merdan. Reza Kuly. Sheikh Khuboo. Zea ul Mulk. Hemzah Beg-. Mokhtar Beg. Hyder Aly. Beyfheru Khan. Cazy Harlan. Mcer Morad. Meer Coflnn. Band Aly. Khajehgee Feuahullaru Zahid. Doit, Eyar. Ezetullah. Altoon Keleej. Jan Keleej. Syefullah. HufTain Keleej. Abulfettah Atalik. Syed Baized. Belbedher. Abul Maaly. Baker. Baized Beg. Sheikh Dovvlet. HufTain. Keyfo Dofs. Mirza Khan, Mozeffer. Tulfy Dofs. Rhamet Khan. Ahmed Coflim. Bahadre. Dowlec Khan. Shah Mahommed. Harlan Khan. Tahr Beg. Ki llxcn- Dofs. Man PART II. Man Sing. Meer Gediey. Coffim Cokeh. Nad Aly. Neelkunth. Ghiafs Bes;. Khajeh AihrefT. Sheref Beg. Ibrahim Kuly. Munfubdars 0/250. Abulfettah. Beg Mahommed. Imam Kuly. Sefder Be°\ Khajeh Soliman. Berkhoordar. Meer Maafoom. Khajeh Malk Aly, Meer S'heb. Roy Ram Dofs Dewan. Shah Mahommed. Rahim Kuly. Sheer Beg, Yefawel Bamy. 'Munfubda rs of zoo, Iftekhar Beg. Pertaub Singh. Haffan Khan. Jyardgar Huffain. Kamran Beg. Mahommed Khan. Nezameddeen Amcd. Seket Singh. Amadul Mulk. Sherif. Cara Behreh. AYEEN AKBERY. 203 Tatar Beg. Khajeh Moheb Aly. Hakeem Mozeffer. Abdul Subhan. Coffim Beg. Sherif. Nekya. Khajeh Abdul Semed. Hakeem Lutefullah. Sheer Afken. Amanullah. Selim Kuly. Keleel Kuly, Vely Beg. Beg Mahommed. Meer Khan, Yefawel. Sermeft Khan. Syed Abdul Haffan. Syed Abdulwahed. Shajeh Beg Mirza. Sekra. Shady Beg. Baky Beg. Yunan Beg. Sheikh Kebeer. Mirza Khajeh. Mirza Sherif. Shuckerullah. Meer Abdulmomin. Lefhkery. Aca Mulla. Mahommed Aly. Muhtra Dofs. Suhtra Dofs. Meer Morad. Kela. Syed Dervyfli. Jenyd. Syed Abu Ifliac. Fettah 204 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. Fettah Khan, Cheeteh Ban. Mokeem Khan. Lakh. Yufef. Hebby, Yefawel. Kyder Doft. Doll Mahommed. Shahrokh. Sheer Mohammed. Aly Kuly. • Shah Mohammed. Sanvval Dofs. Khajeh Zehireddten. Meer Abul Coffim. Haice Mahommed. Mahommed Khan, Khajeh Mokeim. Kader Kuly. Firozeh. Taj Khan. Zyneddeen A! v. Meer Sherif. Bahar Khan. Kyfu Dofs. Syed Lad. Nefleer. Sankeh. Kabii.- Adovvnd. Sunder. Nu rem. THE AHDY. There are numbers of brave active men on whom, although his majefly does not beftow a munfub, yet, being accounted khafs, or particular fervants, they are freed from being under the orders of any one, and thus dignitied by their independence. Such an officer is called an ahdy. They have a feparate devvan and hukhlhy, and a great emeer is appointed their chief. A fit perfon is appointed to receive thofe who wifli to be entertained in this capacity, and he brings fuch every day to the palace without demanding any fee ; when they arc examined and approved by his majefty. The yadafht * and the taleckeh * being made our, a de- icription of the ahdy's perfon is taken ; then the bura- woord is prepared, when che'bukhfhy takes fecurity, and brings the ahdy a fecond time to the palace, where his pay is always fomewhat increafed, fometimes a fourth * Thefe are fully explained under the head Dagh or Mark. or PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 205 or a half, but frequently from ten to fcvcnty rupees. Some receive upwards of 500 rupees per men/fat. After he has been a fecond time before his majefly, his horle is marked with the figure 9. At firft, each ahdy was allowed to have as many as eight horfes, but now he has never more than five. Upon producing the fikhut he receives a perwancheh, which ferves for ever after. Every four months he goes to have the identity of his perfon afcertained, which being authenticated by the dewan and bukhfhy of this department, the mumrefTof the treafury draws out a kubz (or receipt) which is ratified by the fignatures of the minifters of Itate, when the treafurer takes it and pays the amount. Before the expiration of each quarter they receive one month's pay in advance. In the courfe of the year, ten months (alary is paid in ready money, and two months pay are flopped on account of his horfe and other expences ; and out of the ten months there is a farther ftoppage of a twentieth part. On entering the fervice he finds himfelf a horfe, and when that dies he is mounted by govern- ment ; when his horfe dies, proper officers make out a certificate thereof, which is called a faketnameh, in order that his pay may be regulated accordingly, for until he has found another horfe, he ceafes to draw any pay for one; and if he neglects to obtain the certificate, he is not allowed any thing from the time of the lad: mutter. Thofe who are in want of horfes Conflantly attend at the palace. A' great number of horfes are thus bellowed, half the price of which is accounted as a prefent, and half is paid for in quarterly lloppages, or, if he is in debt, in two years. THE OTHER CAVALRY. The akachundely fettles the value and rank of the horfe, when he is fcrutinized by the bukhfhees, and then a defcription of the man is taken down in writing. A trooper who has more than one horfe, has a camel or an 206 AYEEN AKBERY, PARI an ox added to his eftablifhment, for which he has an additional allowance of half the fum allowed for cattle, as before mentioned : if he is well mounted, or if his horfes are of inferior rank, only two-fifths addition. Single horfemen are paid after the following rates : Irakee, man and horfe, — ■ 90 Rs. per men/. Mojennefs, do. — — 25 Tourky, do. — 28 Yabu, — — 18 Tazee, — — 15 Jungeleh, — — 12 A horfeman employed by the"! khalfeh, had formerly j -* Has now — ■ — 1$ Formerly, horfemen had as far as four marked horfes -, now, no one is allowed more than three ; for- merly, every dehbailiy had two troopers of five horfes, three troopers of two horfes, and two troopers of one horfe each, and the other munfubdars in proportion ; now, the proportion is, three troopers of three horfes, four of two horfes, and three of one horfe each. THE INFANTRY. His majefty has formed thefe into different ranks, with feparate regulations for each. THE BUNDOOKCHEECAN. There are twelve thoufand of thefe employed about the royal perfon. To thefe are appointed a treafurer, a daroghah, and tepukchees, which, although diftincl offices, have all been occafionally executed by one perfon. The pay of the bundookcheecan has already been particularized. DURBANAN, PART If. AYEEN AKBERY. 20"] DURBANAN, OR PORTERS. A thonfand of thefe active and vigilant men guard the palace. The mirdehahs of thefe are paid after five rates, viz. 300, 160, 140, 130, and 1S0 dams; and the other porters from no to 120 dams/nv men/cm. THE KIIIDMUTTEEAil. A thonfand of thefe alfo guard the environs of the palace. A firdar, or chief of twenty, has monthly from fifty to two hundred dams; a dehbafhy from 140 to 180 dams ; and of the inferior, 120, no, or too dams each. This tribe was formerly notorious for cunning arid roguery ; and former monarchs deemed them in- corrigible ; but now, by his majefly's difcipline, thev are famous for their good order and honefty : formerly they were called mavy ; now they are ilyled khidmut- teeah (or fervants) ; and their chief, or rajah, has the title of khidmut roy, and is an obedient fubjecr. of the empire. MEW RAH. Thefe are natives of Mewat, who are admirable for carrying meffages that require difpatch, and bringing: money from diftant places ; are excellent fpies, and will engage in the molt difficult undertakings. They are a thouland in number, and have the fame pay as the khidtnutteeah. SIIUMSIIMERBAZ, OR GLADIATORS. Tins tribe is of various kinds, and perform won- derful feats ; fighting and jumping with great art and agility. Some 208 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. Some fight with fhields, and others engage with cudgels : thefe laft are called in the Hindovee language, lakrayit. Others have no defence, and make ufe of one hand only, and are thence called in Hindoftan, ekhateh. Thofe who come from the eaftern parts of Hindoftan ufe a fmall fhield, which they call chorwah. Thofe of the northern provinces have fhields of fuch a magnitude as to cover a man and horfe ; and this kind of fhield is called tilvvah. Others, who are called pehrayit, ufe a fhield fomewhat lefs than the height of a man, and one guz in breadth. Others, called banayit, have a long [word, whofe handle meafures a guz in length, which they manage very dexteroufly. There is another famous tribe, called bungolee, who have not any fhield, but make ufe of a lingular kind of fword, with a crooked hilt, which they handle with great dexterity. Others are very fkilful in fighting with daggers and knives of various forms ; and of thefe there are upwards of one hundred thoufand, the choiceft of whom are entertained by his majefty. The Cuddy, or firdar of an hundred ihumfheerbaz, is at leaft of the rank of ahdy. His pay is from eighty to fix hundred dams^r metifem. The pehluwan, are wreftlers and boxers of Iran and Turan. There are alfo expert (lingers of Gujerat and other parts of Hindoftan, who are called mul, numbers of whom are in his majefty 's fervice. Their monthly pay is from feventy to four hundred and fifty dams ; and every .day fome of the above combat together, and receive various rewards. THE CHEELAH. His majefty does not approve of giving to thefe un- fortunate men the opprobrious name of Have, but calls them cheelah ; which word in the Hindovee language fignifies one who relies on another. 6 Of .PART it. AYEEN AKBERY. 200. Of thefe there are feveral kinds: ift, Thofe who are confidered as common flaves, being infidels taken in battle ; and they are bought and fold. 2d, Thofe who of themfelves fubmit to bondage. 3d, The children born of (laves. 4th, A thief, who becomes the flave of the owner of the flolen goods. 5th, He who is fold for the price of blood. The daily pay of a cheelah is from one dam to one rupee ; they are formed into divifions, and committed to the care of fkilful perfons to be inftrucTed in various acts and occupations. His majefty, out of his humanity and difcernment, promotes thefe and other inferior claffes of people ac- cording to their merits ; fo that it is not uncommon to fee a foot-foldier raited to the dignity of an emeer of the empire. KAHARS, OR BEARERS. Thefe are natives of Hindoftan, who carry aftonifh- ing burdens upon their fhoulders over the mod uneven ground. They alfo carry palekees, fukhafens, chow- dowles, and doolees, with.fuch an even pace, that the rider is hardly fenfible of the motion. The bed are thofe of the Deccan and Bengal ; and there arc alfo many good ones in the northern foobahs. Several thoufands do fervice at the palace. A firdar, or head-bearer of a let, receives monthly from one hundred and ninety- two to three hundred and eighty-four dams; and a common bearer has from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fixty dams. THE PYADEH DAKHELY. The foot-foldiers fo called, are under the command of the omrahs, but receive their pay from the date. Vol. I. P Every 21© AYEEN AKBERY. PART 11'. Every munfubdar has, in addition to the complement of his cavalry, half the number of infantry, defcriptions of whofe perfons are taken down in writing by his aka or munfubdar. Of thefe infantry one-fourth are bun- dookcheean, and the reft archers, excepting a few who are carpenters, blackfmiths, water-carriers, and pioneers. The pay of the bundookcheean has already been par- ticularized. Of the archers, the mirdehah has from 180, and the others from j 00 to 120 dams. Of the artificers who are paid as foot-foldiers, fomething has already been faid in the firft part of the work. OF THE DAGH, OR MARK. When the rank of the man, together with the number and qualities of his hories, are fettled by particular officers, another takes a defcription of his perfon in writing, with an account of his age, country, and reli- gion. There is alio a daro&hah, whofe bufinefs it is to iee that the men do not meet with any vexatious delays, and that they do not fuffer from bribery or any other artifices. Firft, the daroghah brings the recruit to his majefty, in whofe pretence his rank is fettled, and a taleekeh is given him accordingly, unlefs he be of the number of dakhely ; in which cafe the munfubdar furnifrSes him with a certificate. Next, he is carried before five officers whom his majefty has appointed to examine the men and cattle, and to fix the pay of each ; and upon his producing to them the defcription of himfelf and his cattle, the order for his monthly pay is written at the bottom of the paper, to which they affix their feals to prevent any alteration ; then thole officers fend the above paper to the dewan nazir, who again brings the recruit to the pretence, in order that his pay may be ultimately determined. His majefty is an excellent phyliognomilt,' and can eaiily dilcover the refpe&ive merits PART II. AYEEN AKBERY: 211 merits of each. When the certificate is ratified, the wakyahnavees puts his fignature to it, and the meer arz and the fardar of the kufhek add their feals. Upon this funnud being produced, the daroghah marks the horfes. When the mark was firft introduced, it was made in the fhape of the head of the Perfian letter feen, and was put upon the left fide of the horfe's neck. Next, it was made with two alifs in the fhape of a crofs on one of the horfe's thighs ; after that, it was for fome time in the form of a bow without a firing ; and at lad it was made in numerals, and on the left buttock. Upon the intro- duction of numerals, it had the firft time the figure i ; and on the fecond time of marking, the figure 2, and Co on ; but now that every department has a particular figure, the fame is repeated as often as the horfe is marked. The cuflom of marking was firil introduced, that the daroghas might know for certain when a horfe died, or was exchanged ; and thus be able to determine what pay was due to the troops. Many of the tepukchies, and other fervants employed about the palace, who have not leifure to attend to the bufinefs of a jageer, receive their falaries in ready monev, and have the dagh or mark renewed every eighteen months. The omrahs, who are ftationed at a great diftancefrom court, have the dagh renewed only once in twelve years, but then fix years after the tuft marking, ten per cent, is leflened in their euablifhment. When the munfub of any one is increafed three years after the dagh has been performed, he for the prefent receives only a tunkhah for hirnfelf ; and the additional men do not receive theirs until their horfes are marked. On the renewal of the dagh, if any one brings a better horfe to be exchanged for the one he then rides, it is to be fent to his majefty for his examination and appro- bation. V 2 the 212 AYEEN AKBERY, PART 11. THE KUSHEK, OR MILITARY COMMANDS. Thefe, which are alfo called the chowkees, are of three kinds : ift, The munfubdars, ahdeean, cavalry and infantry, are formed into feven divifions, and each appointed to do duty on a particular day of the week, under the command of one of the principal omrahs. A perfon who is perfectly converfant in the military ufages and regulations, is appointed to the office of meer arz of the kufhek, through whom and the emeer, all the royal orders for this department are iilued, and they are continually in waiting near the palace to receive his majefty's commands. Every afternoon the principal officers of the guard carry the kowr to the public hall ot the palace, and there arrange themfelves in a row on the left hand of the monarch, the others placing them- felves in like manner on the right. His majefly is perfonally acquainted with every one, and immediately difcovers if there be any abfentees. When both ranks have made the tufleem, they take leave and retire. If his majefly happens to be employed upon fome other bufineis, one of his fons officiates here in his ftead. If any one abfents himfelf from guard through frivolous pretences, he is fined a week's pay, and fome- times is alfo reprimanded. 2d, The vvhole army is formed into twelve divifions., each of which is appointed for the duty of a particular month. Every perfon is obliged to take his tour of duty, excepting thole employed on the frontiers of the empire, or on fpecial fervice ; but even they muft make a reprefentation of their particular fituation previous to the arrival of their tour of duty, that they may receive the royal orders thereon in due time, determining whether they are to remain where they are or not. On the firft day of every folar. month the guard at the palace PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 213 palace attend and make the tufleem, in the manner already defcribed, and are on this occafion diftinguilhed by prefents, and other royal marks of favour. 3d, The whole army is again formed into twelve divifions, and each divifion does a year's duty in rotation. THE OFFICE OF WAKYAHNAVEES. This is an admirable inftitution, and abfolutely necefTary for the well conducting of the affairs of an empire. Although the name of the office exifted in former reigns, yet it was never applied to any ufeful purpofe till his majefly's acceffion to the throne. For executing the offices of this department there are ap- pointed fourteen able tepukchees, ten of whom do duty daily in rotation. Some others are alfo added as iu- pernumeraries, one of whom attends every day j and if it happens that one of the fourteen firft mentioned is abfent upon a matter of neceffity, this additional perfon officiates in his room. Thefe fupernumeraries are called kowtel. Tt is the bufinefs of the wakyahnavees to take in writing an account of the following occurrences : What- ever his majefty does himfelf, and the orders that he iflues — what representations are made him by the minifters of (late — what he eats and drinks — when he fleeps, and when he rifec — and what time he fits on his throne — how long he continues in the haram — when he goes to the bargah khafs, or to the bargah aum — in what manner he hunts — what game he kills — when he marches, and when he halts— what offerings are pre- lented — what books are read to him — what alms and donations are beftowed — what grants are made of fey- urghal — what accidental increafe or deduction may P 3 happen. 2T4 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. happen in the revenue — what contracts are concluded — what given in' farm — what is bought — what is com- mitted to the charge of any one — what peiihcufh and remittances of revenue are received — what firmans are irTued under the royal feal — the arrival, introduction, or departure of any perfon of confequence — what petitions are received, and what anfwers given — what period is fixed for the execution of any particular order — who is abfent from his guard — what battles are fought, and with what fuccefs — when peace is concluded, and upon what terms — the death of any perfon of rank — what battles of animals have been exhibited, and who won the bets — what cattle die — what rewards are beflowed, or punifhments inflicted — now long his majefty fat in public — what marriages and births happen — when his majefty plays at any game — of 'public calamities — and what harvefts are produced. The account of the occurrences being read to his majefty, and approved by him, the daroghah puts his feal upon it, after which it is carried to the perwanchee and the meer arz for their refpective feals. The paper when thus authenticated is called a yadafht ; then a perfon who writes a clear ftyle and a fair character, takes the yadafht and makes an abridgment of it, and having pnr his feal to it, gives it in exchange for the yadafht. To this abridgment are added the feals of the wakyah- navees, the mter arz, and the daroghah of this depart- ment. This abridgment is called the taleekeh, and the writer thereof the taleekehnavees. Laftly, it is au- thenticated by the feal of the perwanchee. OF SUNNUDS, OR GRANTS. A paper authenticated by proper fignatures is called a a funnud j and the dufter (or regifter) is the book in which the funnuds are entered, is PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 21^ His majefty is particularly circumfpedt regarding this department, and takes care that none but parfons of the ftricteft integrity are appointed to officiate in it. The dufters (or regifters) are of three kinds : ift, The abwabulmal, which contains the accounts of the re- venues, the increafe or deficiency therein. 2d, The abwabultahaweel, being the accounts of the receipts and difburfements of the houfehold, with thofe of the different treafurers. 3d, The towjee, which exhibits the eflimates of the demands for the military eftablifli- ments, with the means for fatisfying them. Some funnuds have nothing but the royal feal ; others are firft authenticated by the feals and fignatures of the minifters of ftate, and afterwards are ratified by affixing the royal feal 5 and fome have only the feals and fignatures of the miniflers, without the royal feal. A firman fubtee has the fignatures of the miniflers, together with the royal feal, and is iffued on appoint- ment to any of the following employments : a munfub- dary, vakalet, fepahfelahry, etaleeky (or the office of preceptor; to any of the king's fons, the emeer ul omraiy, the nahayutty, the vizarut, the bukhfheegurry, and the fuddarut. Alio, for the grant of a jageer fir, or tun, for confirming the falaries of officers in con- quered territories, for granting a meelkeeyet, for a grant of feyurghal, and for fupplies for repairing re- ligious buildings. When the taleekeh, before defcribed, is fettled, the dewan of the jagcers draws out upon it an eflimate of the tunkhah ; and if it contains an order for the dagh. (or marking the cattle) it is fent to the bukhfhees for a fecond revifal, after which his majefty writes naveefund (let them write it). Then the bukhfhees write down P4 the. 21 6 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. the number of men, and the proper officers acid the defcriptions of their perfons ; and when the dagh is completed, one of the principal bukhfhees takes the taleekeh, and gives in exchange an eftimate of the monthly pay under his leal and fignature. This paper, which is commonly called the firkhut, is authenticated in the offices of the other bukhfhees by fome particular marks. The dewan keeps this firkhut, and draws out an eftimate of the pay monthly and yearly, which he prefents to his majefty, who, if there be an order for a jageer, writes at the top the following words : taleekeh tun kalemy nem&ywd (let them write the taleekeh for the tunkhah). The tepuckchees keep this as a voucher for themfelvcs, and deliver a copy of it. Then this new paper is prepared in the following manner ; Firft the dewan writes upon it held nemayend (let them enroll it) j after which the dewan hukhfhee and the mufhreff dewan put their feals and lignatures to it. Next, his majefty commands the berat to be ifilied. Then the writer of the towjee keeps the above mentioned copy of the firkhut, and writes the particulars at the bottom of the berat ; and the muftofy, after he has examined it, affixes his fignature and feal, after which the following officers do the fame : the nazir, the other bukhfhees, the dewan kull, the mufhreffs, the vakeel, the dewan of the houfehold, and the khanfaman. Orders for ready money payments undergo the fame forms as above defcribed, after which a calculation of the monthly pay of the men and the munfubdafs feparate allowance are added at the foot thereof. Orders re- garding the offices, matters of transfer, or committing to the truft of any one, or for the wages of the infe- rior fervants, have alfo berats ; and it is a rule, that the mufhreff of each department makes out berats every three months ; one from the Perfian month Ferverdeen * to Sheriyur -j~ ; and the fecond from * March. f Auguft. Mehr TART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 2IJ Mehr* to Isfendiar -f . Some of the inferior fervants have their defcriptions taken in writing, being included in the rolls of the army, whilft others are only known by their offices ; amongft which laft are the fervants of the ftables. The berat is prepared in the following manner : Firft is drawn out an eftimate of the allow- ances for grain, grafs, &c. as paid in ready money, or kind, together with an account of the monthly pay of the fervants of that department ; then the dewan of the offices examines it, and, if it is right, lie gives a tunkhah or aflignment for it, and writes on the margin the following words : berat ?iaveefund (let them write the berat) ; upon which the mumreff writes the berat, and then prepares the kubz (or receipt) and affixes to it his feal and. iignature. If the berat is for ready money, a fourth part of the amount is deducled, for which a feparate receipt is given. After it has gone through all thefe forms the dewan of the office writes fubtnemayend (let it be confirmed). Then the mumreff and officers of the towjee, the muftofy, the nazir, the dewan of the offices, the dewan kull, the khanfaman, the mufh- reff dewan, and the vakeel, affix their feals and fig- natures to the berat and kubz, the eftimate having been previously carried to each of thefe officers for their infpeclion. When all the officers have affixed their feals and Signatures, it is ratified by the royal feal. Then at the back of the kubz, are written the particular fpecies of coin in which it is to be paid, at the current value, and in the following proportions : Mohurs, one- fourth : rupees, one-half j dams, one-fourth. The firman for a munfub is prepared in like manner, excepting that it has not the Signatures of the officers of the houSehold. The firman for the feyurghal differs only in that, after the dewan kull, the fudder puts on his feal. In the firmans that are written in the Toghrah September* f February. _ character, £l8 AYEEi; AKBERY. PART II, character, the two firft lines are the fhorteft. This kind of firman is called a perwancheh ; and it is ufed tor the following purpofes : For the falaries of the be- gums, and of the king's fons, and the penfions of the learned ; for the monthly pay of the ahdyan and the cheelah, and of fome particular fervants of the houfe- hold, and for the allowance of food for the bargecr horfes. The treafnrers do not require a new funnud every year, but pay the money upon the kubz being produced with the proper official fignatures. The kubz is prepared after the following manner : The mufhrefV draws it out, when the perlon who is to receive the amount puts his feal to it, after which the dewan writes jubtnamayend (let it be confirmed), when the dewan kull and the khanfaman add their refpective feals and iignatures. The perwanchehs for the ahdyan have the lignatures and feals of the muftofy, the dewan, the bukhfhee, and the ahdybaihy : and as the king's feal is not required for a kubz, neither is it ufed for the firk- hut, nor for deeds of fale, nor for the aruznameh (or particulars of receipts of revenue) nor for the kerar- nameh (or the collector's agreements with the farmers and hufbandmen) nor for the mokafa (or the mufiofee's examination of the treafurer's accounts.) THE RANKS OF SEALS. The firman, the perwanehah, and the berat are made into feveral folds, beginning from the bottom. On the back of the firft fold from the bottom, which is neccfTarily the fmaileft, and towards the right corner, which is always cut off, is the feal of the vakeel ; and, oppofite to it, but a little below, is the feal of the mufhreff, put in fuch a manner that half of it goes to the fecond fold ; and in like manner, at a fmall diftance is the feal of the (udder ; but Sheikh Abdul Neby, and Sultan Khajeh ufed to affix their feals in a line *ART II. AYEEN AKBERV. Hy line with that of the vakeel. In the middle of the firft fold is the place of the perfon who is nearelt in rank to the vakeel ; fuch as Oungeh Khan, in the time of Munem Khan, and Adhum Khan. In the fecond fold the meer mal, the khanfaman, the perwanchee, and fuch like, put their feals in the upper part ; and in the lower part of the fame fold, the devvan and the bukhfhec kull. In the third fold are the feals and (ignaturcs of the bukhfhee juz and the dewan of the houfehold. The muftofees lign and feal in the fourth fold j and the writer of the towjee in the fifth fold. The royal feal is affixed in the front above the Togra writing. On the taleekeh, one of the king's fons affixes his feal at the top. THE FIRMAN BYAZEE. Some of the royal mandates require difpatch in the execution, and are not to be known to every one : fuch an order has only the royal fignet, and is called a firman byazee. It is made up into a number of folds, after which it is doubled in the middle, fo that the extre- mities meet together, and a flip of paper is tied over it in a knot, and then fealed up. The knot is fattened with vifcous juice of the bur, the peepul, or fome other tree, which, like wax, cannot be diffolved in water, nor be opened without the application of fire. This firman is enclofed in a purfe, made of cloth of gold, and given in charge to a munfubdar, an ahdy, or a foot-foldier, according to the nature of its con- tents. The perfon to whom it is fent, having proceeded a proper diftance to meet it, performs various acts of obeifance, and putting it upon the crown of his head, makes the fijdah; and rewards the meffenger according to his rank. His majefty has ordered, that every written reprefentation that is fent to him (hall be en- clofed in fuch a bag or purfe as above defer i bed. THE 220 .WEEN AKBERV. PART II, THE MANNER OF RECEIVING PAY. When any one is entertained as a feepah (or foldier) and the dagh is performed, he obtains his funnud with- out any expence or delay. And although, in the fun- nud, the pay is fpecified in dams, yet at the time of making out the eflimate, half is in rupees, formerly rated at forty-eight dams each ; a quarter in mohurs of nine rupees each ; and the remaining quarter in dams. Now the value of the rupee is reduced to forty dams. His majefly, out of his juflice, has ordered that the rupee fhall be iffued to the troops at that rate. Out of a year's pay one month is flopped for the horfe and accoutrements. The horfe is valued ten or fifteen rupees above the prime cod. However, as by his majefly 's prudent management they are purchafed at very cheap rates, they fuffer no lofs by this trifling ad- vance. The ahdyan are always employed in executing the royal orders of moment, and if they behave with propriety, are allowed all that they receive as prefents, otherwife a part thereof is reckoned in their pay. If an ahdy neglecls to attend guard, he is paid fifteen days, and the other officers and loldicrs a week's pay. The munfubdars are authorized to flop a twentieth part out of the pay of their men, for various expences. MUSA-ADET, OR AIDS GRANTED TO MILITARY OFFICERS. Thofe who are paid by tunkhah, as well as they i\uo receive ready money allowances, and who are not of fuch an inferior rank as admits of their receiving a donation, being fubject to temporary difficulties for want of money, his majefly, who wifhes to gain the nfTeclion of all his fervants, has appointed a feparate treafurer- and meer arz, that thofe who want a loan may obtain PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 221 obtain it without any injury to their reputation, or by being expofed to difficulty or delay. For the firft year no intereft is required ; the (econd year a fixteenth part is added ; the third year an eighth ; the fourth year a fourth ; and, from the fifth year to the feventh, fifteen per cent. ; from the eighth to the tenth year, feventeen per cent. ; and after ten years, double the principal, beyond which there is no increafe. This has proved a wholefome leifon to exorbitant ufurers, who now lend their money on moderate terms. DONATIONS. His majefty beftows prefents of money after differ- ent ways, according to the various ranks of men, giv- ing to fome publicly, and rewarding others in private. To fome he apparently gives a loan, but never receives repayment of it : and there are daily given away ele- phants, horfes, and many valuable articles to an afto- niihing amount. Every day the bukhfhees read over the names of the guard and others, and point out thofe upon whom horfes have not been beftowed ; but after a perfon has received a horfe, his name is not read again for a year. OF ALMS. His majefty beftows upon the poor and needy, money and neceffaries of every kind, gladdening the hearts of all in public or private. Many are allowed daily, monthly, or annual penfions, which they receive regu-* larly, without any delay or deduction. Befides thelc ettablifhments, the fums that are daily bellowed upon particular perfons, in confequence of reprefentations made in their favour, as well as the food and necef- faries conftantly diftributed amongft the indigent, are beyond 222 AYEEK AKBERV. PART II. beyond defcription. There is a treafurer always in waiting in the prefence for this purpofe ; and every needy perfon who prefents himfelf before his majefty, has his neceffities inftantly relieved. THE CEREMONY OF WEIGHING THE ROYAL PERSON. As a means of bellowing a largefs upon the indigent, the royal perfon is weighed twice a year, various articles being put into the oppofite fcale. The firft time of performing this ceremony is on the firft day of the Perfian month Aban *, which is the folar anni- verfary of his majefty's birtli-day. He is then weighed twelve times, againft the following articles : gold, quickfilver, raw fiJk, artificial perfumes, muflt, rooh- tooteea, intoxicating drugs, ghee-}-, iron, rice-milk, eight kinds of grain, and fait. And, at the fame time, according to the years that his majefty has lived, there are given away a like number of flieep, of goats, and of fowls, to people who keep thefe animals for the purpofe of breeding. A great number of wild birds of all kinds are alio let at liberty on this occafion. The fecond time of performing this ceremony is on the fifth of the Arabian month Rejib, when he is tveighed eight times, againft the following things : Silver, tin, linen cloths, lead, dried fruits, fofame- oil, and pot-herbs : and, on this occafion, the fefti- val of Salgeerah is celebrated ; and donations are be- itowcd upon people of all ranks. The king's fons and grandfons are weighed once a year, on the lolar anni- verfary of their refpective nativities, againft leven or eight things, and fome as far as twelve ; which number * October. t Melted bntter. thcv TART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 22$ they never exceed : and according to their refpe&ive ages, fuch a number of beads and fowls are given away, and let at liberty. There are appointed for this cere- mony a feparate treafurer and mufhreff. OF THE SEYURGHAL. Our wife monarch beftows different favours upon men according to their rank and fituation in life. Four claffes of men have land and penfions granted them for their iublillence. i ft, The learned and their fcholars; 2d, f hofe who have bade adieu to the world ; 3d, The needy who arc not able to help themfelves ; 4th, the defendants of great families, who, from a falfe fhame, will not fubmit to follow any occupation for their fup- port. When a ready-money allowance is given to thofe, it is called wezeefeh ; and land fb beftowed is named meelk, and muddulmafh : and after thofe feveral ways crores are given away. In order that the conditions of men, and their refpective neceihties, may be properly afcertained, a perfon of known impartiality, humanitv, and diligence, is dignified with the office of fudder, for the purpofe of inveftigating thofe points. The cazy and the meer adel are under his orders. There is alfo an able tepuckchee appointed, to keep a regifter of every traniadion in this department; and he is called the. dewan iaadet. His majefty has alfo directed the nobilkv to bring to his prefence all fit objects of charity, who never fail of obtaining their heart's content. When his majefty firfl began to give fome attention to this department, it was difcovered that the fudder had been guilty of various illicit practices ; on which account: Sheikh Abdul Neby was appointed to this office. The feyurghal of the Afghans and Chowdrees were annexed to the khalfeh, or exchequer, and the reft left to his management and difcretion. Some time after this, it was 224 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. was rcprefented to his majefty, that thofe who pofTeffed feyurghal had not their land in one place, but fcattered in different parts ; whereby the weak, whofe grounds lay contiguous to the khalfch, or to jageer lands, fuf- fered material injury and vexation. It was therefore commanded, that all the tunkhahs fhould be granted upon places that lay contiguous to each other : and ac- cordingly particular villages were fet apart and appro- priated to this purpofe ; which regulation afforded great relief. But of this fudder alfo there were unfavourable reports ; upon which an order was iiilied, that no one mould poffefs five hundred beegahs and upwards till he had been brought to the royal prefence, and there obtained his grant. But even this regulation was not found fufficient to prevent difhonefty ; wherefore it was ordered, that every hundred beegahs, which had not yet been feparated, being divided into five parts, three thereof fhould be annexed to the khalfeh, excepting the lands granted to the Irany and Turany women. In con- fequenceof the above regulation refpecting die feyurghal not included in the appropriated villages, the artful and avaricious quitted fuch parts of their old lands as were bad, and took other places in the appropriated villages in exchange : upon which it was determined, that any perfon relinquilhing his former land for other, fhould have a fourth part deducted, and a tunkhah granted ac- cordingly. When the coliufive practices of the cazees in general were detected and fully proved, his majefty refolved to place no further reliance upon men who carry a fair appearance with the world, but are inwardly bale and corrupt. He examined this matter to the bot- tom, and finding fome exceptions in favour of the cazees who had been appointed under the fuddarut of Sultan Khajeh, he confirmed them in their offices, but degraded all the reft. The frany and Turany women were alfo convicted of collufion ; upon which it was ordered, that fuch of them as pofTeffed more than one hundred beegahs, fhould be obliged to apply for a new grant. In the fuddarut t ART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 225 fuddarut of Azeded Dowleh the following further regu- lations were enacted : — Whenever two or more peribns hold feyurghal in partnerfliip, without its being fo fpe- cified at the bottom of the grant, if one of them dies. the fudder fhall of his own authority divide the land; and the (hare that was poileiied by the defunct, fhall be annexed to the khalfah till the heirs make and eftabliOi their claim. This fudder was permitted to grant of his own authority as far as fifteen beegahs. It frequently happened that the poiieflbrs of feyurghal planted their grounds with fruit-trees, which yielded them a confi- derable profit ; upon which the officers of government, wifhing to benefit the ftate, required a revenue from them. His majefty was greatly difpleafed at the con- duct of his officers in this reflect, and commanded that no fuch requilition fhould be made. It being difcovered that thole who held one hundred beegahs, and even lefs than that quantity, were alio guilty of dilhoneft practices, his majefty commanded Meer Sudder Jehan to bring all of them to the prefence to have their grants fcrutinized. Afterwards it was directed, that the fudder fhould lefTen or increafe the feyurghal, in fuch manner as the author of this work might think advifeable. The following are regulations now efiablifhed : The feyur- ghal land, when granted, fhall be half arable; and the other half capable of being brought into circulation : of, if the whole be arable, a fourth part mould be deducted from the 'grant, and a tankhah iilued for three-fourths only. The revenue of a beegah differs in every village, but is never lefs than one rupee. His majefty, out of his righteoufnefs, is conftantly attentive to this depart- ment, and is careful to appoint diiinterefted people to the offices of fuddarut juz and kull. OF MACHINES. His majefty has with great fkill conftructed a cart, containing a corn -mill, which is woiked by the mo- Vol. 1. Q^ tion 226 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. tion of the carriage. He has alfo contrived a car- riage of luch a magnitude as to contain feveral apart- ments, with a hot bath ; and it is drawn by a fingle elephant. This moveable bath is extremely uieful, and refrefhening on a journey. Other carriages for the con- . venience of travelling, are drawn by camels, horfes, or oxen. He has alfo invented feveral hydraulic machines, which are worked by oxen. The pulleys and wheels of ibme of them are fo adjufted, that a fingle ox will at once draw water out of two wells, and at the fame time turn a mill-flone. OF THE TEN SEERS OF GRAIN EXACTED FROM EVERY BEEGAH OF LAND. His majefty, in return for the cares of royalty, exacts an annual tribute of ten feers of grain from every bee- gah of cultivated land throughout the empire ; and granaries are erected in different parts of the kingdom, from whence the cattle employed by the flate are pro- vided with fubfiftence. They are alfo applied to the relief of indigent hufbandmen ; and in time of fcarcity the grain is fold at a low price, but the quantity is proportioned to the abfolute neceflities of the purchafer. jLikewife, throughout the empire, a great quantity of food is drc-fTed daily for the iupport of the poor and needy. Proper officers are appointed to the charge of the granaries, and to keep the accounts of the receipts and expenditures. OF FESTIVALS. His majefty, who knows what degree of regard is due to approved cultoms of antiquity, is continually endeavouring to make himfelf acquainted with them; and then, regardlefs of who was the inftitutor, he adopts fuch as appear proper, and rejects whatever difpleafes him. PART Ilk AYEEN AKBEkW 227 him. After having adopted a particular cuftom or ceremony, he next confiders how to make it of mod general advantage, feeking for opportunities of benefit- ing mankind, and embracing every occafion of beftow- ing largefles upon his people. With this view he adopted the feftival of Gemfhid, and other feafts of the ancient Perfians, which are ufed as the means of bellowing donations. Firft is the feftival of Nowroz or the now year, when the fun enters the fign Aries. This is celebrated with feafting for nineteen fucceffive days, during which time immenfe fums of money and valuable articles are dis- tributed. It commences on the firft of the Perfun month Ferverdeen *, and continues till the end of the nineteenth. With the ancient Perfians, the day which bears the fame name with the month was alio a feftival ; and his majefty his ordered them to be kept in the following order : The 1 9th day of the month Ferver- deen (March] — the 3d of Ardebehefhc (April) — the 6th of Khordad (May) — the 13th of Tcer (June] — the 7th of Amerdad (July) — the 4th of Sheriyur (Auguft) —the. 1 6th of Mehr (September) — the 10th of A ban (October) — the 9th of Azer (November) — the 8th, 15th, and 23d of Dey (December) — the 2d of Bahman (January) — the 5th of Isfendiar (February) : — and on every feftival many public as well as private benefits are bellowed. On thofe days a kettle drum is beat every three hours, accompanied by mufical inftruments. Oa the feftival of the new year there are public illumina- tions for three nights fucceffively ; and again on the nineteenth night of the fame month. Many particulars relative to thefe ancient ceremonies are related in the firft volume of the Akbernameh. * Marth. Q2 THE 223 AYEEN AKBERY. PART II. THE KHUSHROZ, OR DAYS OF DIVERSION. His majefty gives this name to the ninth day after the feftival of each month, and thereon affembles his court. Upon this occafion the wives of merchants hold a market, where they expofe to fale the manufactures of every country at their refpective fhops. The women of the haram, and others of character, refort thither, and carry on a large traffic, to the mutual fatisfaclion of all parties *. His majefty is alfo there in difguife, by which means he learns the prices of different articles of merchandize, and hear3 what is faid of the ftate of the empire, and the characters of the officers of govern- ment. When the female fair is over, another is fet on foot for the men ; when his majefty and the courtiers come and make purchafes : and at this time every man may reprefent his particular grievances, without the intervention of any one; when the injured never fail of obtaining redrefs, and the offenders are punifhed. There are alfo a treafurer and a mufhreff appointed to this department, that the merchants may receive im- mediate payment for the things that are purchafed from them. OF MARRIAGES. This grand union of the fexes, is not only beneficial In the procreation of the fpecies, but is a check upon inordinate* defires, and preferves the domeftic peace of families. • His majefty, who is ever feeking to do good by watching over the interefts of all his fubjects, does not admit, in this inftance, of a difregard to difference in religion, nor to the unfuitablenefs of the difpofitions of • This fair is held in the fquarc of the haram. the PART II. AYEEN AKBERY. 229 the parties towards each other, nor difparity of rank; and he holds it finful for marriages to be contracted under the age of puberty, becaufe, if upon their arrival at years of diicretion, they mould not be fatisfied with each other, it muft be a continual fource of family-dif- cord. He confiders the confent of the bride and bride- groom to be equally neceflary with that of their parents. He thinks it improper that thofe of near affinity in blood mould be married together ; and fays, " Adam would ■■ not fuffer marriages to take place between his fons