DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/notesonnortherna01hodg_0 NOTES ON NORTHERN AFRICA, THE SAHARA AID SOUDAN. BY WILLIAM B. HODGSON. NEW-YORK: WILEY AND PUTNAM, No. 161 BROADWAY.. 1 844 . . . t NOTES // ON NORTHERN AFRICA, THE SAHAEA AND SOUDAN, IN RELATION TO THE ETHNOGRAPHY, LANGUAGES, HISTORY, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION, OF THE NATIONS OF THOSE COUNTRIES. BY WILLIAM B. HODGSON, LATE CONSUL OP THE UNITED STATES NEAR THE REGENCY OF TUNIS. NEff-YORK: WILEY AND PUTNAM. 1844 . new-york: WILLIAM OSBORN, PRINTER, 88 William-street. T ^ °i i a| TO THE HONORABLE ALBERT GALLATIN, PRESIDENT OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW-YORK, THIS VOLUME OF NOTES ON THE VARIOUS NATIONS OF NORTHERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA, WITH VOCABULARIES OF THEIR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY ONE OF ITS CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, THE AUTHOR. Savannah, Georgia. * v? ■ . . PREFACE, The information contained in the following pages, is the result of my personal intercourse with the natives of Africa. During my official residence at Algiers, I had opportunities of conversing with persons, from the various coun- tries which I have briefly attempted to describe. What I have related, was repeatedly confirmed by successive inquiries. The facts recorded may, therefore, be deemed as near an approxi- mation to truth, as the circumstances of the case would allow. There was no other mode, at least, of obtaining information so important to science; as no European has yet visited that region of Africa, which lies immediately south of Algiers. With the hope, that these notes may afford some additional light upon the ob- scure history of Africa, and that interesting portion of the human race, they are now pub- lished. > _ CONTENTS. Barbary. Kabyles. Tuarycks. Mozabees. Wurgelans. Wadreagans. Sergoos. Siwahees. Schelouh. Guanches. Numidian inscription in America? Foolahs or Fellatahs, Tibbos. Bornoouees. Haoussans. Timbuctoo. ■ l ■ BARB ARY, On the Mediterranean coast of Africa, there are in progress, at this moment, great political and commercial revolutions. There exists in that region, a sanguinary and unceasing conflict of Christianity with Mohammedanism, of civilization with semi-barbarism. France having conquered the extensive territory of Algeria, is now pushing forward her victorious legions, into the more impor- tant and more populous empire of Morocco. The result of a conflict, between undisciplined hordes and the science of European warfare, cannot be doubtful. But there are elements in this contest, which, perhaps, have not been well understood. It is not with the Arab population of those coun- tries, with which France has chiefly to contend. That, indeed, is the more intellectual, but smaller portion, of the people of Algeria and Morocco, The more ferocious and larger portion of that population, consists of the aboriginal Berbers, the ancient Numidians and Mauretanians. The Ro- mans termed this race, genus insuperabile bello — unconquerable in war. It remains to be deter- 2 10 mined, if they have lost that proud appellation. They are the mountaineers, the djebalis of Africa, and under every successive invasion of Roman, Saracen, Tartar and Frank, they have abandoned the plains, but successfully defended their homes, in the inaccessible hills. In a question of perma- nent and valuable conquest, Sir Robert Peel, has doubtless appreciated the difference of race, and its distinctive genius. Hindoos, Chinese and Tahitians, may yield to subjugation ; which the Numidian may now, as ever, resist. To the states- man, philosopher and historian, this question is one of unrivalled interest. The present memoir has special reference to this Berber or Numidian race. It will embrace, however, some notices of the nations of Soudan or Negroland. Whilst my chief object is to contribute some materials towards the investigation of the Berber language, the subject gives political impor- tance to the ethnographic design, in the present posture of affairs. The various vocabularies of the languages and dialects of North Africa, and Soudan, appended to this memoir, were collected by myself, during my official residence at Algiers, before the late con- quest. They have remained among my manu- scripts, and their publication has been deferred until now, with the hope that I might be able to incorporate them into a more extensive volume of researches, into the history and condition of the great Numidian, Libyan or Berber race. The active researches which are now being carried on in France and England, in relation to this subject. 11 admonish me, that my materials, to be of value to science, should be published now. The Geo- graphic Society of Paris, has just published the Berbero-Arabic dictionary and grammar of Venture, which, since the time of Volney, has remained in manuscript, in the Imperial library. My learned friend Mr. D’Avezac, as early as the year 1836, pre- sented a project for its publication, to the minister of war. A notice of this project, is found in the bulletin of the Societe Geographique of Paris, for October, 1840. It has finally been edited under the super- intendence of the Baron Jaubert. Another dic- tionary of this language, has just been published by order of the minister of war, accompanied by valuable specimens of composition, in lithography, by Mr. Delaporte. In addition to these, I am happy to learn, that the learned and critical phi- lologer, Mr. F. W. Newman, of Manchester in England, is engaged in preparing a grammar and dictionary, from a study of the Berber Gospels, the translation of which was made under my super- intendence, at Algiers. To increase this accumu- lated material, and to facilitate an important investigation of science, I now publish my own notes and observations, without reference to method, or philosophic results. The Berber vocabularies comprise copious lists of words in the following dialects of that lan- guage : — 1. The Kabyle (Kabail) of Algiers. It is also called Showiah. 2. The Tergeeah, or dialect of the Tuarycks, the great nomadic tribes of the Sahara. 12 3. The Mozabeeah, or idiom of the Beni Mozab, on the northern fringe of the desert. 4. The Eregeiah, or dialect of Wadreag. 5. The Sergoo, spoken by the wandering Tua- rycks, in the neighborhood of Tenbokto. The Soudanian or Negro vocabularies, comprise the following distinct languages : 1. The Fellatah or Foulah, 2. TheTibbo. 3. Four or Wadai, 4. Bornou. 5. Haoussa. 6. Sungai, 1. Kabyle. This vocabulary is that of the Berbers of Algiers, who are called in Arabic, Kabyles (Kabail) or Djebalis, which mean tribes or mountaineers. From these Kabyles, Shaw, Venture, Shaler and Delaporte, obtained their respective lists of words. In this Berber dialect, is made the translation of the Gospels, now in the possession of the British and Foreign Bible Society. It was executed under my care and superintendence, by Sidi Hamet, a Kabyle Taleb. It was sent to the Society, during the Presidency of Lord Teignmouth, and some chapters were subsequently published. Mr. Fram cis W, Newman, fellow of Balliol College, in a paper of the west of England journal printed at 18 Bristol, has made a masterly analysis of the Berber language, derived from a criticism of these chap- ters-. The eminent ethnographer, Dr. Pritchard, in his “ Physical Researches,” alludes to this analy- sis, with commendation, certainly not greater than its intrinsic merit demands. Mr. Newman has shown by his analysis, eminently philosophic, that the Berber belongs grammatically, not lexically, to the Syro-Arabian family of languages. Dr. Lepsius, the Prussian hierologist, has attempted to establish the same affinity, for the Coptic. The points of analogy seem to me, so few, that I cannot adopt his inference. His argument, however, has been quoted by Dr. Wiseman, in his lectures. The absence of linguistic affinity with the She- mitic race, by no means disproves the Caucasian origin of the Copts. This has been definitively settled by Dr. Morton, in his “ Crania AEgyptiaca,” and by Mr. Gliddon, in his chapters “ On Ancient Egypt.” It will be perceived, that few Arabic words have been admitted into my vocabulary. Where they occur, they are so marked. Mr. Venture, whose dictionary and grammar of this language have just been published at Paris, by the Geographic Society, has characterized the Berber, as the jargon of a savage people, and deficient in terms to express abstract ideas, which they are obliged to borrow of the Arabs. Bread, for instance, has not round- ness ; it is round. His words are : “ le fond de la langue Berbere, n’est que le jargon d’un peuple sauvage ; elle n’a pas des termes pour exprimer Jes idees abstraites, et elle est obligee de les em- 14 prunter aux Arabes. Le pain, n’a pas de ron- deur, il est rond. Mr. Venture should have said, that the language had not been cultivated, and therefore, that its capacity for expressing abstract ideas, was not known. My vocabulary shows, that it has terms for abstract ideas. Thuseea, for in- stance, is roundness ; thezdee, purity ; thagzif, breadth, from agzif, broad. It is very remarkable also, that this language has words for attributes, which exclusively belong to polished and civilized nations. Of these may be cited the words thehar- shee, politeness, and thezzaith, rudeness or in- civility. Thezmerth is power, and thezits truth. Mr. Newman has noted the abstract terms which had been borrowed from the Arabic. Among others, is the word power, which really has its re- presentative in Berber, although the Taleb may have used the Arabic word. This is true also, of one half of all the words which he has cited, as be- ing Arabic instead of Berber. There are several manuscripts in this language existing, in which in- vestigation will, doubtless, find as many original as borrowed terms, for abstract ideas. Among them is the Koran, translated from Arabic, several cen- turies ago. These will be noticed in another part of this memoir. Abstract nouns are formed from verbs and ad- jectives, by prefixing the particles Th or Am. The following examples will illustrate these formations : 1. Amiksa iksa thiksa. A shepherd herded (watched) sheep. 2. Ateesh iteesh amteesh. A sower sowed seed. 15 3. Awatef etef thawatfa. A fisherman fished fish. 4. Amghar *eghar thegura. A reader read reading (lesson). 5. Amdekkel dnkkel thedekkel. A friend joined friendship. 6. Ezdee — pure. Thezdee — purity. 7. Ekouim — straight. Thekoum — straightness. 8. Ezee — round. Thuseea — roundness. 9. Ebrik — black. Thebrik — blackness. 10. Amtheit. Possessor of eye, (i. e., a person with fine eyes). 11. Amleked (el-ked). Possessing stature, (i. e., a good sized per- son). Many words of this vocabulary are marked Cop- tic. They belong exclusively to that class of words called onomatopees. They are identical with the Coptic words, in sense and sound. This identity may be regarded as a curious philologic discovery. Professor Vater made a comparison of two hundred Berber and Coptic words, and could trace no re- semblances, except among eleven words, and they are but faint. The materials did not exist for this comparison, which, since the publication of the Mithridates, have been obtained. The following is a list of words from the vocabulary, which are identical in the two languages : * Ghar, to read ; not Kara, as in Arabic. 16 Esgurdee — To chew. Essoussouish — To chat. Esharhoor — To snore. Ehoolif — Good. Emcorcour — Frog. Esoosaf — To spit. Eskakkal — To cough. Ehezhaz — To shake. Erou — To bray. Estartek — To croak. Hemhem — To make noise< Esmogheree — To bellow. Kemkem — To hem. In a comparison of the Berber and Coptic lan- guages, these singular coincidences are to be re- garded as an isolated, but positive fact. Their singularity, perhaps, is the only result which they may furnish to comparative philology. The num- ber of these coincidences, I do not doubt, will be increased by further comparison of the two idioms. The following list of words representing the pecu- liar cries of animals, may furnish materials for the proposed comparison : Borourou esgareth — The owl screeches. Aghioul eraou — The ass brays. Emkarkour estartek — Frog croaks. Elif eghaz — Hog grunts. Emhoh eskezweou — Pig squeaks. Tofan etsmernegh — Child bawls. Thezoweeth thezeenazenooth — Bee hums. Oudeou esnahnooh — Horse neighs. Akjoon eshawhew — Dog barks. Emshish esmaiou — Cat mews. 17 Aizat eghar — Cock crows. Theyazet theskakai — Hen cackles. Ekeree esbaboh — Sheep bleats. Ayug esmogheree---Bull bellows. Thafonest theseremeeh — Cow lows. Akelowesh ejegha — a goat. Agetet esoudjoudy — Bird sings. Ahalum etsayub — Monkey chatters. Eslim etszererig — A fish swims. Azerem etsout — Snake hisses. Ushen eseghelef — Jackal howls. Ezem ezher — Lion roars. WORDS OF MOTION. Etsgorbel— To pace. Etsrabah — To gallop. Eskalokel — To trot. The following collection of Kabyle proverbs, may not be inapposite, in the present connection. They will at least justify the inference, that the language of the people to whom they belong, must have a capacity for expressing moral ideas and similitudes. Indeed, these proverbs are almost identical, with those in use among the most polished nations. Esousaf, akelan ez wodmis. He who spits, bespatters his face. Esselman amgaran, itch emzian. Big fish devour the small. Lehdir ameghlid, itch babis. Words are like the Sultan; they consume the speaker. Enzadh, outhagh winna dheferek. Bow ; strike the one behind you. 3 18 Mourkedheeou ousherk, ekedhir ougharb. If the east wind do not bring it, the west will; Kul esghar, sidohanis. Every wood has its smoke. Egghasban, edjad errouis. Who go too fast, leave their children behind, Eghab eouamshis, edjrah ougherdha. When the cat is out, the rats will play. Enfaa ourdits sithghamth. Profit comes not from sleep. Efkeid essa, edjghak azek. Give me to-day ; I’ll give you to-morrow, Kitchee amekthan ouzel aghafelberd. You are like one that strikes cold iron, Amenafdha ousabad. Y’ou are like the stitches of a shoe. Kitchee amennatssemzin aman, ghaf themsith oorkafel. You are like one that pours water into a leaky tub. Kul ewan, ekris dhibineou egatsewan. Every one says, my beans are cooked better than another’s. Kitchee am-teir-el-leil ; adheet eghzadain, egh- zal aikettal. You are like the bird of night ; by day a cat, in darkness a rat. Oorhedra ; edhuran esghar imoughan. Speak not ; the woods have ears. Agenents ; akenni moualennen. They sit in a row (like follows like.) Kitchee aktsam yatoukthan, amdjahlum eou- azid. You are like the cock’s feathers, waving with the wind. Arahee amelghard ; enneou etswaled, onthugh. Opinion is like a mark ; strike where it is seen. 19 Eouberan emkan, emanis. Who strikes, the blow recoils. Oorakhedher elmeith, azith Azrael. The dead speak not before the angel Azrael. In the present vocabulary, there is another sin- gular fact, which I deem to be worthy of remark. There are three words, the names of three great objects of commerce, in antiquity, which are now the same, as in the earliest ages of historic record. These are Elef ameqran, an Elephant ; tezdait, a date tree ; and aurogh, ( aurum ) gold. It is my opinion, that our word Elephant, and the Greek elephas, are derived from the Libyan Elef Ameqran, meaning, literally, the big hog. The Libyans of North Africa, have no other name for Elephant, than that of the big hog. The Tua- rycks call it Tergondjee, but, I doubt, if this be an original Berber word. No other dialect, however, furnishes a name different from Elef Ameqran. The Romans followed, precisely, this analogy, in giving to the giraffe, the name of D ameleopardus, and to the Ostrich, that of Struthiocamelus. A giraffe is, with propriety, called a camel-leopard ; and an ostrich a camel-sparrow. With similar ideas of comparison, an elephant would, appropri- ately, be termed a big hog. The etymology of the word elephant, has exercised the ingenuity of many learned men, from Bochart to Schlegel. In the September number of the Journal Asiatique of Paris, is an ingenious article by Professor Pictet, of Geneva, which carries back the etymon to San- scrit. To trace correctly, the origin of names of ob- jects of commerce, in the Mediterranean, it would 20 be necessary first, to establish the history of those objects, and to ascertain by what people, they were first brought to the notice of the Mediterranean nations. I incline to the Barbary origin of ele- phants. The proof of this, however, involves historic research which this memoir will not allow. For the same reason, I attribute the origin of the word date, to the Numidian Tezdait, the name now given to the date tree, by the Beni Mozab. So, also, if gold were first brought to the Mediter- ranean traders, from the interior of Africa, it would be called aurum by the Romans, from aurogh of the Africans. I shall not assert of these etymo- logies, more, than that they are probable, in the nature of things, or at least, they are curious coincidences. The wide separation of these two most ancient tongues, will hardly be affected, by the affinity observed between some of their grammatical forms. These are confined to the determinate masculine articles d, dh, and feminine t, th ; the formative am or m ; and the personal and possessive pro- nouns. This connexion is traced, in my Berber essays published in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. On this subject, Mr. New- man has remarked, that verbals are formed, by prefixing m (am) ; alike in Coptic, Arabic, and Berber ; while in the same three languages, t, th indicate a feminine, sometimes prefixed, sometimes suffixed, in nouns and in verbs. Yet, with all this identity of a peculiar class of words, and similarity of some inflexions, adjunct particles and forma- tives ; the three most ancient and historical lan- 21 guages, Arabic, Berber and Coptic, are essentially distinct. 2. TuarycJis. These inhabitants of the Great Desert or Saha- ra call their language, Tergeeah. The vocabulary now presented, is the most extensive, as I am at pre- sent advised, that has been published. In my Ber- ber Essays, communicated to the American Philo- sophical Society, there is a list of a dozen words, which were sufficient for my purpose, to establish the identity of this dialect with the great Berber idiom. Some time ago, I transmitted to my learned friend, Mr. D’Avezac, of Paris, a manuscript volume of travels among the Tuarycks, by an educated Taleb of Ghadamis, a bi-lingual Arabo-Berber town, within the dominion of Tripoli. This manuscript was composed for me, during my late residence at Tunis, as United States Consul, near that Regency. It contains a most detailed account of these noma- des of the Sahara, their manners, customs, civil institutions and social economy, together with an Arabo-Tuaryck vocabulary. When this shall be published by Mr. D’Avezac, with the valuable an- notations, derived from his immense and critical knowledge of ancient and modern Africa, it will be an important acquisition to ethnography. Meanwhile I extract from the Transactions re- ferred to, some remarks which I there made, upon this interesting people. 22 The Tuarycks inhabit that extensive portion of the Sahara, bounded on the east by Fezzan and Tibbo ; south, by the negro nations of Bournou, Haoussa, Gouber and Tenbokto ; and on the north, by the oases of Tedeekels and Twat. The coun- try of the Mozabbees, Engousah and Ghadamis, are their northern limits, beyond which they never roam. As Nomadic tribes, they are found in the vicinity of all the negro communities, from Tibbo to Tenbokto, where they rove for the purpose of kidnapping slaves. The number of slaves sold in the northern markets of Morzouk, Ain-Lalal, Gha- damis and Mozab, must be very great ; for of those with whom I have conversed at Algiers, the greater part were ravished from their homes, while young, by these anthropoklephts of the desert. Among the negro tribes, they bear different names. As Sergoos, they are known every where ; on the bor- ders of Fezzan, at Aghadez, and in Haoussa, they are called Kelluvi ; at Sacatou, and among the in- habitants of Gouber, they are known as Etesan ; and at Tenbokto and along the Quorra or Niger, as Oulemidan. By the natives of Haoussa, they are also called Ouzanoroah , which has the import of the Arabic word Kafir, or infidel. Kilgaris is another name which they bear, in the district be- tween Aghadez and Soudan. The Tuarycks are a white people, of the Berber race. They are Mohammedans, of the sect of Maleki. In regard to the practice of religion it is believed, that they are like the Kabyles of the Atlas, superstitious, and greatly addicted to the use of amulets or herzes, prepared by their Marabouts. 23 These independent tribes are remarkable, for their commercial habits and warlike propensities. Their kafilas or caravans carry on the commerce of Fez- zan, with Ghadamis, Twat and Soudan; and Morzouk derives its wealth and importance, from their enterprize. It was this trading impulse, which induced Hornemann to suppose, that the Tuarycks had pushed forward colonies to Audje- lah and Siwah, and perhaps to Ghadamis, and along the northern fringe of the Sahara to Moroc- co. This idea was suggested by the identity of language, of the Siwahis and the Tuarycks. But the former, instead of being colonists, must be regarded as the descendants of the ancient Lib- yans, the aborigines of the greater and lesser oases. The Tuarycks are doubtless of the same stock. The etymology of the appellation Tuaryck, gives to this subject, a new aspect. The word in the Berber language signifies tribes. The sin- gular form is Terga, which makes Tuerga in the plural, or as it is commonly pronounced Tuareg, and with our orthography, Tuaryck. To one man, Ter gee is applied, and Tuaryck to the nation. I speak advisedly, for I have the authority of Twat- ters, who have long had intercourse with these people. If one be asked what language the Tua- rycks speak, he will reply Tergeah. By the same analogy, Arabeeah, is spoken by Arabs, and Kaby- leeah by Kabyles. The Berber term Tuaryck, corresponds with the ' Arabic Kabyle, or Kabail. They both signify tribes. The important fact is hence deduced, that the Kabyles of the Atlas, have an appellation simi- 24 lar to the Kabyles of the desert, and they are the same people, as a comparison of their vocabularies will prove. The grammatical structure of Berber dialects is every where the same. There is a difference in the pronunciation of some letters, between the mountaineers and the inhabitants of the plains. The former, for instance, change tli into t, and g hard into the softer dj, or djim. Themis, fire, is made Temis ; and ergaz, a man, is pronounced erdjaz. The Arabian travellers and historians, Ibn Ba- touta, Ibn Khaldun, El Bekri and Leo Africanus, and the modern European travellers, Hornemann, Denham, Clapperton, Lyons, and Laing, have all concurred in attributing to the Tuarycks, five phy- sical qualities, commercial enterprise and warlike propensities. The Arabian travellers term them molathtliemun, or muffled people, from their univer- sal usage, of covering their faces with a litham muffle or wrapper. This usage is particularly de- scribed in the manuscript, now in the possession of Mr. D’Avezac, to which I have referred. In a w T ork recently published by Mr. William Desborough Cooley, of London, entitled “The Negroland of the Arabs,” he has made the following extract from the Berber historian Ibn Khaldun: “The people of Ghanah declined in course of time, being over- whelmed or absorbed by the Molathtliemun, (or muffled people, that is, the Morabites,) who, ad- joining them on the north, towards the Berber country, attacked them, and taking possession of their country, compelled them to embrace the Mo- hammedan religion.” To this extract, Mr. Cooley has appended the following note. “ The tribes of the desert in general, Tawarik, Zenagah and others, cover the lower part of the face, with a muffle or wrapper called litham. They consider it an impropriety, to let the mouth be seen. From wearing the litham, they are “ called Molathemun or muffled.” The “ Negroland of the Arabs” is a work of the soundest, and most judicious criticism. The learned author has used the Berber language, most successfully, to investigate the early geo- graphy of Africa, and to restore to Berber originals, the very corrupted names of places, as recorded by Arab travellers. He has found the true key in this research. In the travels of Captain Lyon, the Tuarycks are said to have called their language Ertana. This error has been pointed out by the celebrated philologist, the Count Graberg de Hemso. Balbi had, however, previously incorporated this error, in his Atlas Ethnographique. Ertana is an Arabic word, meaning jargon or gibberish ; and it is not the term given to the language of the Tuarycks* by themselves, but by the Arabs, who do not un- derstand, and never acquired it. It is somewhat curious, but perfectly intelligible, that Dr. Lepsius, the celebrated Prussian hierologist, now in Egypt, should have fallen into the same error. In one of his recent letters from Korosko, in Nubia, he says, that he has discovered a new language, called Ertana. I have no doubt, that this name was given by his Arabic interpreter, and that the lan- guage was, really, that of the Bishareens or Bejas* 4 26 The Arabs are not remarkable for acquiring foreign tongues ; and gibberish or Ertana, is a convenient name for whatever they do not understand. The Greeks in a similar case, used the term barbaro- glossa. If Dr. Lepsius shall have been able to analyze the Bishareen dialect, his labors will con- tribute much to the solution of a linguistic ques- tion of high importance. It is intimately connected with the monumental history of Egypt, which he has so powerfully illustrated. Eregeiah, Mozcibeeah and Sergoo. The next vocabularies are those of the Eregeiah, Mozabeeah, and Sergoo dialects of Berber. The Sergoos or Sourga, are Nomadic Tuarycks, in the neighbourhood of Soudan. They are mentioned under the head of Tuarycks. The Eregeiah dialect is spoken by the inhabit- ants of Wadreag and Wurgelah, and the Moza- beeah is the dialect of the Beni Mozab. In rela- tion to these Berber communities, I will extract from the information which I communicated from Algiers, in the fourth volume of the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, and from my unpublished notes. The Mozabies, Biscaries, Wadreagans, and Wurgelans, are comprehended within the ancient Goetulia, and are so classed in modern geography. All these communities are mixed with Bedouin 27 Arabs. The Mozabies inhabit an oasis, or egzer of the Sahara, about three hundred miles south of Al- giers ; the Biscaries to the south-east, inhabit a district bordering on the Sahara, distant about two hundred miles; Tuggurt, the capital of Wad- reag, is situated south-east from the Biscaries, one hundred miles; and Wurgelah is thirty leagues to the south-west of Tuggart. The egzer of the Mo- zabbies, is, perhaps, in latitude, thirty-one degrees north, and Wurgelah, in the thirty-second parallel. The Mozabbies are separated from the Wadrea- gans and Wurgelans, by a trackless desert of eight days’ journey. They are distinct from the last, in moral and physical constitution. They are a white people, whilst the latter are black. Their dialects are identically the same, presenting only modifica- tions of the great language of the Atlas, such as are, in all countries, produced by habitudes and climate. The Kabyles, who are the Highlanders of Africa, call a man ergaz ; the inhabitants of the lowlands of the Sahara, adopt the soft sound of g, and say erdjaz. Themis, fire, they pronounce te- mis. But amidst these various pronunciations, the Berber language is always to be recognised. The structure and grammatical changes of these dialects, do not, as far as I have examined them, present any material differences. I denominate them Mozabeeah and Erezeiah, from the names of the tribes. Their language is not known among them, by any other appellations. Wadreag is a compound word, which means oasis, wadey, or egzer of Ereag. Wad, is the Arabic of the Berber Egzer. These people call their tribes, respectively 28 aith Emzab, aith Eregeiah, aith Wurgelah, like the aith Abbess, aith Toodjah of the Atlas ; and the name of their language is that of the tribe, in the form of the Arabic substantive. Aitli answers to the Beni, or children, of the Arabs. The Mozabies are a remarkably white people. They profess the Mohammedan religion. Differ- ing in some points of faith and discipline, from the four great mezhebs or sects, they constitute the Ha- mis, or fifth. Shaw, in relating that they are of the sect Maleki, appears not to have sufficiently examined the subject. Monsieur Venture, in the preface to his Berber dictionary, just published at Paris, says, that they follow the sect of Ali. They are heretics according to Mohammedans. They cannot pray, without having first taken off their breeches, and washing every part of the body. The truth is, that they are Wahabees in doctrine, and their schism goes back to the fifth century of the hegira. They, however, differ from the Wa- habees in two articles of speculative divinity — the essence of God, and the nature of future punish- ments. A third point of difference is the law of inheritance. Among my unpublished notes, I find those distinctions thus defined. 1. God is not seen after death. 2. The future punishment by fire, is eternal. 8. Grand-fathers or mothers cannot inherit. Their sect of Islam comprehends the inhabitants of Djerbi, of the mountains of Emfus, and of Oman on the Persian gulf. They represent themselves to have been expelled from Egypt, in the sixth cen- tury of the hegira. But this is impossible, by lin- 29 guistic argument, were history not opposed to it. The Mozabbees call themselves, in their dialect, aith eongalan, or the tribe of the austere, which is rendered into Arabic, by Beni Mozab. Agala is the Berber word for severe. The Wadreagans and Wurgelans are a black people, possessing the moral traits of the Berber, with some of the physical characteristics of the Negro race. They have woolley hair, skin of a dark bronze or brown color, short, nose, moderately depressed, with some cartilage in the apex, and thick lips. Malte Brun was of opinion, that the Copts of Egypt are a mixed race. The Wadrea- gans are certainly not of the pure Caneasian blood, like the Berber race in general. This question of the mixed race of the Copts, has recently been settled by Dr. Samuel George Morton, in his “ Crania iEgyptiacaf’ This work is a monument of sound philosophy, and of scientific deductions from new, but positive facts, furnished by the monu- ments and necropoles of Egypt. The towns of the oasis of Mozab, are Berigan, Atf, Garara, Gardeiah, Enora, Melikah, Ezgenee and Tedjemoot. The principal or capital town is Ghardeiah. The nomadic Arab tribes in the neigh- borhood of these Berber communities are Shamba, Atseba, Mehaderna, Beni Hassan, Ouled Yakob, and Nouail. A considerable number of Jews live among the Mozabies. They trade with the Arab tribes, and exchange dates for wool, which they manufacture. The date tree is almost the only production of this oasis. It constitutes the wealth of individuals, and is the only article which they 30 have to offer in exchange for other articles of neces- sity. The Jews manufacture silver and brass orna- ments, for traffic. A garden of one hundred date trees is considered a competency. Each tree will yield six skins, which sell for about twenty-five cents each. Ostrich feathers, slaves, sheep and wool, are brought to them by the Arab and Tuaryck Bedouins, and these they bring for sale to Algiers. The government of Mozab is a republic. There is a council of twenty-four notables or Morabbouts, who control all affairs of Church and State. There is no capital punishment, and penalties are gene- rally commuted by fines. These mulcts go to the benefit of the mosques. If neither the delinquent nor his relatives are able to pay the fine, he is in certain cases banished. This green island in the expanse of desert sand, is abundantly supplied by water from wells, which would seem to be dug to the depth of two hundred feet. Below the sand, lies a slaty formation, and when the water is reached, it rises nearly to the surface. Wadreag was formerly dependent upon the Bey of Constantine, and must now be subject to that department of the French colonial government. The villages in this oases, are Tuggurt, Nezla, Tebesbest, Moghair, Tummarhal, Kamara, Sidi Rashid, Sidi Yahiya, Wakelana, Sidi Halil and some others. The inhabitants of Tuggurt were responsible to the Bey of Constantine, for the tri- bute due by the Bedouins, who resorted to that town for purposes of trade. Whenever the villages refused to pay their contributions, the Bey had re- 81 course to the simple mode, of sending some troops, and threatening to destroy their date plantations. Such destruction would at once deprive them of all subsistence, and consequently, it was equal policy in both parties, to avoid such a catastrophe. Jews are numerous in all the villages of Biscara and the Wadreag. They enjoy an efficient protec- tion among the Berber tribes, in all the wide re- gions of Algiers and Morocco. This is afforded by a system of individual relationship, which may be compared to that of patron and client. Every Jew has his particular Sidi, patron or magister, who is responsible for his acts, and to whom he looks for counsel and protection. The defence of his Jewish dependent, is a point of honor, with the free Amazirgh or Numidian, and he will protect him from injury or aggression, at the risk of his life. Such is the patronal relation of the Israelite, among the Scheluhs or Berbers of Morocco, where their numbers are estimated at a half million. The Arabs do not yield to them this protection. De- prived of civil rights in Barbary, the social con- dition of the Jews, merits investigation. Historic and ethnographic surrey. The obscurity of pre-historic times, involves the early condition of Libya, equally with all nations, out of the Mosaic record. The philosophy of Sal- lust did not rise above myth and conjecture, when he attributed the first invasion of Africa to Hercu- 32 les. The hordes of Medes, Persians, and Armeni- ans who accompanied this hero to Spain, accord- ing to tradition, subsequently crossed over to Mau- ritania. Whatever of fable there may be in this tradition, Sallust, undoubtedly, arrived at one fact, that the Libyans and Goetulians, first occupied, or possessed, Africa. There is every probability, that the Cushites, Amalekites and Kahtanite, or Beni Yoktan Arabs, had, in obscure ages, sent forward tribes into Af- rica. But the first historic proof of emigration, of the Aramean or Shemitic race, into this region, is that of the Canaanites of Tyr and of Palestine. This great commercial people settled at Carthage, and pushed onwards their traders, to the Pillars of Hercules. Then came the wide, universal domi- nion of Rome, which was followed by inundations of Goths and Vandals, through Spain. The By- zantian rule of Africa is recorded by Procopius ; and this Greek dominion w T as succeeded by the Saracen conquest. The Ishmaelite Arabs gave place in the Barbary Regencies, to the Ottoman Turk, and his place has, in part, been taken by the Frank. Under all these successive invasions, the original inhabitants of Africa were termed, as they are now, Barbari or Berbers. The etymology of this ge- neric name, will remain in obscurity. The Sara- cens may derive it from Bar, a desert; or the su- percilious Greek from Barbarui. The Egyptians may trace it to the Coptic word Berber, hot; and the Hindoo may find its origin, in the Sanscrit word Varovaras, an outcast or barbarian. It is 33 still true, that the Mediterranean coast of Africa, is called Barbary, and its inhabitants Barbars or Berbers. The Mosaic history presents a faithful record of the descendants of Noah. In this Hebrew gene- alogy, or toldoth beni Noach, the Lehbim or Libyans, are the descendants of Mizraim, the son of Ham. Among other descendants of Mizraim, are recorded the Lubim, Naphtuhim, Fathrusim, Casluhim, and Caphtorim. The ingenious hiero- logist, Mr. Gliddon, is now occupied in tracing and identifying these ethnographic appellations, which, he believes, are recorded on the monuments of Egypt. Phut or Fout was one of the sons of Ham; and if he should find the Kali-Phut or land of Libya, in the Caphtorim of Genesis, the truth of biblical history, in a geographic question, would receive an important and additional confirmation, from the monuments. I owe this suggestion to himself, and I will not further anticipate the result of his researches. Libya undoubtedly belongs to the geography of the sacred record ; the earliest to which we can refer. The affiliations of nations was not traced by an- cient historians, to analogies of language. They speak of the Ammonians, Nasamones, Garamantes, Gcetulians, Libyans, Numidians and Maureta- nians ; but their national alliance by community of speech, is not the subject of remark or investiga- tion. This subject has been left for modern sci- ence, which has shown, that the nations now occu- pying the sites of those ancient people, all speak a common language, and the inference is just, that 5 84 the elder population used the same. Their origin and language was Berber. That this language was once spoken in the val- ley of the Nile, at a remote period, there are many indications in the names of tribes, localities, and religion. The probability of this suggestion, is su- perior to conjecture. The arguments and facts of Professor Ritter, tend to confirm this opinion. The names of Berber tribes, the Haonarah, and the Gomera, are mingled with all the history of Egypt and Libya, and they occupy a prominent part in that of the Canary islands, where Spanish conquest has, in modern times, obliterated their existence. Leaving this question to future investigation, by hierologists and monumental historians, we pass to the present domain of the Berber tongue. In tracing the actual limits of this idiom, we start from the exterior oases of Egypt, the principal of which, is Siwah. Of this dialect, vocabularies have been collected by Hornemann, Caillaud, Minutoli, and Koenig. The oasis of Audjelah is the next, which was visited by Pacho. Then come the Barbary Regencies, where the Kabyle or Showiah dialect is spoken, and of which specimens have been collected by Shaw, Venture, Desfontaines, Shaler and Delaporte. In the Empire of Morocco, the Shilha dialect is used, which is called by the Berber population Tamazirght, the free or noble speech. Amzirgh , the free, is, doubtless, the original of the Greek and Roman appellations, Mazyes, Mazisci, Maziks and Massyli. Tamazirt, the free, may correspond, as a national appellative to the Teuten Frank, or the northern Slavi. In 35 the rear of Barbary, throughout the wide expanse of the great desert, the Tuaryck idiom predomi- nates. And finally, the Guanches, the original inhabitants of the Canary Islands, spoke a dialect of the Berber tongue. Among these various branches of one common stock, there may have been ingrafted some shoots of foreign origin. For, amidst a uniformity of j language, there is a difference of colour and phy- sical traits. This is subject, says Mr. D’Avezac, in his Esguisse generale de l’Afrique, worthy of the most curious and patient labor of the ethnologist* How important it would be, to show, in the traits of the Semhadjah, the ancient race of Yemen ; in those of the Zenetah, the Amalekite race ; to be able to detect the Numidian race, in the physiognomy of the Algerine Kaybles, and that of the Gcetulians, beyond a determinate limit. The Berber language itself, and the different dialects into which it is divided, is the first subject of investigation. To this, the present vocabularies form a small contribution. The following list of books, contains all the specimens, lexic and grammatical, of this language, now extant. It was prepared by Mr. D’Avezac, and published in the 4th volume of the bulletins of the Geographic Society of Paris. I. Printed Books. Jones, (Jezreel). Dissertatio de Lingua Shil- hensi. Amsterdam, 1715. 36 Peyssonnel, (Jean Andre). Relation d’un Voy- age sur lcs cotes de Barbarie. Paris, 1838. Shaw, (Thomas). Travels in Barbary. Glass, (George). History of the Canary Islands. London, 1764. Hcest, (George). Nachrichten Von Marokos. Copenhague, 1781, Chenier, (Louis.) Recherches Historique, sur les Maures. Paris, 1787. Barre, ( ). Nouvelles Annales de Voyage. Tome iii. 1830. Paris. Hornemann, (Frederic). Voyage dans l’Afrique Septentrionale ; French edition of Langles. Paris, 1803. Venture, (Jean-Michel). Berber Grammar and Vocabulary, as Appendix to Hornemann’s Travels. Edition of Langle’s. Vater (Jaen Severin.) Mithridates of Adelung. Berber Sprache, Berlin, 1812. Jackson, (James Gray). His account of the em- pire of Morocco, London, 1814. Jackson, (id.) Account of Timbuctoo and Haous- sa. London, 1820. Badia, (Domingo). Travels of Ali Bey. Lyon, (Captain). Narrative of Travels in North- ern Africa. London, 1821. Schlotz. Reise in die gegend zwischen Alexan- drien und Parcetonium. Leipsic, 1822. Minutoli. Reise zum Tempel des Jupiter Am- mon. Berlin, 1824. Ukert. Bemerkungen uber die Berbern and Tibbos. Weimer, 1826. Caillaud. Voyage a Meroe. Paris, 1826. 37 Boccaccio. Numerorum series ab 1, ad 16, sicut a Canariis dicuntur. Florence, 1827, Muller, (Frederic). Vocabulary of Audjelah in Pacho’s Travels to the Cyrenaica. Paris, 1827. Shaler, (William). Sketches of Algiers. Boston, 1826. Hodgson, (William). Transactions of the Ame- rican Philosophical Society. Tom. iv. Philadel- phia, 1831. Hodgson, (William). Translation of the Gospels into Berber. Twelve chapters of St. Luke, pub- lished by the British and Foreign Bible Society. London, 1833. Newman, (W. T.) Analysis of the preceding translation, in the West of England Scientific Journal. Bristol, 183-. Groberg de Hemso. Remarks on the language of the Amazirghs, with Notes by the Rev. Mr. Renouard, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic So- ciety. London, 1836. Delaporte, (Honore). Berber Vocabulary. Jour- nal Asiatique. Paris, 1836. Pritchard, (James Cowles). Physical History of Man. History of the Atlantic Nations. London, 1837. Koenig. Vocabulary of the Dialect of Siwah. Memoires of the Geographic Society. Paris, 1838. Washington, (Captain). Travels in Morocco. London, 183-. Macedo, (I. I. da Costa). On the Original Lan- guages of the Canary Isles. In the Journal of the Royal Geographic Society. London, 1841. Marcel’s Arabic Dictionary. 38 Venture’s Berbero-Arabic Dictionary. Paris, 1844. Berber Dictionary ; published by the Minister of War. Paris, 1844. By Mr. Delaporte. II. Manuscripts . The late Professor Hamaker procured some pieces in Berber, for the Leyden Library. What they are, we do not exactly know. The govern- ment of the Netherlands obtained, some years ago, through its agent at Tunis, a Berber vocabulary. Mr. Delaporte, Consul of France at Mogadore, obtained an ancient Berber poem, on the duties of woman ; and two religious tracts in rhyme ; the one consisting of 334 double verses, and contain- ing the life of the Patriarch Joseph, imitated from the Koran by Abd-er-rachman, el-Agueny, el-Sou- sy ; and the other consisting of 656 simple verses, by Mohammed ben Aly el-Sousy, intituled Bahr el Damou'a, or the sea of tears. The tract was written in 1714, and is an exposition of the doctrine of the famous Morabout, known by his patrony- mic of Ben Nasser. Mr. Delaporte has made an interlinear literal version of this tract, which it is ardently hoped, will soon be published. Mr. Delaporte the elder, is occupied with a similar labor upon a manuscript in his possession intituled El-Hhaoudh, or reservoir. This work 89 0 also treats of the doctrine of the Scheickh Ben Nasser, but much more extensively than the other two tracts. This book of Ben Nasser, was indicated by my- self in a Berbero-Arabic manuscript, containing an account of the Province of Sous. This manu- script is now in possession of the Royal Asiatic Society of London, in whose transactions, my translation of this narrative is published. Manuscripts extant, but undiscovered. The Arab histories of Africa, furnish short notices of three Berber manuscripts, of a more ancient date. These, it is hoped, for the cause of science, may yet be recovered through the Berber doctors of law, in the provinces where they were first promulgated. 1. The most celebrated of these manuscripts, and of which there are the greatest chances of recovery, is the Taouhhed, or treatise on the Unity of God. It is an exposition of the doctrine professed by the Mouahhedyn, or Unitarians, com- monly called Almohacles. It was composed by Abon Abd- Allah Mohammed ben Tou mart el-Hara- ghy, who gave himself the title of El-Mahdy, the founder of the sect, and the dynasty of the Almo- hades. In the year 516 of the Hegira, correspond- ing with 1122 of our era, he gave this book to his 40 disciples. Ebn-Abd-el-Hhalym, in his work called the Kartas, expressly states, that this treatise was written in the Berber language, and that the Mah- dy had commanded it to be learned by heart, and declaring all those disobedient to this command, as heretics. 2. The Berber Koran is a second book, given to the Gomerites of Nokour and Tetouan, by Abon Mohammed Hemym ben Aby-Khalef Mennal, who announced himself as a prophet in that region, in the year 325, of the Hegira, and 937 of the Christian era. It is two centuries older than the Taouhhed of the Almohades. This book is mentioned by Abon-Obeid el Beery, and is de- scribed and analyzed by Ebn Abd-el-Hhalym, in his Kartas. 3. The third and most ancient manuscript, is described and analyzed, by the two Arab historians just mentioned. It is the Koran, or book given to the Berber tribes of Bargouathah, by Saleh ben- Tharyf, who founded a throne among them, and there reigned till the year 177 of the Hegira, or 793 after Christ. This book was composed of eighty chapters, which had for their titles, the names of prophets, Adam, Nouh, Mousa, Haroun and others ; or the names of certain historic personages, as Nemroud, Faraoun, Djalout and the tribes of Is- rael. This volume was written in Berber ; but of this, there is no positive assertion. It is certain, however, that the formulas of invocation were Ber- ber, and that the first words of a phrase, in the chapter called ayoub, as cited by El-Bekry, are in that language. 41 The early date of these manuscripts gives the greatest importance to them, as subjects of philo- logic study. Every day, Arabic is introducing itself into the Berber speech, under the disguise of mo- dified orthography. As these manuscripts are re- spectively seven, nine and eleven hundred years old, the Berber language must then have been comparatively pure. Could they be procured, a most important acquisition would be made, for the proper investigation of this primaeval language. III. Inscriptions . Thus far, I have transcribed by version, the re- marks of Mr. D’Avezac. To complete the list of all vestiges left to modern science, of this most an- cient Libyan language, it would seem proper to add a notice of the Numidian inscriptions which have been copied and published, by European travellers and archaeologists. 1. In the Travels of Denham and Clapperton in the interior of Africa, we have the so-called alphabet of Tuarycks, consisting of nineteen let- ters. A peculiarity of the names of these letters is, that seventeen of them begin with the letter y , and that these names are all monosyllabic. These were found at the oasis of Ghraat, and cut on stone. The travellers make the following remarks upon them : 6 42 “ On almost every stone, in places which the Tuarycks frequent, these characters are hewn out. It matters nothing whether the letters are witten from right to left, or vice versa, or written horizon- tally.” With the frequency of these inscriptions, it is matter of great surprise, that none of them were co- pied by these enterprising travellers. Or if they were not inscriptions, but merely the repetition of the alphabet, the fact exhibits a most singular degree of fondness in the Tuarycks, for unmeaning letters, representing no words, and conveying no ideas. 2. The bi-lingual inscription of Thugga, found near Tunis. It is a bi-partite inscription, in Phoeni- cian and Numidian characters. Thomas d’Arcos first made a copy of it, in 1631. The Ethnological Society of New- York, will shortly publish a fac-simile of it, with a memoir on the subject. Mr. de Saulcy, in the February num- ber of last year, of the Journal Asiatique of Paris, has an elaborate essay on the inscription, and has ingeniously established the value of the Numidian characters. The late Professor Gesenius, in his great work on Phoenician remains, also attempted to give values to the Numidian letters. Of twen- ty-five different characters, eight still remain un- determined. 3. The fragment of a Numidian inscription, found at Tiffesh, in Algeria, by the French military sur- geon, Bonnafont. It is published in the April number of 1844 of the Journal Asiatique of Paris, with remarks by Mr. Judas. These are all the inscriptions, really Libyan, or Numidian, of which I have any knowledge. There 48 are many Phoenician or Punic inscriptions, collected by Gesenius, and very recently by the French, in Algeria. Of these a remarkable one is that of Qalmah, published by the French Society for the exploration of Carthage, and brought to Paris, by Sir Grenville Temple. In one of the dramas of Plautus, called “ Poe- nulus or the little Carthagenian, there are some verses, which Bochart and Gesenius have contend- ed, are in the Phoenician language. These are found in the VI act of the Poenulus. Ten of them are represented to be Phoenician, and the five last, to be in the Libyan tongue, according to Bochart. Gesenius calls them Liby-phoenician. This mixed language, he says, appears to have had Libyan roots and words, but Phoenician syntax. In its mixed character, it might be compared to English. I have examined these last five verses of the Poenulus, and I have not been able to detect the slightest resemblance to the Libyan or Berber, in any one word. I, moreover, am of opinion, in regard to this celebrated passage of Plautus, that it is mere gibberish or imitated Latin, without mean- ing. I agree with Adelung, that it is “ sinnlos angebrachte Lateinische worter. Wahl, in his “ Geschichte des Morgenlandes,” says, that the Poenulus contains no real punic vestige. Of the Libyan language, Gesenius makes the extraordi- nary remark, that it is not the modern Berber, as asserted by Hamaker. It could be nothing else, unless it be possible, that the whole population of Africa, could have laid aside one speech, and assumed another. 44 The Phrenician ianguage of Carthage and her trading colonies, made no more impression upon the Libyan dialect, than did the Roman conquests, which came in contact with the natives, more wide- ly and effectively. Nor did the Christian churches in the time of St. Augustine, and the dissenting Donatists, with several hundred bishopricks, suc- ceed in imposing the language of the Vulgate, upon their neophytes. The Libyan language re- mained distinct from Phoenician, as does the Ben- galee, from the English on the Ganges. American inscription, resembling Numidian. The existence of an inscription found in the United States, and containing characters very similar to the Libyan, is a fact which claims to be mentioned in this connection. A fac-simile of it, is herewith presented. It was found in an Indian mound, on the bank of the Ohio river, about twelve miles below Wheeling. The mound is one of unusual size, being sixty nine feet high, and three hundred in circumference. Mr. Tomlinson, the proprietor of the land, excavated this tumulus, some years ago, and he published an account of what he found in the mound. There were two skeletons in the lower vault, and in the chamber above, there was one. A large beech and white oak tree grew on the top of the mound. This last, died of old age, and the concentric circles of growth, gave a computed age of five hundred years. 45 Near one of the skeletons in the lower vault, was found the stone in question, with three lines of alphabetic characters. It is of the oval form and size, represented in the annexed cut, three fourths of an inch thick, and its material is a fine sandstone. This is the only example, I believe, of ancient alphabetic inscription in North America. The inscriptions on the Dighton rock, and the pictorial, symbol writing of Mexico and Yucatan, cannot be called alphabetic. The existence of this tri-linear lapidary inscription appeared to me, at first, apocryphal. Mr. Schoolcraft, however, has visited the mound, and confirmed the re- port, by description. The skeletons, stone, and all other articles, are now preserved, in the mound, by the proprietor. What renders the whole subject still more curious and interesting, is the quantity of ivory and 'porcelain, (baked clay ?) beads, found with the skeleton. Whence was the ivory brought 1 Who was the gorgeous chieftain, whose engraved signet was found by his side 1 Did j he come from the Canary Islands, where the ] Numidian language and characters prevailed 1 Or from the land of the Celto-Iberians, whose writing was somewhat similar 1 Shall we recur to the lost Atlantis ? Could anv of the Carthaafenian or •> Aketchou, Aberghanis, I Adheris, / Amellal, white. Azgagh, red. Azegzou, blue. Auragh, yellow. Asheban, green. Abrekan, black. Aberkush, grey. Amgar, old. Amekran, s. Amekranan, p. great. Afsoos, light. Azzai, heavy. Ahlau, wet. Amgar, (old) covetous. Aiye, yes. Asel, no. Adhroos, few. Adhoos, nezza, very few. Azzek, to-morrow. Amek, how. Akim, sit. 87 Anida, where. Ansee, whence. Ashou, what. Amzewar, first. Aneggar, last. Armeshkee, until. Amina, like. Azzeth, before. Azdhefir, behind. Aifous, right. Azelmat, left. Athaye, look (here it is.) Acea, thus. Akenna, so that. Adon, under. Adh, with, from. Af, for, on account of. Ases, agent, collector. Azree, debtor. Ashtet, handkerchief. Amekthee, a souvenir. Aiat, voice. Anesh, so much. Aine, according to. Ateesh, sower. Amteesh, seed. Amzdogh, residence. Amiksa, shepherd. Awatef, fisherman. Azel, price. Amghar, a reader. Amtheit, possesser of eye. Amsagar, possessing wood. Amleked, “ Amuthul, “ Amezer, “ Amthankekth, “ Agenna, air. Adhga, stone. Ahk, take. Asegress, time. Aiar, (Ar.) trial. Aghelif, swarm. Aghelif entszezwa, swarm bees. Azta, honey-comb. Ahaitot, without tail. Aksheloom, bran. Auren, meal. Agherbel, sifter. Atnenoghee, a fight. Ahiyuee, infant. Amehooh, child. Amto, an unworthy woman. Azetot, dove, (mas.) Aketot, talkative. Abeetot, short dress. Anefses, runner. Ahenooh, neigher. Argaz, s. Ergazan, pi. man. Ammee, s. Errou, pi. son, Aghma, s. Aithma, p. brother. Atar, s. Etaran, p. foot. Agherghid, spear. B. Bab, (Arab) father. Boghroos, (Arab ?) sandal of goat skin. D. Dhayee, here. Dhinna, there. Dhaien, enough. Dhemzian, little, (mas.) Dheefoohan, bad, (mas.) Dhereth, bad. Dhakemlan, long. Dhegzelan, short. Dherkak, Ar. narrow. Dhelaleth, (Ar.) good. Dhasamam, sour. Demellal, pretty. E. Eldee, open. Erraz, break. Earra, to soil. Esdig, clean. Ekmez, rub. Ethsun, kiss. Eselmedh, teach. Ethlemedh, learn. Ehook, doubt. Etsuk, suspect. Essen, know. stature, hares. sight. neck. 88 Ekkim, hope. Echoor, expect. Ehzar, assure. Efthee, judge. Efooh, conclude. Enogh, fight. Elee, (Ilia) to be. Esres, put. Ezemeret, to be able. Esoofig, drive. Erdha, gnash teeth. Ebeto, separate. Echor, shake. Eskeshom, reproach. Ezdhemerd, answer. Ezdee, pure. Ezee, round. Ettidj, s. Ettidjan, pi. sun. Endha, frost. Eghlid, s. Egheldan, sultan, chief. Eldjennath, (Ar.) paradise. Esshetan, (Ar.) devil. Ezenez, s. Ezenezan, pi, rain drops. Ess, s. Ouessen, p. day. Ezgen eouess, mid-day, Ezgen aiyet, mid-night. Ezgen entheremts, half hour. Essa, to-day. Ettalee, yesterday. Errobia, (Ar.) spring. Essif, (Ar.) summer. Ezid eouess, week. Eoum, freshet. Ethbir, pigeon. Edjedar, s. Edjoodar, pi. eagle. Ezerdhi, s. Ezerdhiouwan, pi. mink. Elaf, s. Elfan, boar. Ezim, s. Ezmawan, lion. Emcorcour, (Coptic,) frog. Elmeleh, (Ar.) salt. Efilfil, (Ar.) pepper. Ezzith, (Ar.) oil. Elhul, (Ar.) vinegar. Ellafts mustard. Ebawen, beans. Erman, (Arabic) pomegranate. Efkoos, melon. Emma, (Ar.) mother. Ellee, s. Isi, pi. errou, p. daughter. Egma, s. Aithma, p. brother. Emzadhan, hair. Emlagegh, forehead. Egheell, s. Eghallan, arm. Edhekal, s. Edhookal, palm of hand. Eghas, s. Eghasan, p. bone. Eman, s. Emanoon, p. (Ar.) religion, faith. Eskoodh, sight. Eddaf, feeling. Esfoh, (Arabic,) smelling. Egzar, s. Egezroweran, p. rivu- let, river. Erdhen, wheat. Edemin, ) Effer, } S rasses * Ezigzow, lead. Ezgagh, copper. Egazim, sharp. Ekoor, dry. Ehwa, so, so, tolerable. Essa, to-day, Etale, yesterday. Eta, to-night. Etaaden, yesterday evening. Emernee, Emer, then. Eweeth entsekalts, once. EfFogh, without. Ekshin, within. Ernou, more. Elmas, middle. Ezgen, half. Etsletha, third. EUathoura, if not now. Errif, shore. Emdoon, ditch. Enedjil, thorn. Edjeraf, foundation. Ethedoo, to do or make. Erthema, week. Eis, to him. Esegan, accounts. 89 Egman, self. E meskoa, foreign. Erthema, eternal. E tseker, to steal. T nee, testify. Ekem, remain. Eder, alive. Ehoolif, (Coptic, ) good. Efook, to finish, Etsal, to fold. Etsouat, address. Ebdhou, begin. Ehwaie, wish. Ftsoo, forget. Ehdhar, speak. Essonal, say. Essoussouish, (Coptic,) chat. Essousam, hush. Enoya, grieve. Essohul, call. Esgurdee, (Coptic,) chew. Essoria, (Soo.) drink. Etcha, eat. Enogtad, inebriate, drunken. Erouwan, satiate. Erooh, (Arabic,) go. Egen, sleep. Edakowal, repose. Ennoodam, sleep, (substantive.) Etayar, to dream. Esharhoor, (Copt.) to snore. Eddekwal, wake. Esborr, dress. Ekkas, undress. Eddaf, to hold. Edhila, to cover. Etsah, laugh. Etsroo, cry. Enehlel, pain. Estabah, sneeze. Esood, blow. Esfar, whistle. Ehazis, listen. Esal, hear. Esewetet, smell. Esig, see. Esoosaf, (Copt.) spit. Elsith, feel. Edjar, start. Eshoof, swell, Eskahkal, (Copt.) cough. Ekmez, scratch. Ehezhaz, (Copt.) shake. Ehamaleth, love. Erbath, embrace. Esoodhem, kiss. Esghar, Essan, teach. Esker correct. Ezzadhmar, punish. Eshena, blame. Efk, give. Eskana, forbid. Eft'er, hide. Edjaia, pardon. Egoshee, Ehakar, hate. Ehuresh, dispute. Eheris, contract. Ehenna, (Arab.) bless. Ebaad, (Arab.) curse. Esaa, sing. Eshiaa, dance. Edhorr, jump. Esoolid, gain. Edja, lose. Etsika, pledge. Egzim, cut, break. Edaf, joke. Eker, rise. Ezid, turn. Esooj, cure. Ehala, heal. Adbelkamil, (Ar.) to be well. Emmaa, (Ar.) to be worse. Esiksa, (Ar.) ask. Emsoua, (Ar.) measure. Ekthut, Agh, buy. Esk, to possess, or have. ' Efk, pay. Efka, offer. Ezanz, sell. Ezanz serha, sell cheap. Ertat athera, lend. Eneksith, deceive. Ezul, go. Ekkim, sit. Edfer, follow. 12 90 Ezouar, precede. Erooh ezdhefir, go behind. Emeriwalen, go off. Ezeed, turn. Ehsal, Eghale, fall Esshig, slip. Ehabesh, wound. Ewad, arrive. Egerth, meet. Etar, descend. Eskar, work. Ekkun, bind. Efsee, Unloose. Enfess, leave. Eksidh, raise. Fhenna, (Arabic,) present. Ebelagh, Sekker, shut. Eazer, loose. Esoghelee, demolish. Ezee, surround. Enebghee, guest. Essotuf, covenant. Emdjedelee, dispute. Ezdogh, reside. Etef, to fish. Egez, (Gheez,) to watch. Erroo, write. Ederrak, hide. Eemen, itself. Emrar, rope. Emoog work. Emzia, goodness. Efkat, perfection. Ehwa, evil. Esooais, with what. Esemelal, whitish. Esebrikan, blackish. Eellis, smoke. Eghat, disappear. Ehla, welcome. Eghallil, stem. Egheluz enthemempts, wax. Elcouim, straight. Egedh, capricornus. Essigenee, Sagittarius. Ebesh, urine. Eghod, ashes. Eg, in, from. Ezdhamer, hush. Ellooz, hunger. Efoodh, thirst. Ekker, rise. Edemis, gap. Etsham, bleed. Ezhir, quarrel. Ellis, touch. Emmektheed, remember. Eskkaro, bargain. Enkentsee, we (fem.) Ewan, one, (mas.) Eweth, one, (fem.) Errefka, (Arabic,) caravan. Esthuwa, winter. Eree, neck. Esnahnooh, to neigh. Eshawhew, bark. Esmayn, mew. Eghar, crow. Eskakai, cackle. Esbaboh, bleat. Esmogheree, (Coptic,) to bellow. Fsemereek, to low. Esgar, screech. Erau, (Coptic,) bray. Estartek, (Coptic,) croak. Eghaz, grunt. Emhoh, pig. Eskeeweou, squeak. Etsmernegh, bawl. Ezinazinoo, to hum. Ethedaswat, sail. Esudjudj, sing. Essayub, chatter. Etszererig, swim. Elhou, crawl. Etsout, hiss. Eseghelef, howl. Ezher, roar. Etsgoobal, pace. Etsrabah, (Ar.) gallop. Eskalokel, trot. Enni, say. 91 G. Ghoor, belonging to. Ghoor-i, belonging to me. Ghof, around, upon. Ghaf, on account of. Gha, from. Ghi, from, in. Gbar, to. Ghar, to read. Ghorlee, destruction. Gegherissan, among each other. Ghoor-i, to have, (i. e. to me.) H. Herla, much. Hemhem, (Coptic,) to make noise. I. Ikra, thing. Ikf enthedderth, head of village. Ichtul, full. Isheya, (Ar.) command. Issen, believe. Ichoor, grace. Islee, s. Eslan, p. bride. Ishded, table-cloth. Izga, blood. K. Ketchee, (mas.) thou. Khemee, (fern.) thou. Khoonwee, you, (mas.) Khoonemtsee, you, (fem.) Karn, to name, to call. Kemkem, (Coptic,) to hem. L. Lebhar, (Ar.) sea. Leharif, (Ar.) autumn. Muqer, great. N. Nekkee, I, (mar.) Nekkinee, I, (fem.) Netsa, He. Netseth, she. Ikra, it. Nekenee, we, (mas.) Nuthnee, they, (m.) Nuthentsee, they, (fem,) Nezza, very. O. Ougel, s. Ougelan, p. tooth. Outhul, s. Euthel, p. have, Oultsma, s. Aithma, pi. sister. Oudham, face. Ool, s. Ooluwan, pi. heart, Oozal, iron. Omma, bat. Oushan, s. Oushanan, pi. jackal. Oorad,yet. S. Sufel, on. So, witfe. Sa, to. Safal, above up. Sedda, down. Saghal yonder. Suris, in order that. Shatan, many. Shatan nezza, very mauy. Sind etale, day before yesterday. Seld azzed, day after to-mor- row. Shemala, girdle. Seibouse, sparrow. S’ebrid, (in the way,) justly. Shishou, (Coptic,) fight. Sura, near. T. Theganaoo, sing. Eghanowan, pi. heavens. Themis, fire. Thamoorth, s. Themorra, p. earth. Thafookth, Thefooka, light. Thefferth, starlight. Thezeree, moon-light. Thesilisth, Thesilisee, darkness. Thekith, dew. Thagooth,s. Thagoothin,pl.fog. 92 tr - Theriliis, s. Enhezints, pi. earth- quake. Theremts, s. Theram, pi. hour. Thaglee thafookth. sun-down. Thule thafookth, sun-rise. Thelkemts, morsel. Thaharith, pastry. Thagogelits, s. egogaleen, pi. cheese. Thezewa, s. Thezeween, pi. table. Thasumtha, s. Thesumseween, pi. chair. Theshoubth, s. Theshoub, pi. fork. Thegandjouth, s. Thegandjou- ween, pi. spoons. Thedhaketh, s. Thedhakeen, pi. plate. Themkasist, s. Themkasin, pi. scissars. Thaayerth, s. Theayerin, pi. cup. Thashooith, earthern pot. Thegasrarth, s. Thegasrareen, pi. hatchet. Thaizat, s. Theyuzat, pi. hen. Themalelts, s. Themalelin, pi. eg g- Thezizweeth, s. Thezizwa, pi. bee. Thafoonest, s. Thesitha, pi. cow. Thekhsee, s. Thekhseen, p. ewe. Thagat, s.Thegatan, pi. she goat. Theserdunts, s. Theserdiatheen, pi. mule. Thagiults, s. Thegial, p. don- key, f. Thagamertli, s. Thagmereen, p. mare. Thamshisth, s. Themshash, p. cat, fem. Thaskurth, s. Theskarin, p. partridge, fem. Thasamants, s. Thesamaneen, p. quail. Theyuzat, Theyazaneen, pi. duck. Theyuzat eouwaman, goose. Themallee, s. Themaloween, pi. dove. Thesewent, s. Thesewaneen, p. Thegamerts. Thelafth, s. Thelfathin, pi. sow. Thega, artichoke. Themeshmesh, (Arabic,) apricot. Thezwerth, s. Thezoorin, p. Thagoosimts, s. Agoosim, wal- nut. Thakthoonia, quince. Thazerth, s. Thezerin, fig. Thehsaith, gourd. Thakshith, s. Thaakshisheen, pi. girl. Thahadaith, s. Thahadaian, pi. id. Thedgelts, s. Thedgelal, pi. widow. Thegodjilts, orphan. Thesleeth, s. Thesletheen, pi. bride. Themghara, s. Themgharaween pi. wedding. Thammattooth, s. Khaleth, p. woman. Thanserth, s. Thenserin, pi. old woman. Thamsiants, s. Themsianeen, p. girl, (small.) Thamatooth eourgaz, wife. Thakleeth, s. Thakaltheeu, p. servant, fem. Thesfifth, girdle. Thegersee, throat. Thawinza, s, Thewinsaween, p. forehead. Theit, s. Thaitaween, pi. eye. idem, Elian, id. Thimmee, s. Themmeween, p. eyebrow. Thenzarth, s. Enzaran, p. nose. Thefelith, s. Thefela, p. nostril. Thooghmasth, s. Thooghmas, p. teeth, (molares.) Thasirth, s. Thesiar, p. id (sapi- entioe.) 93 Thamerth, s. Themera, p. beard. Thed merth, breast. Thabod, belly. Thayets, s. Thooyath, p. shoul- der. Thakundortb, wool shirt. Thailooth, s. Theloween, pi. skin-bag. Thadjelebts, (Arabic,) djeleba. Thegsherith, s. Thegsherar, p. knee. Thebluts, s. Thibluleen, p. shin. Thewarzith, ankle. Tliifedhints, s. Tbifedbenan, p. toe. Tbasa, s. Thaseween, p. liver. Tbaradurth, s. Tbemdureen p life. Tberndints, s. Themdineen, p. (Ar.) city. Thedderth, s. Thoodhereen, p. village. Tbedderth emzouartb, chief vil- lage. Thasawints, s. Tliesoowan, p. bill. Tbebjout, s. Thebjouteen, p. rivulet. Thala, s. Thalewin, p. fountain. Thamoorth, s. Themoora, p. country. Thasta, s. Thestoa, p. tree. Thegerth, s. Tbegerathin, p. field. Tbebhairth, (Arabic,) garden. Thegzirth, island. Themda, s. Thimdooa, marshes. Thersha, Theresh, p. rock. Themeree, s. Themereween, p. insulated rock. Thawoorth, s. Thewoora, p. door. Theberda, s. Tbeberdewin, p. (Ar.) saddle. Thismerth, s. Thismerin, p. (Ar.) horse-shoe. Themzeen, barley. Thefruth. _ Thigujash. ( _ Names " f Thazoodela. ( Grasses > (gra- Themerzuga. ) mina.) Thayouth, s. Thayouye. Themkahalts, s. lemkahal, p. (Arabic, gun.) Thamellalts, fern. s. Thimalla- leen, pi. white. Thazgagth, fem. red. Thazegzouth, f. blue. Theuragth, f. yellow. Thashebants.f. s. Thishebaneen, pi. green. Thabrekants, f. black. Thaberkusth, f. grey. Temziant, f. small. Themkerant, f. large. Temgarant, f. old. Tselalets, f. Arabic, good, high. Tefoohants, f. bad. Tekamalants, f. long. Tegzelants, f. short. Thekemal, length. Theharshee, politeness. Thezzaith, incivility. Thezmerth, power. Thezits, truth. Thezdee, purity. Thuzia, roundness. Thamlel, whiteness. Thebrick, blackness. Thezigzouth, greenness. Thekoum, straightness. Thefsis, lightness. Agzif, broad. Thagzif, breadth. Thergazth, (diminutive of man,) mannikin. Therbath, people or clan. Terrah, fishing net. Tesegeneeth, needle. Thegeroush, treasure. Tifleeth, hole. Themghara, feast. Theguth, mist. Thoga, cover. % 94 Thoula, fever. Thouerdith, Elephantiasis. Theksouth, flock. Thera, writing. Thergith, coal of fire. Thekaromt, roof. Thegura, lesson, reading. Thelee, shade. Tedhela, sheaf. Thoudishth, gravel. Thetherth, head of wheat. Thoughthimt, female. Theshemal, war. Thegerast, hive-box. Thekemeth, sleep. Thagemoorth, place. Takhamts, a small house. Thahayruba, a swing. Twat, nightingale. Thegulda, kingdom. Thawumpt, boat. Theseruts, key. Thefkerth, lock. Therga, s. Thuerga, pi. tribe. Thederekth, linen tent. The’mzelweeth, altar. Theferts, scabbard. Tsamgot, protection. Thebzerth, (ebzer, give,) tribute. Thura, now. Tsogh, formerly. Thesomtha, pillow. Thesada, she leopard. Thagootments, tall. Thoodheath. Thoorkimts, painted. Thezdaith, (beni mozab,) date tree. T semer, (Arabic,) date, (fruit.) 1 agannoos, incisor, (tooth.) Thergith, a dream. Thegeremts, scorpion. Thayee, this, (fern.) Thinna, that, (fern.) Theyee, these, (f.) Thadhak, those, (f.) Theferless, a swallow. W. Welan, s. whose, (sing.) Whethenlan, whose, (plu.) Wayee, this, (m.) Winna, that, (m.) Weyee, these, (m.) Wedhak, those, (m.) Wesghoor, from whom. Wayet, other. Wissan, whether. Wetoweet, bat. Z. Zeth, opposite. Zigh, from. Zeed, sweet. TUARYCK. A Vocabulary of the Tergeiah dialect of the Berber language. It is spoken by the Touerga, or tribes of the Sahara, to the confines of Soudan. A. Afoones, bull. Anoo, well. Adgar, (Arabic 1) rock. Atoo, wind. Aghiul, (sing) Eghial, pi. ass. Akhats, ostrich. Aman, s. Eman, pi. water. Amellal, white. Abrekan, black. Auragh, gold. Auragh, yellow. Amekran, (mas.) Tamkerants, (fern. ) large. Amidee, mountain of sand. Alom, camel. Adjedee, Sahara, (i. e. sandy.) Ajdits, water-skin, (uter.) Afus. s. Efessent, Efessan, pi. hand. Aidjee, s. Aidedhan, pi. dog. Amzian, (mas.) Tamziants, (fem.) little. E. Egzil, low. Ezgits, long. Elig, tongue. Esebha, (Arabic,) good. Egen, one. Ezehza, gazelle. Egess, day. Emkahelts, (Arabic,) gun. Eger, garden. Eskalef, grass. Egzer, oasis. Eherry, (Ar.) meherry. Edhen, wheat. Essen, to know. Essoual, speak. I. Ghoor-i, (i. e. to me) to have. Iss, horse, Ildjee, sheep. Ishimjel, slave. Iteree, Iteran, pi. star. Inee, month. Illee, s. Istee, pi. daughter. Ikker, rise. Ikkim, sit. Illee, to be. Itch, eat. Soo, drink. Sifet, see. Herla, much. O. Ooorer, mountain. Oosenaghara, I don’t know. Ooosoghara, I don’t drink. Ooglan, entsergoondjee, (tooth of Elephant,) Ivory. Oogma, bi-other. 96 Ooltsma, sister. Oosel, iron. Ooshef, give. Oweed, bring. Oollesh, there is not. Oho, No. T. Tensit, leg. Tamert, beard. Temeshek, ear. Tadoonts, bread. Tabgenah, head. Teit, s. Tetouwan, pi. eye. Tergoondjee, elephant. Tagamert, mare. Talgomts, she camel. Takhamts, tent of hair. Tedert, house. Tenee, date. Temzeen, barley. Telemsoot, skin. Tafoonest, cow. Tesamoordee, cold. Tefoits, sun, (light.) Tezeree, moon, (light.) Temissee, fire. Tamoort, earth, country. Tegenou, s. Tegenouwan, pi. sky, heavens. Tamatoot, s. Tesidnan, pi. woman. Teloosee, butter. Tegeit, night. Tenshit, bow. Teit, eouaman, (eye of water,) fountain, Tesint, salt. Teberardin, Illee, daughter. Tergha, Touergha, tribe. PRONOUNS. Nish, (mas.) I. Shick, (mas.) thou. Entsa, he. Nishnee, we. Netseneen, ye. Enetnee, they. INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS. Afuss, hand. Afus-enou, my hand. Afus-eneek, thy hand. Afus-enis, his hand. numerals. Egen, (mas.) Egents, (fern.) 1. Sin, m. Sints, f. 2. Sharot, 3. Kpz, 4. Semes, (Arabic,) 5. Sesot, (Ar.) 6. Seba, (Ar.) 7. Tem, (Ar.) 8. Tesaod, (Ar.) 9. Merou, 10. Merontegen, 11. Meroutesin, 12. Meroutesharot, 13. Sintemeroueen, 20. Sharottemeroueen, 30. Meroumeroueen, 100. MOZABEE. A Vocabulary of the Mozabbee dialect of the Berber language, as it is spoken by the Beni Mezab. A. Aghiul, sing. Eghial, pi. ass. Adjedet, s. Ejoodat, bird. Abrichan, black. Aghrom, s. Aghroraan, bread. Alom, s. Aloman, camel. Agaram, village or town. Abreed, s. Ebredan, p. road. Add, s. Edillan, p. grape. Ajenou, s. Ejenouwan, p. heavens. Aman, water. Afus, s. Efessan, p. hand. Ator, wind, air. Atar, s. Etaran, p. foot. Ayur, s. Eyuran, p. moon, month. Afoones, Efoonessan, bull. Aizat, s. Aiyuzat, p. cock. Aksum, s. Eksaman, meat, flesh. Aghee, milk. Amellal, white. Azgagh, red. Azegzou, blue. Auragh, yellow. Asheban, green. Aberkush, grey. Amdujel, friend. Amsoog, ear. Asgar, wood. Amgar, old, Amekran, large. Aifous, right. Azelmat, left. Adhroos, few. Akkeen, far. Ardjez, man. E. Ess, s. Ouessen, p. day. Ezee, s. Izan, p. fly. Ethree, s. Ithran, p. star. Erden, wheat. Ettidj, sun. Ejenoo, air. Essanet, yesterday. Essha, to-morrow. Egzer, Oasis, island. Ejdee, sand. Eneggaroo, first. Entouwa, last. Ergeb, see. Echemer, to be able. Essoual, say. Enni, id. Etcha, eat. Essoo, drink. Eoosb, efk, give. Echer, rise. Ellee, to be. Esal, hear. Enetsa, she. Enetseen, they, (fem.) G. Gabit, garden. I. Inna, that. Issentee, salt. 13 98 N. Nish, I, (mas.) Nishiiee, I, (fern.) Nitchnee we, (m.) Nishentseen, we, (f.) Netsa, he. Netseneen, they, (m.) S. Shitchee, thou, (m.) Shimmee, thou, (f.) Shitsooeem, you, (m.) Shimmeetseen, you. (f.) Tegzerth (Egzer, Oasis) island. Terroua, s. son. Tebjena, s. Tebjenaween, p. head. Tamert, beard. Tamdurt, life. Tamdint, death. Tralet, hill. Temsoolest, s. Temsolesseen, pi. street. Tergit, coal. Tefowan, branches of tree. Tinna, that, (fem.) T. Terchest, s. Terchesin, pi. shoe. Tezalut, tree. Tawoort, s. Tawoora, pi. door. Terist, s. Teriseen, pi. fountain. Tegalit, horse. Tagamert, mare. Tagat, goat. Tenee, date. Tezdait, date-tree. Tornzeen, barley. Tamoort, country. Tedert, house. Takhamt, cave. Temsheen, fig. Tezeree, moon-light. Tafookt, light. Tamtot, sing. Tesidnan pi. woman. Teerst, s. Teersin, pi. well, Tei't, eye. Temis, fire. Tedjemoot, rain. Tafoonest, cow. Taizat, hen. Temalelts, s. Temalelin, pi. egg. Tesint, salt. NUMERALS OF THE MOZABREE DIALECT. TEgen, 1. Seen, 2. Sharot, 3. Okuz, 4. Sems, 5. Suz, 6. Sa, 7. Ta, 8. Tez, 9. Merou, 10. Meroudegen, 11. Meroudeseen, 12. Merousharot, 13. Meroudokuz, 14. Seentemeroueen, 20. Sharottemeroueen, 30’ Okuztemeroueen, 40. Merou, Merou, ) , , ZiOOW6TllSt) j Seen Toowenisan, 200. Meron Toowenisan, 1000. Toowenist Amagarant, 1000. (i. e. great hundred.) Merou Toowenisan Amgaranan, 10 , 000 . WADRE AG. A Vocabulary of the JErgeiah dialect of the Berber language. It is used in the Oases of Wadreag, and Wurgelah. A. A man, water. Aghroom, bread. Atsum, meat. Algom, camel. Amzdag, s. Emzdagan, pi. vil- lage. Adil, grape. Aghiul, ass. Ajedet, bird. Aghogul, black. Amellal, white. Azegzou, blue. Abreed, road. Ay ur, s. Eyuran, pi. moon, month. Akla, little. Amgar, old. Amekran, large. Amdakkel, friend. Asgar, wood. Atoo, wind. Amzar, rain. Ardjez, man. Afus, s. efessan, pi. hand. E. Essegass, year. Ess, day. Eghed, night. Ezee, s. Ezan, fly. Eshemsh, (Arab, sun,) negro. Emendee, wheat. Ejen, one. Etheree, star. G. Gabit, Oergth, garden, H. Haisht, mule. O. Oozer, an old man. Oorer, mountain. T. Temsheen, fig. Tedderth, s. Tedderin, house. Tilleesee, butter. Tomzeen, barley. Tabekrath, (Arabic,) cow. Tamoort, earth, country. Takhamt, s. Takhaman, pi. tent of hair. Temsheen, fig. Tenee, date. Tezdaith, s. Tezdain, pi. date trees. T egalit, mare. Tamtot, s. Tesiduan, pi. woman. Tefoit, sun, (light.) Tezeree, moon-light. Thala, s. Thaloween, pi. well, fountain. Text, eye. Tei't enthala, fountain. Temis, fire. Tezemoot, cold. Tesint, salt. Tehaizet, hen. 100 Temert, beard. Tenzer, nose, Temdjit, s. Temdjeneen, ear. Tuggurt, (fern.) Tukkurt, dry. Tegzer, (Toozur,) river, green. I. Ikoor, dry. Ikf, s. Ikfouwan, pi. head. Insboosh, mouth. Idjdee, sand. Ille, s. Isi, daughter. Memmee, s. Errowee, son. Ooltsma, sister. Ommoa, brother. Zamel, horse. NUMERALS. Ejen, 1. Seen, 2. Teltsa, (Ar.) 3, Arbti, (Ar.) 4. The numerals of the Wadre- agans, like to those of the Showiah, are Arabic, from the number two. INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS. Ikf, head. Ikf-eek, thy head. Ikf-eou, my head. Ikf-is, his head. SERGOO. This is a dialect of the Berber. The Sergoos, or Sourqa, are Tuarycks, and are so called by the Negroes of Soudan. Aman, ■water. Atoo, wind, air. Afus, hand. Aidee, dog. Anoo, well. Ardjez, man. Akrar, sheep. Amgar, old. Ayur, moon. Azooz, crow. Atar, foot. Amzadan, wool. Abreed, road. Ahir, lion. Akkit, (akhamt) tent. Amellal, white. Beri, horse. Akh, milk. Egenou, sky, heavens. Emer, mouth. Elis, tongue. Enhil, (?) ostrich. Ezger, s. Izgeran, bull. Emdok, cameleopard. Egizer, oasis, Wad. river. Eshen, (1) teeth. Emzad, hair. Egdad, bird. Esagar, wood. Eteree, s. Eteran, star. Ezinkad, gazelle. Ghoor-ee, (to me,) to have. Oozel, Iron. Ooragh, (yellow,) gold. Ikf, s. Ikfouwan, pi. head. Tagelomts, (Talgomt,) she- camel. Tezomit, bread. Toondee, mountain. Teit, s. Tetouwan, eye. Tahirt, lioness. Tesnossuf, the Bekex*-el-Wash, (vide Shaw.) Tamtot, s. Toodedan, (Tesid- nan ?) woman. Tesints, salt. Tagda, spear. Tolug, goat. Tabarat, daughter. Rouee, son. Tamgart, (fem :) old. Tamert, beard. Temissee, fire. Tafoit, sun, (light.) Tehunt, stone. Temerwult hare. Ilia, to be. Oorilla, not to be. Itch, eat. Ishoo, drink. Ghoor-ee, (Arabic, And-ee,) I have. Ghoor-eek, you have. Ghoor-ees, he has. Afus-enou, my hand. Afus-eneek, thy hand. Afus-eniss, his hand. NUMERALS. Eyen, 1. Sheen, 2. Gradod, (sharot,) 3. Kozut, 4. Semust, 5. Seddis, 6. Sa, 7. Tam, 8. Teza, 9. Merou, 10. 102 The following specimens of the Berber dialects of the oasis of Siwah, the Tamazirgt or Shilha idiom of Morocco, and the Guanche of the Canary islands, are taken from European travel- lers and are here inserted for comparison. Siwah. Shilha. Sun, Itfouct, Tefoukt. Moon, Tazeree, Thazeree. Stars, Eer6e, s. Eeran, pi. W ater, Aman, Aman. Fire, Temsa, Akhfe, Oofa. Head, Akgaf. Hand, Fous, Afus. Eye, Teit, Teet. Man, Ergue, Argaz. Woman, Anjaf, Tamtout. Cow, Tafounest, - Tafounest. Horse, Camel, Elgoum, Algum. Guanche. Water — Ahemon (Aman). Heaven — Tigot, titogan (Tigenouan). God — Acoran (Ameqran). Temple — Almogaren. Houses — Tamogitin . Punishment, (place of,) — Tagarer. Deep valley — Adeyhamen. Barley — Temasen. * Sheep — Tihakshau. Palm-tree — Taginast. It will not be necessary to point out the affinity, almost identity, of these words, with the Shilha of Morocco, on the continent, opposite to the Canary Islands. Mr. Macedo, of Lisbon, has called in question this identity. But there is as much certainty in this philologic comparison, as the subject, in any case, admits. I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. D. Jay Browne, a citizen of the United States, and the author of an American Sylva, for the following notes on the Canary Islands. Whilst on a visit to them some years ago, he collected valuable information respect- ing the Guanches, and their extinct idiom. Of a vocabulary of one hundred words, taken from Spanish manuscripts to which he had access, the following are the only words which the note- book, just now in his possession, furnishes. He will shortly publish a paper on the subject, with fuller details! VOCABULARY Of some of the words employed by the Guanches, the ancient in- habitants of the Canary Islands. Tenerife. Quebechi, a royal dignity. Achimensey, noble personages. Cilhicquico, gentry and yeomanry. Achicarnay, peasantry and servants. Acheyde, a place of future punishment. Tabona, obsidian, used for lance points. Ganigo, a kind of earthenware, used on all the islands except Palma, and known by the same name. Cancha, a small dog. Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. Efeguen, houses of public worship, consisting of two concentric walls. Tezzezes, duelling clubs. Aho, milk. Temesen, barley. Gofio, barley parched over the fire, and ground to a powder be- tween two stones. It was used as food, moistened with wa- ter or milk, and was common to all the islands except Ten- eriffe, Hierro and Gomera, and was known by the same name. Aenum, water. Gomera and Hierro. Grand Canary. Magadas, holy women living by themselves in houses called tamoganteen alcoran , or houses of God. Almogaren, holy houses. 104 Guanarteme, a king. Facag, a person next in rank to king. Gayres, a council for conducting duels. Carianas, a basket. Gama ! Gama ! enough ! enough ! words used by the council for duellers to cease fighting. Palma. Tigotan, heaven. Abora, God of All. Idafe, a god usually consisting of a pyramid of loose stones ; but on this island there is a large basaltic rock, that the natives worshipped, which they were in constant apprehension of falling. When they slaughtered an animal, they roasted a piece of its flesh and presented it to this rock. This was done by two persons, one of whom, on going thither, would say these words — Y iguida, y iguan, I dafe, which signi- fied, it will fall; whereupon the other person would reply in the same tone — Guergerte, y guantaro, or give to it and it will not fall. Irvene, an evil being, which sometimes appeared, they said, in the shape of a dog. Vacaguare, I wish to die ; used by the natives of Palma, when ill. The natives of Hierro adored two deities, one of them male and the other female. The male was called Eraoranzan, and was worshipped by men; and the female was called Moneyba , and was worshipped by the women. LANGUAGES OF SOUDAN OR NEGROLAND 1. Foulah, Foulan or Fellatah. Man, gorkoo, (sing.)gorbai, (pl.\ Woman, debbo, s. Eroubai, pi. ' House, sodo, s. oaro, pi. Garden, gessa. Boy, skaddo. Girl, tokechoo. Water, deam. Bread, tamsadjee. Air, do allah, (Arabic.) Earth, lessdee. Sun, nandjee. Moon, lauroo. Star, tamrara. Father, baba, (Arabic). Mother, Imma, (Ar.) Head, horee, s. Koie, p. Eye, gitee, p. geteree, s. Hand, djungo, s. djundai. Horse, putchoo, s. putchee. Dog, rawano, s. dawaree, pi. Cow, naga, s. nai, pi. Cat, musoro, s. musodee, p. Bird, sondo, s. chiullee, p. Day, handee, s. nayandee, p. Night, djemma, s. baldee, p. Year, dungoo, s. doobee, p. Elephant, newa. Salt, lemdern. Sultan, lamido. River, shangoor. Cameleopard, amdack, (sergoo.) Tiger, efehed. Lion, djeger. Come, wer. Meat, koosee. Mouth, handookoo. Teeth, neree, s. neyee. Tongue, nemgal, s. nemdai, Nose, kemal. Hair, zonkoro. Silver, azerfadjee. Iron, djemdee. Red, werayee. Brass, djemdee werayee. Gold, teenareadjee. High, do. White, danedjo. Black, baledjo. Yellow, foordee. Good, modee. Bad, oora. Tall, odjutee. Short, domodo. Far, Adomniber. Near, Odomader. Spear, labo. Arrow, bakawa. Bow, pigergah. Go, ayahee. Bring, wadoo. Raise, Hodja. Rise, Ooma. Sit, djodo. Eat, nam. Drink, yar. PRONOUNS. I, meen. Thou, an. He, kanko. We, meenoon. Ye, aneen. They, kambai. 14 106 INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS. Horee-am, my head. Djumgo-an, thy hand. Sodo-mako, his house. CONJUGATION OF A VERB. Meen ewerai, I come. An ewerai, thou comest. Kanko werai, he comes. Meenoon gheree, 1 we come. Anoon gheree, > ye come. Kamba, beghera, ) they come. Numerals. Gor, 1. Idee, 2. Tatee, 3. Nai, 4. Dju, 5. Djeu-gor, 6. Dju-idee, 7. Dju-tatee, 8. Dju-nai, 9. Sapo, 10. Sapo-l-gor, 11. Sapo-l-idee, 12. Sapo-n-dju-egor, 16. Sapo-n-ed-idee, 20. Sapo-n-ed-tatee, 30. Sapo-n-ed-obo, 100. 2. Tibbo of Bilmali. Air, wind, abono. Brother, dembree. Black, yesta. Bring, ta. Come, yeree. Camel, gonoo. Drink, ya. Eat, yeboo. Earth, pestaboo. Eye, somoo. Elephant, komokan. Fire, wenee. Full, tennai. Girl, doboo. Gazelle, engree. Goat, dal. Go, estoo. Give, ten. Hair, dosoo. Hand, kabai. Head, dasa. House, yowai. Horse, ashee. Husband, embindar. Meat, enee. Man, embree. Mouth, kai. Mountain, amee. Milk, yomoo. Nose, shemmee. Sheep, endjai. Sister, dedoboo. Sun, ezai. Salt, ghrenee. River, ez. Rise, yerna. Red, wad a. Read, djaba. Tent, pogadee. White, choo. Wooman, adebee. Well, ekai. Yellow, zeta. PRONOUNS. I, tana. Thou, enta, (Arabic ) 1 He, Emrai. 107 Trouo, ] Tchoo, S Oguzoo, Tezoor, Fo, 5. NUMERALS. (Tuaryck,) 4? 3. 4. Desee, 6. Torusoo, 7. Yeso, 8. Ishee, 9. Moroo, (Tuaryck,) 10. Moroo-Tron, 11. Seda, 1. Wosin 2, Sebda, 3. Seksa, 4. Oogoo, 5. FUR WADAI. NUMERALS. Sebsa, 6. Tieska, 7. Korsa, 8. Biskina, 9. Engoda, 10. BORNOU A Negro Kingdom of Soudan. Water, inkee. Bread, tobska. Fire, kanoo. Sun, kaw. Moon, kendagoo. Star, tengoo. Women, kamoo. Head, kalawoo. Man, oowa. Eye, shimdjoo. House, dabindjoo. River, sea, magara. NUMERALS. Teloo, 1. Indee, 2. Yasko, 3. Dego, 4. Ogo, 5. Yerasko, 6. Teloro, 7. Tongo, 8. Indego, 9. Mego, 10. Mego-teloo, 11. Mego-indee, 12. Coloro, 20. Coloro-teloo, 21. Derego, 30. Gambaro, 40. Indero, 50. Kiyee, 60. Timbaga, 70. Kandeloo, 80. Chinbar, 90. Andai, 100. H AOUSS A Man, midgee. Woman, mata. House, geda. Water, rowa. Earth, kasa. Horse, dook. Cow, sano. Meat, nama. Head, kai. Eye, edanoo. Hand, banoo. River, korama. Sea, (Bahar,) golbee. Sun, rana. Moon, fillingwata. Star, tebroree. Milk, nono. Fish, kefee. Fire, wota. Midjee nekaree, good man. Mata nekaree, good woman. Midjee moho, bad man. Mata moho, bad woman. Nee, I. Ena, thou. Jasee, he. NUMERALS. Daia, 1. Beoo, 2. Okoo, 3. Fodoo, 4. Bead, 5. Sedda, (Arabic 1 ) 6. Bokoo, 7 Tokus, 8. Tara, 9. Goma, 10. Goma-sa-daai, 11. Daree, 100. Daree-goma, 1000. SUAING OR SUNGAI Harroo, man. Owee, woman. Aibaba, father. Aina, mother. Aiberee, brother. Aikanouwee, sister. Eassa, sea. Bangoo, river. Toondee, mountain. Toogoorian, tree. Oinoo, sun. Handoo, moon. Handeroe, star. Beina, sky. Yerkoe, god, Gunda, earth. Haree, water. Monee, fire. Foofoo, air. Hoo, mind. Aboo, sand. Teheree, salt. Takoola, bread. Beree, horse. Fighi, sheep. Elman, goat. Eoo, camel. Goon, lion. Tergoondai, elephant. Taitai, ostrich. Tergoondai ooanahai, ivory. Oora, gold. Hanjerfoo, silver. Malfa, lead. Gooroo, iron. Taheba, sword. Hoogoo, house. Boogo, tent. Faree, garden. Bona, head. Moo, (ng.) eye. Mea, (ng.) mouth. Kabee, beard. Danee, tongue. Nenee, nose. Kembee, hand. Kee, foot. Haboo, cotton. Gersee, wool. Hoowa, milk. Gheree, cheese. Nooroo, money. Ikoree, white. Ebebee, black. Essabara, are. Qkabara, are not. Katenga, bring. Norassee, give. Dai, buy. Neree, sell. Emaka, come. Emahowee, go. Aita, I. Nita, thou. Denne, he. Har-afoo, one man. Har-hinza, three men. NUMERALS. Afoo, 1. Hinka, 2. Hinza, 3. Etakee, 4. Egoo, 5. Edoo, 6. Eyee, 7. Yaha, 8. Yagga, 9. Ouwee, 10. Ouwekantafoo, 11. Ouwee-kante-hinka, 12. Ouwee-kante-hinza, 13. ’ — i vi It ittto&l .... V ■ •• . i ■■ (,,(;• 1 U ■' \ f A M * n.?U t >.?, ■■■>•. ' : ! ■ :•