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A 
 
 CONCISE DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LOCALITY AND DISTRIBUTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ARTERIES 
 
 IN THE HUMAN BODY. 
 
 BY G. D. DERMOTT, 
 
 LECTURER ON ANATOMY AND SURGERY IN THE ANATOMICAL 
 SCHOOL, LITTLE WINDMILL-STREET. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR S. HIGHLEY, 174, FLEET STREET, 
 
 AND WEBB-STREET, MAZE POND, BOROUGH. 
 
 1827. 
 
_^<?\rOT\ G 
 
 GUNNELL AND SHEARMAN, 
 PRINTERS, 
 SALISBURY SQUARE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting this Work to the Public, the 
 Author’s chief object is to afford to his Students 
 the means of acquiring a most necessary 
 and important branch of Anatomical science 
 — a knowledge of the Locality of the Ar- 
 teries. 
 
 To facilitate the acquirement of this es- 
 sential information, a minute and precise 
 description will be found of all the Arteries 
 that are important in a surgical point of view, 
 or that are to be traced in the common 
 mode of dissecting injected subjects: this 
 being an explanatory description of the 
 a 2 
 
IV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 “ relative position” which every Artery, 
 herein-described, bears to all the muscles 
 and the other surrounding parts which it 
 touches in its course. 
 
 The Author has perhaps been somewhat 
 minute in describing the muscles and bones, 
 &c., by which each Artery is covered, 
 bounded or supported, because he knows 
 that a thorough knowledge of the exact 
 local relationship which these parts bear to 
 each other, is the only clear and certain 
 guide to the Anatomical Surgeon to find the 
 true situation of the Arteries, or of arriving 
 at a perfect knowledge of the relative posi- 
 tion or local distribution, at each successive 
 part of their course. 
 
 Some Anatomists, though they may de- 
 scribe exactly the length and the direction 
 of each Artery, yet only, perhaps, describe 
 its relative position with regard to some few 
 muscles ; or they speak of the relative mus- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 V 
 
 cular position in too general a way to convey 
 any precise idea of its connection with the 
 arterial ; and in certain instances, indeed, 
 they seem to have disregarded the muscular 
 relationship altogether. 
 
 Although, I trust, that in this Work, the 
 larger Arteries are described with tolerable 
 care and precision, the minute branches, such 
 as do not require a ligature upon bleeding, 
 which are traced with difficulty even by a 
 careful dissector, and which are always very 
 variable in their origin and their course, if 
 not absolutely uncertain as to their presence 
 altogether, are intentionally slighted and 
 frequently totally disregarded, except, in- 
 deed, those which have distinct inosculations ; 
 the place and formation of all the most im- 
 portant of these inosculations being accu- 
 rately mentioned. 
 
 The Student, by relying too much upon 
 written description, probably, gets bewilder- 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ed, instead of enlightened, amongst a chaotic 
 list of vessels, nerves and muscles ; or can 
 at best obtain but a very obscure view of 
 the relative positions of the parts. There- 
 fore, considering the many imperfections in 
 books which treat of the relative positions, 
 the Student would, in every practical point 
 of view, gain but a very inefficient idea of 
 Anatomy, and more especially, as regards 
 that important branch of it, unless he seek 
 his knowledge in the dissecting room by 
 making ocular demonstration and practical 
 dissection his grand sources of information, 
 to which his study in the closet can only 
 be secondary or subservient. Indeed, Ana- 
 tomy, considered in the correct sense, is a 
 collection of demonstrable facts : it is not 
 a science of books, but a science of natural 
 parts, in the acquirement of which, the 
 eye must be the grand direction to the 
 head. 
 
 It must be recollected, that this is only an 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 anatomical outline of the Arterial System, 
 without there being attached to it any phy- 
 siological inference or surgical precept. It 
 is, therefore, intended as the pupil’s first 
 lines, or the basis of his study of the Arteries 
 upon a more extensive scale, by affording 
 him an outline which may be filled up and 
 rendered perfect in its more minute points 
 of demonstration and description, forming 
 a basis also on which facts useful and in- 
 teresting both in Physiology and Surgery may 
 be collected. 
 
 For these reasons I have recommenced 
 the use of this book among my Pupils in 
 their dissecting operations, in order to facili- 
 tate a knowledge of the Localities of the 
 Arteries, and perhaps at a more advanced 
 period of life, during their practical career, 
 and in their operative days, (if I may so 
 speak,) the perusal of this little tract may 
 bring to their recollections many valuable 
 facts which they had formerly heard, mingled 
 with their demonstrations. 
 
via 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 It is to be hoped, however, that if the 
 writer’s purpose be answered in so limited 
 a sphere as his own class, this treatise may 
 not be found altogether uninteresting or use- 
 less to anatomical students on a more general 
 scale ; and if it should be found useful, as he 
 trusts it will, in leading on the student to 
 anatomical knowledge, the Author’s wishes 
 will be amply gratified. 
 
 Great Pulteney Street, Golden Square. 
 October 1st, 18“27. 
 
AORTA. 
 
 The Aorta, whi ch i s the trunk of the corporeal system 
 of Arteries, is divided into two primary por- 
 tions : — viz., a part in the Thorax, called the 
 Aorta Thoracica, and a part opposed to the 
 Abdomen, called the Aorta Abdominalis. It 
 arises from the posterior and right part of the left 
 ventricle of the Heart, opposite to the fourth 
 Dorsal Vertebra; its opening (containing the 
 Semilunar Valves) being seen in the Ventricle, 
 between the Septum Ventriculorum and the right 
 portion of the Mitral Valve ; it is more contracted 
 in size here than any other part of the Aorta, and 
 usually does not exceed an inch in diameter. It 
 passes upwards behind the middle bone of the 
 Sternum, bending a little forwards and towards the 
 right side, hounded on the right side by the supe- 
 rior Vena Cava, and on the left by the Pulmonary 
 Artery ; being also so considerably enlarged as 
 to have a bulging form, and to be called the 
 Sinus Aorta; — it is also called the Aorta 
 Ascendens. There are also three little bulges or 
 hemispherical-shaped enlargements in the lowest 
 part of the Sinus Aorta, called Sinus Valsalvce : 
 each of these are situated, respectively, above one 
 
 B 
 
2 Locality and Distribution 
 
 of the Semilunar Valves ; two are placed ante- 
 riorly and laterally, and the other posteriorly ; and 
 they are concealed (like the beginning of the Aorta 
 at large) behind the commencement of the Pul- 
 monary Artery. The upper part of the Sinus 
 Aorta becoming a little diminished, and beginning 
 to turn a little backwards, continues to ascend till 
 it gets in a parallel line with the second Dorsal 
 Vertebra ; when it incurvates from before back- 
 wards, and from right to left, constituting the 
 Transverse Arch of the Aorta; but perhaps 
 it may be more properly called the Oblique 
 Arch of the Aorta : this is situated behind the 
 lower part of the first bone of the Sternum, and 
 extends obliquely across the upper part of the 
 Thorax and posterior Mediastinum ; the termina- 
 tion of the arch comes against the third Dorsal 
 Vertebra; and then all the subsequent continua- 
 tion of the Aorta is called the Aorta Descen- 
 dens : this passes downwards upon the left side of 
 the bodies of the Dorsal Vertebrae, in the posterior 
 and left part of the posterior Mediastinum, 
 posteriorly to the base of the Heart, Pericardium, 
 and left Pulmonary Ligament ; it is next continued 
 through the Foramen Posticum, Diaphragmatis ; 
 and upon emerging from behind the upper edge of 
 that aperture, it is no longer Thoracic, but obtains 
 the term of the Aorta Abdominalis ; i. e., the 
 Abdominal portion of the Descending Aorta, so called 
 because it is opposed to the Abdomen, or is one of 
 those parts called extra-Abdominal ; this descends 
 
3 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 upon the left side of the bodies of the lower 
 Dorsal -and the Lumbar Vertebrae, slightly in- 
 clining from left to right towards the medium line 
 of the Vertebrae ; descending behind the Margo 
 Obtusus of the Liver, Pancreas, root of the Trans- 
 verse Meso-colon, Transverse portion of the 
 Duodenum, and root of the Mesentery ; and being 
 excluded for the whole of its course from the 
 eavity of the Abdomen, inasmuch as it is behind 
 the posterior side of the Peritoneal Sac. Upon the 
 fourth Lumbar Vertebra, and having still hardly 
 gained the median line of the bodies of the Ver- 
 tebrae, but being still a little to the left side, it 
 trifurcates into the two common Iliac Arteries, and 
 the middle Sacral. 
 
4 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 COMPARATIVE COURSE OF THE PUL- 
 MONARY ARTERY. 
 
 The Pulmonary “Artery, or the trunk of the 
 Pulmonic System of Vessels, arises from the 
 posterior and left side of the right Ventricle, an- 
 teriorly to the origin of the Sinus Aorta ; it slants 
 upwards, backwards, and towards the left side, so 
 as to get by the left side of the higher part of the 
 Sinus Aorta ; and as it is immersed in the upper 
 part of the Pericardium, and just beneath the 
 arch of the Aorta, it bifurcates into the right and 
 left Pulmonary Arteries ; the bifurcation of the 
 trunk being connected by a process of condensed 
 cellular membrane called the Ligamentum Arteri- 
 osum, with the posterior and under part of the 
 arch of the Aorta, which ligament is the degenerated 
 remains of the Ductus Arteri osus. 
 
 The Arteria Pulmonalis Dextra, which 
 is longer and larger than the left, because the 
 bifurcation of the Pulmonary Artery is more 
 towards the left side than the right, and because 
 the right lung is larger than the left, — bends 
 downwards, aud towards the light side, passing 
 first behind the Sinus Aorta, aud then behind the 
 superior Vena Cava ; and as it emerges from the 
 side of the Pericardium, becomes insinuated be- 
 tween the two laminae of the Pleura forming the 
 
5 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 Ligamentum Pulmonale Latum Dextrum, so as to 
 perforate the root of the right lung, and to be 
 distributed through its substance. 
 
 The Arteria Pulmonalis Sinistra passes 
 towards the left side, whilst it bends (like the 
 right) rather downwards, so as to emerge com- 
 pletely from the embrace of the Pericardium, and 
 to be continued outwards between the laminae of 
 the Ligamentum Pulmonale Latum Sinistrum, 
 anteriorly to the commencement of the descending 
 portion of the Thoracic Aorta ; it then perforates 
 the root of the left Lung, and is distributed through 
 its substance. 
 
6 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 THE ARTERIES OF THE SYSTEM, GIVEN 
 OFF FROM THE AORTA. 
 
 BRANCHES FROM THE SINUS AORTA. 
 
 1. The Arteria Coronaria Dextra arises 
 from the fore and right side of the Sinus, from 
 the Sinus Valsalvae of that side, and just above the 
 corresponding Semilunar Valve; it passes in a 
 very tortuous manner towards the right side across 
 the upper surface of the Heart, in the interstice 
 between the right Auricle and Ventricle ; it then 
 turns round the Margo Acutus of the Heart in the 
 continuation of the interstice ; subsequently across 
 the under surface of the Heart, still in the con- 
 tinuation of the same interstice ; and opposite to 
 the middle of the Base of the Heart it (nearly 
 wasted) inosculates with the termination of the left ; 
 and remits a small branch along the under side of 
 the Septum Ventriculorum, in the interstice be- 
 tween the position of the two ventricles, to the 
 apex of the Heart, which inosculates there with a 
 branch from the left Coronary. 
 
 2. The Arteria Coronaria Sinistra arises 
 from the posterior and left side of the Sinus Aortse, 
 from the Sinus Valsalva of that side, and above 
 the Semilunar Valve that corresponds with it. It 
 is very tortuous — at first, it inclines forwards and 
 to the left side, so as to emerge from behind the 
 left side of the Pulmonary Artery, where it bifur- 
 
7 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 cates : one branch descends along the anterior side 
 of the Septum Ventriculorum in the interstice that 
 is upon the anterior surface of the Heart, between 
 the position of the two Ventricles ; and at the 
 Apex inosculates with the small descending branch 
 from the termination of the right : the branch 
 which is the largest and seems more like the con- 
 tinuation of the Artery, passes transversely in the 
 interstice between the left Auricle and Ventricle, 
 and winds round the Margo Obtusus of the Heart 
 to the flat under surface, there inosculating with the 
 termination of the right. 
 
 ARTERIES ARISING FROM THE ARCH OF THE 
 AORTA. 
 
 These consist of three trunks , which emerge 
 from the cavity of the Thorax, to supply the 
 superior part of the body ; viz., the Head, Neck, 
 Breast, and the two superior extremities — these 
 arteries emerge from the superior aperture of the 
 Thorax in the following manner : 
 
 1. The Arteria Innominata arises from 
 the commencement or the superior and anterior 
 part of the Arch ; passes obliquely upwards and 
 towards the right side, in front of the Trachea, and 
 behind the first bone of the Sternum ; and bifur- 
 cates behind the Cartilage of the right first Rib, 
 and about two inches above its origin, into the 
 right Common Carotid and the right Subclavian : 
 the first ascends on the Longus Colli muscle by 
 the side of the Trachea ; the last passes; outwards 
 
8 Locality and Distribution 
 
 across the upper surface of the first rib, within the 
 lower part of the Neck. 
 
 2. The Arteria Carotica Sinustra arises 
 from the middle and highest part of the Arch of 
 the Aorta, immediately behind the Arteria Inno- 
 minata, so that there is no evident interspac be- 
 tween them : it is also rather before the left side 
 of the Trachea; it ascends and makes a very 
 slight inclination backwards and to the left side, 
 so as to pass from before the left side of the 
 Trachea, and to get exactly by the left side of the 
 Trachea and against the Longus Colli Muscle ; and 
 in this manner emerges from the Thorax posteriorly 
 to the left side of the first bone of the Sternum ; 
 subsequently ascending in the neck, upon the 
 Longus Colli, and by the side of the Trachea. 
 
 3. The Arteria Subclavia Sinistra arises 
 from the upper and posterior part of the Arch of 
 the Aorta, a little distance behind the left Carotid, 
 and consequently nearer the termination of the 
 Arch and the Dorsal Vertebrae, — a broader inter- 
 space being between the origin of this and the left 
 Carotid (although they are both passing to the left 
 side) than between the left Carotid and the Arteria 
 Innominata, — and, of course, it is much deeper 
 within the cavity of the Thorax than that of the 
 right Subclavian. It passes upwards, and bears 
 more obliquely than the left Carotid, towards the 
 left side, so as to emerge from the Thorax posteri- 
 orly to the articulation of the first bone of the 
 Sternum to the sternal extremity of ihe left 
 Clavicle ; then gaining the level of the left first 
 
9 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 Rib, it passes outwards across its upper surface, 
 and between the insertions of the Scalenus Anlicus 
 and Medius Muscles, in the lower part of the neck, 
 like the right Subclavian Artery. As these 
 vessels are emerging from the Thorax, they are 
 crossed, behind the Sternum, by the left Subcla- 
 vian Vein, which passes anteriorly to them, but more 
 closely across the Arteria Innominata, and nearly at 
 right angles to it ; for the Arteria Innominata is in- 
 clining upwards, and the left Subclavian Vein (some- 
 times called Vena Innominata at this place) is incli- 
 ning downwards. The order of the parts behind the 
 middle of the first bone of the Sternum and Inter- 
 Clavicular Ligament, being the left Subclavian Vein, 
 the Arteria Innominata, Trachea, and Esophagus ; 
 the left Carotid and Subclavian Arteries are also 
 behind the Sternum, but a little more towards the 
 left side than these. 
 
 ARTERIA CAROTIS COMMUNIS. 
 
 The Arteria Carotis Communis. — The right 
 Carotid arises from the bifurcation of the Arteria 
 Innominata, posteriorly to the Cartilage of the right 
 first rib : — the left Carotid from the arch of the 
 Aorta ; and having made its inclination to the left 
 side of the Trachea, and its emergence from behind 
 the left side of the first bone of the Sternum, ascends 
 precisely like the right, laterally to the Trachea ; 
 first upon the Longus Colli, and then upon the 
 Rectus Capitis, Anticus Major; the two diverg- 
 ing a little, so as to leave room for the interposi- 
 tion of the Larynx ; and corresponding with the 
 
10 Locality and Distribution 
 
 superior Cornu of the Thyroid Cartilage, or the 
 Cornu of the Os Hyoides ; each bifurcates into 
 the external and internal Carotids. 
 
 The Artery, during its ascent, is bounded — 
 internally, first, by the Trachea and Esophagus, 
 and higher up in the neck by the Larynx and 
 lateral lobe of the Thyroid Gland, which latter 
 organ frequently overhangs it a little : exter- 
 nally, by the internal Jugular Vein and Par Va- 
 gum : posteriorly by the muscles that it ascends 
 upon : and anteriorly, at the lower part of the neck, 
 by the beginning of the Sterno Thyroideus, Hyoid- 
 eus, and the commencement of the anterior belly of 
 the Omo-hyoideus ; also, still more extensively, and 
 superficially, by the Sterno Cleido Mastoideus ; the 
 upper inch, however, of the Artery is uncovered by 
 the latter muscle, and seen anteriorly to its edge in a 
 deep angular-shaped cellular cavity, which is boun- 
 ded before by the angle of the Thyroid Cartilage, 
 and behind by the anterior edge of the muscle, — 
 here its pulsation can be felt, as it is only covered 
 by the common integuments, Platysma-myoides and 
 by the Fascia of the neck (which coverings stretch 
 from side to side over this cavity), and the invest- 
 ing sheath of the Carotid. 
 
 Concomitant Organs . — Those contained within 
 the sheath of the Carotid consist of the Inter- 
 nal Jugular Vein, situated by the outer side 
 of the Artery, and the Par Vagum between and 
 rather behind them ; these are placed in the outer 
 side of the sheath, and are parted from the Artery 
 by the cellular septum of the sheath. The con- 
 
11 
 
 of the Arteries . 
 
 comitant parts outside the sheath : the Sympa- 
 theticus Maximus is behind the sheath ; and the 
 descending branch of the ninth pair of nerves on 
 the fore part (sometimes in the sheath), covered by 
 the anterior edge of the Sterno-Clejflo Mastoideus 
 muscle along with the sheath itself. 
 
 This Artery preserves its cylindrical form, as it 
 usually gives off no branches. 
 
 ARTERIA CAROTIS EXTERNA. 
 
 The Arteria Carotis Externa arises from 
 the bifurcation of the common Carotid Artery. In 
 ascending, it makes a very slight inclination out- 
 wards and backwards : it is first seen passing up- 
 wards for a short distance, when it becomes con- 
 cealed behind the posterior belly of the Digastricus 
 and Stylo-hyoideus muscles, (passing between the 
 latter and the Stylo-glossus, as the last named mus- 
 cle is suspended upon the Ligamentum Stylo-glos- 
 sum), and being guarded by the angle of the lower 
 jaw: it is then continued upwards behind the as- 
 cending ramus of the lower jaw ; within a deep ca- 
 vity, formed in front, by the ascending ramus of 
 the lower jaw, and the posterior edge of the masse- 
 ter muscle ; behind, by the mastoid process of the 
 temporalbone, and the insertion of the Sterno-clei- 
 domastoideus muscle; the artery being deeply buried 
 within the substance of the Parotid Gland, the maj or 
 part of which, consequently, bounds it superficially; 
 more deep-seatedly than the Artery, there is the 
 deepest part of the Parotid Gland ; and the origins 
 
12 Locality and Distribution 
 
 of the Stylo-glossus and Stylo Pharyngeus muscles 
 (which are in some degree parted by the deeper lo- 
 bules of the Parotid Gland) ; while still within the 
 Gland, and just behind the upper part of the ramus of 
 the lower jaw, f he Artery bifurcates into its two final 
 branches, the superficial temporal, and the internal 
 maxillary. Crossing the superficial side of the bifur- 
 cation, within the Gland, is the Portio Dura, vel 
 Nervus Communicans Facei. This Artery, as it as- 
 cends, gradually divides into eight branches, — by 
 which it has a wide distribution, supplying the upper 
 part of the neck, the face, and the parts exter- 
 nally to the skull. Three of them arise from the 
 anterior side of the Artery ; viz. : — 
 
 1. Arteria Thyroidea Superior arises 
 from the anterior side of the External Carotid 
 Artery, at or immediately above its commence- 
 ment, or sometimes from the termination of the 
 common Carotid Artery. It bends downwards and 
 forwards, in a tortuous manner, behind the Omo- 
 hyoideus, Sterno-thyroideus, and Steruo-thyroideus 
 muscles, towards the lateral lobe of the Thyroid 
 Gland : in which it divides into two sets of branch- 
 es; one, descending in the lateral lobe, inoscu- 
 lates with the inferior Thyroidal Artery ; the other 
 passing through the Isthmus of the Gland, inoscu- 
 lates with the corresponding branches of the oppo- 
 site Artery. Just after its origin, and before it 
 passes behind the Omohyoideus, it gives off the 
 Arteria Laryngea Interna, the Internal Laryngeal 
 branch : a small branch that passes forwards with 
 
13 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 the superior Laryngeal Nerve from the Par 
 Vagum, behind the Thyreo-hyoideus muscle ; per- 
 forates the Ligamentum Thyreo-hyoideum, and is 
 dispersed by small ramifications, with its con- 
 comitant nerve, to the mucous membrane and 
 Cordas Yocales within the Larynx. 
 
 2. Arteria Lingualis is given off a little 
 higher than the last described. It first bends a 
 little downwards, then turns upwards and forwards 
 over the corner of the Os Hyoides, and becomes 
 first concealed behind the tendon of the posterior 
 belly of the Digastricus and Stylo-hyoideus ; then 
 behind the Hyo-glossus. Before it passes behind 
 the tendon of the Digastricus, it sends off the 
 small Hyoideal branch , which passes downwards 
 and forwards, and is distributed to the attachments 
 of the muscles covering the base of the Os 
 Hyoides. Behind the Hyo-glossus muscle it gives 
 off the Arteria Dorsalis Linguce ; rather a small 
 branch, but larger than the last ; it ascends behind 
 the Hyo-glossus muscle to be distributed to the 
 base of the Tongue ; and by the extremities of 
 some of its ramifications, that extending still 
 higher, and emerge from the base of the Tongue, 
 it supplies the lower part of the arches of the 
 Palate and the Amygdala, along with the Pala- 
 tinus Inferior. Arteria Sublingualis, given off 
 just before the Lingual artery emerges from behind 
 the Hyo-glossus muscle, and turns outwards and 
 forwards to supply the Hyo-glossus muscle and 
 Sublingual gland : the distribution of this is con- 
 
14 Locality and Distribution 
 
 cealed by the Mylo-hyoideus muscle. The Arteria 
 Danina is the continuation of the artery, and by 
 much the largest branch ; it turns upwards and 
 forwards in a tortuous manner, so as to emerge 
 from behind the Hyo-glossus muscle ; and is then 
 continued forwards, by the side of the insertion of 
 the Genio-hyo-glossus, being between the latter and 
 the Sublingual gland, with the Gustatory twig of 
 the inferior Maxillary nerve, and the Warthonian 
 duct ; is progressively expended during this course 
 in small ramifications, given upwards to the sub- 
 stance of the tongue, which it is immediately 
 beneath, and ends towards the tip of the tongue, a 
 little posteriorly to the Frenum Linguae. 
 
 3. Arteria Facialis, seu Maxillaris Ex- 
 terna, arises from the anterior side of the ex- 
 ternal Carotid, a little above the Lingual artery: 
 passing upwards and forwards, in a very tortuous 
 manner, it becomes almost immediately concealed 
 behind the tendon of the posterior belly of the 
 Digastricus, and insertion of the Stylo-byoideus 
 muscle : then sinks deeply in the hollow space 
 behind the base of the lower Jaw, being buried 
 in the under part of the Submaxillary gland ; for 
 it here passes through a cellular interstice, that par- 
 tially parts the gland into two lobules, a small deep 
 seated and a larger superficial one : its continuation 
 rising out of the hollow of the Submaxillary Gland 
 turns obliquely over the base of the lower Jaw, at 
 the anterior edge of the Masseter muscle ; and then 
 ascends obliquely across the face towards the angle 
 
15 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 of the mouth, being 1 concealed at the latter place be- 
 neath the blending of the depressor Anguli Oris and 
 the Zygomatic muscles ; the meanderings of the 
 artery becoming smaller proportionately to the dimi- 
 nution of its size, it next ascends in a more perpendi- 
 cular direction by the side of the Alse Nasi, and ends 
 at the space between the internal Canthus and the 
 root of the nose in an inosculation with the termina- 
 tion of the Ophthalmic : this inosculation is a com- 
 munication between the external and internal Caro- 
 tids. The Facial vein begins by its side at the internal 
 Canthus, descends straighter and more posteriorly 
 than the artery, and distantly from it over the side of 
 the face, and meets it again upon the base of the 
 lower J aw. 
 
 The branches of the artery are as follow : — the 
 Arteria Pallatina inferior is given off from the 
 Facial Artery, a considerable distance below the 
 base of the lower Jaw ; ascends by the inner side 
 of the Stylo-glossus muscle to be dispersed upon 
 the lower part of the Palate, with some ramifica- 
 tions of the Dorsalis Linguae. 
 
 Arteria Submentalis, a small artery which is 
 given off just before the artery reaches the base of 
 the lower Jaw ; passes forwards a little distance 
 below the base of the lower Jaw, between the Mylo- 
 hyoideus muscle and the Submaxillary gland, and is 
 distributed in a great degree to each ; its slender 
 continuation turns upwards over the base of the lower 
 Jaw, by the side of the anterior belly of the Digastric 
 muscle ; and inosculates on the surface of the chin 
 with the termination of the inferior Maxillary 
 
16 Locality and Distribution 
 
 artery and the Labialis inferior, behind the conti- 
 guous parts of the Depressor Anguli Oris and De- 
 pressor Labii Inferioris muscles. 
 
 The Arteria Labialis Inferior is given off 
 from the artery when it gets upon the side of the 
 lower Jaw; it passes forwards upon the surface of 
 the lower Jaw, behind the Depressor Anguli Oris ; 
 inosculates behind this muscle, and on the side of 
 the chin, with the termination of the inferior 
 Maxillary and Submental arteries ; and then rami- 
 fies along with them and the inferior 3Iaxillary 
 nerve, in the last-mentioned muscle and the De- 
 pressor Labii Inferioris. 
 
 The artery next bends forwards to the angle of 
 the mouth, and sends off the two Coronary arteries. 
 
 The Arteria Coronaria Labii Inferioris passes 
 forward, tortuously and superficially, in the red 
 edge of the upper lip, being only covered by the 
 thin integuments; and at the middle of the lip 
 unites with its fellow. Arteria Coronaria Labii 
 Superioris passes forwards in the same manner 
 within the edge of the upper lip ; and at the middle 
 joins the termination of its fellow. Thus these 
 four Coronary arteries, by their inosculations, form 
 a tortuous arterial circle around the mouth, called 
 Arteria Coronaria Labiorum. 
 
 Arteries Massetericce et Buecales, ramifica- 
 tions which bend backwards to the Masseter and 
 Buccinator muscles. 
 
 Arteriee Nasales Septi, a few small branches 
 which turn upwards, partly from the Facial and 
 
17 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 partly from the Superior Coronary, and pass along 
 the under edge of the Septum Nasi to the Apex 
 Nasi. Artcria Nasalis Lateralis, given off from 
 the Facial as it ascends by the Ala Nasi ; it passes 
 downwards and forwards in small diverging 
 branches upon the side of the nose, supplying the 
 Compressor Naris. Then the extremity of the 
 Facial Artery, called Arteria Angularis, com- 
 pletes its ascent by the Ala Nasi, and inosculates 
 with the Ophthalmic by the Internal Canthus of 
 the eye. From the union of the two arteries, a 
 small branch, called the Nasalis Anterior, de- 
 scends by the side of the bridge of the nose, 
 towards the tip, inosculating upon the Alae Nasi 
 during its descent with the Nasalis Lateralis, and 
 at the tip with the Nasale9 Septi. 
 
 One branch arises from the internal or deep- 
 seated side of the external Carotid ; viz. : — 
 
 4. The Arteria Pharyngea Ascendens 
 Halleri, or Pharyngea Inferior ; a slender 
 branch which begins from the commencement of 
 the External Carotid, and not unfrequently from 
 the bifurcation of the common Carotid, but some- 
 times from the Occipital ; it passes upwards be- 
 hind the External Carotid (and may be seen by 
 separating the two Carotids), anteriorly to the 
 Rectus Capitis Anticus Major, and laterally to the 
 constrictors of the Pharynx, in a slender and 
 undivided form for some distance ; and then rami- 
 fies at once upon the Constrictor muscles, and 
 inosculates with the Superior Pharyngeal branch 
 
18 Locality and Distribution 
 
 which also supplies them ; its slender extremity 
 enters the Foramen Lacerum Anticum, and be- 
 comes completely spent in the Dura Mater imme- 
 diately around that Foramen. 
 
 Two arise from the posterior side of the Ex- 
 ternal Carotid ; viz. : — 
 
 5. The Arteria Occipitalis. — This usually 
 arises nearly opposite to the External Maxillary, 
 sometimes considerably higher : it passes upwards 
 and backwards obliquely across the Internal Ca- 
 rotid Artery and the Internal Jugular vein, on a 
 line with the under side of the posterior belly of 
 the Digastricus and Stylo-hyoideus muscles : it 
 afterwards passes in a superficial sulcus upon the 
 temporal bone, behind the Mastoid process, and 
 between that and the transverse process of the 
 Atlas ; being covered and concealed by the inser- 
 tion of the Sterno-cleido mastoideus : it then 
 ascends over the Occiput, and winds round the 
 insertion of the Complexus muscle, continuing to 
 be concealed by the insertion of the Splenius Ca- 
 pitis and Trachelo-mastoideus muscles ; i. e. it is si- 
 tuated superficially to the Complexus, but beneath 
 the Splenius and Trachelo-mastoideus ; sometimes 
 it passes between the Splenius Capitis and Tra- 
 chelo-mastoideus : then emerging from beneath 
 
 the Splenius Capitis, and meeting with the Occi- 
 pital branch of the first Cervical nerve (which 
 runs up through the Complexus), it becomes 
 superficial with it by the outer edge of the 
 Trapezius muscle, an inch and a half from the 
 
19 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 tubercle of the Occipital bone ; subsequently as- 
 cends subcutaneously and very tortuously with the 
 continuation of the nerve, towards the vertex of 
 the head, and unites with the Posterior Auricular 
 Artery and the posterior division of the Super- 
 ficial Temporal. 
 
 6. Arteria Auricuearis Posterior arises 
 from the External Carotid, a little higher up than 
 the Occipital artery ; sometimes from the Occipital, 
 being considerably smaller than that. It proceeds 
 likewise, obliquely upwards and backwards, but 
 ranges on a line with the superior edge of the 
 posterior belly of the Digastric muscle, or a little 
 above it, or frequently behind the union of it with 
 the under side of the Parotid Gland ; it then 
 ascends behind the concha of the Ear, covered by 
 the integuments that connect the back of the Concha 
 to the side of the head ; and continuing its ascent 
 a little higher upon the side of the head, ultimately 
 inosculates with the posterior division of the Super- 
 ficial Temporal and the Occipital arteries. It gives 
 off the Arteria Stylo-mastoidea,, which proceeds 
 upward through the Foramen Stylo-mastoideum, 
 penetrates the petrous portion of the temporal bone, 
 and supplies the muscles and Periosteum within the 
 Cavitas Tympani. The Arteria Auricularis An- 
 terior, which is sent off from the posterior Auricu- 
 lar Artery, passes forwards to supply the lobe 
 Meatus Auditorius Externus, Tragus, and the 
 anterior side of the Concha. 
 
 The External Carotid bifurcates behind the up- 
 per part of the Ramus of the lower Jaw, and in 
 
20 Locality and Distribution 
 
 the upper part of the Parotid Gland, into the two 
 final branches which follow : 
 
 7. The ArteriaTemporalis Superficialis, 
 which ascends nearly in a straight line with the 
 External Carotid, and would seem to be a continu- 
 ation of it : emerging from the upper part of the 
 Parotid Gland, it becomes subcutaneous and turns 
 tortuously over the Zygoma half an inch anteriorly 
 to the Tragus; then ascends over the Temporal 
 Fascia upon the side of the Head ; and an inch, or 
 generally within two inches, above the Tragus, 
 bifurcates into an Anterior and a Posterior branch. 
 The Anterior or Frontal branch passes obliquely 
 upwards and forwards, upon the Temple, some 
 little distance above the Superciliary Ridge, to- 
 wards the forehead, and inosculates there with the 
 Frontal branch of the Ophthalmic Artery ; the two 
 unitedly supplying the Frontal belly of the Occipi- 
 to-Frontalis muscle. This inosculation is another 
 communication between the Ophthalmic branch of 
 the Internal Carotid and the branches of the Ex- 
 ternal Carotid. The Posterior, Parietal, or Oc- 
 cipital branch, passes upwards and backwards over 
 the Temporal Fascia, corresponding with the Pa- 
 rietal Bone ; and towards the vertex of the Head 
 it inosculates with the Occipital and the Posterior 
 Aural Arteries. 
 
 The Temporal Artery also gives off the follow- 
 ing : The Arteria Transversalis Faciei is a small 
 tortuous artery which usually arises from the be- 
 ginning of the Superficial Temporal ; but some- 
 
21 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 times from the termination of the External Carotid, 
 making that a trifurcation; proceeding forwards, 
 it emerges from the anterior side of the Parotid 
 Gland, then continues its course transversely across 
 the Masseter muscle concomitantly with the 
 Transverse Branch of the Pes Anserinus, and 
 about a quarter of an inch above the Stenonian 
 Duct ; and is lost among the muscles corresponding 
 to the upper lip, partly supplying them ; and 
 inosculates behind the Levator Labii Superioris 
 Proprius with the Infra Orbitar branch from the 
 Internal Maxillary artery ; and by more promis- 
 cuous ramifications, more superficially, with the 
 Facial artery. The Arteries Temporales Pro- 
 fund iores are two small arteries which arise just 
 before the artery turns over the Zygoma, and pass 
 upwards behind the Zygoma into the Temporal 
 muscle ; or else turn upwards with the artery over 
 the Zygoma and perforate the Temporal fascia, to 
 be continued into the muscle. 
 
 The final branches from the bifurcation, the 
 Frontal and the Parietal, are already described. 
 
 8. TheARTERiA Maxillaris Interna arises 
 from the bifurcation of the External Carotid, and 
 turns inwards behind the upper part of the ascend- 
 ing ramus of the lower Jaw; then slips upwards 
 and forwards, lying between the inner side of the 
 Cervix and the insertion of the External Pterygoid 
 muscle ; it then winds upwards round the upper 
 side of the External Pterygoid muscle, and dips 
 down between the Pterygoideus Externus et Inter- 
 
22 Locality and Distribution 
 
 nus ; and afterwards, continuing' a tortuous course, 
 passes upwards and forwards between the two 
 Pterygoid muscles towards the posterior part of 
 the bottom of the Orbit, — against the posterior 
 part of the Tuberous Process, below the posterior 
 part of the Spheno maxillary Fissure, and externally 
 to the Foramen Spheno-palatinum it divides widely 
 into its last and largest branches. 
 
 [The larger and more important branches of this 
 artery are marked in capitals ; the lesser ones in 
 Italics.] 
 
 During its course it gives off the following: — 
 1. The Arteria Meningea Media, or the 
 Arteria Spinosa Dura: Matris. — Thisisthe 
 largest of the Meningeal arteries. It is the first 
 branch that arises from the upper side of the artery ; 
 and as it is between the Ptex-ygoid muscles. It 
 ascends from between the two Pterygoid muscles 
 through the Foramen Spinosum of the Sphenoid 
 bone and enters the Dura Mater ; it then ascends 
 in the structure of the Dura Mater, over the inter- 
 nal surface of the Squamous portion of the Temporal 
 bone, where it divides into two branches : the 
 Anterior and largest branch passes upwards through 
 the Canalis Spinosus in the Sphenoidal Angle of 
 the Parietal bone, then enters the Dura 3Iater again, 
 and is distributed through it in ramifications be- 
 neath the anterior part of the Parietal bone ; 
 marking that part of the inner surface of the bone 
 with a set of corresponding arborescent Sulci : 
 the lesser posterior branch passes upwards and 
 
23 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 backwards posteriorly to .the former, and is dis- 
 tributed through the Dura Mater beneath the 
 posterior part of the inner surface of the bone ; 
 which it marks with a corresponding and lesser 
 series of Sulci. 
 
 2. The Arteria Meningea Parra passes up- 
 wards from between the Pterygoid muscles 
 through the Foramen Ovale, and is spent in 
 the Dura Mater contiguous to the Foramen. 
 
 3. Arteria Maxillaris Inferior, vel De- 
 talis, is the first that arises from the under side 
 of the Internal Maxillary Artery, about an inch 
 distant from its origin. It first passes downwards 
 between thp Pterygoideus Externus et Internus mus- 
 cles ; and having passed the Pterygoideus Externus 
 it is left between the Pterygoideus Internus and the 
 ascending ramus of the lower Jaw, and here slips be- 
 tween the ascending ramus of the Jaw and the Liga- 
 mentum Laterale Internum, which latter wards off the 
 pressure of the Pterygoideus Internus muscle from 
 the artery and its concomitant nerve, during the ele- 
 vation of the Jaw : it then passes through the Fora- 
 men Maxillare Posticum ; and is continued forwards 
 through the side of the Jaw in the Canalis Mentalis, is 
 situated (as it is within the canal) amidst the Cancelli 
 of the bone, between its two tables, inferiorly to the 
 Alveolar Sockets, and superiorly to the base of the 
 lower Jaw : it then emerges from the Foramen Max- 
 illare Anti cum behind the Depressor Anguli Oris ; 
 inosculating behind this muscle, and in the sub- 
 stance of the Depressor Labii Inferioris upon the fore 
 
24 Locality and Distribution 
 
 part of the chin, with the Labialis Inferior and Sub- 
 mental Arteries. This gives off, as it passes forwards 
 through the Mental Canal, small Dental Arteries, 
 which proceeding upwards perforate the upper side 
 of the Canal, enter the Alveolar Sockets, ascend 
 through the canals in the fangs of the Teeth, and 
 expand into minute ramifications, which are sus- 
 pended within the nervous pulp in the body of each 
 tooth, and which are supposed to pervade the 
 osseous substance of the tooth, or else to supply 
 the vitality of that by some other means than a 
 common arrangement of vessels or circulation of 
 blood, and which is unknown. Just before it 
 emerges from the Anterior Mental Foramen, it 
 gives forwards a little branch through a small 
 continuation of Canal to supply the Incisor Teeth 
 called Arteria Incisiva. 
 
 4. The Arteria Pharyngea Superior, vel De- 
 scendens, is given off as the artery passes by the 
 superior part of the Pharynx, and is distributed 
 to the upper part of the Pharynx, inosculating 
 with the Arteria Pharyngea ascendens Halleri : 
 these two arteries, and their corresponding ones of 
 the opposite side, supply the Pharynx. 
 
 5. and 6. The Arteria Temporales Profun- 
 dissima are two small branches which pass outwards 
 to the deeper parts of the Temporal muscle. 
 
 7. The Arteria Alveolaris passes off from the 
 artery near the Spheno-Maxillary Fissure, winds 
 obliquely downwards and forwards round the 
 back part of the Tuberous Process of the Su- 
 
25 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 perior Maxillary bone, and then, stretching for- 
 wards along the outer side of the Alveolar Process, 
 gives inwards ramifications through the Alveolar 
 Process, which partially supply the posterior molar 
 teeth, and chiefly becomes spent in the outer side 
 of the Gum. 
 
 8. The Arteria Lachry malts, a small artery 
 proceeding upwards and forwards, through the 
 Spheno-Maxillary Fissure, to the Lachrymal Gland, 
 and the contiguous parts. The Lachrymal Gland 
 is chiefly supplied by this and the Lachrymal 
 branch from the ophthalmic artery. 
 
 The following are the three larger ones passing off 
 from the termination of the Internal Maxillary Ar- 
 tery in the Spheno-pallatine Fissure, behind the 
 Orbit : — 
 
 9. The Arteria Pterygo Palatina, or Pal- 
 latina Superior, descends through the Canalis 
 Pterygo-palatinus, emerges upon the palate from 
 the Foramen Pallatinum Posticum, or Pterygo- 
 pallatinum ; then passes forwards upon the Palatine 
 Process of the Superior Maxillary bone, by the 
 internal side of the Alveolar Process, being covered 
 by the mucous membrane of the Palate, — to be 
 distributed to the posterior Molar Teeth by branches 
 which pass through the Alveolar Process, to the 
 upper part of the arches of the Palate, and to the 
 internal side of the gum. An extreme branch lurns 
 up through the Foramen Incisivum, or Palatinum 
 Anticum, and inosculates in the process of mucous 
 membrane filling that up, with the next artery. 
 
 c 
 
26 Locality and Distribution 
 
 The Palate is supplied by the artery last described ; 
 the Arteria Pallatina Inferior, from the External 
 Maxillary ; and the Dorsalis Linguae from the 
 Lingual Artery. 
 
 10. The Arteria Spheno-Palatina, or 
 Nasalis Lateralis, arises from the grand ter- 
 mination of the Internal Maxillary Artery ; passes 
 horizontally inwards through the Foramen Spheno- 
 palatinuin, and immediately divides into branches 
 which are spread widely over the side of the nose ; 
 supplying the mucous membrane lining the side 
 of the nose, the superior and inferior Turbinated 
 Bones, the Antrum Highmorianum, and, by the 
 extension of some of its most extending branches, 
 the membrane lining the Ethmoidal Cells and the 
 Frontal Sinuses. One branch is continued down- 
 wards and forwards through the inferior Turbi- 
 nated Bone, then passes along the floor of the nose 
 by the lower part of the Septum, supplying the 
 Schneiderian membrane in its course, and termi- 
 nates in the Foramen Incisivum by inosculating 
 (within the membranous process in that Foramen, 
 which unites the membranes of the mouth and nose) 
 with the Pterygo-palatine. All these branches of 
 the Pterygo-palatine and Spheuo-palatine are 
 situated beneath the Schneiderian membrane, but 
 are gradually remitted, in minute ramifications, to 
 the substance of the Schneiderian membrane. 
 
 11. The Arteria Infra Orbitalis arises 
 from the termination of the artery in the Spheno- 
 palatine Fissure, and passes forwards nearly on a 
 
27 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 line with the artery through the Foramen Lacerum 
 Orbitale Inferius and Infra Orhitale Canal, emerges 
 from the Foramen Infra Orbitale between the ori- 
 gins of the Levator Labii Superioris Proprius and 
 the Levater Anguli Oris ; and then descending in 
 branches between these two muscles, it inoscu- 
 lates with the Arteria Transversalis Faciei, and the 
 external maxillary artery, being dispersed to the 
 substance of these last named muscles, and the 
 others, which correspond to the upper lip. 
 
28 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 ARTERIA CAROTICE INTERNA, SEU CEREBRALIS. 
 
 The Internal Carotid Artery arises from 
 the bifurcation of the common Carotid Artery, 
 between the External Carotid Artery and the 
 Internal Jugular Vein. It ascends for a short 
 distance between them, and, like them and the 
 termination of the common Carotid Artery, is seen 
 in the anterior region of the neck, before the an- 
 terior edge of the Sterno-cleido-mastoideus muscle ; 
 covered only, like them, by the integuments 
 of the neck : but, because it is here more or less 
 dilated in size, it is called the Sinus Cerebralis, 
 and its surface is generally bulged forwards rather 
 nearer the integuments than the External Carotid ; 
 on account of which it may be said to be of the 
 two the most superficial. It then arches back- 
 ward, and comes against the Rectus Capitis An- 
 ticus Major;* so as to ascend upon its belly, 
 behind the posterior belly of the Digastricus, 
 Styloid muscles, ascending ramus of the Lower 
 Jaw, and Parotid Gland — laterally to the Pharynx 
 
 * The dilitation of its commencement, and this arch, are by 
 no means constant: — sometimes it insensibly inclines bach- 
 wards. 
 
of the Arteries. 
 
 29 
 
 — till it comes against the under surface of the base 
 of the Cranium ; it then makes a slight turn for- 
 wards under the base of the Cranium to enter the 
 Canalis Caroticus ; and afterwards passes upwards 
 and forwards through the Canalis Caroticus ; then 
 winds forwards, over the Foramen Lacerum Anti- 
 cum, into the Cranium, being supported upon the 
 slender lamina of cartilage that fills up the 
 Foramen; it is then continued upwards upon the 
 Sulcus Cerebralis of the Splenoid bone by the 
 side of the Sella Turcica, where it is covered 
 over by the Sphenoidal fold of the Dura Ma- 
 ter, and embraced by the plexus of Veins form- 
 ing the Cavernous Sinus — the Nervous Abdu- 
 cens, and the filaments reflected backwards from 
 it, into the Canalis Caroticus, being supported 
 upon its outer side ; lastly, it winds upwards, and 
 perforates the Dura Mater by the Internal side of 
 the Anterior Ephippial process, so as to enter the 
 serous cavity of the Cranium ; and suddenly 
 spreads into its Cerebral branches, which pass for 
 a certain distance beneath, and then up between the 
 lobes of the Brain — are only at first slightly con- 
 nected to the surface of the Brain, by small casual 
 ramifications, and are afterwards gradually con- 
 tinued into the structure of the Pia Mater, through 
 which their subdivisions spread. 
 
 In the Cavernous Sinus, the Internal Carotid 
 Artery gives off the Arteria Receptaculi 
 Anterior et Posterior, two small branches 
 which supply the anterior and posterior parts of 
 c 3 
 
30 Locality and Distribution 
 
 the Cavernous Sinus, and the Sphenoidal fold of 
 the Dura Mater. The termination then divides 
 into the Arteria Ophthalmica, Arleria Anterior 
 Cerebri, Arteria Media Cerebri, and Arteria 
 Communicans. 
 
 The Arteria Ophthalmica, or Arteria Op- 
 tica, arises from the anterior side of the termina- 
 tion of the artery, and passes forwards, so as to 
 take its exit from the cavity of the Cranium almost 
 immediately, through the Foramen Opticum exter- 
 nally and inferiorly to the Optic Nerve; it is then 
 continued forwards and outwards to the outer side 
 of the Orbit ; then passes inwards, in a tortuous 
 manner, across the cavity of the Orbit, superiorly 
 to the Optic nerve, so that it surrounds in a certain 
 degree the nerve ; then emerges from behind 
 the Internal Canthus of the eye, and, at the space 
 between the Internal Canthus and the root of the 
 nose, inosculates tortuously with the termination of 
 the External Maxillary Artery. 
 
 Branches given off from the Ophthalmic, where 
 it is by the Temporal side of the Optic nerve, are 
 those that follow : — 
 
 The Arteria Lachnjmalis arises from the 
 Ophthalmic as it is entering the Orbit ; and passes 
 outwards and forwards to the Lachrymal Gland, 
 adjacent Periosteum, and other parts. 
 
 As soon as the artery passes through the Fora- 
 men Opticum, it gives off the Arteria Centralis 
 Retince : this is very small. It perforates the 
 Optic nerve, and is continued forwards through 
 its entre — when a transverse section of the nerve 
 
31 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 was formerly made a little behind the ball to illus- 
 trate its position; the orifice, forming a small pore, 
 was termed the Porus Opticus : it is still continued 
 forwards, in the fasciculated substance of the 
 Optic nerve, through the Crebriform part of 
 the Tunica Sclerotica and Tunica Coroides ; and 
 then, at the Medullary Tubercle of the Retina, 
 abruptly scatters into a number of minute rami- 
 fications, which are dispersed through the Tunica 
 Vasculosse Retinae, and nourish the Retina. A 
 branch in the foetus passes through the centre, 
 or the axis of Vitreous Humour, and meets the 
 posterior part of the axis of the Crystalline 
 Lens; on which it divides into branches, which 
 radiate, through the Tunica Crystallina, over the 
 posterior convex surface of the Lens, and then pass 
 round the circumference of the Lens to the an- 
 terior convex surface in the continuation of the 
 Tunica Crystallina ; whence they are continued 
 forwards to the Membrana Pupillaris, in a mem- 
 branous suspension, which is supposed by some to 
 be the Tunica Vasculosse Retinae, continued for- 
 wards from the front of the Tunica Crystallina to 
 the Membrana Pupillaris. The Membrana Pupil- 
 laris is supplied from two sources, viz., by the 
 Centralis Retinae, and also by extensions of some 
 of the Ciliary Arteries from the Iris. 
 
 Branches given off from the Ophthalmic supe- 
 riorly to the Optic nerve : 
 
 The Arterice Ciliares consisting of the Arterise 
 Ciliares Posteriores, Longiores, et Anteriores. 
 
32 Locality and Distribution 
 
 The Arteries Ciliares Posteriores or Brevi- 
 ores, are a few small arteries which arise from 
 the Ophthalmic, and perforate the Sclerotic 
 Coat by the sides of the Optic nerve, and pass 
 into the Coroid Coat. The Arteries Ciliares 
 Longiores are usually two in number, and the 
 largest of the Ciliary Arteries. Each passes for- 
 wards by its respective side of the ball of the eye — 
 they perforate the Tunica Sclerotica exactly oppo- 
 site to the axis of the ball, and mid-way between 
 the entrance of the Optic Nerve and insertion of 
 the Recti Muscles, and pass into the Coroid Coat. 
 The Arteries Ciliares Anteriores are smaller, but 
 usually more numerous, branches than the pos- 
 terior, which arise more promiscuously, partly 
 from the Ophthalmic, and partly from the muscular 
 branches scattered in the Orbit ; perforate the 
 Tunica Sclerotica, at the insertions of the Recti 
 muscles, and just beneath the reflection of the 
 Tunica Conjunctiva, and so enter the Coroi 
 Coat. All these Ciliary Arteries pass forwards, in 
 one series, through the superficial surface of the 
 Coroid Coat ; connected together by Cellular Mem- 
 brane, so as to form the smooth superficial surface 
 of the Coat in a great degree; while they are parti- 
 ally expended, in a very gradual manner, by minute 
 ramifications which are continually inflected from 
 them, so as to form the internal bilious surface 
 of the Coat, called the Tunica Ruyschiana, which 
 secretes the Pigmentum Nigrum. The Arteries 
 beneath the Ligamentum Ciliare, and at the root 
 
33 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 of the Iris, divide into branches which, bending 
 aside, inosculate laterally, and, so as to constitute 
 the Circulus Arteriosus Iridis, an Arterial circle 
 in the root of the Iris. From this, smaller con- 
 tinuations of the Ciliary Arteries pass inwards and 
 forwards through the substance of the Iris, and 
 gradually converging, meet and inosculate, so as to 
 form a minor arterious circle at a little distance 
 from the edge of the pupil : this may be called 
 Circulus Arteriosus Iridis Secundus, vel Minor; 
 — from whence still more minute continuations of 
 the Ciliary Arteries pass inwards exactly to the 
 pupillary margin of the Iris. 
 
 The Arteria Frontalis , or Supra Orbitalis , 
 arises from the Ophthalmic artery also, above the 
 Optic nerve, and is frequently the largest branch : 
 it passes forwards through the upper part of the 
 Orbit, beneath the Orbitar process and the Perios- 
 teum, and between the latter and the Levator 
 Palpebrse Superioris, along with its concomitant 
 nerve : it then passes through the Foramen Supra 
 Orbitarium, and ascends upon the forehead, in the 
 Frontal belly of the Occipito-frontalis muscle ; 
 is distributed to it, and inosculates with the Ante- 
 rior division of the Temporal artery and the An- 
 gular branch of the External Maxillary from the 
 external Carotid. 
 
 The Arteria Muscularis Superior et Inferior, 
 arise from the trunk of the Ophthalmic, and are 
 distributed to the muscles in the superior and in- 
 ferior parts of the Orbit. 
 
 c 4 
 
34 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Branches given off from the Ophthalmic at the 
 Nasal side of the Orbit : — 
 
 The Arteria Ethmoidalis Anterior passesthrough 
 the Foramen Orbitarium Internum Anticum, with 
 the Nasal twig of the Ophthalmic nerve ; emerges 
 from the inner edge of the Orbitar process of the 
 Frontal bone at its cranial aspect; then passes 
 along with the nerve, in a superficial sulcus across 
 the anterior part of the Cribriform Plate of the 
 Ethmoid bone ; then descending into the Nose, 
 through one of the largest and most anterior of 
 the Cribriform Foramina, is distributed to the 
 Schneiderian Membrane upon the Anterior Ethmoi- 
 dal cells, and upon the upper part of the Septum 
 Nasi as low as the tip of the nose. 
 
 The Anterior Ethmoidalis Posterior is a smaller 
 artery, which passes solitarily through the Fora- 
 men Orbitarium Internum Posticum, to be distri- 
 buted to the Mucous Membrane lining the posterior 
 Ethmoidal cells. 
 
 The termination of the Ophthalmic Artery is call- 
 ed the Arteria Angularis or Oplithalmica, which 
 emerges from the Internal Canthus, and unites with 
 the termination of the Facial at the space between 
 the Internal Canthus and the root of the nose. 
 
 2. The Arteria Cerebralis Anterior, seu 
 Corporis Callosi, arises from the anterior side 
 of the termination of the Internal Carotid artery ; 
 it passes for a short distance, forwards and inwards, 
 so as to converge towards the opposite artery — with 
 which it becomes united by a short tranverse 
 
35 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 branch of a variable calibre, just anteriorly to the 
 Processus Olivaris and Tractus Nervorum Opti- 
 corum. They then ascend together in the inter- 
 stice between the Anterior Lobes of the Cerebrum, 
 turning round the anterior extremity of the Corpus 
 Callosum ; and are afterwards reflected backwards 
 along the Labii Cerebri, upon which they are 
 distributed in branches supplying them and the 
 adjoining parts of the hemispheres. They are 
 situated in their distribution superiorly to the 
 Corpus Callosum ; along with the Inferior Longi- 
 tudinal sinus, which is situated between them, in 
 the edge of the Falx Major. 
 
 The Arteria Media Cerebri, seu Foss.e 
 Sylvian is the largest of the branches distri- 
 buted to the Brain, with the exception of the 
 posterior Cerebral. It arises from the outer side 
 of the termination of the Internal Carotid ; and 
 passes upwards and outwards, in the Interstice 
 between the anterior and middle lobes of the 
 Brain, opposite to the Aim Minoris Ingrasii of 
 the Sphenoid bone, called the Fissura Magna 
 Sylvii ; it supplies, like its fellow, in its ascent, 
 the contiguous parts of the two Lobes ; and then 
 the unexpended continuation of the artery is ex- 
 panded widely into branches upon the upper sur- 
 face of the hemisphere ; these are the large 
 branches which are seen (if the arteries of the 
 Brain are injected) upon the upper surface of the 
 Brain, when the Dura Mater is first removed. 
 
 The Arteria Communicans. — This is a 
 
36 Locality and Distribution 
 
 slender tortuous branch, which arises from the 
 posterior side of the Internal Carotid Artery ; and 
 passes backwards, in a reflected course upon the 
 Sphenoidal fold of the Dura Mater, laterally to 
 the Sella Turcica and Infundibulum ; and unites 
 with the commencement of the Posterior Cerebral 
 artery. 
 
of the Arteries. 
 
 87 
 
 ARTERIjE SUBCLAVIA2. 
 
 The Right Subclavian Artery arises 
 from the bifurcation of the Arteria Innominata, 
 behind the cartilage of the right first rib, in the 
 boundary line between the upper part of the thorax 
 and the neck : it first turns nearly transversely 
 outwards across the upper surface of the first rib, 
 between the insertions of the Scalenus Anticus 
 and Medius Muscles, and distantly behind the 
 Clavicle; it then turns downwards beneath the 
 Clavicle and Subclavius muscle ; and as it passes 
 beneath the edge of the Subclavius muscle, it en- 
 ters the region of the Axille, and becomes the 
 Axillary Artery. 
 
 The Left Subclavian Artery arises from 
 the upper and posterior part of the Arch of the 
 Aorta, near the third Dorsal Vertebra. It passes 
 upwards and outwards inclining towards the left 
 side, behind the left side of the first bone of the 
 Sternum ; till it gets into the boundary between 
 the neck and Thorax, and gains the level of the 
 left first rib. It then pursues a similar course, 
 through the left side of the neck, to the left Axilla, 
 to that which the right Subclavian does through 
 the right side of the neck to the right Axilla. Ob- 
 serve, that the left Subclavian Artery is longer 
 than the right; that, as it ascends from the 
 
88 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Thorax and inclines towards the left side, it 
 corresponds very nearly with the position of the 
 Arteria Innominata ascending from the Thorax 
 towards the right side ; and that the course of the 
 left Subclavian may be divided into three stages: 
 viz., 1st. Its ascent from the Thorax, within the 
 circle of the first rib ; 2dly. Its progress across the 
 upper surface of the rib, between the Scaleni ; 
 3dly. Its descent beneath the Clavicle and Subclavius 
 muscle : only the two latter stages, however, can 
 apply to the course of the right. 
 
 Boundaries. The Subclavian Artery, while it 
 is opposed to the cavity of the Thorax, and before 
 it gets upon the upper surface of the first rib, is 
 bounded in front by some of the filaments that form 
 the continuation of the Sympatheticus Maximus 
 in its passing from the neck into the Thorax, by 
 the Par Vagum, and the Phrenic Nerve ; by the 
 lower part of the Internal Jugular Vein, which is 
 situated before the last named nerves, and conceals 
 them ; by the origins of the Stemo-hyoideus and 
 Sterno-tliyroideus muscles, which are situated 
 anteriorly to the vein, and conceal it at this part ; 
 still further outwards, when upon the surface of 
 the first rib, by the Scalenus Auticus ; and again 
 more generally and superficially by the Subclavian 
 vein, Supra Scapulary Artery, and Sterno-Cleido- 
 Mastoideus, Clavicle and Platysma-Myoides. Pos- 
 teriorly it is bounded by a part of the Sympathetic, 
 the Salenus Medius, some of the lowest Cervical and 
 the first Dorsal nerves. Infer iorly , — the beginning 
 
39 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 of the Artery (whilst opposed to the cavity of the 
 Thorax, and bounded before by the Sympatheticus 
 Maximus, Par Vaguin, Phrenic nerve. Internal 
 Jugular Vein, and Origins of the Sterno-hyoideus 
 et Thyroideus muscles) is bounded by the Cul de 
 Sac of the Plura, which lines its under side : this 
 more particularly applies to the left Subclavian, 
 the origin of which is in the cavity of the Thorax, 
 and consequently much lower than that of the 
 right; and as it ascends towards the left first rib 
 the Pleura even rises a little in front of it : passing 
 this, it is bounded below by the first rib. 
 
 Concomitant Organs. The Subclavian Vein 
 is situated about half an inch more anteriorly than 
 the Artery ; the thickness of the insertion of the 
 Scalenus Anticus muscle, being between them ; and 
 the vein is in close connection with the posterior 
 side of the Clavicle by condensed Cellular Mem- 
 brane. The Cervical Plexus of nerves are situated 
 superiorly and posteriorly to the Artery as it is 
 passing outwards, from between the Scalenus 
 muscles and across the first rib ; but they get ex- 
 ternally and posteriorly, as it is diving beneath the 
 Clavicle into the Axilla. 
 
 The Subclavian Artery, thus situated in the 
 lowest part of the neck, gives off six branches : 
 four arise from its upper side and supply a great 
 share of the neck, partly the head, and partly the 
 shoulders ; and two from its under side, which partly 
 supply the anterior parietes of the chest. 
 
 Two branches arise from the upper side of the 
 
40 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Subclavian Artery, before it passes behind the in- 
 ternal edge of the Scalenus Anticus muscle, and 
 as it is in the upper aperture of the Thorax, viz., 
 the Arteria Vertebralis and the Arteria Thyroidea 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. The Arteria Vertebralis, arising from 
 the upper side of the right Subclavian Artery just 
 after its origin, or from the left as soon as it gets 
 on a level with the left first rib. At first it passes 
 upwards for a short distance between the lower part 
 of the Common Carotid Artery and the internal 
 edge of the Scalenus Anticus muscle (or, in fact, 
 the origin of the Inferior Thyroid Artery, which is 
 closely against the internal edge of the Scalenus 
 Anticus) ; being in lateral juxta-position to the 
 Par Vagum and the Inferior Cervical Ganglion of 
 the Sympatheticus Maximus ; and behind, like these, 
 the lower part of the Internal Jugular vein, — and 
 covered still more anteriorly, like these, and the 
 beginning of the Subclavian Artery, from which it 
 arises, by the beginnings of the Sterno-hyoideus, 
 Sterno-thyroideus, and also the Sterno-cleido- 
 Mastoideus muscles : it usually bends backwards, 
 into the Foramen Cervicale in the Transverse Pro- 
 cess of the sixth Cervical Vertebra, between the 
 Scalenus Anticus and Longus Colli muscles (some- 
 times it ascends to enter the fifth, fourth, or even 
 third Cervical Vertebra, and then being uncovered 
 by the Transverse processes during this ascent, 
 it appears almost like another Carotid) : it next 
 ascends through the Foramina Cervicalia in the 
 
41 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 six superior Cervical Vertebrae ; and in passing 
 from the Transverse Process of the Vertebra 
 Dentata to the Transverse Process of the Atlas, it 
 makes its first turn upwards and outwards (because 
 the Transverse Process of the Atlas is much longer 
 than the Transverse Process of the Vertebra 
 Dentata) ; and as it passes between the Transverse 
 Process of the Atlas and the Foramen Magnum 
 Occipitale, it makes its second turn by winding 
 horizontally inwards in an Osseous Sulcus, round 
 the posterior side of the Superior Oblique Process 
 of the Atlas ; it then turns upwards through the 
 Foramen Magnum Occipitale, and perforates the 
 Dura Mater, at the beginning of the Theca Ver- 
 tebrarum; then inclines obliquely forwards and in- 
 wards upon the Basilary Process of the Occipital 
 bone, and beneath the side of the Medulla Ob- 
 longata, and so gradually converges towards the op- 
 posite Artery, with which it unites beneath the 
 posterior edge of the Pons Verolii to form the 
 Basilary Artery. 
 
42 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 BASILARY ARTERY. 
 
 TheBASiLARY Artery passes forwards upon the 
 continued surface of the united Basilary Processes 
 of the Occipital and Sphenoid bones, beneath the 
 Pons Verolii; and beneath the Anterior edge of 
 the Pons Verolii, and in correspondence with the 
 Posterior Ephippial Processes, it bifurcates into 
 the Posterior Cerebral Arteries. 
 
 Branches from the Vertebral Arteries. 
 
 The Vertebral Arteries, as they ascend through 
 the Foramina Cervicalia, give outwards small 
 ramifications that pass through the Foramina 
 Intervertebralia, and communicate with the pro- 
 miscuous arteries in those muscles of the neck 
 which are situated on the Spine. They also send 
 inwards small ramifications into the Specus to the 
 Spinal Marrow, that inosculate with the proper 
 Spinal Arteries. 
 
 Just before they pass through the Foramen 
 Magnum, they give off the Arterice Meningece 
 Posteriores. A small branch arising from each 
 Vertebral; — they ascend through the Foramen 
 Magnum, and are distributed to the posterior and 
 nferior part of the Dura Mater, contiguous to the 
 Falx Minor. 
 
 Just after they have passed through the Foramen 
 
4 - 2 * 
 
 DIAGRAM I. 
 
 A Plan of the distribution of the Arte- 
 ries of the Brain and Spinal Mar- 
 row. 
 
 *** The names of the Principal Branches are in 
 Roman Capitals, and those of the secondary 
 ones in Italics. 
 
 A. A. The two Internal Carotids (as 
 they are by the side of the Sella Turcica). 
 
 a. a. The commencement of the Ophthalmic 
 Arteries. 
 
 b. b. The Anterior Cerebral , sen Corporis 
 Col/osi. 
 
 b-. The Transverse Branch. 
 
 c. c. The Arteria Fossa Sylviance, or middle 
 Cerebral Arteries. 
 
 d. d. The two reflected communicating branches 
 from the two Carotids. 
 
 B. B. The Vertebral Arteries. 
 
 e. e. e. e. Promiscuous Branches to the mus- 
 cles of the neck. 
 
 f. f. f. f. Promiscuous Branches to the Spinal 
 Marrow. 
 
 g. g. The Posterior Spinal Arteries. 
 
 h. h. The Posterior Meningeal . 
 
43 * 
 
 i. i. The Posterior Arteries of the Ce re- 
 helium. 
 
 k. k. The two Anterior Spinal Arteries, 
 uniting- into one. 
 
 C. The Basilary Artery. 
 
 /. 1. Branches to the Pons Vero/ii. 
 
 m. m. The two Internal Auditory Arteries. 
 
 n. n. The two Anterior Arteries of the Cere- 
 bellum. 
 
 o. o. The two Posterior Arteries of the Cere- 
 brum. 
 
 E. The Circulus Arteriosus Willesu. 
 
Diag . 1 . 
 
43 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 Magnum, into the cavity of the Cranium, and 
 perforated the Dura Mater, they give downwards 
 the Arteries Spinales Posteriores ; one from each 
 Vertebral. They descend, in a very slender, tortu- 
 ous form, through the Foramen Magnum ; then along 
 the posterior sides of the two Lateral Columns of the 
 Spinal Cord, within the Specus and Theca Verte- 
 brarum ; and inosculate in their descent with the 
 branches sent inwards from the parent trunks of 
 the Vertebrals, within the Specus Vertebrarum of 
 the Cervical Vertebra ; with the branches passing 
 inwards from the commencement of the Intercostal 
 Arteries, within the Specus Vertebrarum of the 
 Dorsal Vertebra ; and with the branches given 
 inwards from the Lumbar Arteries, within the 
 Specus of the Lumbar Vertebrae, where they be- 
 come spent — their place being succeeded by the 
 Sacras Laterales, which supply the Cauda Equina 
 within the Specus Vertebrarum of the Sacrum. 
 
 The Arteries Cerebelli Posteriores : one comes 
 off from each Vertebral Artery, a little further 
 forwards than the last, and where it gets upon the 
 Basilary Process of the Occipital bone ; they pass 
 obliquely upwards and outwards in the interstice 
 between the under side of the Lobus Cerebelli, 
 and side of the Medulla Oblongata, and branch 
 upon the posterior and inferior part of the 
 Cerebellum. 
 
 The Arteries Spinalis Anteriores, a pair which 
 arise from the Vertebral Arteries where they 
 terminate or just before their union ; they pass 
 downwards through the anterior part of the 
 
44 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Foramen Magnum ; and at a little distance below 
 the Foramen Magnum, upon the anterior part of the 
 Medulla Spinalis they unite into a single artery ; 
 which passes down in a very slender, tortuous, and 
 azygos form, in the anterior interstice between the 
 two anterior columns of the Medulla Spinalis ; 
 receiving, like the Posterior Spinal Arteries, in- 
 osculating ramifications from the Vertebral Arte- 
 ries in the neck, from the Intercostals in the back, 
 and from the Lumbar in the Loins, and vanish at 
 the lower part of the Spinal Cord. 
 
 The Vertebrals then unite and form the Basilary 
 Artery. 
 
 Branches from the Basilary Artery. 
 
 The Basilary Artery gives off, — The Arterice 
 Pontes Verolii, which are small branches that 
 arise from the sides of the Basilary Artery, and 
 pass outwards and upwards into the sides of the 
 Pons Verolii. 
 
 The Arterice Auditivi Internee arise, like two 
 large Arteriae Pontes Verolii, each from the 
 Basilary Artery ; and, passing obliquely outwards 
 and backwards, they emerge from beneath the 
 sides of the Pons Verolii, then pass with the 
 Nervus Acousticus and Portio Dura through the 
 Foramen Auditivum Internum of the same side, 
 are continued through the Foraminulae in the 
 Crebriform bottom of the same Foramen, each with 
 its Acoustic Nerve, and expanded with great 
 delicacy through the nervous and membranous 
 Labyrinth of the Internal Ear. 
 
45 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 The Basilary Artery gives off, just before it 
 terminates, the two Arterice Cerebelli Anteriores : 
 — these emerge from beneath the anterior part of 
 the Pons Yerolii, turn upwards and backwards in 
 a somewhat reflected course, to be distributed upon 
 the upper and anterior part of the Cerebellum, 
 beneath the Tentorium. 
 
 It then bifurcates into the two Arterice 
 Posteriores Cerebri : — these, forming the termina- 
 tions of the Basilary Artery, pass off at right 
 angles to it, emerging from between the anterior 
 edge of the Pons Verolii and the Posterior 
 Ephippial Processes ; then, ascending in front of 
 the edge of the Tentorium, they receive the termi- 
 nations of the communicating branches from the 
 Internal Carotids, just by the side of the Posterior 
 Ephippial Process ; are continued upwards and 
 outwards in the interstice between the middle and 
 posterior lobes of the Cerebrum, and distributed 
 to the contiguous parts of each. 
 
 The Circulus Arteriosus Willesii, is an in- 
 osculation beneath the base of the Brain, (sur- 
 rounding the Sella Turcica, and parts in corres- 
 pondence with it), formed between the two 
 Carotids and the Basilary Artery, previously to 
 their distribution in the Cerebrum : — it may be re- 
 marked, that the Cerebellum and appendages are 
 supplied from the Yertebrals and Basilary pre- 
 viously to this inosculation. This arterial circle is 
 formed anteriorly , by (the two Internal Carotids 
 sending forwards) the two Arteriae Anteriores 
 
46 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Cerebri ; and by the transverse branch uniting 
 them : — laterally by (the two Internal Carotids 
 sending backwards) the Arteria Communicantes ; — 
 and posteriorly by (the Basilary dividing into) the 
 Arteriae Posteriores Cerebri : from this the blood 
 is dispersed as from one centre. 
 
 2. Arteria Thyroidea Inferior arises from 
 the upper side of the Subclavian Artery, a little 
 more outwardly than the Vertebral, and just as 
 the Subclavian is passing the internal edge of the 
 Scalenus Auticus muscle ; so as to be close against 
 the internal edge of the muscle : like the Vertebral, 
 it is situated behind the lower part of the Internal 
 Jugular Vein, and the origins of the Sterno- 
 hyoideus et Sterno-thyroideus muscles. 
 
 It is a short axis or stump which usually gives 
 rise to the five following secondary branches, that 
 in the most regular way pass off from it in a 
 radiation. 
 
 1. The Supra Scapularis, vel Transversalis 
 Humeri, arises from the Inferior Thyroid Arte- 
 ry, and passes forwards so as to become attached to 
 the posterior side of the Clavicle ; it is continued out- 
 wards along the posterior edge of the Clavicle, in 
 close cellular connection with it and the Subcla- 
 vian Vein ; it is next continued beneath the anterior 
 edge of the Trapezius muscle, over the Ligamen- 
 tum Posticum Scapulae, which latter parts it here 
 from its Concomitant Nerve : it then ramifies in 
 the Fossa Supra-spinata, and supplies the Musculus 
 Supra-spinatus, beneath which it is concealed ; its 
 
47 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 termination then passes beneath the Acromion, to 
 unite in the Fossa Supra-spinata, with the Dorsal 
 branch of the Infra-scapulary Artery. 
 
 2. The Arteria Transversalis Colli arises from 
 the Inferior Thyroid Artery, and passes outwards 
 more superiorly than the Supra-scapulary Artery, 
 and about three quarters of an inch above the 
 Clavicle : first, emerging from behind the outer 
 edge of the Sterno-cleido-mastoideus ; it crosses the 
 Scalenus Anticus and Cervical nerves, nearly in 
 correspondence with the posterior belly of the 
 Omo-hyoideus muscle; and is distributed to the 
 muscles at the lateral and inferior part of the neck 
 anteriorly to the Levator Scapulae. 
 
 3. Arteria Trachealis, a small branch that turns 
 downwards by the side of the Trachea towards the 
 Lungs, and nourishes the Trachea. 
 
 4. The Arteria Cervicalis Ascendens, a small 
 branch that passes upwards upon the origin of the 
 Scalenus Anticus, and partly upon the Rectus 
 Capitis Anticus Major ; partly supplying each, 
 and inosculating with small ramifications that are 
 reflected outwards through the Intervertebral 
 Foramina from the Vertebral Arteries. 
 
 5. Arteria Thyroidea Inferior , the Inferior 
 Thyroideal Artery, properly so called, is the great 
 continuation of the artery ; it passes upwards and 
 inwards, in a tortuous manner, obliquely across the 
 Longus Colli muscle, and behind the sheath of the 
 Common Carotid Artery, where it is enveloped by 
 the filaments of sympathetic descending from the 
 
48 Locality and Distribution 
 
 middle Cervical Ganglion (and which form the 
 continuation of the nerve as low as the Inferior 
 Cervical Ganglion) ; it then comes against the 
 Lateral Lobe of the Thyroid Gland, and, having 
 touched the Lateral Lobe of the Thyroid Gland, it 
 bends a little downwards (by an abrupt serpentine- 
 like ton), by the side of it, enters its substance, 
 and in the superficial part of the Lateral Lobe of 
 the Gland divides into two sets of branches ; one 
 set passes transversely through the Isthmus, and 
 inosculates with the same division of the opposite 
 artery ; and the other divisions ascend through 
 the Lateral Lobe, and inosculate with the descend- 
 ing division of the Superior Thynroid Artery. 
 
 3. The Arteria Cervicalis Profunda arises 
 from the upper side of the Subclavian Artery, 
 behind the Scalenus Anticus muscle ; and bends 
 backwards between the transverse process of 
 the last Cervical and the first Dorsal Vertebrse, 
 through the root of the Scalenus 3Iedius muscle, 
 so as to get into the posterior part of the neck ; 
 it then ascends upon the Semi-spinalis Colli, 
 beneath the lower part of the Complexus muscle, 
 and inosculates with the descending Cervical 
 branch of the Occipital. 
 
 4. The Arteria Cervicalis Superficialis 
 arises from the upper side of the Subclavian 
 Artery, as it is passing behind the outer edge of 
 the Scalenus Anticus muscle, or either a little 
 before, or a little after, it emerges from behind it : 
 immediately after its origin, it turns backwards 
 
40 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 between the large Cervical Nerves ; it is then 
 continued round the outer side of the Scalenus 
 Medius ; and then behind the Levator Scapulae, 
 where it is partially distributed to the muscles at 
 the lateral inferior and posterior part of the neck : 
 the continuation then obtains the name of the 
 Arteria Basios Scapulce, and turns downwards 
 along the internal side of the base of the Scapula, 
 between the insertions of the Rhomboidei (which 
 it supplies) and the insertion of the Serratus Major 
 Anticus, terminating by an inosculation at the 
 Inferior Angle of the Scapula with the termination 
 of the Infra Scapulary : — this inosculation encircles 
 l he inferior angle of the Scapula, and is the most 
 direct inosculation between Ihe arteries of the 
 trunk, and those of the superior extremity. 
 
 Two arteries arise from its under side, as it is 
 over the upper opening of the Thorax, and before 
 it passes across the upper surface of the first rib. 
 
 5. The Arteria Mammaria Interna arises 
 from the under side of the artery opposite to the 
 origin of the Inferior Thyroid. It descends behind 
 the sternal extremity of the Clavicle ; and after- 
 wards passes downwards behind the Cartilages of 
 the Ribs, half an inch laterally to the edge of the 
 Sternum; being first between the Intercostales 
 Interni and Pleura Costalis, and afterwards be- 
 tween the Intercostales Interni and the Sterno- 
 costalis ; and at the Cartilaginous edge of the 
 Thorax it divides into two branches. 
 
 The commencement of the artery gives off, 
 D 
 
50 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Arterice Thymicce , that pass inwards to the 
 Thymus Gland, and are largest in the Foetus. 
 
 The Arteria Comes Nervi Phrenici, or Dia- 
 phragmaticus Superior. This is a small artery, that 
 arises from the upper part of the artery, and bends 
 backwards between the two bags of the Pleura, so as 
 to come in contact with the Phrenic nerve ; then de- 
 scends with the Phrenic nerve, over the side of the 
 Pericardium, between the proper membrane of the 
 Pericardium and the Pleura Pericarditis, and so 
 meets the convex surface of the Diaphragm ; it 
 enters the substance of the Diaphragm ; and 
 as it is distributed in it, inosculates with the 
 Inferior Diaphragmatic Artery, inflected branches 
 from the lower Intercostals, and the Phrenic branch 
 from the termination of the Internal Mammary. 
 
 Arterice Galactoferi pass forwards through the 
 Intercostal muscles betw-een the Cartilages of the 
 Ribs, and through the origin of the Pectoralis 
 Major muscle ; then enters the glandular substance 
 of the breast, and with the Arterice Galactoferi 
 of the Thoracica Longa secrete the milk. The 
 lower part of the artery gives backwards the 
 Arterice Pericardiaco Diaphragmatic i, branches 
 which pass to the Diaphragm and adjoining part 
 of the Pericardium. Then the termination of the 
 artery divides into two branches ; namely, the 
 Arteria Diaphragmatica, seu Phrtnica, which 
 passes downwards and backwards, in the origin of 
 the Diaphragm, corresponding with the cartila- 
 ginous margin of the Thorax, and inosculates in 
 
51 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 the substance of the Diaphragm, with the 
 Diaphragmatic branches from the Inferior Inter- 
 costals, and the Superior and the Inferior Diaphrag- 
 matic Arteries : the Arteria Epigastrica descends 
 into the upper part of the Rectus Abdominis, and 
 unites with the termination of the Internal Epigas- 
 tric Artery from the External Iliac Artery. 
 
 6. The Arteria Intercostalis Superior 
 arises from the posterior and inferior side of the 
 Subclavian Artery, externally to the origin of 
 the Internal Mammary ; it passes downwards and 
 backwards behind the upper part of the Pleura, 
 and descends across the necks of the two or three 
 upper Ribs, by the side of the corresponding 
 number of Dorsal Vertebrae, and divides into 
 branches which supply a corresponding number 
 of intercostal spaces; — these, passing forwards 
 inferiorly to their respective ribs, are first between 
 the Intercostales Externi and Pleura Costalis, and 
 afterwards between the Intercostales Externi et 
 Interni ; — and at the fore part of the Thorax 
 they inosculate with the Internal Mammary : the 
 last of these branches gives off a branch that 
 passes across the inner side of the neck of the 
 rib below it, which unites with the highest of the 
 Arterise Intercostales Inferiores from the Aorta ; — 
 and, in common with the latter set, these upper 
 Intercostal branches inosculate, more outwardly, 
 with the External Thoracic Arteries from the 
 Axillary. 
 
 d 2 
 
52 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 ARTERIA AXILLARIS. 
 
 The Axillary Artery begins, as the continuation 
 of the Subclavian, beneath the edge of the Subcla- 
 vian muscle ; and descends through the Axilla, in- 
 clining somewhat outwards ; being first supported 
 upon the upper part of the side of the Thorax, or 
 the Serratus Major Anticus Muscle ; then, nearly 
 in correspondence with the second rib, it gradually 
 inclines off the Thoracic side of the axilla, and 
 comes more closely against the Scapulary side, 
 being opposed to the Subscapularis ; and afterwards 
 to the united tendons of the Latissimus Dorsi, and 
 Teres Major Muscles; and at the inferior edge of the 
 latter, it emerges from the Axilla, and becomes the 
 Brachial Artery : it is bounded on every side by 
 the muscles firming the several sides of the Axilla; 
 viz., internally (or towards the Thorax), by the 
 Serratus Major Anticus ; externally and posteriorly 
 (or towards the Scapula) , by the Subscapularis, 
 Latissimus Dorsi, and Terra Major; anteriorly (or 
 towards the breast), by the two Pectoral Muscles. 
 Observe, that there is an interval between the upper 
 edge of the Pectoralis Minor and the edge subcla- 
 vian muscle, where the upper part of the Subclavian 
 Artery is only covered by the Clavicular portion of 
 the Pectoralis Major ; and again observe, that the 
 
53 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 lower part of the Axillary Artery is covered only 
 by the lowest part of the last mentioned of the two 
 Pectoral muscles. 
 
 The Concomitant Organs. The Axillary Plexus 
 of nerves, in the upper part of the Axilla, where 
 the Axillary Artery is opposed to the interval be- 
 tween the Subclavian Muscle and the Pectoralis 
 Minor, is situated externally and posteriorly to the 
 Artery, or nearer to the Cervix Scapulae than that ; 
 the Artery is situated here a little more inwardly 
 than the Crocoid Process, and corresponds with 
 the intercostal space of the first and second Ribs : 
 where the artery is behind the Pectoralis Minor, 
 and against the Subscapularis, the Plexus closely 
 embraces it : when the Artery gets into the lower 
 part of the Axilla, and is again uncovered by the 
 Pectoralis Minor, and between the Pectoralis Ma- 
 jor and Latissimus Dorsi Muscles, the Plexus be- 
 comes reduced into the straight commencement of 
 the nerves of the superior extremity, and descends 
 like so many longitudinal cords situated closely 
 around the position of the Artery, so as to emerge 
 like the Artery from the Axilla into the arm. The 
 Axillary Vein is situated closely before the Artery 
 and the Plexus, being consequently between them 
 and the Pectoralis Minor muscle, and closely be- 
 hind the latter : all these are united by a sheath of 
 fine cellular substance, and deeply buried and sup- 
 ported in the fat filling the Axilla. The Axillary 
 set of Lymphatic Glands are also deeply buried 
 in this fat ; and placed in a scattered, or promiscuous 
 d 3 
 
54 Locality and Distribution 
 
 position, around the Thoracic side of these organs; 
 between them and the Serratus Major Anticus 
 Muscle. 
 
 The regular branches from the Axillary Artery 
 are six : the three which follow first are termed the 
 External Thoracic Arteries, in contradistinction to 
 the Internal Mammary from the Subclavian. 
 
 1. The Arteria Thoracica Humeraria, 
 or the Humeral Thoracic, or Acromial Thoracic 
 branch, arises from the upper and fore part of the 
 Axillary Artery, nearly corresponding with the 
 second Rib ; it turns forwards over the upper edge 
 of the Pectoralis Minor muscle ; then descends in 
 the interstice between the anterior margin of the 
 Deltoid and the Clavicular fasciculus of the Pecto- 
 ralis Major Muscles, being behind the Cephalic 
 Vein (which is situated more superficially in the 
 same interstice) ; during its descent, it parts into 
 branches which are gradually distributed to the 
 two last mentioned muscles, the Musculus Subcla- 
 vius (by a recurrent branch or two), and the Cap- 
 sule of the shoulder joint. 
 
 2. The Arteria Thoracica Suprema, or 
 the Superior Thoracic branch, commences from 
 the same part of the Axillary Artery as the Hume- 
 ral Thoracic, and in most instances arises with it 
 in one origin ; it winds forwards over the superior 
 
 margin of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle, a little 
 © 
 
 nearer the breast than the last artery ; then divides 
 into branches which descend in a spreading course, 
 first between the Pectoralis Minor et Major ; and 
 
55 
 
 of the Arteries . 
 
 subsequently in lesser divisions, through the sub- 
 stance of the latter, between its fasciculi, pervading 
 it and organizing it; — in this, as a medium, it inos- 
 culates with the other External Thoracic Arteries, 
 branches from the Internal Mammary and the In- 
 tercostals. 
 
 3. The Arteria Thoracica Longa. The 
 long Thoracic branch, usually arises a little lower 
 than the last ; its size is very varying ; it passes, 
 rather tortuously forwards and downwards along the 
 inferior margin of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle, 
 being behind the lower part of the Pectoralis Major; 
 so as to come on the Serratus Major Anticus, where 
 it is lost. It inosculates through the substance of 
 the Pectoral Muscles with the other External Tho- 
 racic, and in the substance of the Serratus Major 
 Anticus and Intercostal Muscles with the Internal 
 Mammary and intercostal Arteries. In its course 
 it gives off small branches, called Arteria Galacto- 
 feri , which turn round the under side of the Pecto- 
 ralis Major Muscle, so as to enter the Glandular 
 substance of the Mamma, and supply it conjointly 
 with the Arteria Galactoferi from the Internal Mam- 
 mary Artery. 
 
 4. The Arteria Infra Scapularis, Subsca- 
 pularis, or the Inferior Artery of the 
 Scapula , a very large branch, arising from the 
 Axillary Artery, a little lower than the three Ex- 
 ternal Thoracic branches, and just corresponding to 
 the interstice between the Subscapularis and the 
 Teres Major Muscles : it descends obliquely back- 
 
56 Locality and Distribution 
 
 wards along the Inferior Costa Scapulae, and in cor- 
 respondence with the intermuscular interstice last 
 mentioned, towards the Inferior Angle of the Scapu- 
 la; it gives branches to the contiguous muscles in its 
 course, viz., the Subscapularis Teres Major, Latissi- 
 mus Dorsi, andSerratus Major Anticus; and its ter- 
 mination makes a very free inosculation upon the 
 circumference of the Inferior Angle of the Scapula, 
 with the Arteria Basios Scapulae from the Super- 
 ficial Cervical branch of the Subclavian Artery. 
 
 A large branch, called the Arteria Dorsalis 
 Scapulcc, arises from the Infra-Scapulary Artery 
 just after its origin ; and turns backwards, in the 
 interstice between the Subscapularis Muscle and the 
 Teres Major, around the Inferior Costa, at a little 
 distance from the Cervix Scapula ; being first be- 
 tween the Costa and the Teres Major, and then the 
 Costa and Teres Minor Muscles, and lying so closely 
 upon the Costa as frequently to sulcate it by its pulsa- 
 tions: it next spreads into branches on the Fossa In- 
 fra-Spinata, beneath the Musculus Infra-Spinatus ; 
 which are subsequently remitted, in the form of 
 minuter ramfications, into the substance of the mus- 
 culus Infra-Spinatus ; — but one leading branch 
 ascends beneath the Acromion, and unites with the 
 Supra-Scapulary Artery from the Subclavian. 
 
 The Arteria Circumflexa Posterior is a 
 large branch, and commences from the Axillary 
 Artery at the same point as the Infra Scapulary, 
 frequently in a common origin with it ; but some- 
 times much lower, from the upper part of the Bra- 
 
57 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 chial : it turns backwards, round the inner side of 
 the Os Humeri, through the interstice between 
 the Subscapularis and Teres Major Muscles ; then 
 turns outwards round the posterior side of the Os 
 Humeri, first beneath the long head of the Triceps, 
 then superiorly to the short head, and so comes 
 beneath the posterior part of the Deltoid muscle 
 (which conceals the last mentioned heads of the 
 Triceps) : it divides into branches beneath the 
 under Aponeurotic surface of the Deltoid, which 
 perforate its under surface, to be distributed 
 throughout the whole of its substance. The Ar- 
 ticular nerve runs round the back of the Os Humeri, 
 parallel to the artery, but about a quarter of an inch 
 above it. 
 
 The Arteria Circumflexa Anterior, a 
 small branch bearing no parity with the posterior 
 in size, usually arises a little lower than that fre- 
 quently opposite to it ; and turns outwards round 
 the anterior side of the Os Humeri (corresponding to 
 the posterior as to its course) ; passing behind the 
 Coraco-Brachialis and the short head of the Bi- 
 ceps Flexor Cubiti ; then across the Bicipital 
 Groove, and consequently behind the Tendon of 
 the long head of the Biceps (which the groove 
 contains), as well as the Aponeurotic lining of the 
 groove ; then, passing superiorly to the insertion of 
 the Pectoralis Major, it gets beneath the anterior 
 part of the Deltoid muscle, and is lost in it. 
 
 Besides the three External Thoracic branches 
 already described, which have with a few variations 
 p 4 
 
58 Locality and Distribution 
 
 nearly the same course in every subject, there are 
 sometimes other branches called Arteria Tho- 
 racica Alaria ; of various size, number, and 
 course ; but, for a general description, they may 
 be said to arise from the Pectoral or Thoracic side 
 of the Artery ; and to course in the fat, across the 
 Cavity of the Axilla ; being partially distributed, 
 in a promiscuous manner, to the contents of the Ax- 
 illa, viz., The fat, cellular membrane, and Lym- 
 phatic Glands ; and ultimately ending in the muscles, 
 which form the boundaries of the Axilla, more es- 
 pecially the Pectoral Muscles. 
 
of the Arteries. 
 
 59 
 
 ARTERIA BRACHI ALIS, 
 
 vel Humeraeis, 
 
 Is the continuation of the Axillary ; and begins 
 from the termination of the Axillary Artery, pre- 
 cisely at the inferior edge of the Teres Major 
 muscle ; or as soon as the Artery emerges from the 
 Axilla, and gains the region of the arm ; as it is 
 passing the lower boundaries of the Axilla, or 
 emerging from between the inferior edges of the 
 Teres Major and Pectoralis Major muscles. It 
 descends through the internal side of the arm, al- 
 most subcutaneously : first, on the origin of the 
 Triceps Extensor Brevissimus, or Brachialis Ex- 
 ternus ; then on the insertion of the Coraco- 
 Brachialis ; and in the lower and longer part of the 
 arm, on the internal side of the Brachialis Internus; 
 It is bounded at its outer side, during its descent 
 in the superior third of the arm, by the belly of 
 the Coraco-Brachialis ; and in the two inferior 
 thirds of the arm by the internal margin of the 
 Biceps : it then sinks into the triangular cavity at 
 ^s^tKe bending of the fore-arm, on the tendon of the 
 Brachialis Internus muscle, by the inner side of the 
 tendon of the Biceps, and behind the expansion of that 
 tendon called Fascia Bicipitis; becomes closed over 
 by the contiguous bellies of the Pronator Radii Te- 
 
60 Locality and Distribution 
 
 res and the Supinator Radii Longus, and bifurcates 
 about an inch or an inch and a half below the seat 
 of flexion into the Radial and Cubital Arteries. 
 
 The sheath is the only thing that perfectly 
 intercepts it from the Integuments at the inter- 
 nal aspect of the arm, and by the internal edge of 
 the Biceps. The concomitant organs invested in 
 its sheath are, the two Venae Satellites, which are 
 situated by its sides, and the Median nerve, which 
 is situated before it ; this first descends anteriorly 
 and rather externally to the artery, then insensibly 
 inclines over it in its descent, and at the lower 
 part of the arm gets quite internally to it, and in 
 the latter relative position descends behind the 
 Fascia of the Biceps : sometimes there is only one 
 vein by the side of the artery, instead of two, then 
 called the Brachial Vein: in some instances the 
 nerve descends behind the Artery instead of before ; 
 and frequently, when there is a high bifurcation of 
 the Brachial Artery, the nerve descends between 
 the two arteries. The Vena Basilica and Nervous 
 Cutaneous Internus are concomitant organs, but 
 are situated subcutaneously on the inner side of 
 the sheath. 
 
 The brauches of the Brachial Artery consist of 
 four nominal Arteries ; three of which are large, 
 and, coming off from the internal and posterior side 
 of the Artery, supply the internal, posterior, and 
 outerside of the arm ; and smaller muscular 
 branches, which pass off from the outer side of the 
 Artery, and supply the front of the arnx. 
 
61 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 1. The Arteria Profunda Magna, vel Pro- 
 funda Superior, commences from the posterior 
 side of the begining of the Brachial Artery, just 
 below the insertion of the Teres Major. It glides 
 downwards and backwards, with the beginning of 
 the Spiral nerve, into the Trifurcation of the 
 Triceps ; i. e., between the Triceps Extensor Bre- 
 vissimus (vel Brachialis Externus) and the Triceps 
 Extensor Brevis, and consequently beneath the 
 Triceps Extensor Longus ; it then turns downwards 
 and outwards, with the continuation of the nerve, 
 round the posterior side of the Humerus, on a super- 
 ficial sulcus upon the back of the bone, and beneath 
 the origin of the Triceps Extensor Brevis ; its con- 
 tinuation being considerably diminished by sup- 
 plying the portions of the Triceps muscle, it em- 
 erges from beneath the outer side of the Triceps 
 Brevis, a little below the insertion of the Deltoid 
 muscle ; descends on the External Spine of the 
 Os Humeri, within the External Inter-muscular 
 Ligament, and ends upon the External Condyle in 
 ramifications that inosculate with the Recurrent 
 Artery from the Radial. 
 
 2. The Arteria Nutritia is the chief artery 
 of those that nourish the bone. A small branch, 
 arising either from the upper part of the Brachial 
 Artery, or from the last-mentioned branch, gives 
 small ramifications to the muscles immediately 
 about it, and then slants downwards through the 
 Medullary Canal, to be distributed to the structure 
 of the bone. The Medullary Canal is situated just 
 
62 Locality and Distribution 
 
 in the tract of the Brachial of the Artery, usually 
 in the beginning of the Internal Spine of the bone 
 or just by its side. 
 
 3. The Arteria Profunda Minor, or In- 
 ferior, usually arises from the middle part of the 
 Brachial Artery, but sometimes from the beginning 
 of the Profunda Magna. It descends obliquely 
 inwards and backwards, on the surface of the 
 Triceps Extensor Brevissimus, covered by the 
 Cubital nerve ; some of its most lateral contortions 
 being seen, however, on either side of the nerve : 
 it next glides betweeen some of the most super- 
 ficial fibres of the lower part of the Triceps Ex- 
 tensor Brevissimus, gets into the fossa behind the 
 Internal Condyle, and there unites with the Re- 
 current branch from the Ulnar Artery. 
 
 4. Arteria Anastimodica Magna arises 
 from the lower part of the Brachial Artery, about 
 two inches above the bend of the fore-arm ; usually 
 first emerging from behind the Median nerve, it 
 passes tortuously inwards, and rather downwards, 
 across the Brachialis Internus muscle ; then, per- 
 forating the lower part of the Internal Intermuscular 
 Ligament, winds downwards behind the internal 
 Condyle, and inosculates, like the Profunda Minor, 
 with the Recurrent branch of the Ulnar. 
 
 The small Muscular or promiscuous branches 
 chiefly arise from the outer side of the Artery, and 
 pass outwards, almost transversely, to the Biceps 
 and Brachialis Internus muscles. 
 
of the Arteries. 
 
 63 
 
 The Arteries of the Fore-arm. 
 
 The large Arteries of the Fore-arm consist of 
 the Radial, the Cubital, and the Interosseal. 
 
 Arteria Radialis. 
 
 The Radial Artery commences from the bifur- 
 cation of the Brachial Artery, in the angular inter- 
 stice at the bending of the Fore-arm. It passes 
 downwards and bends rather outwards ; first, 
 anteriorly to the tendon of the Biceps Flexor Cubiti, 
 then the insertion of the Supinator Radii Brevis, 
 and then the insertion of the Pronator Radii Teres : 
 upon the latter it glides out of the triangular 
 cavity, and makes insensibly a slight turn to as- 
 sume a more perpendicular direction in its de- 
 scent through the Radial side of the two lower 
 thirds of the Fore-arm ; descending in succes- 
 sion upon the origin of the Flexor Sublimis 
 Perforatus (where that muscle arises from the 
 outer side of the Radius below the insertion of the 
 Pronator Radii Teres), upon the lower part of the 
 Flexor Longus Pollicis, and the insertion of the 
 Pronator Quadratus. When descending in the 
 upper part of the Fore-arm, it is in a deep inter- 
 muscular situation ; its external side is covered by 
 the Supinator Radii Longus ; its internal side, first, 
 by the Pronator Radii Teres, and still lower by the 
 Flexor Carpi Radialis. In the lower part of the 
 
64 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Fore-arm its position gradually becomes superficial 
 and inter-tendinous ; for the Supinator Radii Longus 
 and Flexor Carpi Radialis, becoming tendinous, — 
 recede from it ; so that it i s here unprotected by mus- 
 cle, and is situated between the tendons of these latter 
 muscles, covered only by the Common Integuments 
 and fascia, against which it is felt beating by the 
 Radial side of the tendon of the last named muscle, 
 as it supported on the lower part of the Flexor 
 Longus Pollicis and insertion of the Pronator 
 Quadratus muscles. The continuation of the Artery 
 turns round the radial side of the carpus, over the 
 back of the Os Trapezium, and beneath the Extensor 
 tendons of the Thumb ; and at the Interosseal space 
 between the Base of the Metacarpal bone of the 
 Thumb and Index finger, it turns forwards into the 
 palm of the hand, between the Abductor and 
 Prior Indicis muscles : having entered the deep- 
 seated part of the palm (behind the Abductor Polli- 
 cis muscle), it curves transversely inwards across 
 the Bases of the Metacarpal bones and Internal 
 Interosseal muscles, forming the Deep-seated 
 Palmar Arch ; the convex side of which is towards 
 the fingers, and concave side towards the Carpus ; 
 the beginning of the arch being behind the Abductor 
 Pollicis, its continuation, perforating the origin of 
 that muscle, remains concealed behind the Flexor 
 tendons and Lumbricales muscles of the Ring and 
 Little Fingers ; and near the Metacarpal bone of 
 the little finger it terminates by a continuity of 
 vessel with the Deep-seated Palmar branch of the 
 
65 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 Ulnar Artery, the most considerable and direct 
 communication between the Radial and Ulnar 
 Arteries. 
 
 The neighbouring organs are — ’its two Venae 
 Satellites, in close connection with its sides: the 
 Superficial branch of the Spiral nerve descends 
 parallel to it, but about half an inch more out- 
 wardly than it, between the edge of the Supinator 
 Radii Longus and the Extensor Carpi Radialis 
 Longior ; and at the lower part of the Fore-arm 
 the Volar twig from the same branch, and the ter- 
 mination of the External Cutaneous nerve, run 
 closely to it. 
 
 The principal branches of the Artery are eight. 
 
 1. The Arteria Recurrens commences from 
 the Radial Artery soon after its origin ; and pro- 
 ceeds upwards, and rather outwards, over the Ex- 
 ternal Condyle, in the deep interstice between the 
 Supinator Radii Longus and the Brachialis In- 
 ternus ; running retrograde, and contiguous to the 
 Spiral nerve in the same interstice ; and is distri- 
 buted on the External Condyle in branches that 
 communicate with the Arteria Profunda Magna 
 Arteriae Brachialis. 
 
 The Radial Artery gives off muscular branches 
 in its progress, which supply the muscles forming the 
 Radial side of the Fore-arm, and the Artery which 
 ascends into the Medullary Canal of the Radius. 
 
 2. The Arteria Superficialis Vol^e 
 Manus arises from the Radial Artery about two 
 or three inches above the wrist. It descends ob- 
 
66 Locality and Distribution 
 
 liquely forwards, over the Ligamentum Carpi An- 
 nulare Anticum by the Radial side of the tendon 
 of the Flexor Carpi Radialis, and supplies in pro- 
 miscuous branches the muscles of the Ball of the 
 Thumb, and by a continuation of some of these, the 
 outer side of the Thumb ; one branch, by the 
 Palmar side of the Ball of the Thumb, inosculates 
 with the termination of the Superficial Palmar Arch 
 of the Ulnar Artery. 
 
 3. Arteria Carpea, the Carpal branch, arises 
 from the Radial Artery as soon as it gets upon the 
 back of the Carpus, passes transversely inwards 
 across the back of the Carpus beneath the Ex- 
 tensor tendons, inosculating with a similar branch 
 from the Ulnar Artery, called Arteria Dorsalis ; 
 whereby, in connection with that, it forms the 
 Arcus Dorsalis Superficialis Manus. The Car- 
 pal branch gives off the Arterice Interossire Ex- 
 tern ce : these are three small branches : an in- 
 dividual one of these passing downwards on one of 
 the External Interosseal muscles, supplying them ; 
 and at the roots of the fingers they end in small 
 ramifications which form a minute vascular net- 
 work, which is expanded throughout the tendinous 
 Fasciae on the backs of the Phalanges of the Fingers. 
 
 4. The Arteria Dorsalis Pollicis, a small 
 branch given off just before the Artery passes 
 between the Abductor and Prior Indicis muscles : 
 it proceeds along the cubital side of the back of the 
 Metacarpal bone of the Thumb ; and is distributed in 
 small ramifications through the tendinous Fascia 
 
67 
 
 of the Arteries „ 
 
 upon the back of the Thumb, that is the united ex- 
 pansions of the Extensor tendons of the Thumb. 
 
 5. The Arteria Dorsalis Indicis arises at 
 the same point as the last, and sometimes by a com- 
 mon beginning with it, passes along the radial 
 side of the Metacarpal bone of the Index, and 
 supplies the fascia of the tendons on the radial side 
 of the back of that Finger. 
 
 Lastly, the Radial Artery, having passed between 
 the Abductor and Prior Indicis into the Palm of 
 the hand, trifurcates into the Arteria Magna 
 Pollicis, the Arteria Radialis Indicis, and the 
 Arteria Palmaris Profunda. This trifurcation is 
 bounded behind by the Abductor Indicis, which 
 conceals it at the back of the hand ; and before by 
 the Abductor Pollicis, which conceals it in the 
 Palm. 
 
 6. The Arteria Magna Pollicis arises from 
 the trifurcation, passes along the palmar side of 
 the Metacarpal bone of the Thumb, between the 
 Abductor Indicis and Abductor Pollicis ; then 
 emerges from between the lower edges of the two 
 muscles, and subsequently descends along the in- 
 ternal side of the Thumb, and supplies it. 
 
 7. The Arteria Radialis Indicis passes 
 along the Metacarpal bone of the Index finger, be- 
 tween the two last mentioned muscles ; and then 
 along the outer or radial side of the Index finger, 
 imperceptibly diminishing. 
 
 8. The Arteria Palmaris Profunda is the 
 Deep-seated Palmar branch which has been already 
 
68 Locality and Distribution 
 
 described as the continued Artery, being the largest 
 branch, and forming the Deep-seated Palmar Arch. 
 The convexity of this Arch gives off the three Pal- 
 mar Interosseal Arteries, which descend individu- 
 ally as small undivided Arteries, along the surface 
 of one of the Internal Interosseal muscles, being 
 concealed behind the Lumbricales muscles: at the 
 roots of the Fingers they turn forwards, and end 
 abruptly in the bifurcations of the Digital Arteries, 
 forming as many inosculations between the Radial 
 and Cubital Arteries. 
 
of the Arteries . 
 
 69 
 
 ARTERIA CUBITALIS, OR ULNARIS. 
 
 The Cubital Artery commences, like the last, 
 from the bifurcation of the Brachial Artery : it 
 passes off more obliquely than the Radial, but is 
 much larger, and therefore seems like the conti- 
 nuation of the Brachial. It bends obliquely in- 
 wards and downwards behind the mass of Flexor 
 muscles that arise from the Internal Condyle, viz., 
 the Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Pal- 
 maris Longus, and Flexor Sublimis Perforatus (the 
 latter supporting the former muscles) ; and it is 
 supported, while behind these muscles, on the 
 Flexor Profundus Perforans : by this diagonal 
 descent it meets with the Cubital nerve, at the 
 lower part of the superior third of the Fore-arm ; 
 and runs perpendicularly downwards through the 
 two lower thirds of the Internal side of the Fore- 
 arm, upon the continuation of the Flexor Profun- 
 dus Perforans, covered by the united margins of 
 the Flexor Sublimis Perforatus and the Flexor 
 Carpi Ulnaris ; the Cubital nerve keeping in close 
 adhesion to its Cubital side, and covered by the 
 edge of the last-named muscle : immediately above 
 the wrist it emerges from between the tendinous 
 continuations of these muscles, and mounts over 
 the Ligamentum Carpi Annulare Anticum, by the 
 Radial side of the Os Subrotundum ; the continua- 
 
70 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 tion of the Cubital nerve being- situated between 
 the artery and the bone, and in some degree behind 
 them : the artery then sinks into the Palm of the 
 hand, and, turning outwards, it forms the super- 
 ficial Palmar Arch , which crosses the Flexor 
 Tendons, Lumbricales muscles, and the branches 
 of the Median and Cubital nerves, nearly opposite 
 to the middle of the Metacarpal bones, and behind 
 the Palmar Fascia : it becomes gradually wasted 
 by giving off the Digital Arteries, towards the 
 internal side of the ball of the thumb, to a very 
 small size, and inosculates with the superficial 
 Volar branch, Arteria Magna Pollicis, and Arteria 
 Radialis Indicis from the Radial artery. 
 
 The artery has no nerve concomitant with it 
 in the upper third of the Fore-arm, but it is crossed 
 at its origin by the descent of the Median nerve. 
 The concomitant organs are, its two Venae Satel- 
 lites ; and in the two lower thirds of the Fore-arm, 
 the Cubital nerve. The Branches given off from 
 the Cubital artery are the Interosseal, and the 
 eight following smaller arteries. 
 
 1. The Arteria Recurrens Ulnaris passes 
 upwards and inwards from the beginning of the 
 artery, in a retrograde course, by the Cubital 
 nerve (previously to the nerve coming in contact 
 with the Cubital artery), between the Flexor Pro- 
 fundus Perforans and the Flexor Sublimis Perfo- 
 ratus ; then ascending behind the Internal Con- 
 dyle, perforates the origin of the Flexor Carpi 
 
71 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 Ulnaris, and unites with the Arteria Anastimodica 
 Magna and Profunda Minor from the Brachial 
 artery. 
 
 The Arteria Interrossea Communis will be de- 
 scribed separately, as it ranks among the larger 
 Arteries. 
 
 The Ulnar Artery gives off small promiscuous 
 branches in its descent, supplying the Cubital side 
 of the Fore-arm. 
 
 2. The Arteria Dorsalis arises from the 
 Cubital artery, generally within two or three inches 
 above the Anterior Annular Ligament, and de- 
 scends obliquely backwards behind the tendon of 
 the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, to the Cubital side of the 
 Carpus, where it inosculates with the Carpal 
 branch from the Radial artery, forming along with 
 it the Arcus Dorsalis Superfcialis Manus , 
 already mentioned. 
 
 3. As soon as the Cubital Artery enters the 
 Palm, it gives off the Arteria Palmaris Pro- 
 funda — the deep-seated Palmar branch, which 
 turns directly backwards with the deep-seated Pal- 
 mar branch from the Cubital nerve, by the side of 
 the Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti Manus, and is 
 continuous behind the Flexor Tendons of the little 
 finger with the termination of the deep-seated 
 Palmar Arch of the Radial artery : — this branch 
 is frequently concealed by the position of the Cubi- 
 tal artery. 
 
 4. The Cubital Artery next gives off the Arte- 
 
72 Locality and Distribution 
 
 ria Volaris Minimi Digiti Manus. This is 
 a small branch which arises just before the com- 
 mencement of the superficial Palmar Arch, often 
 closely by the side of the deep-seated Palmar 
 branch, but sometimes from its beginning ; it pro- 
 ceeds downwards upon the muscles forming the 
 Cubital side of the palm of the hand, then along 
 the same side of the little finger, and is gradu- 
 ally spent in its course. The superficial Palmar 
 Arch gives origin to, 
 
 5. The Arteria Digitalis Prima, which 
 arising from the commencement of the Arch, de- 
 scends upon the belly of the Lumbvicalis muscle that 
 is between the Flexor tendons of the little and ring 
 finger, and behind the Palmar Fascia (with a divi- 
 sion of the Cubital nerve) : it emerges from be- 
 tween the divisions of the Palmar Fascia, opposite 
 to the space between the roots of the two fingers, 
 and bifurcates into a branch supplying the radial 
 side of the little finger, and another branch supply- 
 ing the Cubital side of the ring finger. 
 
 6. The Arteria Digitalis Secunda arises 
 from the middle part of the Arch, passes down- 
 wards upon the Lumbricalis muscle between the 
 Flexor tendons of the ring and middle fingers, and 
 behind the Palmar Fascia, with a branch of the 
 Median nerve ; and emerging from beneath the 
 slips of the Palmar Fascia passing to the two last- 
 named fingers (along with the bifid continuation 
 of the nerve), bifurcates, between the roots of the 
 
73 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 two fingers into a branch supplying the Radial side 
 of the ring finger, and another supplying the 
 Cubital side of the middle finger. 
 
 7. The Arteria Digitalis Tertia arises 
 nearer the termination of the Arch, and descends 
 like the others, on the Lumbricalis muscle inter- 
 mediate to the Flexor tendons of the Middle and 
 Index Fingers, with a division of the Median nerve, 
 and behind the Palmar Fascia : then emerging 
 from beneath the Palmar Fascia, bifurcates to 
 supply the outer side of the middle finger and the 
 Internal side of the Index. The subdivisions of 
 these Arteries upon the fingers are accompanied by 
 the subdivisions of the nerves : the Digital nerves 
 bifurcate in the Palm before they pass from beneath 
 the Palmar Fascia ; — the Arteries bifurcate subse- 
 quently to passing from beneath the Fascia, and 
 between the roots of the fingers. 
 
 8. The Arteria Communicans, the small 
 extremity of the Arch which inosculates with the 
 branches of the Radial Artery already mentioned. 
 
 The Arteria Interossea Communis arises 
 from the beginning of the Cubital Artery just sub- 
 sequently to the Recurrent branch. It is a very 
 short stump, that faces downwards and inwards 
 between the Flexor Profundus Perforans and Flexor 
 Sublimis Perforatus, and forms a common origin 
 to four branches ; two of which course through 
 the front of the Fore-arm, before the Interosseal 
 Ligament, and two through the back of the Fore- 
 arm behind the Ligament. 
 
 E 
 
74 Locality and Distribution 
 
 1. The Arteria Anterior. This is the 
 largest branch, and generally considered to be the 
 continuation of the Interosseal trunk, or the proper 
 Interosseal Artery; inclining backwards from its 
 origin between the Profundus Perforans and Flexor 
 Longus Pollicis. It is seen to descend upon the 
 middle of the Interosseal Ligament, between the 
 bellies of the Flexor Profundus Perforans and the 
 Flexor Longus Pollicis ; and passing behind the 
 Pronator Quadratus, bifurcates — into a small 
 Volar branch , which descends behind the Pronator 
 Quadratus ; and then behind the Ligamentum 
 Carpi Annulare Anticum, posteriorly to the conti- 
 nuations of the Flexor tendons, into the Palm of the 
 Hand, and inosculates with the deep-seated Palmar 
 Arch of the Radial Artery ; and the larger Dorsal 
 branch, which is the continued artery, perforates 
 the lower part of the Interosseal Ligament behind 
 the Pronator Quadratus muscle, then passes over 
 the posterior side of the articulation between the 
 Radius and Ulna, and terminates in the superficial 
 Dorsal Arch. 
 
 2. The Arteria Mediana is usually very 
 small, but subject to such a variability in this 
 respect as occasionally to equal in size either the 
 Radial or Ulnar, and sometimes supersedes the 
 latter : bending forwards from the common origin, 
 it adheres to the Median nerve, descends with it 
 against a superficial sulcus in the under surface 
 of the Flexor Sublimis Perforatus, and generally 
 becomes spent at the lower part of the Fore-arm 
 
of the Arteries. 75 
 
 to the Median nerve and in minute muscular rami- 
 fications : sometimes it is larger, and, retaining a 
 continued form, passes behind the Annular Liga- 
 ment, with the tendons of the Flexor Sublimis, 
 and ends in the superficial Palmar Arch. 
 
 e 2 
 
76 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 ARTERIES ARISING FROM THE DESCENDING 
 PORTION OF THE THORACIC AORTA. 
 
 These consist of three sets ; namely, the Arteria 
 Intercostales Inferiores, which pass to the Intercos- 
 tal Muscles, Extensors of the Trunk, Diaphragm, 
 and Abdominal Muscles; the Arteriae Bronchiales; 
 and the Arteriae (Esophageae. 
 
 1. Arteriae Intercostales Inferiores, 
 consist of eight, nine, or ten pair ; which arise 
 from the posterior and lateral part of the Aorta 
 Thoracica, and, turning upwards and backwards, 
 curve obliquely across the bodies of the Dorsal 
 Vertebrae, so as to gain the Intercostal spaces : they 
 then pass forwards round the circle of the Thorax, 
 in the Intercostal spaces, and in the Intercostal 
 Grooves which are situated internally to the infe- 
 rior acute margin of the Ribs ; being at first, as 
 they are between the Vertebrae and the angles of 
 the Rib, between the Musculi Intercostales Externi 
 and the Pleura Costalis; afterwards, passing the 
 angles, and becoming fairly lodged in the Intercos- 
 tal Groove, they are between the Intercostales 
 Externi et Interni. Each artery, as it is coursing 
 forwards, in the latter position, gives off a branch 
 downwards, which passes along the superior mar- 
 gin of the Rib next below, and becomes, like the 
 principal continuation of the artery, promiscuously 
 
77 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 distributed through the muscles at the anterior part 
 of the parietes of the Thorax (more especially to 
 the Intercostal muscles) . They inosculate with the 
 Internal Mammary, and with the lowest of the divi- 
 sions of the Superior Intercostal Artery from the 
 Subclavian (by a branch given from that division 
 of the superior Intercostal Artery, which descends 
 across the Thoracic side of the neck of the Rib 
 next below it, to join the commencement of the 
 highest Intercostal Artery from the Aorta), and 
 with the external Thoracic Arteries from the axil- 
 lary, (which are expressly dispersed to the Pecto- 
 ral Muscles) . The five, or six lower pair of Inter- 
 costal Arteries are unexpended in the corresponding 
 Intercostal spaces ; but are continued forwards and 
 downwards, so as to perforate the origin of the 
 larger muscle of the Diaphragm, giving branches 
 inwards into the substance of the Diaphragm, which 
 inosculate with the proper Diaphragmatic Arteries : 
 they then emerge from behind the cartilaginous 
 margin of the Thorax, formed by the united carti- 
 lages of the false Ribs, and pass between the layers 
 of the abdominal muscles, for the most part like the 
 corresponding Intercostal nerves, between the 
 Obliquus Internus andTransversalis Abdominalis, 
 to which they are promiscuously dispersed, and in- 
 osculate through the medium of the Abdominal 
 muscles, with the Internal Epigastric and Lumbar 
 Arteries. 
 
 2. The ARTERiiE Bronchiales are very 
 small, as they are only for nourishing the membra- 
 E 3 
 
78 Locality and Distribution 
 
 nous structure of the Lung. Generally there are 
 three Arteries ; but frequently there are four. 
 
 The Arteria Bronchialis Dextra arises 
 from the fore and right side of the upper part of the 
 Aorta Thoracica, and passes forwards, and to the 
 right side (in the Posterior Mediastinum), behind 
 the (Esophagus ; sometimes it arises from the 
 highest of the Aortic Intercostal Arteries on the 
 right side, and then it passes forwards by the right 
 side of the (Esophagus : it is afterwards continued 
 out of the Posterior Mediastinum, into the right 
 Pulmonary Ligament, coursing between the Laminae 
 of the Ligamentum Pulmonale Latum Dextrum, 
 along with the Right Pulmonary Vessels and right 
 Bronchus ; then perforates with the Bronchus the 
 root of the Lung, and becomes dispersed promis- 
 cuously through its substance. 
 
 The Arteria Bronchialis Sinistra arises 
 from the fore and left side of the Aorta Thoracica, 
 and passes forwards, and to the left side, towards 
 the left Lung ; first, out of the Posterior Mediasti- 
 num ; and then between the laminae of the Left Pul- 
 monary Ligament, along with the left Pulmonary 
 vessels and left Bronchus ; then perforates along 
 with these the root of the left Lung, and is dis- 
 persed in promiscuous ramifications to its substance. 
 
 The Arteria Bronchialis Communis arises 
 from the anterior part of the Thoracic Aorta, 
 and, passing forwards for a very short distance in 
 a single form, bifurcates: the one branch, which 
 passes forwards, and to the left side, out of the Pos- 
 
79 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 teriov Mediastinum ; then, through the left Pulmo- 
 nary Ligament along with the Arteria Bronchialis 
 Sinistra, perforates, like that, the root of the left 
 Lung, and is dispersed with it promiscuously in 
 the substance of the Lung : the other branch 
 
 passes forwards, and to the right side, first, as it is 
 in the Posterior Mediastinum, behind the (Esopha- 
 gus; it afterwards passes between the Laminae of 
 the right Pulmonary Ligament, with the correspond- 
 ing Pulmonary Arteries and Bronchus, to the root 
 of the right Lung, and, like the Bronchial Artery, 
 proper to the right Lung, is lost in its substance. 
 
 The Arteria Bronchialis Inferior some- 
 times exists, which arises from the Aorta below the 
 more regular ones, and takes an indefinite course to 
 one or another (generally to the right) , or some- 
 times to both of the Lungs. The Bronchial Arteries 
 give ramifications to supply the Pleurae forming the 
 Posterior Mediastinnm and the Pulmonary Liga- 
 ment. 
 
 3. The Arteria (Esophage^e, are small Arte- 
 ries, which may be from four to ten in number, 
 that arise from the anterior part of the Thoracic 
 Aorta, and, passing forwards, ramify in a tortuous 
 manner, about the (Esophagus, so as to encircle it 
 by anastomosing branches, and then pass into its 
 muscular substance. 
 
80 Locality and Distribution 
 
 AORTA ABDOMINALIS.* 
 
 The branches arising- from the Abdominal por- 
 tion of the descending Aorta, commonly called the 
 Aorta Abdominalis, consist of three Azygos Ar- 
 teries, passing to the Loose or Abdominal Viscera ; 
 and five pairs, which supply the fixed or Extra- 
 Abdominal Viscera and the parietes of the Abdo- 
 men. 
 
 The first arteries that arise from the Abdominal 
 Aorta are, — the two Arterii: Diaphragm ati- 
 c.® Inferiores — the first pair. These arise from 
 the anterior part of the Aorta behind the Ligamen- 
 tum Arcuatum Aortae, and before it fairly becomes 
 the Abdominal Aorta, or gains the region of the 
 Abdomen. They bend downwards beneath the 
 Ligamentum Arcuatum Aortae ; then slant up- 
 wards and outwards obliquely in front of the two 
 Crura of the Diaphragm, and behind the Margo 
 Obtusus of the Liver and the Ligamentum Corona- 
 rium ; they afterwards divide into primary 
 branches upon the under surface of the larger 
 muscle of the Diaphragm, which are continued 
 
 * For the position of the Abdominal Aorta, see page 2. 
 
81 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 into its substance in minuter and promiscuous ra- 
 mifications, that inosculate with branches which 
 pass inwards into the substance of the Diaphragm 
 from the lower Intercostal Arteries, as the latter 
 are emerging from between the cartilages of the 
 false Ribs, and piercing the origin of the Dia- 
 phragm to reach the Abdominal muscles ; — besides 
 which, they inosculate with the proper Superior 
 Diaphragmatic branches and the Phrenic brancli 
 from the Internal Mammaries. Sometimes one of 
 the Inferior Diaphragmatic Arteries comes off from 
 the Hepatic ; sometimes one is much larger than 
 the other, and they may arise by a common trunk 
 which afterwards bifurcates. 
 
 1. Azygos Artery. — The next branch is the 
 Arteria Celiaca, a large Azygos Artery, which 
 arises from just below the Inferior Diaphragmatic, 
 and as soon as the Aorta gets completely below 
 the Ligamentum Arcuatum Aortae ; — it is a short 
 thick stump, which is, at the farthest, not more than 
 three-eighths of an inch in length. It arises from 
 the anterior part of the Aorta Abdominalis, and 
 projecting forwards, trifurcates into branches which 
 pass off in a radiation from it as from a common 
 centre ; on which account it is termed the Axis 
 ArterIjE CeliacjE. The Celiac trunk or 
 Axis is bounded superiorly by the Ligamentum 
 Arcuatum Aortae and the Margo Obtusus of the 
 Liver ; inferiorly, by the upper edge of the Pan- 
 creas ; laterally, by the Crura of the Diaphragm, 
 and the two Semilunar Ganglia of the Splanchnic 
 e 4 
 
82 Locality and Distribution 
 
 branches of the Sympathetic Maximi — which 
 branches descend through the Foramen Posticum 
 by the side of the Aorta, and then terminate by 
 the side of the Celiac Artery and upon the Crura 
 of Diaphragm in the two Semilunar Ganglia ; — an- 
 teriorly it is bounded immediately, or in a fixed 
 way, by the Sac of the Peritoneum which is con- 
 nected with it by cellular membranea, as it lines 
 the posterior side of the Abdomen ; more anteri- 
 orly and distantly still, it is bounded by the Lesser 
 Curvature of the Stomach, and the small Omen- 
 tum. All the arteries from the Celiac Axis come off 
 with a peculiar bend. 
 
 1st. The one of the trifurcation, which is the small- 
 est, andmost to theleft,is the Arteri aCoronaria 
 Ventriculi. It arises from the Celiac Artery and 
 bends upwards, and to the left side, so as to become 
 attached to the right side of the Cardiac Orifice of 
 the Stomach ; it then passes along the Lesser Cur- 
 vature of the Stomach in the attachment of the small 
 Omentum, and being almost exhausted by branches, 
 ends upon the Pyloric Orifice of the stomach. At the 
 Cardiac Orifice of the stomach it gives off the Ar- 
 teria Cardiaca, the Cardiac branch, which passes 
 round the termination of the (Esophagus, or the 
 Cardiac Orifice : this gives branches downwards, 
 which supply the contiguous part of the stomach ; 
 and branches upwards, which ascend through the 
 substance of the (Esophagus, and are continued in 
 that through the Foramen Sinistrum Diaphragma- 
 tis, so as to enter the Thorax, and in the sub- 
 
83 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 stance of the (Esophagus to inosculate with the 
 (Esophageal branches from the Thoracic Aorta. 
 As the Coronary Artery passes along the lesser 
 Curvature, the chief part of the artery is expended 
 in giving downwards the Arteria Transversce, 
 Transverse branches, that descend across the an- 
 terior and posterior surface of the stomach, be- 
 tween the Peritoneal and Muscular coats, gradually 
 becoming diminished as they approach towards the 
 larger Curvature, — by giving inwards minute and 
 innumerable ramifications through the muscular 
 and cellular coats, which form the organization of 
 the Mucous coat, and more especially by their se- 
 creting extremities, the internal Villous or se- 
 creting surface of the coat, — they give outwards, 
 al So, colourless exhalants to the Peritoneal coat, 
 which throw out the exhalation upon the Perito- 
 neal surface of the stomach. 
 
 The termination of the artery is the Arteria Py- 
 lorica, which is distributed upon the upper side of 
 the Pylorus. 
 
 2d. The Arteria Splenica is the largest of 
 the three branches of the Celiac in the adult sub- 
 ject, being as large as a goose-quill ; but the He- 
 patic is the largest in the Foetus. The Splenis Ar- 
 tery first makes a short bend downwards, to get 
 behind the upper edge of the Pancreas ; and then 
 passes outwards in a tortuous manner towards the 
 left side and towards the Spleen, being situated in 
 a superficial Sulcus behind the upper edge of the 
 Pancreas ; it passes behind the continuation of the 
 
84 Locality and Distribution. 
 
 Peritoneum which unites the left extremity of the 
 Pancreas to the lower part of the Spleen anteriorly 
 to the upper part of the left Kidney, where it di- 
 vides into branches which pass in a tortuous man- 
 ner towards the Spleen, perforate the Fissure Lon- 
 gitudinalis, and there ramify very tortuously 
 through its substance, so as to form a great part of 
 its vascular substance, terminating either by form- 
 ing continuous inflected canals with the beginnings 
 of the veins, or else in minute membranous cells 
 which are supposed by many to exist in the Spleen, 
 and to form an inter-continuation between the ar- 
 teries and the veins ; the minute branches ramify- 
 ing about the cells, and then opening them by 
 orifices, from which cells also the veins are conti- 
 nuous. As soon as the Splenic Artery gets behind 
 the upper edge of the Pancreas, it gives off the 
 Arteria Princeps Pancreatica, which is the largest 
 of the Pancreatic branches that arise from the 
 Splenic, and descends into the substance of the 
 Pancreas : — in the subsequent part of its course be- 
 hind the Pancreas, it gives off smaller branches, 
 called Pancreaticce Accessories, which descend into 
 its substance. It also gives off, in the same manner, 
 four or five branches called Arteries Gas trices 
 Posteriores, which pass forwards to the part of the 
 posterior surface of the stomach, that is contiguous 
 to the Lesser Curvature. Then the principal 
 branches forming the continued artery give off, just 
 before their entrance into the Fissura Longitudinalis 
 of the Spleen, four or five branches called Vases 
 
85 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 Brevice, which are reflected backwards from the 
 Fissura Longitudinalis in the fold of Peritoneum 
 uniting the Fissura Longitudinalis to the left ex- 
 tremity of the stomach, and supply promiscuously 
 the left extremity, or Cul de Sac. Then from one 
 of the undermost of the branches produced by the 
 division of the Splenic Artery, just before it 
 plunges into the Spleen, it gives off the largest, 
 and therefore the most important, branch of those 
 that bear a distinguishing name, called the Arteria 
 Gastro-Epiploica Sinistra; this descends along 
 the left side of the larger Curvature of the Stomach, 
 being in the adhesion of the left side of the large 
 Omentum, and ends on the middle of the larger 
 Curvature by inosculating with the Right Gastro- 
 Epiploic Artery from the Hepatic : it supplies both 
 the Stomach and Omentum in its progress ; — giving 
 Gastric branches upwards, which ascend across 
 the anterior and posterior surface of the stomach 
 of a limited distance, and communicate with 
 those from the Coronary Artery ; and Epiploic 
 branches, which pass downwards through the left 
 side of the large Omentum, and these are the 
 largest belonging to the Omentum Magus, 
 
 3. The Arteria Hepatica Communis. 
 This is the largest of the three primary branches 
 from the Celiac in the Foetus, in correspondence 
 with the enormous size of the Liver at that time. 
 It bends towards the right side, being attached by 
 the Peritoneum to the upper margin of the Pan- 
 creas ; then turns upwards behind the commence- 
 
86 Locality and Distribution 
 
 ment of the Duodenum, so as to enter the Capsule of 
 Glisson ; it ascends through the anterior and left side 
 of the Capsule, and before it reaches the Portae of the 
 Liver it divides into the Arteria Hepatica Dextra 
 et Sinistra, which ascend into the substance of 
 the right and left Lobes, by passing through the 
 Porta ; the right being the largest. Their larger 
 ramifications are held in connection with the 
 branches of the Vena Portae Hepaticae, by the 
 cellular Thecae of the latter, while their more mi- 
 nute divisions are dispersed every where through 
 the substance of the Liver ; the terminations of 
 these communicating with the Vena Portae Hepa- 
 ticae in the Acici, and forming a continued canal 
 (like the Vena Portae Hepaticae) with the com- 
 mencements of the Venae Cavae Hepaticae. 
 
 The first branch regularly given off from the 
 Hepatic Artery is the Arteria Gastro-epiploica 
 Dextra, Gastro-duodenalis, or Duodeno-gas- 
 trica. It arises from the Hepatic behind the 
 beginning of the Duodenum ; it first passes beneath 
 the beginning of the Duodenum, supplying that ; 
 then along the right side of the larger curvature 
 of the Stomach, in the attachment of the large 
 Omentum, giving branches to each ; and on the 
 middle of the larger curvature it ends in inoscula- 
 ting with the Gastro-epiploica Sinistra. This 
 artery gives off, (as it is descending contiguous to 
 the Pylorus, commencement of the Duodenum, and 
 right extremity of the Pancreas) — a Pyloric branch 
 to the Pylorus; — Duodenal branches, which 
 
87 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 descend upon the commencement of the Duo- 
 denum ; — the Duodeno-pancreatic branch, which 
 passes backwards and bifurcates, part passing into 
 the right extremity of the Pancreas, and part to 
 the Duodenum; — and the Transverse Pancreatic 
 branch which runs transversely through the right 
 extremity of the Pancreas. As the artery is 
 passing along the greater curvature of the Stomach 
 in the Omentum, it gives off Gastric branches 
 which pass upwards, and Epiploic branches which 
 pass downwards. 
 
 The Arteria Pylorica Superior, a branch 
 arising from the trunk of the Hepatic just before it 
 enters the Capsule of Glisson, and distributed to 
 the Pylorus. 
 
 The bifurcation of the Common Hepatic forms 
 the Arteria Hepatica Dextra, and the Arteria 
 Hepatica Sinistra. 
 
 The Arteria Hepatica Dextra gives off a small 
 branch to the cervix of the Gall-bladder, called 
 the Arteria Fellea ; which divides at the Cervix 
 into two branches, called the Ar ter ice Cyticae 
 Gemellce, which pass along the sides of the Gall- 
 bladder towards the Fundus, between the peri- 
 toneal and fibrous coats, and are expended in its 
 structure after the same manner as the Gastric 
 Arteries are to the Stomach, and the arteries of all 
 hollow membranous viscera. 
 
88 
 
 DIAGRAM II. 
 
 A Plan of the principal Branches of the 
 Celiac Artery. 
 
 %* The names of the Arterial Trunks are in Small 
 Capitals; those of the secondary set, in Italics; 
 and those of the third series in Small Text. 
 
 1. 1. The Crura Diaphragmatis. 
 
 2. The Foramen Posticum Diaphragmatis. 
 
 3. 3. The Aorta Abdominalis. 
 
 4. 4. The Arterial Iliac* Communes. 
 
 5. 5. The Arteria Sacra Media. 
 
 6. 6. Outline of the distended Cul de Sac of 
 the Stomach. 
 
 7. Outline of the Duodenum. 
 
 8. Outline of the distended Gall-bladder. 
 
 9. Outline of the Spleen. 
 
 10. Outline of the (Esophagus. 
 
 11. 11. Arteri* Diaphragmatic* Ix- 
 feriores. 
 
 12. Axis Arteri* Celiac.*. 
 
 13. Arteria Coronaria Ventriculi. 
 
 14. The Cardiac Branch. 
 
 15. The Pyloric Branch. 
 
 16. Arteria Splenica. 
 
 17. 17. Pancreatic Branches. 
 
Diag 2 
 
 0- . D .1) trmokl \<Lil * 
 
89 
 
 18. 18. Splenic Branches. 
 
 19. 19. Vasa Brevia. 
 
 20. Arteria Gastro-Epiploica Sinistra. 
 
 21. Arteria Hepatica Communis. 
 
 22. Arteria Duodeno - Gastrica, vel Gastro 
 Epiploica Dextra. 
 
 23. Arteria Fellea. 
 
 24. Arteria Cystici Gemelli. 
 
 25. 25. Arteria Hepatica Dextra. 
 
 29. Arteria Hepatica Dextra Sinistra. 
 
90 Locality and Distribution 
 
 2. Azygos Artery. — The Arteria Mesen- 
 terica Superiora arises from the fore part of 
 the Aorta, immediately below the Celiac Artery. 
 It first descends behind the Pancreas, so as to 
 emerge from beneath its lower edge (so that its 
 commencement is concealed by the Pancreas, the 
 latter seeming to intercept this artery from the 
 trunk of the Celiac) ; then descending behind the 
 root of the Transverse Meso-colon, it enters be- 
 tween the Laminae of the Mesentery, and descends 
 through its root across the Transverse portion of 
 the Duodenum, bending in its descent towards the 
 right Iliac Region, so as to form an arch : the 
 concavity of this arch faces upwards, and to the 
 right side, and the convexity downwards and to the 
 right side. The concavity of this arch produces 
 the following three branches, which have par- 
 ticular names, and supply all that part of the 
 Colon in the right side of the Abdomen. — The 
 Arteria Colica Media arises from the concave side 
 of the Artery, just after it enters the root of the 
 Mesentery, and passes upwards and towards the 
 right side, involved in the Meso-colon, to supply 
 the Hepatic Flexure, the right side of the Trans- 
 verse arch, and the upper part of the ascending 
 portion of the Colon, — by dividing against the 
 Hepatic Flexura into two branches ; one bending 
 upwards along the right side of the Transverse 
 Arch in the attachment of the Meso-colon to that, 
 and inosculating upon the middle of the arch with 
 the highest branch of the Inferior Mesenteric 
 Artery ; the other branch bends downwards along 
 
91 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 the descending portion of the Colon, and inos- 
 culates with the ascending branch of the next 
 artery. 
 
 The Arteria Colicu Dextra arises from the 
 concave side of the Superior Mesenteric Artery, 
 as it is in the root of the Mesentery, or is some- 
 times a branch of the last described artery ; it 
 passes transversely towards the right side behind 
 the Internal or Vertebral Lamina of the ascending 
 Meso-colon (which lamina, in lining the back of 
 the Abdomen, forms the continuity of the Peri- 
 toneum transversely between the Mesentery and 
 ascending Meso-colon) ; and then the artery parts 
 into two branches to supply the ascending portion 
 of the Colon : pne branch, passing upwards upon 
 the ascending portion of the Colon, inosculates and 
 forms an arch with the descending branch of the 
 Colica Media ; the other branch, bending in a 
 similar way downwards upon the ascending portion 
 of the Colon, inosculates with the next. 
 
 The Arteria Ilio-colica seems not unfrequently 
 to be the continuation of the great arch of the 
 artery, supplying the Intestines in the right Iliac 
 Region, viz., the lower part of the Ilium, Caecum, 
 Appendix Vermiformis Caeci, and the beginning 
 of the ascending portion of the Colon : the 
 
 branches which supply the latter inosculate with 
 the descending branch of the Arteria Colica 
 Dextra ; and those which aie upon the Ilium with 
 the branches which immediately follow. 
 
 The Arterice Intestinales . — These form the 
 
92 Locality and Distribution 
 
 principal part of the artery ; arise from the convex 
 side of the arch ; and are between twelve and 
 twenty in number. As these large branches pass 
 forwards between the Laminae of the Mesentery, 
 each bifurcates, and the branches bending side- 
 ways inosculate by continuous extremities, so as to 
 form one continuous line of inosculating arches : 
 from these arches smaller arteries pass forwards, 
 and, bifurcating, form a lesser or a secondary 
 series of arches, and by the subsequent divisions, 
 a succession of smaller arches are formed which 
 seem to form a plexus of small arches : from the 
 last of these arches small straight arteries pass 
 forwards to the convolutions of the Intestines ; 
 then coming against the concave side of the con- 
 volutions of the Intestines, and into the attach- 
 ment of the Mesentery to the Intestines, each 
 dirides into two small branches, which encircle the 
 circumference of the Intestine trausversely, passing 
 between the Peritoneal and muscular coats, fur- 
 nishing the exhalant vessels to the Peritoneal coat, 
 and minute ramifications to the internal coats. 
 
 3. Azygos Artery. — The Arteria Mesen- 
 terica Inferior, is only one third the size of 
 the Superior Mesenteric ; for it only supplies the 
 left side of the transverse arch of the Colon, the 
 Splenic Flexure, descending portion, Sigmoid 
 Flexure, and Rectum. It arises from the fore and 
 left side of the Aorta Abdominalis, half way be- 
 tween the origin of the Superior Mesenteric and 
 he bifurcation of the Aorta, and about an inch 
 
93 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 and a half or two inches above the bifurcation ; it 
 comes off in a peculiar bend from the Aorta, 
 turning downwards and towards the left side, 
 anteriorly to the Psoas Magnus muscle, and behind 
 the Internal Lamina of the descending Meso-colon 
 (which adheres to the thin continuation of the Fascia 
 lliaca, covering the Psoas Magnus by the cellular 
 membrane that connects the Internal Lamina of 
 the descending Meso-colon, as the Peritoneal 
 lining of the Abdomen to the Fascia) ; then 
 getting anteriorly to the Ureter, or thereabouts, 
 it trifurcates into the following branches : — 
 
 The Arteria Colica Ascendens Anastimodica 
 passes upwards, and towards the left side, between 
 the Laminae of the Meso-colon to supply the Splenic 
 Flexure, and continuous parts of the Transverse 
 Arch and descending portions of Colon, dividing 
 opposite to the Splenic Flexure into two branches : 
 one turns upwards along the left side of the 
 Transverse Arch, and unites with the ascending 
 branch of the Colica Media from the Superior 
 Mesenteric Artery ; whereby these two highest 
 branches of the two Mesenteric Arteries form a 
 continued arch, extending along the Transverse 
 Arch of the Colon in the attachment of the Meso- 
 colon to the Intestine, called Cir cuius Arteriosus 
 Abdominalis : the other branch turns downwards, 
 upon the beginning of the descending portion of 
 the Colon, and unites with the following. 
 
 TheArteriaColicaSinistra,seuTransversa^3iSses 
 from the trifurcation towards the left side behind 
 
94 Locality and Distribution 
 
 the Internal Lamina of the descending Meso-colon, 
 and bifurcates : one branch turns upwards along 
 the descending portion of the Colon, and inos- 
 culates in an arch with the descending branch of 
 the last mentioned ; the other descends on the 
 Sigmoid Flexure, and inosculates with the highest 
 branch of the next artery. 
 
 Th q Arteria Hemorrhoidalis Interna is the largest 
 branch, and, appearing to be the continuation of the 
 artery, it turns downwards over the Arteria Iliaca 
 Communis into the cavity of the Pelvis (like the 
 Ureter, and the Spermatic Artery in the female) ; 
 it then descends behind the Rectum, between the 
 two Laminae of the Meso-rectum, and spreads into 
 ramifications as it descends upon the posterior 
 surface of the Rectum, which supply the posterior 
 side of the Rectum — inosculating by ramifications, 
 which are reflected backwards from the Rectum 
 with the Arteria Sacra Media, and Arteriae Sacrae 
 Laterales, upon the anterior surface of the 
 Sacrum ; and by some of its branches, which 
 extend forwards towards the sides of the Rectum, 
 it inosculates with the two Arteriae Hemorrhoidales 
 Mediae from the Internal Iliacs ; which supply the 
 lower and lateral part of the Rectum ; and also, 
 through the medium of these with the Arteriae 
 Hemorrhoidales Externi from the Internal Pudic 
 Arteries, which supply the lowest part of the 
 anterior side of the Rectum and verge of the 
 Anus ; the leading division being continued down- 
 wards upon the back of the Rectum, in the form 
 
of the Arteries. 95 
 
 of a continued branch to within three inches of the 
 Anus before it becomes lost. 
 
 The three large Arteries of the Aorta last 
 described are Azygos, because the viscera which 
 they supply are Azygos. 
 
 2d Pair. — The Arteri#: Supra-renales are 
 two slender branches arising from the sides of the 
 Aorta, laterally, to the origin of the Superior 
 Mesenteric, and pass outwards to supply the Supra 
 Renal Capsules, along with branches remitted from 
 the Inferior Diaphragmatic, and from the Renal 
 Arteries. 
 
 3d Pair. — Arteri^e Ren ales, or Emdl- 
 gentes, are two large arteries that arise from the 
 sides of the Aorta Abdominalis about a quarter of 
 an inch below the Supra Renal and the origin of 
 the Superior Mesenteric Arteries : each proceeds 
 obliquely outwards, downwards, and rather back- 
 wards, first anteriorly to the Tendinous Crus of 
 the Diaphragm ; and then, bending over the belly 
 of the Psoas Magnus muscle, it gradually sinks 
 into the fat which imbeds the Kidney within 
 the Lumbar Region of the Abdomen, and approach- 
 ing the Sinus of the Kidney, divides into its 
 primary branches which assume rather a con- 
 torted form, and pierce the Sinus (the Renal 
 Artery holds a position superiorly to the other 
 organs within the Sinus) : — here the artery gives 
 off small filamentous-like branches to the fat, 
 Capsula Supra-renalis, and in a particular manner 
 tQ the Membrane Propria of the Kidney, in which 
 
96 Locality and Distribution 
 
 latter part they have a star-like distribution divid- 
 ing into ramifications, which radiate as from so 
 many centres of division. 
 
 The continuation of the main branches of the 
 Renal Artery, after piercing the Sinus, ramify 
 through the substance of the Kidney, and chiefly 
 through the Cortical part, very minutely, where 
 they are said to terminate in small convoluted 
 extremities termed Cryptae, which communicate 
 freely with the commencement of the Tubuli 
 Uriniferi, and the beginnings of the Renal Vein. 
 
 The right Renal Artery is longer than the left, 
 in consequence of the Aorta being on the left side 
 of the Spine ; and it passes behind the Inferior 
 Vena Cava, which is situated on the Spine, by the 
 right side of the Aorta. There are frequently 
 great irregularities both in the origins, course, and 
 number of the Renal Arteries ; but not in their 
 mode of distribution through the Kidneys. 
 
 4th Pair. — The Arteries Spermatic.*:. The 
 two Spermatic Arteries arise, when regular, from 
 the fore and lateral part of the Aorta, about three 
 quarters of an inch below the origin of the Renal 
 Arteries ; they are of a very slender, long, and 
 tortuous form. They pass obliquely downwards 
 and outwards ; the right first passes obliquely over 
 the Vena Cava Inferior; then each descends 
 obliquely over the Psoas Magnus muscle and 
 behind the Peritoneum, being closely attached to 
 the posterior surface of the Peritoneum by the 
 cellular membrane which connects the Peritoneum 
 
97 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 to the Fascia immediately covering the Psoas Mag- 
 nus muscle; — and here it also crosses in front of 
 the Ureter, or passes betwixt the Ureter and the 
 Peritoneum; but the Ureter is also, like the artery, 
 so closely adherent to the Peritoneum, that it fol- 
 lows it, or keeps in close attachment to the Perito- 
 neum when it is stripped from the Parietes of the 
 Abdomen, or, i. e., the Fascia covering the Psoas 
 Magnus muscle : it then emerges from behind the 
 Peritoneum in its progress towards the Internal 
 Abdominal Ring, and receives from the cellular 
 surface of the Peritoneum a process of cellular 
 membrane, which unites it at the Internal Abdo- 
 minal Ring (where all the parts of the Cord meet) 
 with the other organs of the Cord into a process 
 of vessels, which descends within the Abdominal 
 Canal ensheathed within the Fascia Canalis : the 
 artery then emerges from the External Abdo- 
 minal Ring, and descends through the continuation 
 of this Spermatic process of vessels (now properly 
 called the Spermatic Cord), being enclosed with 
 the other organs of the Cord in the Cremaster 
 muscle and Fascia Spermatica, and covered more 
 superficially by the Fascia Superficialis and the 
 Common Integuments ; and, becoming increasingly 
 tortuous in its descent, its convolutions are em- 
 braced by the veins of the Spermatic Plexus, and 
 help to make the base of the Spermatic Cord (the 
 cord being rather of the conical shape, becoming 
 smaller towards the External Abdominal Ring) : 
 just above the testicle the artery divides into a 
 
 F 
 
98 Locality and Distribution 
 
 number of tortuous branches, which form by their 
 convolutions a sort of Coronary distribution upon 
 the posterior part of the Testicle and Epidydymis, 
 and are partly expended in remitting ramifications 
 into the substance of the Epidydymis ; but the 
 main continuations of the branches inclining for- 
 wards with the veins upon the surface of Testicle, 
 perforate the Tunica Albuginea, and are conti- 
 nuous in the substance of the Testicle with the 
 commencement of the Spermatic Veins ; and also 
 it is supposed with the Tubuli Seminiferi. In the 
 female, the Spermatic Arteries pass, as in the 
 male, obliquely across the Psoas Magnus muscle, 
 and then incline from behind the Peritoneum at the 
 back of the Abdomen, and turn over the bifurca- 
 tion of the Common Iliac Arteries into the cavity of 
 the Pelvis ; then, inclining inwards between the 
 two Laminae of the Ligamenta Lata Uteri, give 
 ramifications to the contents of the Ligamenta 
 Lata ; viz., the Ovaria, Fimbria and Fallopian 
 Tubes, and are then continued into the Fundus 
 Uteri ; and, supplying the substance of the Fundus 
 and the upper part of the Uterus, inosculate in the 
 substance of these parts with the Uterine branch 
 from the Internal Iliac Artery. 
 
 5th set of Pairs. — The Arteri^ Lumbales. 
 Just as the Aorta within the Thorax gives off 
 branches to the Intercostal spaces termed Inter- 
 costal Arteries, so, as it is at the back of the 
 Abdomen, it gives off corresponding branches 
 which supply the muscular substance of the Loins, 
 
99 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 and are termed the Lumbar Arteries ; sometimes 
 consisting of four, sometimes five pairs. These 
 arise from the posterior and lateral part of the 
 Aorta Abdominalis ; they bend backwards over 
 the sides of the bodies of the Lumbar Vertebrae (the 
 upper ones passing, like the lowest Dorsal, behind 
 the Crura Diaphragmatis, the middle-most through 
 the Crura, and the lowest before the origins of the 
 Crura) , and then sink behind the Psoas Magnus 
 muscle, to which they are partially distributed as 
 well as to the Quadratus Lumborum, and the pos- 
 terior portions of the Abdominal muscles : — they 
 supply also the Vertebrae, and give small branches 
 inwards through the Foramina Intervertebralia s 
 which supply the membranes, and likewise, in 
 some measure, the substance, of the Medulla Spi- 
 nalis : — they inosculate with the inferior Intercostal, 
 Internal Mammary, Epigastric, and Ilio-Lumbar 
 Arteries : — frequently, a branch of the latter, pass- 
 ing the Crita Ilii, supplies the place of the fifth 
 Lumbar Artery. 
 
 The Arteria Sacra Media arises from the 
 termination of the Aorta Abdominalis (commonly 
 called the bifurcation of the Aorta) ; descends over 
 the fifth Lumbar Vertebra, the Promontory of the 
 Sacrum, and then along the middle of the anterior 
 concave surface of the Sacrum as low as the 
 Os Coccygis : — it inosculates with the Internal 
 Hemorrhoidal and the lateral Sacral Arteries. 
 
100 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 DIAGRAM III. 
 
 A Plan to illustrate the Arteries given 
 
 OFF FROM THE ABDOMINAL AORTA. 
 
 *** The names of the Arterial Trunks, and primitive arteries 
 given off from the Aorta, are in Roman Capitals ; and those of 
 the second series in Italics. 
 
 1. 1. The Crura Diaphragmatis. 
 
 2. The Foramen Posticum Diaphragmatis. 
 
 3. 3. The Psoas Magnus. 
 
 4. 4. The Aorta Abdominalis. 
 
 5. 5. The Arteria Diaphragmatic.#:. 
 
 6. Axis Arteria Celiacs. 
 
 7. Arteria Coronaria Ventriculi. 
 
 8. Arteria Splenica. 
 
 9. Arteria Hepatica Communis. 
 
 10. Arteria Mesenterica Superior. 
 
 11. Arteria Colica Media. a 
 
 12. Arteria Colica D extra. 
 
 13. Arteria Ilio-colica. 
 
 14. 14. Arteria Intestinales. 
 
 15. 15. Arteria Supra: Ren ales. 
 
 16. 16. Arteria: Ren ales. 
 
 17. 17. Arteria: Spermatica. 
 
 18. Arteria Mesenterica Inferior. 
 
 19. Arteria Colica Ascendens. 
 
 20. Arteria Colica Transversa Anastimodica. 
 
 21. Arteria Hoemorrhoidalis seu Sinistra. 
 
 media. 
 
 22.22. 22. 22. Arteria: Lumbales. 
 
 23. Arteria Sacra Media. 
 
 24. 24. Arteria Iliaca Communes. 
 
D.iag.3. 
 
 G-.<Sckcwf litnog: 
 
 &-D D ermcft !)(!*' 
 
 /rit'dcfZ by C.InuZMaMcUil. 
 

of the Arteries. 
 
 101 
 
 ARTERIA ILIACA COMMUNIS. 
 
 The common Iliac Artery arises from the bifur- 
 cation* of the Aorta Abdominalis ; passes obliquely 
 downwards and outwards, anteriorly to the side of 
 the fifth Lumbar Vertebra; and then trifurcates 
 opposite to the upper part of the Sacro-iliac Sym- 
 phisis, about two inches below its origin, and just 
 by the inner side of the Psoas Magnus muscle, 
 into the Internal and External Iliac Arteries. 
 
 * I call this bifurcation in compliasance to custom, although, 
 more accurately speaking, it is a trifurcation. 
 
102 Locality and Distribution 
 
 ARTERI A ILIACA INTERNA. 
 
 The Internal Iliac Artery arises from the bifur- 
 cation of the Common Iliac ; passes downwards, 
 and rather backwards, through the posterior part 
 of the cavity of the Pelvis, anteriorly to the Pyri- 
 formis muscle. Sacral Plexus of nerves, and Sacro- 
 iliac Symphisis, and behind the Cul de Sac of the 
 Peritoneum which lines the Pelvis ; about two in- 
 ches below its origin it divides into many branches ; 
 the four largest of these pass out of the cavity of 
 the Pelvis; viz., the Obturator artery, passing for- 
 wards ; the Internal Pudic and Ischiatic, which 
 arise from the termination of the Artery, and pass- 
 ing downwards form its bifurcation ; and the Gluteal, 
 passing backwards. 
 
 The Arteria Obturatoria arises from the 
 anterior side of the Internal Iliac ; passes forwards 
 in the side of the Pelvis, laterally to the Cul de 
 Sac of the Peritoneum, and opposite to the Linea 
 Ilio-pectinea, being in a cellular hollow formed 
 beneath the External Iliac vessels along with the 
 Obturator Nerve; it emerges with the latter from 
 the Pelvis through the Sinus Orbturatorius, that 
 is above the Obturator Ligament, and the ori- 
 gins of the Obturator muscles ; and then rami- 
 fies between the Pectinalis and the Obturator Ex- 
 ternus muscles ; on the surface of the latter in- 
 osculating with the anterior or ascending division 
 of the Internal Circumflex Artery from the Arteria 
 Femoralis Profunda. 
 
103 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 The Arteria Ischiatica. The Ischiatic and 
 the Internal Pudic Arteries pass downwards, from 
 the termi nation of the Artery, laterally to each 
 other, in front of the Pyriformis muscle, and 
 emerge through the under part of the large Ischiatic 
 Notch, from beneath the under side of the Pyrifor- 
 mis muscle ; where they usually cross each other : 
 the Ischiatic, which was before the most internal, 
 crossing over the Internal Pudic, and getting the 
 most external ; is afterwards continued downwards, 
 in an arborescent form, along with the trunk of the 
 Ischiatic nerve, over the Rotator muscles of the 
 thigh ; viz., the Geminus Superior, Obturator In- 
 ternus, Geminus Inferior, and Quadratus Femoris, 
 —and is distributed in a great degree to the Gluteus 
 Maximus covering these muscles; the remaining 
 branches afterwards descend between the long 
 head of the Biceps and the Triceps Adductor Mag- 
 nus, and inosculate with the termination of the 
 External and Internal Circumflex, and the first Per- 
 forating branch from the Arteria Femoralis Pro- 
 funda. It gives off the Arteries Coccygece, small 
 branches, which perforate the External Sacro- 
 Isehiatic Ligament, and supply the substance of the 
 Coccygeus muscle. A small tortuous branch comes 
 off from the termination of the Artery, called Arteria 
 Comes Nervi Ischiatici which supplies the sub- 
 stance of the Ischiatic nerve as low as the Ham. 
 
 The Arteria Pudica Interna emerges from 
 the under part of the Ischiatic Notch, and from 
 beneath the under side of the Pyriformis muscle ; 
 
104 Locality and Distribution 
 
 then turns round the superficial side of the Spinous 
 -and-Process of the Ischium ; re-gains or re-enters the 
 Pelvis through the upper part of the Lesser Ischia- 
 tic Notch, above the Obturator Internus muscle. It is 
 then continued forwards and downwards (according to 
 the position in which the Pelvis is naturally situated), 
 obliquely across the surface of the Obturator Inter- 
 nus muscle, being involved in the substance of the 
 Obturator Fascia which covers the muscle : it then 
 gets deeply by the side of the Tuberosity of the 
 Ischium (being here about an inch and a half from 
 the superficial surface of the Tuberosity, and at 
 least two inches below the superficial surface of the 
 Perineum) : it afterwards ascends behind the As- 
 cending Ramus of the Os Ischium, and the Descend- 
 ing Ramus of the Os Pubis, posteriorly to the 
 Crus et Erector Penis, and ultimately a little below 
 the Symphisis, and behind the continuation of the 
 Crus Penis with the Corpus Cavernosum Penis it 
 bifurcates into a Dorsal and a deep branch. The 
 first remarkable branch given off from the Internal 
 Pudic is the Arteria Hemorrhoidalis Externa, 
 which is a small branch arising from it by the inner 
 side of the Tuberosity of the Ischium, which 
 passes inwards to be distributed to the Sphincter 
 Ani and verge of the Anus. A little further forwards 
 it gives off the Arteria Superjicialis Perinei, 
 which passes inwards and forwards, and is chiefly 
 distributed in the fat and cellular 3Iembrane situated 
 superficially to the interstice between the Erector 
 Penis and Accelerator Urinae : its small extremity 
 
105 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 is subsequently extended forwards, and lost upon 
 the ligamentous sheath covering the under side of 
 the commencement of the Corpus Cavernosum 
 Penis. 
 
 The Arteria Transversalis Perinei arises near 
 the two latter, sometimes from the last, and passing 
 inwards across the Perineum, beneath the anterior 
 edge of the Transversalis Perinei, it is expended in 
 ramifications to the muscles covering and sur- 
 rounding the Bulb. 
 
 Arteria Transversalis Penis, or the Transverse 
 Artery of the Bulb, arises near the Superficial 
 Perineal Artery ; passes inwards across the Peri- 
 neum so as to be but barely covered beneath the 
 Transversalis Perinei muscle ; and perforates the 
 Bulb, so as to be distributed in the Corpus Spon- 
 giosum of that and the cylindrical continuation of 
 the Urethra. 
 
 The termination of the Internal Pudic Artery di- 
 vides (as has been already mentioned) a little below 
 the Symphisis, and posteriorly to the continuation 
 of the Crus Penis with the Corpus Cavernosum Pe- 
 nis into the two following : — 
 
 The Arteria Dorsalis Penis, which passes 
 forwards between the under side of the Symphisis 
 and the root of the Penis, by perforating the Liga- 
 mentum Suspensorium : it is afterwards extended 
 forwards in the substance of the Cellular sheath upon 
 the back of the Corpus Cavernosum Penis, laterally 
 to the Vena Magna Ipsius Penis, and gradually 
 spent by a superficial distribution towards the Gians. 
 
 The Arteria Pro fundissima Penis perforates the 
 
106 Locality and Distribution 
 
 commencement of the Corpus Cavernosum Penis (by 
 which it is concealed), and is distributed by minute 
 ramifications, which have a fine filamentous-like 
 form, throughout the tissue of the reticulated Mem- 
 brane which forms the spongy substance of the 
 Corpus Cavernosum Penis, so as to form a Rete 
 Mirabile ; the minute extremities of the Artery 
 being probably continuous with the commencement 
 of the corresponding veins, and also communicating 
 by orifices with the cavities of the cells peculiar to 
 the Corpus Cavernosum. 
 
 The Arteria Glutea. The Gluteal Artery 
 arises from the posterior side of the Internal Iliac 
 Artery (its commencement being frequently con- 
 cealed by the position of the Iliac Artery ; but some- 
 times it is so large as to appear like a continuation 
 of the Iliac Artery), and turns backwards between 
 the large Sacral nerves, and then through the upper 
 of the large Ischiatic Notch, above the upper side of 
 the Pyriformis muscle ; then, winding round upon 
 the edge of the Dorsum Ilii, it gets between the 
 Gluteus Medius and Pyriformis, where it parts 
 into three divisions which produce as many sets of 
 branches, viz. : — 
 
 The Arteria Superjicialis, which is the most 
 superficial division, and consists of branches 
 which pass forwards and ramify throughout the 
 upper or Iliac half of the substance of the Gluteus 
 Maximus muscle; some of the minute ramifications 
 emerge from the superficial surface of the muscle, 
 and supply the fat of the Nates superficially to the 
 Gluteus 3Iaximus ; and other ramifications which 
 
107 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 supply promiscuously that part of the origin of the 
 Gluteus Maximus which is on the back of the 
 Sacrum, communicate through the Medium of that 
 muscle with the termination of the Arteries Sacrse 
 Lateralis : 
 
 The Arteria Profunda is the middlemost and 
 largestdivisionof branches, which, passing forwards, 
 spread widely ; the upper branches being on the 
 Dorsum Ilii, and immersed in the origin of the 
 Gluteus Medius- and the lower ones being between 
 the Gluteus Medius and Minimus ; the middlemost 
 branch, being generally the largest, courses for- 
 wards on the Linea Semicircularis (frequently 
 sulcating it), and so encircles the upper part of the 
 Gluteus Minimus muscle, forming a line of distinc- 
 tion between that and the origin of the Gluteus 
 Medius ; and this and all the other branches of the 
 deep division are gradually expended in promis- 
 cuous ramifications within the substance of the 
 Gluteus Medius muscle : 
 
 The Arteria Profundissima is the smallest and 
 deepest division, and is frequently only a slender 
 single branch, which passes forwards (from the 
 trifurcation of the Gluteal Artery) across the 
 lower part of the Dorsum Ilii, a little superiorly 
 to the Dorsum Acetabuli, and consequently beneath 
 the middle part of the Gluteus Minimus muscle, 
 in the substance of which it is lost ; and inosculates 
 in the anterior part of the muscle with the ascend- 
 ing branch of the External Circumflex Artery, 
 from the Arteria Femoralis Profunda. 
 
108 Locality and Distribution 
 
 The lesser branches from the Internal Iliac Artery 
 are much more numerous, and are distributed to 
 the muscles and viscera within the cavity of the 
 Pelvis : the first of these that may be described 
 is : — 
 
 The Arteria Ilio-lumbalis, which arises 
 from the posterior side of the Internal Iliac Artery, 
 and slants upwards and outwards behind the belly 
 of the Psoas Magnus muscle ; then ramifies widely 
 and superficially through the substance of the 
 Iliacus Internus muscle: one branch, extending 
 upwards, runs forwards for a certain distance on 
 the posterior part of the Crista Ilii, so as frequently 
 to supersede the last Lumbar, and inosculates with 
 the Circuuiflexus Crista Ilii of the External Iliac 
 Artery. 
 
 The Arteri^e Sacr.e Laterales arise from 
 the internal and posterior side of the Internal Iliac 
 Artery, frequently in the form of four separate 
 branches; sometimes, however, in three branches; 
 at other times in the form of a double, or even a 
 single origin, which afterwards subdivides : they 
 are continued inwards through the Anterior Sacral 
 Foramina, but previously inosculate, by small 
 ramifications, in the Membrana Propria, upon the 
 anterior surface of the Sacrum, with lateral rami- 
 fications from the Arteria Sacra Media ; they are 
 then continued into the Specus, and supply the 
 Cauda Equina : the extremities of some of the 
 ramifications perforate the ligamentous Membranes, 
 filling up the Posterior Sacral Foramina, and supply 
 
109 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 the flesh on the back of the Sacrum, consisting of 
 the Gluteus Maximus and the strong Extensors of 
 the Loins ; communicating also with promiscuous 
 ramifications of the Superficial Division of the 
 Gluteal Artery, in the origin of Gluteus Maximus 
 muscle. 
 
 The order in which the following branches are 
 given is, with one exception, according to the 
 general position of the parts within the Pelvis ; 
 beginning at the back of the Pelvis with the most 
 posterior, and then, in succession, taking those 
 that are situated more anteriorly, and which is in 
 fact also the natural order. 
 
 The Arteria Hemorrhoidalis Media arises 
 from the Internal Iliac Artery, and passes down- 
 wards and inwards to be distributed to the lower 
 half of the side of the Rectum ; inosculating towards 
 the back of the Rectum with the large Artery 
 supplying the back, viz., the Arteria Hemorrhoida- 
 lis Interna (which is the termination of the Inferior 
 Mesenteric from the Aorta) ; and at the anterior 
 and inferior part of the Rectum, towards the Anus, 
 with the Arteria Hemorrhoidis Externa from the 
 Internal Pudic Artery. 
 
 The Arteria Spermatica is a small branch, 
 which passes forwards, so as to become attached to 
 the Yas Deferens in the Male subject, or the 
 Ligamentum Rotundum Uteri in the Female ; and 
 then descends upon the surface of one or other of 
 these through the Internal Abdominal Ring, the 
 Abdominal Canal, and the External Abdominal 
 
110 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Ring, and supplies the substance of the Yas Deferens 
 as low as the Testicle, or the Ligamentum Rotundum 
 Uteri as low as the Mons Veneris. 
 
 The viscera placed in front of the Rectum, in the 
 female, are the Uterus and the Vagina. The In- 
 ternal Iliac Artery gives off the Arteria Uterina, 
 which passes downwards and inwards to the Cervix 
 of the Uterus ; then winds round the Cervix of the 
 Uterus , and as it is winding round the Cervix of the 
 Uterus, it gives downwards the Arteria Vaginalis, 
 to be distributed to the upper and lateral part of 
 the Vagina. The continuation of the Uterine 
 Artery then ascends through the side of the Uterus 
 so superficially as only to obtain a complete cover- 
 ing by the External Peritoneal Coat ; and being 
 gradually distributed to the substance of the lower 
 part of the Uterus, towards the Fundus, it inoscu- 
 lates with the Spermatic Artery from the Aorta 
 which supplies the Fundus. 
 
 The Arteria Vesicalis Imus Halleri, or 
 Vesica Inferior, is a small slender Artery, 
 which usually arises from the lower and fore part 
 of the Internal Iliac Artery, and passes downwards, 
 forwards, and inwards, to be distributed into pro- 
 miscuous branches upon the neck of the Bladder, 
 Prostate Gland, Vesiculae Seminales, and Mem- 
 branous portions of the Vasa Deferentia. 
 
 The Arteria Umbilicalis is a very small 
 branch which passes forwards from the anterior 
 side of the Internal Iliac Artery, towards the side 
 of the Bladder, where it is in structural continuation 
 
Ill 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 with the beginning of the Ligamentum Vesicae 
 Laterale, the impervious remains of the Umbilical 
 Artery in the Foetal stage; its pervious continua- 
 tion being here also spent in the form of small rami- 
 fications, called the Arterice Vesicce Superiores 
 (in contra-distinction to the Arteria Vesicalis Imus 
 Halleri) to the Fundus, or upper part of the Bladder. 
 
 The Internal Iliac Artery, in the Foetus, passes 
 downwards and backwards into the cavity of the 
 Pelvis, and gives off the branches which have been 
 here described in the adult subject (these, however, 
 are then very small in comparison with the vessels 
 of other parts, which is in correspondence with the 
 small size or non-developed condition of the Legs 
 and the lower part of the Body) ; the unexpended 
 continuation of the trunk then assumes the name 
 of the Umbilical Artery, and turns forwards in 
 an arch by the side of the Bladder, and after- 
 wards ascends in front of the anterior side of the 
 Peritoneal Sac (between that, consequently, and the 
 anterior Parietes of the Abdomen formed by the 
 Recti muscles and their Sheaths) obliquely upwards 
 and forwards towards the Umbilicus, converging 
 towards the opposite Artery ; and is then continued 
 through the Umbilicus, in jjuxta-position with the 
 opposite Umbilical Artery and the Umbilical Vein 
 (which passes from the Umbilicus upwards through 
 the Ligamentum Teres to the Liver), and also the 
 termination of the Urachus : these fill up the aper- 
 ture of the Foetal Umbilicus; the Urachus tapers 
 and terminates in the commencment of theUmbili- 
 
112 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Cord ; but the continuations of the Umbilical Arteries 
 and vein are twisted together in contortions which 
 ruu parallel to each other, and, being united by fine 
 cellular tissue, which contains a gelatinous fluid, 
 they constitute the substance of the Funis, or Cord, 
 which is covered by a general sheath formed by the 
 continuation of the Uterine Membranes. 
 
 When the Foetal circulation subsides, the Pos- 
 terior side of the Arch, strictly speaking, the Iliac 
 Artery, enlarges ; and along with this the branches 
 given off from it, enlarge; while the middle continu- 
 ation of the Arch, diminishes into the Umbilical 
 branch, so as only to carry a small proportion of 
 blood adequate to supply the Fundus of the Blad- 
 der ; and the anterior continuation of the Arch be- 
 tween the side of the Bladder and the Umbilicus 
 decays into the impervious cellular Cord called the 
 Ligamentum Vesicae Laterale. 
 
of the Arteries. 
 
 113 
 
 ARTERIA ILIACA EXTERNA. 
 
 The External Iliac Artery, arising from the 
 bifurcation of the common Iliac Artery, passes 
 forwards, downwards, and a little outwards; being 
 in the first part of its course closely by the internal 
 side of the Psoas, and afterwards supported upon 
 its surface ; then, in this position, emerging from 
 beneath Poupart’s Ligament, it gains the region of 
 the Thigh, and so becomes the common Femoral 
 Artery. The External Iliac vein, near Poupart’s 
 Ligament, is situated closely by the internal side of 
 the vein, and towards the back of the Pelvis gets 
 behind or under the artery. These vessels are en- 
 closed in one sheath, which is formed by the Fascia 
 Iliaca : this, as it is descending round the internal 
 side of the Psoas Magnus muscle, from Poupart’s 
 Ligament to the Linea Ilio-pectinea ; meets the 
 external Iliac vessels and splits in two Laminse, so as 
 to surround them and constitute the sheath ; being- 
 reunited into one Lamina again under the vessels 
 at the Linea Ilio-pectinea ; it is this which binds 
 the vessels against the surface of the muscle. 
 
 The branches given off from this artery consist 
 of very small ones to the set of external Inguinal 
 Lymphatic Glands; — and the two following, 
 which are large. 
 
114 Locality and Distribution 
 
 The Arteria Epigastrica Interna arises 
 from the internal side of the external Iliac Artery, 
 just previous to its termination and behind Pou- 
 part’s Ligament: it first makes a little turn down- 
 wards beneath the Peritoneum, then passes ob- 
 liquely upwards and forwards in front of the 
 Peritoneum, in the substance of the Fascia Trans- 
 versalis, passing behind the lower parts of the 
 muscles forming the Parietes of the Abdominal 
 canal, as well as the contents of the canal ; viz., 
 first, behind the lower part of the Obliquus Inter- 
 nus, then by the internal or posterior side of the 
 Spermatic process of vessels, and afterwards be- 
 hind the lower edge of the Transversales Abdo- 
 minis: then, passing behind the Linea Semilunaris, 
 it necessarily comes in contact with the lower part 
 of the posterior surface of the Rectus Abdominis 
 (for at this situation there is a breach or absence 
 of its sheath) ; it subsequently ascends in a sulcus 
 within the posterior surface of the Rectus muscle ; 
 by the sulcus gradually deepening, it is let into 
 the substance of the muscle, so as to ramify 
 through it ; and in the upper part of the Rectus 
 muscle it makes free inosculations with the termi- 
 nation of the internal Mammary Artery. 
 
 As the internal Epigastric Artery crosses the 
 internal side of the Abdominal canal, it gives off 
 the Arteria Spermatica, a small Spermatic branch 
 which descends with the Spermatic cord through 
 the external Abdominal ring towards the Testicle, 
 supplying the Cremaster muscle, and being lost in 
 
115 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 it. There are, therefore, three Spermatic Ar- 
 teries passing through the external Abdominal 
 Ring in the male subject; viz., the Spermatic Ar- 
 tery from the Aorta belonging to the Testicle ; 
 the Spermatic Artery from the internal Iliac, sup- 
 plying the Vas Deferens ; and the Spermatic branch 
 of the Internal Epigastric for the Cremaster muscle. 
 There are two small Spermatic Arteries passing 
 through the external Abdominal Ring in the 
 female ; viz., that which supplies the Ligamentum 
 Rotundum Uteri (in place of the Vas Deferens), 
 and that which supplies the Cremastic muscle ; for 
 although the Cremaster muscle is so extremely 
 slight and pallid as to be generally indistinct, or 
 even not discemable, yet still it exists, and may 
 be seen in very muscular and stout females, and is 
 also supplied by an analogous artery to that which 
 supplies the Cremaster in the male subject. 
 
 The artery, as it is sinking into the posterior 
 surface of the Rectus, and is nearly parallel with 
 the Umbilicus, gives off an Umbilical branch, which 
 advances towards the Umbilicus, and becomes spent 
 in the Rectus near the Umbilicus ; and the Mam- 
 mary branch, which is the termination of the con- 
 tinued artery, and inosculates with the internal 
 Mammary. 
 
 The Arteria Circumflexa Crista Ilii 
 arises from the outer side of the termination of the 
 External Iliac Artery, usually a very little lower 
 than the Internal Epigastric Artery ; it passes ob- 
 liquely upwards and outwards behind Poupart’s 
 
116 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Ligament, through the medium of the Fascia Iliaca ; 
 it then passes backwards upon the anterior part of 
 the Crista Ilii, first through the Transversales Ab- 
 dominalis, then between the Transversales Abdo- 
 minis and the Obliquus Internus ; and on the back 
 of the Crista it joins the termination of the Arteria 
 Ilio-Lumbalis. As the Artery passes the Anterior 
 Superior Spinous Process, or just afterwards, it 
 gives off rather a large muscular branch, which 
 passes upwards and forwards between the Transver- 
 salis and the Obliquus Internus Abdominis muscle, 
 towards the Umbilicus, and as it approaches to- 
 wards the Linea Semilunaris, it becomes dispersed. 
 
of the Arteries. 
 
 117 
 
 ARTERIA FEMORALIS COMMUNIS. 
 
 The Common Femoral Artery begins, as the 
 continuation of the External Iliac Artery, beneath 
 Poupart’s Ligament; it passes down on the Psoas 
 Magnus muscle, generally for about an inch or an 
 inch and a half (but sometimes for not more than 
 half an inch), and then bifurcates into the Arteria 
 Femoralis Superficialis and the Arteria Femora- 
 lis Profunda ; sometimes this bifurcation is formed 
 by the termination of the External Iliac Artery 
 beneath Poupart’s Ligament, and then there is no 
 Common Femoral Artery. This artery, as it is on 
 the Psoas Magnus muscle, is situated in the groin, 
 just midway between the Anterior Superior Spinous 
 process and the Symphisis Pubis, or about three 
 inches from each, and about half an inch nearer to 
 the Tuberosity or Angle of the Os Pubis than to 
 the Anterior Superior Spinous process. 
 
 Concomitant Organs. The common Femoral 
 vein is situated closely hy the Internal side of the 
 Common Femoral Artery, and on the united sides 
 of the Psoas Magnus and Iliacus Internus. It is 
 invested in the same cellular sheath as the artery, 
 but intercepted from actual contact with the artery 
 by a Septum of the Sheath, through the medium of 
 which, however, it coheres with the artery. The 
 Anterior Crural nerve is not strictly concomitant, 
 but is situated about half an inch more outwardly 
 
118 Locality and Distribution 
 
 and more deeply than the artery, sunk deep in the 
 interstice between the sides of the Psoas Magnus 
 and the Iliacus Internus. The artery and these 
 organs are covered by the Fascia Lata Femoris, 
 the Fascia Superficialis, and the Common Integu- 
 ments ; so that it is situated very superficially. 
 
 This is merely the trunk to the large Arteries of 
 the Thigh, Leg, and Foot, and so that it gives off 
 but very small branches to supply the parts imme- 
 diately covering and surrounding it: the following 
 may be nominally distinguished : 
 
 The Arteria Epigastrica Externa, a 
 small Artery arising from the upper and fore part 
 of the common Femoral Artery, just below Poupart’s 
 Ligament; it ascends anteriorly to Poupart’s Liga- 
 ment, and the tendon of the External Oblique 
 Muscle, in the substance of the Fascia Superficialis, 
 and, branching in its ascent, supplies the Fascia 
 Superficialis and the common Integuments upon the 
 lower part of the Abdomen, or upon the tendon of 
 the External Oblique muscle. 
 
 The two External Pudic Arteries , called the 
 Arteria Pudica Externa Sdperior, and the 
 Arteria Pudica Externa Inferior, arises 
 from the Internal side of the common Femoral Ar- 
 tery ; one generally passes through the Externa] 
 Crural ring, the other usually perforates the Fascia 
 Lata Femoris, just below the position of the Ring ; 
 they are afterwards continued inwards across the 
 Groin, through the Fascia Superficialis, afterwards 
 across the Spermatic Cord in the male subj ect, (within 
 
119 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 the continuation of the Fascia Superficialis) ; the 
 superior being distributed to the Integuments, Fat 
 and Cellular Membrane at the root of the Penis, and 
 the Inferior to the Integuments forming the upper 
 and fore part of the Scrotum : but in the female 
 they cross the Ligamentum Rotundum Uteri, in- 
 stead of the Spermatic cord, and the Superior Ar- 
 tery is distributed to the Fat, Cellular Membrane 
 and Integuments of the Mons Veneris ; the Inferior 
 Artery to the same structure, forming the fore 
 part of the corresponding Labium Pudendi. 
 
 There is very frequently only one External 
 Iliac Artery; and often the two come off in one 
 origin. 
 
 The other remissions from the common Femoral 
 Artery, are but small ramifications, and therefore, 
 unworthy to be mentioned. 
 
 ARTERXA FEMORALIS SUPERFICIALIS. 
 
 The Superficial Femoral Artery ; but, properly 
 speaking, the Artery passing through the Thigh 
 to supply the Leg and Foot. It is a large Artery 
 that descends nearly in a line with the common 
 Femoral Artery, and therefore seems to be its con- 
 tinuation. It arises from the bifurcation of the 
 common Femoral Artery, and passes downwards, 
 rather backwards and inwards, through the internal 
 side of the Thigh, inclining in its descent gradually 
 from the Groin to the ham. It first descends in 
 front of the Pectinalis muscle ; afterwards in front 
 of the interstice between the lower edge of the Pec- 
 tinalis and the upper edge of the Triceps Adductor 
 Longus (which is in correspondence with a part of 
 
120 Locality and Distribution 
 
 the Triceps Adductor Brevis) ; then in front of the 
 insertion of the Triceps Adductor Longus, and 
 subsequently upon about an inch of the tendon of 
 the Triceps Adductor Magnus ; lastly, it perforates 
 the tendon of the Triceps Adductor Magnus, enters 
 the ham, and becomes the Popliteal Artery. 
 
 Boundaries to the Artery. 
 
 The Artery, during its descent, is bounded 
 externally, first, by the upper part of the Rectus 
 Femoris, and still lower (for its two lower thirds), 
 by the origin of the Vastus Internus : internally 
 and posteriorly it is bounded by the layers of 
 Adductor Muscles, in front of which, I have stated 
 that it descends ; viz. the Pectinalis, the Triceps 
 Adductor Longus et Magnus ; and anteriorly, or 
 superficially, it is bounded, in the middle third of 
 the Thigh, by the Sartorius. 
 
 Above the middle third, the Artery is situated in 
 a deep triangular hollow, bounded internally by the 
 Pectoralis ; externally, by the upper part of the 
 Rectus Femoris; and anteriorly and inferiorly by 
 the Sartorius : here it is only covered by the com- 
 mon Integuments, Fascia Superficialis and the Fascia 
 Lata Femoris. In the middle third of the Thigh, 
 as it is behind the Sartorius muscle, it is centained 
 in a strong sheath, called the Canalis Triccpitis 
 the superficial side of this sheath is formed by a re- 
 mission of tendinous fibres given off from the origin 
 of the Vastus Internus (by the outer side of the 
 Artery), and by another remission of tendinous 
 fibres given off from the tendon of the Triceps Ad- 
 
121 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 ductor Longus (by the internal side of the Artery) ; 
 these two remissions intersect over the Artery; so as 
 to form a ligamentous stratum, which is the super- 
 ficial side of the sheath, and which is flatly co- 
 vered by the Sartorius muscle: the posterior or 
 >f the sheath, is formed by the meeting 
 of the Vastus Internus and the tendon 
 of the Triceps Adductor Longus, behind the artery 
 at the Linea Aspera. 
 
 The contents of the Tricipital Canal are the con- 
 comitant organs to the artery; viz., the superficial 
 Femoral Vein, which ascends behind the lower 
 two-thirds of the artery in the back of the sheath, 
 and gradually inclining forwards, gets by the inner 
 side of the beginning of the artery ; the Nervus 
 Sphenus descends, in the sheath, upon the outer 
 side of the artery, till it makes a very gradual 
 inclination inwards, so as to cross the lower part 
 of the artery ; again, situated on the fore part of 
 the sheath, and immediately beneath the edge of 
 the Sartorius muscle, is the Auterior Cutaneous 
 branch of the Crural nerve. 
 
 The superficial Femoral Artery gives off no 
 remarkable or regular branches but one ; namely, 
 the Arteria Anastimodica Magna, which 
 arises from the lower and anterior part of the 
 artery, about three inches above the Internal Con- 
 dyle. It perforates the lower part of the Tricipital 
 Canal, and passes downwards and forwards tortu- 
 ously through the lower part of the Vastus Internus 
 muscle, partially supplying it ; then, its unspent 
 
 G 
 
 deeper side < 
 of the origin 
 
122 Locality and Distribution 
 
 continuation, emerging from the belly of the Vas- 
 tus, is continued into the tendinous expansion of 
 the Vastus, ramifies in that ; and in the expansion 
 upon the fore part of the knee joint, which is 
 formed by the union of the tendons of the four 
 Externor muscles, it inosculates with the articular 
 branches from the Popliteal Artery, the descending 
 division of the External Circumflex branch from 
 the Arteria Femoralis Profunda, and the recurrent 
 branch from the Anterior Tibial Artery. 
 
of the Arteries. 
 
 123 
 
 ARTERIA FEMORALIS PROFUNDA. 
 
 The deep Femoral Artery is that which, pro- 
 perly speaking, belongs to the thigh, because it is 
 distributed to it. It arises from the bifurcation of 
 the Arteria Femoralis Communis, passes down- 
 wards, and rather backwards, behind the upper 
 part of the Arteria Femoralis Superficialis, and 
 anteriorly to the insertion of the Pectinalis 
 muscles ; then bifurcates about two inches below 
 its origin into its terminating branches. The deep 
 Femoral vein is by its internal side. 
 
 The primary branches forming the distribution 
 of this artery, are the four following : — 
 
 The Arteria Circumflexa Interna, which 
 arises from the inner side of the beginning of the 
 Arteria Femoralis Profunda, behind the lower 
 part of the common Femoral Vein ; it immediately 
 bends backwards in the Interstice, between the 
 Psoas Magnus and Illiacus Internus muscles; then 
 gets behind the Pectinalis, and between the Pec- 
 tinalis and the Obturator Externus muscles, where 
 it parts into divisions ; one, which is the Anterior 
 or smaller division, ascends betweeen the Pectinalis 
 and the Obturator (upon the surface of the latter) , 
 and inosculates near the Obturator Sinus with the 
 termination of the Obturator Artery : from this 
 latter branch a small artery is given off near its 
 g 2 
 
124 Locality and Distribution 
 
 inosculation, called the articular branch, which 
 passes outwards concomitantly with another cor- 
 responding' articular branch from the termination 
 of the Obturator, behind the Psoas Magnus muscle ; 
 then through the Cotyloid Fissure, and beneath the 
 Ligamentum Transversale, so as to be distributed 
 to the Synovial structures, and parts within the joint; 
 and some of the more extending ramifications pervade 
 the Ligamentum Teres, and reach the head of the 
 Os Femoris. The posterior and larger division 
 seems like the continued artery, and passes back- 
 wards round the Internal side of the Cervix of the 
 Os Femoris with the Obturator Externus muscle, 
 gets to the posterior side of the Cervix, where it is 
 covered, like the tendon of the Obturator Externus 
 muscle, by the Quadratus Femoris ; it then parts 
 into branches, many of which emerge from beneath 
 the Quadratus muscle, and inosculate with the 
 Ischiatic Artery, high in the back of the thigh, be- 
 tween the upper parts of the long head of the 
 Biceps and the Triceps Adductor Magnus. 
 
 The Arteria Circumflexa Externa arises 
 from the outer side of the Arteria Femoralis Pro- 
 funda, a little lower than the origin of the Internal 
 Circumflex ; it passes transversely outwards, through 
 the outer side of the triangular cavity that is before 
 the hip joint, and it is crossed perpendicularly by 
 the descending fasciculi of the Anterior Crural 
 nerve ; then gets behind the loose muscles, namely, 
 the Sartorius, the Rectus Femoris, and Tensor 
 Vaginae Femoris, being anterior to the origin of 
 
125 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 the Crureus, and here it trifurcates into the ; — 
 Ascending Branch, the smallest and most irregular, 
 which passes upwards and backwards behind the 
 loose muscles already mentioned, and is continued 
 into the anterior part of the Gluteus Minimus, where 
 it inosculates with the deepest division of the 
 Gluteal Artery : the Transverse branch which passes 
 transversely outwards behind the loose muscles, 
 and through the upper part of the Vastus Externus 
 muscle (frequently, however, instead of one regu- 
 lar branch, this division is represented by a set of 
 ramifications taking a corresponding course), is 
 in a great measure spent in it, but some of its ex- 
 tremities emerge from its posterior side and inos- 
 culate with the lower branches of the Ischiatic : 
 th ^Descending branch which is the largest, appears 
 like the continuation of the artery. It slants down- 
 wards and outwards, between the Crureus and 
 Rectus Femoris ; then descends more perpendicu- 
 larly between the anterior and outer part of the 
 Crureus and the anterior edge of the Vastus Ex- 
 ternus, and is partially, and in a very gradual 
 manner, remitted to each ; — its diminished con- 
 tinuation enters into the Aponeurosis of the Ex- 
 tensors upon the fore-part of the knee-joint, and 
 blends with the ramifications of the articular arte- 
 ries, under the form of a general net-work like 
 Anastomosis of vessels ; also, in an especial 
 manner, by this means with the Arteria Anasto- 
 modica Magna from the superficial Femoral, as 
 g 3 
 
1.26 Locality and Distribution 
 
 well as with the Arteria Recurrens from the An-* 
 terior Tibial Artery. 
 
 The Arteria Perforans Prima, the first 
 Perforating branch : this forms a part of the bifur- 
 cation of the Arteria Femoris Profunda, and turns 
 backwards under the inferior edge of the Pecti- 
 nalis muscle ; then over the upper edge of the 
 Triceps Adductor Brevis (or through its insertion) ; 
 so as to perforate the insertion of the Triceps Ad- 
 ductor Magnus, opposite to the ^insertion of the 
 Gluteus Maximus ; then, radiating into branches 
 upon the posterior surface of the Triceps Adduc- 
 tor Magnus, between that and the upper part of 
 the long head of the Biceps, it inosculates with 
 the termination of the Ischiatic and the two Cir- 
 cumflex Arteries, and is dispersed to the last men- 
 tioned and other contiguous muscles. 
 
 The Arteria Perforans Secenda, the 
 second perforating branch, is the other part of the 
 bifurcation of the trunk, is the largest of the two 
 branches, and descends in the same direction as 
 the trunk, and therefore seems to be its continua- 
 tion ; it inclines behind the upper edge of the 
 Triceps Adductor Longus, and becomes first con- 
 cealed by that ; then beneath the lower edge of the 
 Triceps Adductor Brevis ; next perforating the 
 insertion of the Triceps Adductor Magnus opposite 
 the origin of the short head of Biceps Flexor 
 Crurus, it gets to the back of the thigh, where it 
 is dispersed in branches to the Adductor Magnus 
 
127 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 and loose Ham-string muscles, the leading rami- 
 fications entering the substance of the short head 
 of the Biceps, and in that, inosculating with the 
 Arteria Perforans Externa vel Prima, from the 
 Popliteal Artery. There are frequently other 
 Perforating branches, making a Perforans Tertia, 
 Quarta, and even after that an Ultima ; but the 
 precise course, as well as the number of these 
 additional ones, is uncertain — they all, however, 
 perforate the Triceps Adductor Femoris, and so 
 pass to the back of the thigh, supplying the 
 portions of the last muscle, and the Ham-string 
 muscles. 
 
128 
 
 Locality and Distribution 
 
 ARTERIA POPLITEA. 
 
 The Popliteal Artery is the superficial Femoral, 
 descending through the Ham to the back of the 
 Leg. It begins, as the superficial Femoral Artery, 
 in the upper part of the Ham, where the superficial 
 Femoral Artery perforates the tendon of the 
 Triceps Adductor Magnus, and emerges from the 
 termination of the Tricipital Canal of the thigh. 
 It descends through the Ham, opposed to the Fossa 
 Poplitea of the Os Femoris, and hounded laterally 
 by the Ham-string tendons, and still lower by the 
 Condyles of the Os Femoris ; being deeply buried 
 in the fat of the Ham, and distantly covered (along 
 with concomitant organs), by the continuation of 
 the Fascia Lata Femoris, stretching across the 
 Ham, between the two sets of Ham-string tendons. 
 It subsequently descends posteriorly to the knee- 
 joint, in correspondence with the Ligamentum 
 Popliteum, and then upon the surface of the Popli- 
 teus muscle ; being crossed obliquely and very 
 closely (along with its concomitant organs) by the 
 Plantaris muscle, and bounded laterally by the 
 two heads of the Gastrocnemius ; then becoming 
 covered by the coalescence of the two heads of the 
 Gastrocnemius muscle, immersed also in the origin 
 of the Tibial portion of the Soleus, and being pre- 
 cisely in correspondence with the inferior margin 
 
129 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 of the Popliteus muscle, it bifurcates into the pos- 
 terior and anterior Tibial Arteries. 
 
 The Concomitant Organs are as follow : — The 
 Popliteal Vein, which is situated closely behind 
 the artery ; its whole length is closely invested 
 with that, in one very strong sheath of dense 
 cellular membrane, and is also in firm cohesion 
 with the back of the artery, by a septum of the 
 sheath formed by a continuation of its cellular 
 substance. The Popliteal, or (perhaps more pro- 
 perly speaking, the -beginning of) the Posterior 
 Tibial Nerve, is situated at a little distance behind 
 the Vein, or more superficially and nearer the 
 surface of the Ham ; so that some of the Fat inter- 
 cepts it from the Vein and its sheath, and another 
 portion of the Fat from the Fascia Lata Femoris ; 
 interspersed in the Fat around these organs, there 
 are about half a dozen Lymphatic Glands, which are 
 smaller than those in the Axilla or Groin, called 
 the Popliteal Lymphatic Glands. As the Popliteal 
 Artery and Vein descend on the Popliteus muscle, 
 they gradually get out of the Fat of the Ham, and 
 the artery, vein, and nerve come contiguous. 
 
 The nominal Branches from the Popliteal Artery, 
 are the nine which follow : — 
 
 The first two branches are, the Arteria Per- 
 forans Externa et Interna. These are given 
 off from the commencement of the Popliteal Artery, 
 and frequently even when it is immersed in the 
 insertion of the Triceps Adductor Magnus muscle. 
 The Arteria Perforans Externa passes outwards, 
 g 4 
 
I3() Locality and Distribution 
 
 and supplies the lower part of the Biceps Flexor 
 Cruris (i. e. the External Ham-string muscle), 
 and the contiguous part of the Vastus Externus ; 
 but for the most part enters into the substance of 
 the short head of the Biceps, in which it distinctly 
 inosculates with the second perforating branch of 
 the Arteria Femoralis Profunda ; by this inoscula- 
 tion a continued line of artery is established, in the 
 short head of the Biceps muscle, between the ter- 
 mination of the Arteria Femoralis Profunda, and 
 the commencement of the Popliteal Artery. 
 
 The Arteria Perforans Interna passes in- 
 wards, and is usually totally dispersed to the In- 
 ternal Ham-string muscles : sometimes a slender, 
 unexpended, and meandering portion of it descends 
 behind the Internal Condyle, then along the Inter- 
 nal Spine of the Tibia concomitantly with the Ner- 
 vus Saphenus, and the Vena Saphena Major; and 
 supplying these, ends on the Malleolus Internus in 
 an inosculation with the Internal 3Ialleolar branch 
 from the Anterior Tibial Artery. 
 
 As the artery descends deeply through the Fat of 
 the Ham, it sends off small ramifications, promiscu- 
 ously, to the Fat and Lymphatic Glands. When the 
 artery gets behind the knee-joint, it gives off the 
 branches which follow next. 
 
 The Arteria Articularis Interna Supe- 
 rior arises from the inner side of the Popliteal 
 Artery behind the knee-joint, and bends upwards 
 and inwards, in a semicircular manner, round the 
 inner side of the Os Femoris immediately above 
 
131 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 the Internal Condyle, close upon the bone, so as to 
 pass beneath the Internal Ham-string tendons, sub- 
 sequently the tendon of the Triceps Adductor 
 Magnus, and the lower part of the Vastus In- 
 ternus ; it is then continued, in a diminished size, 
 into the tendinous expansion of the last named 
 muscle, and ends on the fore part of the knee joint, 
 in the net-work of vessels situated there ; inoscu- 
 lating in that with the other articular arteries from 
 the Popliteal, the Anastomodic branch from the 
 Superficial Femoral, and the Recurrent branch 
 from the anterior Tibial. 
 
 The Arteria Articularis Externa Su- 
 perior arises from the outer side of the Popliteal 
 Artery opposite the last, and arches upwards and 
 outwards round the external side of the Os Femoris, 
 just above the External Condyle, close upon the 
 bone, consequently behind, first, the tendon of the 
 Biceps, and then the lower part of the Vastus Ex- 
 ternus ; it is continued downwards and forwards 
 into the expansion of that muscle, and branching 
 in the united expansions of the Extensor muscles 
 upon the fore-part of the joint, terminates in the 
 net- work of vessels formed there, by the anastomosis 
 of this and the other arteries already mentioned. 
 
 The Arteria Articularis Azygos, a small 
 branch arising from the anterior side of the Popli- 
 teal Artery, which perforates the back of the Cap- 
 sule, frequently also the Popliteal Ligament, or 
 enters between the Popliteal Ligament and Popli- 
 teus muscle, to be dispersed to the parts within the 
 
132 Locality and Distribution 
 
 cavity of the joint ; viz. the Synovial structures, 
 Fat, Internal Ligaments and Cartilages. 
 
 The Arteria Articularis Interna Infe-- 
 rior arises from the inner side of the Popliteal 
 Artery, a little lower down than the Interna Su- 
 perior : it slants downwards and inwards closely 
 round the internal and inferior part of the head of 
 the Tibia ; consequently beneath the internal head 
 of the Gastrocnemius muscle, then beneath the 
 lower termination of the Internal Lateral Ligament 
 and the expanded insertions of the Internal Ham- 
 string tendons ; then bending forwards, and rather 
 upwards, meets the others in the general anasto- 
 mosis on the front of the joint. 
 
 The Arteria Articularis Externa Infe- 
 rior arises from the outer side of the Popliteal 
 Artery, a little below the External Superior Arti- 
 cular and turns transversely outwards round the 
 outer side of the joint, being upon the Capsule 
 where it is connected to the outer edge of the Ex- 
 ternal Semilunar Cartilage ; so as to pass first be- 
 neath the belly of the Plataris and the outer head 
 of the Gastrocnemius, then to be between the Ex- 
 ternal Semilunar Cartilage and the External Lateral 
 Ligament along with the tendon of Biceps ; it is 
 then continued towards and ends in the net-work. — 
 This net-work is situated in the Aponeurosis co- 
 vering the front of the joint formed by the united 
 insertions of the Exterior muscles of the leg, so as 
 to surround the Patella, and in some degree (like 
 the Aponeurosis itself) to extend over this Patella : 
 
133 
 
 of the Arteries . 
 
 more than this, large branches are inflected from 
 each of the Articular Arteries in this anastomosing 
 net-work, which help to supply the inside of the 
 joint. 
 
 From the same part as the lower Articular, 
 the Popliteal Artery gives off the two Arterijs 
 Surales, which descend into the two heads of the 
 Gastrocnemius muscle, are continued through the 
 two heads, then the two bellies, of the Gastrocne- 
 mius, being gradually expended in them, and lost 
 just above the commencement of the tendon of the 
 muscle. 
 
 A little lower, the Popliteal Artery gives off 
 some large branches, which are anonymous mus- 
 cular branches, and supply the Soleus muscle. 
 These arise from the Popliteal Artery (as it is be- 
 neath the origin of the Soleus muscle, and just as 
 it is about to bifurcate into the Anterior and Poste- 
 rior Tibial Arteries), and descend through the 
 belly of the Soleus muscle. 
 
134 Locality and Distribution 
 
 ARTERIES OF THE LEG. 
 
 ARTERIA TIBIALIS POSTICA. 
 
 The Posterior Tibial Artery arises from the 
 bifurcation of the Popliteal Artery, and passes 
 downwards (at first inclining rather inwards), so 
 as to descend deeply through the internal side of 
 the leg ; it is first supported upon the part of the 
 Tibialis Posticus muscle, and subsequently, in 
 the two lower thirds of the leg, on the external or 
 Fibular edge of the Flexor Longus Digitorum ; 
 being covered by the internal side of the Soleus 
 and the internal belly of tbe Gastrocnemius muscles. 
 It afterwards becomes uncovered, by these muscles 
 receding to the Tendo Aehillis ; descends behind 
 the Malleolus Internus inwardly, and the Tendo 
 Aehillis and Tuberosity of the Os Calcis more out- 
 wardly ; having before it, or nearer the Malleolus 
 Internus (in the same hollow), the tendons of the 
 Tibialis Posticus and the Flexor Longus Digito- 
 rum, and more outwardly than it, or nearer the 
 Tuberosity of the Os Calcis the tendon of the 
 Flexor Longus Pollicis ; — the continuation of the 
 Posterior Tibial nerve (which is situated externally, 
 and rather posteriorly, to the artery during its 
 whole descent), intervenes between the artery and 
 the tendon of the Flexor Longus Pollicis ; and all 
 
135 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 these parts are crossed (as they are in this hollow 
 behind the Malleolus Internus) by the Ligament um 
 Lancineatum. The artery afterwards descends into 
 the Sinuosity of the Os Calcis, and there bifurcates 
 into the two Plantar Branches; these subsequently 
 descend in a diverging direction beneath the Ab- 
 ductor Pollicis into the sole of the foot. 
 
 The Internal Plantar Branch is by much 
 the smallest ; and the chief part of it passes for- 
 wards in promiscuous ramifications within the sub- 
 stance of the Inter-muscular Ligament which unites 
 the bellies of the Abductor Pollicis and the Flexor 
 Brevis Digitorum, — so as to supply the internal 
 side of the muscular substance of the sole formed by 
 the Abductor Pollicis and the internal side of the 
 Flexor Brevis Digitorum ; and some of these rami- 
 fications are extended still further forwards to sup- 
 ply the internal side of the Great Toe ; one leading 
 branch of the Internal Plantar Artery, called the 
 Arteria Pollicaris, is not expended in this pro- 
 miscuous manner, but courses forwards, somewhat 
 more deeply than the promiscuous portion of the 
 artery, by the side of the Flexor Longus Pollicis ; 
 and opposite to the space between the roots of the 
 Great and Second Toe bifurcates, supplying the 
 outer side of the Great Toe and the internal side of 
 the Second Toe. 
 
 The Arteria Plantaris Externa, the Ex- 
 ternal Plantar branch, is in reality the continuation 
 of the trunk of the artery, and courses forwards 
 and outwards obliquely across the sole of the Foot 
 
136 Locality and Distribution 
 
 upon the Flexor Accessorius, and between that and 
 the Flexor Brevis Digitorum ; then gets to the ex- 
 ternal side of the Foot, and in correspondence with 
 the base of the Metatarsal bone of the Little Toe; 
 subsequently bends inwards in an arched form, 
 transversely, across the Metatarsal bones near their 
 bases, under the name of the External Plantar 
 Arch, being behind the Flexor tendons and the 
 Lumbrales muscles ; and as it gets into the internal 
 side of the Foot, is behind the Adductor Pollicis 
 muscle ; ultimately, as it is covered by this muscle, 
 it forms a continued trunk with the Anterior Tibial 
 Artery, in the interosseal space between the bases 
 of the Metatarsal bones of the Great and Second 
 Toes. 
 
 The Posterior Tibial Artery gives off the follow- 
 ing branches : — 
 
 The Arteria Magna Nutritia Tibia arises 
 from the beginning of the Posterior Tibial Artery 
 passes downwards and forwards into the Medullary 
 canal of the Tibia, (that is situated about three 
 inches below the edge of the head of the bone,) to 
 be distributed to the substance of the bone. The 
 commencement of the Posterior Tibial Artery also 
 gives off the Arteria Peronea Communis ; 
 this is one of the three large arteries of the Leg, 
 and therefore will be considered subsequently 
 under a separate head. 
 
 The Posterior Tibial Artery, as it descends through 
 the Leg, gives off promiscuous muscular branches, 
 by which it adheres to the contiguous muscles. 
 
137 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 In the lower part of the leg, as the Artery gets 
 near the Malleolus Internus, it gives off the Ramus 
 Transversus, a short Transverse branch passing 
 outwards across the posterior side of the Tibia, and 
 beneath the lower part of the Flexor Longus Pollicis 
 muscle, to unite with the lower part of the Peroneal 
 Artery. As the Artery descends behind the 
 Malleolus Internus, and as it is about to bifurcate, 
 it gives of the Arteri.® Calcanea, a set of small 
 branches, which pass backwards in an arborescent 
 form, and become dispersed through the expansion 
 of the Ligamentum Lanciniatum, upon the internal 
 side of the Tuberosity of the Os Calcis. 
 
 The Artery then parts into the Arteria Plan- 
 taris Interna et Externa, already described. 
 The Internal Plantar Artery frequently gives off 
 the Arteria Pollicaris, which has been described. 
 
 The External Plantar Artery, when it gets into 
 the outer side of the sole of the Foot, and opposite 
 to the base of the Metatarsal bone of the little Toe, 
 and just before it forms the Arch, gives off the 
 Arteria Plantaris Minimi Digiti Pedis ; a small 
 branch, which passes forwards upon the Flexor 
 Brevis Minimi Digiti Pedis, supplies that, and parts 
 immediately contiguous, subsequently passing for- 
 wards upon the external side of the little Toe. 
 
 The beginning of the Arch gives off the Arteria 
 Digitalis Tertia, which courses forwards, first be- 
 hind the Flexor Tendons and the Lumbricalis muscle 
 belonging to the little and fourth Toe ; and then 
 emerges from between the continuations of these 
 
138 Locality and Distribution 
 
 as they pass to the Toes just named, and also from 
 behind the Plantar Fascia, so as to bifurcate and 
 supply the inner side of the little Toe, and the outer 
 side of the fourth Toe. 
 
 The Arteria Digitalis Secunda arises from the 
 middle part of the Plantar Arch posteriorly to the 
 Adductor Pollicis, also the Flexor tendons and 
 Lumbricalis muscle ; then emerges from between 
 the continuations of the tendons, passing to the 
 third and fourth Toes, and from behind the portions 
 of the Plantar Fascia corresponding to these two 
 Toes, and so as to come opposite to the interval 
 between the Toes ; when it bifurcates, to supply 
 the internal side of the fourth Toe and the external 
 side of the third. 
 
 The Arteria Digitalis Prima arises from the 
 Arch near its termination, and is at first concealed 
 behind the Adductor Pollicis muscle ; it is then 
 concealed behind the Flexor tendons and Lum- 
 bricalis muscle of the second and third Toes, 
 emerges from between these, and from behind the 
 corresponding portions of the Plantar Fascia, comes 
 opposed to the internal between the two Toes so as 
 to bifurcate and supply the internal side of the third 
 and the external side of the second. The termination 
 of the Arch, for the sake of distinction, is called the 
 Arteria Communicans, and it is in one continued 
 trunk with the termination of the anterior Tibial 
 Artery, between the Metatarsal bones of the first 
 and second Toes. The External Plantar branch 
 
of ttie Arteries. 139 
 
 supplies nearly all the muscular substance of the 
 deep part of the Sole. 
 
 ARTERIA PERONEA COMMUNIS. 
 
 The Common Peroneal Artery arises from the 
 upper part of the Posterior Tibial Artery, about 
 an inch below its origin ; it passes downwards (and 
 at first inclines a little outwards) upon the upper 
 part of the Tibialis Posticus muscle ; then passes 
 between the Tibialis Posticus and the edge of the 
 Flexor Longus Pollicis ; afterwards descends nearly 
 perpendicularly, covered by the belly of the Flexor 
 Longus Pollicis, along the posterior surface of the 
 Fibula, being immersed in the origin of the last- 
 mentioned muscle ; it subsequently sinks between 
 the lower parts of the Tibia Fibula ; and just as it 
 is above the articulation of these bones, and closely 
 behind the lowest part of the Interosseal Liga- 
 ment, it bifurcates into the Anterior and Posterior 
 branch. 
 
 The Anterior Branch passes forwards through 
 the lowest part of the Interosseal Ligament, closely 
 above the articulation, then, descending upon the 
 anterior side of the articulation, it is partially spent 
 upon the Malleolus Externus, and inosculates there 
 with the External Malleolar Branch from the 
 Anterior Tibial Artery ; the unexpended part sub- 
 sequently passing forwards upon the Tarsus, inos- 
 culates there with the Arteria Tarsea from the 
 Anterior Tibial Artery. 
 
 The Posterior Branch descends behind the 
 
140 Locality and Distribution 
 
 Malleolus Externus, with the Peroneal Tendons, 
 and is lost upon the outer side of the Tarsal part 
 of the Foot; inosculating towards the Dorsum of 
 the Foot with the termination of the Tarseal 
 branch from the Anterior Tibial Artery, and 
 towards the Sole with ramifications of the external 
 Plantar Branch from the Posterior Tibial. 
 
 Independently of muscular branches given off 
 from the Peroneal Artery in its course, also a 
 Nutritial Branch to the Fibula, and the two of its 
 bifurcation just described, it is united just above 
 its bifurcation with the lower part of the Posterior 
 Tibial Artery, by the transverse branch already 
 mentioned in the description of the Posterior Tibial 
 Artery. 
 
 This artery, by its distribution, forms an 
 intermedium, or medium of connection, to the two 
 Tibial Arteries ; for its branches anastomose with 
 each — ..\s to these just what the Interosseal is to 
 the Radial and Ulnar Arteries in the Fore-arm. 
 
 ARTERIA TIBIALIS ANTICA. 
 
 The Anterior Tibial Artery arises from the 
 bifurcation of the Popliteal, and passes forwards 
 through the Interosseal opening above the Inter- 
 osseal Ligament, and through the united heads of 
 the Tibialis Anticus and Posticus muscles : it then 
 descends upon the middle of the Interosseal Liga- 
 ment, in the superior third of the Leg, being 
 between the Tibialis Anticus and Extensor Longus 
 Digitorum ; in the two inferior thirds it is between 
 
141 
 
 of the Arteries., 
 
 the Tibialis Anticus and the Extensor Proprius 
 Pollicis, till it comes upon the lower extremity of 
 the Tibia, and is overlapped by the belly of the 
 Extensor Proprius Pollicis ; it then passes beneath 
 the Ligamentum Tarsi Annulare Anticum, and is 
 fairly crossed by the tendon of the Extensor 
 Proprius Pollicis ; subsequently advances forwards 
 over the internal side of the Dorsum of the Foot, 
 externally to the tendon of the Extensor Proprius 
 Pollicis, being on the Astragatus Os Naviculare 
 and the articulation between the Os Cuneiforme 
 Internum and Medium ; it^ lastly, turns downwards 
 into the sole of the Foot, between the bases of the 
 Metatarsal Bones of the first and second Toes — to 
 form a continuous trunk with the External Plantar 
 arch of the Posterior Tibial Artery ; by which the 
 two Tibial Arteries are one at their commencement, 
 and one at their termination. 
 
 The Venae Satellites of the Artery are two, and 
 ascend by its sides ; and the Anterior Branch of 
 the Peroneal Nerve descends in front of the Artery, 
 sometimes within, and at other times upon the 
 Sheath, 
 
 The Branches given off from the Anterior Tibial 
 Artery are the following : — 
 
 The Arteria Recurrens, which arises from 
 the upper part of the Anterior Tibial Artery as 
 soon as it gains the front of the Leg, and passes 
 upwards, through the origin of the Tibialis Anticus 
 muscle, or between the origin of the Tibialis An- 
 ticus and the Extensor Longus Digitorum ; so as 
 
142 Locality and Distribution 
 
 to be continued upwards, into the tendinous ex- 
 pansion of the Extensor muscles, upon the fore- 
 part of the knee-joint, where it ends by blending 
 with the net-work of the Articular Arteries. Thus 
 this net-work of Anastomoses is formed, by the 
 Arteria Anastomodica Magna from the superficial 
 Femoral Artery ; by the descending portion of the 
 External Circumflex Artery from the Deep Femo- 
 ral ; by the four Circumflex Articular Arteries 
 from the Popliteal ; and by the Recurrent branch 
 of the Anterior Tibial. The Anterior Tibial Ar- 
 tery, in its descent upon the Interosseal Ligament, 
 gives small muscular branches to the Tibialis An- 
 ticus, Extensor Longus Digitorum, and Extensor 
 Proprius Pollicis, which pass into those muscles, 
 nearly transversely. 
 
 At the lower part of the Leg, and just above the 
 ancle joint, the artery gives off the two Malleolar 
 branches. 
 
 The Arteria Malleolaris Interna passes 
 inwards and downwards behind the tendon of the 
 Tibialis Antica, to be distributed on the Malleo- 
 lus Internus. 
 
 The Arteria Malleolaris Externa passes 
 outwards and downwards, behind the tendons of 
 the Extensor Proprius Pollicis, the Extensor Lon- 
 gus Digitorum, and the Peroneus Tertius, to be 
 distributed on the Malleolus Externus, where it 
 inosculates with the anterior branch of the Peroneal 
 Artery. 
 
 When the Anterior Tibial Artery gets upon the 
 
143 
 
 of the Arteries. 
 
 Tarsus, it gives off the Arteria Tarsea ; the 
 Tarseal branch passes outwards and forwards ob- 
 liquely across the Dorsum of the Tarsus, towards 
 the bases of the Metatarsal bone of the little Toe ; 
 being beneath the Extensor Brevis Digitorum, and 
 the more superficial tendons of the Extensor Longus 
 Digitorum, and is for the most part spent in the 
 Extensor Brevis. 
 
 A little further forwards, the Artery gives off the 
 Arteria Metatarsea, the Metatarsal Branch, 
 which passes outwards, and rather forwards, across 
 the Bases of the Metatarsal Bones, beneath the 
 four portions of the Extensor Brevis Digitorum as 
 they are becoming tendinous, as well as the conti- 
 nuation of the tendons of the Extensor Longus Digi- 
 torum : it is gradually expended in the Arteria 
 Interossea, consisting of three small branches ; one 
 passing forwards upon the back of each of the ex- 
 ternal Intercostal Muscles, between the Metatarsal 
 bones of the four smaller Toes; so as to supply 
 them, and then end in minute ramifications, which, 
 form the vascularity of the expansions of the Exten- 
 sor tendons upon the backs of the Toes. Just before 
 the Artery turns down through the Interosseal space 
 into the sole, it gives off — 
 
 The Arteria Dorsalis Hallucis, which 
 passes forwards by the back of the Metatarsal bone 
 of the Great Toe, and upon the corresponding In- 
 terosseal Muscle, and is spread in ramifications to 
 the expansion on the back of the Great Toe, and 
 also upon the inner side of the back of the second 
 Toe. 
 
144 Locality and Distribution of theArteries. 
 
 The Arteria Plantaris Profunda is 
 merely the termination of the Anterior Tibial 
 Artery, plunging into the sole, through the In- 
 terosseous space, — to become continuous with the 
 Posterior Tibial Artery. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 GUNNELL AND SHEARMAN, PRINTERS, SALISBURY SQUARE. 
 
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